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1 A-Á

A. is the first letter in all the alphabets of Phenician extraction. The Runic alphabet, being confused and arbitrary, makes the sole exception to this rule. A. PRONUNCIATION: it is either simple (a) or diphthongal (á). The simple a is pronounced long or short; when long it is sounded like the long Italian a as in padre, or as in Engl. father; when short, like the short Italian a as in cambio, or as in Engl. marry. The á -- though in grammars commonly called a long vowel -- is phonetically diphthongal (a + u), and sounds like Engl. ou or ow: Engl. thou and Icel. þá, now and ná, have almost the same sound. Again a and á have, like all other vowels, diph- thongs or simple, a deep, full chest-sound if followed by a single consonant, or by more than one weak consonant (a liquid followed by a media). They sound short if followed by two or more strong consonants (a double mute or liquid): thus the a and á sound long in tál, sermo; sát, sedebat; mán, mancipium; tál, dolus; ár, remits; sát, sessio, hátr, odium; hárðr, durus; káldr, frigidus; vándr, difficilis; támdr, domitus, etc. But short in hátt, pileum; hátt, modum; mánn, bominem; bánn, interdictum; háll, lubricus; kált, frigidum; rámt, acidum; hárt, durum; vánt, assuetum, etc.; the consonants shortening the sound of the preceding vowel. The a is also short in all endings, verbal or nominal, tala, talar, talaða, dixi; talast, dicitur; vaka, vigilia; fagran, pulchrum, etc. Etymologically a distinction must be made between the primitive á, as in sátu (sedebant), átu (edebant), gátu (poterant), and the á produced by suppressing consonants; either nasals, as in á, ást, áss, báss, gás, = an, anst, ans, bans, gans; or gutturals, h, g, k, as in á (aqua), sá (videbat), lá (jacebat), má (debet), nátt (nox), dráttr (tractus), and a great many others; or labials, v, f, as in á = af, áir = afr, hár but háfan; or dentals, as in nál (acus) [Goth. nepla, Engl. needle], vál (ambitus, mendicitas) [A. S. vädl], etc. In very early times there was no doubt an audible distinction between these two kinds of á, which however is not observed even by the earliest poets, those of the 10th century. The marking of the diphthongal vowels with an acute accent is due to the Icelandic philologist Thorodd (circa 1080-1140), and was probably an imitation of Anglo-Saxon. The circumflex, applied by Jacob Grimm, is unknown to Icel. authors of whatever age. Thorodd, in his treatise on the vowels (Skálda, pp. 160 sqq.), distinguishes between three kinds of vowels, viz. short, long (i. e. diphthongal), and nasal. The long ones he proposes to mark with an acute (&aolig-acute;); the nasals by a dot above the line (•). The vowels of his alphabet are thirty-six in number. According to his rule we should have to write, af (ex), át (esus), ä (in). No doubt the a was also nasal in the verbs and the weak nouns, komå (= koman), augä (gen.); and also when followed by an n, e. g. vänr (assuefactus). The distinctive marking of the nasals never came into practice, and their proper sound also disappeared; neither is this distinction observed by the poets in their rhymes. The marking of the diphthongal vowels -- either the primitive vowels or those formed by agglutination -- by an acute accent, according to the rule of Thorodd, is indeed used in a very few old Icel. parchment fragments of the 12th century. The only MS. of any considerable length which strictly observes this distinction is the Ann. Reg. Ísl. 2087. 4b. Royal Libr. Copenhagen, written in Icel. at the end of the 13th century. In the great bulk of MSS. both kinds of vowels are treated alike, as in Latin. About the middle of the 14th century the doubling of vowels, especially that of aa (&aolig-acute;) = á, came into use, and was employed through more than three centuries, until about 1770 the Icelanders resumed the spelling of Thorodd, marking diphthongal vowels by an acute accent, but following the rules of modern pronunciation. The diphthong au -- in Norse freq. spelt ou -- has at present in Icel. a peculiar sound, answering to äu or eu in German, and nearly to Engl. oi. The Norse pronunciation is different and perhaps more genuine. B. CHANGES. I. a changes into æ, á into Æ: this change -- a part of a more general transformation, by Grimm termed umlaut, 'vowel-change' -- is common to all the Teutonic idioms, except the Gothic (v. letter E and Æ). II. a changes into ö (&aolig-acute;), á into &aolig-acute;: this transformation is peculiar to the Scandinavian branch, esp. the Icelandic idiom, where it is carried on to the fullest extent -- in old Swedish and Danish its use was scanty and limited. It takes place, 1. in monosyllabic nouns with a for their radical vowel, α. feminines, öld, periodus; önd, anima; örk, arca; för, iter; höll, aula; hönd, manus; sök, causa, etc. β. adjectives in fem. sing, and in neut. pl., öll, tota; fögr, pulchra; hörð, dura; hölt, clauda; sönn, vera; from allr, etc. γ. in plur. neut., bönd, vincula; börn, GREEK; lönd, terrae; from band, etc. δ. in singular masculines with a suppressed u in the root, hjörtr, cervus; fjörðr, sinus; björn, ursus; örn, aquila, etc. 2. in dissyllables a radical a, when followed by a final u (-u, -ur, -um, etc.), in Icel. constantly changes into ö, -- öllum, cunctis; mönnum, hominibus; köllum, vocamus; vökum, vigiliis and vigilamus; vökur, vigiliae, etc. Danes and Swedes here retained the a; so did a great part of Norway. The change only prevailed in the west of Norway and the whole of Iceland. Some Norse MSS. therefore con- stantly keep a in those cases, e. g. Cd. Ups. De la Gard. 8 (Ed. C. R. Unger, 1849), which spells allum, cunctis; hafuð, caput; jafur, rex; andverðr, adversus; afund, invidia, etc. (v. Pref. viii.) Other Norse MSS. spell a and ö promiscuously; allum or öllum, kallum or köllum. In Icel. this change prevailed about the year 1000. Even at the end of the loth century we still frequently meet with rhymes such as barð -- jarðu, þang -- langu, etc. 3. a in inflexions, in penultimate syllables, if followed by u, changes into u (or ö); thus keisurum, caesaribus; vitrurum, sapienti- oribus; hörðurum, durioribus; hörðustum, durissimis: pret. pl., sköpuðu, creabant; töluðu, dicebant; orrustu, pugnam. In part. pass. fem. sing, and neut. pl., sköpuð, creata; töluð, dicta; töpuð, perdi/ a. Neut. pl. in words, as sumur, aestates; heruð, pagi. This change is peculiar to Iceland, and is altogether strange to Norse MSS., where we constantly find such forms as ætlaðu, putabant; gnagaðu, mordebant; aukaðu, augebant; skapað, creata; kallað, dicta; skaparum, tapaðum, ágætastum, harðarum, skín- andum; kunnastu, artem, etc. This difference, as it frequently oc- curred at early times, soon gave the Icel. idiom a peculiar and strange sound, -- amarunt would, in Icelandic, be ömurunt. Norse phrases -- as með bænum ok fastu (fostu) hafðu (höfðu) með sér vaxljós, ok dýrkaðu (dýrkuðu) þa hælgu hátíð með fastu (föstu) ok vaktu (vöktu) þar um nóttina með margum (mörgum) aðrum (öðrum) vanfærum mannum (monnum), O. H. L. 87 -- sound uncouth and strange to Icel. ears; and so no doubt did the Icel. vowel transformations to Norse ears. 4. endings in -an, -all, e. g. feminines in -an, as hugsan, ætlan, iðran, frequently change into -un, -- hugsun, ætlun, iðrun, and are now always used so: gamall, vetus, f. gömul; einsamall, solus, f. ein- sömul. In modern Norse, gomol, eismol (Ivar Aasen); atall, atrox; ötull, strenuus; svikall, perfidus, and svikull; þrifnaðr, mundities, and þrifnuðr, etc. 5. in the cases correlative to II. 1, 2, the á in its turn changes into a vowel, by Thorodd marked &aolig-acute;; this vowel change seems to have been settled about the beginning of the 11th century, and prevailed in Iceland during the 12th, being constantly employed in MSS. of that time; about the end of that century, however, and the beginning of the next, it fell off, and at last became extinct. Its phonetical value, therefore, cannot now be precisely stated: it no doubt had an interme- diate sound between á and ó, such as ö (oo) has between a and o. Thorodd proposed to mark the short 'umlaut' ö by &aolig-acute;; and the vowel change of á by &aolig-acute; (in the MSS. however commonly written &aolig-acute;). INSTANCES: fcm., &aolig-acute;, amnis; &aolig-acute;st, amor; &aolig-acute;l, funis; &aolig-acute;r, remits; l&aolig-acute;g, lignum; skr&aolig-acute;, libel- lus; s&aolig-acute;tt, pax; s&aolig-acute;l, anima; n&aolig-acute;l, acus; v&aolig-acute;n, spes: masc., h&aolig-acute;ttr, modus; þr&aolig-acute;ðr, fîlum; þ&aolig-acute;ttr, funis; m&aolig-acute;ttr, vis; &aolig-acute;ss, deus; &aolig-acute;rr, nuntius: neut. pl., s&aolig-acute;r, vulnera; t&aolig-acute;r, GREEK; m&aolig-acute;l, dicta; r&aolig-acute;ð, consilia; v&aolig-acute;r, vera: adj. fem, and neut., koát, læta; f&aolig-acute;, pauca; sm&aolig-acute;, parva; h&aolig-acute;, alta; f&aolig-acute;m, paucis; h&aolig-acute;m, altis: verbs, s&aolig-acute;, videbant (but sá, videbat); g&aolig-acute;tu, capie- bant; &aolig-acute;tu, edebant (but at, edebat), etc.: v. Frump. 26-28: e. g. sár (vulnus) veitti maðr mer eitt (unum), s&aolig-acute;r mörg (multa vulnera) veitta ek hánum, Skálda (Thorodd), 162; &aolig-acute;l (= öl, cerevisia) er drykkr, &aolig-acute;l er band (vinculum), id. 163; tungan er málinu v&aolig-acute;n (= vön, assuefacta), en at tönnunum er bitsins v&aolig-acute;n (morsils exspectatio), id.: frequently in the Grágás, lýsa sár sitt (vulnus) eðr s&aolig-acute;r (vulnera) ef fleiri eru, Kb. i. 151; s&aolig-acute;r en minni (vulnera leviora), 170; en meire s&aolig-acute;r (graviora), 174; síðan es s&aolig-acute;r eða ben voru lýst, 175; engi s&aolig-acute;r (nulla vulnera), s&aolig-acute;r, and r&aolig-acute;ð, 176, 177; m&aolig-acute;l, ii. 51; v&aolig-acute;r, 158,

2 A.

C. OTHER CHANGES :-- in modern Icel. the old syllable va has changed into vo; vó of the 14th century being an intermediate form: thus von, spes; votr, madidus; vor, ver; vorr, noster; voði, periculum; koma, adventus; voru, erant, etc.: so also the á in the dat. hánum, illi, now honum, which is also employed in the editions of old writings; kómu = kvámu = kvómu, veniebant, etc. In Norway a was often changed into æ in the pronominal and adverbial forms; as hæna, illam; þær, þænn, þæt, ibi, ilium, illud; hence originate the mod. Dan. hende, der, den, det; in some Norse dialects even still dar, dat. The short a in endings in mod. Dan. changed into e (æ), e. g. komme, uge, talede, Icel. koma, vika; whereas the Swedes still preserve the simple a, which makes their language more euphonious than the mod. Dan. In most districts of Icel. an a before ng, nk, has changed into á, thus langr (longus), strangr (durus), krankr (aegrotus) are spelt lángr, kránkr, etc. In the west of Iceland however we still say langr, strangr, etc., which is the pure old form. The a becomes long when followed by lf, lm, lp, thus álfr, genius; álpt, cygnus; hálfr, dimidius; kálfr, vitulus; sjálfr, ipse; this is very old: the fem. h&aolig-acute;lf, dimidia, which occurs in the 12th century, points to an á, not a; já = ja in hjálpa, skjálfa, etc. The lengthening before lm is later, -- álmr, ulmus; hálmr, calamus; sálmr, psalmus; hjálmr, ga- lea; málmr, metallum, etc. In all these cases the á is not etymological. Also before ln in the plur. of alin, álnar not alnar: lk, alka = alka, alca; bálkr = balkr; fálki = falki, falco: háls = hals; frjáls = frjals; járn = jarn; skáld = skald; v. those words: aarni, dat. of arinn, v. that word: the proper name Árni, properly Arni: abbati, abbas, ábóti: Adám, on the contrary, changed into Adam; Máría into Maria, Mary. The old spell- ing is still kept in máriatla, motacilla pectore albo, etc. In the 1st pers. pret. indic., and in the pres. and pret. conj. we have a changed into i, e. g. talaða to talaði, locutus sum; sagða, dixi, vilda, volui, hafða, habui, to sagði, vildi, hafði: in the 1st pers. pres. and pret. conj., hefða, haberem, hafa, habeam, to hefði, hafi. These forms occur as early as the begin- ning of the 13th century (e. g. in the Hulda, Cd. A. M. 66, fol. = Fms. vi. and vii). In the south of Iceland however (Reykjavik, the Árnes and Gullbringusýsla) the old forms are still frequently heard in bisyllabic preterites, esp. ek vilda, sagða, hafða, and are also employed in writing by natives of those districts. D. a answers to Goth, a; A. S. ea (a, ä); allr, totus; Goth, alls; A. S. eall: the primitive á to Goth, ê, sátu, Goth, sêtun, sedebant; gráta, grétun, lacrymari; láta, lêtan; vápn, vêpn, arma; vagr, vêgs, fluctus. The Icel. secondary á, on the contrary, must in the kindred Teutonic idioms be sought for under a vowel plus a consonant, such as an, ah, or the like. A. S. æ commonly answers to Icel. á, láta, A. S. lætan; dáð, A. S. dæð; þráðr, A. S. þræð, Engl. thread; mál (GREEK), A. S. mœl, cp. Engl. meal. The A. S. (1, on the contrary, etyrnologically answers to Icel. ei. The diphthong au answers to Goth. au, A. S. eá, -- rauðr, Goth. rauds, A. S. reað, Engl. red. In English the a seems at very early times to have assumed its present ambiguous sound; this we may infer from A. S. words introduced into Icelandic. The river Thames in Icel. is spelt, as it is still pronounced in England, as Tems, which form occurs in a poem of the year 1016. E. The Runic character for a was in the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Runes (so termed by P. A. Munch) RUNE [A. S. RUNE]; so in the Golden horn, on the stone in Thune in Norway (Ed. by P. A. Munch, 1857), and in the Bracteats. The Saxons called it os = áss, deus. In the Runes it was the fourth letter in the first group (fuþork). The Scandi- navians in their Runes used this character for o, and called it óss, ostium, probably misled by the A. S. pronunciation of the homely word áss. This character, however, occurs only a few times in the common Runes, which in its stead used the A. S. Rune RUNE, gér, annona, which is the fourth Rune in the second group (hnias, A. S. hnijs), called according to the northern pronunciation ár, annona: this letter, RUNE or RUNE has the form, as well as the name and place, of the A. S. RUNE, RUNE. A -A or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative suffix, in the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; má-k-at-ek, non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu; mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mátt-at- tu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras: yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stöðvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; mátti-g-a-k, non potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as final radical con- sonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indifferently, t being particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus, -- skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur, -- bítí-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; vaeri-a, ne esset; urðu-a, non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t are more current forms: v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sár aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. 'flo-at,' Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Norse poems of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né (using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37-39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113-115, 126-128, 130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðsljóð, Lokasenna -- all these poems probably composed by the same author, and not before the loth century -- about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or né; so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Skálaglam in Vellekla (circa 940-995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingavísur (com- posed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduc- tion of Christianity in Icel. (995-1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tek- k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Sub- sequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose. The suffixed verbal negation was used, a. in the delivering of the oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit í dóm þenna til liðs mér um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek finna, hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í dóm þenna ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form. β. the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in publicly reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat land- eigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at ..., 48; erat þat sakar spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sak- ráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat fé, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr við at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting til fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við í öðru fé nema hann vili, 209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þá skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigaadi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit, i. 23; skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann til véfangs ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat hann fleirum baugum bœta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5; skalat hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita þat fé, 59; í skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta þat, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann lóga

3 XXX

fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá menn, 167; skalat svá skipta manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi vísu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut mál hans standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakbóta (it does not count), 178; ef hann villat (will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræðrat hann öðrum mönnum á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá sínum ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat honum þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 141; þarfat hann bíða til þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reflexive form: kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath -- vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd ok egg -- said, vask at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncing ??? instead of ???. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir, Nj. 61 (now com- monly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara þótt hœna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu á ísi, 19: also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age -- erat vinum líft Ingimtmdar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þess meiri þörf, because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167; kannka ek til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.; mona (will not) mín móna (my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði verða, thou shalt not; esa þat undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann máttia sofna, he could not sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt á strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir menn hér koma, Niðrst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eir- spennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at- t w, and the anastrophe in t, though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.] abbadís, f. abbess. Hkr. iii. 398, Fms. vii. 239, Gþl. 365. abbast, að, dep. (= amast), to be incensed at, vex, molest; a-við e-t, Clem. 50, Fms. vii. 166; a-uppá e-t, Nj. 194. abbindi = af-bindi, n. tenesmus, Hm. 140; cp. Fél. ix. 185, where it is spelt afbendi. AÐ = at, v. that word, að- in compds, v. at-. -að, suff. neg., v. -a. AÐA, u, f. (and COMPD öðu-skel, f.) α. mytulus testa planiuscula, a shell. β. fem. pr. n., Edda. AÐAL, [O. H. G. adal, genus; cp. also A. S. éðele, nobilis; Old Engl. and Scot, ethel; Germ, edel; eðla- and eðal- came from mod. Dan. into Icel. aðall, nobility. It does not occur in old writings in this sense.] I. n. nature, disposition, inborn native quality, used only in poetry; jóðs a., childish, Ýt. 13; ósnotrs aðal, foolish, insipid, Hm. 106; args a., dastardly, Ls. 23, 24; drengs a., noble, Km. 23; ódyggs a., bad, Hsm. 19. 2. in the sense of offspring; aðul Njarðar (where it is n. pl.?), the gods, the offspring of Njord, Hallfred in a poem, vide Fs. 59. II. used in a great many COMPDS, chief-, head-. aðal-akkeri, n. sheet-anchor, Fms. x. 130: β. metaph., Bs. i. 756. aðal-bjórr, s, m. prime beaver skin, Eb. (in a verse). aðal-borinn, part., v. óðalborinn. aðal-ból, n. a manor-house, farm inhabited by its master, opp. to tenant farms, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 150; also the name of a farm, Hrafn. 4. aðal-festr, f., v. alaðsfestr. aðal-fylking, f. main force, main body, Hkr. ii. 361. aðal-haf, n. the main, Fms. iv. 177. aðal-henda, u, f., v. alhenda. aðal-hending, f. full, complete rhymes, such as all -- hall, opp. to skot- hending, q. v., Edda (Ht.) aðal-hendr, adj. verse in full rhyme, Edda, id. aðal-kelda, u, f. chief well, Karl. 442. aðal-kirkja, ju, f. chief part of a church, viz. choir and nave, opp. to forkirkja, Sturl. ii. 59. aðalliga, adv. completely, thoroughly; a. dauðr, quite dead, 656 C. 31, Fms. ii. 313; a. gamall, quite old, iii. 171. aðal-mein, n. great pain, Fms. vi. (in a verse), aðal-merki, n. the head-standard, Pr. 177. aðal- ritning, f. chief writing, Sks. 13. aðal-skáli, a, m. the chief apart- ment of a skáli, the hall, as distinguished from a forhús, Eb. 43. aðal- tré, n. trunk of a tree; eigi munu kvistir betri en a. (a proverb), Fms. iv. 33. aðal-troll, n. downright ogre, Fas. iii. 179. aðal-túlkr, s, m. chief advocate, Bs. i. 445. aðal-túpt, f. esp. in pl. ir = óðals-toptir, the ground on which a manor-bouse is built, toft of an allodial farm (Norse), flytja hús af aðaltóptum, remove it, N. G. L. i. aðild, older form aðilð, pl. ir, f. [root aðal], v. the following word aðili. It doubtless originally meant chiefdom, headship, but it only occurs in the limited legal sense of chief-prosecutorship or defendantship, and this only, as it seems, in Icel. not in Norse law. It is a standing word in the Icel. codes and histories of the Commonwealth. It became

4 AF.

lawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hváru- tveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343. γ of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one's body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af bryn- junni, id.; þá var Skarphóðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress. δ. con- nected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402. ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope's bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43. ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages). 2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því ???, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svip- dagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good (bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse). II. WITH- OUT MOTION: 1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing pro- ceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10. 2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166. β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4. γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc. 3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi (away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi (away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or (out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150. β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3. 4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53. B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond: 1. of a person's age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40. 2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103. 3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc. C. In various other relations: I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from. 1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive sup- port, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one's pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another's deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12. 2. where an object is taken by force: α. prop. out of a person's hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from. β. metaph. of a person's deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menu af e-m, for one, slay one's man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind's people fell there, 261. γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163. 3. de- noting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to for- feit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has for- feited the suit, Grág. i. 381. β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140. II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one's hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94. β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af kross- inum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169. γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29. 2. with the notion of -- among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Aust- fjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af (among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115. β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27. γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17. δ. absol. out of, before, in prefer- ence to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364. 3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a

5 AF -- AFARILLA.

with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3. III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287. 2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-ti (to dispose of), verða af (become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5. IV. de- noting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode: 1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below -- frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Troj- umönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I. β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17. 2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandi- navian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl. β. especially denoting a man's abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá. V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive: 1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154. 2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers. VI. denoting cause, ground, reason: 1. origin- ating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship's sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5. β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. þ. K. 20. 2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one's own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one's own labour, K. þ. K. 42; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217. β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkjn af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92. 3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust (were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the 'mirk-time' of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230. 4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women's gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90. 5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, com- posedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400. VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards: 1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menu spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8. β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78. 2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq. VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one's behalf, v. those words. IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; at" hljóði, silently; v. those words. β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off; γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49. δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance. X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also re- dundantly to héðan, ru'-ðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence. 2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af (from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted -- var þá af borið borðinu -- and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97. XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII). D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made be- tween: I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc. II. af intensivum, ety- mologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be con- tracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those afa, u, f. overbearing. Am. 1, Ls. 3, Bk. 2, 31, = afaryrði. afar- and avar- [cp. Ulf. afar = GREEK, GREEK; Germ, aber, esp. in com- pounds: v. Grimm Gr. ii. 709], only used as a prefix in compounds, very much, very. Now often pronounced æfar, which form occurs esp. in MSS. of the 14th and I5th centuries, e. g. Fms. i. 150, xi. 249, Ísl. ii. 131; cp. also æfr, adj. iracundus. COMPDS: afar-auðigr, adj. very rich, Lex. Poët. afar-breiðr, adj. very broad, Edda 10. afar-fagr, adj. very fair, Edda (Ub.) 360. afar-hreinn, adj. very clean, Lex. Poët, afar-illa, adv. very

6 AFARKAUP -- AFHLUTR.

badly, Hkr. i. 226. afar-kaup, n. hard bargain, Sturl, (in a verse). afar-kostir, m. pl. hard condition, Eg. 14, 353, Hkr. i. 144, Ld. 222. afarkosta-laust, n. adj. on fair terms, Jb. 361, Stud. ii. 79. afar- ligr, adj. immense, huge, Nj. 183, v. l. afar-lítill, adj. very small, Merl. 2. 46. afar-menni, n. an overpowering man, Orkn. 256 old Ed., Landn. 124, Ísl. ii. 190. afar-orð, n. overbearing words, Bs. ii. 9. afar-stórr, adj. big, Lex. Poët. afar-sætr, adj. very sweet, Sks. 534. afar-úðigr, adj. [hugð], overbearing, of violent temper, Fms. vii. 20. afar-vel, adv. very well, Hkr. i. 204, Ísl. ii. 140; cp. ofa. afar-yrði, n. = afarorð, Orkn. 274. afar-þungr, adj. heavy, Edda (Ht.) 46. af-auðit, part. pass.; verða a. e-s, to fail, have bad luck, Gísi. 61. af-át = ofát, over-eating, gluttony, gormandizing. af-blómgaðr, part. pass. 'off-bloomed,' deflowered, 655 xxxii. 3. af-boð, n. threats, high words, Fms. x. 199; ofboð, n., is used of panic, fear, agony, and as a prefix in compds of boðs = exceedingly. So now the modern verb ofbjóða, mostly used impers., e-m ofbýðr, to be shocked at, etc. af-bragð, n. used of persons, a superior, excellent person; hann var a. í vizku sinni, wonderfully clever, Fms. x. 397; a. annarra manna, man of mark, vi. 144. 2. gen. afbragðs is now frequently used as a prefix to nouns to express something surpassing -- a. fagr, góðr, fríðr, etc. -- a. vænleikr, surpassing beauty, Stj. 195. COMPD: afbragðs-maðr, m. a great man, Fms. x. 293 (where spelt abb-). afbragðliga, adv. surpassingly, Fas. i. 220. afbragðligr, adj. surpassing, Eb. 256, Fms. ix. 535, x. 230 (where spelt abb-), xi. 335. af-brigð and rarely afbrigði, n. -- the compound afbrigðar-tré points to a fem. -- deviation, transgression, offence, (cp. bregða af, to deviate from) esp. in pl., þeir sökuðu hann um nokkuð afbrigð þinga sinna, Post. 645. 97; sættarof ok afbrigð við guð, trespasses, 671. i; afbrigð, wrongs, Ld. 66; í afbrigðum boðorða Guðs, transgressions against the commandments of God, 671. 3; þórðr afsakar sik um öll afbrigði við þik, for having wronged thee, Sturl. ii. 132, Fms. vii. 24, Ísl. ii. 201. COMPD: afbrigðar- tré, ii. tree of transgression, Niðrst. 623. 7. af-brot, n. pl. trespasses, sin, K. Á. 36, Fms. xi. 443; very frequent in religious writings after the Reformation. af-brugðning, f. deviation from, 656 B. 7. af-brúðigr and ábrúðigr, adj. jealous, Str. 5, 75; v. the following. af-brýða, dd, [af- intens. and brúðr, sponsa], to be jealous, also contracted ábrýða; þeir vandlæta ok afbrýða sem karldýrin eru borin, Stj. 94. af-brýði and contr. ábrýði, n. (now obsol.) jealousy; en er Sisinnus sá Clemens páfa standa hjá konu sinni, þá, viltist hugr hans mjök af mikilli ílsku ok afbrýði, Clem. 41, 42, Fms. i. 9, Ýt. 11; in all these places spelt with af-, but ábryði is more common, and occurs Hkr. i. 111; in the poem Gkv. i. 10 -- hon ægði mér af ábrýði -- it is used of the jealousy of a wife to her husband. af-burðr, m. (also spelt abb-), odds, balance, bias, success (cp. bera af, to prevail); kvað honum eigi annat vænna til afburðar, in order to get the better of it, Sd. 166; sá hann at engi varð afburðrinn, they fought 'aequo Marte,' Sturl. ii. 74; hann ætlaði sér afburð, he meant to keep the odds in his own hand, Ísl. ii. 450; skal nú faraí haustvíking, ok vilda ek, at hon yrði eigi með minnum afburðum, less glorious, Orkn. 464. II. gen. sing, and pl. afburðar-, a-, freq. used as a prefix in some COMPDS with the notion of gloriously, with distinction. afburðar-digr, adj. very thick, biðr. 24. afburða-fræknligr, adj. very gallant, Ísl. ii. 369. af- burðar-járn, n. excellent iron, Fms. x. 173. afburðar-maðr, m. a man of mark, Rb. 316, Orkn. 474, Grett. 133, Finnb. 318. afburðar- mikill, adj. conspicuous, Fms. v. 181. afburðar-skip, n. a fine ship, Fas. iii. 106. afburðar-vel, adv. very well, Hkr. ii. 265, Fms. ix. 515. afburðar-vænn, adj. very fine, Fas. i. 182. af-búð, f. an 'off-booth,' side-booth, apartment, Korm. 116. af-dalr, m. an 'off-dale,' remote valley; freq. in tales and rhymes of hidden valleys, esp. in pl., e. g. Hvað hét hundr karls er í afdölum bjó, in a nursery rhyme, K. þ. K. 38, Fms. v. 183. af-deilingr, m. part, portion, share, Bs. i. 881. af-dráttr, m. [draga af, to detract], diminution, deduction, Ann. 1358 (of duties, fines), Dipl. i. 7, Jm. 135 = costs. β. in arithmetic, subtrac- tion, Alg. 358, now frádragning. af-drif, n. pl. [drifa], destiny, fate; barn líkligt til stórra afdrifa, a bairn likely to grow into a great man, Fms. iii. 112 (of an exposed child); þykir mér lítil okkur a. verða munu, inglorious life, Fær. 53. It is now also used of final fate, end. 2. offspring, Stj. 191. af-drykkja, u, f. over-drinking, drunkenness, = ofdrykkja [af- intens.] af-eggja, að, to dissuade, (as we might say 'to egg off'), Fms. ix. 352. af-eira, ð, to curtail, deprive of, with dat. of the thing; a. þá sinni sæmd, to disgrace them, Bær. 3; riddaradómi, to degrade from knighthood, 4. af-eista, t, to castrate, Bs. ii. 118. af-eyringr, m. an animal, sheep with cropped ears, Bs. 1. 723, Sturl. iii. 47; also afeyra, ð, to cut the ears off, and afeyrt, n. adj. a mark on sheep. af-fall, n. diminution, discount, falling off, in the phrase, selja e-t með afföllum, to sell at a discount, Sd. 189. af-fangadagr, v. atfangadagr, day preceding a feast. af-fara, v. afför. af-fari, adj. who deviates, trespasses, Fms. viii. 237, v. 1. af-feðrast, að, dep. to fall short of his father, to degenerate, Fms. xi. 423. af-feldr, m. the spoon of Hela, Edda 231. af-ferma, d and ð, [farmr], to unload a ship, Fas. ii. 448. af-flutning, f. and afflutningr, m. disparaging, depreciation, Bs. i. 714. af-flytja, flutta, to disparage, Fms. x. 41, Grett. 100 A. af-för, ar, f. departure, in the following COMPDS: affara-dagr and affarar-dagr, m. the last day of a feast, esp. of Yule or the like; a. jöla -- Twelfth-night, opp. to affanga-dagr = at-fangadagr, Christmas Eve, Hkr. iii. 304, Fbr. 139, Fms. vii. 272; a. veizlunnar, Bs. i. 287, Fms. iii. 121. affara-kveld, n. the last evening of a feast, Fms. xi. 424. af-gamall, adj. [af- intens. ?], very old, decrepid from age, Nj. 190; a. karl, Fms. ii. 182, Sks. 92. af-ganga, u, f. surplus, Fms. iii. 208, v. l. II. deviation, digres- sion, Skálda 203. COMPD: afgongu-dagr, m. = affaradagr, day of departure, Fas. iii. 600. af-gangr, s, m. surplus, store, Ver. 17, Dipl. v. 10, Fms. iv. 236, K. þ. K. 163, in the phrase, með afgöngum, to spare, Fms. iii. 108; afgangs, gen. used adverbially, over, to spare, l. c., v. 1. II. decease, death [ganga af, to die], Fas. iii. 596. af-gelja, u, f. [gala, cp. hégilja], chattering, Edda 110. af-gipt, f. [gefa af], tribute, K. Á. 170. II. indulgence, abso- lution, Bs. i. 712, H. E. i. 523, Dipl. i. 5. COMPDS: afgiptar-bréf, n. letter of indulgence, Bs. 1. 699. afgiptar-fé, n. a Norse law term, escheatable property, N. G. L. i. 324. af-gjald, n. tribute, Vm. 78 (freq.) af-gjarn, adj. eager to be off, flying away, in the proverb, afgjarnt verðr öfundarfé, Fas. ii. 332; cp. afsæll. af-gjöf, f. = afgipt, K. Á. 170, 174, H. E. i. 430. af-glapa, að, [cp. glepja], an Icel. law term, to disturb or break the peace of a court or public meeting, by violence, crowding, shouting, brawling, or the like; ef menn troðast svá mjök at lögréttu fyrir önnkost, eðr göra þar hrang þat eðr háreysti, at fyrir því afglapast mál manna, ok varðar þat fjörbaugsgarð, Grág. i. 5; ef várþing verðr afglapat, at eigi megu mál lúkast, 105; ef menn afglapa görð allir þeir er til vóru teknir, i. 495. af-glapan and afglöpun, f. [v. the preceding word], used of rioting or brawling in a court or at a meeting, to break the law or the peace; it is also used of any illegal steps to stop the course of law, so that the plead- ings are interrupted, and there is a flaw in the procedure, v. þingsafglöpun; frequent in the Grágás and the Sagas; it was liable to the lesser outlawry, v. above: bribery and false witness seem to be counted as þingsafglöpun in Nj. 150, and were to be challenged to the High Court, Lv. 12, 31, Nj., Grág., esp. in the þ. þ. etc.: v. Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal. af-glapi, a, m. an oaf, fool, simpleton, Fms. i. 156, Ld. 34, Sd. 145. COMPD: afglapa-orð, n. words of a fool, in the proverb, úmæt eru afglapa- orð, 'a fool's word is nothing worth' -- now úmæt eru ómagaorð -- Boll. 352. af-greizla, u, f. payment, contribution, Vm. 141. af-guðliga, adv. ungodly, N. G. L. i. 376, v. l. = óguðliga. af-gæzla, u, f. taking care of, H. E. i. 396, uncert. read. af-göra, ð, to offend, do amiss, transgress, Nj. 254, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 300. af-görð, f. transgression, offence, mostly in pl., trespasses in a religious sense, Sks. 601, Hkr. iii. 225. af-görvi, v. atgörfi. af-hallnn, false read. = ofjarlar, Vall. L. 206, v. l. af-hallr, adj. sloping downward, Eg. 277. af-haugr, m. a side-mound, Ísl. ii. 46. af-hefð, f. [hefð, possessio], ousting, D. N. iv. 881. af-hegna, d, to enclose, hedge, D. N. iii. 774. af-heima, gen. pl. n. [heima], from home, out of doors, abroad; fara til afheirna, to go abroad, opp. to at heimili, at home, N. G. L. i. 158. af-helgast, að, dep. to become unholy, to be profaned, Sks. 782 B. af-hellir, m. side-cave, Fms. iii. 570, Fas. ii. 152, Brandkr. 62. af-henda, d and t, to hand over, Lv. 6, Dipl. ii. 14, 16; a. skuld, to pay a debt, Vápn. 41; a. heit, to pay a vow, Bs. i. 121. af-hending, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of the samhenda, when the final assonance of a verse is repeated in the next one, e. g. seim þverrir gefr seima | seim örr ..., Edda (Ht. 47 and 24). In mod. Icel. metric, afhenda is quite different, viz. a short metre in only two lines. af-hendis, adv. off one's hand, N. G. L. i. 180. af-hendr, adj. out of one's hand, in the phrase, segja e-n sér afhendan, to give one up, of a client or the like; leitt er mér at segja þik afhendan, því at þat hefi ek aldri gert ef ek hefi við manni tekit, Fs. 34, Fms. iii. 51 (of the poet Hallfred and king Olaf). II. n. afhent impers., e-m er e-t afhent, unfit for, unable to, Fms. viii. 21. af-heyrandi, part. act. out of bearing, absent, Grág. ii. 143. af-heyris, adv. out of bearing, opp. to áheyris, Bs. i. 771. af-hlaðning, f. unloading, N. G. L. i. 410. af-hlaup, n. surphis, Fms. iv. 336; til afhlaups, to spare, Alg. 370. COMPD: afhlaups-korn, n. surplus corn, Gþl. 352. af-hlutr, m. share of a thing, v. fjár-afhlutr.

7 AFHLYÐAST -- AFLEITK,

af-hlýðast, dd, to disobey, D, N. ii. 173. af-hrapi, a, m. offscourings, outcasts, (an GREEK, -- afhrak being now used); ok ræðr hann sér einum á hendr afhrapa hans, Grág. i. 294 (of the consequences of harbouring a vagabond). af-hroð, n. destruction, v. afráð, Fas. iii. 169. af-huga, adj. ind. averse, having turned one's mind from; verða a. e-u or við e-t, to forget, mind no more, Ísl. ii. 274, Stj. 202, Fs. 47, Bs. i. 78, 655 xi. 3. af-hugast, að, dep. gov. dat. to forget, Fms. viii. 252; part. afhugaðr við e-t = afhuga, having put it out of one's mind, ii. 336. af-hus, n. out-house, side-apartment, Eb. 10. af-hvarf, n. [hverfa], a diversion, turning aside, Hm. 33, in which pas- sage it is opp. to gagnvegr, the straight path, Lâ. 204. af-hýða, dd, to scourge thoroughly, 'hide,' Grett. 135, Sturl. iii. 295. af-höfða, að, to behead, Fms. i. 217, Stj. 464. af-högg, n. a law term, 'off-hewing,' mutilation, maiming, N. G. L. i. 170, Bs. i. 675, H. E. i. 237. II. chips, splinters, Fms. ii. 290. AFI, a, m. [cp. Lat. avus, Ulf. avô = GREEK, and aba = GREEK, vir], grandfather: it is now frequent, but occurs very rarely in old writers, who almost always use móðurfaðir or föðurfaðir. Yet it occurs in the poem Rm. 16 -- afi ok amma -- and Vþm. 29, where it = föðurfaðir. It is curious to observe that in the poem Skm. -- whence it is again transferred into the Grógaldr -- it is used in the sense of a boy or a son; cp. as an illustration of this use the Norse phrase -- D. N. iv. 848 -- afi eptir afa = son after father, man after man in uninterrupted succession, in accord- ance to the Gothic aba; Edda 108, Fms. iv. 288, vi. 346, xi. 6. We also say lang-afi, great-grandfather, and langamma, great-grandmother. COMPD: afa-systir, f. great aunt, Landn. 317. af-kaup, n. bad bargain, Fms. v. 255. af-káraligr, v. afkárligr. af-kárligr, adj. = afkárr, Lex. Poët.; now freq. afkáralegr, adj. and -lega, adv. of manners, odd, like a madman. af-kárr, adj. [af- intens.; kárr does not occur; cp. the modern kári, a gale, tempest, (poët.)], strange, prodigious; er hér nokkut afkárt inni, of a giant pulling a bear out of his den by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; it occurs repeatedly in Lex. Poët. = very strong, remarkable; afkárr söngr, discordant song, of shouting, Akv. 38; cp. launkárr. af-kleyfi, n. in the COMPD afkleyfls-orð, n. a metric, term, a superfluous word, syllable, in a verse, an enclitic syllable preceding the höfuðstafr in a verse. COMPD: afkleyus-samstafa, u, f. syllaba hypermetra, Edda (Ht.) 137. af-klæða, dd, to undress, Stj. 194. β. reflex, to undress oneself, Eg. 420, Fms. x. 294. af-komandi, part, descendant, Hkr. iii. 170. af-kvremi, n. [kvám], 'off-coming,' offspring, in a collect, sense, Fms. i. 212, Hkr. i. 325, Orkn. 142, Stj. 39. COMPD: afkvæmis-maðr, m. descendant, Stj. 39, 160. af-kymi, a, m. nook, Ísl. ii. 471 (paper MS.); kymi, id., is now freq. AFL, s, m. hearth of a forge, Edda 69, 70, Stj. 312, Fms. viii. 8; in N. G. L. i. 328 it seems to mean hearth (in general). afl, m. [Grimm mentions an O. H. G. aval; abal is a dub. GREEK in A. S. poetry, Ormul. avell] , strength, esp. physical force; afreksmaðr at afli ok áræði, Eg. 1; styrkr at afli, Fms. i. 19; ramr at afli, 155; fullkominn at afli ok hyggju, bodily and mental vigour, Ld. 256; stillt þú þó vel aflinu, at þú verðir eigi kendr, Nj. 32; hafa afl til e-s, be a match for, be able to do, Gþl. 411. β. virtue; afl dauðfærandi grasa, virtue of poisonous herbs, 623. 26. 2. metaph. strength, power, might, Th. 19. 3. a law term, force, validity; dæmdu vér þetta boð Bjarna úlögligt ok ekki afl hafa, void, Dipl. iii. 3. 4. a law term, majority, odds, in the phrase, ok skal afl ráða, plurima vota valeant; ef gerðarmenn (umpires) verða eigi ásáttir ok skal a ráða, Grág. i. 493; nú verða fjórðungsmenn eigi ásáttir, þá skal afl ráða með þeim, i. l, cp. 44, 531 (where it is used of a jury); en ef þeir verða eigi ásáttir er í lögréttu sitja hvat þeir vilja lofa eðr í lög leiða, þá skolu þeir ryðja lögréttu (viz. divide) ok skal ráða a. með þeim, Nj. 150. 5. force, violence; taka með afli, Stj. 4. 30; bjóða e-m afl, Bs. ii. 106. COMPDS: afls-munr, m. odds, superiority of strength, esp. in the phrase, kenna aflsmunar, where there is a short struggle, the one being soon overcome, Eb. 182, Eg. 508, Hkr. i. 286: β. kenna aflsmuna = kosta afis, to exert oneself to the utmost; varð hann at kenna a. (to exert the whole of his strength) áðr hann kæmi honum undir, Eb. 172. afl. s-raun = aflraun. AFLA, að, [cp. Swed. afvel, breed, slock: Dan. avling, farming; avls- gaard, farm; faareavl, qvægavl, breed of sheep or cattle. In Norse (mod.) avle is to harvest; Swed. afla, to beget. In the Icel. verb afla the idea of producing or gathering prevails, whereas the nouns branch off; the weak afli chiefly denotes produce, means, stores, resources, troops, forces; the strong one -- afl -- force alone. Yet such phrases as ramr at afli indi- cate something besides the mere notion of strength. In the mod. Scandin. idioms -- Dan., Swed., Norse -- there are no traces left of the idea of 'force:' cp. the Lat. opes and copiae. The Icel. spelling and pronunciation with bl (abl) is modern, perhaps from the time of the Reformation: cp. the words efla etc. with a changed vowel. The root is OP-, as shewn in Lat. ope, opes, the o being changed into a ?]. I. with gen. of the thing, to gain, acquire, earn, procure; vandara at gæta fengins fjár en afla þess (a proverb); þá bjöggu þeir skip ok öfluðu manna til, got men to man it, Eg. 170. β. the phrase, afla sér fjár ok frægðar, to earn fame and wealth, of young heroes going sea-roving; fóru um sumarit í víking ok öfluðu sér fjár, Eg. 4; afla sér fjár ok frama, Fs. 5; fjár ok virðingar, id.; hann hafði aflat sér fjár (made money) í hólmgöngum, Eg. 49; aflaði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame, Fms. ii. 307; kom honum í hug, at honum mundi mikillar framkvæmdar afla, bring him great ad- vantage, Eb. 112. 2. as a law term, to cause, inflict a wound; ef maðr aflar einum blóðs eðr bens af heiptugri hendi, N. G. L. i. 387. II. with acc., mostly in unclassical writers, but now rare, to earn; aflaði hann þar fé mikit, Fms. vii. 80; aflandi þann thesaur er,, 655 xxxii. i; hafit ér ok mikit í aflat, Al. 159; mun ek til hafa atferð ok eljun at afla mér annan við, to contrive, Ld. 318, where, however, the excellent vellum MS. A. M. 309, 4to, has gen. -- annars viðar -- more classically, as the Saga in other passages uses the gen., e. g. afla sér manna ok hrossa, to procure horses and men, l. c. little below. β. reflex., e-m aflask e-t, gains, Fb. 163. γ. absol., njót sem þú hefir aflat, of ill-earned means, Nj. 37. δ. part, aflandi, Njarð. 366. 2. now used absol. to fish, always with acc.; a standing phrase in Icel., the acc. only being used in that particular connection. III. with dat. in the sense of to perform, manage, be able to; hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu, ok var hagr vel, Fms. i. 289; fyr mun hann því afla en ek færa honum höfuð mitt, it will sooner happen, Fms. iv. 291, where the Hkr. reads orka; bauð út leiðangri, sem honum þótti landit mestu mega afla, to the utmost that the country could produce, Fms. x. 118; ekki aflar harm því at standa í móti yðr, he is not man enough to stand against you, Fas. iii. af-lag, n. [leggja af], gen. aflags. I. used as adv. = afgangs, sparingly, Fas. iii. 477. In modern Icel. hafa aflögum or aflögu, to have to spare. II. slaughtering of cattle, killing off; leggja af margan fénað ... minti biskup enn á um aflögin, the slaughtering, Bs. i. af-laga, adv. unlawfully, Grág. i. 473, ii. 367, Gþl. 294, 432, 473, Hkr. ii. 246, Al. 153; ganga a., Stj. 430. 2. now used in the sense to be out of joint, things going wrong. af-lagliga, adv. = aflögliga, 655 xxxii. 4. aflan and öflun, f. gain, acquisition, Hkr. ii. 218, Sks. 233. COMPD: öflunar-maðr, m. a good steward, Sturl. iii. 130. af-langr, adj. oblong, Ann. year 1414; formed from the Lat. (?), new common. af-lausn, f., Lat. absolutio. 1. some small release, ransom, com- pensation, Sturl. iii. 142, 239; gjöra a. urn e-t, to relieve, release oneself in regard to a thing: Ólafr konungr mælti, 'Framar hefir þú þá gert urn vígin á Grænlandi, en fiskimaðrinn kallar a. vera fiskinnar; því at hann kallast leysa sik, ef hann dregr fisk fyrir sik, enn annan fyrir skip sitt, þriðja fyrir öngul, fjórða fyrir vað," king Olaf said, 'Thou hast done more then in the matter of manslayings in Greenland, than what the fisherman calls the ransom of his fishing; for he says that he has freed himself (of his fishing), if he draws (up) a fish for himself, but another for his boat, a third for his angle, a fourth for his line,' (this way of reckoning their catch is still common with fishermen in many parts of England and Scot- land), Fbr. 154: cp. a stanza in a Scottish ballad, 'I launched my boat in Largo Bay, | And fishes caught í three; | One for wad and one for hook, | And one was left for me.' 2. eccles. = absolution, K. Á. 226, Hom. 137, Grett. 162, Fms. x. 18. af-lát, n. leaving off, relinquishing; a. synda, Stj. 567, Sks. 612 B; án afláti, used adverb. incessantly, 625, p. 77, Th. 20. β. remission, par- don; aflát misgörninga, Hom. 160; a. synda, 159. COMPD: afláts- korn, n. surplus corn, store corn, Gþl. 352, v. l. aflaupskorn. af-látr, adj. negligent, lazy, Hom. 152. af-leiðing, f. 'off-leading:' 1. now generally used in the pl. consequences, result; 2. in old writers, on the contrary, it seldom occurs, and then in a peculiar sense. So Sturl. iii. 128, góðar afleiðingar eru með e-m, they are on good terms, things go on pretty well between them. 3. metric, continuation; her er hinn fyrri visuhelmingr leiddr af þeirri vísu, er áðr var kveðin ok fylgir þat málsorð, er afleiðing (continuation) er kölluð, Edda (Ht.) 126. af-leiðingr, s, m., skilja góðan afleiðing, used adverb. to part on friendly terms, Sturl. iii. 134: cp. the preceding word, 128; both passages are taken, from the þorgils S. Skarða, to which the phrase seems to be peculiar. af-leiðis, adv. 1. loc. astray, out of the path, Sd. 146, 655 xvii. 4. 2. metaph., færa a., to pervert, Stj. 227, 519; þeir lugu á okkr, en þú færðir orð þeirra a., you perverted their words, Bs. i. 7, Glúm. 327; Snúa e-m a., to seduce, Andr. 625. 75. β. impers., e-u þokar a., turns out wrong, Bs. i. 340. af-leifar, f. pl. scraps, remnants, leavings, Stj. 383, Bs. i. 237; f. búsafleifar, Grág. i. 299. af-leitinn, adj. = afleitr, of odd appearance, Fas. ii. 329. af-leitliga, adv. perversely, Stj. 55; ilia ok a., 173. af-leitligr, adj. = afleitr, perverse, deformed, Stj. 274, Al. 96. af-leitr, adj. [líta, cp. also -leitr in compounds], strange, hideous; neut.,

