The other numbered letters point to morphophonemes rather than to letters outside the ASCII range. The symbols e1, i1, u1, o1 refer to vowels with a special, alternating behaviour. These are the ones that are printed with a dot below in Sammallahti's dictionaries and their Norwegian pendants. These vowels correspont to Nielsens vowel with breve above, and they denote vowels that are short. The symbols h2, g2, m2, n2 refer to consonants that alternate in stem-final position.
The dummy symbols X1 to Y8 denote morphophonological processes. X are used for nouns only, Y for verbs only, and Q for processes common to both nouns and verbs, cf. the following table.
The dummy symbol ¤:0 is there to prevent consonant gradation for certain lexemes. Thus, when a stem ends in ¤, it will not get weak grade. Also, the ¤:0 symbol is also a member of the Lenition set.
For each dummy symbol X1 etc. there is first a list over the rules where the dummy applies, and then a partial list of the lexicons where there is reference to the dummy in question (the lexica are in the file sme-lex.txt, sublexicon paths are indicated by the '->' symbol.
X1 -ALLA- ETC. DERIVATIVES FROM TRISYLLABLES "Diphthong Simplification: Conditional in -alla- etc. Derivatives from Trisyllabics" "Diphthong Simplification: Optional before Deverbal -alla-, -adda-, -us" "Stem Vowel in Present Participials from i-Verbs" LEXICON EABBUCASE1 -> +Sg+Nom:X1 K ; +Ess:X1n K ; LEXICON PxV -> :X1 Px3V ; LEXICON PxPlComV1 -> :X1 PxPlCom3V ; LEXICON BUORRE -> +A:X1 EssV "good A" ; LEXICON ARVI !Bisyllabic Impersonal Verbs! -> :X1 NominalFormsV1 ; LEXICON PrsV !Present Tense in Vocalic Verb Stems -> :X1 PrsV5 ; LEXICON DeverbalNounsMUITAL -> +us:X1uss JOHTOLAT ; LEXICON DeverbalVerbsMUITAL -> +alla:X1alla DIEHTIStem ; X2 DIMINUTIVES; GENERAL METAPHONY "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Forms from u-Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Actor Nouns from u-Verbs (Optional)" "Diphthong Simplification in Diminutives etc. from Trisyllabics with 2nd Syll u/o" "Metaphony in Actor Nouns of i-, a-, and u-Verbs" "Word Final Neutralization of g2, h2, m2" X3 Ill Sg Metaphony (i/a1, a/1, e1/a1) "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Forms from u-Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Actor Nouns from u-Verbs (Optional)" "Diphthong Simplification in IllSg and Certain Conjug. Forms of a-Stems" "Illative Singular Metaphony" "Metaphony in Actor Nouns of i-, a-, and u-Verbs" X4 WG "Stem Vowel in Present Participials from i-Verbs" "Word Final Deletion of n2 m2 g2 h2" LEXICON VIVVA !Animate Bisyll. V-Nouns -> +N+Sg+Gen:X4 R ; LEXICON MALIS !Tris. Inanim. Gradating C-Nouns -> +N:X4 MALIS0 ; LEXICON BOAZU !Anim. Contracted 0-Nouns -> +N:X4 BOAZU- ; LEXICON GADDI !Bisyll. V-Nouns with Comp. Forms -> +N:X4 BU/MUS ; X5 WG "Diphthong Simplification in i-Stems before Suffixes Beginning with j:" "Diphthong Simplification in Actor Nouns from i- and a-Stems (Optional)" "Stem Vowel in Present Participials from i-Verbs" X6 WG GENERAL METAPHONY "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Forms from u-Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Actor Nouns from u-Verbs (Optional)" "Metaphony in Actor Nouns of i-, a-, and u-Verbs" "Word Final Deletion of n2 m2 g2 h2" X7 vow shortening after long 1st syll "Optional Shortening of a1 in Compounds after Long 1st Syllable 1" "Optional Shortening of a1 in Compounds after Long 1st Syllable 2" "Stem Vowel in Present Participials from i-Verbs" "Word Final Neutralization of g2, h2, m2" X8 WG vow shortening after long 1st syll "Optional Shortening of a1 in Compounds after Long 1st Syllable 1" "Optional Shortening of a1 in Compounds after Long 1st Syllable 2" "Stem Vowel in Present Participials from i-Verbs" "Word Final Deletion of n2 m2 g2 h2" X9 WG vow shortening in caritives "Word Final Deletion of n2 m2 g2 h2" Q1 "Indicative Present Singular 3rd Final Vowel" LEXICON PrsV !Present Tense in Vocalic Verb Stems -> :Q1 PrsV2 ; -> +Sg3: K ; Q2 "Diphthong Simplification in IllSg and Certain Conjug. Forms of a-Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Conjugational Forms of i- and u-Stems" "Stem Vowel Shift a:e, i:e, u:o" LEXICON PrsV !Pres in Voc Verb Stems -> :Q2 PrsV3 ; -> +Du1: K ; +Pl3:t K ; Q3 "Diphthong Simplification in IllSg and Certain Conjug. Forms of a-Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Conjugational Forms of i- and u-Stems" "Imperative Present 1st/3rd Person and Connegative Final Vowel" LEXICON ImprtV1 !Imp for Voc Verb -> +Sg1:Q3n K ; +Sg3:Q3s K ; Q4 "Stem Vowel in 1st and 2nd Person Singular Present" LEXICON PrsV !Pres Tns in Voc Verb -> :Q4 PrsV1 ; -> +Sg1:n K ; +Sg2:t K ; Q5 DIPHT SIMPLIFIC BEFORE CONDITIONAL MARKER IN U-STEMS "Diphthong Simplification in Actor