ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ.
ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎺᎢ" — ᎤᏴᏢᎢ-ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 290,000,000 ᎠᏂᎤᏁᎦ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (Judicial) ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎺᏏᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎾᏓ.


ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᏍᎩ "polysynthetic" ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏱ ᏏᏓᏁᎳ Iroquoian ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᏃ, ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏗᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ. ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏧᏃᎯᏳ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏮᏏ ᏥᎨᏒᎢ. 1820Ꮫ, ᏍᏏᏉᏯ, ᎠᎴ George Gist, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎨᎢ. ᏃᏉ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎢᎩᎭ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ). ᎯᎠᏃ ᎦᏓᎧ, ᎡᎵᏉ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ ᏄᏓᎴᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏰᎵᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎮᎢ: 2007 ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎥᎭᏴᎵ ᏗᏰᎴᎩ (Myrtle Driver Johnson) ᎠᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎧᏔ 1800Ꮝ ᏥᎨᏒ, Charles Frazier ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎨᎢ.
need.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏳᏂᎪᏛ: U+13A0 - U+13F4.


ᏣᎳᎩ.
Ꮎ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᏆ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 16th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ Southeastern ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ forcefully ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ Ozark ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ.
ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ 250,000 ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏆ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ (ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎩᏚᏩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎶᎵᎾ (ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ). ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ, ᏨᎫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏆᎹ. ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ, ᎻᏑᎵ, ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
1984 KJRH-TV ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, "ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ" explored ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏚᏩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ceremonies ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ. Redbird ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Nighthawk ᎨᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ revitalized ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏚᏩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ "ᏣᎳᎩ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ, "ᏣᎳᎩ" (ᏣᎳᎩ) - ᎪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᎾᏓᏛᏁᎸ phonetically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Portuguese (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ "barranquenho" ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Soto ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Extremaduran) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "chalaque", ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "cheraqui", ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏣᎳᎩ".
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ "r" ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏣᎳᎩ" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮳ-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-Ꭹ (ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Jah-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-gee ᎠᎴ Cha-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-gee) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ "ᏣᎳᎩ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ trilled "r" ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ Europeans ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᏂ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏆᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1700s. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᎫᏔᏂ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ 'r' ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏣᎳᎩ" ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᎧᏁᏨ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏓ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏓ ᎧᏁᏨ "Cha-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-kee" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ" ᎠᎴ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ." ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ "Ah-Ꮒ-yv-wi-Ꮿ" (ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏴᏫ"). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎪᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ.
ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᎬ Iroquoian ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ polysynthetic ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ syllabary ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᏏᏆᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Syllabary Ꮎ predated ᏍᏏᏆᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎫᏔᏂ, ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ transliterated ᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ intercompatible ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ syllabary. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Unicode, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ experiencing ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2006 ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-unicode ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ online ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ online ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unified ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ interrelated ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ" Moytoy, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Alexander Cumming. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1730, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Moytoy ᏖᎵᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ "ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. Moytoy ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ recognize ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, George ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ. ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Moytoy ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ avuncular ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ (ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1700s), ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏗᎳᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ treaties, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏨᎫᎵ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Francis ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ 1800. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ boundaries ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᎧᎹᎩ. ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Dragging ᏥᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᎧᎹᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Shawnee ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ. ᏐᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ, ᏍᏏᏆᏱ, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Dutch.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1820s, ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ Washington, D.C., ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ. ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ: ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1828, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ disobeyed ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ lobbied ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ignored ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ Conquered" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Northrup, "ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ" ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas E. ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ, "ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ" ᎾᎥᎢ James Mooney)
ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ emigrated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Scotland ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ-ᎩᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Scotland. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1809. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1820, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1828 ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1866.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏓᎶᏂᎦ, ᏣᏥᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, "ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ v. ᏣᏥᏱ", ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ.
Samuel ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ "ᏣᎳᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ", ᎪᏪᎵᎠ, "ᎾᎯᏳᎢ... ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ-walled ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ fanned ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, invading ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ prodded ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, threatened ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎦᎶᏇ, ᎠᏥᏠᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ resisted." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎾᏊ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ), ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᎬ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ignored. ᎾᎿ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 22, 1839, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ tribal ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ signers ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᎨᏒᎩ assassinated, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ drafter ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Elias Boudinot. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ 15 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ survivors ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏪᏘ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ "ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ" Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ treaties ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1848 ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ upstream Rocky ᏙᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ Colorado|ᎧᎶᏩᏓ], ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏓᎸ northward ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᏩᏲᎻ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ westward. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ undertook ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎦᎬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, noticing placer ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tributaries ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Platte. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ 1859.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ. William Holland Thomas, ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Jackson ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᏣᎳᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏆᎳ ᎦᏚᎲ (ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ) ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎦᏯᎴᏂ citizenship. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 400 ᏐᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ hid ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ Snowbird ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ Graham ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ leadership Tsali (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ "Unto ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ" ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ, NC). ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ Thomas, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ Thomas' ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. Thomas' ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ mustered ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 2,000 ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Virginia, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏓᏚᏓᎸ. Thomas' ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ capturing Waynesville, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 9, 1865. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎪᎯ, ᏔᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏪᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 23, 1865, ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏂ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, ᎯᎠ Dawes ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1887 ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tribal ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Curtis ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1898, ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ governmental ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ abolished ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ tribal ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ Statehood ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1907. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ leadership ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ convened ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1938 ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ J. B. Milam ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Franklin Delano Roosevelt ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941.
W. W. Keeler ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1949 ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ W. W. Keeler ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Nixon. Keeler, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Phillips ᎪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ succeeded ᎾᎥᎢ Ross Swimmer, Wilma Mankiller, Joe Byrd, ᎠᎴ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎩᏚᏩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1934. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ excelled ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ugatohvsvi uprecedented ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ leadership ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ casino ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ contractor Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ clinics ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, contributed ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ universities ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, instilled ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ Gadugi ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-utugi gvsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, revitalized ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ 80,000 90,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ Tahlequah, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ festivities. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, tribal newspapers ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1828, ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎦ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏏᏆᏱ Syllabary. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Sundance ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tahlequah, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, Utah, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ participate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏎᏚᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ environmental ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1992 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ-Tribal Environmental ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ().ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ITEC ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ITEC ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ environmental ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ environmental ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎾᏊ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᏐᏁᎳ (39) ITEC ᎨᎳ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏓᎩ.
ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ Controversies.
ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 7, 2006, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ African ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Dawes ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ viewed ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ racially ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ Freedmen ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ Freedmen ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ Citizenship ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ viewed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ freedmen ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Dawes ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900'.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ traditionalists ᎤᎭ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ tribal ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ Freedmen; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ Delaware ᎩᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ treaties ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ Freedmen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ Statehood ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ upheld ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ Freedmen ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ amendments ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ tribal ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ Freedman ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tribal ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ. ᎾᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ traditionalists ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Freedman ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ contributed ᏣᎳᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Freedmen ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏐᎢ traditionalists ᎤᎭ asserted Ꮎ Freedmen ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ CN.
ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ sued ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ceding tribal ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dismissed. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ sued ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ HR ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ 3534, ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ Riverbed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ hydroelectric ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎤᏝᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ HR ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ 3534 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ruled ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏜᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ casino ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ casinos), ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏏᏇ sued ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ tribal ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ casinos. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ dismissed, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ruled ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᎵᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᎵᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ perceived ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ garnered ᏄᎦᏎᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ casino ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ reacted unfavorably ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏛᏍᎬᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ "ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ. Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ criticized ᎯᎠ UKB ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ disgracing ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ behaving ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ Societies, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ UKB, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ democratic societies ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ tribal ᎠᏁᎳ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ UKB ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ criticized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ revered ᏣᎳᎩ traditionalists ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ UKB ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ participated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cultural ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏫᏢ Tribal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ involving councilors ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎩᏚᏩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ adversarial ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ unified ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎦᏚᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗᎯᏳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗᎯᏳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Joe Byrd ᎤᏤᎵ 1997 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Controversies.
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Joe Byrd, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ 1995 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ Ꮝ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᏗᏲᎯᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ wiretapping, ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.
Joe Byrd ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1995 1999 ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1999 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎢ nationwide ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ, ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ, ᎤᏲᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. Joe Byrd ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎤᏒᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ orchestrated ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. Byrd ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ boarded ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ. Byrd ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ re-ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Chad ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Joe Byrd (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ).
ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏍᏏᏆᏱ, ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᏍᏏᏆᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. ᏍᏏᏆᏱ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎧᏁᎬ, ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. Nancy ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ" ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ.
ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Chad "ᎤᏥᏣᏔ" ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, Wilma Mankiller ᎠᎴ Ross Swimmer. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ-ᏅᏯ guitarist Jimi Hendrix ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᏏ, Nora ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ Moore. ᎧᏁᏨᎯ Roberts, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1990s, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏣᎳᎩ.


ᎩᏳᎦ.
ᎩᎤᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ rodent ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Tamias" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Sciuridae. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 23 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern Asia, ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ spelled "chitmunk" (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ojibwe ᎧᏁᏨ "ajidamoo", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ"). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ cited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Oxford ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1842) ᎨᏒᎢ "chipmonk". ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ "chipmuck" ᎠᎴ "chipminck", ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830s ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᏌᎶᎵ", ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ striped ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Spermophilus", ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ "Tamias" ᎠᎴ "Spermophilus" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ 13 genera ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ sciurids.
ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ depicted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ tuya aniladisgi, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ bulging atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ' ᏧᏪᏥ, fungi, ᏥᏍᎪᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ. ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ stockpile ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎳ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᎠᏓᎾᏅ hoarders ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ iyuwakodi ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ecosystem. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ activities ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ fungi, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ symbiotic mycorrhizal ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ dispersal ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ sporocarps (truffles) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ mycophagous gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᎩᎤᎦ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ opportunistic predators ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Oregon, ᎣᏓᎸ ᏣᏉᎳᏕ("Siala currucoides") ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ energetically mobbing ᎩᎤᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ.
ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3.5 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᏍᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ gantlai ᎢᏳᏗᎾ
ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏚᏓᏅᏗᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ rodents, ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ bacterial ᎥᏳᎩ.
(Alvin ᎠᎴ) ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1958 Ross Bagdasarian (ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏚᏙᎥ David Seville, ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Seville, Spain) ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ "ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ" ("ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ"), ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏦᎢ-ᎢᎦᏛ nvwatohiyadv. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ cartoony ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ "Alvin", "Simon", ᎠᎴ "Theodore" ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ. "ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ" ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ Grammy ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ "ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ" ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "David Seville & ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ" ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1961, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, "ᎯᎠ Alvin ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ regained ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1980s ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ Bagdasarian ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ Ross Jr.. ᎢᏤ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, "Alvin ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ", debuted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1983, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ("ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏁᎸᎣᏙᏗ", 1987) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ--video ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1990s ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ. Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Dave, Alvin, ᎠᎴ Simon ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ Janice Karman ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Theodore ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎩᎤᎦ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ Chipettes.
Walt Disney.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Walt Disney ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ", ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Kronk ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎤᎦ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. Walt Disney ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎩᎤᎦ, ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1940'.
ᏐᎢ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ "ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎩᎤᎦ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ colourful ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.)


ᏒᏈᏯ.
ᏒᏈᏯ (Србија) ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏒᏈ ᏒᏈ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ).
ᎠᎸᎠᎳᏈᏯ (ᎩᎵᏏ, Arabic) ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᎸᎬᎢ ᎡᏉ.


ᏄᏯᎩ.
ᏄᏯᎩ (ᏄᏲᎩ, ᎩᎵᏏ, NEW YORK) ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏉ ᏄᏲᎪᎢ, ᏄᏲᎩ, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.


ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ(대한민국 大韓民國) ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᏲᎢ.


ᏳᎧᏪᏂ.
ᏳᎧᏪᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏳᎧᏪᏂ ᏳᎧᏪᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏇᎳᎷᏍ.
ᏇᎳᎷᏍ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏇᎳᎷᏏ ᏇᎳᎷᏏ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎼᎵᏙᏩ.
ᎼᎵᏙᏩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎹᎵᏙᏩ ᎠᏂᎼᎵᏙᏩ ᎶᎺᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎶᎹᏂᏯ.
ᎶᎺᏂᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎶᎺᏂ ᎶᎺᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᎵᏇᏂᏯ.
ᎠᎵᏇᏂᏯ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎠᎵᏇᏂ ᎠᎵᏇᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎹᏎᏙᏂᏯ.
ᎹᏎᏙᏂᏯ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᏆ. ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏳᎪᏍᎳᏈ.


ᏆᏍᏂᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎲᏤᎪᏫᎾ.
ᏆᏍᏂᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎲᏤᎪᏫᎾ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏳᎪᏍᎳᏈ.


ᏳᎳᏛ.
ᏳᎳᏈ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏳᎳᏛ) ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ.


ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ.
"ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎢᎤᏪᏥ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ c. 1772 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏣᏂ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Olney ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏀᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᎵᎭᎹ ᏩᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ hymnodists.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎩ sung ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ 1830s.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ. "ᎢᏤ Britain" ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1831 ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Virginia ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ". ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ sung ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ pentatonic ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ; ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏀᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏓᏬᏍᎩ" ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ sung ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏯᏂ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, Jeff, ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ, ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᎯᎠ Ritchie ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ" ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ (1958).
Newton's ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎡᏆᏯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ 17:16, ᎭᏢᏃ King David ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ God's ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ. ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎦ 1773, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ. (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ "Faith's ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ.")
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sung ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Judy Collins.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ," ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ "ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ" ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ, "ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ "ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ."
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎭᏢᏃ "ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ" ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Arthur Penn ᎠᏠᏗ "ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ" (1969), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎣᎳ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ "ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ."
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ television ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ "ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ" ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏣᏂ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Albert Finney.
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗ melismatic ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏧᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ/ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᏔᎵ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ UK ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ; ᎠᏰᎵ 1970 ᎠᎴ 1972, ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏤᏗ Collins ᎤᏂᏩᏒ 67 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ 5. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1972, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia. ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ.


ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᎬᎾ ᏑᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ,ᎠᏖᎳ ᎤᏁᎦ ["lining that extends from the tip of its wing along the rear of the wing to its body," ᏃᎴ "a head with reddish skin. The" ᎬᏂᎨ ᏑᎵ "has a shorter tail, silver splotches near the tips of its wings," ᏃᎴ "a head with grayish skin. Both" ᎬᏂᎨ ᏑᎵ ᏃᎴ ᎬᎾ ᏑᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ
"locate the dead animals or carrion they feed upon by both sight" ᏃᎴ "smell. "
"the great ancestral" ᏑᎵ "had agreed to fly over the" ᎡᎶᎯ ᏃᎴ "dry the mud with its flapping wings. But when" ᏑᎵ "finally got into the Smokies region he was so tired that his flailing wings touched down, creating valleys." ᏃᎴ "as he wearily uplifted his wings," ᏑᎵ "created the mountains."
ᏑᎵ "was formerly a handsome" ᏥᏍᏆ "with a topknot that ate only freshly killed meat. In one of the stories, the other animals punished" ᏑᎵ "for its overbearing pride by tricking it into losing the feathers on its head so that" ᏑᎵ "was shamed into eating carrion. In other stories," ᏑᎵ "lost its head feathers in a futile attempt to obtain the first fire."
"Because of" ᏑᎵ "habit of eating carrion" ᏃᎴ "its supposed immunity from diseases, the Cherokees thought that" ᏑᎵ "possessed power over contagious diseases" ᏃᎴ "regarded it as the doctor among" ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏑᎵ ᎤᎩᏓᏟ "were placed over doorways in many homes as charms. During epidemics entire carcasses were hung up as preventive measures," ᏃᎴ", at times, its blood was drunk as preventive measure. "]


ᎤᎫᎾ.
ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ gantlai ᏦᎢ subfamilies, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Mustelidae: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ gantlai ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ferret, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᎦᏥ ᏓᎶᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ carnivore. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 8 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎫᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ subfamilies: Melinae (ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ), Mellivorinae, (ᎯᎠ Ratel ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎫᎾ), ᎠᎴ Taxideinae (ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎫᎾ). ᎯᎠ Asiatic ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Mydaus" ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Melinae, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Mephitidae).
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎫᎾ ("Meles", "Arctonyx", "Taxidea" ᎠᎴ "Mellivora" ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ locked ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.
ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ carnivores ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ.
ᏚᏙᎥ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎤᎫᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ", ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ "blaireau" ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎤᎫᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ "brock" (ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ "brocc"), Celtic loanword (Gaelic "broc", ᎦᏁᎳ "broch", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Proto-Celtic "*brokko"). ᎯᎠ Proto-ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "*þahsu-" (ᎠᏓᏥ "Dachs"), ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ "*tek'-" "ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮝ digging ᎫᏓᎸᏙ(ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ).
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ "cete".
Lifestyle ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 12.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ varies. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᎢ, vole ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎫᎫᏣ. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏧᏣᏯᏍᏘ ᎤᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ), ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.
ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ Berne ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ hunted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ perceived ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎨᏒᎩ gassed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎠᎴ 1970s ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ. Gassing ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ practised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ gantlai TB. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1992. (ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗers ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ chased foxes ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004). ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ interfered ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ licence ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎯᏍᏗ gantlai tuberculosis.
ᎤᎫᎾ digging.
ᎤᎫᎾ digging ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ digging ᎤᎫᎾ atsinuqowisgv Ꮝ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ. ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ diggers ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ tries ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ transmitters ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎬ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ involving ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎥᏓᎵ, Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ psuedo-ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎫᎾ-ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ. ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᎭ extraordinarily ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ threatened. ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎩᏟ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ participant ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, captured ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ upward. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᏟ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ clamped ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ onto ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ separated ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ.
Teastas Mor ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ gameness ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎩᏟ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ensured ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ Teastas Mor. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1968.
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ digging ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Pueblo ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎡᏆ healers ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ.
ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Brian Jacques' Redwall ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎫᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 'Brock' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ featuring ᎤᎫᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏧᏣ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ ᎤᎫᎾ (1975 ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ), ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎠᏓ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏧᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Merlyn, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ Narnia. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ, Hufflepuff, ᎨᏒᎢ symbolized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎫᎾ. ᎤᎫᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Erin ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.


ᎨᏥᎧᎲᏓ ᎠᏁᎬᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1838 ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 4,000 ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Nunna daul Isunyi"—"ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᏫᏔ, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ, ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1830, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ.
Georgia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏠᏱ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ 1802, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Georgia ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮝ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Alabama ᎠᎴ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ). ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Georgia, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ Georgia ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ Georgia, wᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ Alabama, ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ Calhoun, Georgia). ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏣᏂ Ross ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 26, 1827, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ Georgia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Dahlonega, Georgia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1829, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Georgia ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ speculators ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Georgia ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏚᏯᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ 1802.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Georgia ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1830, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ Ꭴ.. ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ v. Georgia" (1831), ᎯᎠ Marshall ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ "ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ," ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ "ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ, ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Court's ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ,"Worcester v. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Georgia" (1832), ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ, ᏚᏂᏴᏒ Ꮎ Georgia ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Georgia ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ Court's ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ: "ᏣᏂ Marshall ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ; ᎾᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ!" ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎥᏝ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Georgia, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1830, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Georgia ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ.
ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1832, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ strident ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ. ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏚᏥᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ". ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ. ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1820s. ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Georgia ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ Georgians.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏣᏂ Ross ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ: ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1832, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬ: ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎫᏫᏍᎫᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835, ᏤᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏣᏂ F. Schermerhorn ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎧᎻᏏᏂ. ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ 4.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ) ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 1835 ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ Schermerhorn.
ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, Schermerhorn ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ, Georgia. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ) ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ, ᏀᎾ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 30, 1835, ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏌᏊ proponents ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ "X" ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ. ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎤᏓᏱᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᎸᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ (ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1829) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏱᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 23, 1836, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ) ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ 1836, ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 6,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 16,000 ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ; ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ 1838, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 15,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎠᏓᏛᏛᎲᏍᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏀᎾ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᏀᎾ ᎫᏬᏂ 23, 1838, Ralph Waldo Emerson ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Jackson's ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏡᏡ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Buren, ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ."
ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 23, 1838, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏓ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Buren ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ Scott ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 17, 1838, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 7,000 ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Georgia ᏀᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 26 1838; ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ Alabama. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17,000 ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 2,000 ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ Cherokees—were ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᏀᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Ross's ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ (Chattanooga, ᏖᎾᏏ) ᎠᎴ Gunter's ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ (Guntersville, Alabama) ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏐᏴ Cass (ᏣᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ, ᏖᎾᏏ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Hiwassee ᎤᏪᏴ (Calhoun, ᏖᎾᏏ). ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏀᎾᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏐᏈᎵ, ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ, ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,200 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (1,900 km) ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ Scott ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ; ᏀᎢᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross, ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ, ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎦᏘᎴᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᏂᎦᎥ Scott ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ 11,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ross. ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ-ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏀᎾ ᎦᎶᏂ 28, 1838, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᏦᎦᏚ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 1,000 ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ, ᎥᏳᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.
ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Elizur ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 2,000 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ 2,000 ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 4,000 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1973 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 2,000 ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ; ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1984, ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 8,000 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.
ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏗᏤᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ "ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ", ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ morale. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Samuel Worcester ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ.
ᏥᏍᏚ.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏓᎵᏆ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᏣᏂ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Boudinot; ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏙᎬ Watie ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏩᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 1,000 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Georgia ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏀᎾ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ (ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᏙᎯ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 400 ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏫᎵᎭᎹ Holland ᏙᎹᏏ (ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏧᏣ), ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏝᏊ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎾᏓᎤᎳᏨᏱ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 2,200 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (3,540 km) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ (ᎤᏴᏜ Kansas) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 37) "ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏯᏕᏁᏗ ᎣᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ "ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᏁᎭ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ." ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ.


ᏍᏏᏉᏯ.
ᏏᏉᏯ (ᏍᏏᏉᏯ "Ssiquoya" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ) (ca. 1767 - ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂ 1843), ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᏥ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏀᎾᎢ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎥ ᏔᎾᏏ ᏛᏍᎩᏥ ᏙᏧᏙᎥ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᎿ ᎨᏎ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏔᏁ ᎠᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎬᏩᏳᎯ
ᎤᏪᏥ, ᏭᏖ, ᏃᏊᎴ ᏅᏕᏂᎵ ᎩᏍᏗ. ᏗᎦᏁᎦ ᏗᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎨᏎ ᏅᏕᏂᎵ. ᏭᏕᏁ ᏏᏉᏯ ᎦᎵᏆᏍᎪ
ᎠᏲᏟ ᏥᎨᏎ ᎤᏓᏂᏰ ᏔᎾᏏ ᎤᎾᎴᏅ ᎠᏂᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᎷᎬᎢ. ᏣᏥᏱ ᏗᏝ ᏭᏓᏅᏎ ᏭᏕᎶᏆᎡ
ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏁᎦ ᎢᎬᏗᏍᎬ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏩᏎ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎠᏥᏁᏍᏓ ᏁᎴ
ᏏᏉᏯ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏬᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏬᏢᏅᏅ ᎦᎾᏕᎬ. ᎤᏚᎸᎮ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏬᏪᎶᏗ ᏏᏉᏯ. ᎠᏎᏃ Ꮭ ᏯᎦᏔᎮ
ᎤᏬᏪᎶᏗ. ᎪᏟᎩ ᎨᏎ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ. ᏣᎵ ᏧᏙᎢᏓ ᎥᏍᎩᏃ ᎤᏎᎮᎴ ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᎬᏗ
ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᎾ. ᎾᎯᏳ, ᏁᎳᏚ-ᏐᏁᎳ ᎤᎴᏅᎮ ᎠᏓᏅᏕᏍᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ.
ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᎳᏆᎹ ᏗᏝ ᏬᎶᏒᎢ. ᏭᏖᎳᏕ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏲᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳ
ᏓᎿᏩ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏕᎳᎰᏎ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎷᎶᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎬᏩᎵᏨ ᎨᎡ ᏙᏧᏁᏅᏒ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ
ᏓᎿᏩ ᎤᎵᏍᏆᏙᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎮ ᏙᏳ ᎨᏒ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏕᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎤᎴᏅᎮ
ᏕᎪᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎬᎢ. ᏁᎵᏍᎪ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏁᏍᏗ ᏚᏬᏪᎳᏁᎢ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ
ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎠᏲᎦ ᏧᏙᎢᏓ, ᎠᎯᏓ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎡᎢ ᎤᏬᏪᎶᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎤᏎᎮᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎾᏟᏅᏢ, ᏣᏥ
Lowery, ᏙᏱᏗᏝ ᏭᏎᎮᎴ ᎤᏪᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎦ, ᏅᏊ ᏅᏛᏛᏁᎢ ᎪᎰᏍᏗ ᏣᏥ. ᏏᏉᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏁ
ᎤᏬᎭᎵᏴᏓ ᏅᏊᎴ ᎤᏛᏛᏁᎢ ᎠᏲᎦ ᎤᎪᎵᏰᏗᎢ. ᎤᏍᏗᏰᏔᏁ ᏣᏥ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏧᏎᎮᏗ ᏂᎬᏁᎲ
ᏕᎪᏪᎵᏍᎬᎢ. ᏁᎳᏚ ᏌᏊᏦᏁ, ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏔᏁ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏔᏁ ᏗᏣᎳᎩ
ᏏᏉᏯ ᏃᏊᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏎ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏗᏝ, ᏲᏁᎬ ᏙᏧᏙᎥ ᏭᎶᏎᎢ. ᎠᎹᎭ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎶᏗᏍᎨ ᎤᏔᎾ
ᏧᎳᏍᎩᎢ. ᏳᎧᏲᏌ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏘᏯᏍᎨ ᎠᎹ, ᏃᏊ ᏫᎦᎾᏕᎨᎢ. ᏁᎳᏚ ᏅᎩᏦᏁ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎢᏤ
ᎢᏦᏓ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎤᏃᏢᏁ ᎤᏯᏟᏗ. ᎣᏂᏊᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᏤ ᏗᎦᎴᏔᏅ, ᏣᎳᎩ
ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅ, ᎤᎿ ᎥᏍᏊ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᏁᎳᏚ-ᏧᏁᎵᏦᏁ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᏑᏫᏎ ᏩᏒᏓᏂ ᏩᏂᎦᏛ
ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ ᏗᏁᎲ ᏗᏝ, ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎿ ᏥᏭᏂᎶᏒ ᏓᏲᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏂ ᏭᏲᎱᏎ ᏁᎳᏚ
ᏅᏍᎪ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏕᏗᏴᏌᏗᏒᎢ. Ꮭ ᎩᎶ ᏳᏅᏔ ᎤᎿᎢ ᎦᏂᏌᎲᎢ.
ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏏᏉᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ. ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ 1760 ᎠᎴ 1776. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎸᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ Mooney, ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏏᏉᏯ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ Tuskegee, ᏖᎾᏏ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏏᏉᏯ ᎠᎴ Sikwâ'yǐ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏏᏆ "ᏏᏆ" ᎦᏛᎬᎢ 'ᏏᏆ'. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏏᏉᏯ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.
ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏣᎸᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ. Mooney ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏠᎩᏴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ. ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏏᏉᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Mooney) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᏘᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ Christopher ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏣᏥ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏏᏉᏯ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ 1809, ᏏᏉᏯ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏚᎲ Alabama. ᏀᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ 1813 ᎠᎴ 1814 ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
"ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ" ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᏏᏉᏯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ." ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1809, ᏏᏉᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᏏᏉᏯ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ Cyrillic ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ 85 ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏏᏉᏯ 12 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᏏᏉᏯ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎧ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎳᎩ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᏏᏉᏯ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏩᎾᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. ᏏᏉᏯ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ Chickamaugan ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᎢᎲ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ 1823 ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825.
ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825, ᏏᏉᏯ ᎠᎢᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ. ᏀᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1828, ᏏᏉᏯ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏬᏏᏓᏂ, D.C. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ.
ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏏᏉᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏀᎾᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᏏᏉᏯ ᎠᏍᎩᏓᏒᎯ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ 1843 ᎠᎴ 1845.


ᎤᏐᎪᏍᏓᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎭᎳ.
ᎹᎦᏪᏘ ᎻᏤᎵᏍ "ᎪᏂ ᏫᏍ Ꮝ ᏫᏂ" (1936) - 1939 ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏫᏂ ᎴᎢᏍ ᎣᏍᎧ.


ᎡᏏᏱ.
ᎡᏏᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏳᎳᏈ. ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ-Ꭿ.


ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ.
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__NOEDITSECTION__


ᎩᏟ.
ᎩᏟ (ᎶᎻ: "Canis lupus familiaris"). ᎩᏟ ᎤᎳᏉᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏧᎨᎲᏍᏗ. ᎠᏣᎳᎩ ᎩᏟ "ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎩᏟ".


ᎧᎹᎹ (ᏨᏍᎪᏱ).
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Lepidoptera, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ superfamilies Hesperioidea (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ) ᎠᎴ Papilionoidea (ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ superfamily Hedyloidea, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏩᏐᎳ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ—proceeding ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵl ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ pupic metamorphisis ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-ᎩᎳ-ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ.
ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏳᏓᎵ, ᎿᏊ ᏱᏗᎦᏁᏌᏴᏜᏗᎠ, ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏍᏆ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏓ ᎠᎾᏂᎩᏍᎪ Ꮲ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎪᎳ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ. ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏂᎷᎪ, ᎠᏁᎬ Ꮲ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᎠᏓᏁᏍᏗᎵ ᎠᎾᏣᎢᏍᎪ ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏕᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏣᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎧᎹᎹᎢ.
ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏩᏐᎳ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "lepidopterist" ᎠᎴ "aurelians".
ᎧᏁᏨ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "buttorfleoge" ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Dutch ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏥ originating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ - ᎧᎹᎹ.
ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ originated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ tᎥᎦ" ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ "Gonepteryx rhamni", ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ "flutterby".
ᎧᎹᎹ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ Lepidoptera ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ("lepidos" = ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ "pteron" = ᎪᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ). ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏗᏑᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᏑᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ camouflage ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ tᎥᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎢᎦᏛ lepidopterans ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ Clearwing ᏩᏐᎳ (Sesiidae) ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Glasswing ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ evolutionary ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ tattered ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ properties, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ developmental ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ processes Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, spanning ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, evolutionary ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (Boggs "ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.", 2003). ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ aposematism ᎠᎴ mimicry ᏚᎴᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ nineteenth ᏍqᎣᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ lepidopterists ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ H. F. Nijhout ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ.
ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ superfamilies, Hesperioidea, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 'ᎠᏜ' ᎠᎴ Papilionoidea ᎠᎴ 'ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎹᎹ'. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸ taxa, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ clade. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ taxonomists ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ superfamily Papilionoidea, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, Papilionoidea ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Hesperiiformes (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Hesperiidae) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Papilioniformes (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ).
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ recognized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Papilionoidea ᎠᎴ:-
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ/ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 15,000 ᎠᎴ 20,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:-
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏩᏐᎳ.
Taxonomic ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (Wahlberg ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., 2005) combining morphological ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae ᎠᎴ Riodinidae ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ monophyletic clades, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Nymphalidae ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ. Lycaenidae ᎠᎴ Riodinidae ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎸ taxa, ᎠᎴ Papilionidae ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ outgroup ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎹᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ Pieridae ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unclear, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏐᎳ Hedyloidea ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏐᎳ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Danaidae, Heliconiidae, Libytheidae ᎠᎴ Satyridae, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ subfamilies ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nymphalidae.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lifecycle ᎧᎹᎹ.
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ (ᎯᎠ "imago").
ᎤᏪᏥ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ridged outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "chorion". ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "micropyles"; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏔᎡ ᎯᎠ cremaster. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏔᎡ ᎠᎴ glued, ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ separated.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ.
Larvae, ᎠᎴ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ multi-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ instars. ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ undergoes ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ apolysis, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ chitin ᎠᎴ specialized ᏤᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ moults ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar.
ᎪᏯᏛ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ larval ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ specialized ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ holometabolous ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ larvae ᎠᎴ dissected, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ "ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ thoracic ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ.
ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ "peripodial ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ dramatically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ invaded ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᎩ tracheae ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ markers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨ pupation, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hemolymph, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎯᎠ larval ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ adhered ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ obtect pupae). ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ pupae ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.
ᎠᏲᎵ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ "ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ pupation ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ underside ᎤᎦᎶᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎠᏲᎵ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ usable ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎯᎠ pupal ᎪᏯᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ mitosis ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ nutrients. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ surgically ᎠᎲᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ unfolded Ꮝ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ boundaries ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏲᎵ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ Imago.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ, sexually ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ imago. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lepidoptera, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ), ᎠᎴ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ- ᎠᎴ hindwings ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ prolegs. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ tvga ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ unfolded. ᏧqᎠᎫᏔᏅᏒ-emerged ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 'inflating' Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predator.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ - ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, varieties, polymorph ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, mimetic ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, sexual dimorphism, ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ sexual ᎢᎦᏛᎭ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ sexually dimorphic.
Batesian mimicry ᎠᎴ Mullerian mimicry ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ abnormalities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gynandromorph ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pollen, ᏡᎬ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ dissolved ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ecological ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pollinator.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ attracted ᎯᎠ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ carcasses ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.
ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae. ᎯᎠ antennae ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏑᏫᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ hesperids ᎤᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏗ ᎯᎠ antennae.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᎹᎹ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ.
ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎧᎹᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ airfoil ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Kutta ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.
ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Pieridae - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Riodinidae - ᎯᎠ Metalmarks, Punches ᎠᎴ Judies
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Nymphalidae - ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎧᎹᎹ
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lycaenidae - ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ


ᏪᏌ.
ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ (ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ, ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎡᎯ ᏪᏌ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ subspecies "Felis silvestris catus". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ predator ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ) ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ-ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏗᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 3,500 8,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏓᎾᏎᎯᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᏪᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ tailless. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ("ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "miaou"), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, hiss ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏰᏗᏍᎬᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ feral ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ feral ᏪᏌ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ.
ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Egyptian mythology, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mythology, ᎠᎴ Norse mythology. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ revered, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Wales, Hywel Dda (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ) ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ vilified, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎤᏚᏩᎴᎫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ witches.
ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ closest ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ African ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ, "Felis silvestris lybica".
ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ "Felis catus" ᎾᎥᎢ Carolus Linnaeus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "Systema Naturae" 1758. Johann ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Daniel von Schreber ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ "Felis silvestris" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1775. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ subspecies ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ: ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏰᏃ ᎾᏍᏋ "F. catus" ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Linnaeus ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ biologists ᎬᏙᏗ "F. silvestris" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ "F. catus" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ 2027 (ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ 60, ᎢᎦᏛ 1 ᎯᎠ "ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ", 31 ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2003) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ "conserved ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ 17 ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ predated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ", ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏍᎬ "F. silvestris" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ "F. silvestris catus" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ subspecies. ("F. catus" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.)
Johann ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Polycarp Erxleben ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ "Felis domesticus" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "Anfangsgründe der Naturlehre ᎠᎴ Systema ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ animalis" 1777. ᎪᎯ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ variants "Felis catus domesticus" ᎠᎴ "Felis silvestris domesticus", ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ.
ᏪᏌ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎦᎾᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏘ ᎨᏐᎢ
ᏓᎪᏍᎬ.
ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ clowder, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ pedigreed ᏪᏌ, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᏥᏍᏚ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏙᏯ, ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ Britain, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "catling". ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pedigreed ᏪᏌ, purebred ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ pedigreed ᎠᎴ purebred). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, purebred ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. pedigreed ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ; ᏪᏌ registries ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mated ᎢᏧᎳ). ᏪᏌ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ longhairs ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ shorthairs ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ-ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ, moggies, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, mutt-ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏪᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨ/purebred ᏪᏌ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ-ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᏪᏌ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ, purebreds ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏪᏌ" ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ "catt", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᎻ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ "cattus", Byzantine ᎠᎪᎢ κάττα, ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ "ᏪᏌ", ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎷᏏᎥ "kotka". ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.
ᏗᎨᎦᎦᏅᏗ.
ᏪᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 2.5 ᎠᎴ 7 kg (5.5–16 ᎢᏳᏓᎨᏓ ᏳᏓᎨᏓ); ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎺᏂ ᎬᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 11.3 kg (25 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 23 kg (50 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ) ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎡᎵᏉ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ (ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1.8 kg - 4.0 lbs) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ 14 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ 36. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ spayed ᎠᎴ neutered. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ neutered ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ testicular ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ, spayed ᎠᎨᏴ ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ovarian ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ mammary ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, feral ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. Feral ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ colonies ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ; ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 19-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ feral ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ feral ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎤᏙᏪᎸ" ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ 26 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ sprinters, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 50 km/h (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 mph) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 2 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 7 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏅᎩ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ collarbone. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ.
ᏗᎦᎴᏂ.
ᏦᏍᎪᎯ-ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ directional ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ; ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ upward. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎩᏟ, ᎫᏢᏗ-eared ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. (ᎦᏁᎳ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏠᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏌᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ. ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ 12–16 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ 13–14 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 20 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 24-ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏪᏌ ᏞᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ" ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎦᎵᎭ (ᎠᏨᏍᏛ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ – ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ "ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏪᏌ ᏞᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ".
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ hyperactivity ᎠᎴ playfulness ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, dubbed ᎯᎠ "ᏒᎯᏰᏱ crazies", "ᏒᏃᏱ crazies" ᎠᎴ "ᎤᎿᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ socialization. ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ haired ᏪᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ skinnier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ 38 ᎠᎴ 39 °C (101 ᎠᎴ 102.2 °F). ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (hyperthermic) ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ 39.5 °C (103 °F) ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ hypothermic ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 37.5 °C (100 °F). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 36.8 °C (98.2 °F). ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 140 220 ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎵ 150 ᎠᎴ 180 bpm, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ.
ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ.
ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᎠᎴ digitigrade: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ. ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ) ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ forepaw, minimizing ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏐᏅ terrain.
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ. ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᎻᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᎻᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ felidae, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ retractable ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ sheathed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏄᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ forefeet ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏫᎵ. ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᏥᎵᎱ, "ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ (bedspreads, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏯᏖᏃ ᏗᏰᏍᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.). ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ 4 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ 5 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ. ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᏄᎮᏍᎩ gene ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ polydactyly, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ 6 ᎠᎴ 7 ᎧᎾᏌᏛ. ᎯᎠ 5th ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ 6th ᎦᏰᏌᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏜᏗᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ carpal ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ anti-skidding ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎯᎠ 5th ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ-ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ.
ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ settling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎦᎾᏝᎢ behaviorists ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮝ "ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ" ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏯᏦᎲᏍᏗ activities ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ " ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎪᎯ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ "ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ." ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ perches ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ "ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ syndrome," ᎭᏢᏃ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ (multi-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ) ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ (5 10 ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Ꮝ hindlegs ᎠᎴ relies ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏛᏙᏗ.
ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꮭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ (e.g., ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ Snellen ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ) ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎯᏁᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ receptors ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ. ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎤᎭ "tapetum lucidum" Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏓᏍᏚᎲᏍᎦ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎯᎠ tapetum ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏪᏌ' ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ tapetum.
ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ 200°, ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ 180° ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ) narrower ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ predators, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ placement ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ fovea ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ differentiate ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ appreciable ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ.
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏦᎢᏁ eyelid, ᎯᎠ nictitating ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏚᎲᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ eyelid ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏚᎲᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏍᎩ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏪᏌ ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏪᏌ chronically ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ eyelid, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ veterinary ᎦᎾᎦᏘ.
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Siamese ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏪᏌ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏁᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏐᎢ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ-ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ pigmentation ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ pigmentation ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ.
ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 64 kHz, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 1.6 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ 1 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎩᏟ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏍᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ; ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎫᏢᏗ (pinnae) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏏᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ pinpoint ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (7.5 cm) ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᎤᏣᏘᎾ - ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ localizing ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎦᏩᏒᎬ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎦᏚ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ'. ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ-ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎨᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ. ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ vomeronasal, ᎠᎴ Jacobson ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏪᏌ ᏧᎵᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ vomeronasal. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ", "ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ", ᎠᎴ "flehming". ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ Flehmen ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ, ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ.
ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.
ᏪᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎩ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏣᎾᎦᎳ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎦᏆᎵ, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏜᏗᏍᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ eyebrows. ᎯᎠ Sphynx (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ.
ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ (ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ vibrissae) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, enabling ᏪᏌ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏔᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ rely ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.
ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏅᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ, ᏔᎵᏚ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ Ꮝ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ (ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ). ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ deeper ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᎾᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏪᏌ extraordinarily ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ vibrissae, ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎸᏈᏍᏗ sensitivity ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ swirls ᎠᎴ eddies ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ - ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ.
ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ tries ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏅᎦᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ.
ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ reinforced ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ: ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ 8 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8 2005 ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ "ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic", ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ sugary ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ receptor gene. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏤᎵ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ predators. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ vertebrate ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎾᎥᎢ pouncing; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ—many ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ, ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ nutritional ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏯᏛᎿ trophies ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ. ᎯᎠ motivation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ utugi gvdi ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ theories ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎲᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ 'ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ feral ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏪᏌ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ municipalities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᎭ enacted ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ localities, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ unwanted ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ "ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ" ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ stealthier ᏗᎯ.
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ specialized ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ digestive ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ. ᎯᎠ premolar ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ carnassial ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏍᏙᏯᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ papillae, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ripping ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ papillae ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏁᎩ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ keratin ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digestive ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, berries, ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᏯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏪᏌ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏯ dominated ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ berries. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ unsupplemented ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ synthesize ᎯᎸᏍᎩ nutrients ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ taurine, vitamin (ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-vitamin Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ vitamin ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ taurine ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, causing ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ (ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ) ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ retinal ᎠᏲᎶᎬ (CRD). ᏩᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ taurine ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ lactose ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. Lactose-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏯ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᎦᎪ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ-supplemented ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ supplementation ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ-ᏚᏙᎥ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏊ ᎠᎴ supplemented ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ byproducts ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ vitamins.
ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ houseplants ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ upsetting ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ.
ᎢᎦᏛ houseplants ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏪᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏧᏓᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏪᏌ. Philodendron ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏪᏌ. "ᏪᏌ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ" ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏓᎤᏂᎨᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎤᏩᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sensed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ Vomeronasal ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ.
ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏃᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ vomeronasal, ᎠᎴ Jacobson', ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᎴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ hepatic lipidosis, ᎤᏪᎳ dysfunction ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ pathological ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ" ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎦᏚ, ᎠᎦᎸᏥ fries, pizza, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, ᏔᎹᏟ ᎤᎦᎹ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ, carrot ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏓᏬᎵ,ᎠᎴ carnitas burritos, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ exotica ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ diced cantaloupe ᎠᎴ cantaloupe ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ "ᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ; ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ theobromine (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ theobromine ᎠᏲᎶᎬ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ. Paracetamol, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎯᎠ-ᏗᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Tylenol, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏪᏌ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ enzymes ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ veterinary ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ overweight. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ diabetes, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ neutered ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ (ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ pica. Pica ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ surgical ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ingested (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏲ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Siamese, Burmese ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ dangling ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎤᏩᏂ ᎠᏍᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ', ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ', ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ingested, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cat’s ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, causing ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ laser ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ laser ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏗᎦᏦᎵ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ, ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ — ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎥᏳᎩ (e.g., ᏪᏌ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ, ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ scratches ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ targeted ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ecosystem ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ contributed ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ– ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ Stephens ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏔᎵᏔᎹ.
ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ.
ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ pappilae ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ allergic ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ allergic ᏪᏌ—ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᏗᎴᎲᏍᎩ, asthma ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩ —ᏄᎵᏍᏛ acclimate ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ comfortably ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ allergy ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏪᏌ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ. Longhair ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ shorthairs. Hairballs ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ remedies Ꮎ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏔᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ. ᏪᏌ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ urinating.
ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ (ᎠᏂ Ꮣ). ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏅᎦᎸᎲ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ; ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ cleaner ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ.) litterbox ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. Litterboxes ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ toxoplasmosis ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏔᎷᎵ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ immuno-ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏩᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ litterbox ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ, eliminating ᎯᎠ litterbox ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ incremental ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ elevating ᎯᎠ litterbox ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, adapter, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ feral colonies, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎨᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ (ie, ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ quick ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ.
Declawing.
Declawing ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "onychectomy", ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ anesthesia, Ꮎ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ) ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ forepaws (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏱ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, ᎠᎴ declawed ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᏩᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ).
ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᏪᏌ declawed ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ damaging ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ. ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ, ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ declawed. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ' ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᏋ declawed.
ᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Finland, ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, the Netherlands ᎠᎴ Switzerland, declawing ᎨᏒᎢ forbidden ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ forbidden ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ "ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ [such] ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ veterinary ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ (ᎯᎠ) ᎦᏂᏝᎢ". ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ imported ᏪᏌ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ declawed ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ euthanized. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003, ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Hollywood, ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Ꭴ.. ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏓ declawing ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ groomers practicing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ.
ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ declawing ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ, vinyl ᏴᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ affixed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ nontoxic ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ Ꮝ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏅᎩ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ capped ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ declawed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵᏊ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ neutered/spayed/declawed (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ), ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ declawed ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 5-6 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ declawed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ (ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2-3 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎬᎢ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ phalanges ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ, ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏳy ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎠᏗᎧᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ concentrated, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ pounce. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Africa ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ.
ᏪᏌ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ. ᏪᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ. ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 44.5 °C (112 °F), ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 52 °C (126 °F).
ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Norwegian ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎺᏂ ᎬᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏗᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏪᏌ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ (eg, ᎤᎬᎭᏛ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏥ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ 39 °C (102 °F) ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ; ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Turkish ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ. Abyssinian ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ.
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ seasonally polyestrous, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4 7 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᏙᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏏᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏙᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏟᏐᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ vagina. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ovulation ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ impregnated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ superfecund; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏂᏙᏓ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏂᎰᎵ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 63-65 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ. ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎴ weaned ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ sexual ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 4-10 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ (ᎠᎨᏴ) ᎠᎴ 5-7 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ (ᎠᏍᎦᏯ).
ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ surgically sterilized (spayed ᎠᎴ neutered) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 6-8 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ unwanted ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ (ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏗᎧᏓ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ yowling (ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ neutered ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ gene ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ identified. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ phenotype. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ (ᏂᎦᏂᏓᏛᎾ ᏪᏌ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ alleles ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ polygenes.
ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ Genome ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, sponsored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ Genomic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ Frederick ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Frederick, ᎺᎵᏂ, focuses ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ, genome ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Felidae, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ.
ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mutualistic ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ' ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ outweighed ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ rodents, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᏪᏌ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ rodents ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mouser.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ "ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏪᏌ" ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ intractability ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colonies, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ "ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ" ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎩᏟ ᎤᏤᎵ odor ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ upwind, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ odor ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ stationed downwind. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ cooperative ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. Ꮭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ problematic; ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ labeled ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏰᎵᏊ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ.
ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏪᏌ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎠᎴ snuggling ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ; ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ "ᎠᏯ'm ᎤᏲᏏ." ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ (ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗᏱ), facial ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ (e.g., ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ "ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ" ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.
Allergies ᏪᏌ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏪᏌ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ allergies. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ allergies ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ allergy ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏬᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏬᏍᎬᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 90% ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ allergies, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ allergic ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ feral ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎡᏙᎲᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ nighttime ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ (termed ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ) ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ "ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ" ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ TNR (ᏌᏛᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎥᎦᎷᏨ) ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ feral ᏪᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏪᏌ deterrent ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏴᎩ-feral ᏪᏌ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ rodents Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ, rodents, ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ maimed, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ 'ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ' (ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ).
ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ colonies, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏢᏓᏥ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ bengal, ocicat ᎠᎴ manx ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏪᏌ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (sexually ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ territories, ᎠᎴ neutered ᏪᏌ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ), ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ" ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏪᏌ ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ. ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏌᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏪᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᏪᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᏏᏛᏂᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ forepaws ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ; ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ loser ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏲᎵ scratches ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ scratches ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ; ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎢᏳᏃ untreated. Sexually ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎫᎪᏘᏌᏅ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎤᏁᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ; ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ neutered ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ (ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ) territories ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
Feral ᏪᏌ.
File:Feral cat gl3.gif|thumb|right|Feral ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ predator ᎭᏩᏱ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ seabirds ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ Wedge-tailed Shearwater.
Feral ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ feral colonies ᎬᏙᏗ communal nurseries, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ resource availability. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ colonies, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ lifespan ᏯᏛᎿ feral ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ housecat, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏚ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏪᏌ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎢᎦᏛ feral ᏪᏌ colonies ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, e.g., ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Romanum ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ, feral ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎵᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ i ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᏩᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ unadoptable feral ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, spay ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂ, immunize ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ feline ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏣᏑᎦ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ feral colonies, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ feral ᏥᏄᏍᏗ spayed/neutered ᎠᎴ inoculated, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ trapped ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lifespan ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ spayed ᎠᎴ neutered, Ꮭ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏪᏒ ᎠᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ feral ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ feral ᏪᏌ colonies ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.
Environmental ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ cats’ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
Overpopulation.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, 3-4 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ euthanized ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ. Spaying ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ overpopulation ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ societies, SPCA ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ spay ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏩᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ.
Varieties ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ.
ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏪᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ registries ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 35 ᎠᎴ 70 ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎯᎠ closest ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎵᎶᎯ" ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ). ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ populated ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ longhair ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ shorthair, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᎬᏙᏗ-purebred ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ moggies (derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "Maggie", ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Margaret, reputed ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ calves ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ housecats ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Victorian ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎬᏙᏗ-purebred ᏪᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏪᏌ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ.
ᏪᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏪᏌ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt, ᎯᎠ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Bast, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ra, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ Amun. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ Ptah ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ-ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Mihos. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centered ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Bubastis ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ mummified ᏪᏌ. Bast ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎦᏙᎵ Ra," ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ' ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏪᏌ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎾᏎᏘ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ sistrum.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ speculated Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ (ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ DNA ᎠᎦᏛᏗ) ᏪᏌ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᎿ Kenya ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Lamu ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏪᏌ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ: ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, archeologically ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ 1000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ Lamu ᎠᎴ Egypt, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Norse ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, Gleipnir (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᏇᎷᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᏍᎬ Fenrir) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ crafted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏪᏌ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏪᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ perceived ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.


ᎧᏄᎦᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ Europe ᎠᎴ caneberry ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Rubus", ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Rosaceae) ᎠᏛᏏᏒ 3 m (10 ft) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, seedless jellies ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ "Rubus" ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ hybridize, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ cultivars ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ thornless/spineless cultivars ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ), ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ pervasive, ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ, hillsides ᎠᎴ hedgerows, colonising ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ iyuwakodi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ tohi adedi ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ coloniser wasteland ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ palmate ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏂ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏄᎦᏟ."
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ drupeᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ drupelets ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏛᎢ pollinator ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ/pollen ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ drupelets ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ fertilized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pollen ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, fruity ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
ᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK ᏗᏂᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 15th ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, wetter ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ infected ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Botrytis", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ flavour ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ polyphenol antioxidant, ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ chemicalᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ upregulate ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ metabolic processes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏅᏃᎯᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ accumulated toxinᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ European ᎤᏓᏏᏄᏓ ("R. caesius") ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ drupelets.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ "Rubus armeniacus" (syn. "R. procerus", 'Himalaya') ᎠᎴ "Rubus laciniatus" ('ᎦᏌᏆᎸ') ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ invasive ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏄᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ deduced ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda Haraldskaer ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ consumed 2500 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ cultivars.
'Marion' (marketed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ marionberry) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ cultivar ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ 'Chehalem' ᎠᎴ 'Olallie' (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ olallieberry) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ "ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ berries ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ". 'Olallie' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ 'Loganberry' ᎠᎴ 'Youngberry'. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' ᎠᎴ 'Olallie' ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ cultivars ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA-ARS ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Corvallis, Oregon. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ cultivars ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ thornless cultivars 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ', 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᎬᎾ' ᎠᎴ 'ᏒᎯᏰᏱ' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ 'Obsidian' ᎠᎴ 'Metolius'. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ', 'Kotata', 'ᎡᎷᏪᎢ', ᎠᎴ 'ᎤᏪᏴ'. ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.
ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ, ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA-ARS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Beltsville Maryland. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ thornless, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. Cultivars ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ 'Chester Thornless' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᏦᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ', 'ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᎯ', 'Smoothstem', 'ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', ᎠᎴ 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏄᏬ'.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ cultivars ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ raspberries). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ thornless ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏘᏳᏍᏘ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'ᏣᎳᎩ', 'ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ', 'Arapaho', ᎠᎴ 'Kiowa'


ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ.
ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ (ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Siluriformes) ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ "barbel", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏪᏌ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ freshwater ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Antarctica. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ Ariidae ᎠᎴ Plotosidae ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏜ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ vertebrates, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ candiru, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ vertebrate ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Pangasius gigas", ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ freshwater ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ armour ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ barbels; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Siluriformes ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ swimbladder.
ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ superorder ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Ostariophysi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Cypriniformes, Characiformes, ᎠᎴ Gymnotiformes (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ Gymnotiformes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Siluriformes). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2005 ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 37 ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv 2000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ taxonomic ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ, 2005, researchers ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎯᎠ 37th ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, Lacantuniidae, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᏤ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 70 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ coelacanth ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1938 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ megamouth ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1983). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lacantuniidae, "Lacantunia enigmatica", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Lacantun ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chiapas, ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ.
ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳ Malapteruridae (ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ), ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, bonified ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ pectoral ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ irritated. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Plotosidae, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Heteropneustes, ᎪᎯ ᏤᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ hospitalize ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ.
ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ heaviest, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ Eurasia, detritivores (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ candiru ("Vandellia cirrhosa").
ᎯᎠ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ("Silurus glanis") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Aristotle ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Greece. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ scientifically ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.2 m - 1.6 m, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2 m ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ digotsaledg digovhi ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.5 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ exeeded 100 kg. ᎯᎠ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Britain, Italy, Spain, Greece ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ flourished ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Po ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ Ebro ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spain ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 2 m. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predators.
ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᏩᏂᎦᎳ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᎠᏓᏥ, ᎠᎴ Spanish ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. Ictalurids ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏙᏗ Mississippi ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ictalurus ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ European ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ resource, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ catfishes ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ achieved ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ fishes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ecological ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ European gantlai, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Clariids ᎠᎴ Pangasiids ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ cultured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ Asia. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corydoras, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ aquaria.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ wels ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ("Silurus glanis") ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Kevin Maddocks ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏂ 6, 1999, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 202 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (91.62 kg). Tim Pruitt Illinois ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ("Ictalurus furcatus") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 22, 2005 Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ 124 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (56.25 kg). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ flathead ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ("Pylodictis olivaris") ᎢᏳᏊ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ, Kansas, ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ 123 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ 9 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (56 kg). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Thailand ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1, 2005 ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 2 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ 646 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (293 kg). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Thai ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1981. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Mekong ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 25 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᎢᎦ.


ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ.
ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏌ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Beijing, ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1917. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏦᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏃᎮᏛ ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏃᎮᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏥᏌ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1949.


ᎪᎵᎥ.
ᎪᎵᎥ(한국어 / 韓國語 / Han Guk Eo). ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ.


ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 7, 1941 (ᎭᏩᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 8 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏩᏂ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎣᏩᎱ, ᎭᏩᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ United States Marine Corps ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ 12 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ warship, ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ 188 ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ 2,403 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ servicemen ᎠᎴ 68 ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏦᎢ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ undamaged, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ "ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ "ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ."
ᎣᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ Meiji ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ embarked ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ executing ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ embarked ᎾᎿ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏓᎿᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1894 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏔᎢᏩᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏲᏂᎢ-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏓᎿᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ Russia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1904 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Korean ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ WWI, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ awarded ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ colonies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1931, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ imposed "ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ" ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Manchuria ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Manchukuo.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1910 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ militarized, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1937, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Manchuria ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎥᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ responded ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1939, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ upped ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ terminating ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎠᎹᏰᏟ/ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ; ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ embargoes. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ Anti-Comintern ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ declaring ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1940, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎴ Fascist ᏲᎶ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎿᎢ embargoes ᎾᎿ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ Panama ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ worsen, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Indochina. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ resource, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ 80% ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ climaxed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 26, 1941, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Hideki Tojo ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ – ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᎣᏙᏗ. ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ("ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᎧᏛ") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ perceived ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ Ꮝ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ posed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪ controlled ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Hirohito ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ embargoes ᎠᎴ uncooperation ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, Fascist ᏲᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
"ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-defence ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏫᎵ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ... [ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ]... ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ... ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎦᎬᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Netherlands."
ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ "ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ" (ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Taranto), ᎭᏢᏃ 20 ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎠᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏳ (Fairey Swordfish) launched ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ Alexandria ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ Italian ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Italian ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Naples. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Isoroku Yamamoto dispatched ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏲᎶ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ" -— ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎧᎸᎬ Indies, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Cunningham ᎤᏤᎵ "boffins" ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ.
ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Yarnell ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1932 ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ-ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏩᏱ. Yarnell, ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ, ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ Oahu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ launched 'ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ' ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ, 7 ᎧᎦᎵ 1932. ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ Yarnell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ 'ᎤᏲᏨᎯ' ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 24 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ) ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ battleship ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ stationed ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ dismissed Yarnell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ impractical ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᏯᎹᎼᏙ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ), ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ-ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ coordinated ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᏯᎹᎼᏙ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ tohi adedi ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1941, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ factional infighting, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ worthwhile. ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ depended ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ torpedoes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏃᎴ-launched. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dredged ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ 1941, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ tested ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 95 ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ inflicted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ technicians ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ 14 ᎠᎴ 15 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (356 ᎠᎴ 381 mm) ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ armored ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ battleships ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (3,000 m), ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ.
ᎾᎿ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 26, 1941, ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Chuichi Nagumo ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Hitokappu ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kuril ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏩᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ: "Akagi", "Hiryu", "ᎧᎦ", "Shokaku", "Soryu", ᎠᎴ "Zuikaku". ᏔᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ battleship, ᏔᎵ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, 9 ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ 3 ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 423 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Mitsubishi ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 0 "ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ" ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, Nakajima ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 97 "Kate" ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ bomber, ᎠᎴ Aichi ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 99 "Val" ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ bomber. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ 8 tankerᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ refueling. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ Expeditionary ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ 20 ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ko-hyoteki-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎭᏩᏱ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏩᏱ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᎥ Marshall ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏩᏱ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ resisted ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ: anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ manned, ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ locked ᎡᎳᏗ, anti-ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ implemented (Ꮭ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ), ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ, ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ OP-20-G ᏌᏊᎭ, intercepted ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ tactical ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ confusing, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ) ᎯᎸᏍᎩ, ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ). ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 1941. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏤ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ-ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ launches ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏩᏱ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ posed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ. ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩ Ꮎ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ (e.g., ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹ), ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ (ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ eligwa igai coverage, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎦᎢ anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎨᏒᎩ stowed, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ locked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ armories. ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ upsetting ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ).
ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ 30 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, DC, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Kichisaburo Nomura, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ Saburo Kurusu, ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ Indochina ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ multi-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tokyo (encoded ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ cryptographic ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ), ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Cordell ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ 1 ᏒᎯᏱᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (ie, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ decryption ᎠᎴ typing ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᏤᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ("ᎠᎬᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎬᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ... ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ nvwato hiyadv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ"), ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎲ decrypted ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ typed ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ decrypt ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ decryption ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ prompted Gen. George Marshall ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏩᏱ Ꮎ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏩᏅᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, Gen. Walter ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᎦᎥ Marshall ᎤᎶᏐᏅ decryption ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ), ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮝ "ᎤᏚᎳᏗ" ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.
ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎪᏢᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. Ꮎ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tokyo ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ fired ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ casualties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ USS "ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ" attacked ᎠᎴ sank midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ 06:37 ᎭᏩᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏛᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᏍᎩ Ko-hyoteki ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᏐᏁᎳ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ survivor, Kazuo Sakamaki, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ captured, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎱᏥ ᏓᏄᏩ captured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ photographic ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1999 ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᏌᏊ midget ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ fired ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ "USS ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ". ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ Opana ᎪᏍᏓᏱ radar ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ detected ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ 6 ᎠᎹᏰᏟ B-17 bombers ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ "ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ" ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ approached ᎦᏙᎯ; ᏌᏊ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, radioed ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ tohi adedi ᎾᎿ. ᏐᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ processed, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗᏱ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ forewarnings ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ interpreted ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ 10 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎲ attacked ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ 07:53 7 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ ᎭᏩᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 03:23 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 8 ᏣᏩᏂ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ attacked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 353 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ Oahu. ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ bombers ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ 183 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ (ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ) ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ battleships ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ bombers attacked ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ Oahu, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Hickam ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ 170 ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ attacked ᏗᏦᏔᏍᏙᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ P-36 ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ P-40 WarhawkᎾ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ 25 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ Anti-aircraft warfare ᎠᏥᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ awoke ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ exploding ᎠᎴ cries "ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ" ᎠᎴ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎢᏧᎳ're ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ bombed." ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ locked ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, undispersed ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Isaac C. Kidd, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ Franklin ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Valkenburgh, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ "USS ᎡᏩᏐᎾ", ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏩᏅᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ "ᎡᏩᏐᎾ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏇ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Joe Taussig ᎤᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ, ᎯᎠ "USS ᏁᏩᏓ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ onboard, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. Ꮎ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Ꮝ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ Mervyn Bennion, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ "ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ", ᏙᎯᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ "USS ᏖᎾᏏ", ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ adatudi ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎯᎠ USS Tautog, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ attacker downed. ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ Doris "Dorie" ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ, African-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ "ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ", ᎦᎪ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᎶᏇ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ hitting ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ, 14 ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. 2,403 ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ (ᎦᎪᏃ 68 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ anti-ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Honolulu), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ 1,178 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. ᏁᎳᏚ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ battleships.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ fatalities—1,102 men—were ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎡᏩᏐᎾ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ 40 cm ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ bomber, smashed ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮝ ᏔᎵ armored ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ detonated ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎠ "ᎡᏩᏐᎾ" ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎪᏃ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ.
ᎯᎠ "USS ᏁᏩᏓ" ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, "ᏁᏩᏓ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ targeted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ bombers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒ underway. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 250 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (113 kg) ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ beached.
ᎯᎠ "USS ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ torpedoes. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏲᎷᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ. ᎯᎠ disarmed "ᏳᏔ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ holed ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ torpedoes. ᎯᎠ "USS ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ torpedoes, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ "USS ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᎩ torpedoes, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ "USS Maryland" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ 40 cm ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ concentrated ᎾᎿ battleships (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎡᏙᎠ), ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ "Helena" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ torpedoed, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ minelayer "USS ᎣᎩᎳᎳ". ᏔᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ penetrated ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎫᏍᎬ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ "Raleigh" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ holed. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ "USS ᎭᎾᎷᎷ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ "USS Cassin" ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "USS Downes", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ "USS ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ", ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ beached. ᎯᎠ seaplane ᏩᎾᎢ "USS Curtiss" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 188 ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ 155 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ parked wingtip wingtip ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᎳᏦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏜ. ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᎯᏍᎩᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ airmen ᎠᎴ ᏐᏁᎳ submariners ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ 441 ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (350 ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ), 29 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ (ᏐᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ 20 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ) ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ 74 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ flak ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20 ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ salvaged.
Nagumo ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᏂᎳᏛᎢ Nagumo ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎾᎿ 7 ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 1941.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏯ-26 sank ᎯᎠ "Cynthia Olson", ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ San Francisco ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ 35 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ, ᎤᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ, 1942, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ K-1, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ, ᏔᎵ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ H8K ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ-ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Wotje ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Marshall ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎨᏒᎩ tasked ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏃᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ "ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏍᎪᎯ" ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ refueling en-ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ, 500 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (800 km) ᎤᏴᏢ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ hampered ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎯᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ: "ᎠᏯ-9" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; "ᎠᏯ-19", "ᎠᏯ-15" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏯ-26" refuel ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏯ-23" ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏯ-23" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏯᎸᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ precluded ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ.
ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ.
ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ (ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 8, 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ), ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ invaded ᎩᎵᏏ Malaya. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ Territories Hong Kong ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ, ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ Thailand ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ HMS "ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Wales" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ".
ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 8, 1941, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ Jeannette Rankin ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outraged ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ, ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ. Roosevelt ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ " ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎬᏗ uniyatolv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ 1941, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ awakened ᎯᎠ "ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏂᎬᎢ", ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ mobilized, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ Atlantic ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ sparked ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ residing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ internment ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ (ᎧᏂᎩᏛ) ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ DeWitt, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏞᏴᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1942, Roosevelt ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 9066, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ internment.
ᎾᏥ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎴ Fascist ᏲᎶ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 11th, ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Hitler ᎠᎴ Mussolini ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ European ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ leadership ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ lyudetiyvda ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1937. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941, ᎯᎠ Nazis ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ 1943; ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ" ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ Roosevelt ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ Chicago ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. Hitler ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Roosevelt ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ focused ᎾᎿ European ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ contributed. Hitler ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ underestimated ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ adatolasdodi adatolasdv, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ Barbarossa ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎯᎠ Nazis ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ collaboration ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Eurasia. ᎾᎪᎲᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ enraged ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ European theatre ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ theatre ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ; ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ Americans—ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ them—undermined cooperative ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Soviet ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ' ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Roosevelt ᎠᏑᏰᏛ investigating ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ, ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Owen Roberts ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ asgahah aninela E. Kimmel, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ Walter ᏍᏆᎳᎢ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏩᏱ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ), ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ 'ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ' ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Roberts ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ evaluation ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ. ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 25, 1999, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏩᏱ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ tactical ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ exceeded ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏚᏅᏒ Ꮝ planners. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Italian ᎤᏤᎵ Taranto ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1940 ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ devastating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ inflicted, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ neutralising ᎯᎠ Italian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ-ᏭᏕᎵᏓ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Indian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ WWII, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Attacks on United States territory in North America during ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎳᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏈᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ.)
ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏯᎹᎼᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎾᏛᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ botched timing ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "ᎠᏯ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ awakened ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ". ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ uttered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᎹᎼᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Ꮎ "ᎠᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ … ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ."
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ anti-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ dismayed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏤᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ admired, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ territories ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accepted ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1945.
ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ leadership ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1942, Saburo Kurusu, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ inevitability ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ longstanding ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Kurusu, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ San Francisco ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ' racist ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ culminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ" ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ "pushed" ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ "ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ" ᎠᏂ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮭ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ "ᏣᏩᏂ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ", ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ (Asahi Shimbun), ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 2000s Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ Kurusu ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ servicemen ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ tactic, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᏔᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ flawed, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1991, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1941 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎾᎢ 1 ᏒᎯᏱᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, 25 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ "14-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ, ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ apologized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ Hideki Tojo ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ succeeded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ achieving ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ.
ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ perceived ᏩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ victories. ᎩᎳ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ devastating ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏦᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ battleships "ᎡᏩᏐᎾ", "ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ battleship "Utah" (ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ); ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎤᏣᏘ usable ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ salvaged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "ᎡᏩᏐᎾ". ᎦᎨᏛ casualties ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ "ᎡᏩᏐᎾᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ exploding ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ" capsizing. ᏅᎩ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ battleships "ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ", "ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ" ᎠᎴ "ᏁᏩᏓ". "ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ" ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, enabling ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ battleships ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ refitted, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outdated ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ anti-ᎦᏚᎢ 5" ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ turreted DP ᏗᎦᎶᏇ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ "Cassin" ᎠᎴ "Downes" ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ salvaged ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ "Shaw" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.
ᎯᎠ 22 ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ survived ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2006, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏲᎷᎭ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ "Taney".
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏯᎹᎼᏙ, ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎲ predicted Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎡᏆ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ stationed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᏙᎠ: "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, "Lexington" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ "Saratoga" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ San Diego ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Puget ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ Shipyard. ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ battleships ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ regarded—in ᎢᏧᎳ Navies ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ worldwide—as ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Ꮝ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ battleships ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ submarines—and ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏲᏨ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎵ battleships ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᎹᎼᏙ hoarded ᎤᏤᎵ battleships ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎥᏝ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᏗᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ standstill ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎢ, immobilizing ᎦᎨᏛ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ cryptanalytic ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ Hypo.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.
ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ-ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎳᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᏲᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂ, contributing ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 1945. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ declaring ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Winston Churchill, ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ: "ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ." ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, replacing ᎯᎠ battleship ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ, Ꮎ ᎪᎯ breakthrough ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
Mythical ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ 1812 ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ mythical ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ: ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
Cultural ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ensuing ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, fueled anti-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎠᏂᏣᏩᏂᏏ, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-ᎠᏂᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ, ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ underhanded ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ "ᎤᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "sneaky ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Japanese-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎧᎦᎵ 19, 1942 ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ internment, ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ "ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ internment ᎠᎴ Japanese|ᏣᏩᏂᏏ-Canadian internment.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "Tora! Tora! Tora!" (1970), ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᏓᎬᎾ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ" (2001) ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.


Ayyavazhi.
Ayyavazhi (Tamil:அய்யாவழி "ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ"), Tamil monistic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. Ayyavazhi ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ followers ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ autonomous ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Ꮝ followers ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ.
ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi followers ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ faculties too recognise Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ practiced ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Tamil Nadu too, ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli ᎠᎴ Tuticorin ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil Nadu. Ayyavazi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ missionaries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ texts "Akilattirattu Ammanai" ᎠᎴ "Arul Nool".
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Manu avatar Trimurthi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ayyavazhi shares ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ mythology ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ differs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ concepts "ᎣᏍᏛ vs ᎤᏐᏅᎢ", Dharma ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
Origins Ayyavazhi.
ᎯᎠ synonymous versions ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ restricted ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ usage ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ 'Ayya' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tamil varies ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, guru, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod, ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, preceptor ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ 'vazhi' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tamil varies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, acourse ᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, mode, ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, antiquity, succession, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
Ayyavazhi ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ayya Vaikundar. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ marginalised ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Tamil ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ missionaries ᎾᏍᎩ posed ᎡᏆ challenge ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ proselytising ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ inception. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ followers ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Chanar ᏩᏗᏅᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ castes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ nineteenth ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, Ayyavazhi ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, albeit ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Travancore ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Tirunelveli. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏎᏍᏗ followers ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ significantly ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1840s. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Vaikundar, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ "Akilattirattu Ammanai" ᎠᎴ "Arul Nool". ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ Citars, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ deciples Ayya Vaikundar, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ descendants travelled ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ Ayyavazhi. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎠ Payyan dynasty ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Swamithoppe pathi, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏐᎢ Pathis ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ followers Ayya. ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ Nizhal Thangals (ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ Bala Prajapathi Adikalar ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ descendant Payyan dynasty. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ foundations ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ Nizhal Thangals. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ incarnation Vaikundar, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ Tirunelveli ᎠᎴ Tuticorin, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ Kanyakumari ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
Scriptures ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Arul Nool, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ mythology. Ayyavazhi ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "Akilattirattu Ammanai" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Hari Gopalan Citar ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ Akilam ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Narayana ᎤᏤᎵ consort Lakshmi. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ origin Arul Nool; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Citars ᎠᎴ Arulalarkal (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ possessed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ prayers, hymn ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, rituals, prophesies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi devotees, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Pathi, ᎬᏙᏗ "Panchappathis" ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ Swamithoppepathi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ headquarters ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Vakaippathi, ᎭᏢᏃ 700 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ Thuvayal Thavasu ᎾᎥᎢ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accredited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ site ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ activities Muthukutty. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ disagreement ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ holiness ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Avatharappathi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Thiruchendur ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ "Akilam" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ Ayya Vaikundar incarnated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ disagree ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ devotees. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ followers ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Thiruchendur ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pathi ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ secondary ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ site. ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Pathis ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ headquarters Ayyavazhi ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Avatharappathi.
Symbolism.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 1,008 petalled lotus ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ-shaped ᎤᏁᎬ 'Namam'. ᎯᎠ lotus ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ 1,008-petalled "Sahasrara" (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil, "Ladam") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Namam ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ "Aanma Jyothi" ᎠᎴ "atman", sometimes translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ" ᎠᎴ "ᎣᏩᏒ". ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Thirunamam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ secondary scriptures, Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎠᎴ Arul Nool. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, 'Lotus ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ Namam', ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ scriptures. ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ legends ᎪᎯ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ forties ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers.
ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎪᏢᏅ "Pathis" ᎠᎴ "Nizhal Thangals", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ centres ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ propagation ᎯᎠ beliefs ᎠᎴ practices Ayyavazhi. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3,500 ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ organized ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Swamithoppepathi ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, religiously ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ officially, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ headquarters ᏂᎦᏛ.
Pathis.
Pathis ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ centres congregational ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ structures ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ significance ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ activities ᎨᏒᎩ historically ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ.
Nizhal Thangals.
Nizhal Thangal ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ structures ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Ayya Vaikundar. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ centers education ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ shelter ᎨᏒᎩ offered ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏃᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ activities ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ centers.
Beliefs.
ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ reincarnation ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ caste ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ "murti" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ayya Vaikundar ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ focus ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ non-anthropomorphic ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Nizhal Thangal).
ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ Hindu sects Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ non-anthropomorphic symbols. Shaivism, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ linga ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Vaishnavism ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ saligrama. Similarly, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, ᎯᎠ Elunetru, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾnanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Palliyarai, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ Elunetru ᎤᏤᎵ alternative ᏚᏙᎥ, "Asanam", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎦᏗ."
Ayyavazhi beliefs ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ Smartism ᎠᎴ Advaita Vedanta, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ beleifs ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Trimurthi. ᏯᏛᎾ, Ayyavazhi ᎤᏤᎵ followers ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ Brahma, Vishnu, ᎠᎴ Siva ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ aspects ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ Hinduism). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ beliefs Akilattirattu ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ Dvaita ᎠᎴ Vishishtadvaita, Ayyavazhi endorses ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ultimate Oneness.
Followers Ayyavazhi ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ Hindus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ, Kroni, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ primordial manifestation ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ manifests ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Ravana ᎠᎴ Duryodhana) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ages ᎠᎴ yuga. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vishnu, becomes incarnate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ avatars, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Rama, Krishna ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ Ayya Vaikundar, ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ foremost ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.
Kroni, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Kali Yuga, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ omnipresent ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ Hindus, ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ yuga, Kali Yuga, ᎨᏒᎢ decadent.
ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Anna Dharmam (offerings ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ least ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏏᏅᏙ.
Santror - ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Ayyavazhi legends, ᎯᎠ Santror ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ayyavazhi.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ connotation. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers emphasise ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ Tamil ᎧᏁᏨ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ayyavazhi. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ occurs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ connotation. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Chanar.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ Santror ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ fist inhabitants ᎯᎠ Kali Yukam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ Nadar, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ castes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ Tamil Nadu. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Chanar ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Arabs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Al Hind", ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Biblical ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏴᏫ ᎯᏍᎩ Rivers", ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ scattered ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ-ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
Dharmic ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ universe Ayyavazhi, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ Dharma ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ levels ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ: ᏌᏊ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ 'righteousness', ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ 'ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ' ᎠᎴ almsgiving'. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, Ayyavazhi asserts Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ avatar Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ Dharma ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ destroying ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Kaliyan. ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ detached ᎯᎠ caste identities ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ Kali Yukam. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, " ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ-shaking devils ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏚ castes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ"- Akilam-9:817.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ listening ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Vaikundar, realised Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ Kali, i.e., Kroni ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ withdrawn ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ dharma ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. Transposed ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ dharma ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ " protecting ᎠᎴ salvaging ᎯᎠ lowly, ᎯᎠ oppressed". ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vinchai ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, "uplift ᎯᎠ lowely ᎨᏒᎢ dharmam".Akilam-10:198. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sociology, doctrine dharma ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ almsgiving. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ exhorted ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ discriminating ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ beneficiaries. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ, Swami Vivekananda ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ Ayyavazhi dharma ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎦᎪ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ theology Ayyavazhi differs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ monistic religions. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ Ekam, ᎯᎠ ultimate Oneness ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ oneness Ꮎ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ Sivam ᎠᎴ Sakthi ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, Sivan, Vethan ᎠᎴ Thirumal. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓadatolasdisgi Gods. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kali Yukam, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ boons offered Kaliyan, Thirumal ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ fragment Kroni ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ unified ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Ekam, ᎠᎴ Ekam Incarnated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Trinity (Ekam, Narayana ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ) ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ boons ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Kali. Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ Dharma Yukam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Vaikundar ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ unified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vaikundar, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kali Yukam Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ worshipable ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ monotheistic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
Dualism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi.
ᎯᎠ Kroni, ᎯᎠ primordial manifestation ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fragmented ᎾᎾᎯ ᏑᏓᎵ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ successive Yuga; ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, Kaliyan (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ) ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ sentenced ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ judgement ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ Ayyavazhi ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ dualism. Kaliyan ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ commonly accepted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ maya (ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ symbolised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ commonly concerned ᎬᏙᏗ Ultimate Oneness ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dualistic ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ contrasted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ monistic narration. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ Arul Nool, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Vaikundar, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ belived ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ arulalarkal ᎠᎴ Citars, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ monistic.
Pantheism ᎠᎴ panentheism.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ekam, ᎢᎦᏛ followers ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pantheistic, sticking ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ekan (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ oneness ᎠᎴ Ekam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᎦᎵᏉᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ, ᎯᎠ Akilam lays ᎯᎠ groundwork ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ viewing Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pantheistic ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kappu, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ Akilam ᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ Akilam ᎠᏗᎭ, "ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏌ, ᎰᏩᏧ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ".Akilam1:12.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ Panentheism, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ quotes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦagatudesdi Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ monistic. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Vinchai, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, Narayana, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ Vaikundar, ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ "ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ Sivan, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ Thirumal, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ Nathan, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Tapas, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ omnipresent ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ". ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Vaikundar ᎨᏒᎢ jailed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Thiruvananthapuram ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ alleviates ᎯᎠ Santror ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ "ᎠᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Ekam ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ omnipresent ᏂᎬᎾᏓ". -- (Akilam 13:395).
Inclusivistic ᎠᎴ exclusivistic ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.
ᎪᎯ formula inclusivism ᎠᎴ exclusivism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ religio-cultural universe Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ inclusivism ᎠᎴ exclusivism ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ themes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam, ᎯᎠ mixture ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ unique. ᎯᎠ inclusivistic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ accepting ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ religions ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ onwards exclusivistically rejecting ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ narrating Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances ᎨᏒᎢ mythical ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ-ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ.
ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎾᎿ gods.
Ayyavazhi accepts ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ religions ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Allah ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ rescuing ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sufferings. ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kaliyan ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ boons, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ Conciouseness (Ekan) incarnates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ surrendered ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ scriptures ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Kali Yukam, Ayyavazhi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ worshippable ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ theology Ayyavazhi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ channeled ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ exclusivism.
ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎾᎿ scriptures.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Akilattirattu Ammanai treats ᎯᎠ scriptures ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ religions ᎨᏒᎢ complicated. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Kalineesan arrested Vaikundar ᎠᎴ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Thiruvananthapuram, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ narrated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, "ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ non-liberative ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ, ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎯᎠ beatings thorns, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ reanimates ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ uplifting ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ yuga ᎠᎭᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩagilyoasdi ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ liberation ᎯᎠ downtrodden."Akilam13:227-231. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ incarnates ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ Akilam accepts ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognise ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vinchai ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Venneesan ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Veda (ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ) ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Kaliyan ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ","ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ." ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, Akilam accepts Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ 'Allah' ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ relation 'Ekam' (ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ). ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ rejects ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ Islam ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, "ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ caps."
Ayyavazhi accepts ᎯᎠ incarnation Rama ᎠᎴ Krishna ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ rejects ᎯᎠ Ramayana ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mahabharata ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ. ᎾᏍᎩ accepts ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ Vedas ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 'ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ'. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ inconsistent ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᎴ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Sruti, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏐᎢ scriptures ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ramayana ᎠᎴ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Smriti ᎠᎴ secondary ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ. ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Kaliyan ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ Vedas ᏥᏄᏍᏗ boon ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kaliyan. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (Kaliyan) ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ additions ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vaikundar. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Akilattirattu Ammanai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 'ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ'.
Ultimate exclusivism.
Accoriding Akilam, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ incarnations ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏯᏛᎿ beliefs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏊ, ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Kaliyan, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Akilam, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ incarnation ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Ekam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 'ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ'. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ Ayyavazhi rejects ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ scriptures ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Akilattirattu Ammanai.
Shamanism.
ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ shamanic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ folk. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ shamanic ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ exhort ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ, practiced divination (Kanakku) discern ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏥᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ misfortunes, ᎠᎴ 'foretold ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ happenings'. ᎢᎦᏛ LMS ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ attest ᎯᎠ prevalence shaman ᎠᎴ shamanistic practices ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ centers Ayyavazhi. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ centers. ᎯᎠ Akilattirattu Ammanai recognizes shamanic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arul Nool ᏓᎪᎵᏰ, "ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ imparting ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ divination ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ temples." ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ shamanism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ practiced ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ scriptures ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ beginner ᎯᎠ metaphysics.
Mythology.
ᎯᎠ mythology Ayyavazhi acombination ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mythical accounts. history Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv, ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ unfolds ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv Santror, Kali Yukam ᎠᎴ Dharma Yukam. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ concepts ᎠᏓᏁᏗ symbolic ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ linked Ꮎ Hinduism. Akilam ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ yugas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kali, shares ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, mythical characters, ᎠᎴ concepts ᎬᏙᏗ Hinduism, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎨᏒᎩ engendered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ Yugas ᎠᎴ Avatars differs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism. ᎯᎠ personification ᎯᎠ entity ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, Kali ᎨᏒᎢ unique Ayyavazhi, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. Akilam ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ concepts ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ scriptures ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ substances ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Kali.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kali Yukam (ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ manifestation Kroni. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ incarnates ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vaikundar, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Vaikundar ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ mythology ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mythical ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏒᎩ woven ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Muthirikkinaru, ᏙᏄᏭᎢ Headgear ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, Thuvayal Thavasu ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
Rituals.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ philosophical concepts ᎠᎴ mythology, ᎯᎠ rituals Ayyavazhi evolved ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ rituals ᎠᎴ symbols, ᎯᎠ unique ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ecstatic mode religiosity, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ritual healing - ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ritual corpus Ayyavazhi contributed ᎯᎠ formation emancipatory ideation ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ discourse.ᎾᏍᎩ attempts uplift ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ disenfranchised. Examples ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ spiritual cleanliness ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Thuvayal Thavasu, eliminating untouchability ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Thottunamam, ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ headgear, ᎠᎴ unifying ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ castes ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Muthirikkinaru.
ᎯᎠ utopian formula.
ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi proposes emancipatory utopia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ banner Dharma Yukam. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Ayya Vaikundar ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ Kali Yukam ᎾᎥᎢ sentencing Kroni ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ judgement ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ Dharma ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ 'uplift ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam.
Ayyavazhi legends ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ Yugas, ᎯᎠ Dharma Yukam ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ruled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏁᎳ yugas ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hinduism. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ linear ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎾᎥᎢ narrating Dharma Yukam ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ..ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩgvwatuwidv ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ingredient ᎯᎠ theories karma ᎠᎴ rebirth. ᎠᎴ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ karma ᎠᎴ rebirth ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ Dharma Yukam ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Dharma Yukam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ, "ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ruled ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ discriminations caste creed ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ". Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Santror ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ Virgins ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ.
Phenomenology.
"Akilam" ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ideological regeneration Hinduism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ Vaikundar ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ incarnation Vishnu, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Hinduism. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Nizhal Thangals ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Narayana Swami Pathi ᎤᏠᏱ Hindu, Vaishnavism. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ follwers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Kali ᎠᎴ folk deities ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ.
ᎢᎦᏛ followers Ayyavazhi ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Ayya Vaikundar ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ avatars Vishnu ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Kalki, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ denominations ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ moksha, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ liberation ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Akilam. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi Trinity ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ayyavazhi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Narayana ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ unique monotheistic ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ unknown ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ Shamanism. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ distingish ᎯᎠ practitioners Ayyavazhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎿᏩᎥᎩ Thirunamam (ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ).ᎯᎠ Nizhal Thangals ᎨᏒᎢ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Palliyarai. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hinduism, deviating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ayyavazhi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ recitations handfull scholors educated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi scriptures ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ concepts Akilam ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ philosophical ᎠᎴ ideological deviation Ayyavazhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hinduism. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ philosophical, ideological ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ variations ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ayyavazhi ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ mistook ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ offshoot Hindu ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ.
Ayyavazhi identity.
Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ prayers, ᎾᏛnadvndhvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil, ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ aspect ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ distinguishes Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ priestly mediation, ᎠᎴ inclusion ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ centers ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Pathi ᎠᎴ Nizhal Thangal, ᎨᏒᎩ ᏐᎢ characterised Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ concepts Panividai (ritual ᎾᏛᏁᎸ) ᎠᎴ Panividaiyalar (ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ performs Panividai) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ritual ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ritual ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ uniqueness Ayyavazhi ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
Ayyavazhi controversies.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers Ayyavazhi ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ Hindu sect ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ autonomous ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practises ᎠᎴ mythology resembles Hinduism ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ followers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ incarnation ᎯᎠ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Vishnu. Ayyavazhi followers ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ gods Brahma, Vishnu, ᎠᎴ Siva ᎬᏙᏗ Hindus. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ mystic practices posessions ᎠᎴ divinations ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ tribal religions Tamil Nadu. ᎯᎠ widespread ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏓᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ (ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ widespread ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ) ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ayyavazhi ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ degenerated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎩᎳ ᏄᏓᎴ Hindu sect.
ᎯᎠ penetration Ayyavazhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tamil Nadu ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ territories ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Tamil Nadu ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Kerala. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Nadar ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ followers Ayyavazhi. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ recognise ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ followers ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Hindues ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ. ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "Akilattirattu Ammanai" ᎠᎴ "Arul Nool", ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ texts ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ayyavazhi, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, Ꮝ mythology, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practices ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ practices Hinduism ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Advaita ᎠᎴ Smartism.


ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ.
Ꮎ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ (1861–1865) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ sectional ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ("ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ") ᎠᎴ 11 ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Jefferson Davis. ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ", ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery, rejected ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ secession. ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ 12 ᎫᏬᏂ, 1861 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ attacked ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏐᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ asserted ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ naval ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862 ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ, ᎦᎢᎭ battles ᎤᎴᏅᎲ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Antietam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1862, Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ Emancipation Proclamation ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ freeing ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ goal — ᏌᏊ bitterly ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᏗᎨ ᎠᏍ. Emancipation ensured Ꮎ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ intervene ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederates. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, Robert E. Lee ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Confederate victories ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ commanders, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ, Stonewall Jackson, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Chancellorsville ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1863. Ꮅ ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ repulsed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Gettysburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏩᏥᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ captured ᎠᏤ Orleans ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ulysses ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ capturing Vicksburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ splitting ᎯᎠ Confederacy.
ᎾᎥᎢ 1864 ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ advantages ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, manpower, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ overwhelming ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎦᎢᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ battles ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ 1864. Ꮅ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tactical ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ strategically, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ casualties ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ trenches ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ, Richmond, ᏩᏥᏂ. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ William T. Sherman captured Atlanta ᎠᎴ marched ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, destroying ᎠᏯᏖᎾ swath ᏣᏥᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1865 ᎯᎠ Confederacy collapsed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮅ surrendered ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ restoration ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ contentious postwar ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Reconstruction. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 970,000 casualties (3% ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 620,000 ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ deaths — ᏔᎵ-thirds ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ lingering ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ restoration ᎠᎴ strengthening ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᎯᎠ origins ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ complex Constitutional ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ involving ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ slavery, slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ territories, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, modernization, ᎠᎴ competing nationalisms ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ sectionalism.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏳᎳ controlled ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ crisis ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1850s. Sectional disagreements ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ morality slavery, ᎯᎠ scope ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏛ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ vs. ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ plantation ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ voters confront ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, causing ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ collapse (ᎯᎠ Whigs ᎠᎴ ᎣᎾᏛ Nothings), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎶᏗ (ᎤᏂᏴᏜ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1854, Constitutional ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860 ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ remaining ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ Democratic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎾᎿ sectional lines.
Slavery ᎠᎴ Anti-Slavery.
Focus ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ slavery ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ cyclical. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1900 1955, historians ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ anti-slavery agitation ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ constitutional, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ cultural ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s historians ᎤᎭ ᎠᏏᏇ emphasized slavery ᎠᎴ antislavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, constitutional ᎠᎴ ideological dimensions.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Southerners ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ, ᎯᎠ preservation slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ imperative. ᎢᎦᏛ southerners ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ Robert E. Lee ᎦᎪ (echoing Jefferson) ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ." ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.
Northerners resisted slavery ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ideological, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎠᎴ democratic ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ; ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Lincoln, Seward, Chase ᎠᎴ Greeley warned Ꮎ oligarchy ᎤᏪᎾᎢ planters, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ", dominated ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ corrupted ᎠᎴ controlled ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1850 ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ, ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ bitterly resented ᎾᎥᎢ anti-slavery ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ mechanism ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Northerners — ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ abolitionist ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "ᎯᎠ Liberator" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ novels ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ influential "ᎡᏚᏥ Tom ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ" — ᎤᎴᏅᎲ objecting ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ legally ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ disagreement.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ-ᏎᎷᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1854 overthrew ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1820 Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ outlawed slavery ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ territories ᎤᏴᏢ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ anti-slavery ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎯᎠ Dred Scott ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ 1857 ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Roger Taney ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ "ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ", ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ territories. Lincoln warned Ꮎ "ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ Dred Scott ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ" ᏰᎵᏇ threaten ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ slavery.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ correlation ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ plantations ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ secession. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ concentration plantations ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ secede. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ plantations ᎠᎴ rejected secession until ᎯᎠ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter crisis ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ plantations ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ sided ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.
ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
Until 1860 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ successfully ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ interregional crises. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ crises ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ slavery, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ debates ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-fifths ᏌᏇ ᏄᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Constitutional Convention 1787. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ solved ᎯᎠ crisis ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏨᎫᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1819-21, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ nullification ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1833, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1845, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ acquired ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1850.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1854, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ-ᏎᎷᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ Whig ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ disappeared, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ sectional ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ commitment ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery. ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ Dred Scott ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ 1857, John ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Democratic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860 polarized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ Lincoln ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ trigger ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ secession. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ secession crisis, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ "Crittenden ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ," ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ.
Historians ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ James G. Randall ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ breakdown ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ hardened Constitutional ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ increasingly hostile sectional rhetoric ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ Crittenden ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ rejected ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ "ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎯ secession ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1860—ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ abolitionists—ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ rejected ᎾᎥᎢ James Buchanan ᎤᏤᎵ conservative Democrats ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏜ leadership.
deeper ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ conspiracies ᎨᏒᎩ afoot Ꮎ threatened ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1850s ᏔᎵ loomed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ threatening: ᎯᎠ sectional antislavery ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ (ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ aristocratic slaveholding ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
Abolitionism ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1830s, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳᏊ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏁᎩ abolitionist ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏚᎴᏅ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏤ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏂᎬᎿᎨᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, ᎠᎴ Lucretia Mott. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ slavery ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1840s ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ abolitionists ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ owning ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ abolished. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ bitterly resented ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Abolitionism Motivates Southerners.
Historians ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ southerner ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ angered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ abolitionist attacks. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1830s ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ widespread ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ideological ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ "peculiar ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1850s ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ tinge abolitionism ᎨᏒᎩ expelled ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ abolitionist ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ banned ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ secessionists rejected ᎯᎠ denials ᎤᏂᏴᏜ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ abolitionists, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏎᎸ John ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859 ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ uprising ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ multiple ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ conspiracies ᎨᏒᎩ afoot ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎢᎭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ rebellions. Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ conspiracy ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ historians.
ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. Southerners argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ territories. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ cited ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ jurisdiction ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. Anti-slavery ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ reversed stances ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.
ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Secession" ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ legalistic ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ slavery, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, claiming Ꮎ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ weren't fulfilling ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ.
ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ slavery-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ systems ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ, interdependent ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ regions ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ. Tariffs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ — ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1847 tariffs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ Midwest, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ Appalachians, ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ Ꮎ exported Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ regions ᎠᎴ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ subsistence ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, depended ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ (ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ) ᏦᎳ, ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. (ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ component ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, comprising ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.) ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏤ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎾᏬ ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ. ᎯᎠ dominance ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ "ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ." ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, brokerage, ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ mediation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ contrasting ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ sectional agendas Ꮎ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, competed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ politicians, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, pushed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ protective ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ foster ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Southerners, ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ federally funded "ᎭᏫᏂ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ" (ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, canals, ports ᎠᎴ waterways), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ unanimity ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ depended ᎾᏍᎩ exports; ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ managers ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ tariffs ᎾᎿ imported ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Democrats ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ infrastructure, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Whigs ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ significance ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ exaggerated: ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ compete ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ complementary. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ depended ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ prosperity.
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ fostering ᎯᎠ secessionist ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎩᎵᏏ prosperity depended ᎾᎿ ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒᎢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ) ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ independence. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ delusion ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influential ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860-61 ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ debates.
ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ vs. Pro slavery ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ.
Historian Eric Foner (1970) ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ideology dominated ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ emphasized ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ attacked ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ commercially-minded. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ-owning ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ argued, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ education, cultural refinement, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ participation. ᎤᏅᏌ depicted slavery ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Christianizing Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ "rescued" ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ "paganism" ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ.
Slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Territories.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ crisis Ꮎ culminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ secession stemmed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ territories. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1820, ᎪᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ adding ᎺᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏨᎫᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ prohibited slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ 36°30'N lat. (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏨᎫᎵ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᏓᏄᏩ (1846–1848), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, reopened ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ—ᎾᏊ focused ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Wilmot Proviso, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ banned slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ territories annexed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎯᎠ Proviso aroused ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. Northerners argued Ꮎ slavery ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ migrants ᎯᎠ territories; slaveholders ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ discriminate ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ preventing ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ-ᏎᎷᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1854. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ repealed ᎯᎠ prohibition ᎾᎿ slavery ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ settlers, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ sovereignty." ᏓᎾᎵᎲ erupted ᎠᏰᎵ pro slavery "ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ruffians" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ neighboring ᏨᎫᎵ ᎠᎴ antislavery immigrants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ John ᏬᏗᎨ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ abolitionists). ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. Tensions ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ secession ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ triggered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ regional ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏰᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ slavery ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ extinction. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Southerners ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ Lincoln ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ slavery, ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎢᏳᏩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏞᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Electoral ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ facing ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ increasingly ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Modernization.
When secessionists protested in 1861 that they were acting to preserve traditional rights and values, they were correct. They fought to preserve their constitutional liberties against the perceived Northern threat to overthrow them. The South's concept of republicanism had not changed in three-quarters of a century; the North's had... The ascension to power of the Republican Party, with its ideology of competitive, egalitarian free-labor capitalism, was a signal to the South that the Northern majority had turned irrevocably towards this frightening, revolutionary future. –James McPherson,"Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," "Civil War History" 29 (Sept. 1983)
Secession ᎪᎳ.
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Lincoln ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ 9 ᎧᎦᎵ 1861. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ forts ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ properties ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ boundaries, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ resistance ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Buchanan, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 3, 1861. Buchanan asserted, "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ secede, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ." ᏌᏊ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ — ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ garrison ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᎩ — ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ surrendered ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ commanding ᏂᎦᎥ David E. Twiggs, ᎦᎪ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎾᎥᎢ seceding, ᎯᎠ rebel ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ territories Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎠᎴ amendments ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ.
ᎯᎠ Confederacy.
ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ seceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1861, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ, ᎻᏏᏏᏈ, ᏧᎦᎾᏮ, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ, ᏣᏥᏱ, ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏓᎩ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ (4 ᎧᎦᎵ 1861), ᎬᏙᏗ Jefferson Davis ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎠᎴ governmental structure ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ modeled ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏬᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1861 ᏅᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ seceded ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy: ᏩᏥᏂ, ᏲᏁᎬ, ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎴᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ 23 ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ: ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎧᏁᏓᎦᏗ, ᏕᎳᏪᎢ, ᎢᎵᏃᏱ, ᎢᏂᏗᏰᎾ, ᎠᏯᏩ, ᏧᏂᎦᏔᏩᏙᏅᏩᏙᏗ, ᎬᏅᏓᎩ, ᎺᏂ, Maryland, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ, ᎻᏏᎦᏂ, ᎻᏂᏐᏓ, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᏤ ᎭᎻᏒ, ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ, ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎣᎭᏲ, ᎤᏩᎦᏂ, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᏚᏛᎢ, ᏣᏩᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏍᎧᏂᏏᏂ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏁᏩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏔᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᎯᎠ territories ᎧᎶᏩᏓ, ᏓᎧᏓ, ᏎᎷᏱ, ᏁᏩᏓ, ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ, ᏳᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ-ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-Ꭿ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎢᎭ civil ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
"ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (Civil ᏓᏄᏩ)"
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ comprised ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ northernmost ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎺᎵᏂ, ᏕᎳᏪᎢ, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏅᏓᎩ).
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Lincoln ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, militia units Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ drilling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏩᏅᏨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎠᎴ Baltimore. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, Lincoln ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎺᎵᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ Columbia.
ᎺᎵᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ pro-Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎦᎪ tolerated anti-ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ rioting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Baltimore ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ bridges. Lincoln responded ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ arrested ᎯᎠ pro-Confederates.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ convention ᎾᎿ secession ᏚᏑᏰᏒ decisively ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ pro-Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Claiborne F. Jackson ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ militia, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ Nathaniel Lyon, ᎦᎪ chased ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ southwestern ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ("ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: ᏨᎫᎵ secession"). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ resulting vacuum ᎯᎠ convention ᎾᎿ secession reconvened ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Unionist provisional ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏨᎫᎵ.
ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ secede; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ neutral. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ invasion ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ sympathizers ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ secession convention, inaugurated Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Columbus, ᎬᏅᏓᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate ᏂᎦᎥ Leonidas Polk ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1861 ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ reaffirmed Ꮝ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ expelled ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
Residents ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ. ᎤᏠᏱ secessions ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ suppressed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. Jefferson Davis arrested ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3,000 ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ 1860 triggered ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ secession ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎦᎵ 1861, ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ declarations. ᎾᎿ ᎧᎦᎵ 7, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ provisional ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Montgomery, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ. Pre-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᎦᎵ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ 1861 ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏄᎸ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ resolving ᎯᎠ crisis. ᎯᎠ remaining ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ rejected pleas ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ forts ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ boundaries (ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter); ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Buchanan protested ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ resupply ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ preparations. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, governors ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ, ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ weapons ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ militia units ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎾᎿ 4 ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 1861, ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ sworn ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ inaugural ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ" ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ Confederation ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ binding ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ secession "legally void". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ invade ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ possession ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏖᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ restoration ᎯᎠ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ delegations ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎠᎴ offered ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ properties ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. Lincoln rejected ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ Confederate ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ legitimate ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ tantamount ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sovereign ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᏗᏐᏴ Sumter ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ remaining ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ-ᎠᏰᎲᎩ forts ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎠᎴ Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Confederate ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Jefferson Davis, Confederates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded ᎯᎠ ᏗᏐᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ artillery ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 12, forcing Ꮝ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. Northerners reacted ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏘ, ᎠᎴ rallied ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Lincoln, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ recapture ᎯᎠ forts ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ rebellion ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ, Lincoln ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 74,000 volunteers ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 90 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᏅᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ (ᏖᎾᏏ, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏥᏂ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, ᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ secession, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ Richmond, ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ vulnerable ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
Anaconda ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ, 1861.
Winfield Scott, ᎯᎠ commanding ᏂᎦᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, devised ᎯᎠ Anaconda ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ports ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ strangle ᎯᎠ rebel ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. Lincoln ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ overruled Scott ᎤᏤᎵ warnings ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Richmond.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1861 Lincoln proclaimed ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ports, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ moderately successful - ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ–ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ naval battles ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎩᎵᏏ investors ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ "ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners" Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ (ᎠᎴ civilian luxuries) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cuba ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Bahamas ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎳ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ cargo ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ sailors. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ crews ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ "ironclad" CSS ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ voyage sank ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᏥᏳ USS Cumberland ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ "ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ Hampton ᏕᎦᏅᏅ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎯᎠ ironclads ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ "USS Monitor" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "CSS ᏩᏥᏂ") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 1862, ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ironclad ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ. ᏐᎢ naval battles ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Ꮭ. 10, Memphis, Drewry ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎾᏰᏍᏙᏗ, ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ Mobile ᎥᏓᎵ.
ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ 1861–1863.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ resistance ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Manassas, ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1861, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ halted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ "ᎢᎬᏱ Manassas", whereupon ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, D.C., ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Generals Joseph E. Johnston ᎠᎴ P.G.T. Beauregard. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Ꮎ Confederate ᏂᎦᎥ Thomas Jackson ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "Stonewall" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏐᏴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. Alarmed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Crittenden-Johnson ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ 25 ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 25 Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery.
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᎥ George B. McClellan ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Potomac ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 26th (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ subsequently ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ urging ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Lincoln ᎠᎴᏅᏗ offensive operations, McClellan attacked ᏩᏥᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ 1862 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ Peninsula ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ York ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ James ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Richmond. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ McClellan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ gates Richmond ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Peninsula ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, Joseph E. Johnston halted ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ Pines, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Robert E. Lee defeated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ Battles ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. McClellan ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ stripped ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ reinforce John Pope ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏩᏥᏂ. Pope ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ spectacularly ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ.
Emboldened ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᎥ Ꮅ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ 45,000 ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Potomac ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎺᎵᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 5th. Lincoln ᎾᎯᏳᎢ restored Pope ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ McClellan. McClellan ᎠᎴ Ꮅ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Antietam ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Sharpsburg, ᎺᎵᏂ, ᎾᎿ 17 ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11862, ᎯᎠ bloodiest ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎥᏓᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏂ, ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ McClellan ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. Antietam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ halted Lee ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Lincoln ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ Emancipation Proclamation.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ cautious McClellan ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ Antietam, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Burnside ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Fredericksburg ᎾᎿ 13 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1862, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, Burnside ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. Joseph "ᏓᎾᎵᎲ Joe" Hooker. Hooker, too, ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ; despite outnumbering ᎯᎠ Confederates ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ humiliated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Chancellorsville ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1863. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Maj. Gen. George G. Meade ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ invasion ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. Meade defeated Lee ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Gettysburg (1 ᎫᏰᏉᏂ—3 ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1863), ᎯᎠ bloodiest ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sometimes ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ 28,000 casualties (versus Meade ᎤᏤᎵ 23,000). Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ Ꮎ Meade ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ intercept Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ 1864 ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ leadership.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ balloons, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Aerial ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ 1861–1863.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ successes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ crucially ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Pea ᏣᎴᎩ. Leonidas Polk ᎤᏤᎵ invasion ᎬᏅᏓᎩ enraged ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ neutrality ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.
ᏓᎫᎾᏪᎳᎯ, ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏬᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Ꮭ. 10 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤ Madrid, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Memphis, ᏔᎾᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ captured ᎢᏤ Orleans, ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1862, allowing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ fortress ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Vicksburg, ᎻᏏᏏᏈ, ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ unchallenged ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ.
Braxton Bragg ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ Confederate invasion ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ repulsed ᎾᎥᎢ Don Carlos Buell ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎢᎭ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Perryville, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ narrowly defeated ᎾᎥᎢ William S. Rosecrans ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎾᏏ.
ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Confederate ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᎧᎹᎩ. Bragg, reinforced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ corps James Longstreet (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ), defeated Rosecrans, despite ᎯᎠ heroic defensive ᎦᏙᎬ George Henry Thomas. Rosecrans retreated ᏣᏔᏄᎦ, ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Bragg ᎾᎯᏳᎢ besieged.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ strategist ᎠᎴ tactician ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ victories ᎾᎾᎢ: Forts Henry ᎠᎴ Donelson, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏓᏥᏂᏴᎡᎸᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎾᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ Cumberland Rivers; Shiloh; ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Vicksburg, cementing ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ marched ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ Rosecrans ᎠᎴ defeated Bragg ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Chattanooga, ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᏱᎵᏒ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Atlanta ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.
Trans-ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ 1861–1865.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ geographically isolated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ battles ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ. Confederate incursions ᎾᎾᎯ Arizona ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ repulsed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862. Guerilla ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏨᎫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ) ᎾᎾᎯ battleground. ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ. ᏅᏓᎩ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Confederate ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ Vicksburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863 ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ 1864–1865.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ 1864, Lincoln ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ commander ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ headquarters ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Potomac, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Lincoln ᎠᎴ Sherman, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ devised coordinated ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Confederacy ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ multiple ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ: ᏂᎦᎥ Meade ᎠᎴ Benjamin ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Lee ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Richmond; ᏂᎦᎥ Franz Sigel (ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Philip Sheridan) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Shenandoah ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ; ᏂᎦᎥ Sherman ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ Atlanta ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ; Generals George Crook ᎠᎴ William W. Averell ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ lines ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ; ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ Nathaniel ᎠᏕ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ Mobile, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ.
ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ maneuver ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ Lee ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ battles ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ("ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ Overland ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ") ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ battles attrition ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Wilderness, Spotsylvania ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ Harbor ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ losses, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ Lee ᎤᏤᎵ Confederates ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ outflank Lee ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ trapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Bermuda ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ tenacious ᎠᎴ, despite astonishing losses (ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 66,000 casualties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ), ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ pressing Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎦᏐᎯ Richmond. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ pinned ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Siege Petersburg, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ trench ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ.
ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ commander, ᏂᎦᎥ Philip Sheridan, aggressive ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ Campaigns 1864. Sheridan ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Jubal ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎠᎴ defeated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ battles, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ decisive ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ. Sheridan ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ tactics Sherman ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ.
ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, Sherman marched ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Chattanooga Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston ᎠᎴ John B. Hood. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ Atlanta, ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2, 1864, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ significant ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ re-ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ Atlanta, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ, Sherman ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ marched ᎬᏙᏗ unknown ᏭᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20% ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ "ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ Savannah ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1864. Sherman ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ; ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ battles ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Sherman ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏥᏂ lines ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Lee ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ.
Lee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, thinned ᎾᎥᎢ desertion, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ smaller ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ'. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ decisive ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎯᏍᎩ Forks ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 1, forcing Lee evacuate Petersburg ᎠᎴ Richmond. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richmond surrendered ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ 5th ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ Cavalry. ᎯᎠ remaining Confederate units ᎤᎵᏘᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ Sayler ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, Lee surrendered ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏩᏥᏂ ᎾᎿ 9 ᎫᏬᏂ 1865, ᎾᎾᎢ Appomattox ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ untraditional gesture ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ folding ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏢᏉᏙatlvquodod ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, Lee ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ sabre ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-legendary ᏐᏈᎵ, Traveller. Johnston surrendered ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ Sherman ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Durham, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ. ᏂᎦᏛ Confederate ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ surrendered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 1865.
Slavery ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ.
Lincoln initially ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ preservation ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ emancipation. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ slaveholders ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏰᎲ radicalizing ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation, ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1862 ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Lincoln ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ abolition ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ—Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ rebels ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ.
ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Confederate ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ "ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, thenceforth, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ," ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ re-ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 1 ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Lincoln ᎠᏰᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ intervention European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ perception ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, Lincoln ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ intervention ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.
ᎯᎠ officially neutral ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ, ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎺᎵᏂ) ᎨᏒᎩ unaffected ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏕᎳᏪᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ slavery. ᏂᎦᏛ abolished slavery ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation technically ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863, Ꮝ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ areas ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏓᏚᎸᏁᎸ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ. ᎯᎠ 13th ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ratified 6 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 1865, ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ abolished slavery ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Intervention.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Confederate ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lincoln ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ William Henry Seward ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ threatened ᏓᏄᏩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ officially ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederate ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. (ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ.) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1861 southerners voluntarily embargoed ᎤᏥᎸ ᏫᏓᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏥᎸ. ᎤᏥᎸ diplomacy ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ amply ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ 1860-62 ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ failures ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ exports ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ "ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏥᎸ", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ import ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ.
Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ European ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ neutrality ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Jefferson Davis ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵ secretaries ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (Robert Toombs ᎠᎴ Robert M. T. ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ) ᎬᏙᏗ Judah P. Benjamin ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ 1862. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Benjamin ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ dynamic ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ attempts ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ European ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎨᏒᎩ dispatched ᎾᎿ 25 ᎧᎦᎵ 1861 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ William Lowndes Yancey, Pierre. Rost, ᎠᎴ Ambrose Dudley Mann. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ John Russell ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Edouard Thouvenel ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ unofficially. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏓᎫᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
Charles Francis Adams ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ adept ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reluctant boldly challenge ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ maritime ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ runners — ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏓᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎾᎥᎢ slipping ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ crews ᎨᏒᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ captured ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ warships ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ comercial ᏥᏳ builders ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎳᏆᎹ", ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ postwar disputes. ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎠᏓᏅᏒ journalists Henry Hotze ᎠᎴ Edwin De Leon ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ propaganda ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ media ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Paris ᎠᎴ London. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ slavery ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ European politicians, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ. ᏓᏄᏩ loomed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1861 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Trent ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, involving ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏔᎾ seize ᏔᎵ Confederate diplomats. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, London ᎠᎴ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Lincoln ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ diplomats.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1862 ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ mediation — ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ risked ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Antietam ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ Emancipation Proclamation ᎤᏗᏗᏢ reinforced ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ supporting ᎯᎠ Confederacy. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏏᎯ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᎥᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ focused increasingly ᎾᎿ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ. Napoléon III ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ mediation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1863, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ dismissed ᎾᎥᎢ Seward. Despite ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Confederacy, ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ seizure ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ultimately deterred ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. Confederate ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ slavery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ London ᎠᎴ Paris.
ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ prevailed (ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ defeated) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏰᎵᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ? significant ᏎᏍᏗ scholars ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ insurmountable ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ determination ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. Confederate ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ historian Shelby Foote ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ succinctly ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ken Burns ᎤᏤᎵ television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ: "ᎠᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎸ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ... ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ victories, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏥᏄ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎠᏯ don't ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏄᏩ."
ᏐᎢ historians, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮝ independence. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ James McPherson ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ Confederacy ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ defensive, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ strategic offensive, faced ᎤᎪᏗᏗ manpower ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ. ᏓᏄᏩ weariness ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ civilians mounted ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ casualties, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ advantages ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ decisive. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ inevitability ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ hotly contested ᏄᎾᏛᏅ scholars.
ᎯᎠ goals ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ symmetric. ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ independence ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ invade ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ stretches ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ evenly matched. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏰᎲ advantages Ꮎ increasingly ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ diplomatic ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ.
Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ generals ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ—ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ulysses S. Grant ᎠᎴ Robert E. Lee, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ 1846 ᎠᎴ 1848. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ commanders ᎠᎴ strategists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, P.G.T. Beauregard, John Mosby, Braxton Bragg, John ᎤᎭᎸᏂ Hood, James Ewell ᏬᏗᎨ (JEB) Stuart, William Mahone, Judah P. Benjamin, Jubal ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎠᎴ Nathan Bedford Forrest.
ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ commanders ᎠᎴ strategists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln, Edwin M. Stanton, Ulysses. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ, William Tecumseh Sherman, George H. Thomas, George B. McClellan, Henry W. Halleck, Joseph Hooker, Ambrose Burnside, Irvin McDowell, Winfield Scott, Philip Sheridan, George Crook, George Armstrong Custer, George G. Meade, Winfield Hancock, ᎠᎴ Robert Gould Shaw.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1980, scholarly ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Dr. Charles Brackett (ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ James McPherson ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ "ᎯᎠ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ irony ᎯᎠ Civil ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ Confederate ᎠᎴ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ... interpreted ᎯᎠ heritage 1776 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. Confederates ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ independence ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ tyrannical ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ; Unionists ᏚᎾᎵᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ founders ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ dismemberment ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ."(McPherson 1994 p 24)
Aftermath.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ conventional Confederate ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ significant guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᎩ Confederate ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ; Davis ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ captured ᎠᎴ imprisoned ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ stages, Lincoln ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ assassinated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ plot ᎾᎥᎢ Confederate sympathizers. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ targets ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ plot, ᎠᎴ William H. Seward ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ attacked ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ.
ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ encompass ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏓᏄᏩ goals: Confederate nationalism ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ repudiated, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ slavery ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ eliminated. ᎤᏅᏌ disagreed sharply ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ criteria ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ goals. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ disagreed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ imposed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ reintegrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.
Reconstruction, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ complex ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ "Civil ᏓᏄᏩ" amendments ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ (ᎯᎠ XIII, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished slavery, ᎯᎠ XIV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ protections ᎠᏁᎲᎢ regardless ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ XV, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ abolished racial restrictions ᎾᎿ voting). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877 ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ intervention ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "Jim ᎪᎦ" ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ.
Amendments XIV ᎠᎴ XV ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ku Klux Klan ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ Confederate "Redeemer" governors ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ resistance until ᎯᎠ Civil ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ culture. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ decades ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏴᏜ "waved ᎯᎠ ᎦᎢᎭ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏄᏬ," ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ wartime casualties ᏥᏄᏍᏗ electoral tactic. ᏗᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ Reconstruction ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ segregated ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Democratic ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ—ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ"—ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ Civil ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ roots ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ Reconstruction. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎦᏲᎵ debates ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ legacy ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ memorials ᎠᎴ celebrations Confederate heroes ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ flags. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ troubling ᏌᏊ: Americans ᎬᏙᏗ Confederate ancestors cherish ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ bravery ᎠᎴ determination, ᎩᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎬᎿᎨᎢ slavery.


ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎡᎶᎯᏱ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᎾᎨ(ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎡᎶᎯᏱ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ precipitation. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ areas Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ precipitation ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 mm (10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ).
Deserts ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ supporting ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ wetter regions ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ deserts ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ biodiversity, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦgantlaiᎾ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ) ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ moisture. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎡᎶᎯ' ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ.
ᎢᎾᎨ landscapes ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. Deserts ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ composed ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯy surfaces. ᎾᏳ dunes ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ergs ᎠᎴ stony surfaces ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Reg ᎠᎴ hamada surfaces ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎾᎨ surfaces. Exposures rocky terrain ᎠᎴ typical, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi minimal ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ sparseness vegetation. ᎭᏫᏂ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎹ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᏗᏯᏖᏂ. Eolian (ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ) processes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ factors ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ shaping ᎢᎾᎨ landscapes. ᎤᏴᏢ deserts ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ precipation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ Antarctica (composed ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 98 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯal ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 2 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎣᏍᏛᎯ ᏅᏯ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Sahara.
Deserts sometimes ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ mineral ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ arid environment ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ exposed ᎾᎥᎢ erosion. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ artifacts ᎠᎴ fossils ᎾᏍᏋ preserved.
Deserts ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ deserts ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ (ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏍᏗ moisture) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ cools ᏄᎵᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, cloudless skies ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Köppen ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, deserts ᎠᎴ classed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ (BW).
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᎾᎨ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ classifications rely ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏍᎬᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ rainfall, ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, humidity, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ factors. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1953, Peveril Meigs ᎤᏂᏯuniyatolv ᎢᎾᎨ regions ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ precipitation ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏊ widely accepted ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ least 12 consecutive ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ rainfall, arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 millimeters ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ rainfall, ᎠᎴ semiarid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ precipitation ᎠᏰᎵ 250 ᎠᎴ 500 millimeters. Arid ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ arid ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ deserts, ᎠᎴ semiarid grasslands ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ steppes.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᎷᎶᎩ rainfall ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ't ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, Arizona ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 millimeters (10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ) precipitation ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ Alaska ᎤᏤᎵ Brooks ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 250 millimeters precipitation ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ termed "ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ evapotranspiration."
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ calculated ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ formula P-PE+/-, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ P ᎨᏒᎢ precipitation, PE ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ evapotranspiration rates ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ.
Evapotranspiration ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ atmospheric evaporation, coupled ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ evaporative ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ processes ᏗᎦdigakohidi. ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ evapotranspiration, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ "ᏰᎵᏇ" evaporate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. Tucson, Arizona ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 millimeters, (12 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ), ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2500 millimeters, (100 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ), ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ evaporate ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 8 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ evaporate ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ. Rates evapotranspiration ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ regions ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Alaska ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ regions ᎠᎩᏍᏗ minimal precipitation, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ designated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎾᎨ: ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ evaporation exceeds precipitation.
Ꮎ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ deserts. ᎤᏴᏢ deserts ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏥ; ᏯᏛᎿ locations don't ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ precipitation, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ commonly ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ tundra ᎢᏳᏃ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-freezing temperatures ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦugatohvsvi, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ freezing ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, rendering ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ lifeless.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ non-polar deserts ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎹ tends ᎤᎭ cooling, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ least moderating, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ environments ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ plentiful. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ masses ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ moisture ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ; ᏐᎢ areas ᎠᎴ arid ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ moisture (ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ-latitude landmass ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ locations, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia).
Deserts ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ geographical ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dominant ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-latitude, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ, coastal, monsoon, ᎠᎴ polar ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᎾᎨ areas ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ non-arid environments ᎠᎴ paleodeserts, ᎠᎴ extraterrestrial deserts ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ planets.
Montane deserts.
Montane deserts ᎠᎴ arid ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ altitude; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Himalaya, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ Kunlun ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Tibetan Plateau. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ locations ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎭ elevations exceeding 3,000 meters (9,843 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ thermal regime ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hemiboreal. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ aridity (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ precipitation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 40mm) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ moisture.
ᎢᎾᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎾᎨ surfaces ᎠᎴ plains ᎭᏢᏃ eolian deflation—ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏌᏂ-grained ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ—ᎤᎭ exposed ᏗᏲᏒᎯ gravels ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ predominantly pebbleᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ cobble.
ᎯᎠ remaining surfaces arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ composed exposed ᏅᏲᎯ outcrops, ᎢᎾᎨ soils, ᎠᎴ fluvial ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ alluvial ᎠᏔᏃᏲ, playa, ᎢᎾᎨ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ oases. ᏅᏲᎯ outcrops commonly ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ ᏓᎦdagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ erosional plains.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ dunes. Barchan dunes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ crescent-shaped. Longitudinal ᎠᎴ seif dunes ᎠᎴ dunes Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ꮎ blows ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. Transverse dunes ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏃᏈᏏ dunes ᎠᎴ ᏃᏈᏏ-shaped ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ridges Ꮎ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
Oases ᎠᎴ vegetated areas moistened ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ irrigation. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. Oases ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deserts Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ habitation.
Soils.
ᎦᏙᎯᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid climates ᎠᎴ predominantly mineral soils (classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ aridisols) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ organic ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ accumulation ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ soils ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎹ layers ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. Calcium carbonate precipitated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ gravel ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ layers ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "calcrete" ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 50 meters ᎤᎭᎨᏛ.
Caliche ᎨᏒᎢ reddish-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᏁᎬ layer ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ soils. Caliche commonly occurs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nodules ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ coatings ᎾᎿ mineral grains ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ complicated interaction ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ roots ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ decaying organic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.
Vegetation.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎠᎴ drought- ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ-tolerant, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ xerophyte. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, roots, ᎠᎴ stems. ᏐᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢᎾ penetrate ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᎯᎠ stems ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ velocity ᎾᏳ-ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ erosion.
Deserts typically ᎤᎭ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎫᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ enormously diverse. ᎯᎠ Sonoran ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Southwest ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ complex ᎢᎾᎨ vegetation ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ giant saguaro cacti ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ nests ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏕᏡᎬ" ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ. Saguaro ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ 200 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ 9 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 15 centimeters ᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 75 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ cacti ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ, saguaro ᎠᎴ 15 meters ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni. ᎤᏅᏌ dot ᎯᎠ Sonoran ᎠᎴ reinforce ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ deserts ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ cacti ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᎦdigakohidi, ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎠ arid environment. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ pea ᎠᎴ sunflower ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ. ᎤᏴᏢ deserts ᎤᎭ grasses ᎠᎴ shrubs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ dominant vegetation.
ᎠᎹ.
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deserts, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᎨ storms ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ. ᎪᏪᎸ 44 millimeters ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 3 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sahara. ᎡᏆ Saharan storms ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 1 millimeter ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. Normally ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ channels, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ arroyos ᎠᎴ wadi, ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᎵkalil ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ channels ᎦᏂᏰᎬ.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deserts, deserts ᎠᎩᏍᏗ runoff ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ephemeral, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ, streams ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ sediment ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ deserts ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ basins ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ drainage, ᎦᏲᎵ deserts ᎠᎴ crossed ᎾᎥᎢ 'exotic' rivers Ꮎ derive ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᏯᏛᎿ rivers infiltrate soils ᎠᎴ evaporate ᎡᏆ amounts ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ journeys ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ deserts, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ continuity. ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎯᎠ Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ exotic rivers Ꮎ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ deserts ᏩᎯᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ sediments ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
Lakes ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ rainfall ᎠᎴ meltwater ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ drainage basins ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎢᎾᎨ lakes ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ, ᎠᎴ salty. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ lakes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ gradient, ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometers. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ lakes ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ crust ᎠᎴ hardpan. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, silt, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏳ encrusted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ playa. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ playas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ deserts. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ relics ᎡᏆ lakes Ꮎ existed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 12,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᎥᏓᎵ Bonneville ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 52,000-ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ-kilometer ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 300 meters ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Utah, Nevada, ᎠᎴ Idaho ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ remnants ᎥᏓᎵ Bonneville ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Utah ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ, Utah ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ Sevier ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ playas ᎠᎴ arid ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ wetter Ꮷtsuqagutanvsv, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ clues climatic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ precipitation ᎾᏛᏁ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ erodes ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ powerfully. ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Ꮎ erodes deserts - ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎩᎳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ terrains hardpans ᎠᎴ playas ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ runways ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ airplanes ᎠᎴ spacecraft. ᎦᏙᎯ-vehicle ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ commonly ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎿ Bonneville Speedway, ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ hardpan. ᎤᏜᏅᏛ shuttles ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ Rogers ᎥᏓᎵ Playa ᎾᎾᎢ Edwards ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California.
Mineral ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.
ᎢᎦᏛ mineral ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ, ᎠᎴ preserved ᎾᎥᎢ geologic processes Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏝᏄᏏes ore minerals ᎠᎴ redeposits ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ zones ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎪᎯ leaching ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ concentrates ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ minerals ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ore Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mined.
Evaporation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ enriches mineral accumulation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lakes. Playas ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ mineral ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ evaporation. ᎠᎹ evaporating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ basins precipitates minerals ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gypsum, salts (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ sodium nitrate ᎠᎴ sodium chloride), ᎠᎴ borate. ᎯᎠ minerals ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ evaporite ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ saline ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi deposition.
Significant evaporite ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, mineral ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ "20-ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ teams" Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ hauled borax-laden wagons ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ. Boron, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ borax ᎠᎴ borate evaporites, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ingredient ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, ceramics, enamel, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ chemicals, ᎠᎹ softeners, ᎠᎴ pharmaceuticals. Borates ᎠᎴ mined ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ evaporite ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ Searles ᎥᏓᎵ, California, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ locations. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ chemicals Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Searles ᎥᏓᎵ substantially exceeds ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$1 billion.
ᎯᎠ Atacama ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ unique ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ deserts ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ saline minerals. Sodium nitrate ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ mined ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ explosiveᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Atacama ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ 19th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 3 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ tonneᎨᏒᎩ mined ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ.
ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ minerals ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Chile, Peru, ᎠᎴ Iran; ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂ-ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ ore ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia; chromite ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾ; ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ uranium ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Nonmetallic mineral ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ beryllium, mica, lithium, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, pumice, ᎠᎴ scoria ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid regions. Sodium carbonate, sulfate, borate, nitrate, lithium, bromine, iodine, calcium, ᎠᎴ strontium compounds ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sediments ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎦᏚᎢ brines ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ evaporation inland ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ geologically ᎾᏞᎬ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ Formation Colorado, Wyoming, ᎠᎴ Utah ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ alluvial ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ playa evaporites ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ fluctuated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. Economically significant ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ trona, ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ sodium compounds, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ layers ᎪᎢ shale ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ arid environment.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ productive petroleum areas ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid ᎠᎴ semiarid regions Africa ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mideast, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᏠᎨᏏᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ marine environments. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾnanahwunvgi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ reservoirs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid environment. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ noteworthy Ꮎ Ghawar, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ productive oilfield ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏏᏩ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Al-Dahna deserts.
ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ reservoirs, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ eolian ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ origin ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ humid environments. ᎯᎠ Rotliegendes, hydrocarbon reservoir ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ evaporite ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ U.. hydrocarbon ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ eolian sands. ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ alluvial ᎠᏔᏃᏲ sequences ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hydrocarbon reservoirs.


ᎣᏓᎸᎢ.
ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ landform Ꮎ extends ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦdagatuwisdisgv terrain ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ steeper ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ overlap, ᎠᎴ usage ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ topographic prominence ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ: ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ "Encyclopædia Britannica" ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ prominence 610 m (2,000 ft).
ᏙᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᏗ 52% ᏓᎶᏂᏰᏍᏏ, 36% ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, 25% ᏳᎳᏛ, 22% ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, 17% ᏏᎳᏗᏝ, ᎠᎴ 3% ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, 24% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ mountainous. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, 1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 10 ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mountainous regions. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ rivers ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ.
ᎯᎠ adjective montane ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ mountainous areas ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ.
Heights.
Heights ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ heights ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ Himalayas ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 5 km ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, whilst ᎯᎠ Andes ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 4 km. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ranges ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 2-2.5 km.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Everest, 8,848 m, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ significant ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎯᎠ Himalaya. ᏐᎢ definitions ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ farthest ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ centre ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Chimborazo ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ecuador. ᎾᎾᎢ 6,272 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ tallest ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Andes, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ bulges ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ Chimborazo ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 2,150 m ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ centre ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Everest. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ Ꮎ rises farthest ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎨᏒᎢ Mauna Kea ᎾᎿ Hawaii, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 9,000 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ Pacific ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎾᎾᎢ 26 km (Fraknoi et al., 2004), ᎯᎠ tallest ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ Olympus Mons, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ Mars.
Characteristics.
ᎯᎠ altitude ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ tops ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ layers ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ glaciation ᎠᎴ erosion ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ classic ᎣᏓᎸ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ glacial ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ melting glaciers; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 3,000 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bhutan.
ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ climatic conditions ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ altitudes ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ slopes. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ isolated ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ zones ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ inhospitable, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ unique species ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ mountainsides ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨᎠᎴ forests ᎾᎿ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ attract moisture ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, creating unique ecosystem.
ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ habitation; ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ harsher, ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ altitudes, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ oxygen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ solar radiation (UV). Acute ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᏢᏥᏰᏍᎩ (ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ hypoxia - ᎦᎷᎶᎩ oxygen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ) affects ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ lowlanders ᎦᎪ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 3,500 metres. Despite ᎢᎦᏛ biological adaptation ᎾᎥᎢ peoples ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗᎢ' ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ birthweight ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 100 grams ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 1,000-metre ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ altitude.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ spectacular ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ mountaineering. ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ site ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ downhill skiing. ᏴᏫ engaging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ activities ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ.
Geology.
ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ lithospheric ᏗᏖᎵᏙ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ orogenic ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ epeirogenic ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ. ᎯᎠ compressional ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, isostatic uplift ᎠᎴ intrusion igneous ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᏯ upwards, creating landform ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦdagatuwisdisgv ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ steeper, ᎣᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ heights ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ termed ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ topography. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏙᏓᎸ tend ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ linear arcs, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ tectonic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ boundaries ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎣᏓᎸ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ tends ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ discrete ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ orogeny. ᎯᎠ orogeny ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ uplifted ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ eroded ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ-ᎠᎴ-ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ topography, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ uplift ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ reacts ᎯᎠ tectonic ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ – ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ.
ᎯᎠ compressional ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ continental collisions ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ compressed ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ thicken, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ upwards. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ compressed ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ "downwards", ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ "ᎣᏓᎸ roots". ᏙᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ downwards ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ upwards (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ isostasy). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ continental collisions ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ "ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏓᎡᏗ" ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, crumpling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎢᎦᏛ isolated ᏙᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ volcanoes, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵᎾ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ.
ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ areas ᎠᎴ widely ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏅᎢᏌᏛ creating ᎡᏆ vertical displacements. ᎯᎠ uplifted ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ "horst". ᎯᎠ intervening ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ termed "graben": ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ rift ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ systems. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ Africa, ᎯᎠ Vosges, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ province ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Rhine ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.
ᎭᏢᏃ ᏅᏯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ folds, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ symmetrically ᎠᎴ asymmetrically. ᎯᎠ upfolds ᎠᎴ "anticlines" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ downfolds ᎠᎴ "synclines"; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ asymmetric folding ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ recumbent ᎠᎴ overturned folds. ᎯᎠ Jura ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ folding. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi, erosion ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ inversion ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ upthrust ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ anticlines ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ tougher, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ compressed ᏅᏯ ᎯᎠ synclines.
United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ 1,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (304.4 metres) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂ summit. ᎦᏚᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ 500 (152.4 metres) 999 (304 metres) ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ. discernible ᎦᏚᏏ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ knoll. ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ knolls constitutes ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏅ. ᏂᎬᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ significant prominences (e.g., "ᏗᎦᏚᏏ" ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 20 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ varies ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ).
United ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᎠᎴ Wales ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Environment, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ "ᎣᏓᎸ" (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 metres, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᏙᎲᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ metric equivalent 2,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (609.6 m). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ (Scotland) ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2003 ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎣᏓᎸ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ subjective, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ exceeding 3,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (914.4 m) listed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Munro, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ distinctive ᎠᎴ mountainous. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ United ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎦᏚᏏ" ᎨᏒᎢ commonly ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏓᎸ, regardless ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.


ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ waterway. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ streams, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ headwaters. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᏂᎦᏛ rivers ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ downhill, typically terminating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ.
ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ normally ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ rainfall ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. Smaller ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ streams Ꮎ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ tributaries. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ flowing ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ waterway ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ shorthand ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
Topography.
ᎤᏪᏴ conducts ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ flowing perpendicular ᎯᎠ elevation ᎠᏓᏲᎲ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏟ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ converting ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎯ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏪᏴ flows ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ areas, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ: ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ loops ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ eroding ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕadel didiyi. Sometimes ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏗ, shortening ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ forming oxbow ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. Rivers Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎡᏆ amounts sediment ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ conspicuous deltaᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ mouths. Rivers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ mouths ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ saline tidal ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ estuaries.
ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi, rivers ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ beds, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ forming ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ gradient.
ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏪᏴ descends ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ sloped topography, ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎬᏙᏗ whitewater ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. Rapids ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreational ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ("ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Whitewater kayaking"). Waterfalls ᎠᎴ sometimes ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ watermillᎠᎴ hydroelectric ᎦᎪᏘ.
Rivers ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, forming ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ glacial meltwater, flowing ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ, boggy ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ waterlogged. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ tributary ᏄᏓᎴ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ) ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arid areas rivers sometimes ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎠᎹ evaporation ᎠᎴ percolation ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, porous ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏳ, ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ pervious ᏅᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ drained ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ tributaries ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Ꮝ watershed, catchment ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ drainage ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. (Watershed ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ drainage basins.)
ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ upstream ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎯᎠ resulting ᎤᏪᏴ network ᏚᏙᏢᏒ dendritic (ᏡᎬ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ) structure Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ fractal.
Geopolitical boundaries.
Rivers ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ historically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ determining ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ boundaries.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ discharges ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ provinces ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Lesotho ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ Lesotho Highlands ᎠᎹ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎭ divert ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Lesotho ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Vaal ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᎤᏩᏌᏊ tributary ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ Gauteng province ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa. ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ tunnel ᎨᏒᎢ discharged ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏚ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ Kayaking venue.
ᎯᎠ Danube ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ Empire, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ Bulgaria ᎠᎴ Romania.
ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Rhine ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎧᎸᎬ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬ boundaries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ continents.
Biology.
ᎯᎠ flora ᎠᎴ fauna rivers ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤᎢ (non-salty). ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ processes, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ lotic ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ecology.
ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.
ᏴᏫ pollution rivers ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ rivers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ substances. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ pollutant ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ sewage piped ᎾᎾᎯ rivers, ᎠᎴ chemical pollution ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ accidents (ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ negligence) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ significant ᎤᏲᏨᎯ riparian biome. Heated ᎠᎹ discharged ᎾᎾᎯ rivers ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪᏘᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ affects ᎤᏪᏴ biota. Non-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ pollutants ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ diffuse pollution ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, urbanisation, logging, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ slash-ᎠᎴ-ᎦᎴᏴᏒ techniques ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ recognised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ sediment ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ pollutants.
Techniques ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ analyze dispersal ᎠᎹ pollutants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ systems. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ U.. Environmental ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ funded ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ DSSAM ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ assess ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ soluble nitrogen, reactive phosphorus, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ dissolved solids ᎠᎴ dissolved oxygen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Truckee ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flows ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ California ᎠᎴ Nevada.
Dams.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ elevation ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ, damᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ hydroelectric ᏗᎦdigakohidi ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ. ᎪᎯ disrupts ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ creates ᎥᏓᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dam. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ dams affects ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dam, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ migrating ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ hindered (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ladder), waterflow ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ bounded ᎾᎥᎢ seasonal ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ sediment ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ blocked. Dams ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ hydro-ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ; acting ᏥᏄᏍᏗ regulator ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ occurrence flooding, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ-ᏗᎵdiligwu ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, dams ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hoover Dam ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ tourist attractions. Critics dams, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 'ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ' ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ dams ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎤᏪᏴ biodiversity ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ deforestation ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ migration ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ villages ᎠᎴ indigenous tribes. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, trapping ᎤᏪᏴ sediments ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dams ᎦᏂ salination ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ nutrients ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᎹ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ raises ᎤᏃᏝᎩ earthquakes ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ instablity incompetent dams ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ tonnes sediments ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎴ problematic dam ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Aswan ᎦᎸᎳᏗ Dam ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nile.
Flooding.
ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬing ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ cycles. ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᏧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ flooding occurs ᎾᎥᎢ walling ᎤᏣᏘᎾ rivers ᎠᎴ straightening ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ bogs, swamps ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ wetlands ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ farmland ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ absorption zones ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ floods ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ disasters ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ gradual ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ floods ᎯᎠ Nile ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ accompanying silt ᎠᎴ sediment ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ enriched ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ nutrient. Nowadays, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ floodplains, floods ᎠᎴ disasters, causing untold ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᏴᏫ interference ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ deforestation ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ worsen conditions. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ vegetation ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ interception (vegetation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ precipitation) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 'weakening' ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ roots Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ Infiltration ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ (ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᏂᏴ) ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ infiltration (precipitation ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ). ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎦᏙᎯ saturation ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ overland ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ runoff) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ floods ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎶᎪᏂᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi decrease.
Logjams.
LogjamᎠᎴ barriers ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ rivers, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ uprooted ᏡᎬ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ obstruction prevents ᎤᏗᏗᏢ logs bypass, resulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏤ network channels. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi David R. Montgomery ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ, "ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ", logjam ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ buildup ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, forming ᏙᎯ pools ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ shelter ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ pools ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ complex ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ channels creates ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ habitat. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ rebuilding ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ reproducing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ environment shaped ᎾᎥᎢ logjams. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ scientistᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ recreate ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ logjams. Marc Duboiski ᎠᎴ Mike Ramsey ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ Recovery Funding ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, George Pess ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Marine Fisheries ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ Kevin Bauersfeld Washington ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ Wildlife ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ Recovery Funding ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Engineered ᏕᎪᏪᎸ Jam (ELJ) Workshop (), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ mimicking ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ logjams.
ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. Rivers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ inhabited areas ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎠᎴ controlled ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ disruptive ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ.
ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ongoing ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ rivers tend 'ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ' ᎯᎠ modifications ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Dredged channels silt ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, sluice mechanisms deteriorate ᎬᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda, levees ᎠᎴ dams ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩagilyoasdi seepage ᎠᎴ catastrophic ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ rivers.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ rivers ᎤᎭ fractal ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ precise ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, upstream rivers ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ seasonal streams, swamps, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ lakes.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ rivers. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ gives ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ measuring ᎤᏪᏴ lengths.


ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 14 ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ phases ᎠᎹ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ non-ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ contexts, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏯh, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ phases ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ' biosphere. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᏩᏂᎨ, crystalline ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᎴ opaque bluish-ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ impurities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv transition ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏯh occurs ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ cooled ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 0 °C (273.15 K, 32 °F) ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ atmospheric pressure. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ vapor ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ intervening ᎦᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ formation ᎤᏯᏨᏒ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ cube, ᎠᎴ glacier. ᎾᏍᎩ plays ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ meteorological phenomena. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ caps ᎯᎠ polar regions ᎠᎴ significance ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ global ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ cycle.
ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.
unusual ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ pressure ᏌᏊ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ 8% ᎦᏲᎵᎨ dense ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ density 0.917 g/cm³ ᎾᎾᎢ 0 °C, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ density 0.9998 g/cm³ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ dense, essentially 1.00 g/cm³, ᎾᎾᎢ 4 °C ᎠᎴ becomes ᎦᏲᎵᎨ dense ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ molecules ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ hexagonal crystalᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ drops 0 °C. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "crystal" derives ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ.) ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ hydrogen ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙforming ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ molecules, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ molecules ᎦᏲᎵᎨ efficiently (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ floats ᎾᎿ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. Density ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ slightly ᎬᏙᏗ decreasing ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ (density ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ −180 °C (93 K) ᎨᏒᎢ 0.9340 g/cm³).
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ melts, ᎾᏍᎩ absorbs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ fusion) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ equivalent ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ 80 °C, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Ꮝ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ 0 °C.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ superheat ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ Ꮝ equilibrium melting ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ultrafast laser pulses, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ heated ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ melting ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ crystal ᎤᎭ melting ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 0 °C ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ melting ᎾᎾᎢ 0 °C ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ crystalline ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ mineral.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ hexagonal ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏯh). Subjected ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ pressures ᎠᎴ varying temperatures, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ roughly ᏔᎳᏚ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ phases. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ (metastable) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏯh ᎨᏒᎢ cubic structure ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (ᎠᏯc). ᎠᎴ cooling ᎠᏯh ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ protons ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, XI.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ cooling ᎠᎴ pressure ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥdadanetlivysegv ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ II, III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, ᎠᎴ X. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ambient pressure. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ differentiated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ crystalline structure, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ density. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵ metastable phases ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ hydrogen disordered, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ IV ᎠᎴ XII. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ XII ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1996. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ crystalline ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ amorphous ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ amorphous ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎹ (ASW), ᎡᎳᏗ density amorphous ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (LDA), ᎦᎸᎳᏗ density amorphous ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (HDA), ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ density amorphous ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (VHDA) ᎠᎴ hyperquenched glassy ᎠᎹ (HGW).
Rime ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᎭᏛ freezing ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ trapped ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ density ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ icicles, ᎤᏠᏱ stalactiteᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ drips ᎠᎴ re-freezes.
Clathrate hydrateᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ molecules trapped ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Ꮝ crystal lattice. Pancake ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ formation ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areas ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ tohinusdv conditions.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ substances (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ fluids) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ": ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ harvesting.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ cooling. Until ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ Hungarian Parliament ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏓᎵ Balaton ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ conditioning. IcehouseᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ iceboxes ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ unusual ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ 19th Ꮝsqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ harvesting ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎢᏤ Englander Frederick Tudor, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ “Ice ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ,” ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ insulation ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏩᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ tropics. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ refrigeration technology ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏗᏅᏓ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 400 BC Iran, Persian engineers ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ mastered ᎯᎠ technique storing ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ winters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ nearby ᏙᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ amounts, ᎠᎴ stored ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ, ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ cooled "refrigerators", ᎤᏯᏅᎲ yakhchal (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ"). ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 5000 m³) Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏓᏐᏴ (ᎾᎾᎢ least ᏔᎵ meters ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv) ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "sārooj", composed ᎾᏳ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎤᏪᏥ whites, ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ, ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ proportions, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ resistant ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ mixture ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎹ impenetrable. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ Qanat, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi windcatcherᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ temperatures ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ frigid levels ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ chill treats ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ royalty ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.
ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ plays ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ recreation, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗᏱ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ hockey, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᎵᎱ, curling ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎾᏏᏁᎩ racing ᎾᎿ bobsled, luge ᎠᎴ skeleton. ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ sailboat ᎾᎿ blades gives ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ iceboating.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ quest ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ racing, ᎭᏢᏃ drivers ᎠᏎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ controlling ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏂᏏᏁᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vehicle (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ racing). ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ modified ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ rink.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ harborᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ideally ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. Examples ᎠᎴ Murmansk (Russia), Petsamo (Russia, ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ Finland) ᎠᎴ Vardø (Norway). Harbors Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ icebreaker.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ forming ᎾᎿ ᏅᏃᎯᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ lacks ᎯᎠ Ꭴutugi uwasv glossy ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ freezing ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏥ Ꮎ occurs ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ melting ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎳᏅ vehicles. ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏧᏩᏍᏔᏗᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ-intensive, ᎠᎴ stressful ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ — ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ driver ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ freezing ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏌᎨᎢ layer ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ crystals ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ vehicle ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. Moisture ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ driver ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ crystals. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ troublesome ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ slightly ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ vehicle ᎨᏒᎢ parked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ moisture dissipate, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏦᎳᏅ defrostercombat ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ colder regions ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-pane ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ insulation.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ outdoor ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ stays ᎡᎳᏗᏢ freezing ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ layers ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏓᎵᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ flowing ᎠᎹ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ colder temperatures). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ onto ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ thickness ᎾᎾᎢ least 30 centimeters (ᏌᏊ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ).
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ pressures.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ liquids ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ pressure ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ molecules ᎢᏧᎳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ hydrogen ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ: ᎠᎹ freezes ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 0 °C ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 atm. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 0 °C ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pressure ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 atm. ᎯᎠ melting ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ pressures ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ glacierᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ pressure ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ crystal structure ᎠᎴ density ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ vapor ᏰᎵᏇ coexist ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ triple ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 273.16 K ᎾᎾᎢ pressure 611.73 Pa.
Trivia.
Kurt Vonnegut ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ Cradle" ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ IX ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ plot, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ IX ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ properties Vonnegut ᎤᏤᎵ fictional ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-ᏐᏁᎳ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ introduction ᏌᏊ granule).


ᏃᏈᏏ.
ᏃᏈᏏ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. Unlike planet, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected, ᏃᏈᏏ emits ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. Scientifically, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-gravitating spheres plasma ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hydrostatic equilibrium, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ generate ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ nuclear fusion. Stellar astronomy ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ determines ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ evolution ᏃᏈᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ eventual ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Hertzsprung-Russell ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ overall lyudetiyvda ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ evolution. Initially, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ composed ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ hydrogen, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ helium ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ metallicity ᏃᏈᏏ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏤᎵ evolution, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ hydrogen ᎨᏒᎢ converted ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ nuclear fusion. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ recycled ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ interstellar environment, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ.
Multi-ᏃᏈᏏ systems ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ gravitationally ᏩᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏴᏩyvwatuwidv ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ orbits. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏔᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ orbit, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ gravitational interaction ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ significant ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ evolution. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, nova occurs ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᎬ dwarf accretes ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᏃᏈᏏ.
ᏃᏈᏏ formation ᎠᎴ evolution.
ᏃᏈᏏ formation occurs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ molecular ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎡᏆ regions ᎦᎸᎳᏗ density ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ interstellar ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏙᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ dense ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ earthly vacuum ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ). ᏃᏈᏏ formation ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ gravitational instability ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ triggered ᎾᎥᎢ shockwaves ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ supernovae ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ collision ᏔᎵ galaxies (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ starburst galaxy). ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ powerfully illuminate ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ nebula ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Orion Nebula.
ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 90% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lifetime fusing hydrogen ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ helium ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-pressure reactions ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ sequence.
ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎩᎦᎨ dwarf) ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ tens ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ billions ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ dimmer ᎠᎴ dimmer, fading ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᎿᎨ dwarf. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ lifespan ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ universe (13.7 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ), Ꮭ ᎬᎿᎨ dwarfs ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ exhaust ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ hydrogen, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outer layers expand ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ giant. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ giant, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ consume ᎢᏧᎳ Mercury ᎠᎴ Venus. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ compressed ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ helium fusion, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ heats ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ fuse ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ nuclei ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ tightly ᏩᎦᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ nuclei, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ fused ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ — ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ consume ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ tightly ᏩᎦᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ nuclei, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ fission. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ inert ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ.
ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ (planetary nebula. The core that remains will be a tiny ball of degenerate matter not massive enough for further compression to take place, supported only by degeneracy pressure, called a white dwarf. These too will fade into brown, and then black dwarfs over a very long stretch of time.
In larger stars, defined as >1.4 solar masses ᎤᎶᏐᏅ explosion, fusion ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ until ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ accumulates Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ too ᎡᏆ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ electron degeneracy pressure. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ collapse ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ electrons ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ Ꮝ protons, forming neutrons ᎠᎴ neutrinos ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ inverse beta decay. ᎯᎠ shockwave ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ collapse ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ explode ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ supernova. Supernovae ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ outshine ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ galaxy. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Milky ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, supernovae ᎤᎭ historically ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ-ᎠᎦagatoli observers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ" ᎭᏢᏃ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ existed ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ explosion (forming nebulae ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Crab Nebula) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ neutron ᏃᏈᏏ (sometimes pulsar ᎠᎴ X-ray burster) ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ (>3 solar masses ᎤᎶᏐᏅ explosion), ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ outer layers ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ recycled ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᏤ ᏃᏈᏏ formation. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ formation rocky planet. ᎯᎠ outflow ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ supernovae ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ stellar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ shaping ᎯᎠ interstellar ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ.
ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦagatoli ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ Ꮎ twinkle ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. Interferometer telescopes ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ images ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ disk ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ gravitationally-ᏩᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, forming binary ᏃᏈᏏ. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏃᏈᏏ clusterᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ uniformly ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ universe, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ normally grouped ᎾᎾᎯ galaxies ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ interstellar ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ. typical galaxy ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ billionᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 50 billion ᎠᎴ 100 billion galaxies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ universe.
Astronomers ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ least 70 sextillion (7×1022) ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ universe. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ 70 000 000 000 000 000 000 000, ᎠᎴ 230 billion ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 300 billion ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ Milky ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ Proxima Centauri, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 39.9 trillion kilometers, ᎠᎴ 4.2 ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓᎤᏣᏘᎾ (ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Proxima Centauri ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ 4.2 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ). Travelling ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ orbital ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ Shuttle (5 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ -- ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 30,000 kilometers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 150,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ. Distances ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ typical ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ galactic discs, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ. ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ centres galaxies ᎠᎴ globular cluster, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ galactic halo.
ᎤᏍᏗ ("dwarf") ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ essentially featureless disks ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ starspots. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ("giant") ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎬᏂ starspots, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ stellar ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ-darkening (ᎯᎠ brightness decreases ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ stellar disk).
lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ overall ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ꮝ destiny ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ characteristics, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ lifespan, luminosity, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ neutron ᏃᏈᏏ(ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ) Ꮭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, supergiantᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Betelgeuse ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Orion constellation, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ – ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.6 billion kilometers. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Betelgeuse ᎤᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ density ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 1 billion ᎠᎴ 10 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ 13.7 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎠ universe. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᏆ Bang ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ stellar evolution.) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ massive ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ Ꮝ lifespan ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ star’s ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ pressure ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ, causing ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ Ꮝ hydrogen ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ amounts ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ depleting ᎯᎠ star’s ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎩᎦᎨ dwarfs) ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ tens ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ billions ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ theoretical models ᎠᎴ simulations, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ models ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ spectral observations ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ diameters ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ measurement ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1921 ᎾᎥᎢ Albert ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Michelson ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Hooker ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Eta Carinae, ᎬᏙᏗ 100–150 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ lifespan ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Donald Figer, astronomer ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎦagatohvsdi ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Baltimore, Maryland, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ 150 solar masses ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ universe. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Hubble ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Arches cluster, massive ᎠᏲᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ cluster ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ Milky ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ despite statistical Ꭴutugi gvsv Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Eddington ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Bang ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 300 solar masses ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ lithium ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ supermassive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ extinct, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ theoretical.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 93 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi Ꮎ Jupiter, AB Doradus C, ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ AB Doradus, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ smallest ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ undergoing nuclear fusion ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ. Smaller ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ dwarf, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ poorly-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ grey ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ giant. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 75 Jupiters.
ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ classifications ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ spectra ranging ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ O, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ, M, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ Ꮎ molecules ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ atmospheres. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ classifications ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ mnemonic "Oh, Be A Fine Girl, Kiss Me" (variant: ᏧᎾᏍᏗ "ᎠᎨᏳᏣ" "guy"), invented ᎾᎥᎢ Annie ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ mnemonics ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ spectral ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ classifications. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ L ᎠᎴ T, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ classify ᎯᎠ coldest ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ dwarfs. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎭ 10 subclassifications ᏗᏎᎸᎯ (hottest coldest) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0 9. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi matches ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ hottest ᎤᎵᏍᏛ; ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ O0 ᎠᎴ O1 ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ "luminosity ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ spatial ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0 (hypergiant) ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ III (giant) V (ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ sequence dwarfs) ᎠᎴ VII (ᎤᏁᎬ dwarf). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ sequence ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ hydrogen-ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏯayatoli ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ graphed ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude ᎠᎴ spectral ᏗᎦᎪᏗ.
ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ G2V (ᏓᎶᏂᎨ dwarf), ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ intermediate ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ prototypical ᏃᏈᏏ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ closest ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏃᏈᏏ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ characteristics ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ solar units.
Nuclear fusion reaction pathways.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ nuclear fusion reactions ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cores ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ stellar nucleosynthesis.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ massive ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, helium ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cycle reactions catalyzed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ-nitrogen-oxygen cycle.
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᏛᏒᎯ nuclear fusion, radiates ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ electromagnetic radiation ᎠᎴ particle radiation. ᎯᎠ particle radiation emitted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ manifested ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ stellar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ electrically ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ particles (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ protons, alpha particles, ᎠᎴ beta particles) emanating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ star’s outer layers ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ neutrinos emanating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ star’s ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ brightly: ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ atomic nuclei ᏌᏊ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ fuse ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ atomic nucleus ᎢᏤ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ, photonelectromagnetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ nuclear fusion reaction, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ converted ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ star’s outer layers. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ frequency ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ star’s outer layers, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ꮝ photosphere. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ emit ᏚᏙᏢᏒ electromagnetic radiation Ꮎ ᎠᎴ invisible ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦagatoli. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, stellar electromagnetic radiation spans ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ electromagnetic spectrum, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ wavelengthᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦᎠᎴ infrared ᎯᎠ shortest wavelengths ultraviolet, X-ray, ᎠᎴ gamma ray. ᏂᎦᏛ components stellar electromagnetic radiation, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ invisible, ᎠᎴ typically significant.
Stellar Luminosity ᎠᎴ Magnitude.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ astronomy, luminosity ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏃᏈᏏ radiates ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎢᏳᏩiyuwakodi. Luminosity ᎨᏒᎢ typically ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ SI ᏌᏊᎭ watt(W), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ CGS ᏌᏊᎭ ergᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ (ergs/), ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ solar luminosities ("L"ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ); Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ radiates ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ luminosity ᎨᏒᎢ 382.7 septillion watts ("L"ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ = 3.827 x 1026 W). ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ brightness ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ measured ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ brightness ᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ star’s luminosity, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ altering ᎯᎠ star’s ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Earth’s ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. Intrinsic ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude ᏃᏈᏏ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ 10 parsecs (32.6 ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ star’s luminosity, measured ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ 10 parsecs. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude scales ᎠᎴ logarithmic: ᏌᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnitude ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ brightness variation ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.5 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi (2.512 ᎾᏍᏋ precise). ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱ magnitude (+1.00) ᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.5 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵᏁ magnitude (+2.00) ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 100 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ magnitude (+6.00) ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ faintest ᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎠᎦagatoli. ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude scales, ᎯᎠ smaller ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ brighter ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ; ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ fainter. ᎯᎠ brightest ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ magnitude ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ calculated ᎾᎥᎢ subtracting ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ brighter ᏃᏈᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ magnitude ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ fainter ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ exponent ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗalenvdidsv ᏎᏍᏗ 2.512; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ (mf – mb = x) ᎠᎴ (2.512x = "variation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness"). ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ luminosity ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude (M) ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude (m) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ equivalent ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏃᏈᏏ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏃᏈᏏ Sirius ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude -1.44, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude +1.41. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude -26.7, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ +4.83. Sirius, ᎯᎠ brightest ᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 23 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ luminous ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ "L"ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ x 23 W, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Canopus, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ brightest ᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ magnitude -5.53, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 14,000 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ luminous ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ "L"ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ x 14,000 W. Despite Canopus ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ vastly ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ luminous ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Sirius, Sirius ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Canopus ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎦdigatoli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ 8.6 ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Canopus ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ 310 ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
"ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude (m), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ brightness ᎠᏰᎵ Sirius ᎠᎴ Polaris?"
"ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude Sirius ᎨᏒᎢ -1.44, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude Polaris ᎨᏒᎢ 1.97. Polaris ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ fainter ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Sirius ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ brighter".
"ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ magnitude, Sirius ᎨᏒᎢ 23.124 ᎢᏧᏩitsuwakodi brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Polaris ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏃᏈᏏ".
ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ identified ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Arabic), Flamsteed designation, ᎠᎴ Bayer designation. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ competence ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ celestial ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Astronomical ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ (IAU). ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏃᏈᏏ Registry") ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ astronomy ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛpreying ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ designationᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᎥᎢ constellation.
ᏃᏈᏏ mythology.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ constellationᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ mythology. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ gods ᎠᎴ goddesses. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Greco-ᎶᎻ pantheon, ᎢᎦᏛ "ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ", ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ planets, ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ deities, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter ᎠᎴ Saturn ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ. (Uranus, Neptune ᎠᎴ Pluto ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎶᎻ gods, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ planets ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ Romans ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ brightness. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ astronomers.)


ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ planet ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ Ꮝ planetary ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ terrestrial planet ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4.57 billion (4.57) ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ) ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ satellite, ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ orbiting ᎾᏍᎩ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4.533 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ evolved ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ geologic ᎠᎴ biological processes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ conditions ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ virtually eliminated. ᎯᎠ outer ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᏯuniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ tectonic ᎠᏖᎵᏙᎾ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ geologic yuwakodi spans. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ layer molten ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ Ꮎ generates magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎯᎠ atmospheric conditions ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ significantly altered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ecological ᎤᏘᏴᎯ Ꮎ modifies ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ conditions. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 70% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎺᏉ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ continents ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ significant interaction ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ environment. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ modified ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ rotation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥary bombardment ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ planet ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ oceans. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, asteroid impacts ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ significant ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ environment. ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ orbit ᎯᎠ planet ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎫᏝᎢ significant portions ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ glacial sheets.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ orbiting ᎠᏰᎸ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ asteroid Cruithne ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ erroneously ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. Cruithne ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1986 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ elliptical orbit ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ orbital ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ, Cruithne ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ horseshoe orbit ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ Ꮎ avoids ᎠᏍᏚᏗ proximity ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
Lexicography.
ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ "terra-", ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "terrestrial". ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ alternative ᎳᏗᎾ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ "tellur-", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ telluric, tellurian, tellurion ᎠᎴ Tellurium. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ derive ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ goddess Terra Mater, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ presumably ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᏙᎥ Tellūs Mater. ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, geocentric ᎠᎴ geothermal ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ prefix "geo-", derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Terra Mater ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᎢ counterpart ᎨᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᎩ fictions ᏗᎪᏪᎵ,ᎠᎴ video ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ Terra.
ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎤᎭ cognate ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ languages. Examples ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ "aarde" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Dutch ᎠᎴ "Erde" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ cognates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ extinct languages ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ertha" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Saxon ᎠᎴ "ert" (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎦᏙᎯ") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ Irish, derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ "eorðe". ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Proto-Indo-European alenvdidsv *er-. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ metathesis, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ cognates "ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎠᏰᎵ "terra" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Romance languages, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ "tierra" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᎴ "terra" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Portuguese.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ Semitic languages ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Indo-European languages, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ overwhelming. ᎡᎳᏈᎩ ᎤᎭ "aard"; Akkadian, "irtsitu"; Aramaic, "araa"; Phoenician, "erets" (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mesha Stele); ᎠᎴ Hebrew, ארץ ("arets", ᎠᎴ "erets" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ modifier).
ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ astrological ᎠᎴ astronomical ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ circled ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ (⊕). variant ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ atop Ꭿ
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ, scientists ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ reconstruct ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4.55 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᏄatsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ solar nebula, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ planets. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. Initially molten, ᎯᎠ outer layer ᎯᎠ planet cooled, resulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ crust. Outgassing ᎠᎴ volcanic ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ primordial ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ; condensing ᎠᎹ vapor, augmented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ oceans. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ energetic ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏩᏒ-replicating molecule ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4 billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ billion ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ photosynthesis allowed ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ; ᎯᎠ resultant oxygen accumulated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ozone layer. ᎯᎠ incorporation smaller cells ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ complex cells ᎤᏯᏅᎲ eukaryotes. Cells ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ colonies ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ increasingly specialized, resulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ multicellular organisms. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ozone layer absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ colonized ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, continents ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ reshaped ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ continents ᎤᎭ migrated ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ combining ᎤᏙᏢᏒ supercontinent. Roughly 750 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ supercontinent Rodinia, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ continents ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ recombined ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Pannotia, 600-540 mya, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ Pangaea, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ 180 mya.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hypothesized Ꮎ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ glacial ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 750 ᎠᎴ 580 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Neoproterozoic, ᎫᏝᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ planet ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎪᎯ hypothesis ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ termed ᎯᎠ "Snowball ᎡᎶᎯ", ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ precedes ᎯᎠ Cambrian explosion ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ multi-cellular lifeforms ᎤᎴᏅᎲ proliferate.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ Cambrian explosion, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 535 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ 5 ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ extinctions. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏌᏊ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ 65 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ meteorite collision ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ triggered ᎯᎠ extinction ᎯᎠ (non-avian) dinosaur ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ reptiles, ᎠᎴ spared ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mammal, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ resembled shrews. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 65 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, mammalian ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ diversified, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎤᏍᏗ African ape ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ nutrition ᎠᎴ stimulation ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ allowed ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ timespan ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, affecting ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ global ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ.
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ characteristics.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ viewed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ outer ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ oceans ᎠᎴ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ albedo 36.7%, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ exceeded ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ Venus ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ inner planets ᎯᎠ solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ densest ᎯᎠ inner planets.
ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ atmospheric pressure ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ averages 101.325 kPa, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 6 km. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ amounts ᏐᎢ gaseous molecules ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ vapor. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ protects ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, moderating ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ extremes, transporting ᎠᎹ vapor, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ gases. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ components ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ determining ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
Geology.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ oblate spheroid, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 12,742 km (~ 40,000 km / π). ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ curvature ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ regions ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Bonneville ᎠᎹ ᏗᏯᏖᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ atmospheric, hydrologic, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ geologic layers. Ꮝ components ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ hydrosphere, ᎯᎠ crust, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ biosphere ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ layer ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ layers ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, 23 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, 56 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ 4.091 seconds (1 sidereal ᎢᎦ) rotate ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ celestial ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ-orbiting satellites) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ 15 °/h = 15'/min, i.e., ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎡᎶᎯ orbits ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 365.2564 ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ solar ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (1 sidereal ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ). ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᎯ gives ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1 °/ᎢᎦ, i.e., ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 12 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, eastward. ᎯᎠ orbital ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ averages ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 km/(108,000 km/h), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ (~12,600 km) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ (384,000 km) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 4 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ satellite, ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ revolves ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ barycenter, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 27.32 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ synodic ᏏᏅᏙ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎨᏒᎢ 29.53 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᏏ sphere (sphere ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.5 Gm (930,000 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ.
Viewed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, Ꮝ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ axial rotations ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ counterclockwise. ᎯᎠ orbital ᎠᎴ axial planes ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ aligned: ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ tilted ᎢᎦᏛ 23.5 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ); ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ tilted ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ eclipse ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏏᏅᏙ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ inertial ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ undergoes ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ precessional ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ 25,800 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nutation ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ 18.6 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ motions ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ differential ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ equatorial bulge, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ oblateness. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, Ꮝ rotation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ slightly ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ polar ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ polar ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ quasi-periodic, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ component ᎠᎴ component ᎬᏙᏗ 14-ᏏᏅᏙ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Chandler wobble. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ rotational velocity varies, phenomenon ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎢᎦ variation.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ perihelion ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 3, ᎠᎴ aphelion ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 4 (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ solstice, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 21 ᎠᎴ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 21). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ eras, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ precession ᎠᎴ Milankovitch cycles. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ sometimes ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ Planet ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎳ planets ᎠᏆᏤᎵ solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ closest planet ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.
Magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ shaped roughly ᏥᏄᏍᏗ magnetic dipole ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ poles ᎾᏊ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ proximate ᎯᎠ planet ᎤᏤᎵ geographic poles. ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ Magnetosphere Ꮎ deflects particles ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ solar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 13.5 RE. ᎯᎠ collision ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ solar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ Van Allen radiation ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ, pair concentric, torus-shaped regions energetic ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ particle. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ plasma enters ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ magnetic poles, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Aurora.
ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.
ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, sometimes ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'Luna', ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ terrestrial planet-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ satellite, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ'. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Pluto' Charon, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Solar ᎢᏯiyahdvnelidasdi ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ planet. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ satelliteorbiting ᏐᎢ planets ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "moons", ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.
ᎯᎠ gravitational ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ tides ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ tidal locking: Ꮝ rotation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ orbit ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ planet. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ orbits ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Ꮝ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ illuminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ lunar ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ solar terminator.
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ tidal interaction, ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ recedes ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 38 mm ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ lengthens ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17 µs ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ modifications ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ significant ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ - ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Devonian ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ 400 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ 21.8 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ dramatically ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ taming ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. Paleontological ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏍ simulations ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ axial tilt ᎨᏒᎢ stabilised ᎾᎥᎢ tidal interactions ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ. ᎢᎦᏛ theorists ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎯ stabilization ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ torqueᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ planets ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ equatorial bulge, ᎯᎠ rotational ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ chaotically unstable, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ Mars. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ rotation ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎯᎠ ecliptic, ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ seasonal ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ "ᎪᎨᏱ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ "ᎪᎳ". Planetary scientists ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ controversial ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Mars—ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ shares ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ rotation ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ axial tilt, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ—ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ insight.
ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎭ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ angular ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 400 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ 400 itsuwakodi ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ). ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ eclipse ᎠᎴ annular eclipses ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ widely accepted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ origin, ᎯᎠ giant ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ collision Mars-ᏂᎬᎢ protoplanet ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ hypothesis ᏕᎪᏏᏏ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ volatile ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Ꮝ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ crust.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ least ᏔᎵ co-orbital satellite, ᎯᎠ asteroid 3753 Cruithne ᎠᎴ 2002 AA29.
ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, Coordinate.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎹ: 1.4 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ; 109 km3, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ 2.5% ᎨᏒᎢ freshwater.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ boundaries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 250,472 km (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ shared boundaries ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ)
356,000 km. (ᏐᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ substantially ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ measured, tides ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ)
Maritime ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ: ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ United ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Convention ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ
ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics.
ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ constructs ᎠᎴ destroys", τεκτων, "tektoon") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ geology ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ phenomenon continental drift ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ scientists ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics ᎯᎠ outermost ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ layers: ᎯᎠ lithosphere comprising ᎯᎠ crust ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ solidified uppermost ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ. ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lithosphere ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎯᎠ asthenosphere ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ comprises ᎯᎠ inner viscous ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ behaves ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ superheated ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ viscous ᎦᎾ.
ᎯᎠ lithosphere essentially "floats" ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ asthenosphere. ᎯᎠ lithosphere ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ tectonic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ relation ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ boundaries: convergent, divergent, ᎠᎴ transform. Earthquake, volcanic ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎣᏓᎸ-ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ oceanic trench formation ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ boundaries.
Geology || ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ Confluence ᎠᏎᎸᎯ · Earthquake · Extremes ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ · ᎠᏖᎵᏙ tectonics · Equatorial bulge


ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ electromagnetic ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ. Electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ wavelengths ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏴᏫ agatoli ᏫᎵ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ wavelengthᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 400 700 nm, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ wavelengths ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 380 780 nm. ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ agatoli ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ sensitivity ᎾᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 555 nm, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ.
Wavelengths ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏦᎳᏅ", ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ electromagnetic ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ unattenuated ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ CIE), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ. ᎯᎠ "ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏦᎳᏅ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ infrared (NIR) ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏦᎳᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ Wavelength IR (MWIR) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ Wavelength ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ Infrared (ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ LWIR) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ wavelengths ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ultraviolet, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ pollination ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ultraviolet ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ultraviolet ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Newton, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ "Opticks", ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Goethe, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Colours".
Isaac Newton ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏗᎧᏃᏗ" (Latin ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎦᏙᎵ") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1671 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. Newton ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ayatoli ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ sunlight ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, emerging ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ. Newton hypothesized Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ "ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ" (ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ) ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ (refracted) ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, creating ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
Newton ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ROYGBIV. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ 7 ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ numerology ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ 7 ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, 7 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, 7 astronomical ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ insensitive ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ frequencies, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᏴᏫ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Isaac Asimov ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ᎤᏔᏲᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Newton narrowed ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, Goethe ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ wider ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ - ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-cyan ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accepted Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ photon(ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ properties ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ properties ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ (ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-dispersive, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ frequencies (ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ (dispersive) ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ refractive ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ) ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ: ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ analysing ᎯᎠ properties ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, astronomical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ utilises ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎧᏁᏉᎩ diffraction ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ spectra ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ. Helium ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ detected ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ; chemical ᏑᏓᎴᎩᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ detected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ astronomical ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ redshift ᎠᎴ blueshift ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ-ᎠᏓᏅ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ exoplanetᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ analysing ᎯᎠ doppler ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ radial ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ metres ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ detected: ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ gravitational ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ analyzed, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ.


ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎦᏁᏐᎠᏍᎬ, ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ virga, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ, ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ hydrologic ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ moisture ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ condensing ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 0.27 mm ᎠᎴ 0.01 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ liters ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (1 liter/m² = 1 mm).
ᎦᎶᏍᎬ raindrops ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ anime ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "teardrop-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ" — ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ — ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎤᏍᏗ raindrops ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ flattened ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ hamburger ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ raindrops ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Philipp Lenard ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1898. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏗ raindrops (ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 mm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 mm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 mm ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, raindrops ᎠᎴ 1 2 mm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ raindrops ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏆᏏᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Marshall ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 — ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10 mm. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ.
Raindrops ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, 0.5 mm ᎤᏪᏴ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 m/, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎡᏆ 5 mm ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 9 m.
ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ pH ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 6. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ carbonic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ pH. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, airborne ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏰᎵᏊ calcium carbonate ᏗᏎᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ alkaline. ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ pH 5.6 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎭᏓᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ traceable ᎯᎠ bipolar ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ generated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎭᏓᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎪᏢᏗ localized ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎠᎹ (ᎤᏠᏱ nylon ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ "poly" ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ/magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ intensified ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.
ᏴᏫ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ particulate ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ nuclei, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ weekday ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ populated ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ: ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ 22% ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ.
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. Chemicals ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ iodide ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
Cultural ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ connotation — reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ — ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎢᏅᏗᎾ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ greeted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Botswana, ᎯᎠ Setswana ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, "pula," ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.)
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ raincoat, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏂ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎨᏛ (ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ). ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ rainwater ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ), ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ greywater. ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ raininess ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎤᎷᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 40 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ 200 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᏙᏓᎸ) ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ petrichor, ᎪᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᏌᏊ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Seattle, ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. Seattle ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ 37 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ 60% Ꮝ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ 40% ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ). Melbourne, ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ Sydney, ᏒᎳᏗᏝ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ colder ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Sydney.


ᎤᎾᏥ.
ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ undergoes ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Earth's atmosphere ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 0 °C, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ snowfall varies ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ geographic ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ latitudinal ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ snowfall, 35° N ᎠᎴ 40°S ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅ delimiter. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ.
ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ snowfall ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎣᏓᎸ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5300 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Kilimanjaro ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tanzania ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Andes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ 4690 m ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ Volcán Cayambe ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ecuador (Google ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ). ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ snowfall ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ (ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ). ᎠᎭᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ.
ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ insulator conserving ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ snowfall ᏰᎵᏇ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ disrupt ᎯᎠ infrastructure ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. Automotive ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ inhibited ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ infrastructures ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ "ᎤᎾᏥ ᎢᎦ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ canceled ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ snowfall. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ridiculed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ colder ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᎳᏅᏛᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ mountaintops ᎠᎴ undergoes ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ: mudslide, ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, causing devastating ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ seasonally cumulative ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Baker, Washington, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1998–1999 ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Baker ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ 29 m ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ, ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Rainier, Washington, Ꭴ.. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1971–1972 ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ 28.5 m ᎤᎾᏥ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎺᏂ, ᎠᏤ ᎭᎻᏒ, ᏣᏩᎦ, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ), ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᏚᏛᎢ, ᎧᏁᏓᎦᏗ, ᏄᏯᎩ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ), ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ, ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ, ᎻᏏᎦᏂ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎣᎭᏲ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᏂᏗᏰᎾ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎵᏃᏱ, ᏫᏍᎧᏂᏏᏂ, ᎻᏂᏐᏓ, ᎠᏯᏩ, ᏧᏴᎵ ᏓᏆᏓ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏓᏆᏓ, ᎹᎾᏖᎾ, ᏩᏲᎻ, ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏓᎰ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᏔ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏁᏩᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, ᎤᏩᎦᏂ, ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎡᏩᏐᎾ, ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ, ᎺᎵᏂ, ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ Rockies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎹᎾᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ Wyoming ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᎵ ᏓᏆᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏓᏆᏓ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏂᎬᏅ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ snowless. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ. ᎨᎾᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏝᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ Vancouver, ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Alberta ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ontario. ᎠᎳᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏩᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2700 m).
ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hexagonal ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ>) ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ 'basal' ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ, ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᏔᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ. ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ phonons ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ spatially ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ environmental ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏴᏢ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ. ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏔᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ; ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ, nonetheless, Ꮭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ pragmatic ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, Ꮎ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Nancy ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ.
Recreation.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ recreation ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏥ
ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎵᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ snowcastle ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kemi, Finland, ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᎳ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ Ꮝ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ 5 m, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎹ 5 m ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ hydrologistᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ "ᎤᏒᏙᏂ", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏂᎬᎢ varies. ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 12% ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 33% ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎤᎾᏥ densities ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 50% ᎠᎹ.
ᎠᎹ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎣᏚᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ runoff ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᎢ. ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᎾᏥ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ", ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᏆᏍᏙ".


ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ gases. "Ionized" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ electron ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dissociated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ "ᏂᎦᏛ" electromagnetic ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ion ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ionizing ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, stripping electron ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ enabling ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ.
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 99% ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ interstellar- ᎠᎴ intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ), ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎬᏙᏗ"-ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.1% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ 10−15% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Hannes Alfvén ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ions ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ).
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎠᎴ parameters.
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ) parameters. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ parameters, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ interact ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ qualitative ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ gases.
ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ionization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ) electrons, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ionized ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive). ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization, α ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ α = nᎠᏯ/(nᎠᏯ + n) ᎭᏢᏃ nᎠᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ions ᎠᎴ n ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kelvin ᎠᎴ electron volts, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ) ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Maxwellian ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ UV ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎯᎠ electrons ᎦᎷᏨ thermodynamic ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ion ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ) ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ionized technological ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.
ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ionization. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ionization ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ionization ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Saha ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ionized, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ 1%) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ionized (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ). ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏴᏢ" ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ utilized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ("technological ᎠᏣᏅᏙ") ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
Densities.
ᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ electron ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ electrons ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ion ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ formula_1 ᎯᎠ ions ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ formula_2. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ quasineutrality ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.) ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ formula_3. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏙᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization ᎨᏒᎢ formula_4.
ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ electrode ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, Ꮝ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ Debye ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ quasineutrality, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (formula_2), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ imbalance. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ "ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Boltzmann ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ, formula_6. Differentiating ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ: formula_7.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ quasineutral. electron ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏎ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ electrostatic ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, Debye ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ (ie. ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ). ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-generated magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ magnetohydrodynamics.
Magnetization.
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ magnetized. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ: formula_8. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎠᎴ magnetized ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. Magnetized ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ "anisotropic", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ properties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Debye ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
Ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ lasers ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ 1 mK ᎡᎳᏗᎨ. ᏄᏓᎴ laser ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ionizes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ outermost electrons ᎣᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ion.
ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᎢ manipulating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ lasers, ᎯᎠ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ electrons ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ controlled. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ pulsed lasers, ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.1 K ­ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ bandwidth ᎯᎠ laser ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ. ᎯᎠ ions, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ millikelvin ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Ꮝ behavior ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ. ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ recombination behavior Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.
ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ sizeable ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ("quasineutrality"). ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, electron ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Penning ᏌᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ positron ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ) Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ velocities, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ
ᎦᎾ.
ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ smoothed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ averaged ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ
ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters).
ᏌᏊ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, magnetohydrodynamics, ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎾ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Navier Stokes ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ electrons ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ collisionality ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Maxwell-Boltzmann ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ
ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ spatial ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ interpenetrating ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
Kinetic.
Kinetic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ,
ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ
ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Maxwell-Boltzmann ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ. kinetic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ
collisionless ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ approaches kinetic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᏌᏊ
ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ smoothed ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ grid ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎦᏁᎸ (PIC) technique, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ kinetic ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ
ᎯᎠ trajectories ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. Kinetic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ computationally intensive ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ organised ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.


ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ.
ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ geological ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ catastrophic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ geological processes ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ bagging ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ strata ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ streamway, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ upstream. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ strata ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ softer ᏗᎦᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ.
ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ glaciation, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᎭ receded ᎠᎴ melted. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Yosemite ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ wider ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏍᎧᎦᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ hitting ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ.


ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ.
"ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ "ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ"; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ" ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ yaodong."
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ cavities, ᏅᏯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. Speleology ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ exploring ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'caving', 'potholing', ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA) 'spelunking'.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ geologic processes. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ chemical processes, tectonic ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ".
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ Hawaii (ᎡᏆ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ). Kazumura ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Hilo ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ deepest ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ.
"ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ" ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ processes ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ.
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ limestone ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ limestone ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ rainwater ᎠᎴ groundwater ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ H2ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ3 (carbonic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ landform ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ karst ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ sinkhole, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
Limestone ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ limestone ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ, ᎯᎠ lifespan limestone ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ.
Limestone ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ adorned ᎬᏙᏗ calcium carbonate ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬᎠᎴ stalagmite. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎢ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ speleothem. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ decorated ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ Lechuguilla ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ (ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ, USA).
Lechuguilla ᎠᎴ nearby Carlsbad ᎤᏍᏓᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ solutional ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ sulfurous ᏚᎦᏒᏍᏛ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ acidic ᎠᎹ percolating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ.
ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ.
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Africa, ᎠᎴ Antarctica, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, Asia, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Madagascar ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ caving ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, France, Italy, ᎯᎠ UK ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ limestone - ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1,000,000 km2 - ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ explored ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎦᏁᎳ.
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ categorized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ troglobite(ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ), troglophile(ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ), trogloxene(ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ terminology ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ aquatic ᏚᏙᏢᏒ (ᎠᏯ.e., stygobite, stygophile, stygoxene).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎯᎠ troglobites ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. Troglobitic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, termed troglomorphies, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ adaptation ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ), ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ digatoli (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ functionality), ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎠᎴ enhancement ᏐᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ). Aquatic troglobites (ᎠᎴ stygobites), ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ Alabama ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏝᎺᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᏐᎢ aquatic troglobites ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Olm.
ᏝᎺᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏝᎺᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏝᎺᎭ, ᎠᎴ trogloxenes, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏔᎳᏚᎠᎴ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ trogloxenes, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ecosytem, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ, Liphistiidae Liphistius ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏝᎺᎭ.
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎭ
ᎪᏪᎸ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ explored, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ updated ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ.
ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ) ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ (ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ, USA) ᎾᎾᎢ 579 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ surpassed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Optymistychna iyahdvnelidasdi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ukraine, ᎾᎾᎢ 214 km.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2005, ᎯᎠ deepest ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎨᏒᎢ Voronya ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ (Abkhazia, Georgia), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ 2,140 m. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ explored ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2 km. (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ descended ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 1 km ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Gouffre Berger ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France). ᎯᎠ Gouffre Mirolda - Lucien Bouclier ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France (1733 m) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Lamprechtsofen Vogelschacht Weg Schacht ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Austria (1632 m) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ deepest ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎯᎠ deepest ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ (ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ) ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ 603 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Vrtoglavica ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Slovenia, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Patkov Gušt (553 m) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Velebit ᎣᏓᎸ, Croatia.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏓᎦᎸ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Sarawak ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ (Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia), ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᏒᏙᏂ strewn ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 600 m ᎾᎥᎢ 400 m ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 80 m.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ.
tsuqagutanvsv ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ.
ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ scavanging ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ tsuqagutanvsv ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ. ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ Niah, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ 40,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ geological ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ agatudesdi ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ tsuqagutanvsv climactic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ speleothems ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation. Caving, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ prettier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ minimal ᎤᏲᎢᏍᏓᏁᎯ. ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ diving.


ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Okeanos ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ noticing ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ flowed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ Gibraltar ᎠᎴ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ) ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ (71%) ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3,000 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (9,800 ft) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ.
ᎪᎯ global, interconnected ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ: ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᏴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.
Geologically, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ basalt Ꮎ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ" ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ: ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ Caspian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Cimmeria ᎬᏙᏗ Laurasia. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ", ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Gibraltar, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᎩᏁ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ". (ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Bosporus, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏅᏯ ᎢᎦᏛ 7,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Gibraltar.)
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ outgassing ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ; ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎳᏢᏓᏥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ impacted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏌᏓᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ melted ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ gravitated ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ,ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎿᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ. Stardust theories ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 361 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometers (139 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ sq ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ), Ꮝ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ 1,340 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cubic kilometers (319 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cu ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ), ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ 3,711 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (12,175 ft). ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3,000 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (9,800 ft) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ.
ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Caspian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ hydrosphere ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.4 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ; 1021 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.023% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.
ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ underwater ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ.
ᎯᎠ deepest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Marianas ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Mariana ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ 10,923 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (35,838 ft). ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ surveyed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1951 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, "Challenger ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ deepest ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ, ᎯᎠ "Challenger ᎠᏍᏛᎩ".
ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ unmapped. global ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ underwater ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 10 kilometers (6 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1995 ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ gravitational ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ nearby ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ.
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ: ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ(ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ" ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ). ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎾᎥᎢ transferring ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ Circumpolar ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, influencing ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Lawrence Seaway, Panama ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ Suez ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ foodstuffs ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
Extraterrestrial ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏤᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏕᏫᏍᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Galilean ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, Europa, ᎠᎴ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, Callisto ᎠᎴ Ganymede. ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ Enceladus. ᏐᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎹᏏ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ; ᎾᏞᎬ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ.
ᎦᎾ hydrocarbons ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎥᏓᎵ" ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ". Cassini-Huygens ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Huygens ᎠᎦᏛᏗ onto ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 2005, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ hydrocarbons Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮝ outer ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ" ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Mesopotamian ᎠᎴ Indo-European ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ encircled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ, "Okeanos", "Ωκεανός" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ, "Samudra" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Jörmungandr, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ outer ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ). ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎠ underworld ᎡᎳᏗᏢ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Rasā, ᎡᎶᎯ). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ evidenced ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Noah ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ 7:11, ᎭᏢᏃ
inundating ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ.
Matthias Tomczak ᎠᎴ J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. "ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Oceanography: ᎾᏛᏁᎸ". (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ)


ᏡᎬ.
ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎠᏓ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 6 m (20 ft) ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ apical ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ). ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 100 m ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ landscaping ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏓᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏒᎦᏔ). ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ mythologies (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ. ᏕᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏯᎸ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎦᏂᏗᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Carboniferous ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ; ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍ ᏙᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Triassic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, conifers, ginkgo, cycad ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gymnosperm ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ conifers. ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ classified.
ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎸᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ biotope ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ rainforest ᎠᎴ taiga (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ecozone). ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏕᏡᎬ scattered ᎠᎴ spaced ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ grassland (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ grazed ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏂᎬᏅ.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ, ᎧᏁᏌᎢ (), ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸes, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ. ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ (xylem ᎠᎴ phloem). ᎠᏓ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ "xylem" ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ "phloem" ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ cambium.
ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ grouped ᎾᎾᎯ "ᎦᎪᏘ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᎪᏘ" ᏕᏡᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ (ᏂᎦᏛ conifer, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ broadleaf ᏕᏡᎬ), ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ monocotyledon (e.g. ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ), ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏤ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ; ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ dendrochronology. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ biomass ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Ꮝ biomass ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ carbon dioxide ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ photosynthesis). ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sunlight. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ optimizes ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ sunlight.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ branched, ᎯᎠ saguaro ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏡᎬ ᏲᎾ ᏤᏍᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ nonetheless ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᏗᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, bonsai ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ 'ᏕᏡᎬ', ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏦᎠᏎᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ. Bamboo ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ.
ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ; ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ conifer, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ conifers.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᏡᎬ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ 'ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ'; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ foresters ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ 1.3 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏡᎬ measurers ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ 1.5 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ. ᎾᎿ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ "ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ" ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏐᎢ--ᎤᏯᎸ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ dividing ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ π; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ (ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ cited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ dbh (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ baobab "ᎠᏓᏂᏐᏉᎠ" ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ baobabs ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏕᏡᎬ, Ꮭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 10-11 m ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. Ꮭ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ Alerce "Fitzroya cupressoides", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ-ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ Montezuma ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ "Taxodium mucronatum" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ angiosperm ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Australian ᎣᏓᎸ-ᎪᏍᏚ, ᎯᎠ 'ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Grande' ᏡᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 380 m³ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tasmania.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ seasonal ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ; ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-seasonal ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ heartwood ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ extrapolating ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ European ᎦᎪᏘ "Taxus baccata" (ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Redcedar "Thuja plicata".
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ verified ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ angiosperm ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ 2293 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Sri Maha Bodhi ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ("Ficus religiosa") ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 288 BC ᎾᎾᎢ Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏴᏫ-ᎦᎧᏅ ᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.
ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᏡᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ 1.3–1.5 m ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ alenvdidsv (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏁᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ"). ᎯᎠ 7 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ saleable ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꭺ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 30 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ alenvdidsv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sawlogs. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ pathogens ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ arboreal ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.


ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Chinese Han ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (206 BC–ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 220) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ bamboo ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "bian pao") Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Dynasties (ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 420–581) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ atsitugv ᎯᎠ Chinese. Taoist ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ agatohvsdi ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, pyrotechnicians (ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sui ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Dynasties (581–907), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (10th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi).
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ—ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ—ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦyeli igidv nigallisdisgv ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ noisemaker.
Amédée-François Frézier ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ "ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1706. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, Frézier ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ recreational ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi.
"Musick ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ George Frideric Handel ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1749 ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ nvwato hiyadv ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ Aix-ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ-Chapelle, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᎵᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1777, ᏑᏓᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ; ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ festivities. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1789, George Washington ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ exporter ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ exported ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 6 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ 120,000 tonnes ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, Disneyland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Anaheim, California, ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ launched ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ detonated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ electronic timer. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎦᏒᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ timing. (Walt Disney ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, 2004)
L’International ᏕᏍ Feux ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ-Québec ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Montreal.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ L’International ᏕᏍ Feux ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ-Québec ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Montreal.
Tarragona ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Catalonia, Spain.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tarragona (Spain), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ -Punta del ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ-, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Antoni Gaudí. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ sellects ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ pyrotechnic ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
Macau ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 5 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 2 ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ 1st ᏚᏂᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ 10 pyrotechnic ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
HSBC ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vancouver.
ᎯᎠ HSBC ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vancouver, ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia, Canada. ᏅᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᎩ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏈᏕᎾ ᎦᎶᏂ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ cited ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1605 ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ 36 ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏏ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ. ᎾᎿ 5 ᏅᏓᏕᏆ, Fawkes ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ arrested ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ. Ꮎ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᎢᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ exploding ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes ᎾᎿ ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ Lewes ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, 'ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ societies' ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏙᏗ-ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ, vying ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ-ᎠᏌᏃ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, Margaret Thatcher, George ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ Osama ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ.
Licensing ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda 18 ᎠᎴ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ 11pm ᎠᎴ 7am ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱ ᎪᏛᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ Canada ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.
Ꭴ.. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ, ᎤᏓᎾᏂ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ugatohvsv ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 4, 1776, declaring ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏆ Britain.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᏓᏂᏒᎾᏛᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1777.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ. ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Macy ᎤᏤᎵ - 4th ᎫᏰᏉᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Louis, Washington D.C., ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ Philadelphia. Detroit, Michigan ᎠᎴ Windsor, Ontario ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Detroit ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ Canada ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Windsor-Detroit ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ tohi adedi ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ.
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ 'ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ restricted ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ restricted, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Netherlands ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ restricted ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Belgium ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Belgium ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Netherlands. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ trafficking ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Belgium ᎯᎠ Netherlands.
Deepavali (ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.
Deepavali (ᎠᎴ ᏗᏩᎵ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ symbolized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ramayana ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Rama ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ demonic ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ Ravana. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ exchanging ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ adorned ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎪᎢ ᏗᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ colorful ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. Deepavali ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hong Kong.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ displayed ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1982 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ Harbour. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Hong Kong Chinese ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ harbour ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ television.
Maltese ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Malta, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ' ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂᎠᎴ "murtali" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Maltese. Petardry ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Malta, ᎠᎴ Maltese ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ homemade. ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, Malta ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ 'Malta ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ', ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎫᏬᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Valletta ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ Harbour, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ pyrotechnic ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ showcase Maltese ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006 ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ retool ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏔᏲᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ 2 ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ 3 Maltese ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Mary ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Imqabba. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Maltese ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ Maltese ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ pyrotechnic ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.
ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ, ᏦᎳ, ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ (BATFE) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. Consumer ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ (CPSC) ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ. ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ California, ᎤᎭ enacted ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ York ᎠᎴ Delaware ᎯᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ restricted. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ.
ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (1.3G, UN0335).
ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ (ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ BATFE ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ/ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ/ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ punishable ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 10 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ firecraker ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "M-80'", "M-1000'", "ᎩᏔᏯ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ adayolsdi" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 50-ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ consumers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.
Availability ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ debated ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ injuries ᎠᎴ ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ ᎠᏥᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ banning ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ. ᏗᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ fallout ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ safer ᎤᏙᏢᏒ recreation ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ soccer. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ agatudesdi Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ fatalities ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ. ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ "ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ": ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎯ backyard.
ᎯᎠ Consumer ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ guidelines ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ BATFE, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ proactive ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ enforcing ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ imported ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Ꮎ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ "slipped ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ". ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎤᎲᎢ "ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ" ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.
ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Canada. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎨᏒᎢ tohi adedi ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ Canada ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ Regulatory ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ (ERD). ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ consumer ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 12 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᎵᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎡᏆ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ setup.
Setup ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ placement ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏗ; ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ electronically ᎪᏛᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ FRE (ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ-Reinforced Epoxy) ᎠᎴ HDPE (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Polyethelene), ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ banned ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ misfire. Setup ᎦᏃᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ 10 15 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 200 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ 100 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ.
ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ fired ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ electronically, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ "ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ fusing" ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏛᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ignitors, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ igniting. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ setup ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎾᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ matches ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꭴ ᎾᎾᎯ "ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "breakout ᎧᏁᏌᎢ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ; ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ, setup ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ.
ᎥᏳᎩ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, sulfur-ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ chemicals. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. (ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ barium, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ oxidizer, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.
Pollutants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ toxins ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ asthma ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ chemical sensitivity ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. Environmental ᎥᏳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ chemicals ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ gases ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎩᎳ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ populated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ enacted.
ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.
Delaware, Massachusetts, ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎢᏤ York, ᎠᎴ Rhode ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ consumer ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.
Las ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ: ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ(ᎶᎻ ᎤᎧᎾᏫ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ.


ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ (ᎠᎪᎢ: "Metallon") ᎨᏒᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ion(cations) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ metallic ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ions (cations) dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ delocalized electrons. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ionisation ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ properties, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ metalloidᎠᎴ nonmetal. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ boron (B) polonium (Po) ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ nonmetals. ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ metalloids, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ; ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ; ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ nonmetals.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ overlapping ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩᎠᎴ valence ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ electronic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ metallic polymers ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ researchers ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-tech ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ synthetic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ reflectiveness elemental ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.
Nonmetal ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ metallic ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ aluminium, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎦᏂ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, titanium, uranium, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ.
ᎯᎠ allotropeᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ nonmetals ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ nonmetals), ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ insulator.
ᎯᎠ properties ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ outermost electron(valence electron); ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ valence electrons ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ nuclei cations.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ chemically ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ oxides ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ timescales (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ potassium ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ). ᎯᎠ alkali ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ quickest ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ alkaline ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ leftmost ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ oxidise (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ, ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ). ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, platinum ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ oxide ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ penetrated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ aluminium, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ titanium). ᎯᎠ oxideᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ nonmetals, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔic).
ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ anodising ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ.
ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ chemically reactive. Combining ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ properties ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ lustre. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ (ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ), ᏣᏱ (ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᎳᏂ), ᏬᏗᎨ (ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏍᎫᎣ), ᎠᎴ duralumin (aluminium ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ). ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ.
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties.
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ "lustre"), ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ
ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ reactive, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ elemental, metallic ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.
ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ specialised ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ astrophysics, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ hydrogen ᎠᎴ helium, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ chemically ᎬᏙᏗ-metallic ᏥᏄᏍᏗ neon, fluorine, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ Ꮭ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ chemical ᏗᏚᎳᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ" ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-helium ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ scarcer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ hydrogen ᎠᎴ helium ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ.


ᎠᎹ.
ᎠᎹ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎹ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ aquifer, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ, ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᎴ runoff ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.
Chemical ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties.
ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ chemical ᏎᏍᏗ H2O ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏔᎵ ᎯᏠᎨᏃ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎣᏏᎨᏃ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ionically ᏥᏄᏍᏗ HOH, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏠᎨᏃ ᎢᏲᏁ (H+) Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᏓᎸᏅᎯ ᎯᏠᏏᏙ ᎢᏲᏁ (OH-). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎦᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ (aq) ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ eg: CO2(aq),
ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ.
ᎠᎹ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ: ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎸ, aquifers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏙᎢ, ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᎴ runoff, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ: ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏐᎢ phenomena ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎤᎬᎭᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ, ᎠᎹ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ refract ᎠᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.
ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎠᎹ runoffs ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ irrigation ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, runoffs ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ shaping ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ aquifer. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬ. ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ drinkability ᎠᎹ: ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᎾᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ aquifer.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏙᎢ.
ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ chemical ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏙᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᏠᎨᏃ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ properties ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.
ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ infrared ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
Solvation.
ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, dissolving ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ chemical ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ lipid, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ hydrophobic ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ chemical ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ) ᎦᏙᏃ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ der Waals ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏁᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ chemicals, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ facilitated ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎹ.
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.
ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ (ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴ (ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ-versa). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ electronegative - Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ "ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ electron, ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏠᎨᏃ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ).
ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ onto nonsoluble ᎦᏚᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ polythene: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏓ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ organelle, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ hydrophilic, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. Irving Langmuir ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ hydrophilic ᎦᏚᎢ. dehydrate hydrophilic surfaces—to ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹ hydration—requires ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ hydration ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ nanometer (ᎾᏃᎻᏓ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ V. Adrian Parsegian ᎯᎠ NIH. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ dehydrated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ extracellular ᎤᏴᏢ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ.
ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ environmentally ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Ꮝ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎯᏠᎨᏃ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ 11 ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ-XI, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ denser ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ 4 °C, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ Ꮎ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏫᎵ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ 4 °C. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ chemicals ᎠᎴ denser ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ properties ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏲᏁᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ (ᎧᏉᏂ ᏗᎣᏍᏏᏙ) dissolved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎠᎹ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎣᏩᏒ-ionize ᎭᏢᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᏠᏍᏏᏙ ᎠᏂᏲᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᏠᏂᏲ ᎧᏘᏲᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ electrolyzed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏠᎨᏃ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ dissolved ᏓᎢᏲᏁ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏛᎾᏛᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ advertised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ H2O ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ toxin, pollutant, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎹ.
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ byproduct ᏃᏈᏏ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. Gary Melnick, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Harvard-Smithsonian ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Astrophysics, ᏕᎪᏏᏏ: "ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ aren't ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ outflowing ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ."
ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ solar ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ (i.e., ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ), ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏂᎬᎢ, thinner ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ(ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ).
ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ geologic iyuwakodi ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ (ᎤᎦᎾᏭ), ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ gases ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ albedo. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᎢᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ".
ᎠᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ biological ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ properties Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ proliferation ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏫᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ solutes ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ metabolic processes ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (e.g. ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ).
ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 4 °C, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ - ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ, ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ infrared ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ -18 °C.
ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏜ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ amphibians ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ. digakohidi ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ kelp ᎠᎴ algae ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ underwater ecosystems. Plankton, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ.
ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎹ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ lungfish ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳ. Marine mammal, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏥᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ flourished ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ waterways; Mesopotamia, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴ Tigris ᎠᎴ Euphrates. ᎡᏆ metropolises ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ London, Montreal, ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎩᏲ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ accessibility ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Singapore ᎠᎴ Hong Kong, ᎤᎭ flourished ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ scarcer, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
ᏴᏫ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ.
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 72% ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ litre ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ dehydration, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ingested ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ straight ᎠᎹ (ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ dehydration, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ intake ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᏴᏫ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎵ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ exercising) ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ exercising, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ "ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ" Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dispelled.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ intake ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ 2.7 liters ᎠᎹ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ 3.7 liters ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᎧᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎵᎠᎷᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ impurities. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ impurities ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ chemicals ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vibrio. ᎢᎦᏛ solutes ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ perceived ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ enhancement ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ electrolytes.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ properties ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏧᎾᏄᏬ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ.
ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
Recreational ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ.
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ recreational ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ, waterskiing, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗᏱ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ diving. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
Lakesides ᎠᎴ beaches ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ recreation.
ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ.
ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎹ". ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎹ.
ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ resource ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ scarcer ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ availability ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ.
ᎾᏊ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ accepted ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ 2015 ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ sanitation ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 2003 G8 Evian ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎵᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ sanitation ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ sanitation ᎠᎴ ᏗᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ 5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ polluted ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ.
Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ, 90% ᏂᎦᏛ wastewater ᏙᎢ ᎡᎪᎢ untreated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ 50 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎯᎠ world’s ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ 17 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ recharged ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ groundwater ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ overpopulation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎯᎠ availability ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ capita ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2006. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ resource ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ predicted Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ", ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ resource ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ richest ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. UNESCO ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ (WWDR, 2003) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ predicted ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ 30%. 40% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ minimal ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.2 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2000 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏳᎩᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ WaterAid ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 15 ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ preventable ᎠᎹ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-tech ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ resource ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ sustainable ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ OECD ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 2,000 cubic metres ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ capita (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎾᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ (OECD) ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎨᎾᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ 1,600 cubic metres ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ, ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Dane. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980, overall ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎾᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 25.7%. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ overall OECD ᎧᏁᏉᎩ 4.5%. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏐᏁᎳ OECD ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ overall ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980 (ᎠᏂᎤᎦᎾᏍᏙ, ᎯᎠ Netherlands, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎯᎠ Czech ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ, Luxembourg, Poland, Finland ᎠᎴ Denmark).
ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᎯᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ' ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎯᎠ 800-ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1,300 km) Ogallala aquifer ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ stretches ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏅᏓᎩ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᏓᎧᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏌᏊ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ irrigated ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ Ogallala aquifer ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ depleted ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ 12 ᎯᏍᎩ cubic metres ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ 18 ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏂᎬᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ rely ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ irrigated ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ overpumping.
ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 40% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 1% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ shared ᎠᏰᎵ 5% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ resource. ᎾᎥᎢ 2025, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ predicted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏔᎵ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1,000 cubic ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ. ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Chesnot ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
Jordan, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ Ꮝ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ 1994 Israel-Jordan ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏅᎳᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ Israel ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cubic ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ Jordan, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1999 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ backtracking. ᎯᎠ 1994 ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ Jordan ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Yarmouk ᎤᏪᏴ. Confronted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᎹ, Jordan ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ techniques ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ desalinization techniques, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. desalinization ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hisban, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Amman. ᎯᎠ Disi groundwater ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Jordan, ᏫᎵ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ $250 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ. ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Yarmouk ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Jordan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ. ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987, ᎯᎠ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ" ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ Jordan ᎠᎴ Syria. ᎪᎯ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ" ᏙᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ implemented ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, Jordan ᎠᎴ Syrian conflictual ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ investors. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Jordan ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ Syria ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Hussein ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Chesnot ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ Jordan rely ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Jordan ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 9/10 ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ-Palestinian conflict - ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ Sharon ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Abel Darwish ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ BBC, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 1967 ᏑᏓᎵ-ᎢᎦ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ practice ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ casus belli ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ Palestinians ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. Palestinians ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏃᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. Israelis ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ Palestinian neighbors. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, 90% ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Israelis. ᎤᏓᏡᎬ 40 ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ B ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 28, 1995 Oslo ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ "ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ Palestinians' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ".
ᎯᎠ Golan ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ 770 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ cubic ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᏦᎢᏁ Ꮝ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ Golan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎹ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ afterward redistributed ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ Golan, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ annexed, ᎾᏓᏛᏁ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᎵᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ salinated. ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ, ᎢᏍᏩᎵ threatened ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ[2002 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Lebanon ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Jordan. ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎢᏍᏩᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ investigating ᎠᏓᏁᎸ desalination digakohidi.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, Iraq ᎠᎴ Syria ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ Atatürk ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ projected ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 22 ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Tigris ᎠᎴ Euphrates ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ BBC, ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ 'ᎠᎹ-ᎧᏂᎬᎩ' ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎢᎦᏘᎭᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1955 ᏧᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1990 ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ utugi uwasv ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏦᎢ Nile ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ (ᎯᎠ Nile ᎨᏒᎢ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ).
ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ, Vietnam ᎠᎴ Cambodia ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ Laos' ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Yangtze ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, causing ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Yangtze ᎯᎠ dwindling ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ Ganges ᎨᏒᎢ disputed ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎠᎴ Bangladesh. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ depleted ᎠᎴ polluted, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ Hindu ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ global ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ deforestation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Himalayas causing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Ganges ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎨᎢ, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ Bangladesh ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Farakka Barrage, 10 km ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ. ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1990s, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ barrage ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Bangladeshi ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Sundarban wetlands ᎠᎴ mangrove ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏔᏅᎯ threatened. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ. ᎠᎹ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ untreated ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎹ.
ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.
ᎯᎠ Guaraní Aquifer, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ Mercosur ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Argentina, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ, Bolivia ᎠᎴ Paraguay, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40000 km³, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏤᎢ, drinkable ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
Privatization ᎠᎹ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ.
Privatization ᎠᎹ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ contested ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bolivia ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ privatization ᎠᎹ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ IMF ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Cochabamba ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2000, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ousted Bechtel, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ San Francisco. SUEZ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Buenos Aires ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Argentina, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Santa ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Córdoba, consumers ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 500 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ mandated ᎾᎥᎢ Suez). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Suez ᎤᎭ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ. "Bolivian ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ Suez ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mandated ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ $455 ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏏᏅᏙ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏕᎯ", ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᏤᎢ". ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ privatize ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ 200.
Regulating ᎠᎹ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ.
ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎵᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ aquiferᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᎵᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. ᏐᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ rainwater ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ purified ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, dissolved ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ chlorination ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ techniques ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ osmosis. Desalination ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ seawater ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ bottled ᎠᎹ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮭ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ resource, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ.
ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hong Kong, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ citywide ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ. Polluting ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ; ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Ꮎ pollutant ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ resource, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ polluter. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏁᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ externalities ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᎾᏓᎾᏅ' ᏗᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ redistributed ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎠᏅᏬᏗ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ waterways ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ aquatic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ bioaccumulate ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ biodegradable.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, Islam, ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ Shinto. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ Islam. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam, ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎹ (wudu). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shinto, ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ 442 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ 363 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ James ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ: 2 Peter 3:5(b) ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, "ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ" (NIV).
ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Celtic ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Sulis ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ Ganga ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ personified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Saraswati ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Veda. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ "panch-tatva"(ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ 5 ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎤᏃᎴ). ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎦᏁᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ: ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Peneus ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Oceanids.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Empedocles ᎠᏰᎲᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ fᎠᏥᎸ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ylem, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ, ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎦᏎᏍᏛᎾ. ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, fᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.


ᎠᏓ.
ᎠᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, "ᎠᏓ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ xylem ᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ wider ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ properties. ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ hygroscopic, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ anisotropic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ cellulose (40%–50%) ᎠᎴ hemicellulose (15%–25%) ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ lignin (15%–30%).
ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ millennia ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ. ᏌᏊ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ artworks, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ, ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏧᏯᏖᎾ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏙᎯ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ. ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ chipboard, engineered ᎠᏓ, hardboard, a>-board (MDF), oriented ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ (OSB), ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏐᎢ synthetic ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎢᏤ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ envelop ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ seasonal ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ.
ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ textured ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ outer ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ outer ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏃᏥ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏃᏥ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ, ᎠᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎧᏁᏍᎦ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ abut ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ denser ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ demarcation ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ) ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ.
ᏓᎧᏁᎲ.
ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ) ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏛᏅ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ tonusdv ᎤᏥᎳᏛᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ–ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sawn. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏲᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏧᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ classified ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ.
ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏕᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ (ᎤᏝᏅᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ, ᏩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ cleavability ᎠᏙᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏛᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ) ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ Ꮝ broadest ᎦᏚᎢ. ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᏅᎩᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏛᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏛᏅ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, e.g. ᎠᏐᏴ paneling, ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.
ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ.
ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ darker-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ]" ᎠᎴ "duramen", ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ.
ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ, comprising ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏁᎸᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏡᎬ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ. Ꮝ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏡᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᏯᏛᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎭ thicker ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, 30 cm ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏩᏁᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᏃᏥ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ]. Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ. ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎬᎿᎨ ᎥᎴ, ᎫᏩ, ᎠᏂᏆᏌᏏ-ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏍᏓᏥ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏢᏩᎦ, ᎪᏍᏚ, ᏩᏁᎢ, ᎦᏄᏍᏔ, beech, ᎠᎴ ᏃᏥ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ thinner ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ thicker ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎵᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. Ꮭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᏡᎬ, ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ freer ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ]. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ properties, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ].
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏛᏁ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ larvae ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᏛᏅᎾᎢᏴᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ Ꮝ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ narrower ᎠᎴ narrower. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏡᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ thinner ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ wider. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ lessened, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏆ ᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ softer, ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ, weaker, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ-textured ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ.
ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ properties ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ properties ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏡᎬ Ꮎ yielded ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ properties). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ mahogany ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᏥᏳ, balsa ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ densest ᎠᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ ironwood.
ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ softwood ᎠᎴ ᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ conifer (e.g. ᏃᏥ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ softwood, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-leaved ᏕᏡᎬ (e.g. ᏧᏍᎦ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hardwoods ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ softwoods ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ balsa (ᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏓ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ softer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ softwood. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ softwoods (e.g. ᎦᎪᏘ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ hardwoods.
ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ darker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ oiᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ appreciable ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ properties ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏜ Longleaf ᏃᏥ ᏗᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ". ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ flammable. ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ longleaf ᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎯ, ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ kindling ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ impregnated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ darker ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ, ᎪᎯ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ darker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ denser ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎠᏓ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏁᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ properties ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎪᏒ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ fungi ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ-ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ fungous ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ coniferous ᎠᎴ softwood ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, tracheid, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᏓᏯ-ᎠᏓ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ("ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ coniferous ᎠᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hardwoods ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ (ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎪᏍᏚ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ (ᎤᏍᏆᏓ, poplar, ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ) ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏅᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, "ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ" ᎠᎴ "ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚ, ᎬᎿᎨ ᎥᎴ, catalpa, ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᏓᏩᏥᎸ, ᏩᏁᎢ, ᎫᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ) ᎠᎴ localized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏓ fibers. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ fibers ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ scattered ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ basswood, ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᏓ, ᏢᏩᎦ, poplar, ᎠᎴ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏔᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ darker. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ denser ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-walled ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ cavities, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ cavities. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ cavities. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏃᏥ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ꮝ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ noticeably ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗᏱ.
Ꮭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ underlying ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ conifers, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎠᏙᎯ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ hardwoods ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ properties. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ summed ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ wider ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ, ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ, ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ stiffer ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ, ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎪᏍᏚ, ᏩᏁᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-walled, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ fibers ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ diminishes, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏌᎨᎢ-walled ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 6 10 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 25 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ radial grayish patches ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-walled fibers ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏌᏊ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏛᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ scattered ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ conifer. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ prized, ᎠᏓ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.
ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ.
ᎠᎹ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ: (1) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏐᏴ, (2) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬic ᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ (3) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ cavities ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏓ] ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᏓ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ-ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 8-16% ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ-ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ chemical ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ softer ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎨ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ Ꭺ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏄᏬ. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ 5 cm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᏅᎩ itsuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ.


ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.
ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ planetary ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ.
ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ condensing ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 0.01 mm ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ) Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ reflectance (70 95%) ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ wavelengths: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ. ᏌᎨᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ illuminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-infrared ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ wavelengths.
ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ properties.
2. ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏃᎴ masses ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎦ, aircraft contrail ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ.
3. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ static: ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ re-evaporating. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 1 x 10 -5 m ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1-2 cm. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ re-ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ "ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ", ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ, ᎪᏍᏚᎭ, ᎪᏍᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎵᏉ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ nuclei.
ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Bergeron ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, theorized ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Bergeron, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ supercooled ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ interact ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ -15 °C. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏨ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ updraft ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ "ᎠᏰᏨ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, perpetuating ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ raindrop ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ raindrops ᎯᎸᏍᎩ millimeters ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ, creating ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ-ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏔ-ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ). Orographic ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ orographic ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.
"ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ" ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ "ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ volts ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᏂᎬᎢ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ -10 °C, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ -5 °C, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ "ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ" ().
ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ: layered ᎠᎴ convective. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ (ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ Latin "ᎤᏬᎩᎸ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ (ᎠᎴ cumuliform; "ᎤᏬᎩᎸ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ piled ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏅᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꮎ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ classified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Luke Howard ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1802 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ Askesian ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 16,500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (5,000 m), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ troposphere. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10,000 ft (3,048 m). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ denoted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ "cirro-" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ wispy, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ B).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 6,500 ᎠᎴ 16,500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (ᎠᏰᎵ 2,000 ᎠᎴ 5,000 m) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ denoted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ "ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ-". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ supercooled.
ᎡᎳᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ C).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 6,500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2,000 m) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ (ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ). ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎬᎭᏛ.
ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ D).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.
ᏐᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.
ᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ troposphere; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ noctilucent ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ stratospheric ᏚᎶᎩᎸ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ mesosphere ᎠᎴ stratosphere ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.
ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ micro-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ sunlight ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ Ꮝ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ spaced ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᎬᎭᏛ). ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ/ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ undersides ᎡᏆ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ; ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reflected ᎠᎴ transmitted ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ.
ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ wavelengths, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ scattered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ. ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ sunlight ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. cumulonimbus ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ.
Yellowish ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ.
ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᎸᎬ/ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ sunlight ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ (ᎠᎴ unscattered) ᎠᏨᏍᏛ sunlight ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ spotlight ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ, ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ-ᎩᎦᎨ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Edmonton, Alberta ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987, Edmontonians ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ - ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ sunward ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ "ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᏜ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
Global dimming.
ᎯᎠ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ global dimming ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ aerosols ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ particulates ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ.
Global ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᎢᏤ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ "ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Dimming ᎠᏨᏍᏛ: Decadal ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᏡᏡ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. (ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ 6 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2005; 308: 847-850) ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ global ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.
ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎠᎾᏂᏍᏓᎾᎵ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ sulfuric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎹᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᏌᎨᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏈᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏓᏂ ᎤᎭ outer ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ammonium hydrosulfide ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ methane ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.
ᏌᏓᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎾ methane. ᎯᎠ Cassini-Huygens ᏌᏓᏂ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎭ uncovered ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.


ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢful ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "perceived ᎡᎶᎯ" —ie. ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᏥᏍᏚ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ, ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ "ᎤᏬᏚ" ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ" ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
"ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ" ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ ᎠᎦtᎤᏕᏍᏗ
ᏯᏛᎾ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ focused ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ" ᎠᎴ "ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ" ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ "ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ" (ie. "ᏚᏳᎪᏛ") ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎣᏩᏒ-centered ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ recognizing "ᎤᏬᏚ" ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ "ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ."
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ Ꮝ "ᏴᏫ" ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ "ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏚ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ "ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ."
ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ," ᎠᎴ "ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ" ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ societal ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏩtᎤᏫᏛ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᏗ, ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ commercialism ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ "ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ," ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ feminism ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ (ie. "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ") ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ" —ie. ᎯᎠ perceived "ᎦᎷᎶᎩ" ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ "ᎡᎯᏍᏛ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ deeper "ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ" ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ.
ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ Robert Schumann ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏬᏚ, "ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ" ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ "ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎤᏬᏚ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ, ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. Schumann ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.
ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ MacKenzie, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, Shona MacKenzie, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ, ᎠᎴ MacKenzie ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ, "ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏏᏛ"
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ deeper ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ," ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ.
"ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ" ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ counterexamples ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ "ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ" (Tennyson). ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ counterexample ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ--ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ "ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ" ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ--ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ hobbies ᎤᏅᏌ've mastered.
ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ quantifiable ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ viewer ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ.
Theories ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Pythagoras. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Pythagoras ᎠᎦtᎤᏕᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Pythagoras ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ facial ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ranked ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎢᏤ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ deified ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᎭᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ goddesses ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ mythologies.
ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎯᎠ "millihelen" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ Helen Troy ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Christopher Marlowe ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ Faustus", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ launched ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ "millihelen" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎤᏬᏚ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏥᏳ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎶᎻ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏚ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ: ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 6 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ), ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ - ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ – ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ browline, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ "ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ" ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ masculinity.
ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ strived ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ Hollywood ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Louis B. Mayer ᎾᎾᎢ MGM ᎦᎪ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ Hollywood ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Tyrone ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, Gary Cooper, ᎠᎴ Cary ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ Ꮎ lyudetiyvda ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ promoted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Pitt ᎠᎴ Matt Damon.
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1990 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Langlois & Roggmann ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ "ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ" ᎤᎧᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏛ (ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ generated ᎾᎥᎢ combining ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ irregularities, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ asymetrical ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, promoting ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, combining racial ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ creating meta-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ contributors ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ: averageness, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᎴ sexual dimorphism. Averageness ᎨᏒᎢ sexually preferable ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎨᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, heterozygosity, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ optimization. ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ sexually preferable ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎨᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ reliably environmental ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. Sexual dimorphism ᎨᏒᎢ sexually preferable ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ sexual ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ feminized ᎤᎧᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ' ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ varies ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ dadanetlivysegv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ formulae ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ. formula_1 ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ "Euler ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ").
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Edna ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Vincent Millay ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ "Euclid ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ".
ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pythagoras' ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏚᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ", ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Phi (φ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ 1.618, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nautilus ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.618. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece ᎠᎴ Rome ᎤᏬᏚ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ.
ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ London ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ 11,000 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ (ᎢᎦᏛ) ᎣᏍᏛ-ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, 13% ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ overweight ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ yvwatuwidv 5%.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ consumer ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ actresses, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ celebrities. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ" ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ celebrities ᎯᎠ Californian "ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ 1960s. ᎯᎠ Beatles ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ "ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ 1967 ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ're ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ" ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ 1960s, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ fashionistaᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ" ᏴᏫ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ. ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ.


ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ.
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏡᎬ (ᎠᎴ, ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎬᏔᏅ sink, ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, hydrologic ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ modulator, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ conservers, ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ biosphere.
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ processes ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ activities. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ angiosperms (broadleaf ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ-ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ gymnosperms (conifer ᎠᎴ needleleaf ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ-ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ aspen ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ). ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ), ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (e.g., taiga ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ montane coniferous ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ). ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ biomass ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎤᏣᏘ ᎪᎯ biomass ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ lignin, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ cellulose ᎠᎴ carbohydrate.
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ differentiated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ woodland ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ coverage: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ interlock, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. woodland ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ spaced ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎦᎵᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᏅ).
ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ specificity. ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "biome" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ). ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ broadleaf ᏕᏡᎬ, coniferous (ᏴᎩ-leaved) ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ.
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ forestry, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ sustainable resource ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ecologists ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ processes, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ elucidating ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. Foresters ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ silviculture, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ processes.
ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ logging, ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, herbivores, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ forestry ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (6,000 km²) ᎯᎠ nation’s 750 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (3,000,000 km²) forestland ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ 20 25 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (80,000 100,000 km²) ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ.
"...ᎯᎠ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ rainwater ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ redistribute ᎠᎹ...ᎧᏁᏉᎠ photosynthesis ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎹ...ᎾᎥᎢ 40% ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ...ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10% ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 13 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (43 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᏋ tapped ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ...ᏡᎬ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ..."


ᎦᎷᎾᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ) Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ outer ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Skies ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ). ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏫᏅᏙᏗᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ tvga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ sunlight. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ "ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ" ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ denser ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩeous ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ scattered ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎾᎿ ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ — ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Rayleigh ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ) ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏃᏈᏏᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ phenomena ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ aurorae. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏴᏫ activities, smog ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎥᏳᎩ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ travelling. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ skies ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ skies ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi.
ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ascribed ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎪᎱᏳᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ deities. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ Chinese, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, "ᎦᎷᎾᏗ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ". ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᏁᎩ "ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ: ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᏴ?" ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ technique, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, "ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ.
ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ.
__NOEDITSECTION__


ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ "ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ." ᏐᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏪᎵᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ hippies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1960'. ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, ᏌᏊ Ꮎ expresses ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ unto ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ: "ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ restfulness, ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, ᎤᏘᏴᎯ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, timelessness, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ, demolishes, banishes, ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ." (ᎾᎥᎢ Sevi Regis)
ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ armies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ. ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ "ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ upbringing. ᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ. (ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, "ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Absentia Belli", ᎯᎠ "ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ".)
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ longstanding ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᏆ successes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏓ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1945 ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ 26 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ selfless ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ.
Ꮜ0Ꮚ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ) ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ (ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ). ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ "ᎠᏎ" ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ realization ᎪᎯ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Emmanuel Levinas) ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ. ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ.
ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏙᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Simone Weil ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ.
ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ; ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏚᏢᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ genocide, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ Congolese genocide ᎯᎠ 1890s ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Léopold II of Belgium. ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ "ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ societal ᏝᏊ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Mahatma Gandhi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ oppressed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
ᎢᎦᏛ "ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ; ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ "kindoki", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ "ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ "ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ "ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦ." ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ static ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.
ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ — ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ, ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ countryside; ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ". ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ "ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ" ᏙᏄᏛᎿ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ warily ᎠᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
ᏌᏊ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ; ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎣᎬᏌ. ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᏴᏫ, ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᏄᏩ. Elizabeth Harley ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ peacechain ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
Environmental ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, environmentalists ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ arguably ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏐᏅᎢ". ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ environmentalists ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ.
ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ?
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ Jainism, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎠᎴ pacifists, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-perpetuating. ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ stances, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ "ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ" ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ Versailles ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ bloodier ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎾᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏂᎢ ᏴᏫ "ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ, ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Vladimir Lenin ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ensuing ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
Proponents ᎯᎠ democratic ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ Ꮎ democracies ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ democratic ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ argued Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ democracies, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ global ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ fascist ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ clashes, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ "ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ" ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ.
ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ entrenched ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ leadership ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
Nobel ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ.
"ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: Nobel ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ"
ᎯᎠ Nobel ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ awarded ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ visionaries ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ leadership, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ warmongers ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
ᎠᎭᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Nobel ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏐᏁᎳ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ.
"ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ"
ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ peacemaking ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.


ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.
ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ differentiated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ designated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "downtown" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ centre".
ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ residential, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ wider geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ infrastructure ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎦᎳᏅᏛᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏁᏙᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎥᏓᎵᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
"ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎣᎵᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ." (ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Israeli ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ 2000 ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ Biennale ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ)
ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎯᎠ geographies ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ harbourᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏴᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ. ᎠᎹ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏪᏴᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ) ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.
ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ EuropeᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ jumbled ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ unplanned ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ perceived ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎼᏈᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ impractical ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎭᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ grid, favoured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. Derry ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ireland, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1613, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ 5 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1618. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ walled ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ defence. ᎯᎠ grid ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ copied ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ colonies ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ grid ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ colonies yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ grid. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Priene. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ France ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Dutch ᎠᎴ Flemish ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.
ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ radial ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎬᏙᏗ concentric ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏐᏴᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ- ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Dutch ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ structured Ꮎ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ dagatuwistanv ᎾᎥᎢ concentric ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ + ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᏐᏴ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Amsterdam ᎠᎴ Haarlem ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.
ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ specialized ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ centralized. Societies Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mesopotamia, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ur, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Nile, ᎯᎠ Indus ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎪᎯ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Jericho, Çatalhöyük ᎠᎴ Mehrgarh. Harappa ᎠᎴ Mohenjo-daro (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Indus ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80,000.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ centres ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ Alexandria, Antioch ᎠᎴ Seleucia ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Tigris ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece, Carthage, Changan (ᎾᏊ Xi') (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ), ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome, Ꮝ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ Constantinople (ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Istanbul), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ Chinese, Islamic, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬn ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rome ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ yvwatuwidv 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BCE, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ. Alexandria ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Rome ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 32 CE, Alexandria ᎠᏰᎲ 180,000 ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ). ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ centres emerged ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Baghdad, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Rome.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ tohi adedi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ: "Stadtluft macht frei" ("ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ") ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ weren't ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ countryside, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ, Genoa ᎠᎴ Lübeck, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏠᏱ phenomena existed ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Sakai, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎢᏅ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1500 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏔᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100,000 ᎦᏁᎳ: ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1700 ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ, ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ 300 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10,000 ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ poleis, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ Baltic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ languished ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Europe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ benefited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Atlantic ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ fuelled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ Peru. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, London ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 1 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ rivalled ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ Baghdad, Beijing, Istanbul ᎠᎴ Kyoto.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ urbanization ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏓᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ migrants ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ unemployment, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏙᎢ tohi adedi ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ Asia, Africa ᎠᎴ Latin ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.
Environmental ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ creating ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ microclimate. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏚᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sunlight ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ rainwater ᎾᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ windier ᎠᎴ cloudier ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv countryside. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ("ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ") ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏃᎴes ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎨᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎤᏲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ hinterlands ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎪᏪᎸ ("ecological ᎪᏪᎸ").
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ "ᏕᎦᏚᎲ" ᎠᎴ "ᏕᎦᏚᎲ".
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ "ᏕᎦᏚᎲ" ᎠᎴ "ᏕᎦᏚᎲ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ conurbation (ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ) "ᎤᏤᎵᏛ" ᎦᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wider ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ iyuwakodi lyudetiyvda, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ — ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ (ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ cathedral ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ). ᎢᎦᏛ cathedral ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ David' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wales, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ.) Preston ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ England ᎤᏤᎵ newest ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2002 ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ.
ᎤᏠᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ (ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ) Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ didn't ᎤᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ Zealand.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ Zealand, "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Perth ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Perth, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, Gisborne ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ administered ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ generalisation ᎾᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ paperwork ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ. Britons ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ "ᎦᏚᎲ" ᎠᎴ "ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ", ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ", ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏚᎵᏍᎬ kalil ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꭴ.. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ designated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ (ᎠᎴ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hempstead, ᎢᏤ York, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ 755,785 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ municipalities. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ gayatohvsdi Ꮎ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-opted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ developers ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ welcoming ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ 20 ᎠᎴ 30-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Westwood ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Los Angeles.
Global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ.
global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ", ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ centre ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ megacity, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Saskia Sassen ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ 1991 ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ "megacity" ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. Global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Sassen, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ London, ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Tokyo.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ capabilities ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ concentrated: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Ꮝ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ hierarchically. ᏐᎢ global ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Los Angeles, Hong Kong, Frankfurt, Milan, Chicago ᎠᎴ Singapore ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ "ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ" ᎠᎴ San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto ᎠᎴ Zurich, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ "Beta ᎡᎶᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ".
ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "global ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Rome, Istanbul ᎠᎴ Mecca ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ questioned ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1995, Kanter argued Ꮎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ lyudetiyvda (ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ), ᎣᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi (ᏰᎵᏊ) ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᏘᏍᎩ (ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ). ᎯᎠ interplay ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, Kanter argued, ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.
"ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ"
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ Ireland, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ connotation ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ connotations ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ deprived ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ gentrification ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ connotation ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "outer ᎦᏁᎸ" ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ implies ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ richest ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ modernization ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ countryside ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ favelas).
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ anti-urbanism Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Thomas Jefferson ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ "ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎸ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ." ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ businessmen ᎦᎪ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ workforce, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ... ᎤᎭ begotten ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ." ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1800s ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ perceived ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏁᎲᏴᏫ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎲᏴᏫ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ anti-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ amenities, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎢᏤ Urbanism" Ꮎ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ-ᎬᏙᏗ zoning ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲᎾ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ-ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ effectiveness ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᏙᎯ.


ᏅᏃᎯ.
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ identifiable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ smoothed, paved, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ; ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ recognisable ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ, ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, "ᏅᏃᎯ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ("ᏅᏃᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎠᎩᎸᏗ", e.g.: ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “street,” ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Latin "strata", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ paved ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ "ᎶᎻ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ" ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎦᎳᏅᏛ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏬᎵᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏢᏃ "ᏅᏃᎯ" ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ. ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏆᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ “road” ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ “street” ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ "ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ").
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ migrating ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 BCE, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᏰᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ.
ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏰᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 4000 BCE.
ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda engineered ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ, ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 3800 BCE.
ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏅᏯ paved ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3000 BCE.
ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎢᎦᏛ paved, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1100 BCE ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ. ᎾᎥᎢ 20 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ Chinese ᏅᏃᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 40,000km.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Andes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mayans ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ paved ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏳ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏥᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᏧᎸᏌᏛᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 BCE, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᏯ ᎶᎻ ᏅᏃᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ.
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ" ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1706. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1,100 ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ 38,000 km engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ.
Engineered ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ 1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 30 ᎾᎿ macadamized ᎦᏚᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ steepest ᏐᏈᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Pierre Marie Jérôme Trésaguet (1716-1796) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Loudon McAdam (1756-1836) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏌᏯ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ rutting ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ wheeled ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ utilized ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ.
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ) Ꮎ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ contractor). ᏕᎦᏅᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗes (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ), ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏅᏃᎯᎠᎴ funded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏞᏛ.
ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ.
ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-clockwise, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏩᏥ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.
ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.
ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, environmental ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.
ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ.
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ--ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, overcoming geographic ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ digging ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ (ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ deforestation) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ activities ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ subgrade, ᎨᏒᎢ compacted. ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ stabilized ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᎴ quicklime, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ imported ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ subgrade ᎠᎴ compacted. ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ nanahwunvgi ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ portland ᏅᏯ ᎠᏰᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏂᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎧᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ subgrade. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superelevation ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏚᏝᏅᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎤᎭ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎨᎵᏍᎦᎸᎲes. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ "ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ retroreflector ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ: retroreflectors Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ retroreflective ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ illuminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ accumulated ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ environmental ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1950s, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ AASHO ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 4th ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ-trailer ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 80,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ 8,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ 36,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏖ ᎿᏛᎦ 7,800 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ 2,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ methodologies ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ 30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ resurfacings. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ 15 ᎠᎴ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ. ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏚᎦ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ activities ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ pothole, ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ.


ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ encompasses ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. "Agri" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Latin "ager" ("ᏠᎨᏏ"), ᎠᎴ "ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Latin "cultura", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ". ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ "ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, "ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ" ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ activities ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ techniques ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ) Ꮭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.
ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ specialization ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ specializations ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, inventor ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ chemical ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ".
42% (2002 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 4.4% (2005 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ (ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ).
Overview.
ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ/agriculturalist ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ (ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ—ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ.
ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏯᏖᎾ, ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎦᏃᏥ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ chemicals (ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ethanol, ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ), ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ(ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎤᏩᏅ, hemp, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ), ᎪᏛᏙᏗ (methane ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ biomass, biodiesel) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏬᏗ (biopharmaceutical, ᏦᎳ, marijuana, ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ). Genetically engineered ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏄᏬᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ gene ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏄᎸ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ mechanization ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ labor ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ biological ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ. ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ specialized ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, insecticides (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ fungicides, ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ nutritional ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ productivity. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ pesticides Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ. Hydroponics, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ soilless ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ chemical nutrient ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏍᎬ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ activities ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ. ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ dehydration ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ; ᎭᏫᏯ ᎦᏇᏅᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ).
Mechanization, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᎠᎴ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎭ eased ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ backbreaking ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, mechanization ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ productivity (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ). ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ, ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ, oxen, ᎨᎻᎵ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, alpacas, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ, helicopters, ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ topdressing, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ. ᎡᎵᏍ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ mechanization ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ 20 ᏭᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 2.5 ᏴᏫ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ agrichemical), ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 130 ᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ input, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ, ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ.
ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ, ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏅ) ᎾᎿ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ chemical ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ processors ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᎦ Spongiform Encephalopathy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎻᏏᏏᏈ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ Mississippi empties. Intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ depletes ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ farmland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎵᏍ software ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏁᎸ biopiracy.
ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ nutrient ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ waterways ᎠᎴ wetlands ᎾᎥᎢ nutrients ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ nitrogen ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ consumer awareness ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ-ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎳ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ fledgling industries.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mesopotamia. Pinpointing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ problematic ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ societies, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ. Nonetheless, Archaeobotanists/Paleoethnobotanists ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᎩ-ᎦᏁᏔᏯ rachis ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ Dryas (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 9,500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Holocene ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᏩᏎᎸᎯ anthropological ᎠᎴ archaeology ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ-ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ a> ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ seasonal ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ: ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Epi-Palaeolithic (10,000+ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ Abu Hureyra ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Syria, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ localized ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ 8000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏙᎵᎠ. ᎾᎥᎢ 7000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ Mesopotamia, ᎾᎥᎢ 6000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ 5000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ teosinte ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3000-2700 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ: ᎢᎬᏱ emmer ᎠᎴ einkorn ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ hulled barley, ᏒᏙᏂ, lentil, ᎤᏴᏍᏗ vetch, ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ PPNB ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ sown ᎠᎴ harvested ᎾᎿ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ca. 8,500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ 7,500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ' ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ eastwards ᎠᏰᎵ Asia ᎠᎴ westwards ᎾᎾᎯ Cyprus, Anatolia ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎥᎢ 7,000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, Greece. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ emmer ᎠᎴ einkorn, ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏳᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ southeastern ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏳᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ca. 4,800 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ (e.g. ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ economies ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ localized ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ favored ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 'ᎦᎾᎬᎢ' ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎧᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ contributed nutritionally ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ "ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ" ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, mono-cropping, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ irrigation, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ specialized labor ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ "ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ" ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Sumerians, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ca. 5,500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. Intensive ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ activities ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ armies. ᎯᎠ agriculturalism ᎯᎠ Sumerians ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ Egyptians, powered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, achieved ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ tripling ᎯᎠ Sumerian ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.
• ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Norias, ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ exploitable ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
• ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ techniques ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ibn al-Baytar ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ.
• ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ laborers' ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, combining ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.
• ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ global ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ exported ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏳᎳᏛ. Spain ᎤᎩᏒᎩ (ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ transmitted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ processes, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᏗᎵᏊ, citrus ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎬᎨ, aubergines, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ... ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ. Muslims ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎴᎹᏂ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎤᏥᎸ, almonds, ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏆᏁᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Spanish colonies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏟᏚᎦ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, ᏏᎵᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ flourished, ᎤᎦᏔ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ exported, ᎠᎴ esparto ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏦᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1492 ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ shuffled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Columbian ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ transplanted ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ vice versa. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎹᏟ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1800s ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ cultivars, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ Ꮎ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ mechanization ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ imaginable ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ efficiencies enabling ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Argentina, Israel, ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004.
ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ FAO ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ.
ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ.
ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᏩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Centuries ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ. ᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ techniques ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ.
ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1920s ᎠᎴ '30s ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ (grasses ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤ Zealand. ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ varieties ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ, ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ barley.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᏎᎷ (ᏎᎷ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.5 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ hectare (40 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 9.4 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ (150 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2.5 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1990. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, African ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, Egypt ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 3.5 4 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 8 t/ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ intensive ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, chemical ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ). [Conversion note: 1 bushel of wheat = 60 pounds (lb) ≈ 27.215 kg. 1 bushel of corn = 56 pounds ≈ 25.401 kg]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ industrialized ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ "ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ" ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ nutritional ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏔᎹᏟ-harvesters ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1960s, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᏔᎹᏟ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ nutrient ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 50 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 38 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ vitamin B2 ᎠᎴ 15 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ vitamin C.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ herbicide ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ gene Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ glyphosate, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ toxin ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ (c.f. Starlink).
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ.
Aquaculture, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᎴ algae, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
Apiculture, ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ—ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ pollination.
"ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ": ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ
Environmental ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ global ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ
ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ separated ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ)ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ family’s ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ.


ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ subfields ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, epistemology, ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ evaluate ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ methodology ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ debated, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ varies ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏘ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ "Φιλοσοφία" "(philo-sophia)", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ". ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ labeled ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ "Penguin ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ, ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ". "ᎯᎠ Penguin ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ" ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᎾᎵ-ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ: "ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th-ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ... ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ enquiry." ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᎴᎯ Ꭲ ᎢᎬᏁᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ, "ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ethic ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.
ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ", ᏫᎵ Durant ᏠᎨᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, epistemology, ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎾᏭᏅᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎯᎳᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ? ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ? Epistemology ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ? ᎯᎳᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ? ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ? ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ? ᎯᎳᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ? ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ normative ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ? ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ 'ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ' ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ontological ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ? ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ? ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ: ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ? ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ?
ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ (ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Aristotle ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ), ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏂᏯᏩᏙᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ: ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ, "ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ" ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.
ᎠᎪᎢ-ᎶᎻ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ", ᎠᎴ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ". ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratic ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Democritus, Parmenides, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Socratic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, Socrates, ᎦᎪ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Plato, revolutionized ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Socratic ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Socrates ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ" ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Plato ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Plato ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ Aristotle, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Plato ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ disagreed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ Plato. ᎯᎠ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ushered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Euclid, Epicurus, Chrysippus, Pyrrho, ᎠᎴ Sextus Empiricus. ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Hipparchia ᎯᎠ ᎤᏢᏈᏌᏘ, ᎦᎪ flourished ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, Islam, ᎠᎴ rabbinic ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Augustine Hippo, Boethius, Anselm, Robert Grosseteste, Albertus Magnus, Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ Scotus, William of Ockham, Nicholas of Cusa, ᎠᎴ Francisco Suárez. ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Abelard ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Heloise. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Abrahamic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Saadia Gaon ᎠᎴ Maimonides, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Avicenna, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Ghazali, ᎠᎴ Averroes, ᎨᏒᎩ intercommunicative. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ properties ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ involving ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ "ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ" ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ "ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ" ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ), ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ divisibility; ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ theories Plato ᎠᎴ Aristotle. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Tertullian, ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ René Descartes, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏪᏥᎠᏘ Elizabeth Bohemia, ᎦᎪ posed ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ-ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Descartes.
ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ questioned ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ (1214-1294?) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) challenged ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. Francis ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ (1561-1626) ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ nineteenth ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏙᎯ" ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ" ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ, ᎩᎳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Cartesian ᎠᎴ empiricist ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ dominated ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "obsession ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ" Ꮎ pervaded ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ockham) Ꮎ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ generated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ (e.g. "baldness", "ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ") ᎾᎿᎢ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏒᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ grammatical ᎤᏙᏢᏒ", ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Frege ᎠᎴ Bertrand Russell) ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏒᏍᏙᏗ.
"ᎦᏙᎯ" ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎯᎠ phenomenologists ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Edmund Husserl ᎠᎴ Maurice Merleau-Ponty, ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ phenomena ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ phenomenology ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ Cartesianism.
ᎩᎳ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ externalism, ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ McDowell ᎠᎴ Gareth Evans. Externalism posits Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ("Socrates", "George ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ") ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏱᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ mediated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ "ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ "Socrates ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ" ᎤᎭ Socrates ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎭᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ Eiffel ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ London existed ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎦᏙᎯ" ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Heidegger, ᎦᎪ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, "ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ". ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ worldless. ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ "embedded" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ societies ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ influenced ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᏲᏂᎢ, Jewish, Islamic ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎳᏗᎾ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ contributed, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ, ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, procedural ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ commonalities ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ.
"ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ originated ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ, Persia, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ, ᏣᏩᏂᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Abrahamic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ).
ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ "Hindu ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vedic ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ (circa 1500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ Rta - ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ", ᎯᎠ "Bhagavad Gita" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Sutra", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ circa 1000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ–500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ shramana ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Jainism ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "Vedanta" ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Hindu ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ.
Persian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Persia, Zarathustra ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Iranian ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Indo-Iranian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ 900 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Zoroastrianism, ᎠᎴ Iranian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ.
ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ formulated ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ Ꮎ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, ᎠᎴ Legalism. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏁᎵᏒ/ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ was not ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ.) ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ "Tao Te Ching" Laozi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "Analects" ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ 600 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Socratics ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ philosophies, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎯᏁᎩ Confucianism ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ. Confucianism ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ K’ung-fu-Tzu "(ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Kong)" ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 551–479 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ focused ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎦᏯᏛ; emphasizing ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ governmental ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, correctness ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, traditionalism, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. Confucianism, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Legalism, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ creating ᎯᎠ world’s ᎢᎬᏱ meritocracy, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ/ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ person’s ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ one’s ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ancestry, ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎣᎵᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ debatably ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ Confucianism ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ responsible ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ shaping ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ).
ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Qin ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ competition ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ cooperated ᎠᎴ shared ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ-Confucianism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Confucianism ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ Ming ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, Taoist, ᎠᎴ Legalist ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ integrate ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ modernization. ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ industrialism ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ Yat-sen ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. Mao Tse-Tung ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ Marxism, Stalinism, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ PRC ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.
ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏤ Confucianism" ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ "(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏅᏬᏘ)." ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ.
"ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, Legalism, ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ, Yin-Yang"
African ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᏐᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ African ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ academia. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᎾᏭᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ.
René Descartes, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏣᏙᏗ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1641, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ "Cogito ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ" ("ᎠᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏯ "). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ; ᎾᏍᎩ attracted ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ Wolff.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Locke ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ " ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1689, ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ naturalism ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ. Hume ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ " ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ" (1739-40) ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Thomas Hobbes ᎠᎴ George Berkeley (ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Berkeley).
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Berkeley ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Isaac Newton ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᏐᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Blaise Pascal, ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎴ Jonathan Edwards. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Jean-Jacques Rousseau ᎠᎴ Edmund ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎯᎠ restricted ᏧᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ specialization ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
Kantian ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Kant ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ" (1781/1787) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ approaches ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ modeled ᎾᎿ Euclid, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Schelling, ᎠᎴ Arthur Schopenhauer.
Kant ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏥ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎠᏓᏥ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ G. W. F. Hegel ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1807 "Phenomenology ᎠᏓᏅᏙ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, Hegel ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎶᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ. Hegel ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "Hegelian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ". ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Hegelian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach ᎠᎴ Karl Marx.
ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Pragmatism.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ. Charles Peirce ᎠᎴ William James ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ pragmatism, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ instrumentalism, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Dewey, George Santayana, ᎠᎴ C. ᎠᏯ. Lewis. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "pragmatist", ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Henri Bergson ᎠᎴ G. E. Moore shared ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ foundational ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pragmatists. Pragmatism ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Richard Rorty ᎠᎴ Hilary Putnam.
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ Bertrand Russell ᎠᎴ Alfred ᎤᏴᏢ Whitehead ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Mathematica" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1910-1913, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ attracted ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ theories, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ shared commitment ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Rudolf Carnap ᎠᎴ Hans Reichenbach ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ confirmable ᎠᎴ falsifiable ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ; ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ deduced ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ testable ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.
Phenomenology ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Britain, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ Franz Brentano, Edmund Husserl ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ" (1901) ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ" (1913). ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ phenomenology, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᎵᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏡᏡ Heidegger ᎠᎴ Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Heidegger ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ phenomenology ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ. ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. Heidegger stressed ᏔᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ: Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ (e.g. "ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ"). ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Hans-Georg Gadamer ᎠᎴ Paul Ricoeur.
Existentialism.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, existentialism, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Søren Kierkegaard ᎠᎴ Friedrich Nietzsche, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ. Kierkegaard, Danish ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏙᏓ Existentialism", argued Ꮎ "ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ subjectivity", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ (e.g. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ observational ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎥᏝ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ. Nietzsche argued Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᏫᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ", ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎡᏆ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. Kierkegaard ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎠᎴ Nietzsche ᎤᏤᎵ Übermensch ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.
ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, existentialism ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ authentically, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ existentialism ᎨᏒᎢ Jean-Paul Sartre, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ existentialism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ" (1943). ᏐᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ existentialists ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Albert Camus, Simone ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Beauvoir, Maurice Merleau-Ponty ᎠᎴ Karl ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎸᏔᏅᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1921, Ludwig Wittgenstein ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tractatus, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, "ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ". "ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ" ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ "ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Gilbert Ryle ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ "ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ shared ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (Jeremy Bentham, Ralph Waldo Emerson, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Stuart ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ unified ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎡᏆ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, P. F. Strawson, Donald Davidson, Hilary Putnam, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Rawls, Noam Chomsky, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ Mikhail Bakhtin.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ metaphilosophical ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Wittgenstein ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, "ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ" (1953), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ methodological ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ W. V. O. Quine ᎠᎴ Wilfrid Sellars (ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎦᏐᎯ Auguste Comte ᎠᎴ Whitehead). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ naturalism, holism (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ), instrumentalism, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ. ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎤᎭ branched ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Wittgenstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ inescapably ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. Plato ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ Plato, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᏍᎩᏍᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Aristotle, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. Aristotle reasoned Ꮎ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎣᏍᏛ. Aristotle ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ inequalities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᏔᎵ millennia ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Thomas Hobbes contested ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Hobbes, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ anti-ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ: ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ egoistic, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ, Hobbes argued, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ inequalities, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ inflicted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, Hobbes ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎵᏓᏍᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏒ marginalize ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ democratic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ᎦᎪ responded Hobbes ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ "ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ", ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Locke ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ Hobbes Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ unmodulated ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ David Hume, ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ realists, ᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ.
Consequentialism, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ aretaic ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ.
ᏌᏊ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ dominated ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ethicists ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ consequentialism ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.
Jeremy Bentham ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Stuart ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ propagating utilitarianism, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ "ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ". ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ promoting ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ promoted ᎯᎠ broader ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ consequentialism: Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᏁᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ" ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ consequentialism, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Kant argued Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Kant ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎵ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Kant, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ 20th-ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ deontologist, W.D. Ross, argued ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ weaker ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ prima facie ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ emphasized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ aretaic ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Bernard Williams. Williams ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ consequentialism ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ demanded Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎪᎯ, Williams argued, ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
G.E.M. Anscombe, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꭺ, "ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" (1958), revived ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Aristotle ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ entrenched ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ Kantianism ᎠᎴ consequentialism. ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Philippa ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ, Alasdair MacIntyre ᎠᎴ Rosalind Hursthouse.
ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ – ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ – ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ philosophies ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, Kautilya, ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ Zi, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Kant, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Karl Marx, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Stuart ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ, ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ Gandhi, Robert Nozick, Ayn Rand ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Rawls ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ championed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Dewey ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎹᏰᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. Carl von Clausewitz ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏙᎦᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏑᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.
ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ epistemology, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎪᎯᏳᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ discusses ᎯᎠ underpinnings ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ. ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ "philosophies..." ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ deeper ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ conceptual underpinnings ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ.
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, sociology, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ).
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, Ꮭ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ symphonies ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ Beethoven ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Elvis Presley. ᎩᎳ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ. William McGaughey ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ, "ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎣᏓᏅᏛ", approaches ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ debated. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ pseudophilosophy.
Relativist ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ sceptical ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ shouldn't ᎾᏍᏋ.
Plato, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ, Socrates, ᎦᎪ arguably ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Gorgias.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ affirmed Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ.
ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ summed ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏍᏛᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ; ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ connotation; ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ termed ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ.


ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ (ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ), ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ (ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ), ᎦᎨᏛ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, snowstorm, hailstorm, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ).
ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ dagatuwisdisgv ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ cumulonimbus. ᎤᏍᏗ, localized ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ varieties ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ 10 ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 89 h (55 mph) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ 10 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ. ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏂ ᏂᎬᏉ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 12 200 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ repeatability ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎡᏆ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ oceanographic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ: ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ, ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ siltation, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ northeasterly ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ-Atlantic ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Virginia. ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ 50% ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎭᏂ ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ 0.1% ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 1000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
Extraterrestrial ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏐᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ (ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 340 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ Galileo Galilei. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ adatolasdisgi ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 1994 ᏂᎯ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏠᎨᏏ Planetary ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ 2 imaged ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ Saturn, generated ᎾᎥᎢ upwelling ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ (ca. 7,900 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, 1990 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ.
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎩᎵᏏ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎴ printmaker J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851) ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ reinvented ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ seascape ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ nineteeth sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ Holland, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ seashore ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ, choppy ᎠᎺᏉᎯ Dutch ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Turner’s ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ seascapes ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏳ" (ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ "ᏥᏳ ᏭᎾᏕᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ - ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎾᎿ") 1840.
Russian ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ Vladimir Vysotskiy ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ 'ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ', ᎠᎴ 'stormes'" (Russian: "Мы говорим не 'штормы', а 'шторма'").
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ: Briareos, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, Aigaios, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Aiolos ᎦᎪ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ-ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ locked ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Aiolia, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ flooded ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Noah ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ.


ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.
ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ, ᎢᎦᏛ iyuwakodi ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏒᎯᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ. Sunclipse ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Buckminster Fuller' ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ geocentric ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏭᏕᎵᎬ" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Rayleigh ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ enhanced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ phenomena ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ smog ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ processes ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏍᏚ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ itsuwakodi, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ Pinatubo ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1991 ᎠᎴ Krakatoa ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1883, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ coloured ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vibrant. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ geographical ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ viewed. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎿ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ-ᎠᏰᎵ coastline, ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ timing ᏭᏕᎵᎬ varies ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed. ᎯᎠ timing ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ timing ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ yvwatuwidv Ꮝ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ solstice yvwatuwidv ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 21, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ solstice yvwatuwidv ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 21, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ swapped. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ dagatuwisdisgv ᎢᏧᎳ solstice, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ plotted ᎾᎥᎢ analemma.
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ equinox ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ equinox ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ southwest ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ equinox ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ equinox.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ; ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi "ᎢᎦ" ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ "ᏒᏃᏱ". ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ agatoli ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ motif, ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ paired ᎬᏙᏗ coconut ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ) ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ iyuwakodi ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏂᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ). ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ (ᏙᏧ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ), ᎠᎦᏴᎵ lyudetiyvda, ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.


ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎠᎧᏔᏘ" (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ "tele" = 'ᎢᏅ' ᎠᎴ "skopein" = 'ᎭᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ'; "teleskopos" = 'ᎢᏅ-ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ') ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵes electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ - lenses ᎠᎴ ᏓᏎᏘ- ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, photographed ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-astronomical ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ "ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ", "ᎠᏁᏙᎯ", "spotting ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ", "monocular", "ᏗᎦᏙᏗ," "ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗes" ᎠᎴ "spyglasses".
ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ antennae ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ conductive ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ wavelength. Multi-ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ synthesize ᎡᏆ "ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ" ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ: ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2005, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, utilizing ᎤᏜᏅᏛ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵese HALCA (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tsunadatvgotanv ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ). ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᏚᏢᏙᏗ Interferometry ᎾᎾᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.
X-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ gamma-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ "glancing" ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ rotated ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ originating ᎾᎾᎢ astronomical ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ Assyrian ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ lenses, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Visby lenses ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. Leonard Digges ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ adatunv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1570s, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ adatudi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ assembling ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ Dutch ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1608. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hans Lippershey (c. 1570 – c. 1619), ᎠᎴ Jacob Metius ᎠᎴ Zacharias Jansen ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ Lippershey ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ publicized ᎾᏍᎩ. Galileo Galilei ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1609, ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ "perspicillum"," ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ "telescopium" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Latin ᎠᎴ "telescopio" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italian (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ). Galileo ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ adatunv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ astronomical ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. Galileo ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ agatoli ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Galilean ᎠᎧᏔᏘ (ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ viewfinder ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ). ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Johannes Kepler ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ lenses (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ "Astronomiae ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Optica" ᎠᎴ "Dioptrice"), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ astronomical ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ lenses (ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Kepler ᎠᎧᏔᏘ). ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ. ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ classified ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
Galilean ᎠᎴ refracting ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ refractive properties ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ lenses. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ astronomical ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ.
Newtonian ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ properties ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ paraboic ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ onto ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ (ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ) ᏓᏎᏘ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ eyepiece.
Catadioptrics (ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Cassegrains) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ lenses ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.
ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ Cassegrain ᎠᎧᏔᏘ (ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ narrower ᏠᎨᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ magnification) ᎠᎴ Newtonian ᎠᎧᏔᏘ (brighter ᏠᎨᏏ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ pierced ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ, Newtonian ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ replaceable ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᏎᏘ.
ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ inaugurated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ (MMT), ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ synthesizing ᏓᏎᏘ 4.5 ᎠᏎᎯᎯᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ 6.5m ᏓᏎᏘ. Ꮝ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘᎬᏙᏗ 10 m segmented ᏓᏎᏘ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ 6 ᎠᎴ 11 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ optimal ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ actuators (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ lyadvnehi ᎠᏨᏍᏛ). ᎪᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 30, 50 ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ 100 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ.
ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ~2 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ astronomical ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ monitored ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ surveyed. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ robotic ᎠᎧᏔᏘ, ᎡᎵᏍ controlled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ e.g. ᎯᎠ Liverpool ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Faulkes ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ), ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ automated ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ astronomical ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ detector ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ agatoli. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ sensitized photographic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ spectrograph ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ photographic ᎠᏖᎵᏙ, ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ electronic detector, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ-ᏔᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (CCDs), ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ perfected, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ sensitivity ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ wider wavelength coverage.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᎦᏛ technologies ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ adaptive ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ imaging ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ interferometry.
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ diffraction ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ diffraction ᎠᏎᎸᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ Rayleigh ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, Dawes ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏆᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ). ᎪᎯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ wavelength ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ wavelength. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ wavelength, wider ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ nearby ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏛ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.
Ꮭ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎠᎴ refracting ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ diffraction ᏰᎵᏇ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ lenses ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ diffraction ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, monochromatic, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1857, Philipp Ludwig von Seidel (1821-1896) ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ monochromatic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ Seidel ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ Seidel ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ expresses ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ/ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Seidel ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎤᏠᏱ dependencies ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ.


ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ transmitted ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.
ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏴᏫᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ-ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gantlai, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏆ(ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ "ᎪᏢᏗ" ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, iyuwakodi zoologistᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ
ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ entities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ (ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ reengineering), ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, creativity ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎣᎬᏌ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ (ᎠᎴ collaboratively). ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ" ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ methodologies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ anthropologists ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ. ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ opposable ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ (ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ (ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ).
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ.
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ functionality. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ. 'ᏌᏊ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ' ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᎪ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ specialized ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ uniyatolv ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ: ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ 'ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ', ᎠᎴ 'multi-ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ', ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ-ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓ-ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ incorporating ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ 90° ᎠᎴ 45° ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ aligning ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ scribing ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ lyudetiyvda. ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮎ iyuwakodi.
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Alexandrian ᎠᎪᎢ, ugatohvsvi ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ: ᎠᎹ (waterwheel) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ (ᎠᏕᏲᎲ).
ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗoccasioned ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ. ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ nanotechnology utugi gvdi ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.


ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ. ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ. ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏅᏯ, chipped ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ metallurgy ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏬᏗᎨ, ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏯᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, multi-ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ specialized ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ "ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ", "ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ", "ᎪᏍᏓᏱ" ᎠᎴ "ᎫᎭᎸ". ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ handguard, ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ slipping onto ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ "ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ", "ᎪᏍᏓᏱ", "ᎠᏍᏛᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏗᎨᏂ".
"fuller", ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎩᎬ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ" ᎠᎴ "ᎩᎬ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ", ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, Ꮝ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ; ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ "ᎦᏅᏬᎢ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎪᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ jamming, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ chopped ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ gripped ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏀᏭᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ lanyard.
ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
Victorinox ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ; ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Wüsthof, Global, Henckels ᎠᎴ Böker (ᏡᎬ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ).
ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ martensite, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎣᏌᏂ-grained ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ irregularities Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ quenched, ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ austenitic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ martensitic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏩᎾ ᎤᏲᏍᏗ. ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ austenitic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ chromium ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ("ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ") ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ pitting ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᎴ oiled.
ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ (12–18%) chromium ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ — ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎠᎴ "ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ chromium. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ oxides ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ chromium (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ) carbides. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ carbides ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ rustable, ᎡᎳᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ("ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ") ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ.), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ D2, S30V, 154CM, ATS-34, ᎠᎴ 440C.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ; ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Spyderco ᎠᎴ Benchmade ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 154CM, VG-10, S30V, ᎠᎴ CPM440V (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ S60V), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ D2 ᎠᎴ M2. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ titanium, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏳ Damascus ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ trademark, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ layered ᎠᎴ admired ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ tactical ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
Vanadium ᎠᎴ molybdenum ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. Vanadium, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ molybdenum, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ CATRA (ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ) ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ vanadium.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ.
ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.
(1) "ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ" ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᎭ curving ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ wielder ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎷᏱᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ.
(2) "ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ", "ᎦᎳᏄᏂ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ" ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ upward. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ lightweight ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ slicing ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
(3) "ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ" ᎠᎴ "spey" ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Ꮎ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ (ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ.
(4) "ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ" ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ "ᏚᏂᏴᏔᏅ" ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ thinner ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ effectiveness ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎯᎠ Bowie ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏂᏴᏔᏅ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
"ᎪᎭᏍᎬ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ" ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ convexed ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ".
(5) "sheepsfoot" ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ. Sheepsfoot ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ whittling, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ hooves.
(6) "Americanized tanto ᎠᏣᏅᏗ" ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ (ᎸᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ wakizashi). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ tanto ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ (1). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ 60-80 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ.
"ᎤᎷ" (ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ) ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏳᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ", ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ leatherworking ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ categorized ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ.
ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. Activities Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ rely ᎾᎿ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Ꭷ-ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Bowie ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ-ᎤᏫᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ backspring Ꮎ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ lockback ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ simplest ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᎦᏏ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ-ᎤᏫᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎭᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ backspring. ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᏌᏊ presses ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎭᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ, releasing ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ linerlock ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "tactical" ᎦᏇᏅᏙᏗ. Ꮝ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ presses ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᏂᎯ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ framelock ᎨᏒᎢ variant ᎯᎠ linerlock, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏳ ᏓᎦᏏ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ effectiveness. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Benchmade ᎤᏤᎵ AXIS™ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎠᎴ SpyderCo ᎤᏤᎵ Compression™ ᏓᎦᏏ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏓᎦᏏ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ) ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ-ᎤᏗᏆᎸᏕᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 'ᎦᏐᎯ', ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ansall ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ.
Serrations ᎾᎿ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ "ᎤᎪᎲᎩ" ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ slicing ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎣᏍᏛ serration ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. 15 25 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. Slicing ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ blunter ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ.
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.
ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sandpaper ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 10 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 15 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᏱᏓᏍᏗ) ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 20 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ drawknife), ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ 30 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (finer ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ/ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ).
ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ mounted ᎾᎿ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ setup, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ V ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ V, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ.
Honing ᎠᏂᏅᏯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎦᎷᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏁᏩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ. ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ honing ᎠᏂᏅᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ honing ᎪᎢ. ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ. ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎠᎹ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ (ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ) ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏁᏩᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ slurry ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ honed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ honing ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ oilstones. Coated ᎬᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ abrasive, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎬᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᏯ. ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ corundum ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ.
Stropping ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᎸᏍᏙᏗ impregnated ᎬᏙᏗ abrasive ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꭺ, cardstock, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮎ 'scary ᎪᏍᏓᏯ' ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. Realigning ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ, metallic ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏧᏩᏍᏔᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ softer ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ asymmetrically, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ.
ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ forbidden ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ (e.g. chef ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ). ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ (switchblade) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ banned ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ(Balisong) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ stigmatized, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ switchblades ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ agencies ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Austria, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ OTF ("ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ") ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ European ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎾᎵᎢᏴᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ multitools ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ SwissTool, Gerber multitool, ᎠᎴ Leatherman multitools ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ frowned ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ forbidden ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ onboard ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliners, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏍᏙᏯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᏥᏳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ inacessible ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎠᎬᏂ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ travelling, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, switchblade, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ(ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ — ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏚᎪᏓᏁᎸ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ banned, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ banned, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ banned. ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ San Antonio, TX, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ metro ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Washington, D.C., ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ 3" ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ problematic. ᏐᎢ restricted ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ 2.5 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ) ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ.
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ legislated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ, ᏂᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ: ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ switchblades. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ bona fide ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ (e.g. chef) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏅᏙᏗ (e.g. sgian dubh), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ (e.g. Sikh Kirpan). ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ penknives (ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏓᎦᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 3". ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ 'ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ "ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ(ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ".ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ switchblade, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 15cm (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5.9in). ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6cm (switchblade 5.5cm). (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.) ᎢᏳᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎧᏔᎾ, ᏣᏆᏂ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ 6cm ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ(ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ), ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 1 ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ, ᎠᎴ ¥300,000 ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ $2,700 ᎣᏌᏂ.
ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏦᏕ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎫᏴᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ taped ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏗᎫᏴᏗ".
ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏚᏩᎴᎫ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎭ, "ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ".
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Finland ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ-governmental ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ agencies ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ puukko (Finnish ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ/ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ trusted ᎤᏓᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ. ᎯᎠ puukko ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ, ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ purported ᏦᏕ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᏕ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ- ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ dubh ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ purported ᏦᏕ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏲᎠᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ 'ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ' ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎩᎬ. ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏦᏕ, ᎯᎠ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎩᎬ.


ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ: ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ deferred ᏗᎫᏴᏗ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᏕᎳ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ circulating currencies ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ denominated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ currencies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎾᏘᏍᎩ.
ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ (ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ) ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ negligible ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ enhanced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ mandating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎯᏛ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ currencies (e.g. ᎤᏃᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ currencies ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ (e.g. Swiss Dinar).
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏉᏗ conch ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.
1. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ simplifies ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.
2. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ IOU ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ IOU ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ accepted ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏌᎭᏓᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ 10 ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ 45 ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ IOU denominated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ.
3. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏒᏆᎶᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏧᏯᏖᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ reliably ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ possessing ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᎿᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ criteria.
ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ satisfies ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ "ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ" criteria. ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ. ᏯᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏚᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.
ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ interchangeably. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ looser ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ.
ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏇ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ societies ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. Platinum ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ meltable ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᏌᏊ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ; ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ.
Banknote (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ–ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ, ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ. Electronic ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ traded ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ.
ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ. Monetarism ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ. ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ controlling ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏕᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏂᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Soviet ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ arguing Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏩᎾᎢ.
ᎤᏤᎵᏓ currencies.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ Ꭺ currencies ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ restricted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏪᏨ ᎠᏰᎵ 1837 ᎠᎴ 1866. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, municipalities, ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ, ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ, ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 8,000 ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ monies ᎾᎥᎢ 1860. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ issuer ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ, ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ unreliability ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, unpopulated ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏓᎷᎳ ᎬᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Lawrence H. ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ “wildcat” ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ—ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎾᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ—ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ"." ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1863 ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᎬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ" ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1910 basically ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ currencies ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Ireland ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎯᏛ.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎯᏛ electronic ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ currencies ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ digital ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ. ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ currencies ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ turnover ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎯᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ platinum, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎤᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ (ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ properties ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ joules) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ kilogramme*kilometre/ᏑᏟᎶᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ, ᎢᏳᏃ legalized. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ꮎ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ) ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ.
ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏩᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ escalating ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ M0, M1, M2 ᎠᎴ M3. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ M3 ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ) ᎠᎴ M0 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏴᏴᏚᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ). M0 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏕᎳ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ controlling ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ECB. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏍᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᎾᎾᎢ 2% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ rushes ᎠᎴ discoveries, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Columbus ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ Spain, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1849. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏚᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ. ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ savers ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ deflation, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᏉᏤᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. Deflation ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1792–1913.
ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ denominated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ – ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏛ, ᎠᏕᎳ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ -- ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ-denominated ᎠᏓᏚᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᏗ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ
ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ. "ᎦᎸᎳᏗ powered" ᎠᏕᎳ (M0) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ
ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ
ᏔᎵ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ
ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎠᏓᏚᏗ) ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ
ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ (M0).
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ M0 ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ
ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ) ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏩᏍᎬ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎠᎴ T-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. Ꮭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ M0. ᎯᎠ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ.
ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ Ꭺ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ. ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 4% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏃ depositers ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ withdrawn ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎨᏥᏍᏕᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ — savers ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ (ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ (Ꮝ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ recalled Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ" ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ B ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ B ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ C ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ C ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᏢᎯ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎪᏃ:) ᎾᎿ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ" ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᎴ T-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ — ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ defaulted ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏁᏉᏨ" ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏁᏉᏨ" ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, rescued ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ taxpayers ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ (savers) ᏫᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ controlled, ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ T-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏃ uninsured, ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏍᏕᎸᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛors ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ enacted ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ.
Benchmark ᎡᎶᎯ Currencies.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ currencies ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (XAU) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ
ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ (XAG) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1000 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ


ᏌᏌ.
ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Anatidae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ geese ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᏄ. ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ grouped ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ geese ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ subfamily Anserinae.
ᏌᏌ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ "ᏗᎦᎴᏅᏗ" ᎾᏛᏁ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ 3–8.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ "ᏌᏌ", ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏥ "schwan", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Indo-European ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ "*swen" (ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ), ᎭᏢᏃ Latin ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ "sonus" (ᎤᏃᏴᎬ). (Webster ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᏲᎵ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "gantlai", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏌ, "cygnus". ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ", ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ".
ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ patterned ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎯᎠ Australian ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᏌ ("Cygnus atratus") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᏌᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ. ᎯᎠ Coscoroba ᏌᏌ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᎭ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ blackish ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ. ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv colour varies; ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓasehihi iga dadatugv ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ patterned ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᏌᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᏌ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Cygnus" Bechstein 1803
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Coscoroba" Reichenbach 1853


ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ bipedᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎤᎦᎾᏩ-ᎩᎬᎭ, oviparous vertebrate ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ, forelimbs ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎴᎳᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ Emu. ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ taxonomic viewpoint, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 8,800–10,200 ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 120–130 Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ vertebrate.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ, ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎤᎦᏔ, ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, rodent, ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎫᎠᎴ nightjar, ᎠᎴ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ (lyadvnehi ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏒᎯᏱ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ waderᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ utilise optimum ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (e.g., ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ iyuwakodi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (e.g. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Albatross). ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏥᏄᎳ, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ iyuwakodi, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-shelled ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ metabolic ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, 4-chambered ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ characterised ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ratiteᎠᎴ flightless, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ. Flightless ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ penguins, ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ, kiwi, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ Dodo. Flightless ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ gantlaiᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Auk, flightless ᏐᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ moa ᎢᏤ Zealand, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ gantlai ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ birdwatchers ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, birders) ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ categorised ᏥᏄᏍᏗ biological ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, Aves. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ "Archaeopteryx lithographica", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Jurassic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, Aves ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Crocodilia, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎯᎠ Archosauria.
Phylogenetically, Aves ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "ᎦᎶᏍᎩ domesticus"), ᎠᎴ "Archaeopteryx". ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ phylogenies ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dinosaur clade Theropoda.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ superorder, ᎯᎠ Paleognathae (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ flightless ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾes), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Neognathae, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ.
ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ taxonomic ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Aves. ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ.
ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ). ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Sibley-Monroe ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.
ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ.
ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Mesozoic ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Archaeopterygiformes, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Confuciusornithiformes, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ seabirds ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ Hesperornithiformes ᎠᎴ Ichthyornithes, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Subclass Enantiornithes ("ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ").
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ lyudetiyvda ᏥᏍᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ theropod dinosaurs, ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ Maniraptora, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ theropods ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ dromaeosaurᎠᎴ oviraptorids, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-avian theropods Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎾᏞᎬ discoveries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ (Liaoning ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ theropod dinosaurs ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ.
ᎯᎠ basal ᏥᏍᏆ "Archaeopteryx", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Jurassic, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ "ᎠᎾᏠᎦ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ" ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. "Confuciusornis" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏍᏆ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ predated ᎾᎥᎢ "Protoavis texensis", ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎪᎯ lyudetiyvda ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏐᎢ Mesozoic ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Confuciusornithidae, Enantiornithes, "Ichthyornis", ᎠᎴ Hesperornithiformes, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ flightless ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ grebeᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ dromaeosaur "Cryptovolans" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ powered ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ alenvdidsv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ uncinate processes. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, "Cryptovolans" ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ "ᏥᏍᏆ" ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ "Archaeopteryx" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏠᎦ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ paleontologists ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ dromaeosaurᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ basal ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ secondarily flightless, ᎠᏯ.e. dromaeosaurs ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv. ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎩ feathered dromaeosaurs.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ornithischian (ᏥᏍᏆ-hipped) dinosaurs ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ saurischian (ᏗᎦᎭᎵ-hipped) dinosaurs (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ dinosaurian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏦᎢᏁ iyuwakodi ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ theropods, ᎯᎠ Therizinosauridae.
ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ dinosaurian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, espoused ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Lary ᏡᏡ ᎠᎴ Alan Feduccia), ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ maniraptoran "dinosaurs") ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ archosaurs ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "Longisquama", ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ contested ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ R.O. Prum. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ "Longisquama" ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Neornithes, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Paleognathae ᎠᎴ Neognathae. ᎯᎠ paleognaths ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ tinamou(ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ratite. ᎯᎠ ratites ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ flightless ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ostriches, cassowaries, kiwis ᎠᎴ emus (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ratites ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ tvga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ). ᎯᎠ basal ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ Neognathes ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Galloanseri, ᎯᎠ superorder ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Anseriformes (ᎧᏬᏄ, geese ᎠᎴ ᏌᏌ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Galliformes (ᎯᎠ ᏝᎾᏘᏥ, gantlai, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ). ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. Sibley & Ahlquist ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ" (1990) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ debated ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ). ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ taxa. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ; ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ DNA ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ emerged. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ adaptations (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ) Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ vertebrate phylum.
ᏧᏪᏥ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ calcium carbonate. ᎬᏙᏗ-passerines ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Charadriiformes, sandgrouse ᎠᎴ nightjar, ᎭᏢᏃ camouflage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ passerine ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ passerines, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᏠᏗ coloured ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ-nesters.
ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ protoporphyrin ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ passerine ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ calcium ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮎ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ colour ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ genetically influenced, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ gene ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pigmentation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ determining W ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎠᎨᏴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ WZ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ZZ).
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ elaboratey decorated ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ oropendola.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ polyandry, polygyny, ᎠᎴ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 91% ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. Polygyny ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ 2% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ polyandry ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1%. Monogamous ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ vertebrate ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ. "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ".
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ confining ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ physiological ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏓᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ incubating ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. "ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ taxa ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ incubate, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏗᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏥᏔᎦ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ geese, ᏝᎾᏘᏥ, ᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᏄᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ utilized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ emu, ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾes, ᏬᏱ, gantlai, ᎫᏇ, ᏬᏯ, woodcock, songbird, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ passerineᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlaies. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi ᏌᏌᎠᎴ flamingoᎨᏒᎩ delicacies ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᏊ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ-derived ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ nitrogen ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎤᎦᎹ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏬᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, deforestation ᎠᎴ intensive ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ activities ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ ᏬᏯ ("Columba livia") ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏥᏍᏆᏯ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Starling, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ gantlaies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ.
ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Homing ᏬᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ tsunadatvgotanv ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ). ᎠᏯᏍᏔᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ fishermen. ᏥᏔᎦᎠᎴ ᏬᏱᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ toxins, ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ gases, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎦᎴᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ iyuwakodi ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ.
Colorful, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (e.g., ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ mynah) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ trafficking ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; CITES, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1963, ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ trafficking ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᏥᏍᏆ ᎥᏳᎩ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ psittacosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, Newcastle ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏳᎩ, mycobacteriosis (avian tuberculosis), avian ᎥᏳᎩ, giardiasis, ᎠᎴ cryptosporidiosis.
ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Worldwatch ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ, ᏥᏍᏆ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ 1,200 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ cited ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, predation ᎾᎥᎢ nonnative ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᏤᏩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ pesticide ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ.
ᏥᏍᏆ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ taxonomic ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.


ᏓᏎᏘ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ specular ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏓᏎᏘ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ magnified ᎠᎴ demagnified ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ laser, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ wavelengthelectromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ; ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ convergent ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ "ᎣᏂᏗᏢ" ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.) ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᏗᏓᎨᏗᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏃᏈᏏ) ᎾᏍᏋ focused ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ; ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ imaging nearby ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.
ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ Ꮝ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ 30° ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ 30° ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ Aranmula kannadi.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ aluminium ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ", ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ; ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80% ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ" ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ" ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ silica) ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lasers ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ dielectric ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ reflectivity ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ lasers ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ, ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎪᏢᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ optimal ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏦᏕ Ꮎ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ.
ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ(ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ), ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ MROS (ᏎᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ): ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏎᏘ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ sunglasses, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ.
"ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ) ᏓᏎᏘ" ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏅᏃᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏅᏏᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏚᏅᏏᏴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏏᏴᏫ video ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ laser ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ voyeurism, e.g. upskirt. ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hedonistic ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ 'ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ' ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 'ᏛᏰᎶᎲ' ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏙᎳᏣᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ Versailles.
ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ.
"ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ" ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ coated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᏦᎳᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ (ᏩᏥ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏓᏎᏘ" ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ splitter. Ꮝ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected — ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ interferometry.
ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ Ꮎ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᏕᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ (ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ); ᎢᏳᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ thermodynamics ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ. (ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ "ᏗᏦᎳᏅ", ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ isolator ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ laser.)
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎧᏔᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ" ᎠᎴ "ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏚᎢ" ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ) ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ wavelengths ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏱᏙᎲ.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ 90%–95% ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏤ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.
protective ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ. "ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ" ᏓᏎᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ resurfaced ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.
ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ reflectometer ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ wavelengths ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ exploited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ substrate ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ transmissive infrared ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ infrared. ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ overcoatings ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ reflectivity ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ coated ᎬᏙᏗ silicon dioxide ᎠᎴ magnesium fluoride. ᎯᎠ reflectivity ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ wavelength ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, dielectric ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ) substrates ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ dielectric ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ dielectric ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ wavelength ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ reflected ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ >99.999% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ wavelengths) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lasers.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, adaptive ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ technique ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ timescale milliseconds, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏚᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ electromagnetic ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏓᏎᏘ". ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ electromagnetic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ
ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏔᏘ.
ᏂᎬᎢ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᏓᏎᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 60 kilometer ᎾᎿ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᎦ. ᎪᎯ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ militaries ᏩᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.
ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ Archimedes ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎶᎻ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Syracuse. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ disproved, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ. ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, Mythbusters, ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ MIT ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ "Archimedes ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎾᎢ 75 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Archimedes' ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ impractical, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mythbusters ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ implausible.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ thermonuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ x-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ onto ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ favoring nuclear ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ "(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Nuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ)".
ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ.
ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ unframed, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ.
ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ-coated ᎠᏓᎨᏗ, ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ".
ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ.
Illuminated ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ.
ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ.
ᏌᏊ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ anamorphosis ᎤᎭ interposed ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏁᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ.
ᎬᏙᏗ electromagnetic ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏓᏎᏘᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ 1 ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ 2 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ (ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎤᏃᏴᎬ aircrafts. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᏓᏎᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ Perseus ᎠᏥᎸᎩ Medusa ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ mirrored ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Lewis Carroll ᎤᏤᎵ "ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ Grimm, ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎤᎾᏥ ᎤᏁᎬ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
Tennyson ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎨᏴ Shalott ᎤᎭ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, releasing ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ.
ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Argentina ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Jorge Luis Borges, ᎦᎪ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Dreamtigers", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius", fictional heresiarch ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ "ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ."
[R]egarded ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ, ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, colorless, ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ, – ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏂ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ: ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎧᏅᏑᎸ Ꮭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
"ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎳᏅ" ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Lewis Carroll ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏓᏎᏘ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Harry Potter ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ Erised ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ Ꮝ viewer ᎤᏤᎵ deepest ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎤᎳᏏᎩ detector) Ꮎ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ gazer ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎾᏗᏢ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ viewer ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Johnny ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ "ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ" ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ thwarted ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏅᏦᎠᏎᏍᎬᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kurt Vonnegut ᎤᏤᎵ "ᏑᎾᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ", Kilgore ᏧᎾᎦ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏓᏎᏘ "ᎬᎫᏍᎬ," ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏂ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎬᎫᏍᎬ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᏓᏎᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ heroes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ laser-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Witches ᎢᏅ" ᎾᎥᎢ Terry Pratchett, ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ, ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᏎᏘ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ DC ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ "ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ" ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ.


ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.
ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ landform, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ(ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometer) ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏝᎥ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᏏ.
ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.
ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ geographical processes. ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꭴ- ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ V-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ erosive ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ tectonic ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ.
ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ - ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ ᎠᎴ V ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1 5 km ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸd.
ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ V ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꭴ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ; ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ clammies ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ, ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᏃᏲᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ.
ᎤᏒᏙᏂ.
ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ England ᎠᎴ Missouri ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ geographic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Mansfield ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎳᏗ. ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ Karst, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ (e.g. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Slovenia ᎠᎴ Austria).
Extraterrestrial ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.
ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᎶᎯᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ignelvhi ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ rille, ᏰᎵᏇ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ (ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, Carpathes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 300 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (e.g. J.H. Schröter ᎤᏤᎵ "Selenotopographische Fragmente" 1791). ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ phenomena ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Rheita ᎠᎴ Schröter ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Vallis Alpes (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1 km (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5-10 km ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ)—ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ geological ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ 11 ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ 1969. ᎡᎶᎯᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙᎯᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ Olympica" ᎾᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ extraterrestrial ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1970s ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ. ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ Io.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Valles Marineris ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ "Valles" (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ detected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1877 ᎾᎥᎢ Schiaparelli) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ canyon ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, 4,500 x 600 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 8 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ 4-8 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ "ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ Canyon". ᎯᎠ "Valles" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ tectonic ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ grabenᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ "ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ" ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Saturn ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ photographed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ interpreted ᎾᎥᎢ astrogeologists ᏥᏄᏍᏗ tectonic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎤᏠᏱ graben ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi geologic ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.


ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ; ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ focuses ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᏗᏰᎸᎯ, ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ, ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ participants ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ" ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ "communis," ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ, shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "communitatus" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ" ᎦᎷᎦ, ᎨᏒᎢ comprised ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, "Com-" - ᎳᏗᎾ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ, "-Munis-" - ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ Indo-European ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ orgin, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ" (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ), ᎠᎴ "-tatus" ᎳᏗᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ. ᎠᏓᏥ sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ" ("gemeinschaft") ᎠᎴ "ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ" ("gesellschaft"). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ 1887 ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft," Tönnies argued Ꮎ "ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ" ᎨᏒᎢ perceived ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᏋ tighter ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ kinship ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ shared ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "gemeinschaft."
ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᎴ shared ᏧᏁᏉᏨ.
ᎯᎠ catalyst ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ "ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ" ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ participants ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ-ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ progressed ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ-ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ cultural ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ seasonal foodstocks ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ strategies ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nature ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ.. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ nested, ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ integrated, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ identified, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ planetary ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ geographic ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, 3rd ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ; ᎯᎠ organizational ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ UNO ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ agencies, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, IMF, WTO, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ cultural ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ globalization, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ disseminated ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ multinational media ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ complexes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ cultural awareness ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ "ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ."
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ societies ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ societies ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ privatization "ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ", ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏱᎵᏒ laborers ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᏎ ᎢᏳᏛᎾᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ labor ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ labor ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ "privatizations" ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ eliminating ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ. ᎾᏊ, societies ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. Theorists ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ulrich ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ Anthony Giddens ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ modernity, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ," Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ vibrant "global" ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sociology, anthropology, ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ overlapping ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏁᎵᏒ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ theories sociology ᎠᎴ cultural ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ theories ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ organizational ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, organizational ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ (sociology), ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ computational sociology.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏴᏫ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ Ꮎ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ cultural ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ "ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ socialization. ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ interpersonal ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ adulthood, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
Socialization.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ socialization. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏘᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ socialization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ psychodynamic ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ socialization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 1 ᎠᎴ 10. ᎠᎴ socialization ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ.
Socialization ᎨᏒᎢ influenced ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎤᏂᏠᏱ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ media, ᎯᎠ workplace ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ "ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ," ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Tocqueville ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ, participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, enhanced ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ-solving. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ argued Ꮎ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ.
ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ" ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ behaviors ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎵᎪᏒ") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ observable ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᏣ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ. ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᏙ ᎯᎠ organizational ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ (ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ). ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ (ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ boundaries ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᎦᏣᏄᎳ shared valent ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᏁᎳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ (ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎠᏁᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᎴ congratulated (ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎲ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ). ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ (ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ (ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ).
"ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ" (SCI) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Chavis ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ (1986). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ workplace ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
Communitarianism.
Communitarianism ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ philosophies (ᎠᎴ ideologies) ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ, capitalism ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ advocating phenomena ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ, communitarianism ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ societies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, multiculturalism, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ.
Organizational ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ.
ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ organizational ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ communicated ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎯᎠ formulation agendas, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ. Organizational ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ organizational ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ organizational ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ organizational ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ geared ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ connectedness ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Robert D. Putnam ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ (ᎦᎪ ᏴᏫ ᎣᎾᏛ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ (ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ)." ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ' ᏚᏁᏅᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Putnam ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ" (2000), ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Putnam ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ 25 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ 58 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ 33 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ 45 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ.
ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ. Sociologist ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Oldenburg ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ" Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏦᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ: 1) ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, 2) ᎯᎠ workplace, ᎠᎴ, 3) ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ hangout ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ grassroots ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ "ᏦᎢᏁ ᎾᎿᎢ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ, coffeehouses, ᎾᎥᎢ pubs ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ innovative ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ universities ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ agencies ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing, ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ agenda. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ' ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ universities ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ curricula ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sociology ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Saguaro ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ F. Kennedy ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ Harvard ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, Oxford ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Ꮝ " ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ," ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ sociologists ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ "ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ "ᎠᏓᏁᎸ" ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ downloadable ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ focuses ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ "mobilizing ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ" — ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ organizing.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ Scott ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩlarger–scale ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ participants ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ contractors. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ "ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ" (LETS) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ currencies, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ithaca ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ enhanced ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ geared ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ activism ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ termed "ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎣᏍᏛ-ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ constituency-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ-ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏓᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᏬᎳ-ins, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ, ᎠᎴ electoral ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎶᏗ Detroit! ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Toronto ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ activist ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ focused ᎾᎿ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ resolving ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. Organizing ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ distributing ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizers ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ democratic ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ governance. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing ᎠᎴ grassroots organizing, ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing," "ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing" ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ organizing").
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.
ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ nonprofit ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ undertaken ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏓ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ sentencing approaches ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏁᏉᏨ.
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ," ᎾᎯᏳᎢ scientifically ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. M. Scott ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ expresses ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: "ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ; ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ; ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ Ꮭ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ." ᎪᎯ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ distinctiveness ᏴᏫ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.


ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ detectable ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴ adel didiyi. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ waterways ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᎾ" ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ environmental ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ environmental.
ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, "ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ" ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ topographic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ dashes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. "ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ streambed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Southwest ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬᎤᎶᏒᎩ. Washes ᏰᎵᏇ kalil ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ upstream, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Latin ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ wadi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Arabic-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ‘torrential’ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᎭ appenine ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎾᏥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ seasonal ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
"ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ" ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ topographic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia, ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ topographic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ termed "ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ". ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ demarkation ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ runoff ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
Watersheds.
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎯᎠ "watershed". ᏂᎦᎥᎢ watershed ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ watersheds, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ watersheds ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ watersheds. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ watershed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ watershed, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ watershed ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏱ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ watershed ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ watersheds, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Tombigbee ᎤᏪᏴ watershed.
ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᏪᏴ watershed ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ohio ᎤᏪᏴ watershed, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ watershed, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.


ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏢᏗᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎾᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎪᏢᏗᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ enabling ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ "ᎢᎦᏛ", deriving ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ termed "ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ") ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏑᎵ: ᏣᏂᏑᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ, ᎪᎯ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ. ᎠᏂᏑᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hierarchy ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ interpreted ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏤ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ deciding ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏫᏓᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎯᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏚᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.
ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ: "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ personam" ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ" ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ "ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ" ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ) ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Pennoyer v. Neff. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ v. Washington.
ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏈᏔᏂᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ
ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ: ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ); ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.


ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ Islam.
Angelology.
Angelology ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ hierarchical ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ kaballistic ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎬᎨᏫᏒ ᏌᏊ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ Judeo-ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏟᏚᎦ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ Zoroastrianism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ angelology ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ (ᏨᏍᎩᎾ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Iranian Avestan ᎠᎴ Vedic ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ Indo-European mythologies ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ existed ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ Zoroastrianism ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ Jewish angelology, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ angelology, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Zoroastrianism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Persian ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Babylon, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ Zoroastrianism borrowed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. ᎤᏙᎳᏒ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ (ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ Islamic ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ: comparing ᏨᏍᎩᎾ Angra Mainyu (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ) Zoroastrian ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ-ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ Ahura Mazda, ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ.ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Zoroastrianism, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ hierarchy ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Angelology ᎤᏤᎵ hierarchy.
ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ questioned ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Torah, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ Jewish ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ predate ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Persian ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ Zoroastrianism. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ Ꮎ similarities, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏐᎢ motifs, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Zoroastrian ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Zoroastrian ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
Zoroastrianism ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ (Ahura Mazda): ᎯᎠ Amesha Spentas, Yazatas, ᎠᎴ Fravashis. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ (cf. ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ Dar, ᎠᏯᏙᎸ 26), Zoroastrians ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ dedicated Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.
Fravashis (Phl. Farohars) ("ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ").
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Arda Fravash ("ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ"). ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (Y26.4, 55.1), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ patrolled ᎯᎠ boundaries ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ (Bd6.3, Zs5.2), ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. Ahura Mazda ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ Zarathushtra ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ (Yt13.19-20). ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ Druj ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ (Yt13.12-13).
ᎯᎠ Fravashi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ (Y16.7, 26.7, 26.11, 71.23, Yt22.39) (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Dhalla, ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ Zoroastrianism, pg 232-243, 375-378)
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ).
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tanakh.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, מלאך ("malach"), ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ," ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ" (Zechariah|12:8|JP). ᏐᎢ appellations ᎠᎴ "ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ", (Genesis|6:4; Job|1:6 [R. V. v. 1]) ᎠᎴ "ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ" (Psalms|89:6-8).
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Jewish ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, Elohim" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ " 'Elohim" (ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ), "bnēi 'Elohim", "bnēi Elim" (ᏧᏪᏥ ᎦᏁᎸ) (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ). ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ (e.g. ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ 6:2; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ 1:6; Psalms|8:5).
"ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ:" ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ" (Zechariah|14:5) ᎠᎴ "watchers" (Daniel|4:13). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ" (Deuteronomy|17:3) ᎠᎴ "Adonai" (oshua|5:14). ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ," צבאות "Tzevaot" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ "Adonai Tzevaot" (ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, "Adonai Tzivo'ot"), ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ" ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏛᏳᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ forbidden ᎾᎥᎢ Moses ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ" ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ armies Israel, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ "ᏗᏓᏅᏙ," πνεύματα (Revelation|1:4).
ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Israel ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai", ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ "Malach Elohim", ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "Malach Adonai" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ interchangeably ᎬᏙᏗ Adonai (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ). (cf. (Exodus|3:2), ᎬᏙᏗ 3:4; (Exodus|13:21) ᎬᏙᏗ (Exodus|14:19). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" ᎯᏁᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (Genesis|32:30); (Judges|13:22). ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" (ᎠᎴ "Elohim") ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ, Hagar, ᏩᏏ, Gideon, &c., ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ Israelites ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎨᏛ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ" (ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ 3:2). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "Malach Adonai" ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ classified, ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ", ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Jewish ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Kabbalist ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ kabbalistic ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" ᎠᎴ "Elohim" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" ᎠᎴ "Elohim". ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎢᏓᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ (Genesis|18,19). (J) ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ, ᎣᏂ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏔᎵ, ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎤᏩᏒ (Cf. 18:1 ᎬᏙᏗ 18:2, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19:17). ᎾᎾᎢ Bethel, Jacob ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ (Genesis|28:12), ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎾᎢ Mahanaim (Genesis|32:1). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai", ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏍᎦᏯ" ᎦᎪ ᎠᏁᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Jacob ᎾᎾᎢ Peniel ᎨᏒᎢ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ 32:24, 30). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ (Isaiah|6) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-exilic ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-exilic ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (1|Kings|13:18) ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19:5, cf. 7, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ exilic ᎠᎴ ᎨᏛᎢ-exilic. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎢᏴᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Israel ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ suppressed ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ (Deuteronomy|6:4-5 ᎠᎴ Isaiah|43:10), ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ezekiel. Ezekiel, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ hierarchy ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Babylonian ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ angelology Zoroastrianism (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Zoroastrianism ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ). (Ezekiel|9) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ); ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ"; "malach", ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ", ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ezekiel. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Zechariah, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ", ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "malach", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "Malach Adonai" ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂ (Zechariah|1:11). ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎬ) ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ (Zechariah|3:1). ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ "bnei Elohim", ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᏨᏍᎩᎾ (ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ "ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ-ᏨᏍᎩᎾ"), ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ 1, 2. Cf. (1|Chronicles|21:1). ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Psalter (Pss. 91:11, 103:20 &c.); ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ (Psalms 78:49) ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ", "ᎠᏯ.e." ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ezekiel ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ digatoli ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Zechariah 3:9, 4:10. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ewald ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (Tobit 12:15; ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ 8:2), ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᎴ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Ameshaspentas (Amesha Spenta), ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ Persian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ca. 400 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ (Genesis|1:26).
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Persian ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ underwent ᎡᏆ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel, ca. 160 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, 71 ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ", ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ "ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ" ᎠᎴ "ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ" ᎠᎴ "ᎡᏆ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ"; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, Gabriel, Michael; ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ (Daniel|8:16; Daniel|10:13, 20-21), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ Judah. ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tobit ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Raphael, "ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ". (Tob. 12:15.)
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tobit, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ/Aramaic ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ (ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ 4:18) Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ "ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ" ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Michael, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Judah. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tobit, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον, ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ Sarah ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ "ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ", πνεῦμα (Tobit 3:8, 17; 6:7).
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ Gen. 6:2, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ interpreted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Enoch. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "bnē Elohim" Ꮎ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ (cf. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "bne Elohim" ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏯᏔᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Milton ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ". ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ hierarchy ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ 200 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ – 100 ᎤᎶᏐᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jewish ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Enoch ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ Isaiah ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (Genesis|18:2, Genesis|19:5; Judges|6:17, Judges|8:6; 2|Samuel|29:9; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏛᎦ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ; ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sacrificial ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Elijah, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎩᎸᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ (Genesis|16:13; ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ 6. 21, 22; 2|Kings|2:11; Exodus|3:2). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ; ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ encompassed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (Job|15:15), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Psalmist ᏄᏪᏒᎩ (Psalm|104:4): "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ, ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ." ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ/Deuterocanon ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ. ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎾᏍᏋ fulfilled—generally, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ hands—one ᎠᏫᏗ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ-ᎤᏲᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ side—and ᎠᎩᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ [(Numbers|22:23), (Joshua|5:13), (Ezekiel|9;2), (Zecheriah|1:8) ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ seq.]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ contempory ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ achieved, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ). ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ (Chronicles|21:16,30), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ "ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Daniel, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ "clothed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎩ girded ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ Uphaz: ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ digatoli ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏣᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ" (Daniel|10:5-6). ᎪᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎪᏯᏛ (Daniel|9:21), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, Jewish ᎠᎴ Zoroastrian ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ depicted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. Depictions ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ depictions ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ deities, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ adatolasdisgi ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Eos, Eros, Thanatos ᎠᎴ Nike.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ agatohvsdi ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ
ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. Jacob ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; Joshua ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ"; ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ, "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ"; ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ "ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ" (Gen. xxxii. 2; Josh. v. 14, 15; ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xxii. 19; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯ. 6, ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 1; Ps. lxxxix. 6; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxiii. 23). ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (xxv. 3): "ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ armies?" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ".
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, embassies ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ comprised ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ designated: ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎥᎠᏩᏏᏐᏗ," "ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ," "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ," "ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ atuyasdodi," "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ," ᎠᎴ "ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ" (Gen. xlviii. 16; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxiii. 23; ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ. xxiv. 16; Mal. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 1; Isa. lxiii. 9; Ps. lxxviii. 49, R. V.). ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯim, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯim, chayot ("ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ"), Ofanim ("ᏗᎦᏆᏙᏗ"), ᎠᎴ Arelim (ᏄᏓᎴ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ). ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ, ᎦᎪ dwelleth ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ"; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ (ᎠᏯ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. 4, Ps. lxxx. 2, Gen. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 24). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Isaiah (vi. 2) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ; ᎠᎴ Ezekiel ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ḥayyot (Ezek. ᎠᏯ. 5 ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ seq.) ᎠᎴ "ofanim" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ (ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Zechariah [iii. 9, iv. 10]; ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.
ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎵ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ agatudesdi ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ foretold ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ Isaac, Manoah ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Sodom. ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Egypt, ᎦᏂ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ atuyastanv ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ (ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. 23.20, Num. 20.16).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ (ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 1) ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ Lord—unless ᎠᎭᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Isa. xlii. 19, Ḥag. ᎠᏯ. 13, Mal. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 1), ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ meant—addressed ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ atuyastanv ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Elijah ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ (ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xix. 5); ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Jacob, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ (Ps. xxxiv. 7, xci. 11). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪᏃ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ Assyrian ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ 185,000 ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ (ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xix. 35); ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎨᏯᏔᎲᎾ Ethiopians ᎠᏍᎦᎢᎲ" (Ezek. xxx. 9); ᎯᎠ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ scattered ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ (Ps. xxxv. 5, 6).
ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ. xxiv. 15, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ personified, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ps. lxxviii. 49 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. "ᎤᏐᏅᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ causative ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ"; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᎦᎷᎦ (Ps. xxix. 1, ciii. 20, cxlviii. 2; ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Isa. vi. 2 ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ seq.).
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xxii. 19; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯ. 6, ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. 1); ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ" (Ps. lxxxix. 7, R. V.;. V. "ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ"). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (Deut. xxxiii. 2; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxviii. 7). ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Zechariah, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ "ᎠᎢᏒ ᎠᎴ fro ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ (Zech. vi. 7).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ Haggai ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ (ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ); ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ "Malachi" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎠᏂᏙᎯ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, xiii. 18, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ existed ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ (Gen. ᎠᏯ. 26; ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, xxxviii. 7). ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ; ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᏂ; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏄᎪᏗᏍᎩ, xiii. 18, ᎠᎴ Gen. xxxii. 30, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ questioned, ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ Michael ᎠᎴ Gabriel. Michael ᎨᏒᎢ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏐᎢ nations—the ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ instance—were ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Daniel ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, Zechariah graded ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ digatoli (Zech. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. 9, ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. 10) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ "amesha spentas" Zoroastrianism (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ezek. ix. 2).
Jewish ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ (ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Sodom. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ "ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ" ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ ᎯᎠ Israelites. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Jewish ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tanakh ᎡᏙᎠ stunningly ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Ezekiel, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏆ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, Uriel, Raguel, Sariel, ᎠᎴ Jerahmeel. Gabriel ᎠᎴ Michael ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Daniel, Raphael ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Tobit (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Deuterocanon) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Enoch ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ Pseudepigrapha (ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Ethiopian ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ).
Maimonides ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Maimonides, Gersonides, Samuel Ibn Tibbon, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ mediated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ: Maimonides ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ" ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ:4 ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ:6.
ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ Maimonides ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ" Jewish ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 20th ᎠᎴ 21st ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Maimonides ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ Jewish ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ millennia.
ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ("e.g." (ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ), 4:11. (ᏥᏌ), Luke 1:26 (Mary), ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ 12:7 (Peter)); ᎠᎴ ᏥᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ("E.g." ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 8:38, 13:27), ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 12:25). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ hierarchy, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Gabriel (Luke 1:19), Metatron (Rev. 10:1 - Ꮭ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ -), ᎠᎴ Michael (Daniel 12:1), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ, (ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 3:22) ᏨᏍᎩᎾ (ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 1:13), ᎠᎴ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ (Rev. 9:11); ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (Michael, Jude 9), principalities ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ (Rom. 8:38; Col. 2:10), ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (Col 1:16). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ (Rev 7:1). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ Asia ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rev. 1-3. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Daniel ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ; ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Gabriel ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ Mary ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Matt. 28:2, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏥᏌ' ᎦᏂᏌᎲ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ-ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏥᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ. ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ 16:5, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏳᎳ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Luke ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ (Luke 24:4), ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ clothed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᏄᏬᏍᏗ." ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ 20:12, ᎭᏢᏃ Mary ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᎦ "ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎬ" ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᏥᏌ.
ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ witnessed ᏥᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᎴ prophesied ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Peter ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎧᎵᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ-ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ radiating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 4th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ depicted ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ, presumably ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ traveling ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ intermediaries ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ). ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ).
ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ hierarchy ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Hierarchy", ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ-Dionysius ᎯᎠ Areopagite, ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 5th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ Dionysius ᎯᎠ Areopagite. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎤᎭ tended ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ hierarchies ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ subdivided ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. "ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Hierarchy" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ: "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ", "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ", "Principalities", "ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ", "ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ", "ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ", "ᎦᏁᎸ", "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ", ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ hierarchy, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ closest ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᏍᏋ referencing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ tsuqagutanvsv ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Paul "ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ principalities ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ" (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ denominatios ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ). ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ altar ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ altar adalatudi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏌ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ 40 ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏛᏗᏍᎩ Sebaste, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ 40 ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ renounced ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏛᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Reformed ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ" ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏥᏌ.
ᎢᎦᏛ lyudetiyvda ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ Maimonides, ᎠᎴ accepted ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mainstream ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᏨᏍᎩᎾ, Beelzebul, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ rebelled ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ expelled ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ' ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ rebellious ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ afterlife, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᏴᏫ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ (Luke 20:35-36), ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᎾᎢ 1Cor 15:51, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (1 Cor 6:3). Flavius Josephus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ, VI", ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ resurrected ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. Zechariah 5:9 ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ interpreted Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ 1Cor 11:10 ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ interpreted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ--ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ (Gen. 6) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ conceiving ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ resurrected ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Swedenborgianism ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ risen ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ deemed ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ.
Islamic ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arabic, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Qur', ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Malaaikah"(ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ: Malak). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ Islam, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Qur' ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ dictated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ Muhammad ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Jibril (Gabriel). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nurturing ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ distributing ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Gabriel ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ-ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Islamic ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ committing ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ Iblis ᎦᎪ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ Quranic ayat (ᎤᏓᏢᎬ), "ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ; "ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎢᏨᏌ unto ᎠᏓᏫ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ prostrated ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Iblis. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ..." (Surat ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Kahf, 18:50). ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Jibril ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, Torah, ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ Qur'. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Michael (Mikaeel) ᎦᎪ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ, Sarafiel (Israfil) ᎦᎪ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ Yaum ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Qiyamah (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ), ᎠᎴ Azrael (Izra'il), ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ Gabriel ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Nakir ᎠᎴ Munkar ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ (Surat ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Muddaththir, 74:30). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (Surat ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Haaqqa, 69:17). ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ resurrected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦ (ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jannah (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ), ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ).
ᎣᏂᏯᎨ-ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ.
ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, Jr., ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ (ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ kenohedv ᏥᏌ.
ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, Jr., Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, ᏡᏡ Harris. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Cowdery, Whitmer, ᎠᎴ Harris ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏂ retracted ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ conversed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎠᎴ Moroni, Nephi, ᏈᏓ, ᏥᎻ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏬᏍᎩ.
Michael ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏫ (ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ Gabriel ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Noah (ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ).
ᏐᎢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Zoroastrianism, ᎯᎠ Amesha Spentas ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ don´t ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ahura Mazda ("ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ", ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ); ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏁᎵᏒ Zarathustra ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Achaemenid ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ Zoroastrianism) ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ personalized, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ (ᎠᏥᎸ, ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᎠᎹ...).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Tennin ᎠᎴ Tenshi ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏤ lyudetiyvda ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ" (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ"), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Hindus ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda ᎨᏒᎢ Ishvara (ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ weaknesses. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ Ishvara ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Abrahamic ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ (ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "devaduta" ᎠᎴ "duta"). ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ Indra, Mitra, Ashvins, ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ Jainism ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ", ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
Thelema.
Aleister Crowley ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ". ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Thelema, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ one’s truest ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎦᏁᎳ Crowley, ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ Augoeides Iamblichus, ᎯᎠ Atman ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Daemon ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ achieved ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ inevitably [be] relied ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ step—crossing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ. ("Magick ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ", Ch.83)
Crowley ᎤᏒᏂᎸ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ staked ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᏐᏅᎢ.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ Emanuel Swedenborg ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ "ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, Ꮎ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ.
ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ media.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 21st Centuries, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ viewed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ-ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ fallibilty, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ-ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ' ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Constantine starring Keanu Reeves ᎠᎴ Michael starring ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Travolta.
ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ-ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ residing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vietnam ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Americana ᎠᎴ heartbreak.


ᏩᎴᎳ.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏆᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Trochilidae. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ, 15 80 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ). ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏛᎦ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏗtᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ attracted ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ—ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ, "Heliconia", bromeliad, verbena, fuchsia, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ penstemon—ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ pollinator, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-throated ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏩᎴᎳ ("Mellisuga helenae") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 1.8 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ, ᎦᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 3 g ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 10-12 cm (3.5-4 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ).
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ woven ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᏔᎵ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 14-19 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.
ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ coloured. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ duller.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎸᏈᏍᏗ, fairylike ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ gemlike brilliance. ᎠᏥᎸᎭ-ᎦᏛᎢ Awlbill, ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ-ᏂᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, Brazilian ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-crowned ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ, ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ-throated Sunangel ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ intensively ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ aerodynamic ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ: ᏂᎦᏛᎢᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ filmed ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ video ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ", biophysicist Douglas Warrick ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᎴᎳ, "Selasphorus rufus", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ velocimetry techniques ᎠᎴ investigated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ generated ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏤᎵ upstroke ᎠᎴ downstroke.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ 75% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ downstroke ᎠᎴ 25% ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ upstroke: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ (ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ) Ꮎ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ generated ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥᏴᏎᎬ ᎯᎠ wingbeat ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏩᎴᎳ' ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ, Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᏬᏗ ᏩᏐᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ avian ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏩᎴᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏙᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1260 ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-throated ᏩᎴᎳ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎯᎠ heartrate ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ slowed dramatically (ᎯᎠ heartrate ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 50-180 ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ), ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ' ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ migrating ᎩᎦᎨ-throated ᏩᎴᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ 800 km (500 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ) ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎾᎿ nonstop ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ. ᎪᎯ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 40 50 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. (Skutch, 1973)
ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Alaska ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ Tierra del Fuego, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Indies. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cuba ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Bahamas, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ-throated ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ-chinned ᏩᎴᎳ, Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ migrant, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ warmest ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᎴᎳ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ kanquotsegi ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ kanquotsegi ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏗᎦᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ Ꮎ migrated ᎧᎸᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ -20 °C.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ hardiness.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ colourful ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏩᎴᎳ ᏫᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏅᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ easiest ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏉ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ nutrients, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎡᎵᏉ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᏂᎬᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ (ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ granulated ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ) ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ rinsed ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ soaked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ chlorine ᎤᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏏᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ. ᏩᎴᎳ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏅᎦᎸᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᎳ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ.
ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ.
ᏩᎴᎳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ tvga ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏝ ᏗᏝᎢ ᎠᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ trapped. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ trapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏐᏴᎢ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎩᎦᎨ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ threatened ᎠᎴ trapped ᎨᏒᎢ ᏨᎦ upward. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎧᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ trapped ᏩᎴᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎢᏯᏦᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ cupped ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏝ ᏗᏝᎢ ᎠᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏐᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. (ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ:)
ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏩᎴᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏀᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Apodiformes, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏥᏄᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Sibley-Ahlquist ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ separated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, Trochiliformes.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 325 ᎠᎴ 340 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎴᎳ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ taxonomic viewpoint, ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ subfamilies, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏙᏗ (subfamily Phaethornithinae, 34 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏓᎵ genera), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᎴᎳ (subfamily Trochilinae, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ).
ᏩᎴᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ evolutionary biologists ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ (ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ 'tsuqagutanvsv' ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ.
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᏩᎴᎳ diverged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ 30 40 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. lyudetiyvda ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ identifiable ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Gerald Mayr ᎯᎠ Senkenberg ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Frankfurt ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ identified ᏔᎵ 30-ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ". ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏩᎴᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "Eurotrochilus inexpectatus" ("ᏅᎦᏖᏃᎲᎾ European ᏩᎴᎳ"), ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏌᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Stuttgart. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ unearthed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Frauenweiler, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Heidelberg.


ᏗᎦᎭᎵ.
ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᏅᏔ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᏛ(Ophidians). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏅᎩ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᎴᏂ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ eyelids. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵ centimeters (ᎢᎦᏛ Caribbean gecko) ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (ᎪᎼᏙ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ" ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ skeletal ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ eyelids ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᎾᏛ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ anole, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ" ᎠᎴ "chamele").
ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᎴ rodents. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ iguana, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ gantlai ᏤᎵ. iyuwakodi ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏕᏅ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ southwest ᎠᎹᏰᎵ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Melbourne, ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ iguanians ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ (ᏗᎦᎭᎵ) ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ glands. ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ injected ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ. ᏐᏁᎳ toxins ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ chemicals ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ clade. "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ," ᎠᏗᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Greene, herpetologist ᎾᎾᎢ Cornell ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᎩ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎩᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ Komodo ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ganahlai. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ Beaded ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ predatorᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, iguanas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ); ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ symbology ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ(e.g. Tarrotarro ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.
ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Scincomorpha ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ skink(ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ skink), ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ aquatic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Iguanas, ᎠᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ gecko, tegu, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎭᎵᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏲᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎠᎴ tarantulas. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ.


ᏎᎷ.
ᏎᎷ ("Zea mays" ssp. "ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ"), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mesoamerica. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 16th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎠᏤ Zealand, ᎠᎴ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ mealies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ varieties ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ heterosis ("ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ"). ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ varieties ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ varieties ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 7 m (23 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 2.5 m (9 ft). Sweetcorn ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ-ᏎᎷ varieties.
ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ bamboo ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏫᏢ (ᏂᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20–30 cm (8–12 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ. ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ, 50–100 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 5–10 cm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ (2–4 ft ᎾᎥᎢ 2–4 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ); ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ 2–3 m (7–10 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎯ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎦᏓᏘ-ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏂᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏏᎵᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ whorl ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎠᎴ elongated ᎤᏚᎯᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᏎᎷ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ 2–4 ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ rely ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.9 (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ stressed ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ). ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ silage ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ denser ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ" Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᏎᎷ cultivar ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ > 50° F (10 °C). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᎷ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ-ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled genetically ᎠᎴ regulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ phytochrome ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ consumed ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏏᎵᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ tougher ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ dries inedibility. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎦᎶᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ fused ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ grasses. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ) ᎥᏝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᎦᎴᏂ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10–25 cm (4–10 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: ᎬᎿᎨ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᏎᎷ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎦᏔᏁᎦ, ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏤᎵ ᏤᎵ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ baked ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ.
genetic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ sweetcorn.
ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ᏌᏊ). DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ hydroxamic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ benzoxazinoids) Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, pathogenic fungi ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ. DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ grasses, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ. ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ (bx) ᎦᎷᎶᎩ DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ fungi. DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Crambidae). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, DIMBOA ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 60 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ multi-ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Agronomic ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, cytological, ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ DNA ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ. ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ (ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ), ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, racial complexes, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ.
ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (n=10). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 1500 cM. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "chromosomal ᎦᏂᏴᏗ". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ repetitive heterochromatic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ polymorphic ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ teosinte. Barbara McClintock ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ markers ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ transposon ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ "ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ genes".
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, "ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ - ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ", funded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎦᏩᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎵᏃᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Urbana-ᏂᎬᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 80,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ genes, ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ gene ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ heritable variants. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1000 chromosomal ᏧᎾᏍᏗ (e.g., ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ (e.g., tetraploids). ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ accessed ᎾᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Genomics ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005 ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ (NSF), ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (USDA) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎦᏣᏄᎳ) ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ consortium ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ genome. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ DNA ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎾᎾᎯ GenBank, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ genome-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Sequencing ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ genome ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ genome ᎤᎭ 50,000–60,000 genes scattered ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ 2.5 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ – ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ DNA – Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ genome ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.9 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ 26,000 genes.)
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ researchers—ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, geneticists, ethnobotanists, geographers, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 7,500—12,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ). ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ occured 9000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎺᎯᎪ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ Oaxaca ᎠᎴ Jalisco. ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ teosinte ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Balsas ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Oaxaca ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 6,250 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ; 3450 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, uncorrected); ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Tehuacan, Puebla, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ca. 2750 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ca. 1100 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ: ᏎᎷ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ teosinte ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ.
ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᏎᎷ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎢᏤ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ varieties ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ. ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Columbian ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, Mesoamerican, ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ Caribbean ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1st ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ (ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ), ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ Southwest ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ northeastern ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᎸᏌᏛᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ grassland ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. Gavin Menzies, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ "1421 - ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ", ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ transplanted ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ disputed).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ precipitated Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ bi-ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, George ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ "popped" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ intercrossing teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ 500 1,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ freshwater ᏓᎫᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ environmental ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᏐᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏆᏏᎵᎢ, ᎦᎸᏥᏱ, Indonesia, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 – ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᎵᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎠᏍᏚᏗ 33 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ hectare ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ $23 ᎯᏍᎩ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ C4 ᎦᎪᏘ (ᎦᎪᏘ Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ C4 photosynthesis), ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ-ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ C3 ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ soybeans. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏏᎵᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ predicted ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎧᏂᎩᏂ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏎᎷ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ silage ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ. ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ", ᎤᎶᏐᏅ pollination ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎪᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ causing ᏎᎷ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.
ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᎸ: ᏚᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏚᏏ 60–120 cm (2–4 ft) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ 3 ᎠᎴ 4 ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎥᏓᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏎᎷ" ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ 40 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ 10–12 cm (4–5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ technique ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ-ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ nitrogen-ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ soybean ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎪᎳ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮭ-ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ cultivars ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ biotechnology ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ agronomic ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ.
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ harvested ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ- ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ pickers ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ picker, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏎᎷ sheller ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏗᏆᎴᏴᏍᏙᏗ) ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ.
Pellagra.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ enthusiastically ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ productivity. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ malnutrition ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎾᎿᏇ ᏱᎾᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ malnutrition ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ alkali—ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏍᏚ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ (calcium carbonate) ᏄᎾᏛᏅ Mesoamericans—ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ B-vitamin niacin, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pellagra. ᎪᎯ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ Nahuatl (Aztec)-derived ᏚᏙᎥ: nixtamalization.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ niacin, pellagra ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ, lysine ᎠᎴ tryptophan. Nixtamalization ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ lysine ᎠᎴ tryptophan ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏎᎷ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏤᎵ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ amaranth ᎠᎴ chia, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ cultural ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ, pellagra disappeared. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ lysine ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ contributed Ꮝ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ losses, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ transgenic Bt ᏎᎷ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. Bt ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ.
ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, silage ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. Silage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ chopped ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ cornstalks. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ hydrolyzed ᎠᎴ enzymatically ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ fructose ᏎᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, sweetener, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ fermented ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ. ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ bourbon ᏫᏍᎩ. ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ethanol ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (10% ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ (gasohol) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ octane ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎪᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ cornmeal ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ polenta ᏲᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ mămăligă Romania ᏩᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ sadza, nshima, ugali ᎠᎴ mealie ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tortilla ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ chicha, fermented ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ.
Sweetcorn ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᏎᎷ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎮᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᎳ ᎤᎥola uvysdi; ᎠᎴ ᏁᏩᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏎᎷ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ ᎠᎴ masa) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ tortillas. Teosinte ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎳᏬᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ popped ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ coloured ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ colorful ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ-ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ varieties, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ 31 ft (9m) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ [Evening Journal; ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, ᎠᏯᏩ; 1946], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ 24 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [Journal of Heredity, 1924], ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
Corncobs ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hollowed ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869. ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ biomass ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ-ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏔᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ) ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ.
ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ "ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏎᎷ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Adrian Fisher, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1993. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ GPS ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎬᏯᏗᏢ vistor ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎾᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1983, Barbara McClintock ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ transposons ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ biomass ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. biomass ᏙᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Strem ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Güssing, Burgenland, Austria ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ diesel ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ biogas ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Fischer Tropsch ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.
ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ.


ᏚᏯ.
ᏚᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎦᏔᎯᎸᏍᎩ genera Fabaceae (ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ Leguminosae) ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏚᏙᎥ.
"ᏚᏯ" ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ broadened ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Phaseolus" ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ haricot ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏥᏓᎯ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Vigna". ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ digakohidi ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ soybean, ᏒᏙᏂ, lentil, vetches ᎠᎴ lupin.
"ᏚᏯ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ harvested ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. "ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ" ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ soybean ᎠᎴ ᏚᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏗᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ (ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ). ᎦᎪᏘ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ harvested ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏚᏯ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuyunasdii ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎴ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏚᏯ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ "leguminosae", ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏚᏯᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏚᏯ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏚᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏚᏯ(ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ).
Cultural ᎢᎦᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᏯ.
Toxins.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏚᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎵ ᏚᏯ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ toxins (lectin) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏓ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎵ ᏚᏯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏚᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ toxins ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 'ᎤᏲᎢ'.
ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏚᏯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ soybeans, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ oligosaccharides, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tsuqwanvdena. anti-oligosaccharide enzyme ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏴᏫ digestive ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ anti-oligosaccharide enzymes, consumed oligosaccharides ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎵᎦᏏ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-causing gasses ᏥᏄᏍᏗ byproduct.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ-galactosidase, anti-oligosaccharide enzyme, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ oligosaccharides ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎦᏏ. ᎪᎯ enzyme, ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ-ᏚᏙᎥ Beano, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ consumed ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ.


ᎠᏥᎾ.
ᎠᏥᎾ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏡᎬᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Cedrus" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ coniferous ᎦᎪᏘ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Pinaceae. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ("Abies"), sharing ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎸᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Himalaya ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 1,500-3200 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Himalaya ᎠᎴ 1,000-2,200 m ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 40-50 m (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ 60 m) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ-ᎠᏜ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ridged ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ-ᎤᏁᏍᏝ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dimorphic, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, 8-60 mm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ phyllotaxis ᎾᎿ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏜ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏙᏂ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, 6-12 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Abies", ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ 10-15 mm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ 20-30 mm ᎪᏯᏛ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Abies", ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎭ 2-3 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎯ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ defence ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏌᎶᎵ predation. ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎬᏙᏗ pollination ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ-ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ maturing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ digakohidi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵe ᎢᎦᏛ Lepidoptera ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏃᏥ Processionary ᎠᎴ ᏓᏆᏌᏅ ᏩᏐᎳ (ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ Deodar ᎠᏥᎾ).
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ "Cedrus" ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏚᏙᎥ, 'kedros'. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ-ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ genera "Calocedrus" ("ᎪᏛᏙᏗ-ᎠᏥᎾ"), "Chamaecyparis" ᎠᎴ "Thuja" ("whitecedar", "ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Redcedar"), "Cryptomeria" (Japanese ᎠᏥᎾ"), ᎠᎴ "Juniperus" ("ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Redcedar", "ᎣᏓᎸ-ᎠᏥᎾ") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cupressaceae; "Cedrela" ("Spanish-ᎠᏥᎾ") ᎠᎴ "Toona" ("Australian Redcedar") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Meliaceae; ᎠᎴ Tamarix ("Saltcedar") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Tamaricaceae.
ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎳ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ -25 °C (ᎯᎠ Turkish ᎠᏥᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ hardier, -30 °C ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ) ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᎠᏓ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ lyudetiyvda' ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Hiram, ᎠᎴ Ahiram, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, Lebanon, ca 1,000 BC. ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾ ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎬ ᏩᏐᎳ. ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ reforestation ᎠᏥᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎬᎾ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏥᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ.


ᎤᎵᎾᏫ.
ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ gantlaiᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Testudines (ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Chelonia), ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ shielded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ cartilagenous ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Testudines ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ (ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Triassic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda gantlai ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏛ. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ.
ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ?
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᏓᎦᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, "Chelonia mydas", ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ; ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ-eared slider, "Trachemys scripta elegans", ᏓᎦᏏ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, "Terrapene carolina carolina", ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ freshwater chelonians ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏓᏰᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Testudinidae, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ gopher ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ("Gopherus polyphemus"), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ. "ᏓᎦᏏ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ diamondback ᏓᎦᏏ ("Malaclemys ᏓᎦᏏ"), ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Algonquian ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ gantlai, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ-ᎡᎶᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ Australian ᎩᎵᏏ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ freshwater ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎪᎯ confusing ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ freshwater ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ chelonian, ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ, ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, conservationists, hobbyists ᎠᎴ veternarians ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ "χελώνα" (/çeˈlona/, "chelone"), ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Chelonian ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mesozoic, yvwatuwidv 200 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ disputed. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ clade Anapsida, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ procolophonoid, millerettid, protorothyrids ᎠᎴ pareiasaur. ᏂᎦᏛ anapsid ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ amnioteᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ zygomatic ᏂᎬᎢ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ anapsids ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ Permian ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ procolophonoids ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ testudines (ᎤᎵᎾᏫ).
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ anapsid-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ anapsid ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ phylogenetic ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ nanahwunvgi ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ diapsid, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ Squamata ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Archosauria. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ upheld ᎪᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ archosauria. Re-ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ phylogenies ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ classified ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ anapsids ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ anapsid ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ taxa ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ cladogram. ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ placodonts.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ proganochelys, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ "ᎤᎵᎾᏫ" ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ankylosaur(ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, presumably, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ).
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏜ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ chelonian ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ leatherback ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 200 cm (80 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 900 kg (2,000 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ 1 ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ). Freshwater ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ Asian softshell ᎤᎵᎾᏫ "Pelochelys cantorii", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 200 cm ᎠᎴ 80 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᏓᏍ, 1991). ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ chelonian ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 80 cm (31.5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 76 kg (170 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ). ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ genera "Geochelone", "Meiolania", ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ lyudetiyvda itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Australia, ᎠᎴ Africa. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ iyuwakodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ hunted ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Seychelles ᎠᎴ Galápagos ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 130 cm (50 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 300 kg (670 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ).
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ chelonian ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "Archelon ischyros", ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 4.6 m (15 ft) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ padloper ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 8 cm (3 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 140 g (5 oz). ᏔᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ tlawotu ᎤᎵᎾᏫᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Canada ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 13 cm (5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.
ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ.
ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ (ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv "Proganochelys" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ): ᎯᎠ Cryptodira, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Pleurodira, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ.
ᎤᏯᏍᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "plastron". ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ plastron ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏒᏢᎢ". ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 60 ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏖᏍᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv Ꮝ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎯᎠ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ scuteᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ outer ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ. Scutes ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ keratin Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏐᎢ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ scutes ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ scutes. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ leatherback ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-shelled ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ predators ᎦᏔᏪᏚᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ African ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏩᏂᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏯ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ aquatic ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, streamlined ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ diving. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ plastrons Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ aquatic ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-shelled ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ fontanelleᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ leatherback ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ scutes ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ fontanelles.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ. ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ coloured ᏬᏗᎨ, ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ blotches. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ colorful ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ plastron ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ.
ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ Moulting.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ scute (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ) ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏐᎢ gantlai. ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ moult ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᏛ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ aquaria, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ), ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sloughed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏯ. ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ.
ᎯᎠ scutes ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ moulted, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ thicker. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ scutes ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, newer ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ scutes ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ scutes ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ.
ᎠᏍᎪᎵ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ digatoli nanahwunvgi ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digatoli ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ aquatic ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-shelled ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎤᎭ digatoli ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ predators ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digatoli ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ glands ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ digatoli Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ salty ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ-ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ predators Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏳᎨᏂᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏣᎴᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ-ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ slicing ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. Herbivourous ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏣᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ digakohidi. ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᏦᏕ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ't, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ gantlai, ᎦᎾᏍᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎢᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ gantlai.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ webbed ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏅᎩ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎠᏚᎯᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ. ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ aligator snapping ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎥᏝᎰᏩ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, preferring ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ webbed ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ onto riverbanks ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ webbed ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ-ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ fused ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏚᎯᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ).
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ aquatic ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ "tvga" ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎠᎴ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᎵ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ freshwater ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hatchlings, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏎ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ onto ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, dragging ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ kalil ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ.


ᏥᏯ.
ᎯᎠ aquatic (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏜ) ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ gantlaiᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Mustelidae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᎦᏥ ᏓᎶᏂ, ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎤᎫᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎬᏙᏗ 13 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 genera, ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ.
ᏥᏯ ᎠᏁᎰ ᏚᏪᏴ, ᏧᏍᏗ ᏚᏪᏴ, ᎠᎹᏱᏃ ᎤᎦᏄᎸᏒ, ᎤᎿᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎰ
ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏱ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗᏃ ᏗᎾᏓᏍᏛᏍᎩ.
ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏓᏂᎾᏙᎦ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎵᏙᎸ. ᏥᏯ ᎡᎵᏊ ᏱᏓᎳᎬᏯ
ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎩᎳ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎿᏊ
ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ "ᎠᏗᏟᏙᎯ" ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏥᏯ (Google ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 29 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2006 ᏠᎨᏏ 63 ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᎠᏗᏟᏙᎯ ᏥᏯ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ OED ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ).
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (1,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ/mm², 650,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ sq. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ underfur ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎦᎸᏙᎵ, streamlined ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ webbed ᎤᏩᏱ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-clawed ᏥᏯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ African ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ tlawotuha ᎤᏪᏴ Africa ᎠᎴ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ gantlai, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ specialised ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ metabolic ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎣᏍᏓᏞᎩ: ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 15% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ-ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎢᎦ; ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ, 20 25%, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏥᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 10 °C ᏥᏯ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ 100 g ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ: ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 3 5 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᎦ, nursing ᏧᏂᏥ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 8 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᎦ.
ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ ("Lontra canadensis") ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ hunted ᎠᎴ trapped ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ lyadvnehi ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ aquaria, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ adel didiyi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ gantlai, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 1 m (3 4 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 5 15 kg (10 30 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ). ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏯ sanctuaries. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ sanctuaries ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ("Enhydra lutris") ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎯᎠ Bering ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ Kamchatka, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ 200,000 ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ cm ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ hunted ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ invertebrate(ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, abalone, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 1 2 m (2.5 6 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ 30 kg (25 60 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ California ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏜ gantlai (ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ), ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ insulating ᎪᎢ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ-ᏓᏜᏩᏛ trapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.
Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏯ.
ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏯ "Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli" (ᏓᎪᎥᎩ 'Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏯ' ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Gavin Maxwell ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎹ) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tigris-Euphrates ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ Iraq. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1960s.
European ᏥᏯ.
ᏥᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticideᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ-ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ 1999 ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 1,000 ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎯᎠ UK Biodiversity ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ envisages ᎯᎠ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010 ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ UK ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1960. Roadkill ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.
ᏥᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ótr ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏯ. (ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Icelandic ᎧᏁᏨ "otr" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᏥᏯ"; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ Indo-European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ "ᎠᎹ", "ᎦᏚᎵᏓ" ᎠᎴ "ᎪᎳ".)
ᏥᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᏥᏯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Brian Jacques ᎤᏤᎵ "Redwall" ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.


ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ, ᏩᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ. ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ electronic format ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ e-ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏯᎢᏒ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ.
ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 'ᏩᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ promotional ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ. ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ.
ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, bibliophilist, ᎠᎴ philobiblist, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ.
ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ.
ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ (ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎠᏛᎦᏅᎯ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ—ᏅᏯ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᏡᎬ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ—ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎪᏪᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏥᏈ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ (ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2400 BC. ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ glued ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Hellenistic ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏯᎸ (ᎳᏗᎾ "liber", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy. ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ 'Ꭺ' ᎠᎴ 'ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ' ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reusable: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ melted ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ carved ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ codices ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.D., ᏥᏄᏍᏗ witnessed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pompeii. ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏄᏬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ Apophoreta CLXXXIV, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Hellenistic ᎡᎶᎯ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏜ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏓ) ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ phased ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.D.. ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ: ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ format ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ searchable. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ.
ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.D. ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ monasteries ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ Cassiodorus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ monastery ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ Nursia, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ stressed ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ influenced ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᏂᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ spacing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎪᎯ facilitated ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tended ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎳᏗᎾ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ 12th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ argued, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ spacing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᎩ-vocalized ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏙᏄᏛᎿ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ (ᏩᎦᎠᎩᎾ ᎦᏁᎦ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏆᏓᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ libraries ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ, ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ chained bookshelf ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "libri catenati" ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ copied ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ monasteries, ᏌᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ universities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 13th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ("pecia"), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ stationers ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ incunables.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 14th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ (ᎯᎠ technique ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ centuries ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ carved ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ inked ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ. Creating ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-carved ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ Sutra". ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1907 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Marc Aurel Stein ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ walled-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Dunhuang, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏓᎪᎵᏰ: "ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ [caused to be] ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ Wang Jie ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ 13th ᎯᎠ 4th ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ 9th ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, 868 CE]".
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᎪᏪᎵ ᎪwᎵᏍᎩ Pi Sheng ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ circa 1045, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ embedded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᎧᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᏝᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᏜ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ pressed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏝᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏆᏓᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Johann Gutenberg ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ affordable (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. "ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: Chwe Yun-ui ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1234 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Goryo ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Korea." ᎪᎯ ᏧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ", ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏄᏂᏪᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎪᏪᎵ (Paper).
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏴᏩtᎤᏫᏛ 11th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ 16th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꭺ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ congruent ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ. ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 200 BCE, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ muslim territories. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ Ꭺ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꭺ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ commodities ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ bookmark ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1584 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, Christopher Barker, ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ Elizabeth ᎠᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏏᎵᎩ bookmark. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ bookmarks ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᎠᎴ nineteenth centuries ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᏏᎵᎩ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ detachable bookmarks ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1850 ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ 1880', ᏄᏛᏁᎸ Ꭺ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.
ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ-powered ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ presses ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ 1,100 ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 2,000 ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ.
ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ presses ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6,000 ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ.
ᎯᎠ centuries ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ censorship ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏳᎳᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ risen ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 200,000 ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ-19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, Ꭺ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (cellulose, ᎠᏓ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏄᏬ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ Ꭺ (ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ abaca). ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ Ꭺ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ paved ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ literacy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ industrialized ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ eased ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꭺ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ Ꮎ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᏥᎸ Ꮎ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ techniques ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ Ꭺ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ limestone ᎤᏪᏴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ neutralized ᎯᎠ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. Libraries ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ deacidification ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ 1850 ᎠᎴ 1950 ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ; ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴ alkaline Ꭺ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᎭ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ.
ᏧᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ, monasteries ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ universities. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Carnegie. ᎪᎯ reflected ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ paperback ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. Paperback ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ affordable ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ. Paperback ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ paperbacks) ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ libraries ᎪᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏀᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ institutional ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ANSI/NISO Z39.41 - 1997. ᎪᎯ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ (7 ᏚᏆᏓᏛ) ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ establishes ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᎪᏪᎵ ᎪwᎵᏍᎩ) ᎾᎿ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ "shelvable" ᎪᏪᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ DVD, video ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ software.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ' ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ 8vo" ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏚᏓᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎾᎿ bookshelf, bookend ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎳᎦᎷ.
ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ cataloguing ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Dewey ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Eurocentric ᎤᏞᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ libraries. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ libraries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ libraries.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ) ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏔᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ Gutenberg ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ global ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏕᎨᏌᏗᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ (IFLA) ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ISBD.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ISBN, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ participating ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ISBN ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ checksum ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0–9 ᎠᎴ X (10). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Barcode ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ISBN ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ 978, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Bookland ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ISBN ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ISBNs. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ industrialized ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ISBNs ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ISBN ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ.
ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ digital format.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ e-ᎪᏪᎵ (electronic ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ digital ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ, CD-ROM, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Sony Librie EBR-1000EP, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ digital ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, libraries ᎤᎭ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ-ᎧnᏉᏤᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ electronic ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭺ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ online ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ digital ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎾᎿ CD-ROM, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ e-ᏗᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ digital ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ Ꭺ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎧᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ digital ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ redistribution ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ availability. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ spearheaded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Gutenberg ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ Proofreaders.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᏂᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ. Technologies ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ.