8 AFLENDIS -- AFRÆKJA.

hversu afleitt (how disgusting) oss virðist um þeirra háttu, Hks. iii. 435; hversu afleitir (stupid) oss sýnast þeirra hættir, Fms. vii. 296, l. c.; þeir fyrirlíta ok halda alla sauðahirða sem afleita, odd, peculiar, Stj. 293; afleitt eðr eligt, vile, 1 Sam. xv. 9. β. abandoned, the face turned from, deserted by, with dat.; afleita hamingjunni, luckless, Stj. 421. Ruth i. 12. af-lendis, adv. = erlendis, abroad, N. G. L. i. 244. af-lendr, adj. far from land, in open sea, Bs. ii. 47. af-letja, latti, to dissuade: α. with infin., Bs. i. 39. β. with acc., aflatti hann mjök fyrir sér ferðina, Fms. ix. 437. γ. or witn an acc. of the person and gen. of the thing; a. e-n e-s, v. letja. af-letta, tt, to cease, Fr. af-lettr, prompt, ready, v. ofléttr. afl-fátt, n. adj. short of strength; verða a., to fail in strength, Fms. i. 55. iii. 150. afl-gróf, f. [afl, m.], hole below the forge, cinder-pit, or a water-pit wherein to cool the iron (?); cp. Vkv. 22, þiðr. 72. afl-hella, u, f. hearth-stone in a forge; er hann hafði þau (viz. the bones) niðrgrafit undir sína aflhellu, þiðr. 95. afli, a, m. I. means, acquisition, gain, produce, stores, fruits; afli ok herfang, Fms. ii. 106; hafði þórir einn forráð þess liðs ok svá afla þess alls er verðr í ferðinni, iv. 297; eignir ... með öllum afla ok ávexti, increase and interest, K. Á. 54. 2. now used, α. partic. of fishing stores, fishing, and β. gener. of provisions and stores of any kind. II. metaph.: 1. might, power; hafa afla til eingis, have might or means for nothing, be unable to do anything, to be power- less, Nj. 27. 2. forces, troops, body, Lat. copiae, opes; Ásgrímr sagði þat mikinn afla, great support, Nj. 210; en þat sýnist mér þó ráðligast at biðja sér liðs, þvíat þeir draga afla at yðr, they gather forces against you, 222; munu vér skjótt eiga af honum ván hins mesta úfriðar ef hann fær nokkurn afla, troops, resources, Fms. i. 188; at herja á þá feðga með allmikinn afia, strong body, 184; ok er hirð Sverris konungs sá, at aflinn Magnúss konungs (the main body) flýði allr, viii. 119. COMPDS: afla-brögð, n. pl. [bragð], stores of fish, A. A. 276. afla-fátt, n. adj. = aflfátt, Fms. iii. 133. afla-fé, n. acquired property, N. G. L. i. 448. afla-litill, adj. having little power, Finnb. 320 (compar. aflaminni). afla-maðr, m. powerful, strong, Lv. 12, 109. afla-mikill, adj. opp. to aflalítill, powerful, strong, Ld.; harðgjörr ok aflamikill, Bs. i. 635; var Sæmundr afiamestr, the strongest in men, Sturl. ii. 44: β. (= aflmikill), used of physical strength, Stj. Judg. iii. 29; verða menn eigi ásáttir hvárr sterkari er, en þó ætîa flestir Gísla aflameira (= aflmeira), GÍsl. 26. afla-munr, m. odds, Sturl.; at etja við aflamuninn, to fight against odds, Al. 110. afla-skortr, m. shortcoming in power, opp. to aflamunr, Bs. i. 525. afla-stund, f. fishing season, Bs. ii. af-lima, adj. ind., verða e-m a., to be cut off, separated from, Post. 95, Am. 26. af-lima, að, to 'off-limb,' to dismember, maim, mutilate, Js. 37, Ann. 1342. af-liman, f. 'off-limbing,' mutilation, Bs. ii. 75. afl-lauss, adj. weak, strengthless, a medical term, palsied, paralytic, Bs. i. 351. afl-leysi, n. palsy, v. Fél. ix. afl-lítill, adj. weak, Fms. ii. 201, vii. 208. afl-mikill, adj. of great strength, Sturl. i. 23, Fms. i. 261. af-lofa, að, to refuse, Fr. afl-raun, f. trial (proof) of strength; in plur. bodily exercises; Skalla- grímr hendi mikit gaman at aflraunum ok leikum, Eg. 187; er þat flestra manna ætlan, at Grettir hafi verit sterkastr hérlandsmanna, síðan þeir Ormr ok þórálfr lögðu af aflraunir, Grett. 133; þótti þetta mikil a., Fms. iii. 210, Finnb. 274: cp. aflsraun. afl-skortr, m. failing of strength, Fms. ii. 149. aflugr, adj. strong, v. öflugr. afl-vani, adj. ind. deficient in strength; verða a., to succumb; taka þeir fang, ok verðr Gunnarr mjök a., Fms. ii. 75 (in wrestling); enda varð hann a. fyrir liðs sakir, was overpowered, got the worst of it, Ísl. ii. 172; Eustachius sá sik aflvani (acc.) í móti þeim, 655 x. p. 2. afl-vöðvi, a, m. [vöðvi, a muscle], the biceps muscle, Sturl. 51, Ld. 220, Fas. ii. 344. af-logliga, adv. = aflaga, unlawfully, D. N. i. 80, Stj, 154. af-má, ð, to 'mow off,' to blot out, destroy, Fms. ii. 238, Stj. 208, 346. af-mán, f. [af, má], degradation, shame, v. the following. af-mána, að, = afmá, to degrade, pollute. af-mánaðr, part, polluted, defiled, Rb. 332. af-mynda, að, to deform; dep. afmyndask, to be deformed, Fas. i. 425 (paper MS.); the word is now very freq. af-mœðing, f. [móðir], right of weaning lambs, by taking them from the mother; kirkja á lamba a. (perhaps wrongly for afmæðring) í Mölvíkr- höfða, Vm. 164. af-nám, n. gener. taking away, removal, Stj. 2 Sam. iv. II. β. esp. in the phrase, at afnámi, of something reserved, before the division of spoil, property, or inheritance; now, taka af óskiptu, Dan. forlods, Grág, i. 330, 336, Jb. 289 (Ed. af námi); konungr skildi hafa úr hlutskipti þriðjung við liðsmenn, en umfram at afnámi bjórskinn öll ok safala, Eg. 57. 2. metaph. privation, loss; ok hann verðr at skaða þeim mönnum nokkrunn, er oss mun þykkja a. í, Eg. 114, Fms. vii. 244. COMPDS: afnáms-fé, n. a law term, share, which is reserved before the division of property, spoil, inheritance, or the like, Eg. 240, Fms. iv. 28. afnáms-gripr, m. something reserved or set aside, Fms. x. 214. af-nefja, að, to cut off one's nose, Sir. 35. af-neita, að and tt, and afníta, tt, now always afneita, að, to deny, refuse; with dat., hefir afneitað tiltekinni trú, Fms. iii. 166; eigi vil ek því afneita, refuse, Fs. 11; ek afneitta eigi hans orðsending, Stj. 1 Kings xx. 7; en er hann afneitti eigi með öllu (refused not), þá báðu þeir hann því meir, Grett. 146. 2. absol. afnita; en þar es Jökull bróðir minn laust þik högg, þat skaltú hafa bótalaust, því at þú afníttir þú er þér vóru boðnar, Fs. 57. af-neiting, f. denial, renunciation, Th. 17. af-neyzla, u, f. use, consumption; a. skógarins, Fs. 125, Nj. 78; a. fjár (pl.), Jb. 404 A, B (Ed. ofnevzlur). afr, v. áfr, buttermilk. af-rað, afráð, afroð, and afhroð, n. (Fas. iii. 169), [cp. Swed. afrad; from roð, rud, fundus, ager(?)]. I. prop, a Norse and Swedish law term, tribute, ground tax, payable to the king; a. ok landaura, N. G. L. i. 257, D. N. iii. 408. So also in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldu æsir a. gjalda, where it is opp. to gildi, league. II. metaph. loss, damage, 1. in the phrase, gjalda a., to pay a heavy fine, suffer a great loss; en þat a. munu vér gjalda, at margir munu eigi kunna frá at segja hvárir sigrast, there will be so heavy a loss in men, such a havoc in killed, Nj. 197 (where most MSS. read afroð, some afrað, Ed. afrauð); töluðu þeir opt um málaferlin, sagði Flosi, at þeir hefði mikit a. goldit þegar, 254 (MSS. afrað, afroð, and afhroð); Lýtingr mun þykjast áðr mikit a. goldit hafa í láti bræðra sinna, 155 (MSS. afrað, afroð, and afhroð), Fms. x. 324. 2. in the phrase, göra mikit a., to make a great havoc; görði hann mikit afhroð í sinni vinn, great slaughter, Fas. iii. 169: cp. Lex. Poët. 3. advice, Vtkv. 5; the verse is spurious and the meaning afraðs-kollr, m. cognom., Germ. 'steuerkopf,' cp. nefgildi, Engl. poll- tax, v. the preceding. af-reizla, u, f. = afgreizla, outlay, payment, Ám. 13. af-rek, n. [af- intens.], a deed of prowess, a deed of derring do; margir lofuðu mjök afrek Egils, ok sigr þann sem hann vann, Fms. xi. 234; vinna afrek, Fs. 6; ekki a. gerði hann meira í Noregi, Fagrsk. 94; hann lét ok göra þar í Níðarósi naust bæði mörg, ok svá stór, at afrek var í, grand, magnificent, Hkr. iii. 268. COMPDS: afreks-gripr, n. a splendid object, a thing of price, Ld. 144. afreks-maðr, m. a valiant man; a. at afli ok áræðí, Eg. I; en þat hefi ek spurt, at hirð hans er skipuð afreksmönnum einurn, heroes, 19, 84; a. um vöxt eðr afl, Ísl. ii. 190. afreks-verk, n. valiant deed, Fær. 51, Al. 30. af-reka, að, to achieve, perform; munu þér mikit afreka, Lv. 33; hvat þeir höfðu alrekat, Fas. iii. 221; a. vel, to succeed, Bárð. 175. af-remma, u, f. [ramr], restriction, encumbrance, obligation; sú er a. meðr þessum tillögum, at prestr skal vera at heimilishúsi ok syngja allar heimilistíðir, Ám. 37. afrendi, f. [afrendr], strength, prowess, valour, Hym. 28. afrendr, adj. [frequently or almost constantly spelt afreyndr, as if from 'af-' intens. and 'raun,' of great prowess; but the derivation from 'afr-= afar-' and '-endi or -indi' is better]. I. in the phrase, a. at afli, very strong, valiant, Fms. ii. 87, Finnb. 254; compar. afrendari, Fms. x. 321, Fs. 33, 48 (where the MS. Vh. spells afreyndr, so also does the Fb. i. 341, etc.) II. absol. without adding at afli, Lv. 101 (where written af-réttr, m. and afrétt, f. (now always f.; cp. rótt), [prgbably akin to reka, viz. afrekt, contr. afrétt], compascuum, common pasture; it is now prop. used of mountain pastures, whither the cattle (sheep) are driven in the summer in order to graze during July and August, and again col- lected and driven down in the autumn (Sept.); in Norway called almen- ningr. I. masc., thus defined, en þat er afréttr, er ij menn eigu saman eðr fleiri, hverngi hlut sem hverr þeirra á í, Grág. ii. 303, 330; í afrétt þann, er, i. 397, ii. 303; afréttu, acc. pl., ii. 301, Jb. 198 A, K. þ. K. 90, Olk. 37; hálfan afrétt, Vm. 29. II. f. afréttinni (dat.), Grug. (Kb.) ii. 301, 325 A; gen. afréttar (gender uncert.), 303 A; afréttin, id., Cod. A; afrétt (dat. f. ?), Ísl. ii. 330, Háv. 39; afrettum, dat. pl. (gen- der uncert.), Boll. 336. COMPDS: afréttar-dómr, m. court held for deciding causes concerning common pasture, Grág. ii. 323. afrétta- menn, m. pl. owners or partners in common pasture, Grág. ii. af-roð, v. afráð. af-róg, n. excuse, justification, Str. 71. af-ruðningr, m. [ryðja], clearing off, defence, repeal, Pr. 425. af-runi, a, m. [runi, renna], deviation; metaph. sin, trespasses; umbót ok iðran afruna (gen.), 125. 174; iðrun fyrir görva afruna (acc. pl.), id.; tárfelling er hann hefir fyrir afruna þá, er verða í þessa heims lífi, id. 184. β. injury, offence, D. N. iii. 367 (Fr.) afr-yrði, n. = afaryrði, insolent words. af-ræði, n. [af- intens. and ráð], absolute rule, D. N. ii, 336 several times (Fr.) af-rækja, t and ð, to neglect, contemn, H. E. i. 257; reflex, afrækjast, in

AFSAKA -- AFÞOKKA. 9

the same signification, a. with dat, a. lögunum, to break, neglect the law, Al 4. β. with acc. (now always so), a. sitt höfuðrnerki, Karl. 189. γ. uncert. dat. or acc., a. Guðs hlýðni, Edda (pref.) 144, Stj. 241. δ. with at and a following infin., Gþl. 183; konungar afræktust at sitja at Uppsölum, left off, Hkr. ii. 97. ε. absol., Fms. vii. 221, 188, Gþl. 506. af-saka, að, to excuse, exculpate, K. Á. 230, Stj. 37. β. pass, afsak- ast, to be (stand) excused, K. Á. 226, Stj. 125. af-sakan and afsokun, f. a 'begging off,' excuse, exculpation, K. Á. 228, Stj. 152. COMPD: afsakanar-orð, n. pl. excuses, Stj. af-saki, a, m. excuse, 623. 60. af-sanna, að, to refute, prove to be false ('unsooth'), 655 xvii. 1. af-sáð, n. seed-corn, N. G. L. i. 240. af-segja, sagði, to resign, renounce; a. sér e-t, Barl. 210. Now used in the sense of to refuse, deny. af-setja, setti, to depose, put down, v. the following. af-setning, f. and afsetningr, m. deposition, (off-setting, cp. Scot. 'aff- set,' Jam., which means dismissal, the act of putting away), H. E. ii. 74, 523. af-siða, adj. ind. immoral, of loose manners, Grág. i. 138. af-sifja, að, [sifjar], a law term, to cut off from one's 'sib,' alienate from one's family, renounce; gefa má maðr vingjafir at sér lifanda, hest eða yxn, vápn eða þvílíka grfpi, ok afsifjar (Cod. A reads afsitjar, but doubtless wrongly) hann sér þó at sex skynsömum mönnum þyki eigi arfsvik gör við erfingja, Jb. 163, D. N. i. 141, Pál Vidal. p. 84. The word appears to be a Norse law term, and does not occur in the laws of the Icel. Commonwealth, but came into use with the code Jb. af-síða, adv. aside, apart, Krók. 56. af-skapligr, adj. [skapligr], misshapen, monstrous, huge, shocking; a. áfelli, shocking accident, Stj. 90; herfiligr ok a., 655 xiii. A. i; a. ok úmannligt, Stj. 272; a. úmenska, Fms. ii. 225, K. Á. (App.) 230. af-skeiðis, adv. astray, H. E. i. 252, 655 xi. 3, Hom. 99. af-skipan, f. deposition, dismissal, D. N. (Fr.) af-skipta, adj. ind. cut off, from an inheritance or the like, Lat. expers; in the phrase, vera görr a., to be wronged, Hrafn. 14. af-skipti, n. pl. dealing with, intercourse, (cp. the phrase, skipta sér af e-u, to meddle with, care about); ok eingi a. veita heiðnum goðuin, Fms. ii. 160; ef hann veitir súr engi a., does not deal with, Grág. ii. 121. COMPDS: afskipta-lauss, adj. heedless, careless, having nothing to do with, Fb. i. 392. afskipta-lítill, adj. caring little about, Fms. vii. 181, Orkn. 142. afskipta-samr, adj. meddling, partaking, v. úafskiptasamr. af-skiptinn, adj. meddling, partaking, Ld. 66. af-skiptr, part. = afskipta, wronged, cheated, Fas. iii. 619. Metaph. void of, having no interest in, Stj. 155, 195. af-skirrandi, participial noun, [skirrast], an offscouring, outcast; leiði þér þenna a. út ór horgiimi, 656 C. 33. af-skrámliga, adv. hideously, Hom. 155. af-skrámligr, adj. [af- intens.; skrámr means a giant; skrimsl, a mon- ster; cp. Engl. to scream], hideous, monstrous; a. illvirki, a sacrilege, K. Á. 222: also spelt askramligr and askramliga, Al. 142, Hom. 155. af-skræmi, n. a monster, v. the following. af-skræmiliga, adv. hideously: a, of a scream; þá lét út á stöðli a., howled piteously, of a ghost, Hkr. ii. 312, Eb. 320, of the bellowing of a mad bull. β. of a monstrous shape; þrællinn (of a ghost) rétti inn höfuðit, ok sýndist honum a. mikit, Grett. 83 new Ed. γ. metaph., óttast a., to be shocked at, Stj. 101. af-skurðr, ar, m. a chip, lappet, Dipl, iii. 3. af-skyld, f. a law term, due, obligation, encumbrance, several times in the Cartularies and deeds of gift, in the phrase, sú er a. þessa fjár, D. I. i. 273, etc.; með þessi a. fara þessir fjárhlutir, 282, Vm. 108: cp. the still more freq. phrase, sú er afvinna, cp. afvinna. af-snið, n. a lappet, snip, Pr. 412. af-sniðning, f. snipping off, afsniðningar-járn, n. a chopper, Fr. af-sníðis, adv. cut through, across, Bs. i. 388. af-spraki, a, m. [cp. A. S. sprecan; Germ, sprechen] , rumour, hearsay; Hákon jarl hafði fengit afspraka nokkurn (perh. better in two words), Fms. 1. 187. af-springr, m., Al. 11, Hkr. iii. 277, Edda (pref.) 146, and various other forms; afsprengr, m. and afspringi, n., Gþl. 47, Fms. viii. 237, Sks. 46 B, Stj. 63, Orkn. 176; the form now usual is afsprengi, n., Fms. v. 217, Fas. ii. 391, Bret. 112. 1. gener. offspring, progeny, v. the quotations above. 2. in pl. used of the produce of the earth, Sks. 48 B (rare). 3. metaph.: α. a band, a detached part of a body; þóttist Hrafn þegar vita, at þessi a. mundi vera af ferð þeirra þorgils, that this detachment must be from the host of Thorgils and his followers, Sturl. iii. 274. β. a branch, ramification; ok er mikil van, at þar verði nokkurr a. (offshoot) af þessum ófriði á Limafirði, Fms. xi. 13. γ. rumour, notice, = afspraki; fá nokkurn a. um e-t, Fms. viii. 160. af-spurn, f. a 'speering of,' news, notice, Fms. i. 187. af-spýttr, part, spit out of, deprived of, Anecd. 42. af-standa, stóð, [Germ. absteben] , to cede, part with, Sturl. i. 164, v. l. miðla, Fms. iii. 208. af-stigr, s, m, by-path, Fî. 5, Fær. 102. af-stúfa, að, or afstýfa, ð, to lop, prune, of trees; a. við, N. G. L. i. 350, Lex. Poët., v. stufr. af-stúka, n, f. side-nook, 655 xxxii. 4; a side-room in a temple, Fas. iii. 213; now stúka is almost always used of a sacristy. af-svar, n. refusal, in pl. in the phrase, veita e-u afsvör, to refuse, Ld. 114, Fas. i-444, Fbr. 120. af-svara, að, to deny, refuse, Fas. i. 528; with dat. of pers. and thing, Sturl. iii. 180. af-sviptr, part, stripped; with dat., afsviptr þinni ásjónu, cut off from thy countenance, Stj. 228. Gen. xlviii. 11, Sks. 342, H. E. i. 457. af-sýnis, adv. out of sight, Fms. viii. 344. af-sæll, adj. luckless, in the proverb, a. verðr annars glys jafnan, (another version of the proverb is quoted s. v. afgjarn), coveted wealth, which is eagerly looked for by another, is luckless, difficult to keep safe, Stj. 78. af-tak, n. 1. gener. taking away, B. K. 108. 2. 'taking off' (Shaksp.), slaying, executing; hvat hann vill bjóða fyrir a. Geirsteins, compensation for the slaughter of G., Fms. vii. 360; en a. hans (slaying) segja eigi allir einum hætti, x. 390; með aftaki Ólafs, by slaying him, 195; um manna aftök, executions, Gþl. 137: cp. aftaka, and taka af, to execute, behead. 3. in pl. commonly used of, a. flat denial, in such phrases as, hafa aftök um e-t, to deny flatly. In some compds this signification can be traced, as in aftaka-minni, Fms. i. 139. β. it is also now used in many compds of whatever is excessive, above all measure, e. g. aftaka-veðr, a hurricane. COMPDS: aftaks-skjöldr, m. a huge shield, Fas. i. 415. aftaka-maðr, m. a determined, obstinate person; hón var a. mikill um þetta mál, he was very stubborn in this case, Hkr. ii. 74. aftaka-minni, adj. compar. less obstinate, more pliable; stóð konungr í fyrstu fast á móti, en drottning var allt aftakaminni, the king at first stood fast against it, but the queen was all along less stubborn, Fms. i. 139. af-taka, n, f. = aftak: 1. gener. loss, privation; a. ok missa, of a personal loss by death, Edda 37. 2. death by violent means, slaughter; til aftöku manna eðr fú upp at taka, for the cutting off of men or the con- fiscation of their goods, Eg. 73, 252; hann hafði verit at aftöku þorkels fústra, Fms. vii. 201, Orkn. 22 old Ed. Formerly there were no public executions in Icel., except the stoning of wizards or witches, Ld. ch. 98, Eb. ch. 20, Vd. ch. 26; and the hanging of thieves, Fbr. ch. 19, Kb. l. c. Now, however, used in the sense of public execution, and in various compds, e. g. aftöku-staðr, m. place of execution, etc. af-tekja, u, f. dues, collections, revenues, or the like; til forræðis ok allra aftekna (gen. pl.), Bs. 692; ábúð ok a. staðanna, revenue, 752. af-tekning, f. taking away, a grammatical term, an apostrophe, Skálda 182. af-tekt, f. = aftekja, Fms. v. 274, xi. 441, Bs. i. 68. af-telja, talði, to dissuade, Fms. x. 27. af-tigna, að, now antigna, v. andtigna, to disgrace, Sks. 225. af-trú, f. unbelief, heresy, Orkn. 188. af-trúast, að, dep. to fall into unbelief, Bs. ii. 181. af-tækiligt, n. adj. advisable, feasible, [cp. taka e-t af, to decide for], Fms. viii. 348. af-tækt, n. adj. blamable; er þat ok ætlun mín at fátt muni vera aftækt um yðra skapsmuni, I 'ettle' that there will be little blameworthy about your turn of mind, Fms. v. 341. af-tæma, ð, to 'loom off,' to empty, Fr. afugr, backwards, going the wrong way, v. öfugr. afund, envy, v. öfund. af-undinn, adj. cross, uncivil. afusa, gratitude, pleasure, v. aufusa. af-vega, adv. [afvegar, Bs. ii. 92], off the way, astray, Sd. 149. Metaph. in moral sense; leiða a., to mislead; ganga a., to go astray. af-vegaðr, part. misled, Mar. af-vegis = afvega, astray, Skálda 203. af-velta, adj. [the Scot, awald or awalt], cast, used of cattle, sheep, or horses that have fallen on the back and are unable to rise. Háv. 44. af-vensla, u, f. expenses, outlay; auðræði (means) urðu brátt eigi mikil, en afvenslur þóttu varla með mikilli stillingu, Bs. i. 136. af-vik, n. a creek, recess, Stj. 195; metaph. a hiding-place, þiðr. 137. af-vikinn, part, secluded, retired; a. staðr = afvik. af-vinna, u, f. encumbrance, due, fees, outgoings, = afskyld. Freq. in deeds of gift. e. g. D. I. i. 203, 266; þá lágu öngar gjafir til staðarins, en a. varð öngu minni, then no gifts came in to the see, but the outlay was in nothing less, Bs. i. 84; þá görðust fjárhagir úhægir í Skálaholti, urðu afvinnur miklar (great outgoings) en tillög (incomings) eingin, Bs. i. 99. af-virða, ð and t, to despise, Barl. several times. af-virðiligr, adj. worthless, poor, despicable, Barl. 75, 154; v. auvirðiligr and auðv., which are the Icel. forms. af-virðing, f., contr. ávirðing, disrepute, disgrace, fault, Bs. ii. 187. af-vænn, adj. unexpected, Fas. 11. 552. af-vöxtr, m. 'off-wax,' i. e. decrease, N. G. L. i. 214; opp. to ávöxtr. af-þerra, ð, and mod. að, to wipe off; metaph. to expunge, Stj. 142. af-þokka, að, in the phrase, a. e-t fyrir e-m, to throw discredit on, run down, set against, Fms. ii. 145; hann útti fátt við jarl, en afþokkaðí

10 AFþVATTR -- AKRTIUND.

heldr fyrir þeim fyrir öðrum mönnum, he had little to do with the earl, but rather ran them down before other men, Orkn. 378. af-þvattr, m. a washing off, ablution, Fr. af-æta, u, f. [af and eta], prop, a voracious beast, a glutton, a great bully; ér langfeðgar erut garpar miklir ok afætor, Fms. xi. 111; sterkir menn ok afætur miklar, iii. 143. It is perhaps identical with the present ófóti, n. a vile thing, offscouring. AGG, n. brawl, strife, now freq. AGI, a, m. [A. S. oga; Dan. ave; Engl. awe: cp. Ulf. agis, n., and perh. GREEK or GREEK], gener. awe, terror; þá skelfr jörð öll í aga miklum, then all the earth quakes in great awe, Hom. 100; agi ok ótti, awe and terror, Fms. vi. 442. β. metaph. turbulence, uproar, disorder, esp. in the phrase, agi ok úfriðr, uproar and war, Fms. ii. 241, vi. 298, 430. γ. awe, respect; var eigi sá annarr konungr, er mönnum stæði af jafnmikill agi af fyrir vizku sakir, there was not another king who inspired his men with so much awe for his wits' sake, Fms. x. 406; Guðs a., fear of God, Sks. 354, 667. δ. discipline, constraint, now freq. in this sense; í æskunni meðan hann er undir aga, Sks. 26. II. moisture, wet, now freq., cp. vatn- sagi. Also a verb aga, að, to chastise, is now freq. COMPDS: aga-sam- ligr, adj. unruly, Fms. vii. 274. aga-samr, adj. turbulent, in uproar; agasamt mun þá verða í héraðinu, ef allir þorláks synir eru drepnir, there will be uproar in the district if all Thorlak's sons are slain, Eb. 230. AGN, n. bait, Barl. 123, Niðrst. 623. 3. There is now in many cases a distinction between agn, bait for foxes and land animals, and beita, bait for fish; but in the poem Hým. 18, 22, at least, agn is used of fishing; ganga á agnið is to nibble or take the bait: cp. egna. agn-hald, n. a barb of a hook. agn-sax, n. fishing knife, with which bait for fish is cut, Edda 36, Nj. 19 (arnsax is a false reading), Fas. i. 489. agn-úi, a, m. the barb of a hook for keeping on the agn; skal a. vera á hverjum þorni, Sks. 419 (B. reads agnör). agn-ör, f. a barbed hook, Sks. 89 new Ed. AKA, ók, óku, ekit; pres. ek. It also occurs in a weak form, að, Fagrsk. 104, which form is now perhaps the most common. [Neither Ulf. nor Hel. use this word, which appears also to be alien to the South- Teut. idioms. The Germans say fahren; the English to drive, carry; cp. Engl. yoke. In Latin, however, agere; Gr. GREEK] Gener. to move, drive, transport, carry: I. to drive in harness in a sledge or other vehicle (where the vehicle is in dat.), as also the animal driven; bryggjur svá breiðar, at aka mátti vögnum á víxl, 'briggs' (i. e. wharfs or piers,, cp. 'Filey Brigg') so broad, that wains might meet and pass each other, Hkr. ii. 11; gott er heilum vagni heim at aka, 'tis good to drive home with a whole wain, to get home safe and sound, cp. Horace solve senescentem, Orkn. 464, Al. 61; þórr á hafra tvá, ok reið þá er hann ekr, in which he drives, Edda 14, Ób. adds í (viz. reið þá er hekr i), which may be the genuine reading. β. with the prep, i; Freyr ok ok í kerru með gelti, Edda 38. γ. absol. to drive, i. e. travel by driving; þeir óku upp á land, Eg. 543; fóru þeir í sleðann ok óku nóttina alia, drove the whole night, Fms. iv. 317. With the road taken in acc.; aka úrgar brautir, Rm. 36; báðu hennar ok heim óku (dat. henni being understood), carrying a bride home, 37. 20. II. to carry or cart a load, (to lead, in the north of England) :-- in Iceland, where vehicles are rare, it may perhaps now and then be used of carrying on horseback. The load carried is commonly in dat. or acc.: α. acc.: aka saman hey, to cart hay, Eb. 150; saman ok hann heyit, Ísl. ii. 330; hann ok saman alla töðu sína, Landn. 94; þá tekr Gísli eyki tvá, ok ekr fé sitt til skógar, Gísl. 121; but absol., ok ekr til skógar með fjárhlut sinn, l. c. 36; þá let konungr aka til haugsins vist ok drykk, then the king let meat and drink be carted to the 'how' (barrow), Fms. x. 186; vill hann húsit ór stað færa, ok vill hann aka þat, carry it away, Grág. ii. 257; líkin váru ekin í sleða, carried in a sledge, Bs. i. 144. β. dat. more freq., as now; hann ók heyjum sínum á öxnum, carried his hay on oxen, Fbr. 43 new Ed.; einn ók skarni á hóla, carted dung alone on the fields, Nj. 67, Rd. 277. γ. with the animals in dat., þórólfr let aka þrennum eykjum um daginn, with three yoke of oxen, Eb. 152; or with the prep. á, ríðr þórðr hesti þeim er hann hafði ekit á um aptaninn, Ísl. ii. 331, Fbr. 43; ef maðr ekr eðr berr klyfjar á, leads or carries on packsaddles, Grág. i. 441. δ. absol., þat mun ek til finna, at hann ok eigi í skegg ser, that he did not cart it on his own beard, Nj. 67. ε. part., ekinn uxi, a yoked, tamed ox, Vm. 152. III. used by sailors, in the phrase, aka segli, to trim the sail; aka seglum at endilöngum skipum, Fms. vii. 94; bað hann þá aka skjótt seglunum, ok víkja út í sund nokkut, 131. In mod. Icel. metaph., aka seglum eptir vindi, to set one's sail after (with) the wind, to act according to circumstances; cp. aktaumar. IV. metaph. in a great many proverbs and phrases, e. g. aka heilum vagni heim, v. above; aka höllu fyrir e-m, to get the worst of it, Ld. 206; aka undan (milit), to retire, retreat slowly in a battle; óku þeir Erlingr undan ofan með garðinum, Fms. vii. 317; akast undan (reflex.), id., 278; þeir ökuðust undan ok tóku á skógana, they took to the woods, Fagrsk. 174 (where the weak form is used); sumir Norðmenn óku undan á hæli ofan með sjónum, x. 139: aka e-m á bug, the figure probably taken from the ranks in a battle, to make one give way, repel, en ef Ammonite aka, þér á bug, if they be too strong for thee, Stj. 512. 2 Sam. x. 11. Mkv. 7; also metaph., aka bug á e-n, id.; mun oss þat til Birkibeinum, at þeir aki á oss engan bug, to stand firm, with unbroken ranks, Fms. viii. 412. It is now used impers., e-m á ekki ór að aka, of one who has always bad luck, pro- bably ellipt., ór steini or the like being understood; cp. GÍsl. 54, the phrase, þykir ekki ór steini hefja, in the same sense, the figure being taken from a stone clogging the wheels; ok hann af sér fjötrinum, threw it off by rubbing, Fas. ii. 573; þá ekr Oddr sér þar at, creeps, rolls himself thither, of a fet- tered prisoner, id.; the mod. phrase, að aka sér, is to shrug the shoulders as a mark of displeasure: aka ór öngum, ex angustiis, to clear one's way, get out of a scrape, Bjarn. 52; aka í moínn, to strive against, a cant phrase. Im- pers. in the phrase, e-m verðr nær ekit, is almost run over, has a narrow escape, varð honum svá nær ekit at hann hleypti inn í kirkju, he was so hard driven that he ran into the church, Fms. ix. 485; hart ekr at e-m, to be in great straits, ok er þorri kemr, þá ekr hart at mönnum, they were pressed hard, Ísl. ii. 132; ekr mi mjök at, I am hard pressed, GÍsl. 52; er honum þótti at sér aka, when death drew near,, of a dying man, Grett. 119 A. Reflex., e-m ekst e-t í tauma, to be thwarted in a thing, where the figure is taken from trimming the sail when the sheet is foul, Fms. xi. 121. In later Icelandic there is a verb akka, að, to heap together, a. e-u saman, no doubt a corruption from aka with a double radical consonant, a cant word. Aka is at present a rare word, and is, at least in common speech, used in a weak form, akar instead of ekr; akaði = ók; akat = AKARN, n. [Ulf. akran -- GREEK; Engl. acorn; Germ. ecker; Dan. agern] , acorn, Edda 30 and Gl. ak-braut, n. carriage road, Hkr. ii. 253, Fær. 102, vide Fb. i. 144. ak-færi, n. driving gear, carriage and harness, Fms. iii. 206, Nj. 153. AKKERI, n. [no doubt, like Engl. anchor, of foreign origin; cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. ancora. It occurs, however, in a verse as early as the year 996], ankeri, Lv. 99, is a corrupt form from a paper MS., so is also atkeri, Hkr. i. 311; liggja um akkeri, to lie at anchor, Fbr. 52; leggjast um a., to cast anchor, Fms. iv. 301; heimta upp a., to weigh anchor, 302; a. hríffr við, the anchor holds, Ld. 21, Grág. ii. 397, Jb. 397, Eg. 129, Fms. vii. 264, ix. 44, x. 136, Hkr. i. 311, Lv. 99, Fas. i. 511, 515. Metaph., a. vánar, anchor of hope, 677. 17. COMPDS: akkeris-fleinn, m. the fluke, palm of an anchor, Fms. ix. 387, Orkn. 362. akkeris-lauss, adj. without, an anchor, Ann. 1347. akkeris-lægi, n. anchorage, Jb. 396. akkeria-sát, f. id., Grág. ii. 402, 408. akkeris-stokkr, m. an anchor-stock, Orkn. 362. akkeris-strengr, m. an anchor-rope, cable, Fms. ii. 10. akkeris-sæti, n. anchorage, Jb. 397 B. AKKORDA, að, [for. word], to accord, Rb. 446. AKR, rs, pl. rar, [Ulf. akrs; A. S. œcer; Engl. acre; Germ, acker; Lat. ager; Gr. GREEK], arable land, ground for tillage: α. opp. to engi, a meadow; cp. the law term, þar er hvárki sé a. ne engi, Grág. i. 123, Hrafn. 21. β. opp. to tún, the 'town' or enclosed homefield; bleikir akrar en slegin tún, the corn-fields are white to harvest and the 'town,' i. e. the 'infield,' is mown, Nj. 112; helgi tuns ok akra ok engja, Bs. i. 719; teðja akra, Rm. 12. 2. metaph. the crop; þeir höfðu niðr- brotið akra hans alla, destroyed all the crop in the fields, Fms. v. 50; ok er hann óð rúgakrinn fullvaxinn, þá tók döggskórinn á sverðinu akrinn uppstandanda, and when he (Sigurd Fafnir's bane) strode through the full-waxen rye-field, the tip of his sword's sheath just touched the upstand- ing ears. Fas. i. 173; sá hinn góði akr (crop) er upp rann af þeirri hinni góðu jörð, Hom. 68. β. name of several farms. COMPDS: akra- ávöxtr, m. produce of the fields, Ver. i. akra-gerði, n. a 'field- garth,' enclosure of arable land, N. G. L. i. 22. akra-karl, m. cognom. 'Acre-carle,' Lv. 40. akra-spillir, m. cognom. destroyer of fields, Glúm. 333, Fas. ii. 362, better askaspillir, q. v. akr-dai, n. (?), wild gourds; veit ek eigi hvat þat heitir (adds the translator) þat var því líkast sem a., Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 39. akr-deili, n. a plot of arable land, D. N. ii. 123 (Fr.) akr-gerði, n. enclosure of arable land, Fms. vii. 178. akr-görð, f. agriculture, akrgörðar-maðr, m. ploughmen, Nj. 54. akr-hæna, u, f. a 'field-hen,' quail, opp. to heiðarhæna or lynghæns, Stj. 292. akri, a, m. a bird, Edda (Gl.) akr-karl, m. a 'field-carle,' ploughman or reaper, Stj. 273, 441, El. 4, 19. akr-kál, n. 'field-kale,' potherbs, Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 39. akr-land, n. land for tillage, Grág. ii. 258, D. I. i. 268, Bs. i. 348, Fms. iii. 18. akrlands-deild, f. division of a field, Grág. ii. 260. akr-lengd, f. a field's length (now in Icel. tunlengd, i. e. a short dis- tance); svá at a. var í milli þeirra, so that there was a field's length between them, Bev. 14 (Norse). akr-maðr, m. ploughman, tiller of ground, Fms. vi. 187. akr-neyttr, part, used as arable land, tilled, Sks. 630, v. l. akr-plógsmaðr, m. ploughman, Stj. 255. akr-rein, f. a strip of arable land, D. N. ii. 561. akr-skipti, n. a division of afield, Fms. xi. 441. akr-skurðr, ar, m. reaping, akrskurðar-maðr, m. a reaper, Stj. Ruth ii. 21 (young men). akr-súra, u, f. field-sorrel, Hom. 82, 83. akr-tíund, f. tithe paid on arable land (Norse), N. G. L. i. 391.

AKRVERK -- ALDIN. 11

akr-verk, n. field-work, harvest-work, Bret. 6, Fms. vi. 187, Stj. Ruth ii. akrverks-maðr, m. ploughman, tiller of the ground, Ver. 5. Gen. iv. 2. ak-stóll, m. probably a chair on wheels or castors; Ketilbjörn sat á akstóli injök við pall, in the banquet at Flugumýri in the year 1253, Sturl. iii. 182. AKTA, að, [for. word, which therefore does not observe the contrac- tion into á, which is the rule with genuine words; it appears esp. in eccl. writers and annalists at the end of the 13th and 14th centuries, Arna b. S., K. Á., Stj., the Norse Gþl., etc.: cp. A. S. eahtan; Hel. ahton, censere, considerare; Germ, achten; mid. Lat. actare, determi- nare et actare, Du Cange in a letter of the year 1284.] I. to number, tax, value, take a census; akta fólkið, Stj. 2 Sam. xxiv. 10; fóru þeir víða um land ok öktuðu vísaeyri konungs, taxed, Bs. i. 707; nú byggir maðr dýrra en vandi hefir á verit, akti (tax) því fremr dýrra ok fremr til leiðangrs ok landvarnar, he shall be taxed in due proportion, Gþl. 337. 2. to examine, enquire; aktið inniliga öll þau leyni sem hánn má í felast, to take diligent heed of all the lurking-places, Stj. 479. 1 Sam. xxiii. 23; aktið þó áðr, and look, that, id. 2 Kings x. 23; hann aktaði eptir (looked after) urn eignir staðarins, Bs. i. 778. 3. to devote attention to, study; hann aktaði mjök bókligar listir, Bs. i. 666, 680. II. a law term, esp. in the Arna b. S., to debate, discuss in parliament; mú er þetta var aktað (debated) gengu menn til lögréttu, Bs. i. 719; var þá gengit til lögréttu, ok lesit bréf konungs ok drottningar ok aktað (stated) af leikmanna hendi hversu prestar höfðu af stöðum gengit, 735; lögbók öktuð á alþingi, the code of law debated at the althing, H. Ann. 419. 19. Now only used in the sense of to care for, feel respect for, but a rare and unclassical ak-tamr, adj. tame under the yoke; griðungr a., Grág. ii. 122. aktan, f. [Germ, achtung], heed, consideration, H. E. i. 410. ak-taumr, m. esp. in pl. ar, lines (taumar) to trim (aka) the sail, dis- tinguished from höfuðbendur, the stays of the mast, perhaps the braces of a sail (used by Egilsson to transl. GREEK in Od. 5. 260), þórarinn stýrði ok hafði aktaumana um herðar sér, þvíat þröngt var á skipinu, had the braces round his shoulders, because the boat was blocked up with goods, Ld. 56; the phrase, sitja í aktaumum, to manage the sail; ef ek sigli með landi fram, ok sit ek í aktaumum, þá skal engi snekkja tvítugsessa sigla fyrir mér, eða ek vilja svipta (reef the sail) fyr en þeir, Fms. v. 337; reiði slitnaði, svá at bæði gékk í sundr höfuðbendur ok aktaumar, Fas. iii. 118; reki segl ofan, en a. allir slitni, 204; slitnuðu höfuðbendur ok aktaumar, Bær. 5, Edda (Gl.) That the braces were generally two may be inferred from the words við aktaum hvárntveggja hálf mörk, N. G. L. i. 199. 2. metapn., sitja í aktaumum, to have the whole management of a thing; mun yðr þat eigi greitt ganga ef þér erut einir í aktaumum, if you are alone in the management of it, Ísl. ii. 49; einir um hituna is now used in the same sense. (The Engl. yoke-lines, as aktaumar is sometimes inter- preted (as in the Lat. transl. of the Ld.), are now called stjórntaumar. Aktanmr is obsolete. See 'Stones of Scotland,' tab. liv. sqq.) AL- [A. S. eal-; Engl. all, al-; Germ, all-] , a prefix to a great many nouns and participles, but only a few verbs, denoting thoroughly, quite, perfectly, completely, answering to Lat. omni- and Gr. GREEK- or GREEK-. If followed by a u or v it sometimes changes into öl, e. g. ölúð, benignitas; ölværð, laetitia: ölteiti, hilaritas, is irregular, instead of alteiti. The prefixed particle al- differs from all-, which answers to Lat. per-, A. S. eall-, Engl. very: v. the following compds. ALA, ól, ólu, alið; pres. el, [Ulf. a single time uses the partic. alans = (GREEK, and twice a weak verb aliþs = GREEK, a fatling. The word seems alien to other Teut. idioms, but in Lat. we find alere; cp. the Shetland word alie, to nourish.] Gener. to give birth to, nourish, support, etc. I. to bear, esp. of the mother; but also of both parents; rarely of the father alone, to beget: börn ólu þau, they begat children, Rm. 12; þat barn er þau ala skal eigi arf taka, Grág. i. 178: of the father alone, enda eru börn þau eigi arfgeng, er hann elr við þeirri konu, which be begets by that woman, 181; but esp. of the mother, to bear, give birth to; jóð ól Amma, Rm. 7; þóra ól barn um sumarit, Eg. 166, Fms. iv. 32, i. 14; hon fær eigi alit barnit, Fas. i. 118. β. metaph. to produce, give rise to; en nú elr hverr þessara stafa níu annan staf undir sér, Skálda 162. 2. pass. to be born, begotten; börn þau öll er alin eru fyrir jól, who are born, N. G. L. i.; 377; the phrase, alnir ok úbornir, born and unborn, present and future generations, has now become aldir ok óbornir; eigu þau börn er þar alask (who are born there) at taka arf út hingat, Grág. i. 181; barn hvert skal færa til kirkju sem alit er, every child that is born, K. Þ. K. 1; ef barn elsk svá naer páskum, is born, 16. β. of animals (rarely), justus heitir forað, þat elsk (is engendered) í kviði eins dýrs, 655 xxx. 4. II. to nourish, support, Lat. alere: 1. esp. to bring up, of children; the Christian Jus Eccl., in opposition to the heathen custom of exposing chil- dren, begins with the words, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, every child that is born shall be brought up, K. Á. ch. 1. β. adding the particle upp; skal eigi upp ala, heldr skal út bera barn þetta, this bairn shall not be brought up, but rather be borne out (i. e. exposed to perish), Finnb. 112. 2. to feed, give food to, harbour, entertain; ala gest ok ganganda, guests; ala þurfamenn, the poor, D. in deeds of gift; en sá maðr er þar býr skal ala menn alla þá er hann hyggr til góðs at alnir sé, he shall harbour them, D. i. 169; ala hvern at ósekju er vill. to harbour, 200; Guð elf gesti (a proverb), God pays for the guests, Bs. i. 247; sótt elr sjúkan, fever is the food of the sick; utanhrepps göngumenn skal enga ala, ok eigi gefa mat, hvárki meira né minna, gangrels of an outlying district shall none of them be harboured, nor have meat given them, neither more nor less, Grág. i. 293, 117. β. of animals, to nourish, breed; einn smásauð er hann ól heima í húsi sínu, one pet lamb which he had reared at home in his own house, Stj. 516; segir allæliligan, ok kvað verða mundu ágæta naut ef upp væri alinn, of a live calf, Eb. 318. 2. pass, to be brought tip, educated; ólusk (grew up) í ætt þar, æstir kappar (or were born), Hdl. 18; alask upp, to be brought up; hence uppeldi, n. III. metaph. in such phrases as, ala aldr sinn, vitam degere, to pass one's days, Bárð. 165: the phrase, ala e-t eptir e-m, to give one encouragement in a thing, bring one tip in, esp. in a bad sense; ól hann eptir engum manni ódáðir, Joh. 625. 93: ala á mál, to persist in, urge on a thing; karl elr á málið (begs hard) at Gunnar mundi til hans fara, Sd. 172, Ísl. ii. 133, 163 :-- the present phrase is, að ala e-t við e-n, to bear a grudge against...; and in a negative sense, ala ekki, to let bygones be bygones: ala önn fyrir, to provide for: a. öfund, sorg, um e-t, to grudge, feel pang (poët.), alaðs-festr, ar, f. [obsolete alaðr, alimentum, Ýt. 13, v. l.], a law term in the Icel. Commonwealth, viz. the eighth part of the sum fjörbaugr (life- money), amounting to an ounce, a fee to be paid by a convict in the Court of Execution (féránsdómr); if a convict, liable to the lesser outlawry, failed in paying off the alaðsfestr, he thereby became a complete outlaw, úalandi; hence the name life-money or blood-money. It is thus defined: þar skal gjaldast mörk lögaura at féránsdómi, goða þeim er féránsdóminn nefndi; þat fé heitir fjörbaugr, en einn eyrir (ounce) þess fjár heitir a. ef þat fé (the alaðsf. or the whole fjörb.?) gelzt eigi, þá verði hann skógar- maðr úæll, Grág. i. 88; nú gelzt fjörbaugr ok a. þá skal dæma svá sekðarfé hans sem skógarmanns, 132: Njála uses the less classic form, aðalfestr (per metath.), Nj. 240; cp. Johnsonius (Lat. transl.), p. 529, note 8. al-auðn, f. devastation, þiðr. 233. al-auðr, adj. altogether waste, Bret. 168. al-bata and al-bati, adj. ind. completely cured, quite well, Ísl. ii. 469. al-berr, adj., now allsberr, quite bare, stark-naked, metaph. manifest, Sturl. iii. 118. al-bitinn, adj. part, bitten all over, Rd. 298. al-bjartr, adj. quite bright, brilliant, Eluc. 10, Fas. i. 663. al-blindr, adj. stone-blind, Post. 745. 87. al-blóðugr, adj. all-bloody, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 121, Ísl. ii. 271. al-bogi = alnbogi, elbow, v. ölnbogi and ölbogi. al-breiðr, adj. of the full breadth of stuff; a. lérept, Jb. 348. al-brotinn, adj. part, all-broken, shattered, Fms. ii. 246. al-brynjaðr, part, cased in mail, Hkr. ii. 26, Fms. vii. 45, Fas. i. 91. al-búa, bjó, to fit out, furnish or equip completely, at albúa kirkju, N. G. L. i. 387; but spec, in part, albúinn, completely equipped, esp. of ships bound for sea [where bound is a corruption of boun, the old English and Scottish equivalent of buinn. Thus a ship is bound for sea or outward bound or homeward bound, when she is completely fitted and furnished for either voyage; windbound is a different word, where bound is the past part. of bind. Again, a bride is boun when she has her wedding dress on; v. below, búa and búask, which last answers to busk]: nú byst hann út til Íslands, ok er þeir vóru albúnir, Nj. 10; ok er Björn var a. ok byrr rann á, Eg. 158, 194: a. sem til bardaga, all-armed for the battle, Fms. xi. 22. β. in the phrase, a. e-s, quite ready, willing to do a thing; hann kvaðst þess a., Nj. 100, Eg. 74: also with infin., a. at ganga héðan, ready to part, Fms. vii. 243. al-búinn, ready, v. the preceding word. al-bygðr, part, completely inhabited, taken into possession, esp. used of the colonisation of Iceland; þorbjörn súrr kom út at albygðu landi, after the colonisation was finished, Landn. 142, several times, Hrafn. 3, Eg. 191, etc. ALDA, u, f. a wave, freq. as a synonyme to bylgja, bára, etc.; it is esp. used of rollers, thus undiralda means the rollers in open sea in calm weather, Edda (Gl.) 2. metaph. in the phrase, skil ek, hvaðan a. sjá rennr undan (whence this wave rolls), hafa mér þaðan jafnan köld ráð komið, veit ek at þetta eru ráð Snorra goða, of deep, well-planned schemes, Ld. 284. Now used in many COMPDS: öldu-gangr, m. unruly sea; öldu-stokkr, m. bulwarks of a ship, etc. alda- and aldar-, v. old, time, period; (poët. -- people.) al-dauði and aldauða, adj. ind. dead and gone, extinct, of families, races, esp. in the neg. phrase, vera enn ekki a., to be still in full vigour; ok óru (váru) eigi þeir a., Ísl. ii. 310; eptir dauða Haralds var a. hin forna ætt Danakonunga, died out with king H., Fms. xi. 206; aldauða eru þá Mosfellingar ef ér Sigfússynir skuluð ræna þá, Nj. 73; ella eru mjök a. várir foreldrar, Fms. vi. 37; opt finn ek þat, at mér er a. Magnús konungr, I often feel that for me king M. is dead and gone, Hkr. iii. 107. COMPD: aldauða-arfr, m. a law term, an inheritance to which there is no heir alive, Gþl. 282, N. G. L. i. 49; cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 11, where aldauðra- arfr is a mis-reading; the meaning of the passage hyggsk a. ráða is, that he would destroy them to the last man. ALDIN, n., dat. aldini, [Dan. olden; a Scandinavian radical word(?)