Nouns from i- and a-Stems (Optional)" "Diphthong Simplification in u-Stems before Conditional Marker" "Stem Vowel before Conditional Marker" LEXICON CondV1 -> +Prs:Q5l CondBOAHTI ; Q6 Vow shortening in bisyll sg2 imp&conneg "Vowel Shortening in Bisyllabic Sg2 Imperatives and Connegatives" LEXICON NominalFormsV -> :Q6 NominalFormsV3 ; -> +Ger:dettiin K ; LEXICON PrsV !Pres in Voc Verb -> :Q6 PrsV4 ; -> +ConNeg: K ; Q7 "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Conjugational Forms of i- and u-Stems" "Potential Marker Metaphony" LEXICON ADVV -> +Adv:Q7t K ; LEXICON BOAHTICnj -> +Pot+Prs:Q7z1 PrsC ; Q8 "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Forms from u-Stems" "Stem Vowel before Frequentative d" LEXICON DeverbalVerbsBOAHTI -> +d:Q8d ALISTStem ; -> SG3PASS ; Q9 "Stem Vowel before Frequentative l" !! Q9 not used in lexicon file! Y1 Len "Stem Vowel in Dual 2nd Person Imperative" "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Y2 Len "Stem Vowel in Dual 1st Person Imperative" "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Y3 Len "Stem Vowel in Plural 2nd Person Imperative" "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Y4 Len WG "Stem Vowel in Imperative Plural 1st Person and Passive Stem" "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Y5 Len WG Not Postvocalic j Surfacing (all other dummys have it) Not Word Final Cns Neutralisation (all other dummys have it) "Deletion: Final h s j z1 in Contracted Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Forms from u-Stems" "Stem Vowel in Contracted Stems" "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Y6 Len WG "Deletion: Final h s j z1 in Contracted Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Forms from u-Stems" "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Y7 Len WG "Diphthong Simplification in IllSg and Certain Conjug. Forms of a-Stems" "Diphthong Simplification in Certain Conjugational Forms of i- and u-Stems" "Stem Vowel in Imperative Plural 1st Person and Passive Stem" "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Y8 WG "Stem Vowel before Reflexive s" Y9 Len "Lengthening of Central Consonants hk etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants pm etc." "Lengthening of Central Consonants tnj" "Lengthening of Central Consonants dj" Q Len NonMPDummy "Stem Vowel in Present Participials from i-Verbs"
Summary of dummy explanations:
X Y Q
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q
WeG x x x x x x x x x x
Len x x x x x x x x
FinalDum x x x x
NonMPDum x x x x x
DnotY x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
FinalH-ctrst
Diphtsimplif x x x x x x
Diphtsim-Ill x x x x
Dipsim-iu-st x x x x
Gen Metaphon x x
PrsPtc i-vrb x x x x x
Wfinnmgh-del x x x x
WfinCnsneutr x x
WeG is the set of Dummy symbols that trigger weak grade.
One set is added to the original inventory, the set DummyNotY5. In the original file, the rules here involved a subtraction operation that did not give the diesired result.
"Postvocalic j Surfacing"
Postvocalic j in the stem of words
Example: "bijlla > biilla".
These rules turn all underlying j's into i. The phenomenon is actually just orthographic: The vowel 'i' does not occur postvocalic in Northern Sami, but the consonant 'j' does, albeit it is written as "i".
Testing shows that combining these two rules this way gives the correct result, although it is not completely clear why.
"Word Final Consonant Neutralization"
"Deletion: Final h s j z1 in Contracted Stems"
"Word Final Cluster Simplification 1"
"Word Final Cluster Simplification 2"
"Word Final Cluster Simplification 3"
"Word Final Cluster Simplification 4"
"Word Final Double Consonant Simplification"
"Gradation: h Loss" !johka : joga (h:0) "Gradation: Prenasal Stops" !sa1pmi : sa1mi (p:0) "Gradation: tnj" !latnja : lanja (t:0) "Gradation: dj" !vuodjit:vuoja1n "Gradation: Double Consonant" !ka1ffe:ka1fes "Gradation: Long Double Consonant" "Gradation: Preaspirated Geminates" "Gradation: Jodded Double Consonants" "Gradation: Cluster Non-nasal Sonorant + Non-sonorant" !"Gradation: Cluster n1g" "Gradation: Cluster n1 + Non-sonorant" "Gradation: Cluster m + Non-sonorant" "Gradation: Cluster n + Non-sonorant" "Gradation: Cluster j/v + Liquid" "Gradation: Clusters lv, rj etc." "Gradation: Clusters tk, tm" "Gradation: Clusters ts, ks" "Gradation: Clusters sk, sm etc." "Gradation: Cluster vj" "Gradation: Cluster jv" "Gradation: ihm, vhl etc." "Gradation: Clusters lbm, jdn, vdn etc." "Gradation: Clusters ldnj, vdnj etc." "Gradation: Clusters rbm, rdn rgn1" "Gradation: Clusters rdnj" "Gradation: ist, vsk etc." "Gradation: ms1k, rs1k" "Gradation: Clusters kc ks etc. 1" "Gradation: Clusters kc ks etc. 2" "Gradation: Cluster kst 1" "Gradation: Cluster kst 2" "Gradation: bb dd etc.1" "Gradation: bb dd etc.2"...