ᏩᎶᏏ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ amphibian ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Anura (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎦᏂᏓᏛ-ᎦᏲᎵᎨ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ "-," ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ + "oura", ᎦᏂᏓᏛ). ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ characterized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ, webbed ᏎᏍᏗ, protruding ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏴᎩ-aquatic lifestyle, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏥᎵᎱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ larvae, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏖᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arthropod, annelid ᎠᎴ gastropod. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ noticeable ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ tropic subarctic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ rainforest. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 5,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ vertebrate. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ Decline in amphibian populations ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ.
ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, prompted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ convergent adaptation ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ taxonomic ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᏩᎶᏏ" ᎨᏒᎢ "Bufonidae", ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏩᎶᏏ," ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Atelopus" ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏩᎶᏏ."
ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Anura ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᎦᏛ 5,250 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 33 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, whereof ᎯᎠ Leptodactylidae (1100 spp.), Hylidae (800 spp.) ᎠᎴ Ranidae (750 spp.) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ speciose. ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 88% amphibian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ "ᏩᎶᏏ" ᎠᎴ "ᏩᎶᏏ" ᎤᎭ Ꮭ taxonomic ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ taxonomic ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Anura ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Bufonidae ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ "ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ". ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏩᎶᏏ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ aquatic ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-aquatic ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏩᎶᏏ" ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, warty ᎦᏁᎦ. ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏂᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Bombina bombina"): ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ warty, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ classified ᎾᎾᎯ ᏦᎢ suborders: Archaeobatrachia, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ; Mesobatrachia, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ evolutionary ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ; ᎠᎴ Neobatrachia, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ 24 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ "ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ" ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ Neobatrachia ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Hyloidea ᎠᎴ Ranoidea. ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏯᏛᎿ morphological ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ vertebrae, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pectoral ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏖᎦ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ accepted, ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ debated. ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ evolutionary ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ anurans ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗise ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Rana esculenta") ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎲ ᏩᎶᏏ ("R. lessonae") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ("R. ridibunda"). "Bombina bombina" ᎠᎴ "Bombina variegata" ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ amphibians. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ amphibians, (ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎴ caecilian), ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ amphibians (ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ vertebrate) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ "ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ" ᎡᏆᏯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ dissolved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏎ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ; ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ toxins ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ bloodstream. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 5,250 ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ amphibians. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ elongated ᎤᏣᏍᏆᎳᏛ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ vertebrae, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ fused tailbone ("urostyle" ᎠᎴ "coccyx"), ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tailless phenotype.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10 mm ("Psyllophryne didactyla" Brazil ᎠᎴ "Eleutherodactylus iberia" Cuba) 300 mm (ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ, "Conraua ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ", Cameroon). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ varies: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, warty ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏦᎢ eyelid ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ: ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ underwater, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎦ.
ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ predators, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ adaptations ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎭ webbed ᎧᎾᏌᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ webbed ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ aquatic African ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Hymenochirus sp.") ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ webbed ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ, arboreal ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ webbed.
Arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ "ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ" ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ interlocking ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ interlocking ᎦᏁᎸ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ irregularities ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ substrate. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ capillarity. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎤᏍᏗ "ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ substrate. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ hopping ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎤᏫᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ hopping ᎠᎴ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ webbing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ aquatic ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ "ᏥᏳ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴ.
ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ adaptations aquatic ᎠᎴ arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ webbing. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ extension—a metatarsal tubercle—that ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏡᎬ-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ.
ᎦᏁᎦ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ pelvic ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ permeability ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ behaviors Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ-conserving ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ tucked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎭᏳᎨᏂ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ substrate. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎯᎠ neighboring ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ adaptations ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
Camouflage ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ camouflaged ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ. ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ camouflaged ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ restricted ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Litoria caerulea") varies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎦᏁᎸ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ. Arboreal ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎦ, enabling ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ.
ᎠᏓᎯᎯ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏂᎦᎳ toxin Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ predators. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ glands—the parotid glands—located ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠ chemical ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ toxins ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ irritants hallucinogen, convulsant, ᎣᏓᎾᏛ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ, ᎠᎴ vasoconstrictor (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ predators ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ arthropods ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ;ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Australian Corroboree ᏩᎶᏏ ("Pseudophryne corroboree" ᎠᎴ "Pseudophryne pengilleyi"), ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ alkaloid ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏟᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏟᏓ ᏩᎶᏏ" "ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1980s. ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, adaptive ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ aposematism. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ("Eleutherodactylus gaigei" ᎠᎴ "Lithodytes lineatus") Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ coloration ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ' ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ (Batesian mimicry).
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ toxins ᎠᎴ extraordinarily ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ biochemists ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ". ᎯᎠ alkaloid epibatidine, painkiller 200 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ morphine, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᏐᎢ chemicals ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ HIV ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎦᏟᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏄᏬᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ bufotoxin, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ bufotenin, ᎠᎴ psychoactive, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ recreational ᏄᏬᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ smoked. ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ psychoactive ᏩᎶᏏ.
ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎩᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ underwater, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ transmitted ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ bloodstream. ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ (causing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏦᎢ-chambered ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ tetrapod ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ mammal. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-chambered ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, oxygenated ᎩᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-oxygenated ᎩᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ respiring ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ atria, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ vessel—ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ oxygenated ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ deoxygenated ᎩᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎩᎬ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ metabolic ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ.
ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ amphibians, ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ: ᎤᏪᏥ, ᏖᎦ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎿ aquatic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ behaviors Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ—ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ tadpoles—for ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏔᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ masses ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ frogspawn. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predation, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ techniques ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ predators; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ predation, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ predators ᎠᎴ pathogens ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ nearby ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Bufo marinus"), ᎠᏠᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ minimize predation. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ environmental ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, aquatic ᏧᏪᏥ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ.
ᏧᏪᏥ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏖᎦ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ polliwogs). ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ aquatic, ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ. ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ algae, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ diatom Ꮎ ᎠᎴ filtered ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predation ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ, newt, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ diving ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎷ. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏖᎦ. ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏖᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ overwinter ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏗᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Alytes obstetricans") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Spadefoot ("Pelobates fuscus").
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᏩᎶᏏ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏖᎦ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ rostrally ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ predator, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ wider ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ apoptosis (programmed ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ resorption ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ aquatic ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ invertebrates ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ arthropod, annelid ᎠᎴ gastropod. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ mammal, ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᎦ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ-ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ preyed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎡᏆ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎢᎾᏛ, ᏥᏯ, ᏧᎳes, ᎤᎫᎾ, coati, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎡᎳᏗᏢ).
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏟᏐᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ involving ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe|ᏳᎳᏛᎶᎶ, ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ migrating ᏩᎶᏏ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ amplexus. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ gripping ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ protective ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᏤᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ frogspawn ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ timing. ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ 10 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ Celsius. Reproducing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏖᎦ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ dissolved ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, reproducing ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 20% amphibian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ behaviours. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ predation ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏫᎵ urinate ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎹ-ᏚᏂᏴᏒ bromeliad. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏝᎲᏍᎬ unfertilized ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ bromeliad ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ metamorphosed. ᏐᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ (e.g. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏗᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ, "Alytes spp."). ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Australian Pouched ᏩᎶᏏ ("Assa darlingtoni") ᎤᎭ pouches ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Rheobatrachus") ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᏦᏕ Ꮝ ᏖᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ peristalsis (ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ). Darwin ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Rhinoderma darwinii") ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Chile ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
ᎤᏯᏅᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮝ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ amplified ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ genera "Heleioporus" ᎠᎴ "Neobatrachus", ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ buccal ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ amplifies ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "Polypedates leucomystax", ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ catalyst ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ enhancement ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ mounted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ.
ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. ᎯᎠ effectiveness ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ predator ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ attracted, distracting ᎠᏂ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏯᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ onomatopoeic ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ "crrrrk" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎠᎴ "ribbit" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (e.g., ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Rana temporaria") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ("Rana pipiens") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏄᏄ ("Rana catesbiana") ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ spelt "ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ o' ᎠᏓᏴᏍᏕᏍᎩ".
ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᏩᎶᏏ' ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎠᎴ rely ᎾᎿ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ adaptations ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ Australian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Cyclorana" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Pternohyla" ᏫᎵ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ-ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏖᎦ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ dries ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ buries ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ dramatically ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ threatened ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 120 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1980s. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ Costa Rica, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ pollutants, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᎦᏛ predators/ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ emerging ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ chytridiomycosis. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ environmental ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ amphibians, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ biological ᎪᎯᏳᏙ broader ecosystem ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ biphasic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ (aquatic larvae ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ).
ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006 ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ proto-ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ "Triadobatrachus massinoti", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Triassic Madagascar. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 250 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎶᏏ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ amphibia. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ilium, ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vertebrae, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ vertebrae ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ (ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ vertebrae ᎠᎴ fused, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "urostyle" ᎠᎴ "coccyx"). ᎯᎠ tibia ᎠᎴ fibula ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ unfused ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ Triadobatrachus ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ leaper.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Prosalirus bitis", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ uncovered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1985, ᎠᎴ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Triadobatrachus". ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "Triadobatrachus", "Prosalirus" ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏦᎢ-pronged pelvic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ "Triadobatrachus", "Prosalirus" ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ "Vieraella herbsti", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ Jurassic (188–213 Mya). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ventral ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ 33 mm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎯ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. "Notobatrachus degiustoi" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Jurassic ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 155–170 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Anura ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Jurassic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ evolutionary ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ sanyanlichan, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ 125 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ 9 presacral vertebrae ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ 8 ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ.
ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ; ᏩᎶᏏ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ, ᎦᎸᏥᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎷᏫᏏᎡᎾ. ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ injected ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ. ᏁᎳᏚᏏᏁ-ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ biologist Luigi Galvani ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎯᎠ African clawed ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ platanna, "Xenopus laevis", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ laboratories ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏴᏫ chorionic gonadotropin, hormone ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᎧᏓ ᏔᎷᎵ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎨᏒᎢ injected ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ "X. laevis", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1952 Robert Briggs ᎠᎴ Thomas J. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ cloned ᏩᎶᏏ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏁᎸ nuclear ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ technique Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ Dolly ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ nuclear ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ metazoans.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cloning ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ embryology ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ closest ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ vertebrates, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ, biologists ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ "Xenopus" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ manipulatable ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, "X. laevis" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ "X. tropicalis", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ Ꮝ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "X. laevis"), facilitating ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ genome ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ "X. tropicalis" ᏫᎵ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ 2015 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᏩᎶᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏱᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎩᎸᏗ, ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎻᏏᎦᏂ Ꮴ. ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ, ᎠᎴ Kermit Ꮎ ᏩᎶᏏ. Michigan J. ᏩᎶᏏ, featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Warner ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏩᎶᏏ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ. "ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏩᎶᏏ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏓᏔᏪᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. Kermit ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᏏ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᎶᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ disciplined ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "Sesame ᎦᎳᏅᏛ" ᎠᎴ "ᎯᎠ Muppet ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ"; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ behavior ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ flamboyant ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.


ᏌᎶᎵ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ rodentᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Sciuridae (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎢ "skia" "ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ" ᎠᎴ "oura" "ᎦᏂᏓᏛ" ᎠᏯ.e. "ᎦᏂᏓᏛ Ꮎ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ"). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ genera "Sciurus" ᎠᎴ "Tamiasciurus". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏡᎬ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ Europe, Asia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎤᏠᏱ genera ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ Sciuridae ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎤᎦ, ᎢᎪᏗ ᎩᏟ, ᎠᎴ woodchuck. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Anomaluridae ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ "ᏌᎶᎵ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ". ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ esqurial, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎩᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ scuriolus (ᏌᎶᎵ).
ᎣᎾᏗᏢ.
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ EuropeᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ "Sciurus vulgaris", ᎯᎠ ᏧᎳ ᏌᎶᎵ ". niger", ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ". carolinensis", ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ". griseus", ᎯᎠ Douglas ᏌᎶᎵ " Tamiasciurus douglasii," ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ "Tamiasciurus hudsonicus".
ᎯᎠ "ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ variant ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ variant ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colder ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ontario, Quebec, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Northeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Maryland ᎠᎴ Virginia. ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ midwestern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwestern Iowa, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏰᏍᏙᏗ, Manilla, ᎠᎴ Missouri ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Marysville, Kansas, Omaha, Nebraska ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ Stuyvesant ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎭ existed yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ Letchworth ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎳ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Illinois ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Ohio.
ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain, Ireland, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Italy, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ (ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ. ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ conifer ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏞᎬ colonisation ᎦᏙᎯ Europe ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Italy ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwasv ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Europe.
ᎤᏁᎬ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kansas ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, Kansas, Olney, Illinois, Brevard, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, Marionville, Missouri, ᎠᎴ Oberlin, Ohio. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sightings ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Effingham, Illinois, Lemont, Illinois, ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ, Maryland, Washington, DC ᎠᎴ Burnsville, MN.
ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ.
ᏌᏊ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ-hoarder, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᏱ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ dagatuwisdisgv territories. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎿᎸᎯ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᏌᎶᎵ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ cellulose, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏤᎵ, carbohydrates, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏍᏓᏴ iyuwakodi ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏚᏱᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᎳ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ itsuwakodi ᏌᎶᎵ rely ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᎳᏛᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏢᏩᎦ. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ omnivore; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏐᎯ, ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, fungi (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏓᏬᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ gantlai, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎶᏏ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ tropics. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏬᎸᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ residential ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, digging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ potted digakohidi ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ "ᏌᎶᎵ-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ", ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ inedible ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏄᏩ ᎠᏂ ᎡᎳᏗ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ rodents' ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ). Homeowners ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ sealed ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ homeowners ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ (e.g ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ predator ᎡᏙᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎤᎫᎫᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ignored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ: ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ chile ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ residential ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎨᎶᎸᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ atsinuqowisgv. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ, Ꮎ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gantlai-ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ iyuwakodi ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎬ fingertips ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏊ outages. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ transformerᎠᎴ capacitorᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ electrocuted ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Ꮎ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-tech NASDAQ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ spate ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ outages ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Alabama. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏡᎬ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᏯ, iyuwakodi ᎾᏞᎬ itsuwakodi, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ evidenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cookbooks ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏔᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ.
ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ Ꮝ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Beatrix ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ fictional ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Tammy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Disney ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎤᏆᏔᎸᏓ 'n' ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ". ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ heroine ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ webcomic ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Goonish ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ Sciuridae (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ-ᏚᏙᎥ 'ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ'), ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ shapeshift ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᏌᎶᎵ furry ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ), ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Foamy ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ.
agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ. Olney, Illinois, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ agatoli-ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ proliferation ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ayatolv ᎯᎠ ASPS ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Canada, ᎠᎴ England.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "squirrelled", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎨᏒᎢ arguably ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ-ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏚ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏡᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ" ᎠᎴ "harveys" ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏌᎶᎵ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ 'goof' ᎠᎴ 'ᏥᏍᎪᏯ' (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ squirrely). ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "squirrely" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "unpredictable", "shakey", ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ", ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ David Brin, ᎯᎠ Urs ᎦᏁᎳ Jijo ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ 'skirrl' (mispronounced ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ Anglic ᎧᏁᏨ 'ᏌᎶᎵ') ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ 'ᎤᏜᏏᏛᎯ ᏡᎬ-ᏥᎵᎱ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Terra').
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ "Charlie ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ", ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ Veruca ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᏎᏗ-ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ book’s 2005 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ adaptation.
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ Cletus T. Judd ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ "ᏗᏓᏲᎵᎲ ᏛᎦᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏌᎶᎵ" (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ' "ᏗᏓᏲᎵᎲ ᏛᎦᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ"), involving ᏌᎶᎵ ᎦᎪ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏙᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ).
Conker ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "Conker ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Nintendo 64 ᎠᎴ Microsoft Xbox, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Heroes", ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ (ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Steven ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ) ᎪᏢᏒᎢ gantlai (ᏌᎶᎵ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ Lesile Edwards (Matthew Perry) ᎠᎴ Bartholomew ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ (Chris Farley) ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ. Bart ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎦᎪ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᎷᎲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "somethin' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Brian Jacques ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ "Redwall".
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda 2" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ "Scrat".
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spongebob Squarepants ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏃᏯᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏌᎶᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎯᎠ UK ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Carling ᎬᎿᎨ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ advert ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏌᎶᎵ, Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏫᎵ, negotiated ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ improbably obstical ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ) ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ '.
Trivia.
ᎾᎾᎢ Kent ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ohio, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1961 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10 ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᎶᎵ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Canada. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1981.
ᎬᎿᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Maryland, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ agatoli ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ nadvndhvgi ᎠᏩᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᏙᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ're ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ facebook ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ've agatoli ᏌᏊ.
ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ "ᎬᎿᎨ Oublette" ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏓᏫ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏪᏌ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ hunted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ (.C.C) ᎨᏒᎢ nomadic ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ, ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2002 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎳ Lenton ᎠᎴ Wortley ᎦᎳᏅᏛ, Nottingham ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ 'Defendite Nuces' ᏗᏲᏒᎯ latin ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ 'ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ'.
ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Gamma ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏌᎶᎵ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ onto ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ UEFA ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏴᎩ-ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Villarreal ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 19th, 2006.
featured ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ 1992 10 Diner ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎬᏙᏗ mintage 15,000 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ wildlife ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.
ᎯᎠ featured ᎩᎦᎨ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ 29¢ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1993.
ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-Striped ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏌᎶᎵ (Funambulus Palmarum) ᎤᎭ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Hindu ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, Ramayana, ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Rama patted ᏌᎶᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ shared Ꮝ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Rama ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ.
Vair ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᎶᎵ.
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: "ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago- ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ cuter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ". ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ 'ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ' Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ 'cuter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ'.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Austin, agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ tsgvwalodi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ, forgetting ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ exam, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ exam, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ agatoli ᏌᎶᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ exams Ꮎ ᎢᎦ.


ᎢᏯ.
ᎢᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᏏ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏩᎾᏒᎯ. ᎢᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ vine ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Cucurbita" Cucurbitaceae. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎦᏙᎯ Europe, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ, "Cucurbita" varieties ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ "Curcurbita pepo", "Cucurbita maxima", "Cucurbita mixta", ᎠᎴ "Cucurbita moschata" — ᏂᎦᏛ digakohidi ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour. ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ 40 80 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (18 36 kg) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ varieties ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ innards ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ. ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏤᎩ-o'-ᎤᏍᏗᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎪᎯ ᏍᏆᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏯ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎢᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ pollinated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏍᏆᏏ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ "Peponapis pruinosa", ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ pesticide sensitivity, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ pollinated ᎾᎥᎢ gantlaiᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ (4,000 m² ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ pollinate.
ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ pollinated ᎢᏯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ opportunistic ᏂᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ pollination ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ fungicide.
ᎢᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎦᏂ growers ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏯ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏛᏒ. Growers ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ techniques, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ pollination, ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ vines ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ vines ᎬᏙᏗ hypodermic ᏴᎩ.
ᎢᎦᏛ.
ᎢᏯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎢᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏯ chunkers ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ varieties ᎢᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏭᏗᏅᏒᎩ.
ᎢᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎯᎠ hulless ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-hulless ᎤᎦᏔ ᎢᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ roasted ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ sunflower ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, potassium, ᎠᎴ magnesium. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Latin ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pepitas. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Austria ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏩᎾᏒᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ boiled, baked ᎠᎴ roasted, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ, ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ.


ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, recreation, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ regulated ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. Hunted ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᏆ mammals ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ), ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ), genocide (ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᏓᏄᏩ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ).
ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ -ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ techniques ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ- ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ vermin (ᎠᎴ "varmints") ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ecological ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ regulatory ᎠᎴ licensing ᏗᏂᏰᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ hunted ᎠᎴ "harvested." ᎰᏩᏧ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ Ꮎ "ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ" ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ punished ᎯᎠ fullest ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ categorized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ birdwatching, ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏬᎵ.
ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ societies, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ practiced ᎾᎥᎢ paleolithic ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ thrower ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ-ᎠᎴ-ᎦᏟᏓ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ Ꮎ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hominids ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ bipedalism ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ hairlessness ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏳᏍᏘ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ kudu, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ speared ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Kalahari ᏫᎵ ᏂᎯ kudu ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 35 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40 42 °C. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎯᎠ kudu, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏓᏞᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ catches ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ chased ᎠᎴ tracked ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ practiced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Kalahari ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ contributor ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏤᎵ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ") ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎪᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏩᏚᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ, ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ atlatl, ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏓ.
ᎯᎠ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ societies ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ deities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ horned ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Cernunnos, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ goddesses ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, ᎠᎪᎢ Artemis ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ' ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ. Euripides' ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Artemis ᎠᎴ Acteon, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. Inuit ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ parkas ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 60 stitched ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᏗᏄᏬ, ᏗᎵᏰᏑᎶ ᎠᎴ footwear.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ferret, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ-aided ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ), ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ), falconry ᎠᎴ ferreting. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᏟ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ setter.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ, ᏔᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ emerged. ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ: ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ pursued ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ" ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ hunted.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎯᎠ stylized ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᎸᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pharaonic Egypt ᎠᎴ Mesopotamia) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ: honorable, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎽᎳᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ) ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏢᏉᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ huntsmen; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ recreation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ "ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ".
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ symbiotic ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮝ evolutionary ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ hunted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ, ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ collaboration ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ, "kynègia", ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "kynos" 'ᎩᏟ'. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ 33-34 ᎯᎠ 196 "orta" (ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ) ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Janissaries ᎨᏒᎩ "Sekban", i.e. ᎩᏟ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ (ᎩᏟ) ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎩᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ Ꮝ prestigious ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ, recreational ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ recreational ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ selective ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ prehistory, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ zoomorph) deities ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ predators ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ forbidden clerics. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Juris Canonici" (C. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, X, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ cleric. venat.) ᎢᏧᎳ sais "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ." ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ Lateran, ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, decreed (ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ xv): "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ clerics." ᎯᎠ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ Trent ᎨᏒᎢ worded ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏩᏂᎦᎳ: "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ clerics ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. XXIV, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ., c. xii), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ declaring ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏓ ("clamorosa") ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ("quieta") ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.
Ferraris (.v. "Clericus", ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. 6) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ clerics ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ recreation, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. Ziegler, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ episc., l. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, c. xix), ᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ.
ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ clerics ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Milan, Avignon, Liège, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ. ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ XIV (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ synodo diœces., l. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, c. x) ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ synodal ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ synodal ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ localities ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ consulted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ.
ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ).
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ 'ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (Maha)rajas, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ etc. ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ", i.e. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ; ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mounted), ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎦᏁᎳ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ". ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ recruited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ (e.g. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Aryan BhilᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rajasthan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ Mewar), ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, techniques etcetera, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ (preferably ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Asian ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ, ᎯᎠ (Bengal) ᏢᏓᏥ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ: ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏳᎳᏛ).
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ honor ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ organizing ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏢᏓᏥ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ dwindled ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎠᎴ neighboring Himalayan monarchies (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Nepal) ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ 'ᎥᎢᏒᎢ', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
Safari.
safari (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Swahili ᎧᏁᏨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ) ᎨᏒᎢ overland ᎥᎢᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ).
Safari ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ Ernest Hemingway ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Theodore Roosevelt. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ African ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ.
ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ, skinners ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ terrains. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ safari ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ-safari" ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ outfitting ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ outfitted ᎯᎠ safaris ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗᏳ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ecotourism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ-ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-safari, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ lenses. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ Włodzimierz Puchalski.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ vermin ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Victorian ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ foxes, ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏉ, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ proponents ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, culturally ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.
ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ chasing ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ beagle ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ beagling, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ foxhound ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏒᎩ. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 2005 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏢᏗᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏔᎫ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏔᎫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏂ 12, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏯ ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁ". ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1831.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ predates ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-Ꭿ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, cultural ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ Mammal ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ), ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alaska, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᏙᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Alaska ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ 50-90% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏤᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.
ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ imposed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᏄ ᎠᎴ geese) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, techniques ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ unprotected ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ varmints) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ grandfathered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ).
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ "ᎦᏯᎸᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ harvested. ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏕᎬᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ. ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ restricted ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ "ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏌᏊᎭ". ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ waterfowl ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ "ᎧᏬᏄ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ restricted ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ" ᎠᎴ "ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ". ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ regulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ banned ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ topographic ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ 1800', ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conservationists ᎠᎴ sportsmen, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Theodore Roosevelt. ᎯᎠ Boone ᎠᎴ Crockett ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ: ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1887 ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ" ethic ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ "ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎯᎠ hunted ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ."
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Washington, D.C. ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᏔᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ $200 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ' ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ agencies ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1934 ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ waterfowl ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 16 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $700 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 5.2 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (20,000 km²) ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ waterfowl ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ monies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ designated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᏍᎩ.
Varmint ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ recreation ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ regulated. Varmint ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, landscaping, infrastructure, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ utilized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ "varmints" ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ varmints ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ rodents, ᏩᏯ, ᎪᎦ, ᏧᎳ, feral ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ feral ᎠᏂᏏᏆ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ varmints ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏯ.
ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ environmentalists ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ introducing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ predator ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ livestock ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ selective.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎾᏥ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ Ross' ᏌᏌ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 2005." ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ waterfowl ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ, ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ geese. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ rely ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ. Overpopulations ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ hunted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ techniques ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ. Techniques ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ hunted. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ technique, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ forbidden ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1800s ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ European ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ pursued ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎾᏍᏋ displayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ populated ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ healthier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ farmed ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nordic ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ trophies ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, frowned ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏠᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ inhumane "ᎩᎬ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ."
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1800s ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎯᎠ safari ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ trophies. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ frowned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ. ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎡᎵᏉ harassment ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏠᏒᎯ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ grazing, ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ.
ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ industries ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ecological ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tanzania ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ 50-100 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ eco-ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎳᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tented ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. Safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ eco-ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ anti-ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ activities ᎠᎴ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ Cobham ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1997 ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ £700 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ specializing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ tourism. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ cultural ᎣᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 13 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ averaged ᏁᎳᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $20.5 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ OLN ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ television ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ TV ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ showcase ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏭᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ recreational ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ) ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᏄ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Rocky ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ sizeable ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎯᎠ enhancement ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ 4 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏛᎯ.
ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ "ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ" ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ forestry, ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ environmentalists.
Depictions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ portrayals ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ television ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ portrayed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ broader ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ depictions ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 1942 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "Bambi" ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Looney ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬfeaturing ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Bunny ᎠᎴ Elmer Fudd. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ "varmints" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hunted ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ macho ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Nugent ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ--ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1990 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᏓᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 1970 "ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ. Filmed depictions ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏙᎵᏣᏘ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Alaskan ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
Varmint ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross' ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ". ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ depiction ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ L. Neil ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ "Pallas". ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Ernest Hemingway ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ Carlos Castaneda ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎥᎢᏒᎢ Ixtlan".


ᎠᏫ.
ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ruminant gantlai ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cervidae. ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Artiodactyla, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ".
ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ gantlai, "gantlai", "ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ" ᎠᎴ "ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ", ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎣᏂᏗᏢ", "ᎦᏣᏄᎳ" ᎠᎴ "ᏩᎦ". ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "calve" ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ", ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ). "gantlai" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ gantlai, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ gantlai tsuqagutanvsv Ꮝ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ "Romeo ᎠᎴ Juliet" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Tybalt ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ Montagues ᎠᎴ Capulets ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "hartless ᎣᏂᏗᏢ". "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ gantlai" ᎠᎴ "ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ gantlai" ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎩᎵᏏ pub ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.
ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ, ᎠᎴ hunted, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Australia, Antarctica, ᎠᎴ Africa. Australia ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ sustainable ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Acclimatisation ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍqᎣᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, gantlai ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᏏᏆ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, Rusa ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ Chital ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, environmental ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏚᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ habitable patches, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s (ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Theodore Roosevelt) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᎶᎨᏒᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1960s ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏊ.
ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ruminants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏧᎷᏄᎯᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᎾ. ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ) ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏂ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ). ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ wrapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏅᏙ, iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ; ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ iyuwakodi (ᎠᏂᏦᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᏰᎵ 160 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 5 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ (ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮝ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ. Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ predators ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎥᏝ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ.
ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ woodland terrain. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ swimmers. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎦᏆᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ruminants ᎠᎴ cud-chewers ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ-chambered ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ facial gland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ agatoli. ᎯᎠ gland ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pheromone, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Ꮝ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ glands ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏪᎳ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ gallbladder. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎾᏙᎬ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 34 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ subfamilies Muntiacinae ᎠᎴ Cervinae; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎯᎠ subfamilies Hydropotinae ᎠᎴ Capreolinae. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Korea.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia.
Genera ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ.
ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ selective ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ, unspecialised ᎤᏍᏉᎵᎾᎥᎢ herbivore ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ: ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ digestible ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎢᏤᎢ grasses, ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, fungi, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᎴᏔ.
ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ, ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ, ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏩᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ hunted ᎠᎴ farmed, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ gland ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ medicenes ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ. Deerskin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ, ᏗᎬᏩᎵᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏧᏲᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏕᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ Saami Scandinavia ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Kola ᎦᏙᎯ Russia ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nomadic ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎠᎴ herded ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ Inuit. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ imported ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ Zealand. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎾᎥᎢ European ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎡᏆ environmental ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1960s. ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3,500, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 400,000 ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ.
ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ" (1859) Charles Darwin ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᎾᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-authenticated ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ utvhisdi ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Cervulus vaginalis ᎠᎴ Reevesii [...] ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤtᎥᎯᏍᏗ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ varieties muntjac ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ farmed ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ (ᎠᎴ Wapiti) ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤtᎥᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. (ᎯᎠ European ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.) ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30% ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ comparing ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. Wapiti ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ European ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Wapiti ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ hybridized ᎬᏙᏗ Pere David ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ farmed ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ insemination ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ-ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ European ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Wapiti. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ/ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ Sika gantlai ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ Sika ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ utvhisdi ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ Sika ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ), ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mongrelization. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Sika ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏳᎳ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ mated ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ/ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ/ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ matings ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 50% ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎩᎾ survived ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ disadvantaged ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎤᏓᏘᏰᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ strategies. ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ (ᏂᎦᏛ 4 hooves ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "stotting") ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ predators. Stotting ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ specialized Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 100% genetically ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᏊ-ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏂᏓᏛ/ᎦᎵᏉᎩ-ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᏗᎦᎵᏯᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ behaviour ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ lyudetiyvda. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ranches ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ predators ᎠᎴ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.


ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 9/11) ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ coordinated ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001.
Ꮎ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, Organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ al-Qaeda hijacked ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏪᏴ airliner. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ hijackers ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎠᏜ. ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ crashed ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arlington ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏩᏥᏂ. ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ hijacked aircraft ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers; Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ. 2,976 ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hijacking ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliners ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ airports, fueled ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ California. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ capacities ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 24,000 ᎠᎹ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (91,000 liters) ᎠᎴ 144,000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ (65,455 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ), ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ aircraft ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ guided ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.
Ꮭ ᏌᏊ survived ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ hijacked aircraft.
ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ 2976 ᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ 246 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, 2605 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ 125 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ 343 ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ firefighters, 23 ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ 37 ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ 110-ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ 7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Marriott ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏲ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎾᎿ Manhattan ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, 25 ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ razed. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏧᏁᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏥ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ demolished ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ, ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arlington ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ collapsed.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijacked ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᏎᏍᏗ hijackers ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ 19 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ FBI, ᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 93 ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ 19 hijackers ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏄᏬᎵᏍᏛᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ BBC ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 14 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ 19 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏃᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ FBI.
ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ aircraft ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ-ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏜ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎯᎠ 11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᏰᎲ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ Leatherman multi-ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ chemical ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 11 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 175 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ. ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ aircraft, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 77. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ aircraft, ᎬᎿᎨ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ–ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ-- ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hijackers, ᎦᎪ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ rocked ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ 9-1-1 ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, Todd Beamer, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ aircraft. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ." (ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ Beamer ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ "ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ," ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ evidenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ" ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ Al-Qaeda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Afghanistan. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ afterward, ᎯᎠ aircraft crashed ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Shanksville, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Stonycreek ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ, ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ, ᎾᎾᎢ 10:03:11 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (14:03:11 ᎢᎢᎢ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ timing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ seismic ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ 10:06 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ captured Al-Qaeda ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ Khalid Shaikh Mohammed ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ."
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ aired ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ detonated ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ' ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ Harry S Truman ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎬᎭᏓ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, D.C. ᎪᎯ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ AP ᎤᏯᏅᎯ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᏙᎯ 767–ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 1989–ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hijacked. ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ hijack ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ responded controllers ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Cleveland, ᎣᎭᏲ.
Fatalities.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ignited ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 200 ᏴᏫ ᏚᎵᏔᏗᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ"), ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ rooftops ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ (ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ Shirtwaist ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ upward ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ helicopter ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ existed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ encountered locked ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ helicopters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎬ.
1366 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ (1 WTC): ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ trapped ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 600 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ trapped ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ (2 WTC). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 18 ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ collapsed. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11, John Ogonowski, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ hijackers ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ callers ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ hijacked aircraft Ꮎ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hijackers ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏦᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, evacuated, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ locked ᎡᎳᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ shielded ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏴᎳᏛᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ ᎠᎴ Connecticut, ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ evacuated. Scarsdale, ᏄᏯᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Greenwich, Connecticut, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Greenwich ᎠᎴ nearby ᎢᏤ Canaan, ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ wealthiest ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ identified ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1,600 ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,100 ᏴᏫ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ "ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 unidentified ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ matched ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ." ᎪᎳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ Deutsche ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ 101st-105th ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 685 ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᎾᏝᎢ. ᎤᎯᏌᏛ Inc., ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ Cantor Fitzgerald ᎾᎿ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ 101-93 (ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11 ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ), ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 295 ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ 37 consultants.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 400 ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ NYFD, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed.
ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ 8 ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, 5 ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 3, 8, 11, 11, 11 ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ 77, 3 ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 2, 3, ᎠᎴ 4 ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 175.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ fatalities ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ 125 ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ.
Survivors.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ 9/11 Commisson, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 16,000 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ survived, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ collapsed; ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 200 ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.
ᏐᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏐᎢ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Saeed al-Ghamdi (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ hijacker ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ), Mushabib al-Hamlan, Zakariyah Essabar, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, ᎠᎴ Tawfiq bin Attash. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ 11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ, ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎨᎳ—Khalid al-Mihdhar—ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ overruled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Mohammed Afroze, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ London ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ aborted ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ-ᎾᏍᏋ hijackers, ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ hijack, ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, panicked, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏘᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 2006, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ tallest ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Los Angeles, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ targeted, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ. (BBC ᏗᏤᎢ, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12, 2001,). ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ Barksdale ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Louisiana, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ Offutt ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nebraska, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ, "ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ," ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ. ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ Ari Fleischer ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ caller ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, "ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎢᏧᎳ "ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ".
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ) ᎨᏒᎩ targeted, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ attacked ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ hijacked ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ airliners ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ wilfull ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ Nuremberg ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ Benjamin B. Ferencz, ᎤᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ.
ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Nuremburg ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ–ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ–ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎩᎵᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ masssive ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ nvwato hiyadv. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Nazis ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ classified ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ) Ꮎ al-Qaeda ᎠᎴ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ Fatwa ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ motivation ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ.
ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 16, 2001, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Qatar ᎤᏤᎵ Al Jazeera ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ: "ᎠᏯ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ motivation." ᎪᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2001, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ videotape ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jalalabad, Afghanistan, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ Khaled al-Harbi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 13, 2001.
ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 27, 2001, ᏔᎵᏁ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ video ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ "ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ, aimed ᎾᎾᎢ forcing ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Israel, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ," ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ taped ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Al-Qaeda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ., ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tohi adedi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ."
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ audiotape aired ᎾᎿ Al Jazeera ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 21, 2006, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ 19 hijackers.
ᎯᎠ "ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ 11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22, 2004, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ implemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ Al-Qaeda. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ, "9/11 plotters ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ $400,000 ᎠᎴ $500,000 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ," ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ peripheral ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ Persian ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ensuing ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ Iraq ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ cited ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ Muslims, ᎯᎠ fatwa ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Islamic ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ citizenry ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ reversed: ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ "ᏗᎫᎪᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Islamic ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ jihad ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ."
File:USGS Shanksville.jpg|thumb|250px|right|ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎫᏬᏂ 27, 2004 ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ a>)
ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ Al-Qaeda ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 9/11 ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 video, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ acknowledging ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ motivated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1982 Lebanon ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ video, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ, "ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ tohi adedi ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ," "ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ," ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, "[bleed] ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎵᏍᏆᎳᏍᏗᏱ." ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ, "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏎᎵᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ wouldn't ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Palestine. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ Israel ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ't ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Arabian ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Israel."
ᎯᎠ 11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, ᎯᎠ "ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi" ᎯᎠ 9/11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, stemmed "ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ unigatohvsv ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Israel." ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ motivation ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ imputed ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ WTC: Mohamed Atta ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Ralph Bodenstein—ᎦᎪ traveled, ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ—ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᎪᏗᏗ imbued ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ... ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Israeli atogiyadv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ." Marwan al-Shehhi ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ humorless ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ: "ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏰᏣᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Palestine?"
ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ Al-Qaeda ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ motivated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tohi adedi ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ exemplified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ counterrorism ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ Richard. Clarke, ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11. ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Egypt, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ' ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ religiosity ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Muslim ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Sayyid Qutb, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Muslim ᎪᏢᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ.
Arising ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᏅ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ," ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11 ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ cultural ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Muslim ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏫᎵ catalyze ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎠᏓᏕᎵᏎᏗ Muslim ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Michale Doran, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ 9/11. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, "ᎪᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ visceral ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ Muslim ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ global ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ denounced ᎾᎥᎢ mainstream media ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ "Le ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ" ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ summing ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅ nusdv udanvtv ᎤᏪᏙᎵᏍᏗ: "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ" ("ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ sommes tous Américains").
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Afghanistan ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎯᎠ Pakistan ᎠᏯ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ align ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ Al-Qaeda. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ airports ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ arrested ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᏄᏪᎵᏒ Al-Qaeda ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎦᎪᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎢᏅᏗᎾ, Australia, ᎦᎸᏥᏱ, ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, Indonesia, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ, ᎨᎾᏓ, ᏲᏂᎢ, Pakistan, Jordan, Mauritius, Uganda ᎠᎴ Zimbabwe ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ "anti-ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏬᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ ᎤᎲᎢ Al-Qaeda ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ agencies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏲᎶ, Malaysia, Indonesia, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Philippines arrested ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏌ labeled ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ aroused ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎧᎻᏘ argued Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (e.g. COINTELPRO ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ) ᎨᏒᎩ "ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ; ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ Liberties ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ argued Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ circumvented. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ Guantanamo ᎥᏓᎵ, Cuba, ᏚᏂᏴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᏥᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ questioned ᎾᎥᎢ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎨᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎯᎠ European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎨᏫᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, George W. ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ soared 86%. ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 20, 2001, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏁᏨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Rudy Giuliani ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏣᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ uniformed ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ-ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ (dubbed "ᎢᎬᏱ responders"), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ firefighters, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎩᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 9/11.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ harassment ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ, "ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ-ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ" ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ Sikh, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Sikh ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ stereotypically ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Muslims ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ. Balbir Singh Sodhi, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 15. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Sikh ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Muslim.
ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theories.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theories ᎤᎭ emerged. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ theorists ᎤᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ airliner ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ.
ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, 2002. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏓᎭ, "ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ" ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 30, 2002.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ survivors ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ deadline ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 2003, 2,833 ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ.
ᎯᎠ "ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ".
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ "ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ." ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ 'ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ,' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎣᏌᎹ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ Al-Qaeda ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ perceived ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi global ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ sharing. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ-ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎷᏆᏗᏅᏍᏗ Afghanistan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Taliban ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ Philippines ᎠᎴ Indonesia, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ Islamic extremist ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ parameters ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ Atlantic ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎪᏢᎯ, NATO ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ 5 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 12, 2001, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ NATO ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏗᎴᎩ" ᏓᏄᏩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ-ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Iraq ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ 9/11. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ "ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 11, 2001..." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ "ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ": "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ..." ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 14, 2005.
ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ nadvndhvgi ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2003. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ, "ᎯᎳᎪ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Saddam Hussein ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ?" ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 32% ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, 37% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, 12% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ 3% ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ. ᎪᎯ unsubstantiated ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ promoted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 2003 ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ Iraq, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ Cheney ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ Iraq ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ, "ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ" ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ: Iraq ᎨᏒᎢ, "ᎯᎠ geographic alenvdidsv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ 9-11." Ꮭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎤᎭ emerged ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ. (Unsubstantiated ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: (1) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Czech ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ 9/11 ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ Mohammed Atta ᎠᎴ Iraqi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Prague ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ Atta ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Florida; ᎠᎴ (2) ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ Ahmed Hikmat Shakir, ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ Iraqi ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Malaysia ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ 9/11 hijacker Khalid ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ Mihdhar ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ CIA ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ.)
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ.
ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Homeland ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ restructuring ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ. ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ liberties ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎭ criticized ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏳᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ invoked 9/11 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Awareness), "eavesdrop ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ overseas ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᏙᏗ."
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, 80,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ fingerprinted ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1940. 8,000 ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ Muslim ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ interviewed, ᎠᎴ 5,000 ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ detained ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏫᏢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ 107-40 authorizing ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ "ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ."
ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᏦᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ collapsed ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏂᎬᎢ (2 WTC) ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 10:05 ᏌᎾᎴ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 58 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 175 ᎾᎾᎢ 9:03 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ (1 WTC) ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ 10:28 ᏌᎾᎴ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 103 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Airlines ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 11 ᎾᎾᎢ 8:45 ᏌᎾᎴ. ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, 7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ (7 WTC) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ collapsed ᎾᎾᎢ 5:30 ᏌᎾᎴ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 70 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ' ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ infrastructures ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ trusses ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᏨ. ᎯᎠ sagging ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ, ᎯᎠ buckling ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, causing ᎠᏂ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ' stairwells ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ eligwa igai reinforced ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. NIST ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ 7 WTC ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
9/11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ "ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ" (11 ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ), chaired ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Thomas Kean, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 2002 ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 22, 2004, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎧᎦᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (NYSE), ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ NASDAQ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17. NYSE ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳ ᏚᎾᏓᎾᏅ, ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ reopened ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17, 2001, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1929, ᎯᎠ Dow Jones ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ (“DJIA”) ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ 684 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ 7.1%, 8920, Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ-ᎢᏳᏊ ᏌᏊ-ᎢᎦ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ DJIA ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ 1369.7 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ (14.3%), Ꮝ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ-ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ $1.2 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2005 ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ barricaded ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ-ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Midtown Manhattan ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Chicago ᎫᏓᎸᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ devastated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏚ. ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ (28.7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ sq. ft) ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ 41-ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏓᏥ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan. ᎠᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ SoHo ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗᏱ. ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ- ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-2001 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan Midtown ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ accelerated. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ questioned ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ alenvdidsv ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ inhibited ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎾᎿ priorities. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Bloomberg ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ 2012 ᎪᎨᏱ Olympics ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2002 ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-2005, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Pataki ᎡᏆᏯ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ criticized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᏌᏊ, 7 ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ameriprise ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ, Inc., ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ Advisors ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ 2010, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 7 WTC ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ.
ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮝ reopening. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 20% cutback ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ exacerbated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ struggling ᎠᎹᏰᏟ airline ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ evacuated ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Chicago ᎠᎴ Los Angeles, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ downtown ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ.
ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhilvsgi iyatvni ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ asbestos, ᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ dioxin ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ debilitating illnesses ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ NYPD ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ James Zadroga. ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ Manhattan ᎠᎴ nearby Chinatown.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ pollutants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ dagatuwisdisgv ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ fetal ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ, ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ environmental ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ analyzing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏔᎷᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᏥ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ WTC ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ heroes ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11 ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Keith Kaseman ᎠᎴ Julie Beckman KBAS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩk ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏎᎸ ᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ 2006. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ Heroes ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, 2002 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ restricted ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ 93 ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ, "ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ," ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Mecca. ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ redesigned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Islam.
ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 2006. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ" ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Michael Arad. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ utugi uwasv ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2009.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ updated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ. ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ newest ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏛᏍᏗ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11th ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ, ᏛᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ charities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏥᎨᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.


ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ.
Overview.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ("Turdus migratorius") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ songbird ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎨᏒᎢ 25-28 cm (10-11 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ upperparts ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ underparts, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ brighter ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ European ᏥᏉᏉ ("Erithacus rubecula") ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ "T. m. confinus" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southwest ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᏬᏗᎨ underparts.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎪᎯ agatoli-ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ.
ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ overwinter ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Canada, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ... Guatemala. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎿᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ. (ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.)
ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ 2003, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ eastwards ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ USA. Presumably ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ overwinter ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003-4, ᏌᏊ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Sparrowhawk.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ' ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏪᏥᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ. ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ 11-14 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ 15-16 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ fledging. ᏔᎵ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ woodland ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ farmland ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, ᎤᏂᏥᏯ, ᎠᎴ berries. ᏥᏉᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ, ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏥᏯᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.
ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Nile ᎥᏳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ Connecticut, Michigan, ᎠᎴ Wisconsin.
ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏯᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ thrushes, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ thrushes, Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ. Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "cheerily" ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ spliced ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ varies ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ varies ᎾᎥᎢ iyuwakodi ᎢᎦ. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ songbirds ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ communicating ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ predator approaches ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᏥᏉᏉ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ "PEEK!! tut tut tut tut..." ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ threatened, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ whinny. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ behaviour, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏙᎢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ predator. ᏥᏉᏉ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ; ᏐᎢ ᏥᏉᏉ ᏫᎵ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ colder ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎳ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ.


ᏩᏓᏚᎦ.
ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Odonata, ᎯᎠ suborder Epiprocta ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎠ infraorder Anisoptera. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ multifaceted digatoli, ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ elongated ᎠᏰᎸ.
Dragonflies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏙᏌes, ᎢᎦᎢᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ anitvga, ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ butterflies. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ wetlandᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵe, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏲᎵ", ᎠᎴ aquatic. Dragonflies ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ grasped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ); ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ predator Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ mosquitoes.
ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎠᎨᏴ dragonflies ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ emergent digakohidi. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵl (ᎠᏲᎵ) ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎪᏍᏓᏱᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏐᎢ invertebrateᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ vertebrates ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏖᎦᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ) ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ.
ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ tsuqagutanvsv ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ lyudetiyvda, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ Protodonata ᏓᎪᎥᎩ "Meganeura monyi" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Permian ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ wingspan 70–75 cm (27.5–29.5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ). ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 19 cm (7.5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ odonates, ᎯᎠ Hawaiian ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, "Anax strenuus". ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ libellulid ᏩᏓᏚᎦ, "Nannophya pygmaea" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia ᎬᏙᏗ wingspan ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 20 mm, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3/4 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ.
Dragonflies ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ fastest ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 97 km/h (60 mph). ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ Darner ᏩᏓᏚᎦ "(Anax junius)" ᎨᏒᎢ nicknamed "ᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏴᎩ" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ fastest-ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ dragonflies, ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 85 km/h (53 mph).
ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ dragonflies ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 137 km (85 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
Dragonflies ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ agatoli ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. Dragonflies ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30,000 ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ agatoli; ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-sensing ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ommatidium, ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 360° ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
Camouflage.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ dragonflies ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ agatoli, termed "ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ camouflage", ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎢᏤ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎯᎳᎪ dragonflies ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ camouflaging techniques ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ.
ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ dragonflies (Anisozygoptera).
ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ Anisoptera ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ suborder ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ "ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ dragonflies" (Anisozygoptera, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Anisozygoptera ᎤᏙᏢᏒ paraphyletic ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ Anisoptera. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ Anisoptera ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ infraorder, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ suborder Epiprocta (dragonflies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Anisozygoptera ᎨᏒᎢ disbanded, Ꮝ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏩᏓᏚᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ 320 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ "Delitzschala bitterfeldensis". ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ "Namurotypus".
Dragonflies vs. damselflies.
Damselflies (Suborder Zygoptera) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ dragonflies, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ damselflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lestidae), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ dragonflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎾᎿ damselfly ᎠᎴ separated; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ dragonflies ᎯᎠ digatoli ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Petaluridae (Petaltails) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Gomphidae (Clubtails). ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ Odonata, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ.


ᏙᏯ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-aquatic rodent ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Castoridae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ". ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ European ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ hybridization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ (aka ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rodents, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ capybara. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ cornered.
ᏙᏯ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 kg (55 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ mammal.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
File:Biber_2_db.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ontario, ᎧᎾᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏙᏯ ("ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ") ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "castoreum", ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ gland ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏳᎳᏛ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Elbe, ᎯᎠ Rhone ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Scandinavia. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏉᎳᏂ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ "ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ reintroduced ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bavaria ᎠᎴ ᏛᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏗᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ: Giraldus Cambrensis ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1188 ("Itinerarium" ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Teifi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wales ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 2005, ᏑᏓᎵ European ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ re-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏤᏍᏖᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ re-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᎦᏥᎳᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏏ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏙᏯ ("Castoroides ohioensis") ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ rodents Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ disappeared, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Holocene ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎿ, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ downed ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ. ᏙᏯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ecosystem ᎾᎥᎢ creating wetlands Ꮎ ᎠᎴ utilized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏙᏯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ amazing. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predators, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tierra del Fuego, ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ flooded ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ unstoppable ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators, e.g., ᏩᏯ, ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ spillways ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎹ.
ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏑᏒᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ involving ᏙᏯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ activities ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ stimuli, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ Wilson (1971) ᎠᎴ Richard (1967, 1980) ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏒᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ loudspeaker ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ plugging ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ upstream ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ Ꮭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ disruptive; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ roadbed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ derailments ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᎬᏍᏉᏍᎬ-ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏙᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎩᎳ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏅᎠᏓᏁᏗ wetlands, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ecosystem. ᏯᏛᎿ wetland ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᎢ, biodiversity (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ toxins ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pesticides ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ turbidity Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ aquatic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ utugi gvdi ᏒᏙᏂ, ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ rodent. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ.
ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎯᎠ wetted ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ seep ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ underlying ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ slowed ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ.
Wetland ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ settling ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ breached ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wetland ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ wetlands ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ.
ᎯᎠ grazing ᏂᎬᏅ (ᏂᎬᏅ).
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ wetland ᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ dries ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ, ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ grazing. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ riverine ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ.
ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ colonized ᎾᎥᎢ riverine ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ aspens, ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ favored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ recolonize ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.
ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ wider ᎠᎴ wider. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ sparse ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ fabled ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ.
Nutrient ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ nutrients ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ banks ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎵ phosphates, nitrates ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ cellulose, polymer ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ molecules (polyglucose?). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ cellulase ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ algae ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ sunlight, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ cellulose ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ molecule nitrogen ᎠᎴ phosporous ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂᏯᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nutrients ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ herbicides ᎠᎴ pesticides ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ nasties ᎠᎴ metabolized ᎠᎴ detoxified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ cellulose ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Nitrate ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ nitrogen ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ nitrogen ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ Dioxide ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ, Ꮎ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ denitrification. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, denitrification ᎨᏒᎢ achieved ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ aerobic ᎠᎴ anaerobic ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ seeps ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ anaerobic. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ. ᎪᎯ aerobic, anaerobic ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.
ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏦᎢ ᏴᎩ, ᎹᎾᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 2,140 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, 14 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ 23 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁ ᏕᎨᏥᎧᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ-ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ environmentally ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. Unwanted ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏔᎦ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏕᏡᎬ.
ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ' ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ "ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ severed ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏬᏚ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ (ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᎳᎩᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏙᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ underwater ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.
ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ startled ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ forcefully slapping ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ 'ᎠᏓᏏᏛᏂᏍᏗ', ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ nearby ᏙᏯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ reemerge ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ endangerment. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ takeover ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎤᏍᏗ resurgence ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏯ; ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ utilized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, "ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ". ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1908) ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏓᏗ ᎡᎯ", ᎾᎥᎢ Albert Bigelow Paine.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏙᏯ ("C. canadensis") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎧᎾᏓ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏓ ᎯᏍᎩ-ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏁᎳ postage ᎦᏯᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏙᏯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ favorite ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ furry ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ 1976 ᎪᎨᏱ Olympics ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Montreal ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "Amik" ("ᏙᏯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Algonquin). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏓ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ 22e Régiment ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏓ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ.
Oregon ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ". ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏓᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ mammals ᏄᏯᎩ (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏤ Netherland).
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ capabilities, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᏧᎾᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, Oregon ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Toronto. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ London ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮝ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ - ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Quebec, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ruled Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "Summa Theologica" Thomas Aquinas; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᏙᏯ ᎭᏫᏯ.
1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ.
"ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 1911 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Brittannica."
ᏙᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ European aquatic ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ mammalian ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ RODENTIA, ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ descended ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Aryan ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, cf. Sanskrit "babhru's," (ᏬᏗᎨ), ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ichneumon, ᎳᏗᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ "fiber", ᎠᏂᏓᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ "Biber," ᎠᏂᎤᎦᎾᏍᏔ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ "bäver," ᏲᏂᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ "bobr';" ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ "bhru" ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ "ᏬᏗᎨ", ᎠᎴ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Romanic, "ᏬᏗᎨ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᎶᏂᏗ."
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏙᏯ ("ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ("C. canadensis"), ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎶᎵ (Sciuridae), ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sciuridae ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ (tibia ᎠᎴ fibula) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ arboreal ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ Castoridae ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ aquatic.
ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ webbed ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏙᏯ–European ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ—ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 ft. ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏥᏚᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ—ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ coarser ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏬᏗᎨ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ aquatic ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎥᏝ traveling ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ, ᎯᎠ European ᏙᏯ ᎤᎭ
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ exterminated ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Elbe, ᎯᎠ Rhone ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Scandinavia. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.
ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏕᏡᎬ felled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ incisor ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ neighborhood ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ "ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ," ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ plastered ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ localities. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ; ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ driftwood, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ poplars; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ intermixed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.
"ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ," ᎪᏪᎵᎠ Hearne, "ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ frequented ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ; ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ, poplar ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ."
ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏙᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ.
ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᎤᏩᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᏝᏬᏚ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ wolverine ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ favorite ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏙᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ-ᎤᎾᏥ ("Nuphar luteum"), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏆᏅᏕᎾ-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏙᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, poplar ᎠᎴ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᏕᏡᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ berries, ᎨᏒᎢ consumed.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎳ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎩᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎶᏂ.
Castoreum ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ pouches ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ foetid odor, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗry.
ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏳᎳᏛ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Pleistocene ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏙᏯ, "Trogontherium cuvieri", ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.


ᎬᎾ.
ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏍᏆᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Meleagris". ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ classed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ gamebird ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗd ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ galliform ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ colourful. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ wingspans 1.5-1.8 metres, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ("M. gallopavo") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn Ocellated ᎬᎾ ("M. ocellata").
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ. ᎯᎠ Ocellated ᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Mayans. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ speculated Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ morphological ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ocellated ᎬᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ hunted, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
ᏓᎪᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Europeans ᎢᎬᏱ encountered ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ identified ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ African Helmeted Guineafowl ("Numida meleagris"), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ-ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ Europe ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ Ꮎ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎦᏗᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ: "meleagris" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ-ᏧᏓᎳᎾᏓ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎬᎾ" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ: ᎯᎠ Australian ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ megapode, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "Australian ᎬᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ Australian Bustard, gruiform.


ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ("Meleagris gallopavo") ᎨᏒᎢ gamebird, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᎾ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ featherless ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓasehihi iga adatugv ᎤᏯᏅᎲ dewlap Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ engourged ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎧᎾᏌᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ.
ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ duller ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ. ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ 5,000-6,000 ᏧᎷᏄᎯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ "ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ" ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 9 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, 10-20% ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ thinner ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏯᏂ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ Galliformes, ᎬᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ sexual dimorphism. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ fliers ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎬᎾ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ achieving ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 50 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (80 kilometers ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tvga ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ.25 ᏑᏟᎶᏛ). ᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, putts, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, cutts, ᏥᏔᎦ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ kee-kees. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Oscellated ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ/ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, "ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ" ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᏫᎵ "ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ" ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏨᏯ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᎾ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏨᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ announcing ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ. ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏨᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ. ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᎳᏅᎯ" ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ" ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ.
ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Canada, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ forested ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ predators. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏡᎬ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᎴᏲᎥ ᎾᎾᎯ backyards ᎤᎪᎲᎢ atsinuqowisgv birdseed. ᎬᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..
Foraging.
ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, foraging ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ mast ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ hazel, ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏁᎢ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᏔ, berries, ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ vertebrates ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎾᏛ, ᏩᎶᏏᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. Poults ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, berries, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ forgage ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ itsuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. Alanine ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ leucine aminopeptidase ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ carbohydrate ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ alanine transporter.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ polygamous, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ territories Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 5 ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ, ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᎴ dragging ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ strutting. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅnusdv udanvtv, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏬᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ flocked ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ inflating ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ courted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ fathered ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ courted ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ-ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ, ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎦᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ engulfed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ 10-12 ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ incubated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ poults ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 12-24 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ precocial ᎠᎴ nidifugous.
ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ Benjamin Franklin ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1784 criticizing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎬᎾ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ.
ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ Ꮎ () ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏆᎵ, (b) ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᎳ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᎴ (c) ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᏬᎭᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ advocating ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Franklin ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ advocated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏐᎦᎴᏂ, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ.
ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada. ᎯᎠ AztecᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "M. g. mexicana"
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ..ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 30,000 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900'. ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎧᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ rebounded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎠᎴ 1990s, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 49 ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ Alaska. ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ reintroduced ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Canada ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.


ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ (ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ superfamily Apoidea'") ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥᎠᎴ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 20,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Antarctica. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ pollen, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ nutrients. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ pollen ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏂᎯ Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ antennae ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᎦᏚ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tvga.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ("Trigona minima") ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.1 mm (5/64") ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ "Megachile ᏨᏍᎩᏃ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 39 mm (1.5"). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Halictidae, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ.
Pollination.
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pollinating ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ pollinatorᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ecosystems Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ digakohidi. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ pollen, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ pollination, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ pollen ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ pollinators. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ pollination, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ electrostatic ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ pollen. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ foraging ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏣᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ pollen ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ scopa, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ventral ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ specialized pollen ᏔᎷᏣᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ opportunistic foragers, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ digakohidi, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ oligolectic, ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ digakohidi ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ pollen, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ oligolectic ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᏍᏗ subgroup stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ(ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ") ᎨᏒᎢ specialized ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. Pollen ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ "ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ soupy, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ("ᎦᏁᎸ"), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ sealed ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎥᏝ interact ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ (iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ").
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pollinators ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ pollination ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ beekeepers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. Monoculture ᎠᎴ pollinator ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ kanquotsegi ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ gantlai ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ concentrated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ pollination ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ kanquotsegi cultured ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ pollination ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ, ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ wildlife. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏌes, ᏥᏈᏏ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏍᎪᏯᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. InsecticideᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ digakohidi ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ contaminating ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. gantlai ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏗ 2000 ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ buildup, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏠᏗ 1000 1500 ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ foraging ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ casualties.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ bumblebees ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ itsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ pollinators ᎾᎿ cucurbits, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ, bumblebee ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ pollinators ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ specialized ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ lyudetiyvda ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 140 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ proto-angiosperm, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ gigantopterid, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ environent ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ predators, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ environmental ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ specialized symbiosis, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ propogate ᎯᎠ genes ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ digakohidi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏙᎯ digakohidi ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ specialization ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
Eusocial ᎠᎴ semisocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ eusocial colonies, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ gantlai, bumblebee, ᎠᎴ stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᎣᎵᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ cohabiting ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ semisocial.
ᎢᏳᏃ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ eusocial. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ "ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ behavioral ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ "ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial" (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꭺ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ), ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ morphologically ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ eusocial".
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ eusocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Halictidae, ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ". Colonies ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tropics, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ mated ᎠᎨᏴ (ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ "gynes") ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ diapause). ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ lyadvnehi ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ allodapine ᏩᏚᎵᏏ (ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ eusocial colonies, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ; ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ", ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ bumblebees.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ eusocial ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colonies, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. gantlai ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40,000 ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ.
Bumblebees.
Bumblebee("Bombus terrestris", "B. pratorum", ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.) ᎠᎴ eusocial ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ eusocial Vespidae ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᏚᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ (ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ gantlai ᎠᎴ stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ). Bumblebee colonies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 50 200 ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ (ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-exisiting), ᎠᎴ colonies ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, bumblebee ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ beekeeper, presumably ᎤᏪᏨᏴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
Stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
Stingless ᏩᏚᎵᏏᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ eusocial. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ colonies.
gantlai.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ gantlai ᎤᎭ arguably ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᎯᎠ European gantlai, "Apis mellifera" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎠᎭᏂ..
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ communal ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ("Xylocopa virginica"), ᎦᎪᏘ leafcutter ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ("Megachile rotundata"), ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏞᏌᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ("Osmia lignaria") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ hornfaced ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ("Osmia cornifrons") ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ utvhisdi. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ "ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ" ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏤᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ acarine ᎠᎴ "Varroa" ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎯᎠ gantlai.)
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ pollinators, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pollen ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ pollen ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ kanquotsegi cultured ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination.
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ oligolege, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎪᏘ (ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ gantlai ᎠᎴ bumblebees ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ generalists). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏰᎵᏇ pollinate ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ pollinator ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ.
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ (ᎯᎠ closest ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏪᏥ Ꮎ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ stingless ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, preferring ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ; ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "communal", ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ.
Cleptoparasitic ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
Cleptoparasitic ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ apid subfamily Nomadinae. ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ pollen-ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ (ᎯᎠ scopa) ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ pollen-ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ provisioned ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏲᎵ hatches, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ pollen ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ cleptoparasite ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ) ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ cleptoparasite ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ replacing ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ cleptoparasitic ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎯᎠ subgenus "Psithyrus", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ bumble ᏩᏚᎵᏏ Ꮎ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ subgenus "Bombus"); ᎪᎯ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ecological ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ". ᎠᏂᏐᎢ parasitize ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "Townsendiella", nomadine apid, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ cleptoparasite ᎯᎠ melittid ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Hesperapis", ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ halictid ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ.
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ "Merops apiaster", ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏐᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ predatorᎠᎴ kingbird, ᎱᎱ, ᎠᎴ dragonflies.
YellowjacketᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᏚᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ encountered ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ mischaracterized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏩᏚᎵᏏ".
ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-agressive ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ" ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.


ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵl ᎤᏙᏢᏒ lepidopteran (ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ comprising ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ).
ᎤᏍᏗ.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ segmented ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ prolegᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ prolegs ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ. Sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera) ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ prolegs ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ lepidopteran ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ crochets ᎠᎴ ᏑᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ prolegs. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ prolegs, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ geometrids, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ inchworms ᎠᎴ loopers, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ locomote, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "geometrid" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎡᎶᎯ-measurer" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ prolegs.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎰᎵ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ thorax ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ", ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ airtubes.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ digatoli ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ "stemmata" ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ rely ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ larvae sawflies ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ocelli ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.
Defence.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ "ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ digatoli" ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ predators Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 'ᎣᏂᏗᏢ' ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ attacked. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-defence ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬᎾ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᎿᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ brushes ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏥᎦᏍᎬ acidic digestive ᎦᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᏫᎵ ᏦᏕ ᎯᎠ hairiest ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ glands, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ urticating ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ chemicals ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ; e.g., ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ chemical ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn ᏏᎵᎩ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Lonomia" ᎨᏒᎢ anticoagulant ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, causing ᎠᏂ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ("ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ" Lonomiasis;) ᎪᎯ chemical ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ investigated ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏯ.e., ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎬ clotting).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ digakohidi Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᏐᎳ ("Tyria jacobaeae") ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ striped ᎠᎴ coloured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ - ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ colours (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ aposematism).
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ atuyasdodi Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ predator Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ tries ᎠᎩᏍᏗ) ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ associating ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ Lycaenid butterflies ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ chemical ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
Behaviour.
ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ pupate ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ fastest ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᏦᎳ hornworm ᏫᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ adaptations Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ specialized midgut ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ions ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ lumen (midgut ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ), ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ potassium ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ midgut ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ vertebrates.
ᎢᎦᏛ Hawaiian ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ techniques ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ.
ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ larvae.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ.
—- video ᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ larvae ᎠᎢᏒ.


ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Rosa", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏓᏍᏘᏳᏍᏘ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎫᎴᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ 2–5 m ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 20 m ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᎵᎱ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎳᏗᎾ "rosa", ᎤᏙᎳᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Oscan ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏂᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏲᎶ "rhodion" (Aeolic "wrodion"), ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Aramaic "wurrdā", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Assyrian "wurtinnu", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Iranian "warda" (cf. Avestan "warda", Sogdian "ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ", Parthian "wâr").
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ 5–15 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, pinnate, ᎬᏙᏗ (3–) 5–9 (–13) ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ basal stipules; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Asia) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ petals (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ "Rosa sericea" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏅᎩ), ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ, ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ petals ᎠᎴ sepals.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ. ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ pollinating ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏓᎷᎳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ cultivars ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ petaled Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ (e.g. "Rosa pimpinellifolia") ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ outer ᏂᎬᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ hypanthium, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 5–160 "ᎤᎦᏔ" (ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ-seeded ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ achene) embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎣᏌᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ, ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ("Rosa canina") ᎠᎴ Rugosa ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ("Rosa rugosa"), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ vitamin C, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ richest ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ-ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ thrushes ᎠᎴ waxwing, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ finches, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏑᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎢ onto ᏐᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Rosa rugosa" ᎠᎴ "R. pimpinellifolia" ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ adaptation ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ browsing ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ adaptation ᏌᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ-ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ (ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎾᏳ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ). ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ, ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ browsed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Rosa ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
ᎥᏳᎩ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ("Phragmidium mucronatum"), ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᏂᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ defoliate ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ debilitating, ᎠᎴ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ "Diplocarpon rosae", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ "Sphaerotheca pannosa". ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ Lepidoptera ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Lepidoptera ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ fungal ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ cultivar ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-flowered ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ stamenmutated ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ petal. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1840 ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ cultivars, varieties ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ rosarium ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Loddiges ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Abney ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ᎢᎬᏱ Victorian ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏᎯ. ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ-ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ emphasized ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎦᏴᎵ-ᎠᏛᏍᎩ" ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ cultivars ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ grafted onto ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ-ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ identified ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ goddesses ᎬᎨᏳᎢ (ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ rosa", ᎠᎴ "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ", ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ secret—derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ identified ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ petals ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ hesitant ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎶᎻ excesses ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏛᏗᏍᎩ. ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ Mary.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1800 ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ varieties ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢes (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ), ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎺᎵ. ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏰᎳᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ).
ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎩᎵᏏᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎵᏏᎯ Rugby, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Rugby ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎸᏗ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ Yorkshire ᎠᎴ Lancashire ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ) ᎠᎴ Alberta (ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ: ᎠᏯᏩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏴᏢ ᏓᎧᏓ ("R. arkansana"), ᏣᏥᏱ ("R. laevigata"), ᎠᎴ ᏄᏯᎩ ("Rosa" ᏂᎦᎥᏊ). Portland, ᎤᏩᎦᏂ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ" ᏄᎾᏛᏅ Ꮝ ᎾᎥᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ occasionally ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ comprising ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ petals ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ sepals ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏆᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎳ Labour ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᏍᏆᏂ (ᏍᏆᏂ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ' ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ), ᏉᏧᎦᎵ, Norwegian, Danish, ᎠᏂᎤᎦᎾᏍᏔ, Finnish, ᏆᏏᎵᎢ, Dutch (Partij ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Arbeid) ᎠᎴ European ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ marchers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 1968 ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ.
Victorian ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ/ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ Georgia ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ Lancaster, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ York, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ portrayed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ Pierre-ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ Redouté ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ petals ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ technique originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Persia (ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Persian) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 70% 80% ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Kazanluk ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bulgaria, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Qamsar ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Iran ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ. ᎯᎠ Kaaba ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mecca ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Iranian ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Qamsar. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bulgaria, Iran ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ("Rosa damascena" 'Trigintipetala') ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ "Rosa centifolia" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ' ᎪᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ—ᎯᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏓᎵ—ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2,000 ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ gram ᎪᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ geraniol, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ C10H18O ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ CH3.C[CH3]:CH.CH2.CH2.C[CH3]:CH.CH2OH ᎠᎴ l-citronellol; ᎠᎴ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏜ, odorless ᎪᎢ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ.
ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vitamin C ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ pressed ᎠᎴ filtered ᎪᏢᏗ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ-ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏕᏍᏓ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ.
ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ growers.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᎯ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ David Austin, Peter Beales, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ Mottisfont Abbey ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-1900 ᎦᎪᏘ ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Birmingham ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ 'ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ European ᎫᏔᏍᏲᏍᏗ'.


ᏖᎸᎳᏗ.
ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ vine. ᎯᎠ grapevine ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Vitaceae. ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ 6 300, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎩᎨᏍᏗ-ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᏤᎵ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ.
RaisinᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ grapevine, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏖᎸᎳᏗ". ᎨᏯᏔᎯ grapevines ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᏄᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏐᎢ digakohidi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ.
Grapevines.
Grapevines ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ digakohidi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵe ᎢᎦᏛ Lepidoptera ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Lepidoptera ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ grapevines".
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ varieties grapevines; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ cultivars "V. vinifera".
ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ crosses ᎠᏰᎵ "V. vinifera" ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ varieties "V. labrusca", "V. riparia" ᎠᎴ "V. aestivalis". ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ (ᏂᎬᎢ phylloxera), ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᏬᏗᎨ" ᎦᏩᏒᎩ "labrusca".
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ "Coccoloba uvifera" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ Buckwheat ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ "Polygonaceae" ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ Caribbean ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ"(FAO), 75866 ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ kilometres ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ dedicated ᏔᎸᎳᏘ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 71% ᎡᎶᎯ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, 27% ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 2% ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sweetener ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ "ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ" ᎠᎴ "100% ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ". ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ dedicated ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
Researchers,ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Marty Mayo, comparing ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ gantlai ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏰᎳᏛᎾ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ France. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ cholesterol ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ arteries. ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ resveratrol (polyphenol antioxidant) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ, ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ, degenerative ᎣᏓᎾᏛ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎠᏂᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ fermented ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ varieties. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ colouration ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.
Raisins, currants, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ.
"raisin" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ. "currant" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ Zante ᏖᎸᎳᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ "raisin ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Corinthe" (Corinth ᏖᎸᎳᏗ). "ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ raisin ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ Turkish ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ raisins ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ chemically ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ.
ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ "raisin" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ loanword, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ; "grappe" (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ "ᏖᎸᎳᏗ") ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "une grappe ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ raisin"). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "raisin" ᎨᏒᎢ uncountable ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᏏᏴᏫ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ raisin."
ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ꮎ "currant" ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ blackcurrant ᎠᎴ redcurrant, ᏔᎵ berries ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ.
ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ procyanidolic oligomers, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ PCOs. ["Researchers have concluded that PCOs strengthen blood vessels, and improve blood circulation. Grape seed extract may help slow aging, prevent heart disease, deter cancer, lessen allergy symptoms, and eye strain, and fight certain skin diseases. In recent studies grape extract has also been shown to lessen cellulite, and lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels. The use of grape seed extract is available in forms such as: liquid, tablet, and capsule. Grape seed extract has not yet been shown to have any negative effects on consumers."]ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ
Seedlessness ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎸᎳᏘ.
Seedlessness ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ seedless cultivars ᎾᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏖᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ grapevines ᎠᎴ ᏄᎦᏎᏍᏛᎾ propagated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏍᎩ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ seeded ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ techniques.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎯᎠ seedlessness ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ cultivars ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ: 'Thompson Seedless', 'Russian Seedless', ᎠᎴ 'ᎬᎿᎨ Monukka'. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ "Vitis vinifera".


ᏁᎵᏒ.
ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.
ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ processes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, sentience, ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.
"ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ" ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ solving, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ processes ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎨᏁᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎢᏳᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ", ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏧqᎠᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏧqᎠᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ awareness ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Ned ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ).
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎣᏓᏅᏛᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ modeled ᎾᎥᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ electro-magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ). ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (panpsychist/panexperientialists - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ) ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ processes ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Bernard Baars) ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ workspace. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Thomas Nagel) ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.


ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ.
ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ (ᎠᎴ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ "ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏐᎯ" ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ.
ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.
ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏴᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ depictions ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎯᎠ "ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᎩ-ᎤᎸᏑᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ interact ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏓᏐᏴ, ᎦᏄᎯᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ). ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ behaving ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Caribbean ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏡᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ propounded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mainstream ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ principalities, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ poltergeists, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ researchers ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ recordable phenomena ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ psychic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ) ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ. Parapsychologists ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᎧᏃᏗ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ectoplasm." ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ classifies ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ phenomena ᏥᏄᏍᏗ poltergeists/ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ESP, ᎠᎴ telepathy. Theories ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ Ꮎ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ imprinted ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Spiritism, Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ-ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Spiritists, ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ "frequencies" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ realities ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ - ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ "ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ". ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ Nosso Lar ("ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Portuguese), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ 500 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Rio ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Janeiro, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ "ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, extrapolating ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Spiritists, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ "ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏤᎵ, causing ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings. ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏴᏫ - ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ - ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ dimensional ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ "ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ" ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ/Ꮝ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ (ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴ Spiritist ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reincarnation. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏱᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ "recycled" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏡᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ. ᎠᏅᏬᏗᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ reincarnated. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reincarnated, ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ "ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ"(魙). ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎫᏂᏍᎧ, ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏐᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ reincarnation. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ paranormal "ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ tìsíguǐ (替死鬼), ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ "ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ" ᎠᎴ "ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᏓᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Guangzhou ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꭺ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏌᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ "ᎠᏂᎷᎬ" ᎣᏪᏅᏒ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Garuda ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Vedic (Hindu) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ reborn ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ coversation ᎠᏰᎵ Brahmana (ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Garuda ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.
ᎯᎠ brahmana ᏄᏪᏒᎩ:'ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏱᏓᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎯ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ; ᎾᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏂᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.'
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ:'ᎢᏧᎳ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏕᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, Ꮭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, Ꮭ ᏅᏦᎠᏎᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Sraddha ᎠᎴ Tarpana. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎩᎬ. ᎾᏊ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎾᏊ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏂᎯ. ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ, ᎤᏏᏩᏍᎬ, ᎠᏗᎧᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, O brahmana, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎰᏍᎦ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, ᏄᎾᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎤᏕᏅ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ.'
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᎯ worldview ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ Samsara ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏏ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏲᏏ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ. Asura ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ".
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎴᏲᎥ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ frequented ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎡᏙᎲᎩᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ"; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "hauntings". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏃᏛ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ (ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᏨᏍᎩᎾ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ energies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ paranormal entities, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ.
ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ Occam ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ maximize ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ interpersonal ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ doesn't ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ questioned. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. Ascribing ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ interpreted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ tactic. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings. ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ peripheral ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ focused ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ focused ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ agatoli eerie ᎠᏎᏍᏙ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ frequencies ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 20 hertz ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ infrasound; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ Richard ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ Richard Wiseman ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ infrasound ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ "ᎡᏙᎲᎩ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎣᏪᎵᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ electromagnetic ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, videos paranormal ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ E-ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ B-ᏠᎨᏏ detectors ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ "ᎣᏓᏅᏛ" ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ sightings. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ "ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ" ᎠᏏᏴᏫ automatically ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ pareidolia ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ obscured, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ Tzu (470-391 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ)
"ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ? ᎢᎬᎾᏗ Tzu ᏄᏪᏒᎩ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ, ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ? ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧqᎠᎫᎤᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ? ᎢᏳᏃ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ? ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᏁᎩ: "ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎢ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ? ᎢᎬᎾᏗ Tzu ᏄᏪᏒᎩ: ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ rely ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Tu Po ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted. (ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Hsuan (827-783 BC) ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, Tu Po, ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ Tu Po ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. ᏦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, Tu ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ Hsuan ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ)" — ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ 31, translated ᎾᎥᎢ Ᏹ-pao Mei
ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ.
ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ "sightings" ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎵᏉ, Greece. Pliny ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ (c. 63 - 113 CE) ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Sura: Athenodoros Cananites (c. 74 BCE – 7 CE), Stoic ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ atolisdi ᎡᏆ, Athenian ᎦᎵᏦᏕ, ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ rumours Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ. Athenodoros staked atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ Ꮎ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ, dishevelled, ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ spectre, ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ "ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ". ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ beckoned ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Athenodoros ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ; Athenodoros ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ disappeared, ᎠᎴ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᏓᏬᏅᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ shackled ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ uncovered ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ᎯᎠ hauntings ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ; ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲ ᎤᏂᏰᎵᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᎧᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ York ᎠᎴ ᏧᏟᎥᏩᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ reputed ᎾᏍᏋ ᎹᏰᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ; ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ industries. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ England ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ.
Biggin ᎦᏚᏏ (London, England) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ airbase.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Washington, D.C., ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎡᏆᎭᎻ Lincoln ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎩ spectres.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Caligula ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ Lamian ᎦᏁᎸ Rome, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ Endor, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Saul Israel ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᏙᎾᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ Samuel ᎠᏓᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ꮭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏬᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Alcatraz ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ San Francisco ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎱᏥ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ.
ᎡᎵᏉ, Ohio ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ reputed ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ 5 (ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, 10) graveyards, ᏌᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ pentagram; ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. Ohio ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᎤᎾᏂᏢᏗ, ᎡᎵᏉ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᎤᎾᏂᏢᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏤ Orleans ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ' ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ. ᎢᏤ Orleans' ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ spectres.
Charleston, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ centuries ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏓᏄᏩ heroes, ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ottawa, Ontario, Canada ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Wilfrid Laurier, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1919. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ Kuchisake-onna ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎨᏱ 1979.
Hollywood, California ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Hollywood.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ Mary, ᎾᏊ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ, California, ᎨᏒᎢ reputed ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ hauntings ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏄᎸnᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ.
ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005 ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ Mary nadvndhvgi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ video ᎠᎴ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎨᎳ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ locked ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ locked ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ awoke ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎨᎳ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᏓᏛᏛᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ daddy ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ.
Herstmonceux ᎦᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ headless ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ pub ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ phenomena ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Gettysburg ᎭᏢᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᎷᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ.
ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ.
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ Endor ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ Homer ᎤᏤᎵ "Odyssey" ᎠᎴ Virgil ᎤᏤᎵ "Aeneid".
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Odyssey", Odysseus ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎩᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᏓᏲᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ" ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ" ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏎ ᎢᏳᏛᎾᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. Jonathan ᎦᏥᏄᎳ satirized ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎪᏪᎵ "Gulliver ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ Gulliver ᎠᏓᏯᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎳᎬᎾ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏧᏣ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ fictional ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᏕᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ reminiscent ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ aided ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ, ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "deus ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ" ᎾᎥᎢ resolving ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ.
ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ. ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ featuring ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ (variant ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "Hitchhiking ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ", ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ (ᎠᎴ Elvis Presley ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ variant) ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ comprehensible ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ participants.
ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ avenged ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Elizabethan ᎠᎴ Jacobean ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ/adversarial ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ". Hauntings ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Eyrbyggja ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ" ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ "ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ" ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. Horace Walpole ᎤᏤᎵ 1764 "ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ Otranto" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Edgar Allan Poe, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ" ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ/ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ.)
ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ depicted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ-ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ", ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ motif, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ atuyasdodi ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ heroine, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ("ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ William ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ", "ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏕᎯ Saunders").
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shakespeare' ᏗᏁᎶᏗ "ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ", ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ Claudius, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏊ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ Gertrude) occupies ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Claudius. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏦᏕ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. Julius ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ Brutus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ "Julius ᎡᎯᏍᏛ" ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ Brutus ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ "Macbeth", ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ "ᎩᎬ-bolter'd" ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎢ Banquo ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ "Richard ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ", ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎿᎸ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ, Richmond, ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Henry VII.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ anime/manga ᎤᏁᎬ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ, pluses, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ichigo Kurosaki ᎤᎭ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ.
Casper ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Harvey ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ. ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ghostliness, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ-ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ Casper tries ᎠᏓᎵᎢᏕᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ superheroes ᎦᎪ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ DC ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ' ᎯᎠ Spectre, Deadman, Ghostfreak ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ben 10, ᎠᎴ Nickelodeon ᎤᏤᎵ Danny ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ", ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ Bruce Willis ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏧᏣ (Haley Joel Osment) ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ sci-fi/ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ "Ghostbusters" ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ television ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ/ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ BBC ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "Ghostwatch", ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ #31.
ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Headless ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎦᎪ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Washington Irving ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎦᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ". ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ Sawyer ᎠᎴ ᎫᏩᏯ Finn ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Twain ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ Sawyer". Boag-Munroe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ fictional ghosthunter ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Stuart Neild. Algernon Blackwood ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Oscar Wilde ("ᎯᎠ Canterville ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ", 1887), M. R. James, J. Sheridan Le Fanu, H. R. Wakefield, ᎠᎴ E. F. Benson.
Theatre ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ technique.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ adaptations ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏞᎬ Japanese ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Hong Kong ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ 1990 ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏠᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ", ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Patrick Swayze) ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎯ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ psychic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎯᎠ Disneyland ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ 999 ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 1,000.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎦᎪ ᎯᎠ 2006 ᎤᎵᏍᏛ featured "ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ Cybermen.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ Headless ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ.
ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Pokémon ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ anime ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ entities ᎦᎪ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ Pokémon (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ.)


ᏧᎾᎦ.
ᏧᎾᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ freshwater ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, "Salmonidae".
ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ, ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ anadromous ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Asia ᎠᎴ Europe. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ Australia ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ displacing ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᏧᎾᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ (ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ) ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ morphologically ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ichthyologists.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ (ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ) ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᎾᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ colourations Ꮎ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎩᎳ genetic ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "Salvelinus fontinalis".
ᎥᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎦ ("Salvelinus namaycush"), ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏕᏯᏍᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎥᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ 7 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎥᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 30 kg (66 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ).
ᏧᎾᎦ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ aquatic invertebrate, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂtᎥᎦ, mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies, ᎠᎴ dragonflies. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ zooplankton ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ digotsaledg ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏧᎾᎦ (ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 cm) ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏑᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ recreationally. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒᎠᎴ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ fished ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏢᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ overfishing. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏗᏆᎴᏴᏍᏙᏗ, ᏛᎦ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. Farmed ᏧᎾᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ.
ᏧᎾᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ dramatically ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ camouflage, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏧᎾᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ "ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ" ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ ᎤᎭ 14 ᎤᏬᎳᏨ subspecies (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎯ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ), ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Lahontan ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ "Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi", Bonneville ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ "Oncorhynchus clarki utah", Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ, Yellowstone ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎦ.


ᏎᎼᏂ.
ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Salmonidae. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏧᎾᎦ. ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ locked ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ Kamchatka ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Russian ᎢᏅ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ anadromous: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 90% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alaska, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ populate ᎢᏤ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ semelparity. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏎᎼᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ (iteroparity), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 40 50%.) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ, ᏦᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.
ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries, ᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ swam upriver ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ spearfishing ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Columbia ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ Celilo ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ inundated ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎯᎠ Ainu, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ "en masse". ᎾᏊ, ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ. ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ fisheries ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ banned ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ Ireland.
ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia ᎠᎴ Alaska ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Skeena ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ fisheries, ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ fisheries, ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ fisheries ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ wildlife ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ yvwatuwidv ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ watershed.
ᎢᏧᎳ Atlantic ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ recreational ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Australian ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ salmonidae. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ coastline Australia ᎠᎴ Tasmania. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ, Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "redd", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ streambed ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ, fertilising ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ upstream ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏫᎵ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ "alevin" ᎠᎴ "ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ "parr" ᎬᏙᏗ camouflaging ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎯᎠ parr ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ "smolts" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ colour ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ rubbed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎯᎠ smolt ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ. Smolts ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ-ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᎩᏌᏛ osmoregulation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ freshwater, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "grilse". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ sexually ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "whitling" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK. ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ undergoes ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ "kype" (ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏎᎼᏂ). ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎢᏤᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ darker ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "kelts". ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ amazing ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ upstream ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ deduced ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ slower ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ (annuli) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. Freshwater ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵᎢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ; ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ spaced ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ milt.
Freshwater ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ estuaries ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ aquatic ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, amphipods, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ crustaceans ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deeper ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ (ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ predation ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ siltation, ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. Estuaries ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ wetlands ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. Wetlands ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᏎᎼᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ overall ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ "ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ", ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ dioxin. PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 8 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ FSA (ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ methylmercury ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏗ.
ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ farmed (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 99%), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ-ᎦᏂᏴᏛ (ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 80%).
ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᎬ fleshed ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ colour ᏎᎼᏂ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ carotenoid ᏗᎧᏃᏗ astaxanthin (E161j) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ carotenoids ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ krill ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ canthaxanthin (E161g) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ Vitamins, ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ colourants ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. Astaxanthin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ antioxidant Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. Canthaxanthin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ agatoli, causing ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ intakes.
ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. Alaskan ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ. Smoked ᏎᎼᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ smoked. Lox ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏴᏢ smoked ᏎᎼᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ cured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ gravlax).
ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏌᎩᏓᎡ, ᎠᏜ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢᎾ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏌᎩᎠᏏᏍ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ availability ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵese ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎼᏂ gantlai ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ sashimi (ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏑᏏ.
Environmental ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᏱ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ NGOᎠᎴ sharing ᎠᎴ participating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ documentation ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ.
Aquaculture.
ᏎᎼᏂ aquaculture ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ contributor ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ farmed ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ-ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $1 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ. ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ cultured ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: tilapia, ᏧᎵᏍᏓᎾᎵ, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, carp, bream, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎦ. ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Norway, Sweden, Scotland, Canada, ᎠᎴ Chile ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ consumed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe. Atlantic ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ farmed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Russia ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tasmania, Australia.
ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ farmed ᏎᎼᏂ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ substituting ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏤᎵᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ gantlai ᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎪᎯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ farmed ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. Intensive ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ safer ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ controllable, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hatcheries iyuwakodi ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Sweden ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ Norwegians ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏎᎼᏂ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ kanquotsegi ᏎᎼᏂ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ overharvest ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ "ᎠᎹ" ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favour ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. variant ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alaska. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏢᏃ fishermen ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᏂ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏎᎼᏂ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.
Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Salmo". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ,
ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Oncorhynchus", ᎢᎦᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ;


Escherichia coli.
"Escherichia coli", ᎤᏠᏱᎭ abbreviated "E. coli", ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Theodor Escherich, pediatrician ᎠᎴ bacteriologist, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎵᎦᏏgantlai. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎪᏘ. Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ groundwater ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ Enterobacteriaceae, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ, "enteric", ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎦᏏ, ᏯᏛᎾ "gastroenteritis" (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 'gastro-', ᎤᏍᏉᎵ, 'entero-' ᏧᎵᎦᏏ, '-itis', ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ). "ᎦᎳᏅᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ "enteric".
ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ "E. coli" ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏴᏫ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ 100 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ 10 ᎯᏍᎩ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ "coli" ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ digakohidi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ "Enterobacter aerogenes") ᎠᎴ grouped ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "coliform" ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎯᎠ "coliform ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ aerobic ᎠᎴ facultative anaerobic, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ-ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ lactose ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 48 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ 35 °C (95 °F). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. "E. coli" ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ elongated, 1-2 µm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ 0.1-0.5 µm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ, "E. coli" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎪᎯᏳᏙ" ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ Coliform ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. "E. coli" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ coliforms ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ pathogen("Salmonella typhi" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ pathogen. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ typhoid ᎤᏗᎴᎲᏍᎩ.), ᎠᎴ "E. coli" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ't "ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lab ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ "E. coli" ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ "E. coli" ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꭺ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ.
ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏳᎩ.
"E. coli" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ causative ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ urinary ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᏳᎩ, meningitis, peritonitis, mastitis, septicemia ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ-ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎳ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏗᎴᎬᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ enteric "E. coli" ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties ᎾᎾᎯ enterotoxigenic (ETEC, causative ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ diarrhea ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ, ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ, ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ, ᏩᎦ, ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ), enteropathogenic (EPEC, causative ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ diarrhea ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏥᏍᏚ, ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ), enteroinvasive (EIEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ), verotoxigenic (VTEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ, ᏩᎦ, ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ), enterohaemorragic (EHEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ), ᎠᏓᏂᏴᎡᎲ-effacing (AEEC, ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ E. coli ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ EPEC ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, EHEC ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ, ᎠᎴ porcine ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎦᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏴᏫ EPEC ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ) ᎠᎴ enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ).
ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ.
ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ guided ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ sensitivities ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ "E. coli". ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ "E. coli" ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ) amoxycillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ "E. coli" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎦᎾᎦᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ.
ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ overuse ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ anitbiotics ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.
ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ.
"ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ" "E. coli" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ "E. coli" ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ detectable ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ lifecycle ᎯᎠ bacterium, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ pathogenicity. ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ "E. coli" ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ gantlai, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎢᏤ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ "E. coli" ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ biological ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ nvwatohiyadv ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ diarrhea, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ medications, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ "E. coli" ᎨᏒᎢ.
ESBL (ᎧᏁᏉᏛ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Beta-Lactamase) ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ E. coli ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ E. coli.ESBL-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ enzyme ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ-ᏗᎧᏃᏗ beta lactamase, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ intravenous ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ.
ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ microbiology.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, "E. coli" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ microbiology ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ "workhorse" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ agatohvsdi.
Bacterial ᏔᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "E. coli," ᎠᎴ "E. coli" ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ.
"E. coli" ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ biological ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. Researchers ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ" ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ DNA ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ recombinant DNA ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ "E. coli" ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ insulin ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ diabetes.


ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ), ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ tempo ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅ). ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ stimuli, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎢᏌᏛ, ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ", ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎣᏌᏂ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏐᎯ. ᏀᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ (ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ).
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏐᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏗ.
ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ-ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᎠᏎᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎷᎳ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᎭᏓᏛ.
20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏣᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, "ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ,". ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez: "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ--ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏀᎾᎢ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ... ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎵᏗᏱ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ."
Johann ᏩᏯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Goethe ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ "ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ."
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sama Veda ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 4,000 ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ur, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ "ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ "ethnomusicology") ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Europe, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏯᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ European ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ European ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, "ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ musicology", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ "ethnomusicology", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ.)
ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ techniques, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ & ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎯᏯᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Anglo-ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ African-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎣᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ' multi-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ "ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ" ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (ᎠᎴ "ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ - ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ, ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎡᏆ ᏔᎵ" ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ jazz ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ).
ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ" ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Gershwin ᎤᏤᎵ "ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ", ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ jazz ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ "ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ" ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ: ᎣᏂᏱᏳ-ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ Beethoven ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏂᎢ, Stravinsky ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᏯᎢᏒ, bebop-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ jazz, ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏗᏍᎬ, ᏔᏩᎵ ᏅᏯ, ᎠᎴ electronica ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ.
ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ European ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European-ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ: ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ: ᎠᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᏙᎯ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ.
ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ-ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ "4'33."ᏣᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳ "ᎤᏃᏴᎬ" ᎠᎴ "ᎡᎷᏪᎢ."
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏙᏌᏗᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ "ᎢᏯᏛᏂ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ.
ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ, ᎩᎳ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎣᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ, ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ; ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ alap ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Dane Harwood, "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ 'ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ,' ᎠᏯ ᏃᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ, ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ."
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎢᏌᏛ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ synagogues, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ, ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ).
ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎢᏌᏛ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏓᏄᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎡᎪᎢ "ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ." ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᏐᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bali, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎢᎸᏍᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ.
ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ symphonic ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ.
Aural ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎠᎴ aurally ("ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎴᏂ"). ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ". ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎢᏌᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Gambia, ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Africa, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ aurally ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏀᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ.
ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, jazz, ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎣᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. Nonetheless, ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ jazz, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ jazz "ᎡᏆ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ."
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tablature, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏏᏓᏍᏗ/ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. Tabulature ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ contextual ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th ᎠᎴ 18th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ-ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ tempo ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ) ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎯ "ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ" ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ jazz, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ; ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏂ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ jazz ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ jazz ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ "ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ" ᎪᎯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ.
ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎷᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ.
ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ' ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ techniques ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ "ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ" ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ jazz ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ melodic, harmonic, ᎠᎴ rhythmic ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ "ᏁᎵᏒ " (ᏁᎵᏒᎢ) ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ, "ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ" ᏁᎭ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Georgiana Costescu, ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ stylistic ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ "ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ" ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ). ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ goweli gowlisgi ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ "ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Aleatoric ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Lutosławski.
ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ -- ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ -- ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ; ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ jazz ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ African ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ.
ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ. ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ. ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ rubato ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ tempo ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ montage, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ.
ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᎨ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ ᎡᏆ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ socioeconomic ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎡᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ." "ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ" ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎢᏯᏙᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏗ.
ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ jazz, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ, ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ "ᎦᎸᎳᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎡᎳᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ Ꮎ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ "ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎠᎴ 1990s, musicologists ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ "ᎦᎸᎳᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎡᎳᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ socioeconomic ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ-ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ-ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-"ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ socioeconomic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ-ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏗᏍᎬ, ᏔᏩᎵ, ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ska ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.
ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ludwig ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Beethoven, ᎦᎪ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Evelyn Glennie, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏔᎵᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᏈᏏ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᏫ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏰᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ.
Media ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ media; ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, television ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎥᏝ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ "ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ". ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ vs. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ-ᏓᏰᏏ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᏂ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mechanisation. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Audio ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1992 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 1979 ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ Berne ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᎵᏍ, ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ-ᏀᎾ-ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏍᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏍᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ video, ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎤᏐᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, DJ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ 20th-ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎸ onto ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ MIDI ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ "ᏗᏙᎳᎩ" ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Karaoke, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Japanese, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ video ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ.
ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᏔᏩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ.
ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.
ᏓᏍᏆᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ. ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ PhD, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ DMA. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ,ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ musicology, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎯᎠ PhD, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ musicology, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ DMA ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ. ᎯᎠ DMA ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ postsecondary ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᏛᏎᎯᎯ, ᏍᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, jazz ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᏗᏱ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏀᎾ ᏍᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ European ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎾᏉᏤᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ STSI ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bali, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Korea, ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Africa ᎠᎴ Bali (e.g. Gamelan ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ).
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ- ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ techniques.
ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ "ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ" ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ musicology. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ musicology ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏦᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ-ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ: ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ musicology, ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ musicology, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ musicology. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏛᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ, ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ethnomusicology. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ musicology ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-disciplinary ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ psychoacoustics. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ethnomusicology.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ Quadrivium ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ Quadrivium, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ.
Zoomusicology ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᏴᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᏴᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᏥ Herzog (1941) ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ, "ᎿᏛᎦ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ?" François-Bernard Mâche ᎤᏤᎵ "Musique, mythe, ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ou les Dauphins d (1983), ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ "ornitho-musicology" ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ technique Ruwet ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, musique, poésie" (1972) paradigmatic ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ birdsongs ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ-ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990), "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ conceptualized (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ) ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏴᏫ."
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ anthropology. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ therapy.
Robert ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 16th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗᏍᎩ", Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏍᎩᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2006, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Michael J. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ therapy ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ schizophrenic ᎤᏢᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.
ᎪᏪᎵ.
Harwood, Dane (1976). "ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ: ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ", "Ethnomusicology" 20, Ꮭ. 3:521-33.


ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ (Latin "ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ"; ᎠᎪᎢ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ conceptual ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ("aretē") ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎩᎵᏏ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "vir" ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎠᏍᎦᏯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ" ᏁᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ; ᏯᏛᎾ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ". [The unrelated Latin word "vis" means simply "power" or "violence"; ancient grammarians were unable to distinguish the two words.] Cf. Ernout-Meillet, "Dictionnaire étymologique ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ langue latine: Histoire ᏕᏍ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ".
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ subtleties, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏓᏄᏩᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎧᏁᏨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Leo Strauss expresses ᎾᏍᎩ, "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ."
ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᎭ normative ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎠᏯ.e. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ (ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮝ normative ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ) vs. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎨᏯᏔᎯ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ("ēthikē aretē"). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ itsuwakodi. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ Plato ᎠᎴ Socrates.
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᏙᏧ" ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "cardo" ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏙᏌᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ pivotal ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Plato ᎠᎴ Aristotle, ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ,
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ - ᏌᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ - ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Plato' ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 'ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ'. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
Nietzsche ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ denies ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ.
ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
Seneca, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ Stoic ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ/ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1 ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ 13:13 (νυνι δε μενει "πιστις ελπις αγαπη" τα τρια ταυτα μειζων δε τουτων η αγαπη "pistis, elpis, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ"). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ (ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᏎᏍᏗ) ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ.
ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ.
ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎾᎯ broader ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ underlying ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ). ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ (e.g. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. Societies ᎤᎭ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ shared ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ' ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ.
ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᎴ prioritized ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ.
ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ organizing ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏧ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ, ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ, ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Aristotle ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ. ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ; ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ "ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ" ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ayatoli-mindedness ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-headedness ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ enumerated ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas Aquinas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ugatohvsv ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Cassian ᎠᎴ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Gregory ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ."[1] "ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ" ᎠᎭᏂ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (Latin ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ) ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ, e.g., ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᏗᏅᏏᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ, ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᎯ, ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ, ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ, ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ: ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ, ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ (ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏙᏧ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ" Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ behaviour. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ reinforced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ hierarchy ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏢᏉᏛ (ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ atsinuqowisgv ᎢᎦᏘᎭ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᏓᏛᏳᏤᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ schema ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ.
ᎯᎠ 4th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi Egyptian ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓasgaya udal nigesvna Evagrius Ponticus ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ "ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ," ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ "ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ" ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎠᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎨᎵᏲᏤᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1992 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Paul ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Beatitudes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ (translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "te" 德) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese philosophies ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Confucianism ᎠᎴ Taoism. Chinese ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ, xiao ᎤᏠᏱᎭ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ, ᎠᎴ zhong ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ normative ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ Chinese ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "Analects", ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ global ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ: ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ.
ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᏡᏡ Seligman ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ researchers ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ, ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ dysfunction ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ "ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ widest ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, Seligman ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᎯᎠ researchers ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏅᎩ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.


ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᎤ ᏪᏴ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᎤ ᏪᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏪᏴ, 730 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (1,175 km) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏳᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ northeastern ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎫᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 40 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (64 km) ᎾᎾᎯ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ. ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ canyon ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Sublette ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏩᏲᎻ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Bridger-Teton ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ southwest ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏃᏯᎭ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Sweetwater ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏩᏲᎻ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ tsuqagutanvsv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎥᏓᎵ, ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern ᏳᏔ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ eastward, ᎫᏓᎸᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Uinta ᏙᏓᎸ ᏓᏰᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏳᏔ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᎾᎯ Dinosaur ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Canyon ᎯᎠ Lodore (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ Lodore) ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Yampa ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ westward ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏳᏔ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ Uintas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ Canyon. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ southwest ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Yampa ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ Uintah ᎠᎴ Ouray ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Ouray ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Wildlife ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Ouray, ᏳᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Duchesne ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎨᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎴᎦᎵᏍ ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ--ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Canyon, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 120 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ (192 km). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Canyon, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ canyon ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏳᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ San Rafael ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏳᏔ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Wayne ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏳᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Canyonlands ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ mining, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ hydroelectric ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1963, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ conservationists. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ Canyon, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ conservationist ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ traded ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏝᏏᏛ, ᎯᎠ Sierra ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎩᏒ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ, ᎠᏍᏛᎩ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 100 -300 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ 300–1000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 3 - 50 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮝ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ motorboats upstream ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
tsuqagutanvsv ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ canyons ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ Fremont ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flourished ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 7th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎯᎠ Fremont ᎨᏒᎩ ᏴᎩ-nomadic ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pithouses ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ canyon ᏓᏐᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sheltered ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ centuries, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ Shoshone ᎠᎴ Ute ᏴᏫ, ᎢᏧᎳ nomadic ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ Shoshone ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Uintah ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Utes ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ Utes ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Uinta ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Shoshone ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎦᏔ-kee-dee-Agie", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎢᎪᏗ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ ᎤᏪᏴ."
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1776, ᎯᎠ Spanish ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Dominguez ᎠᎴ Escalante ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Rio ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ San Buenaventura. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Spanish ᎠᎴ Mexican ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Rio Verde, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spanish. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Spanish ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ-ᎢᎦ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏳᏔ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 19th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏲᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ disputed Oregon ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ explored ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏌᏛᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Hudson ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1819. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1825, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ William Ashley ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ floated ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ Uintah ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ kanquotsegi ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏌᏛᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Whiterocks, ᏳᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᏳᏔ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ explored ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ C. Fremont ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1840s. Fremont ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ cartographic ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Miera, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏙᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ surveyed ᎠᎴ mapped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Wesley Powell ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869 ᎠᎴ 1871, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ canyons, geographic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1878 ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ, ᏳᏔ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Jeremiah ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ survived diphtheria ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Meeker ᏕᎨᏥᎢᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᏂ. iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1940s, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ. Tourism ᎤᎭ emerged ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ.
ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Ashley ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ shale ᎪᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ mined ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ uranium.
Airport.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ airport (FAA Identifier: UT75) ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎩᎳ utugi gvsv ᎤᏬᏚᎯ canyon.


ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 9 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Nantahala ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, Pisgah ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏚᏙᎥ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, hydrocarbonᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏡᎬᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ dramatically ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ smog ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ Southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Midwest, ᎠᎴ smog ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Environmental ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ nearby Knoxville, ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ Asheville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina.
ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies ᎨᏒᎢ Clingmans ᏂᎦᏛᎢ (6,642 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, 2,024 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. paved ᏅᏃᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ 300 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (90 m) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina, Georgia, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎾᏓ ᎩᎦᎭᎢ). Clingmans ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ. ᎯᎠ Smokies ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv ᎡᎳᏗ terrain. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ LeConte (6,593 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, 2,010 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ alenvdidsv. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎯᎠ Smokies ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 50 80 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (130-200 cm), ᎠᎴ snowfall ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎨᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ dagatuwisdisgv terrain ᎤᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ yvwatuwidv 40 50 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (100-130 cm).
ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ gantlai.
Biological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ hallmark ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 10,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ documented; ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ 90,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ wildflowerᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, lyudetiyvda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ, ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏑᎶ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ trillium, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ.
ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ ecosystem ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nvwatohiyadv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ contributing ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ invasive ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ adelgid ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ adelgid ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ. Pseudoscymnus tsugae ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ.
ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Maine ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (1,500 m) AMSL. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎾᎥᎢ" ᏥᏍᏆᏓᏰᏏ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎯᎠ Catawba ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ rosebay ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ- ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ-flowered ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ azalea ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Catawbas. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᎸᏒ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎤᏰᎸᎭ mountaintops ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎬᎭᏛ) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ broadleaf, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎤᎾᏥᎾ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ.
ᎠᎹ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏬᏱ ᎤᏪᏴ, Oconaluftee ᎤᏪᏴ, Nantahala ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Asheville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ northeastern ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Smokies. Norfolk ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Frances ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ivan ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏴ. ᏐᎢ ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Hugo ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1989, ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Smokies.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ tourism.
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ Appalachia, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ. Tourism ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏬᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Gatlinburg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏖᎾᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina.
ᏥᏳ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏗᎬᎩᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵ whitewater, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Cataloochee ᎠᎴ Ober Gatlinburg.
ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ Dolly Parton ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Smokies, ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sevierville. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ Dollywood ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.


ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ Appalachians, ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, bordered ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ charnockites, metamorphosed ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ limestones. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ charnockites ᎠᎴ 1.2 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lyudetiyvda. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ, ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ chemical ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Sierra-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ limestones Ꮎ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lowered ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ.
ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ Parkway ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ 469 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (750 km) ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Appalachians ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ: Shenandoah ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ parkway, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ metamorphic ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ (gneiss) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ-ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎪᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ swirls ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏚᏚ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ, ᎯᎠ geological ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ westward ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏧᏍᏚ ᏙᏓᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ Brushy ᏙᏓᎸ ("ᎠᏴᎩᏍᏗ" ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ} ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎣᏓᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ Gettysburg, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ ᎠᎴ Harrisburg, ᎤᎩᏓᎵᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ Ꮎ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤ ᏨᏏ ᎠᎴ Hudson ᎤᏪᏴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Berkshires ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ ᏣᏩᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Mt. Mitchell ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ 6,684 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2,037 m). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 39 ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina ᎠᎴ ᏖᎾᏏ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6,000 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (1,829 m); ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ 6,000 ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ, ᎠᏤ ᎭᎻᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ Mt. Washington.
ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ Virginia ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1600s ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Powhatan ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "Quirank".


ᎾᏳ.
ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᏅᏯ, comprising ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0.0625 (ᎠᎴ) 2 millimeter. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎾᏳ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ geology ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ: ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 0.0625 mm ᎡᎳᏗ 0.004 mm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2 mm ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 64 mm (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ). ᎾᏳ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ rubbed ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏰᏌᏛ (ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ).
ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏳ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏳ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ silica (silicon dioxide), ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ chemical ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎾᏳ varies ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏯ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ subtropical ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ limestone. Arkose ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ sandstone ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ feldspar ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ nearby) ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ magnetite, chlorite, glauconite ᎠᎴ gypsum. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnetite ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ basalts. ᎯᎠ chlorite-glauconite ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ basalt(ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ olivine ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎯᎠ gypsum ᎾᏳ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏳ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏣᏅᏙᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ gemstone.
ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗes, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎾᏳ ᎠᎳᏥᎦᏍᎬ, ᎾᏳ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ arenology. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ agatudesdi ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏳ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ gneiss ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏳ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏳ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏳ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ activities involving ᎾᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sandblasting. ᏕᎦᏃᏛᎢ silica ᎾᏳ ᎾᏊ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ respiratory ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏌᏂ silica ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ silicosis, ᏧᏪᎳ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎣᏌᏂ silica ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ iyuwakodi. ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ(MSDS) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ silica ᎾᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ "ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ silica ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ".
ᎾᏳ 'mining'.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ digging ᎾᏳ "ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, sandhills, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎿ beaches ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ collapsed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂ.


ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏗ, ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ. ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᏗ. ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, loveseat (ᏔᎵ-seater ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ footrest ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ", "ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ" ᎠᎴ. ᎦᏍᎩᎶ mounted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ theatre ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᏗ. ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ drilled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ headrests. Headrests ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ whiplash injuries ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ atlvquodod ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ. “The chair” ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᎬᏉ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ iyuwakodi ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎦᏗ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ survived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ seigneurial ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ tsuqagutanvsv ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏅᏯ ᎨᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ Cairo, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎧᏁᏗ. ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴ carved ᎠᎴ gilded ᎠᏓ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᏓᏰᏏ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ centuries ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ (618 - 907 ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ), ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎦᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ datsituga ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ.
ᎯᎠ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎤᎪᎲᎩ kanquotsegi ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, moulded ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ergonomic ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎯᎠ recliner ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏤ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ: ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, tuya ᎦᏅᏛᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ urethane ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ Foof ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "Poof ᎦᏍᎩᎶ". Technological ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ plywood ᎠᎴ laminate ᎠᏓ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ polymers. ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ergonomics.
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ergonomic(ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ergonomic ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, stackability, foldability, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎦᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. "ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ", ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏗᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ reclined. ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ television ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ.
Ergonomic ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎦᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dangling ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ ("popliteal ᎦᏇᏅᏗ"). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ. ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏗ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ" ("ischial tuberosities").
reclining ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ problematic ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏴᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ "ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ" ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ reclined. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, reclining ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, backrests ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ: ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ backrests ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ backrests ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ. Headrests ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ "whiplash" ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ injuries ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ jerked ᎦᏐᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ. Reclining ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ backrests ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏐᎯ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ. ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ sitter ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎾᎿ.
ᏕᏥᎾ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎤᏬᎳ-ᎦᏙᎬ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ padded ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᎩᎷᏗ. ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ. ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ, ᏩᏂᎨ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ distributing ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ firmer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. contoured ᎦᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏤᎵ Ꮨ, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ anthropometric ᏗᏟᎶᏛ. ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. Anthropometric ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ anthropometric ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ popliteal ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ seated, ᎯᎠ popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ thigh ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏂᎨᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ". (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᏂᏅᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ seated.) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ansigaya, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ 16.3 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 15.0 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ popliteal ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏗ. ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 17 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ seated, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ popliteal ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ Ꮨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ. ᎪᎯ anthropometric ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ. ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 38-43 cm ᎠᏍᏛᎩ.
ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ anthropometric ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ armrest ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ. ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ armrests. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ-ᎧᏂᎩᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ "ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ" ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. "ᎦᏗ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ stadiums ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ adjustable ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏁᎳ.
ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ armrests. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, armrests ᏫᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ armrests. Armrests ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ). Armrests ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏯᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ armrest ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏠᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ e.g. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ. loveseat ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᎭ "Ꮭ" ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ pictures of benches with and without arm rests.
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᎦᏗ.
ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏗ.
ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ codified ᎾᎾᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ISO 9241-5:1988, "Ergonomic ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ (VDTs) -- ᎢᎦᏛ 5: Workstation layout ᎠᎴ postural ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ
" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ISO 6875. tuya ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ANSI ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ASTM F1912-98. ISO 7174 specifies ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ASTM F1858-98 specifies ᎣᏂ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ASTM E1822-02b ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ stacked.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ "ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ" ᏗᎧᎵ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ catastrophically.
ᎡᏆ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ criteria ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ
. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ agencies (e.g. Canada ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ/CGSB 44.15M ᎾᎿ "ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ/CGSB 44.232-2002 ᎾᎿ "ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ").
Accessories.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ footrest, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ footrest ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ matched glider, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ mounted ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏁᏐᎳᏕᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ glider.
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ adatolastanv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ decor. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎠᏇᎷᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ couches ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ.
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᎷᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. Orthopedic backrests ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ. Obus Forme ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ adjustable ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎫᏢᏗ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᏆᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ.
ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏛᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ draped ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-weighted ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎩᎵᏏ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ.
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ "ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏂᎯ ᎦᏗ", ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ suspenseful ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ "ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᎯ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒ.
Activities Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "rearranging ᎯᎠ deckchairs ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Titanic".
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎩᎵᏏ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ".


ᏓᏬᎵ.
ᏓᏬᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ) ᏂᎯ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ mycelium) ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎴ "hyphae". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ broader ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, "ᏓᏬᎵ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ mycelium ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᎸ, ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎪᏏᏛ ᎠᏓ, ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏓᏬᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ "ᎤᏙᎯᏳ" ᏓᏬᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ "basidiocarp". ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏚᏩᎷ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ basidiocarp Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏓᏬᎵ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ agarics (ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ), boletes, chanterelles, ᎦᏅᏙᎬ fungi, polypore, puffball, ᏤᎵ fungi, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ fungi, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ fungi, stinkhorn, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ fungi. ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ fungi ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ mycologist. ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏙᎯᏳ" ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Basidiomycota" (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ fungi"). ᎦᏲᎵ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ classified ᎾᎥᎢ mycologists ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Ascomycota" (ᎠᎴ "ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ fungi"), ᎯᎠ morel ᎠᎴ truffle ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏓᏬᎵ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ macroscopic fungal ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ taxonomic ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 14,000 ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏬᎵ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 1.5 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ fungi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 140,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ (ᏓᏬᎵ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, Nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Chang ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ, 2004)
ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏬᎵᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ varieties ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ vitamins ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ thiamine (B), riboflavin (B), niacin (B), biotin (B), cobalamins (B) ᎠᎴ ascorbic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ (C), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, selenium, potassium ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯous, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ varieties, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ risky —riskier ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ— ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ undertaken ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ separating ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.
ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ macroscopic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. "ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᎴ pileus ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ stipe. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ agarics) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱᎠᎴ lamellae ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ boletes, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ fungi ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ stipe, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ fungi ᎤᎭ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ. ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ; ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏥᎳᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ colour, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ.
Apical ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.
Apical ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᏬᎵ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ germinating mycelium ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ uniyatolv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏬᎵ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ apical ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ.
ᏓᏬᎵ genera ᎬᏙᏗ apical ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ "Agrocybe", "Panaeolus", "Psilocybe", ᎠᎴ "Pholiota".
Chemical properties.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ chemical properties ᏓᏬᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ metabolites Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ, ᎣᏓᏅᏛ-ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ bioluminescent. ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ basidiocarp: ᎯᎠ mycelium ᎤᎭ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ protoplasmic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ defence ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ chemicals Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏬᎵ inedible, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ causing ᎯᎠ consumer ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ). Psilocybin ᏓᏬᎵ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ psychedelic properties. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᏬᎵ" ᎠᎴ "shrooms", ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ "(ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Psychedelic ᏓᏬᎵ)." ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ psychoactive ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ tvga agaric, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗic ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ.
ᎾᏊ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎠᎴ fungi utilized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ethnobotanistᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ researchers. Maitake, shiitake, ᎠᎴ reishi ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ researched ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ anti-ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ, anti-viral, ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ tohi adedi-enhancement properties. Psilocybin, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ psychedelic ᏓᏬᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ obsessive-compulsive ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ migraine ᎥᏍᎪᎵ ᎣᏪᏍᏓᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ potentiate ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ugatohvsv. "ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ entheogen". ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ psychoactive properties, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Velada ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, curandera (ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ-healer), Maria Sabina.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏬᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ starters (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ fungi). Ötzi ᎯᎠ Iceman ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏬᎵ. ᏓᏬᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ fungi, ᏫᎵ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ kanquotsegi ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ biological remediation ᎠᎴ filtration technologies. ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ searched ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ mycoremediation ᎠᎴ mycofiltration.


ᎤᏯᏍᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ outer ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ exoskeleton, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ mollusk ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ chitin, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ).
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ conchiolin (scleroprotein), ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ calcium carbonate (CaCO3) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ calcite ᎠᎴ aragonite ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ platy ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ secreted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ epithelial ᎦᏁᎸ (ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎦᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ectoderm) ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ. ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎩᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dissolved calcium. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ calcium ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated atsinuqowisgv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ calcium carbonate. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ onto ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ (ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ "ᎤᏂᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏂᏥ ᏓᎬᎾ"), ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ damaging ᎢᎦᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ wider ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ invaded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ irritated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "encystation" ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏓᏁ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, concentric ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ.
ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ outlast ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ. ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ limestone. ᎤᏯᏍᎦ Ꮎ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ beaches ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ seashells, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
Trivia.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ Papua ᎢᏤ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ 1933.


ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. coastline ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ.
ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ saltwater tributaries. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ sheltered ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ(ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ). ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ (ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᎵ. "ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏓᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ", ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ defining ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ environmental ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ.
Environmental ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ecosystem ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ estuaries ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ nutrients ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏜ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛes ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ, gantlai, ᎠᎴ ᏨᏍᎪᏱᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ processes, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ phenomena, ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᎴ reshaping ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ drowned ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ (ria).
ᏴᏫ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ environmental ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏴᏫ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ contributing ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ accelerated ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ. ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreational ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ threatened ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎥᏳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ Ꮣ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗes ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗation ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tankers ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏤᏩᏍᏗᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏜ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏤᏩᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ powered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ alenvdidsv ᎠᎹ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ geographic ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ global ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏜ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ seaborne ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ centuries ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ harbourᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏜ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏙᏗ. ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ overseas ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏓᏰᏏ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗes ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᎴ Caribbean, tourism ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏭᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ recreational activities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏬᏍᎬᎢ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᎦᏙᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ'ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ experiencing ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, Australia, ᎢᏤ Zealand, Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ migrants. ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ erected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.


ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ techniques Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ (entities) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏚᎾᏛᏁᎵᏙᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.
ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ Ꮝ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏂᏙᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᎾᎵᎬᏩᎳᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎧnᏉᏤᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᎷᏤᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎫᏱᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ activities ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᏱᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ. adel ᏗᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. adel ᏗᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ compensators ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᏫᎵ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ.
ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ institutional investors ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ adel ᏗᏗᏱ, ᎦᎪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏇ ᏱᎩ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ XYZ Inc, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ 100 ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ 1/100 ᎤᏤᎵᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᏂᎯ ᎣᏤᎵ 1/100 ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ financing". ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ financing ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ financing) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ), ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ (ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ), ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ activities ᎠᎴ achieved ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ institutional ᏗᏫᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ.
ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩtᎤᏫᏛ
ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, financing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ, ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, e.g. ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, managerial ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ' activities. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ balancing ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ profitability.
ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏣᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓtᎤᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ adel ᏗᏗᏱ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏓtᎤᏗ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎦᏇᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏚᎳᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠtᎤᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ resell ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏗᎫᏴᎲᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏗᏚᎳᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ. ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ - ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ - ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ "ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ", "ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ" ᎠᎴ "ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ" ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᏌᏊ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ.
Shared ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎴ consolidating ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ shared ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ centralized ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ interrelation ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ.. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ adatudi - ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. - ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏆ subfield ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ.
ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ' ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ processes. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ, researchers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.


ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ managing ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ productivity ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ "busy", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏦᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ — ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ), ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ generalized ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ," "ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ," ᎠᎴ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ" – ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ suppliers ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ expertise ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ technological ᎠᏌᎶᏙᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ, (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ cooperative, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ("ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ") ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ predominantly ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ economies, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ — Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ "ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ."
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Marxists ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ." ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ sizable ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ leadership ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ.
ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ(ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.
Organizing ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎪᎸᏓᏁᎯ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ shielded ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏓᏥᏚᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏓᎸᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ "ᎠᏏᏴᏫ." ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎭᏢᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ specialized ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ (ᎠᎹᏰᏟ: ᏂᎦᎥ) ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ. Ꮭ paperwork ᎠᎴ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ.
ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ", ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.
ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ (OSHA ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ), anti-ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, disabilities, ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, sexual ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ), ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏦᏪᏐᎸᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏑᏟᎶᏛᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ specialized ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎪ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᏦᏔ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ industries ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ utilities, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ, ᎫᏓᎸᏙ, ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ providers. Environmental ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎦᏖᏃᎲᎾ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ'), ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏩᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ remedies. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ "ᎠᏓᏚᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ (IPO) ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Nasdaq (ᎠᎹᏰᏟ), ᎯᎠ London ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (ᎡᎵᏏᎯ), ᎯᎠ Tokyo ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (ᎠᏰᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ.
ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ "ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ governance (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ' ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ implemented ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ (SEC). ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ regulatory ᏗᏂᏰᎸ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ, Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ, forcing ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ specialization ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏘᏲᎯᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ 5 10 ᏗᎾᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, healthcare ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, M&ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎦᎪ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ), ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ERISA ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ERISA ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ), ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏬᏗ regulatory ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ (specializing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, trademarks ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ), telecommunications ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ.
ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.
ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ "ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ" Ꮎ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ techniques Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ trademarking. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ trademarking ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ signatories ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ treaties ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.
ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᏴᏫ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ.
ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ". ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ IPO, MBO ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎪᏩᏔ ᎾᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᏇ.
ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 1600 ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎭᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ sublists.


ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦ (ᎠᎴ "ᎢᎦ" ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "ᎢᎦ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 24-ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ).
ᎢᏳᏩkᎣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ. ᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 32 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᏔᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ refracts ᎠᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 34 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 50 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ.
ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Autumnal equinox (ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ/ᎤᎶᏒᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ (ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ) equinoxes, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᏴᏩᎫᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ equinoxes ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 14 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳ solstices ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ shortest ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ equinoxes ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ equinox ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ Tropic ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Tropic Capricorn. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, Denmark ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Chile ᎤᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎦtᎣᎲᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏃᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 6 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ (ᎪᎳ) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ experiencing ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ (ᎪᎨᏱ).
ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎪᎳ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ.
ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᏍᎦᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ activities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏰᎳᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ, ᏒᏃᏱ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᏒᏃᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎾᏒᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎤᏠᏱ, mythical ᎠᎴ folkloric ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ, ᎠᎴ werewolves ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎠᏂᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎴᏲᎥ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏒᏃᏱ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏒᏃᏱ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.


ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ envisioned ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ realizing ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ dreaming—being ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ oneiric ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ experiencing ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ upsetting ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ
ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ). ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ physiologically ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ neural processes ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ (ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ).
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᏃ awakened ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ.
ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ-ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ Torah (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 5 ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ) ᎠᎴ Koran ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ.
ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏝ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ", ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Charlemagne ᎠᏍᎩᏓᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ nakedness. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎥᏝ interpreted ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏚᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎯᎠ cathedral dedicated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏧᏣ-ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Quiricus ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Julitta.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Charaka (300 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Charaka Samhita, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ: "ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ, ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ, ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ, ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ, ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ."
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ theories Sigmund Freud, ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ prompted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ stimuli.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎣᏓᏅᏛ Joe Griffin, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎤᎭ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ reviewed ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ 12 ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ. Interviewed ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ "ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏭᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏁᎸᎢ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ autonomic arousal ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ waking ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ – ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ arousing ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎵᏒ – Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ don’t ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏰᏨᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ aroused, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ arousal ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ don’t ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ arousal ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ deactivated." ("ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ." ᎫᏬᏂ 12th pp44-47)
ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Michel Jouvet ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ behaviors ᎠᎴ programmed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ neonate. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏚᎷᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ identifies ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎤᏠᏱ – ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ – ᏂᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎦᏅᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ activated ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ deactivated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ programmed behavior ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.
"ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ" ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏔᎳᏬᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ aroused, Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ arousals ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎿᏛᎦ Ꮭ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ. ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ hypothesized Ꮎ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏚᏅᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ deactivating ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎵᏤᎸᎮᏍᎩ arousing ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎦ. ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ' ᎤᏚᎩ ᏚᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ autonomic ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ.
Arthur J. Deikman M. D., Clinical ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Psychiatry, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ California, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ stimulating ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ."
ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ therapy.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ therapy. ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ therapists ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ therapy ᎤᎭ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏢᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ troubling ᎠᏂ. ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ fulfilment ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏕᎪᏏᏏ ᎦᏙᏃ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ hypnosis ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ activating ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ phenomena ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ psychotherapy, ᎪᎯ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ psychotherapists ᎠᎴ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ.
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ. ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᎦ ᎡᎶᎯ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Islam ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ "ᏔᎵᏁ vice versa."
ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Judeo-ᏚᏳᎪᏛ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Tanakh, Jacob, ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᎴ Daniel ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Yahweh; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ, ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎺᎵ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Gabriel ᎤᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ Mary ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bethlehem, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Mary ᎠᎴ ᏥᏌ Egypt ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ Israel. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Patrick ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ Ireland ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Patrick ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Antrim ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Wicklow ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ homeland. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Patrick dreamt Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏂ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islam, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ.
ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ sceptical ᎤᏣᏍᏈᏗ (ᏂᎬᎢ René Descartes) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ unigatohvsv ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ" ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ viewpoint ᎯᎠ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮭ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ determining ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏰᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ waking ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏗ.
ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ-ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ researchers Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎨᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ.
Psychodynamic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏧᎳ Sigmund Freud ᎠᎴ Carl Jung ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏧᎳ Ꮎ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Freud ᎤᏒᏂᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ censorship ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ, Jung argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ "ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ" ᎯᎠ underlying ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.
Fritz Perls ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ holistic ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ gestalt therapy. ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎯ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ignored, ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ suppressed. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ gestalt ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ reintegrate ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ accepted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ analyzed ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.
ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ-ᎾᏍᎩ biological ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ awakened ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ neurologists ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ phenomena ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ daydreaming ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 6 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏒᏃᏱ).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ matches ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ waking ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏪᏨ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ — ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ — ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ competing theories ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
Eugen Tarnow ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ waking ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ strangeness ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ format ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, reminiscent ᎯᎠ Penfield ᎠᎴ Rasmussen’s ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ unigatohvsv ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ waking ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ. Tarnow ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ reworking Freud ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Freud ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Freud ᎤᏤᎵ “Dream Work” ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ activation ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Allan Hobson ᎠᎴ Robert McCarley ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ pons. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ cholinergic PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ midbrain ᎠᎴ forebrain ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ. ᎯᎠ activated forebrain ᎾᎯᏳᎢ synthesizes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ generated ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ neurotransmitters, norepinephrine ᎠᎴ serotonin, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ chemical ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ hypothesized ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ psychotic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Solms ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ generated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ forebrain, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ.
Combining Hobson ᎤᏤᎵ activation ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ Solms ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ-activation ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Jie Zhang ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ activation ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. Zhang hypothesizes Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, encode ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏫᏒᏗ". NREM ᎦᎸᏗ processes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ (declarative ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ); ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ processes ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ (procedural ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ). Zhang ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ procedural ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ activation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ inputs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ basically ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ-activation ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ. Zhang ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ activation ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ inducer ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ associative ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏕᎪᏏᏏ ᎦᏙᏃ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ (ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ).
ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ (DAMT) ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ (ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏞᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵᏗᎪᏢ ᏗᎪᎦᏍᏗ). ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ DAMT ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ awaking ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᎦᏅᏨ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ DAMT ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ correlated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ behavior ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᎪ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ sceptical ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏊ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ't ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ're ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ). ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Descartes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ sceptical hypotheses.
ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Hamilton-Parker, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi "ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ", ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ awoken ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎠᎾᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Henry ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi "ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ", ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ technique ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ. Stephen LaBerge, ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi "Exploring ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏙᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ dreamt ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ.
Deja Vu.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮎ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎶᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏢ. ᎪᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ experiencing ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ.
ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ, "ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ, ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Salvador ᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ "ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ Pomegranate, ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ" (1944).
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ examining ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏑᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ (http://www.asdreams.org/2003/ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ/genevieve_alain.htm).


ᏓᎾᎵᎲ.
ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ, ᎨᏒᎢ purposeful ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ" ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏓᎾᎵᎲ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ matches. ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ unilateral, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ implies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢously.
ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ unregulated. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Geneva ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ), lyudetiyvda ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ Arthurian ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Marquess Queensberry ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ (ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ).
ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ guerrilla ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ insurgencies ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ). ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮝ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ (ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎤᏬᏰᏂ--ᎤᏬᏰᏂ (mêlée) ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᎬᏂᎲᎢ, ᎠᏓᏴᏖᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, strangling, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ mêlée ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ, ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎾᏕᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.


ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ.
ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ (ᎠᎴ flintstone) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ cryptocrystalline silicate ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, categorized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏂᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎯᎠᎴ masses ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯᎠᎴ limestone.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏅᏯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ diagenesis. ᏌᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏤᎵ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ kalil cavities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎤᏔᎴᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ crustaceans ᎠᎴ molluscs ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ silicified. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ toolmaking ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Belgium (Obourg, ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ Spiennes), ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Sennonian ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ Rügen, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏂᏌᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Jurassic ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ Kraków-ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Poland. ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ mining ᎨᏒᎢ attested ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ Palaeolithic, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ Neolithic (Michelsberg ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, Funnelbeaker ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ).


ᎤᏅᏉᎳᏛ.
ᎤᏅᎪᎳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ refracted ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ crosses ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ outer colour ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᎯᎠ spectra ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ colours ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.
ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ raindrops refract ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ sunlight ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ raindrops ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ agatoli. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ raindrops ᎠᎴ perceived ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎿ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ brighter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ centred ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ antisolar ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ), ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 40°–42° ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 42°, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ raindrops ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ: agatoli ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ vantage ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏳ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ). ᏄᏓᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ sprinkler. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ colourless ᎦᎵᏣᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ 84°. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 35 mm ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ 19 mm ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, iyuwakodi ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ 28 mm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏳ, ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 5°–20°, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 80° ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.
ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ?
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ indices ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Snell ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
It is: n1 * sin (theta1) = n2 * sin (theta2)
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᏔᎵᏁ, dimmer ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ. ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ sunlight ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ raindrops, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ 50°–53°. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ colours ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ unlit ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Alexander ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Alexander ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᏦᎢᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ, ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ outermost ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ rippling ᎠᎴ pulsating ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ.
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ colour ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ geometric ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ raindrops. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ dadanetlivysegv, reinforcing ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, creating ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ; ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv dadanetlivysegv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ wavelength, cancelling ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ creating ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ differentiated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ colour, creating ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. Supernumary ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ clearest ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ raindrops ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ supernumary ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas ᎠᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1804.
ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ variants ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ sunlight ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏢᏃ sunlight ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ raindrops, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ.
reflected ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ raindrops ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ. reflected ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ agatohvsdi ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.
ᎯᎠ Persian ᎡᎶᎯ Qutb ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Shirazi (1236-1311), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Kamal ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Farisi (1260-1320), ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Robert Grosseteste ᎾᎿ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ' 1268 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. Theodoric Freiberg ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1307. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ "ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ sunlight ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ (ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ" (ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ David C, Lindberg, "Roger ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ: ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ?", ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, Vol. 57, Ꮭ. 2, p. 235). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ involving ᏔᎵ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ.
Descartes, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1637, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ. ᎥᎦᏔᎲ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ raindrops didn't ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ experimented ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ emerged, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ raindrop ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏛᏙᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ (ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, Snell) ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
Isaac Newton ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ colours, ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ refracted ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. Newton ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ supernumary ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ iyuwakodi Thomas ᎠᏲᎵ realised Ꮎ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1820s ᎾᎥᎢ George Biddell ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ Mie ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Gustav Mie ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1908. ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ computational ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏂ fuller ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Nussenzveig ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ overview.
ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Descartes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, Theodoric Freiburg ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.)
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ (ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ) ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Chinese ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ sealed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ Nüwa ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᏯ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Indradhanush, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ Indra, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Bifröst ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ásgard ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ atuyasdodi ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ atuyasdodi Noah Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎦᏃᎱᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ B'nei Noah. B'nei Noah ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-atogiyadv ᎦᎪ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ Noah. ᎯᎠ Noahide ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jewish ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.
ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
Virginia Woolf ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ " ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ" highlights ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎨᏴ Ramsey ᎤᏤᎵ ᏁᎵᏒ,
"ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ"
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ 1915 ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi D.H. Lawrence.
ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎨᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ. Ocassionally ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Georges Noblet ᎤᏤᎵ "Harpe ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Lumière" ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ "ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ Oz", ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "ᎯᎠ Muppet ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᏓᏒᏅ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏓᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ alluding ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ Greenpeace ᏥᏳ, "ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Cree ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ "ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.…"
ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ hippies ᎦᎪ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ nvwato hiyadv, ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, tohi adedi ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᏓᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᎠᎴ lesbian ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours symbolising ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᎦᎳᏏ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᏓᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ' ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Cooperative ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ nvwato hiyadv, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy; ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ Tawantin Suyu, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Peru ᎠᎴ Ecuador; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ Druze ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Jewish tohi adedi Oblast.
ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ colours.
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏥᏯᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ mnemonic "Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain", ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ colour. ᎯᎠ mnemonic ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Richard, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ York ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Wakefield, ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Richard ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏎᎪᎩᏛ Richard ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ Yorkist ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ Bosworth ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ York, ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎡᎪᎢ "Rowntrees Of York Gave BᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ In Value", ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ confectionery Rowntrees. ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎬᏂ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏙᎥ Roy G. Biv ᎠᎴ ROYGBIV. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎵᏌᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ "RᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ Out YᎠᏆᏤᎵ Granny ᎤᏤᎵ Boots In Vinegar".
ᎯᎠ colour ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ recalled ᎾᎥᎢ electronics technicians ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Electronic colour ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.


ᏐᎯ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ" ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎦᏔ (ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏔᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏐᏴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ (ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ) ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ unfused ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏐᏴ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pistilᎬᏙᏗ "ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ" ovaries (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ "indehiscent" (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ). ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ - ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ - ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ digakohidi-ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Fagales. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ (e.g. ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, alder, hornbeam, wingnut) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ (e.g. tanoak) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ (ᎠᎴ misapplied, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ viewpoint) ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ, ᎪᎢᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ prized ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ, sprouted, ᎠᎴ roasted ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ pressed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ, ᎣᏍᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wildlife. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎫᎴᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.
"ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ:" ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ
ᎣᏍᏛ vs. ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ", ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ separated.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ mislabeled ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ (ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ), drupe (ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ endocarp ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᎦᏔ) ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ (ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ).
ᏐᎯ allergy.
Allergy ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎯ allergy, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (e.g. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏐᎯ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ) ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ anaphylactic ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ.
Allergy tuya aniladisgiᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ tuya aniladisgi allergy ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ tuya aniladisgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ tuya aniladisgi ᎠᏂᎧᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏫᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tuya aniladisgi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ allergies tuya aniladisgi ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ allergic ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ allergies ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ allergic tuya aniladisgi. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ tuya aniladisgi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ "ᏡᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ".
Nutritional ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ epidemiological ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ coronary ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎾᏞᎬ clinical ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ almonds ᎠᎴ ᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎾ LDL cholesterol ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ cardioprotective ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ hypolipidemic ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ clinical ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ cardioprotective ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ glycemic ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (Ꭹ). ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, dietitians ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ insulin ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 2 diabetes mellitus.
ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ "ᏐᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ("Aesculus hippocastanum"), ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conker. Conkers ᎠᎴ inedible ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "conkers", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ threaded onto ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ conker ᎾᎥᎢ hitting ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "Aesculus californica", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ California ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi ᎠᎪᏄᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ leached ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.


ᎧᏁᏨᎢ.
ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ) ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏑᏰᏍᎬrs. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ voter ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ shared. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ simplest ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ, ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ Ꭺ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ voter ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ atogiyasgi, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ electronic ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ voter ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ.
ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. Ranked ᎧᏁᏨᎢᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ voters ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ atogiyasgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ-tsuqagutanvsv-ᎯᎠ-ᎨᏛᎢ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ voters ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ atogiyasgi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ-ᏙᎪᏩᎸ iyahdvnelidasdi, ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ atogiyadv ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ enhanced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏠᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎨᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ, ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏙᏗ, ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏕᎯ. ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ itsuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏫ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ disputed. ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗᏍᎩ attacked ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ (circa 1893-1917). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎩᏴᎲ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ. ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ voters ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ mismark ᎧᏁᏨᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Florida ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. presidential ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ, 2000 ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ mismarked ᎧᏁᏨᎢ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ voter ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᏗᏰᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ electoral ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ referendum ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸ, ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ, ᎠᏫᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ sampling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᏙᎩᏯᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ whereon ᎯᎠ voter ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꮎ nominated ᎯᎠ atogiyasgi, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ) Ꮎ voter ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ atogiyasgi ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙᏃ Ꮎ voter ᏚᏑᏰᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ, /ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ utugi uwasv ᎠᏂ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎿ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏲᏨᎯ" ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ unclear, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎧᏁᏨᎢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ controversies yvwatuwidv electronic ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ electoral ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ.


ᎪᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corvus. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ passerine ᏥᏍᏆ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ(ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ offshore ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Hawai‘i) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ 40 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Corvus ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗd ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ Asia ᎠᎴ radiated ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Africa, Europe, ᎠᎴ Australia.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏴᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Australasian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ (Corvidae) ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦ, ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎬᎿᎨ "Corvus" ᎪᎦ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ Australasia ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia. "Corvus" ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ re-ᎤᏴᎸᎩ Australia (ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏬᏱ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ jackdaw(Eurasian ᎠᎴ Daurian) ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ Holarctic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ-ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓtᎤᏅ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Ethiopia.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ koga ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ". ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ".
ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ/Collared/ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎪᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Australian/Melanesian ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎯᎠ Neogene lyudetiyvda ᎪᏪᎸ ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ. Jackdaw-, ᎪᎦ- ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ existed ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ hunted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda, ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ taxa. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-documented.
ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏌᏊ lyudetiyvda Caribbean ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ lyudetiyvda ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ African ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ chronosubspecies ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ koga, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏳᎨᏂᎠᎴ ᏜᏴᎦ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Corvidae.
ᏓᏯᏂ.
koga ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎠᎴ vocalisations. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ' ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏓᏯᏂ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᎪᎯ behaviour ᎨᏒᎢ presumably ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ varies ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎪᎦ' vocalisations ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ vocalisations Ꮎ ᎪᎦ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ", ᎤᏠᏱᎭ echoed ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ "ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᏛᏎᎯᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏧᎳ), ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "eh-aw" ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ vocalisations ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎦ). ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ frequencies ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ vocalisations.
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ avian IQ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎪᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Ꭴ.. (ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ "Corvus brachyrhynchos" ᎠᎴ "Corvus caurinus") ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ capabilities ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ, hierarchic societies involving ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ "ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎪᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ intensively ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ--ᎢᎦ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Israel ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ-ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ. ᎪᎦ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ midair ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ-"ᏥᏔᎦ" ᎪᏢᏗ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
Color ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ color ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎦ societies
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ koga ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ raptorᎠᎴ "falconiformes", ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, ᎤᏓᎭᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏔᏅ. ᎪᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ maneuvering ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ color ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎿᎨ coloring ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ societies. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎦ; ᎪᎳᏅᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ambushes ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎦ. ᎪᎦ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏔᏬᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦ predators ᎪᎦ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ predators, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎫᎫ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎦ ᎦᎵᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎩᎸ. Presumably ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ color ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ nighttime ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ. ᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ ᎤᎫᎫ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ
ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎦ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ "ᏗᏁᎶᏗ" ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᏬᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ "ᏛᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᏳᏊ" ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏘᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ raptor ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎫᎫ, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ.
Intra-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ color ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎦ societies
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, forcing ᎠᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ behaviors, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ behaviors ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ, ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ.
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎪᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, unnerving ᏓᏯᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᎿᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ depiction ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ, ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏃᏛ. ᎪᎯ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏴᏫ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎪᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᏩᏯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏳᏊ) ᎠᎴ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ featuring ᎪᎦ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Gilgamesh", ᎯᎠ Chaldean ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Utnapishtim ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏬᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏃᏩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Gilgamesh, ᎯᎠ ᏬᏯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁ Utnapishtim ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ. Utnapishtim extrapolates ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ hasn't ᎢᎦᎷᎦ. ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎪᎦ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎪᎦ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ afterlife, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎳᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ) ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ mythologies ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ koga ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᎳᏅ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ) ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ, ᎠᎴ b) ᎾᎾᎢ cemeteries, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ) ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ.
ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ Neopagan, ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ psychic ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ "ᎤᎩᏓᎵ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏓᏅᏙ", ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ "ᎤᏃᎴ" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ associating ᎯᎠ colour ᎬᎿᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ" ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ akasha), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎯᎠ "colour" ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ psychic ᏅᏏᎾᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ electromagnetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ frequencies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ Ꮭ colour.
ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ goddesses ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎳᏅ.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏚᎷᎳ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ eponymous ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ "ᎪᎳᏅ" ᎠᎴ "ᎪᎦ", ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳᏅ "Hugin ᎠᎴ Munin", ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ Norse ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ Celtic goddesses ᎯᎠ "Mórrígan" ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "Badb" (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mórrígan), ᎠᎴ "Shani", Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏜᏪᏤᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎦ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎦ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏤᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ Athena, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏔᎳᏬᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ


ᎤᏂᏥ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏔᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᏥ gestates ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ fetus) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ fetus ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ labour ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ-sexual ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ, "ᎤᏂᏥ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ "ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ"; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ-celled ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ "ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ".
ᏧᏂᏥ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎦᎪ ᎧᎵᎵ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏘᎿ ᎤᏥ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ stereotypical ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᏥ.
ᏧᏂᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎺᎵ, ᎤᏂᏥ ᏥᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ".
"ᎹᎹ", "Mom"/"mommy", "ᎡᏥ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎡᏏᏯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, Ꭿ Ꭰ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Amma"(ᎠᎹ), "Oma" (ᎣᎹ) ᎠᎴ "Ammi" (ᎠᎻ), ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ "M" ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏥ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.


ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ encode ᎠᎴ decode ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.
Overview.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ lexeme) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ(rule) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ manipulated. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏗᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Max Weinreich ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ " ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ;" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ cultural ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ, Ido, Interlingua, Klingon, programming ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ restricted ᎯᎠ ᏗᏑᏓᎴᎩ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏑᏓᎴᎩ.
ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎩᏟ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᏁᎩ, "ᎩᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear. ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ? ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎩᏟ? ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ? ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ? ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ, "ᎠᏯ'm ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ", ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ "ᎩᏟ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mapped onto ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ onto ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ Spanish ᎧᏁᏨ ' ᎤᏩᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Spanish ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ "ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ". Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ Spanish ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ memorized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Croatian ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ' ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ".
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ. ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ" ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "jarn", ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ memorized ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗᎠᏓᏥ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Dutch. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ continuum).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂ Schleicher ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ.)
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache ᎠᎴ Dachsprache ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ finer ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎩᎳ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ). ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ (2,000,000) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ "Homo habilis", ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ (40,000) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Cro-Magnon ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. (ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ biological phylogenetics ᎠᎭᏂ: ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ monophyletic vs. polyphyletic ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.)
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏜᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ—ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏅᏗ.
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ grouped ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏙ-ᎡᎶᏆ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎭᎻ-ᏎᎻ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ Austronesian ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎭᏂ-ᏣᏂ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ shared ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ shared ᎦᏌᏆᎸ. (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.)
Typological ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ typological ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ verb, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏒᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ: SVO, SOV, VSO, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ, ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. (ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ SVO ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ.)
ᎯᎠ shared ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ (= ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ typological ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ arisen ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.) ᎤᎾᏤᎵ cooccurence ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ—ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ.
Areal ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ linguistically ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ areal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎠᎴ "sprachbund": Balkan ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ; Caucasian ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ genetically ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ: ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ "converged" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "areal ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ".
N.B.: ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ geographical ᏚᏙᎥ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ areal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎯᎠ taxa ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ (ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ) ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ideological ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏌᏊ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ L. L. Zamenhof ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ--ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ("loglangs") ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ; ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Lojban.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ J. R. R. Tolkien, ᎠᎴ Christopher Paolini, ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ "Tolkāppiyam" (தொல்காப்பியம்), ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Tamil ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 200 BC ᎾᎥᎢ Tolkāppiyar. Ꮝ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸᎠᎴ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ breakthrough.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Pāṇini, ᎯᎠ 5th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ BC ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ formulated 3,959 ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ' (अष्टाध्यायी). ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ systematized ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ phoneme, ᎯᎠ morpheme, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ; ᎯᎠ phoneme ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏔᎵ millennia ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎯᎠ Persian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Sibawayh ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Arabic ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 760 CE ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ monumental ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, "ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-kitab fi ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-nahw" (الكتاب في النحو, "ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ"), ᎠᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.
ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ agatohvsdi, ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ formalization ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "semantic ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ". ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Ferdinand ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Saussure.
ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "gantlai ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ researchers ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ researchers ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ separating ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ publicised ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, chimpanzeeᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎸᎾᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ Ꮝ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 Kanzi, ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ bonobo chimpanzee ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ creating ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ gantlai ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ debated ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ semantics, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ.
ᎢᎦᏛ researchers ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ continuum ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ behaviour ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ "ᏓᏎᏘ ᎦᏁᎸ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ"? ᎤᎪᏗᏗ researchers ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ Ꮎ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ homologous.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ entities ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ programming ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗᎠᎴ markup ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ semantics ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ.


ᎠᎦᎷᎦ.
ᎠᎦᏅᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ cumulonimbus (ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᏬᎩᎸ) ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.
ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ 110 mph (175 km/h) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 250 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (75 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (ᎯᎸᏍᎩ kilometers) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ dissipating. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 300 mph (480 km/h), ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6 km) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100 kilometers).
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎧᎸᎬ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ.
ᎧᏁᏨ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎤᏃᎴ" ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏁᏨ "tronada" ("ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ"), ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ "tornar" ("ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ").
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ: "twister", "ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ", "ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ", "ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ", "willy-willy", "ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ", "ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ", "ᎠᏕᏲᎲ", "ᏍᏕᏱᏛ", ᎠᎴ "stovepipe". ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, "willy-willy" ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ.
ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
"ᎤᏃᎴ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ (NWS) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ." ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Bernoulli ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ) ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ "ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ".
"ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ, ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ "ᏎᏍᏗ vortices", ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, "ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᏆ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ "ᎦᏐᏆᎸ" ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ), ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏌᏊ, ᎡᏆ multi-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.
"waterspout" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ waterspouts—ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ "ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ" waterspouts—ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ (F0 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, waterspouts ᎠᏓᏅ onto ᎦᏙᎯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ waterspouts ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ supercell ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ waterspouts, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ.
"landspout" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ mesocyclone. ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎪᏍᏚᎭ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ weaker ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
"Gustnado" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ swirl ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ downburst. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ gustnadoes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ localized ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ.
"ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ swirling ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ phenomena ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ weakest ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ skies. ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ mesocyclone ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ supercell. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ downdraft (RFD). ᎪᎯ downdraft ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ approaches ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ mesocyclone ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ mesocyclone approaches ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ RFD ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, creating ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ causing ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ (ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ) ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ RFD ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ, ᎦᏚᎵᏓ inflow ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ". ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏂ ᏂᎬᏉ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎯᎠ RFD, ᎾᏊ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ inflow ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ RFD ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ "dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ mesocyclone ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ downdraft ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ inflow ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ supercells, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ cyclically. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ mesocyclone ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ inflow ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏤ mesocyclone ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎠᎴ "occluded" mesocyclone, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ mesocyclone ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ-accepted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ landspouts, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ vortices. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ—ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ.
ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ.
ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ landspouts ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ swirl ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 40 mph (64 km/h), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᎡᏆ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏗᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ" ᎠᎴ "ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ". ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.
ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dissipating ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ, ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ -ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ pictured ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ "roping ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ", ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ "ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ". ᏎᏍᏗ-ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ swirls ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ obscured ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎪᏍᏚᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ obscured ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ meteorologists ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᎠᏂ.
ᏂᎬᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (150 m) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 5 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (8 km). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ.
ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ dissipating ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 7 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (2 m) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6 km) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ Hallam, ᏎᎷᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 22, 2004 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ 2.5 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (4 km) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎢᎦᏛ meteorologists ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏨᎫᎵ, ᎢᎵᏃᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏂᏗᏰᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 18, 1925, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 219 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (352 km). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 160 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ (260 km) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ northeastern ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 22, 1992.
ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.
ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ swirling ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏁᏙᎵᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ waterspout, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ. ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ, ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ darker, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎦᏐᎯ-ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ", ᎠᎴ viewed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ, viewed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ.
ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎦᏴᏖᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ "ᎢᎦᎢ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ radar ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎠᎦᏍᎬ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ updraft, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ 4 ᎠᎴ 8 pm, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ thickest ᏚᎶᎩᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᏒᏃᏱ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ illuminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ doppler radar ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᎭ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ, tohinusdv ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎯᎠ agatoli ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ (ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎧᎵ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ), ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ blocked ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ swirling ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cyclonic ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ (counterclockwise ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ). ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ cyclonically ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Coriolis ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1 ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 100 ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ anticyclonic ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ landspouts ᎠᎴ gustnados ᎠᏕᏲᎲ anticyclonically. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, anticyclonic supercell ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ F5 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (150 m) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ doppler radar, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ guesses ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ populated ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 500 mph, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ supersonic.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950s, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯᏳᏙ mounted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ. ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 2, 1957, ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ traversed ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Dallas, ᏅᏓᎩ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏣᎦᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ, ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ filmed ᎠᎴ photographed ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ footage ᎠᎩᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ flung ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏁᏙᎵᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 170 mph. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1971, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Tetsuya Theodore Fujita ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Allen Pearson, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1973. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Mach ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ F1 ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ B12 ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Beaufort ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ F12 ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Mach 1. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ F0 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ F5.
ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (TORRO), ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1974, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ 12 ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᏗ broader ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ tighter ᏓᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ T0 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ T11 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ—ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ TORRO ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Doppler radar ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ), videogrammetry (ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎾᎥᎢ-ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ video footage), ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ vegetation.
ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1980s ᎠᎴ 1990s ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏃᎴ assessed ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ F-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎡᎪᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ F0 F12 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎯᎠ EF-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ capped ᎾᎾᎢ EF5, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ≥ 200 mph (≥ 320 km/h)". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ Enhanced Fujita ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎧᎦᎵ 2, 2007.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ Ꮎ F5 ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 26, 1991. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ monitored ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ Doppler radar, ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ radar ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 115-120 m/(257-268 mph ᎠᎴ 414-432 km/h). ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ radar ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ± 5-10 m/(± 11-22 mph ᎠᎴ ± 18-36 km/h), ᎪᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ F5 ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎸᏢ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᏧᏁᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 3, 1999, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒᎯ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ (ᏌᏊ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ 36 ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Moore, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ). ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 7 pm, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ 318 mph, 50 mph ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ F6 ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, F0 ᎠᎴ F1 (T0 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ T3) ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 80% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ (ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ F4, T8), ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 1%. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Bangladesh.
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lede ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ 110 mph (175 km/h) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 250 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (75 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ) ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1.6 km) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ dissipating. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ drastically ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ appearance ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ approaches. ᎠᏰᎵ 1997 ᎠᎴ 2005 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, 38 ᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ F1 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ 3 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ F0 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ weakest ᎤᏃᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ designated F1 ᎠᎴ F0, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏓᏂᎳ" ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. F0 ᎠᎴ F1 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ—ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1980 ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 75% ᎠᎦᎷᎦ rated ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.
F0 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ vegetation. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ. Billboards ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏂᎸ ᎡᎳᏗ. ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ uprooted ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.
F1 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ F0 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ pushed ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏃᎯ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏦᏔ.
F2 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ "ᎦᏛᎬᎢ", ᎠᎴ ᎩᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ(ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ). ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏦᏔ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ outer ᏓᏐᏴ. ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, causing ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ snapped ᎠᎴ uprooted.
F3 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ; ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ outer ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏐᏴ. ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ vegitation.
F4 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏒᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ airborne, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ flung ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.
F5 ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ. F5 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏃᏌᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ "ᏂᎬᎢ phenomena ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, F5 ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ skyscrapers, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Norman, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ. ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎯᎠ SPC ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ NAM, GFS, WRF, ᎠᎴ RUC ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ indicies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ dewpoint.
ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ watches ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ SPC.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎳ Skywarn spotters, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ deputies, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏁᎲᎢ, ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎡᎵᏒ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏪᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ spotters ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏊ ᎾᎿ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (TORRO) (TORRO) ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ.
ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 30 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. Bangladesh ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ media coverage. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏞᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 179 ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bangladesh ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎣᎾᏛ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏃᎴ. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, deployment ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ (ᎯᎠ TOtable ᎤᏃᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ), ᎠᎴ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ meteorologists.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ.
ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ windblown ᎢᎦᏛ. Tornadic ᏅᎩᏨᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ 300 mph (480 km/h). ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏒᎯᏰᏱ; ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 80% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ hobbyist, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ, ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ oncoming ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1990.
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ competing ᎾᎥᎢ media ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ TV ᏗᏤᎢ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ, ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ escalating technological ᏌᏊ-upsmanship ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ-ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᏅ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ "ᎠᏥᎸᎩ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ 12 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ 1 (12,000,000:1). ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ factually ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ injuries ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ cartoonist ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ Oz", ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ Dorothy ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ Oz, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᎾ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ oppressed ᎤᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ Munchkin. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1894 ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
1960s advertising ᏙᎩᏯᏛ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ cleaner, Ajax, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ "ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏃᎴ".
ᎠᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, e.g. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ.


ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ fest ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ staged ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.
ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ honour ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ" ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ liturgical ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ (ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, (ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ, ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ liturgical ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ commemorating ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎧᏁᏨ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "fest" ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎧᏁᏨ festivus, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ festivus. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1589. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "feste" (ᏌᏊ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "fest") ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ festa. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ circa 1200, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ verb circa 1300.
ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ.
ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ geographical ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏐᏅᎯ shared ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ anniversaries ᎤᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ seasonal ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ cultural ᎦᏛᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "fests") ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ comemorate ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ.
Seasonal ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
Seasonal ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptians ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ seasonal ᎤᏪᏴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Nile ᎤᏪᏴ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ utvhisdi ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᎸ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏴᏙᏗᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Almabtrieb". ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏤ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ solstice.
ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ramesses ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Libyans. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ determinded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 12th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi BC, 11,341 loaves ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ 385 ᎫᎫ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Sed ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎯᎠ thirtyth ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ pharaohᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ (ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ) ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ.


ᎠᏲᎵ.
ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ: ᏗᏂᏲᎵ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ lyudetiyvda, ᏔᎵ ᏴᏫ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ adulthood. ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda 18. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ discusses prepubescent ᎠᏲᎵ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᏲᎵ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ: ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "Benjamin, ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ 46, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ Tobias, ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ 73". ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ generalized ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏂᎯ.
ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
"ᎠᏲᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ processes ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ.
"ᎠᏅᏬᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ encompasses ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ prenatal teenagers ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᎤᎧᏁᎳ 0-21 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ).
ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ lyudetiyvda-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ boundaries ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi 21st sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ clinical ᎠᎴ developmental ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ).
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ literacy ᎠᎴ numeracy, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ labour ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ adulthood. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ lyudetiyvda. ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ "tohi adedi", ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏑᎳᎪᎬ, ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ – ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ criteria. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏲᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ.
ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ


ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egyptian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢderived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ phœnix ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 500 ᎠᎴ 1461 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ), ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ Ꮝ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏥᏍᏝᏗᏍᏗ; ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎦᏍᏚ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Heliopolis ("ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ). ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ — ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ) ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ (Bennu ᏥᏍᏆ) ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ, ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎢᎪᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ-ᎤᎶᏐᏅ-ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ.
ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptians ᏥᏄᏍᏗ stork ᎠᎴ ᎸᏂᏤᏓᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "benu", ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ "ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ" ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ Egyptian ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Heliopolis, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ-ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ra.
ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Garuda ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ lᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. Ꮝ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hindu ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ramayana.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "bennu" (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ Egyptian ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏡᎬ), ᎠᎴ identified ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ-ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ (cf. "Phoenicia"). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ pictured ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏬᎭᎵ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ bathed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ-ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏍᎨ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᎸᎬ Africa. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎤᏩᏢᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏴᏩtᎤᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎤᏩᏢᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Russian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Zhar-Ptitsa (Жар-Птица), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ 1910 ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Igor Stravinsky.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ Alexander Ypsilantis ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏘᏂᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, symbolizing Greece ᎤᏤᎵ rebirth, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Capodistria ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (1828-1832). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ". ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ 1967-1974 ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ disappeared ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 1974, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ Atlanta (torched ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ), San Francisco (ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1906), Lawrence, Kansas (attacked ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ raiders ᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ William Quantrill), ᎠᎴ Portland, Maine (ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ), ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ cities’ rebirths ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arizona, ᎯᎠ 5th ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Hohokam ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ.
ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Franklin W. Olin ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ (ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ) ᎾᎥᎢ Stephen Douglas ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1859, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ 1889; ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ symbolized ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Chicago ᎤᏤᎵ rebirth ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Chicago ᎠᏥᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1871. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎵ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ - Elon ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ Ꮝ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ "Fightin' ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Elon ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Elon ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1999, ᎠᎴ Swarthmore ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2006.
ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Caen ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, symbolizing Ꮝ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮝ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1944.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ fraternities, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Sigma Phi ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1900s. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Sigma ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Epsilon, ᎾᏍᎩ signifies ᎯᎠ rebith ᎠᏯᏙᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Sigma ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1914.
ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Shakespeare ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ",
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏢᏈᏌᏘ ᎡᎵᏉ", ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎤᏢᏈᏌᏘ "ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ flashes ᎾᏊ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ."
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ 1 ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
"ᎾᏍᎩ noblemen, / ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ invited ᏂᎯ ᏄᎳᏏᎾᏛᎾ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, / ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏴᏤᏂ, / ᎤᏰᏣᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎩᎵᏯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎯ / ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎾ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏒᏓ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ /
ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ." [Act I, scene i, 23-25]
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Marvell ᎤᏤᎵ 1681 ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ "ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ" ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮝ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ.
Sylvia Townsend Warner ᎤᏤᎵ 1940 ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ "ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ" satirized ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ maltreated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ sideshow, ᎠᎦtᎤᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏢᏉᏙd.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Eudora Welty ᎤᏤᎵ lᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ 1941 ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ "ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ" ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎩᎳ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
Edith Nesbit ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏖᏃ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ legendary ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ quirky ᎣᎵᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.
ᎯᎠ 1957 ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ David ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
Phuong, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Graham Greene ᎤᏤᎵ _ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ_ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ Westerner, ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ."
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, Montag ᎠᎴ Faber ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Bradbury ᎤᏤᎵ Fahrenheit 451. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᏍᏚ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, J.K. ᏚᏂᏴᏙᏐᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Fawkes (ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ Fawkes). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ Dumbledore ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. Dumbledore ᎤᏤᎵ Patronus ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ, phoenixes ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏌᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ unpure ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ' ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ (i.e. ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ heartstring) ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓ). ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Voldemort' ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Dumbledore' ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, Fawkes, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ locked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Priori Incantatem ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Neil Gaiman ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ 'ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏥᏍᏆ', ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ roasted ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ; ᏂᎯ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ 'ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᎯ'. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ inexperienced, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ swallowed ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ practiced ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ.
Sylvia Plath ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ "ᎠᎨᏴ Lazarus." ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ committing ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Lazarus ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ transformed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ-ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ rebirth, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ liken demonic ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ: "ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏚ / ᎠᏯ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ / ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏃᎴ."
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alan Gibbons 'Legendeer' ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pheonix ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ rebirth ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏚᏥ Andreas ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Legendeer. Pheonix ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏚᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ traveling ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ 3 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ; ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece; Vampyrs; Norse ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ reaveled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ/ᎤᏕᏅ patrolling ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ Bradbury ᎤᏤᎵ Fahrenheit 451 ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ biggest ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ 165, "ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏜᏏᏛᎯ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pheonix ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ, ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏎ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ sprang ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ're ᎠᎾᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ've ᎤᎩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ pheonix ᎥᏝ ᎠᏰᎲ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏏᏛᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳ've ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ, someday ᎢᏧᎳ'll ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ goddamn ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ."
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ.
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ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ logo ᎤᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ logo ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, Freddie ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ.
ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ 30 ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ logo ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ/ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ.
ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ Fenice ("ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ") ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎳᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ, ᏲᎶ.
Bassist Dave Farrell Linkin ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ (ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ) ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ" ᎧᏁᎬᎢ "ᎪᎯ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ sexual ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ reborn ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏇ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏩᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᏂᏛᎦ Again" ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ " ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎵᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬᎾ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ turnes ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ..."
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ Theodore Roszak ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ 1958 "ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ."
ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Brisbane, ᏒᎳᏗᏝ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ Paddington ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1962, ᎯᎠ Brisbane ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ salvaged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ featured ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ motorman ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᏰᎲ "risen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ".
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ TV.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, "Santa Sangre". ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Fenix.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᎳ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎳᏗ "ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ", ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Laura Murdoch Collins ᎢᎦᎷᎦ Collinsport, Maine ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᎭh ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, Roger. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ Laura ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ 100-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ lifespan, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ storyline. ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎯᎠ reincarnation ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏪᏥ - ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Laura ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ reincarnated ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ plotlines ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ra, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ survivors ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ, reframing ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏃᏈᏏ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ" ᎡᎶᎯ, "ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ spacecraft ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ "ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ timeline, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏦᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ reborn ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ, ', ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᎯᎠ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ" ᎾᎥᎢ C.. Lewis, ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏛᎦ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏣᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏐᏴ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Peter ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ safer ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "Ᏻ-Ꭹ-Ꭳ!" ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ Nephthys, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ "rebirth" ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ-ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ revived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Graveyard (ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏒᏛ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ Nephthys ᎨᏒᎢ Egyptian ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ "Ᏻ-Ꭹ-Ꭳ!" ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ 2-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ restricted ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ restricted ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ) ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ 2-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Ᏻ-Ꭹ-Ꭳ!", ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Ra, ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, Ra ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ 1000 ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ Ra ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ revived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Graveyard.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ" ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, Albus Dumbledore ᎤᎭ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Fawkes ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Sentai ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mecha ᎠᎴ ZordᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "X-ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ" ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎦᎪ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ resurfaces ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ resurrecting ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎶᏗ, ᏥᏍᏆ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏴᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ underwater ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ X-ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎷᏨ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ anime ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ "ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Rancher" ᎠᏧᏣ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Genki ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ sucked ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏤ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Fantasia 2000, ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Igor Stravinsky.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Japanese anime ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Seiya, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ Ikki ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᎵᏍᎩ Osamu Tezuka ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ featured ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 12 ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Hi Ꮭ Tori ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ cultural, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, rebirths, reincarnations ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.
ᎯᎠ X-ᎠnᏏᎦᏯ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ' ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ featured ᎯᎠ fabled ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ merging ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ X-ᎠnᏏᎦᏯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏜ shuttle ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Jean ᎤᏤᎵ empathic ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ-tuned ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ, ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Jean ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎪᎯ heralded ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ X-ᎠnᏏᎦᏯ battling ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ symbolized ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ, ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ Jean ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ), Rachel ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ anime ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ, "ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ Ninja ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ Gatchaman", ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ superhero ᎤᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ aircraft, "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ.
ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Flereous ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ Pheonix ᎦᎪ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᏚ."


ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ centerpiece ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Canada ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, starring ᎡᏆ roasted ᎬᎾ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ
ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎬᎾ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎬᎾ ᎢᎦ". ᎯᎠ USDA ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ 269 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ.
Turducken, ᎬᎾ stuffed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏬᏄ stuffed ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ alenvdidsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Louisiana. ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ fryerᏚᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ Lincoln ᎤᏤᎵ nationalization ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏔᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎬᎾ.
ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏌᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᏄ, ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ European centerpieces ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Dungeness ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ variant ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Chinese ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎣᏩᏒᎠᎴ veganᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ tofurkey, tofu ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ dish—so ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Ꮎ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᎯᏰᏱᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏴᎩ-ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎠᏚᎷᎳ" ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ cranberry ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎠᏑᏯᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏑᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾ ᎠᏂᏌᏆᎸ, mashed ᏄᎾ ᎠᏂᏌᏆᎸ, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuyaᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ tuya casserole, ᎠᎴ Waldorf ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏯ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ, ᏒᎦᏔ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎯ ᎠᏂᏅᎯᏓ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏑᏯᎾ" (ᎠᎴ "ᏓᏄᏬᏍᎬ") ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ. Southerners ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏚ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ: ᏓᎬᎾ, ᏒᎦᏔ, ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, raisin, celery ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏳᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada.
ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓnusdv tsvdadakenedi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ cultural ᎣᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Italian-ᏴᏩᏁᎬᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ lasagna ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎴ Ashkenazi atogiyadvᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏅᎯ kugel, ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᎸᎯ. ᎦᏁᎳ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏄᎳᏥ ᏩᎦ ᎦᎵᏣᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ vegan ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ centerpieces ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎠᎴ stuffed ᎠᎴ baked ᎢᏯ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾ stemmed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ Wartime ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ effectiveness, ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ" ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ southerners ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ cranberry ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ Northeasterners.
ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.


ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎾᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ (trivalent ᎠᎴ univalent) ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ electronics. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎲ (IMF) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᎸ (ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ). Ꮝ ISO ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ XAU.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ chemical ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ "aurum") ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ 79. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ auric ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ chemicals ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ attacked ᎾᎥᎢ chlorine, fluorine, aqua regia ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nitric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. Nitric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ metallic ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ colloid ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏑᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ plasmon ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected, ᎠᎴ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ colloids ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ colloids ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ; ᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ 300 ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ redder ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, aluminium ᎩᎨᏍᏗ, platinum ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ bismuth ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ — ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20% ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ electrum. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ whiter ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Earth's atmosphere ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ chemical ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ; ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, halogen ᏫᎵ chemically ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ aqua regia ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.
ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ +1 (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎠᏯ) ᎠᎴ aurous ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ) ᎠᎴ +3 (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᎴ auric ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ precipitated ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ oxidized ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
ᎾᏞᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ undertaken ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᏚᏢᏫᏎᎲᎾ Reith ᎯᎠ Australian ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ, ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ precipitating ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 5.90×1022 cm-3.
ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ karats (k), ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ 24k. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ 22k, 18k, ᎠᎴ 14k. ᎡᎳᏗᎨ "k" ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ. ᏂᎦᏚ karat ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎠᏥᏱ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ. ᏁᎳᏚ karat ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏘ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏥᏱ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ karat ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ alloyed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎳᏗ karat ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ", ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ. Karat ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ chemical properties, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ emerged ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎠᎴ connectors.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. Egyptian hieroglyphᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2600 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Tushratta ᎯᎠ Mitanni ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egypt. Egypt ᎠᎴ Nubia ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎧᎸᎬ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Midas, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lydia ᎠᏰᎵ 643 ᎠᎴ 630 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎯᎠ European ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fueled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ displayed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Peru, ᎠᎴ Colombia.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ currencies (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ Ꮎ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ properties (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎪᏪᎵ). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎫᏍᏓᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Thomas ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ "ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ". ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ-ᏗᎦᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏄᏎᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎷᏨ, ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏅᏯᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎫᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ-ᏚᏄᏭᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ-ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ examining ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ" ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Mohs' ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ purer ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎦᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᎶᏄᎮᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ softer ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ geologically; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, 75% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1910. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏦᎢ 20 m (66 ft) ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ (8000 m³).
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ alchemists ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ — presumably ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ mythical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᏝ succeeded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ alchemists promoted ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ (☉), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ astrological ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ Egyptian hieroglyph ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ (ᎾᏊ 日). ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗes ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ, ᎧᎶᏩᏓ, Otago, Australian, Witwatersrand, ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ, ᎠᎴ Klondike ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ rushes.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mined ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ.
ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ chemical ᎾᏍᏋ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᎯ) ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ boundaries ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎢ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛᎠᎴ sulfide ᎪᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ sulfide ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, stibnite ᎠᎴ pyrrhotite. Rarer ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, muthmannite, nagyagite ᎠᎴ krennerite.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ 0.03 g/1000 kg (0.03 ppm ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ). Hydrothermal ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ metamorphic ᏅᏯᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏅᏯ; ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛᎠᎴ placer ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ enrichment ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ: ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ chemical ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ processes ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ metamorphism, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ sulfide ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ termed ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᎦᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ eroded, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ placer ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎬᎿᎨ shale ᎠᎴ limestone ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ disseminated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ platinum ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎢ 0.1 2 mg/t (0.1 2 ppb ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ achieved ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.5 g/1000 kg (0.5 ppm) ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ mined ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ 1–5 g/1000 kg (1-5 ppm), ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ. ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ 30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1880s, ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ world’s ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1970 accounted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 79% ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 ᎢᏯᏛᏂ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 342 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Johannesburg ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Transvaal ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ deepest ᎠᏆᏤᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ Boer ᏓᏄᏩ 1899–1901 ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ Boers ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎦᎴᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ.
ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᏓᎧᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏁᏩᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ-ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. Siberian ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏲᏂᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Kolar ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Pascua ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏙᏓᎸ Atacama, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏛ ᎬᎪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ Chile ᎠᎴ Argentina. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ-ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ artisanal ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ mining.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Wohlwill ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏙᏍᎩ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ inquartation ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ cuppelation, ᎠᎴ refining ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ regia.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 1-2 ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ). Fritz Haber (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Haber ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ) ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ Germany ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎡᏍᎦᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unduly ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ. Ꮭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ identified. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ foreseeable ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ mining ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ $238 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ mining ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, global ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᏨᎩ 2,604 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ, ᎠᎴ 67% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ 2001, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎢᏳᏊ mined totaled 145,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ.
ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ alloyed ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏄᏓᎨᏒ" ᎠᎴ "karat" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎡᏙᎠ, ᎬᏙᏗ 24 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 0 1, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ fineness, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.995.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ London, originating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1919, ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ-ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ benchmark ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ $20.67 ($664.56/kg), ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1934 ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏍᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revalued $35.00 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ($1125.27/kg). ᎾᎥᎢ 1961 ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎠᎴ European ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ devaluation ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎿ 17 ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 1968, ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-tiered pricing ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ $35.00 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ troy ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ($1.13/g) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ; ᎪᎯ ᏔᎵ-tiered pricing ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1975 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗᏱ ᏙᎢ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ a>.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1968 ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ranged ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ $850/oz ($27,300/kg) ᎾᎿ 21 ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1980, ᎡᎳᏗ $252.90/oz ($8,131/kg) ᎾᎿ 21 ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 1999 (London ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ). ᎾᎿ 11 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2006 ᎯᎠ London ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ $715.50/oz.
ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 2005 ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ 3,859 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ 3,754 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ 105 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎸᏂ.
ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ restricted ᎠᎴ banned. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏂᏟᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ banned ᎠᏰᎵ 1933 ᎠᎴ 1975. ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Franklin D. Roosevelt expropriated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 6102, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richard Nixon ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.
ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎠᏅᏬᏗ (ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ3) ᎠᎴ chlorauric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ (HAuCl4) ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎠᏯ) (aurous, univalent, +1) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ(ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) (auric, trivalent, +3). ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ +5 ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ +7 ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ fluorine (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ pentafluoride, AuF5 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ heptafluoride, AuF7), ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ -1 ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ- anion ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "aurides" ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ caesium auride, CsAu, rubidium auride, RbᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ tetramethylammonium auride, (CH3)4N+ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ-.
Isotopes.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ isotope ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ 18 radioisotopeᎬᏙᏗ 195ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ 186 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎹ" ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ nuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ(ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ). ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, irradiated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ neutron ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ exploding thermonuclear ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ isotope ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ-198 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ 2.697 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ.411 MeV gamma ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎯᎠ radioactivity ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ fallout ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, tested, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.
ᏅᏬᏘ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎤᏪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 50% arthritis ᎤᏢᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏬᏗ. ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ safest ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ-coated ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ nano-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ toxin-ᎪᎯᏳᏙ.
Aurum Metallicum (ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ extremities ᏭᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎦᎠᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ accessories ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ. ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ coloring ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ– ᎯᎠ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ “gold;” ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ-ᎿᏛᎦ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, platinum (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ-ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ-ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ) ᎤᎭ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎼᏏ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏏᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ John Chrysostom ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ “mouth ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏅᎪ.” ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ anniversaries, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 50-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎡᏆ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ rewarded ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ. Winners ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ awarded ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Olympic ᏧᎾᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ Emmy ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ Palme d'Or, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ).
ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ inaugurated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ symbolizing ᎯᎠ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ; ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ adorned ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ varies ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ geographic ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Turkey ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sicily.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.


ᎪᏢᏅ.
ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ fermented ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ butterfat ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏤᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᎦ' ᎤᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏐᎢ mammal, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ, ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ, ᎠᎹ ᏯᎾᏌ, ᎠᎴ yak. ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ "ghee", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ butterfat.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ refrigerated, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ spreadable ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ 32–35 °C (90–95 °F). ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ manipulated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ carotene.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎪᏢᏅ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ puréed ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏗᏍᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏯ ᎠᏂᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏒᎦᏔ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎪᏢᏅ"; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ shea ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎪᏢᏅ", ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎪᏢᏅ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ (ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ "butyrum", ᎤᏙᎳᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ "boutyron". ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᏩᎦ-ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ" ("bous" "ᏩᎦ ᎡᏳᏍᏗ, ᏩᎦ" + "ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ" "ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ"), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎳᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ Scythian. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ butyric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
Unhomogenized ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ butterfat ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛᎪᏢᏅᎯ phospholipid (ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ emulsifier) ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ agitating ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, separating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ consistencies, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ butterfat ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ: ᎠᏎᏊᎢ butterfat, butterfat ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ undamaged ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ consistencies ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ pasteurized ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 80 °C (180 °F). ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ churned, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 5 °C (40 °F) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ butterfat ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ—ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ fermented skimmed ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ rinsing ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ "ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ": pressed ᎠᎴ kneaded ᎢᏧᎳ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏗᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᏁᎳ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ embedded ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80% butterfat ᎠᎴ 15% ᎠᎹ; ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 65% ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 30% ᎠᎹ. Butterfat ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ, ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ hydrocarbon ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ triglyceride, ester derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ glycerol ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏲᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ butyric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ diacetyl.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᏢᏅ.
ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ milkings ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ fermented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ fermented ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎾᎾᎯ lactic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ diacetyl, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ fuller-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ "ᎠᏓᎾᏅ" ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pasteurized ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ "Lactococcus" ᎠᎴ "Leuconostoc" ᎢᎦᎢ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1970s, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ bacterial ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ lactic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎯᎠ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ, ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ aging ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ lactic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤᎢ-ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ cultured ᎪᏢᏅ.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ pasteurized ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ pathogenic ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pasteurized ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ separator. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ cultured unpasteurized ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ "cleaner" ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ-ᎤᏅᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ pasteurization ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ.
ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏳᎳᏛ, cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏍᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, cultured ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ labeled "European-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ spreadable ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ softer ᎾᎾᎢ colder ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ chemical ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ incorporating ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎪᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ. Whipped ᎪᏢᏅ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ spreadable, ᎨᏒᎢ aerated ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ nitrogen ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ— ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ salted ᎠᎴ unsalted ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. Salted ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎣᏌᏂ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ salted ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ blander ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ uncultured ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ butterfat ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎪᏢᏅ" ᎠᏎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ 80% butterfat ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ, averaging ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 81%. European-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 85% butterfat. Clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎲᏓ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ-ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ butterfat. Clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ Ꮝ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ; ᎤᎶᏐᏅ settling, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, whey ᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ butterfat ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ poured ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᏤᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ. Ghee ᎨᏒᎢ clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ (120 °C/250 °F) ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ antioxidant ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᎢ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎪᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏎᎦᏤᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎦᏁᎩᎡᏗ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mesopotamian ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ 9000 ᎠᎴ 8000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏗ; ᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Palestine. ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏛ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ sealed. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏦᎢ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ rocked ᎠᎴ fro ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ.
ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ Mediterranean Sea ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, unclarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ— ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Greece ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᎸᏓᎴᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Anaxandrides ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ Thracians ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "boutyrophagoi", "ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ". Pliny ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏓᏯᏂ ᎪᏢᏅ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ", ᎠᎴ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ properties.
ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Dalby ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᏋ translated ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ. ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎯᎠ Erythraean ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1st ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Arabian ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ geographer Strabo ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Sudan. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ, ᎪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ—ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Agni, ᎯᎠ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ—ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 3000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Rig Veda, ca. 1500–1200 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ prehistory, ᎪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᏗᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏂᏐᏗ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. Scandinavia ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ 12th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎶᎻ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ consumed ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ accepted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 16th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ Ꮝ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏯᏔᎵᏍᏔ. ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏦᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎨᏳᎿᎲᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ melted ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ.
ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ—Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, ᎠᎴ Scandinavia—ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏛᎦᏅᎾ-ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ: ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏝᏬᏚᎢ, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏯᏛᎿ "ᏝᏬᏚᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ" ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ, airless, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏝᏬᏚᎢ. ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏆᎫᏔᏅᏖ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ireland; ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ "ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ." ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ireland ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 11th–14th centuries; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎦᎸᏥᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Ireland, ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Normandy ᎠᎴ Brittany ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1860s, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ Ꮎ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869, ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ margarine. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ margarine ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᎦ ᎦᎵᏣᏔᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ margarines ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ hydrogenated ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1900.
ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎾᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1860s, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1870s, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ separator ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ, marketed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ Swedish ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ Carl Gustaf Patrik ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Laval. ᎪᎯ dramatically ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ eliminating ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ-ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏅᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ 1900, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ; ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ capita ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ margarine, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ perceived ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ healthier. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, margarine ᎤᏲᏨᎯ overtook ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1950s ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ Ꮎ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ margarine ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.
ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, dedicating ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ Ꮝ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ghee. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ 1,470,000 ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (522,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ (466,000), ᎠᏂᏛᏥ (442,000), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤ Zealand (307,000). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ 578,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ (528,000), ᏲᏂᎢ (514,000), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (505,000). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏢᏅ domestically. ᎠᏤ Zealand, ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Ꮎ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ USDA ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ (1999). ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ inconsistencies ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ clarified butterfat ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ (ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᏤ Zealand ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997 ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ).
ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ varieties ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. "Smen" ᎨᏒᎢ spiced Moroccan clarified ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. Yak ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tibet; "tsampa", barley ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Himalayan ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ — ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏲᎢ"—ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ African ᎠᎴ Asian ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ workable ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ fermented ᎤᏅᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ spreadable ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 15 °C (60 °F), ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎯᎠ "ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ" ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤ Zealand featured "ᎪᏢᏅ conditioner", ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ—ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ—ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ wrapped ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ hastened ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎩ. Wrapped ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏔᎾᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.
"ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ" ᎠᎴ "Acadian ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ" ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎾᎦᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᎾᎦᎳ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ. ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᏤᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ overheating ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ countertop ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ spoilage.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ softened, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᎪᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ" ᎠᎴ "ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ". ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, sliced, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ onto ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ; ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏙ.
Melted ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. "Beurre noisette" (hazel ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎠᎴ "Beurre noir" (ᎬᎿᎨ ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ melted ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᏬᏗᎨ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏛᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎴᎹᏂ ᎦᏁᎲ. Hollandaise ᎠᎴ béarnaise ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ melted ᎪᏢᏅ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ mayonnaiseᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎢ. Hollandaise ᎠᎴ béarnaise ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ stabilized ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ emulsifiers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏰᎵᏊ emulsifiers—ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ—ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ. "Beurre ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ" (ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ. "Beurre monté" (ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ) ᎨᏒᎢ unflavored "beurre ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ" ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ adatolasdodi Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ "ᎠᎩᎶᎯᏍᏗ" ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ: ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎹ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ thicker ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ—ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sautéing ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 150 °C (250 °F)—ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ butterfat ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 200 °C (400 °F), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ clarified ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᏙᎳᏨ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ. ᎪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ cultural ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ.
ᎪᏢᏅ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎢ, ᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ baked ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ locked ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ aerate ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ shortbread ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅ. Pastries ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏓᏆᎴᎸ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ. ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏯᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ.
ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ USDA ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏢᏅ (14 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ) ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 100 calorie, ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, 11 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ 7 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ 30 ᏄᏓᎨᏒcholesterol. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ cholesterol. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ contributor ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ margarine ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ unsaturated ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ cholesterol. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ accepted Ꮎ ᎯᎠ trans ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ hydrogenated ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ margarines ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ "ᎤᏲᎢ" LDL cholesterol ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. Trans-ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ margarines ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ.
ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ lactose, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ lactose ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ allergies ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎯᎠ allergy-causing ᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ.


ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ patentee (ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ regulated, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ (ᏗᎧᏃᏗ) (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ, ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ patentee ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ, ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ patentee ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎯᎠ patentee ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏬᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ regulatory ᎪᎯᎤᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ laser, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ broader ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ lasers Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ" ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎧᏁᏨ "patere" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ" (i.e. ᎪᏢᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗdᏱ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ denoted ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ, ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ patented ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ, ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ, mortgaged, ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ, ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎶᎩ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎤᏓᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ. ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ analogized ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ, ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎫᏢᏗ. ᏏᏴᏫ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ patentability.
ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ exclusionary ᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ infringing ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ patented ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ, ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ.
ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ territories (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ Austria) ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ penalties ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧqᎠᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏱᎵᏙᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎠᏎ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ infringer ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ").
ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎫᎢᏍᏗ infringer ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ patentability ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏢᏉᏛᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ licensing. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ licensing ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ (ᎯᎠ licensor) ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏪᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ licensee ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ licensor ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ-licensing ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏌᏛᏗ developers ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ.
ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ entities ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ entities ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (i.e. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏢᏗ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏅᏌ.
ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ treaties, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ treaties ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ global harmonization ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ WTO ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ lᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ WTO ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, enforcing ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ global ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1883. ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ: ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᎨᎳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ-ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ, ᎪᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ varies. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ "ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ..." ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ codified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ 35 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Trademark ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1977 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ amended.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (EPC) (administered ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (EPO), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ (PCT) (administered ᎾᎥᎢ WIPO ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 120 ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ), Ꮎ centralize ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ARIPO, OAPI, ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ treaties ᏄᎾᏛᏅ African ᎠᎴ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ EPC ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 30 European ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ European ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Malta. ᎯᎠ EPO ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ "European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ EPC ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ EPC ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ European ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎨᏛᎢ-ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ PCT ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ procedural ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ PCT ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ. PCT ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ-ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ prosecuting ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏴᏩtᎤᏫᏛ.
ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ," ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ argued Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ. ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥᏇ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ patentee ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎲ.
ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ (R&D). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ R&D ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏃᏍᏓ. ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, R&D ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ eliminated ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ technological ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ breakthroughs. ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ R&D ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ underlying ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ: ᎦᏙᏃ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ?
ᏦᎢᏁ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ industries (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ - ᎡᎵᏍ processors, software, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ prototypical ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ), ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ commercial productization (ᎠᎦᏛᏗ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ, ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980 ᎤᏤᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎨᏛᎢ-R&D ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ 7–1). ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ competing ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ productization ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ.
ᏅᎩᏁ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ workarounds patented ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ creating ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ technologies Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ.
ᏌᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ-ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ licensor. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ licensing ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ/ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ buildup ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎾᎿ manufacturability.
ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏃᎮᏗ "ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᎢ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ (ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ - ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ) ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ argued Ꮎ monopolies ᎪᏢᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Michael Heller ᎠᎴ Rebecca Eisenberg ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998 "ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ" ᎤᏓᏡᎬ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Heller ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ anticommons, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ postulated Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ fragmented Ꮎ, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ, Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ "ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ argued Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ software ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 10 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎩ software ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏃᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ software ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ technique ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ favor ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-19th ᏍqᎣᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ dyestuffs ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ faltered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ flourished ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ innovative ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ Dyson bagless ᏅᏙᎲᏅ cleaner ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ cleaner ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ benefited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ perceived ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ-ᏓᏰᏏ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏴᏩtᎤᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᎸᏛᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ WTO ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ licences ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ lᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎦᎪ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᎶ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1474. ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᏓᎾᏓᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮhᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ communicated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ infringers. England ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ Monopolies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1623 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ James ᎠᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ." ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ [Queen Anne] (1702-1714), ᎯᎠ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏲᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ lᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ lᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (1778-1789), ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1790.
ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Ꮎ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎯᎠ procedural ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤtlᏅᎩ, ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎦᏘᎴᏛ ᎠᎴ communicated ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ), ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎦᏘᎴᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏓᏠᏒᎯ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.


ᎦᏃᏥ.
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦgantlai, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏩᎦ.
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓ, ᎦᏃᏥ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.
ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᏥ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ processes ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ gantlai ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᏃᏥ.
ᎦᏃᏥ—ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ-ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏃᏥ—ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ oiled ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ atsinuqowisgv ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎹ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏒᎩ ᎪᎢ, neatsfoot ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ Ꮝ lifespan dramatically.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ.
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ briefcases, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ 'ᎤᏙᎯᏳ' ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᏯᏛᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 7 8 oz ᎨᏒᎢ 7/64 8/64 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ (2.8 3.2 mm) ᎤᎭᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ variability ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ensuring ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ millimetres.
ᎦᏃᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏩᎦ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏄᏬᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᎶ. ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ motorcyclists ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏩᎦ ᎦᏁᎦ. ᎦᏃᏥ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ itsuwakodi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎾᏛᎠᎴ gantlaiᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ hunted ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1970s, ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾes ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Hermès, Prada, Gucci, ᎠᎴ Louis Vuitton. ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎤᎭ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᏌᏌ ᏂᎯ" ᎭᎦᏔ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎤᏛᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Thailand, ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᎦ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏣᎴᎩ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏁᎬ highlight ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏃᏥ.
ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi. Acidic ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᎪᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ humidities, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ.
ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ humidities (ᎡᎳᏗᏢ 40%) ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ desiccated, irreversably ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conditioner, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ conservators ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ artifact ᎬᏙᏗ lyadvnehi chemicals, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ.
ᎦᏃᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏯᏔᎳᏨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᎨᎯᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏥ-jacketed ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ-helmeted ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎬᏍᎦᏍᏓᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏰᎸ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ metonymical ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏣᏓᏪ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ) ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏩᏍᏛᏂᏍᏗ.
ᎦᏃᏥ fetishism ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ fetishistic ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏰᏩᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ.
ᏎᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏨᎢᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏗᏄᏬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏐᏗ Halford ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏚᏄᏩ synthetic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏃᏥ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ itsuwakodi, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ vinyl ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, Napa ᎦᏃᏥ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Mercedes-Benz.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ vegan ᎠᎴ gantlai ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ activists ᎤᎭ boycotted ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏳᎲᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎡᎵᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎩᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ-ᎦᏃᏥ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. Vegan microfiber ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.


ᎬᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ("Citrullus lanatus", ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cucurbitaceae) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ vine-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ (ᎫᎴᎦ ᎠᎴ trailer) ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎤᏬᏣᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ melon (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Cucumis"), ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾ, ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ descriptor "Citrullus vulgaris" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ ("vulgaris" ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᏧᏣᏔᏊ" — Shosteck, 1974).
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
David Livingstone, ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Kalahari ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ originated. ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv melon ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Tsamma melon ("Citrullus lanatus" var "citroides"). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ pinnatifid ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 100 melons ᎾᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ vine. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ganahlai. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ melon (ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎯᎠ citrus ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ); ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ pectin ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, jellies, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ gelled ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Baja California.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ Egypt ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 5,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hieroglyphs. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ nanahwunvgi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ pharaohs ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ afterlife.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 10th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.D., ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 13th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Europe; ᎠᎴ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Mariani ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ & ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ", "ᎬᎩᏍᏗ" ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1615.
"ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Online ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ" ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1500s. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ cultivating ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Mississippi ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Massachusetts ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1629. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Egerton ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ African ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᏅᏓᎩ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ horticulturalist Jerry ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, Ph.D., ᏠᎨᏏ African ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ European ᎦᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ farmed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Florida (ᎾᎥᎢ 1664) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Colorado ᎤᏪᏴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᎾᎥᎢ 1799). ᏐᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ sightings ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ Midwestern ᎧᏃᎮᎭ (1673), Connecticut (1747), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Illiana ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (1822).
iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ 1940s, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ. Melon ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ tended ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ roadside ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ. ᎾᏊ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Charles Fredric Andrus, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Charleston, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Carolina, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ melon ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Charleston." Ꮝ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏳ. Ꮝ adaptability ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ geographical ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ: anthracnose ᎠᎴ fusarium ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 44 ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ varieties ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ "Charleston ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ. Georgia, Florida, ᏅᏓᎩ, California ᎠᎴ Arizona ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ USA ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎪᎯ ᎾᏊ-ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ melons. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎦᏐᏆᎸ varieties ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎩᎦᎨ- ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-fleshed, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ melons."
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ, ᏌᏊ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ (4,000 m² ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, seeded varieties. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ seedless ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ pollen, pollinizer ᏚᏓᏅ varieties ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ pollen ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎧᏅ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ pollen ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ pollination ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ seedless ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ pollinator ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏘᎶᏛ (1,300 m² ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ).
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "seedless" ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ seeded varieties, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ tetraploid ᎦᎪᏘ (ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ colchicine) ᎬᏙᏗ diploid pollen. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ triploid ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ seedless ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ pollenized ᎾᎥᎢ diploid ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏔᎵ varieties ᎤᎦᏔ; Ꮎ ᎯᎠ triploid seedless ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ (ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ diploid ᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ pollenize ᎯᎠ triploid. ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮭ seedless ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Kihara ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. O J Eigsti ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Kihara. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ, ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Stockholm, Sweden ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1948. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ collaboration ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᏪᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ iyuwakodi ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Kihara ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1986. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Eigsti ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ tetraploid ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1950 ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1986, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Eigsti ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reorganized ᎠᎴ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ (ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Sunmelon) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ SunWorld ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ensuing ᏌᏚ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ seedless ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ supermarkets yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998, ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. Eigsti ᎤᏤᎵ tetraploid ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Sunmelon ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ Syngenta, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ Novartis.G.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Zentsuji ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ cubic ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏗᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ melons ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.
ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ.
ᎢᏤᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ smoothie.
ᎯᎠ simplest ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ crossways ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏯᎳᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ (pictured ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ). ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᎬᎾᏓ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎫᎭᎸ, Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᎧᎷᏥ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎠᎴ balled ᎬᏙᏗ melon baller. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ melons ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏌᏊ-ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ yvwatuwidv 48 calories. ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ vitamin C ᎠᎴ vitamin, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ 14.59 mg vitamin C ᎠᎴ 556.32 IU vitamin. ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ vitamin B6 ᎠᎴ vitamin B1, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ potassium ᎠᎴ magnesium. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ carotenoid antioxidant, lycopene.
ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ, ᎫᏅᎯᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ pickled. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ-fruited ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎪᎢ, ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ, chili ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, scallions, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏴᏍᏕᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ). Pickled ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Russia ᎠᎴ Romania.
ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏤᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ oilseed. Specialized varieties ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, competing ᎬᏙᏗ sunflower ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ pressed ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ egusi ᎤᎦᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᏔ-specialized ᎬᎩᏍᏗ varieties ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ colocynth, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ.
ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 92 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ alcoholic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ enhanced ᎬᏙᏗ alcoholic ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ.
Varieties.
Orangeglo - ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎡᏆ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ 20-30 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ. ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. 90-100 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.
ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ - ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ yvwatuwidv ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ 1930'. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ/ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ) ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ (ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. yvwatuwidv 90 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.
ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ Saskatchewan - ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, yvwatuwidv 10 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᏌᎨᎢ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ striped ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ Saskatchewan, Canada ᎾᎥᎢ Russian imigrants. 80-85 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.
Melitopolski - ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 11-12 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ Ꮎ originated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Volga ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Russia, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ melon-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ Melitopolski ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ piled ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Moscow ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏴᎳᏚᏫᏛ 95 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.
ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ Dia ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ los Muertos (ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ — ᏚᏂᏃᏗ 31–ᏅᏓᏕᏆ 2) ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᏙᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ derogatorily. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 20th centuries, African ᏴᏩᏁᎬᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ racist ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎸᏉᏛᎩ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ.
Southerners ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ lampooned ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Southerners ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎬᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ-spitting ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Georgia ᎤᏤᎵ "Redneck Olympics."
ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎬᎩᏍᏗ" ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 20th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ-ᎪᏯᏛ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎩᎦᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ" (ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ.)


ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ dermis. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ" (trichome) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎾᎿ arthropod, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ varieties ᏪᏌ, ᎩᏟ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ mammal, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ: coverage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎦᏁᎦ (ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ").
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ thinner ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ adaptations ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ bipedal ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ "ᏂᎬᏅ" ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ cursorial ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ thinning ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ chimpanzee ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏅᎩᏨᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ bipedal ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ predates hominid' ᎠᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎬᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ (ᎯᎠ "Aquatic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ") ᎤᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ postulated ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ bipedal ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Danakil ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Ethiopia, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ hominid ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ 5 ᎠᎴ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ streamlining ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ aquatic ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎯᎠ eccrine ᎠᎵᎠᎷ glands ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ hominids ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ chimpanzees ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ eccrine glands, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏦᎢᏁ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏔᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ Fisherian ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎭᏂ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ). ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ neoteny, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ-ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ). ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏥ, ᎤᏍᏉᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ sexual dimorphism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ theories ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ., ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "sexy" ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. "ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ectoparasite ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᎦ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ - ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ", "ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ hairlessness ᎨᏒᎢ adaptation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ectoparasite ᎠᎧᎵᎢ." ᎠᏗᎭ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Pagel, evolutionary biologist, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ Walter Bodmer ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ, UK. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ 'ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ' ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏄᏬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎪᎯ adaptation ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ gene/ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ-ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ" ᎠᏗᎭ Pagel. "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ scenario sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ.
ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ noticeable ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ. Ꮝ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ termed alopecia, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ baldness.
ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎸᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ centimeter) varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ hormone(androgen) ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ androgen, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ testosterone ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ termed androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ sensitivities. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ testosterone ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ androgen sensitivity. ᎯᎠ pubic ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ androgens.
ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ androgens ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes, ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ underarms ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ pubic ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ sexual dimorphism ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ facial ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ vellus ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ genetic ᏚᏂᏲᏍᎬ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ androgens ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ androgenic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hirsutism. ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hypertrichosis. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ dormancy. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ millimeter ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏦᎢ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎾᎴᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ pubic ᎠᎴ armpit ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ dormancy, ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ pushes ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎦᏔᏬᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1.25 centimeters, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.5 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛes, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏏᏅᏙ. Anthropologist ᎠᏩᏒᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, byproduct ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ Fisherian ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ sexual ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ marker ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ—ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 1 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ 39 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ—ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 80 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 7 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏛᏍᎬ). ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ sexes) ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ.
Aging.
ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ colorless. ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ aging. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ 75 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ/ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ overall 'ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ' ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ aging. ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ doesn't ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ; ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏃᏯᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ afterward ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ medula ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏥᏍᏓᏁᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ thinning ᏂᎦᎥᏊ accompanies aging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ baldness ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ 50. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ baldness ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ shared ᎾᎥᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ evolutionary ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ; ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ dehydrate, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ.
Pathological ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᏄᏬᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ chemotherapy ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, noticeable ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ eyebrow, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ dividing ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ cancerous ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏐᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ traumaᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ patches.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᎯᎯᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Col. Lafayette Baker, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 3, 1868, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ spectrophotometer ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Wally Pollack, Baker ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎠᏨᏍᏛ. Neff, Pollack ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ Baker ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎠᎨᏴ. Baker ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎤᏤᎵ suitcoat ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ.
ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ "ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Factbook", ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 17 181 µm (millionths ᎠᏎᎯᎯ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 0.017 mm 0.181 mm.
ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏙᎠ societies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ haircut ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ shaved, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egyptian ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎪᎯ "sidelock". ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ shaved ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏦᏎᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏘᎾ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎦᏳᎳ differed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ haircuts. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ henna ᎠᎴ sprinkled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. Men’s ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ shaved. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ hairdressing ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩes ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏍᏙᏰᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ styling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Africa ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏴᏫ dealt ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎯᎠ Maasai ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯᏗᎧᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏇᎷᎬᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎾᎵᎯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, shaved ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ; ᎢᎦᏛ stiffened ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ cultural ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ influenced ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎧᏁᎸ-ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ponytail. ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-haired ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Oliver Cromwell, George Washington ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ Napoleon Bonaparte ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ flamboyant ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎭᏄᎸᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ 1914 ᎠᎴ 1918 ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏣᏑᎦ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ prompted ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ persisted.
ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ armies ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏙᏯᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏛ.
ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ lifestyle ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏌᏊ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Pentecostal ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ trimming ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎯᎠ 1960s ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ centimeters) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏍᏓᏁᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ (midpoint ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏗᏢᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ thigh), ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎧᏍᎨᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-thigh. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ, ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏓᏠᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ varies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ overall ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ. ᎡᏆ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ lifestyle.
ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ masculinity; ᏐᎢ societies ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ youthfulness.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt, ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Egyptian ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ pubic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. Islam ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ armpit ᎠᎴ pubic ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ fitrah).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ societies ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ sᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎯᎠ bikini ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ sexual ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ advertising ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎪᎯ media ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏐᎢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "manscaping".
ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ.
ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ specialized ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, chemicals ᎠᎴ techniques.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ societies.
ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏴᏫ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pelage, ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ pelage ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏧᏣᏯᏍᏘ ᎤᏁ) ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏙᎬᏢᏓᏥ). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ pelage ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ ᎠᎴ unpigmented ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ sunlight, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ultraviolet ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ aquatic ᎦᏂᏝᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ pinniped ᎠᎴ ᏥᏯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ). ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ centimeter). ᎡᏆ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎳᏃᏏᎳ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ overheating) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ.


ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎧᏁᏨ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1400, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ 'ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏴᏫ; ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎬᎪᎤᏙᏢ ᎬᎪᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ.' ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1700, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ 'optimistic ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ; ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ; ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ erected ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ.' ᎪᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎯ.1
"Caritas": selfless ᎬᎨᏳᎢ.
ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎨᏳᎯ-ᏄᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎨᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏩᏒ-sacrificial. ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎬᎨᏳᎢ." ᎯᎠ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ "caritas" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ residing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏫᎵ" ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᏓᏗᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩ comprised ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᎢᏧᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏩᏒ.
ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ James ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ "ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎬᎨᏳᎢ" ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ "caritas" / ἀγάπη: ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ; ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎬᎨᏳᎢ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ Ꮭ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ "caritas".
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ-ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ", ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ endureth ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ." ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ "ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ unto ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, Ꮎ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ;" (Moroni 7:47,48) ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏂᏍᎦᏅᎾ. ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ, "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ thy ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᎦᏯ..." (ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏚᎠᏍᏙᏗ 121:45) ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ encompasses ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᎦᏯ, ᎯᎠ motivating ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ, Redeemer, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏏᎦᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ Nephi ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ." (1 Nephi 11:23) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏈᏙᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ selfless ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ "caritas" ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏙᏗ, ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏕᎳ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏬᏑᎶᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏢᎩ ᎠᎴ handicapped, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎬᏂ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎹ, ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ: ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ homebound, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ dowries ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ, ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᏴᎩᏴ, educating ᎤᏓᏂᏯᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ -- ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ "ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ" -- ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏓᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᏗ "ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ" -- ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎪᎵᎬᎾ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏙᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ; ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎵᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ Europe, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᎾᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏒᎯ. ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᏘᏁᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ entailed ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ -- ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ -- ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏚᎳᏗᏍᎩ.
ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ charities. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏂᏯᏛ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏕᎵ ᏗᏗᏱ, ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗdedicated ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ, ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᎤᎾᏂᏢᏗ, ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ homebound ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᏓᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ Islam ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Zakat, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ. ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ forename, ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.


ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.
ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25th ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏌ. ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 7 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏎᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᏕᏘᏯ ᏥᏌ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ" ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ "Christemasse" ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ "Cristes mæsse." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᏥᏌ' ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ shortened Xmas ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎶᎻ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "X" ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Χ (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ), ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ (Χριστός).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ influenced ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ Yule ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᎴ Australian ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ motifs disseminated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, television, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ media.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎾᎿ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25th. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ (ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25th), ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ solstice.
ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 220, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Tertullian ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏥᏌ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 29. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25 ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎫᏬᏂ 3rd, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 33 (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ). (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎫᎵᎠᏂ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏎᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.)
ᎾᎥᎢ 240, ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 25, ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ equinox. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏫ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ Jewish ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ," ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ.
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ December solstice ᎤᏍᎩᏱ solstice, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "bruma". ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᎿᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᏯ.e. Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ solstice ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ. (ᎯᎠ Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ solstice ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 45 BC. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ slippage, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ astronomical solstice ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 21st ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 22nd).
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏌ' ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Sextus Julius Africanus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Chronographiai" (ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ 221), ᎢᎬᏱ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 245, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Origen denounced ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏥᏌ "ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ pharaoh." ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ, ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ, Origen ᎤᏔᏲᎸᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 274, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Aurelian designated ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Invictus (ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏙᎬ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ"). Aurelian ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ solstice ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ Mithras, ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Persian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. Mithras ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ identified ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Invictus, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Syrian ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
Mithras ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎪ sprang ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ Mithratic ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ Mithras' ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏙᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ. ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ dedicated Mithras ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ promoted Mithraism ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Commodus. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ emphasized ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ utugi uwasv ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ. Mithraism collapsed ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Constantine ᎠᏯ ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (312), ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Constantine ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏛᎵᎩᏯᎢ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ argued Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ Antioch ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ). ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎺᎵ, ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ theotokos, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ-ᎠᏱᏙᎯ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rome ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 336. ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 350.
ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ outgrew ᎯᎠ Christological ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᏡᏡ," ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Charlemagne ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ crowned ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ, 800.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 17th ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏔᏅ Saturn, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ recalled ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Saturn ruled. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 17-23). ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ feasted. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ anaditsgv, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ," ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Catallus. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏲᎶ ᎤᏤᎵ Saturnalian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ). ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ 12th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎯᎠ "ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ" (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ).
ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ Christianize, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ "Jul" (Yule), ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏔᎵᏚ-ᎢᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Mitwinternacht" (ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵᏚ "Rauhnächte" (ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ).
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ "ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ." ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richard ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ England hosted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1377 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏧᏁᎳ oxen ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ dancers ᎦᎪ ᏚᏃᎩᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ dancers Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᎲᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ (ᎠᏛᏓᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Yule). "ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ" – ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, promiscuity, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ -- ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ responded ᎾᎥᎢ promoting ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ oriented ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ triumphed ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Charles ᎠᏯ England, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ banned (1647). ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎦᎪ decorated ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ shouted royalist ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (1660) ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ).
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ eased ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ Tudor ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ " ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" (1843) ᎾᎥᎢ Charles Dickens ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reinventing ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ emphasizing ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ communal ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ hedonistic ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Albert enthusiastically promoted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ 1848 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1851.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏤ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outlawed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Boston, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ (1659-81). ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ "ᎩᎵᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ". ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᎾᎥᎢ Washington Irving ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ homecomings ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1870.
ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ "Sinterklaas," ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎯᎠ Dutch ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6. Dutch ᎦᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ. Irving ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas "ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ." ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ " ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas" (1822) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Clarke Moore, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ Santa ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ distributing ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840-1902), ᎦᎪ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1880s, Nast ᎤᏤᎵ Santa ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ standardized ᎾᎥᎢ advertisers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1920s. ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Victorian ᎩᎵᏏᏲ remade ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ Santa.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ (1914). ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ afterward. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ soccer ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ 133rd ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ bested ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎤᏤᎵ Seaforth Highlanders 3-2.
ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ outgrew ᎯᎠ Christological ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. ᏡᏡ," ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ Egyptian ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Charlemagne ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ crowned ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ, 800.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏐᎢ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᏴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᎳ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 17th ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏔᏅ Saturn, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ recalled ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Saturn ruled. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ (ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 17-23). ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎯᏛᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ feasted. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ anaditsgv, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ "ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ," ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ Catallus. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᎷᏥ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏲᎶ ᎤᏤᎵ Saturnalian ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ (ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ). ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ 12th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎯᎠ "ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ" (ᎠᏯ.e. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ).
ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ Christianize, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ "Jul" (Yule), ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏔᎵᏚ-ᎢᎦ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎪᎳ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏴᏓᏆᎶᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Mitwinternacht" (ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎳ ᏒᏃᏱ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵᏚ "Rauhnächte" (ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ).
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎪᏘᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ "ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ." ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richard ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ England hosted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1377 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏧᏁᎳ oxen ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ "Yule ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ dancers ᎦᎪ ᏚᏃᎩᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ dancers Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᎲᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎩᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ (ᎠᏛᏓᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ Yule). "ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ" – ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, promiscuity, ᏓᏂᏆᏂᏲᎯᎲ -- ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ responded ᎾᎥᎢ promoting ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ oriented ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ triumphed ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Charles ᎠᏯ England, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ banned (1647). ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎦᎪ decorated ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ shouted royalist ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ (1660) ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏙᎢ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ (ᎠᎴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ).
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ eased ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎣᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ Tudor ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ " ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" (1843) ᎾᎥᎢ Charles Dickens ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ reinventing ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ emphasizing ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ communal ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ hedonistic ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1835 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ Albert enthusiastically promoted ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏡᎬ 1848 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1851.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏤ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ outlawed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Boston, ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ (1659-81). ᏩᏥᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏯᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ "ᎩᎵᏏ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ". ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ revived ᎾᎥᎢ Washington Irving ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ homecomings ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1870.
ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ "Sinterklaas," ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎯᎠ Dutch ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6. Dutch ᎦᏁᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏯᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ. Irving ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas "ᎠᎩᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ." ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ " ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas" (1822) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ Clarke Moore, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ Santa ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ distributing ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏥ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840-1902), ᎦᎪ ᎤᏎᏒᎲ ᎢᏤ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1880s, Nast ᎤᏤᎵ Santa ᎠᏰᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ standardized ᎾᎥᎢ advertisers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1920s. ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Victorian ᎩᎵᏏᏲ remade ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ Ꮎ Santa.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ (1914). ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ afterward. ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ soccer ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ 133rd ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ bested ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎤᏤᎵ Seaforth Highlanders 3-2.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ Matthew ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎹᎦ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎹᎦ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎷᎦ, ᎺᎵ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎺᎵ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ Ꮎ "ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ." ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᎭ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nazareth ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 150 kilometres (90 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, Bethlehem, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎨᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Augustus. ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ Ꮭ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎺᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏥᏌ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏤᎢ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ." ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ, "ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎤᏤᎵ favor ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ." ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᎳᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏌ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎹᏚ, Biblical magi ᎤᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ, "ᎭᏢᏃ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏛ? ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ." (ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.) ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ translated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎦᏔᎾᎯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ." ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ Babylon ᎦᎪ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏕᏂᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᏂᎵ. ᏕᏂᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ (), ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᎪ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Jewish ᏴᏫ.
ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏦᎢ: Balthassar, Melchior, ᎠᎴ Caspar. Balthassar ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Babylonian ᏚᏙᎥ Belshazzar. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏂᎵ. Melchior ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Aramaic. Caspar ᎨᏒᎢ Latinized ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ Gondophares, Parthian (ᎠᏯ.e. Persian) ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ prophecies Ꮎ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ (,).
ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ advisors ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ Bethlehem, ᎾᎿ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ David, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ. "ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏴ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ," ᎤᏓᎶᏄᎮᏌᏘ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ Bethlehem, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏥᏌ. ᏥᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎷᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ("paidion"), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏲᎵ ("brephos"). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏥᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ. (ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᎷᏏᎳᎻ.) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎦᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎪᏩᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ. ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ ᎠᎳᏘᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Egypt. ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ Bethlehem ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ 2 ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nazareth ().
ᏐᎢ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 7. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Julian ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ determining ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ dubbed ᎯᎠ "ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ Saviour ᏥᏌ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ." Armenian ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6.
ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, Swedish ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ("julefrid") ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎩᎡᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ. ᎾᎿ Knut ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ (ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 13), Swedish ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ ("julgransplundring").
ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Philippines, ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "-ber ᎢᏯᏅᏓ" (ᏚᎵᏍᏗ, ᏚᏂᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.).
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 25 ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Netherlands, ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, Scandinavia, Lithuania ᎠᎴ Poland, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Finland, Ireland, ᏲᎶ, ᎶᎹᏂᏯ, Austria, ᎠᎴ Catalonia (Spain), ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Stephen ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Quebec, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 26th ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "Lendemain ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Noël" ("ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ").
ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎯᎠ Yule ᏕᎪᏪᎸ, ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, ᎤᏓᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ carryover ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ Yule.
ᏲᏂᎢ banned ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1917 ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 1992. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏱᎰᏩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ fundamentalists, ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎪᎯ clashes ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎪᎳ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ-coated ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᎾ ᏓᏂᏒᎾᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᏤᎵ Bondi ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ. ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "bada ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ("ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦ"), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ Korea, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ.
ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ bringers ᏗᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ mythical ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Myra ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ Lycia, ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ Egypt ᎠᎴ Palestine ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Myra. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ Diocletian ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Constantine. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ Nicaea, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6th ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 345 ᎠᎴ 352. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1087, ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᎾᏂ ᎤᏃᏍᎩᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ Myra ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ Bari ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᎶ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ San Nicola ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Bari. ᎪᎢᎭ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏏᎵ ᎦᏚ ᎨᏥᏁᎸ di. Nicola, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏄᎾᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ.
ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, ᎠᎴ Sinterklaas, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 6. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ renamed ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏏ-ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏴᏫ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏦᏔ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ, ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ behavior ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.
ᏌᏊ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ. ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, Santa ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ behavior. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎠᏌᏍᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Santa, Père Noël, ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Santa ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ Knecht Ruprecht, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ Peter. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, elves ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ. Claus. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏛᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏏᏩ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Santa ᎧᎵᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏓᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Santa ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏏᏩ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Santa ᎧᎵᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Nicholas ᎧᎵᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 5th, ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ. ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.
Timing ᏗᏓᏁᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ Netherlands, ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏗᎳᏑᎶ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 5th, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hungary ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ (Hungarian: Mikulás) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎪᎳ (Hungarian: Télapó) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Krampusz. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24th, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hungary, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ (ᎠᏲᎵ) ᏥᏌ (Hungarian: Jézuska), ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Spain, ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ magi ᎾᎿ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ (ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Poland, ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ (ᎦᎶᏂᏗ: Święty Mikołaj) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ: ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 5th (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 6th) ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24th, (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Finland, "Joulupukki" ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎩᏱ 24th. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏂᎢ, "ᎤᏚᏚ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ" ᎠᏂᏲᎯᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Scotland, ᎠᏓᏁᎭ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ Hogmanay, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏁᎳ - ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1967 - ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ exchanging ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ "ᏔᎵᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ", ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ. ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎢᎦ.
ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Finland ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1939 ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ Turku, Finland ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Finnish ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ "Jumala ompi linnamme" (ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᏡᏡ Luther ᎤᏤᎵ "Ein` feste Burg ist unser Gott") ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏗᏲᏛᎯ Ꭺ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ motifs ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ motifs ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, poinsettia, ᎤᏓᎳ, ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎠᏥᎸᏓᏙᏗ, ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ, carolers, nutcrackers, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᏗᏓᎾᏏᏁᎩ, ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᏂᏧᏣ, ᎦᎵᏣᏗ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ, candies, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎤᏴᏢ, snowmen, ᎠᎴ penguins.
ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ decorated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ decorated ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ adatolasdisgi ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ illuminated ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, snowmen, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ poinsettia ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎩᎦᎨᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, ᎤᏓᎳ, ᎩᎦᎨ amaryllis, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᎵᏰᏍᏗ.
Municipalities ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᏓᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᎳᏑᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ endorsing ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1984, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᏭᏔᏅᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ruled Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏤᎵ ᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏂᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ Saudi ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ retelling ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ. ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏫᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏴ fundraising ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ charities.
ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ preceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᎵᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎮᎵᏤᏘ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ senders ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᎵᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ losses, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎵᏃᏕᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ involving ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ, ᎤᏗᏔᎲ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ fatalities ᎧᏁᏉᎩ.
ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ media.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ fictional ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ-ᎢᎦ ᏱᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ-ᎠᏒᏂᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ Tchaikovsky' ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ "ᎯᎠ Nutcracker" ᎠᎴ Charles Dickens ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ " ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ". "ᎯᎠ Nutcracker" ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏗ nutcracker Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ' ᎠᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ. Charles Dickens' " ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎤᎨᏳᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ Scrooge. Scrooge ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ, ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎩᎾ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎦᎪ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Dickens'. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ H. C. Andersen' "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ," ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᏂᎩᎠ ᏂᏚᎳᏑᎸᎾ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ matches, ᎠᎴ peeking ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏁᎤᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏔᎲ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Anglophone ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏓᎾᏠᏍᎬ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1881, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏈᎵᎢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ "Ny Illustrerad Tidning" ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ Viktor Rydberg ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ "Tomten" featuring ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Nyström ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏈᎵᎢ mythical ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "tomte," ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎠᎭᏄᎸᎯ ᎠᏎᏍᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ TV ᎤᏤᎵᏛ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1980s, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ video ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ resold ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ "ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. Ꮝ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ, George Bailey, ᎨᏒᎢ businessman ᎦᎪ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏍᎩᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ. ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏒᎯᏰ, ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏂᏓᏪᎯ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ committing ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ " ᏣᎵ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ" ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ Charlie ᏬᏗᎨ tries ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ deeper ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ " ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ" (1983) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ "ᏙᏄᏛᎿ ᏒᏃᏱ" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ "ᎥᎥ, ᏩᏥᏂ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎭᏄᎸᎯ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ.
ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ television ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏧᎾᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏧᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Handel ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ". ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "Nutcracker ᎦᏂᏓᏛ", ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Tchaikovsky ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Johann Sebastian Bach ᎤᏤᎵ "ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" (BWV 248). Television ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ programming, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ.
ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ.
ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ dramatically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏗ, ᏓᏂᏥᎳᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏁᏏᏙᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ inventories.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ (ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ) ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004 ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᎦ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ anti-consumerists, ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ commercialization ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ dominated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Christmastime ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ existed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ economists ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ deadweight ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ microeconomic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ-ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001 ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ $4 ᎯᏍᎩ deadweight ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ complicating ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ, ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏲᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ microeconomic ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎶᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. ᎣᏪᏅᏒ video ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏬᎯᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ.


ᎤᎾᎩᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ("Castanea dentata") ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ southeasternmost ᎨᎾᏓ. ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ hardwood ᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30-45 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (100-150 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ 3 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (10 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ranged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎺᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ontario ᎻᏏᏏᏈ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Ohio ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ European ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. "C. dentata" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ spaced ᎤᎪᎲᎩ-ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ "dentata", ᎳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎪᏍᏓᏱ". ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 14-20 centimeters (5-8 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 7-10 centimeters (3-4 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ broader ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ beech ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ beech ᎠᎴ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Sapindaceae.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏱᏙᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏍᏗᎸᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏗᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wildlife, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ mast ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏬᏱ. ᎬᎿᎨ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ.
ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ.
ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ hardwood ᎠᏙᎯ ᏡᎬ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Asian ᎤᏯᎸ ᏂᎯ ("Cryphonectria parasitica", ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ "Endothia parasitica") ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ imported Asiatic ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Bronx ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1904. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏩᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ airborne ᎤᏯᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ girdled ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎢᏤ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏱᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏜᎬ ᏚᏱᏢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (20 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3 ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ 25 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 60 cm (24 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ (featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic") ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sherwood, ᎤᏩᎦᏂ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Revelstoke, ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏙᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ reintroduce ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ontario. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ backcrossing ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ × ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ intercrossing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ reintroduce ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ genes ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ backcrossing ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ.
Overall, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎡᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010.
ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jackson ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏔᎾᏏ. ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 61 cm (24 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 23 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (75 ft) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ pollinated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ pollen ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ genes ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ 18 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2006, biologist ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᏣᏥᏱ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 20-30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴ 13 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (40 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ southernmost ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Talladega ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2006.. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 26 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (85 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 35 centimeters (14 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ).
ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, hypovirulence (ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎡᏆ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏒᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-causing ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ.
ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ resource ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ "ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ identifiable ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ). ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ roasted, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ preferably roasted. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ European ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ yellowish-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ' "conker" ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ-grained, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ radial ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ hardwoods. ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏍᎦ. ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tannin, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᏗᏍᏡᏴ-ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏐᏴ, ᏒᏓᎷᎩ, ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, plywood, paperpulp, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ. Tannins ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ refashioned ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. "Wormy" ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sawn ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎪᎯ "wormy" ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.