12 ALDINSGARÐR -- ALGYLDR.

not found In Ulf.], gener. fruit of trees, including apples, nuts, acorns, and sometimes berries; gras ok aldin ok jarðar ávöxtr allr, herbs, fruits, and earth's produce, K. Þ. K. 138; korn ok öllu aldini (dat.), K. Á. 178; þá verðr þegar eitr í öllu aldini á því tré, Rb. 358. It originally meant wild fruits, nuts and acorns; hafði hann enga aðra fæðu en aldin skógar ok vatn, Hom. 105; af korninu vex rót, en vöndr af rótinni, en af vendi a., 677. 14; lesa a., to gather nuts, acorns, Dropl. 5; úskapligt er at taka a. af trénu fyr en fullvaxið er, unripe fruit, Al. 18; epli stór ok fík- trés aldin, great apples and the fruit of fig-trees, Stj. 325. Numb. xiii. 23. β. of garden fruit; allt þat a. er menn verja með görðum eðr gæzlu, Gþl. 544; akr einn harla góðr lá til kirkjunnar, óx þar it bezta aldini, the finest fruits, Fms. xi. 440. γ. metaph., blezað sé a. kviðar þíns, the fruit of thy womb, Hom. 30. Luke i. 42. COMPD: aldins- garðr, m. a fruit-garden, orchard, Gþl. 543. aldin-berandi, part, bearing fruit, Sks. 630. aldin-falda, n, f. a lady with an old-fashioned head-dress, Rm. 2. aldin-garðr, in. garden, orchard, Lat. hortus; víngarða, akra ok aldingarða, Stj. 441. 1 Sam. viii. 14, where aldingarða answers to olive- yards, Fms. iii. 194. aldini, fruit, v. aldin. aldin-lauss, adj. without fruit, sterile, barren; a. tré, Greg. 48. aldinn, adj. [Engl. old; Germ, alt; Ulf. alþeis = GREEK]. In Icel. only poët. The Scandinavians say gamall in the posit., but in compar. and superl. ellri, elztr, from another root ald: it very seldom appears in prose authors: v. Lex. Poët.; Sks. 630; cp. aldrænn. aldin-skógr, ar, m. wood of fruit-trees, Stj. Judg. xv. 5, where vin- garðar, olivatré ok aldinskógar answer to the Engl. vineyards and olives. aldin-tré, n. fruit-tree, Stj. 68. aldin-viðr, ar, m. fruit-trees, a poët. paraphrase, Fms. ix. 265, Sks. 105. ALDR, rs, pl. rar, m. [Ulf. alþs = GREEK or Lat. aevum; Engl. old; Germ. alter], age, life, period, old age, everlasting time. 1. age, life- time, Lat. vita, aetas; hniginn at aldri, stricken in years, Eg. 187; hniginn á aldr, advanced in years, Orkn. 216; ungr at aldri, in youth, Fms. iii. 90; á léttasta aldri, in the prime of life, v. 71; á gamals aldri, old, iii. 71; á tvítugs, þrítugs aldri, etc.; hálfþrítugr at aldri, twenty-five years of age, Eg. 84; vera svá aldrs kominn, at that time of life, Fs. 4; hafa aldr til e-s, to be so old, be of age, Fms. i. 30; ala aldr, to live, v. ala, Fs. 146; allan aldr, during the whole of one's life, Ver. 45; lifa langan a., to enjoy a long life, Nj. 252. 2. old age, senectus; aldri orpinn, de- crepid, lit. overwhelmed by age, Fms. iv. 233, xi. 21; vera við aldr, to be advanced in years. 3. manns aldr is now used = generation; lifa marga manns aldra, to outlive many generations: sometimes denoting a period of thirty to thirty-three years. 4. seculum, aevum, an age, period; the time from the creation of the world is divided into six such ages (aldrar) in Rb. 134: cp. öld. 5. eternity; in the phrase, um aldr, for ever and ever; mun ek engan mann um aldr (no man ever) virða framar en Eystein konung, meðan ek lifi, as long as I live, Fms. vii. 147, Th. 25; af aldri, from times of yore, D. N. ii. 501; um aldr ok æfi, for ever and ever, Gþl. 251, N. G. L. i. 41. aldraðr, adj. elderly, Fms. i. 70, 655 xiv. B. I; öldruð kona, Greg. 27. aldr-bót, f. fame, honour, Lex. Poët. aldr-dagar, m. pl. everlasting life; um a., for ever and ever, Vsp. 63. aldr-fremd, f. everlasting honour, Eluc. 51. aldri qs. aldri-gi, [dat. from aldr and the negative nominal suffix -gi; Dan. aldrig], with dropped neg. suffix; the modern form is aldrei; unusual Norse forms, with an n or t paragogical, aldregin, aldregit: aldregin, N. G. L. i. 8, Sks. 192, 202 B, Hom. ii. 150, Stj. 62 (in MS. A. M. 227. Ed. aldri), O. H. L. 17, 79, and several times; aldregit, N. G. L. i. 356. The mod. Icel. form with ei indicates a contraction; the old aldri no doubt was sounded as aldrí with a final diphthong, which was later (in the 15th century) changed into ei. The contr. form aldri occurs over and over again in the Sagas, the complete aldregi or aldrigi is more rare, but occurs in Grág. i. 220 A, 321 A, ii. 167, etc.; aldrei appears now and then in the Edd. and in MSS. of the I5th century, but hardly earlier. I. never, nunquam: 1. temp., mun þik a. konur skorta, Ísl. ii. 250; koma aldregi til Noregs síðan, Nj. 9; verðr henni þat aldregi rétt, Grág. ii. 214; ella liggr féit aldregi, in nowise, i. 220; sú sök fyrnist aldregi, 361; ok skal aldregi í land koma síðan, ii. 167. 2. loc. (rare), mörk var svá þykk upp fra tungunni at aldri (nowhere) var rjóðr í (= hvergi), Sd. 170. II. ever, unquam, after a preceding negative, appears twice in the Völs. kviður; en Atli kveðst eigi vilja mund aldregi (eigi aldregi = never), Og. 23; hnékat ek af því til hjálpar þér, at þú værir þess verð aldregi (now, nokkurrt tíma), not that thou ever hadst deserved it, II. β. following a comparative, without the strict notion of negation; verr en a. fyr, worse than ever before, Stj. 404; framar en a. fyr, l. c. Cod. A; meiri vesöld en áðr hafði hann aldregi þolat, greater misery than he ever be- fore had undergone, Barl. 196. III. aldr' = aldri = semper; aldr' hefi ek frétt..., I have always heard tell that..., in a verse in Orkn. aldr-lag, n. laying down of life, death, destruction, a poët. word, in the phrase, verða e-m at aldrlagi, to bring to one's life's end, Fms. viii. 108, Al. 106; esp. in pl. aldrlög, exititim, Bret. 59, 66, 67. aldr-lok, n. pl. close of life, death, Hkv. 2. 10. aldr-máli, a, m. tenure for life, D. N., unknown in Icel., Dan. livsfæste. aldr-nari, a, m. [A. S. ealdornere, nutritor vitae,], poët, name of fire, Vsp. 57, Edda (Gl.) aldr-rúnar, f. pl. life-runes, charms for preserving life, Rm. 40. aldr-rúttr, adj. on terms of peace for ever, D. N. in a law phrase, a. ok æfinsáttr, Fr. aldr-slit, n. pl. death, in the phrase, til aldrslita, ad urnam, Sturl. iii. 253. aldr-stamr (perh. aldrscamr), adj. = fey, only in Akv. 42. aldr-tili, a, m. [cp. as to the last part, Germ, ziel], death, loss of life, exitium; rather poët.; or in prose only used in emphatic phrases; hefir þó lokit sumum stöðum með aldrtila, has ended fatally, Fms. viii. 153; ætla ek þær lyktir munu á verða, at vér munim a. hljóta af þeim konungi, he will prove fatal to our family, Eg. 19; mun ek þangað sækja heldr yndi en a. (an alliterative phrase), Bret. 36; údæmi ok a., 38 :-- the words, Acts ix. I, 'breathing out tbreatenings and slaughter,' are in the Icel. translation of the year 1540 rendered 'Saul blés ógn og aldrtila.' aldr-tjón, n. loss of life, Lex. Poët. aldr-tregi, a, m. deadly sorrow; etr sér aldrtrega, Hm. 19. ald-rænn, adj. elderly, aged (rare), Lex. Poët.; hinn aldræni maðr, Fms. vi. 65, but a little below aldraðr; a. kona, Bs. i. 201, v, 1. öldruð. aldur-maðr, m. alderman [A. S. ealdorman], Pd. 13. al-dyggiliga, adv. truly, with perfect fidelity, Hom. 135. al-dyggr, adj. faithful, Barl. 5. al-dæli, adj. very easy to treat, Jv. 24, Mag. 115. al-dæll, adj. easy to deal with, gentle, Grett. 108; A and B dæll. al-eiga, u, f. a person's entire property, Gþl. 543, Hkr. ii. 344, iii. 141, Bs. ii. 66. COMPD: aleigu-mál, n. a suit involving a person's whole property, Gþl. 550 :-- so also aleigu-sök, f., Hkr. ii. 163. al-eyða, n, f. devastation, esp. by fire and sword; göra aleyðu, to turn into a wilderness, Fms. xi. 42, Hkr. iii. 141. al-eyða, adj. ind. altogether waste, empty, void of people; a. af mönnum, Hkr. i. 98, ii. 197; brennir ok görir a. landit, burns and makes the land an utter waste, Hkr. i. 39; sumir lágu úti á fjöllum, svá at a. vóru bæirnir eptir, some lay out on the fells, so that the dwellings were utterly empty and wasted behind them, Sturl. iii. 75. al-eyða, dd, to devastate, Karl. 370. al-faðir, m. father of all, a name of Odin, v. alföður. al-far, n., better álfar [áll], channel, B. K. 119. al-fari, adj. ind., now alfarinn; in phrases like fara, koma alfari, to start, set off for good and all, Fms. iii. 92, Bret. 80, Fas. i. 249; ríða í brott a., Nj. 112, Bs. i. 481; koma til skips a., Grág. ii. 75. [Probably an obso- lete dat. from alfar.] al-farinn, adj. part, worn out, very far gone, Stj. 201, of the kine of Pharaoh, 'ill-favoured and lean-fleshed,' Gen. xli. 3. β. now = alfari. al-feginn, adj. very glad ('fain'), Lex. Poët. al-feigr, adj. very 'fey,' i. e. in extravagant spirits, in the frame of mind which betokens speedy death, a. augu, Eg. in a verse. alfr, alfheimr, etc., elves etc., v. álfr etc. al-framr, adj. (poët.) excellent, Lex. Poët. al-fríðr, adj. very fair, Lex. Poët. al-frjáls, adj. quite free, Sks. 621. al-frjóvaðr, part. in full flower. Lex. Poët. alft, f. swan, v. álpt. al-fullr, adj. quite full, Greg. 26. al-fúinn, adj. quite rotten, Fms. vi. 164. al-færr, adj. quite fit, quite good, Vm. 177, v. ölforr. al-fært, n. of weather, fit for travelling, Sd. = fært. al-föðr, m. father of all, the name of Odin as the supreme god in Scan- dinavian mythology, Edda i. 37 (Ed. Havn.) Now used (theol.) of God. al-gangsi and algangsa, adj. ind. quite common, current, Sks. 199, 208 B. al-geldr, adj. part, ow ite gelded, of cattle, Grág. i. 503. β. now also= giving no milk. al-gildi, n. a law term, full value, Gþl. 392. COMPD: algildis-vitni, n. a law term, lawful testimony, competent witness; defin., N. G. L. i. 211. al-gildr, adj. of full value, in a verse in Fs. 94; now common, opp. to hálfgildr, of half value, or ógildr, valueless. al-gjafl, prob. a false reading, N. G. L. i. 347 = frjálsgjafi. al-gjafta, adj. ind. stall-fed, of cattle, Ísl. ii. 38. al-gleymingr, m. [glaumr], great glee, great mirth, in the phrase, slá á algleyniing, to be in great glee, to be very merry, Stud. iii. 123. The Icel. now say, að komast í algleyrning, to run high, to the highest point. al-góðr, adj. perfectly good, now used of God. β. albeztr kostr, by far the best match (Germ. allerbester), Ld. 88. al-grár, adj. quite grey, þorf. Karl. 424. al-gróinn, adj. part, perfectly healed, Eluc. 57. al-grænn, adj. quite green, flourishing, Lex. Poët. al-gullinn, adj. (poët.) all-golden, Hým. 8. al-gyldr, adj. all-gilt, Vm. 52.

ALGORA -- ALLARÆÐILIGA. 13

al-göra, ð, to finish, of buildings, Hkr. iii. 180, Ld. 114. Metaph. to fulfil Fms. iii. 49, Hom. 8, Stj. 18. Reflex, to become completed, Post. 626 B. II. Part. algörr, perfect; perfectam fortitudinem is rendered by algorvan styrkleik, thorough strength, Fms. viii. (pref.), i. 96, Sks. 44, 274, Stj. 563, 114; hið algörvasta, 677. 7. al-görlega, adv. altogether, quite, Fms. ii. 42, Greg. 34, etc. al-görleikr, now algörlegleikr, s, m. (theol.) perfectness, perfection, Stj. 21, Fms. x. 337, Rb. 316. al-görr, adj. part, perfect, finished, v. algöra. al-gorvi, f. I- perfection, maturity, Stj. 376, Hom. 25. II. full dress [v. görvi, dress], Sks. 298. al-heiðinn, adj. altogether heathen; landit (Iceland) var a. nær hundr- aði vetra, the land was utterly heathen near a hundred (i. e. one hundred and twenty) winters, Landn. 322. al-heilagr, adj. all-hallowed, N. G. L. i. 141. al-heill, adj. 1. completely whole, entire, Lat. integer, Stj. 439. I Sam. vii. 9 (wholly), Sks. 604, translation from Lat. individua. 2. perfectly healthy, safe and sound, Fms. xi. 38, ii. 232, Magn. 516. al-heilsa, u, f. complete restoration to health, Bs. i. 313, v. l. al-henda, u, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of dróttkvætt, a metre having two rhymed couplets in every line; if one of these be half rhyme it is called a. hin minni (the minor alhenda), if both be full rhymes it is a. meiri (complete alhenda), Edda (Ht.) 132, Sturl. ii. 56: thus harð-múla varð Skúli is a complete alhenda. al-hending, f. = alhenda. al-hendr, adj. used of a metre in alhenda, Edda 132; drápa alhend, Sturl. ii. 56. al-hnepptr, adj. part, (metric.) an apocopate (hneppt) species of the metre dróttkvætt w ith masculine rhymes, v. hnept and hálfhnept. Thus defined, Edda (Ht.), verse 78; it is called alhneppt, where all the rhymes are masculine; but hálfhneppt, where feminines and masculines are used alternately. al-hreinn, adj. quite pure, clean, Hom. 107. al-huga and ölhuga or öluga, by eliding the h and changing the vowel through the following u, adj. ind. [hugr], whole-hearted, in full earnest, Sturl. iii. 272, v. l.; ölhuga &aolig-acute;st, sincere love, Greg. 17. al-hugat, alugat, or alogat, n. part, in real earnest, whole-hearted, having made one's mind up; ef þér er þat alhugat, if thou be in earnest, Nj. 49; föður hans var alogat at drepa Davíd, his father's heart was set on slaying David, Stj. 473. I Sam. xx. 33. β. used substantively, serious matters; blanda hégóma við alhugat (now alvara), to blend trifles with serious things. γ. adverb. steadfastly, earnestly; iðrast a., to repent sincerely, Hom. 166; en ef þú sér at alogat (really) tekr fé þitt at vaxa, Sks. 34, 339; þá er hann alogat úsekr, really guiltless, 677. 9. al-hugi and alogi, a, m. earnest; þetta er a. minn en engi hégómi, I am in full earnest, Ísl. ii. 214; hvárt er þessa leitað með alhuga, in earnest, Eb. 130; er hitt heldr a. minn, I am determined, Fms. ii. 94; með enum mesta alhuga, with the most steadfast will, Hkr. i. 258, Fms. viii. 186, Bs. i. 732. al-hugligr, adj. sincere; ekki þótti mér Ólafr frændi várr a., methought our kinsman Olaf was not quite sincere, Sturl. i. 81. al-hungraðr, adj. part, very much an-hungered, Barl. 200. al-húsa, að, to 'house,' roof in, Fms. x. 153, al-hvítr, adj. quite white, Fms. xi. 16, Stj. 260. al-hýsa, t, = alhúsa. Part. alhýst, when all the buildings are finished, in a complete state, Sturl. i. 68. al-hýsi, n. farm-buildings, homestead, Gísl. 38, Bs. i. 144, Fas. iii. 15. al-hægð, f. perfect ease, Sturl. i. 56, v. 1. and dub. al-hægr, adj. perfectly easy, smooth; a. tungubragð, a smooth, glib tongue, Skálda 170, Fas. ii. 65. ali-, used of household or tame animals in some COMPDS: ali-björn, m. a tame bear, Grág. ii. 118, cp. Fms. vi. 297-307, Bs. i. 6l. ali-dýr, n. a domestic animal, cattle; alidýr þat sem vér köllum búsmala, house- lamb, Stj. 18, Finnb. 226, of a tame bear. ali-fe, n. fatlings, Matth. xxii. 4, in the transl. of 1540. ali-fiskr, m. fish fattened in a stew or pond, in the local name Alifiskalækr, m. the brook of fattened trout, Gþl. 4. ali-fugl and -fogl, m. tame fowl, Stj. 560, þiðr. 79; öxn mín ok alifoglar, Greg. 43. Matth. l. c. ali-gás, f. a fattened goose, Fms. vi. 347. ali-karl, m. a nickname, cp. in familiar language fat carle, Sturl. i. 123. ali-sauðr, m. a pet sheep, Stj. 516. 2 Sam. xii. 3. ALIN, f. A dissyllabic form alun appears in old poetry, v. Lex. Poët. In early prose writers a monosyllabic form öln prevails in nom. dat. acc. sing., D. I. i. 310. l. 22 (MS. of the year 1275), 314. l. 16 (MS. year 1250), 311, 312. l. 16, 313. l. 7, 89. l. 1. Nom. pl., α. the old, alnar; β. the later, alnir: the former in -ar, in D. I. i. 309 (a MS. of the year 1275), 310-312 (MS. year 1370), 313, 316. l. 19, 318. 1. 15. The pl. in -ir, D. I. i. 89 sqq., in MSS. of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the con- tracted form aln- the simple radical vowel soon became a diphthongal á, viz. álnar, álnir, álnum, álna, and is at present so spelt and pronounced. We find an acute accent indeed in álna (gen pl.), D. I. i. 313. l. 25 (MS. year 1375), and dinar, id. l, 7; álnom, 1. 28; ölnum with changed vowel, N. G. L. i. 323 (in an Icel. transcript). The present declension is, nom. acc. alin, gen. álnar; pl. nom. acc. álnir, gen. álna, dat. alnum. I. properly the arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger [Gr. GREEK , Lat. ulna, cp. A. S. el-boga, Engl. el-bow, etc.]; almost obsolete, but still found in the words ölbogi qs. öln-bogi, 'elbow,' and úlf-liðr, prop. uln- or óln- liðr, wrist, commonly pronounced unl-liðr [false etymol., v. Edda, p. 17]; cp. Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 19, where tungl (luna) and unl- rhyme. Freq. in poetry in such compounds as alun-leygr, -brandr, ölun-grjót, alnar-gim, alin-leygr, the standing poët, name of gold and gems being ignis or lapis cubiti. II. mostly metaph.: 1. an ell, [Ulf. aleina; A. S. eln; Engl. ell; O. H. G. elina; Dan. alen; Lat. ulna, cp. cubitum] ; the finger, arm, foot were the original standards for measure. The primitive ell measured the length from the elbow to the point of the second finger, and answered to about half a yard Engl. = 18 inches. The Icel. ell before the year 12OO measured just half a yard. About this year, by a law of bishop Paul, the ell was doubled into a stika, a stika being precisely = two ells = an Engl. ell of that time. To prevent the use of bad measure, a just and lawful stika (yard) was marked on the walls of the churches, esp. that at Thingvellir, as an authorised standard, Páls S. ch. 9, Bs. i. 135, D. I. i. 309, 316, Jb. Kb. 26; ensk lérept tveggja álna, English linen of two ells measure, id.; þat er mælt, at at graftar kirkju hverri skal mæla stiku lengd, þá er rétt sé at hafa til álna máls, ok megi menn þar til ganga ef á skilr um alnar, 309. During the whole of the 15th century the Icel. trade was mainly in British hands; thus the Engl. double ell probably prevailed till the end of the 15th or be- ginning of the 16th century. The Hanse Towns ell = 21 1/11. UNCERTAIN inches was then introduced, and abolished in the year 1776, when the Dan. ell = 24 inches came into use. At present the Hanse Towns ell is called Íslenzk alin (Icel. ell), and the original half-yard ell is quite obsolete; cp. Jón Sigurðs- son in D. I. i. 306-308, and Pál Vidal. s. v. alin. 2. a unit of value, viz. an ell (half-yard measure) of woollen stuff (vaðmál); the vaðmál (Hal- liwell wadmal, Engl. woadmal, Orkn. and Shell, wadmaal and vadmel) was in Icel. the common medium of payment, whence an ell became the standard unit of value or property, whether in land or chattels; 120 ells make a hundred, v. that word. In D. I. i. 316 we are told that, about the year 1200, three ells were equal in value to one ounce of ordinary silver, whence the expression þriggja álna eyrir (a common phrase during the 13th century). The value of the ell of vaðmal, however, varied greatly; during the 11th and 12th centuries six ells made an ounce, D. I. i. 88. In Norway we find mentioned níu, ellifu álna aurar (nine, eleven ells to an ounce). In Grág. (Kb.) ii. 192, § 245, it is said that, about the year 1000, four ells in Icel. made an ounce, and so on; vide Dasent, Essay in 2nd vol. of Burnt Njal., and Pal Vidal. s. v. alin. COMPDS: álnar-borð, n. a board an ell long, N. G. L. i. 100. álnar-breiðr, adj. an ell broad, Fas. ii. 118. alnar-kefli, n. a stajf an ell long, Grág. ii. 339, Ld. 318. álnar-langr, adj. ell-long, Grág. ii. 359. álnar-tíund, f. tithe of the value of an ell, K. Á. 100. álnar-virði, n. equal in value to an ell, K. Á. 194. álna-sök, f. action for bad measure, Grág. i. 472. al-jafn, adj. quite equal, 677. 12, 655 A. 2. al-járnaðr, adj. part, shod all round, shod on all four feet, Mag. 5. alka, alca, the awk, v. álka, al-keypt, n. part, dearly bought, in a metaph. sense, Fms. ix. 302, Eb. 266, Glúm. 36s, = fullkeypt. al-kirkja, u, f. a parish church, Pm. 41. al-klæðnaðr, m. a full suit of clothes, Nj. 73, Eg. 518, Bs. 5. 655, 876. al-kristinn, adj. completely christianised, Fms. i. 279, Hkr. i. 259. al-kristnaðr, part, id., Hkr. ii. 178, Fms. x. 273. al-kunna, adj. ind. α. of a thing or event, notorious, universally known; sem a. er orðit, Fms. xi. 201; en sem vinátta þeirra görðist a., but tvhen their friendship was noised abroad, Hkr. ii. 281. β. of a person, knowing, fully informed; unz a., until I know the whole, Vtkv. 8, 10, 12. al-kunnigr, adj. notorious, Hkr. iii. 26, Stj. Gen. iv. IO, 655 xxxi. I, Fms. vii. 5, Hkr. ii. 328. al-kunnr, adj. id., Fms. v. 40. al-kyrra, adj. ind. completely calm, tranquil, Fms. xi. 72. ALL- may in old writers be prefixed to almost every adjective and adverb in an intensive sense, like Engl. very, Lat. per-, Gr. GREEK, GREEK. In common talk and modern writings it is rare (except after a nega- tive), and denotes something below the average, viz. tolerably, pretty well, not very well; but in the Sagas, something capital, exceeding. In high style it may perhaps be used in the old sense, e. g. allfagrt ljós oss birtist brátt, a transl. of the Ambrosian hymn, Aurora lucis rutilat. The instances in old writers are nearly endless, e. g. all-aunt, n. adj. very eager, Fms. ii. 41; ironically, 150. all-apr, adj. very sore, very harsh, v. apr. all-auðsóttligt, n. adj. very easy, Fs. 40. all- auðveldliga, adv. very easily, Fms. iv. 129. all-auðveldligr, adj. very easy, Fms. v. 331. all-auðveldr, adj. id., Fbr. 158: neut. as adv., Hkr. ii. 76. all-ágætr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 76. all- áhyggjusamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very careful, Fms. vi. 184. all- ákafliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hot, impetuous, Hkr. i. 234, ii. 32. all-ákaft, adj. very fast, Nj. 196. all-áræðiliga, adv. very likely, Fær.

11 ALLARÆÐISLITILL -- ALLMIKILMANNLIGA.

183. all-áræðislítill, adj. very timid, Fms. vi. 217. all-ástúðligt, n. adj. very hearty, intimate, Fms. ii. 20. all-banvænn, adj. very likely to prove mortal, Orkn. 148. all-beinn, adj. very hospitable, Fms. ii. 84, Eb. 286: neut. as adv., Fær. 259. all-beiskr, adj. very harsh, bitter, Sturl. iii. 167. all-bert, n. adj. very manifest, Lex. Poët. all-bitr, adj. very biting, sharp, Sks. 548. all-bitrligr, adj. of a very sharp appearance, Vígl. 20. all-bjartr, adj. very bright, Fms. viii. 361. all-bjúgr, adj. very much bent, curved, Ölkofr. 39. all-blár, adj. very blue, Glúm. 394. all-blíðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very blithely, kindly, Fær. 132. all-blíðr, adj. very mild, amia- ble, Sd. 158, Fms. i. 202. all-bráðgörr, adj. very soon mature, Eb. 16. all-bráðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hastily, Orkn. 72. all-bråðr, adj. very hot-headed, Njarð. 370: neut. as adv. very soon, Fms. xi. 51: dat. pl. all-bráðum, as adv. very suddenly, 139. all-bros-ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very funny, laughable, Fms. iii. 113. all-dasigr, adj. very sluggish. Lex. Poët. all-digr, adj, very big, stout; metaph. puffed up, Nj. 236. all-djarfliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very boldly, Fms. ii. 313, Orkn. 102. all-djúpsettr, adj. very deep, thoughtful, Bret. 158. all-drengiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very bold, gallant, Lv. 110. all-dræmt, n. adj. very boastfully, from dramb, superbia, (the modern word is dræmt = slowly, sluggishly); þeir létu a. yfir sér, boasted, Sturl. ii. 56. MS. Mus. Brit. 1127; Cod. A. M. has allvænt, prob. wrongly. all-dyggr, adj. very doughty, Lex. Poët. all-dýrr, adj. very dear, Fms. iii. 159. all-eiguligr, adj. very worth having, Sd. 146. all-eina (theol.), á Guð alleina (a hymn), alone: Hkr. iii. 339 (in a spurious chapter). all-einarðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very sincere, candid, open, Ld. 334. all-eldiligr and -elliligr, adj. of a very aged appearance, Fms. iii. 125. all-fagr, adj. very bright, fair, Orkn. 296 old Ed.: neut. as adv. very fairly, Sturl. i. 72. all-fast, n. adj. very firmly, steadfastly, Eb. 290, Fær. 259. all-fastorðr, adj. very 'wordfast,' very true to his word, Fms. vii. 120. all-fálátr, adj. very taciturn, close, Fas. iii. 408. all-fáliga, adv. on very cold terms, Sturl. iii. 298. all-fámáligr, adj. very close, of very few words, Fms. iii. 85, iv. 366. all-fámennr, adj. followed by very few people, Sturl. ii. 122, Magn. 386. all-far, adj. very few, Eg. 512, Ld. 272, Ísl. ii. 356: neut. on very cold terms, Fms. xi. 55. all-fáræðinn, adj. of very few words, Fms. iv. 312. all-feginn, adj. very 'fain,' glad, Eg. 240, Ld. 330. all-feginsamliga, adv. very 'fain,' gladly, Eg. 27. all-feigligr, adj. having the mark of death very plain on one's face, v. feigr, Sturl. iii. 234. all-feitr, adj. very fat, Fms. x. 303. all-ferliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very rudely, Fms. iv. 263. all-fémikill, adj. very costly, Ld. 298. all-fjarri, adv. very far, far from, metaph., Hkr. ii. 246; eigi a., not improper, Fbr. 15. all-fjartekit, part, very far-fetched, Skálda 166. all-fjölgan, adj. acc. very numerous (does not exist in nom.), Sks. 138 A. all-fjölkunnigr, adj. very deeply versed in sorcery, Fms. ii. 175, Fas. i. 412. all-fjölmeðr and -mennr, adj. followed, attended by very many people, much frequented, Eg. 724, 188, Hkr. i. 215: n. sing, in very great numbers, Fms. i. 36. all-fjölrætt, n. adj. very heedful, much talked of, Nj. 109. all-forsjáll, adj. very prudent, Hom. 115. all-framr, adj. very famous, Lex. Poët.; very far forward, Grett. 161 A. all-frekliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very daringly, impudently, Fas. i. 24. all-frekr, adj. too eager, too daring, Fms. vii. 164. all-friðliga, adv. in very great peace, Lex. Poët. all-fríðr, adj. very beautiful, Eg. 23, Hkr. i. 225, ii. 354, Fms. i. 2. all-frjáls, adj. very free, independent, v. alfrjáls. all-fróðligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very wise, learned, Sks. 306 B. all-fróðr, adj. very learned, Sks. 30. all-frægr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 324, Hkr. i. 232, ii. 187, Ld. 122. all-frækiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj., and all-frækn, adj. and -liga, adv. very bold, boldly, Ísl. ii. 267, Hkr. i. 239, Fms. i. 121. all-fúss, adj. and -liga, adv. very eager, eagerly, Eg. 488, Fms. xi. 89. all-fýsiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very desirable, Eg. 19, 468. all-fölr, adj. very pale, Lex. Poët. all-gagnsamr, adj. very profitable, gainful, Ísl. ii. 56. all-gamall, adj. very old, Hkr. i. 34. all-gegniliga and -gegnliga, adv. very fittingly, Sturl. ii. 63. all-gemsmikill, adj. very wanton, frolicsome, Sturl. ii. 57. all-gerla and -görviligr, v. -görla, -görviligr. all-gestrisinn, adj. very hos- pitable, Háv. 40. all-geysilegr, adj. and -liga, adv. very impetuous, Fms. x. 81. all-gildliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. with a very grand air, Grett. 121. all-gildr, adj. very grand. Lex. Poët. all-giptusam-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very lucky, Fms. x. 53. all-glaðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very joyfully, joyful, Fms. iii. 143, Lv. 55. all-glaðr, adj. very joyful, Eg. 163, Ld. 176. all-gleymr, adj. very gleeful, mirthful, in high spirits, [glaumr], verða a. við e-t, Sturl. iii. 152, Eb. 36. all-glæsiliga, adj. and -ligr, adv. very shiny, Eb. 34, Fas. iii. 626, Fms. ix. 430. all-glöggsær, adj. very transparent, dearly visible, metaph., þorf. Karl. 380. all-glöggt, n. adj. very exactly, Hkr. iii. 253, Fas. iii. 13. all-góðmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very kindly, kind, Mag. 6. all-góðr, adj. very good, Nj. 222, Eg. 36, 198. all-greiðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very easy, easily, Eb. 268: neut. as adv., Eb. l. c. all-grimmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very grimly, fiercely, Fas. iii. 414. all-grimmr, adj. very cruel, fierce, Hkr. iii. 167. all-grun-samliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very suspiciously, Ísl. ii. 364. all-göfugr, adj. very distinguished, Eg. 598, Bs. i. 60. all-görla, adv. very clearly, precisely, Hkr. iii. 133, Fms. xi. 15. all-görviligr, adj. very stout, manly, Fms. ii. 28. all-hagstæðr, adj. with a very fair wind, Sturl. iii. 109. all-harðligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very hard, stern, Fas. i. 382. all-harðr, adj. very hard, stern, Fms. i. 177: n. sing, severely, Nj. 165, Grág. i. 261. all-háskasamligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very hazardous, Fms. v. 135. all-heiðinn, adj. quite heathen, Fs. 89 (in a verse). all-heilagr, adj. very sacred, Lex. Poët. all-heimskliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very foolish, frantic, Hkr. ii. 190, Fas. iii. 293. all-heimskr, adj. very silly, stupid, Eg. 376, Grett. 159. all-heppinn, adj. very lucky, happy, Lex. Poët. all-herðimikill, adj. very broad-shouldered, Eg. 305. all-hermannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very martial, Fms. xi. 233. all-hjaldrjúgr, adj. very gossipping, chattering, Lv. 57: neut. as adv., Vápn. 10. all-hógliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very gently, Fms. xi. 240, vi. 274. all-hóleitr and -háleitr, adj. very sublime, Hom. 23. all-hór and -hár, adj. very high, tall, v. -hár. all-hratt, n. adj. in all speed, Lex. Poët. all-hraustliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very bravely, Fms. viii. 289, Eb. 34. all-hraustr, adj. very valiant, Fms. viii. 267. all-hreystimannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very valiantly, Fms. xi. 95. all-hrumliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very in- firmly from age, Fas. ii. 91. all-hræddr, adj. very much afraid, Fbr. 94. all-hræðinn, adj. very timid, Fms. vi. 155. all-huml;mgsjúkr, adj. very grieved, heart-sick, Hkr. i. 243, Fms. vi. 133. all-hvass, adj. of the wind, blowing very sharp, Fms. ix. 20, Lex. Poët. all-hyggi-ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very carefully, Fas. iii. 610. all-hýrliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very blandly, with a very bright face, Fas. iii. 636. all-hæðiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very ridiculous, Finnb. 312. all-hældreginn, adj. walking very much on one's heels, dragging the heels very much in walking, of an aged or beggarly person, Band. 9. all-hœgliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very softly, meekly, Fms. xi. 389. all-hœlinn, adj. very bragging. Lex. Poët. all-iðinn, adj. very diligent, laborious, Bs. i. 278. all-illa, adv. and -illr, adj. very badly, bad, wicked, Nj. 242, cp. ilia; ill-willed, Eg. 542: compar., vera allver um, to be worse off, Nj. 221 (Ed. allvant); angry, Lv. 145; disgraceful, Eg. 237; unfortunate, Sturl. ii. 47. all-jafnlyndr, adj. very calm, even-tem- pered, Fms. vi. 287. all-kaldr, adj. very cold, Vápn. 21. all-kappsamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. with very much zeal, liberally, Hkr. i. 271; veita a., of hospitality, Ld. 292; mæla a., frankly, peremptorily, 296. all-kappsamr, adj. very eager, vehement, Eg. 187. all-karlmannliga,adv. and -ligr, adj. very manfully, Fms. x. 141. all-kaupmannliga, adv. in a very businesslike, tradesmanlike way, Fms. v.255. all-kátligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very funny, Grett. 112. all-kátr, adj. very joyful, Nj. 18, Eg. 44, 332. all-keppinn, adj. very snappish, Lex. Poët. all-kerskiligr and -keskiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very sarcastic, biting, Sturl. ii. 196. all-klókr, adj. very shrewd, Hkr. iii. 317. all-knáliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very stoutly, vigorously, Rd. 312. all-kostgæflliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very earnestly, in a very painstaking way, Stj. all-kostigr, adj. very excellent. Lex. Poët, all-kviklatr, adj. very quick, lively, Ld. 270. all-kynliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very strangely, strange, Ísl. ii. 58, Fms. ii. 227, Grett. 160. all-kyrrligr, adj. very quiet, tranquil, Háv. 49. all-kærr, adj. very dear, beloved, Eg. 139, Fms. i. 48; very fond of, Hkr. i. 194: neut., Eg. 116, of mutual love. all-langr, adj. very long, Háv. 49. all-laust, n. adj. very loosely, Fms. xi. 103. all-lágr, adj. very low, short of stature, Fbr. 68. all-lengi, adv. very long, K. þ. K. 158. all-léttbrúnn, adj. of very brightened, cheerful countenance, Ld. 94. all-léttiliga, adv. very lightly, Fas. iii. 612. all-léttmælt, n. adj., vera a. um e-t, to speak in a very lively way, Fms. iv. 261. all-léttr, adj. very light (in weight), Fas. iii. 487. all-líkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. in very agreeable, courteous terms, Fas. i. 84. all-likligr, adj. very likely, Fas. ii. 247, Sks. 669. all-líkr, adj. very like, Fas. iii. 579, Sd. 160, Korm. 142. all-lítilfjörligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very puny, prop, having little life in one, Háv. 54. all-litill, adj. very little, Fær. 268: n. sing, all-litt, as adv. very little, Nj. 108, 130, Korm. 172; poorly, Grett. 116. all-lyginn, adj. very given to lying, Fbr. 157. all-makligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very deserving, fitting, Sturl. iii. 127, Bjarn. 22. all-mann-fátt, n. adj. with very few people, Gísl. 31. all-mannhættr, adj. very dan- gerous, Fas. iii. 34. all-mannskæðr, adj. very full of manskathe, very murderous, Fms. ii. 512. all-mannæenligr, adj. a very promising man, Fms. iv. 254. all-mannvænn, adj. a man of very great promise, Hkr. ii. 182. all-margliga, adv. very affably, Sturl. iii. 27. all-margmæltr, part, very talkative, Sturl. ii. 179. all-margr, adj. very numerous, pl. very many, Nj. 32, Grág. ii. 176, Sks. 328, Gþl. 329. all-margrætt, n. adj. part, very much spoken of, Fms. viii. 275. all-málugr, adj. very loquacious, Hkr. iii. 152, 655 xi. 2. all-máttfarinn, adj. very much worn out, with very little strength left, Fas. ii. 356. all-máttlítill, adj. very weak, Fms. i. 159. all-meginlauss, adj. very void of strength, Fms. xi. 103. all-mikilfengligr, adj. very high and mighty, very im- posing, Fs. all-mikill, adj. very great, Ísl. ii. 269, Nj. 193, Eg. 29, 39: neut. as adv. greatly, Fms. i. 24, vii. 110. all-mikilmannliga,

ALLMISJAFN -- ALLÞRONGR. 15

adv. very nobly, Sturl. i. 33. all-misjafn, adj. very variously, un- favourably, in such phrases as, mæla a. um e-t, there were very different stories about the matter, leggja a. til, ganga a. undir, taka a. á, Eg. 242, Hkr. ii. 123, Fms. i. 86, vii. no, Ld. 166. all-mjór, adj. very slim, slender, narrow, Hkr. iii. 117, Gþl. 173. all-mjök, adv. very much, Nj. 134, Ld. 196, Eg. 19; féllu þá a. menn, in very great numbers, Fms. i. 173. all-myrkr, adj. very dark, Fms. ix. 23. all-mæðiliga, adv. with very great effort, heavily, Fms. ix. 16. all-nauðigr, adj. and -liga, adv. very reluctant, unwilling, Grett. 153; a. staddr, danger- ously, Fms. v. 212. all-náinn, adj. very near, nearly related, Sks. 330. all-náttförull, adj. very much given to wandering by night, Lex. Poët. all-níðskárr, adj. of a poet, given to mocking, satirical verse, [níð and skáld (?)], Fms. ii. 7. all-nóg, adv. very abundantly, Sd. 182. all-nær, adv. very near, Fms. vii. 289; metaph., lagði a. at, pretty nearly, well-nigh, Fs., Sks. 684 B. all-nærri, adv. very near, Ld. 202, Fas. iii. 339. all-opt, adv. very often, Anecd. 38, Gþl. 169. all-orðfátt, n. adj. in the phrase, göra a. urn, to be very short of words as to, Bjarn. 31. all-ógurligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very frightful, Edda 41. all-ólmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very furiously, Fas. iii. 546, Bárð. 177. áll-óttalaust, n. adj. with very little to fear, Eg. 371, v. l. all-ramskipaðr, adj. part, very strongly manned, Fms. iii. 13. all-rauðr, adj. very red, Ld. 182. all-ráðligr, adj. very ex- pedient, advisable, Grett. 145. all-reiðiligr, adj. looking very wrath- ful, Fms. iv. 161. all-reiðr, adj. very wroth, angry, Edda 57, Nj. 135, Eg. 139. all-ríkmarmligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very grand, pomp- ous, magnificent, Fms. i. 213. all-ríkr, adj. very powerful, Fms. i. 115. all-rýrliga., adv. and -ligr, adj. very feebly, puny, Fbr. 28. all-rösk- liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very smart, brisk, Fms. viii. 317. all-sann- ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very likely, 'soothlike,' Fms. iv. 270. all- sáttgjarnliga, adv and -ligr, adj. very placable, of mild disposition, Sturl. iii. 288. all-seinn, adj. very slow, Bs. i. 192: neut. as adv. slowly, Grett. 151 A. all-sigrsæll, adj. very victorious, having very good luck in war, Hkr. i. 28. all-skammr, adj. very short, very scant, Nj. 264: neut. substantively, a very short way, Finnb. 324; short distance, Fms. iv. 329. all-skapliga, adv. very fittingly, properly, Grett. 120. all-skapværr, adj. of a very gentle, meek disposition, Sturl. all-skap- þungt, n. adj., vera a., to be in a very gloomy, depressed state of mind, Fms. iv. 26. all-skarpr, adj. very sharp, Lex. Poët. all-skeinu- hættr, adj. very dangerous, vulnerable, Sturl. ii. 139. all-skemti- ligr, adj. very amusing, Sturl. ii. 77. all-skillítill, adj. very slow- witted, dull, Sturl. j. 89. all-skjallkænliga, adv. [skjalla, to flatter], very coaxingly, Grett. 131 A. all-skjótt, n. adj. as adv. very soon, Nj. 236. all-skrautligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very smart, splendid, Fas. ii. 366, Mag. 11. all-skygn, adj. very sharp-sighted, Hrafn. 33. all-skyldr, adj. bound to, very obligatory; neut. == bounden duty, Sks. 484; deserved, Gþl. 61: β. nearly related, near akin, Fms. xi. 75. all-skyndiliga, adv. very quickly, Blas. 40. all-skynsamliga, adv. very judiciously, Stud. iii. 161. all-skyrugr, adj. all curd-besprent, Grett. 107 A. all-sköruliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very frankly, boldly, dignified, Sturl. iii. 39, Fms. ix. 5, Ld. 94 C, 226, Bs. i. all- sljáliga, adv. very slowly, sluggishly, Grett. 101 A. all-smár, adj. very small, Fms. v. 55, xi. 61. all-snarpliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very sharply, smartly, Fms. viii. 346. all-snarpr, adj. very sharp, Fms. i. 38, Nj. 246. all-snemma, adv. very early, Fms. ii. 223. all-snjallr, adj. very shrewd, clever, Fms. viii. 367. all-snúðula, adv. very quickly, Lex. Poët. all-snæfr, adj. very brisk, id. all- snöfurmannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very brisk and energetic looking, of a man, Fms. xi. 79. all-spakliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very mildly, moderately, wisely, Hkr. ii. 41. all-spakr, adj. very gentle, wise, Fms. vi. 298. all-starsýnn, adj. who stares very hard at a thing, looking fixedly upon, Fms. vi. 203. all-sterkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very briskly, strongly, Ld. 158, Fas. iii. 612. all-sterkr, adj. very strong, Hkr. i. 238, Eg. 285; Ísl. ii. 461 (very vehement); as a pr. name, Fms. iii. 183. all-stilliliga, adv. very calmly, in a very composed manner, Ld. 318. all-stirðr, adj. very stiff, Háv. 46. all-stór- höggr, adj. dealing very hard blows, Fms. i. 171. all-stórliga, adv. very haughtily, Hkr. ii. 63, Ld. 168. all-stórmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very munificently, nobly, Fas. iii. 45; haughtily, Sd. 146. all- stórorðr, adj. using very big words, Eg. 340, Ld. 38 (very boisterous). all-stórr, adj. very great, metaph. big, puffed up, Ld. 318; dat. all-stórum, as adv. very largely, Edda 32. all-strangr, adj. very rapid, Lex. Poët. all-styggr, adj. very ill-humoured, cross, Grett. 103 A. all- styrkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very stoutly, Stj. 402. all-styrkr, adj. very strong, Fms. i. 177. all-svangr, adj. very hungry, Lex. Poët. all-svinnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very wisely, prudently, wise, Fas. i. 95, ii. 266. all-sættfúss, adj. very placable, peace-loving, very will- ing to accept an atonement, Sturl. iii. 19. all-sœmiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very seemly, decorous, honourable, Hkr. i. 215, Ísl. ii. 163. all-tiginn, adj. very princely, Lex. Poët. all-tillátsamr, adj. very indulgent, lenient, þórð. 12. all-tíðrætt, n. adj. very much talked of, much spoken of, Eg. 99, Sturl. i. 199. all-tíðvirkr, adj. very quick at work, Fms. xi. 377. all-torfyndr, adj. very hard to find, Fms. vii. 356. all-torfært, n. adj. very hard to pass, cross, Eg. 546. all- torsótt, n. adj. part, very difficult to reach, Eg. 546. all-tortryggi- liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very suspiciously, Sturl. ii. 47. all-torveld- ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very difficult, Str. all-trauðr, adj. very slow, unwilling, Fms. xi. 39. all-tregr, adj. very tardy, Fær. 114, Bárð. 178. all-trúr, adj. very true. Fms. vi. 377. all-tryggr, adj. very trusty, Hkr. iii. 167. all-tvítugr, false reading, instead of eigi alls t., not quite twenty, Sturl. i. 181. all-undarligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very odd, wonderful, Fms. ii. 150. all-ungr, adj. very young, Eg. 268, Fms. i. 14, Ld. 274. all-úbeinskeyttr, adj. shooting very badly, Fms. ii. 103. all-úblíðr, adj. very harsh, unkind, Fas. ii. all-úbragðligr, adj. very ill-looking, Sturl. iii. 234. all-údæll, adj. very spiteful, untractable, Sturl. i. 99. all-úfagr, adj. very ugly, metaph., Fms. iii. 154. all-úfimliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very awkwardly, Fas. ii. 543. all-úframliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very backward, shy, timid, Fbr. 38 C. all-úfríðr, adj. very ugly, Fms. xi. 227. all-úfrýnn, adj. very sullen, 'frowning,' sour, Eg. 525. all-úfrægr, adj. very in- glorious, Fms. iv. 259. all-úglaðr, adj. very gloomy, sad, Hkr. iii. 379. all-úhægr, adj. very difficult, Eg. 227. all-úhöfðingligr, adj. very low-looking, very plebeian, Finnb. 222. all-úkátr, adj. very sorrowful, Edda 35, Eg. 223, Fms. i. 37. all-úknár, adj. very weak of frame, Grett. 119 A, very badly knit; Bs. i. 461 (of boys). all- úkonungligr, adj. very unkingly, Fms. viii. 158. all-úkunnigr, adj. quite unknown, Ísl. ii. 412. all-úlífligr, adj. very unlikely to live, Hkr. ii. 200. all-úlíkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very unlikely, Gísl. 24, Sd. 123, Finnb. 310. all-úlíkr, adj. very unlike, Glúm. 364. all- úlyginn, adj. not at all given to lie, truthful, Fbr. 157. all-úmáttu- liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. weakly, very weak, tender, Fms. iv. 318. all- úráðinn, adj. part, very 'unready' (cp. Ethelred the 'unready'), unde- cided, Lv. 9. all-úráðliga, adv. very unadvisedly, rashly, Odd. 12 old Ed. all-úsannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very untruthful, unjust; also, unlikely, Fms. vii. 141. all-úsáttfúss, adj. very implacable, un- willing to come to terms, Sturl. iii. 275. all-úskyldr. adj. very strange to, not at all bound to..., Eg. 10. all-úspakr, adj. very unruly, Sturl. ii. 61. all-úsváss, adj. very uncomfortable, of weather, cold and rainy, Bs. i. 509. all-úsýnn, adj. very uncertain, doubtful, Glúm. 358, Sturl. i. 105. all-úsæligr, adj. of very poor, wretched appearance, Niðrst. 109. all-úvinsæll, adj. very unpopular, Fms. iv. 369, Fas. iii. 520. all-úvísliga, adv. very unwisely, Niðrst. 6. all-úvænliga., adv. and -ligr, adj. of very unfavourable prospect, Fas. ii. 266; n. adj. very unpromising, Grett. 148 A. all-úvænn, adi. very ugly, Fas. i. 234; very unpromising, unfavourable, Ísl. ii. 225: neut. as adv. unfavourably, Fms. xi. 134. all-úþarfr, adj. very unthrifty, very unprofitable, some- thing that had better be prevented, Eg. 576, Hkr. ii. 245. all-vand- látr, adj. very difficult, hard to please, Fms. vi. 387. all-vandliga, adv. with very great pains, exactly, carefully, Sks. 658 B. all-vant, n. adj., vera a. um e-t, to be in a very great strait, Nj. 221. all-varfærr, adj. very careful, solicitous, Eg. 63. all-vaskligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very brisk, smart, gallant, Hkr. i. 104; compar. v. alvaskligr. all-vaskr, adj. very brisk, gallant, Fms. viii. 226. all-vandr, adj. very bad, of clothes, much worn, Pm. 11. all-vápndjarfr, adj. very bold, daring in arms, Hkr. iii. 63. all-veðrlítið, n. adj. very calm, with little wind, Fms. vi. 360. all-vegliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very grand, princely, nobly, Fms. i. 20, Eg. 332, Hkr. i. 15. all-vel, adv. very well, Nj. 12, Eg. 78, 198; compar. albetr, v. alvel. all-vesall, adj. very puny, wretched, Nj. 97. all-vesalliga, adv. very wretchedly, Ölk. 35. all- vesalmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. id., Ísl. ii. 416. all-vesæll, adj. very miserable, base, vile, Nj. 97. all-vingjarnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very friendly, amicable, Sturl. ii. 168. all-vingott, n. adj. on very friendly terms, Fbr. 129. all-vinsæll, adj. very popular, used of a man blessed with many friends, Fms. i. 184, ii. 44, Orkn. 104 old Ed. all-virðuligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very worthy, dignified, Fms. x. 84, Bs. i. 83. all-vitr, adj. very wise, Sks. 29 B (superl.) all-vitrliga, adv. very wisely, Fas. ii. 66. all-víða and all-vítt, n. adj. very widely, Hkr. iii. 141, Lex. Poët. all-vígliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. in a very warlike manner, Fms. ix. 488, Fas. ii. 112. all-vígmannliga, adv. very martially, Fas. iii. 150. all-vígmóðr, adj. quite wearied out with fighting, Introd. to Helgakviða (Sæm.) all-víss, adj. very wise, sure, Sks. 520, Lex. Poët.: neut. to a dead certainty, Lex. Poët. all-væn- liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very promising, handsome, Glúm. 349, Fms. v. 260, Fbr. 114. all-vænn, adj. id., Clem. 24, Bs. i. 340: neut., þykja a. um, to be in high spirits, Ísl. ii. 361; make much of, Fms. ii. 76; as adv. favourably, Fms. iv. 192. all-vörpuligr, adj. of a very stout, stately frame, Hkr. ii. 254. all-vöxtuligr, adj. very tall, of large growth, Fas. iii. 627. all-þakkligr, adj. very pretty, = þekkiligr, Lex. Poët, all-þakksamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very thankfully, Fms. i. 120, Ld. 298. all-þarfliga, adv. very thriftily, very pressingly; biðja a., to beg very hard, Edda 45. all-þarfr, adj. very thrifty, Lex. Poët. all- þéttr, adj. very crowded, cp. Lex. Poët. all-þrekligr, adj. of a very robust frame, Hkr. ii. 2. all-þröngr, adj. as neut. in a very great

16 ALLÞUNGLIGA -- ALLSHERJAR.

crowd, Edda 24. all-þungliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hard, unwill- ing, reluctant, Sturl. ii. 120; taka a. á e-m, to be very hard upon, Mag. 1. all-þungr, adj. very unfavourable, Hkr. ii. 358; hostile, badly disposed towards, Eb. 108, Eg. 332; þykja a., to dislike, Fms. viii. 441; a. orð, to blame, Sturl. ii. 62. all-þykkr, adj. very thick, Fas. i. 339: n. sing. as adv. thickly, Fms. vii. 70 (of great numbers slain on the battle-field). all-æfr, adj. very furious, wrath, Ísl. ii. 258, Lv. 60, Fas. i. 404. all- ægiligr, adj. very terrible, Dropl. 18. all-æstr, adj. very incited, vehement, Nj. 231. all-örorðr, adj. very quick-tongued, frank, out- spoken, Eg. 340. all-öruggliga, adv. very steadfastly, very firmly, Grett. 153 A. all-öruggr, adj. very unflinching, Bs. i. 624. all-föðr, m. father of all, Edda 2, 6, 13 (a name of Odin), v, alföðr. al-ljóss, adj. quite light; dagr a., broad daylight, Eg. 219; n. sing., vera alljóst, in broad daylight, Grett. 95 A, 112 A, Fms. ix. 35, Sturl. ii. 108; metaph. quite clear, Sks. 490. al-loðinn, adj. very hairy, shaggy all over, Fms. iii. 125. al-lokit, n. part., a. allri ván, when all hope is gone, Bs. i. 198. ALLK, oil, allt, and alt, adj. [Ulf. alls = GREEK; A. S. eall; Engl. and Germ. all] . A. In sing, as adj. or substantively, cunctus, totus, omnis: I. all, entire, the whole; hón á allan arf eptir mik, she has all my heritage after me, Nj. 3; um alla þingsafglöpun, every kind of þ., 150; gaf hann þat allt, all, 101; at öllum hluta, in totum, Grág. i. 245; allr heilagr dómr, the whole body of Christians, ii. 165; á öllu því máli, Fms. vii. 311; allu fólki, thewhole people, x. 273; hvitr allr, white all over, 655 xxxii. 21; bú allt, thewhole estate, Grág. i. 244; fyrir allt dagsljós, before any dawn of light, Hom. 41: with the addition of saman = GREEK -- Icel. now in fem. sing. and n. pl. say öll sömun, and even n. sing. allt samant; in old writers saman is indecl., -- the whole, Germ, sänmtlich, zusammen; allt saman féit, thewhole amount, entire, Grág. ii. 148; þenna hernað allan saman, all together, Fms. i. 144; fyrir allan saman ójafnað þann, Sd. 157. Metaph. in the phrase, at vera ekki allr þar sem hann er sénn (séðr), of persons of deep, shrewd characters, not to be seen through, but also with a feeling of something 'uncanny' about them, Fms. xi. 157 (a familiar phrase); ekki er oil nótt úti enn, sagði draugrinn, the night is not all over yet, said the ghost, 'the Ides are not past' (a proverb), v. Ísl. þjóðs. 2. all, entire, full; allan hálfan mánuð, for the entire fortnight, Nj. 7; þar til er Kjartani þykir allt mál upp, until Kjartan thought it was high time, of one nearly (or) well-nigh drowned, Hkr. i. 286. II. metaph. past, gone, dead, extinct; perh. ellipt., vera allr í brottu, quite gone, Eb. 112 new Ed.; var Hrappr þá allr í brottu, Nj. 132; then by an ellipsis of 'brottu,' or the like, allr simply == past, gone: α. past, of time; seg þú svá fremi frá því er þessi dagr er allr, when this day is past, Nj. 96, Fms. ii. 38, 301; var þá öll þeirra vinátta, their friendship was all gone, Fms. ix. 428; allt er mi mitt megin, my strength is gone, exhausted, Str. β. dead; þá er Geirmundr var allr, gone, dead, Landn. (Hb.) 124; siz Gunnarr at Hlíðarenda var allr, since G. of Lithend was dead and gone (v. l. to lézt), Nj. 142; sem faðir þeirra væri allr, after his death, Stj. 127; þá er Nói var allr, 66; en sem hann var allr, 100; eptir þat er Sara var öll, after all Sara's days were over, 139, 140, 405; á vegum allr hygg ek at at ek verða munu, that I shall perish on the way, Gg. verse 5; með því at þú ert gamlaðr mjök, þá munu þeir eigi út koma fyr en þú ert allr, Háv. 57; still freq. in Swed., e. g. blifwa all af bekumring, be worn out with sorrow; vinet blev alt, fell short; tiden er all, past. III. used almost adverbially, when it may be translated by all, quite, just, entirely; klofnaði hann allr í sundr, was all cloven asunder, Nj. 205; er sá nú allr einn í þínu liði er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, ok hinn, er þá eggiaði hins versta verks er eigi var fram komit, where it seems, however, rather to mean one and the same ... or the very same ..., thus, and he is now one and the same man in thy band, who has now lost his bead, and he who then egged tbee on to the worst work when it was still undone, or the very same, ... who, Nj. 213; vil ek at sú görð häldist öll, in all its parts, 256; kváðu Örn allan villast, that he was all bewildered, Ld. 74. IV. neut. sing, used as a subst. in the sense of all, everything, in every respect; ok for svá með öllu, sem ..., acted in everything as..., Nj. 14, Ld. 54; ok lát sem þú þykist þar allt eiga, that you depend upon him in all, Fms. xi. 113; eigi er enn þeirra allt, they have not yet altogether won the game, Nj. 235: í alls vesöld, in all misery, Ver. 4; alls mest, most of all, espe- cially, Fms. ii. 137 C, Fs. 89 (in a verse); in mod. usage, allra mest, cp. below. The neut. with a gen.; allt missera, all the year round, Hom. 73; allt annars, all the rest, Grág. ii. 141; at öllu annars, in all other respects, - K. Þ. K. 98; þá var allt (all, everybody) við þá hrætt, Fas. i. 338. In the phrases, at öllu, in all respects, Fms. i. 21, Grág. i. 431; ef hann á eigi at öllu framfærsluna, if he be not the sole supporter, 275: úreyndr at öllu, untried in every way, Nj. 90; cp. Engl. not at all, prop. not in every respect, analogous to never, prop, not always: fyrir alls sakir, in every respect, Grág. ii. 47, Fas. i. 252: í öllu, in everything, Nj. 90, 228: með öllu, wholly, quite, dauðr með öllu, quite dead, 153; neita með öllu, to refuse outright, Fms. i. 35, 232, Boll. 342: um allt, in respect of everything, Nj. 89; hence comes the adverb ávalt, ever = of allt = um allt, prop, in every respect, v. ávalt. V. the neut. sing, allt is used as an adv., right up to, as far as, all the way; Brynjólfr gengr allt at honum, close to him, Nj. 58; kómu allt at bænum, 79; allt at búðardyrunum, right up to the very door of the booth, 247; allt norðr urn Stað, all along north, round Cape Stad, Fms. vii. 7; suðr allt í Englands haf, iv. 329; verit allt út í Miklagarð, as far out as Constantinople, ii. 7, iv. 250, 25; allt á klofa, Bárð. 171. 2. everywhere, in all places; at riki Eireks konungs mundi allt yfir standa í Eyjunum, might stretch over the whole of the Islands, Eg. 405; Sigröðr var konungr allt um Þrændalög, over all Drontheim, Fms. i. 19; bjoggu þar allt fyrir þingmenn Runólfs goða, the liegemen of R. the priest were in every house, ii. -234 (= í hverju húsi, Bs. i. 20); allt norðr um Rogaland, all the way north over the whole of R., Fms. iv. 251; vóru svirar allt gulli búnir, all overlaid with gold, vi. 308; hafið svá allt kesjurnar fyrir, at ekki megi á ganga, hold your spears every- where (all along the line) straight before you, that they (the enemy) may not come up to you, 413; allt imdir innviðuna ok stafnana, vii. 82. 3. nearly = Lat. jam, soon, already; vóru allt komin fyrir hann bréf, warrants of arrest were already in his way, Fms. vii. 207; var allt skipat liðinu til fylkingar, the troops were at once drawn up in array, 295; en allt hugðum vér (still we thought) at fara með spekt um þessi héruð, Boll. 346. 4. temp. all through, until; allt til Júnsvöku, Ann. 1295; allt um daga Hák- onar konungs, all through the reign of king Hacon, Bs. i. 731. 5. in phrases such as, allt at einu, all one, all in the same way, Fms. i. 113. In Icel. at present allt að einu means all the same: allt eins, nevertheless; ek ætla þó utan a. eins, Ísl. ii. 216; hann neitaði allt eins at..., refused all the same, Dipl. iii. 13; allt eins hraustliga, not the less manly, Fms. xi. 443. The mod. Icel. use is a little different, namely = as, in similes = just as; allt eins og blómstrið eina (a simile), just as the flower, the initial words of the famous hymn by Hallgrim. 6. by adding 'of' = far too ..., much too ..., Karl. 301 (now freq.) 7. with a comparative, much, far, Fms. vi. 45 (freq.) VI. neut. gen. alls [cp. Ulf. allis = GREEK; A. S. ealles], used as an adv., esp. before a negative (ekki, hvergi), not a bit, not at all, no how, by no means; þeir ugðu alls ekki at sér, they were not a bit afraid, Nj. 252; hræðumst vér hann nú alls ekki, we do not care a bit for him, 260; á hólmgöngu er vandi en alls ekki (none at all) á einvigi, Korm. 84; en junkherra Eiríkr þóttíist ekki hafa, ok kallaði sik Eirik alls ekki (cp. Engl. lackland), Fms. x. 160; alls hvergi skal sök koma undir enn þriðja mann, no how, in no case, by no means, Grág. i. 144: sometimes without a negative following it; ær alls geldar, ewes quite barren, Grág. i. 502; hafrar alls geldir, id.; alls vesall, alto- gether wretched, Nj. 124; alls mjök stærist hann nú, very much, Stj.; a. mest, especially, Fs. 89, Fms. ii. 137. In connection with numbers, in all, in the whole; tólf vóru þau alls á skipi, twelve were they all told in the ship, Ld. 142; tíu Íslenzkir menn alls, 164; alls fórust níu menn, the slain were nine in all, Ísl. ii. 385; verða alls sárir þrír eða fleiri, Grág. ii. 10; alls mánuð, a full month, i. 163; þeir ala eitt barn alls á aefi sinni, Rb. 346. β. with addition of 'til' or 'of' = far too much; alls of lengi, far too long a time, Fms. i. 140; hefnd alls til lítil, much too little, vi. 35. B. In pl. allir, allar, öll, as adj. or substantively: 1. used absol. all; þeir gengu út allir, all men, altogether, Nj. 80; Síðan bjoggust þeir heiman allir, 212; Gunnarr reið ok beir allir, 48; hvikit þér allir, 78, etc. 2. as adj., alla höfðingja, all the chiefs, Nj. 213; ór öllum fjórð- ungum á landinu, all the quarters of the land, 222; at vitni guðs ok allra heilagra manna, all the saints, Grág. ii. 22; í allum orrostum, in all the battles, Fms. x. 273; Josep ok allir hans ellifu bræðr, Stj., etc. 3. by adding aðrir, flestir, etc.; allir aðrir, all other, everyone else, Nj. 89, Fms. xi. 135: flestir allir, nearly all, the greatest part of, v. flestr; in mod. use flestallir, flest being indecl.: allir saman, altogether, Nj. 80. 4. adverb., Gregorius hafði eigi öll fjögr hundruð, not all, not quite, four hundred, Fms. vii. 255. 5. used ellipt., allir (everybody) vildu leita þér vegs, Nj. 78. 6. gen. pl. allra, when followed by superl. neut. adj. or adv., of all things, all the more; en nú þyki mér þat allra sýnst er ..., all the more likely, as ..., Ld. 34; allra helzt er þeir heyra, par- ticularly now when they hear, Fms. ix. 330; allra helzt ef hann fellr meir, all the rather, if ..., Grág. ii. 8; allra sízt, least of all, 686 B. 2; bæn sú kemr til þess allra mest, especially, Hom. 149: very freq. at present in Icel., and used nearly as Engl. very, e. g. allra bezt, the very best; a. hæst, neðst, fyrst, the very highest, lowest, foremost, etc. C. alls is used as a prefix to several nouns in the gen., in order to express something common, general, universal. COMPDS: alls-endis or alls-hendis, adv. -- scarcely to be derived from 'hönd' -- in every respect, quite, thoroughly, used almost exclusively in connection with a preceding negative, eigi, eingi, or the like, and giving additional force to the negation; er þat hugboð mitt, at vér berim eigi agæfu til um vár skipti, it is my foreboding, that we shall not carry luck with us to the very end of our dealings, Ld. 160; eigi til allsendis, id., Eg. 75; þat er reynt at eingi maðr heldr sínum þrifnaði til allsendis, it is proved that no man holds his thriving thoroughly, Fms. i. 295. alls-háttar, adv. [háttr], of every sort, kind; a. kurteysi, thoroughly good manners, Fms. i. 17 (freq.) alls-herjar, an old, obsolete gen. from herr; Drottinn Sabaoth is in the Icel. transl. of the Bible rendered by Drottinn AUsherjar, the Lord of Hosts. It is esp. used as an adv. in some political and legal

ALLSHERJARBUÐ -- ALR. 17

terms, denoting something general, public, common. allsherjar-búð, f. the booth in the parliament (alþingi) belonging to the allsherjargoði. Its site is fixed, Sturl. ii. 44, 126 (referring to events in the year 1215). allsherjar-dómr, m. a doom of the supreme court, a lawful public sen- tence, judgment of the full court; þér rufuð allsherjardóm, violated lawful judgment, the law of the land, Fms. iv. 205. allsherjar-fé, n. public property, a domain, Íb. ch. 3, viz. the ground of the Icel. alþingi. alls- herjar-goði, a, m. (v. goði), the supreme priest, pontifex maximus. As the alþingi (q. v.) was within the jurisdiction of the great temple (hof) in Kjalarnes, the keeper or priest of that temple -- the descendant of its founder Thorstein Ingolfsson -- had the title of supreme priest, and opened the alþingi during the heathen age. At the introduction of Christianity this office remained with the supreme priest, who retained his name; and he, and not the bishop of Skalholt, opened the alþing every year; Þorsteinn Ingólfsson lét setja fyrstr manna þing á Kjalarnesi áðr alþingi var sett, ok fylgir þar enn (still, viz. in the 13th century) sökum þess því goðorði (viz. the priesthood of Kjalarnes, aliter allsherjar goðorð) alþingis helgun, Landn. 336 (the text as found in the Melabók), Landn. 39, Þórð. 94 (Ed. 1860), and Landn. Mantissa. allsherjar-lið, n. public troops, army (Norse), Fms. x. 411. allsherjar-lýðr, pl. ir, m. the people, commonalty, Hkr. iii. 194. allsherjar-lög, n. pl. public law, statute law of the land, in the phrase, at alþingis máli ok allsherjar lögum, Nj. 14, 87. allsherjar-þing, n. general assembly, Fms. i. 224. In Icel. at present allsherjar- is prefixed to a great many other words in order to express what is public, general, universal. alls-konar [Old Engl. alkyn], prop. an obsolete gen. from a masc. konr: α. as adj. ind. of every kind; a. fanga, Eg. 65; a. ár, good season in all respects, Hkr. 1. 15: β. used simply as adv.; hinn ágætasti a., in every respect, Fms. xi. 157 (rare). alls-kostar, adv. [kostr], in all respects, quite, altogether; a. illa, bad altogether, Ld. 232; þykjast nú a. hafa unninn mikinn sigr (a full victory), Fms. xi. 147; frjáls ok a. geymandi, to be observed in every respect, K. Á. 50; hann lofaði a., made a full allowance, Bs. i. alls-kyns, adv. [kyn] = allskonar, Fms. x. 380. 11. UNCERTAIN 2, 25, where it is spelt alls- kuns. alls-staðar, adv. [staðr], freq. alstaðar or allstaðar in a single word, everywhere, ubique; cp. margstaðar, in many places; sum- staðar, in so me places; einhversstaðar, somewhere; nokkursstaðar, any- where; allstaðar þar sem, Fms. ii. 81, x. 182. Metaph. in every way (rare); a. mun ek gera at þínu skapi, nema þar, in everything, except that..., Nj. 17. alls-valdandi, part. [A. S. ealwalda], 'all-wielding,' of God, Almighty, Dipl. iv. 8, Fms. i. 121, Bs. several times. allra-handa = allskonar, a mod. word. allra-heilagra in compds, a. messa, -dagr, -kirkja, All-Saints'-day, -church, Bs., K. Á., Fms., etc. ALLS and als, conj. [Ulf. allis = GREEK; Engl. as, contr. -- als; cp. the consecutive als in Grimm D. W. sub voce, col. 257 sqq.], as, while, since; freq. in Lex. Poët. in old poets, less freq. in old prose writers, rare in the classics of the 13th century: used four times in the treatise of Thorodd, -- alls hann sjálfr er hebreskr stafr, Skálda 167; alls vér erum einnar tungu, 161; alls engi grein er enn á gör, 162; alls þeir höfðu áðr allir eitt hljóð, 166, -- and as often in the old Heiðarv. S. -- alls þú ert góðr drengr kall- aðr, Ísl. ii. 366; alls Barði var eigi bítr á fébætr, 386; alls þú rekr þitt erendi, 483; alls þú hefir þó hér til nokkorar ásjá ætlað, Ld. 42; alls þeir máttu ekki sínum vilja fram koma, Boll. 348; alls hann trúir mér til, Fs. (Hallfr. S.) 90: alls þú hefir þó áðr giptu til mín sótt, Fms. v. 254; alls þeir höfðu frítt lið, viii. 362 . With the addition of 'er' (at); en þó, alls er þú ert svá þráhaldr á þínu máli, Fms. i. 305; alls er ek reyni, at..., as I ..., ii. 262, (Grág. i. 142 is a false reading = allt), Fas. ii. 283: with addition of 'þó,' alls þó hefir þetta með meirum fádæmum gengið, heldr en hvert annara, þá vil ek ..., but considering that..., Band. 32 new Ed.; cp. Lex. Poët. all-tíð, adv. at all times, Fas. i. 505 (paper MS.), freq. in mod. use. al-lúsigr, adj. all-lousy, Fbr. 156. all-vald, n. absolute power. allvalds-konungr, m. sovereign, Fms. x. 378. all-valdr, pl. ar, m. = alvaldr (poët. word), sovereign king, Lex. Poët., Hkr. i. 432; heilir allvaldar báðir, a poetical salute, Fms. vi. 195; mikil er allvalds raun (a proverb), 'tis hard to strive against the powerful, Lv. 111. allyngis, quite, altogether, v. öllungis. al-manna-, gen. pl. from an obsolete almenn [cp. Alemanni], a prefix to some nouns, denoting general, common, universal, Ad. 21. Freq. now in Icel., e. g. almanna-rómr, m. public opinion, in the proverb, sjaldan lýgr a., vox populi vox Dei. COMPDS: almanna-bygð, f. an inhabited country, Fas. iii. 3. almanna-gjá, f. local name of the great lava rift close to the alþing, where all the people met; vide Nj. 244, Sturl. i. 206, etc. almanna-leið, f. a public road, Lv. 29. almanna-lof, n. praise of all, Nj. 251. almanna-skript, f. general confession, Hom. 74. almanna-stofa, u, f. the common hall, a large room in the Icel. dwellings of the 12th and 13th centuries; opp. to litla stofa, Sturl. ii. 153, iii. 194, 198; it seems to be identical with skáli. almanna-tal, n. common reckoning, Íb. 18: β. (Norse), general census, with a view to making a levy, N. G. L. i. 98; Fr. = almannaþing. almanna-vegr, m. a high road, Nj. 261, Fms. ii. 99, =þjóðvegr, þjóðleið. almanna- þing, n. (Norse), a public meeting,=alþing, Fr. al-máttigr, adj. [A. S. ealmeathig; Hel. ala-; Germ, allmächtig], almighty, seems to be a Christian (eccl.) word, translated from the Latin omnipotens; but the phrase 'hinn almáttki áss' in the heathen oath (used of Thor) implies its use in very early times. The old form is contracted before -ir, -ar, -an, -um, etc., and changes g into k; almáttkan, -kir, -kum (now almáttugan, -ugir, -ugum, through all cases), v. máttigr: used of God, Fms. i. 231, Eluc. 10, Sks. 305, etc.: heathen use, Landn. 258, cp. p. 335. al-máttr, ar, m., dat. -mætti, almightiness, omnipotence (eccl.), of God, 671. 3; sinn ILLEGIBLE (acc.), Ísl. i. (Hom.) 386, Fms. i. 226, 655 vi. 2; vide almætti, n. al-menni, n. the people, public, Fr. (Norse). al-menniliga, adv. generally, H. E. i. 465, K. Á. 80. al-menniligr, adj. [Germ, allgemein], general, common, rare in old writers, Stj.; a. (catholic) trú, Mar. 656 B. 8, 623. 18; a. þing, concilium oecumenicum, Rb. 338; a. Kristni, 390, 208, Gþl., etc. Freq. in mod. Icel., = common, good, real. al-menning, f. and almenningr, m. I. in Icel. almost always fem, in the sense of fundus communis, ager compascuus, common land, belonging to a whole 'fjórðungr' (quarter) of the country, and thus wider than the mod. 'afrétt.' It still remains in the local name of the deserts round Cape Horn at the north-west point of Icel., cp. Fbr. and Landn. 124; cp. also the passage in Íb. ch. 3. The word is now seldom used except of wastes belonging to nobody: þat er almenning er fjórðungs menn eigu allir saman, Grág. ii. 392-394, Js. 107, Íb. ch. 3, Grág. ii. 345, 352, 359, 385, K. Þ. K. 26, Fbr. 41, Landn. 124, in all those cases fem. II. masc. (Norse), [cp. Swed. almänning, pascuum, and Germ. almeinde, via publica or ager compascuus, Grimm R. A. p. 498], common or public pasture (answering nearly to the Icel. afrétt), where cattle are grazed during the summer months, cp. the Norse setr, Icel. sel: rarely used in Icel. writers. In Ó. H., ch. 114, used of Grímsey, an island off the north coast of Iceland, Gþl. 450, Jb. 299, 311. 2. the high-street, in a Norse town, N. G. L. ii. 241. 3. the people, the public in general, common now in Icel. in this sense, Stj. 292, 493, Fbr. 194; almennings matr, common food, Bs. ii. 5, 179. 4. a levy, conscription; fullr, allr, hálfr a., a full, half levy of men and ships; fullr a. in Norway meant a levy of one in every seven male adults, N. G. L. ii. 199, Fms. iv. 142, i. 165, D. I. i. 66 (of the milit. duties of Icelanders when residing in Norway). Metaph. (as a phrase) in Nj. 207, of raising the country, the institution being unknown in the Icel. Commonwealth. COMPDS: almennings- bréf, n. a proclamation, Sturl. iii. 29. almennings-drykkja, u, f. a public banquet, Bs. i. 108. almennings-far, n. a public ferry, Gþl. 415. almennings-mörk, f. a public forest, Gþl. 454. almenn- ings-stræti, n. a public street, Grett. 158 A. almennings-tollr, m. a public toll, tax, 126 C. 173 (?). almennings-vegr, m. a public way. al-mennr, adj. common, public, Grett. 115, where MSS. A and B have almælt. Now freq. ALMR, elm-tree, v. álmr. almusa, u, f. = ölmusa, alms, [Scot. almous, Germ. almosen, (GREEK.)] al-múgi, a, and almúgr, s, m., at present the first form is always used [cp. múgi and múgr, Dan. almue, plebs], prop, the commons, people; konungrinn ok almúginn, king and commons, Stj.; eigi vissi almúginn (people in general) hvat fram fór í sóttinni, Bs. i. 74; almúgrinn (the people) geystist, Bret. 37, 94; allvinsælir við almúgann, having very many friends among the commonalty, Fms. i. 184. β. now in Icel. = plebs, the masses, opp. to the higher classes; so in many compds, e. g. almúga- maðr, m., almúga-legr, adj., etc. al-mæli, n. what all people say, a common saying, general report; þat er a. at..., all people say, agree that..., Fms. xi. 326, Hkr. iii. 398; þat vóru almæli um dalinn, at ..., Sd. 155, Ld. 332. β. a saying, proverb; þat er a. (common saying) at menn sjóði þau ráð, er þeir hafa lengi í hug sér, Hom. 83; þótt almælit sannaðist, at móðurbræðrum verði menn líkastir, though the saying proved sooth, that men are likest to their uncles by the mother's side, Ísl. ii. 29. al-mæltr, adj. part, spoken by all, what all say; esp. in the phrase, almælt tíðindi, news; spyrjast almæltra tíðinda, what news? Nj. 227, Ld. 80, Fms. xi. 118 (a standing phrase). β. of a child that has learnt to talk; en þá er sveinninn var tvævetr, þá rann hann einn saman ok var a. sem fjögra vetra gömul börn, but when the boy was two years old, then he ran alone and could say everything as well as bairns of four years, Ld. 34, (altalandi is the word now used.) al-mætti, n. omnipotence, Skálda 161; esp. theol., now more freq. than the masc. almáttr. al-naktr, adj. part, quite naked, Rd. 295; now alnakinn. aln-bogi, a, m. = ölbogi, elbow, Edda 110. al-nýr, adj. quite new, Fms. viii. 61, Grág. i. 491. al-ogaðr, adj. quite in earnest, = alhugaðr. ALPT, swan, v. álpt. ALR, s, m. pl. ir, awl, Edda 71. β in the phrase, 'leíka UNCERTAIN á als oddi,' skjálfa þótti húsit, sem á als oddi léki (MS. allsolla), the house quivered, as if it were balanced on the point of an awl, Fas. i. 89; the Icel. now use C UNCERTAIN

18 ALRAUÐR -- ALÞINGI.

the phrase, að leika á als oddi, of the excitement produced by joy, to be merry, in high spirits, full of life and vigour, (cp. the Engl. to be on pins and needles.) al-rauðr, adj. quite red, Rd. 298. al-ráðinn, adj. part. quite determined, Fms. viii. 145. al-ránn, adj. utterly plundered; þeir munu görvir fyrst alránir er næstir eru, Ísl. ii. 93 (dub.) al-reyndr, part, fully proved, Fms. xi. 441, Mirm. 74. alri, elder-tree, v. elri. al-roskinn, adj. quite grown up, Fms. i. 5, Ld. 256. al-rotinn, adj. all rotten, Stj. Exod. xvi. 20. al-ræmdr, adj. part. α. neut. rumoured of all, of bad news; a. er, all people say, Nj. 76, Fms. vii. 113, Stj. β. in mod. Icel. both masc. and fem. in a bad sense, e. g. a. þjófr, a noted thief. al-sagðr, adj. part, spoken of by all, Fms. ii. 50. al-satt, f. in the phrases, sáttr alsáttum, completely reconciled, atoned with a full atonement, Dipl. ii. II; sættast alsáttum, Grág. ii. 141. al-sáttr, adj. fully reconciled, Nj. 120, Boll. 362. al-sekr, adj. a law term, an utter felon, an outlaw of the greater degree, = -skógarmaðr, opp. to fjörbaugsmaðr, Nj. 240, Hrafn. 18, Grág. i. 463. al-siða, adj. ind. [siðr, faith], en er Kristni var a., but when the Christian faith was universally accepted, Hkr. ii. 97; en þó Kristnin vaeri nú a. þá ..., Grett. 150 (the old Ed. wrongly á landi). al-skipaðr, adj. part. /w/ fully manned: α. of a ship; skúta, tvítug- sessa, langskip a., Nj. 280, Eg. 13, Fms. iv. 70, Hkr. i. 176. β. a law term, bekkr, pallr a., full court, Grág. i. 7. γ. of a bench in a banquet- hall, quite full, Eg. 43. al-skjaldaðr, adj. part, lined, covered with shields: α. of ships lined with shields along the bulwarks from stem to stern, as a ship of war, Landn. 156, Sturl. iii. 61. β. of troops in full armour, Sturl. ii. 47. al-skrifaðr, adj. part, written all over, of vellum, Th. 76. al-skyldr, adj. quite binding, Sks. 636. al-slitinn, adj. part, quite ragged, worn out, Vm. 161. al-slíkr, adj. quite the same, Fms. iv. 157. al-smíðaðr, part. completely built, Fms. xi. 436. al-snotr, adj. all-wise, Hin. 54: very clever, Þkv. 26, 28. al-spakr, adj. all-wise, cognom., Eg. 466. al-staðar, everywhere, v. alls-staðar, sub allr. al-stýfðr, part. a metre in masculine rhymes (stýfa), Edda (Ht.) 134. Masculine final rhymes are called stýft. al-stýfingr, in. an animal with close-cropped ears; he who marked sheep in this way was liable to the lesser outlawry, unless it were publicly announced in the lögrétta, Grág. i. 426. al-svartr, adj. quite black, Nj. 80. al-sveittr, adj. all-sweaty, Al. 22. al-sveitugr, adj. reeking with sweat, now kófsveittr, Gísl. 137. al-sýkn, adj. a law term, altogether free, released from all punishment, Grág.;. ii. 160. al-sýkna, u, f. complete immunity from punishment, pardon, Grág. i. 359. al-sætt, f. complete reconciliation, Nj. 101, Js. 40, B. K. 126. ALTARI, n. and rarely altara, n. or altari, a, m.; mod. heteroclite altari, n. pl. öturu; the forms -eri, -era [altare] also appear :-- an altar, a Chris- tian word, the altar in heathen temples being called 'stallr,' Nj. 279, K. Á. 28, 208, Stj. freq.; altaris, 625. 84; altari þín, 655 xxiii. 2; altari (nom. pl.), xiv B. 2, Pm. 47: masc., altara (acc.) fim alna langan ..., but þat (neut.) skal með eiri búa, a little below, altarans (gen.), altarann (nom. sing.), altaris (gen. neut.), altarit (neut. nom.), Stj. 307, 308, indifferently neut. or masc., Symb. 24; alteri, 1812. 17; altera (dat. neut.), 655 iii. 2, 623. 54. COMPDS: altaris-blæja, u, f. an altar-cloth, Am. 33, Vm. 37, 15. K. 83; altara-blæa, D. I. i. 404. altaris-bók, f. an altar-book, Vm. 6, Dipl. v. 18. altaris-brík, f. an altar-piece, Vin. 12. altaris- búnaðr, in. altar-furniture, H. E. i. 489. altaris-dagr, m. anniver- sary of the foundation of an altar, H. E. i. 310. altaris-dúkr, m. an altar-cloth, Vm. i, D. I. i. 244. altaris-fórn, f. a victim offered on an altar, Mart. 122. altaris-gólf, n. the floor round an altar, N. G. L. i. 160. altaris-horn, n. the horn of an altar, Fms. xi. 444. altaris- hús, n. a chapel, Bs. ii. 80. altaris-klæði, n. an altar-cloth, Hkr. iii. 81, D. I. i. 266; altara-, Fms. iii. 28, Vm. 1. altaris-likneski, n. an image placed on an altar, Pm. 61. altaris-messa, u, f. mass at an altar, Bs. ii. 81. altaris-plata, u, f. a candlestick, Pm. 93. altaris-skrá, f. an altar-book, Pm. 109. altaris-staðr, m. the place where an altar stands, Eg. 768. altaris-steinn, in. an altar-slab, D. I. i. 266, 443, K. Á. 28. Vm. 31, Am. 55, Pm. 106. altaris-stika, u, f. a candlestick for an altar, Vm. 3. altaris-þjónusta, u, f. altar-service, 655 xxxii. I. al-tiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. civilly, Bs. i. 812. altingis = alþingis, adv. [þing, res] , quite, altogether, Pm. 24. al-tjaldaðr, adj. part, hung with tapestry all round, Fms. xi. 17, Sturl. iii. 193, Háv. 52. al-ugaðr, sincere, v. alhugaðr. al-úð, f. and in old writers almost constantly ölúð (with changed vowel), alyð, Clem. 43, [a contracted form from al-hugð, -hugr], affection, sincerity, freq. in mod. Icel. in this sense. But in old writers prop. used of hospitality, in such phrases as, taka við e-m með ö., to give a hearty re- ception to, Ld. 196, Fær. 156, Fs. 15; veita með ö., to give hospitable treat- ment, Fms. vi. 120. β. affection; hann gaf mér hringinn með mikilli ö., Fms. ii. 171; sakir gæzku þeirrar ok alúðar (affection) er Guð hafði við Abra- ham, for the sake of that kindness and love which God had toward Abra- ham, Ver. 78; Björn spyr tíðinda heldr tómliga af engri a., coolly, Bjarn. 53. Mod. also alúðliga, adv. heartily; alúðligr, adj. kind, hearty. COMPDS: alúðar-maðr, m. devoted friend, Fms. vi. 34. alúðar- vinr, m. sincere friend, Hkr. ii. 210, Ver. 15; ölúðarvinr, Fms. iv. 287. al-valdr, almighty; alvald, omnipotence; v. allv-. al-vara, u, f. [appears neither in Engl. nor Germ.; Dan. alvor]. 1. seriousness, earnestness; Gunnarr segir sér þat alvöru, Nj. 49, þorst. Stang. 50; áhyggjusamliga ok með mikilli a., with much earnestness, Fms. i. 141; taka e-t fyrir a., to take it in earnest, x. 77; vissa ek eigi at þér var a. við at taka, that you were in earnest, Band. 3. 2. affection = alúð (not used at present in that sense); hverigir lögðu fulla alvöru til annarra, Bs. i. 288; elskulig a. til e-s, hearty love, Fms. iii. 63; með alvöru ok blíðu, 144; er öll hans a. (inclination) til Ólafs konungs, vi. 32. COMPDS: alvöru-liga, adv. earnestly, Fms. ii. 211. alvöru-ligr, adj. earnest, devoted; a. vinátta, Fms. ii. 144. alvöru-samligr, adj. earnest look- ing, devoted; a. þjónosta, Fms. i. 261. al-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), seriously, earnestly, 655 xxxii. 21. β. intimately, devotedly; fagna e-m a., to receive heartily, Grett. 98 A. al-vaskligr, m. brisk, martial, Ld. 196, (Ed. allvaskligr.) al-vaxinn, adj. part, quite grown up, Ld. 132. al-vápnaðr, adj. part, in full armour, Eg. 422, 460, Fms. i. 81. al-vatr, adj. thoroughly wet, Fær. 184, Fbr. 23, K. Þ. K. 10. al-vel = allvell, adv. very well; albetr at sér, of much better appearance, Ld. 332, Glúm. 353: so the vellum MS. A. M. 132 in both these passages. al-vepni = alvæpni, full armour. al-verki and alverkja, adj. ind. aching, feeling pains all over the body [cp. the Scot. wark and werk and the provincial Engl. wark in the sense of ache, racking pain], Fms. v. 223, Bs. i. 615. al-virkr and alyrkr, adj. [verk], a. dagr, a working day, opp. to a holy day, N. G. L. i. 429, 153; cp. virkr. al-vista, adj. ind. paralysed, Fél. I. ix. 186. al-vitr, adj. all-wise, now partic. used of God, Clem. 33; superl. alvitr- astr, of greatest wisdom, used of a man of science, Sturl. i. 167. MS. Brit. Mus. 1127. al-vænn, adj. fair. al-væpni, n. [vápn], complete arms; hafa a., to be in full armour, fully armed, Nj. 93, 107, Eg. 46, 74, 88; með a., fully armed, Íb. ch. 7. al-værð, f., almost constantly ölværð (the change of vowel being caused by the following v), Bs. i. 593. l. 19, even spelt ölbærð, probably akin with alvara; hospitality, hearty reception, good treatment; taka við e-m með ö., Fms. xi. 52, 27, Fas. iii. 79; var þar uppi öll ö. af Gríms hendi, i. 172; bjóða honum með allri ö., kindness, hospitality, ii. 510; cp. also Bs. i. l. c., where full er ölbærð öllum means there is open house; the word is now obsolete. al-værliga and ölværliga, adv. hospitably, Ísl. ii. 348. al-yrkr, adj., a. dagr, a working day, v. alvirkr. al-þakinn, adj. part, thatched all over, Fms. i. 89; older form -iðr. al-þiljaðr, adj. part., old form -þilðr, completely wainscotted, Sturl. iii. 193: the vellum MS. has -þilðir, the Ed. -þiljaðir. al-þingi, n. [þing], mod. form albing, by dropping the inflective i; the gen., however, still remains unchanged, alþingis. The parliament or general assembly of the Icel. Commonwealth, invested with the supreme legislative and judicial power, consisting of the legislative lögrétta (q. v.), and the courts, v. dómr, fimtardómr, fjórðungsdómar; v. also goði, goðorð, lügsögumaðr, lögsaga, lögberg, and many other words referring to the constitution and functions of the alþingi. It was founded by Ulfljot about A. D. 930, Ib. ch. 3; and reformed by Thord Gellir A. D. 964, who instituted the courts and carried out the political divisions of Icel. into goðorð, fjórðungar, and þing, ch. 5. In the years 1272 and 1281 the alþing, to some extent, changed its old forms, in order to comply with the new state of things. In the year 1800 it was abolished altogether. A kind of parliament, under the old name alþingi, was again established in the year 1843, and sat at Reykjavík. Before the year 930 a general assembly was held in Kjalarnes, whence it was removed under the name of alþingi to the river Öxará, near to the mountain Ármannsfell. The much-debated passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 14 -- en þingit var þá undir Ármannsfelli -- therefore simply means that the events referred to hap- pened after the removal of the Kjalarnesping. The parliament at first met on the Thursday beginning the tenth week of the summer, which fell between the 11th and the 17th of June; by a law of the year 999 its opening was deferred to the next following Thursday, between the 18th and 24th of June, old style; after the union with Norway, or after A. D. 1272 or 1281, the time of meeting was further deferred to June 29. July 2 (Vis. B. V. M.) is hence called Þing-Maríumessa. The parliament lasted for a fortnight; the last day of the session, called

ALÞINGISDOMR -- ANDBLASINN. 19

vápnatak, because the weapons having been laid aside during the session were again taken (cp. Engl. wapentake), thus fell on the first or second Wednesday in July. As to the rules of the alþingi, vide esp. the first chapter of the Þ. Þ. Grág. (Kb.) i. p. 38 sqq. The most eventful years in the history of the alþingi are, A. D. 930 (foundation), 964 (reform), 1000 (introduction of Christianity), 1004 (institution of the Fifth Court), 1024 (repudiation of the attempt of the king of Norway to annex Iceland), 1096 (introduc- tion of tithes), 1117 (first codification of laws), 1262-1264 (submission to the king of Norway), 1272 and 1281 (new codes introduced). In the year 1338 there was no alþing held because of civil disturbances, eytt alþingi ok þóttu þat údærni, Ann. s. a., Grág. (Þ. Þ.) Íslend. bók, Kristni S., Njála, Sturl., Árna b. S., Ó. H. (1853), ch. 114; of modern writers, vide esp. Maurer, Entsteh. des Ísl. Staates; Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal; some of the Introductions by Jón Sigurðsson in D. I., esp. that to the Gamli Sáttmáli of the year 1262. COMPDS: alþingis-dómr, m. the court of justice in the a., Grág. i. 87, 130, alþingis-för, f. a journey to the a., Js. 6. alþingis-helgun, f. hallowing, inauguration of the a., cp. allsherjar goði, Landn. 336. alþingis-lof, n. permission, leave given by parliament; ef... sættist á víg fyrir a. fram, against the rules of the a. = unlawfully, Grág. ii. 173. alþingis-mál, n. parliamentary rules, proceedings of parliament; ef þeir taka eigi af alþingismáli, do not in- fringe the parliamentary rules, Grág. i. 103: in the legal phrase, at alþingismáli réttu ok allsherjar lögum, where the first rather denotes the form, the last the substance of the law. alþingis-nefna, u, f. nomi- nation to the legislative body and the courts, including dómnefna and lögréttuskipan, Grág. i. 5; cp. Íb. ch. 5. alþingis-reið, f. a journey to the a., Nj. 100, Grág. ii. 78. alþingis-sátt, f. an agreement entered into at the a. alþingiasáttar-hald, n. the keeping of sucb an agree- ment, Grág. i. 217, Sturl. i. 66. alþingis-sekt, f. a conviction in the courts. alþingissektar-hald, n., Stud. i. 66 (seems to be a false reading); v. the preceding word. al-þingis = öllúngis or öldungis, quite, altogether, D. N. (not Icel.) al-þjóð, f. rare and obsolete = alþýða, the commons, Ad. verse 17, Sonatorr. 9, 15; a. manna, Sturl. iii. 229, 125, Fms. vii. 240. al-þykkr, adj. quite thick, foggy, Stj. 1 Kings xviii. 45. al-þýða, u, f. the public, people; svá at a. vissi, Sd. 167; sagði þá allri alþýðu, told all people, Eg. 271. β. people assembled in a body; er þat bænarstaðr minn til allrar alþýðu, all the assembled commons, Nj. 189, Fms. i. 33. γ. í alþýðu lífi, in common life, 655 xxi. 3. With gen., a. manna = öll a., everybody, the overwhelming majority, bulk of people assem- bled, Eg. 193, where it is used of the household; a. manna var á brott farin, nearly all people had left, 220; a. manna gerðu (pl.) góðan róm at máli hans, the whole meeting cheered his speech, Fms. vii. 242. It is now almost solely used of the common people, allt fólk, bæði ríka menn (wealthy) ok alþýðu, Fms. v. 113; cp. alþýðis-fólk. COMPDS: alþýðu -- drykkja, u, f. a common banquet, Sturl. ii. 245. alþýðu-leið, f. a high road, Eg. 579, Bjarn. 49. alþýðu-lof, n. popularity, general praise, Hkr. iii. 31. alþyðu-maðr, m. a working man, Vd. 172 old Ed., wrongly instead of alþýða manna, Fs. 67. alþýðu-mál, n. common, general report, þat er a. at, Hkr. iii. 34. alþýðu-skap, n., in the phrase, vera ekki við a., to be unpopular, úvinsæll ok lítt við a., Fs. 63. alþyðu-tal, n. reckoning, common calculation, Íb. ch. 7, Rb. 18. al- þyðu-vápn, n. common weapons, Fas. iii. 620. albýðu-vegr, m. a public road, Sturl. i. 36, Hkr. iii. 54. alþýðu-virðing, f. public opinion, consensus popularis, Bs. i. 158. alþýðu-vitni, n. universal tes- timony, Sks. 12. alþýðu-þyss, m. a general tumult, Bs. i. 46, Hom. 46. al-þýðask, dd, dep. in the phrase, a. til e-s, to incline towards, attach oneself to, Fms. vi. 135. al-þýði, n. = alþýða, and alþýðis-fólk, id., Bs. i. 805. al-þýðligr, adj. common, general; a. maðr = menskr maðr, a common man, Fas. ii. 251; í alþýðligri ræðu, common parlance, Skálda 185; hitt væri alþýðlegra (more plain), at segja, 208; a. fyrir sakir siðferðis, of plain manners, Finnb. 298. al-þægr, adj. [þiggja], quite acceptable, pleasant to, Hom. 75. al-œstr, adj. part, excited, stirred up, Sks. 230. AMA, að, to vex, annoy, molest; with dat. of the person, eigi skuluð þér a. Ruth, Stj. 423, Fms. i. 244. β. dep. (more freq.), amast við e-n, to annoy, molest, in order to get rid of one, Landn. 66, Nj. 130, 199, v. l.; ömuðust liðsmenn lítt við hana, Fms. v. 305, vii. 166, Fs. 32; at hann mundi eigi a. við (object to) bygð hans, Sd. 139: absol. to dislike, Nj. 167. ami, a, m. vexation, annoyance, is now used in the phrase, að vera e-m til ama, to become a cause of vexation to: ama-samr, adj. and ama- semi, f. bad humour; cp. also ömurligr, distressing; amatligr, loathsome. amallera, að, to enamel (Fr. word émailler), Fms. xi. 427, Vm. 152, 165. amathysti, a, m. amethyst (for. word), Str. amatligr or ámátligr, adj. loathsome, hideous (freq. at the present day), Hkv. 1. 38. amban, f., ambana, að, and ambim, ambuna, recompense (Norse); v. ömbun, ömbuna. AMBÁTT, pl. ir, f. [cp. Ulf. andbahts = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. ambight; Hel. ambaht, servitium; O. H. G. ampaht; hence the mod. Germ, amt, Dan. embede, Icel. embætti; the mod. Rom. ambassador, ambassade are of the same stock; Ital. ambasciadore, nuntius; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. 6. 15 -- circum se ambactos clientesque habent, v. Diez on this root. The Icel. am- is an assimilated form from and-], a bondwoman, handmaid; þræll eðr a., Grág. ii. 152, 156. (where the older form ambótt), N. G. L. i. 76; konungs a., freq. of a royal concubine, Fms. i. 14, Fagrsk. ch. 21: cp. embætta and embætti. Cp. also mod. ambaga, u, f. an awkward person; amböguligr, adj. and ambögu-skapr, m. clumsy manners, perh. all of them related to ambótt. COMPDS: ambáttar-barn, n. child of an a., Fms. i. 72. ambáttar -- dóttir, f. daughter of an a., Eg. 345. ambáttarligr, adj. vile, like an a., Fas. i. 244. ambáttar- mót, n. expression of an a., Fas. i. 147. ambáttar-sonr, m. son of an a., Grág. i. 363, Ld. 70, 98. ambátta-fang, n. a term of contempt, a woman's tussle, as it were between two bondswomen, Sd. 162 (of wrestling). amb-höfði, a, m. a nickname of uncertain signification. Egilsson sup- poses that of bi-ceps: most probably amb- denotes some animal; cp. Hjart-höfði, Hart-head, and Orkn-höfði, Seal-head, Sturl. i. 35 (in a verse). amboð, n. utensils, v. andboð. AMLÓÐI, a, m. 1. the true name of the mythical prince of Denmark, Amlethus of Saxo, Hamlet of Shakespeare. 2. now used metaph. of an imbecile, weak person, one of weak bodily frame, wanting in strength or briskness, unable to do his work, not up to the mark. It is used in phrases such as, þú ert mesti Amlóði, what a great A. you are, i. e. poor, weak fellow. In a poem of the 10th century (Edda 67), the sea- shore is called the flour-bin of Amlode (meldr-lið Amlúða, navis farinae Amlodif), the sand being the flour, the sea the mill: which recals the words of Hamlet in Saxo, -- 'sabulum perinde ac farra aspicere jussus eadem albicantibus maris procellis permolita esse respondit.' From this poem it may be inferred that in the 10th century the tale of Hamlet was told in Icel., and in a shape much like that given it by Saxo about 250 years later. Did not Saxo (as he mentions in his preface) write his story from the oral tradition of Icelanders? In Iceland this tale was lost, together with the Skjölduaga Saga. The Icel. Ambales Saga MS. in the Brit. Mus. is a modern composition of the 17th century. COMPDS now in freq. use: amlóðaligr, adj. imbecile; amlóða-skapr, m., or amlóða-háttr, imbecility; also amlóðast, dep. Torfaeus, in his Series Reg. Dan. p. 302, quotes an old Swedish rhyme running thus: 'Tha slog konungen handom samman | och log fast och gorde aff gamnian | rett some han vore en Amblode | then sig intet godt forstode,' where it means a fool, simpleton, denoting a mental imbecility. [Perhaps the A. S. homola is cognate; thus in the Laws of King Alfred, ' Gif he hine on bismor to homolan bescire,' if he in mockery shave his (a churl's) head like a fool, which Lambarde renders morionis in morem: see Thorpe's Anc. Laws ii. Gloss. sub voce, and cp. the quotation from Weber's Metrical Romances ii. 340.] AMMA, u, f. [cp. afi], grandmother; now in freq. use, but rarely in the Sagas, which use föður-móðir and móður-móðir, Hým. 7, Rm. 16, Edda 109, Nj. 119, Ld. 328. In compds, ömmu-bróðir, ömmu- systir, etc.; lang-amma, u, f. is a great-grandmother. [In Germ. amme means a nurse.] ampli, a, m. and hömpull, s, m. [ampulla], a jug, Vm. 6, 47, Dipl. iii. 4, B. K. 31. COMPD: ömpuls-brot, n. a potsherd, Pm. 93. amra, að, to howl piteously, Fs. 45 (of cats); cp. ömurligr, piteous, and ömruligr, adj. id. amstr, n. [cp. Germ, amsteig = palearium], a rick, Orkn. 448, an GREEK GREEK amstr now means toil: cp. amstrast, að, to toil. AN, conj. than, Lat. quam, is the old form, and constantly used in MSS. of the 12th century, instead of 'en' or 'enn,' q. v. ANA, að, to rush on, now freq. AND-, a prefixed prep. [Ulf. uses a separate prep. and; A. S. and-; Germ, ant-, ent-, empf-; it exists in Engl. in an-swer; Lat. ante-; Gr. GREEK], denoting whatever is opposite, against, towards, and metaph. hostile, adverse; freq. spelt and pronounced an- or ann-; it is used in a great many compds, v. below. If followed by v, the a changes into ö, e. g. öndverðr, adversus; in andvirði, prize, however, the a is unchanged. ANDA, að, [Ulf. has us-anan = GREEK; cp. Gr. GREEK, wind, and Lat. animus, anima, spirit, breath: the Germans say geist, spirit, and athmen, spirare: Ulf. translates GREEK by ahma, voûs by aha; Hel. spiritus by gêst and athom, whence Germ. athmen: cp. Swed. ånd, ånde, spiritus, spirare.] I. act. to breathe, and of the wind, to waft; meðan þeir megu anda ok upp standa, Bs. i. 224, Karl. 95; þórðr andar nú handan, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse). II. dep. andast, to breathe one's last, expire; Mörðr Gígja tók sótt ok andaðist, Fiddle Mord 'took sick' and breathed his last, Nj. 29; en ef svá ferr at ek öndumk, but if it fares so that I die. Eg. 127; þar hefir andast faðir minn, Fas. iii. 619. Part. andaðr, dead; hón var þá onduð, had breathed her last, Ld. 16; jarlinn vai þá a., Fms. i. 149. anda- and andar-, the compds belonging to önd, anima, and önd, a duck, v. sub voce önd. and-blásinn, adj. part, [önd], inflated, Skálda 169.