Current events.
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ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏲᎢ! ᏣᎳᎩᏍ ᎯᏬᏂᏍᎩ? Wikipedia is a project to build an open-content encyclopaedia in many languages. This Cherokee edition, called ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ, was started in May of 2004, and we are now working on articles. You can help! Simply click the "edit" button and fly away!
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ᎫᎴ.
ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏡᎬ (genera "Quercus", "Lithocarpus" ᎠᎴ "Cyclobalanopsis", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Fagaceae). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏐᎯ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎦᏔ (ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎦᏔ), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ, ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ cupule. ᎫᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1-6 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 0.8-4 cm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᎫᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 6 ᎠᎴ 24 ᎢᏯᏅᏓ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ) ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ; ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ Quercus ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ phenology ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ.
ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ wildlife ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏆᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦ, ᏬᏱ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏬᏄᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎫᎫᏣ. ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai Ꮎ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ rodent. ᎡᏆ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ, ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎫᎴ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 25% ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwest ᏳᎳᏛ, ᎠᏛ ᏏᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎸᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ, kalil ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎿ ᎫᎴ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎫᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ constituted ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵe ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎠᎴ weevil ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎫᎴ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ.
ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ consumed ᎠᎴ cached. ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nutrients. ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎫᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏤᎵ, carbohydrateᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ calcium, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ potassium, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ vitamin niacin. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ varies ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ.
ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ tannin, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ tannins, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ polyphenol, ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ gantlai ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ metabolize ᏤᎵ, ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏎ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎫᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ. ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ tannins. ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎫᎴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ iyuwakodi ᏰᎵᏊ groundwater ᎤᎭ percolated ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏂ ᏝᏄᏏ ᎯᎠ tannins atsinuqowisgv. ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ gantlai metabolize tannins ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ-ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎫᎴ-ᏝᏄᏏ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ.
ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎫᎴ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ tannins ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏧᏍᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tannins, ᎠᎴ nutty ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ flavour, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ enhanced ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ. Tannins ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ chopped ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ, iyuwakodi ᎠᎹ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ. ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᎫᎴ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯy ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ. ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ ᎪᎢ.
ᎫᎴ dispersal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ.
ᎫᎴ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎢᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎦᏔ dispersal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏥ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ eligwa igai ᎠᎹ, sunlight ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients, ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ 20-30 m ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᏡᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᎴ predators ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎫᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏒᎯ ᎫᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏍᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎫᎴ predators ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ dispersal ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ. ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ-ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮝ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᎦ.
ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ-ᎬᏍᎦᎶᏗ behaviour ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ associating ᎬᏙᏗ digakohidi Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᏇᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ nutritionally ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ dispersal ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᏜᏴᎦ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎡᏆ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏜᏴᎦ ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂ.
ᎫᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏎᎸ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎫᎴ ᏚᏱᏢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ligninᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ.
Cultural ᎢᎦᏛ.
ᎫᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᏦᎠᏎᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ labour. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ "ᎡᏆ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ", urging ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎠᏓᏥ folktale ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ, ᎦᎪᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ atuyastanv ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏛᏛᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ digakohidi ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain, ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏫᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ aging ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏪᏢᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎯ.
ᎯᎠ Norse ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ sheltered ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎫᎴ ᎾᎿ windowsill ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏦᎳᏅ ᏗᎨᏫ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ decorated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ, (Jomon ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ), ᎫᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ harvested, peeled ᎠᎴ soaked ᎫᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ tannins, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ processed ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎫᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Korea, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏤᎵ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ "dotorimuk" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎴ.
motif ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ celtic ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎾᎿ finialᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ Abbey. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᏚᏙᎥ "akran", ᎠᏓᏥ Eicher, "ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.", ᎠᏰᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ unenclosed ᎦᏙᎯ". ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏍᎦ. Chaucer ᎤᏁᏨ "achornes okes" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1300s. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᏎᎷ" ᎠᎴ "ᏧᏍᎦ-ᎤᏲᎾ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1600s, ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ administered ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ anaditsgv. ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏏᎤᎴ ᎡᎱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎫᎴ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ utugi gvsv ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ, ᎢᏳᏃ nanahwunvgi ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ).
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ mast-ᎠᏍᎪᎵ.
ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎫᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ.
ᎫᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, kanquotsegi ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ resource.
ᎫᎴ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ processed ᎾᏞᎬᏊ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ iyuwakodi ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ Ꮎ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎫᎴ, ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎫᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎫᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎴ cached ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎫᎴ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎫᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎨᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ. ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎫᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ focused ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᎨᏴ shelled ᎠᎴ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎫᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎫᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏲᎢ. ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ. ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎤᏲᎢ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ lyadvnehi ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎫᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ larvae ᎫᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎫᎴ weevils Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 95% ᏧᏍᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎫᎴ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ dormancy ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ nutrients ᏩᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ fertilizing ᏧᏍᎦ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎫᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᏍᎦ tohi adedi ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ eliminated ᎦᎪᏘ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏕᏡᎬ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ subclimax ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏍᎦ dominated. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎫᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sunlight, ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ nutrients, eliminating ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏍᎦ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏧᏍᎦ savannahs ᎬᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ spaced maximize ᎫᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ flammable ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ Ꮎ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᎦ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᎭ ravaged ᎠᏂᎧᎵᎢ, ᎪᏛᏙᏗ-ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ. ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ techniques, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ controlled ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎫᎴ.


ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ keyboard, ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ. ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ transmitted ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎯᎠ soundboard.
ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ transmitted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ replicated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᎠᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᏟᏗ electronic keyboards, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ shortened ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, "gravicèmbalo col ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ e ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ" (ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ "ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ"). ᎪᎯ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ pressed. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ-ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ keyboards.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ keyboard stringed ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ pressed, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ dampened ᎾᏍᎩ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ stringed keyboard ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Pollens ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ, ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ. 1), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ: Bartolomeo Cristofori Padua, Italy. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Cristofori ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᎾᏝᎢ, ᎯᎠ Medici ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ 1700. ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ Cristofori ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 1720s.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ technological ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ benefited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ centuries ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, soundboard, ᎠᏒᏢᎢ, ᎠᎴ keyboard. Cristofori, ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ solving, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ). ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎧᏍᏘ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ approaches ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ. Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ quieter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ keyboard ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ), ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ louder ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
Cristofori ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ, Scipione Maffei, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ (1711), ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Gottfried Silbermann, ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ. Silbermann ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Cristofori', ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ: Silbermann ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎾᏗᏝᎡᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ.
Silbermann ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Bach ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1730s, ᎠᎴ Bach ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏠᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Silbermann, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ heeded. Bach ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1747, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ Silbermann ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ flourished ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Viennese ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Johann Andreas Stein (ᎦᎪ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Augsburg, ᎠᏂᏛᏥ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Viennese ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ Nannette Stein (ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ Johann Andreas) ᎠᎴ Anton Walter. Viennese-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᏔᎵ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏃᏥ-ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ Mozart ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ replicas ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Mozart ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏰᎲ softer, clearer ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "fortepiano" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ 18th-ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1790–1860, ᎯᎠ Mozart-ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ underwent ᎤᎪᏗᏳ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ, ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ technological ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ-ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ. ᎯᎠ tonal ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ Mozart ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ 7⅓ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ) ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, technological ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ atsitugv ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ Broadwood, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ splendour ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Ꮝ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ Broadwood ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, louder, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ. ᎯᎠ Broadwood ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ Haydn ᎠᎴ Beethoven, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ: ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1790s, ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ 1810 (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Beethoven ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ 1820. ᎯᎠ Viennese ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ: ᎯᎠ Broadwood ᏌᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ, ᎯᎠ Viennese ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ 1820s, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ shifted ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ Érard ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Chopin ᎠᎴ Liszt. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1821, Sébastien Érard ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ escapement ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ risen Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ, ᎡᏆ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Henri Herz, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ escapement ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ, ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ attained ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ processes, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ).
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ Silbermann ᎠᎴ Frederici ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Petzold ᎠᎴ Babcock. ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1890s (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ), Steinway ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏴᎲ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ Zumpe ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ sonority ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ restricted ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ soundboard ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ. ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ evocatively ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ revived ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ advertising ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Southwell ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1806 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ 1840s ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎿ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ "ᎤᏂᏍᏔᎸᏍᏘ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ".
ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏚᏅ Robert Wornum ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1810 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "birdcage ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ" ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎴ Blanchet ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1820s.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ 1930s ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ "ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ" ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ admired ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ — ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Ꮎ Haydn, Mozart, ᎠᎴ Beethoven — ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Chopin, Schumann, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏤᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎳᏍᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ: ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ keyboard. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅ generalization distinguishes ᎯᎠ "ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ", (ᎠᏰᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.2 m 3 m ᎦᏅᎯᏓ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ "ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ" (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.7 m 2.2 m) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ" (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ). ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ inharmonicity ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ tuned ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ ("ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ: ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ"). ᎧᎵ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ, ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ upward ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᎴ responsiveness. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏌᏊ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, catches ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 14 ᎤᏪᏴ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1863, Henri Fourneaux ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ "ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ.
ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ Ꮝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ 1980s, digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ digital sampling ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, weighted ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ, ᎠᎴ MIDI interfaces. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ sympathetically ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-linearity ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏙᎵᏣᏘ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ' ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎯ digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏙᎵᏣᏘ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ software.
Keyboard.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ keyboard, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ keyboard. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ colour ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ (ᎤᏁᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ C ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ 88 ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ (ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏦᎢᏁ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ A0 C8). ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎭ 85 ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ (ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ A0 A7), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ Bösendorfer ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᏔᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ F0, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏰᏏ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ C0, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ hinged ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ flipped ᎡᎳᏗ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ disorientation ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ keyboard; ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᎯᎠ colours ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ reversed (ᎬᎿᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᎬ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ; Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ sympathetically ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ fuller ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ Stuart ᎠᎴ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ F0 ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ F8 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ.
ᎠᎳᏏᏗ.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ "ᎠᎳᏏᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ pressed upward ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏂᎩᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ.) ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ", ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ rightmost ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ padded ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ vibrating. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ pressed. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ pressed, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ "ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ" (ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᏩᎾᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ Ꮭ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ sympathetically ᎬᏙᏗ whichever ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ enriches ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.
ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ techniques ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Chopin ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ achieving ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ "ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Haydn, Mozart ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Beethoven; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, pedaling ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ coloristic ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ "una corda" ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎿᏭᏅᎩ leftmost ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ modifies Ꮝ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Cristofori ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 18th ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 19th centuries, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ— ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "una corda", ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ spaced ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ "una corda" ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ — ᎢᏳᏃ shifted ᎢᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ' ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "una corda" ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᎿ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
Digital ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, leslie ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ/ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, vibrato ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏳᎳ-ᎡᏆ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ" ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ) ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ. (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.) ᏎᏍᏗ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ-ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Olivier Messiaen ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏙᏗ d'oiseaux".
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᎳᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ sostenuto ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎴ celeste ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ sostenuto. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ locked ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ muted — ᎠᎯᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ neighbors. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ transposing ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Irving ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, enabling ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ shifted ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ keyboard, enabling ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᏒᏓᎷᎦ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ keyboard, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ detachable) ᏌᏊᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ termed ᎠᎳᏏᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. Mozart ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Schumann ᎠᎴ Alkan. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ pianistic ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩpractise ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ.
ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ sturdiness. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ hardwood, ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏢᏩᎦ ᎠᎴ beech. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ "ᎯᎠ vibrational ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ soundboard ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ dissipating ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ ᎠᎦᎾᏩᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ." ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ laminating ᏩᏂᎨ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ hardwood ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Theodore Steinway ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1880.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏕᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ (ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ) ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ acoustically ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ softwood, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.
ᎯᎠ pinblock, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏍᏆᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ hardwood, (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏢᏩᎦ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ gripping ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ tonal ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ wrapped ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ, ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ transmitted ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ (ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ) ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ soundboard. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ, ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ decorating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏖᎵᏙ; ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ hardwood (e.g. ᏢᏩᎦ, beech. hornbeam). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1940s ᎠᎴ 1950s, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ crystallized ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Steinway ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ Teflon, synthetic ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ DuPont, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏚᏲᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎢᎦᏛ "ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Teflon ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ" ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ adjacent ᎯᎠ Teflon ᏫᎵ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, causing ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.) ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎯᎠ Kawai ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ technicians.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ soundboard. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏒᏓᎷᎦ glued ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ). ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ-grained, ᎩᏄᏙᏗ-sawn, ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ soundboards. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ soundboard ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ plywood.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ basswood, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ. ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ-ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ, ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᏰᎵᏇ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ Yamaha ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ innovated ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Ivorine" ᎠᎴ "Ivorite", ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ, Ꮎ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏂᎩᏛ hardwood ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ; ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏘ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏙᏗ 136 kg (300 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Steinway ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ (ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ D) ᎦᏙᏗ 480 kg (990 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎯᎠ Fazioli F308, ᎦᏙᏗ 691 kg (1520 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ).
ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ; ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ tuned ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ recognized ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ  = 440 Hz.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ voiced ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏨᏕᎨᏫ. ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ rebuilt ᎠᎴ reconditioned. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎾᎥᎢ replacing ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, jazz, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, television, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ.
ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎿᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᏯᏛᎾ, ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ: "ᎯᎠ ivories", "ᎯᎠ joanna", "ᎯᎠ ᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏧᏁᎳ", ᎠᎴ "ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ() ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎬ()", "ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ joe()". ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "tickling ᎯᎠ ivories".
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ: ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ
ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏔᏅ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ keyboard ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ electronic ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ.


ᎧᏫ.
ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ roasted ᎤᎦᏔ(ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ tuya, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ) ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ traded ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ), ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ (ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, 6.7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ tonnes ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1998-2000, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ 7 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ tonnes ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ caffeine, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ 7 ᎦᎾ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ca. 207 mL) ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ 80-140 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ caffeine.
ᎧᏫ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ingested ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ Ꮎ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ.
ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 9th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ Ethiopia ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ Egypt ᎠᎴ Europe. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏚᎾᏠᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎧᏫ" ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Arabic ᎧᏁᏨ "Qah'Ꮹ" ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Turkish "Kahve", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ intoxicating ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎢᎦᏓᏊ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ Islamic ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ anaditsgv ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ anaditsgv ᎧᏫ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ forbidden ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ imams ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mecca ᎾᎾᎢ 1511 ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ Cairo ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1532 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egypt, coffeehouses ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏫ berries ᎨᏒᎩ sacked. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1524 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Selim ᎠᏯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1538, Léonard Rauwolf, ᎠᏓᏥ ᎦᎾᎦᏗ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ westerner ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎦᏢ: "ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ, ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ illnesses, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. Ꮝ consumers ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏢᏫᏎᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ yvwatuwidv ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ cupful. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ bunnu.". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᏪᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏓᎾᏂ, ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ugatohvsv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, Muslims ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Persia, Egypt, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Africa ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ cafeteria, Kiva Han, ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1475 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Constantinople. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎧᏫ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ Europe, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 17th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎩᎵᏏ coffeehouses ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏗ ᎪᎳᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. Lloyds London, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎫᎪᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ coffeehouse.
ᎧᏫ tuya ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎦᎪᏘ, "Coffea arabica" ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ. ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Ethiopia, ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Kefa, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏛ Ꮝ ᏚᏙᎥ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "Coffea canephora (robusta)". "Robusta", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40-50% ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ caffeine, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ "arabica" ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Uganda. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "arabica" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ "arabica", "robusta" ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ "ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏚᎵᏓ cardboard" ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ "robustas" ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ espresso ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ "crema" (foamy ᎠᏍᎪᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ espresso ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ-roasted "robusta". ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ roasters ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ "robusta" ᏚᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-marketed ᎧᏫ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ "Coffea liberica" ᎠᎴ "Coffea esliaca", ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛ Liberia ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Sudan ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.
Brazil ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ flooded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ "robusta" ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Vietnam. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᏫ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ 1975-1989 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ pricing ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2001 2004. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997 ᎯᎠ "c" ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ York ᏧᎵᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$3.00/ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 2001 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ$0.43/ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. Robusta ᎧᏫ (traded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ London ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ York ᎤᏤᎵ Arabica) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ (multinational roasters, ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏫ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ "ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ" ᎧᏫ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ "robusta" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ contributing ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ "arabica" ᏚᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa, Indonesia ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏪᎾᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ coca ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ Dutch ᎦᎴᏴᏛ 'Max Havelaar' ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏗ ᎧᏫ growers negotiated ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ roasters ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ & ᏗᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Starbucks ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ecological: ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ sustainably harvested, ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ-ᎤᏛᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᏫ vs. ᎯᎠ newer mono-cropped ᎧᎵ-ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ varieties, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ deforestation ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
"Arabica" ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ exported ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Mocha, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Yemen, ᎠᎴ Java, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Indonesia. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎧᏫ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᎧᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. Varietal ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ denoting taxonomic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ arabica ᎠᎴ robusta ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎧᏫ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏏᏴᏫ varietal, "bourbon", ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ: Rwanda ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Bourbon). ᎧᏫ aficionados ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ auctioned ᎧᏫ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arabica ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ; ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎧᎸᎬ Africa/ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Asia/ᎡᎷᏪᎢ. ᏚᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ (ᎠᏑᏴᏗ criteria ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "citrus-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏙᎯ"), ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏣᏅᏙ"), ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ mouthfeel, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ tangy ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎬᏍᏉᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ processed ᎧᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ pH ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ. (ᎬᎿᎨ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ pH yvwatuwidv 5). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ subspecies ᎠᎴ varietal.
"Caracoli," ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ peaberry, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏫ tuya ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᎩᏔᏯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏔᎵ. ᎯᎠ Caracoli ᏚᏯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ (~4% ᏂᎦᏛ ᏚᏯ). ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ flavour ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ tuya ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏔᏯ, Caracoli ᏚᏯ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Arabica) ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ prized.
ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎧᏫ.
ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ commodities ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-traded ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ #1. ᎧᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ environmental ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.
ᎧᏫ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏦᎢᏁ Ꮎ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ Europe. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2002 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ, ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ 22.1 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎧᏫ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏍᏥ ᎠᎴ cardiovascular ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᎳ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ. ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ unclear ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ caffeine ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏐᎢ chemical ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ decaffeinated ᎧᏫ ᎠᏫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ).
ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ diabetes mellitus ᏗᎦᎪᏗ 2 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏫ consumers, ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ Ꮎ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ caffeine ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ decaffeinated ᎧᏫ.
ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎧᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏪᎳ ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᎳ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ 1 ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 20%, ᎠᎴ 4 ᏗᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏝᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ 80%.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ anaditsgv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ lyudetiyvda ᏫᎵ "ᎾᏛᏍᎬᎾ ᏂᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ".
ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ.
ᎤᏣᏘ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ labour ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎧᏫ berries ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ processed ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ roasted ᎧᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ consumers ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ. ᎧᏫ berries ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ, defruited, ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ, ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᎴ—ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ processes—ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎦᏳᎳᏨ.
ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ roasted ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ consumed. ᎧᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ roasted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ supplier; ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ roasted.
ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎧᏫ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ processes ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᎯᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ roasted ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ ᎯᎠ consumer. ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎯᎠ roasted ᎧᏫ ᏚᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ roastery, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ roastery ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ consumer ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ packaged, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ "ᏂᎦᏛ-tuya" ᎧᏫ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ. "Turkish" ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ coarsest ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏫ percolator ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ: "ᎤᏪᏴ" ᎠᎴ "Ꭺ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ" ᎠᏍᏙᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏪᏴ" ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎧᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭺ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎯᎠ espresso ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ chemical ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏫ tuya ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ brewed, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ: ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏓᏢᏓ, ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ. Roasted arabica ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏬᏗᎨᎧᎵᏤᏥ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏫ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ.
ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎧᏫ.
ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ consumers ᎦᎪ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎧᏫ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎾ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ dissolved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Korea. ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ varieties ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ, ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ Korean ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᎯ, ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. Japanese ᎠᎯᏕᎨᎢ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ availability ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-bottled ᎧᏫ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-blended ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎣᏂ, ᎦᎾ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ institutional ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎧᏫ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏲᏓᏅ "robusta" ᎧᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 500 ᏗᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ, ᎠᎴ 1,000 ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ preheated.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏫ.
ᎧᏫ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ coffeehouses ᎯᎠ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ cafés, ᎧᏫ ᎤᎭ impacted ᎯᎠ lifestyle ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa ᎠᎴ Yemen, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ intoxicant. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Islam ᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mecca ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ "ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ" ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ repressed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏴᏫ. Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎬᏙᏗ rebellious ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ activities ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ banning ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎵᏣᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ nitrogen ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ. Starbucks, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏫ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ acidic, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ chemical processes Ꮎ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᎪᎬ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎧᏫ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏤᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢᎨᏙᏗ, ᎧᏫ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ itsuwakodi Ꮝ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tomatoes, chili ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, blueberries, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ digakohidi Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᏂᎬᏅ roach ᏌᏛᏗ".
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. Latte ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ espresso-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ. Arfé ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.


ᎠᎱᎵ.
ᎠᎱᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ membranophone. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "drumskin", Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ drumstick, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎭ gvwatuwidv ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ varies ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ timpani, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ (ᎠᏜ), ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ (bongo ᎠᎱᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ (ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ).
ᎠᎱᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ timbales), ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᏏᏴᏫ-ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ stretched ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ resonating ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ African ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hollowed-atsinuqowisgv ᏡᎬ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Caribbean ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ceremonies. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ.
ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ jazz, "ᎠᎱᎵ" ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ, ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ" ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎨᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ percussionists ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏅᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎱᎵ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎱᎵ Africa ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏤᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏁᏨᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ communicating ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.- ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎱᎵ (ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ).
lyudetiyvda ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 3000 BC.


ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎤᎦᏔ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ Linseed) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Linum" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Linaceae. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Ꮝ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwest Asia ᎠᎴ southeastern Europe.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ 120 cm ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᏙᎵ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎦᎸᏙᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, 2-4 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 3 mm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, 1.5-2.5 cm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ petals. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ 5-9 mm ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎦᏔᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏒᎦᏔ pip, 4-7 mm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ unspun fibres ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᎪᏘ.
ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ fibre. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, Ꭺ, ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ "ᏌᎪᏂᎨ" ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᏚᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᏔ varieties ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ.
ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ linseed ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ-processed ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ centuries ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ pressed linseed ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ varieties; ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ consumed ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏁᏗ, fibre ᎠᎴ ᏩᎦ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ. ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ nutritional ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ solin ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎢ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ.
ᎤᏴᏢ Dakota ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎢᏤ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᎵᏍᏛ". ᎪᎯ ᎢᏤ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ nutty-ᎠᏓᎾᏅ flavour ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎪᎢ.
ᏌᏊ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏚᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, yogurt, ᎠᎹ (ᎤᏠᏱ Metamucil), ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏢᏃ nutty flavour ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ consumed ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ atsituga Ꮝ nutritional ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ lignanᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏛ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. LignanᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ anti-ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ properties. ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ cholesterol, ᎩᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ plaque ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arteries. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ galactagogue.
ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ iyuwakodi ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎪᎢᎭ ᎠᏣᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ digakohidi ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ-3 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ).
ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᏱᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ flavour.
ᎤᎦᏔ fibre.
ᎤᎦᏔ fibres ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda fibre ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ 5000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏂᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏐᏴ ᎾᎾᎢ Thebes ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ digakohidi. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ fibre ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎶᎻ itsuwakodi. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎤᎦᏔ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᏂᏙᏓ. ᎾᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ USA ᎠᎴ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ linseed ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎪᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎤᎦᏔ fibre ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ bast ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎤᎦᏔ fibre ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏥᎸ fibre ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᎦᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ. Coarser ᏓᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ. ᎤᎦᏔ fibre ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ Ꭺ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ banknoteᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ Ꭺ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎵᏗᎪᏢ ᏗᎪᎦᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ fibre ᎤᎦᏔ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ USSR, Poland, France, Belgium, Ireland, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Czech ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎦᎨᏛ ᎦᏓᏆᎵᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯly ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎾᏳy ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.
ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ fibre ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ fibre ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ maximise ᎯᎠ fibre ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏚᎳᏍᏙᏗ (retting) ᎤᎪᏒ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ. Retting ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ 7-12 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.
ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ harvested ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ harvester ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ: ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ-grower, ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏦᎢ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ: ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ separating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ fibre, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ separating ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ fibre. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᏙᎾᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎡᎵᏉ.
ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏖᎾ, ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ refining ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏩᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᏁᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ, ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ, iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ threshed atsinuqowisgv.
ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ-ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ beater ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ, ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎩᎳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ separated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ fibre, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎦᏔᎲᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ wrapped ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏰᏌᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ separated, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᏠᏒ.


ᎠᏫᏒᏅ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ residential ᎠᏫᏒᏅ. ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᏁᎸ". ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ-intensive ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ (ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ discusses ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ similarities ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅᎢ.
ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, roadside ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ specialize ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏣᎦᏘᏲᏎᎯ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ undertaken ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ. ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᎪ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ realize ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ realize residential ᎦᏁᎸ.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ.


ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Persian دلبنت, "dulband" ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Turkish ') ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, Asian ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏃᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ alisquetuwo. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎦᎷᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏄᏬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ 5 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎿᏩᎥᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ yelule ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏄᏬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ.
Sikhism.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Sikhism. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ansigaya ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᏴ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Khalsa), ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ utla yi ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Sikhs. Sikhs ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ Sikhs. ᎯᎠ Sikh "pagṛī" (ਪਗੜੀ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "dastār" (ਦਸਤਾਰ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Punjabi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 'ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ'.
ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Rajasthan.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏴᏫ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬn ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Rajasthan ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hindi, ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "pagṛī" (पगड़ी). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rajasthan, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 15 km ᏂᎯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rajasthan ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. 'ᏓᎳᏏᏛ' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎶᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎯᎠ 'ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ', ᎦᎪ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ.
ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Mysore ᎠᎴ Kodagu ᏍᎦᏚᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ Mysore ᎠᎴ Kodagu ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Mysore peta". ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ Mysore peta ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏰᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kodagu ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏌᏃ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ (, "imamah") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ cultural ᎪᎯᏳᏗ. ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎿᏩᎥᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᏢᏉᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂ; ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᏅᎡᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏂᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏕᎰᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎧᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ svnv. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Persian ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎠᎴ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᏆᏃᏍᏙᏗ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "keffiyeh", "ghutrah" ᎠᎴ "shumagh"), ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Oman (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Qaboos Oman). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sudan, ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. Islamic ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ Shia Muslim ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ (e.g., Ayatollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Khamenei, Hezbollah ᎠᏍᎪᎵ Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Iraq ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ Ayatollah Ali ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ-Sistani). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Persian ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ; ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ colour ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ "sayyid", ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ Muhammad.
atogiyadv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Arabic ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎿᏩᎥᎩ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ.
ᎤᏚᎯᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ.
ᎯᎠ ᏙᏄᏭᎢ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ Ꮎ ᎤᎿᏩᎥᎩ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎨᏒᎩ Muslim. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, Sikhs (ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ Muslim ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ) ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᏚᎶ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ.


ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ.
ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ "tele" = ᎢᏅ ᎠᎴ "graphein" = ᎪᏪᎶᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎯᏴᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ. Radiotelegraphy ᎠᎴ wireless ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ. ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ fax, ᎢᎺᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏓᎧᏁᎲᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ. (ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ transmitting ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ.) Wireless ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ CW, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ (ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ modulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎿ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ technique ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ).
ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ" ᎠᎴ "cablegrams", ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ shortened "ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ" ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏯᏅᎯ" ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Telex ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, switched ᏓᎧᏁᎲ teleprinter ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "telex" ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ affordable, ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ. ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᎾᏕᎬ.
"ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ" ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏯᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ.
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭ existed ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Claude Chappe ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1792 ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ 1846. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ (ᎠᏂᎤᎦᎾᏍᏔ) ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1880.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ consumed Ꮭ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎨᏛᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ 30 km (20 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ thirtyfold ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1775 Francisco ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Salva ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ electrostatical ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ. Samuel T. Soemmering ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ electrochemical ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1809. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ, electromagnetic ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ Schilling ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1832. Carl Friedrich Gauß ᎠᎴ Wilhelm Weber ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ electromagnetic ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1833 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Göttingen. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Charles Wheatstone ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ William Fothergill Cooke ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 13 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Paddington ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Drayton ᎠᎴ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏬᏂ 9, 1839. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1837.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1843 ᎦᏁᎳ ᎦᎾᎦᏗ Alexander Bain ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ "ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ". Bain ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏧᏯᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1855 ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ, Giovanni Caselli, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᎶ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. Caselli ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ "Pantelegraph". Pantelegraph ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ tested ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Lyon.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ patented ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1837 ᎾᎥᎢ Samuel Morse. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎩ, Alfred ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ signaling ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ Morse. ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ Morse ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 6, 1838, ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᎳᏛᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ "ᎤᏢᎩ ᎦᏍᎩᎸ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ loser." ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 24, 1844, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ, "ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ?," (ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ 23:23) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏏᏓᏂ Baltimore, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ Morse/ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ deployed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 27, 1866, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁ ᏕᎨᏥᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1857 ᎠᎴ 1858 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ underwater ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ accelerated ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏌᎶᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏂ 9, 1892, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Thomas Edison ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ patent 0480,567, "ᏔᎵ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ".
Radiotelegraphy.
Nikola Tesla ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ wireless ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ, radiotelegraphy, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1890s. Alexander Stepanovich Popov ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ wireless ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ detector, ᎾᎿ 7 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, 1895. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ Guglielmo Marconi ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᎶ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 6 kilometres ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1896. ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, Marconi radiotelegraphed ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ " ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ England Newfoundland.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1898 Popov ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ wireless ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900 ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏲᏂᎢ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᏥᏳ "ᏂᎦᎥ-ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Apraksin" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ Finnish fishermen ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Finland ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ radiostations, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ Gogland ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏲᏂᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kotka. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗwireless ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Popov ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ.
Albert Einstein ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ radiotelegraphy ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ,
Radiotelegraph ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ. ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏳ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ.
ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ.
ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ encodings. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ telegraphese.
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎯᎠ teletypewriter, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ encoding ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ automated. ᎢᎬᏱ teletypewriters ᎬᏔᏅᎯ Baudot ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, 5-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ yielded ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ "ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ," "ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ" ᎠᎴ "ᏗᏎᏍᏗ." ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ prefaced ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ airline ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ Teletype ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ SITA ᎠᎴ AFTN ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ Airways ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ (FICO) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2004 ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ teletype ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ airline ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ PARS (Programmable Airline ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ IPARS Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ shifted 6-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ Teletype ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 8 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏍᎬ bandwidth ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ. teletype ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ EDIFACT ᎠᎴ XML ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ.
a> ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ telecommunications. ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏙᏪᎸ" ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ powered ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏄᎸᏅᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ "ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ" Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ unpowered "ᎤᏜᏅᏛ" ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ triggered wheeled commutator ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ (ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, digital electronics). ᎯᎠ commutator ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ "ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ" ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ. "ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ powered "ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ" ᎠᏚᏯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ commutator ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ triggered ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ vibrating.
Telex.
ᎾᎥᎢ 1935, ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏩᏎᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎡᏆ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎧᎵ automation. ᎡᏆ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ providers ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏩᏥ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ teletypes. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "telex". Telex ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ-ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ-ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏩᏥ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ baudot ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ "ᏗᎦᎪᏗ " telex ᏩᏎᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ automated ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏩᏎᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-coverage telex ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ implemented ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1930s. ᎯᎠ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ-ᏧᎦᏙᏴᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ 45.5 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 25 telex ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ telex ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1970, Cuba ᎠᎴ Pakistan ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ 45.5 baud ᏗᎦᎪᏗ telex. Telex ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ developing ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ' bureaucracies, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ entities ᎠᎴ reliably ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ telex ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.
ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ca. 1960, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏎᏍᏗ" baudot ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ "ᏗᎦᎪᏗ B" telex ᏩᏎᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
Telex ᎤᏛᏒ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ telephony ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ Africa ᎠᎴ Asia, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ (shortwave) telex ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ (PTTs). ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, CCITT R.44 ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ-ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ retransmitting ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ-ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ impoverished PTTs ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ telex-ᎾᎿ-ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ (ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ telex ᎾᎿ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ (ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ specialized ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ RTTY) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ software ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ adapters ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ shortwave ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ "cablegrams" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ" ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ dedicated telex ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 400,000 telex ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ telex ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ Telex ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ (ᎨᏒᎢ) Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ "answerback". ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎯᎠ sender ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏩᏗᏱ WRU (ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ) ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ automatically ᎠᏓᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ encoded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ sender, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ sender ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎯᎠ WRU ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ Telex ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ fax.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꭺ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Telex ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ 5-ᎠᏔᎴᏒ Ꭺ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꭺ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ transmitted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. Telex ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏓᏓᏚᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ minimizing ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎵᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ", ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ sender ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ.
TWX.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ telex ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᎾᎢ&T ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1930s ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ telex ᏌᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᏩᏥ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ) ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "Teletype ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ" (TWX). ᎾᎾᎢ&T, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Teletype ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1930 ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ Ꮝ teleprinter ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ TWX.
TWX ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ 75 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ Baudot ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏥ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ "ᏅᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ" modems ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎭᎸᏂ 101 dataset", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ 103 modem Ꮎ launched ᎡᎵᏍ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ-sharing. ᎯᎠ 101 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ subscriber ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ (ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ) ᎾᏍᏋ routed ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ". ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ switched ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, TWX ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ: 510, 610, 710, 810 ᎠᎴ 910. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ TWX ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ re-provisioned ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ geographic NPA ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1990s.
ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏩᏥ ᎪᏯᏛ telephony. ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1939 ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ITT ᎤᏤᎵ PTT ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ deemphasis ᎾᎿ telex ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ telex ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ regulatory agencies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ".
ᎤᎭᎸᏂ telex ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ IRC ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ IRCs ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ TWX ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.
ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2006, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ.
ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1965, DARPA ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ decentralized ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ARPANET ᎦᏇᏅᎯ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏣᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ digital ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ media. ᏔᎵᏁ, ᏩᏎᎸ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ decentralized. ᏦᎢᏁ, ᎡᏆ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ reassembled ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎦᏛᎢ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ controlled media, centralized routers ᎠᎴ dedicated ᏓᎾᎵᎪᏗᏍᎬ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ digital ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ digital ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ PSTN.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ PSTN ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ digital ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, T-ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ "ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ" ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ T-1 ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎭ "ᎦᎸᏙᏗ" 193 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ Ꮎ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ 8000 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "sync" ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ, ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ 1 ᎠᎴ 0 ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ 8 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ 24 ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ. Customarily, T-1 ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ transformers ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ. Europeans ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ (E-1) 32 ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ synchronisation).
ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, SONET ᎠᎴ SDH (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ digital hierarchy) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ wavelength ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ rerigging ᎢᏤ fibre. ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ fibres ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ fibre ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ fibre ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏯᏍᏗ "ᎤᎳᏏᎩ fibre", "ᎤᎳᏏᎩ wavelengths", ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ SONET ᎦᎸᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ."
ᎾᏊ (2006), ᎯᎠ fastest ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ SONET ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ OC-768, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40 gigabits ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 10^12 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ. Ꮭ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (2006) encoding ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ approaches ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ wavelength ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ digital ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ.
E-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ.
E-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Multics ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1960s. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ, e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᎵᏍ. UUCP ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ relayed ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎡᎵᏍ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ, E-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏔᎵ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ.
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ (UUNET, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ, GEnie, DECNET) ᎠᏰᎲ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ 1970s, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, $25 $50 ᏏᏅᏙ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ E-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ. ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, academia ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ contractors ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980s.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1992, ᎡᎵᏍ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ modem ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎡᎵᏍ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ & ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ interfaces ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏓᏣᏙᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ telex ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ: ᎠᏏᏴᏫ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ.
ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ISPs ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎯ app. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ smoothed ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-1990s.
ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Telex ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ numeric ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ prefixes ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
Telex ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "answerback" Ꮎ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎦ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ telex ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ, ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ telex ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎾᎿ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 27, 2006, ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ Ꮝ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ; ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ. 20,000 ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ 20 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1929. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, Ꮝ ᎣᏂ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏧᎾᎩᎶᏍᏗ, ᎧᎦᎵ 3, 2006.
ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎨᎾᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᎤᎦᎾᏍᏔ Telia ᏙᎢ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ nostalgic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ Telecom ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ spun ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ retro ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏤᏘ ᎠᏆᏂᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Netherlands, ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Belgium ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Belgacom, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ, NTT ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ("denpou") ᎾᏛᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏓᎾᏓᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏓᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ decorated Ꭺ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏍᏚᏗ.


Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ transmitting ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ standardized ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ — ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ" ᎠᎴ "dashes" — ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ, ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Samuel Morse ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-1830s, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1890s. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ technologies, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏗᏅᏓ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ specialized ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ navigational ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ transmitter ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ CW (ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ) ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ.
Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ digital ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᎵᏍ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ automated digital ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎢᏍᏓ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ "keyed" ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ (e.g. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏍᏛᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ automated ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ formats, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Baudot ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ASCII.
ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Alfred ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ collaboration ᎬᏙᏗ Morse. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1848 ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Morse". Morse ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎡᏆᏯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏃᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ governmental ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ/ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ.
ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-1830s, Samuel Morse ᎠᎴ Alfred Vail ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ electromagnet Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ technological ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎴᏯᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1837, William Cooke ᎠᎴ Charles Wheatstone ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ England, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ controlled electromagnets ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ rotated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, Morse ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1844, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ Ꭺ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ — ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ transmitted ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ electromagnet rotated ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏜᎪᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ retracted ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ indentions ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Ꭺ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ, Morse ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ "dashes", ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎯᎠ shortest ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ Morse ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dashes, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dashes ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ", ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏌᏊ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏅᏬᏗ vocalize ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "dah", ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "dit". ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ dit ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, Ꮝ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ shortened "di-" ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.
Morse ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ transmitted ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ sender ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ — ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎢ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ. ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ encoded ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ-ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: BYOXO ("ᎠᎴ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ?"), LIOUY ("ᎦᏙᏃ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏂᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ?"), ᎠᎴ AYYLU ("ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ coded, ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ."). ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ-ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏓᎧᏁᎲᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ terminology ᏌᏊ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ layered ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ layered ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ layered ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎯ. ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Q ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Z ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎳᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ encoding, Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ lifespan Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ surpassed ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ electronic encoding ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 1999 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Global ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏨ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ transmitted ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ." "ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ:" ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ
ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ publicized ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ cellphone SMS ᏓᎵᏍᏛ messaging ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ). Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ Ꮎ cellphone ᏗᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ interface ᎾᎾᎯ cellphones. ᎯᎠ interface ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ automatically ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ input ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ SMS ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ cellphone ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᎾᏛ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᏐᎢ speculated ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ assistive ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ vibrating ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ cellphone ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ SMS ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏄᏛᎿ, ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ "ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ" ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ cellphones ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᎭ informative ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Nokia cellphones ᎤᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ beep SMS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ SMS ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏳᎳ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ cellphones Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ input ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ SMS (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ).
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Friedrich Clemens Gerke ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1848 ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ Hamburg ᎠᎴ Cuxhaven ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1865 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ standardized ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᏩᏥᏂ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ (1865), ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ normed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ITU ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ.
ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 2003 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Telecommunications ᏗᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ (ITU) mandated Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ licensing ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Morse relies ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ (ᎾᎿ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ keyed) ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ / ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ bandwidth ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 100-150 Hz, ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 4000 Hz ᏏᏴᏫ-sideband ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ-ᎪᏪᎵᎠ, Q ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ restricted format ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ communicating ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ QRP ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ enabling ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ. Readability ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ transmitted ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ concentrated ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ bandwidth, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, Ꮎ ᎦᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᎿ nearby frequencies. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᏂᎬᎢ bandwidth ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ aural selectivity ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ enhancing ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᏂᎬᎢ readability.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 1991, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ 5 ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ (WPM) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ FCC ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ HF ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 2000, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ 20 WPM ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ (ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ); ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎫᏬᏂ 15, 2000, ᎯᎠ FCC ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ 5 WPM.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ Radiocommunication ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬᎢ 2003 (WRC-03) ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ licensing. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎯᎠ morse ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ license ᏚᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 2005 ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Rulemaking Ꮎ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ FCC ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ licensees ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ rulemaking ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎯᎸᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ eliminating ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ outdated, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎩᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ.
ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ("ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ") ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ 40 WPM. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏡᎩ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ 60 WPM. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 1939 ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asheville, ᎤᏴᏢ Carolina ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ R. Elroy ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏙᎢ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Morse ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, 75.2 WPM. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ online ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ, William Pierpont N0HFF ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ 100 WPM. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ" ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏒᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ slower ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ proficency certification ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ 10 WPM.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏗᎾᎪᎳᏛᏅ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ (ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏴᎩ- ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ-ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ electronic keyer (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏥᏍᎪᏯ") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᎡᎵᏍ software ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ decode Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ RF ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ fastest ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1942 ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Turner W9YZE (d. 1992) ᎦᎪ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ 35 WPM ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2006 ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ radiotelegraph ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ. ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ shipboard ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ awarded ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ 20 WPM ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ [this requirement is waived for "old" (20 WPM) Extra Class licensees]. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1999 ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ (GMDSS) ᎤᎭ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏗᏅᏓ.
ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 24, 2004, ᎯᎠ 160th ᎤᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ITU ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ "@" (ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ" ᎠᎴ "commat") ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "AC" (ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ "[T] C[OMMERCIAL]" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ " ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ swirl ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ "C"). ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ electronic ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏗᏓᏂᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ.
Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ assistive ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.
Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ 21st ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ assistive ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ disabilities ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ. Morse ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ minimal ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏦᏔᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎾᎿ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ("ᎠᏦᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ" interface). ᏴᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ disabilities ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ disabilities (e.g. ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎡᎾ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ disabilities) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ Morse ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏁᎦ buzzer. ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᎠᎴ electronic ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ. "ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ:" Morse2000 assistive ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᎳᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ "QST" ᎠᎦᏴᎵ shipboard ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏂᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᎦᏗ (ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎦᏔᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Morse. ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1966 ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎱᏥ ᏓᏄᏩ Jeremiah Denton, ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎾᎿ television ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏴᏢ Vietnamese ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ, Morse-blinked ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎠᏓᎩᎵᏲᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ timing.
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ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ-ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎧᎵ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ Morse, dah ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ 3 ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ dit. Spacing ᎠᏰᎵ dits ᎠᎴ dahs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏌᏊ dit. Spacing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ dah (3 dits). Spacing ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ 7 dits.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Morse ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ timing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, dashes ᎠᎴ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ 'ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ 'ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ' ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Farnsworth ᎢᎬᎾᏗ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Koch ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ copied ᎬᏙᏗ 90% ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ mastered.
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"Dah-dah dah-dah-dah di-dah-dit di-di-dit dit, Dah-di-dah-dit dah-dah-dah dah-di-dit dit."
ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ "ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ" Morse ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᏚᏃᏴᎬ" ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ" (WPM). ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ Morse ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ timing ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ" ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ 50 "dits" ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ timing.
ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏙᏓᎦᏅᏅᎯ, ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, prosigns.
ᎯᎠ "@" ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ C ᎾᎾᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎯᎠ "!" ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᏂᎬᏉ. ᎯᎠ KW-ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ codice_29 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1980 ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Heathkit ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ (ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏓᏂᎳᏫᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ). ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ software ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᎿ-ᎤᏃᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ MN-ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ codice_56 ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ landline ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ dichotomic ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ: ·· ᎨᏒᎢ 'I'; ·- ᎨᏒᎢ 'A'; -· ᎨᏒᎢ 'N'; ᎠᎴ -- ᎨᏒᎢ 'M'. ᏂᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ dashes ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ.
ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏛ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ Morse ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᎦᏔᎲ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ. ᎪᏢᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ.
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ CW ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ 1 (S1) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎴᏫᏍᏗ 2 (S2)
CQ CQ CQ DE S1 K
Calling anyone (CQ), this is (DE) S1, listening (K)
Calling S1, this is S2, back-to-you (KN)
S2 DE S1 = GA DR OM UR RST 599 HR = QTH TIMBUKTU = OP IS MIKE = HW? + S2 DE S1 KN
Good afternoon dear old man. You are RST 599 here.
I'm located in Timbuktu. The operator ᎤᏤᎵ name is Mike.
S1 DE S2 = TNX FB RPRT DR OM MIKE UR 558 = QTH HIMALAYA = NAME IS YETI + S1 DE S2 KN
Thanks for the nice report dear old man Mike. I read you 558.
I am in the Himalayas. My name is Yeti.
S2 DE S1 = OK TNX QSO DR YETI = 73 ES HPE CUAGN + S2 DE S1 KN
Okay, thanks for this conversation, dear Yeti.
Best regards and hope to see you again.
S1 DE S2 = R TU CUAGN 73 + S1 DE S2 SK
Understood. Thank you. Best regards. (signing off)
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Q ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, ᏂᎬᎢ meaningful ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎲ. ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ("ᎨᏒᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᏚᏙᎥ"), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ. S1 ᎠᎴ S2 ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏲ ᎠᏅᏬ-ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ (ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ) ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎩᎵᏏ.
Contesters ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ specialized ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ format ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (e.g. 100-150 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ).
Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ Media.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗic ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Vladimir Ussachevsky ᎤᏤᎵ "Wireless ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ" ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ ᎬᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ YYZ, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Toronto ᎤᏤᎵ Pearson ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Airport ᎤᏤᎵ IATA airport ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. Kraftwerk ᎬᏔᏅᎯ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Radioactivity. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ BBC ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎩ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ Beethoven ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, denoting "V" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎯᎠ ITV television ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ Morse ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎪᏛᏙᏗ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Alan ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎭᏢᏃ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏇᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎿ ("ᏒᎯᏰ"). "(Oh ᎬᎸᏉᏗ) ᎦᏅᏗᏍᏗ Morse" ᎾᎥᎢ ᏓᎬᎾ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ (ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ) ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Morse ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏇᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "Fuck". ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Nokia ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "SMS" ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ringtone ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ.


ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ gayatohvsdi. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ugatohvsv, ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ.
ᎯᎠ unreliability ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ unpredictability ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎩᎳ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ. Epistemology ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
Defining ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda, "ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ" ᏦᎢ criteria ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎧᎵᏐᏗ. ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏅ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Gettier ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏤᎸᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Robert Nozick ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ 'ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ' ᎠᎴ Simon Blackburn' ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᏁᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ 'ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎤᏲᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ' ᎤᎭ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. Richard Kirkham ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ otsel igvnelv thorugh ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Jan Popovic, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ iyahdvnelidasdi. ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ (0) ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ (1), ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ (2), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ agatohvsdi(3) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ generalised ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
ᏂᎬᎢ -> ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ -> ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ -> agatohvsdi
ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ 3 ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: ᏍᎨ -> ᎠᏛᎩ -> ᎪᎵᏍᏗ
ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ: ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ -> Grammatical Formulating -> Pronouncing
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ sensitivity ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ colours, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎩ ultrasound, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᏂᎬᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ: ᎤᏃᏴᎬ, ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎴ photographic ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ. ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ ᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ.
0. ᏂᎬᎢ - ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ: ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ 0 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ
1. ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ – ᎨᏒᎢ captured, coded ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ: ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ 1 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ
2. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ – systematized, classified, structured ᎠᎴ interrelated ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ: ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ 2 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ
3. agatohvsdi – generalised ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ iyahdvnelidasdi: ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ 3 ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ
ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "processed ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ "ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ" ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ input>"ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ" ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ>"ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ"; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ input>"ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ" ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ generalised ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ>"agatohvsdi".
ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎠᏯ.e. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ achieved ᎾᎥᎢ technological ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏁᎵᏒ, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ Structured ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ [Artificial Intelligence] ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏴᏫ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏁᎬ ᎤᏲᏴᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎠᎴ OCR, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ generalises ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ correlated ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎾᎾᎯ ᏌᏊ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ existed ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Euclides, ᎠᎴ Euclides ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ agatohvsdi.
ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ?
ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏄᏁᎵᏒ, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, Jnaana, ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ ᎣᎾᏛ, Jnaathr; ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, Jneeya, ᎤᎭ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ. ᏐᎢ, jnaathr ᎤᎭ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, arjana ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᏕᏕᏲᏗ, prajnaana ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ jneeya Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ jnaathr, ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏓᎳᏗ ᎣᎾᏛ, ᎨᏒᎢ jnaana, ᎯᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ-ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏴᏫ-ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ.
ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ traded ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ organisations ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-referential ᎠᎴ recursive. ᎪᎯ recursion ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ impregnated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ugatohvsv. ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎾᎿ-ᏗᎪᏍᎩ relevance. ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ augmented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ). ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ aligns ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ DIKW ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ agatohvsdi ᎾᎾᎯ kanquotsegi ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ "ᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ "ᏚᏳᎪᏛ" ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ se", ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Organizational ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi.
ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏓᏬᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎣᏓᎸ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. Relying ᎾᎿ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ecological ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᎠᎪᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎦ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ nvwatohiyadv ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ugatohvsv, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ situational ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᎭᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ theories ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ situational ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ.
Situational ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ cultural imperialism ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ global monoculture ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ epistemology ᎨᏒᎢ focused ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ "ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ", Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ math ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏂ.
Sociology ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ. Sociology ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ interact.
ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ugatohvsv, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ. ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᏂ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ gayatohvsdi, ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ -- ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᏐᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ uniyatolv ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Ꮝ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ iyahdvnelidasdi (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ).


ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ). ᎪᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ.
Investors ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ "bullish" ᎠᎴ "ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ" ᏴᏫ ᏂᏓᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ witnessed ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ "ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ" (ᎤᏩᏍᎩ) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ "ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ" (ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ versa, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓtᎤᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ ("bullish ᎾᎿ IBM", "bullish ᎾᎿ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ", ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ).
ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.
ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧnᏉᏤᎩ investor ᎰᏩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ, motivating investors ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1990s ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ global ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ fastest ᎣᏍᏓᏞᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ participants ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ". ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ participants ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ". Dow ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ.
ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ. Investors ᎤtᎤᎩ ᎣᏰᎸᏍy ᎤᏗᏗᏢ losses ᎠᎴ motivated ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ 1930s.
ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ; ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ 20% ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏫᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏔᎵ-ᏏᏅᏙ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮭ consensual ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ differentiate ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎣᏂ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ; ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏙᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ hindsight. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ/ᏙᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ/ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ. ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.
ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 10%, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 20% (25% ᎾᎿ intraday ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ).
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏐᏅᎢᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ geopolitical ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ. ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 2001 ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 7, 2001, ᎯᎠ Dow ᎤᏅᏨᎩ 234.99 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ 9,605.85, ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ Dow ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ. ᎾᎿ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 17, 2001, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ Dow Jones ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ plunged 684.81 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ 8,920.70. Ꮎ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ pushed ᎯᎠ Dow, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎪᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᎯᏏᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ-ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ investors. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ E ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ undervalued ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ upside ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ.
ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏙᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏙᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ 10%, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 20%.
ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ rallies ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Dow Jones ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ 1929 ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1932, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1960s ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 1970s. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Nikkei ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ typified ᎾᎥᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ rallies ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1980s ᎾᎯᏳᎢ experiencing ᎾᎿ overall downward ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎯᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎣᏂ 5 20 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ sequential ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ losses ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ losses ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1980 ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 1999, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ $850/oz ᎡᎳᏗ $253/oz, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Commodities ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ. ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ &P 500 ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ termed "supercycles". "ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ supercycle" 50 300 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Nikolai Kondratiev ᎠᎴ Ralph Nelson Elliott.
ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ.
ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ fueled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, Ꮎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ investor ᎰᏩ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏰᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ.
ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ fueled ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ investors ᎣᏓᏅᏛ biases. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ. ᎤtᎤᎩ ᏚᏅᏒ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ characterise ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ (ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏤᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ investor ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤtᎤᎩ ᏚᏅᏒ) ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ characterise ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤtᎤᎩ ᏚᏅᏒ ᎤᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ).
ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥyᏎᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ strategies ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥyᏎᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ atsinuqowisgv ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᎥyᏎᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.
ᎧᏁᏨ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏕᎵᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ London ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗᎦᏁᎦ "ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ" (ᏗᏓᎾᏓᏁᎯ), ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ "ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ vendez ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ peau ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ l'ᎢᎦᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ l’avoir tué" ("ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏂᎯ've ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ")—ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ-ᏄᎶᏍᎨᏗᏴᎾ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ 1721, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ; ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎣᏰ(Ꮈ)Ꮢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ.


ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ salty, ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ 1.8 °C. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ" Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ" Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ blocked ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏧᏆᎫᎣᏔᏅᏒ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ floe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 10 kilometers (ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. Wider ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢᎾ calve ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1979, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
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ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ 100–150 m, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ pycnocline ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ metres ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎯᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ upturned ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᏋ rafted ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎫᏢᏗ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎢᏤᎢ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᎹᎭ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ", ᎨᏒᎢ expelled ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ consolidating ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ) ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ.
ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
"ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ignelvhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ seawater ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ coverage ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ" ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ Antarctica. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ seasonal, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ Ꮎ Antarctica ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 1 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ (ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ seasonal ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ "multi-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎠᎴ thicker: ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 3–4 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 20 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ melted ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ-circulating ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, krill ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ algae ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ "ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ krill ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ upside ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ gantlai (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎹ.
Climatic ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ (ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ) ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ colder ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ albedo — ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.8 — ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ sunlight ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ) "ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎹ". ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ (ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ salinity ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗes, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ thermohaline ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ processes ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗling.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Odden ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Greenland ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎯᎠ Odden (ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ Norwegian ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏂᎦᏛᎢ") ᎠᏛᏍᎦ eastward ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎧᎸᎬ Greenland ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 72–74°N ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Jan Mayen ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎹ eastward ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ Greenland ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ frazil ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ (2500 m ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ), ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎳ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ thermohaline ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ.
ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ.
ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1970s, ᎯᎠ Scanning Multichannel Microwave ᏗᏓᎨᏗ (SMMR) ᎾᎿ Seasat (1978) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ 7 (1978-1987) ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ microwave ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ DMSP F8 ᎤᏤᎵᏛ Sensor Microwave/Imager SSMI ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987.
ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1979 ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ &ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ;2.5% ± 0.9% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ; ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ (Cavalieri ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. 2003). ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ anthropogenic forcing. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 1979-2004 ᎨᏒᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎾᎥᎢ 7.7% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ (Stroeve ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. 2005). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2002, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ (Serreze ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. 2003), 4% ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1978, ᎠᎴ 14% ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 1978-2000 ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ 2002 ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ matched ᎯᎠ 2002 ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 0.8% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. Vinnikov ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ NH ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ SH ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ modelling ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 52-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1948 1999 Rothrock ᎠᎴ Zhang (2005) ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ -3% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ; ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ-ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ forcing.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ overall ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ areal ᏫᎬᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ yli iyulistanv ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areal ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎪᎨᏱ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ snowcover ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ (meltwater ᎦᏁᎲ)ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎳ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ridged), ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎨᏱ ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎨᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 15–40% ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ 40–70% ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ deeper ᎠᎴ wider ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ floes, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ thinnest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ deepest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ downrush ᎠᎹ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ "ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᎾᏁᏍ", ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏰᎸ" ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ" ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.
ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ thinner ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ enhanced ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎨᏱ undulating ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ underside ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ refreeze ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ underside, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.
ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎯᎠ hydrostatic ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ meltwater ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ interconnecting ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎪᎯ implies Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎪᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎳ.


ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ itsuwakodi Ꮎ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ iyuwakodi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ dadanetlivysegv sinusoidᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ waveform.
ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ iyuwakodi ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ uniyatolv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮟ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hertz (Hz), ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. 1 Hz ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ, 2 Hz ᎨᏒᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ. ᎪᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ (cps), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏐᎢ ᏌᏊᎭ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ (rpm) ᎠᎴ radians ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏔᎵᏁ (rad/). ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ tempo ᎠᎴ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ (BPM).
ᎭᏢᏃ "T" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ — ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ wavelength ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.
ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Doppler ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ invariant ᎢᎦᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ wavelength.


ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ.
ᎦᎶᏪ ᎨᏒᎢ firearm ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏙᏂ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ("rifling") ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ Ꮝ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ rifling ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ "ᏗᎦᏙᎯ," ᎡᏍᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏂ), ᏗᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ Ꮝ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᏭᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ rugby ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ" ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ grooving, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "rifled ᎦᎶᏇ."
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ rifling ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎠᎳᏍᏔᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ fletchings ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏓ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ rifling ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ centuries, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ unrifled ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ nitrocellulose), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ("plinking").
Overview.
ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ firepower massed ᎤᏒᏕᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ fired ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 0.75 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ (19 mm). Benjamin Robins, ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ Ꮎ extruded ᎦᏂ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ kinetic ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᎸᏓᎸᏓ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᎾᎢ. ᎯᎠ innovative ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏉᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ—ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ—ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ aimed, ᏫᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏊ, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᏋ braced ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ tended ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ—1890 ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ-Henry ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ (1.8 m) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ shortened ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ-ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ, ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ fired ᎾᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ bounced ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ fired ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unpredictable. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1800s, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "rifled ᎤᏒᏕᎾ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ smoothbore ᎠᎴ rifled ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ.)
ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᎾᏩᏄᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ rifling ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎠᎳᏍᏔᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᏒᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏓ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏂ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎦᏒᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎸᎯᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏅᎦᎸᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ; ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ scrubbing, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ 'ᎤᏦᎸᎯᏓ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ' ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ perceived ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮭ-ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏔᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ rifling ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-15th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏃᏢᏂᎥᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ centuries.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ rifled ᏗᎦᎶᏇ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛᎭ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ rifling ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ Glock ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎦᎶᏇ.
19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏗᎦᏙᎯ". ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ preceded ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ overbore ᎦᏂ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ rifled ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ (ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ) ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ pushed ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏘᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ deformation. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎦ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎩᏛ ᎾᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ rifling ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎧᎵᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ rifling ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ did not ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ wrapped ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ rifling ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ 19 ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1826 Delirque, ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ, ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎦᏅᏬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ rammed ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᎯᎠ rifling ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ. Delirque ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ.
Minié.
ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ Minié ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ relied ᎾᎿ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᏂ (ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Minié ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ exploding ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ rifling ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ fired. Minié ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ Springfield ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ Enfield ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1860s, featured ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ enhanced ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏘᏒ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ (ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ) ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ. Enhanced ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ rifling, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ spun ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏣᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20,000 ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ removable ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ-ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Christopher ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1860. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏱ rimfire ᏣᏱ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ removable ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, enabling ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ fired ᏌᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ emptied ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏗᏆᎸᏕᏯᏛ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ rifling, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ Ꮎ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᏚᏄᏩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ-ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ swapped ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎹ-ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1,000 ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᏅᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᏋ fired ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ. (ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ-ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ rifling.) ᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ-ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏄᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ encased ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ softer ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ Teflon.
ᎦᏂ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎦᏂ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᎸ ᎠᏱᎸᏓ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ. ᎾᎥᎢ 1910 ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ-ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏎᎸ, 'spitzer' ᎪᎯᏗᏍᏗ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᏣᏱ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ Ꭺ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ sealed ᏣᏱ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏐᎢ smokeless ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏂ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ velocities ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏤ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏂ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏰᎯᎨ ᎦᏂ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏥᏱ jacketed, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎯᎠ spiraled ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ "stripping" ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏗᏆᎸᏕᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎭᏓᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ.
20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏏᏴᏫ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ, ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ reload ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏢᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏢᏅᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, multi-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᎪᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᎭᏓᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᏤᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᎴ minimizing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏠᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎧᎵᎢ firearm. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏐᎠᏍᏙ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᏱ ᏣᏱ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ sealed ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎦᎭᏓᏙᏗ-ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ Paul Mauser, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ—ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ—ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ. ᎯᎠ Mauser ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ paralleled ᎾᎥᎢ Britain ᎤᏤᎵ ᏍᎪᎯ-ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ-Enfield ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏤᎵ 1903 Springfield ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ pictured ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ), ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ copied ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mauser ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ massed, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ firepower ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ rifled ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ riflemen ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ, ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ.
ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ researchers ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ aimed ᎠᏥᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 500 m. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ, ᏴᎩ-ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ M1 Garand, ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ-ᏠᎨᏏ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ culminated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Walther MKb-42, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎤᎭ fiberglass ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1910. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ sniper ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᏲᏂᎢ 7.62 x 54 mm ᏣᏱ, ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ SVD Dragunov, ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1891.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎤᏒᏕᎾ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, unaimed ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ conscripted ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ (ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ-ᏗᎧᎵᎸ) ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎴ sniper ᎠᏥᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Napoleonic ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ 95th ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ) ᎠᎴ 60th ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ) ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ slower ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏒᏕᎾ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏣᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎳ Ꮿ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-powered ᏣᏱ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎠᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ-Enfields ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ (ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ) ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 'ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ' ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ massed ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ (1600 m). ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏇ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ WWI ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᏇ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ WW ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ accepted Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗᏱ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 500 m; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "overkill"; ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ 7.92  x 33 mm "Kurz" (ᏍᏆᎳᎢ) ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎯᎠ MKb-42, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ, infantryman ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ optimised ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 300 m ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏲᏅᎯ ᏩᎯᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᎷᏘᏓ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ sniper ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ sniper ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ arcminute (300 μrad).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎡᏆ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ anti-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ sniper ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.50 (12.7 mm) ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏣᏱ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ Barrett M82A1 ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ, ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ radar antennae ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ aircraft. Anti-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏴᏫ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ impractical ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ Barrett M82 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏚᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 1800 m (1.1 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ).


ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ-dimensional ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ visualized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ Ꭺ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ 2D ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎨᏒᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ: ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ graphing ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ dimensional ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ.
Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ, ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏔᎵ ᎪᏍᏓᏱᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏂ.
ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ Cartesian ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ R3.
ᎪᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ: ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ R3.
ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ; ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ formula_1 ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ formula_2 ᎾᏍᏋ nonzero ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ formula_3 ᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ formula_5, formula_6, ᎠᎴ formula_7, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ
ᎭᏢᏃ "a", "b", "c" ᎠᎴ "d" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏎᏍᏗᏯᏛᎿ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ "a", "b", "c" ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ.
ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ parametrically ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
ᎭᏢᏃ "s" ᎠᎴ "t" ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ formula_10, formula_11 ᎠᎴ formula_12 ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛdefining ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. formula_10 ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ formula_11 ᎠᎴ formula_12 ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ visualized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ formula_10 ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. formula_11 ᎠᎴ formula_12 ᏰᎵᏇ, ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ.
ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏦᎢ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎪᎯ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ" lyudetiyvda ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ. ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ
formula_23
ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ formula_1 ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ formula_25.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ formula_8 ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ formula_27 ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏝᎥ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ formula_25 ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ.
ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ formula_30 ᎠᎴ formula_31, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏧᎳ formula_32 ᎠᎴ formula_33 ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ formula_34.
ᎢᏳᏃ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ formula_32 ᎠᎴ formula_33 ᎠᎴ orthonormal ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ closest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ
formula_37.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᏙᎳᎩ geometric ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ isometries ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ viewed ᎾᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ, ᏂᎦᏛ geometrical ᎠᎴ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ topological ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ idealised homotopically ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎯᎠ topological ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎯᎠ topological ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ topological neighbourhood ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚᎢ(ᎠᎴ 2-ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ) classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗ-dimensional topology. ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ topological ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ bijection. ᎯᎠ topological ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ graph ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ planar graphs, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ affine ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ viewpoint ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ colinearity ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎾᎿ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ.
ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2-dimensional ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, topological ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏏᏇ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ differentiable ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ bijections ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ differentiability.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎬᎾᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ geometric ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ viewed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ simplest, ᏌᏊ-dimensional (ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ) ᏂᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ viewpoint ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2-dimensional ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ conformal bijections ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ possibilities ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎯᎠ Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎾᏓ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ stereographic ᏂᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏁᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ (ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ), ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ onto ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ.
ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ hyperbolic ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ relativity ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ simplified ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ iyuwakodi.


ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ (ᎠᎪᎢ "γεωμετρία"; geo = ᎡᎶᎯ, metria = ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ) ᏚᎴᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏂᎾᏕᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ spatial ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎪᏗ, geometric ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ generalized ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏎᎦᏨᎯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.)
ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏓᏩᏛᏒ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Egypt (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egypt), ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Indus ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Harappan ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ), ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Babylonia (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Babylonian ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᎳᏚᏫᏛ 3000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ. ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏳ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ Egyptians ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Babylonians ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1500 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Pythagoras; ᎯᎠ Egyptians ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ; ᎯᎠ Babylonians ᎠᏰᎲ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ.
Harappan ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Indus ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎠᎴ Pakistan ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᏧᏂᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Egypt ᎠᎴ Mesopotamia, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏛᏂᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ grid ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ Harappa ᎠᎴ Mohenjo-daro ᎭᏢᏃ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ Harappan ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ "ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ utilized ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ 4:2:1 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ optimal ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ. ᏗᏛᏓᏅᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ 4:2:1. ᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ 1/20, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, ᎠᎴ 500, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 28 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎢ uncia.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ uncovered ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ geometrical ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ (cuboid, ᏒᏙᏂ, ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏒᏙᏂ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏲᎵ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ concentric ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ.
ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏤᎸ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏆᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ metallic ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ wrapped ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ π.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lothal, ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᏍᏗ 40–360 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ 8–12 ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎯᎠ Lothal ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ achieved ᎪᎱᏍᏗ 2,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ: 8–12 ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. Lothal ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ integrated ᎠᎴ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ (ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Harappa ᎠᎴ Mohenjodaro). ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Lothal ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Indus ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ 6 mm ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, 15 mm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ 128 mm, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 27 ᏓᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 146 mm, ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏓᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ 1.704 mm (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ finer ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ). ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏓᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Lothal ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "angula" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "Arthashastra". ᎯᎠ Lothal craftsmen ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏅᏯ ᏂᏚᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ. ᎯᎠ Lothal ᏄᏓᎨᏒ 12.184 gm ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ Egyptian "Oedet" 13.792 gm.
Vedic ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ Vedic ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ (ca. 1500–500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ), ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vedic ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ altar. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ geometric ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏦᎢ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ, trapezia ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, squaring ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ vice versa, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏦᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ algebraically, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ π (ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ 2 ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ).
Lagadha (ca. 1350–1200 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ.
Yajnavalkya (9th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ "Shatapatha Brahmana", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ geometric ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ π, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ closest ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ 2 ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ π ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎯᎠ "Sulba Sutras" ("ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vedic ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ 800 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ 500 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ appendices ᎯᎠ Vedas ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ altars. ᎯᎠ "Sulba Sutras" ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᏅᎩ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ x2 = c ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᏯᏍᏗ2 + bx = c, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎣᏩᏒ ᏦᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ algebraically "predating" Pythagoras, geometric ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ geometrical ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ discoveries ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ altar ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ 2, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ 5 ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
Baudhayana (circa 800 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ "Baudhayana Sulba Sutra", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, geometric ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ π (ᎯᎠ closest ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ 3.114), ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎷᏯᏍᏗ2 = c ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᏯᏍᏗ2 + bx = c, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ 2, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
Manava (circa 750 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ "Manava Sulba Sutra", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ π, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ closest ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ 3.125.
Apastamba (circa 600 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ]) ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ "Apastamba Sulba Sutra", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ squaring ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ dividing ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ 7 ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ, ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ 2 ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Albert Burk ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Pythagoras copied ᎾᎿ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ.
ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ (ca. 600–300 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ).
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏅᏯᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ agatohvsdi, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎾᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ methodology Ꮎ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ attained. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏲᎲ, ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ Ꮝ methodology ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ-ᎠᎴ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏬᎳᏨ Ꮎ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ "ᎢᎪᎯᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ", ᎠᎴ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ theories.
Thales ᎠᎴ Pythagoras.
Thales (635–543 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) Miletus (ᎾᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ southwestern ᎬᎾ), ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎪᏃ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ geometric ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ deductive ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ survived. Pythagoras (582–496 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ) Ionia, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Italy, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ colonized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Thales, ᎠᎴ traveled Babylon ᎠᎴ Egypt. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ deductive ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ.
Plato.
Plato (427-347 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ), ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ, ᎠᏰᎲ inscribed ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎭᏂ." ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ accepted ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ straightedge – ᎥᏝ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎴ protractor, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ workman’s ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᎳᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ straightedge ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ: ᎯᎳᎪ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏦᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ achieved ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. Aristotle (384-322 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ), Plato’s ᏭᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ deductive ᏗᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
Euclid.
Euclid (ca. 325-265 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ), Alexandria, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏌᏊ Plato’s ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ, ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 13 ᏗᎪᏪᎵ (ayatolv), ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ "ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ", ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎧᏁᎬᎢatic ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Hellenistic ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ; Euclid ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ Ꮎ Euclid’s ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Alexandria ᎾᎥᎢ Ptolemy ᎠᏯ, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Egypt.
"ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ" ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ geometric ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎧᏁᎬᎢ" ᎠᎴ "ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ"), ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ") ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ deduced. ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ paraphrased ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ Euclid ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ, Ꮎ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ “Given ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.” ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Playfair’s ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Plato, ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ Ꮭ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ. Euclid’s ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎩ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᏗᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Playfair’s ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎥᏝ ᏳᏓᎷᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ resembled ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ Euclid ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Euclid ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏦᎢ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏚᎴᏅ, ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Euclid’s ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᎵᏉ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ centuries ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏙᎳᏤᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
Archimedes.
Archimedes (287-212 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ), Syracuse, Sicily, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ (ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Isaac Newton ᎠᎴ Carl Friedrich Gauss). ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏙᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
Archimedes ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ Eudoxian ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ geometric ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ. ᏌᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Egyptians 1,700 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ Archimedes' ᎢᎬᎾᏗ slicing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ, creating ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ (ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Dijksterhuis)
ᎠᎴ, Ꮝ 1/4th geometric ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ
ᎯᎠ Moscow ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᏁᏎᎯᎲ ᎢᎪᎯ 2,000 ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ sliced ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Archimedes ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ Eudoxian 1/4th geometric ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎠᎴ proving ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Archimedes.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Archimedes, Hellenistic ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎩᎳ ᎦᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ. Proclus (410-485), ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ "ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎵ Euclid", ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hellenistic ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᏚ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ preceded ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎤᏣᏘ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎪᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ. ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ Ꮎ succeeded ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ-ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏗᎯᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ Alexandria ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ Alexandria ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Alexandria ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 4th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ. ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎢᎦᏛ 40,000-70,000 ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏗ ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎳᏗᏍᏗ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Luciano Canfora ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏗ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ existed ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ, ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ contributed ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ Serapeum ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Theophilus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 391, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎶᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ togiyadv dunilvwisdanehv.
Islamic ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ (ca. 700 - 1500).
ᎯᎠ Islamic ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩᎤᎬᎩ (Islamic ᏓᎳᏏᏛ) ᎪᏢᏅ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎸᎬ, ᏧᏴᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, Spain, Portugal, Afghanistan ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Pakistan, ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 640 CE. Islamic ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ geometric, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏛᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᏓᏱᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ Hellenistic ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏧᏩᏓᏔᏅᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ survived ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Islamic ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Muslim ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. Geometrical ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Muslim ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī (ᎤᏕᏅ 780) undertook ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎯᎠ Euclidean ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ polynomial ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, combinatorial ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ geometric ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏚᎴᏅ.
Al-Mahani (ᎤᏕᏅ 820) ᏁᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ geometrical ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ duplicating ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ. al-Karaji (ᎤᏕᏅ 953) ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ geometrical ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
Thabit ibn Qurra.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Thabit ibn Qurra (ᎤᏕᏅ 836) contributed ᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ discoveries ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ (ᎤᏙᎯᏳ) ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ Thabit ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Ptolemaic ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ geometrical ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Thabit ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ, Thabit ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ geometrical ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ dealt ᎬᏙᏗ geometric ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ. ᎾᎥᎢ introducing ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ geometric ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, Thabit ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎯᎠ generalisation ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎦ, Thabit ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Plato ᎠᎴ Aristotle, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ geometrical ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Thabit ibn Qurra.
Ibrahim ibn Sinan (ᎤᏕᏅ 908), ᎦᎪ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ Archimedes, ᎠᎴ al-Quhi (ᎤᏕᏅ 940) ᎨᏒᎩ ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Islamic ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ al-Haytham, ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ investigated ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ properties ᏓᏎᏘ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ.
ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ-ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᏐᎢ motivations ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ geometrical ᎠᎴ trigonometrical ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ibrahim ibn Sinan ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏚᏚ Thabit ibn Qurra ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Abu'l-Wafa ᎠᎴ Abu Nasr Mansur ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ.
Omar Khayyám.
Omar Khayyám (ᎤᏕᏅ 1048) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Persian ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ. ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ solving cubic ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎠᎴ authored ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ theories ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ England, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. Omar Khayyam ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ solving ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ geometrical ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭺ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Khayyam ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ "ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: "ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎿ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎭᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᏛ radii, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎳᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ." Khayyam ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ solving ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: "ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ hypotenuse ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ hypotenuse." ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Khayyam ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ cubic ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ x3 + 200x = 20x2 + 2000 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎪᎯ cubic ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ trigonometric ᏗᎦᏍᎩᎶ. ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗᏳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ Khayyam ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎪᎯ cubic ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎳᏂ ᎠᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᎴ straightedge, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ 750 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ" ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ cubic ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ geometric ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Khayyam ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ cubic ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Khayyam ᎪᏪᎵᎠ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ al-Mahani ᎠᎴ al-Khazin ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ geometric ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ (ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Khayyam ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎷᏅᏗ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ cubic ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "Commentaries ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ" Khayyam ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ properties ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean geometries. Khayyam ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ Khayyam ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Eudoxus) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ Islamic ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ al-Mahani ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. Khayyam ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ posed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ.
Sharafeddin Tusi.
Persian ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Sharafeddin Tusi (ᎤᏕᏅ 1135) ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ al-Karaji ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ Khayyam ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ cubic ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ aimed ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ inaugurating ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎯᎠ Hellenistic ᎠᎴ Islamic ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Islamic libraries ᎨᏒᎩ translated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Arabic ᎾᎾᎯ Latin. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ deductive ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Euclid’s "ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ" ᎨᏒᎩ relearned, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ Euclid (Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎠᎴ Khayyam (ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎤᎵᏱᎸᏛ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏭᏓᎪᎾᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ Rene Descartes (1596-1650) ᎠᎴ Pierre ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Fermat (1601-1665). ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ geometric ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ projective ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Girard Desargues (1591-1661). Projective ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ align ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ Hellenistic ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᏂᎬᎢ Pappus (ca. 340). ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ Jean-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ Poncelet (1788-1867).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 17th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ᎠᎴ Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716). ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ: ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏛᎿ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ.
ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ proving Euclid’s ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎯᎠ "ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎥᏝ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Euclid, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏛᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ Omar Khayyám ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ proving ᎯᎠ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏙᏚᎯᏍᏙᏗ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ theories ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ properties ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean geometries contributed ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᎥᎢ 1700 ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ. Saccheri, Lambert, ᎠᎴ Legendre ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 19th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, Gauss, Johann Bolyai, ᎠᎴ Lobatchewsky, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ. ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎳᏩᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ creating ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎾᎥᎢ 1854, Bernhard Riemann, ᏕᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Gauss, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᏓᎵᏆᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ) ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Riemann ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Einstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ relativity.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ Beltrami ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1868. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ geometric theories ᎨᏒᎩ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ, "ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ theories ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ?" ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ experimentation, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ uncovered ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎯᎠ experimentation ᎠᏎ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (interstellar, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᏩᎦᏛ) ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ relativity ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ.
ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏴᏢ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎠᏥᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ uncovered ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ inadequacies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ unstated geometric ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ Euclid ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏔᏲᎸᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ paralleled ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏰᎸᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎨᏒ processes ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ relied ᎾᎿ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ David Hilbert ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1894 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ "Grundlagen der Geometrie" ("ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ"). ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ Hilbert ᎤᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ Euclid ᎤᏤᎵ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ.
ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ situs, ᎠᎴ topology.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-18th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ recurred ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ- ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ-ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ situs, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ topology. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ properties ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ connectedness ᎠᎴ boundaries, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ properties ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Euclidean ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ-Euclidean ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ. Topology ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ.
ᏚᎾᏙᎷᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏲᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ properties ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ-dimensional projective ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ-ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎵᏍ, ᎢᏤ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ computational ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ digital ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ geometric ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ geometric ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.


ᏥᏍᏕᏥ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 56 ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ rodent ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Rattus".
ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ "Rattus rattus" ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ "R. norvegicus". ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎠᎴ originated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asia. ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 500 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏥᏍᏕᏥ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ mammal ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᏐᎢ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Bandicoot ᏥᏍᏕᏥ "Bandicota bengalensis" ᎠᎴ murine rodents ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Rattus". ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ Angelo Rantac, ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎠᎴ Polynesian ᏥᏍᏕᏥ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "R. norvegicus", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎮᎾ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ Europe ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1775, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏬᏗᎨ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎮᎾ ᎥᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ", ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ "ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ" ᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ "Yersinia pestis", ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏣᏑᎦ "Xenopsylla cheopis" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ "R. rattus" ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ European ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ infected ᏣᏑᎦ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Europe ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏠᎾᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᎪᎲᎾ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, "ᏥᏍᏕᏥ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᎰᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ "ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎾᎿ ᎩᎶ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎶᏄᎮᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏅᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ Leptospirosis ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ "zoonotic" ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᏚᏓᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏓᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ. ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏓᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎶᎻ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Mus Maximus (ᎡᏆ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Mus Minimus (ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏚ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎫᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ, ᏧᏳᎪᏗᎭ, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ, ᎠᎦᎵᏯ, ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ. "ᏥᏍᏕᏥ" (i.e. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ) ᎠᎴ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ" ᎠᎴ "ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ," ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ."
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ Deshnoke, ᎯᎠ Karni Mata ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ reincarnation ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Sadhus, Hindu ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏳ ansigaya. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Hindu ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Ganesha.
ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, "ᏥᏍᏕᏥ!" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᎩᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ, "ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ se", ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ biological ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ (ᎠᎴ ᏣᏑᎦ) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 14th-ᏍᏉᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ. ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎦᏓᎭ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎠᏂᎩᏟ, ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ feral ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏪᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ. ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ James Herbert ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ" ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. phobia ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎩᎵᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏅᎩ" ᎾᎥᎢ George Orwell'. ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Brian Jacques ᎤᏤᎵ "Redwall" ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ anthropomorphic ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎬᏂ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ᎠᎨᏴ. Frisby ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ NIMH", ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ "Ratz" ᎠᎴ Terry Pratchett ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎯᎠ Amazing Maurice ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Rodents". ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏥᏍᏕᏥ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ" ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎦᏎᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ.
ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎩᎵᏏ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ) ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏥᏍᏕᏥ." ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ longtail ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ (ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᎠᎴ verb) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ Mafia) ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏴᏫ yvwi ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ ᎧᏅᏩᏅᎯ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "lab ᏥᏍᏕᏥ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ guinea pig, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎨᏒᎢ sgv ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ.
ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ predators, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎪᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Alberta, ᎧᎾᏓ ᎤᎭ upheld ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ-ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 1950s; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᎠᏰᎵ 1/5 ᎠᎴ ⅓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ rodents.,
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏦᏍᎪᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ Weil ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏳᎩ, typhus ᎠᎴ bubonic ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎦᎫᏘ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᎾ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ. ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 26% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 18% ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ. ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 25% ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ.
ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏦᏔ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ("Rattus rattus"), ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ cleanest, ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ.
ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ "Rattus".
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Rattus" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ subfamily Murinae. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ murine genera Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ "Rattus".: "Lenothrix", "Anonymomys", "Sundamys", "Kadarsanomys", "Diplothrix", "Margaretamys", "Lenomys", "Komodomys", "Palawanomys", "Bunomys", "Nesoromys", "Stenomys", "Taeromys", "Paruromys", "Abditomys", "Tryphomys", "Limnomys", "Tarsomys", "Bullimus", "Apomys", "Millardia", "Srilankamys", "Niviventer", "Maxomys", "Leopoldamys", "Berylmys", "Mastomys", "Myomys", "Praomys", "Hylomyscus", "Heimyscus", "Stochomys", "Dephomys", ᎠᎴ "Aethomys".
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.


ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ.
Following are Syllabary maps which map drifted Otali Dialect Language Characters and syllables back into the Sequoyah Syllabary. Drifted Otali words which use the following constructs should be mapped to the Sequoyah Syllabary characters in this table.


ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.
ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ idiophone. Ꮝ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ-ᎤᎵᏍᏗᏅ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎱᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "clapper", ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ. ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏌᏃ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎦᏛᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ hilvsgi iyatvni.
ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, Ꮝ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ, iyuwakodi ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏅᎪ ᏗᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ). ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎠᎦᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎣᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ-ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ-ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎶᎻ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏁᎶᎯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ sacring ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ (ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ). ᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ganetliyvda ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎬ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ, Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.
Japanese ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏦᏒ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ. "Suzu ᎤᎭᎸᏂ", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ," ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏒᏙᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏁ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ". ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ "furin", ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Tibetan tingsha ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.
ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ carillon, (ᏩᏥ) ᎠᏲᏛᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ-ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏗᏂᏃᎩᏍᎩ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ-ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. "ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ 4 ᏔᎵᏚ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. "ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ 5,000 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.
ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎤᎭᎸᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏰᎲ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ (鐘) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2000 3600 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Bronzeware ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ). ᏄᏓᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Chinese ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ qing (pinyin qing4) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏅᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ.
Bellmaking.
ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ bellringing, ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ, ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ" ᎾᎯᏳᎢ "tuned ᎤᎭᎸᏂ" ᎠᎴ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20% ᏍᎫᎣ. ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ", ᎪᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏌᏂᏴ Turkish ᎠᎴ Chinese ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ. ᏐᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏣᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ bellmaking.
Belltowers.
ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏩᏥ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏩᏥ" ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Latin ᎧᏁᏨ "cloca", ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ. ᏩᏥ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏩᏥ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏩᏥ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏚ ᏩᏥ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᎾᏁᎶᏅ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏟᎶᏛ. ᏌᏊ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ "ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏄᏙᏗ," ᏓᎳᏚ-ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎡᏆ Ben".
ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.
variant ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏘᎸᎩ ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᏆᎶᏍᏗ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ "ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᎭᎸᏂ" ᎠᎴ "ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ aeolian ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ.


Unicode/Cherokee.
Unicode ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᎴ manipulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎡᎵᏍ. ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ", Unicode ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ, encoding methodology ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encoding, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ properties ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ normalization, ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.
ᎯᎠ Unicode Consortium, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Unicode ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᎵᏴᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ replacing ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encoding ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Unicode ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ Unicode ᏧᎾᏍᏗ Format (UTF) ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ multilingual ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. Unicode ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ unifying ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Ꮝ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ internationalization ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎵᏍ software. ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ implemented ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ technologies, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ XML, ᎯᎠ Java programming ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
Unicode ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encoding, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ISO 8859 ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encodings ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎵᏍ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎶᎻ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ multilingual ᎡᎵᏍ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ (ᎡᎵᏍ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ).
Unicode, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ, encodes ᎯᎠ underlying ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ—grapheme ᎠᎴ grapheme-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏌᏊᎭ — ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ variant glyph(ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ controversies ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ underlying ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ variant glyphs (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, Unicode ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ "ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ" — ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ glyph — ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, Unicode ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ (ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ) ᏐᎢ software, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ browser ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ processor. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎵᏐᏍᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Unicode ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏗ ᎠᏓᎦᎳᏍᏓᏗᏍᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ Unicode.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ 256 ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ISO 8859-1, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ encoded ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ encodings ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ encodings Unicode (ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ) ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏲᎱᏎᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ "fullwidth ᎤᏙᏢᏒ" ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ encompasses ᎧᎵ ᎳᏗᎾ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎳᏗᎾ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏣᏩᏂᏏ, ᎠᎴ Korean (CJK) ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ CJK ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Unicode.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ Unicode ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ combining ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ precomposed ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ/diacritic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ encodings simpler ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Unicode ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ format ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ combining ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ "é" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Unicode ᏥᏄᏍᏗ (ᎳᏗᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ e) ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꭴ+0301 (combining ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ precomposed ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꭴ+00E9 (ᎳᏗᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ e ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ).
ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ properties, ᏓᎵᏍᏛ normalisation ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᎠᎴ bidirectional ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ--ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏈᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ--ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ).
ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎫᏝᎢ.
ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏳᎳ-encoded ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ rhythmic ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Unicode ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ. ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏣᎦᏓᏂᎸᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Unicode ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ-ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ Unicode ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ-ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ variants ᎠᎴ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Unicode ᎠᎴ encoded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda Unicode ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ.
ᎯᎠ Unicode Consortium, ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ California, ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏛᏅᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎫᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᏚᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏕᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎡᎵᏍ software ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ-ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏒᎦᏔ (Apple) ᎡᎵᏍ, Microsoft, IBM, Xerox, HP, Adobe ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.
ᎯᎠ Consortium ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ "ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ" (ISBN 0-321-18578-1) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1991, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. Unicode ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Standardization, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ Ꮝ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ IEC 10646: ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. Unicode ᎠᎴ ISO/IEC 10646 ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encodings, ᎠᎴ "ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ" ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ implementers, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ — ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ — ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ bitwise encoding, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ. ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ properties, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ bidirectional ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ terminology.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ "Ꭴ+" ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ hexadecimal ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ BMP, ᏅᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ BMP, ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ. ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Unicode 3.0 ᎬᏔᏅᎯ "Ꭴ-" ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ "Ꭴ+" ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏅᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ, ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ, Unicode ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ; ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᏣᏘ software ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ 8-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encodings ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ Unicode ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏠᏱ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ Asia, ᎯᎠ ASCII ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ-byte ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encodings ᏝᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ encode ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 32,768 ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ 8-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ software ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏤᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 8 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 256 ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ. ᏓᎳᏚ-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ software ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. Unicode, ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᎭ ᎦᏳᎳ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100,000 encoded ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Unicode; ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ implementers ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᎠᎴ interoperability ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ encodings ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ UTF encodings) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ bytes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ UCS) encodings.
UTF-8 ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏅᎩ bytes ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎳᏗᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ) ᎠᎴ ASCII-ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ "ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ facto" ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ encoding ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ Unicode ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ Linux ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ encodings ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏱᏙᎲ.
UTF-16, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ 16 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ — ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ UCS-2 — ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ 32, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ APIs. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ (ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ Unicode ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ UCS-2 ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ interface ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ APIs Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ UTF-16). UTF-16 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ format ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ API (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ yli iyulistanv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Java ᎠᎴ.ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ bytecode ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ.
UCS-2 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏗᏅᏓ, 16-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ-ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ encoding ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ Multilingual ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ Multilingual ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ UCS-2 ᎠᎴ UTF-16 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ implementation ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ encoding. ᎯᎠ UCS-2 ᎠᎴ UTF-16 encodings ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ Unicode Byte ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ (BOM) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏓᏝᎥᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ software developers ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ encodings, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ UTF-8, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ byte ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ Unicode ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᎯᎠ BOM, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ Ꭴ+FEFF ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ unambiguity, ᎾᎪᎲᎾ ᎯᎠ Unicode encoding ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊᎭ codice_1 ᎠᎴ codice_2 ᎥᏝ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ UTF-8; Ꭴ+FFFE (ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ byte-swapping Ꭴ+FEFF) ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꭴ+FEFF ᏩᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ-ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ Ꮭ-ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ (ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ UTF-8 ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ byte ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ codice_3.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ UTF-32 ᎠᎴ UCS-4, ᏌᏊ 32-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ endianness, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ varies ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏗᎳᏏᏙ, ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ octet (byte) ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ. UCS-4 ᎠᎴ UTF-32 ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ Ꮭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 21 ᎯᎠ 32 ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ allocated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ kanquotsegi ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ programming ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ implementations ᎬᏙᏗ UCS-4 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ encoded ᏓᎵᏍᏛ.
Punycode, ᏄᏓᎴ encoding ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ encoding Unicode ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ASCII-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ encoding ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ IDNA, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ enabling ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ Internationalized ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ Unicode.
GB18030 ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ encoding ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Unicode, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Standardization ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ (PRC).
ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
Unicode ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏫᎧᏁᏉᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ glyph ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ combining ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ (ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏕᎦᏒᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ combining diacritics ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ, Unicode ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ encoding ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ, Unicode ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Hangul, ᎯᎠ Korean ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ. Unicode ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ Hangul ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ subcomponents, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hangul Jamo. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᏂᎦᏛ 11,172 ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ precomposed Hangul ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎯᎠ CJK ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ precomposed ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏙᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ simpler ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ (ᎤᏓᏣᏙᏗ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ Unicode ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ Hangul. ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ). ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ input ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Cangjie ᎠᎴ Wubi. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ encoding ᎤᎭ stumbled ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ.
ᏕᎬᏔᏛ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏈᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Hindi, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ orthographic ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ letterforms ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᏂᏁᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ-shaping technologies ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ OpenType (ᎾᎥᎢ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Microsoft), Graphite (ᎾᎥᎢ SIL ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ), ᎠᎴ AAT (ᎾᎥᎢ ᏒᎦᏔ). ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ embedded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᎵᏃᎮᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ simpler ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ placement combining ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ diacritics, ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ-ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎾᏢᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "sidebearing" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ preceed ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ letterform ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ datastream ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ software ᎠᎦᏔᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ diacritics, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏄᎸᏅ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ ᎫᎭᎸ stacked ᏚᏙᏪᎸᎢ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2004, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ software ᏙᎢ ᏝᏰᎵ reliably ᎫᎭᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ formats, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ combining ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, (precomposed e ᎬᏙᏗ macron ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ (e ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ combining macron ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ combining ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᎾᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ e ᎬᏙᏗ macron ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ software ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ, underdot, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ romanization Indic, ᏫᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ nanahwunvgi ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ workaround, Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ precomposed glyphs ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎤᏓᏘᏰᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ weaknesses Unicode ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
Unicode ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏟᎶᎥ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ encodings) ᏓᎵᏍᏛ. ᎢᎬᏱ adopters tended ᎬᏙᏗ UCS-2 ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ UTF-16 (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ disruptive ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-bmp ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ NT (ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ, ᏗᏦᎳᏅ 2000 ᎠᎴ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ XP). ᎯᎠ Java ᎠᎴ .ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ bytecode ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ.
UTF-8 (ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ 9) ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ encoding ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Unix-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ libraries) ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ASCII ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ.
E-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ.
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ encoding ᎬᏙᏗ-ASCII ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ:" ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ identified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ encoding. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ Unicode ᎯᎠ UTF-8 ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Base64 ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ encoding ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ software.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ Unicode ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᎸᎬ-Asian ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ encoded ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ encoding ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ-JIS, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ e-ᎪᏪᎵ ᏫᎦᏅᏅ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏙᎢ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎫᎭᎸ Unicode ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ utugi uwasv ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ foreseeable ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ.
ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ.
ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ browsers ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ UTFs, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ UTF-8, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏊ. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎧᎾᏁᏍ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎴᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎠᏂ.
ᏂᎦᏛ W3C ᏗᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Unicode ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ "ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ", ᎯᎠ encoding ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ, ᎢᏳᏊ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ HTML 4.0. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ 8-ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ASCII superset ISO-8859-1, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ encoding ᎤᏓᎷᎸ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ byteᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ encoding, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ encoding ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ numeric ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ Unicode ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ codice_4, codice_5, codice_6, codice_7, codice_8, codice_9, codice_10, codice_11, ᎠᎴ codice_12 (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ numeric ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ hexadecimal, ᎬᏙᏗ codice_13 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ) ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ browsers ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Δ, Й, ק,‎ م, ๗, あ, 叶, 葉 ᎠᎴ 냻. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᎦᏙᎯ", ᏲᏂᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏯ", ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "Qof", ᎡᎳᏈᎩ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "Meem", Thai ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ 7, ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Hiragana ", simplified ᏓᎶᏂᎨ (ᎠᎯᏗᎨ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ "ᎤᎦᎶᎬ", ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ "ᎤᎦᎶᎬ", ᎠᎴ Korean ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ Hangul ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ "Nyaelh", ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ HTTP ᎾᏓᏪᏎᎲ, URLs ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ-encoded, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ UTF-8 encoding ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ Unicode.
ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ.
ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ Unicode ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎢᎬᏱ TrueType ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ OpenType ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Unicode. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ formats ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Unicode ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ glyphs.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎳᏚ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ — ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-Unicode" ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ — ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Unicode ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, Unicode-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ASCII ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎧᎵᏬ ᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ: ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᎯ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ; ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ computing ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎧᏂᏉᏤᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ glyph ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᏝᎥᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᎾᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ glyphs ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ monumental ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ; ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ typefaces.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Unicode ᎠᎴ standardized: Microsoft ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ NT 4.0 ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ WGL-4 ᎬᏙᏗ 652 ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ European ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎳᏗᎾ, ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏲᏂᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ. ᏐᎢ standardized ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Unicode ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ MES-1 (335 ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ) ᎠᎴ MES-2 (1062 ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ) (CWA 13873:2000, Multilingual European ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ISO/IEC 10646-1).
ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ software ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Unicode "ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ" (Ꭴ+FFFD, �), ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏝᏳᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᎦᏔ "LastResort" ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ glyph ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ SIL Unicode fallback ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ hexadecimal scalar ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
Input ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ keyboard layouts ᏝᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ input ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Microsoft ᏗᏦᎳᏅ (ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ 2000), ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ" ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ (ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ/ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ/Accessories/ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ/ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ-ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᏯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꭴ+FFFF, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ-ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ, ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ Unicode ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ. ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Microsoft ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ embedded (ᎪᏣᎵᏗᏱ/ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ). ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ codice_14, ᎭᏢᏃ # ᎾᏓᏛᏁ 0 ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ; ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, codice_15 ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ "ñ". (ᎯᎠ # ᎠᏎ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ 0 ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Unicode ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ numeric ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎯᎠ keyboard ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ.) ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ input. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ Alt ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎦᏟᏐᏗ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Microsoft ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ worksheet ᎦᏁᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ (ᎪᏣᎵᏗᏱ/ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ) ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ pasted ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ.
ᏒᎦᏔ Macintosh ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ input ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'Unicode Hex Input', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mac ᏅᏙᎲᏅ X ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mac ᏅᏙᎲᏅ 8.5 ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ: ᏚᏂᏴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ-hex-ᏎᏍᏗ Unicode ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. Inputting ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꭴ+FFFF ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ; ᎯᎠ software ᏫᎵ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ automatically. Mac ᏅᏙᎲᏅ X (ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ 10.2 ᎠᎴ newer) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ 'ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ', ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ Unicode ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎯᎠ 'Unicode Hex Input' ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ activated ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᏗᏰᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mac ᏅᏙᎲᏅ X ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 'Keyboard' ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mac ᏅᏙᎲᏅ 8.5 ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ activated, 'Unicode Hex Input' ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Keyboard ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (designated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ Unicode ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ.
ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ 'ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ' ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ (ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ/ᏧᏬᏣᎸᏗᏍᎩ/ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Unicode ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ISO 14755: ᏚᏂᏴ ᎡᎳᏗ Ctrl ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ hexadecimal Unicode ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ, preceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ 2.15 ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ X Input ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎴ GTK+ Input ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ input ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ SCIM ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ “raw code” input ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 4-ᏎᏍᏗ hexadecimal Unicode ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ.
ᏂᎦᏛ X ᏦᎳᏅ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴ KDE, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏂ) ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ keyboards ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ designated ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ (e.g., CapsLock) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ redefined ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ Linux ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎡᎳᏗ Alt ᎠᎴ typing ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ numeric keypad. (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᏀᏭᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Unicode ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ codice_16 ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ codice_17.) ᎯᎠ AltGr ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hexadecimal ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ NumLock-ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ -F (clockwise). ISO 14755 ᎪᎯᏳᎯ input (Ctrl+ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ+hexadecimal ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ codice_18 keymap.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎳᏗ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ browser ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ 7.5 ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎥᎢ typing Ꮝ hexadecimal ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ codice_19.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ, Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ CTRL-V ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᏗᎦᎪᏗ "codice_20" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. (ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ Unicode ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ encoding ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ UTF-8 ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ Unicode encoding; ᏗᎦᎪᏗ "codice_21" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ.) ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ; ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎾᏓᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ "codice_22" ᎠᏓᏁᏤᏗ (ᎠᏏᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ encoding ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ Unicode).
WordPad ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏨ 2002/2003 ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏦᎳᏅ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ typing ᎯᎠ hexadecimal ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ 014B ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ŋ", ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ codice_19 ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏂᎬᎾᏗᏍᎪ: ᎢᏳᏃ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ cursor ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ-ASCII ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ presses codice_19, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ Microsoft software ᏫᎵ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hexadecimal Unicode ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ keyboards ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᎯᎲ Unicode ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ, ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ Unicode ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ. ᏴᏫ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎧᏁᎶᎰᎮᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ-ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ (glyphs). ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ glyphs ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎴ Koreans, ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ variant.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ decried Unicode ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Asian ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ perpetrated ᎾᎥᎢ Westerners ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ, Korean, ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ, ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ideographic Rapporteur ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ (IRG). ᎯᎠ IRG ᎠᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎯᎠ consortium ᎠᎴ ISO ᎾᎿ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ stylistic ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ Unicode.
Unicode ᎨᏒᎢ criticized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ kanji ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅᎯ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ Unicode. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ TRON (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ, ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ), ᎠᎴ UTF-2000.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ Unicode 4.0 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 90,000 ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎢᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, Korea, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᏍᏔᏅ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ.
ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, pursued ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ Chu Bong-Foo, ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ encoding ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏣᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, 1991 ᏓᎶᏂᎨ computing ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Chu ᎦᏳᎳ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ 60,000 ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 80KB ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ glyphs ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ Cangjie ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ Unicode ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
Thai ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ criticized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ Thai ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Unicode ᎤᏓᏘᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ Thai ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ 620, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ.
Indic ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Tamil ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ allocated ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 128 ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ISCII ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ Unicode Indic ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᏴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Tamil, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ arguing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ Unicode codepoint ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Tibetan ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ unulvngi ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ similiar ᏧᎾᏍᏗ.
ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ Unicode ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎨᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᏊ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎫᎭᎸ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 65,535 ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎲᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Unicode 2.0.
Trivia.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1997 Michael Everson ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ encode ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ fictional Klingon ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ 1 IEC 10646-2. ᎯᎠ Unicode Consortium ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ encoding" — ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ Klingon ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎳᏗᎾ transliteration. ᎾᏊ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎿᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ blogging ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tlhIngan pIqaD (Klingon ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ) ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ tsuqagutanvsv ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ keyboard layouts, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ reapplying ISO ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ.
ᎠᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ elvish ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ Tengwar ᎠᎴ Cirth ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ J. R. R. Tolkien ᎤᏤᎵ fictional ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ 1 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1993. ᎯᎠ Consortium ᎤᏎᏒᎲᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏃᎸᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᏢᏗ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Tolkienists, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2005 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ.
ᎢᏧᎳ Klingon ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Tolkien ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ Unicode ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᎯᎠ 100,000th ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ pipeline ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ standardisation ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ MALAYALAM PRASLESHAM. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ encoded ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ Rachana Akshara Vedi.
ᎯᎠ ᎫᏬᏂ ᏄᏓᏅᏛᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᎦ RFC 2005 ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏔᎵ "ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ" UTF encodings, UTF-9 ᎠᎴ UTF-18.


ᏑᎵ.
ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏑᎵ ("Buteo buteo") ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ 51-57 cm ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ 110 130 cm ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ-ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ raptor. Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎫᏝᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ Asia. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ coldest ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ gantlai, ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ.
ᏑᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ Victorian ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ Dartmoor, William ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ 15 ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ.
ᎪᎯ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ raptor ᎤᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏐᏅ-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏑᎵ ("Buteo lagopus") ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏑᎵ ("Pernis apivorus"), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏑᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Goshawk.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᎪᎾᏍᏗ "peea-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ", ᎤᏠᏱ ᏪᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᏑᎵ subspecies ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏔᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ "vulpinus" ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ migrants. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ


ᏬᎭᎵ.
ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎸᎭ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ) ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎦᏲᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᏦᎢ (ᎤᏁᎬ-ᏂᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏬᎭᎵ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Philippine ᏬᎭᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Philippine ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Falconiformes, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Accipitridae ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ genera, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏎᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.
ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏓtᎤᎬ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ Booted ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏑᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎤᏓᎷᎸ 1678, "ᏬᎭᎵ" ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᏬᎭᎵ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ "Erne". ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "Aquila chrysaetos" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏬᎭᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏗ ᎤᏇᏓᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ talon. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎩᏌᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ diffraction (ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.
ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 10 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 2000 ᎢᏧᏓᎨᏓ.
ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ falconry.
ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ Accipitriformes ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Falconiformes.
ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏤ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ genera "Aquila" ᎠᎴ "Hieraaetus" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ reclassification ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ genera ᏫᎵ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ "Lophaetus" ᎠᎴ "Ictinaetus".
ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᏬᎭᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ (ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ).
ᏬᎭᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ.
ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎤᏬᏚ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᏬᎭᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jewish ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ Maimonides ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Lubavitcher Rebbe, ᏧᏏ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ Menachem M. Schneerson, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ Jewry ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᏠᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏬᎭᎵ". ᎯᎠ Torah ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ G-d ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Deuteronomy, 32.11-12. "ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Ꮝ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ Ꮝ fledglings, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. [So] ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ the Israelites ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ."
ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᏬᎭᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎸᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᏬᎭᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ.
ᎦᎾᏆᏘᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᏬᎭᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏁᎳ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎦᎪ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ, ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏬᎭᎵ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎤᏬᎳᏨ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏥᏁᏤᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏬᎭᎵ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.


ᏓᏆ.
ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏓᏆ (ᎶᎻ: "Cetacea").
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏓᏆ ᎠᎴ "ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ "cetaceans", ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ "Cetacea". ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎠᏂ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ cetaceans ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ (i.e. ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ Delphinidae ᎠᎴ Platanistoidea) ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏂ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Orca ("ᏗᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ") ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏫᏔᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ "ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎯᎠ Artiodactyl ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏴᎸᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏐᏅ 50 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ–ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ cetacean ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Cetacea ᎤᏓᏡᎬ.
ᎠᏯᏙᎵ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏧᏪᎳ, ᎤᎦᎾᏩ-ᎩᎬᎭ, ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ mammary gland, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ) ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ, Eric Alexander Ivanov, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1911, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ aquatic ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ. Ivanov ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. Eric Ivanov ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎠᏚᎯᏂᏓᏍᏗ-ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᏗᏂᏂᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᏩᎾᏅ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ) ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏀᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎥᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ-ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᎳᎨᏂ vertebrae ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ ᏩᏂᎨ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎥᏣᏬᎳᏛ, ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ. ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ; ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ' ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ, ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏟᏕᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ ᎠᏂ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30 m (93ft) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 180 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ.
ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ hydrophilic ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. Ꮝ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ nanoridgesᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ gel ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᏁᎸ. ᎪᎯ gel ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ enzymes Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎴᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ.
ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ.
ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏫ, whales’ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎴᏂ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ impedance ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ air’s ᎡᎳᏗ-impedance ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ cochlear fluid’s ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-impedance. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ aquatic ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᎴᏂ, ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎠᏳᎨᏂ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᎳᏗ-impedance, ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ-ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.
ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏖᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ; ᎠᎨᏴ, ᏩᎦ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎩᎾ.
ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ), ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎦᎸᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏛᏂ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎾᏕᎶᎰᏍᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏕᎶᎰᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᏅᏥᏓ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎦᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᎸᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ 8 ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎢᎦ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ. ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ (ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ; ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ (Odontoceti) ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20,000 ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ watts ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ 163 ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ.
ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏏᏴᏫ ᏩᎦᎠᎩᎾ. ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ (ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏚᏓᎸᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏐᎲᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎦᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ-ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎫᏂᏍᎧ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏧᏂᏥ ᏧᏂᏢᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎣᎵ, ᎤᏅᏗ Ꮎ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ Dieffenbach, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏩᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ. ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ; ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ.
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ.
ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᏧᏅᏥᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 7.8 kg, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1.5 kg. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏍᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎠᏂ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ. ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2% ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 0.02% Ꮝ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᏩᎦ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ. ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮭ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ cetacean ᏧᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏰᎸ/ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ, "ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ" ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᏩᎴᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ--ᎠᏰᎸ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏓᏁᏤᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏚᏓᏂᎸᏨ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ, ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏠᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ) ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎠᏠᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 50 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, ᎤᏬᎯᏳ Ꮎ cetaceans ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ (ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ). ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏦᎠᏎᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏣᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ chimpanzee, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏓᎧᏃᏗᏱ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ cetaceans ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ. Cetaceans, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎦᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ cetaceans ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎩᏟ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎥᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏏᏆ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ, ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ.
"ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ Simmonds ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ 100 (2006) 103-116. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᏀᎾ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏍᏕᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᎦᏔᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎦᏯᏙᎲᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏗᏒᏍᏗ, Ꮎ ᎫᎫ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏎᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎿᏛᎦ-ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎫᎫ ᎦᏴᏐᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᏀᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Simmonds ᎠᏓᏖᎸᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎠᏰᎸᏗ, ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎠᎹᎢ, ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏗᎯ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎦᏄᎯᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 3 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏍᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ Florida, USA ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏙᎯᏄᏍᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ.
ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᏄᏓᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏴᏓ, ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏓᎶᏙᏗ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ, ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ." ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᏀᎡᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭺ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏅᎬᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, Paul ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ cecetarian ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ evolutionary ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎤᏃᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ, "ᏂᎯ ᏩᏗᏱ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ lab ᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ gerbil, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏚᎵᎭ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᏩᏗᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ... ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎥᏝ ᎿᏛᎦ Ꮎ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎢᏒ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏁᎲ."
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ evolutionary ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ: ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ - bipedalism ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᏂᎯᏯᏍᏓ - ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ hominids ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ). ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ: ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ hominids ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏚᎪᏔᏅ evolutionary ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ-ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ hominid ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎧᏛ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ stimuli ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᎦ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎢᏒ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎧᎾᏉᏤᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏛᏍᏓᏅᏅᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ). ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ evolutionary ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎥ Ꮎ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ, ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎤᎭ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᏧᎾᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ. ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ-ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ-ᎪᏢᏅᎯ sonar - ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏐᎢ cetaceans, ᏝᎺᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏅᏥᏓ cetaceans ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᎭ thermoregulatory ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ-ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ, ᎭᏫᏯ, ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏂ (ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎦᏏ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ). ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ 20th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏂᎩᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1986, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1992 ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎩᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎢᎦ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᎪᏂᏲᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ; ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ Norway, Iceland ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ Siberia, ᎠᎳᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᎾᏓ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᏕᎬᎿᏅᎢ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ bycatch ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tuna ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎫᏂᏍᎧ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ-ᎠᎦᏯᎷᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ, ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ. ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᎯ-ᏚᏙᎥ ᎦᏯᎸ ("ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ" ᎠᎴ "ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ" ᎦᎴᏴᏛ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᏔᏅ tuna), ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ 96% ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ tuna ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎪᎢ, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ cetaceans, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎦᎾᏰᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ sonar ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ" Ꮎ sonar ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏢᏥᏰᏍᎩ. ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ Ꮎ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 1,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏃᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ.
ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏃᏝᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ sonar ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎪᎯ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎩᏛᎾᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ sonar ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏢᏥᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎪᎯᏳᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏓ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎵᎬᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎩ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ.
ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎢᏌᏅ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ Sonar ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᏅᏩᏙ ᎯᏯᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ. ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ UK-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ (ᎯᎠ "2087" sonar ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 2004) ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏄᎸᎾᎩ. ᎯᎠ European ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᏪᏎᎸ Ꮎ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ sonar ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ.
ᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᏝᎩ Ꮎ seismic ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏓᏳᏨᏓ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎾᏰᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ, Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏳ ᏧᏔᏅ, adahihi ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ adahihi ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ.


ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (Gravitation).
ᎠᎠᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ relativity, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ.
ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ; ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ.
ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎪᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ Aristotle ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 4th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ BC, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎪᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. Aristotle ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ Ꮎ ᏀᎾᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮭ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮭ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ hypothesized Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎠᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮝ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᏅᏨᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.
ᏄᏓᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎡᎶᎯ Brahmagupta ᎦᎪ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "Brahmasphuta Siddhanta" (628 CE), ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ heliocentric ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Aryabhata (ᎠᏎᏱᎩ 476-550 CE) ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏍᎬ Ꮎ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ" ᎠᎴ Ꮎ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ, Ꮎ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᎴᏴᏒ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ... ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ."
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Galileo Galilei ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 16th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 17th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ Pisa ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎦᏐᏆᎴᏍᎬ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, Galileo ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Aristotle ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ Ꮎ ᎦᎨᏓᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ. (Galileo ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ.) Galileo ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1687, ᎩᎵᏏ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ Isaac ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ "ᎧᏁᎬᎢ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ hypothesizes ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ-ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᎾᏓᎴᎩ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ, “I ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏕᏯᏍᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏛ ᎤᏬᏚᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ.”
ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ Uranus Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ. ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏣᏂ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏫ ᎠᎴ Urbain Le Verrier ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ Le Verrier ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ Johann Gottfried Galle ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲᎩ ᏚᏙᎪᏓᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎸ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ) ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1915 ᎾᎥᎢ Albert Einstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏤ ᏂᎦᎥ relativity ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᎪᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏀᎢ Einstein ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ-ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-relativistic ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎠᎢᏗᎨ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏂᎦᎥ relativity.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ). ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ: ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ relativity, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ-ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎿᏛᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ.
ᏂᎦᎥᎢ planetary ᎠᏰᎸ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᎤᏓᏢᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ Ꮝ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ "g", ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 9.8 m/s². ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ, ᎠᏓᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ 9.807 m/(32.174 ft/ᎠᎴ 22 ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ/h) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏔᎵᏁ Ꮝ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎦᏥᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ 9.807 m/(32.17 ft/) ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵᏁ, 19.614 m/(64.34 ft/) ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏔᎵ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏀᎾ. ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ 3rd ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏂᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ negligible, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ.
ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-ᏩᎦᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏓᏥᏚᎦ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ kinematical ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, Newton’s ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ "F = mpg", ᎭᏢᏃ m ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ uranus ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏥᏳ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎾᏍᏋ g. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ "P.E." ᎠᏰᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ "h" ("P.E. = mgh"). ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ h ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ, formula_1 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ.
ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎣᎾᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏤᎢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ, ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ galactic ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ terminology ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ. ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ "ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ', ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ relativity, ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎪᏍᏗᏳᎵlly ᎠᏓᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᎯ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᏄᏓᎴ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᏗ) ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Le ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ.


ᏙᏒᏓᎵ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏂᏯᏙᎸ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ (ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ). ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ superorganismᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎦ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎡᎯᏯᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Antarctica, ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ, Kat, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Hawaiian ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 15-25% ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ biomass. ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏦᎢᏁ (33%) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ biomass ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 12,000 ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎤᏁᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ", ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Isoptera ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ cockroaches. ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎡᏆ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ, Formicidae, ᎤᎾᏙᏣᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Hymenoptera ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᏂᏛᎦ, ᏩᏚᎵᏏᎠᎴ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ vespoid ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ. Phylogenetic ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮ Ꮎ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 120 170 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ angiosperms ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 100 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 60 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ Hymenoptera, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ Haplodiploidy.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1966 E. O. Wilson, ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. ᎣᏤᎢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ("Sphecomyrma freyi") ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎻᏇ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏤ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ. ᎤᏁᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏲᏔᎡᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.
ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ-ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Laurasia (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ). ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 1%). ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏁᎸ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ Eocene ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 1 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 10 genera ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. 56% ᎯᎠ genera ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Baltic ᎠᎻᏇ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎢᎬᏱ Oligocene), ᎠᎴ 96% ᎯᎠ genera ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎻᏇ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏱ Miocene) ᏙᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ: ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ antennae; ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏩᎶᎠ; ᎯᎠ ᏩᎶᎠ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎦᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ "ᎢᎦᏛᎭ" ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ). ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ; ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ metapleural gland ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎤᎭ exoskeleton, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ skeletal ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ vertebrate. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ ᏧᏪᎳ. ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏓᏂᎶᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎥᏣᏬᎳᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ exoskeleton - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ dioxide ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ. ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ; ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎩᎬ, ᎯᎠ hemolymph, ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᏏᏇ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏗᏆᎳᏕᏲ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ventral ᎣᏓᎾᏛ ᎤᏂᏆᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏗ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, mesosoma ᎠᎴ metasoma.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎦᏙᎵ, ᎤᏠᏱ ᏛᎦ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᏀᎡᏕᎩ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ; ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏫ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ pheromone(chemicals Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ) ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ. ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎣᎵ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.
ᎯᎠ thorax ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᏗ onto ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ; ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ (ergatoids) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.
ᎯᎠ metasoma ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.
ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎨᏴ; ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ holometabolous, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏲᎵl ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵl ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pupae ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ exarate) ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ. ᎯᎠ larval ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ – ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ – ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎨᏴ), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ larval ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ larvae ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ trophallaxis ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ. Larvae ᎠᎴ pupae ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ.
ᎢᏤ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ Ꮝ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏓᏍᏆᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏴᏫ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙᏃ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏉ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ – ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᎢ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏞᎠᎨᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎠᏯᏫᏍᎩ" ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᎵᎲ ᏐᎢ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ "ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ" ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ, ᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ (althought ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ), ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎦᎷᎦ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ, ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏐᎢ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏥᎦᏘᏯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᏀᎾᎢ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ. ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎣᏤᎢ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏓᏂᏯᎢᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ. ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏀᎾᎢ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1 3 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ. ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎡᏆ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏀᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ soi ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ. ᎯᎠ gonadᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᎧᎵᏬᎯ" ᎦᎪ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ sgv ᎬᏙᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏉᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ, ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ.
ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ chemicals ᎤᏯᏅᎲ pheromone. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ chemical ᎨᏥᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ Hymenopteran. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ pheromone ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏀᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ pheromone ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ. ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏅᏓᏛᎯ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᎷᎾᏗ polarization-ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ.ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎷᏍᎦᏃᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᎪᎯ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏓᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ pheromone ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᏀᎡᏕᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ pheromones ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎦᏔᏪᏚᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᏗ pheromone ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ; ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎠᏦᎠᏎᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ pheromones.
ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎨᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᏅ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎤᏫᏢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᎦᏛ; ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ--ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ stereophonic ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ--ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. Pheromones ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ trophallaxis, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎥ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ (e.g. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ) ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ pheromone ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ stridulation ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ gaster ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏔᏅ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏁᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏞᏗ chemicals ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ formic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ. ᎦᏂ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Paraponera"), ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎵᎪᏔᏅᎯ-ᎤᎲᏲᎵᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᎸᎳᏗᏴ ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ Schmidt ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎡᎯᏍᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᏤᎩ ᏗᎵᏔᏕᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ("Myrmecia pilosula") ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australia ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ hospitalizations ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎠᏥᎸ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ("Solenopsis spp.") ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ piperidine alkaloids.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Odontomachus" ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏌᏛᏗ-ᎠᏳᎨᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ-ᎠᏳᎨᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᏍᎬ ᎤᏇᏓᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.5 ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Mystrium". ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ labrum, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎭᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎥ. ᏔᎵ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ "Odontomachus" ᎠᎴ "Dacetini" - ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ convergent ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ.
ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏤᎸᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏣᏙᎲᏍᎩᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ ᎦᎾᏝᎢᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏣᎵᏗᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Temnothorax albipennis" ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴ ᎦᏂ naïve ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ-ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ-ᎤᎪᏗ ᏗᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎩ) ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᎬᏩᎸᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ-ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᎢᎵᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏘᏁᎯ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎠᎶᎪᏂᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᏓᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏢ.
ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ.
ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ, ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ nomadic ᎠᎴ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏀᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎨᏥᎸᏉᏗᏳ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ nomadic ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ (ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ. ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏧᎣᎳ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ("Oecophylla") ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏁᏍᎬᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏴᎡᎲ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏰᏩᏒᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᏏᎵᎩ-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ larvae ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎭ.
ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ.
ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ("Atta" ᎠᎴ "Acromyrmex") ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᏀᎾ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏛᏰᎶᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ. ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ fungi ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ chemical ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏅᏩᏙᎯᏯᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "gongylidia" ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᏀᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ symbiotic ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎪᎯ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ.
ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ.
ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ "Cataglyphis fortis" ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ, ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎩ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏙᏒᏓᎵᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎤᏔᏏᏅᏱ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏎᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.
ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᏝ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᎾᏥᏍᏕᏥ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᏓᏕᏒᏓ ᎠᏒᏢᎢ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ arboreal ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ.
ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏒᎯ ᎠᏁᎳ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᎥᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏠᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᏱᎭ ᏧᎾᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ Ꮎ ᏗᏤᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ Jerdon ᎤᏤᎵ ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ("Harpegnathos saltator"). ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ.
"Polyrhachis sokolova", ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Australian ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎸᏱ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᏜᏩᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ "Cephalotes atratus". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ arboreal ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏙᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ chemical ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᏀᎡᏕᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏁᎩ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ "Myrmecia pilosula" ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ haploid.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏐᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ ᎠᎴ nonetheless ᎣᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ larvae, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ/ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮝ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏦᏍᏗᏓᏄᏫ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏓᎾᏟᎲ, ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᎨᎵᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏘᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, hydrocarbon-ᎠᎦᏖᎾ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ Ꮎ ᏗᎦᏌᎴᎾ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ exoskeletons. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᎱᏍᏘᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ)
ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ.
ᏀᎾᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 2 ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 25 millimeters (ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.08 1 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ). ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᏀᎢ; ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ metallic ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎩ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ genera) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ ᎠᎴ taxonomic ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. Online ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Hymenoptera ᏚᏙᎥ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ biodiversity ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ fungi.
ᎭᏫᏂᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎦᎾ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ predators ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎭᏫᏂᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏍᎪᎯ mealybugᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᏃᏯᎠ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏃᏯᎠ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᏂᏓᏄᏫ.
Myrmecophilous (ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ) ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lycaenidae (e.g., ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎠᎴ hairstreaks) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ' ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ gland ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏃᏴᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᎨᏳᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ myrmecophagous ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ pheromone ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏫᎵ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ' ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ larvae.
ᎠᏎᎸᎯ-ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ attini, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "Leucoagaricus" ᎠᎴ "Leucocoprinus" genera ᎯᎠ Agaricaceae ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ-ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. "Allomerus decemarticulatus" ᎤᎭ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ "Hirtella physophora" (Chrysobalanaceae), ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ.
ᎴᎹᏂ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫᏒᏅᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎴᎹᏂ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᏀᎢᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎦᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᎤᏲᎾ acacia ("Acacia cornigera") ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᏧᏣᏲᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ("Pseudomyrmex ferruginea") Ꮎ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᎴ epiphytic vines. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᎷᏨ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ-lipid ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ectosymbiosis ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Macaranga ᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ "Crematogaster" ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏡᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎦᏔ Ꮎ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ.
Calliphoridae ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Bengalia" kleptoparasiteᎠᎴ predatorᏀᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. Malaysian ᏄᏙᎯᏳᏒᎾ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏛᎦ "Vestigipoda myrmolarvoidea" ᎤᎭ ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Aenictus", ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎨᎶᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎠᏎᎩ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᎠᎠᏂ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎭᏍᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ onto ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ectoparasites.
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ aerating ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏦᏤᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᏁᏅᏒ, ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ, ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᏆ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏅᎾᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏀᎾᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏀᎾᎢ, ᎠᏍᏚᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏗᎯ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ", ᎤᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ. ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏨᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ.
ᎯᎠ Masai ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎾᏓᎦᏘᏴ ᎪᎯᏳᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Siafu ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ predators Ꮎ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏫᎵ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ larvae ᎦᏓᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, larvae "ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ" ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ" ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Colombian ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Santander Hormigas Culodnas (ᎠᏨᏍᏓᏗ.: "ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ") "Atta laevigata" ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᎬᏃᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ Guanes. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Thailand, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ. Khorat ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏓᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᏧᎣᎳ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Thai ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, Yum (ยำ), ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Yum Khai Mod Daeng (ยำไข่มดแดง) ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎬᎭᎷᏴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎤᏲᏨᎯ Ꮎ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Issan ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Thailand. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rooibos ("Aspalathus linearis") ᎦᏚᎷᎪᏗ: ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎢᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ.
ᏣᎵ ᏙᎹᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᏁᎸ ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ Burma ᎠᎴ Siam, ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏧᎣᎳ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ("Oecophylla smaragdina") ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎵᏰᏗ. Saville Kent, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ" ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ
“Beauty, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎦ-ᎠᏍᏛᎩ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏕᎫᎪᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.” ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎴᎹᏂ ᏍᏆᏏ, “these ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎵᎮᎵᏤᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ European ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.”
ᏣᏂ Muir, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Sierra" ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ ᎤᎬᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎫᎫ ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ gasters ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴ-ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ-ᏧᎳᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ("Myrmecocystus").
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ, ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ. ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏰᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ.
ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ (ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ), Pharaoh ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏗᏁᏍᎨᏍᎩ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ. ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ insecticides, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᎩ ᎦᎾ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ — ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏙᎳᏤᎩ. Boric ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎠᎴ borax ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ insecticideᎾ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎦᎾᏰᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏞᎬ insurgence ᎯᎠ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, tactic ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎠᏎᎸ ᎢᏗᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ' ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᎩᎸᏒ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᎠ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎠᏂᏁᎳ. (ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ pheromones ᎤᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ).
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ homopteran ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎢ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎵᏰᏑᏍᏔᏬ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᏝᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎴ predators.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏞᎢᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎤᎭ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Hopi ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᎦᏘᏍᏗ.
ᎯᎠ Japanese ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, "ari", ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎦᏁᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᏨᏍᎪᏱ" ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏍᏗ "ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ", "ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ" ("giri"). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ-ᏨᏍᎪᏱ". Ꮝ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᏒ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎠᏓᏂᎳᏕᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏬᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏲᎵᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ. ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Twain ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ "ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎢᏅ". ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᎴᏰᏑ, ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ Antz, ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᏥᏳ, ᎯᎠ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Aardvark ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
Muslims ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ Ꮝ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏁᎸᏗᏯ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ.
ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ techniques ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎵᏍ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ robotics ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ-ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ biomimetics ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Langton ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᏒᏓᎵ, ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎵ optimization)


ᎩᎵᏏ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎩᎵᏏ (ᏴᏭᏁᎦ) ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᎩᎵᏏᏃ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏒᎧᎵ ᎠᎺᎢ, ᎩᎵᏏ, ᎠᎤᏍᏞᎢᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ.


ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎴᎯᏌᏅᎯ, ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏯᏔᏅ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.


Indo-European languages.
ᎮᎳ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏳᏁᎦ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᏍᎪᎢ - ᎩᎵᏏ, ᏍᏆᏂ, ᎠᏂᏓᏥ,ᎦᎸᏥ, ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ, ᏉᏧᎦᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏲᏂᎢ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏐᏉ ᎢᏳᏩᎧᏔ ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᎯᎳᎢᏳ, ᎤᏓᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎾᏗᏯ ᎠᏁᎮᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏅᏃ ᏧᎾᏚᎵᏍᎨᎢ. ᏃᏉ ᎤᏓᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ, ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ, ᏃᏉᏃ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏘᎰᎢ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏘᎰᎢ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ: ᎠᏂᎶᎻ ᎳᏘᏂ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎮᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏃᏉ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ ᏤᏍᏗ ᎳᏘᏂ ᏳᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ, ᎳᏘᏂ ᏃᎴ ᎠᎪᎢ, ᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᎵᏘᎦ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᏉᏏᏓᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎦᏓᎧ - ᎯᎳᎢᏳ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᎨᏒᎢ.


Carl Menger.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ
ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏪᏥ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ Karl ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ.
Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾᎧᎵ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ (ᎧᎦᎵ 28, 1840 – ᎧᎦᎵ 26, 1921) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏥᎩ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏫ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ David Ricardo.
ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Nowy Sącz, Poland (ᏀᎢᏳᎢ Neu Sandec, Austrian Galicia). ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ; ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, Anton, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏂᏥ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏪᎿᎢ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᎾᏂ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏟ, Anton ᎠᎴ Max, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏧᏓᏃᏣᎵ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ ᎤᎾᏁᏦᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Prague ᎠᎴ Vienna ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Jagiellonian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kraków. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1860s ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᏗᏤᎢ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Lemberger Zeitung ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Lwów, Ukraine ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ Wiener Zeitung ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Vienna.
ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏕᏲᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏂᎾᏗᏅᏗ participants ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1867 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1871 ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ (Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre), ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏙᏓ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1872 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗᏙᏙᎥ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎾᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Vienna ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᎬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1873 ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ 33.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1876 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Rudolf von Habsburg, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ Austria ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ Europe ᎠᎴ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ pamphlet, ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1878, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ Austrian ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Rudolf ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1889 (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ Mayerling ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ).
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1878 Rudolf ᎠᏓᏙᏓ, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Franz Josef, ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎦᏍᎩᎶ ᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᎾᎢ Vienna. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ Hofrat ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏃᎮᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ Austrian Herrenhaus ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1900.
ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏍᏕᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏂᏙᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᎪᎵᏴ, ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ 1883 ᏕᎦᏃᏣᎸ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ (Untersuchungen über ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ Methode der Socialwissenschaften und der politischen Oekonomie insbesondere). ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏓ ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᏛ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ "Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ" ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Germany. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1884 ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ pamphlet ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏥ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Methodenstreit, ᎠᎴ methodological ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ. ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ-ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏩᏗᏙᎯ ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ von Wieser.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1880s ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᏂᎧᎻᏏᏂ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ Austrian ᎠᏕᎳ ᎢᏯᎯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎡᎵᏉ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ (1888) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏕᎳ (1892). ᎡᏆᏯ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏥ ᏛᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏏᎦᏯ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ ᎠᏑᎳᎪᏨᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1903 ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.


ᎶᏃᎶᏃ.
ᎶᏃᎶᏃ (rongorongo) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ-ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ 'hieroglyphs'. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ obsidian ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Rapa Nui ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, rongorongo ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ 'ᏗᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ, ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ.' ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ rongo 'ᎥᏓᏘᏃᎯᏎᏗ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᎯ'.
ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ kohau rongorongo "ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ". ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏛᎢ; Kohau Ꮤ'Ꭴ "ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᎨᏒᎩ Ꭱ Ꮒ, kohau îka "ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏣᏗ" ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏄᏩ (îka "ᎠᏣᏗ", ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ "ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ"), kohau raga "ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ" ᎨᏒᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎳᏘᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ (Englert 1993).
ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ.
ᎯᎠ rongorongo glyphs ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ obsidian ᎠᏠᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ glyphs ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎸᎯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Hotu Matua" (Métraux 1940:404).[www.netaxs.com/~trance/rongo2.html]
ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎪᏪᎸ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏦᎳ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏢᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᏓᏂᏝᏅ. ᎠᏓ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎧᏂᎬᎩ ᏀᎾ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ ᎠᏂ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᏠᏱ "Thespesia populnea, Sophora toromiro," ᎠᎴ "Fraxinus" ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ.
Rongorongo ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ boustrophedon, ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ-ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎤᏅᏏᏴ, ᏓᎪᎵᏰ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎤᎪᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ 180 ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
Rongorongo ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ ᏴᏫ, ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎠᎴ geometric ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ pictogram ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎠᎴ coconut ᏡᎬ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅᎢ ᎤᎴᏐᏛ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ pollen ᎪᏪᎸ circa 1650. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᎾᏫ, ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎪᏛᏅ, ᏍᎪᏱ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ petroglyphs ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ.
ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ.
ᎧᏁᏨᎯ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ Ꮎ Hotu Matu', ᎯᎠ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏁᎳ Rapa Nui, ᎠᏲᎸᎯ 67 ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᏴ Ꮎ Rongorongo ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
European-ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏲᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Peruvian ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ Rapa Nui ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ 111 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 19th ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ. Eugène Eyraud ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1864. ᎩᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, Jaussen ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎠᎾᏠᎦ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᏁᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᎴᏴᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᎨᏥᏅᏏᏓ' ᏗᏓᎴᏅᏙᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎬᏍᎦᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᏗᏓᏅᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Eyraud ᏓᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏰᎵᏊ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏓ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ Ꮭ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏯᏛᎿ artifacts.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 26 ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ. ᏌᏊ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ (Tahua 'ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏯᏪᏍᏗ')ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᏁᎳᏚᏏᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎤᏍᏗ European ᏗᎦᏯᏪᏍᏗ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ Petersburg ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ? ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ 1680-1740.
ᏓᏂᏍᏇᎵᏲᎬ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ.
ᎯᎠ Rapanui ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ: IPA /m n ŋ p t k ʔ v r h/; ᎯᏍᎩ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ: /a e i o u/; ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ: /ai̯ au̯ oi̯/. ᎯᎠ glottal ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ /ʔ/ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ velar ᎠᏳᎸᏗ /ŋ/ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᏟᎶᏏᏍᏙᏗ "ng", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Englert's ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ "ŋ" ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᎢ eta, "η", ᎢᏳᏊ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ "g".
Englert ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ glottal ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᏧᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ circumflex, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᏁᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ.
ᎯᎠ glyphs.
ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ glyphs ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ Barthel (1958a), ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏅᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ. Barthel ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ numeric ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ glyph ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ-ᎠᎦᏘᏍᎬ glyphs, ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎬ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏁᎵᏒ "ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ glyphs" (Grundtypus). ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ glyphs ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᏀᎾᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏎᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᎯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏯᎯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ rongorongo glyphs.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ.
ᎯᎠ rongorongo ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏔᎳᏍᎪᎯ-ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎦ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Barthel ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᏆᏍᏙ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ I (AKA ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ; ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ J ᎠᎴ L (AKA Reimiro 1 ᎠᎴ 2), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏥ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ; ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ X (AKA ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏔ Manu ᎠᎴ ᎠᎢᏒ), ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ Y ᎨᏒᎢ ᏦᎳ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏐᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏦᎢ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏴᎩ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ Z (AKA ᎯᎠ Poike ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ r (recto) ᎠᎴ v (verso) ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏛᏗᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ Pr2 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ P (AKA ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Petersburg ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ), recto, ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏛᏗᏱ, a ᎠᎴ b ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ Ab1 ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ A (AKA ᎯᎠ Tahua ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏯᏪᏍᏗ), ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ b, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ.
ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᏝ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ Rongorongo ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ. ᏀᎾᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎠᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎠᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ Ꮎ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ Rapa Nui ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎨᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ Tahitian ᎠᎴ Marquesan ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎧᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ Rongorongo ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏕᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ proto-ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ mnemonic ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᏓᎴᏁ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ, choreography, ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ, ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᏟᏴ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ logographic ᎠᎴ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ.
Jaussen ᏙᎪᏩᎸ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎸᎾᎩ Rosetta ᏅᏯ.
ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1869 1874 ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Tahiti, Mgr. Etienne 'Tepano' Jaussen (Tepano ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ Tahitian ᎤᏙᏢᏒ Etienne ᏀᎾ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎳᏍᎬᏓ ᏣᏔᎦ ᎠᎩᏏ), ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Metoro Tauaure, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎥᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ Rongorongo. Mgr. Jaussen ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ Jaussen List.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏭᏎᎸ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎵᏆ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎪᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏀᎾ Rapa Nui. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Rongorongo ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ: ᎾᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᎭ ᏗᏓᏂᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ factual ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ Jaussen ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ porcelaine, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ Rapanui ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ. ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ "ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ," (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ "cowrie ᎤᏯᏍᎦ." ᎠᎭᏂ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ "cowrie ᎤᏯᏍᎦ," ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ Englert ᏗᏕᏠᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ "concha ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎥᏝ (Cypraea ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ)" (ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ Cypraea ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Rapanui ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, Ꮎ Metoro 'ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ' ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Rongorongo ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ, ‘if ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎾᏛᎩ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ it’ (ᏕᎬᏔᏛ 1999:125).
Kudrjavtsev: ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ.
ᏀᎢᏳᎨᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏙᎾᏕ ᎶᏆᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᏅᎠ Petersburg (ᏀᎢᏳᎢ Leningrad) ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏀᎾ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎠᎴ. ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ the same hieroglyphic text ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏀᎾ ᏦᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ (H, P, ᎠᎴ Q). ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᎠᏂ, Boris G. Kudrjavtsev, ᎦᎪ ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1943, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ (1949) ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ Dmitrij. Ol’derogge ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏓ ᎦᏂᏴᏙ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ'mennost' ostrova Paskhi (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ). Horley (2005) ᎤᎭ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ.
Butinov & Knorozov: ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏀᎾ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ G?
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1957 ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ Polynesian ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Nikolai. Butinov ᎠᎴ Yuri V. Knorozov ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ 15 ᎪᏪᎵᎠ ᏀᎾ Gv6 (ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 6 ᎯᎠ verso ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ G.k.. ᎤᏍᏗ Santiago ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ.
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ 351 ᎤᏪᏥ 280, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ 280 ᎤᏪᏥ 730, ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ 730 ᎤᏪᏥ 517...
ᎢᏳᏃ Butinov ᎠᎴ Knorozov ᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ. ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ 564 ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ 76, ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ, ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ' ᏚᎾᏙᎥ. ᏦᎢᏁ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ 606.76 700 ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ" ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎠᎴ-ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ) ᎤᏪᏥ 606 ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ. ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ 63 ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ 700 ᎦᏛᎬᎢ "ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ," ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ kohau îka.
Barthel: ᎯᎠ Rongorongo ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ.
ᏙᎹᏏ Barthel ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ 1958 Grundlagen zur Entzifferung der Osterinselnschrift ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ A Z ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎯᎠ 26 ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏌᏆᎦᏘ ᎠᏓᎭ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ I ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ; ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ X, ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏔ Manu (ᎠᎢᏒ); ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Y, ᏦᎳ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᏓᏟᏐᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Z ᏓᎪᏍᎬ Poike ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎬᎭᎸᏓ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ.
Barthel ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ C, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏓᎪᏍᎬ Mamari, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ (1990) ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎬᏒ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏣᎵᏗᏱ ᎾᏀᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ 28 ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1971 Barthel ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ 120 glyphs ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏝ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ.
1995: ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1995 ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎪᏪᎸ ᎯᎠ Polynesian ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏝ ᎯᎠ Rongorongo ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ (ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ I Barthel ᏓᎪᏍᎬ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ X ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ Y, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎯᏛ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Z ᏄᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎢᏧᏩᎪᏗ, ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ X-ᏩᏙᎵ Y Z.
ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ, ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ-ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 12 ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ, ᎬᏙᏗ Barthel ᏗᏎᏍᏗ transliteration ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ 606 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏆ+ᎤᏬᏰᏂ, ᎪᏪᎶᏗ 76, ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏩᏙᎵ, ᏀᎢᏳᎢ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ 700 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ 8 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.
ᏀᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Rapa Nui ᎧᏁᏨ ᎡᏥ'Ꭴ "ᎠᎩᏍᏗ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ mau, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ posits Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ 606 ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᏀᎾ ᎢᏗᏢ semantic ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ → ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏁᏢᏙᏗ 606 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏀᎢᏳᎢ posits ᏄᏓᎴ semantic ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏩᏙᎵ → copulate ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ 76 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ 606.76 700 8 ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.
te manu mau ki 'ᎠᎢ ki roto ki te ika, Ꭷ pû te ra'â
ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᏀᎾᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎯᏛ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏏᏐᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ Ꮝ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ.
ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏃᏣᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏀᎾ "ᏌᏚ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ phallic ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ." ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ, ᏀᎾᏇ ᏱᎾᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᏗᎨᏫ ᏩᏙᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᏌᏊ.
1997: ᎢᏤ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ 1997 RongoRongo, ᎯᎠ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ: ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ, ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏪᎵᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ. ᏗᏙᎳᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ I12 (ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 12 ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ) ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Barthel (1958b). ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ Barthel, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Santiago ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Philippi 1875 ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 12 ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᎢ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Barthel. ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ "ᏚᏱᏢ" ᎬᎨᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ (ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ") ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᏙᎲᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Philippi ᏓᎾᏎᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᏂᏌᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏗᎨᏪᎶᏗ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏀᎾᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏗᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᎳᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ.
Pozdniakov, Macri: ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ?
ᎹᏗ Macri ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ California, Davis, ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏗᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Konstantin Pozdniakov, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ glyphs ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎵᏍᏛ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 70 glyph ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ Rongorongo ᏰᎵᏊ syllabary ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏔᎳᏚ logogram, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 55 glyphs ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ syllabary ᎯᎠ ᏍᎪᎯ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Rapa Nui ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, 10×5 ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ-ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏁᏉᏨ 5 ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ-ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ). ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ glyph ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᏧᏛᏗ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎳᏫᏎᎸ logograms, ᎤᏠᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎭᎵ ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Barthel, ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ't ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Macri ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ glyph ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ petroglyphs ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ 1 4 ᎠᎴ 5, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2) ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏌᏊᎭ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏓᎾᎵᏃᎮᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Rapa Nui ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏗᏍ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᎲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ grammatical ᎧᏁᏨ. Macri ᎧᏃᎮᎭ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ "ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏁᏨ". ᎢᏧᎳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎾᏀᎢ ᎤᏂᏁᏨ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏄᎵᎶᎲᏍᎬᎾ ᎠᏥᏄᎪᏫᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Spanish, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ syllabaries ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ.
ᎯᎠ 1955 Norwegian ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅᏒ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏥᏌ ᏕᎴᎯᏌᏅ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Heyerdahl, ᎠᏢᏔᎲᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎠᎵᏏᏀᎢᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᏀᎾ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ. Photographic ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Heyerdahl 1965: 2.420-458. ᏙᎹᏏ Barthel ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏬᎯᏳ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ Jaussen ᏙᎪᏩᎸ. ᏌᏊ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎯᎠ Esteban Atan ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏄᎸᎾᎩ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Rapa Nui ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ (Heyerdahl 1965, ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. 100). ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᏆᏓᏛ ᎤᏠᎢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ (ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ. 128) ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏅᏙᏗᏎᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ 30 ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 1936. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏏᏂᏒ ᎢᏯᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᏠᎦ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ Ꮎ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᏀᎢᏛ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ, ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 1936.


ᏣᏆᏂᏱ.
ᏣᏆᏂᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎰᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏏᏲᎢ. ᏣᏆᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ: ᏑᏏ. ᏣᏆᏂ ᎠᏬᏂᎭ. ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏣᏆᏂ ᎠᏕᎳ (¥).


ᎠᏂᏙᎢᏥ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏙᎢᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᏂ, ᏳᎳᏈ-Ꭿ. 200,000,000 ᎠᏂᏓᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏍᏆᏂᏱ.
ᏍᏆᏂᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏈ. ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ ᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏍᏫᏕᏂ. 10,000,000 ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏅᏣᏗ.
ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏅᏣᏗ ("Tlvdatsi unvtsadi"; "Panthera pardus"). ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨ ᎠᏑᏫᏓ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏅᏓᏥ.


ᎡᏂᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎡᏂᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ, ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏣᎳ, ᏱᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᎾ ᎤᏖᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏥᏆ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᏧᏁᎳ Trans-Continental ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᏃ ᎠᎦᏛᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎡᏂᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏎᎢ “ᏱᎬᏩᏛᏁᏗᏊ ᎨᎵᏍᎬᎢ.” ᎡᏂᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏍᏆᏗᏎ ᏁᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏒᎯᏛ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏍᏗ.
ᎡᏂᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏕᏁ, ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏤᎵᏏᎢ, ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ ᏅᏓᏕᏆ ᏓᎳᏚᏏᏁ, ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏥᏆ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ. ᎡᏂᏗ ᏭᏓᏂᎵᎨᎢᏴ ᎤᏁᏥ ᎠᏧᏣ ᎨᏎ ᎡᏂᏗ J.L. ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎾ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᏂᏗ ᎤᏙᏓ, “ᎦᎾᎦᏘ” ᎪᏎᎸ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᏂᎩᏎ ᏌᏚ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏯᎸᏎ. ᎢᎬᏱᏃ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏓᎬᏂ Rogers ᎦᎾᏢᏗ ᏗᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏎ. ᎦᎾᎦᏘ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎡ ᎤᎶᎨᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏧᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᎮ ᏓᎬᏂ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏫᎵ Rogers.
ᎾᏊᏃ ᎡᏂᏗ ᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᎨᏎ, ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎤᏂᏩᏎ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏇᏅᏙᏗ, ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏄᎾᏛᏁᎴ. ᎡᏂᏗ ᏚᏕᎶᏆᎡ ᎦᏇᏅᏙᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏍᏆᏕ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎤᎿᎢ.
ᎡᏂᏗ ᎤᏪᎳᏗᏙᎴ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏍᏘᏍᎨ ᏑᏟᎶᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏳᏟᎶᏓ ᎠᏓᎪᎾᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏠᏒ ᎨᏎ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏗᏍᎬ. ᎢᎸᏢᏃᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏎᎢ, “ᏥᎸᏉᏗᏍᎬᏊ ᎠᏆᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᎲᏊ ᏰᎵ ᎢᎬᏩᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏆᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏆᎳᏏᏕᏂ ᏕᎬᏗᏍᎬ.” ᎢᏴᏃ ᎨᏒ ᏝᏃ ᏙᏳ ᎬᎾᎨᏒ ᏱᏂᎬᏁᎮ ᎤᏟᏱᎦ ᎢᎬᏩᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᎾᏃ ᎠᏁᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᏁᏩᏕᎨ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏍᏓᏱᏳ ᎨᏒ. ᏭᏓᏂᎳᎨᎢᏴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎡᏂᏗ ᎤᏩᏌ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏓᏍᏗ. ᎨᏎ ᎠᎴ ᏴᏓᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏓᏁᎮ ᏧᎾᏍᏘᎧᏂ ᎤᎭnᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᏗᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎡᎵᏃ ᎢᏧᎾᏘᏴᏓ ᏗᎬᏣᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏎ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎡᏂᏗ ᏝᏃ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏢ ᏱᎨᏎ ᏗᎦᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎤᏓᏓ. ᏩᎬᏱᏴ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎸ ᎨᏒ ᏗᏕᏟᏆᏍᏗᏃ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᏓᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏍᏘᏍᎨ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏳᏍᏆᏙᎿ ᎢᏳᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᎲᎢ. ᎢᏴᏓᎭᏃ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏫᎦᎷᎬ ᏏᏃ ᏧᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏝᏅᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎾᎩᎸᏗᏍᎨ ᏱᏚᎾᏕᎶᏆᎡᎾ. ᏔᎵᏚᏏᏁᏃ ᏗᎧᏂᏙ ᎸᎵᏍᏔᎾ ᎦᏇᏅᏙᏗ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ, ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ, Vivian Shaddox ᏧᏙᎢᏓ.
Vivian, ᎦᎵᏆᏚ ᎢᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎ, ᎠᏥᎾᏢᏁ ᎤᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏘᏴᏍᎬ ᎦᏊᎤᏙᏗᎢ ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎨ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏤ.
ᎡᏂᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏔᎵᏚ ᏗᎧᏂᏙᎯ ᎨᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ. ᎠᎾᏕᎳ ᎰᏍᎨ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎠᎵᎪᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏝᏃ ᎬᏛᏛᏗ ᏱᎨᏎ.
ᎡᏂᏗᏃ ᎤᏍᏆᏕ ᏓᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ Vivian ᎤᏪᏅᏎ ᏓᎵᏆ ᏧᏪᏅᏒᎢ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᏘᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏆᏓ. ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗᏃ ᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎨᏎ ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏂᏗ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏁ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᏓᏤᏝ ᏴᏥᎧᎾᏗᏲᎩ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᏢ ᎢᏗᏜ. ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎵ ᎤᏃᏍᎩᏓ ᎤᏣᏁ ᎠᎴ Los Angeles ᎢᏳᏓᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏦᏔᏁ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ.
ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᏢ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ. ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏁᏃ ᎡᏂᏗ ᎤᎪᎮ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᏱ ᏚᏆᏅᏓᏛ ᎦᏃᏣᎵᏍᎩ Ꮟ.Ꮟ. ᏚᏪᏒᏔ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯᏴᎢᏃ ᎤᏃᏪᏎᎴ ᏗᏝᏃᎮᏗᏍᎩ, “ᎠᏆᏅᏛᏃ ᎠᏆᏝᏂᎩᏓ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏆᏙᎾ ᎦᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ ᏓᏭᎪᏔᏅ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏆᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏏᏃᎩᎶ ᏅᏩᏓᎴ.”
ᎡᏂᏗᏃ ᎤᏛᏛᏁ ᎤᏙᏓ ᎤᏍᏕᎸᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᏍᎪᎯᏥᏆ ᎯᏍᎩᏦᏁ ᎢᏯᏕᎸ ᏄᏂᏕ ᎠᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ. ᎡᏂᏗᏃ ᎤᏪᏅᏎ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ ᎧᎳᏩᏗᏒ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏥᏆ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎿ ᎤᎾᎵᎩ ᏐᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎳᏦᏛ Ascot Parkway ᏧᏙᎢᏓ Los Angeles ᎨᏒᎢ.
ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏫᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏎ Ascot ᎠᏅᏱ ᏅᎩᏁ, ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏆ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏙᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᏁᎳᏍᎪᎯ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏒᎯᏓ ᏧᏟᏯᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏎ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏅᎩᏧᏈ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᏔᎵ ᏳᏟᎶᏓ ᎫᏢᏍᎨ. ᎠᎾᏓᎾᏫᏍᏗᏍᎩᏃ ᏄᏯᎩ ᏭᏂᎷᏣ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎢᎦ ᎨᏒ, ᏒᏂᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏭᏗᏠᎸ, ᎤᏓᎪᎾᏔᏁ. ᎾᏃ ᎠᏓᏌᎲᏍᏘ ᎨᏒ ᎯᏍᎩᏦᏁ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏳᏂᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎨᏎᎢ.
ᎾᏊᏃ ᎡᏂᏗ ᏫᎤᎷᏣ ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ ᏭᏢᏴᎰᏁ ᎦᎾᏢᏗ ᏗᏴᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏥᏚᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨ ᎢᏤ ᏚᏁᏍᎨᎮᎴ. ᎤᏩᏌᏃ ᎤᏤᎵᎪ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏩᏎ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏚᎴᏂ. ᎬᏩᏍᏘᎭᏃ ᎠᎾᎵᏘᏂᏙᎮ Vivian, ᎠᎯᎴᎬᏃ ᏓᎵᏆ ᎢᏴ ᏄᏜᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏩᎦᏘᏍᎬᎢ. ᎡᏂᏗ ᎠᎴ Vivian ᏕᎨᎦᏨᏍᏔᏅ ᎣᏂ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎨᏒ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏆ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ.
ᎡᏂᏗ Ꮭ ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᎢᏳᏓᎾᏫᏍᏔᏁ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏆ ᏦᏍᎪ ᏅᎩ ᏂᏚ ᏄᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏚᏂᏴᏒ ᎧᏂᎬᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎡᏂᏗ ᏅᏩᏓᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎩᏰ. ᎤᏙᎩᏴᏃ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏠᏎ. ᎦᏯᎢᏒᏊᏃ ᎠᎦᏑᏰᏍᎨ ᎤᏩᏒᎯᏃ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏂᏲᏍᎩ ᎤᏖᎳᏕ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏓᎿᏩ ᏣᏍᏆᎵᎲ. ᎡᏂᏗ ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᏄᏕᏘᏴᎭ ᏗᎾᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏚᏕᎶᏆᎡ ᎤᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎨᏒ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏎ.
ᏄᏍᏛᏃ ᎠᏓᏅ ᏖᏟᏙᎲ ᎦᏙ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᏐᎢᏃ ᎨᏒ ᎪᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ. ᏚᏂᏴᏎᏃ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎢ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᏓᏒᏅ ᎤᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏩᏎᎢ. ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏍᏕᎸᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᏚᏩᏍᎬ. ᏭᎵᏯᎶᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᏅᏧᎵᏍᏙᏔᏁ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ, ᎨᏐᎵᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ. ᎤᏁᎳᎩᏃ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᎨᏎ, ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏱᎵᏎ ᏚᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎲ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏓᏱᎵ ᏓᏍᏗᎢ ᎬᏂ ᏙᎢ ᏄᏛᏁᎳ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏆ ᎦᎵᏆᏍᎪ ᏦᎢ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᏃ ᎬᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᎮ ᎦᎵᏆᏚ ᏗᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎣᎦᎵᎰᎻ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎢᎦᏪᏓᏃ ᎢᎩ ᏝᏃ ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᏳᏍᏗᏅᏎᎢ. ᎡᏂᏗ ᎡᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᎳᏊ ᎢᏴᏓ ᎤᏲᎱᏎ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏆ ᎦᎵᏆᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ, ᏚᎯᏰᎴᏃ ᎠᏂᏏᏓᏁᎸᎢᏴ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏁᎵᏙᎸᎢ.


ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ.
2001 ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᎴᏅᎮ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ ᏓᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᎬ ᏣᎳᎩ.
ᎠᎬᏱ ᎪᎯᎦ ᎤᎾᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ ᎢᎦᏓ Ꮟ ᏓᎾᏕᏠᏆᏍᎦ ᎪᎯᏴᏥᎩ ᎯᎾ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗ 2009. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎣᎨᏲᎲᎦ. ᎣᏏᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏕᏠᏆᎥᎢ. ᏗᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᏂᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏃᏪᎶᏗ ᏙᏤᏲᎲᏍᎪᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ ᎠᎭᏂ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗᎢ.
ᎪᎯᎦ ᏥᎨᏒ Ꮭ ᎩᏟ ᏱᏚᏂᎾᏝᎡ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ.


ᏗᎭᏄᎧᎯ.
ᏗᎭᏄᎧᎯ (ᏗᏍᏔᏲᎯ) ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏩᏙᎸ. ᏗᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎵᏲ-Ꮒ ᎠᏁᎭ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ. ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᎠᏁᎭ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ. ᎤᏴᏢ ᎡᎯ. ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏗᏓᎾᏏᏁᎩ ᎠᏓᏣᏁᎭ. ᎩᎦᎨᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏇᏚᏬ ᎤᎵᏍᏚᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏗᎬᏩᎵᎭᏍᏗ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. ᎾᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ Nicholas, Kris Kringle, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏙᏓ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᏚᏙᎠ ᏗᎭᏄᎧᎯ.


ᏑᏏ.
ᎡᏑᏏ: ᏣᏆᏂ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎠᏂᎩᎠ. ᎤᏖᏗ!


ᏙᎩᏲ.
ᏙᎩᏲ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ, ᏣᏆᏂ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ. ᏣᏆᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎩᏲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ: ᏑᏏ.


ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ.
ᎬᎿᎦᏍᏛ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ.


ᎺᏏᎪ.
ᎺᏏᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎺᏏᏅᏟ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ (ᏍᏆᏂ: "México" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏩᏟ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ: "Mexihco") — ᎤᏴᏢᎢ-ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 107,000,000 ᎠᏂᎤᏁᎦ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏆᏖᎹᎳ ᎠᎴ ᏇᎵᏏ.


ᎨᎾᏓ.
ᎨᎾᏓ (ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, "Canada") ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ-Ꭿ. ᏂᎬᎢ 9,984,670 km2. ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ 33,625,989. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏔᏩ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ. Toronto ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ-Ꭿ.
ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᏌᏇ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎨᎾᏓ-Ꭿ.


ᎠᏂᏙᎳ.
ᎠᏂᏙᎳ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎠᏂᏙᎳ ᎧᏔᎳᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᏍᏆᏂ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᏂ, ᏳᎳᏛ-Ꭿ.


ᏉᎵᏫᏯ.
ᏉᎵᏫᏯ (ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, "Bolivia" and ᎾᏩᏟ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, "Bolivya") — ᎤᏴᏢᎢ-ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎨᏒ, ᎤᎭ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 17,000,000 ᎠᏂᎤᏁᎦ. ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ. Paraguay, Peru and Brasil.


ᏎᎵᎾ.
ᏎᎵᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎵᎾ ᏈᏂᏔᏂᏯ-ᏇᎴᏍ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Selīna Quinịtanīya-Pèles"; ᎩᎵᏏ: Selena Quintanilla-Pérez; ᎫᏬᏂ 16, 1971 – ᎠᎾᏱᎵᏒ 31, 1995) ᎠᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ.


ᏣᎳᎩ ᎫᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏥᏍᎬᎢ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎫᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᏥᏍᎬᎢ ("Cherokee Central Schools")


User.
ᏧᏔᏂ ᏏᏆ ᏳᏂᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏛᏓᎸ ᏚᏪᏴ, ᎡᏉᏂᏃ ᎾᎥᏗᏜ
ᎠᏁᎰᎢ. ᎤᏒᏃ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᎾᏚᎩᏍᎪ ᎦᏄᎸ ᎠᏂᎨᎪ. ᎢᎦᏱᎩ
ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏚᏐᎢ ᎤᎾᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙ ᏗᏂᏍᎪᎵᏭᎢᎦ ᏚᎩᏌᏙ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎹᏱ.
ᎠᎹᏱ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎾᏕᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏕᏃᏭ, ᎦᏚᏗᏜ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏁᎪ


Morpho rhetenor helena.
Morpho rhetenor helena ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎧᎹᎹ.


Discolampa ethion.
Discolampa ethion: ᎧᎹᎹ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏁᎦ ᎬᎿᎦ-Ꮓ.


ᎤᏯ ᎤᏄᏫ.
ᎯᎠᏃ ᏥᎬᎩᏃᎯᏎᎸ ᏧᎾᏛᏐᏅ ᏥᏧᏣ ᏥᎨᏒ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳ ᏂᎦᏓ
ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏕᏗ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏙᏦᏓᎸ ᏩᏁᏙᎮ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏂᏃᎭᎵᏙᎮ ᏌᏊᏃ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ
ᎢᎬᏱ ᏭᎶᏒ ᎤᎸᏎ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ ᎤᏅᏓᏝᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᏒᏆ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏟᏗᏜ.
ᏫᏓᎧᏂᏍᎬᏃ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏒ ᏭᎪᎮ ᎤᏛᏐᏅ ᎠᏨᏏᏰᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏧᏅᏓᏝᎥ, ᎠᏙᎳᎤᏍᏗ
ᎬᏗᏍᎨ ᏅᏩᏍᏕᏃ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎪᏍᏗ, ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎨᏎ. Ꮎ
ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗᏍᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᏩᏘᏍᎨ ᎢᏴᏓᎵ Ꮎ ᎤᏛᏐᏅ ᏩᏎᎯᎮ
ᎤᏙᎳᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏗ ᎢᎸᏢ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᎧᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ
ᎠᎵᏒᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏭᎵᏍᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎣᏂᏃ ᎨᏒ ᏭᏎᏢ ᎤᎿ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎠᏂᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ
ᎤᏂᎸᏦᏛ ᎤᏟᏗᏜ ᏙᏓᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏫᎤᎾᏌᏁᏌ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᎵᏒᏍᏔᏁ
ᎣᏍᏓ ᏥᎦᏩᏒᎪ ᏥᎨᏐᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏂᎩᏎ ᎤᏅᏓᏝᎥ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏳᎪᏗ
ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏛ ᎢᏗᏜ. ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎵᏃ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎮ, ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗᎮ ᎤᏙᏔᏅᏍᏗ ᎬᏗ, ᎬᏂ
ᏭᎷᏣ ᏭᎵᏍᏘᏂᎸ ᎤᏅᏓᏝᎥᎢ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᏭᏗᏅᏎ ᎤᏙᎳᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ
ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏒᏢ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏁ ᏗᎬᏩᎾᏗᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ. ᏫᏚᏪᏐᏣᏃ
ᎠᏒᏢ ᎠᏙᎳᏅᏍᏗ ᏫᏂᎤᎵᏍᏔᏁ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏛᏐᏅ ᎤᏭᏖᏎ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎿᎷᏎ ᎣᏓᎸ
Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏔᏁᎴ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏊ ᎤᏁᏧᏥᏓ ᎡᎵᏍᎨ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ
ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏅᏦᏅ ᎤᎦᏐᏎ ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏍᏆᎳᎯᏴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᏭᎶᏎ
ᏗᎦᎵᏦᏛ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎢᎬᏱᏃ ᏭᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏰᎸᏎ Ꮟ Ꮎ ᎤᏛᏐᏅ ᏫᏄᎸᏨᎾ. ᏭᎷᏣᏃ
ᎠᎴ ᏭᏃᎮᏝ ᎤᏃᎮᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏅᏫᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏎᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏛᏐᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᎾᎯᏳ ᎨᏎᎢ
ᎠᏓᏰᏍᎩ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏄᏫ ᎪᏎᏄ, “ᎤᏯ ᏧᏄᏫ,” ᎦᏁᎴᏃ ᎤᎿ
ᎢᏗᏜ ᏙᏯᏗᏜ ᎦᏚᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎸᏊ ᏕᏙᎲ ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᏲᎲ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏍᏗ
ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏰᏍᏗ. ᏍᏔᏱᏃ ᎨᏒ ᏗᎩᏯᏍᏗ, ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏍᏔ
ᎤᏎᎮᎵᏙᎮ ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎩᏟ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎾᏍᏔᏰ ᎠᎯᏍᏗᎢ, ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ
ᏂᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎫᏢᏛ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎤᏯ ᎪᏢᏔᏅᎢ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏳᎷᏣ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏓᎯᎮ ᎠᎴ
ᏕᎦᏰᏍᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎬᏛᏁᏗ ᎨᏎ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᏝᏃ ᏗᎬᏩᎧᏃᏗ ᏱᎨᏎ ᎠᎨᏯ
ᏏᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏅᏒᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᏱᏚᏂᏩᏛᎭ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏂᎨᏯ ᏏᏅᏓ ᎤᏁᏅᎡ
ᎤᎾᎴᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᎿ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏳᎶᏌ ᏱᏚᎪᎭᏃ ᎤᎯᏍᏗᏊ ᏱᎩ.
ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᏚᎾᏛᏛᏁ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᎨᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏩᏛᎮ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎥᏍᎩᏗᏜ ᏧᏂᏢᎩ,
ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒ ᎩᏔᎢ ᎤᎴᏅᎡᎸ ᎨᏎ. ᎤᏓᏅᏎᎢᏃ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏅᏫᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᎿᏪᏐᏁ ᎠᎴ
ᎤᎾᎴᏅᏁ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎾᎿ Ꮎ ᎤᏛᏐᏅ ᎤᎷᎯᏍᏗᎢ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏃᏊ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏁ
ᏅᏯ ᎤᏄᏫ ᏩᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᏗᏜ, ᎠᏒᏅᏍᏗᎨ ᎤᏪᏓᏍᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎨᏃ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏯ
ᎠᏙᎳᏅᏍᏗ. ᏧᎶᏎᏃ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ ᎤᎿ. ᎢᏗᏜ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎨᏯ ᏗᎦᏙᎬ, ᎠᎴ
ᏭᎪᎭᏭ ᎤᏛᏅᏍᏔᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏡᏁ: “Ᏻ! ᎥᎩᎵᏏ; ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏲ ᏂᏣᏛᎿ!”
ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎢᏴ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎤᎶᏎᎴᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎩᎳᏊᏴ ᏚᎾᏠᏎ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎨᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᏏᏊ
ᎤᏪᏡᏅ: “Ᏻ! ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎯᏲᎵ; ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᎢ ᏂᏣᏛᎿ,” ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ
ᎤᎶᏎᎴᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎾᏊ ᎠᎵᎦᏍᏗᎮ ᎩᎦ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏃ ᎤᏪᏅᏎ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᏠᏎ Ꮎ
ᏦᎢᏁ, ᏅᎩᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎠᏂᎨᏯ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎾᎪᎯᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎾᎳᏍᎬᏏᏒ
ᎠᏩᎾᎦᎶᎨ ᎬᏂ ᎣᏂ ᏭᎷᏣ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ Ꮎ ᎩᎳ ᎤᎴᏅᎡᎸ ᎤᏢᎬ ᎨᏎ, Ꮎ ᎩᎦ
ᏧᏤᏬᏤ ᎠᎰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏤ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ.
ᎾᏊᏃ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏅᏫᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᎪᏍᏔᏱ ᏧᎿᏦᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎪᏢᏔᏅ
ᏚᏩᏘᏍᏔᏁ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᏭᎤᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ ᎤᎵᏯᎶᎸ ᏤᏆ ᎠᏓ
ᏚᏂᏡᏁ ᎦᏚ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏄᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᏥᏍᏝᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏁ ᎬᏩᏕᏱᏓ
ᎤᏂᎪᏩᏛᏗᎢ. ᏅᏯ ᎤᏄᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏓᏪᎯ ᎨᏎᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏚᏅᏖ ᎤᏕᎵᏓ
ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎷᏣ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎮ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏃᎯᏎᎴ
ᏅᏬᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏭ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᏒᏃᏱᏴ ᎤᎴᏅᎮ ᏕᎧᏃᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏃᎩᏒ
ᎥᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏛᏯᏂᎲ Ꮎ ᏲᎾ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏓᏭ ᎠᏙᎯ
ᎡᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏓᎸᎢ. ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏏᏊ ᎠᏗᏞᎲᏍᎨ ᎤᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ
ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏘᏍᎨᎢ, ᎬᏂ ᎣᏂ ᎨᏒ ᏭᎩᏨᏂᎳ, Ꮎ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏁᎦ ᎪᏍᏚ ᏥᎦᏢᎪᎢ
ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᏙᎢᏊ ᎨᏎᎢ.
ᎾᏊᏃ Ꮎ ᏗᏓᏅᏫᏍᎩ ᏧᏅᏃᏌᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏍᏚ ᏚᏬᏎᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎿ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏓᏅᏅ
ᎤᏂᏩᏛᎮ ᎤᏩᏒᎯᏊ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᏗ ᎦᎶᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᎾᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎸᏌᏗ
ᏅᏯ. ᎾᏃ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏩᏌ ᎤᏤᎳᏁ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏯᏅᎮ ᏴᏫ ᎬᏩᏓᏕᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎶᏁᎡ,
ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏁᏥ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᏩᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᏅᏍᏗᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ
ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏕᎨᏥᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎥᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎲ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᏍᏓᏁᏗ
ᏱᎩ, ᎠᏏᎾᎯᏍᏘ ᏙᎸᏫᏍᏔᏁᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ


ᎠᏬᎭᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ.
ᏃᏭᏃ ᏱᏙᏓᎦᏂᏴ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏃᏊᎴ ᏧᏝ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎠᏕᏛᏍᎪᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏟᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏬᎭᎵ. ᎤᎵᏍᏈᏗ ᎧᏴᏍᎪᏍᏓᏯ,
ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱᏃ ᏚᏑᎦᏢ ᏚᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᏒᎦᎵᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎭᎷᏱᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏴᏓ.


ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎧᎹᎹ.
ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏫᏚᏁᏋ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎠᏁᎿᎢ. ᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᏂᏴᏌᏛ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏠᏱᏭ ᏧᏃᏰᎾ. ᎠᎹ ᎠᏂᎫᎩᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᏃᏊᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎹ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏜ ᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏃᎴ ᏑᎵᏍᏚᏒ ᏱᏓᏂᎾᏌᏁᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏂᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏌᏛᎢ.


ᏗᏂᎦᎵᏍᏚᎩᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎠᎾ ᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏂᏅᏌᏗ ᏫᏅ ᏱᎦᏘ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ. ᏧᎾᏔᎾ
ᏧᎾᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᏱᎳᏏᏗ (ᏑᏓᎵ ᏯᏟᎶᏓ) ᏱᏗᎾᏘ ᎾᎥ ᎾᎾᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪ.
ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏗᏜ ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ ᎠᏁᎰ ᏗᏂᎦᎵᏍᏚᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎿᏃ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᏒ ᏧᏍᏗ
ᏚᏩᏂᎦᏢ ᏃᎴ ᎠᏓ ᏚᏯᎸ ᏓᏂᎩᏍᎪᎢ. ᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏗᏂᎾᎪ ᏃᎴ ᏗᏂᏴᏤᏂ


ᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᏜᏩᏗ.
ᎠᏂᎩᎦᎨ ᎤᎾᏜᏩᏗ ᎠᏁᎰ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ, ᎾᎥᏃ ᏚᎦᏚᏛᎢ. ᏳᎾᏕᎿ
ᎠᏂᏓ ᎤᎾᏜᏩᏗ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎨᏐ, ᎡᎵᏊ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏁᎦ ᏚᏯ
ᎨᏐᎢ. ᎩᎳᏊᏅᏴ ᎤᏥ ᎤᏜᏩᏛ ᏩᏴᎯᎰ, Ꮲ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏯᏅᏓ


ᎪᎳ ᏲᏅ.
ᏗᎧᎸᎬᏗᏜ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᎳ ᏲᎾ. ᎾᎪᎯᎸᏊ ᎠᏁᎲ
ᏕᏡᎬ ᏚᎾᎩᎶᎢ, ᏓᏂᎩᏍᎬ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᏒᎢ. ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏳᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏐ
ᏚᏩᏂᎦᏢ ᏧᏂᏂᏴᏗ. ᎠᏂᎪᏩᎳ ᏲᎾ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏂᏩᏒᏍᏗ, ᎥᏍᎩᏅ


ᏢᏓᏥ.
ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏪᏏ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᏢᏓᏥ (ᎶᎻ: "Puma concolor"; ᏲᏁᎦ: Cougar).


ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ.
ᎠᏓᏢᎢᎯ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏗᎦᏃᎨᏂ ᏂᏚᏅᎿ, ᏔᎵᏃ ᏧᏓᏅᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏩᏄᏍᏗ
ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏅᎿ ᎤᎿᎢ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎺᏉ ᎠᏲᏓᏝᎲ
ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦ ᏯᎾᏕᎳᎰᏍᎦ, ᎠᏂᏅᎪᏫᏍᎪ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ
ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎤᎿ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎦᏢᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᏂᎰᎵ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎬ


ᎠᎪᏓ ᎩᏟ.
ᎠᎪᏓ ᎩᏟ ᏓᏁᎰ ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎦᎾᏍᎪᏒ. ᎡᎵᏊ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏏᏅ
100 ᏯᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏱᎩ. ᏍᏈᏍᏗᏃ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏱᏫᏗᎦᎷᎦ


ᎬᎿᎨ ᏧᎶᏟᏗ ᏢᏓᏥ.
ᎬᎿᎨ ᏧᎶᏟᏗ ᏢᏓᏥ ᏫᏓᏁᏋ ᏪᏌ ᏏᏓᏁᎸ ᎨᏒ. ᏂᎦᏓᏊᏳᏍᏗ
ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ, ᏗᎬᎿᎨᏅ ᏧᎶᏟᏗ - ᏝᏅ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎤᏂᏠᏱ ᏱᎨᏐ
ᏚᏂᎶᏟᏛᎢ. ᎬᎿᎨ ᏧᎶᏟᏗ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎪᎳᎭ ᎤᏍᎧ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ
ᏕᎦᎾᏙᎬ, ᏓᏤᏢ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏂᏴᏓ ᎠᎭᏫ, ᎨᏯᏔ ᏩᎦ, ᎨᏯᏔᏃ
ᏏᏆ. ᎬᎿᎨ ᏧᎶᏟᏗ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏍᎦᏎᏗ ᎤᏪᏡᎬ, ᏔᎵ ᏳᏟᎶᏓ Ᏼ


ᏣᏁᏆ ᎢᏡᎬ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ.
ᏣᏁᏆ ᎢᏡᎬ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ ᏫᏓᏁᏋ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏩᎶᏏ.
ᎯᏍᎩ ᏱᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗᎴ ᏱᎩ ᏱᏗᏂᏅᎯᏓ ᏱᏓᎾᏛᎯ.
ᏚᎦᏥᎴᏍᏛ ᏓᏂᏰᏌᏛ ᏃᎴ ᏓᏂᎿᏌᏓ ᏚᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᏕᏡᎬ
ᏓᏂᎴᎬ. ᎠᎹᏱ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ. ᏘᎩᏥ
ᎠᎾᏕᎲᏍᎪ ᏓᎾᏛᏏᏒ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏓᏙᏢᏍᎪ ᏃᏭᏃ ᎦᏙ


ᎡᏆ ᎤᏁᎦ ᏗᎧᏳᎦ.
ᎡᎵᏊᏛ ᏫᎦᎾᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏁᎲ ᏗᎧᏳᎦ. ᏗᏁᏍᏆᏕᎩ, ᎡᏉᏂ
ᎠᏁᎯ ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢᏃ ᏗᏂᎧᏳᎦ ᏓᎩᏍᎪᎢ. ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ


ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎡᏉᏂ ᏓᎦᏏ.
ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎡᏉᏂ ᏓᎦᏏ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎪ ᏧᏂᎦᏪᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟᏍᏓ
ᎠᎾᏓᏅᏏᏙᎲ ᎠᎹᏱ. ᎠᏂᎩᏌ ᏓᎦᏏ ᎦᏙ ᏫᏓᏂᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ.
ᏳᎾᏣᎢᏌ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏏ, ᎠᎾᏝᏂᎬᏁᎰ ᏭᏂᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏱ.


ᏗᎦᏆᏂ.
ᎠᏂᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ Ꮭ ᏱᎬᏝᏫᏓ ᏗᎦᏆᏂ. ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ,
ᏂᎪᎸᏊᏃ ᎤᏴᏟ ᎠᎼ ᎤᎾᏚᎰᎢ. ᎠᏂᎩᏌ ᎦᏙ ᏓᏂᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ,
ᎿᏊᎴ ᎡᏉᏂ ᏩᏂᎶᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᏂᏨᏯ ᏓᏂᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎪ ᏧᏪᏥ


ᏩᏯ.
ᎯᎢᎾ ᎤᏂᏍᎦᏎᏗ ᎠᎾᏝᎢᏙᎯ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏐ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎪᎢ. ᎠᏂᎨᎯᏙᎰ ᎠᏂᏃᎵᏙᎯ (ᎠᏫ, ᎠᏫᎡᏆ) ᎢᏅᎯᏴᎢ ᎩᎳ ᎠᏂᎨᎯᏙ ᏱᏚᏯᏪᏣ, ᎿᏊ ᎠᏂᏂᏱᏍᎪ. ᏗᏯᏖᎾ ᏚᎾᎳᏍᎬ ᎬᏩᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᎾᏥ ᏱᎩ. ᎤᎾᏛᎪᏗ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎨᏐ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏩᏅᏃ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏩᎭᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ, ᎾᏂᏪᏒᎢ.


ᎠᏥᎸ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ.
ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᎲ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎦᏂᏓᏗ
ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏜ ᏳᎩᏌᏔᎾ. ᏃᏭᏥᎩ ᎢᎦᏅᏔ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎦᏂᏓᏗ
ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎨᎵ ᎨᏒ. ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎾᏕᏲᎰ.
ᏍᏆᏞᏍᏗ ᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎬᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᏂᏓᏗ ᏂᎬᏫᏍᏙ
ᎠᏥᎳ ᎦᏂᏓᏗ. ᎠᎢᏒ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂ ᏅᏓ ᎧᎸ ᏳᎶᏌ
ᎦᏂᏓᏛ ᎤᎪᏙ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᏃᎴ ᏅᏓ
ᎠᏗᏞᎲᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎬᎮ. ᎠᏥᎳ ᎦᏂᏓᏗ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏍᏆ ᏳᏩᏗᏅᏓ
ᏂᏚᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᏗᏤ ᎠᏥᎳ ᏗᏂᏂᏓᏗ. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏥᎳ
ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎦᏂᏓᏗ ᎮᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎦᏂᏓᏗ


ᏧᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ.
ᏧᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ (ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᏃᏈᏏ Polaris-Ꭸ) ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏃᏈᏏ. ᎯᎠᎾ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏭᏍᎪᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏚᏙᎠ. ᏧᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏃᏎᎰ ᏥᏳᎪᏗᎮᏃ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏜ ᏧᏴᏢ ᏗᎨᏛ ᎠᏘᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᎩᎮᏃ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎪ ᎤᎿᏗᏜ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏒᏃᏱᎩ ᏂᎪᎸᎮ ᏧᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᎸ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎿᏭ ᏄᏛᏃ ᎦᎸᎶᎯ.
ᏧᏴᏢ ᏗᎨᏛ ᏰᏙᎭ, ᏥᏳᎪᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏜ ᎧᎶᎢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎡᎯ ᏃᏈᏏ. ᏧᎦᏃᏮᏗᏜ ᏱᏣᏂᎩᏌ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨᎮᏃ ᎦᎸᎶ ᎧᎶ ᏂᎬᏫᏍᏙᎢ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᏟ ᏧᏴᏢᏗᏜ ᎠᏁ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᏘᏍᎪ ᏧᏴᏢ ᏗᎧᎳ ᏃᏈᏏ.
ᏭᏍᎪᏍᏛ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᏠᏱᏭ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏂᎪᎸ ᎠᎢᏐᎢ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏃᏈᏏ ᏗᎧᎴᏍᏗ ᏧᏴᏢ ᏂᎸᏍᎩ ᎩᎦᏴᎵ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎲ.


ᎤᎿᏊᎨᏒ ᎠᎹ.
ᏦᎢ ᎩᏄᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎫᏝᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎥᏍᎩ ᎾᏂᏪᏎᎰ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏤᎶᎯ.
ᏥᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᎢᎩᏁᎭ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ ᏥᏍᏈᏍᏗ Ꮭ ᏱᎦᏛᏓ. ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏙᏍᎬ, ᎥᏍᏊ
ᎠᎪᏙᏍᎦ, ᎤᏂᎪᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᎳᏒᎯᎭ ᎠᎹ. ᎥᏍᏊ ᎢᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᎩᏁᎲ ᎠᎹ, ᎿᏊ
ᎯᎢᎾ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎲᎢ. ᎦᏃᎮ
ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎲᎢ. ᎦᏃᎮ ᎢᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎬᎦᏛᏗᏃ
Ꮲ 95% ᎢᎦ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎺᏉ ᏴᏩᏔ ᏧᏝᎥ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏍᏈᏍᏗ
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎺᏉ ᎭᏫᏂ. ᎥᏍᎩᏅ ᏳᏰᏟᏗ ᎠᎹᎭ ᏥᎨᏐ
ᎠᎺᏉ ᎠᎹ. ᎠᎹᎭ ᎠᎹ ᏴᏗᏔᏍᎦ ᎤᏟᎯ ᎢᎦ ᏲᏔᏕᎬ ᎠᎹ. ᏴᏫ ᎠᏁᎿᎢᏃ
ᏱᏚᏂᏢᏍᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏚᏂᎷᎦ ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᏳᎾᏗᏔᎭ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎠᎹ.
Ꮲ 3% ᎢᎦ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᏚᏪᏴ ᎡᏉᏂ, ᏧᏍᏗ ᏚᏪᏴᏃ
ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏐ, ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏥ ᎤᏩᎾᏬᏒ ᏧᏂᎩᏓ. ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏍᏊ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ
ᎨᏐ ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ. ᏭᎪᏛ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏗᎦᎶᏍᎬ, ᎦᏚᏏ ᎦᏅᎳᏗ ᏚᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᏗᏩᏛᏗ
ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎠ ᏄᏏᏓᎾ - ᎦᏁᎯ, ᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᏔᏃᎴᎬᎢᏃ. ᎢᎩᎩᏌᏓ ᎢᏗᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏁᎯ ᎨᏒ. ᏍᏓᏯ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏳᏁᏍᏓᎳᏓ ᏅᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬᏅ ᏱᎩ
ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎪ ᏂᎪᎸ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎲᎢ. ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏏᏙᎲᎢ
ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎲᎢᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎶᏏᏙᎲ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ
ᎢᏯᏔᎳᏗᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎲ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎺᏉ ᏳᏂᎩᏌ, ᎦᏙᎯᏃ ᎿᏊᎴ
ᎠᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᏃᎴᎪᎢ. ᎥᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎪ
ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ ᎨᏒ. ᎤᎦᏅᏮ, ᎢᎦᏅ ᎨᏒ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏂᎩᏍᎬ ᏫᎬᏂᎰ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏧᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎺᏉ,
Ꮎ ᏧᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ, ᎠᎹ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᏙᏢᏅ ᏓᏃᏎᎰᎯ, ᎠᎹ ᎤᏙᏢᏅ,
ᎦᏅᏌᏁᏍᎪᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᎤᎪᏛ ᎦᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎬ, ᎤᏟᏍᏗᏴ Ᏼ ᏂᏓᏓᎵᏗᏍᎪ
ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᏙᏢᏅ. ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎡᎵᏊ ᏂᎦᎣ ᎦᏅᏌᏁᏍᎪ ᎤᏩᏂᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎪ
ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ ᏳᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯᏗᏜ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎪ ᎦᏁᏌᏴᏜᏗᏍᎬᎢ.
ᎠᎹ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᏙᏢᏅ ᎠᏓᏟᏏᏍᎪ ᎪᏍᏚ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏗ
ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᏉᏍᎬᎢ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᏃᏎᎰ, ᏂᏓᏤᏢᎾ ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ
ᏳᏓᏁᏟᏴᏌ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒ ᎿᏊᎴ ᎦᏁᎯ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎯᎢᏅ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ
ᎤᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ ᎠᎦᏲᎶᎬ, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏍᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎪ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎬ
ᎤᎶᎩᎸᎢ. ᎤᎪᏛ ᏓᏙᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᏍᏉᏍᏗ, ᏧᎭᎨᏓ ᏧᎵᏏᎩᏃ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᏚᎶᎩᎸᎢ.
ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏐ ᏂᏗᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᏙᏱ ᏛᎦᏙᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏚᎶᎩᎸᎢ.
ᎦᏅᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᏱᎩ ᏣᎢᏐ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᎤᏬᏕᏫᏛᏃ ᎦᏅᎳᏗᏜ, ᎿᏊᏃ
ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎯᏐ ᏙᏱ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᎤᏂᏥ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏧᏗᎦᎴᏲᏨ ᏱᏚᎶᎩᎳ ᎡᎵᏊ ᎦᏲᏟ ᎠᎹ
ᏄᏍᏗᏓᎾ ᏯᏗᎭ, ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ Ꮭ ᎡᎵ ᏱᏂᎦᎠ ᎤᎦᏅᏗᎢ. ᎢᎾ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ


ᎪᏩᎳ ᏲᎾ.
ᏗᎧᎸᎬᏗᏜ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ ᎠᏂᎪᏩᎳ ᏲᎾ. ᎾᎪᎯᎸᏊ ᎠᏁᎲ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏚᎾᎩᎶᎢ, ᏓᏂᎩᏍᎬ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᏒᎢ. ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏳᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏐ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᏢ ᏧᏂᏂᏴᏗ. ᎠᏂᎪᏩᎳ ᏲᎾ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏂᏩᏒᏍᏗ, ᎥᏍᎩᏅ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᏩᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᏒᎢ.


ᎠᏓᏢᎢᎯ.
ᎠᏓᏢᎢᎯ (ᏣᏁᎳ ᏗᎦᏅᏍᎨᏂ) ᏧᏁᎳ ᏗᎦᏃᎨᏂ ᏂᏚᏅᎿ, ᏔᎵᏃ ᏧᏓᏅᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏩᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏂᏚᏅᎿ ᎤᎿᎢ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎺᏉ ᎠᏲᏓᏝᎲ ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦ ᏯᎾᏕᎳᎰᏍᎦ, ᎠᏂᏅᎪᏫᏍᎪ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᎤᎿ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎦᏢᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᏂᎰᎵ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᏓᏂᏔᎴᏍᎪ ᏍᏓᏯ ᏓᎬᎾ ᏯᎦᏣᎦᎸᏯ ᎦᏃᎵᏙᎲᎢ.


ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎩᏁᎰ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎬᎢ..
ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎩᏁᎰ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎢᎩᎬᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᏂ ᏓᏅᏍᎪᏍᎪᎢ ᎠᎹ
ᎠᏣᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏕᎦᏁᎲ ᏫᎦᎷᎩ ᏫᎦᏅᏌᏁᏍᎪ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏟᏍᏗ ᏯᏅᏗ ᏏᏅ ᎠᏓᏁᏂᎯᎲ, ᏯᎧᎰᎯ ᎠᎹᏟᏗᎢ.
ᏴᏫ ᏯᏂᏲᏍᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎡᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ. ᏳᏓᎭ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎵᏍᏔᏅ
ᏓᏂᎭᏓᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎾᏕᎪ ᎦᏐᎯ. ᎥᏍᎩᏅ ᏫᏓᏥᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᎦᎾᏅ ᏩᏴᎯᎰ ᎦᏙ
ᎠᎹᏟᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏕᎦᏁᎲᏃ. ᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏐ ᎦᏅᎦᏟᏗ ᏱᏭᎷᏣ ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏕᎦᏁᎲᎢ.
ᏂᏓᏤᏢᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏧᏴᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎶᎪ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏁᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ.


ᏲᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎪᎯᎦ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎡᎮ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎢ ᎨᎪᏎᎸᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ
ᎯᎠ ᎫᏂᏴᏫ ᎡᎮ ᎠᏧᏣ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎨᏃ ᏧᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏓᏩᏓ ᏙᏦᏓᎸ ᏪᏙᎲᎢ. ᎢᏴᏓᎵᎭᏃ
ᏂᎪᎸᏊ ᎡᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎪᎯᎸ ᏪᏙᎲ, ᎦᏂᎵᏃ ᎣᏂ ᎨᏒ ᏝᏃ ᏧᏪᏅᏒ ᏯᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎨ, ᎠᏎᏃ
ᎢᎦᏊ ᏥᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱᏴ ᎩᎳ ᎢᎦᎷᎨ. ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨᏃ ᎬᏩᏐᎮᎮ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏝᏃ
ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏰᎸᏗᏍᎨ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎠᏧᏩ, ᏏᏊ ᎡᎨ ᏂᏓᏙᏓᏫᏒ ᎬᏂ ᎤᎾᏕᎳᎰᏌ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ
ᎤᏬᏗᎨᎩ Ꮭ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᎤᏂᏍᏆᎾᎪᏎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᏛᏁ ᏂᎦᎥ
ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎤᏪᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏚᎵᏍᎬᎾᏃ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏪᏅᏒ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᏴᏙᏗᎢ. ᎤᏛᏁᏃ Ꮎ ᎠᏧᏣ,
“ᎠᏯ ᏥᏩᏘᏍᎪ ᏰᎵ ᏱᎦ ᎠᎩᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎿᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᏂᏓᏤᏝ ᏏᏃ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏯ
ᏥᏙᎩᎭ ᎣᎦᏕᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏴᏓᎪᎯᏥ ᏓᎨᏏ ᎠᏙᎯ ᏂᎪᎸ ᏫᎨᎡᏗ.” ᏧᎦᏴᎵᎨᏃ
ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏍᏘᏰᏔᏁ ᏧᏂᎯᏯᏍᏘ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏎᎢ, “ᎤᏟ ᏂᏓᏤᏝ
ᎤᎿᎢ ᎠᎭᏂᏃ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏘᎪᏩᏘ ᎠᏯ ᎦᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᎦᏳᎳ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ Ꮭ ᎬᏩᏕᏗ ᏱᎩ
ᎠᎭᏂ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᏩᏓᎴᏅᏓ. ᏱᏍᎩᏂᏍᏩᏕᏍ ᏰᎵᏊᏰᏃ ᏂᎦᎠ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏝᏃ ᎢᎸᎯᏳ
ᏗᏍᏗᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏱᎦᎩ ᏍᏗᎩᏍᏗᎢ; ᎠᏎᏃ ᏱᏍᏓᏚᎵ ᏍᏕᏅᏍᏗᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎹ
ᏍᏛᏍᏗ.” ᎾᏃ ᎤᏓᏙᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏥ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏠᎾ ᎾᏊ ᏭᏂᏃᎯᏎᎴ ᏩᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ
ᎨᏒᎢ. ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏓ ᎤᏂᏍᏆᎸᎡᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏰᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᏃᎮᏠᎾ ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏁ: “ᎠᎭᏂ
ᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᎩᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎪᎸᏊ ᏝᏃ ᎡᎵᏱᎦ ᏱᎩᎰᎢ. ᎤᎿᏃ ᎨᏒ ᏂᎪᎸᏊ ᎡᎵᏊᏃ
ᏂᎦᎣᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎨᏐᎢ, ᏓᏲᏍᏗᏍᏓᏩᏕᏏ.” ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏃ ᏧᏒᎯᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏅᏎᎢ,
ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁᏃ ᏒᎾᎴ ᏭᏟᏯᎶᎴ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ ᎤᎾᏂᎨᏎ ᎤᎾᏕᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏦᏓᎸ
ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏁ Ꮎ ᎠᏧᏣ ᏚᏘᏅᏎᎢ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᏴᏫ ᏐᎢ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᎾ ᎤᏲ ᎤᏂᏰᎸᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏅᏎ
ᎤᏂᎧᎲᎭ ᏩᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏧᏂᎳᏕᏗ ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏙᎯ ᏭᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ
ᎾᎿᏃ ᏭᎾᏕᏗᎢ. Ꮎ ᎨᏥᏅᏒ ᏚᏂᏩᏛᎭ ᎦᏳᎳ, ᏚᏄᎪᏗᏗᏎ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏎ ᎤᎾᏕᎳᎰᏌ
ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏓᏚᏢᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᏧᏂᏍᏘᏰᎪ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ, ᏅᏛᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ
ᏧᏒᎯᏓ ᏝᏃ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏙᏗ ᎤᏂᎬ ᏱᎨᏎ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎨ. Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ
ᏝᏃ ᏯᎾᎦᏔᎲᏍᎨ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏂᏪᏎ, “ᎣᏤᎦ ᎤᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦ ᏍᎦᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗᎢ. ᎪᎯ
ᎬᏩᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏲᎾ ᏙᎦᏙᎡᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏂᎯ ᎢᏨᏌ ᏱᏗᏥᏲᏏᎭ ᎢᏥᎷᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ
ᏫᏍᎩᏯᏂᏍᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏲᏥᎷᎩ ᎣᎬᏌᏃ ᎣᎩᏇᏓᎸᎢ ᏱᏨᎥᏏ. ᏞᏍᏗᏃ ᏱᏥᏍᎦᎢᎮᏍᏗ ᏗᏍᎩ
ᎢᏍᏗᎢ, ᏂᎪᎯᎸᏰᏃ ᎣᏤᎮᏍᏗ.” ᎾᏊᏃ ᏚᏁᏲᏁ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᏯᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏲᎾ
ᏧᏂᏲᎯ ᏏᏃ ᏚᎾᏅᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏃᎩᏍᏗ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᏚᏂᏍᏆᏓ ᏗᏃᎩᏓ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ ᎤᎾᎴᏅᎮ
ᎠᎾᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏥᏅᏒ ᏗᎤᎾᎦᏔᎲᏌ ᎤᎾᏕᏗ ᎢᏗᏜ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏍᏗᎩᏓᏊ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏓ ᎨᏎ
ᏫᏚᎾᎧᎾᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏂᎪᎮ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏂᎢ ᏲᎾ ᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᏗᏜ.
Ꭾ-Ꭱ! ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ, ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ, ᎠᏆᏚᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᏥᏅᏗ, ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ, ᎠᏂᏣᎫᎯ, ᎠᏆᏚᎵ ᎡᎳᏗ
Ꮎ ᏲᎾ ᏧᏲᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏗᏍᎪ ᏂᎪᎸ ᏒᎾᎴᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎬᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏯᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎪ ᎬᏂ
ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏱᏄᎵᏍᏔᎾ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎪ ᎧᏃᎩᏓ ᎤᎵᏦᏛ ᏳᏂᎩᏌ, ᎠᎴ ᏏᏊ ᏐᎢ ᏳᎩᏨᎾ,
ᎠᏎᏃ Ꮭ ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏣᎪᏗ ᏏᎦᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ.
ᎯᎠᏃ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎪ Ꮎ ᏲᎾ ᏧᏲᎯ, ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏲᎾ, ᏅᏓᏳᏂᎩᏓ
ᎤᏬᏢᏒ ᎤᎿ ᎤᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏓᏫᏗᏒᎢ. ᏄᏍᏛᏃᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎧᏃᎩᏓ ᎠᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎬᏛᎪᏗ.
Ꭾ-Ꭱ! ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᏥᏍᏚᏱ’ ᏁᎭᎾᏚᏯᏄ;
Ꭾ-Ꭱ! ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎫᏬᎯ’ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ;
Ꭾ-Ꭱ! ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎤᏯᏰ’ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ;
Ꭾ-Ꭱ! ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ; ᎦᏖᏆ’ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ;
ᎦᏖ’ Ꮖ’ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ; – ᏲᎰ-Ꭳ!
(ᎢᎦᏪᏓ) ᎤᎴ-Ꮔ ᎠᏎᎯ’ ᏔᏕᏯᏍᏔᏗᎯ’ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᏍᏚ’ ᏥᎩ’ Ꭾ! ᎭᏳᏯ’ ᎭᏂᏩ’ (ᏅᎩ
ᏥᏍᏚᏱᎢ’ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏘ) – ᏲᎰ!
ᏧᏬᎯᎢ’ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏘ) – ᏲᎰ!
ᎤᏯ’ Ᏸ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏘ) – ᏲᎰ!
ᎦᏖ’ Ꮖ ᏁᎭᎾᏚ’ ᏯᏄ (ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏘ) – ᏲᎰ!
ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏙᎯᏳ ᏂᏗᎥ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᏫᏓᏤᎸᏃ, ᏙᏓᏓᏓᎪᎯ


ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏯᏟᏗ.
ᎠᏆᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎡᏥ ᏓᏫᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᏂᎦᏔ. ᏥᏍᏕᎵᏍᎬ ᏓᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏂᎦᏔ.
(Ꮭ ᎢᎾᎢᎦᏘ ᏱᎩ ᎡᏥ, ᏍᏗᎩᏓ ᎤᏇᏓᏟ, ᏝᏍᎩᏂ ᎦᎵᏦᎯᏓ ᏱᎩ! ᏍᏆᎳ ᎤᎵᏥᏍᏆᏁᏓ
ᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎤᏍᏘᎩ. ᏗᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏙᎧᏯᏓ, ᎡᎳᏗᎮᎯᏃ ᎤᏌᏃ ᏗᎧᏂᎨᏂ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ
ᎢᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᏗᎩᏳᏍᎨᏂ ᎢᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏙᎧᏯᏓ, ᎡᎳᏗᎮᎯᏃ ᎤᏌᏃᎲ ᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯ ᏏᏅ
ᎡᏥ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎡᏥ ᎦᏅᏬ ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏘ, 7 ᎠᎴ 8 ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎤᏍᏘᎩ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏓ ᎦᏅᏬ
ᎢᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏜ ᎠᎦᎵᏓ. ᎡᏥ ᏭᏏᎷᎦ, ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᎭ. ᎤᏂᎦᏔ ᏕᎦᏝ ᏕᎦᏟᏗ.)
ᎡᎵ ᏗᎦᏕᏍᏗᏴ ᎢᏗᏁᏓ ᎤᎾᏛᏎ. ᏙᎩᎾᏕᏎᎢ, ᏙᏱᏂᎧᏲᏔᏅᏃ ᏒᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ.
(ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᎾᏛᏒ Ꮲ 3-3 ½ ᎢᏯᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎾᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏥᏃ ᏓᏂᏙᎦ
ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏥᏃ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᏓᏂᏍᏗᏆᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏔᎷᏦ ᏕᎦᏝ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ. ᏌᏊᎭ ᏎᎷ
ᎤᏂᏥ ᎠᏂᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎿᏊᎴ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᎠᏕᎳᎠᏯᏟᏗ ᏂᏓᏅᏁᎭ.
ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎪ ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲ ᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ.
(ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎾᎥ yᏂᏍᎩᎴ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏥᏃ ᏓᎾᏎᎮᎲ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᏃᏢᏗ ᏚᏯ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ
ᎠᏆᏯᏠ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏆᏯᏟᏗ. ᏂᎦᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᎸᏈᏗᏍᎪᎢ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᎾᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏗᎩᏓᏃ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ ᏚᎾᏯᏝ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎤᎾᏤᏣᏍᏗᏃ.


ᏎᎷ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᎵᏗ.
“ᎡᏥ, Ꮭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏯᎩᎭ ᏱᎬᏆᏛᏅᏗ,” ᎧᏯᎯᎶᏍᎬ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏎᎵᏓ. “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ
ᎤᏥ ᏚᎧᏲᏔᏅ ᏧᏬᏰᏂ ᎤᏞᏌᏛ ᎬᏗ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᎤᏘᏅᏒ ᏎᎵᏓ ᏙᏱ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎤᏬᏗᎨ
ᏠᎨᏒ. ᏎᎷ ᎦᎳ ᏗᎦᏕᏓ ᏗᏍᏆᎾᎪᏔᏅᏃ ᎨᏒ ᎿᏊᏃ ᎠᏥᎹᎬ ᎪᎩ ᏅᏓ ᎧᎸᎢ.
ᏄᏁᏨᎾᏊ ᎤᏥ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎦᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏧᎧᏲᏓ ᏎᎷ ᏧᏄᎶᏔᏅ, ᎤᎴᏅᎲᏃ ᎤᏞᏌᏛ
ᏕᎦᏢᏍᎬᎢ. ᎠᎪᎠᏂᏴᎲ ᏎᎵᏓ ᎠᎦᏘᎾᎡᏃ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᏗᏜ ᏫᏚᎾᏦᏝᏅ ᏫᏚᏃᏢ. ᎤᏥ
ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏍᏓᏯ ᏕᎦᏄᏖᏲᎲ ᏎᎷ ᏧᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎧ. ᏏᏊ ᏚᏁᏖᏲᎸ ᏎᎷ
ᏧᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏬᏢᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᎨᎢ. ᎿᏊᏅ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏔᏅ
ᎡᎳᏗᎡᎯ ᎠᏌᏃ. ᏂᎦᏓ ᏚᎵᎬᏔᎾ ᎠᏁᏟᏗ ᎦᏂᏙᎲᎢ.
ᏎᎵᏓ ᎤᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎤᏥ ᏗᎦᎾᏫᏛᎲ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᏧᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏃ ᏧᏙᏢ ᏧᏁᏅᏒᏗᏜ.
ᎤᏥᎸ, ᎦᏰᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ, ᎤᎸᏗᏱᏃ ᏕᎦᏟᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎡᎳᏗᎡᎯ ᎠᏌᏃ
ᏔᎵᏁ, ᎤᏥ ᏚᎾᏩᏛᎮ ᎠᏍᏘ. ᏎᎵᏓ ᏚᏍᏕᏲᎸ ᎠᏍᏘ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᎬ ᎠᏁᏟᏗ.
ᎿᏊ ᎤᏥ ᎤᏎᎮᎸ ᎢᏳᏩᏁᏗ ᎤᏪᏰᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᏟᏗ ᎤᏍᎧ.
ᎤᏂᏍᏆᏙᎿ ᏎᎵᏓ ᎤᎾᎡᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎠᏁᏟᏗ ᏎᎩᏂ ᏚᏬᎡᎢ. ᎤᎩᏨᏓ, ᏏᏊ ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ
ᏚᏬᏢᏅ ᏧᎵᎢ ᏎᎩᏂ. ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ ᏎᎩᏂ ᏂᎪᎸ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎬᏱ ᎤᏬᏢᎾ ᎨᏒ,


ᎦᏅᏥ.
ᏴᏫ ᎤᏂᎸᏈᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏥ. ᏐᎯ ᎠᏍᏙᏓ ᎠᏃᏢᏗᏍᎨᎢ. ᎤᎵᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ, ᏓᏄᏖᏍᎨ ᏐᎯ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎧᏲᏗᏍᎨ ᎩᎳᏅ ᏓᏅᏍᏆᎶᏍᎨᎢ. ᏫᏚᏔᏅ ᏐᎯ ᏧᏯᏍᎦ ᏓᎾᏑᏰᏍᎨ, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎨ ᎠᎴ
ᏧᏃᏰᏂ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎨ. ᎤᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᏓ ᎤᏃᏢᏅ ᎤᏂᎮ, ᎤᏅᏪᏓ ᎨᏎ. ᏗᎦᏅᏍᏆᎶᏓ ᏐᎯ ᏓᏂᏢᏍᎨ, ᎿᏊᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏙᏍᎨ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᎤᏓᎨᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎨ ᎠᏂᏍᏙᏍᎬ. ᏓᏂᏅᏍᏆᎶᏍᎨ ᏐᎯ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏂᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗᏴ, Ꮲ ᏦᎢ ᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎢᎩᏓ ᏂᏓᏅᏁᎮᎢ. ᏃᏊᏃ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎨ. ᎪᎯᏴᏥᎩ, ᎦᏁᏍᏓᎵᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏢᏍᎪᎢ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎢᎬᏅᏗ ᎦᏅᏥ: ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᏗᏟᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ ᏫᎦᎵᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᎦᏅᏥ. ᏞᎦᏅ ᎤᏟᎵᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏬᎯᏍᏗ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᎤᏯᏍᎦ
ᏩᏘᏯᏍᎪᎢ. ᎤᏩᏅᏒ ᎠᎹᎨ ᏗᏟᏍᏛ ᏩᏑᏴᏗ ᎤᏚᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᏍᏙᏓ ᎠᎹᎨ ᎤᏂᎸᏈᏙ ᎤᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏗᎵᏆ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎣᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏅᏗ ᎥᎪᏢᏍᎬ, ᎠᎹᎭᏱ ᏝᎴᏱᎩ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎹ ᎥᏍᏊ ᏴᏑᏴᎥᎦ. ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᏴᏗᏔ ᎤᎦᎹ ᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏴᎦ.


ᎬᎿᎨ ᏎᏗ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ: ᎬᎿᎨ ᏎᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏁᏢᏔᏅᏒᎢ. ᎾᏃᏎᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᎬᏍᏆᎶᏍᏗ ᏥᎩ, ᎣᏍᏓ ᏗᎩᏍᏗ. ᏎᏗᏃ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏁ ᏓᎾᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗᎮ ᎦᎾᏥ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ (ᎦᎾᏥ), ᎢᎦᏓᏃ ᎤᏟ ᎾᏂᏰᎸᏍᎨ ᏩᏁ ᎤᏅᏙᏗ ᏏᏃ ᏎᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ (ᏓᏤᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᎨᏛ ᎤᏓᏁᏅ). ᎤᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᏂᏑᏴᏗᎮ Ꮎ ᏎᏗ ᎤᏁᎦᎸᏅ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ, ᎥᏍᎩᏃ ᏎᏗ ᎤᏁᎦᎸᏅ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏓᏅᏗᎮ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏓᎾᎸᏕᏍᏗᎮ. ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩᏃ ᎥᏍᎩ ᎠᏓ ᏓᏅᏗᎮ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎨ ᏗᎦᏅᎯᏗ ᏗᎫᎯᎵᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ. ᎤᏪᏘᏃ ᎨᏎ ᎯᎢᎾ ᏡᎬᎢ ᏚᏂᏨᏍᏓᎵᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᏓᏂᎯᎲ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎨ. Ꮎ ᏡᎬᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏜ ᏥᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏍᎩᏚᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗᎢ, ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᎩ ᎦᏳᎳ ᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎨ ᎤᎿᎾ ᎠᏏ ᎾᎾᏁᏍᎨᏍᎬᎾᏊ ᏧᎾᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ ᏧᎾᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎯᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏔᎵᏧᏈ ᎯᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᎪᎯᏗ ᎬᏩᎾᏕᏗ.
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏡᎬᎢ, ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᎦᎵᏆᏍᎪᎯᏃ ᎢᎳᏏᏓ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ ᎢᎳᏏᏓ ᏩᏍᏛ ᎢᎩᏗ. ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏤᏆ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᎢᏴ ᏩᏍᏔ ᎾᏂᎣ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᏐᎢ ᏝᏃ ᏚᏩᎾᎦᏢ ᏥᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᏱᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎨᏐᎢ. ᏚᏯᎸᏒᏃ “X” ᎢᏧᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏪᎶ ᏗᎪᏟᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᏃ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ ᎤᏬᏗᎨ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᎢᎩ. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐ ᎠᏁᏯᏔ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᏁ ᏎᏗ ᏭᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏂᏰᎸᏐᎢ.
ᎤᎿᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗᎢ: ᎬᎿᎨ ᏎᏗ ᎡᎵᏊ ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ. ᏭᎪᏛ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏧᏃᎱᎪᏗᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏕᎧᎾᎷᏍᎬ ᎦᏚ ᏗᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᎨᏐ Ꮎ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏧᎦᏔ ᏚᏂᎧᏅᎢ.


ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏚᏓᏕᏍᏗ ᏧᏈᏓ.
ᏧᏈᏓ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏍᏆᏞᏍᏗᏳ ᎦᏁᎯ. ᎤᏃᎴ
ᏤᎶᎯ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᏗᎵᏆᎸᏔᎮᏅ ᎤᏔᎾ. ᎡᏆ ᎩᎦᎨ
ᏚᏓᏓᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏳᏩᎦᏘ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏏᎿ ᎡᎶᎢ ᎨᏒ. ᏁᏋ ᏧᏈᏓ,
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎪᎲ ᎢᏤ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ
ᏧᏈᏓ. ᎡᎶ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎢᏴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎾᏛ Ꮎ
ᏄᎵᏍᏔᎾ ᏚᏓᏕᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏌᏆᎸ. Ꮎ ᏗᏤ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ
ᏚᏓᏕᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏅᎢ. ᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᎪᏛᏒ ᏚᏙᏢᏁ ᏚᏓᏕᏍᏛ
ᎭᏜᏅ ᏗᎦᎶᏍᎦ ᏅᏓ ᎤᎵᎪᏛᏒ ᏌᏊᏛ ᏓᎳᏚ ᏅᏓ
ᏕᎧᎸ ᏧᏈᏓᎢᎢ. ᎤᏝᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᏓᎾᏌᏁᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏈᏓ.
ᎢᎦᏓ ᎯᎢᎾ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎬᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᏅᏓ ᏚᏓᏕᏍᏛ ᏧᏈᏓ.
ᏱᏭᏩᎾᏍᏔᎾ ᎿᏊ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎪ ᎪᏍᏚ ᎤᎵᎪᏛᎯ. ᎯᎢᎾ
ᎪᏍᏚ ᎤᎵᎪᏛᏒ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎪ ᎠᏓᏕᏍᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᏉᎶᎯ.


ᎧᎹᎹ ᎬᏩᏟᏃᎮᏗᏍᎪᎢ.
ᎥᏍᏊ. ᎤᏪᏅᏎ ᎬᎭnᎨᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᎪᏗ ᎠᏁᏯᏔ ᎧᎹᎹ
Katy ᎠᎬᏱ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᏚᎬᏎᏍᏛ ᏓᏆ ᏚᎾᏓᎵᏃᎮᏛ.
ᏓᏆ ᎠᏅᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᎾᏓᏃᏎᎲᎢ. ᎨᎢᏴ
ᏄᎾᏛᎾᏕᎬ ᎨᏐᎢ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎰᎢ. ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ
ᏓᏆ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎵᎪ ᎾᏅᏁᎰ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ. ᎧᎹᎹᏃ ᎨᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᏛ
ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏅᏁᎰ ᎤᏃᏴᎬᎢ. ᎦᏙ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎪ ᎧᎹᎹᎢ?
ᎨᎩᏃᏎᎰ ᎤᎿᎢ ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ. ᎯᎢᏛ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎪ ᎯᎢ
ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎨ Katy “ᏂᎨᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎢ ᎤᎬᏩᏳ ᎤᏂᏰᎸ
ᎪᎯᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᏄᎾᏛᎿ ᎧᎹᎹ. ᏚᎵᏟᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ
ᎾᏂᏪᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᏍᎬ. ᎿᏊ ᎠᏓᎾᏕᏍᎬ Katy ᏳᎪᏗ


ᎤᏲ ᎤᏓᏅᏛ ᎵᏓ..
ᎤᏲ ᎤᏓᏅᏛ ᎵᏓ. ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ Ᏼ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎮ ᎢᏡᎬ ᏳᎦᏌᏔᏂᏝ.
“Ꮭ ᎣᏤᏙᎲ ᏱᎷᎨᏍᏗ,” ᎤᎾᏛᏁ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ. ᏦᏣᏓᎿᏫ ᏕᎭᏘᏃᎯᎰ. ᎤᎾᏚᎵᏍᎪ
ᎤᏅᏛ ᏙᏳ ᎨᏒ. ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨᎢ, ᎤᏬᏗᎨᎢᏃ ᏧᎾᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᎨᏒ. ᎵᏓ
ᏭᏂᎪᏛ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎪ ᎤᎾᎵᏑᏫᏒ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏧᎦᎶᎦᏃ ᎤᏠᏱ
ᎾᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ. ᎵᏓ ᎤᏩᏌ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎥᏍᏊ ᎤᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎨᏎ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏒ,
ᏭᎪᏛ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎩᎦᎨᎢ ᎤᏍᎪᎸᎢ ᎨᏎ. ᏴᏫ, ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎬᏟᏃ ᎠᏂᎷᎨ ᎤᏂᎪᏩᏛᏗ
ᎤᏬᏚ ᎤᎵᏎᎩᏃ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ. ᎤᏦᏎᏗᏍᎨ ᎵᏓ, ᎤᎵᏏᎩᏳᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎨ
ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏒ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏎᏗ ᏳᏓᏅᏔ, ᏓᎭᎵᎨᎢ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎨᎢ. ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏜ
ᏱᎦᏃᎸᏍᎦ, ᏓᎭᎵᎨᎢ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏒ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨᎢ ᏧᏓᏓᏟ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎨᎢ.
ᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏁᎿᎢ ᎠᏂᎷᎬ ᎤᏂᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎵᏓ, ᏓᏂᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂᏐ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ
ᎠᎾᏁᏟᏗᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏗᏍᎦᏟᏗ ᏧᎦᎶᎪ. ᏃᏊ ᏓᏂᏰᏍᎬ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ. “ᏕᎭᏘᏃᎦ ᏦᏣᏓᎿᏫ,”
ᎤᏁᏡᏁ ᎠᏂᏐ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ. “ᎠᏯᏃ ᎤᎬᏩᏳᏎᏍᏗ ᏙᏓᎪᎩᏯᎢ.” ᏙᏳ ᎨᏒ. Ꮭ
ᏱᎬᏂᏯᎦ ᎵᏓ, ᎤᏍᎪᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏒ ᎡᎵᏊ ᏳᏂᏢᏍᏓ.
ᎤᏩᏌ ᏃᏊ ᎵᏓ. ᎾᏥᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎾᎦᏚᎵᏍᎬᎾᏃ, ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎢ. ᎤᏥᏊᏛᏍᏊ Ꮭ
ᎾᎥ ᏱᎦᎷᎨᎢ. ᎢᎦ ᎤᎴᏐᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎥᏍᏊ. ᏍᎪᏱ ᎥᏍᏊ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ
ᏩᏂᎶᏍᎨᎢ ᏳᏂᎪᎭ ᎵᏓ. ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, ᏯᏙᏟ ᎤᏟᏍᏓᏃ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎨ ᏧᏂᏗ
“ᎠᏂᏐ ᎠᏁᎿ ᏱᎦᏥᏯᏛᏛᎲᎦ ᎾᎾᏛᏁ Ꮂ ᎤᎾᏓᎬᏎᏍᏛ,” ᎤᏛᏁ ᎵᏓ. “ᏃᏊ
ᎠᎬᏱᎨᏒ, ᎤᎫᎫ ᎤᏛᏛᏁ. ᏚᏎᎮᎴ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏧᏓᏘᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᏔᎾᏃ
ᏃᏊᎴ ᎤᎦᏐᏣᏁᏓ ᎤᏝᏃᎮᏔᏁ. ᏗᏍᏓᏯ ᏚᏑᎬ ᏚᏎᎮᎴ, ᎤᏟᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗ.
ᎯᎢᏛᏍᏊ ᏂᏓᏋᎿ!” ᎤᏪᏡᏁ. ᎤᏁᎵᏔᏁᏃ ᎤᏓᎵᏍᏆᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏂᏚᏩᏅ ᏚᎵᎬ
“ᎢᎦᏓ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᏚᏂᎵᎪ ᎤᏍᏊ,” ᎤᏛᏁ ᎵᏓ, “ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ Ꮭ ᎡᏍᎦ ᏱᏙᎬᏅᎦ
ᎤᎩᏨᏓᏃ, ᎵᏓ ᎤᏛᏛᏁ ᏗᎵ, “ᎦᏙ ᎭᏛᏁᎮ ᏗᏣᏓᎿᏫ Ᏼ ᏂᏕᎲᏁᎮᎢ?”
ᎤᏬᎵᏓᏁᎴ ᏗᎵ, “ᏱᎬᏯᏎᎯᏏ,” ᎤᏛᏁ. ᎡᏍᎦ ᎤᏓᏅᏖ ᎤᏓᏛᏛᏅ. ᎦᏙᏅ?


ᏔᏬᏗ ᎤᎦᏚᏛ ᏗᎦᏐᏍᏗ ᏥᏳᎯ.
ᏒᎯ ᎠᎬᏱ ᏗᎦᏐᏍᏗ ᏥᏳᎯ ᎠᏩᏣᏅᎢ. ᏗᎦᏐᏍᏗ
ᏥᏳ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ. ᎠᎹᏱ ᏕᎦᏐᎯᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ ᏴᏫ, ᎢᎦᏓ
ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᏓᏫᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᏗᎦᏐᏍᏗ ᏥᏳᎯ ᏦᎦᏦᏛᎢ ᎥᏍᏆ
ᏙᎦᏘᏁᎬᎢ, ᏴᎢᎦ ᏧᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᏚᏛ ᏕᎪᏢᎠ. ᎠᎩᏚᏥ
ᏌᎾᎴᎢ. ᏑᏟᎶᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏬᎩᎷᏨᎢ. ᎦᏳᎳ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ
ᏚᏓᏅᏅᎢ, ᎠᎾ ᏬᎩᏂᏅᎢ. ᎠᎬᏯᏗᏜ ᎣᎩᏂᎲᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ
ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎱᎢ, ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏥᏳ ᎦᎾᏏᏁᎲᎢ.
ᎣᎾᏗᎳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᎠᎱᎢ, ᏔᎵ ᎠᎵᏲᎷᏙᏗ ᏯᏘᏃ
ᏚᎾᏢᎥᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ ᏓᎦᏎᏢᎢ ᏚᏓᏅᏅᎢ.
ᏍᎪᎯ ᎤᏟᎢᎶᏝ, ᎤᎴᏅᎲᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏥᏳ ᎣᏍᏓ
ᏓᎲᏍᎬᎢ ᏗᏦᏙᏗ. ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᏥᏳ ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏓᎰᎢ
ᏗᏦᏙᏗ. ᎠᏭᏴ ᏂᏚᏓᎸ ᏓᎲᎢ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎣᎩᏂᏃᎾ ᏃᏊ
ᏙᎢ ᎤᎴᏅᎲᎢ ᏥᏳ ᎠᏏᏁᎬᎢ, Ꮭ ᏩᎵᏱᎪᎯᏓ ᏱᎨᏎᎢ
ᎦᏅᎳᏗᏜ ᏕᎦᏍᎩᎸ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏅᎢ. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏏᏓᏁᎸ,
ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ, ᏗᏂᏲᎵ, ᎠᏂᏫᎾ, ᎠᎾᏓᏃ. ᏂᎦᏓ ᎣᏍᏓ
ᎣᏂᏰᎸᏒᎢ, ᎠᎾ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎤᎦᏚᏛ ᏗᎦᏐᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎬᎢ.
ᎦᏃᎸᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏢᎢ ᏙᏂᎧᎥᎢ, ᎦᏳᎳ ᎤᏴᏢᎢ ᎦᎶᏂ
ᎾᎥ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏥᏳ ᏙᎩᏃᎸᎢ ᎡᏚᏥ. ᎠᎺᏉᎯ
ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᏊᏴ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲᎢ. ᏥᏳ ᎠᎢᎡ
ᎾᎥ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏍᎩᎸᎢ, ᎤᏂᏈᏕᎾ ᎤᏬᏗᎨ ᎩᏟ, ᎤᎾᏝᎢᏃ
ᏚᏃᏢᎢ, ᎤᎾ ᏩᎩᎶᏒᎢ, “ᏕᎩ ᏚᏙᎠ,” ᎤᏛᏅᎢ ᎤᎾᏝᎢ,
“ᎢᎦ ᏅᎸᏈᏗ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᎥ ᏍᏆᎴᏍᏗ ᎤᎨᎯᏓᏍᏗᎢ,
ᏃᏯ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏂᎬᏫᏍᏛᎢ. ᎾᎠᏂᎨ ᏬᎩᎷᏣ, ᎦᎵᏦᏕ
ᎠᎹᏳᎳᏗ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏩᎩᎪᎲᎢ. ᏴᏫ ᏓᏳᎾᏓᏅᏅᎢ
ᏬᎩᎷᏣ. ᏦᎦᏦᏙᏗ ᏬᎦᏣᏅᎢ, ᎣᎦᏂᎩᏒᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎠᎲ
ᏐᎢ ᎠᏦᏙᏗ ᏫᏥᎪᎥ ᏕᎩ. “ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ,” ᏫᏥᏲᏎᎸᎢ.