20 ANDDYRI -- ANDVANA.

and-dyri and anndyri, n. [Lat. atrium; from önd, atrium, q. v.], a porch; hón dró hann fram yfir dyrnar ok svá í anddyrit, Grett. 140, Nj. 140, Fms. ii. 148, Bs. i. 804. and-fang, n. esp. pl. [Germ, empfang], reception, hospitality, Vþm. 8. and-fælur, f. pl. [önd], 'the horrors,' in the phrase, vakna með and- fælum, of one suddenly awakening from a bad dream, or from being frightened when asleep, Fas. iii. 256, Fél. ix. 188. and-fætingr, s, m. [and-], transl. of Antipodes in Pliny, Stj. 94. Now used in the mod. sense of Antipodes; also in the phrase, sofa andfætis, or andfæting, of two sleeping in a bed 'heads and heels.' and-hlaup, n. suffocation, Eg. 553. and-hvalr, s, m. balaena rostrata, now called andarnefja, u, f., Edda (Gl.), Sks. 123 A. and-hæli, n. monstrosity, absurdity; medic, the heels being in the place of the toes, Fél. ix. 188. andhælisligr, adj. absurd. andi, a, m. 1. prop, breath, breathing; af anda fisksins, Edda 19; cp. hverr andalauss lifir, who lives without breathing, in the Riddles of Gestumblindi, Fas. i. 482; af anda hans, Greg. 20, Sks. 41 B; andi er Ingimundar, ekki góðr á bekkinn, of foul breath, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse). 2. a current of air; andi handar þinnar, air caused by the waving of the hand, 623. 33: now freq. of a soft breeze. 3. (gramm.) aspiration; linr, snarpr a., Skálda 175, 179. II. nietaph. and of Christian origin, spirit. In the Icel. translation of the N. T. andi answers to GREEK, sál to GREEK (cp. Luke i. 46, 47); Guð skapaði líkamann ok andann, Mar. 656; taki þér við líkamanum en Drottinn við andanum, id.; gjalda Guði sinn anda, Mar. 39 (Fr.); hjarta, andi ok vizka, id. In some of these cases it may answer to GREEK, but the mod. use is more strict: as a rule there is a distinction between 'önd,' f. anima, and 'andi,' m. animus, yet in some cases both are used indifferently, thus Luke xxiii. 46 is translated by 'andi,' yet 'önd' is more freq., Pass. 44. 21, 45. I. 2. spirit, spiritual being (önd is never used in this sense); John iv. 24, Guð er andi, and, tilbiðja í anda, GREEK. 3. the Holy Ghost, Nj. 164, Rb. 80. 4. angels; þessháttar eldr brennir andana, Stj. 41. 5. in a profane sense; álfr eða a., Fas. i. 313. 6. spiritual gift; í krapti ok í anda Heliæ, Hom. 104. Luke i. 17, Sks. 565. COMPDS: anda-gipt, f. inspiration, gift of the Holy Ghost, Fms. iv. 48. anda-kast, n. breathing, Fas. iii. 348. andaliga, adv. spiritually, = andliga, Fms. v. 230. anda- ligr, adj. spiritual, = andligr, Stj. 8, Dipl. ii. 11. and-kostr = annkostr, purpose. and-langr, m. (poët.) name of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.) and-lauss, adj. [önd], breathless, lifeless, exanimis; a. hlutir, Eluc. 9. and-lát, n. [önd, anima; lát, damnum], 'loss of breath,' death; þá er þú fregn a. mitt, 623. 43; a. Magnúss konungs, Gizurar biskups, etc., Bs. i. 65, 70, Eg. 119, 367. β. the last gasp, the very moment of death; þá var konungr nær andláti, Hkr. i. 160; var hann þá beint í andláti, Fms. vi. 230; ok er hann fann at nær dró at andláti hans, his last moments drew near, viii. 446: andlát has the notion of a quiet, easy death; líflát, a violent death; but both are only used in a dignified sense. COMPDS: andláts-dagr, m. day of death, Bs. i. 466. and- láts-dægr, n. id., 686 B. andláts-sorg, f. grief for a death, Stj. 196. andláts-tíð, f. and -tími, a, m. time of death, Greg. 78, Stj. 9. andliga, adv. spiritually, Sks. 614, 649, Stj. 27, 34, Hom. 57. andligr, adj. [Hel. translates spiritualis by gëstlic, Germ. geistlich, Ulf. GREEK by ahmeins] , spiritual; in the N. T. GREEK is translated by andligr, 1 Cor. xv. 44: a. fagnaðr, 656 C; a. herklæði, 656 A. ii. 18; a. skilning, Greg. 23; a. líf, Skálda 199; biskup hefir andligt vald til andligra hluta, a bishop has spiritual power in spiritual things (opp. to veraldligr, GREEK), Gþl. 73; andlig skírn, Hom. 52. and-lit, n. and annlit, [and-, adversus, and líta; Ulf. andavleizns = GREEK; A. S. andvlite; Germ, antlitz], a face, countenance; á andliti þeirra, 623. 61; sá ek annlit þitt, id., Nj. 16; þangat horfi anlit er hnakki skyldi, N. G. L. i. 12; Hom. 7 renders in faciem by í andliti. Metaph. auglit is used as more dignified; í augliti Guðs (not andliti), GREEK, in the eyes or sight of God. COMPDS: andlits- björg, f. visor, Sks. 406. andlits-farinn, adj. in the phrase, vel a., of fair, well-formed features, better in two words (andliti farinn), Sturl. iii. 178 C. andlits-mein, n. cancer in the face, Sturl. ii. 185. andlits-sköp, n. pl. lineaments of the face, N. G. L. i. 339; vel andlits sköpum, of well-formed features, Fms. viii. 238. and-marki, ann-, and an-, a, m. [and-, mark], a fault, flaw, blemish; ókostir eðr andmarkar, Grág. i. 313; ef annmarkar þeir verða á búfénu, 429; þú leyndir anmarka á honum, Nj. 8. p. nietaph. in moral sense, trespasses; iðran annmarka, 625. 90; used as a nickname, Gísl. 32. COMPDS: annmarka-fullr, adj. full of faults, Fms. vi. 110. ann- marka-lauss, adj. faultless, Grág. i. 287. and-máligr, adj. contentious, quarrelsome, Fms. ii. 154, Magn. 448. and-mæli, n. contradiction, 4. 25. and-nes, n. and annes, [and-, nes], a promontory or point of land, Hkr. i. 313, Fms. viii. 147, Fær. 83. and-orða, adj. ind. [cp. Ulf. andavaurd; Germ. antwort], the Icel. use svar or andsvar (Engl. answer) in this sense; andorða only appears in the phrase, að verða a., to come to words with, Rd. 300, Korm. 11O (rare). and-óf, n. prob. = and-þóf, prop. a paddling with the oars, so as to bring the boat to lie against wind and stream. Metaph., við nokkuru andófi, after a somewhat hard struggle, Fbr. 84. 2. a division in a ship, fremsta rúm í skipi kallast a., Fél. ix. 3. and-ramr, adj. (andremma, u, f.) having foul breath, Sturl. i. 20. ANDRAR, m. pl. [Ivar Aasen a wander], snow shoes, in sing. prob. öndurr, cp. the compds öndor-dís and öndor-goð, used of the goddess Skaði, in the Edda; found only in Norway, where the word is still in use; in Icel. only remaining in the proverb snæliga snuggir kváðu Finnar, áttu andra fala, Fms. vii. 20, of a silly act, to sell one's snow shoes just when it begins to snow. Prob. a Finnish word; v. skíð. and-rá, f. [contr. = anddrag(?), mod. word], breath, in the phrase, í sömu a., at the very same breath, instantly. and-róði, a, and andróðr, rs, m. the later form more freq. [and-, róa], pulling against stream and wind; Einarr átti gildan andróða, E. had a hard pull, Fms. vi. 379, v. l. andróðr; róa andróða, vii. 310, (andróðr, Hkr. iii. 440); þeir tóku mikinn andróða, they had a hard pull, Fms. viii. 438, v. l. andróðr; ok er þá sem þeir hafi andróða, Greg. 31; taka andróðra (acc. pl.), Fms. viii. 131, Hkr. iii. 440: cp. the proverb bíðendr eigu byr en bráðir andróða, those who bide have a fair wind, those who are hasty a foul, festina lente, 'more haste worse speed;' the last part is omitted in old writers when quoting this proverb. and-saka, að, (annsaka, Bret. 162), [A. S. andsäc], to accuse, with acc., Al. 23; hann andsakaði (reprimanded) sveinana harðliga, Sturl. iii. 123. and-skoti and annskoti, a, m. [and-, ädversus; skjóta, skoti], prop. an opponent, adversary, one who 'shoots from the opposite ranks;' a. lýðs várs ok laga várra, 655 xvi. B; þeir höfðu heyrt at andskotar þeirra vildi verja þeim vígi þingvöllinn, they had heard that their adversaries would keep them by a fight from the parliament field, Íb. ch. 7; eigi mun ek vera í andskota flokki móti honum, Fms. v. 269. 2. metaph. a fiend, devil, transl. of Satan, now only used in that sense and in swearing; nú hefir a. fundit færi á at freista yðvar, Post. 656; far í brott a., GREEK GREEK, 146; a. ok þeir englar er eptir honumhurfu, Ver. I; dökvir þik, anskoti (voc.), 623. 31, Hom. 108, 109, K. Á. 20. COMPD: and- skota-flokkr, m. a band of enemies, Fms. v. 269, Grág. ii. 19. and-spilli and andspjall, n. colloquy, discourse, Skm. 11, 12. and-spænis, adv., a. móti e-m, just opposite, the metaph. being taken from a target (spánn), Snót 127. and-stefna, d, to stem against, Fas. iii. 50 (rare). and-streymi, n. prop, against the tide or current; metaph. adversity, Fr. and-streymr, adj. running against stream; metaph. difficult, cross; Sig- hvatr var heldr a. um eptirmálin, hard to come to terms with, Sturl. ii. 42; andstreym örlög, ill-fate, Al. 69; kvað Svein jafnan andstreyman verit hafa þeim frændum, had always set his face against, Orkn. 39O. and-stygð, f. disgust; vera a. af e-u (now, at e-u), dislike, Róm. 265. and-styggiligr, adj. odious, abominable, Hkr. iii. 273. and-styggr, adj. id., Hom. 102, 623. 31, Sks. 539. and-svar and annsvar, n. [A. S. andsvaru; Hel. uses andvordi and andvordian = respondere; Ulf. andavaurd] , an 'answer,' response, but in old writers esp. a decision; vera skjótr í andsvörum, prompt in deciding, Fms. i. 277; sagðist til hans hafa vikit um ansvarit, put the case under his decision, vi. 354; munu vit tala fleira áðr ek veita því andsvör, before I decide, Ld. 80; in N. G. L. i. 86 it seems to mean protest, intervention: used of the echo in Al. 35. COMPD: andsvara-maðr, m. a law term, a respondent, defender, Jb. 30. and-svara and annsvara, að, to answer; þá annsvarar konungrinn, Fms. xi. 56, rare, and in a more formal sense than the simple verb svara. β. answer, to be responsible for; sem ek vil a. fyrir Guði, as I will answer before God, Gþl. 66; v. anza or ansa. and-syptir, m. [önd, anima, or and-?], sobbing, sighing, hysterical fit, Hom. 121; [Engl. sob; Germ. seufzen]. and-sælis, in common talk andhælis, adv. [sól], against the course of the sun (cp. the Scot. 'widdershins,' that is, going against the sunshine or the sun's light, a direction universally considered both in England and Scotland to be most unlucky; see the quot. in Jamieson sub voce), Ísl. ii. 154, Rb. 134; esp. used of witches and 'uncanny' appearances; þat gékk öfugt um húsit ok a., itwent backwards about the house and against the sun's course, Eb. 268, Gísl. 33, cp. Fs. (Vd.) 43, 59; hon gékk öfug a. um tréit, ok hafði þar yfir mörg röm ummæli, Grett. 151. β. ansælis or andhælis is used of everything that goes backwards, wrong, or perversely; cp. andærr and andæris. and-vaka, u, f. sleeplessness, GREEK, caused by care or grief, Fms. i. 82; mostly used in pl. β. medic, agrypnia, Fél. ix. 189, Bs. i. 251. γ wakefulness, Hom. 108. In the Máfhlíð. vísur, Eb. ch. 19, andvaka unda = a sword, the 'awakener' of wounds; (cp. vekja blóð.) and-vaki, adj. ind. sleepless, now andvaka; liggja a., to lie awake, Al. 71, Barl. 10, Mag. 80. and-vana and andvani, adj. ind., and now andvanr, adj. I. [and- and vanr, solitus], destitute, wanting; with gen., a. átu, lífs a., auðs

ANDVARÐA -- ANNARR. 21

ok alls gamans a., Hkv. 2. 31, Völs. kviður, Lex. Poët.; alls a. nema víls ok vesaldar, Fms. iii. 95; a. heilsu, Magn. 512; alls a., of the beggar Lazarus, Greg. 24; a. þeirrar þjónustu, in want of, Post. 656 B; margs a., Bret. 174; a eigna várra, having lost our lands, 208. II. [önd, anima] , now = exanimis; andvana lík, a lifeless corpse, Pass. 4. 23. and-varða, að, to hand over [cp. Dan. overantvorde] , rare, Fr. and-vari, a, m. I. a fish of prey, gurnard, Lat. miluus, Edda (Gl.); tke name of the gurnard-shaped dwarf, Edda 72; the owner of a fatal ring, hence called andvara-nautr: cp. Skv. 1. 2, Andvari ek heiti ... margan hefi ek fors um farit. II. in mod. usage, a soft breeze, and metaph. watchfulness, vigilance, in such phrases as, hafa andvara á sér, Pass. 15. 6: andvara-lauss, adj. heedless; andvara-leysi, f. mostly in a theol. sense, etc. COMPD: andvara-gestr, m. an unwelcome guest, in the phrase, vera e-m a., Fbr. 7, 24 new Ed. (now freq.) and-varp, n. the act of heaving a sob, sigh, 655 xx. 4, Sks. 39, 688. Freq. in theol. writers, Pass. 40. 7. and-varpa, að, to sob, sigh, breathe deeply, Fms. x. 338, Hom. 155, Sks. 225 (freq.) and-varpan, f. sobbing, Hom. 124, Stj. 149. and-vegi, throne, v. öndvegi. andverðr, adverse, v. öndverðr. and-viðri, n. [veðr], head wind, Fbr. 67, Eg. 87, Fms. i. 203. and-virði, n. [verð], worth, equivalent, value, price; þá skal þat kaup ganga aptr en hinn hafi a. sitt, Gþl. 491; haf þú nú allt saman, skikkjuna ok a., Lv. 50; allt a. hvalsins, the whole value of, Greg. ii. 375; hann tekr þar á móti ofdrykkjuna ok hennar a., reward, Fms. viii. 251. and-virki and annvirki, n. [önn, labour (?); cp. old Germ, ant- werk = machina]. I. in Icel. writers esp. used of bay and bay- stacks; ef eldr kemr í hús manns eðr a., K. Þ. K. 78, 82; færa, reiða a., to carry into the barn, Grág. ii. 122, Lv. 211; nema fé gangi í akr, engi, töður eðr a., Grág. ii. 299; nautafjöldi var kominn í tún ok vildi brjóta a., ... throw down the cocks, Glúm. 342, Boll. 336; sendi Úlfarr menn upp á hálsinn at sjá um a. sitt þat er þar stóð; cp. little below, stórsæti, large ricks, Eb. 152. II. in Norway more generally used of crop, tillage, agricultural implements; garð þann sem um a. (barley ricks? ) stendr, Gþl. 381; ef menn brenna a. manna, N. G. L. i. 244; a. (produce) manna hvatki sem er, 251, Jb. 312; þá skal hann þar etja öllu sinu a. á, 357; viðarköst, timbr, grindr, sleða eðr önnur a., implements (some MSS. read amboð), 258, v. l. Metaph., legit hafa mér a. nær garði, en at berjast við þik fyrir sakleysi, business more urgent than to ..., Grett. 110 A. and-vitni, n. a law term. I. Icel. contradictory testimony, such as was contrary to law. Thus defined: þat er a. er menn bera gegn því sem áðr er borit, vætti í gegn kvið, eðr kviðr í gegn vætti, svá at eigi má hvárttveggja rétt vera, Grág. i. 59, 60; it was liable to the lesser out- lawry, skoluð menn a. bera ok hér á þingi, en ef menn bera, ok varðar þat útlegð, enda á þat einskis at meta, id.; en ef menn bera þat a. varðar þat fjörbaugsgarð, ii. 272; bera þeir a. guðunum, false witness against the gods, 655 xiii. B. I. II. Norse, where it appears to mean contra- dictory testimony, such as was usually admissible; ok koma eigi a. móti, N. G. L. ii. 89, v. l.; svá er ef einn ber vitni með manni sem engi beri, en tveir sem tíu, ef maðr uggir eigi a. móti, if one bears witness for a man it is as though no man bore witness for him, but two are as good as ten, if a man doth not fear that contradictory evidence will be brought against him, 150. and-vígr, adj. in the phrase, vera e-m a., a match for ..., as good a swordsman as...; hann var eigi meirr enn a. einum þeirra bræðra, Fms. ii. 165; sagði Gellir sik fleirum mönnum a. en einum, Bs. i. 649. and-yrði, n. pl. [v. andorða], objection, Sks. 76. and-æfa, ð, [v. andóf; Ivar Aasen andöva and andov], a boating term, to paddle against tide, current, and wind, so as to prevent the boat from drifting astern; þá féll á stormr svá mikill, at þeir fengu eigi betr en andæft, had nothing better than to lay to, Sturl. ii. 121; the vellum MSS. wrongly andhætt. 2. metaph. in the corrupt form andæpta, to reply feebly against; with dat., ekki er þess getið at Þórðr andæpti þessari vísu, Th. returned no reply to this libel, Sturl. i. 22. Now absol. to speak in a disjointed way, to ejaculate; andæpti skáld upp úr móðu, fram eru feigs götur; skilja sköp, skamt er að landi, brosir bakki mót, of rhymed incoherent words of a poet in the act of sinking beneath the waves, vide Espól. Ísl. Árb. the year 1823, Sigurðr Breiðfjörð in a poem in the Smámunir. and-æris, adv. [ár, remus], crossly, perversely, a figure taken from pull- ing, Lex. Poët.; freq. in the corrupt form andhælis. and-ærligr, adj. cross, odd, Lex. Poët.; now andhælislegr. ang, n. sweet savour, fragrance; með unað ok ang, Bs. ii. 10. ANGA, að, [Norse aanga; Swed. ånga] , to give out a sweet scent, odour; ilmr angar mjök sætliga, Mar. Fr.; now freq. angan, f. sweet odour; angan Friggjar, the love of Frigga, Vsp. 54; some MSS. read angantýr, the sweetheart, husband of Frigga. angi, a, m. [Norse angie] . I. sweet odour; þvílíkan ilm ok anga sem cedrus, Stj. 73, etc. II. [cp. A. S. anga = aculeus, stimulus], a spine or prickle, in the phrase, þetta mál hefir anga, has a sting, is not good to touch, Bs. ii. 52. Now often used in pl. and used of a sprout, fibre in fruits or plants; metaph. a spoilt boy is called angi, 'a pickle:' as to the root, cp. öngull, hamus, and the English angle: angilja, u, f. is, according to Björn, one of the bones of a fish. angist, f. [Lat. angustia; Fr. angoisse; Engl. anguish; Germ, angst] , anguish, esp. in theol. writers, Stj. 31, 51, 55, 106, 114. COMPDS: angistar-ár, n. a year of misery, Stj. angistar-neyð, f. distress, Stj. angistar-tími, a, m. an hour of pain, Stj. angistast, að (?), dep. to be vexed, Stj. 121. ANGR, m. (now always n., Pass. 1. 4, and so Bs. i. 195); gen.rs, [cp. Engl. anger, Lat. angor.] I. grief, sorrow; þann angr, Bær. 12; upp á minn a. ok skaða, Stj. 215; minn harm ok a., Bær. 14; með margskonar angri, Fms.x.401; sorg eðr a., Háv. 51; ekki angr(s), Hkv. Hjörv. 10. II. in Norse local names freq. = bay, firth, e. g. Staf-angr, Harð-angr, etc. etc. (never in Icel.): kaupangr in Norway means a town, village, sinus mer- catorius, [cp. the English 'Chipping' in Chipping Norton, Chipping Ongar, etc., and in London, 'Cheapside,'] these places being situated at the bottom of the firths: fjörðr hardly ever occurs in local names in Norway, but always angr; cp. the pun on angr, moeror, and angr, sinus, Fas. ii. 91. The word is obsolete in the historical age and scarcely appears as a pure appellative, Edda (Gl.), Fms. xii, Munch's Map and Geogr. of Norway. [Root probably Lat. ang- in ango, angustus, angiportus.] angra, að, to anger, grieve, vex, with acc., Fms. xi. 393; mik hefir angrað hungr ok frost, Fms. ii. 59: with dat., hvárt sem mér a. reykr eða bruni, Nj. 201, Stj. 21: impers. to be grieved, a. honum mjök, Fas. ii. 296: more freq. with acc., Finnb. 234, Bs. i. 289; mik angrar mart hvað, Hallgrím. β. reflex., angrask, to be angered; a. af e-u, to take offence at, Bs. i. 280; við e-t, Fas. iii. 364. γ. part. angraðr, used as adj. sorrowful, angry; reiðr ok a., El. 14; pronounced angráðr, con- cerned; in the phrase, göra sér angrátt, um, to feel a pang, Gísl. 85. angran, f. sorrow. Fas. iii. 364. angr-fullr, adj. full of care, Str. 55. angr-gapi, a, m. a rude, silly fool, [the French gobemouche] , Bs. i. 806, Mag. 64 (Ed.); sem a. at svara fólsku tignum mönnum, Sturl. iii. 138. angr-lauss, adj. free from care, Lat. securus, Hkv. 2. 45. angr-ligr, adj. sad, Bs. ii. 163. angr-ljóð, n. pl. funeral songs, dirges, neniae, Hkv. 2. 44. angr-lyndi, n. [lund], concern, low spirits, Gísl. 85. angr-mæðask, dd, dep. to be in low spirits, Fr. angr-samligr, adj. and angr-samliga, adv. sorrowful, sorrowfully, Stj. 655 xxxii. angr-samt, adj. full of grief, depressed, downcast, Stj., Barl., Vápn. 17; neut., e-m er a., to be in low spirits, Fms. viii. 29. β. troublesome, Stj. (of gnats). angr-semd and angrsemi, f. grief, Mar., Ver. 2. angr-væri, f. dejection, Hkr. iii. 253; now also angr-vær, adj. dejected. angr-æði, f. moody temper, sullenness, Fr. an-könn, f. [and-kenna], a flaw, fault, = anmarki, only as gen. pl. in the COMPDS ankanna-fullr, adj. full of faults, Sks. 76 new Ed., v. l. ankanna-laust, n. adj. a law term, uncontested, used of an inheritance or possession where there is no legal claimant; skal hann eignast a. allt Noregs konungs veldi, he s hall hold as his own all the power of Norway's king without a rival, Fagrsk. 97; Magnús konungr hafði þá ríki einn- saman ok a., i. e. there were no pretenders, Fms. x. 413. ann- in several compds, v. and-. ANNA, að, [önn, labor; Ivar Aasen anna: the root is not found in Goth.] I. act. but rare; with dat. in the sense to be able to do; eg anna því ekki, I cannot manage that: absol., geldingar svá holdir, at þeir anni á degi ofan í Odda, ellipt. = anni at ganga, that they can walk, Vm. 28. II. dep. freq.: 1. with acc., o. a law term; in cases involving support, to take care, provide for, to support; þá skal móðirin þau börn annast, Grág. i. 240; a. úmaga, 243, 294; a. sik, to support oneself, Fms. vi. 204; úmegð, Rd. 234. β. more generally to take care of; mál þetta mun ek a., Glúm. 358. γ. to engage in battle; tveir skyldi annast einnhvern þeirra; þeir Barði ok Steinn skyldi a. Ketil brúsa, Ísl. (Hvs.) ii. 356. 2. a. um e-t, to be busy about, trouble oneself about; a. um matreiðu, to cook, Nj. 75; hann a. ekki um bú, Glúm. 342, 359. annarligr, adj. strange, alien, Stj. 188; metaph., Skálda 193. ANNARR, önnur, annat, adj.; pl. aðrir; gen. pl. annarra; dat. sing. f. annarri, [Ulf. anþar; A. S. oþar; Engl. other; Germ, andere; Swed. andra and annan: in Icel. assimilated, and, if followed by an r, the nn changes into ð.] I.= GREEK, alter: 1. one of two, the other; tveir formenn þeirra, hét annarr, the one of them, Fms. ix. 372; sá er af öðrum ber, be that gets the better of it, Nj. 15; a. augat, Fms. ii. 61; á öðrum fæti, Bs. i. 387, Edda 42; annarri hendi..., en annarri, with the one hand ..., with the other, Eb. 250, 238; á aðra hönd, on the one side, Grág. i. 432, Nj. 50; a. kné, Bs. i. 680; til annarrar handar, Nj. 50; annarr--annarr, one--other; gullkross á öðrum en ari af gulli á öðrum, Fms. x. 15. Peculiar is the phrase, við annan, þriðja, fjórða ... mann, = being two, three, four...altogether; við annan, oneself and one besides, Eb. 60; cp. the Greek GREEK, two talents and a half, Germ. anderthalh. 2. secundus, a cardinal number, the second; sá maðn

22 ANNARSKONAR -- APALDK

var þar a. íslenzkr, Fms. xi. 129; í annat sinn, for the second time, Ib. ch. I, 9; a. vetr aldrs hans, Bs. i. 415; höggr harm þegar annat (viz. högg), a second blow, Sturl. ii. 118. (3. the next following, Lat. proximus; á öðru hausti, the next autumn, Ísl. ii. 228; önnur misseri, (be following year, Bs. i. 437, 417; a. sumar eptir, 415, Fms. i. 237. Metaph. the second, next in value or rank, or the like; annat mest hof i Noregi, the ne x t greatest temple, Nj. 129; a. mestr höfðingi, the next in power, Ísl. ii. 202; fjolmennast þing, annat eptir brennu Njáls, the fullest parliament next to that after the burning of N., 259; vitrastr lögmanna annarr en Skapti, the wisest speaker next after S., Bs. i. 28; a. mestr maðr í Danmörk, the next greatest man, Fms. xi. 51; annat bezt riki, v. 297; var annarr sterkastr er net Freysteinn, the next strongest champion, Eb. 156; mestrar náttúru a. en jþorsteinn, Fs. 74, Fms. iv. 58. II. = a\\os, alius, one of many, other, both in sing, and pl.; hon lék á gólfinu við aðrar meyjar, Nj. 2; mart var með henni annara kvenna, i. e. many women besides, 50; jafnt sekr sem aðrir menu, a s guilty as anybody else, Grág. i. 432; einginn annarra Knúts manna, none besides, Fms. x. 192; ef þeir gerði lönd sin helgari enn aðrar jarðir, ... th aw a llother grounds, Eb. 20; er Þórólfr hafði tignað um fram aðra staði, ... more than any other place, id.; kalla þá jörð nú eigi heigari enn aðra, id.; tók Börkr þann kost er hann hafði öðrum ætlað, 40; Jaórarinn vann eið ... ok tíu menn aðrir, Tb. and ten men be- sides, 48; þeir þóttust fyrir öðrum mönnum, ... ov er a llother people, 20; góðr drengr um fram alla menu aðra, 30; af eyjum ok öðru sjófangi, o ther produce of the sea, 12; hann skal tvá menu nefna aðra en sik, ... besides himself, Grág. 5-57; hann var örvari af fé enn nokkurr annarr, . . . than anybody else, Bret.; jafnt sem annat fúlgufé, a s any other money, Grág. i. 432. 2. other, different, in the proverb, ol er annarr maðr, a le (a drunken man) i s another man, is not the true man, never mind what be says, Grett. 98; the proverb is also used reversely, ol er innri (the inner) maðr, 'in vino verilas:' annað er gsefa ok gorfuleiki, luck and achieve- ments are two things (a proverb); önnur var þá æfi, viz. the reverse of what it is now (a proverb), Grett. 94 (in a verse); ætla ek þik annan mann en þú segir, Fms. xi. 192; hafi þér Danir heldr til annars gort, you deserve some- thing different, worse than that, id.; varð þá annan veg, otherwise, Hkr. ii. 7; Björn varð þess víss at þau höfðu annan átrúnað, ... different religion, Eb. 12. 3. like oi aAAot, reliqui, the rest, the remains; þá er eigi sagt hversu öðrum var skipað, Nj. 50; at hönd b. so fyrir innan n., en annarr likami hans (the rest of his body) fyrir utan, 1812. 18. HI. re- peated in comparative clauses: annarr -- annarr, or connected with einn, hvárr, hverr, ymsir: gékk annarr af öðrum at biðja hann, a liu s ex alto, one after another, Bs. i. 128; hverja nott aðra sem aðra, every night in turn, Mag. 2; annat var orð Finns harðara enn annat, every word of Finn was harder than that which went before it, of a climax, Fms. v. 207: einn -- annarr, aliu s atque alius, one and another, various; eina hluti ok aðra, Stj. 81; einar afleiðingar ok aðrar, Barl. 36; einir ok aðrir, various, Stj. 3; ef maðr telr svá, at hann var einn eðr annarr (that he was any- body, this or that man, viz. if he does not give the name precisely), ok er hinn eigi þá skyldr at rísa ór dómi, Grág. i. 28: ymsir -- aðrir, in twrn, now this, now the other; ymsir eiga högg í annars garð (a proverb); heita á helga menn, ok nefna ymsa ok aðra (now one, now another), Mar. 35: þágu þessir riddarar veizlur ymsir at öåram, gave banquets one to another in turn, id.; færðu y tnsir aðra niðr, nowone was under water and now the other, of two men struggling whilst swimming, Fms. ii. 269: hvárr -- annan, hverir -- aðra, ea c h other; tnæltu hvárir vel fyrir öðrum; hétu hvárir öðrum atförum: of a rapid succession, hvert vandræði kom á bak öðru, misfortunes never come singly, but one on the back of the ofber, Fr.; við þau tiðindi urðu allir glaðir ok sagði hverr óðrum, one told the news to another, man to man, Fms. i. 31; þóttust hvárirtveggju meira vald at hafa í borginni en aðrir, 655 xvii. I; hvárirtveggja -- aðrir, oAA. ijA. ots, mutually, reciprocally; skulu nú h. ganga til ok veita öðrum grið, Nj. 190. IV. annat, n. used as a subst.; þetta sem annat, as other things, Fas. i. 517; skaltu eigi þora annat, en, Nj. 74; ef eigi bæri a. til, unless something happened, Bs. i. 350: at öllu annars, in everything else, Grág. ii. 141, K. p. K. 98: annars simply used adverb. = el s e = ella; now very freq. but very rare in old writers; stendr a. ríki þitt í mikilli hættu, Fas. i. 459, from a paper MS. and in a text most likely interpolated in the 17th century. COMPDS: annars-konar, gen. as adv. of another kind, Hkr. i. 148. annars-kostar, adv. el s e, otherwise; hvárt er hann vill... eðr a, vill hann, e ither he should prefer ..., K. Á. 58. annars-staðar, adv. elsewhere, in other places; sem a., as in other similar cases, Grág. i. 228. annars-vegar, adv. o n the other band, Fms. viii. 228, those on the opposite side. armarra- gen. pl. is used in annarra-bræðra, -bræðri, pl. fourth cousins, Grág. i. 285, ii. 172; cp. D. I. i. 185; v. næsta-bræðra = third cousins, þriðja- bræðra -- fifth cousins. annarr-hvarr (or in two words), adj. pron. in dual sense, [A. S. oþa r- hve"Sa r], Lat. alteruter, either, one of the two; with gen., annan hvern þeirra sona Skallagrims, Eg. 256; vsentir mik at aðra hvára (acc. sing, fem., now aðra hverja) skipan taki brátt, Fms. viii. 444. Dual, aðrir hvárir, in a collect, sense, either party, Sd. 138; neut. used as adv., annaðhvárt -- eða, either -- o r (Lat. aw t -- aw t), Fms. i. 127, Skulda 171, Nj. 190. annarr-hverr, adj. pron. every other alternately; annan hvern dag, Fms. iv. 81, Symb. 57; annathvert orÔ, every other (second) word, Nj. 33, Fas. i. 527: at öðruhverju, used as adv., every now and then, Eg. 52, Sturl. i. 82, Hkr. ii. 292. annarr-tveggja and annarr-tveggi, adj. or used adverbially, [-tveggja is a gen. form, -tveggi a nom.], plur. (dual) aðrirtveggju, dat. plur. -jum; in other cases tveggja, tveggi are indecl. :-- one of twain, either; annattveggja þeirra, Grág. i. 236; ok er annattveggja til, at vera her, hinn er annarr, there i s choice of two, either to stay here, or . .., Fms. xi. 143, N. G. L. i. 117; ef annarrtveggi hefir haldit öðrum, Grág. i. 39: with gen., a. þeirra, either of them, 149: dual, either of two sides, en þá eru þeir skildir er aðrirtveggju eru lengra í burt komnir en ordrag, but then are they parted when either of the twain is come farther away than an arrow's jiigbt, of combatants on the battle-field, Grág. ii. 19: neut., annattveggja, used as adv.; annattveggja -- eðr, either -- o r; a. vestna eðr batna, Clem. 50. The word is rare in old writers, and is now quite out of use; as adv. annaðhvort -- eða, either -- o r, is used. annarsligr = annarligr; annarstaðar, elsewhere, v. annarsstaðar. ANNÁLL, s, m. [Lat. annalis] , an annal, record, chronological register, 65. 1789, 415. 13. It sometimes, esp. in deeds, appears to mean histories in general (cp. Lat. annales); annálar á tólf bókum norrænir, Vm. in a deed of the I4th century, where it probably means Sagas: fróðir annálar ok vísindabækr, histories, Pr. 402, Al. 29. The true old Icel. annalists cease in the year 1430, and were again resumed in the middle of the 16th century. ann-boð, n. pl., rare in sing., proncd. amboð, [old Swed. ambud; Ivar Aasen ambo', from önn, labor(?)], agricultural implements, tools; a. nokkur, Dipl. v. 18, Jb. 258. ann-fetlar, m. pl. a sword belt or shield belt, = handfetlar, Lex. Poët. ann-friðr, ar, m. [önn], 'work-peace, ' work-truce, commonly during April and May, the time when there were to be no lawsuits (Norse), N. G. L. iii. 19, 94, 95. ann-kostr, m., also spelt öndkostr and önnkostr [önn], used only in the adverbial phrase, fyrir annkost (önn-önd-kost), wilfully, on purpose, Fms. viii. 367; en þó hafa ek fyrir önnkost (o n purpose) svá ritað, Skálda 164; en þat er illvirki, er maðr vill spilla fo manna fyrir ö., Grág. i. S, 130, 416, 11. 93, 94. ann-kvista, t, (= ann-kosta?), to take c are (önn) of, Grág. ii. 251, air. \ry. spelt anquista; the word is somewhat doubtful. ann-laust, n. adj. easily, without toil, Lex. Poët. ann-rfltt, n. adj. and annriki, n., eiga a., to be very busy, Rd. 283. ann-samligr, adj. toilsome, laborious, Sks. 549, 550. ann-samt, n. adj. in the phrase, eiga a., to be busy, Rd. 283: v. 1. for angrsamt, full of cares, Fms. viii. 29. ann-semð, f. business, trouble, concern; fá a. af e-u and bera a. fyrir e-u, to be troubled, concerned about, Bs. i. 686, 690. annt, n. adj. [önn], in such phrases as, vera a. um e-t, to be busy, con- cerned, eager, anxious about, Hkr. i. 115; mörgum var a. heim, many were eager to. get home, Fms. xi. 278; hví mun honum svá a. at hitta mik, w hy i s he so eager f Eg. 742; ekki er a. um þat, it is wo t pressing, Sd. 174; Hánefr kvad sér a. um daga (had som wc h tod o) svá at hann mátti þá eigi at vera, Rd. 241; vera annt til e-s, to be in a very great hurry, eager for, Fms. ii. 150, 41. Compar. annara, in impers. phrases, to be more eager, Fms. ii. 38; mér er ekki a. at vita forlög mín en fram koma, Fs. 19. Superl., vera annast til e-s, to be most eager, Fms. iii. 187: without prep., hvat er nú annt minurn eingasyni, w h a t hath my darling son at heart? Gg. 2. antifona, u, f. antiphon (Gr. word), Hom. 137. anti-kristr, m. Anti-Christ, Hom. 132, 71. antvarða, að, to handover (Germ, word), H. E. 1. 435, in a Norse deed. anugr, adj., commonly onugr, cros s, uncivil, froward; also Onug- lyndi, S. freaks, ill-temper. anz, n. reply, now freq. in common language, v. following word. anza, að, contr. form = andsvara, to pay attention to, take notice of; with dat., (þeim) sem hón a. minnr ok vanrækir, c a re s less about, Stj. 95, 81, 195. 2. to reply, answer (now freq.); a. e-u and til es; illu mun furða, ef nokkurr a. til, where it means to reply, but without the notion of speaking, Fms. i. 194; Oddr anzaði ok heldr stutt, where it seems to mean to return a greeting, but silently by signs, Fb. i. 254; konungr a. því ekki, a reply to a letter, Fms. ix. 339; hann sat kyrr ok a. engu, Bard. 180; Mirmant heyrði til ræðu hennar ok a. fa, Mirm. 69. apa, að, [Engl. t o a pe; Germ. affen = deludere~] , to mock, make sport of; margan hefir auðr apat (a proverb), 'auri sacr a fames, ' SI. 34, cp. Hm. 74: pass., apask at e-u, t e. become the fool of, SI. 62. Now, a* e-t epter, to m oc k or imitate as an ape: also, a. e-n útúr, to pervert one's words in a mocking way. apaldr, rs, m. pl. rar, [O. H. G. apballrä; A. S. apuldre; Dan. abild; Swed. apeí] , doubtless a southern word, the inflective syllable dr being a mutilation of ' tre, 'arbor, a word now almost extinct in Germany, (for a homely, common word such as ' tré' could not have been cor- rupted in the native tongue); -- apaldr thus, etymologically as well as properly, means an apple-tree; fruits and fruit-trees were doubtless

APALDRSGARÐR -- APTRHVARR 23

imported into Scandinavia from abroad; the word appears only in the latei heroic poems, such as the Hkv. Hjörv. 6; the verses in Sdm. 5 are in a dif ferent metre from the rest of the poem, and probably interpolated, Fas. i. 120; epli á apaldri, Sks. 106; tveir apaldar (with the radical r dropped), Fas. iii. 60; apaldrs Mr, Karl. 200, 311: as the etymological sense in the transmuted word soon got lost, a fresh pleonastic compound was made, viz. apaldrs-tre. COMPDS: apaldrs-garðr, m. [Dan. abild- gaard], orchard of apple-trees, biðr., D. N. apaldrs-klubba, u, f. club made of an a., El. 22. apaldrs-tré, n. apple-tree, Jjiðr. 58. apal-grár, adj. dapple-gray, i. e. apple-gray, having the streaky colour of an apple (cp. Fr. pommelé), of a horse, Nj. 274, Karl. 426, Landn. 93 (where it is used of a river horse); of an ox, uxi a. at lit, Ld. 120. API, a, m. [A. S. apa; Erse a pa; Bohem. o p; Germ, ajfe; all of them dropping the initial guttural tenuis: Sanskr. kapf] , an ape. It appears in early times in the metaph. sense of a fool in the old poem Hm. and even in a proverb; so also in the poems Fm. 11 and Gm. 34, vide Lex. Poët. A giant is in Edda (Gl.) called api, no doubt because of the stupid nature of the giants. Apavatn, a farm in Icel., probably got its name from a nickname of one of the settlers, at the end of the 9th century. In Hým. 20 a giant is called áttrunnr apa, the kinsman of apes. The passage in the Hm. verse 74 appears to be corrupt, and ought to be restored thus, margr verðr af aurum api, the fool of earthly things, cp. the passage in SI. 34, margan hefir auðr apat, which is another version of the very same proverb. It is esp. used in the connection, ósvinns-api or ósviðra-api, a baboon, big fool, Gm. I. e., Fm. 1. c.; (the passage in Hm. 123 ought perhaps to be restored to ósvinns-apa or osvinnra-apa in a single word; the sense is no doubt the same in all these passages.) Rare in old prose in the proper sense of ape, vide however 673. 55. COMPD: apa-mynd, n. /o rm of an ape, Th. 76. APLI, a, m. in Edda (Gl.), a. a n ox, or p. a horse, hackney: apli according to Björn s. v. means the embryo of animals, e. g. apla-kálfr and apla-lamb, n. abortive lamb or calf; apalgengr, adj. a hackney, a rough goer. Björn also mentions apalgrýti, n. aspretum. (an unknown and dubious word.) appella and appellera, að, t o c ite, summon to the pope (eccles. Lat.), Fms. ix. 339, 486 (v. l.), x. 99, Bs. i. 776, K. Á. 218. APR, adj. gen. rs (and thus not akin to api), cold, sharp, chilly; en aprasta hríð, sharp fighting, 0. T. 59; sterkastr ok aprastr við at eiga, the worst to deal with, Jjiðr. 183; erida vóru allöpr tilbrigðin (cold, malignanf), 89; því föru vér aprir, we feel sad, chilly, a verse written in 1047, Lex. Poët.: a word quite obsolete. (Björn however mentions it as a living word.) Mod. í eel. napr, adj. nearly in the same sense, cold, chilly, of weather; cold, spiteful, snappish, of temper: nepja, u, f. a chill, piercing cold: nepringr, m. id.: [are these words identical (?).] aprligr, adj. cold, chilly, of weather; a. veðr, Vápn. n. MS. APTAN" and aftan, s, m., dat. aptni, pl. aptnar, sometimes spelt apni and apnar, [Hel. aband; Germ, abend; Engl. even, evening; in Ulf. we only find andanahti -- Gr. oýé, oýía.; Swed. a/ to n, Dan. often, -- as it is often spelt], evening; not very freq. in prose, where kveld is the common word. It prop, meant the time from 3 till 9 o'clock, like the Old English 'even;' miðraptan (middle- eve) is 6 o'clock; at 9 o'clock the night sets in, v. náttrnál: a distinction is made between aptan and kveld, einn aptan at kveldi, an afternoon when the kveld (twilight) sets in, Edda 35: but gener. = kveld, um aptaninn síð er myrkt var orðit, Fms. iv. 308, viii. 228, xi. 113; at aptni, 623. 55, Fms. viii. 201, Grág. i. 146; of aptna (apna), Grág. ii. 224; á öptnum, Bjarn. 23; miðraptan, Hrafn. 9, Nj. 153; aptans bíðr óframs sök, a laggard's suit bides till even (a proverb). aptan and aftan, adv. piop. from behind, behind, opp. to framan; augu a. í hnakka, N. G. L. i. 339; a. á milli herða, Vígl. 26; þá greip hann a. undir hendr honum (from behind), Eg. 747; hala sem leo, ok gadd í a., ... at the tip of the tail, Al. 168: now aptan í is opp. to framan i. II. fyrir a., as prep, with acc., behind, opp. to fynr framan; ek hjo varginn i sundr fyrir a. boguna, / helved the wolf in sunder, just behind the withers, Nj. 95; standa fyrir a., t o s tand behind, Fas. ii. 516. P. a. at, with dat.; ganga, koma a. at e-m, to approach from behind. aptan-drykkja, u, f. an evening carouse, Pr. 419. aptan-langt, n. adj. even-long, all the evening, Karl. 95. aptan-skœra, u, f. twilight, Lat. crepusculum (cp. morginskaera, dawn, aurora), Sighvat (in a verse). aptan-stjama, u, f. the evening star, Al. 54, Stj. 92; now kvcld- stjarna. aptan-söngr, m. even-song, evening service, Fms. vii. 152, K. b. K. 58. aptari and aptastr, compar. and super), latter, posterior, and last, v. eptri, epztr. aptarla and aptarliga, adv. behind, far in the rear, Lex. Poet, (freq.) aptna, að, to become evening; þartil at aptnaði, Fms. iii. i8i. Dep., þá aptnaðisk, Greg. 51; now kvelda. APTR and aftr (aptar, N. G. L. i. 347), adv., compar. aptar, superl. aptast, [Ulf. q/ tra -- TraAiv], the spelling with p is borne out by the Gr. ai//. I. Loc. back, back again: 1. WITH MOTION, con- nected with verbs denoting to go or move, such as fara, ganga, koma, leiða,, senda, snúa, sækja, etc., where aptr almost answers to Lat. re-, remittere, reducere, reverli ...; gefa a., reddere; bera a., refellere; kalla a., revo- care; reka a., repellere: a. hverfr lygi þá er sonnu mætir (a proverb), a lie turns back when it meets truth, Bs. i. 639. ' aptr' implies a notion a loco or in locum, 'eptir' that of remaining in loco; thus skua a. means remittere; skilja eptir, relinquere; taka a., recipere, in a bad sense; taka eptir, animum attendere; fara a., redire; vera e., remanere, etc.; fara, snúa, koma, senda, sækja, hverfa a., Nj. 260, 281, Fms. x. 395, iv. 300, Edda 30, Eg. 271, Eb. 4, Fs. 6; færa a., to repay, N. G. L. i. 20; snúast a., Lsekn. 472. Without actual motion, -- as of sounds; þeir heyrðu a. i rjóðrit óp, they heard shouting behind them, Fms. iv. 300; mi skal eigi prestr ganga svá langt fra kirkju at hann heyri eigi klokkur hljóð aftar (=aftr), he s h a ll not go out of the sound of the bells, N. G. L. i. 34/. P. backwards; fram ok a., to and fro (freq.); reið hann suðr aptr, rode back again, Nj. 29; aptr á bak, supine, bent or turned back, Eg. 380; þeir setíu hnakka á bak sór a., bent their necks backwards in order to be able to see, Edda 30; skreiðast a. af hestinuni, t o s lip down backwards from the croup of a horse, to dismount, Fs. 65. y. connected with many verbs such as, láta, lúka a., to cl os e, s h u t, opp. to láta, lúka upp, Fær. 264, Eg. 7, Landn. 162; in a reverse sense to Lat. recludere, reserere, rescindere, resolvere. 2. WITHOUT MOTION -- -• aptan, the hind part, the back of anything; þat er maðr Irani (superne), en dýr a., the fore part a man, the hind part a beast, 673. 2; síðan lagði hann at tennrnar a. við huppinn, he caught the hip with his teeth, Vígl. 21. The English aft when used of a ship; breði a. ok fram, stern and stem (of a ship), Fms. ix. 310; Sigurðr sat a. ú kistunni, s ate aft on the stern-chest, vii. 201; a. ok frammi, of the parts of the body (of a seal), Sks. 179. Compar. aptarr, farther back, Fms. vi. 76. II. TEMP, again, TraAij/, iterttm: this use of the word, general as it is at present, hardly appears in old writers; they seem to have had no special expres- sion for again, but instead of it said síðan, enn, or used a periphrase, á nýja leik, üðru sinni, annat sinn, or some other substitute. It is, how- ever, very freq. in Goth, aftra = ira'Aii', Swed. ater, Dan. alter; some passages in the Sagas come near to the mod. use, e. g. bæta a., restituere, to give back (but not temp.); segja-friði a., to recal, N. G. L. i. 103; hann maelti at engi mundi þann fald a. falda, E!. 20, uncertain whether loc. (backward) or iterum, most likely the former. It is now used in a great many compounds, answering to Lat. re-, cp. also endr. aptra, að, to take back, hinder, withdraw; with dat., a. fcro sinni, t o desist from, delay, Fms. x. 17; þorgrímr bað þ;i niðr setjast, ok skal eigi boði a., i. e. y ow shall be welcome as before, Valla L. 217; eigi muii ek a. mer (hesitate) at þessu, Grett. 116 A; hversu þeir öptruðu sc'r þá er þeir kómu á þingit, how they hesitated, wavered, withdrew, Bs. i. 741, Flor. 7: now a. e-u is to hinder, prohibit. aptran and öptrun, f. a revoking, renouncing, keeping back, 655 xxvii. aptr-bati, adj. ind. convalescent, on the road to recovery, Al. 150, Korm. 220: now used as a masc. (-bati, a, m.), vera í aptrbata, to be getting better, Fas. iii. 524. aptr-beiðiligr, adj. reciprocal, Skálda 195. aptr-borinn, adj. part, regenerate, born again; þars hum aptrborin aldri verði, the sense is doubtful, it seems to mean = endrborin, regenerate; it will suit the context only if we suppose that suicides could not be born again; they certainly could walk again, v. aptrganga. Ilogni seems to fear that, if she died a natural death, Brynhilda would perhaps be endrborin, Skv. 3. 44. aptr-byggi, ja, m., esp. in pl. stern-sitters (opp. to frambyggjar) in a ship of war, Fms. ii. 312, Hkr. iii. 243. aptr-dráttr, m. the undertow, outward suck of the tide, Barl. 130. aptr-drepa, u, f. relapse, shock, adversi. 'y; meðaii þuir vissu S('T cnga van a., Bs. i. 752, Finnb. 312. aptr-elding, f. = elding, dawning, Anal. 193. aptr-ferð and aptr-for, f. return, Eg. 279. aptr-færsla, u, f. bringing back, Gþl. 361. aptr-ganga, u, f. [ganga aptr], a ghost, apparition, the French reve- nant; about this superstition vide Ísl. bjóðs. i. 222-317, Grt-tt. ch. 34- 37 (the ghost Glám), Eb. ch. 34, 50-55, 63 (Thorolf Bægifút), Ld. ch. 17, Sd. ch. 17-22, 30 (Klaufi), Háv. 41, Flóam. ch. 28, etc. etc. aptr-gangr, m. = aptrganga, Grett. ch. 78 new Ed. aptr-gjald, n. repayment, Bs. i. 734. aptr-hald, n. a checking, holding back. COMPD: aptrhalds-maðr, m. who impedes a thing, Bs. i. 733- aptr-hlaup, n. a hurling back, recoil, Fs. 158. aptr-hnekking, f. a bending backwards, metaph., Fms. ix. 509. aptr-hryggr, m. the chine, the lower part of the back, of a slaughtered animal, Dipl. vi. aptr-hvarf, n. a turning back, return, Sturl. ii. 16; illr aftrhvarfs, dis- inclined to face the enemy again, Fms. vii. 325. p. relapse, Fms. ii. 47, where it is used of apostasy. Since the Reformation always used by theologians in a good sense, repentance, turning away from sin; iðran ok a. are freq. used together, iðran being repentance, the internal condition, aptrhvarf the movement away from sin, or the repentance put into act.

24 APTRKALL -- ARI.

aptr-kall, n. withdrawal, recalling, Fr. aptr-kast, n. a burling back, repulse, Stj. 288. aptr-kemba, u, f. o ne whose hair is combed back, Finnb. 250. aptr-kvama and later form aptrkoma, u, f. return, coming back, Sks. 550 B; Fms. xi. 312, a vellum MS. of the end of the 15th century, has aptrkoma. aptr-kvæmt, n. adj. return from exile, used substantively as a law term in the phrase, eiga (eigi) a., of a temporary or lifelong exile; þat varðar skóggang... eigi eigi a. nema lof biskupa ok lögréttumanna fáist framar, ... not to be suffered to return from exile unless the leave of the bishops and the legislature be first got, Grág. i. 347: in a gener. sense, sýnist mér sem engum várum sé a., ef hans er eigi hefnt, it seems to me that not one of us can shew his face again, if he he not revenged, Glúm. 332. aptr-lausn, f. redemption, ransom, Hom. 118; a law term, r i^ ht of redeeming, Gþl. 304: hence COMPD aptrlausnar-jörð, f. land which is redeemable, N. G. L. i. 344. aptr-mjór, adj. tapering behind, Edda 40 (of the salmon's tail). aptr-mundr, m. [munr], in the phrase, vera a. at e-u, to want a thing back again, Fas. iii. 278. aptr-reka and aptr-reki, adj. ind. (navig.), verðr a., to he drive n b a ck by stress of weather, Landn. 148, Bs. i. 76, Grág. i. 274; a. skip, Ann. 1347, Bs. Laur. S. aptr-rekstr, rs, m. a driving back, repulse, Grág. ii. 230 (of cattle grazing). aptr-sjá, f. regret, longing, v. eptirsjá. aptr-velting, f. recoil, rolling back, Stj. 49. ap-ynja, u, f. [old Swed. epin], a she-ape, Stj. 68, 95, Sks. 115. AR, n. (qs. arð ?), an atom in a sunbeam, mote, Germ, sonnenstaubcben, vide Vidal. Post. 276 (Ed. 1829), Njóla. arða, u, f. medic, scabrum, a little wart. arðga, að, to make upright, and arðigr, adj. ere c t, arduus, v. örð-. ARÐR, rs, m. [Lat. aratrum; Gael, arad; cp. erja, Ulf. arjan, arare; A. S. eri an; Old Engl. ear, etc.; in Norse ar or al is a small plough] , a sort of plough, probably different in size and shape from plógr, which is a later word, of foreign stamp, as are all that have p for their initial letter. The poem Rm. distinguishes between both, göra arðr (acc.) and keyra plóg, 19. The first colonisers of Iceland used arðr, as shewn by Landn. 35 (relating events of the year 875); hann átti einn oxa, ok let hann þrælana draga arðrinn; eykr fyrir plógi eðr arðri (plough or ard), N. G. L. ii. 115; ef maðr stel jarni af arðri eðr plógi, id.; höggva má maðr sér til plógs eðr arðs (gen. dropping the radical r), id.; draga arðr, Al. 52; arðri (dat.), Karl. 471, Mar. (Fr.), Stj.: um allt þat er miklu varðar er betri sígandi arðr en svifandi (emend, of Dr. Hallgrim Scheving), a proverb, better a slow but deep trench- ing plough than a quick and shallow one, Bs. i. 139; the old arðr was pro- bably bulky and heavy. 2. metaph. in Icel. at present arðr (gen. arðs, arðar, Snót 90), as well as plógr, means gain, produce, profit: arðsamr, adj. profitable. COMPD: arðs-geldingr, m. a plough-ox, Fms. vii. 21. arðr-för, f. a plough-furrow, trench, Stj. 593, 1 Kings xviii. 32. arðr-gangr, m. a coulter, goad* N. G. L. iii. 198. arðr-járn, n. a coulter, ox goad, Stj. 386, Judges iii. 31. arðr-oxi, a, m. a plough-ox, Grág. i. 502, Jb. 346. arfa, u, f. [Ulf. arbio] , an heiress, N. G. L. i. 191 (rare). arf-borinn, adj. part., prop, a legitimate son or daughter, Fms. i. 86; defined, sá er a. er kominn er til alls réttar, N. G. L. ii. 211. Freq. spelt árborinn by suppressing the / (so N. G. L. ii. 50), and used in Norse law of a freeman, v. the quotation above from N. G. L., which clearly shews the identity of the two words), i. 171; algildis vitni tveggja manna ár- borinna ok skilvænna, ii. 211: the alliterated phrase alnir ok árbornir (the phrase aldir og óbornir may be a corruption from arb.), freeborn and freebred, 310. The passage in Stor. verse i is in Lex. Poet, ex- plained by o lim ablatus: the poet probably meant to say genuine, pure, in a metaph. sense, of the t rw e poetic beverage, not the adulterated one, mentioned in the Edda 49; the cup from the right cask. arf-gengr, adj, entitled to inherit, legitimate heir, Grág. i. 178, Eg. 345. arfi, a, m. [Ulf. arbia; O. H. G. arpis, erpo; Germ, erbe; Hel. abaro =filius; A. S. eafora, afora per metath.], an heir, heiress (and poet, a son in gener.): with gen. pers., arfar veganda, his heirs, Gþl. 131; þar næst var Ósk hennar a., her heiress, heir to her property, Ld. 58; Guðríðr ok Jrørgerðr lögligir arfar (heire s se s) Sölva, Dipl. v. I: with gen. of the thing, er hann þá a. hvarsttveggja, heir of both things, Grág. i. 221; a. óðala, Gþl. •294; a. at e-u, heirto a property, Stud. ii. 197. Not freq., erfingi being the common word. II. an ox, bull, Edda (Gl.), vide arfr. ARFI, sometimes spelt arbi, a, m. cbickweed, alsine media; arfa- sata, u, f. a weed rick, Nj. 194. arfingi, ja, m. a n hei r, Eg. (in a verse), vide erfingi. arf-kaup, n. sum paid for inheritance, Grág. i. 200. arf-leiða, dd, to adopt as an heir, = ættleiða, Jb. 144 A. arf-leiðing, f. adoption, Ann. 1-271. arf-nyti, ja, m. (poet.) a n hei r, Eb. (in a verse). ARFR, s, m. [Ulf. ar bi, neut.; A. S. yrfe. ~] It originally meant cattle, pecvs, petunia, as may be inferred from the A. S. o r/= p ecHs, cattle, and y r/e = o pes; Hel. or/and wr/; Ormul. errfe; v. Ihre, Glossar., and Grimm R. A. p. 467. Edda (Gl.) also mentions an arfi or arfr, hos, v. above. I. inheritance, patrimony; taka arf eptir e-n, Grág. i. 170, 178; hon á allan arf'eptir mik, is my sole heir, Nj. 3, Eb. 162, Gþl. 252. II. a bull, v. above. COMPDS: arfa-skipti, n. and arfs-sokn, f., v. arf- below, Gþl. 267, Grág. i. 170. arfa-báttr, m. section of law treating of inheritance, Grág. i. arf-ran, n. injustice, cheating in matters of inheritance, Háv. 52. arf-ræning, f. id., Mar. 656. arf-ræningr, m. o ne stripped of his inheritance, Al. 105. arf-sal, n. cession of right of inheritance, Grág. i. 205, 225, 227, (cp. branderfð, Dan. ^ ed/b'r e, mod. Icel. prófenta, and gefa prófentu sína); a law term, to h a nd over one's own property to another man on condition of getting succour and support for life. In the time of the Commonwealth, arfsal had a political sense, and was a sort of ' clientela;' the chiefs caused rich persons, freedmen, and monied men of low birth to bequeath them all their wealth, and in return supported them in lawsuits during life. Such is the case in Vápn. 13, Hænsaþór. S. ch. 7, Eb. ch. 31; eptir þat hand- salaði Ulfarr (a wealthy freedman) Arnkatli fé sitt allt, ok gerðist hann (viz. Arnkell) þá varnaðarmaðr (protector) Ülfars: v. also |jórð. S., hann bjó á landi Skeggja ok hafði görzt arfsalsmaðr hans (hi s client), 50: it was humiliating; engar mátti hann (the bishop) ölmusur gefa af likamlegri eign, heldr var hann haldinn sem arfsalsmaðr, Sturl. ii. 119. To the chiefs in olden times it was a source of wealth and influence, often in an unfair way. COMPDS: arfsals-maðr, m., v. above, arfsals-maldagi, a, m. a deed concerning arfsal, Grág. i. 227. arf-skipti, n. sharing o/arfr, Grág. i. 172, Gþl. 266, Fas. iii. 39. arf-skot, n. fraud, cheating in matters of inheritance, Eb. 178, Grág. i. 202, 203, 267. arf-sókn, f. a suit in a case o/arfr, Gþl. 263. arf-stóll, m. a n hereditary throne, Eg. (in a verse). arf-svik, n. pl. fraud, cheating in matters o/arfr, Eb. 178, Gþl. 254, 292. arf-svipting, f. disinheriting, cheating in matters o/arfr, 8^. 425. arf-tak, n. and arf-taka, u, f. the act of receiving arfsal; taka e-n arftaki, Grág. i. 267, 268, 187, 229. COMPD: arftöku-maðr, m. a n hei r, suc- cessor to an inheritance, Grág. i. 62, Sturl. i. 98, Fms. v. 53. arf-takari, a, m. and arf-taki, a, m. = arftökumaðr, Jb. 148 A, N. G. L. i. 234, Barl. 199. arf-tekinn, adj. part, taken by inheritance, Fms. xi. 306. arf-tekja, u, f. = arftaka, Grág. i. 219. COMPD: arftekju-land, n. land taken by inheritance, patrimony, Fms. i. 117. arf-tæki, n. = arftaka, Stj. 232. arf-tækr, adj. = arfgengr, Eg. 343. arfuni, a, m. [an old obsol. form], an heir, Edda 108 and in the compd skaporfoni (the vowel change is caused by the following o), legal hei r, q. v. arf-van, f. hereditary expectancy, Grág. i. 200, Jb. 177, Sturl. i. 94. arf-vörðr, m. [A. S. y r/ eveard; Hel. erbivard] , (poet.) an hei r, Lex. Poët. arf-þegi, ja, m. [cp. Ulf. arbinumja] , (poet.) a n heir, Id. 28. arga-fas, n. [argr, craven, and fas = flas by dropping the l (?); flas, n. means praecipitatio, and fiasa, að, precipitare, which are common words; this etymology is confirmed by the spelling of the word in Gbl. 188, where some of the MSS. have/ aa s oifias, the last is perh. a false read- ing = flas; fas, n. gait, manner, is a modern word: v. Pal Vidal. in Skýr.; his etymology, however, is doubtless bad], a law term, a feint, a cowardly assault, an aiming at one's body and drawing deadly weapons without carrying the threat into effect, termed 'a coward's assault;' in Icel. it was punishable by fjörbaugsgarðr, cp. Grág.; ef maðr mundar til manns ok stöðvar sjálfr, ok varðar fjörbaugsgarð, ok á hinn eigi vígt í gegn (theinjured party must not kill the offender on the spot) skal stefna heiman ok kveðja til níu heimilisbúa þess á þingi er sottr er, Vsl. ch. 90: ef maðr hleypr at marmi, ok heldr hann sér sjálfr; þat er a. ok er þat sektalaust (liable to no punishment, only a dishonourable act; so the Norse law), N. G. L. i. 164, Gþl. 188. arga-skattr, m. an abusive word, a d qg-' s tax, Ölkofr. 36. arg-h. ola, u, f. scortum, Hb. 31 (1865). ARGR, adj. [Paul Diac. inertem et inutiletn et vulgari verbo ' arga, ' 6. 24; A. S. earg, ignavus; the Scottish ar ch or ar^- h, v. Jamieson sub voce; and the mod. Engl. a rch, archness; Germ, a r g-; Gr. dpyoi] , emas- culate, effeminate, an abusive term; hefir þú börn borit, ok hugða ek þat args aðal, Ls. 24; mik munu aesir argan kalla, ef ek bindast læt brúðarlíni, þkv. 17: it is more abusive than thrall, cp. the proverb, þrællinn hefnir en argr aldri, a thrall takes revenge, but not the a., Grett. 92; and, argr er sá sem engu verst (a proverb), he i s truly a n 'a rgr' who does not defend himself; argr and ragr are synonymous, vide the Grág.: þau eru orð þrjrí er skóggang varða oil, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, ii. 147. 2. metaph. a wretch, craven, coward; örg vættr, Fas. ii. 254, Fs. 147: cp. ergi and úargr. arg-skapr, m. cowardice, cowardliness, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse). arg-vitugr, adj. infamous, (cant.) ARI, a, m. [Ulf. ara; O. H. G. aro; cp. Germ, adler = edel-aro; cp. also the lengthened Icel. form örn, A. S. earn, Engl. earn] , an eagle, rare and

ARAHREIÐR -- AT. 25

mostly in poetry; örn is the common word; Hom. 89, Stj". 71, Al. 160. In the Gloss. Royal Libr. Old Coll. Copenh. 1813 aquila is translated by ori. COMPD: ara-hreiðr, n. an eyrie, nest of an eagle, Fagrsk. 146. An is also a common pr. name. arin-domr ffj3^â. 6wx, m. . gossip, íjudgmental the hearth-side'l^om.; nowpalldomr, arin-eldr, m. hearth-fire, Lat. /ocw s; þeir eru a., there are three beartbs (in a Norse dwelling), Gþl. 376. arin-elja, u, f. a concubine if kept at home, med. Lat. /ocar i a; the sense defined in N. G. L. i. 356, 16 (Norse). arin-greypr, adj. occurs thrice in poetry as an epithet of the benches in a hall and of a helmet, encompassing the hearth, or shaped as an eagle's bill, Akv. I, 3. 17- arin-haukr, m. a chimney-sitter, an old man; in the phrase, áttræðr er a, ok eldaskári, an octogenarian is an a. a nd a poker, Lex. Run. arin-hella, u, f. [Norse aarhelle or aarstadhyll, the pavement around the h ear th], "hearth-stone; i a. þar í stofunni, Bs. i. 680. Now in Icel. used in nursery tales of treasures or the like hidden under the arinhella. ARINN s, m., dat. aarni = ami, Fs. 42, Rm. 2, [a word still freq. in Denmark and in Norway; Dan. arne, amested; Norse aarstad, Ivar Aasen: in Icel. it is very rare], a hearth, Fs. (Vd.) 42; kom maðr um nóttina ok tók glæðr af ami, Sturl. ii. 101; þrjá vissa ek elda (fires), þrjá vissa ek arna (hearth-stones), Gh. 10; mæli malts af ami hverjum, viz. three for each farm (cp. arineldar, Gþl. 376), Hkr. ii. 384, Fms. x. 398, v. IOI. 2. as a law term, used in the phrase, fara eldi ok ami, to remove one's homestead, fire and hearth together, Grág. ii. 253, 334 (where iarni is a corrupt reading). Now in Icel. eldstó. 3. metaph. an elevated balcony, pavement, story, scaffold; stafir fjórir stóðu upp ok syllur upp í milli, ok var þar a. á, Fms. viii. 429; í miðju húsinu var a. víðr (raised floor) ... en uppi a arninum var sæng mikil, v. 339, Karl. 190, Stj. 308. P. of a ship, a hatchway, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: arins- horn, n. chimney-piece, chimney-corner; hann á mold at taka sem í lögum er maelt, taka at arinshornum fjórum ok í öndvegis sæti, of an act of con- veyance, N. G. L. i. 96, cp. Eb. ch. 4, Landn. 254: arinn is symbolical of the sacredness of home, just as stalli is of a temple, or an altar of a church: the phrase, at drekka at arinshorni, Hkr. i. 43, reminds one of the large chimney-corners in old English farms. arins-járn, n. iron belonging to a hearth, a poker, used in ordeals (járnburðr); karlmaðr skal ganga til arinsjárns en kona til ketiltaks, the man shall betake him to the poker and the woman shall grasp the kettle, N. G. L. i. 389. ARKA, að, to limp, hobble, of a sluggish gait; láta arka at auðnu, to let matters take their own course, slow and sure like fate, Nj. 185. v. 1., Am. 96. arka- or arkar-, what belongs to a chest, v. örk. arma, u, f. misery (åw. \ey.), Mart. 123; Martinus sá örmu á héranum; now, sjá aumr á e-m, to feel pity for: cp. Germ, arm (poor, wretched). arm-baugr, m. an armlet, Ls. 13. arm-brysti, n. [Engl. armbrust; old Dan. arburst] , a cross bow, Fas. i. 503 (for. word). arm-fylking, f. a wing (armr) of an army, Fms. x. 403; more freq. fylkingar armr. armingi, ja, m., in Norse sense, a poor fellow, Hom. 117, 119 '• in Icel. a wretch. arm-leggr, jar, and s, m. thearm, lacertus; hann fékk hvergi sveigt bans armleggi, Grett. 61; ofan eptir a. mjök at ölnboga, Sturl. i. 71, Sýmb. 25, Stj. 265. Exod. vi. í (w ith a strong band), Anecd. 4 (where it is opp. to handleggr, the fore arm). Sometimes armleggr and handleggr are used indifferently; ek mun bera þik á handlegg mer, I will carry thee on my arm; but below, ok bar þær í vinstra a. sér, Grett. ch. 67, Karl. 517. armliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. pitifully, Fms. iv. 56, Gkv. 3. n. ARMR, s, m. [Lat. armus; Ulf. arms; Engl. arm; A. S. earm; Germ. ami] . 1. Lat. bracbium in general, the arm from the shoulder to the wrist; sometimes also used partic. of the upper arm or fore arm; the context only can decide. It is rare in Icel.; in prose armleggr and handleggr are more common; but it is often used in dignified style or in a metaph. sense; undir brynstúkuna í arminn, lacertus (?), Fms. viii. 387; gullhringr á armi, in the wri s t, Odd. 18; þá lýsti af höndum hennar bæði lopt ok log, Edda 22, where the corresponding passage of the poem Skm. reads armar, armar lýsa, herarms beamed, spread light. P. poet, phrases; sofa e-m á armi, leggja arma um, to embrace, cp. Germ, um- armen; korna á arm e-m, of a woman marrying, to come into one's em- braces, Fms. xi. 100, Lex. Poët. Rings and bracelets are poet, called armlog, armblik, armlinnr, armsól, armsvell, the li g' ht, snake, ice of the arm or wrist; armr sólbrunninn, the sunburnt arms, Rm. IO. 2. metaph. the wing of a body, opp. to its centre; armar úthafsins, the arms of the ocean ... the bays and firths, Rb. 466; armar krossins, Hom. 103; a wing of a house or building, Sturl. ii. 50; borgar armr, the flanks of a castle, Fms. v. 280; the ends, extremities of a wave, Bs. ii. 50; the yard-arm, Mag. 6; esp. used of the win^ s of a host in battle (fylkingar armr), i annan arm fylkingar, Fms. i. 169, 170, vi. 406, 413, Fær. 81; in a sea- fight, of the line of ships, Fms. vi. 315; the end s of a bed, sofa upp i arminn, opp. to til fóta; and in many other cases. ARMR, adj. [Ulf. arms; A. S. earm; Germ, ar m], never occurs in the(' sense of Lat. inop s, but only metaph. (as in Goth.), viz.: 1. Norse, p oor, in a good sense (as in Germ.); þær armu sálur, p oor souls, Hom. 144; sá armi maðr, p oor fellow, 118. 2. Icel. in a bad sense, wretched, wicked, nearly always used so, where armr is an abusive, aumr a benevolent term: used in swearing, at fara, vera, manna armastr; þá mælti hann til Sigvalda, at hann skyldi fara m. a., Fms. xi. 141; en allir mæltu, at Egill skyldi fara allra manna a., Eg. 699; enn armi Bjarngrimr, the wretch, scoundrel Bjarngrim, Fær. 239; völvan arma, the accursed witch, Fms. iii. 214; þetta arma naut, Fas. iii. 498; örm vættr, Gkv. 1. 32, þkv. 29, Sdm. 23, Og. 32; en arma kerling, the vileold witch, Grett. 154, Fas. i, 60; Inn armi, in exclamations, the wretch! arm-skapaðr, adj. part. [A. S. earmsceapen] , poor, miserable, mis- shapen, Hom. 114, 107 (Norse). arm-vitugr, adj. (in Mart. 123 spelt harmv.), charitable, compassionate; Ghimr er a. ok vel skapi farinn, Rd. 308; er hann litt a., hard-hearted, Sturl. iii. 209; a. við fátækja menn, Bs. i. 356. ar-mæða, u, f. (qs. ör-mæða), distress, toil, Fas. i. 405, Bs. i. 849. arnar-, belonging to an eagle, v. örn. arning, f. [erja, ar are], earing, tillage, ploughing, Bs. i. 350, 732. 17. arn-súgr, m. (an air. Xe7.)periphr. from the poem Haustlöng, the 'sough' (Scot.) or rushing sound caused by the flight ofan eagle (örn), Edda 16. ARR, n. [Sanskr. arus, Engl. and Scot, a rr], a s c a r, v. örr. ars, m. podex, (later by metath. rass, Bs. i. 504. 1. 2, etc.), Sturl. ii. 17, 39 C; ekki er þat sem annarr smali, engi er skaptr fyrir a. aptr hali, not like other cattle, having no tail, in a libel of the year 1213, Sturl. ii. 17. COMPD: ars-gorn, f. gut of the anus, Nj. rass. ARTA, u, f. a bird, = Swed. arta, anas querquedula Linn., Edda (Gl.) articulera, að, to articulate (Lat. word), Stj. asalabia, u, f. an animal, perh. the sable; mjúkt skinn af dýri því er a. heitir, Bær. 19. ASI, a, m. hurry (mod. word); cp. yss and os. ASK A, u, f. [a common Teut. word], a s he s, lit. and metaph., Fms. i. 9, Stj. 208; mold ok aska, Nj. 161, 208; dust eitt ok a., 655 xi. 3: pl. öskum, Stj. 74 (transl. from Latin). COMPDS: ösku-bakaðr, part, baked in a s hes, Stj. 393. Judg. vii. ösku-dagr, m. Ash-Wed- nesday, Fms. viii: also ösku-óðinsdagr, Stj. 40. ösku-dreifðr, part, besprinkled with ashes, Sturl. ii. 186. ösku-dyngja, u, f. a heap of ashes, Fas. iii. 217. ösku-fall, n. a fall of ashes (from a volcano), Ann. 1300. ösku-fölr, adj. ashy-pale, pale as ashes, Mag. 4. ösku- hau. gr, m. a heap of ashes, Eb. 94. ösku-stó, f. ash-pit. ask-limar, f. pl. branches ofan ash, Hkv. 2. 48. ask-maðr, m. [A. S. äscmen, vide Adam Brem. below], a viking, pirate, a cognom., Eg., Fms., Hkr. ASKR, s, m. [A. S. use, whence many Engl. local names; Germ, í sche], an ash, fraxinus, Edda (Gl.); a. ygdrasils, Edda 10, 11, Pr. 431. 2. anything made of ash: a. a spear, prop, ashen spear shaft (cp. Sópv fiei\ivov, fvfJ. /J. (\lr)s), þiðr. 304, Edda (Gl.) p. a small ship, a bark (built of ash, cp. oópv, abies); en þeir sigla burt á einum aski, Fas. ii. 206, i. 421: it appears only two or three times in Icel. prose writers; hence may be explained the name of ascmanni, viking, pirate, in Adam Brem. ch. 212 [A. S. asc men], cp. askrnaðr. -y- a small vessel of wood (freq. in Icel., and used instead of deep plates, often with a cover (asklok) in carved work); stórir askar fullir af skyri, Eg. 549, 550; cp. kyrnu-askr, skyr-askr. 8. a Norse measure for liquids, equal to four bowls, or sixteen justur, Gþl. 525, N. G. L. i. 328, H. E. 1. 396, Fms. vii. 203. COMPDS: aska- srniðr, m. ship- wri gr ht(videi8.), Eg. 102. aska-spillir, m. a ship-spoiler, i. e. a pirate, a cognom., Glúm., Landn.; v. l. akraspillir, less correctly. askraki, a, m. probably a Finnish word; bjór (beaver), savala (sable) ok askraka (?), so me animal with precious fur, Eg. 57; an air. \ey. askran, f. [askrast, to shudder, Ivar Aasen], horror, v. afskr-, B. K. 107. ask-viðr, ar, m. ash-tree, Sir. 17. asna, u, f., Lat. asina, a she-ass, Stj. 183. COMPD: osnuligr, adj., o. steinn, 655. Matth. xviii. 6, transl. of oviicbs \i9os, the upper millstone. ASNI, a, m., Lat. asi?ius, an ass, Mart. 131, Fas. iii. 416, Band. 12, == asellus, 1812. 16. COMPDS: asna-höfuð, n. donkey-head, Stj. asna- kjálki, a, m. jawbone ofan ass, Stj., Greg. 48. aspiciens-bók, f. a service-book, Vm. 6, 11 1, 139, Am. 35, Pm. . D. I., etc. aspiciens-skrá, f. id., Pm. 104, 75, etc. ASS A, u, f. (qs. arnsa), a n ea g le. AT and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = Trpus and vapá, A. S. at; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than anyotherkindred language, Icel. only excepted]: -- the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (ap); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. 0^, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jofurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja/ at, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd -- þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skáída 162) -- is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is

26 AT.

'þvat' simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus -- atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, ILLEGIBLE (slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after. Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt. -- by dropping the words 'home,' 'house,' or the like -- with gen. WITH DAT. A. LOG. I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá: 1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at...; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri (turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259. 2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr ... allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at (right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180. 3. without refer- ence to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrurn, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.) 4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river's mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100. 5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc. β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171. 6. denot- ing around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602. p. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142. γ of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64. 7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384. p. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one's own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46. 8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad..., to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309. β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85. II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera...; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to takeone's stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of. 2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an acces- sory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one's work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at. 3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning: a. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: 'við' is now used in this sense. β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327. γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration. 4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ' vera at' means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum's oath, vask at þar, 7 was there present: var þar at kona nokkur (was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at (about) at taka af, þau lög ..., Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, / was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200. 5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of..., Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198. 6. in denoting a man's abode (vide p. 5, col. I, I. 27), the prep, 'at' is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg (a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. con- stantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 9O; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á (river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a 'force' or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda (end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ' á' is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc. β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms. γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475. 7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one's home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þing- festi at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one's own home, Eg. 371, K. Jj. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran's, i. e. at Ran's house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave's church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, GREEK GREEK B. TEMP. I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, 0. 1. 1. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l. H-

AT. 27

of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave's eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o'clock p.m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then. β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word. III. ellipt., or adding 'komanda' or 'er kemr,' of the future time: 1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter..., Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237, 2. adding 'komanda' or ' er kemr;' at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6. IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.: 1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief's bearing, 235. 2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo. 3. ellipt. without 'at;' en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132. V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76. 2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522. C. METAPH. and in various cases: I. denoting a transforma- tion or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into: a. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40. P. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, ' t o make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one's death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553. II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, 'tis ill to have a thrall for one's bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268. 2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur (dues) from, 'Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj-3. III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at (belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o ..., Grág. ii. 403; lesta (to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key 'gengr at' (fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at..., to grasp by ...; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla (to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother's or the sister's side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following. IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpass- ing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30. 2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja (to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum ...; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.) 3. in arithm. denoting pro portion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third... part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at... leiti, for one's part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly. 4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21. 5. the phrase 'at sér,' of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character ...; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase 'at sér' is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead. 6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr ... at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red ... of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, litill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr ... at aldri, twenty, thirty ... years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum ... kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice..., Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500. β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently ... (freq.), prop, in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 2O. V. denoting the source of a thing: 1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of

28 AT.

a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396. 2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one's hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68. VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one's leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes...; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem ..., as to infer from ..., Nj. 124:' fara, láta, ganga at' denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368. VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless. VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ' the, ' so much the more, all the more; 'at' heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er' at' firr..., at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest... ut, Eg. 60. ß. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi... at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt..., 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74. IX. following many words: 1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc. ß. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at. .., to laugh at.. .; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at..., to make sport at... γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk :—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli :—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above :—fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98: —care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words :—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere :—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, 'sumra at' cannot be used, yet we may say 'vára að' when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild. δ. in num- berless other cases which may partly be seen below. 2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east...; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside. 3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v, these words. WITH ACC. TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word. ILLEGIBLE In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere. AT and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth, du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs 'at' is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb. I. it is used either, 1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or, 2. in an objec- tive sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja..., to invite, command ...; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc. ß. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where 'to go' is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju). 3. answering to the Gr. GREEK denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, 'svá' and 'til' are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, 'svá at' and contr. 'svát' (the last however is rare), 'til at" and 'til þess at,' etc. II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by 'at;' these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.: a. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun (GREEK), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc. ß. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes 'at' whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above. γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann let (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go. δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without 'at.' So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the 'at;' thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc. ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á ... (videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala. ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra ..., freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43. η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases. θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix '-at,' freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill 'at' verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than ..., Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the 'at' purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style. AT and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = GREEK; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot, at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of

AT -- ATFOR. 29

that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep, þú (t u), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.; -- now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið ..., = að þú..., with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui. I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so..., that, Lat. tam, tantus, to t..., -ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at..., sogr eat a lawyer, that..., Nj. I; hárið svá mikit, at þat..., 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that..., Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann ... (= svá at), -Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441. II. it is used, 1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. GREEK Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came topass, happened that...; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244. 2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that yon -would, Nj. 57. β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut...;.; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti..., if it may be so that they might..., Fms. xi. 94. γ with a subj. denoting design, answering to GREEK or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii. III. used in connection with conjunctions, 1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete. a. þóat, þótt (North. E. 'thof'), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett... þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without' þó, ' eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ' þó' and ' at' sepa- rated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet -- though, Lat. attamen -- etsi, K. þ. K. β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because ..., Ld. 68. γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so ... that, svá úsvúst at ..., so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc. 2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after rela- tives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340. IV. as a relat. conj.: 1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er (est) mér þá verra er (quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at (quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233. 2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at (though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at..., because (since) it is a saying that..., Nj. 64. V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ' at' is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, 'the law decrees' or 'it is decreed' being understood. The pas- sages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional AT and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = GREEK etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ' I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend. ' | ' His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw. ' -- Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. 'er' (the relat. pronoun) and 'at' are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads' er, ' another reads ' at, ' and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ' er' is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ' at' is freq. turned into ' eð, ' esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.) :-- who, which, that, enn bezta ' grip at (which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at (cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at (quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc. AT, n. collision (poet.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8. β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja. AT, the negative verbal suffix, v. -a. ata, u, f. an obscure word, and probably a corrupt reading; nú skýtr maðr á hval í atu ok hnekkir Guðs gáfu, N. G. L. i. 59. ata, að, to stain, defile, smear; líkþrá Naaman skal atast á þik ok þína ætt, Stj. 618. 2 Kings vi. 27 (now freq.) atall, ötul, atalt, adj. [at, n.; Ormul. attel = turpis] , fierce, Lat. atrox; ötul augu, fierce, piercing eyes, Hkv. i. 3; þetta folk er atalt ok illt, Hkr. iii. 313: ötul, amatlig, fierce and loathsome, used of a witch, Hkv. I. 38: Atli ek heiti, a. skal ek þér vera, where the poet plays on the likeness between the pr. name Atli and the adj. atall, my name is 'Savage;' savage shall I prove to thee, Hkv. Hjörv. 15. At the present day, freq. in the changed form ötull, in a good sense, brisk, strenuous. atan or ötun, f. defiling. atatata, an onomatopoëtic interj., imitating the chattering of the teeth through cold, Orkn. 326 (in a verse). at-beini, a, m. assistance, support, Fms. vi. 66; vera í a. með e-m, to assist one, Fas. i. 265. at-bot, f. repair (now aðgjörð), Vm. 4, Dipl. ii. 13. at-burðr, ar, m. pl. ir, [bera at, accidere.] 1. a chance, hap, acci- dent; verðr sá a., it so happened, Nj. 54, Vápn. 49; af (með) atburð, accidentally, perchance, Mart. 126, El. 5, 9, Mar. 656 ii. 16; með hverjum atburðum, how, by what chance? Róm. 287, Eluc. 12; slikt kalla ek a. en eigi jartein, such things I call an accident but not a miracle, Sturl. ii. 54; fyrir a. sakir hreysti hans, because of his valour, Skálda 189, Sks. 147. 2. esp. in pl., events, matters, circumstances; dráp Bárðar ok þá atburði er þar höfðu orðit, Bard's death and the events that had happened, Eg. 222; Ólafr sagði honum alla atburði um sitt mál, O. told him minutely how his matters stood, Hkr. i. 193; þær sem skýra í hverjum atburðum menn fella á sik fullkomið bann, under what circumstances ..., H. E. i. 462. at-búnaðr, ar, m. attention, care, especially of funeral rites; veita a. dauðum mönnum, to lay out dead bodies, Eg. 34, v. 1. 2. now gener. accommodation or assistance in all that regards domestic life, esp. cloth- ing; góðr, illr a. at-djúp and atdýpi, n. deep water close to shore, Háv. 48. at-djupt, n. adj. id., 623. 45; superl. aðdjúpast, Fms. xi. 70. at-dráttr, ar, m. pl. drættir, [draga at], provisions, supplies for house- hold use; hafði hann a. at þeirra búi, he supplied their household, Háv. 39; atdrættir ok útvegar, means and provisions, Fms. xi. 423; a. af fiskum, Hrafn. 22. β. metaph. support, H. E. i. 244. COMPD: atdrátta-maðr, m., mikill a., a good housekeeper, Eb. 26. at-dugnaðr, m. [at-duga, to assist], assistance, Fas. ii. 296. at-eggjan, f. egging on, instigation, Al. 5. at-fall, n. [falla at], 'on-fall, ' = of the flood-tide, Ld. 56, Orkn. 428. at-fang, n. [fá at, to provide] , only in pl., provisions, victuals, Bs. i. 130. Esp. used with dagr, or kveld, of the eve of great festivals, and partic. that of Yule: atfanga-dagr, pronounced affanga, m., a. Jóla, Yule Eve, Christmas Eve, Grett. 97, 140, Fms. ii. 37, Ísl. ii. 232, Orkn. 186 old Ed., where the new Ed. p. 242 reads atfangs- (in sing.), which is very rare, jþórð. 11. atfangadags-kveld, n. Christmas Eve, Bárð. 176. at-fanga-maðr, m. = atdráttamaðr, Grett. 119 A. at-fara-, v. atför. at-ferð, f. (neut. 655 xxxii.) a. aggression, incursion, in a hostile sense, Fms. ix. UNCERTAIN , v. 1. β. more freq. in a good sense, exertion, acti- vity, Fs. 4; vikjast eptir atferðum enna fyrri frænda þinna, to imitate their good deeds, id.; atferð ok eljun, energy, Ld. 318. γ a law term, execution; með dómrofum ok atferðum, Gþl. 183. δ. behaviour, pro- ceeding, conduct; hverja a. vér skulum hafa, Nj. 194, Rb. 390, Sks. 239, 655 xxxii. 2; -- now freq. in the last sense. COMPDS: atferðar-leysi, n. idleness, inactivity, helplessness, Fær. 232, 544. 23. atferðar-maðr, m. a skilful man, Bs. i. 639. atferð-ligr, adj, fit or manly, Fms. viii. 53, v. 1. at-ferli, n. [ferill], action, proceeding, used esp. as a law term, proceed- ing, procedure; með enu sama a., Grág. ii. 405: plur. skal sá slík atferli hafa öll um lýsingar sem áðr er tint, 27, H. E. ii. 75. β. method; þá eru mörg a. jafnrett til þess, Rb. 38. γ. hann spurðist fyrir um a. héraðsmanna, what they were doing, Grett. 123 A. δ. gramm., a. parta (modi partium orationis) eru tólf, Skálda 185. at-flutning, f. (now ˜ingr, m.), purveyance, supply, in plur., Eg. 275, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 179. at-fylgi, n. and atfylgja, u, f. help, backing, support, Fms. ii. 105, Stj. 384, Hom. 139, Fms. x. 60, v. 1. at-færsla, u, f. exertion, courage, K. Þ. K. 94 (rare). COMPD: at-fœrslu-maðr, m. a man of vigour, Bret. 12, 155. at-för, ar, f. 1. prop, a going to; as a Norse law term, execution, domr ok atför, Gþl. 361, 389: mod. Dan. adfœrd, cp. atferð, 7. 2. in

30 ATFARARDOMR -- ATORKUSEMI.

Icel. commonly of an onslaught or armed aggression, Fms. i. 54, Nj. 93, 93, 99, 113, Sturl. iii. 237, Ann. 1252. 3. method =aðferð, Fms. ii. 328. COMPDS: atfarar-dómr, m. sentence of execution for payment, Gþl., N. G. L. i. 154. atfarar-þing, n. court of execution, MS. 302, 172 (Norse). atfara-lauat, n. adj. quiet, with no act of violence between tivo hostile parties, Eb. 244, Sturl. ii. 40. at-ganga, u, f. 1. attack in a fight, onslaught, Fms. i. 36, Nj. 36, Lv. 13, Bret. 6. 2. peaceful help, Fms. xi. 86, Nj. 99, Ísl. ii. 210. COMPD: atgongu-mikill, adj. unruly, quarrelsome, aggressive, Fs. 41. at-gangr, m. 1. fighting, combat, aggression, Ísl. ii. 268, Korm. 242: injury, violence, = ágangr, Fms. vi. 239. 2. help, co-operation, Grett. 157, 162, Vígl. 19. 3. now, redress, recovery of a claim. COMPD: atgangs-mikill, adj. = energetic, Grett. 129 A. at-geirr, m. (false spelling UNCERTAIN ), a bill or halberd, undoubtedly a foreign weapon, rarely mentioned in the Sagas, but famous as the favourite weapon of Gunnar of Hlíðarendi; mentioned besides in Sks. 392, Landn. 163, Eb. 120, Fms. iii. l00, v. 249, Fas. iii. 462, but esp. Nj. 44, 45, 84, 95, 97, 108, 114, 119: in the Nj. used generally of thrusting, but also of hewing; Högni hjó í sundr spiót skaptið með atgeirinum, en rekr atgeirinn i gegnum hann, H. hewed in sunder the spearshaft with the bill, and drives the bill through him, Nj. 119; in Landn. 163 mentioned as a javelin. at-gengiligr, adj. acceptable, inviting, Bs. i. 372. at-gerð, atgervi, atgeyrð, v. atgörð, -görvi. at-gœzla, u, f. supeærintendance, care, caution, Sturl. iii. 58 (now freq.) atgörð, f. 1. plur. measures, steps taken; litlar atgöðir, small measures, Ísl. ii. 355, Fs. 4; var eigi vaent til atgerða, few expedients, Grett. 124. 2. repair of a building or the like (now freq.), Dipl. v. 145. β. a surgical operation, medical help, Bs. i. 108, 618, 644: Sturl. i. 43 is a bad reading. COMPDS: atgörða-lauss, adj. helpless, lazy, inactive, Al. 25: neut., atgörðarlaust er um e-t, no steps are taken, Fms. vi. 38. atgörða-maðr, m. a ready man, El. 15, Sturl. ii. 127. atgörðar-mikill, adj. active, Nj. 56. at-görvi, atgerfl, atgjörfl, f.; neut., Fms. x. 293 C. [görr at sér, accomplished] ; endowments, accomplishments derived from good training added to natural gifts; in olden times esp. those of an athletic or physical kind; fríðleik, vöxt, afl, ok alla a., beauty, stature, strength, and all accom- plishments whatever, Eg. 29, Fbr. 56, Fms. vi. 5, 268, i. 30, viii 140, x. 293; at íþróttum, a. ok vinsæld, Hkr. i. 212: of spiritual qualities and character (rare in old writers), af Guðs góðgipt ok sjálfs sins a. göfgastr maðr á Íslandi, Bs. i. (Hv.) 70; at lærdómi, vitrleik ok a., 130. Páls S. COMPD: atgörvi-maðr, and more freq. atgörvis-maðr, m. a man of great (physical) accomplishments, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 685 (where it is used of a young promising poet), 22, Ld. 12; used of an artist, Ísl. ii. 171: a. um marga hluti, man of great capacity, 191; used of a musician, Grett. 158. at-hald, n. constraint, coercion, restraint, Fbr. 2, Fms. xi. 228. at-hjúkan (now aðhjúkrun), f. [hjuka at e-m], heed, attention, care in the most tender sense of that word, e. g. that of a mother to her sick child; attention to a sick, frozen, shipwrecked, or destitute person, Fms. viii. 444, Finnb. 234, v. 1. at-hlaup, n. onslaught, assault, Fms. viii. 35, Bjarn. 37; í einu a., in one rush in a battle, Ld. 64; veita manni a. eðr sár, violence or wound, K. Á. 48; tókst nú þegar a., a hand to hand fight, Gullþ. 12. at-hlátr, m. [hlægja at], a laughing-stock, Fms. ii. 182. at-hlægi, n. ridicule, mockery; með a. ok sköm, ridicule and shame, Fms. x. 279; ef a. er vert, if it be ridicule, vi. 208; a. eðr úmannan, a laughing-stock and a wretch, Sturl. iii. 240. at-hlægiligr, adj. ridiculous, Band. 13. at-huga, að, to heed, bethink oneself, pay attention to, consider; a. sik, to t a ke heed, Sturl. iv. 75 in a mod. MS.; cp. Bs. i. 744 (now freq.) at-hugall, adj. heedful, careful, Sturl. iii. 125, Sks. 296. at-hugi, a, m. heed, care, attention, consideration, Hom. 5 2; af öllum a., carefully, Post. 656 B; hið elzta (barn) hefir ekki a. hit minsta, the eldest bairn has no head on his shoulders, El. 19, Sks. 482; með a. ok áhyggju, with care and concern, Fms. x. 281. COMPDS: athuga-lauss, adj. heedless. athuga-leysi, n. beedlessness, Stj. 6, Fas. i. 245; hlýtr jafnan íllt af a., ' Don't care' comes ever to a bad end (a proverb), Grett. 118 A. athugaliga, adv. attentively, Sks. 360. athuga-litill, adj. little careful, heedless, Bs. i. 190. athuga-sarnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. attentively, attentive, Sks. 600, 360, 6, 472. athuga-samr, adj. heedful, attentive, Hom. 58, Fms. viii. 447. athuga-verðr, adj. worthy of attention, Fms. x. 276. at-hvarf, n. [hverfa at, to turn towards]: a. in the phrase, göra e-m a., to pay one compliments, pay attention to, Bs. i. 801; hann er vel við þormóð ok görði meir at athvarfi við hann, he treated Th. respectfully or cultivated his friendship, Fbr. 119; Sighvatr görði at athvarfi um sendi- menn konungs, ok spurði þá margra tíðenda, he communicated with them or paid themvisits, attended to them, Hkr. ii. 214. β. athvarf is now freq. in the sense of shelter, refuge. at-hygli, f. [athugall], beedfulness, attention; með a., Sks. 1, 445 B, 564, Fms. vi. 446, (now used as neut.) at-hyllast, t, dep. (qs. athyglast), to lean towards, be on the side of, do homage to; with acc., af því skolu vér a. þenna engil í beonum varum, to cultivate his friendship, Hom. A. M. 237. 7; at a. ok sækja e-n at ámaðar orði, 655 xiii. B. 4, Bs. i. 202; setlum vér þann yðvarn at a. er mestan görir várn sóma, take his part, who ..., Fms. v. 273. at-hæfi (not athœfi, vide Sks. B., which carefully distinguishes between œ and œ), n. conduct, behaviour; a. kristinna manna, their rites, service, Fms. ii. 37, cp. Ld. 174; í öllu sínu a., conduct, proceeding, Fms. xi. 78, viii. 253: manners, ceremonies, Sks. 301; konunga a., royal manners, Hom.: þetta hefir verit a. (instinct) þessa skrímsls, Sks.: deeds, doings; skal nú þar standa fyrst um a. þeirra, Mag. 11. Now freq. in a theol. sense. at-hæfiligr, adj. . fit, fitting, due, Eg. 103, Finnb. 228. at-hofn, f. [hafast at, to commit] , conduct, behaviour, business; hvat er hann hafði frétt um a. Skota konungs, his doings and whereabouts, Eg. 271; fengin var þeim önnur a., occupation, Fbr. 19; ganga til skripta ok segja sínar athafnir, to go to shrift and confess his behaviour, Fms. i. 301; í athöfnum margir, en sumir í kaupferðum, Orkn. 298; er þat ok likligt at þú fylgir þar eptir þinni a., (ironically) that you will go your own foolish way, Fs. 4. COMPDS: athafnar-lauss, adj. inactive, Fms. iii. 128, 154. athafnar-leysi, n. inactivity. atliafoar-maðr and athafna-, m. a busy enterprising man, Hkr. ii. 255, Fær. 209. In a bad sense, a laughing-stock; gora e-n at athafnarmanni, to make a butt of him, Sturl. i. 24, 181, this last sense seems to be peculiar to the first and second part (þáttr) of the Sturl., which were not written by Sturla himself, but by an unknown author. at-kall, n. demand, call, request, solicitation, Bs. i. 735, Al. 64, Ver. 48. at-kast, n. a casting in one's teeth, a rebuke, reproach, Mag. 65. at-keri, anchor, v. akkeri. at-kváma, and later form aðkoma or atkoma, u, f. arrival, Ld. 78, Fms. vi. 239; metaph. (eccl.) pain, visitation, Hom. 68, 121. Now used in many compds: aðkomu-maðr, m. a guest, etc. at-kvœði, n. [kveða at orði]. I. a technical phrase, esp. in law; svá skal sækja at öllu um fjártökuna, sem þjófsök fyrir utan a., the proceeding is all the same with the exception of the technical terms, Grág. ii. 190; at þeim atkvæðum er Helgi hafði í stefnu við þik, the expres- sions used by Helgi in summoning thee, Boll. 354. β. a word, expres- sion in general; þat er þrífalt a., mannvit, siðgæði ok hæverska, Sks. 431, 303; en þó vér mælim alla þessa hluti með breiðu a., in broad, general terms, Anecd. 21, þiðr. I. γ. now used gramm. for a syllable, and in many compds such as, eins atkvæðis orð, a monosyllable; tveggja, þriggja ... atkvæða ..., etc., a dissyllable, etc.: ' kveða at' also means to collect the letters into syllables, used of children when they begin to spell. Old writers use atkvæði differently in a grammatical sense, viz. = pronunciation, sound, now framburðr; þeir stafir megu hafa tveggja samhljóðenda a., hverr einn, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; eins stafs a.; a. nafns hvers þeirra; þá er þat a. hans í hverju máli sem eptir lifir nafnsins (in the last passage = the name of the letter), 168. II. a decision, sentence, almost always in plur.; beið hann þinna atkvæða, Nj. 78; var því vikit til atkvæða (decision) Marðar, 207; bíða atkvæða Magnúss konungs um álög ok pyntingar, Fms. vi. 192: sing., var þat biskups a., his decision, v. 106; hvi gegnir þetta a. (sentence) jarl, rangliga dæmir þú, 656 B; þínu boði ok a., command and decisive vote, Stj. 203; af atkvæði guðanna, by their decree, Edda 9, Bret. 53. β. now a law term = vote, and in a great many compds: atkvæða-greiðsla, division; atkvzða-fjöldi, votes; a. munr, majority, etc. III. a decree of fate, a spell, charm, in a supernatural sense, = ákvæði; af forlogum ok a. ramra hluta, Fs. 23; konungr sagði úhægt at göra við atkvæðum, ... to resist charms (MS. ak- vedni, where it is uncertain whether the reading is ákv- or atkv-); a. Finnunnar, the spell of the Finnish witch, 22; svá mikil a. (pl.) ok ilska fylgði þessum álögum, Fas. i. 404, iii. 239, Fms. x. 172., COMPDS: atkvæða-lauss, adj. [kveða at, to be important] , unimportant, of no consequence, Fas. ii. 242. atkvæða-maðr, m. a man of weighty utterance, of importance, Fms. xi. 223. atkvæða-mikill, adj. of weight, note, authority, Nj. 51 atla, að, to 'ettle', intend, purpose, Bret. 144; so according to the modern pronunciation of ætla, q. v. at-laga, u, f. an attack in a sea fight, of the act of laying ships alongside; skipa til a., Fms. i. 169, iv. 103; hörð a., hard fight, xi. 133, Hkr. ii. 272, Nj. 125, Sturl. iii. 63, etc.: more rarely of an attack on land, Fms. vii. 244, Al. 122, Ísl. ii. 83, Bret. 50. β. an advance, landing, without notion of fight, Fms. ix. 430. COMPDS: atlögu-flokkr, m. the name of a poem describing a battle by sea, Sturl. iii. 63. atlögu-skip, n. a ship engaged in battle, Fms. viii. 382. at-lát, n. [láta at e-u, to comply with] , compliance, Hom. 47; synda a., indulgence in sin, Greg. 31. Now, atlæti, n. and atlot, n. pl. treatment; gott atlæti, kindness; ill atlot, harshness, esp. in respect to children. at-lega, u, f. shelter for sheep and cattle on the common pastures; hag- beit á vetrum ok a. fé sínu at selinu, Dipl. v. 4 (rare). at-mæli, n. abuse, offensive language, Bs. ii. 181. atoma, u, f. an atom, Rb. 114; a weight, subdivision of an ounce, 532. 1. at-orka, u, f. energy, activity. COMPDS: atorku-maðr, m. an active man. atorku-samr, adj. active. atorku-semi, f. activity.