ᎦᎾᏌᏁᏍᏗ ᎫᏝᎢ ᏓᏆᎴᎳ.
ᏍᎻᏗ, ᏚᏓᏘᎾᎥᏅ ᎠᏕᎳ ᏧᏢᎢ ᏚᏄᎦᏓᏁᎢ. ᏭᏕᎵᎬ
ᎢᏗᏜ ᏭᏂᎶᏎᎢ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎫᏝᎢ
ᎤᎾᏦᏕᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏯᏛᏂ ᎢᏳᏓᎨᏓ ᏴᎦᏝᏅᎠ ᎯᎠ
ᎤᏗᏞᎬᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏂᏍᎫᏍᏓᏱ. ᏃᎴ ᏗᏗᏅᏍᏗ
ᏐᏈᎵ Ꮭ ᎡᎵ ᏱᏄᎾᏝᏂᎬᎨᎢ ᎥᏍᎩ ᏳᏓᎨᏓ
ᎤᏂᏏᏅᏍᏗᎢ ᏓᏆᎴᎳ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦ ᏏᏓᏁᎸ ᏐᏈᎵ
ᎠᏁᎯ Ꮭ ᏯᏂᎸᏈᏗᏍᎨᎢ ᎦᏄᎸ ᎤᎦᏲᏓ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ


ᎡᏆ ᏍᏆᏞᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎳ!
ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏝᏪᎢ ᏂᎫᏍᏙᎢ. ᎠᎦᎾᏬᏗᏍᎩ
ᎢᎩᏁᎰᎢ. ᎢᎦ ᎢᎩᏁᎰᎢ. ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏓᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. Ꮭ
ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏱᎦᏴᏛᎬᎠ. ᎠᏎᏅ, Ꮭ ᎡᏝᏪᎢ ᏱᎩ. ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ
ᎡᎯ ᎡᏆ ᏍᏆᏞᏍᏗ ᎠᎪᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ ᏂᎪᎸᎢ. ᎢᎦ
ᎯᏍᎩᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏗᏞᎩ ᎢᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ
ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎾᎲ
ᎠᎭᏂ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ. ᎠᏎᏃ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎢᎦᏓ
ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏐᎳ (solar) ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ. ᏐᎳ
ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏓᏅ ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ Ꮎ ᎦᏚᎢ
ᎦᎶᏍᎪᎢ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎧᎸᎢ. ᎥᏍᎩ ᏱᏄᎵᏍᏓᎾ
ᎦᏳᎾᏕᎳᎰᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ
ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏕᏗᏴᏌᏗᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏙᏗ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ
ᎡᎯ ᏂᏧᏍᏛ ᏄᏅᏔᏁᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳ ᎦᏳᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏕᏲᎲᎢ
ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏗᎦᎸᎢ ᏂᎪᎸ ᏓᎵᎶᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ, ᏃᎴ


ᎠᏂᎩᎶᎯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᎩᎶᎯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ - ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏂᏍᏘᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ
ᎤᎾᏢᏈᏗ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎬᏱ


ᎠᏂᏌᎰᏂ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᏌᎰᏂ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ - ᏢᏓᏥ, ᎬᎮ, ᏃᏊᎴ ᏲᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏜ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏎᎢ. ᏗᏂᏲᏟ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ.


ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ - ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ ᏭᏂᎪᏛ ᏃᏊᎴ
ᏫᏚᎾᏓᏃᏣᏢ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎠᏓᎿᏩ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏙᎩ


ᎠᏂᎪᏓᎨᏫ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᎪᏓᎨᏫ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ, ᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᎦᏔᎨᏫ - ᎦᏙ ᎠᏂᎦᏘᏱ ᎨᎪᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏊᎴ
ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏄᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᎦᏍᏕᎢ
ᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏴᎵ ᏣᏁᎲ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᏘ.
ᎠᏂᎪᏓᎨᏫ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ - ᎦᏙ ᎠᏂᎦᏘᏱ ᎨᎪᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏊᎴ
ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᏄᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᎦᏍᏕᎢ
ᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎠᏂᎦᏴᎵ ᏣᏁᎲ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᏘ.


ᎠᏂᎧᏫ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᎧᏫ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ - ᎠᎭᏫ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᏱ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎠᏂᏄᎳ


ᎠᏂᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ - ᏥᏍᏆ ᏗᏂᎦᏘᏱ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏃᏊᎴ ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏂᎯᏙᎯ
ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎨᎦᏑᏰᏓ ᎨᏎ ᏗᏂᏟᏏᏍᎩ


ᎠᏂᏬᏗ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎠᏂᏬᏗ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ - ᎩᎦᎨᎢ ᎠᏑᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ.


ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎿᏬᎢ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏣᎦᎸᏴ ᏗᏌᏃ ᏚᎾᏌᏃᎮᎢ, ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯᏃ ᎠᏇᏡᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎠᎿᏬ ᏚᎾᏂᏪᎢ. ᎠᎦᏣᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᏌᏃ ᏂᏓᏂᏪᏎᎰ.
ᏥᏗᎨᏥᎢᎸᏎ ᎨᏥᎩᎡᎴ ᎤᏅᏔᏅᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ, ᏗᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᎩ. ᎬᏩᎵᏨ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎦᎭᎷᏍᏗ ᎠᎿᏬᎢ, ᏓᏂᏣᎦᎵᏍᎨᏊ
ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᎾᏌᏃᎢ. ᎤᏅᏣᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏓᏃᏢᏗᏍᎨᎢ. ᎪᎯᏴ ᏥᎩ, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏂᏯᎸᏍᎪ ᎧᏅᏬᎢ ᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ, ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏅᎩ ᏧᏅᏏᏯ, ᏗᎦᏐᏆᎸ, ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎥᏍᏊ.
ᏎᎷ ᏐᎯᎴ ᏱᎩ ᏯᏂᏍᏙᎭ, ᏃᏊᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ
ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏜ ᏗᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎨ ᏧᎾᏓᏍᏛᏗ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ. ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ ᏧᎾᏌᏃ
ᎪᎯᏴ ᏥᎩ, ᎠᏲᏓᏝᎲ ᎢᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏓᎾᏌᏃᎯᎰᎢ, ᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏕᎪᏯᏙᎢ.
ᎥᏍᎩᏊ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎦᏘᏲ ᏗᎾᏅᏌᏛᏍᎩ, ᏍᏆᎳᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᏕᎨᏐᎢ. ᏂᎦᏓᏊ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ
ᏓᎾᏂᏬᏍᎪ ᎠᏇᏡᏍᏗ ᎠᎿᏬᎢ. ᎥᏍᏊ ᎤᏅᏣᏗ ᎤᏥᎸ ᏗᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᏕᎨᏐ,
ᏗᏇᏡᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᏰᏫᏍᎪ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏜ ᏃᏊᎴ ᎣᏂᏗᏜ ᎠᎿᏬᎩᎢ. ᏕᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᏠᏱ ᏕᎨᏐ


ᏥᏳ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
ᏥᏳ ᏗᏔᎵᏗᏍᏗ ᏍᏓᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏎᎢ ᏗᎪᏢᏗ ᎪᎯᎩ ᏥᎨᏎᎢ.
ᏗᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᏓ ᎢᏕᏡᎬ ᏚᏂᏲᎮ ᏧᏃᎸᏙᏗ. ᏅᎩᏍᎪᎯ ᏱᎳᏏᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ.
ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎯ ᏯᏂᎢ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏯᎾᏣᎥᎦ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ. ᎥᏍᎩ ᏳᏍᏗ ᏤᏆᏨ ᎢᏕᏡᎬ
Ꮭ ᎦᏳᏂᏅᏍᏗ ᏱᎨᏎ ᎥᏍᎩ ᏧᏓᎨᏓ ᏕᏡᎬ, ᎠᎹᏱ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏅᎴᏍᎨᎢ. Ꮭ
ᎦᎷᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓ ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᏚᏂᎮ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏥᎨᏒᎢ. ᎠᏎᏃ Ꮭ ᏗᎾᏓᏲᏍᎩ
Ꮟ ᏄᎾᎴᏅᏓ ᏝᏬᏘ ᏃᏊᎴ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᏓᏂᏖᏗᏍᎨᎢ ᏕᏈᎬ, ᏂᏓᎾᏛ ᎢᏴ
ᏩᏂᏍᏛᏍᎨᎢ, ᎤᎭᎨᏓ ᎾᏅᏁᎮ ᏝᏬᏘ ᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏚᎵᏍᎬ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎪᎲᏍᎨᎢ,
ᏒᎳᏗᏜ ᎢᏈᎬ ᎠᏃᏛᏍᎨᎢ. ᏝᏬᏘ, ᎧᏁᏍᎦᏃ ᎥᏍᏊ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎨ ᏧᏁᏅᏒ
ᏃᏆᎴ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏳᏓᎴᏅᎭ ᎠᎪᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏈᎬᎢ, ᏅᏯ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎨ
ᏓᏂᏆᏔᎴᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏅᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎣᏍᏓ ᏳᎪᎿ ᏃᏊ ᎠᎯᏓ ᎦᎴᏴᏍᎨᎢ ᎢᏡᎬᎢ.
ᏳᎴᏴᏐᎾᏊ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏍᎨᏱ ᎠᏂᏁᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎢᏡᎬᎢ. ᎠᎯᏓ ᎦᏁᎦᏟᏗ ᎨᏐᎢ
ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᏱᎩ, ᎪᎯᏗ ᏯᎬᏔ ᏍᏓᏱ ᏫᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏱᏄᎾᏛᏁᎳ
ᎬᏩᏃᏍᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᎸᎢ, ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᏁᏅᏒ ᏓᎾᏦᏗᏍᎨᎢ.
ᎡᏧᎳ ᏗᎬᏗ ᏫᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏂᏓᏅᏁᎮ, ᏗᏜᏉ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎨᎪ. ᏃᏊ
ᎦᏚᏗᏜ ᎠᏓ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᏓᏃᏛᏍᎨ, ᏂᎪᎸ ᎤᎾᎦᏎᏍᏕᎢᎪᏛ. Ꮭ ᏳᎾᏚᎵᏍᎨ ᎡᏆ
ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᏗᎢ, ᎤᎪᏅ ᏓᏂᏍᏛᎪᏍᎨ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏅᏴ ᏓᏅᏗᏍᎨᎢ.
ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᏅᏁᎮ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏥᏳᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏃᏊ ᏳᏂᏍᏆᏓ ᏲᎾ
ᎪᎢ ᎠᏂᏅᎵᏰᏍᎨᎢ. ᏳᏓᎵᎭᏋ ᎠᏂᏅᎵᏰᏍᎨ ᏲᎾ ᎪᎢ ᏥᏳᎢ ᎤᎧᏲᎯᏍᏗ
ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎥᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏥᏳ, ᎤᏂᎨᏳᏎᎢ. Ꮭ ᎿᏊ
ᎠᎯᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏅᏁᎢ, ᎩᎶᎢ ᎠᏲᎷᏗ ᏱᏓᎦᏔᏂ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᏟᏗ ᎨᏎᎢ
ᏩᏂᏍᏆᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ. ᎡᎵᏍᏗᎧ ᏱᎨᏲᎲᎦ ᎪᎯᎩᏴ ᏥᎨᏒ ᏗᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ


ᎠᏂ.
ᎠᏂ ᎦᎪᏘ. Ꮎ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ. ᎤᎦᎳ ᎦᏁᎦ-Ꭿ ᎤᏛᏒᎢ. ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎦᎨ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎶᏂᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎨ.
ᎠᏂ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ("Fragaria virginiana") ᏧᏓᎵ ᎧᏅᏫᎠ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᏍᏉ, ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎦᏅᎦᎵᎭ.
ᏍᏗᎳᏪᎵ, ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᎠᏂ ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᎤᏂᎭ.


ᏥᏍᏛᎾ.
ᏥᏍᏛᎾ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ crawdad, ᎠᎴ freshwater crustacean ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏝᏰᎵ tohi adedi polluted ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ invasive "Procambarus clarkii" ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 3 m (10 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ astacology .
ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ "decapod ᎤᏍᏗ".
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏛᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎪᏛᏅ" ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎠᏣᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎧᏁᏨ "escrevisse" (ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ "écrevisse") ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Frankish *"krebitja" (cf. ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ), ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ". ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ "ᎪᏛᏅ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎠᏣᏗ" (ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ). ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ variant "ᏥᏍᏛᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ derived.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎪᏛᏅ" (ᎠᎴ "cray") ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ freshwater crays ᎠᎴ "koura", ᎯᎠ Māori ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏣᎢ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ, crawdads , mudbugs  ᎠᎴ yabbies.
Geographical ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ.
ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏛᏅ, ᏔᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (Gondwana-ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ) ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Parastacidae ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, Madagascar, ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ pleopod. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ Astacidae ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Eurasia ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᎸ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cambaridae ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᎸ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ.
ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 250 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏁᎳ genera, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cambaridae. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ astacid ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ headwaters ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ.
Australasia ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ centre ᎪᏛᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎳᏚ genera. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Australian ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Cherax", ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ marron ("Cherax tenuimanus"), ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ("Cherax quadricarinatus"), yabby ("Cherax destructor") ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ yabby ("Cherax preissii"). ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ, "Astacopsis gouldi", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ 3 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Tasmania.
Madagascar ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ (ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎪᏛᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "Astacopsis madagascarensis".
ᏳᎳᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ genera "Astacus" ᎠᎴ "Austropotamobius".
"Cambaroides" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ.
Moulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏛᏅ.
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ moult ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ exoskeletonᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ moult ᎾᎿ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ moults ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ moult, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏅ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ moulting ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ calcium ᎾᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ exoskeleton.
ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ moult, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ onto Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ꮝ pincer, ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ swimmerets (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏂᏓᏛᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ .
ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤᎢ moulted ᎪᏛᏅ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predators, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ calcium ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.
ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ.
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Louisiana, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ "ᏥᏍᏛᎾ"; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, 98% ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Louisiana. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ boiled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, paprika, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎾes, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎢ, ᏎᎷ, ᏒᎩ, ᎬᎾ neckbones ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᏥᏍᏛᎾ tuyasdi".
ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏴᎳᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ blackened. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Cajun ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ étouffée, ᏥᏍᏛᎾ po' ᎠᏧᏣ, ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ beignets .
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sweden ᎠᎴ Finland, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ consumed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ. ᎯᎠ tuyasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dill ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ freshwater ᎪᏛᏅ, "Astacus astacus", ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ transplanted ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, "Pacifastacus leniusculus", ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ imported. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ depended ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Acocil ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ Aztec ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ; ᎾᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed (ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ boiled) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ.
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ swept ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1990s, featuring Ꮝ "Ꮉ Ꮃ" (麻辣) ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ (ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ Sichuan ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᏥᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏥᎵ) ᎠᏑᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏇᏥᏅ, ᎯᎠ "Ꮉ Ꮃ" ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ (麻辣小龙虾) "ᎹᏦ" (麻小) ᏚᏙᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏴᏣ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎨᏱ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ.
ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ.
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater aquaria. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ leftover ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᎯᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏕᎰᏌᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ imported ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎩᎵᏍᎯ, ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ — ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ flung ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏪᏴ.
ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ.
ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᎵᏲᎠᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ "Aphanomyces astaci". ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ "Astacus" ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᏳᎳᏛ.


ᎩᏔᏯ.
ᎩᏔᏯ ᎤᏗᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏡᎬ ᏖᏡᎬ. Ꮎ ᏡᎬ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎩᎦᎨ-ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎨ. ᎩᎳᏯ ᎤᏗᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎤᎭ.
"Prunus" ᏚᏓᏘᎿᎥᎢ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᎭ ᏆᏄᎾᏍᏗᎢ, ᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏓᏛᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏆᎾ.
ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎣᎦᎷᏯᏓᏴᏗ ᎩᏔᏯ ᎠᏂᏯᏫ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ: "Prunus avium" ᎠᎴ "Prunus cerasus". "Prunus avium", "ᎩᏔᏯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ" ᏭᎦᎾᏍᏓ. "Prunus cerasus" ᏧᎿᏦᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎦ ᏧᎿᏦᏍᏗ ᎩᏔᏯ.
ᎩᏔᏯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ "Kirsch."


ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ.
ᏔᎵ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏁ ᎤᏂᏃᎭᎸᏎ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᏂᎷᏨ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎦᎵᏦᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏙᏓᎸᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏃᏔᏁᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏪᏟᏌᏁ ᎤᏯᎳᏛ ᎠᎵᎨᎲᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏤᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏁ ᎠᏫ ᎤᏯᎸᏎ. ᏞᎦᏊᏃ ᎤᏛᎦᏁ ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎤᏅᏓᏝᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎠ ᏔᎵᎭ ᎠᏁᎿᎢ ᏣᎾᏟᎰᎢ. ᎤᏩᏅᏦᏅ ᏭᎶᏎ ᏚᎵᏍᏔᎸᎢ ᏫᏗᎦᏔᏂᏎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎷᏩ ᎤᎿ ᏗᎨᏒ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎤᎸᏪᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏍᎩᏴᏎ ᎦᎦᎵᏬᎩ ᎤᏰᎸᏎᎢ. Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏟᎮᎢ ᎬᏅ ᎠᏗᏨᎯᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏔᏁᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ: “ᏍᎩᏍᏕᎳ, ᎬᏚᏥᏴᎢ; ᎯᎢᎾ ᏗᏍᏓᏓᎾᏫ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎠᏯ.” Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎤᎵᏐᏍᏔᏁ, ᎠᎴ, ᎤᎾᏌᏁᏎ ᎦᏡᏓ ᎤᏍᎪᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎬᏗᏍᎩ, ᏭᏲᎴᏃ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᎩᎦ ᏓᏳᏤᏬᏨᎢ ᏩᏔᎴᏒᎢ. ᎾᏃ ᎢᎾᏓ ᏚᏲᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᎸᏪᏍᏛᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏃ ᏣᏔᏍᎩᏍᎪ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏎᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏌᏆᎴᎸᏍᏔᏁ ᎤᏅ ᏓᏝᎥᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎬᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏲᏍᏘᏍᎨ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏥᎦᏩᏙᏍᎪ ᎾᏍᎩᎠᎢ, ᎠᎵᏌᏆᎴᎵᏒᎢ.
ᎾᏃ ᎾᏥᎦᏔᎲᎾ ᎤᎴᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩᏃ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᎢ ᎢᎨᏎᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩᎢ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅᎢ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᏄᏪᏎᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ: “ᏍᎩᏍᏕᎸᎭ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᏓᎬᏯᎵᎡᎵᏍᏔᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏓᎬᏁᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᏊ ᏣᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ.” ᎤᏂᎪᏘᏕᏃ ᎬᏂ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏂᎦᏐᏎ ᎤᏅᏓᏝᎥ ᎤᎿ ᎤᎵᏬᏨ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᏭᎵᏌᏆᎴᏠᎸ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎨᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᎪᏯ ᎤᏂᎪᏅᎢ ᎨᏎ ᎠᏰᎸᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᎸᏘᏰᎢ. ᏌᏊᏃ ᎤᎿᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏨᏥᏍᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏌᏓᏗᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏛᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎿ ᏯᏍᎪᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏜᏊ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒ, Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᎤᏩᏥᏍᎦᎳᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ. ᏐᎢᏃ ᎨᏒ ᏡᎬᎢ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎤᏪᏅᏎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏂᎸᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏚᏪᏟᏌᎾ ᎤᏬᏰᏂᏮᎵ ᏧᏢᏓᎸᏓ ᎤᏬᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᎲᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎤᏩᏥᏍᎦᎳᏅ ᏥᏃᏍᎦ ᏫᎬᎵᏯᎶᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎤᏪᏇᏅᏁ ᎠᏫ ᎦᏁᎩᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎨᎢ: “ᎢᎪᎯᏓᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏍᏆᏂᎪᏕᏍᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᏊ ᎦᎯᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏎᏍ ᎡᎿᎢ.” ᎾᏊᏃ ᎤᏃᎯᏎᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᏊ ᎢᎡᏒ ᏧᎵᏦᏛᎢ ᎠᏎ ᎤᏛᏗ ᎨᏎᏍᏗ ᏅᏬᏘ ᏡᎬᎢ ᏙᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏙᏳᎮᏃ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᏑᏓᎴᎩᏃ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎠᏥᏃᏎᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᏫᎦᎷᏨ ᏗᏓᏁᎸ ᏗᏩᏛᎯᏒ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎤᏲᎱᏏᏕᎾ ᎤᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ Ꮎ ᎤᏮᏖᎾ ᎤᏩᏥᏍᎦᎳᏅ ᎤᎿ ᏄᏍᏗᏕᎬ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏳᏴᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎯᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏕᎸ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᏍᏗᎢ ᎠᎹᎯ ᎤᏭᎵᏍᏙᏗᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏁᏗ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎯᏊ ᏳᏩᎵᏯᎶᎦ. ᎾᏊᏃ Ꮎ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏂᎩᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ Ꮭ ᏳᎪᎮ ᎤᎿ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏭᎶᏒᎢ. ᎤᏩᏌᏃ ᏫᎤᎷᏤ ᏧᏂᎸᏦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏛᎮ ᏗᎾᏓᏅᏟ ᏙᏳᏃ ᎤᏢᎨᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏞᎩᏳᏊ ᎤᏅᏩᏁ ᎬᏗᏍᎨ Ꮎ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎢᎯᏲ ᎤᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎩᏨᏓ ᏫᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏓᏙᏓᏫᏒ ᏕᎦᎶᏍᎬ, ᎠᏩᏘᎮ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎭᏢᏊ ᏳᏪᎾ.


ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ.
ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎦᏁᎴ ᎤᏟᏱᏗᏜ ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᎾᎪᏔᏅᎲᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎦᏁᎴ ᎠᏰᎵᏳ ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏜ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏂᏓᏙᏓᏫᏒᏃ ᎤᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎦᎴᎬ ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᎤᎳᏍᏈᏛ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏜ, ᏴᏓᎭᏃ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎨ. ᎾᏊᏃ, ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᏒᎯ ᏕᎦᎾᏆᏘᎮ ᏴᏫ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏁᎯ, ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ Ꮭ ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᏥᏳᎪᏗ ᏱᏓᎾᎧᏂᏍᎨ ᏧᎾᎦᏔᏍᏗᏊ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᏄᏪᏎᎴᎢᏃ ᎤᏙᎢ, ᎤᏒᎢ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏓ, “ᎬᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᏂᏁᎩᎶᏗ, ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏂᏓᏅᏁᎰ ᏚᎾᎧᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᎭ ᏱᎬᎩᎪᎭ.” ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᏒᎢ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏪᏒᎢ, “ᏕᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎣᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ ᎣᏣᎳᏅᏢ, ᎣᏍᏓ ᏗᎨᎦᏅᏗ ᎨᎵᏍᎪᎢ.” ᎯᎠᏃ ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎪᎸ ᏄᎾᏓᏅᏘᏴ ᎬᏩᏰᏨᏓᏁᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏘᏍᏛ ᎤᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎶᎯ.
ᎤᏓᏃ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏚᏛᏳᎨᎮᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏛ ᎤᏓ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏚᏭᎪᏔᏁ ᏧᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᏏᎦ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏘ ᏳᏭᎷᏣ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᏧᏪᏅᏒ, ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᎬᏁᎮ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏞᎩ ᏚᎾᏗᎴᎲᏍᏗᏍᎨ ᏯᏂᏍᎪᎯᏥᏆᏃ ᏴᏫ ᏚᏂᏲᎱᏎ. ᎾᎯᏳᏃ ᎦᎪᏭ ᏧᎵᎢ ᏱᏚᏲᏎᎳ ᏱᏅᏫᏍᏗᎴ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏗᏥᏃᎯᏱᏒᎾ ᏱᎩ, ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏃ ᎠᏁᎬ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏫᏓᏂᏔᏲᏎᎲ ᎬᏩᏂᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ, ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏘ ᏚᎾᏓᏅᏛᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏄᏂᏪᏒᏃ ᏑᏓᎴᎩᏃ ᎬᏩᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏃ ᎤᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ.
Ꮎ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᏃᏢᏁ ᏧᏂᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎾᏓ ᎢᏧᏅᏁᏗᎢ, ᏆᎾᏓᏲᏂ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᏔᏥᏍᏔᎵ, ᏰᎵ ᎬᏩᎾᏗᏍᎦᎵᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗᏳᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏍᎦᎵᏍᏗᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ. Ꮎ ᎢᎾᏓ ᎤᏁᏅᏎ ᎦᎸᎶᎯ ᏗᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏘᏰ ᎬᏂ ᎤᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏳᎷᏣ ᏳᎵᏍᏔᏴᏂᏝ. ᎠᏎᏃ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎤᏛᏅᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏎ Ꮎ ᏆᎾᏓᏲᏂ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᏓᎢᏅᏗ, ᎤᏍᎪᏍᏛ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏘᏍᏛ ᏚᎦᏛᏲᏍᏗᏍᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏊ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏩᏥᎳ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎬᏩᎳᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎨᏎ, ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒ ᏥᎾᏛᏁᎰ ᎾᏊ ᏳᏁᎸᏔᎾ ᎤᏓᏍᎦᎵᏍᏗᎢ. Ꮎ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏣᏁᎵᏗ ᎤᏬᏎᎴ ᏭᏴᎴᏃ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ, ᎾᏃ ᏧᎦᏔᏥᏍᏔᎵ ᎤᏕᎰᏐᏅ ᎤᏟ ᏭᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏔᏁ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏊ ᏄᏛᏁᎸᎾ. ᏴᏫᏃ Ꮟ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎨ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᏗᏞᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎤᏁᏅᏎ ᏔᎵᏁ ᏚᏂᏔᏲᏎᎸᏎ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎬᏩᏂᏍᏕᎸᏗᎢ. ᏏᏊᏃ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎤᏃᏢᏁ ᎤᏂᏁᏟᏴᏎᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎡᏆᏃ ᎤᎧᏖᎾ ᏄᏅᏁᎴ, ᎠᎹᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ, ᏐᎢᏃ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏦᎾᏘ.
ᏧᎵᏯᎸᏍᏔᏅᏃ, ᎢᎾᏓ ᎨᏥᏃᏫᏎᎸ ᎨᏎ ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏅᏁᏗ ᎤᏂᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏓ ᎾᏊ ᏳᏭᎴᏫᏍᏔᎾ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᏧᏪᏅᏒᎢ. ᎤᎧᏖᎾ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ, ᏚᎵᎨᏃ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎤᏃᎯᏳᏎ ᎬᏩᏓᎴᏁᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ. ᎾᏃ ᎤᏦᎾᏘ ᎠᎦᏟᏱᏴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏭᏗᏢᏍᏔᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏄᏖᏲᎴ ᏙᏯᏗᏜᏊ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏓ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏍᏚᎢᏌ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎲ ᎤᏥᎢ, ᎤᏍᎦᎶᏨ ᎦᎶᏫᏍᏗᏳᎶᏗᏃ ᎤᏅᏤ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎢ. ᎤᏩᎨᏫᏒᏃ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏓ, ᎤᏪᏅᏎᏃ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏗᏜ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎧᏖᎾ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎤᎿᎸᏎ ᎤᏦᎾᏘᏃ ᎾᏍᏜᏗᏴ ᏄᎵᏍᏙᏔᏁ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏪᏅᏎᏊ. ᎾᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᎬᏣᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᏓᏓᏙᎵᏍᏔᏁᎰ ᎤᏦᎾᏘ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᏰᏗᎯᎣᎢ, ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᎲ ᏓᎤᏚᎵᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎣᏍᏓ ᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏁᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᏯᏁᎸᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏓᏍᎦᎵᏍᏗ ᏅᏕᏴᏙᏗᏍᎬᎾ ᏱᎩ.
ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᎧᏖᎾ ᎤᏟᎯᏊ ᏳᎿᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏕᏊ ᎦᎾᏰᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ. ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗᏃ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏁ ᎾᏍᏊ ᏱᏚᎧᎾᎾᏊ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᏂᎦᏓ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎨ. ᏭᎵᏯᎶᎸᏃ ᏴᏫ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏓ ᎤᏂᏍᏆᎸᎡᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏁ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎨᏒ, ᎦᎸᏔᏗᏃ ᏗᎨᏒ ᏭᏂᎧᏅᎢ, Ꮎ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎾᎿᏃ Ꮟ ᏪᎭ.
ᎾᏊᏃ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏩᏛᎭ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᎵᏬᏨ ᎤᎵᏍᏚᏁ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᎢ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᏴᏫ Ꮭ ᏱᏓᏂᏲᎱᏍᎨ ᎤᏗᏞᎬ ᏱᏂᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎨ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᎵᏏᎬ ᎠᎾᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᏏᏊᏃ ᎬᏩᏂᏍᏕᎶᏗ ᏚᏂᏔᏲᏎᎸ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ, ᎯᎠᏃ ᏄᏂᏪᏎᎢ ᎾᏃ ᎤᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏄᎪᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᏗᎢ ᏳᎾᏚᎵᎭ, ᏭᏂᏯᎤᏗᏃ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ ᏗᎨᏒᎢ. ᎯᎢᏃ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᎩᎵ ᎤᏂᏚᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎵᏏᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᎵᏏᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏥᎩ.
ᏴᏫ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᎾᏑᏰᏎ ᎤᏁᏅᏍᏗᎢ. ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᏂᏃᏎᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᏂᏅᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏂᏴᏫᏗᎢ ᎤᏙᏆᏯ ᎤᏩᏱᏝᏅ ᎣᏬᏰᏂ ᎾᏯᏔᎥ ᎢᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᏳᏭᏂᎷᏣᏃ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᏃᏏᏌᏁᎴ, ᏧᏂᏩᏛᏗ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᎩᎵ ᏗᎾᎵᏍᎩᏍᎬᎢ. ᏙᏯᏗᏜᏃ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᎾᎴᏗ ᎨᏎ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᏳᎵᏍᎩᏍᏔᏅᏍᏔᎾ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ, ᎤᏂᏫᏍᏛᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏩᏱᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏴᏫᎦᏅᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᏃ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᏫᎬᏩᏂᎸᏗ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏳᏩᏂᎧᏏ ᎤᏥᎢ. ᎠᏎᏃ Ꮭ ᎤᏂᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏱᎨᏎ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏝᏍᏊ ᎤᏜᏅᏛᏊ, ᎬᏂ ᏧᏁᏅᏒ ᏳᏭᏂᎷᏣ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏃ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏚᏂᏅᏎ ᏧᏩᏱᏝᏅ ᎾᏃ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏂᎩᏒ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏜ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᎩᏨᏅ ᎬᏂ ᏭᏂᎷᏣ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏏᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎿᏃ ᏚᏂᏩᏛᎮ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᎩᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᏗᏅᏃᏓ ᏥᎨᏐᎢ. ᎤᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᏙᏯᏗᏜ ᏄᏛᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎪᏢᏒ. ᎤᎵᏍᎩᏍᏔᏅᏍᏔᎾ ᎾᎥ ᎠᏁᏙᎲ, ᏌᏊ Ꮎ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏪᏩᏍᏛᏂᏍᏔᏁ ᎤᏩᏱᏝᏅ ᎬᏗ, ᎾᏊᏃ ᏅᏩᏓᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏩᏓᎴ, ᎬᏂ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᎤᏕᏯᏗᏒ ᏙᏯᏗᏜ ᏓᏳᏅᏥᎸ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ.
Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏁ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏍᏚᏁ ᎫᏢᏙᏗ, ᎾᏃ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᎵ ᏝᏍᏊ ᏧᎾᏕᎳᎰᏎ ᏱᏅᏫᏍᏕ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ. Ꮎ ᎠᏂᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎤᏄᏖᏎ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᏅᏒ ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏁ ᏗᎧᏄᎬ ᎢᏗᏜ.
ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎾᏊᏃ ᎤᏛᏂᏕ Ꮎ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᏲᎯᎲ ᎤᏄᎪᏍᏗᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎬᎾᎢᏎᏊ ᎾᏂᏁᏤᎲᎾ. ᏄᎵᏍᏛᏃ ᏏᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏔᏁ ᎤᏲᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᏛᏁ, ᎠᏎᏃ Ꮭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏳᎾᏛᏁ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᎦᏂᎵᏱ ᏧᏁᏅᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏁᏙᎲᎢ, Ꮎ ᎤᏓ ᎢᎦ ᏒᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏪᎷᏁ ᏗᎧᎸᎬ ᎢᏗᏜ ᏭᎧᏛᎢ.
Ꮎ ᏅᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎤᏪᎷᏁ ᎤᎭᏬᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏔᏲᏎᎴ ᏍᏘᎩᏓᏊ ᎤᏂᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᏧᏢᏛ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᎢᎮ ᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏲᎱᏍᎬ ᎠᏁᎵᏍᎨ, ᏙᏳᏃ ᏩᏍᏘᎬᏭ ᎤᏄᏞᏎ ᎫᏢᏛ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎤᏂᏴᏓᏁᏗ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏃ ᏥᏓᏐᎸᏓᏫᏍᎪ ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏎ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏃᎯᎸᏍᏔᏁᎴ ᎤᏅᏍᏓᎸ ᏭᏕᎵᏨ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᎤᎾᏛᎦᏅ ᏙᏧᏩ ᎠᏠᏱᎲ, “ᏈᏍ! ᏈᏍ! ᏈᏍ!” ᎤᏂᏍᏚᏅᏃᎠᏍᏚᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏏᏊ ᎬᎾᎢᏎᎢᏊ. ᎠᏎᏃ ᏭᏂᎷᏣ ᎤᎾᏕᏗᏱ ᎤᏂᏍᏚᎢᏌᏃ ᎧᏁᏌ ᎤᏏᏩ ᎨᏎ. ᎢᎦᏅᏔᏃ Ꮎ ᏙᏧᏩ ᎤᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ ᎨᏒᎢ.
Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏳᏄᏝᎡ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏂᎬᏩᏂᏪᏎᎸ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏙᎯ ᏳᎾᏘᏃᎴ ᏧᏪᏅᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒ ᏫᏗᎦᏗᏩᏛᏗ ᏱᎨᏎ ᎠᏂᏥᏍᎩᎵ ᏧᏂᏚᎲᎢ. Ꮎ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏂᏍᏚᎢᏎ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎤᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ Ꮭ ᎢᎸᎯᏳ ᏳᏫᏙᎨᏗᏯᏅ ᏴᏫ ᏧᏂᏲᎱᏒᎢ. Ꮎ ᎤᏓ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᏧᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏏᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏗᏜ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᏂᎷᏣ ᎾᏅᏘᏁᎲᎾ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏳᏣ, ᏚᏠᏱᎴ ᎬᏂ ᏚᎦᏌᏬᎸ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏃᎱᎪᏗ ᎸᏩᏂᏌᎾ. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᎢᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏂᎬ ᏙᏗᏂᎬᏥᏒ ᏴᏫ ᏏᏯ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏨ ᎤᏂᏍᏆᎸᎡᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏄᎪᏔᏁ ᏧᏂᏅᏍᏗ ᏫᏓᎾᏤᎸ ᏗᎨᎦᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏫᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏔ ᎤᏂᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏑᎳᎪᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏱᎲ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏩᎵᏍᎩᎡᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏓᏤᎸ ᏕᎬᏩᏃᎩᎡᎴ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏩᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏗᏥᏍᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᏓᏍᏗᎮ. ᎾᏊᏃ ᎣᏂᏱ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎱᎳ ᎦᎸᏂᎯ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏎ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᏚᎧᎾᏁᏃ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎤᏰᎸᏁ ᏓᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏧᏃᏚ ᎠᏂᏓᎨ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏩᎨᏫᏎ ᎤᏲ ᎤᏓᏅᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏤᏨᏍᏔᏁ.


ᏦᏍᎪᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ.
ᏦᏍᎪᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Dwight D. Eisenhower ᏚᏙᎡᎢ. ᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏐᏁᎵᏍᎪᎯᏁ
ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩᏃ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ᏚᏙᎡ
ᎤᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᏦᎢ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎴᎢ
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏣᏁᎳ. ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᏐᏁᎵᏁ ᎤᏲᏄᏎᎢ.
ᏦᏍᎪᎯᏍᎩᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ John F Kennedy ᏚᏙᎡᎢ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᎦᎵᏆᏚᏏᏁ
ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩᏁ ᏌᏧᏎᏗ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy ᏚᏙᎡ
ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎪᏅᎩ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ ᏝqᏭᎤ ᏅᎩ ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ
ᏳᏴᏞᎢ ᎠᏥᏲᎴ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎢ. ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎨᏎᎢ.
ᏦᏍᎪᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Lyndon B. Johnson ᏚᏙᎡᎢ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏣᏁᎵᏁ
ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩᏃ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏅᏓᎩ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Claudia Taylor Johnson ᏚᏙᎡ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎩᏍᎪᎯᏍᎩ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏑᏓᎵᏲᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎸ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ.
ᏐᏁᏓᏚᎢᏍᎪ ᎯᏍᏊ ᎦᎵᏆ ᏍᎪᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎢ. ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎤᎦᎾᏩ.
ᏦᏍᎪᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Richard M. Nixon ᏚᏙᎡᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩᏃ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎠᏕᎳᏧᏢᎢ
ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Patricia Ryan Nixon ᏚᏙᎡ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎩᏍᎪᏑᏓᎵ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ
ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ.ᎯᏍᎩᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎴᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᏧᏥᎶᏔᏂᏒ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᏕᎳᎰᏎ
ᎤᏩᎳ ᏚᏲᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎨᏒᎢ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏐᏁᎳᏍᎪᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎢ. Republican
ᏦᏍᎪᏣᏁᎵᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Gerald Ford ᏚᏙᎡᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏎᎷᏱ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Elizabeth
Bloomer Ford ᏚᏙᎡ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᏌᏊ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ.
ᏌᏊ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎴᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏅᎩ ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏔᎵᏍᎪᎢ ᏍᎪᎯᏍᏊ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎢ.
ᏦᏍᎪᏐᏁᎵᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Jimmy Carter ᏗᏓᎠ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆᏔᎵ ᏍᎪᏅᎩᏁ
ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏣᏥᏱ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Rosalynn Smith Carter ᏚᏙᎡ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎩᏍᎪᏦᎢ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏌᏊ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎴᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏅᎩ
ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎪᎯᏥᎨ ᏁᎵᏍᎪᎯᏍᎩ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᎦᎾᏩ Ꮧ.
ᎾᏍᎪᎯᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Ronald Reagan ᏚᏙᎡᎢ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏌᏚᏏᏁ ᎤᏕᏁᎢ.
ᏍᎦᏚᎩᏃ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎢᎵᏃᏱ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Nancy Davis Reagan ᏚᏙᎡ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎦᎵᏊᏍᎪ
ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎸ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏣᏁᎳ ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᏔᎵ
ᏍᎪᎢᏍᎪ ᎯᏍᏆ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎢ. Republican ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎤᏴᏜ.
ᎾᏍᎪᎠᎬᏱᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ George H. W. Bush ᏚᏙᎠ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᏅᎨᏁ
ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎺᏌᏧᏎᏗ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Barbara Pierce bush ᏚᏙᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ.
ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᎯᏍᎩ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏌᏊ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏴᏞ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ. ᎪᎯᏥᎩ
ᎾᏍᎪᏔᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Bill Clinton ᏚᏙᎠ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎤᏕᏁᎢ.
ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᏲᏁᎬ ᎠdᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Hillary Rodham Clinton ᏚᏙᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎪ
ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏴᏞ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏣᏁᎳ ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ.
ᎾᏍᎪᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ George W. Bush ᏚᏙᎠ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎪᏑᏓᎵᏁ
ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎧᏁᏓᎦᏘ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. Laura Welch Bush ᏚᏙᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎯᎩᏍᎪᎯᏍᎩ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏣᏁᎳ
ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎪᎯᏥᎩ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᏦᎢ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. Republican Ꮒ. ᎤᏴᏜ.
ᎾᏍᎪᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏱᎯ Barack Obama ᏚᏙᎠ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᏌᏊᎯᏁ
ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏩᏱ ᎠᏃᏎᎰ. Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama ᏚᏙᎠ
ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎪᏣᏁᎴ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏏᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎪᎯᏥᎩ.
ᎠᏴᎤᎢ ᎠᎬᎾᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏴᏢᎯ. ᎤᎦᎾᏩ Ꮧ.


ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ.
ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎦᏓᏗ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏃᎴ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏃᎴ ᏧᏂᎦᏴᎵᎨᎢ. ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᎨᏒ, ᎠᏣᏓ ᎠᏂᏲᏍᎩ ᎧᏁᎲ ᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᏫ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎢ. ᎠᏰᏟ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᎯ ᎠᎩᏌᏌ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ. ᏯᎾᏌ ᎤᏁᎦᎸᏅ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ, ᎠᏬᎭᎵ ᏧᎩᏓᏟ ᏗᎦᏔᏅ ᎪᏚᏍᏔᏅ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᏚᏓᎾᏫᏍᏓ ᏙᎯᏭ ᎬᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ. ᏌᏊ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ ᏙᎯᎨᏒ ᎪᎩᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᎴ ᎠᎵᏬᎢ ᎤᏩᎾᎦᏝᏅ. ᏧᏓᎾᏫᏓᏃ ᎨᏒᏃ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏛ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎵᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏧᏃᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏎᎯᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏓᏂᏖᏢᏅᎢ.


ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ.
ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏓᎾᏓᏙᏎᎰᎢ, ᎠᏁᎵᏔᏅ ᏗᎾᏘᏂᏙ ᎭᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ.
ᎠᎬᏱ ᎤᎾᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᏧᏃᏕᏅ ᎨᏒ ᎯᎢᎾ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᏣᏥᏱ, ᎠᏩᏆᎹ, ᎦᏯᎴᏂ,
ᏐᎦᎴᏂ, ᏔᎾᏏ, ᎬᏅᏓᎩ ᏃᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᏩᏥᏂ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏩᏓᏛ (ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏥᏓᏟᎶᏍᏓ) ᎤᏃᏢᏁ ᏓᎾᏓᏂᎸᎩ ᎠᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ
ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏃᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏂᎶᏒ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᎢ. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ
ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏔᏁ ᏃᎴ ᎤᏃᏳᏔᏁ ᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏫ ᎦᎵᏆᏍᎪ ᏌᏊ. ᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ
ᏕᎪᏍᏓᏴ ᏂᎠᎾ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ: ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ. ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏏᏉᏯ ᏧᏬᏪᎳᏅ
ᎠᏁᎵᏔᏅ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ. ᎠᏓᏯ ᏧᏩᎾᎦᏝᏅ ᏃᎴ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᏒ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎦᎸᏬᏗ


ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ, ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯᏍᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳ ᎤᏩᏓᏛ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎢᎩᎾᎥ “ᏣᎳᎩᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ.”
ᎯᎠᎾ ᏥᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᏓᏛ, Ꮟ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎢᏛᏗᏍᎪᎢ, ᏚᏂᏃᏗ ᏐᏁᎳ
ᏙᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏫ ᎦᎵᏆᏍᎪ-ᏣᏁᎳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎶᎯᏍᏔᏁ ᎯᎠᎾ, ᎠᎬᏱ
ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᏦᏍᎪᎯᏁ, ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏫ ᎦᎵᏆᏍᎪ ᏙᏁᎳ ᎤᏂᏌᎳᏓᏁᎢ.
ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᏐᏁᎳ, ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏫ ᏁᎳᏍᎪ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᏌᏊ ᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ
ᏄᏅᏁᎴᎢ ᎦᎸᎾᏗ ᏅᏃᎯ ᏚᎾᏠᏱᎸ ᏗᎨᏥᎢᎸᏍᏔᏅᎢ ᎦᏚᎬᎢ. ᎠᎭᏂ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ
ᏂᏧᎶᏒ, ᏍᏗᎩᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏄᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᏘ ᏧᏂᎾᎠ.


ᏙᎯᏓ ᎦᏓᏗ.
ᎪᎯᎦ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏁᎦ ᎦᏓᏗ ᏂᏂᎾᎡ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ
ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᏗᏎᎯᎯ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎢᏗᎬᏂ. ᏙᎯᏓ ᎦᏓᏗ ᎤᏃᏎᏗ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ
ᎤᏂᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁ ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏧᏍᏫ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᏣᏁᎵᏁ
ᎤᏅᏔᏁᎢ. ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎠᏓᏠᏒ ᏃᎴ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏃᎲ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᎤᏁᎦᏃ ᎤᎿ ᏗᏜ
ᏄᏍᏛ ᏙᎯᏓ ᏃᎴ ᎤᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗᎭ. ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏃ ᏓᏎᎯᎲ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ
ᏧᏂᏴᏫ ᏓᏟᎶᏍᏗᎭ. ᎧᏃᎮᏓ ᎨᏒ ᏍᎩᎾ ᏙᎯᏓ ᎦᏓᏗ ᏧᏂᎲᏍᏔᏁ ᏅᏃ


ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ.
ᏦᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎠ ᏄᏏᏓᎾ - ᎦᏁᎯ, ᏍᏓᏯ, ᎠᏔᏃᎴᎬᎢᏃ. ᎢᎩᎩᏌᏓ ᎢᏗᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏁᎯ ᎨᏒ. ᏍᏓᏯ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏓ ᎠᎹ ᏳᏁᏍᏓᎳᏓ ᏅᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬᏅ ᏱᎩ ᏅᏯ ᎠᏔᏃᎴᎬᎢ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎪ ᏂᎪᎸ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎲᎢ. ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏏᏙᎲᎢ ᎠᎵᏖᎸᎲᎢᏃ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎹ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎦᎶᏏᏙᎲ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᎳᏗᏅᏓ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎲ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎺᏉ ᏳᏂᎩᏌ, ᎦᏙᎯᏃ ᎿᏊᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯᏜ.


ᎤᏬᏕᏮ.
ᎠᎦᏍᎦ, ᎫᏘᏍᎬ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙ ᎤᏁᏐᏒ, ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬᏃ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏬᏕᏮ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᏄᏗᏞᎬ, ᏄᏴᏢᏃ ᎠᏯᎥ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏃᎮᏍᎪ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏕᏮ ᏂᏗᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒᎢ. ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᏯᎥ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏳᏁᏌᏴᏜᏓ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏪᏍᏉᏨ ᎾᎥ ᏂᏓᏓᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᏧᏍᏗ ᏧᏪᏍᏉᏨ ᏓᏠᎬ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏯᎥ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏱᎦᏁᏍᏓᎵᎠ, ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎪ ᎤᎦᏅᏗ. ᏂᎦᏁᏍᏓᎵᏗᏍᎬᎾ ᏱᎩ Ꮎ ᏧᏪᏍᏉᏨ ᏕᎦᏁᏍᏓᎳᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᎸᏌᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᏧᎸᏌᏗ ᏗᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᏱᏚᏠᏌ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎪ ᎤᏅᏥ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᏱᏚᏓᏟᏌᎿ ᏓᏙᏢᏍᎪ ᎤᏂᏥ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᏙᎯᏴ ᏱᏫᎪᎰᎯ.
ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᎨᏐ ᎤᏬᏕᏮ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᏳᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎪ, ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ ᎠᏃᏎᎰ, ᏱᏭᏃᎸᏔᎾ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏚᏟᏥᏙᎸ ᏕᎦᏁᏍᏓᎵᏗᏍᎪ ᏚᏴᏢ, ᎦᏅᎳᏗᏴᏃ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ. ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᏂᏙᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᏫᏗᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎤᎪᏙ ᎠᎹ ᏧᏪᏍᏉᏨ ᏫᏓᏥᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏁᏐᏒᎢ. ᎤᏝᏂᎩᏓ ᏳᏃᎸᎾ ᏓᏌᎳᏗᏍᎪ ᎤᏁᏐᏒ ᎦᏅᎳᏗᎠᎬᏘ, ᏐᎢᏃ ᎤᏟᏰᎦᎴᏫᏓ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎪ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ. ᎥᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ ᎢᏳᏩᎦᏗᎶᏓ. ᎦᏂᎵᏊ ᎡᎵ ᏳᏓᎨᏓ ᏱᏄᎵᏍᏔᎾ ᏥᎦᏁᏐᏍᎪᎢ.


ᎫᏘᏍᎬ.
ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᎦᎾᏮ ᏄᏴᏢᏃ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎠᏯᎥᏃ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ, ᎦᏅᎳᏗᏜᏃ ᎦᏙ, ᎤᎾᏅᏙ ᎤᏬᏕᏫᏛ ᏂᏗᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏒ ᏄᎦᎾᏮ, ᏄᏴᏢᏃ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎦᏙᎯᏃ ᏴᏕᎳᎰ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏬᏕᏮ ᏗᎪᎰᏏᏒ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏧᏍᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᏬᏕᏮ ᎤᏅᏥ ᏱᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎪᎰᏍᎬᏊ ᏱᎬᎾᏬᎯ, ᏂᎦᏁᏍᏓᎳᏗᏍᎬᎾ ᏱᎩ. ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎬ ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎪ ᏳᏴᏢ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᏏᎿ ᎠᏯᎥ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ,
ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏁᏍᏓᎳᏏᏍᎪ, ᎥᏍᎩᏅ ᎦᏁᏐᏍᎪᎢ. ᎦᏁᏍᏓᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏍᎬ ᎫᏢᏍᎪ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎠᎲᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᏌᏊ ᏯᏏᏔᏛ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏳᎭᎨᏓ. ᎦᏁᏍᏓᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏓᏗᏍᎪᎢ.


ᎠᎹ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎦᏙ.
ᎡᎶᎯ ᏴᎢ ᏱᏙᏗᎧᎿᎾ ᎠᎪᏛᏗ ᏧᏍᏗ ᏫᎬᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏪᏴᎢ
ᎤᏬᏕᏮ ᏱᏬᎷᏣ ᎦᏙ, ᎦᏚ ᎡᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏔᏁᎲᏍᎪ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏚ ᎦᏙ ᎡᎩ ᎥᏍᎩ
ᎾᏂᏪᏎᎰᎢ. ᎡᎳᏗᏗᏜ ᎤᏅᏌᏁᏍᎪ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᏜ. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎦᏚ ᎦᏙ ᎡᎩ ᏫᎦᎷᎪ ᏧᏍᏗ
ᏕᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎹ ᎿᏊᎴᏃ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏚᏪᏴᎢ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏚᏪᏴ ᏫᎦᎷᎪ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎠᎹ ᎤᏯᎵᏁᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏩᏓᏁᎲᏍᎪ ᏧᏍᏗ ᏚᏜᏅᏛ ᎦᏙ ᏚᏟᏰᎦᎴᏫᏍᏒ ᏗᏓᎴᏌᏂ
ᏅᏯ. ᎯᎢᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏕᎦᏁᎲ ᏓᏃᏎᎰᎢ.


ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎦᏓ.
ᎦᏙ ᎦᏚ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏟᏂᎩᏓ ᎨᏐ, ᎡᎵᏊ ᎬᏩᎲᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎦᏓᏃ. ᎦᏓᎶᏍᎬ
ᎠᏃᏎᎰ ᎥᏍᎩ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎭ. ᎤᏟᏍᏗᏴ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎬ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏟᎯ ᏳᏝᏂᎩᏓ
ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎪᎢ. ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᏯᎦᏍᎦ, ᎡᏄᎵ ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎡᎬ ᎠᎹ ᏯᎲᎾ ᏅᏯ ᎦᏓᏃ
ᏗᏃᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏧᎾᏓᏎᏍᏗᏃ ᎤᎾᏓᏁᏖᏗᏍᎪ ᎦᏓᎶᏍᎬ ᎦᏓ. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ
ᏱᎦᏁᎬᎩ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᎭᎨᏓ ᎦᏚᎦᏓ. ᏙᏳᎨᏒ, ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭᎨᏓ ᎤᎦᏄᎸᏒ ᎪᏢᏍᎪ
ᎦᏙ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᏱᎩ. ᎠᏂᏫᏒᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏫᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎲᏍᎪ ᏙᏳ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ
ᎡᎲᎢ. ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᏳᎦᎿᎾ ᎠᏴᏍᏗᏍᎪ ᎦᏓ, ᏚᏪᏴ ᏫᎦᎶᏍᎪᎢ. ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᏛᏒᏃ


ᏗᎵᏍᏆᎸᏓ.
Grand Canyon ᏗᎵᏍᏆᎸᏓ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏟᏱᎵᏙᎸ
ᎠᏙᏢᏍᎬ ᏧᏟᏯᎦᏝ ᏅᏯ ᎤᎿ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴᎢ. ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ Ꮎ ᎧᎶᏩᏓ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏟᏍᏛ ᎡᎬ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏴᏍᏗᏍᎬ
ᏚᏟᏯᎦᏝ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏅᏯ, ᎠᏔᎴᏍᎬ yᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᏌᏊᏊ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏟᎢᎵᏙᎴ. Ꮎ ᎤᏪᏴ ᏐᎢᏃ
ᎡᎳᏗᏜ ᎡᎬ ᎠᎹ Ꮟ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎵᏔᎴᏍᎦ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎪᎯᏴ ᏥᎩ. ᏚᏪᏴ Ꮟ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎦᏓᏃ


ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ.
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ᏙᏒᏓᎵ ᎦᏖᏍᎨ ᏂᏚᏂᎸᎾ.
ᎠᏂᏍᎪᏱ Ꮭ ᏱᏚᏂᎶ ᎦᏖᏍᎨ ᎪᎳ. ᏙᏱᏗᏜ ᏂᏚᏅᏃ ᏧᎪᎳ.
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏄᎾᏓᎴᎠ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᏱ. ᏚᎾᏓᎴᎾ ᏂᏓᏁᏋ, ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ,
ᎤᎾᎵᏑᏫᏒᏃ. ᎠᏎᏃ ᏂᎦᏓ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏑᏓᎵ ᏂᏚᏅᎿ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ. ᏔᎵ ᏂᏚᏅᏃ ᎤᎾᏒᏅᏍᏙᏗ
ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎵ. ᏂᎦᏓᏊᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᏱ ᏂᏚᏅᏃ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎩ
ᏦᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᏛ ᎨᏐ ᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏰᎸᎢ: ᎠᏍᎪᎵ, ᎦᏁᏥ, ᎤᏍᏉᏟ


ᏅᏯ.
ᏅᏯ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ (lithosphere) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏅᏯ. Sedimentary ᎠᎾᏅᏯ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ (ᏝᏬᏚ ᎠᎾᏅᏯ 65%, ᏃᏱ ᎠᎾᏅᏯ 20–25%, ᎠᎴ carbonate ᎠᎾᏅᏯ 10–15% (e. g. ᎪᏍᏚᏅᏁᎬ ᏅᏯ).


ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎦ ᏣᎳᎦ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ: ᎠᏂᎪᏓᎨᏫ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏂᏬᏗ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏂᏥᏍᏆ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏂᎩᎶᎯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏂᎧᏫ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏌᎰᏂ ᏧᏂᏴᏫ.


ᏎᎷ ᎦᏚ.
ᏣᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎦᏚ (ᎦᏚ leavened chemically, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏚ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ) ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, polenta ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Italy.
ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ.
ᏣᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏳᎳᏛ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏂᏳᎳᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ European ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ. Europeans ᎠᏰᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏣᎷᎦ. ᏣᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ, ᎦᏅᏙᎬ loaves ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.
ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏣᎷᎦ.
ᏣᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎪᏪᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ. ᏣᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ baked, ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ, ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ, steamed. Steamed ᏣᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ mushy, chewier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ ᎠᏑᏰᎸᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏣᎷᎦ.
ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ-baked ᏣᎷᎦ.
ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ, ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ-baked ᏣᎷᎦ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎨᏛ, ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏩᏗᏅᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ, ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ ᏗᎦᏚᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆ, ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎦᏚ ᏫᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᏁᎵᏒᎢ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎣᏤᎵ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏣᎷᎦ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎾᏍᏓ, muffins ᎠᎴ loaves.
ᏎᎷ pone.
ᏎᎷ pone (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎠᏴᏫᏯ pone") ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎮᎾ ᏁᏩᏛ, ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ baked ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏢᏅ, margarine, ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎤᎧᏲᏒ ᎪᎢ. ᏎᎷ pone ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ Twain. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ pone ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ᎢᎩᏁᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏛ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ crunchy ᎠᎴ/ᎠᎴ chewy ᎦᏅᏙᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᏎᎷ pone" ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᎥᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎪ possesses ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ("ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏎᎷ pone"), ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ, folksy ᎠᎴ "hick" ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ (e.g., "ᏎᎷ pone" ᎤᏬᏢᏗ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pejorative, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ midwestern Ꭴ.
ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ ᏣᎷᎦ.
ᎤᏩᏄᏑᎯ ᎾᎿ rangetop, ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎾ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ (ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ ᎬᏙᏗ soda ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ chemical leavener ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ) ᎾᎾᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ crunchy ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, mushy ᎦᏚ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ (3-4" ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ) ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎢᏌ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎹ" ᏣᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
Jonnycakes.
ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ Ꮎ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ thinner, ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎦᏚ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ johnnycake, johnny ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎳᏅ, jonnycake, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, battercake, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᏩᏂᎨ ᎦᏚ, Shawnee ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, jonakin, ᎠᎴ jonikin. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎨᏒᎢ unclear, ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 'ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 'Shawnee ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ', ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎧᏁᏨ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ Midwest ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
Hushpuppies.
thicker ᎪᏢᏔᏅ ᎤᏅᏗ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎠᏑᎨᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ chopped ᏒᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ, ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ hushpuppy, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ seafood ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ. ᏣᎷᎦ (ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "ᎤᏂᎷᏨᎯ ᏣᎷᎦ") ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎢᏌ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᏎᎷ ᎢᏌ, ᎤᏅᏗ, ᏧᏪᏥ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏍᎪᏛᎭᎨ ᎠᎴ sweeter ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᏎᎷ ᎦᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ aficionados ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ flavorings ᏣᎷᎦ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᎲᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎠᏰᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ saltier ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎪᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ cracklins. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏓᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᎭ spawned ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏛ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎴ creamed ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ, jalapeño ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ topped ᎬᏙᏗ shredded ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ.
ᎢᏤ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᎷᎦ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᎦᎪ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳᎳᎪᏗ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᏄᏂᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏣᎷᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ' ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᎢᎲ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᎦ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᏃᏲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏩᏕᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎾᏦᏟ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ hungrily, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ substandard ᎤᏛᏒᎯ.
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ: ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ offseason, ᎯᎠ Detroit ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ NFC ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2006.


ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏉᎨ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ Oceania ᏯᏓᎭᎢ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᎭ.


ᎠᏛᏥ.
ᎠᏛᏥ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᏳᎳᏛ.


ᎠᏑᏫᏍᏗ.
ᏬᏗ (ᎤᎧᏲᏓ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ)


ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎦᎢ: ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ. ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ-Ꭿ.


ᎠᏔᏩ, ᎨᎾᏓ.
ᎠᏔᏩ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᎾᏓ ᎠᎴ Ontario. ᏔᎵᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎨᎾᏓ-Ꭿ.


ᏲᏂᏱ.
ᏲᏂᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏏᏲᎢ. ᎠᏂᏲᎾ ᏲᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏏᏅᏙ.
ᏏᏅᏙ (ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎢ) ᎢᏳᏩᎠᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏗ. ᏌᏊ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏔᎳᏚ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏅᏙ ᏗᏎᏗ-Ꭿ. ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ 29.53 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ 30 ᎠᎴ 31 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏂᎭ. ᎧᎦᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᎭ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎧᎦᎵ 28 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎭ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ "ᎠᏓᎾᏫᏛᏗ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ" ᏚᏙᎣᎢ.


ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏇ ᏓᎦᏒᏍᏗᎭ. ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ organology ᏚᏙᎠ. ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᏬᎯᏣᎯ 37,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎢᏴᏱᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎲᎢ.


ᏒᎳᏗᏝ.
ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ. ᏒᎳᏗᏝ, ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏔᏍᎺᏂᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ.
ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ.
ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ-Ꭿ.
ᎠᎾᎳᏍᏓᎸ.
ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏊ 550,000 ᎡᎯᏯᎢ ᎠᎾᏴᏫ ᏒᎳᏗᏝ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.
ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎦᎢ: ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎦ. ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᎵ-Ꭿ.


ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ.
ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎯᏍᎩᏁ-ᎤᏔᎾᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏊ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎬᏱᏊ ᎦᏰᎯ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ-Ꭿ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ 98% ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᏚᏝᎢ. ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏴᏣ, ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏂᎬᎢ 14,000,000 km2.


ᎢᏅᏗᎾ.
ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏓᎶᏂᎦᏍᏛ-Ꭿ. ᏂᎬᎢ 3,287,240 km2, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁᎢ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᎡᎶᎯ-Ꮒ. ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ 1,028,737,436. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᏤ ᏕᎵ. Mumbai ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎢᏅᏗᎾ-Ꭿ.
ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ.
ᎢᏅᏗᎾ ᏔᎵᏍᎪ-ᏣᏁᎳ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎭ.


ᎡᎵᏏᎯ.
ᎡᎵᏏᎯ (ᎡᎵᏏᏲ) ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏳᎳᏛ-Ꭿ. ᏂᎬᎢ 243,610 km2. ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ 62,041,708. ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ London.
ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ.
ᎡᎵᏏᎯ ᏅᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ 14 ᏍᎪᏂᏱ ᎿᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᎭ.


ᎦᏂᏝᎢ.
ᏛᎿᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏕᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ Animalia Metazoa-Ꭸ. ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᎮᎮᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏔᏴᎲᏍᎦ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏛᎿᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏁᎦ. ᎳᏗᎾ ᎢᎧᏁᏨ "Anima" ᎠᏁᏟᏙᏗ ᏥᎸᏍᏗᏋ "ᎤᎿᏫ" "ᎦᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ"-Ꭸ.
ᎦᏂᏝᎢ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᎩ.
ᎾᏍᎦ ᏔᎵ ᎦᏂᏝᎢ sub-ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ: Parazoa ᎠᎴ Eumetazoa. Ꮎ sub-ᎠᎹᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ Eumetazoa ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ Radiata ᎠᎴ Bilateria. ᎾᏍᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏏᏊ, ᎠᏲᎵᎨ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.


ᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏕᏫᏍᏛ.
ᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏕᏫᏍᏛ. ᎣᎦᏤᎵ solar ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏣᏁᎳ ᏤᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏤᎶᎯ: ᏐᏁᎵᏁ.


ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ.
ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎺᏏᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎺᏏᎪᎢᏤᏍᏛᎢ (ᏄᏲᎩ, ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ, NEW MEXICO) ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏉ ᏄᏲᎪᎢ, ᏄᏲᎩ, ᎠᎹᏰᏟ.


ᎪᏈᏂ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ.
ᎪᏈᏂ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎵᏮᏍ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Corbin Bleu Reivers"; ᎧᎦᎵ 21‚ 1989) ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ. ᏄᏯᎩ ᏧᏕᏅᎢ.


ᏩᏙ.
'ᎩᎶ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏯᏩᏛᏁᎵ ᏩᏙ ᏥᏲᏎᎰ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏗᏍᎪ ᏩᏙ 'ᎩᎶ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏯᎩᏁᎵ. ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏩᏙ ᎠᏂᏗᏍᎪ ᎠᎴ ᏍᎩᎾ ᎣᏍᏓ! ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏛᏁᎰ ᏍᏊᎢ. ᎠᎩᎸᏈᏗ ᎠᎩᏪᏍᏗ ᏩᏙ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎣᎩᎾᎵ ᏍᏊ ᎠᏂᏗᏍᎪ ᏩᏙ. ᎢᏳᏓᎭ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏂᏛᏁᎰ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ 'ᎩᎶ ᎠᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏩᏙ ᎠᏂᏗᏍᎪ ᏍᏊᎢ. ᏃᏥᎩ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ ᎠᏂᏗ ᏩᏙ, ᎢᏳᏓᎭ ᏥᎪᏩᏘ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏩᏙ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᏍᎩ, ᏍᏊ ᏥᎪᏩᏘ ᏗᏯᏟᏗ ᏱᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏗ ᏩᏙ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏧᏂᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᏲᏟ. ᎣᎩᎾᎵ ᎠᏘᏟᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏍᎩᎾ ᎠᏗ ᏩᏙ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏍᎩᎾ ᎣᏍᏓ. ᏙᏳ ᎠᎩᎸᏈᏗ Ꭰ'ᏛᎪᏗ ᏍᎩᎾ ᏱᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎬᏗ ᏩᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏍᎩᎾ ᎣᏍᏓ. ᎤᏩᏌ ᏙᏳ ᎠᎩᎸᏈᏗ Ꭰ'ᏛᎪᏗ ᏩᏙ, ᎰᏩ ᏍᎩᎾ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏩᏙ.


ᏩᎭᎧ.
ᏩᎭᎧ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎠᏍᎠᏂ (ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ: "Oaxaca" and ᎾᏩᏟ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, "Huāxyacac") ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏉ ᏄᏲᎪᎢ, ᏄᏲᎩ, ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ.


ᏐᏈᎵ-ᏧᎶᎸᏗ.
ᏐᏈᎵ-ᏧᎶᎸᏗ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Soquili-julolhdi") ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛᎢ ᎡᎭ.


ᏫᎾᏏ.
ᏫᎾᏏ (ᎶᎻ: Venus) ᎠᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ.


ᏓᏰᏂ.
ᏓᏰᏂ (ᎶᎻ: "Diana") ᎠᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᏝᏅᎯ-ᎠᎨᏯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎯ.


ᎭᎹᏏ.
ᎭᎹᏏ (ᎪᎢ: Ἑρμῆς "Ermēs") ᎤᎾᏁᏝᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏙᎯ ᎢᎩ.


ᎵᎳ ᏙᏮᏍ.
ᎵᎳ ᏙᏮᏍ (ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ: Lila Downs; ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 9 -1968 Ꮑ ᏩᎭᎧ, ᎺᏏᎪ) ᎢᏍ Ꭰ ᏍᎢᎾᎦᎡ, ᏲᏁᎦ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎵ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎪᎵᏨ.


ᏔᏘᏯᎾ ᏊᎳᏃᏩ.
ᏔᏘᏯᎾ ᏊᎳᏃᏩ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Tatiyana Bulanowa"; ᏲᏂᎢ: Татьяна Ивановна Буланова "Tat'yana Ivanovna Bulanova") ᎠᏲᏂᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ.


ᎠᎳ ᏊᎦᏦᏩ.
ᎠᎳ ᏊᎦᏦᏩ (ᏲᏂᎢ: Алла Борисовна Пугачёва "Alla Borisovna Pugachyova") ᎠᏲᏂᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ.


ᏈᎵᎩ ᎩᎵᎪᎶᏫ.
ᏈᎵᎩ ᎩᎵᎪᎶᏫ (ᏊᎵᎨᎵᏱ: Фи́лип Бедро́сов Кирко́ров "Philipp Bedrosov Kirkorov"; ᏲᏂᎢ: Филипп Бедросович Киркоров "Philipp Bedrosovich Kirkorov") ᎠᏲᏂᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏊᎵᎨᎵᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ.


ᎤᏯᏍᎦᎳ.
ᎤᏯᏍᎦᎵ ᏑᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎤᏯᏍᎦᎵ ("ᏏᏆ ᎤᏤᏥᏍᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦᎳ" ᎠᎴ "ᏅᏯᏍᎦᏟ ᎤᏤᏥᏍᏗ").


ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎡᏆ.
ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎡᏆ (ᎶᎻ: Dinosauria): ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎡᏆ "(Tyrannosaurus)", ᎠᏴᏣᏅᎯᏓ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎡᏆ "(Macronaria)", ᏦᎢ ᏧᏲᎾ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎡᏆ "(Triceratops)", ᏕᎪᏯᏛ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎡᏆ "(Pterosauria)" ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏘᏲᎭᎵ ᎡᏆ "(Pistosauroidea).


ᏳᏪᏅᏍ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᏳᏪᏅᏍ (ᎪᎢ: Ουρανός "Ouranós"; ᎶᎻ: Caelus) ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᏝᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎶ ᎡᎯ.


Felidae.
ᏪᏌ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ (ᎶᎻ: "Felidae"): ᏪᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏢᏓᏥ.


Pinnipedia.
ᎠᎹᏱ ᎠᏁᎯ ᏓᏂᏑᏫᏍᎩ (ᎶᎻ: "Pinnipedia")


ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏔᎾ.
ᏄᎩᏓᎸᎾ ᎤᏁᎦ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᎶᎻ: Elephantidae). ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᎵᏰᎾ‚ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎪᎳ ᏂᏚᏩᎾ.


ᏢᏓᏥᏧᎶᎸᏗ.
ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩ ᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂᎨ ᎠᏑᏫᏓ ᏢᏓᏥᏧᎶᎸᏗ (ᎶᎻ: "Panthera tigris"; ᎩᎵᏏ: Tiger).


ᎬᎮ.
ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔ ᏪᏏ Ꮎ ᎬᎮ (ᎶᎻ: "Lynx"). ᏰᎵᏊ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏁᎳ ᏱᎳᏏᏔ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᏱᏓᎵᎳᏚᎦ.


Cetacea.
ᎤᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏂᏣᏗ ᏓᏆ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ (ᎶᎻ: Cetacea).


Struthioniformes.
ᎤᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏂᏣᏗ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ (ᎶᎻ: Struthioniformes).


ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᎯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏙᎪᏪᎸ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᏂᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎦ.


ᏣᏥ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ.
ᏣᏥ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Jaji Wasvdana"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "George Washington"; ᎧᎦᎵ 22‚ 1732 – ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 14, 1799) ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏎᎢ.


ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ.
ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ (ᏲᏁᎦ: "Barack Obama"; ᎦᎶᏂ 4‚ 1961) ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᎢ ᎠᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏎᎢ.
ᎾᏍᎪᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏱᎯ ᏆᎳᎩ ᎣᏆᎹ ᏚᏙᎠ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪ ᏌᏊᎯᏁ ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎭᏩᏱ ᎠᏃᏎᎰ. ᎻᏎᎵ ᎳᏩᏂ ᏬᏈᏂᏌᏂ ᎣᏆᎹ ᏚᏙᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎪᏣᏁᎴ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏏᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎪᎯᏥᎩ. ᎠᏴᎤᎢ ᎠᎬᎾᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏴᏢᎯ. ᎤᎦᎾᏩ Ꮧ.


ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ.
ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏪᏌ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏍᏆᎴᏂ (ᎶᎻ: "Panthera leo"; ᎩᎵᏏ: Lion).


ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᎦᏣᏄᎳ.
ᏪᏏ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᎦᏣᏄᎳ.


ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏅᏣᏗ.
ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏪᏏ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏅᏣᏗ (ᎶᎻ: "Panthera onca"; ᏲᏁᎦ: Jaguar).


Panthera.
ᏢᏓᏥ ᎡᏆ (ᎶᎻ: "Panthera") ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ. ᎠᏂᏨᏯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏍᏈᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏂᏂᏈᏡ ᎠᏂᏍᎪᎵ ᏗᏜ. ᎠᏂᎩᏌ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏐ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎬ. ᏓᎾᎵᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᏓᏂᏃᎵᏙᎲ ᏧᏂᎶᏟᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏃ ᎤᏂᏠᏱ. ᏧᎾᏓᏣᏳᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏚᏅᏅ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᎤᏂᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎵᏙᎲ, ᎤᎾᏓᎾᏫᏍᏙᏗᏅᏊ. ᎭᏫᏯᎭ ᏂᏚᏍᏛ ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᏂ ᎤᏂᏍᏕᎵᏍᎪ ᎢᏝᏪ ᎤᏂᏃᎵᏓᏍᏗᎢ.


Neofelis.
ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏪᏏ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏢᏓᏥ (ᎶᎻ: "Neofelis").


ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏢᏓᏥ.
ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏪᏏ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎡᎯ ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᏢᏓᏥ (ᎶᎻ: "Neofelis nebulosa").


ᏗᏑᏫᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ.
ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᎺᏉ ᎡᎯ ᏗᏑᏫᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ (ᎶᎻ: "Odobenus rosmarus"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Walrus"). ᏗᏑᏫᏍᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᎠᏕᎵ.
ᎠᏕᎵ (ᏲᏂᎢ: Adele Blue Adkins) ᏲᏁᎦ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ. ᎠᏕᎵ ᎣᏍᏓ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎪᎵᏨ.


ᎧᏌᎩᏍᏔᏂ.
ᎧᏌᎩᏍᏔᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏏᏲᎢ. ᎠᏂᎧᏌᎩ ᎧᏌᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎬᏂᏱ.
ᎬᏂᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏏᏲᎢ. ᎠᏂᎬᎾ ᎬᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎬᎩᏍᏔᏂ.
ᎬᎩᏍᏔᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏏᏲᎢ. ᎠᏂᎬᎩᏏ ᎬᎩᏏ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏔᏥᎩᏍᏔᏂ.
ᏔᏥᎩᏍᏔᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏏᏲᎢ. ᎠᏂᏔᏥᎩ ᏔᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎤᏍᏇᎩᏍᏔᏂ.
ᎤᏍᏇᎩᏍᏔᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏏᏲᎢ. ᎠᏂᎤᏍᏇᎩ ᎤᏍᏇᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎼᏂᎪᎵᏱ.
ᎼᏂᎪᎵᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏏᏲᎢ. ᎠᏂᎼᏂᎪᎵ ᎼᏂᎪᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏍᏫᏕᏂ.
ᏍᏫᏕᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏔ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ ᏍᏫᏗ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. 10,000,000 ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᏫᏗ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏙᎢᏥᏱ.
ᏙᎢᏥᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏙᎢᏥ ᏙᎢᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᎺᏂᏱ.
ᎠᎺᏂᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎠᎺᏂ ᎠᎺᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏍᏟᏯ.
ᎠᏍᏟᏯ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎣᏍᏟᏯ ᏙᎢᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏎᏆᏣᏂ.
ᎠᏎᏆᏣᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎠᏎᏆᏣᏂ ᎠᏎᏆᏣᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎡᏍᏙᏂᏱ.
ᎡᏍᏙᏂᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂ ᎡᏍᏙᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ.
ᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ ᏛᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏁᏛᎳᏂ.
ᏁᏛᎳᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᏛᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎢᎣᎷ.
ᎢᎣᎷ (ᎪᎢ: Αίολος "Æolus") ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏎᎢ.


ᏧᏃ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᏧᏃ (ᎶᎻ: Iuno) ᎠᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ.


ᏪᏍᏔ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᏪᏍᏔ (ᎶᎻ: Vesta) ᎠᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ.


ᏧᏈᏓ (ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ).
ᏧᏈᏓ (ᎶᎻ: Iuppiter) ᎠᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎨᏎᎢ.


ᏉᏧᎾ.
ᏉᏧᎾ (ᎶᎻ: Fortuna) ᎠᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ.


ᎠᏂᏉᏧᎦᎵ.
ᎠᏂᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᏂᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏆᏏᎵ.
ᎠᏂᏆᏏᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏆᏏᎵ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᏂᏆᏏᎵ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏉᏧᎦᎵ.
ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏆᏏᎵ.
ᏆᏏᎵ ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᏠᎢ.


ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆ ᏇᏠ II.
ᏈᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏇᏠ II (ᏉᏧᎦᎵ: Pedro II; ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 2‚ 1825 – ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 5‚ 1891) ᏔᎵᏁ ᏆᏏᎵ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆ.


ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆ.
ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎡᏆ ᏴᏩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎡᏁᎲ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᏥᎩ.


ᎭᏯᏏᏂ.
ᎭᏯᏏᏂ (ᎪᎢ: Ὑάκινθος, "Hyakinthos"; ᎩᎵᏏ: Hyacinth) ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ.


ᎠᏂᏲᎾ.
ᎠᏂᏲᎾ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìyǒna; ᏲᎾ: "русские") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏲᏂᎢ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏲᎾ ᏲᎾ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎬᎾ.
ᎠᏂᎬᎾ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìgv́na; ᎬᎾ: "Türkler") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎬᏃᎢ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎬᎾ ᎬᎾ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎬᎾ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᎬᎾ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏂ (ᎬᏂ: "Türkçe") ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏂᏱ ᎡᎯ.


ᎦᏌᎧᎯᎨ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᎦᏌᎧᎯᎨ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎵᏯᎻ ᎠᎴ (He) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 2.


ᏭᏓᏌᎧᎯᏴ ᎤᏃᎴ.
ᏭᏓᏌᎧᎯᏴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎭᎢᏜᏤᏂ ᎠᎴ (H) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 1.


ᎵᏘᎥᎻ.
ᎵᏘᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Lithium", Li) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏙᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 3.


ᎪᎳ ᏗᏝᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ.
ᎪᎳ ᏗᏝᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏏᏯᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Calcium", Ca) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 20.


ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ.
ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎷᎻᎾᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Aluminum", Al) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 13.


ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ.
ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Iron", Fe) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏙᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 26.


ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ.
ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏉᏂ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Carbon", C) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 6.


ᏳᏪᏂᎥᎻ.
ᏳᏪᏂᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Uranium", U) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 92.


ᏁᏩᏚᏂᎥᎻ.
ᏁᏩᏚᏂᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Neptunium", Np) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 93.


ᏡᏙᏂᎥᎻ.
ᏡᏙᏂᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Plutonium", Pu) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 94.


ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩᏳᏍᏗ.
ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩᏳᏍᏗ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Tin", Sn) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 50.


ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎦ.
ᎠᏕᎸ ᎤᏁᎦ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Silver", Ag) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 47.


ᏔᎢᏖᏂᎥᎻ.
ᏔᎢᏖᏂᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Titanium", Ti) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 22.


ᎠᎺᎵᏏᏯᎻ.
ᎠᎺᎵᏏᏯᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Americium", Am) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 95.


ᎦᏂ.
ᎦᏂ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Lead", Pb) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 82.


ᏳᎳᏈᎥᎻ.
ᏳᎳᏈᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Europium", Eu) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 63.


ᏩᏁᏗᎥᎻ.
ᏩᏁᏗᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Vanadium", V) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 23.


ᏉᏔᏏᎥᎻ.
ᏉᏔᏏᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Potassium", K) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 19.


ᏇᎵᎥᎻ.
ᏇᎵᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Barium", Ba) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 56.


ᏝᏘᏅᎻ.
ᏝᏘᏅᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Platinum", Pt) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 78.


ᎥᏣᏱ.
ᎥᏣᏱ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Copper", Cu) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 29.


ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ.
ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Steel") ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ.


ᏣᏱ.
ᏣᏱ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Brass") ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ.


ᏣᏱ ᎤᏬᏗᎨ.
ᏣᏱ ᎤᏬᏗᎨ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Bronze") ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ.


ᏇᎵᎵᎥᎻ.
ᏇᎵᎵᎥᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Beryllium", Be) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 4.


ᎾᎢᏠᏤᏂ.
ᎾᎢᏠᏤᏂ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Nitrogen", N) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 7.


ᏩᎶᏫᏂ.
ᏩᎶᏫᏂ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Fluorine", F) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 9.


ᎦᎶᎵᎠᏂ.
ᎦᎶᎵᎠᏂ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏚᏙᎥ "Florian".


ᏆᏟᎩ.
ᏆᏟᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏚᏙᎥ "Patrick".


ᏍᏗᏫ.
ᏍᏗᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏘᏫ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏚᏙᎥ "Stephen".


ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏍ.
ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏍ (ᏨᎹᏂ: "die Schweizer", ᎦᎸᏥ: "les Suisses", ᎢᏔᎵ: "gli Svizzeri", ᎶᎹᏂᏥ: "ils Svizzers") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᏫᏍᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏍ ᏨᎹᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎹᏂᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏍᏫᏣᎳᏂ.
ᏍᏫᏣᎳᏂ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏏ ᏙᎢᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎶᎹᏂᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᎢᎵᏏ.
ᎠᎢᎵᏏ (ᎪᎢ: 'Ιρις "Íris"; ᎶᎻ: Arcus) ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎤᏅᎪᎳᏛ.


ᎠᎢᎵᏗᏴᎻ.
ᎠᎢᎵᏗᏴᎻ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Iridium", Ir) ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎫᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ. ᎠᏓᎻ ᎠᏎᏍᏗ – 77.


ᎠᏩᎶᏓᎢᏘ.
ᎠᏩᎶᏓᎢᏘ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Afalodaiti"; ᎪᎢ: 'Αφροδίτη, "Afrodítē") ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᏝᏅᎯ-ᎠᎨᏯ ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎡᎯ.


ᎠᏉᎳ.
ᎠᏉᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏉᎶ (ᎪᎢ: Απόλλων, "Apollōn"; ᎶᎻ: Apollō) ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎶᎻ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ.


ᎠᏂᎪᎢ.
ᎠᏂᎪᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎪᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎪᎢ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᎪᎢ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ (ᎪᎢ: "Ελληνικά") ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎡᎯ.


ᎪᎢ.
ᎪᎢ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎪᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏳᎳᏈ ᎠᏕᎳ.
ᏳᎳᏈ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎣᏍᏟᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏇᎵᏣᎻ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏂᎳᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᎳᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏓᎵᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎳᎩᏎᎻᏋᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏛᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᏂᏱ ᎡᎯ.


ᎦᏯ.
ᎦᏯ (ᎪᎢ: Γαια "Gaia") ᎠᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᏝᏅᎯ-ᎠᎨᏯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎡᎯ.


ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìswidi; ᏍᏫᏗᏍ: "svenskar") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᏫᏕᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏗ ᏍᏫᏗᏍ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ.
ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᏆᏂᏱ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ ᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎺᏏᎪ.
ᎠᏂᎺᏏᎪ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎺᏏᏅᏟ (ᏙᎢᏥ: "Mexicanos") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎺᏏᎪ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᏂᏍᏫᏏ ᏍᏆᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏣᏥ ᎡᏙᎯ ᏊᏏ.
ᎾᏍᎪᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᏣᏥ ᎡᏙᎯ ᏊᏏ (ᏲᏁᎦ: "George W. Bush"; ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 4‚ 1946) ᏚᏙᎠ. ᏐᏁᎳᏚ ᎢᏍᎪᎯᏍᏆ ᎾᏍᎪᏑᏓᎵᏁ ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎤᏕᏅ ᎧᏁᏓᎦᏘ ᎠᏃᏎᎰᎢ. ᎶᏩ ᏪᎵᏥ ᏊᏏ ᏚᏙᎠ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎩᏍᎪᎯᏍᎩ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᏎᎢ ᎤᎬᏫᏳ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ. ᏔᎵ ᏳᏩᏗ ᎤᏓᏴᏎᎳ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ, ᏣᏁᎳ ᏱᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎪᎯᏥᎩ ᏑᏓᎵᏍᎪᏦᎢ ᏳᏕᏘᏴᏓ. ᎤᏴᏜ Ꮒ. ᎤᏴᏜ.


ᎢᏔᎵᏱ.
ᎢᏔᎵᏱ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏲᎶ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥ) ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ ᎢᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ.
ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏔᎵ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ ᎢᏔᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏕᏂ.
ᎠᏂᏕᏂ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìdeni; ᏕᏂᏏ: "danskere") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏕᏂᎹᎦ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏕᏂ ᏕᏂᏍ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏫᏂ.
ᎠᏂᏫᏂ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìhwini; ᏫᏂᏍ: "suomalaiset") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏫᏂᎳᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏫᏂ ᏫᏂᏍ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ.
ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Cherokees") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎾᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏯᎴᏂ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.


ᎭᏩᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ.
ᎭᏩᏱ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏳᎧᎴᎵ (ᎭᏩᏱ: "ʻUkulele"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Ukulele" ᎠᎴ "Ukelele") ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏩᏱ ᎡᎯ.


ᎠᏂᎾᏩᎰ.
ᎠᏂᎾᏩᎰ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᏆᏂᏤᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏩᏐᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏳᏔ ᎡᎯ. ᎠᏂᎾᏩᎰ ᎾᏩᎰ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎶᎢ.
ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎶᎢ (ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ: "Ísland"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Iceland") ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎹᏱᎩᎵ.
ᎹᏱᎩᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎹᎦᎵ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏢᏔᏅᎯ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏚᏙᎥ "Michael".


ᏕᏂᎹᎩ.
ᏕᏂᎹᎩ (ᏕᏂᏏ: "Kongeriget Danmark"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Denmark") ᏙᏱᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎲ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ.


ᎠᏤᎷᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏤᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ.


ᎤᎴᏍᏓᎸ.
ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎤᎴᏍᏓᎸ (ᎶᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ: "Vagina") ᎤᏂᎭ.


ᏩᏙᎵ.
ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ ᏩᏙᎵ (ᎶᎻ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ: "Penis") ᎤᏂᎭ. ᏩᏙᎵ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎸ.


ᏤᎩᏱ.
ᏤᎩᏱ (ᏤᎩ: "Česká republika"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "The Czech Republic") ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏤᎩ ᏤᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᎠᏂᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ (ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ: "Íslendingar") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎶᎢ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏤᎩ.
ᎠᏂᏤᎩ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìcheki; ᏤᎩ: "Češi") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏤᎩ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏤᎩ ᏤᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎪᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ ᎨᎵᏍᎩ.
ᎪᎢ ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏚᏅ ᎨᎵᏍᎩ (ᎪᎢ: Τυρόπιτα, "Tyrópita") ᎪᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.


ᎠᏍᏛᎭᏟ.
ᎠᏍᏛᎭᏟ ᎠᎴ ᏎᎾᏫᏥ (ᎩᎵᏏ: Sandwich) ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.


ᎤᏁᎫᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎤᏁᎫᎯᏍᏗ (ᎩᎵᏏ: Mayonnaise) ᎤᏁᎦ ᎠᏑᏍᏗ.


ᏫᏂᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏫᏂᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏳᎳᏉᎢ. ᎠᏂᏫᏂ ᏫᏂᏍ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏫᏗ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.
ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎠᏂᏴᏫ (ᎪᎢ: Κένταυροι; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Centaurs") ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Centaur") ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎠᎨᏴ (ᎩᎵᏏ: "Centauress") ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᏐᏈ ᎡᎯ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏂᎧᎭ.


ᏤᏊᎳᏍᎧ.
ᏤᏊᎳᏍᎧ (ᏲᏂ: "Чебурашка", "Cheburashka") ᎤᏍᏗ ᏲᎾ ᏲᏂᏱ ᎡᎯ. ᎤᎾᎵᎢ ᏚᏙᎠ ᎨᎾ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ.


ᎢᏃᏙ-ᎡᏮᎶᏩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎮᎳ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏳᏁᎦ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᏍᎪᎢ - ᎩᎵᏏ, ᏍᏆᏂ, ᎠᏂᏓᏥ,ᎦᎸᏥ, ᎬᏩᎵᏲᏥᎢ, ᏉᏧᎦᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏲᏂᎢ ᏂᎦᏓ ᏐᏉ ᎢᏳᏩᎧᏔ ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᎨᏒ.
ᎯᎳᎢᏳ, ᎤᏓᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᎾᏗᏯ ᎠᏁᎮᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏅᏃ ᏧᎾᏚᎵᏍᎨᎢ. ᏃᏉ ᎤᏓᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏁᎰᎢ, ᎠᏎᏍᎩᏂ, ᏃᏉᏃ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏱᏂᎦᎵᏍᏘᎰᎢ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏘᎰᎢ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ: ᎠᏂᎶᎻ ᎳᏘᏂ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎮᎢ, ᎠᏎᏃ ᏃᏉ ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ ᏤᏍᏗ ᎳᏘᏂ ᏳᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᎠᏍᏆᏂ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎰᎢ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ, ᎳᏘᏂ ᏃᎴ ᎠᎪᎢ, ᏃᎴ ᎠᏂᎨᎵᏘᎦ ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏐᏉᏏᏓᏁᎳ. ᎯᎠᏃ ᎦᏓᎧ - ᎯᎳᎢᏳ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᎨᏒᎢ.


ᏫᎵ ᏥᏍᏚ.
ᏫᎵ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏍᎪᎵᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎫᏩᏲ (PRYOR), ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎻ. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᏟ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ. ᎤᏕᏅ1946 ᎾᎿ Casper, WY. ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎤᎾᏙᏓᏉᏅᎯ ᎧᏬᏂ 9, 2012. ᎤᏲᏏᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ Vietnam ᎤᏃᎸᏔᏂ 1967. ᎣᏍᏓ ᎠᏥᏰᎸᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎴᏍᏊ Traci Rabbit ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᎨᏯ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏅᏗᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏓᏗ ᎠᏰᏟ ᎢᏴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏚᏅᏁᎳ ᏒᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ.


ᎥᎭᏴᎵ ᏗᏰᎴᎩ.
ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᏍᎩ "polysynthetic" ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏐᏱ ᏏᏓᏁᎳ Iroquoian ᏧᏂᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏎᏃ, ᏍᏈᏍᏓ ᏗᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏥᎨᏒ, ᏐᏉ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᏱᎩ. ᎠᏂᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ ᏧᏃᎯᏳ, ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏮᏏ ᏥᎨᏒᎢ. 1820Ꮫ, ᏍᏏᏉᏯ, ᎠᎴ George Gist, ᎯᎠ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎨᎢ. ᏃᏉ ᎯᎠ Unicode ᎢᎩᎭ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ). ᎯᎠᏃ ᎦᏓᎧ, ᎡᎵᏉ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᏅᏥᏓ ᎤᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠᏍᏊ ᏄᏓᎴᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏰᎵᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᎮᎢ: 2007 ᏥᎨᏒ, ᎥᎭᏴᎵ ᏗᏰᎴᎩ (Myrtle Driver Johnson) ᎠᎬᏱ ᎢᏳᏩᎧᏔ 1800Ꮝ ᏥᎨᏒ, Charles Frazier ᏗᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏤᎵ, ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏪᎵᏍᎨᎢ.
ᏳᏂᎪᏛ.
ᏣᎳᎩ ᏳᏂᎪᏛ: U+13A0 - U+13F4.


Rita Levi-Montalcini.
ᏫᏔ ᎵᏩᎢ-ᎼᏂᏔᎵᏥᏂ (ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ: Rita Levi-Montalcini; ᏙᎵᏃ, 22 ᎫᏬᏂ 1909 - ᏬᎹ, 30 ᎥᏍᎩᏱ 2012) ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏗᎦᎳᎩ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ.


ᎹᏱᏕ.
ᏙᏯᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᎹᏱᏕ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏬᏄᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏴᏌᏗ (ᎶᎻ: "Ornithorhynchus anatinus").


ᏋᏏᎥᏍ.
ᏋᏏᎥᏍ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Bvsivs"; ᎠᏂᎪᎢ: Περσεύς "Perseús") ᎠᎪᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏎᎢ. ᎺᏚᏌ ᎤᏢᎢ.


ᏝᏪᏆ.
ᎡᏆ ᏅᎩᏗᎦᏅᏌᏗ ᏝᏪᏆ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏆᎴᏂ ᏏᏆᏳᏍᏗ (ᎶᎻ: "Hippopotamus amphibius"). ᏝᏪᏆ ᎠᎱᎵᎧ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ.
ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ. ᎠᏓᎵᏍᎩᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎱᎵᎧ, ᎡᏏᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ.
ᏧᏁᎳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎧᎿᏁᏍᎩ (ᎶᎻ: "Araneae").


ᏲᎾ.
ᏲᎾ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ (ᎶᎻ: "Ursidae") ᏲᎾ.


ᏏᏆ.
ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᎾ, ᎤᎭᎨᏓ ᎤᏂᏁᎦᎳ, ᎦᏁᏔᏯ ᎤᏂᏍᏘᎦ ᏏᏆ (ᎶᎻ: "Sus"), ᎠᎴ ᏝᏬᏚ ᎤᏂᎸᏆᏓ ᎤᎾᏅᏏᏗ.


ᏏᏆᎤᏤᏣᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᏓ ᏧᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏩᏓ, ᎤᏟ ᎤᎪᏗᏗᏕᏢᎬ ᎦᏁᎶ ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᏙᎰᎢ ᏏᏆᎤᏤᏣᏍᏗ (ᎶᎻ: "Didelphidae").


ᎤᏜᏩᏓ.
ᎠᏂᏓ ᏧᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏩᏓ ᎤᏜᏩᏓ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵᏔᏕᎩ ᏥᏍᏕᏥᏳᏍᏗ (ᎶᎻ: "Macropus").


ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ (ᎶᎻ: "Struthio camelus"). ᎬᎾ ᎤᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᎱᎵᎧ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎵᎠ ᎬᎾ (ᎶᎻ: "Rhea"). ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎬᎾ ᎤᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᎺᎵᎨᎢ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᎡᎳᏗᏝ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎡᎳᏗᏝ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎽ ᎬᎾ (ᎶᎻ: "Dromaius novaehollandiae"). ᎡᎳᏗᏝ ᎬᎾ ᎤᎾᏔᎾ ᎡᎳᏗᏝᎢ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᎡᏆ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ.
ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎡᏆ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎬᎾ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎵᎠ ᎬᎾ (ᎶᎻ: "Rhea americana"). ᎡᏆ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎬᎾ ᎤᎾᏔᎾ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ ᎠᏁᎯ.


ᎫᎵᏘᎦ.
ᎫᎵᏘᎦ ("Curitiba") ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᏆᏏᎵ.


ᏌᏆᏯ.
ᎯᎠ ᏅᏯ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᏌᎪᏂᎨᎢ ᎤᎵᏑᏫᏓ ᎨᏐᎢ.
-ᏯᎢ ᏥᎩ ᎾᏑᏴᎾ ᎠᏗᎭ, ᎠᎴ ᏌᏆ ᏥᎩ ᏌᎪᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏗᎭ, ᎤᏪᏘ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ.
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏌᏆᏯ ᏥᎩ ᎾᏑᏴᎾ ᏌᎪᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᏗᎭ.


ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ.
ᎫᎴ ᏗᏍᎪᏂᎯᏱ ᏥᎩ ᎩᎵᏱ ᎠᏰᏟ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ.


Greek language.
ᏧᏴᏢ ᎧᏂᎩᏓ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏦᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎧᏂᎩᏓ ᏅᎩ
ᏭᏕᎵᎬ ᎧᏂᎩᏓ ᏐᏁᎳ ᏅᎩ ᏔᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏐᏁᎳ ᎧᏂᎩᏓ


ᎠᏂᏃᏫᏥᏂ.
ᎠᏂᏃᏫᏥᏂ (ᏃᏫᏥᏂ: "Nordmenn") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏃᏪ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏃᏫᏥᏂ ᏃᏫᏥᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ.
ᎢᏤᎢᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤᏍᏛ (ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ: "Kalaallit Nunaat"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Greenland") ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᏴᏢ ᎠᎹᏰᏟ. ᎠᏂᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎡᎩᏁᏍ ᎹᏂᎧ.
ᎡᎩᏁᏍ ᎹᏂᎧ (ᏲᏁᎦ: "Agnes Monica"; ᎦᎶᏂ 1‚ 1986) ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎩ. ᎠᎴᎵ ᏊᏤᏩ ᎠᏤᏙ, ᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯ. ᎽᏛᎨᎷ "AGNEZ MO" ᏛᏍᏢᏁᎥᏡ ᏟᎢᎿᏦ.


ᏚᏫ ᏎᏂᏜ.
ᏚᏫ ᏎᏂᏜ (ᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯᏂ: Dewi Sandra Killick) ᎠᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎩ.


ᎠᏅᎬᏂ.
ᎠᏅᎬᏂ (ᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯᏂ: "Anggun Cipta Sasmi") ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎩ.


ᎠᏂᏉᎵᏍ.
ᎠᏂᏉᎵᏍ (ᏉᎵᏍ: "Polacy") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᎳᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏉᎵᏍ ᏉᎵᏍ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏥ.
ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏥ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Aniskachi; ᏍᎧᏥ: "Albannaich") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᎧᏘᎳᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏥ ᏍᎧᏥ ᎨᎵᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎠᏲᎵᏍ.
ᎠᏂᎠᏲᎵᏍ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Aniayolis; ᎠᏲᎵᏍ: "Muintir na hÉireann") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏲᎳᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎠᏲᎵᏍ ᎠᏲᎵᏍ ᎨᎵᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏏ.
ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏏ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìgìlìsi; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Englishmen") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏏ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏪᎵᏏ.
ᎠᏂᏪᎵᏏ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìwelisi; ᏪᎵᏏ: "Welshmen") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏪᎵᏏ, ᎩᎵᏏᏲ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏪᎵᏏ ᏪᎵᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎦᎸᏥ.
ᎠᏂᎦᎸᏥ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìgalvji; ᎦᎸᏥ: "Français") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎸᏥᏱ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎦᎸᏥ ᎦᎸᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ.
ᎠᏂᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìquelijivmi; ᏛᏥ: "Belger"; ᎦᎸᏥ: "Belges"; ᏨᎹᏂ: "Belgier") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏇᎵᏥᎥᎻ ᎦᎸᏥ, ᏛᏥ ᎠᎴ ᏨᎹᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏛᏥ.
ᎠᏂᏛᏥ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìdv̀ji; ᏛᏥ: "Nederlanders") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏁᏛᎳᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᏛᏥ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏨᎹᏂ.
ᎠᏂᏨᎹᏂ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìjvmani; ᏨᎹᏂ: "Deutsche") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏨᎹᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏨᎹᏂ ᏨᎹᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎠᏍᏟᎠᏂ.
ᎠᏂᎠᏍᏟᎠᏂ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìastliani; ᏨᎹᏂ: "Österreicher") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᏍᏟᏯ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎠᏍᏟᎠᏂ ᏨᎹᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ.
ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìestoniani; ᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ: "eestlased") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎡᏍᏙᏂᏯ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ ᎡᏍᏙᏂᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏍᎶᏩᎩ.
ᎠᏂᏍᎶᏩᎩ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìslowaki; ᏍᎶᏩᎩ: "Slováci") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏍᎶᏩᎩᏯ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏍᎶᏩᎩ ᏍᎶᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎲᏂᎦᎵ.
ᎠᏂᎲᏂᎦᎵ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìhvnigali; ᎲᏂᎦᎵ: "Magyarok") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎲᏂᎦᎵ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎲᏂᎦᎵ ᎲᏂᎦᎵ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏇᎳᎷᏍ.
ᎠᏂᏇᎳᎷᏍ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìquelalus; ᏇᎳᎷᏍ: беларусы "biełarusy") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏇᎳᎷᏍ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏇᎳᎷᏍ ᏇᎳᎷᏍ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᏳᎧᏪᏂ.
ᎠᏂᏳᎧᏪᏂ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìyukạweni; ᏇᎳᎷᏍ: українці "ukraïnci") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏳᎧᏪᏂ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᏳᎧᏪᏂ ᏳᎧᏪᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎶᎺᏂᎠᏂ.
ᎠᏂᎶᎺᏂᎠᏂ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìlomeniani; ᎶᎺᏂᎠᏂ: "Români") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎶᎺᏂᏯ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎶᎺᏂᎠᏂ ᎶᎺᏂᎠᏂ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᏔᏱᎦᏙᎯ.
ᏔᏱᎦᏙᎯ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Tayigadohi; ᏔᏱ: ราชอาณาจักรไทย "Ratcha Anachak Thai") ᎠᏰᏟ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎡᏏᏱ. ᎠᏂᏔᏱ ᏔᏱ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏂᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ.
ᎠᏂᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ (ᏣᎳᎩ: Ànìʻìjéʻìyūsdi; ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ: "Kalaallit") ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏁᎯ. ᎠᏂᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.


ᎠᏤᏙ.
ᎠᏤᏙ ᎺᎻᏆ ᏣᏩᏀᏟ ᎮᎯᎱᎲ ᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯ. ᏊᏍᏌ ᏘᏄᏆᏇ 10,187,595 ᎭᎯᏙᏗ ᏟᏢ ᎠᏃᎵ.


ᏝᏍᎧᎳ.
ᏝᏍᎧᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎠᏍᎠᏂ (ᏍᏆᏂ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ: "Tlaxcala", ᎾᏩᏟ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ: "Tlaxcallān") ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏉ ᏄᏲᎪᎢ, ᏄᏲᎩ, ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᎢ.


ᎠᎴᏂ.
ᏄᏯᎩ (ᎠᎴᏂ, Bekasi) ᎦᏚᎲᎢ ᎡᏉ ᏄᏲᎪᎢ, ᏄᏲᎩ, ᎢᏂᏙᏂᏍᏯ.


ᎬᏙ ᎾᏍᏅᏏ.
ᎬᏙ ᎾᏍᏅᏏ ᏈᏨᏤᏁ ᏮᏏᏁᎿᏁᏟ ᎠᏔᏕ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ.


Vanessa Gerbelli.
"Vanessa Gerbelli Ceroni " ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Laços de Família.
"Laços de Família" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏖᎴᏃᎥᎡᎳ.


Caminho das Índias.
"Caminho das Índias" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏖᎴᏃᎥᎡᎳ.


Avenida Brasil.
"Avenida Brasil" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏖᎴᏃᎥᎡᎳ.


Amor à Vida.
"Amor à Vida" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏖᎴᏃᎥᎡᎳ.


Em Família.
"Em Família" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏖᎴᏃᎥᎡᎳ.


Terra Nostra.
"Terra Nostra" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᏖᎴᏃᎥᎡᎳ.


Ângela Vieira.
"Ângela Regina Vieira" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Bete Mendes.
"Elizabeth Mendes de Oliveira" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Natália do Vale.
"Maria Natália Ferreira do Valle" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Isabela Garcia.
"Isabela Garcia Costa" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Cássio Gabus Mendes.
"Cássio Gabus Mendes" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Mauro Mendonça.
"Mauro Pereira de Mendonça" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Reginaldo Faria.
"Reginaldo Figueira de Faria" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Ana Beatriz Nogueira.
"Ana Beatriz Soares Nogueira" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


Yoná Magalhães.
"Yoná Magalhães Gonçalves Mendes da Costa" ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏉᏧᎦᎵ ᎠᏙ.


ᎹᏔ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ.
ᎹᏔ ᏕᏂᏟᏥ ᎬᏍᏘᏍ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Mata Dendliji Kvstis Wasvdana"; ᎩᎵᏏ: "Martha Dandridge Custis Washington"; ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2‚ 1731 – ᎠᏂᏍᎬᏘ 22, 1802) ᏣᏥ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ ᎤᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ.


Johann Sebastian Bach.
ᏲᎭᏂ ᏎᏆᏍᏘᎠᏂ ᏆᎩ (ᏣᎳᎩ: "Yohani Sequastiani Quaki;" ᏨᎹᏂ: "Johann Sebastian Bach;" ᎠᏅᏱ 31 1685 – ᎫᏰᏉᎾ 28 1750) ᏨᎹᏂ ᎤᏕᏁᎢ. ᏲᎭᏂ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏓ-ᏗᎪᏪᎵᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᏟᏰᏗᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩᏃ ᎠᏟᏰᏗ-ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏎᎢ.


ᏬᎾᎵᏗ ᏪᎦᏂ.
ᏬᎾᎵᏗ ᏪᎦᏂ (ᏲᏁᎦ: "Ronald Wilson Reagan"; ᎦᎶᏂ 6‚ 1911 – 2004) ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᎢ ᎠᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏎᎢ.


Queen.
Queen ᏈᏨᏤᏁ ᏮᏏᏁᎿᏁᏟ ᎠᏔᏕ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ.


The Doors.
The Doors ᏈᏨᏤᏁ ᏮᏏᏁᎿᏁᏟ ᎠᏔᏕ ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ.


Nelson Mandela.
Nelson Mandela (ᏲᏁᎦ: "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela"; ᎦᎶᏂ 6‚ 1918 – 2013) ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎦᏃᏮ ᎬᎿᎨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱᎢ ᎠᎬᎿᎨᎢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎨᏎᎢ.


Sung Jae-gi.
Sung Jae-gi'"(ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ:성재기, ᏥᎾ:成在基, ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 11, 1967] - ᎫᏰᏉᏂ 26, 2013) ᎢᎬᏱ Human right activists, ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ ᎨᏎᎢ.


Uriah Heep.
Uriah Heep ᏈᏨᏤᏁ ᏮᏏᏁᎿᏁᏟ ᎠᏔᏕ ᎡᎵᏏᎯ.