ATRAS -- AUÐMJUKLIGA. 31

at-rás, f. an on-rush, charge, attack, Fms. viii. 413, v. árás. at-reið, f. (milit.) a riding at, a charge of horse, Fms. vi. 417, in the description of the battle at Stamford Bridge: Hkr. iii. 162 has áreið, but some MSS. atreið, vii. 57. β. the act of riding at or over, Nj. 21; esp. in the translation of French romances of tilting in tournaments, Str. (freq.) COMPD: atreiðar-áss, m. a quintain pole, at which to ride a-tilt, El. 15. at-rekandi, m. pressing efforts, exertions; svá mikill a. var görr um leitina, the search was carried on so thoroughly, Band. 4 C; cp. reki. at-renna, u, f. a slip. COMPD: atrennu-lykkja, u, f. a running knot, a noose, Fms. vi. 368. at-rið, now atriði, n. 1. = atreið, movement, in the phrase, hann hafði allt eitt atriðit, he did both things at once, in the twinkling of an eye, Grett. 95 new Ed. 2. a gramm. term in the compd atriðs- klauf, f. probably = GREEK, Edda (Ht.) 124, cp. Ed. Havn. ii. 154, cp. Skálda 193; atrið would thus mean a word, sentence. It is now very freq. in the form atriði, n. in a metaph. sense, the chief point in a sentence, or a part, paragraph, and used in many compds. Atriðr, m. is one of the poët. names of Odin, the wise (?). at-róðr, rs, m. a rowing at, i. e. an attack made (by a ship) with oars, Fms. ii. 310, Hkr. ii. 272, etc. β. gener. rowing towards, Jb. 308. at-samr, adj. [at, n.], quarrelsome, an GREEK., Fms. iv. 205; cp. Hkr. ii. 1. c. at-seta, u, f, a royal residence; hafa a., to reside, used especially of kings, Fms. i. 23, x. 209, Hkr. i. 63, Eg. 170, Nj. 5, etc. at-setr, rs, n. id., vide konungs-atsetr. at-skiljanligr, adj. [Dan. adskellig], various, different, Karl. 206, (an unclass. word.) at-skilnaðr, ar, m., in mod. Icel. = parting, separation. β. discord, Grett. 88; A, B, C, however, have áskilnaðr. at-sókn, f. [sækja at], onslaught, attack, Fms. i. 64, Nj. 100, etc. β. a throng of guests or visitors seeking hospitality; föng vóru lítil en a. mikill, Bs. i. 63 (now freq.) γ. in popular superstition, the foreboding of a guest's arrival; sleep, drowsiness, or the like, caused, as people believe, by the fylgja or ' fetch' of the guest, his sure forerunner; the Icelanders speak of a good, agreeable aðsókn, or a bad, disagreeable one; a man may 'sækja vel eðr ilia að,' as he is an agreeable guest or not. Only a 'fey' man's fylgja follows after him. Vide Ísl. þjóðs. i. 354 sqq. COMPD: atsóknar-maðr, m. aggressor, Fs. 70. at-spurning, f. [spyrja at], 'speering' at, inquiry, in the phrase, leiða atspurningum, which ought, however, to be in two words, Fb. i. 216. at-staða, u, f., now aðstoð, n. a standing by, backing, support, Bs. i. 846. β. earnest request, Mar. (Fr.) at-stuðning, f. and -ingr, m. [styðja at], support, Fas. i. 24. at-súgr, m. prop, pressure [súgr] caused by crowding; now freq. in the phrase, göra a. að e-m, to mob one. β. the phrase, bora frekan atsúg um e-t (where the metaphor is taken from boring), to deal harshly with, pierce through to the marrow, Orkn. 144: cp. Fms. vii. 29. at-svif, n. incident, bearing, Sks. 682. β. medic, lipothymia, a fainting fit, swoon, Fél. ix. 185; cp. að svífa yfir e-n, to be taken in a fit, Sturl. iii. 286. at-tú, by assimilation = at þú, that thou, freq. e. g. in the Orkn. new Ed. at-tönn, f. [at, n.], a tusk, Fas. i. 366. at-veizla, u, f. [veita at], assistance, Fms. x. 60, v. 1. at-verknaðr, m. work, especially in haymaking; Þórgunnu var ætlað nautsfóðr til atverknaðar, to toss and dry it, Eb. 26: now, vinna at heyi, to toss it for drying. at-vik, n. [víkja at], mostly in plur. details, particulars; in the phrases, eptir atvikum, according to the circumstances of each case, Gþl. 403; atvik sakar, the particulars of a case, Sks. 663; með atvikum, circumstantially, chapter and verse, Fas. iii. 330: in Stj. 179 it seems to mean gestures. II. an onset, prob. only another way of spelling atvígi, N. G. L. ii. 65; at ek geta eigi hefnt þessa atviks er mér er gört, that I cannot get this affront avenged which has been done me, Grett. 151 A. at-vinna, u, f. means of subsistence, support, Grág. i. 294, Jb. 151, Fær. 37, Stj. 143, 291, 623. 41, 656 A, 655. 20, Clem. 56, Jb. 151, Fms. v. 239: labour, occupation, Anecd. 20, Sks. 603, (now very freq.) COMPD: atvinnu-lauss, adj. without means of subsistence, Fms. ii. 97. at-vist, f. [vesa at], presence, esp. as a law term, opp. to an alibi, the act of being present at a crime: the law distinguishes between ráð (plotting), tilför (partaking), and a. (presence), Grág. ii. 37; vera í atsókn ak a., to be present and a partaker in the onslaught, Nj. 100. β. transl. of the Lat. assiduitas, 677. 12. at-vígi, n. onset, onslaught, N. G. L. ii. 65, cp. i. 126, Fas. ii. 244. at-yrði, n. pl. abusive words, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 154. AUÐ-, adverbial prefix to a great many adjectives, adverbs, and participles, seldom to subst. nouns, [not found in Ulf.; A. S. eâð, as in eâð- medu, humilitas, and also as a separate adj. eâde. facilis; Old Engl. 'eath,' 'uneath,' for 'easy,' 'uneasy;' Hel. ôð and ôði, facilis, unôði, difficilis], easy, opp. to tor-. To this 'aud' and not to 'old' may perhaps be referred some of the compds of aud and awd in Scottish and provincial English. Thus 'audie' in Scotch means an easy careless fellow; 'aud farand,' or 'auld farand,' may both mean easy going: v. the words in Jamieson and the Craven Glossary. auða, u, f. desolation, Þiðr. 2. auð-beðinn, adj. part. [A. S. eâðbede], easily persuaded to do a thing, with gen. of the thing, Eg. 17, 467. auð-bættr, adj. part, easily compensated for, Glúm. (in a verse). auð-eggjaðr, adj. part, easily egged on to do, with gen., Fms. v. 62. auð-fenginn, adj. part, easy to get, Fs. 62, Grett. 113 A, Mag. I, where it is spelt auðu-; cp. toru- = tor-. auð-fengr, adj. id., Hým. 18; a. var lið, 655 xxviii, Fms. v. 274. auð-fundinn, adj. part, easy to find, in promptu, Hkr. ii. III; neut. used metaph. easy to perceive, clear, Eg. 54, Ld. 194, v. 1. auð-fyndr, adj. an older form, id., used only as neut. easily perceived, clear; þat var a., at..., it could easily be seen, that..., Ld. 194. auðga, að, [Ulf. auþagjan = GREEK; A. S. eâðigjan = beatum facere], to enrich, Bs. i. 320, Stj. 68; reflex., hafði Noregr mikit auðgast, N. had grown very wealthy, Fms. vi. 448 :-- to make happy, er alla elskar ok auðgar, i. 281, Th. 77. auð-gengr, adj. easy to pass; stígr a., 677. 5. auð-ginntr, adj. part, easily cheated, credulous, Lex. Poët. auð-gætligr, adj. easy to get, common, Fms. i. 261. auð-gætt, n. adj. easy to get, = auðfundit, Lex. Poët., Hb. 6 (1865). auð-görr and later form auð-görðr, adj. part, easily done, Fas. i. 74. auð-heyrt, n. adj. part, easily heard, clear, evident, Ld. 266. auðigr and auðugr, adj. [Ulf. auðags = GREEK, auðagei, f. = GREEK; Hel. ódag = beatus, dives; A. S. eâðig, beatus, opulentus; O. H. G. ôtag], contracted before an initial vowel into auðgan, auðgir, auðgum; uncontr. form auðigan = auðgan, Fms. i. 112, etc.; now used uncontracted throughout, auðugir, auðugar, etc.; rich, opulent; ríkr ok a., powerful and opulent, Eg. 22, 83; at fé, wealthy, Fas. i. 49, Ísl. ii. 323, Nj. 16, Post. 656 C; skip mikit ok a., with a rich lading, Fms. xi. 238; a. at kvikfé, Ld. 96; superl. auðgastr, Eg. 25, Ísl. ii. 124; England er auðgast at lausafé allra Norðrlanda, Fms. xi. 203. AUÐIT, n. part. of an obsolete verb analogous to auka ('ablaut' an -- jó -- au), [cp. Swed. öde, fatum; auðna, luck; auðr, opes, etc.], used in many phrases, and often answering to the Gr. GREEK, with dat. pers. and gen. of the thing; e-m er, verðr, auðit e-s, it falls to one's lot; úlíkligt er at oss verði þeirrar hamingju a., it is unlikely that this good fortune is destined for us, Eg. 107; koma mun til mín feigðin..., ef mér verðr þess a., if that be ordained for me, Nj. 103; þó at mér verði lífs a., though life may be granted to me, Fms. i. 47; konungr lét græða menn sína sem lífs var a., those whose lot it was to live, who were not mortally wounded, Eg. 34; hafði þeim orðit sigrs a., had won the day, Eg. 86; var þeim eigi erfingja a., to them was no heir granted by fate, 625. 83: with 'at' and an infin., mun oss eigi a. verða at fá þvílíkan, Fms. x. 339: absol., hafi þeir gagn er a. er, let them gain the day to whom the god of battles grants it, xi. 66: with the addition of 'til;' ek ætla okkr lítt til ástafunda a. hafa orðit, we have had bad luck in love, 310: auðinn, masc. appears twice or thrice in poetry, auðins fjár, means possessed, Skv. 3. 37: in prose in Al. 21 (by Bishop Brand), láta auðins bíða, to submit to fate, to be unconcerned; even in compar., hvárt hyggit ér manni nokkuru at auðnara (any more chance), at hann fái knúta þessa leysta, of the Gordian knot, 19, at auðnu, v. auðna [cp. A. S. eâden, datus, concessus; Hel. ôdan, genitus, natus: cp. also jóð, proles, a word perhaps of the same root.] auð-kendr, adj. part. easy to 'ken' or recognise, of distinguished appearance, Al. 21, Fms. i. 44. auð-kenni, n. (= einkenni), mark, distinction, Karl. 180. auð-kenniligr, adj. = auðkendr, Hrafn. 13. auð-kenning, f. a clear mark, sure sign, Sturl. i. 70. MS. A. M. 122 B; áminning suits better, so the Ed. and Brit. Mus. 11, 127. auð-keyptr, adj. part. easily bought, cheap, Hkr. iii. 246. auð-kjörinn, adj. part. easily chosen, easy to decide between, Sd. 170. auð-kumall, adj. (now viðkvæmr), very touchy, tender, sensitive; a. ok lasmeyrr, of a snake's belly, easy to wound, Stj. 98; öngvær (depressed) ok auðkumul, (fem.) touchy, Bs. i. 323; a. í skapi, irritable, 353. auð-kvisi, v. aukvisi. auð-kvæðr, adj. easily talked over, easily moved, obsequious, pliable; eptirlátr ok a., N. G. L. ii. 400; ertú ok eigi a. (hard to move) til fylgðar, Grett. 122 new Ed. = auðbeðinn. axið-kymli, f. [auðkumall], touchiness, sensitiveness; a. konunnar, a woman's touchiness or weakness, 623. 36. auð-kýfingr, m. [kúfa, accumulare], poët. a heaper up of riches, a wealthy man, a Croesus; örr maðr er a., Edda 107; in prose in Sturl. i. 38, Al. 5; ríkismenn ok a., Post. 656 C. 30. auð-lagðr, adj. part. wealthy, whence auðlegð, Lex. Poët. auð-lattr, adj. part. docile, easily kept in check, Glúm. 396 (in a verse). auð-látinn, adj. [lát, manners], of easy affable manners, Str. 36. auð-legð, f. easy circumstances, wealth, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) 836; now freq. auð-ligr, adj. happy, lucky, Fms. vi. 420 (in a verse). auð-maðr, m. a wealthy man, Fms. ii. 21, Ísl. ii. 385, 125. auð-mjúkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. humbly, Bs. i. 773, Grett. 207 new Ed.

33 AUDMJUKR -- AUFUSA.

auð-mjúkr, adj. humble, meek, compar. auðmjúkari, Sturl. i. 45; a. iðran, devoted repentance, H. E. i. 510. auð-munaðr, adj. part. easily remembered, not to be forgotten, Fms. vi. 249, v. l. auð-mýkja, t and ð, to humble; a. sik, to humble oneself, Bs. i. 854. auð-mýkt, f. meekness, humility, Fms. viii. 54, v. 1.; now freq. in theol. writers. auðn, f. [auðr, adj.], a wilderness, desert; auðn Sinai, Stj. 300. β. land which has no owner or is waste, uninhabited; bygðust þá margar auðnir víða, many wide wastes were then peopled, Eg. 15; alla auðn landsins, Fms. i. 5, viii. 33, Greg. 33: the auðn was claimed as a royal domain; konungr á hér a. alla í landi, Fms. xi. 225; um þær auðnir er menn vilja byggja, þá skal sá ráða er a. á, the owner of the waste, N. G. L. i. 125: different from almenningr, compascuum or common. 2. more specially a deserted farm or habitation; sá bær hét síðan á Hrappstöðum, þar er nú a., Ld. 24; liggja í a., to lie waste, 96, Grág. ii. 214, cp. 278. 3. destruction; auðn borgarinnar (viz. Jerusalem), Greg. 40, Rb. 332, Ver. 43, Sd. 179 (where auðnu, f.); ríki mitt stendr mjök til auðnar, is in a state of desolation, Fms. xi. 320, Bret. 68: insolvency, utter poverty, Grág. i. 62. COMPDS: auðnar-hús, n. deserted huts, on mountains or in deserts, Grág. ii. 158. auðnar-óðal, n. impoverished estates, Sks. 333. auðnar-sel, n. deserted shielings, Orkn. 458. auðna, u, f. desolation, Sd. 179, bad reading. auðna, u, f. [auðit], fortune, and then, like GREEK, good luck, one's good star, happiness, (cp. heill, hamingja, gæfa, all of them feminines, -- good luck personified as a female guardian), in the phrase, a. ræðr, rules; auðna mun því ráða, Fate must settle that, Nj. 46, Lv. 65; ræðr a. lífi (a proverb), Orkn. 28; arka at auðnu (or perh. better dat. from auðinn), v. arka, Nj. 185, v. 1.; at auðnu, adv. prosperously, Sl. 25; blanda úgiptu við a., Fms. ii. 61; með auðnu þeirri at þorkatli var lengra lífs auðit, by that good fortune which destined Thorkel for a longer life, Orkn. 18 (50). Cp. the Craven word aund in the expression I's aund to'ot, 'I am ordained to it, it is my fate.' COMPDS: auðnu-lauss, adj. luckless, Fas. ii. 240. auðnu-leysi, n. ill fate. auðnu-leysingi, a, m. a luckless man. auðmi-maðr, m. a lucky man, luck's favourite, Gullþ. 28, Ld. 40, Fas. i. 340. auðnu-samliga, adv. fortunately, Finnb. 344. auðna, að, impers. to be ordained by fate; ef honum auðnaði eigi aptr at koma, if it was not ordained by fate that he should come back, Fms. ix. 350; sem auðnar, as luck decides, Fb. i. 160, Fas. iii. 601, Lv. 30: with gen., ef Guð vill at þess auðni, that it shall succeed, Bs. i. 159, v. 1., þat is less correct: now freq. in a dep. form, e-m auðnast, one is successful, with following infin. auð-næmiligr, adj. [nema], easy to learn, teachable, Sks. 16. auð-næmr, adj. easily learned, soon got by heart, Sks. 247 B; auðnæm er ill Danska, bad Danish is soon learnt (a proverb); auðnæmast þó hið vonda er, Pass. 22. 10. auð-prófaðr, adj. part. easily proved, Laur. S. MS. 180. 85. AUÐR, f. [Swed. ôde, fatum] , fate, destiny, only used in poetry in the phrase, fá auðar, to die, Ísl. ii. 389 (in a verse); haga til auðar, to avail towards one's happiness, Gísl. 59 (in a verse). Auðr is also a fem. pr. name. AUÐR, adj. [Ulf. auþs -- GREEK; O. H. G. odi; Hel. odi = inanis: cp. A. S. ydan and édan, vastare; Germ, öde and öden: the root is rare in A. S. and lost in Engl.] :-- empty, void, desert, desolate; húsin voru auð, uninhabited, Ld. 96; koma at auðu landi, of the first colonists when coming to Iceland, Landn. 316, opp. to 'koma at bygðu landi,' or 'land numið;' auð búð, Eg. 727; auð borð, void of defenders, of ships that have lost their men in fight, Fms. ii. 329; auð skip (= hroðin), all the crew being slain or put to flight, Hkr. iii. 126. β. metaph., auðr at yndi, cheerless, distressed, Stj. 421; sitja auðum höndum, now used of being idle: in the Ad. 22, með a. hendr means empty-handed, without gifts; so also in Stj. 437. I Sam. vi. 3, answering to 'empty' in the Engl. text. AUÐR, s, and poët. ar, m. [Goth, auds = GREEK is suggested; it only appears in Ulf. in compds or derivatives, audags adj. beatus, audagei f. beatitudo, audagian, beare; A. S. eâd, n. means opes; Hel. od = bonum, possessio: it is probably akin to óðal; cp. also feudal (A. S. feoh = fee), alodial]: -- riches, wealth, opulence; auð fjár (only in acc.), abundance, is a freq. phrase; also, auð landa ok fjár, Edda 15; oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, Band. 8, Fms. ii. 80, 623. 21; draga saman auð, id. In proverbs, margan hefir auðr apat; auðrinn er valtastr vina, wealth is the ficklest of friends, Hm. 77 etc. auð-ráðinn, adj. easily to 'read' or explain, Fas. iii. 561. β. easy to manage, v. úauðráðinn. auð-ráðr, adj. easily guided, pliable, yielding, Bs. i. 265. auðræði, n. pl. means, property, wealth, Bs. i. 146, 129, 136 (where it = income), 158, 68 (where the gen. auðráða = auðræða), Stj. 345, Hom. 68, Fms. iv. 111; not very freq., auðæfi is a more current word. auð-sagt, part. easily told. auð-salr, m. treasury (poët.), Fsm. 7. auð-sénn, part., now auðséðr (cp. however Pass. 6. 4, 7), easily seen, evident, Hrafn. 13, K. Å. 214. auð-skeptr, part. (in a proverb), Ad. 21, eigi eru a. almanna spjör, it is not easy to make shafts to all people's spear heads, i. e. to act so that all shall be pleased, cp. Hm. 127; auð-skæf (as given in the Skálda, where this line is cited) may be a better reading = not easily carved or made so as to suit everybody. auð-skilligr, adj. easy to distinguish, understand, Skálda 167. auð-skæðr, adj. part. easily injured, Eg. 770; delicate, tender, Stj. 345. Deut. xxviii. 56, Bs. i. 353. auð-snúit, n. part. easily turned, Hkr. ii. 271. auð-sóttligr, adj. easy to perform, an easy task, Fms. xi. 282. auð-sóttr, part. easily won, easy to win; mál a., Eg. 38, 200, in both cases of a happy suitor; a. land, land lightly won, Fms. iii. 49; auðsóttr til bæna, pliable, yielding, Al. 4: eigi a., not easily matched, Valla L. 205. auð-sveipr (and now also auðsveipinn, whence auðsveipni, f.), adj. pliable, yielding, now esp. used of good, obedient children, Bs. auð-sýna, d, to shew, exhibit, Bs. i. 274; má þat vel auðsýnast, to be seen, Stj. 13. auð-sýniligr, adj. evident, and -liga, adv. clearly, Fms. i. 142, Stj. 14, 26. auð-sýning, f. show, exhibition, Skálda 199. transl. of Lat. demonstratio; H. E. i. 517. proof, demonstration. auð-sýnn, adj. easily seen, clear; hon var síðan kölluð Delos svá sem a., Stj. 87, 250: neut. = evident, Hom. 154, Eg. 736, Fms. i. 72. auð-sæligr, adj. id., Fms. vii. 148. auð-sær, adj., neut. auðsætt, fem. auðsae, easily seen, clear, Bjarn. 63, Fms. x. 175, 655 xi. I: metaph. clear, evident, Magn. 436, 625. 174: neut. evident, Fms. i. 42, Hrafn. 13: compar. auðsærri, more conspicuous, Fms. ii. 322: superl. auðsæstr, Ld. 236; auðsæust, Fms. iv. 321. auð-trúa, adj. ind. credulous, Lex. Poët, (freq.) auð-tryggi, f. ind., now auðtryggni, f. credulity, Gísl. 62. auð-tryggr, adj. credulous, Stj. 199. Grett. 130 A, Fms. viii. 447. auð-van, n. bad luck, Lex. Poët. auð-vandr, adj. very painstaking in doing one's duties, Bs. i. 141, an GREEK. auð-ván, f. expectancy of fortunes (poët.), Lex. Poët. auð-velda, d, to take lightly, make easy, Orkn. ch. 68. auð-veldi, n. easiness, facility, Hom. 7. transl. of Lat. facultas; með a., as adv. easily, Fms. vii. 116, Karl. 131, 142: auðvelda-verk, n. an easy task, Grett. 127 new Ed. auð-veldliga and -velliga, adv. easily, lightly, Fms. i. 87, Stj. 99, Hkr. i. 200; taka a. á e-u, to make light of a thing, Fms. xi. 124: compar. -ligar, i. 262, Stj. 130. auð-veldligr and -velligr, adj. easy, Stj. 8, 356. Josh. vii. 2. auð-veldr, adj. ea s y, Eg. 39: superl. -veldastr, Ld. 14; metaph. compliant, Bs. i. 256, Sturl. i. etc. auð-vinr, m. (poët.) a charitable friend [A. S. eâðvine] ; in the old poets freq. spelt otvin, v. Lex. Poët. β. as a pr. name Auðunn; the etymology in Hkr. i. 12 is bad; and so is also the popular etymology of this word = none, fr. auðr, vacuus. auð-virðiligr, etc., v. auvirð-. auð-vitað, n. part. easy to know, clear, evident, Ld. 78, Finnb. 232: now often adv. = clearly, to be sure. auð-víst, n. adj. sure, certain, Karl. 181. auð-þeystr, adj. part. easy to make flow, Stor. 2 (dub. passage). auð-þrifligr, adj. [probably = ör-þrifligr, fr. ör- priv. and þrifligr, robust, strong], feeble, weakly, Ísl. ii. 456, Fb. i. 275 (of weak frame). auð-æfi qs. auðöfi, n. pl. ['auðr,' opes, and 'of;' = ofa-fé, q. v.; Lat. opes], opulence, abundance, wealth, riches, in the Grág. freq. = means of subsistence, emoluments, i. 269, 277 (twice), ii. 213, cp. Íb. 16, where it means emoluments: in the proper sense wealth, Hkr. i. 13, where it means gold and treasures, Sks. 334, 442; veg ok a., power and wealth, Greg. 23; himnesk a., Joh. 21; jarðlig a., Greg. 32. Matth. vi. 19, 20; mörg a., Eluc. 53, Hom. 151, etc. aufi, interj. [a for. word; Germ, au weh], woe! alas! used with dat., a. mér, Mar. 167; acc., a. mik, 175; absol., 147: after the Reformation 'áví' and 'ó vei' occur, or 'vei' alone. aufusa, u, f., in Norse MSS. spelt afusa, Dipl. i. 3; avusa, Str. 27, 54, Sks. 775 B; afuusa, N. G. L. i. 446. In Icel. always spelt with au, av, or ö, by changing the vowel, öfusa, aufusa, Ó. H. 155, where, however, some MSS. have aufussa, avfusa, Fms. viii. 39, 250; öfusa, Fs. 123; ofusa, 677. 3, Band. 6; öfussa, Bs. i. 481: the change of vowel is caused by the following f (v). The word is now quite obsolete, and its etymology is somewhat uncertain; it may be qs. á-fúss, or af-fúss, an 'af-' intens. and 'fúss,' willing, this last suggestion would best suit the Norse form. Its sense is thanks, gratitude, satisfaction, pleasure, and is almost exclusively used either as a supplement to 'þökk' or in such phrases as, kunna e-m au., or e-m er au. á e-u, to be pleased, gratified with; þakka með mikilli a., to thank heartily, Str. 27; ef yðr er þar nokkur a. á, if it be any pleasure to you, Fms. ix. 495; kunna e-m au. e-s, or with 'at,' to be thankful, Fb. ii. 257, Eg. 111, Ó. H. 56, Fms. viii. 1. c., Bs. i. 481, H. E. i. 432, Eg. 522, Sturl. iii. 125, Fær. 209, 677. 3; leggja at móti þökk ok au., Ó. H. 155; viljum vér au. gefa þeim góðum

AUFUSUGESTR -- AUK. 33

mönnum, we will thank them, Fms. viii. 250; var mönnum mikil ö. á því, much pleased by it, Fs. 123; hafa í móti þökk ok ö., Band. 19 new Ed. COMPDS: aufusu-gestr, m. a welcome guest, Valla L. 217, Sturl. i. 178. aufusu-orð, n. thanks, Gísl. 100. aufvisu-svipr, m. friendly mien; sýna á sér au., Fs. 14. au-fúss, adj. in a verse by Arnór, perhaps akin to the above, meaning eager, Orkn. 126: vide, however, Lex. Poët. s. v. ófur. AUGA, n., gen. pl. augna, [Lat. oculus, a dimin. of an obsolete ocus; Gr. GREEK (Boeot. GREEK); Sanskr. aksha: the word is common to Sanskrit with the Slavonic, Greek, Roman, and Teutonic idioms: Goth. augo; Germ, auge; A. S. eâge; Engl. eye; Scot. ee; Swed. öga; Dan. öje, etc. Grimm s. v. suggests a relationship to Lat. acies, acutus, etc. The letter n appears in the plur. of the mod. northern languages; the Swedes say 'ögon,' oculi, the Danes 'öjne;' with the article 'ögonen' and 'öjnene;' Old Engl. 'eyne;' Scot, 'een'] :-- an eye It is used in Icel. in a great many proverbs, e. g. betr sjá augu en auga, ' two eyes see better than one,' i. e. it is good to yield to advice: referring to love, unir auga meðan á sér, the eye is pleased whilst it can behold (viz. the object of its affection), Fas. i. 125, cp. Völs. rím. 4. 189; eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot bide it, if a woman love a man, i. e. they tell their own tale, Ísl. ii. 251. This pretty proverb is an GREEK. 1. c. and is now out of use; it is no doubt taken from a poem in a dróttkvætt metre, (old proverbs have alliteration, but neither rhymes nor assonance, rhyming proverbs are of a comparatively late date): medic., eigi er sá heill er í augun verkir, Fbr. 75; sá drepr opt fæti (slips) er augnanna missir, Bs. i. 742; hætt er einu auganu nema vel fari, he who has only one eye to lose will take care of it (comm.); húsbóndans auga sér bezt, the master's eye sees best; glögt er gests augat, a guest's eye is sharp; mörg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes, i. e. what is to be hidden must not be done in broad daylight, Hm. 81; náið er nef augum, the nose is near akin to the eyes (tua res agitur paries quum proximus ardet), Nj. 21; opt verðr slíkt á sæ, kvað selr, var skotinn í auga, this often happens at sea, quoth the seal, when he was shot in the eye, of one who is in a scrape, Fms. viii. 402. In many phrases, at unna (to love) e-m sem augum í höfði sér, as one's own eye-balls, Nj. 217; þótti mér slökt it sætasta ljós augna minna, by his death the sweetest light of my eyes was quenched, 187: hvert grætr þú nú Skarphéðinn? eigi er þat segir Skarphéðinn, en hitt er satt at súrnar í augum, the eyes smart from smoke, 200: renna, líta augum, to seek with the eyes, to look upon: it is used in various connections, renna, líta ástaraugum, vánaraugum, vinaraugum, trúaraugum, öfundaraugum, girndarauga, with eyes of love, hope, friendship, faith, envy, desire: mæna a. denotes an upward or praying look; stara, fixed; horfa, attentive; lygna, blundskaka, stupid or slow; blína, glápa, góna, vacant or silly; skima, wandering; hvessa augu, a threatening look; leiða e-n a., to measure one with the eyes; gjóta, or skjóta hornauga, or skjóta a. í skjálg, to throw a side glance of dislike or ill-will; gjóta augum is always in a bad sense; renna, líta mostly in a good sense: gefa e-u auga, oculum adjicere alicui; hafa auga á e-u, to keep an eye on it; segja e-m e-t í augu upp, to one's face, Orkn. 454; at augum, adverb. with open eyes, Hervar. S. (in a verse), etc. As regards various movements of the eyes; ljúka upp augum, to open the eyes; láta aptr augun, to shut the eyes; draga auga í pung, to draw the eye into a purse, i. e. shut one eye; depla augum, to blink; at drepa titlinga (Germ. äugeln, blinzen), to wink, to kill tits with the suppressed glances of the eye; glóðarauga, a suffusion on the eye, hyposphagma; kýrauga. proptosis; vagl á auga, a beam in the eye; skjálgr, Lat. limus; ský, albugo; tekinn til augnanna, with sunken eyes, etc., Fél. ix. 192; a. bresta, in death: hafa stýrur í augum, to have prickles in the eyes, when the eyes ache for want of sleep: vatna músum, 'to water mice,' used esp. of children weep- ing silently and trying to hide their tears. As to the look or expression of the eyes there are sundry metaph. phrases, e. g. hafa fékróka í augum, to have wrinkles at the corners of the eyes, of a shrewd money getting fellow, Fms. ii. 84, cp. Orkn. 330, 188, where krókauga is a cognom.; kvenna-króka, one insinuating with the fair sex; hafa ægishjalm í augum is a metaphor of one with a piercing, commanding eye, an old mythical term for the magical power of the eye, v. Grimm's D. Mythol. under Ægishjalmr: vera mjótt á milli augnanna, the distance between the eyes being short, is a popular saying, denoting a close, stingy man, hence mjóeygr means close: e-m vex e-t í augu (now augum), to shrink back from, of a thing waxing and growing before one's eyes so that one dares not face it. As to the shape, colour, etc. of the eye, vide the adj. ' eygr' or ' eygðr' in its many compds. Lastly we may mention the belief, that when the water in baptism touches the eyes, the child is thereby in future life prevented from seeing ghosts or goblins, vide the words úfreskr and skygn. No spell can touch the human eye; en er harm sá augu hans (that of Loki in the shape of a bird), þá grunaði hann (the giant) at maðr mundi vera, Edda 60; í bessum birni þykist hón kenna augu Bjarnar konungs sonar, Fas. i. 51, vide Ísl. Þjóðs. II. meton. and metaph. auga is used in a great many connections: α. astron.; þjaza augu, the eyes of the giant Thiazi, is a constellation, probably the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux; the story is told in the Edda 47, cp. Harbarðsljóð 19; (Snorri attributes it to Odin, the poem to Thor.) β. botan., auga = Lat. gemma, Hjalt. 38; kattarauga, cat's eye, is the flower forget-me-not. γ the spots that form the numbers on dice, Magn. 530. δ. the hole in a millstone; kvarnarauga, Edda 79, 221, Hkr. i. 121: the opening into which an axe handle is fastened, Sturl. ii. 91: a pit full of water, Fs. 45: nálarauga, a needle's eye: vindauga, wind's eye or window (which orig. had no glass in it), A. S. eag-dura (eye-door); also gluggi, q. v.: gleraugu, spectacles. ε. anatom., the pan of the hip joint, v. augnakarl, Fms. iii. 392: gagnaugu, temples. ζ. hafsauga, the bottom of the ocean, in the popular phrase, fara út í hafsauga, descendere ad tartara. η. poët, the sun is called heimsauga, dagsauga, Jónas 119. COMPDS either with sing. auga or pl. augna; in the latter case mod. usage sometimes drops the connecting vowel a, e. g. augn- dapr, augn-depra, augn-fagr, etc. auga-bragð (augna-), n. the twinkling of an eye, Hm. 77; á einu a., in the twinkling of an eye, Ver. 32, Edda (pref.) 146, Sks. 559, Rb. 568: a glance, look, snart a., Fms. ii. 174; mikit a., v. 335; úfagrligt a., Fs. 43; hafa a. af e-u, to cast a look at, Fbr. 49, Fms. xi. 424: in the phrase, at hafa e-n (or verða) at augabragði, metaph. to make sport of, to mock, deride, gaze at, Stj. 627, 567, Hm. 5, 29. auga-brun, f. the eye-brow. auga-staðr, m. an eye-mark; hafa a. á e-u, to mark with the eye. auga-steinn (augna-), m. the eye-ball, Hkr. iii. 365, Fms. v. 152. augna-bending, f. a warning glance, Pr. 452. augna-blik, n. mod. = augnabragð, s. augna-bólga, u, f. ophthalmia. augna-brá, f. the eye-lid, D. N. i. 216. augna-fagr and aug-fagr, adj. fair-eyed, Fas. ii. 365, Fms. v. 200. augna-fró, f. a plant, eye-bright, euphrasia, also augna-gras, Hjalt. 231. augna-fræ, n. lychnis alpina. augna-gaman, n. a sport, delight for the eyes to gaze at, Ld. 202, Bær. 17, Fsm. 5 (love, sweetheart). augna-gróm, n. (medic.) a spot in the eye; metaph., ekki a., no mere speck, of whatever can easily be seen. augna-hár, n. an eye-lash. augna-hvannr, m. the eye-lid. augna-hvita, u, f. albugo. augna-karl, n. the pan of the hip joint; slíta or slitna or augnaköllunum, Fas. iii. 392. augna-kast, n. a wild glance, Barl. 167. augna- kláði, a, m. psorophthalmi. augna-krókr, n. the corner of the eye. augna-lag, n. a look, Ld. 154. augna-lok, n. 'eye-covers,' eye-lids. augna-mein, n. a disease of the eye. augna-mjörkvi, a, m. dimness of the eye, Pr. 471. augna-ráð, n. expression of the eye. augna- skot, n. a look askance, Gþl. 286, Fs. 44 (of cats). augna-slím, n. glaucoma. augna-staðr, m. the socket of the eye, Magn. 532. augna-sveinn, m. a lad leading a blind man, Str. 46. augn-tepra, u, f. hippus. augna-topt, f. the socket of the eye. augna-verkr, m. pain in the eye, Hkr. ii. 257, Bs. i. 451, Pr. 471, Bjarn. 58. augna- vik, n. pl. = augnakrókr. augna-þungi, a, m. heaviness of the eye, Hkr. ii. 257. aug-dapr, adj. weak-sighted, Fms. ii. 8: augdepra, u, f. amblyopia, Fél. ix. 191. aug-lit, n. a face, countenance; fyrir a. alls lýðs, Stj. 326; fyrir Guðs a., before the face of God, Orkn. 170; í a. postulans, 623. 25, Ver. 7. Gen. vii. I ('before me'); fyrir konungs a., Sks. 283. Now much used, esp. theol. aug-ljós, n. 'eye light,' in the phrase, koma í a., to appear. Fas. i. 80. aug-ljóss, adj. clear, manifest, Fms. i. 229, Hkr. ii. 225. aug-lýsa, t, to make known, manifest: subst. auglýsing, f. aug-sjándi, part. seeing ocularily, Mart. 117. aug-súrr, adj. blear-eyed, Stj. 171 (of Leah): súreygr is more freq. aug-sýn, f. sight; koma í a. e-m, to appear before him, Eg. 458, 623. 12; í a. e-m, in the face of, Blas. 46. aug-sýna, d, to shew, Fms. v. 200. aug-sýniligr, adj. and -liga, adv. evident, visible, Gþl. 42. AUK, adv. [cp. Goth, auk, freq. used by Ulf. as translation of Gr. GREEK; jah auk = GREEK; A. S. eâc; Engl. eke; Germ. auch] . I. it originally was a noun = augmentum, but this form only remains in the adverbial phrase, at auk, to boot, besides, Bs. i. 317 (freq.): adverbially and without 'at' besides; hundrað manna ok auk kappar hans, a hundred men and eke his champions, Fas. i. 77; þriggja marka fé, en konungr þat er auk er, the surplus, N. G. L. i. 350: cp. also such phrases as, auk þess at, besides that; auk heldr, v. heldr. II. as a conj. also, Lat. etiam, occurs in very old prose, and in poetry; svá mun ek auk bletza þá konu es þú baðsk fyr, 655 ix. B. 2 (MS. of the 12th century), Hkr. ii. 370 (in a poem of Sighvat); this form, however, is very rare, as the word soon passed into ok, q. v. III. used to head a sentence, nearly as Lat. deinde, deinceps, the Hebrew HEBREW, or the like; the Ormulum uses ac in the same way; in MSS. it is usually spelt ok; but it may be seen from poetic assonances that it was pro- nounced auk, e. g. auk und jöfri fræknum; hitt var auk at eykir, Vellekla, Hkr. i. 216: auk at járna leiki, Lex. Poët.; it is sometimes even spelt so, e. g. auk nær aptni skaltu Óðinn koma, Hm. 97, Hkr. i. 29, v. 1.; it is also freq. in the Cod. Fris. of the Hkr. This use of auk' or 'ok' is esp. freq. in old narrative poems such as the Ynglingatal (where it occurs about thirty-five times), in the Háleygjatal (about six times), and the Vellekla (about ten times): vide ok. IV. simply for ok, and, as spelt on some Runic stones, but seldom, if ever, in written documents.

34 AUKA -- AURR.

AUKA, jók, jóku (mod. juku), aukit [Lat. augere; Gr. GREEK Ulf. aukan; A. S. eacan or ecan; Engl. to eche or eke; O. H. G. auhon]; pres. ind. eyk; subj. eyki or yki, mod. jyki. A weak form (aukar, aukaði, aukat) also occurs, esp. in Norse, and (as a Norwegianism) in Icel. writers, esp. after the year 1260, e. g. aukaðu, augebant, Barl. 138; aukaðist, augebatur, aukaði, augebat. Barl. 180, Fms. i. 140, 184, x. 21 (MSS. aukuðu or aukaði, and some even jóku), Róm. 234; subj. aukaðist, augeretur, Fms. vii. 158 in three Icel. vellum MSS.; only one has ykist, the strong genuine form. Pres. aukar, auget, and aukast, augetur, instead of eykr, eykst, Stj. 32: part, aukat (= aukit), O. H. L. 46; aukuð, aucta, Fms. x. 236. Even Snorri in the Edda has aukaðist, p. 3, both in the vellum MSS. Ob. and Kb., -- a form which is thoroughly unclassical; the poets use the strong form, and so Ari, who has jókk = jók ek, in the preface to Íb.; -- so also the great bulk of the classical literature. Since the Reformation the strong form is the only one used either in speaking or writing. I. Lat. augere, to augment, increase, with acc., eykr hann þar ætt sína, Fms. iii. 82; jók Njáll ekki hjón sín, Nj. 59; hét hann þeim at auka virðing þeirra, Eg. 33; þessi orð jóku mjök sök Adams, Sks. 542; jók nafn hans, Hom. 51, Nj. 33; var þá síðan aukuð (= aukin) veizlan, Fms. x. 236: absol., þat hálft er eykr, that half which is over and above, Js. 75: in the phrase, aukanda ferr um e-t, a thing is increasing, Nj. 139. II. Lat. addere, to add to the whole of a thing; with the thing added in the dat., ok jókk (= jók ek) því es mér varð síðan kunnara, Íb. (pref.): impers., jók miklu við, increased greatly, Ld. 54; þá eykst enn ellefu nóttum við, eleven nights are still added, Rb. 28: followed by 'við,' auka e-u við e-t, to add to it, Nj. 41; 'til' is rare and unclassical, and seems almost a Danism, as 'föie til,' þetta til aukist, Vm. 7: auka synd (dat.) á synd (acc.) ofan, to heap sin upon sin, Stj. 274: aukast orðum við, to come to words, speak, Eg. ch. 58, v. l. (rare); ef þú eykr orði, if tbou say'st a word more, Lex. Poët. β. with acc. (a rare and unclassical Latinism), auka ny vandræði (= nyjum vandræðum) á hin fornu, Bs. i. 751. γ. impers. in the phrase, aukar á, it increases, Róm. 234. III. to surpass, exceed; þat er eykr sex aura, þá á konungr hálft þat er eykr, if it exceeds six ounces, the king takes half the excess, N. G. L. i. 281, Js. § 71; en ármaðr taki þat er aukit er, what is over and above, N. G. L. i. 165. Esp. used adverbially in the part. pass, aukit, aukin, more than, above, of numbers; aukin þrjú hundruð manna, three hundred men well told, Eg. 530, Fms. ix. 524, v. l.; með aukit hundrað manna, x. 184, Ld. 196; aukin hálf vætt, Grett. 141 new Ed. β. in the phrases, þat er (eigi) aukat (aukit), it is no exaggeration, Jd. verse 22, the Ed. in Fms. xi. 169 has 'árla' (a false reading); pat er aukat, O. H. L. 1. c.; orðum aukið, exaggerated, Thom. 73. aukan, f. increase, K. Á. 20. auki, a, m. eke [A. S. eaca; Old Engl. and Scot, eke or eik], increase, addition; Abram tók þann auka nafns síns, Ver. 14; a. öfundar ok hatrs, Stj. 192: cp. also in the phrase, verða at moldar auka, to become dust, to die, in a verse in the Hervar. S. Fas. i. 580; cp. maðr er moldu samr, man is but dust, Sl. 47; and another proverb, lauki er lítið gæft til auka, used by Sighvat (Lex. Poët.), the leek needs but little care to grow; sárs- auki, pain, Mirm. 47; Danmerkr auki is a poët. name of Zealand used by Bragi, Edda I: the phrase, í miklum auka, in a huge, colossal shape, Glúm. 345 (in a verse); hence perhaps comes the popular phrase, að færast í aukana (or haukana), to exert to the utmost one's bodily strength, Glámr færðist í alla auka (of one wrestling), Grett. 114 A, (Ed. 1853 has færðist í aukana.) 2. metaph. seed, germs, thou hast given me no seed, Stj. III. Gen. xv. 2; esp. the sperm of whales, amber, Sks. 137. β. produce of the earth, Barl. 193, 200. γ interest of capital, N. G. L. ii. 380; vide áauki, sársauki, sakauki, i. 187. COMPDS: auka-dagr, m. 'eke-day,' dies intercalaris, Rb. 488. auka-hlutr, m. in the phrase, at aukahlut, to boot, Hom. 129. auka-nafn, n. 'eke-name,' nickname, or additional name, Sks. 272. auka-smíði, n. a superfluous thing, a mere appendix, Fms. ii. 359. auka-tungl, n. intercalary moon, Rb. 116. auka-verk, n. by-work, Bs. i. 326. auka-vika, u, f. 'eke-week,' intercalary week, v. hlaupár. auk-nafn, n. = aukanafn, 'eke-name.' auk-nefna, d, to nickname, Landn. 243. auk-nefni, n. 'eke-name,' a nickname: α. a defamatory name, punishable with the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 146. β. in a less strong sense; hann var svartr á hár ok hörund, ok því þótti honum a. gefit er hann var Birtingr kallaðr, he was swarth of hair and skin, and for that it seemed a nickname was given him when he was called 'Brighting,' Fms. vii. 157: Helgi átti kenningar nafn, ok var kallaðr hvíti; ok var þat eigi a., því at hann var vænn maðr ok vel hærðr, hvítr á hár, Helgi had a surname (in a good sense), and was called 'White;' and that was no nickname, for he was a handsome man and well-haired, white of hair, Fbr. 80: þú hyggr at ek muna vilja giptast einum bastarði, -- eigi em ek bastarðr nema at a., of William the Conqueror, Fb. iii. 464. In old times, esp. at the time of the colonisation of Iceland, such nicknames were in freq. use, as may be seen from the index in the Landnama; they gradually went out of use, but still occur now and then throughout the whole of the Saga period in Icel. down to the 14th century. aukning, f., Old Engl. 'eeking,' increase, Stj. 100, 176, Sks. 137. au-kvisi, a, m. [prop. auð-kvisi, from auð, easy, and kveistinn, touchy; cp. kveisa, f. ulcus, dolor]; in old writers it is spelt with au or av, and sometimes with a double k, ökkvisi, Bs. i. 497 vellum MS. A. M. 499; auðkvisi, Ld. 236 C and the vellum MS. A. M. 122 A to Sturl. ii. 8; aukvisi, MS. 122 B; O. H. (Ed. 1853) reads aucvisi; it means a weakly, irritable, touchy person. Used esp. in the proverb, einn er au. ættar hverrar, cp. the Engl. there is a black sheep in every flock, Hkr. ii. 238: mun ek son minn láta heita Gizur; lítt hafa þeir aukvisar verit í Haukdæla ætt er svá hafa heitið hér til, Sturl. ii. 8, at the birth of earl Gizur. [The name Gizur was a famous name in this family, Gizur hviti, Gizur biskup, Gizur Hallsson, etc.] AULANDI, an indecl. adj., qs. al-landi, an GREEK in the proverb Nj. 10, illt er þeim er au. er alinn. [The root is prob. al- (Lat. alius), land, cp. A. S. ellend or elland (Hel. elilendi), alienus, peregrinus; Old Engl. alyant; O. H. G. alilanta (whence N. H. G. elend, miser): there is in Icel. also a form erlendr, prob. a corruption for ellendr. This root is quite lost in the Scandin. idioms with the single exception of the proverb mentioned above, and the altered form er-.] The MSS. of the Nj. I. c. differ; some of them have á úlandi in two words, in terra malâ; Johnsonius has not made out the meaning: the proper sense seems to be exul ubique infelix. In olden times peregrinus and miser were synonymous, the first in a proper, the last in a metaphorical sense: so the Lat. hostis ( = hospes) passed into the sense of enemy. The spelling with ö (ölandi) ought perhaps to be preferred, although the change of vowel cannot be easily accounted for. auli, a, m. a dunce, aulaligr adj., aula-skapr m., aulast dep., etc., do not occur, as it seems, in old writers; prop. a slug (?); cp. Ivar Aasen s. vv. aula, auling. aum-hjartaðr, adj. tender-hearted, charitable, Stj. 547, Hom. 109. aumindi, n. painful feeling from a wound or the like, Fél. ix. 192. aumingi, ja, m. a wretch, in Icel. in a compassionate sense; Guðs a., 655 xxxii. 15, Bs. i. 74, Hom. 87. aumka, að, to bewail, to complain, esp. in the impers. phrase, a. sik, to feel compassion for, Bær. II, Al. 10, Róm. 182, Bret. 98, Fagrsk. ch. 34; now freq. used in reflex., aumkast yfir e-t, to pity. aumkan, f. lamentation, wailing. El. 10. aumleikr, m. misery, Stj. 428, Bs. i. 321; now also used of the sore feeling of a wound or the like, v. aumr. aumligr, adj. and -liga, adv. [A. S. earmlic] , poorly, wretched, Grett. 161, Fms. i. 138, v. 218, Sturl. ii. 13, Bær. 4, Magn. 432, H. E. iii. 366. aum-neglurr, more correctly anneglur, cp. the Engl. agnail, hangnail, or naugnail, Fél. ix. 192; the lunula unguium is in Icel. called anneglur, and so is the skin round the finger-nail, id. AUMR, adj. [Ulf. has arms = miser; Dan. and Swed. öm], seems with all its compounds to be a Scandin. word. It originally probably meant sore, aching, touchy, tender. In mod. Icel. it is sometimes used in this sense, in Dan. and Swed. only = sore, and metaph. tender. 2. metaph. poorly, miserable, unhappy; styrkstú, aumr, strengthen thyself, wretched man, Orkn. 153, Hom. 15, 16, Th. 6, 16: in a bad sense = armr, Fms. ix. 414. aum-staddr, adj. part, in a poor, wretched state, Stj. 475. AUNGR, adj. pron., Lat. nullus, none, v. engi, enginn. AUNGR, adj. narrow, Lat. angustus, v. ongr. aung-vit, n., medic, lipothymia, a fainting-fit, Fél. ix. 193. AURAR, m. pl. money, aura- in compds, v. eyrir. aur-borð, n. the second plank from the keel of a boat, Vellekla and Edda (Gl.) aur-falr, s, m. [aurr, lutum, falr], the spike at the butt-end of a spear, Gr. GREEK þeir settu niðr aurfalina er þeir stóðu ok studdust við spjót sín, Fms. i. 280; síðan mældi hann grundvöll húsgörðarinnar fyrir þórhalli með aurfalnum á spjóti sínu, ii. 230; Abner sneri spjótinu í hendi sér ok lagði aurfalnum framan í kviðinn, Stj. 497, 2 Sam. ii. 23 (in Engl. Vers. 'the hinder end of the spear'), Art. 105. β. used of an arrow, Fb. iii. 406. aur-gáti, a, m. [qs. ör-gáti, ör- and geta], a tit-bit, good cheer, good treatment, a rare and now obsolete word; mun ekki af sparat, at veita oss allan þann a. er til er, Fms. xi. 341; um tilföng veizlunnar, sem bezt búandi allan a., Mar. 97; af þeim örgáta sem hon hafði framast föng til, 655 xxxi. 2. aurigr, adj., only in the contr. forms aurgan (acc.), aurgu (dat.), clayey, muddy, Vsp. 31, Ls. 48; cp. úrigr, madidus. AURR, s, m., prop. wet clay or loam, but also in Eggert Itin. p. 682 of a sort of clay, cp. Ivar Aasen s. v. aur. In A. S. eâr is humus; in the Alvismál one of the names of the earth is aurr (kalla aur uppregin). In the Völuspá the purling water of the well of Urda is called aurr; hence the paraphrase in the Edda, þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum, ok með aurinn (the clay, humus) er liggr um brunninn, ok ausa upp yfir askinn. Elsewhere used simply of mud, wet soil, aurr etr iljar en ofan kuldi, Gs. 15; auri trödd und jóa fótum, Gh. 16; ok við aur ægir hjarna, bragnings burs of blandinn varð, his brains were mixed with the mud,

AURRIÐI -- AUSTRRUM. 35

Ýt. 16; aurr ok saurr, mud and dirt, Ann. 1362; hylja auri, humo condere, in a verse in the Konn. S. aurriði, örriði, mod. urriði, a, m. salmo trutta, salmon-trout, Fél. i. II; salmo squamis argenteis, maculis nigris brunneo cinctis, pinna pectorali punctulis sex notata, Eggert Itin. p. 595: deriv. from örr, celer, and -riði, or from aurr (?); the Norse form aure indicates a diphthong, GÞl. 421, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: aurriða-bekkr, m. a 'beck' full of trout, Bolt. aurriða-fiski, f. trout-fishing, Bolt. aurriða-net, n. a trout-net, Gísl. 104. aurriða-vatn, n. a water stocked with trout, Bolt. aur-skór, m. (prop. 'mud-shoe'), a horse shoe, an GREEK in the story Fms. iii. 210, each of the shoes weighing 1½ lb. The story is a pendant to that told of king Augustus of Poland and the blacksmith. aur-skriða, u, f. a land slip, avalanche, Fbr. 84, Fs. 59. aurvandils-tá (aurvantá, Ub.), f. Aurvandil's toe, probably the star Rigel in Orion, v. Edda 59. AUSA, jós, josu (mod. jusu), ausit; pres. ind. eyss; subj. eysi or ysi, mod. jysi (hauriret), cp. Lat. haurio, haus-it; not found in Goth, or in Germ. I. to sprinkle, with dat. of the liquid, and the object in acc. or with a prep.; Þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum, ok ausa (viz. Því) upp yfir askinn, . . . pour it over the ash-boughs, Edda. II; ef maðr eyss eldi (fire, embers,) Grág. ii. 128; a. síld ór netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings, GÞl. 427: a. út, to pour out, fé, Grett. 126. 2. ausa moldu, to sprinkle with mould, bury; hlóðu Þeir at grjóti ok jósu at moldu, Eg. 300; er hann höfðu moldu ausit, Bjarn. II; salr ausinn moldu, his chamber sprinkled with mould (poët.), Hervar. S.; ausinn haugi, Ýt. 26. β. ausa vatni is a standing phrase for a sort of baptism used in the last centuries, at least, of the heathen age. The child when born was sprinkled with water and named, yet without the intervention of a priest; this rite is mentioned as early as in the Hávamál, one of the very oldest mythological didactic poems on record, where it is attributed even to Odin; ef ek skal Þegn ungan verpa vatni á, if I am to throw water on a young thane, 159; Jósu vatni Jarl létu heita, Jóð ól Edda jósu vatni, hörvi svartan, hétu Þræl, Rm. 7, 31; sá var siðr göfigra manna, at vanda menn mjök til at ausa vatni ok gefa nafn;... Sigurðr jarl jós sveininn vatni ok kallaði Hákon, Hkr. i. 118; Eiríkr ok Gunn- hildr áttu son er Haraldr konungr jós vatni ok gaf nafn sitt, 122; eptir um daginn jós Hákon konungr Þann svein vatni ok gaf nafn sitt, 135, Fms. i. 66, xi. 2; fæddi Þóra sveinbarn ok var Grimr nefndr er vatni var ausinn, Eb. 26; enn áttu Þau Skallagrímr son, sá var vatni ausinn ok nafn gefit ok kallaðr Egill, Eg. 146, 147, 166, Ld. 108, Gísl. 32 (of Snorre Gode); and so in many instances from Icel., Norway, and the Orkneys, all of them of the heathen age. The Christian term is skíra, q. v. 3. metaph. of scolding or abuse; hrópi ok rógi ef Þú eyss á holl regin, Ls. 4; ausa sauri á e-n, to bespatter with foul language, ausask sauri á (recipr.), Bjarn. 33; a. e-m e-u í augu upp, to throw in one's face, Eg. 576; hann jós upp (poured out) Þar fyrir alÞýðu öllum glæpum föður síns, Mart. 80; um verka Þann er hverr jós á annan, Bjarn. 42. II. of a horse, to kick or lash out with his hinder feet, opp. to prjóna, to rear up and strike with the fore feet; hestrinn tók at frýsa, blása ok ausa, Greg. 49; at merrin eysi, Sturl. ii. 40 C. III. to pump, esp. a ship, with the ship in acc.; Hallfreðr jós at sínum hlut, Fs. 113, Grett. 95 A, Fbr. 173, N. G. L. i. 102: a. bát sinn, to make water, Fms. vii. 331. ausa, u, f. a ladle, ekki er sopið kálið Þó í ausuna sé komit (a proverb), many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip, Grett. 132, Þórð. 51. aus-ker, n. = austr-ker, Shetl. auskerrie, a scoop, v. Jamieson Suppl. sub voce, Fs. 147. ausli, v. auvisli. austan, adv. [A. S. eastan; Hel. ôstan], from the east, Eg. 183, Eb. 4: of the direction of the wind (cp. vestan, sunnan, norðan), used with a preceding prep, á, á vestan, austan..., blowing from west, east..., Bs. ii. 48. β. fyrir a. used as a prep. with acc. east of; fyrir a. mitt haf, Grág. ch. 85, p. 142 new Ed., Nj. 36, 81, Eg. 100, Landn. 228. γ. with gen. in phrases like austan lands, a. fjarðar, cp. norðan, sunnan, vestan, Hkr. iii. 201. COMPDS: austan-ferð, f. a journey from the east, Fms. vii. 128. austan-fjarðar, gen. loci, used as adverb, in the east of the firth, Hkr. ii. 295, Fms. i. 278, iv. 37. austan-gola, u, f. a light breeze from the east, Sturl. iii. 59 (Ed. austræn). austan- kváma, u, f. arrival from the east, Fms. vi. 23. austan-maðr, m. a man from the east, Old Engl. easterling, Sturl. iii. 248. austan- sjór, m. the east sea, nickname of a man, Fms. ix. 316. austan- veðr, rs, m. an easterly gale, Rb. 438. austan-verðr, adj. eastern (cp. norðan-, sunnan-, vestan-verðr), Landn. 25, Stj. 75, A. A. 286. austan-vindr, m. an east wind, Sks. 38, cp. norðan-, vestan-. sunnan- vindr. austarliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. easterly, Fms. xi. 389. austastr, superl. easternmost, v. eystri. austfirðingr, m., esp. in pl. an eastfirther, one from the east of Iceland, Sturl. ii. 158. COMPDS: austfirðinga-búð, f., v. búð. austfirðinga-dómr, m. the court for the east quarter, v. dómr. austfirðinga-fjórðungr, m. the east quarter of Iceland, v. fjórðungr. aust-firðir, m. pl. the east firths of Iceland, opp. to vestfirðir, Landn. aust-firzkr, adj. one from the east firths in Icel., Nj. 54, Lv. 57. aust-för, f. = austrför. aust-ker, n. a scoop, bucket, v. auss-ker. aust-kylfir, m. pl. easterlings, cp. Kylfingar, an old Russian population, Kolbiager, east of the Baltic; in a poem of Hornklofi, Fagrsk. 9. aust-lægr, adj. easterly, of the wind., aust-maðr, m., pl. austmenn, in Icel. and in the northern part of the British Islands a standing name of those who came from the Scandi- navian continent, esp. Norse merchants, vide the old Irish chronicles, and the Sagas, passim. The English used ' easterling' in the same sense, and sterling is an abbreviation of the word from the coin which the 'easterlings' brought with them in trade. Eyvindr austmaðr, Landn., Nj. 81, Eg. 744, Ísl. ii. 192, 128, Sturl. ii. 47, Lv. 23, Valla L. 216, Landn. 36, 290, 305, Eb. 104, 196, etc. In the Norse GÞl. 450 it is used of Swedes in Norway: austmanna-skelfir, m. 'skelper' (conqueror, terror) of the east men, a nickname, Landn. 305. aust-marr, m. the east sea, the east Baltic (Estmere of king Alfred, Oros. Ed. Bosworth, p. 22), Ýt. 18. aust-mál, n. = austrmál, N. G. L. i. 335. aust-mörk, f. the east mark, i. e. the east, Ýt. 4. AUSTR, rs, m. [A. S. and Engl. east; Hel. ôstar; Germ, ost, osten], the east; sól í austri, Grág. ii. 224, Rb. 92, Landn. 276; ór austri, Sturl. ii. 25. 2. as adv. towards east, eastward, Nj. 151, Eg. 72, Grág. i. 96, 189. austr, rs and rar, m. [ausa], the act of drawing water in buckets, pumping; v. dæluaustr and byttuaustr, Grett. ch. 19; standa í austri, to toil hard at the pump, Fas. ii. 520, Sturl. iii. 68; til austrar, Grett. 94 B. β. the water pumped or to be pumped, bilge water, Gr. GREEK, Sturl. iii. 67, 68; skipið fullt af austri, full of bilge water, Fb. ii. 204 (Fbr.), Finnb. 234; standa í a., v. above. COMPD: austrs-ker, austker (N. G. L. i. 59), a scoop, pump-bucket (cp. ausker), GÞl. 424. austr-álfa, v. austrhálfa. austr-átt and -ætt, f. eastern region, east; í austr., towards east, in eastern direction, Fms. ii. 49, x. 267, Sks. 38. 655 xiv. B. i. austr-biti, a, m. a cross-beam nearest the pumping-place in a ship, Fs. 153. austr-ferð and austr-för, f. voyage to the east, esp. to Russia or the east Baltic, Fb. i. 130, Ls. 60, the last passage in a mythical sense. COMPDS: austrfarar-knorr, m. a vessel bound for the Baltic, Fms. vii. 256. austrfarar-skip, n. id., Fms. viii. 61, Orkn. 274 old Ed., where the new Ed. 334 has útfararskip, a ship bound for the Mediterranean (better). austr-hálfa, u, f. [Hel. ôstarhalba = oriens], often spelt -álfa by dropping the h; the east, in old writers freq. of the Austria of the peace of Verdun, A. D. 843, including the Baltic and the east of Europe; sometimes also of the true east; um Garðaríki (Russia Minor) ok víða um a. heims, Fms. i. 96; í Görðum austr ok austrhólfunni, x. 275; í a. heims eru Þrjú Indialönd, A. A. 283; Licinius lagði undir sik víða a., Blas. 37; Adam ok Eva bygðu síðan í a. Þar sem Hebron heitir, Ver. 5, Stj. 67, 43: now used in Icel. = Asia, Vestrhálfa = America, Suðrhálfa = Africa, Norðrhálfa = Europe, Eyjaálfa = Australia. COMPDS: austrhálfu-lýðr, m. people of the east, Stj. 392. Judges vi. 33. austrhálfu-Þjóð, f. id., Stj. 389. austr-kendr, adj. part, eastern, of wind, Bs. i. 388. austrligr, adj. eastern, Stj, 336. austr-lönd, n. pl. the east, orient, the eastern part of Europe, in old writers often synonymous to Austr-halfa, and opp. to Norðrlönd, Scandinavia; Suðrlönd, South Germany, etc.; Vestrlönd, the British Islands, Normandy, Bretagne, etc., Post. 656 C. 39, Fms. ii. 183, Post. 645. 102, Hkr. i. 134 in a poem of the 10th century used of Russia; cp. Brocm. 101. austr-mál, n. (navig.), the pumping-watch, the crew being told off two and two, to hand the buckets up, one of them standing in the bilge water down below and the other on deck, vide the Fbr. 131, Grett. ch. 19; en hverr Þeirra manna er síðar kemr en a. komi til hans, Þá er hann sekr níu ertogum, N. G. L. i. 335 [ausmaal, bilge water, Ivar Aasen]. austr-oka, að, [austr], to lavish, squander, with dat. an GREEK. as it seems, Fas. iii. 198, 202, where a. fé sínu; cp. Gr. GREEK. austr-ríki, n. the eastern empire, esp. the east of Europe (Russia, Austria, sometimes also including Turkey of the present time); the term is often vague, and synonymous to Austrvegr, Austrlönd, or referring to the Germany of the year 843; (the mod. sense is = Austria); Ívarr víðfaðmi eignaðist allt Danaveldi, ok mikinn hluta Saxlands ok allt A., Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 45, Fms. vi. 8; Constantinopolis er æðst borga í A., Ver. 49; Þeodosius inn mikli var sex vetr konungr í A., 50; Licinius hét konungr í A., Blas. 37, in these last passages = the eastern empire (of Rome); Þá er ek (viz. king David) lifða ok vask konungr kallaðr í A. (in the east), Niðrst. 4, cp. Baut. nos. 780, 979. austr-rúm, n. the part of a vessel's hold near the stern where the pump is, Hkr. i. 82, Stj. 57, Fbr. 158, Edda 35; an aft and fore pumping- place (eptra ok fremra austrrúm) is mentioned Fms. viii. 139.

36 AUSTRTROG -- Ä.

austr-trog, n. a scoop, bucket, austr-vegr, s, m. the eastern way, east, esp. Russia, Wenden, the east Baltic; fara í Austrveg is a standing phrase for trading or piratical expedi- tions in the Baltic, opp. to viking or vestr-viking, which only refer to expeditions to the British Islands, Normandy, Brittany, etc.; austr-viking, Landn. 221, is a false reading; hann var farmaðr mikill (Hólmgarðs-fari) ok kaupmaðr; for opt í Austrveg (Baltic), Landn. 169, Nj. 41, Eg. 228, Fms. freq., vide vol. xii, s. v. In the Edda fara í A. is a standing phrase for the expeditions of Thor against giants, þórr var farinn í A. at berja troll, 26, cp. Ls. 59, where a. means the eastern region of heaven. Sometimes it is used of the east in general, Ver. 9, Rb. 412, 623. 13, Baut. no. 813. COMPDS: austrvegs-konungar, m. pl. the three kings or Magi (' wise men') from the east, Stj. 16; a icing of Russia, Fms. x. 397. austr- vegs-maðr, m. a n inhabitant of Austrvegir, Hkr. i. 44. austr-ætt, v. austrátt. aust-rcena, u, f. eastern breeze. aust-rœnn, adj. [Hel. ostroni; A. S. easterne; cp. norrænn, suðrænn], eastern, of the wind; a. gola, eastern breeze, Sturl. iii. 59; vindr, Orkn. (in a verse); viðr, timber from Norway or Scandinavia, Grág. i. 149, the Eistland tymmer of the old Scotch inventories (Jamieson, Suppl. s. v.); Austrænir menn, Norsemen in Iceland, Fms. ix. 276; as a nickname, Eb. 12, and Landn. The name denotes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian continent as opp. to the British Islands and Iceland. aust-skota, u, f. = austrsker, Grág. ii. 171; Ísl. ii. 382 spelt ausskota. au-virð and auvirði, mod. auðvirði, n. [af, off, and verð, value; the change of letter caused by the following v, - a purely Icel. form, the Norse being 'afv-;' the mod. Icel. form is auð-v., as if it were to be derived from auð- and verð]: 1. a worthless wretch, a laggard, bungler; sel þú upp, auvirðit, knálegar bytturnar, Bungler! band thou up stoutly the buckets, Fbr. 131; hygg ek at eingi maðr eigi jafnmikii a. at frændum sem ek, Hrafn. ii; verða at a., Bret. 163, Sturl. i. 73. 2. a law term, damage, anything impairing the value of a thing; hann ábyrgist við þeim auvirðum er þat fær af því skaða, Grág. i. 431. COMPDS: auvirðs-maðr, m. a wretch, laggard, 655, vide Sturl. ii. 139, Fær. 74, iþorf. Karl. 426. auvirðs-skapr, m. naughti- ness, Gullþ. 12. au-virðast, d, to become worthless, Eg. 103, Glúm. 377 C. 2. in the act. to think unworthy, disparage, Barl. 21, 57, 123, 190, Mar. 83: seldom used except in Norse writers, and consequently spelt with an ' af-:' in reflex, sense. Stj. 483. au-virðliga, Norse afvirð-, and mod. Icel. auðvirðil-, adv. despica- bly, Sturl. iii. 220, Fs. 71. au-virðligr, etc., adj. worthies!;, Fas. i. 87, Bret. 31, 72, Sturl. iii. 225, Barl. 75; at skurðarskírn sé afvirðilig (indigna) Kristnum mönnum, 159. au-visli, and contr. ausli and usli, a, m.; etym. uncertain, ausli, Gþl. 385 A; usli, N. G. L. i. 246, Fms. i. 202, viii. 341, xi. 35, Edda (Gl.) In the Grág. auvisli, spelt with au or av; in the Ed. of 1829 sometimes with ö where the MSS. have an: I. a law term, damages, Lat. damnum; bæta auvisla is a standing law term for to pay compensation for damages done, the amount of which was to be fixed by a jury; bæta skal hann a. á fjórtán nóttum sem búar fimm virða, Grág. i. 383, 418, ii. 229, 121, 223 (Ed. 1853), 225 (twice): hence au- vislabot. In Norse law, gjalda a., Gþl. 384; ábyrgi honum garðinn ok allan ausla þaim er, 385 A; bciða usla bótar, N. G. L. i. 246. II. metaph. hurt, injury in general; mondi þeim þá ekki vera gjört til au- visla, Ld~76; ok er þat þó likast, at þú setir eigi undan öllurn avvisla (thou wilt not get off unscathed), ef þú tekr eigi við, Fms. iii. 144. 2. devastation, Fms. xi. 81: esp. by fire and sword in the alliterative phrase, eldr (fire) ok usli; fara með eld ok usla, i. 202; heldr cu þar léki yfir eldr ok usli, viii. 341; þ:t görði á mikit regn, ok slökði þann eld vandliga, svá at menn mattu þá þegar fara yfir usla þann inn niikla (embers and ruins), xi. 35. In the Edda (Gl.) usli is recorded as one of the sixty names of fire: cp. also the mod. verb osla, to plunge through: auvisli is now an obsolete word, usli a common word, gjiira usla, to desolate, in the metaph. sense. COMPDS: auvisla-bót and usla-bót (N. G. L. i. 246), f. a law term, compensation fixed by a jury of five, cp. above; distinction is made between a. hin meiri and hin minni, first rate or second rate compensation, Grág. ii. 344: in pl. 225: ausla- gjald and usla-gjald, n. compensation, Gþl. AX, n. [Goth. a A- s, cp. Goth, asans -- harvest] , an ear of corn, Stj. 201, THom. 98. axar-, v. ox, an axe. ax-h. elma, u, f. a blade of corn, ear and stem, Stj. 422, Ruth ii. 2 (Engl. Vers. ' ears of corn'). ax-korn, n. an ear of corn, Edda (Ub.) ii. 283. axla, að, to shoulder, Fms. iii. 228. axlar-, v. iixl, shoulder. axl-byrðr, f. a shoulder-load, Orkn. 346, Grett, 177 new Ed. axl-hár, adj. shoulder high, Js. 101. axull, m., v. iixull, axis, an axle-tree. ay, interj. doleadi, ay mer veslugri, Mar, Fr. A A, &, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth, ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ' along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry, " etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ' o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft, ' etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare o n foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); o n bÆ c, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of Eng- land. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form a or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon o n. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep, á denotes the surface or outside; í and or the inside; at, til, and frd, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. tiri • the Lat. in includes á and i together.] With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc. WITH DAT. A. Loc. I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, o n the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some in- stances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus 'á bók' merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, 'í' the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ' í, ' lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where a is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one's person, 655 xxvii. 22; muttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. c. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 3OI: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, o n (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord's Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ' í' the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), i skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. i, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á íirðiuum means lyin^ in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386. II. d is commonly used in connec- tion with the pr. names or countries terminating in ' land, ' Engl. in, á Englandi, Irlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Viulandi, Grænalandi, íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjalt- landi, Jamtalandi, Hvítrarnannalandi, Norðrliindum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers i is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ' á Eng- landi, ' ruling over, but to live ' í Englaudi, ' or ' á Englandi;' the rule in the last case not being quite fixed. 2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögftum, Fjoluin, all districts of Nor- way, v. Landn.; á Myrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjoni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poet., Gs. 13). 3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then 'at' must be used), such as ' staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, cyri, 'etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in '-staðr, ' á Geirmundarstöðum, jþóris- stöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum ..., Landn.: '-völlr, ' á Möðruvöllum: á Fit- jum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: '-nes' sometimes takes a, sometimes i (in mod. usage always ' í'), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, vrjaos, prevails: so also, ' fjörðr, ' as, þeir börðust á Vigra- firði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with '-bær, ' ú is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hns ok fagrt, Edda 22; ' í bæ' means within doors, of the buildings: with ' Bær' as pr. name Landn. uses' i, ' 71, 160, 257, 309, 332. 4. denoting o n or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by

Á. 37

the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 36, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, totake the bouse over his bead, Fms. i. II. III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, t o s tab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Star/tad stabbed (be king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay bold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poet.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare). B. TEMP, of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in: I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli ..., Bs. i- 139; or spec, adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri..., during, in that year..., Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month's delay, Nj. 99; á tvitugs, sextugs... aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of.. ., v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in hi s reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229. II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer..., in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ler in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89. III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259. IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vari, hausti), 'á' denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances 'á' denotes the past, 'at' the future, 'í' the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, l as t winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, o n, upon, in, to, with, towards, against: I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one's protec- tion, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127. 2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, t o make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict -wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to be a r love (hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sin á e-m, to take revenge on one's person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to bre a k truce on the person of any one, to offend against bis person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á s6r, loi; sjá á e-m, to readon or inone's face; set hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr ilia, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at..., it could soon be seen in all her doings, that..., Ld. 22. 3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, t o s hew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, ilia, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, t o feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt..., it c ow ld hardly be seen in his face, whether..., Eb. 42; likindi eru a, it is likely, Ld. 172; gora kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 1 78; eiga vald á e-u, to h a ve power over ..., Nj. IO. IT. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to . . ., Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera a hendi e-m, o none's bands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fó, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages. III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mór, honum ..., denoting personal appear- ance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr ... ú sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, ... the expression of his face was as though..., Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one's manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á faeti, speedy (slow) of foot, Nj. 258. IV. as a peri- phrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my bands, eyes, head... are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, faetr... á mér; so ' i' is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein ... í mór; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, o n e's breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, herbands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, o n his lips, Band. 14; ristin ú honum, hi s step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sh ar p of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum ..., co ld (warm) in the fingers, bands, feet..., i. e. w ith cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða visa (orð) á munni, of extempor- ising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fotum, ~/ a s t by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ' warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?' the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, SI. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a meta- phorical sense; the heart proper is ' í mér, " not' mitt. ' 2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = husdyrr, a t the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar... á skipi, the ste m, stern, sail... of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á trc ..., leaves of a leek, of a tree ..., Fas. 1. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr ú bók, and in end- less other instances. V. denoting instrumentality, by, o n, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sinum, to subsist on one's own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon ..., Grág. i. 123: sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini (a man i s guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeirn manni er heimild (possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sinum, to be killedflagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. n; á hlaupi, by one's feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, t o t as te of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on. VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, / rom one to two hun- dred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, o none's hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd. VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- pre- fixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lifi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, bidden; fara a hæli, t o go a-heel, i. e. ba c k wa rd s, Fms. vii. 70; -- but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watcbing, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-sbiver- ing; a-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-run- ning, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; a fiski, a-fisbing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348. VIII. used absolutely without a case in refer- ence to the air or the weather, where 'á' is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch dark- ness came on. Eg. 3io; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, / rom whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm c a m e o n, Nj. 282; görði á regn, ra in came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156. WITH ACC. A. Loc. I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. con- nected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517. 2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja ú útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; ú annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, o n both s ide s of the ship, Nj. 174, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, o n both s ide s, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ü-159; á hlið, f ide- w a rd s; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or s trike ri if ht and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383. 3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, lita, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he c as t glances towards the land, Ld. 154. II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving: 1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; pigla á haf, t o s t a ndout t o s e a, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ' Út' added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349. 2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the in- tervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379' Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: t o reach, taka ofan á belli, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á pa ofan, 91. III. with- out reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, be flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip *itt, to leapon board hi s s hip, 43; á hest, to m ou nt quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinurn, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he w a lk s on to bis fields, 82: o n, w pon, komast á fætr, to get upon one's legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-sbore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skoga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, t o a rriv e a t the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bat, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið,

38 K

hrinda skipum a vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka ausrr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, t o ride down or over, Nj. 82. IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting t o s ee or bear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk ... annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. 1. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90. V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, t o c;^ t thethroat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, t o break any one's neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one's back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kne, /roz en tothe knees with cold, Hm. 3. VI. denoting ro und; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse's neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to . saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, t o gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300. VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74 '• metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. d oo m them todeath, Edda 22. B. TEMP. I. of a period of time, a t, t o; á morgun, t o- mo rr o w/ (i morgun now means the pa s t morning, the morning of to-day), ísl. ii. 333. II. if connected with the word day, ' á' is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag ..., on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sun- day, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, o n Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn ..., by dropping the prep. ' á, ' Fms. viii. 397, ôrág. i. 18. III. connected with ' dagr' with the definite article suffixed, ' a" denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A. connected with ' evening, morning, the seasons, ' with the article; á kveldit, eve ry evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of áhaustin or áhaustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várir, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; 4 nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, P^g. 710; á sumrin, haustin, 4 morgnana, in themorning (á morgin, sing., means t o- morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ' dagr' is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og inorgna, nótt og dag, vetr suinar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned. V. denot- ing duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one's life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess, pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical. VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar a dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record. VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn ...), jól, páska, fostu, or the like, / aron in the night, day ..., Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn cfra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. C. Metaph. and in various relations: I. somewhat meta- phorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á holm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8. (3. generally denoting o n, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, t o co me toblows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, t o throw oneself on an enemy's weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to pre ss o n up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one's foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to m a ke drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mala, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to p// t oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169. II. denoting in regard to, in respect to: 1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr ... á hár, having white, brown, or d ar k ... hai r, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brim ok bra, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökícr á hörund, id., etc. 2, denoting s kill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á jam, malm, smíðar..., an expert worker in iron, metals ..., Eg. 4; fimr á boga, g'oo d at the bow: also used of mas- tership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 110; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 12O. 3. denot- ing dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt..., in the heightb, length, breadth, depth ..., Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, o n theone s ide, Grág. i. 89. fî. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (ilia) á sik kominn, of a fine (ugly) ap- pearance, Ld. loo, Fas. iii. 74. III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to liveon the work of one's own hands, (á sínar spytur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, t o weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna self, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, atone's own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spinon or w ith a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ' querne, ' where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju ...; in the old usage, leika hörpu ..., Stj. 458. IV. denot- ing the manner or way of doing: 1. á þessa lurid, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alia, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Jíýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288. 2. esp. of language; inæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59 :-- at present, dat. is sometimes used. 3. in some phrases the ace, is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann let ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of mo- tion, Nj. in; skaltu önga fálcika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14. V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kií, eði oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á maim, perman (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B. VI. connected with nouns, 1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at ba c k, i. e. pa s t, after; a. vit (with gen.), to ward s. 2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á vixl, in turns; á mis, amiss; ú, víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly. 3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; a, mot, against; •;! við, about, alike; å frá (cp. Swed. ifran), from (rare); á fyrir- fyrir, Haustl. i; á hjá, beside (rare); á frarn, a-head, forwards; á sarnt, together; avail = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, p os t eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc. VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep, generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. o n, t o; heita kalla, hrópa a, t o c allon; heyra, hlusta, hlvða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to thinkon; minna u, to remind; sjá, lita, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga ... á, to l oo kon; girnast a, to wi s h for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, t o c allon anyone toc om e O7^ t, challenge; kæra a, to accuse; heilsa a, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða ... á, t o fall on, attack, cp. ág. mgr, áreið, áhlaup; Ijúga á, to tell lie s of, to slander; telja á, t o c arp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa ... á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta a, to fall short of; ala a, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; haetta á, to venture on; gizka a, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, á, interj. denoting wonder, doubt, or the like, eh. A, f. [Lat. aqua; Goih. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. a ha, o w a, • cp. Germ, a c h and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in uames of places; Swed. -Dan. a; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word] :-- a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing, is ao, v. the introduction to A, page I,

39 K -- ÄFALLSDOMR,

Bs. i. 333 sq., where den, ai (acc.), and tona; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75) *ona (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í cónni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing, ár; nom. pi ar, gen. á contracted, dat. am, obsolete form com; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99i ifå' l&5 '• proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; her kemr á til sæfar, here the riverrun s int o the s ea, metaph. = thi s is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðseta- drápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ' all waters run into ike sea, ' Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njala often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers. COMPDS: ár-áll, m. tie bed of a river, Hkr. iii. 117. ar-bakki, a, m. the bank of a river, Ld. 132, Nj. 234. ar-brot, n. inundation of a river, Bs. ii. 37; at present used of a s hallow ford in a river. ar- djúp, n. a pool in a river, Bs. i. 331. ar-farvegr, m. a water-course, Stj. 353- ar-fors, m. a waterfall or force, Bad. 190. ár-gljúfr, n. a chasm of a river, Fms. viii. 51, Fær. 62. ár-hlutr, m. one's por- tion of a river, as regards fishing rights, Fms. x. 489, Sturl. i. 202. ár- megin and ar-megn, n. the ma in stream of a river, Stj. 251. ár- minni, n. the mouth of a river, Fms. ix. 381. ár-mót and á-mót, n. a ' waters-meet, ' Lat. cottfluentia, H. E. i. 129. ár-óss, m. the ' oyce' or mouth of a river, Eg. 99, 129, 229; whence the corrupt local name of the Danish town Aarhuus, Fms. xi. 208. ar-reki, a, m. drift, the jetsam and flotsam (of fish, timber, etc.) in a river, Jm. 25. ár- straumr, m. the current in n river, Fms. vii. 257, 260. ár-strönd, f. the strand of a river, Stj. 268, 673. 53. ár-vað, n. aford of a river, Stj. 184. ár-vegr = árfarvegr, Fas. i. 533. ár-vöxtr, m. the swell- ing of a river, Fms. i. 286. a-auki, a, m. increase, Bs. i. 182. P. interest of money, K. Á. 208, N. G. L. ii. 381. a-austr, rs, m. out-pouring, foul language, Sturl. i. 21. a-barning, f. a thrashing, flogging, = bzrsmíð, Sturl. iii. 237. a-bati, a, m. profit, gain, Fms. xi. 441 (now freq.) a-berging, f. a tasting, Bad. 72. a-beri, a, m. an accuser, prosecutor (bera á, accusare), Jb. 252 A; (a Norse law term.) a-bersemi, f. a disp os ition toaccuse, Hom. 86. á-blásinn, part, inspired, transl. from Lat.; á. af Heilogum Anda, Fms. x. 373, Hom. 12. á-blásning, f, a breathing upon; með eldr á., 656 C. 33, Rb. 438: gramm. aspiration, Skálda 175, 179, 180; theol. inspiration, Fms. x. 371. á-blástr, rs, m., dat. áblæstri, a breathing upon, Fms. x. -2IO; theol. in- s pirati on, iii. 164, v. 2i7, Eluc. 4; medic, pustula labîorum, Fél. ix. 184. á-ból, n. a manor-house, = aðalból, B. K. 40. á-bót, f. used only in pl. ábætr, of improvements, esp. on a farm or estate; á. jarðar, D. N., D. I. i. 199. COMPD: ábóta-vant, n. adj. shortcoming, imperfect, Hkr. ii. 89, Sturl. i. 162. ÁBÓTI, a, m. [Lat. abbas, from Hebr. abba], an abbot. abbati, which form is nearer to the Lat., is rare, but occurs, 655 iii, 656 A, i. 30, Hom. 237. 2. The Icel. form ábóti answers to the Engl. abbot, Fms. i. 147, Bs. i. ii. freq., Sks., etc. COMPOS: ábóta-dómr, m. and ábóta-dæmi, n. an abbey, 655 xxxii, Bs. i. 831. ábóta-laust, n. adj. without an abbot, va ca nt, Ann. 1393. ábóta-sonr, in. son of an abbot, Bs. i. 679. ábóta-stétt, f. and -stéttr, m. the rank, dignity of an abbot, Ann. 1325. ábóta-stofa, u, f. the abbot's par- lour, Vm. ábóta-sæti, n. the seat of an abbot, 655 xxxii. âbóta- vald, n. the power, dignity of an abbot, Ann. 1345. á-breiða, u, f. a covering, counterpane, Korm. 206, Stj. 304. á-breizl, n. a bed-covering, quilt, Sir. 5, 22, Vm. 93, -- in the last pas- sage of a winding-sheet or pall; á. kápa, Vm. 67. á-brúðigr, ábrýðas &br^ði, jealous, jealousy, v. afbr-. a-brystur, f. pl., v. áfr-. á-burðr, ar, m. a charge (bera á, accusare'); varði mik eigi þess úburðar, Fms. ii. 57, Rd. 236. p. medic, s alve, ointment (bera á, to smear), Bs. ii. 180. 7. p om p or bravery in dress (berast á, to pnjf oneself up), in the COMPDS abiirðar-klæði, n. fine clothes, showy dress, Bar. 5. 8. a horse load: áburðar-hestr, m. a pack-horse, -- klyfja hestr. áburðar-maðr, m. a dressy, showy person, a dandy, Fms. iv. 255, Orkn. 208. áburðar-mikill, adj. puffed up, showy, Ld. 248. áburðar-samligr and áburðar-samr, adj. id., Sks. 452, 437. á-búð, f. [búa á], an abode or residence on an estate or farm, tenancy; fara ... a, annars manns land til ábúðar (as a tenant), Grág. ii. 253; a. jarðar (possession) heimilar tekju, Gþl. 329; en ef land spillist í a. hans, during his tenancy, K. Þ. K. 170; þá oðlast harm leigu (rent) en hinn á. (tenancy), N. G. L. i. 94: whatever refers to the ri g' ht and duties of a tenant, landskyld ok alla á. jarðar, Jb. 210, 346, 167. COMPDS: ábúðar-maðr, m. inhabitant, Stj. 368. ábúðar-skylda, u, f. dutie s of a tenant, Jb. 211. á-búnaðr, ar, m. = ábúð, N. G, L. i. 240. á-byrgð, f. responsibility, liability, weight; leggja sína ú. á, Grág. i. 208; eiga í á., to have at stake, Band. 18 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 223, Ld. 58; lands á., Grág. ii. 248; vera í á. um e-t, to answer for, Fms. xi. 82, Sks. 762: pl. ábyrgðir, pledges, Bser. II, 686 B. 5. COMPDS: ábyrgðar- hluti, a, m. and -hlutr, ar, m. an object, step involving risk and respon- sibility, Nj. 199. ábyrgðar-lauss, adj. y ree from risk, Fms. x. 368; eigi með üllu á., i. e. a weighty, serious step, no trifling matter, Sturl. iii. 234. ábyrgðar-ráð, n. a step involving risk, Nj. 164, Post. 656 B. ábyrgðar-samligr, adj. momentous, important, Sks. 452- á-byrgja, ð, 1. in the act. form (very rare), to answer for; á. e-m e-t, Gþl. 385; á. e-t á hendi e-m, to pla c e a thing for security in a person's hands; hann á. þau á hendi Jóhanni postula, 655 ix. A. 2. as a dep.; abyrgjast (very freq.), to answer for, take care of, Gþl. 190, Grág. i. 140; hverr skal sik sjálfr a., 256, ii. 119, Fms. vi. 361; á. e-t við e-u, Grág. i. 410; sá maðr ábyrgist vápn er upp festir, ii. 95; hverr abyrgist bat (warrants) móðir, at góðráðr verði, ek mun abyrgjast (7 will warrant) at eigi mun heimskr verða, Fms. iv. 83. a-byrgja, u, f. = ábyrgð (very rare); halda e-u abyrgiu, to be respon- sible for, Grág. ii. 335, 399. á-býli, n. = ábúð, freq. at present and in several compds, as, äbýlis- jörð, a tenant farm; ábýlis-maðr, a tenant, etc. á-bæli, n. = ábúð, H. E. i. 495. ÁÐAN, adv. [cp. Ulf. apn = ivtavrós, Gal. iv. 10, and atapni, id.], a little before, a little while ago, erewhile; Kolr for frá seli á., Nj. 55; á. er vit skildum, Lv. 34; slíkt sem á. talða ek, a s 7 said just above (of the Speaker reading the law in the lögrétta), Grág. i. 49, ii. 242; nu a., just now, 656 G. 39. áðr, adv. [cp. Hel. ad ro = mane] , ere, already, soon; er ek hefi a. (s oo n) ráðit brullaup mitt, Nj. 4; er Guð hafði á. bannat, Sks. 533; ok voru þeir því á. (already) heim komnir, Eg. 222; at nú so lægra í horninu en á., than before, Edda 32; litlu ú., a little while ago, Fms. viii. 130; þar sem ek em a. (already) í fullri reiði Gtiðs, Sks. 533. 2. á. en, Lat. prius quam, ante quam: a. with subj.; a. en þeir gengi, Fms. xi. 13; a. en í biskups garð falli, N. G. L. i. 145. p. with indie.; var eigi langt á. en bygðin tók við, Eg. 229. y- &ðr simply = áðr en; þeir höfðu skamma hríð setið, á. þar kom Gunnhildr, they had s a t a short while ere G. came thither, Nj. 6; en á. hann reið heiman, 52; en þat var svipstund ein á. (till) stofan brann, Eg. 240; en áðr hann let setja söguna saman, Sturl. iii. 306. a-dreif, n. a splashing, the spray, Sks. 147. a-dreifing, f. a sprinkling upon, Stj. 78. a-drykkir, m. pl. a 'sea' or wave dashing over a ship, Sks. 231. a-drykkja, u, f. [drekka á], prop, a drinking to, pledging, esp. used n the phrase, at sitja fyrir ádrykkju e-s; -- a custom of the olden time. The master of the house, for instance, chose one of his guests as his cup-fellow, ' seated him over against himself in the hall, drank to him, and then sent the cup across the hall to him, so that they both drank of it by turns. This was deemed a mark of honour. Thus, Egill at fyrir ádrykkju Arinbiarnar, Egil sale over against Arinbjorn as his cup-mate, Eg. 253; skal hann sitja fyrir á. minni í kveld, in the pretty story of king Harold and the blind skald Stuf, Fms. vi. 391; :p. annat öndvegi var á hinn æðra pall gegnt konungi, skyldi þar itja hinn æðsti ráðgjafi (the king's highest councillor) konungs fyrir hans á. ok þótti þat mest virðing at sitja fyrir konungs á., 439; sat izurr fyrir á. konungs innarr enn lendir menn, Bs. i. 19. See also the description of the banquet in Flugumyri on the 19th Oct. in the year 1253, -- drukku þeir af t-inu silfrkcri ok mintust við jafnan um daginn þá er hvorr drakk til annars, Sturl. iii. 183. COMPD: ádrykkju-ker, u, f. a 'loving-cup, ' or 'gracc-cup, ' Vígl. 17. a-eggjan, f. egging on, instigation, Hkr. i. 102, Fms. i. 139; af a. e-s, /atuln. 214, Orkn. 416, tsl. ii. 340, Fms. x. 379. COMPD: áeggjanar- fifl, n. afofjl or t oo l egged on by another; hafa e-n at á., Sturl. i. 81, to 'ise one to snatch the chestnuts out of the fire; cp. the Engl. cat's-paw. a-fall, n. ' on-fall, ' esp. 1. a nautical term, of a ' se a' dasb- *ig over a ship, Bs. i. 422, Korm. 180, Nj. 267, Sks. 227, Fs. 113, 153; hence the phrase, Hggja undir utollum, of one in danger at ea. 2. a law term, the laying on of a fine or the like; á. sckðar, Grág. i. 138. p. a condemnatory sentence in an Icel. court; ef þeir vilja á. dæma ... vér dæmum á. honum, Grág. i. 67, 71, of the formula or summing up and delivering a sentence in court. 3. metaph. and :hcol. = ufelii, a visitation, calamity, 623. 19, Magn. 470, II. E. i. 236. :OMPD: áfalls-dómr, m. a sentence of condemnation, doom, Clem. 50, Eluc. 39, 655 xviii. 2 Corin. xi. 29, Stj. 265 (visitation).

40 ÁFANG -- A'HALD,

á-fang, n. (áfangl, rrt., Grág. i. 433), [fá á, to grasp] , a grasping, seizing, laying hands upon, esp. of rough bundling; harm hló mjök mot áfangi manna, Fms. vi. 203; varð hann fyrir miklu spotti ok ufangi, 209. 2. a law term, a mulct, fine, incurred by illegal seizure of another man's goods; ef maðr hleypr ú bak hrossi manns úlofat, þat varðar sex aura á., if a man jumps on the back of another man's horse without leave, that is visited with a fine of six ounces, Grág. i. 432, Gþl. 520; hvatki skip er tekr skal sitt a. gjalda hverr ..., á. á maðr á hrossi sínu hvárt er hann ekr eðr ríðr, N. G. L. i. 45; at hann haíï riðit hrossi manns um þrjá bæi ... varðar skóggang ok áf. uiga (where it is used masc. acc. pl.) með, Grág., vide above. a-fangi, a betting-place, v. ui-fangi. a-fastr, adj. made fast, fastened to, joined to; ef hapt er a. hrossi, Grág. i. 436; eldhúsit var á. útibiírinu, Nj. 75; þær (the comets) eru á. hiinni, Rb. 478: nietaph., andlignrn hlutuni afastar, connected with, H. E. i. 511. á-fátt, n. adj. defective, faulty, Nj. 49, Bad. 74: with gen., mikils er á., H. E. i. 244. a-felli, n. a hardship, shock, calamity; þat á. (spell) hafði legit á því fólki, at hver kona fseddi dauðan frurnburð sinn er hon ol, Mar. 656; afskaplig á., Stj. 90 (also of a spell); þreynging ok á., 121; með hversu miklu á. (injustice) Sigurðr konungr vildi heimta þetta mál af honum, Hkr. iii. 257; standa undir a., to be wider great lordship, Fms. iv. 146, vi. 147; með miklu á. (of insanity), vii. i. ^o; þeir vóru sex vetr í þessu á., viz. in bondage, x. 225; hvert á. jarl hafði veitt honum, what penalties the earl bad laid upon him, Orkn. 284, Fms. iv. 310. |3. damnation, condemnation, = afall; nu vil ek at þú sniíir eigi svá skjótt málinu til áfellis honum, Band. 4. COMPD: áfellis-dómr, m. condemnation, Grág. Introd. clxviii, Gþl. 174. á-fenginn, adj. part, [fá á, to lay hold on, to intoxicate] , intoxicating, used of drinks, cp. the Engl. 'stinging ale;' mjöðr, Edda 76; drykkr, Fms. viii. 447; vin, Stj. 409, Joh. 84. a-fengr, adj. now more freq., id., Hkr. i. 244, Bárð. 174. áf-ergja, u, f. (qs. af-ergja, af- intens. ?), eagerness, and -ligr, adj. im- petuous. a-flog, n. pl. [fljugast a], a brawl, fighting, Fms. vi. 361. a-flutningr, m., Vm. 157, of right of laying up fish. a-form, n. a design, purpose, H. E. ii. 167, in a deed of the I4th cen- tury, (Lat. word.) á-forma, að, prop, to form, mould; steina sem úðr höfðu þeir úformat, Stj. 562, í Kings v. 17 (' hewn stones'). In mod. usage only metaph. t o design, perform, Fas. iii. 449; verðu vér at á. (design) ok ræða, Fms. vii. 89; a. um e-t, því mundi hann þetta hafa vakit, at hann mundi ú. vilja um gleðinas ... c arry it out, vi. 342, Pass. 7. 2. ÁFR (peril, better afr), m. [the r belongs to the root, cp. air, f. pl.] 1. a beverage, Eg. 204, translated by Magnaeus by sorbitio avenacea, a sort of common ale brewed of oats; this explanation is con- firmed by the Harbarðsljóð, verse 2, where Thor says, át ek í hvíld áðr ek heiman for sildr ok afra (acc. pl.), saðr em ek enn þess; the single vellum MS. (Cod. Reg.) here reads hafra. In the Eg. 1. c., the Cod. Wolf, reads afra, the Cod. A. M. 132 afr, acc. sing.: cp. the passage Ls. 3, where jöll seems to be the Scot, yill (v. Burns' Country Lassie), and úfo in Cod. Reg. a false spelling for áfr, -- jöll ok áfr færi tk ása sonum, ok blend ek þeini svá meini mjöð: áftr, pronounced áir, now means buttermilk (used in Icel. instead of common beer): cp. also ábrystur, f. pl. curds of cow's milk in the first week after the cow has calved; the milk is cooked and eaten warm and deemed a great dainty; opt eru heitar úbrcstur, Snot 299 (Ed. 1865); probably qs. áfr ystr. a-fram, adv. a. loc. with the face downward, forward; fell hann a., on the face, Nj. 253, Vd. 52, Grett. 99 new Ed. J3. temp, along, forward (rare); haun er nú með jarli sumarit á., he i s now with the earl till late in the summer, Finnb. 274. y. further on; komst aldri Icngra a. fyrir honum um skáldskapinn, be never got any further on with his poem, Fms. iii. 102; héldu þeir á. leiðina, they held forward on their way, 0. T. 31. In mod. usage freq. with verbs denoting to go, move; hnlda, ganga ... áfram, to go on. á-frá = orïrá -- frá, / ro m, cp. Swed. if ran. á-frýja, ð, to reprove, blame; úfrý ek þó engan (better engum) yðar, Fas. i. 103. á-frýja, u, f. reproach, scolding, Bs. i. 622. a-fysa and áfýsi, f. l. = aufusa, gratification, q. v. 2. in mod. usage = exhortation, and áfýsa, t, to exhort, á. e-n til e-s. á-fœra, ð, to reproach, Fms. v. 90. á-fœri, n. a law term; thus defined, af tveir menn fella einn við jörðu, þá skal aunarr þeirra bæta rétt, því at þat verðr á. at lögum, where it seems to mean unfair dealing, shame, N. G. L. i. 309. a-ganga, u, f. task-work, forced labour, the French corvee, = atverk, q. v.; hón (the church) á tveggja manna á. ú hval í Kjölsvík, Vm. 155; veita e-m á., D. N. ii. 133. a-gangr, m. aggression, invasion; fyrir ú. Skota ok Dana, Eg. 267, Fms. 1. 224, iii. * 43) Eg-33/. COMPDS: 6g(uasa-ma, &r, m. an aggressive man, Lv. 79, Stj. 65. agangs-samr, adj. aggressive, Fs. 9, Fms. vi. 102, Sks. 208. á-gauð, n. [geyja á], barking, metaph. foul language, Gísl. 53; cp. þá geyr hón á þá, 139. á-gengiligr, adj. plausible; görði hann þetta á. fyrir Hæringi, Grett. 149 A, mod. aðgengiligt. a-gengt, n. adj. trodden, beaten, of a place or path, Finnb. 336: metaph., e-m verðr á., to be trodden upon; hón byggir her í miðri frændleifð sinni, ok verðr henni því her ekki a., Stj. 613. i Kings iv. 13. The mod. use of the phrase e-m verðr ú. is to succeed or make progress in a thing. a-gildi, n. value of a ewe (XT), Vm. 159, Pm. 40. a-gildr, adj. of a ewe's value, Grág. i. 502; cp. kúgildi and kugildr. a-girnast, d and t, dep. to lust after, in a bad sense, with an acc., Fms. i. 76, 223, Orkn. 38; with an inf., Orkn. 6 old Ed. a-girnd, f. in old writers always for greed of power or passion generally: a. ambition, Sks. 113 B, Fms. ix. 460; á. ok ofsi, greed and insolence, viii. 195, Stj. 143, 145, 146. 0. passion; ágirndar-logi, Rb. 424; á. blindleiki, bli n d passion (in love), H. E. i. 505, 655 xxx; thirst for revenge, Sks. 739. -y- since the Reformation it has been exclusively used of avarice or greed of gain; in old writers the signi- fication is more general; we, however, find á. fjár, Hom. 68; hann hafði dregit undir sik Finnskattinn með á., Fms. vii. 129. a-girndligr, adj. passionate, Sks. 720 B. a-girni, f.; used as neut., Mar. 91, O. H. L. 22: o. = agirnd, ambi- tion; mikit á., great ambition, O. H. L. 1. c., Sks. 343. p. cupidity; a. manna lofs, Hom. 83; á. áts ok drykkju, 53; fjur, 25, 623. 20; á. fjár ok metnadar, Edda (pref.) 144, 145. a-gjarn, adj. ambitious; er eruð ágjarnir heima í héraði ok ranglatir, ambitious and wrongful, Nj. 223, Orkn. 38, 66; a. ok fégjarn, ambitious and covetous, Fms. xi. 294, Hkr. ii. 146; ú. til rikis, iii. 174; á. til fjár, covetous, Fms. xi. 440, Orkn. 66: dauntless, fierce, kappar ugjarnir ok óhræddir, fierce and fearless champions, Fms. x. 179; hógværir í friði sem lamb, en í úfriði ú. (fierce) sem Icon, viii. 253. The use since the Reformation is solely that of avaricious, greedy after money. a-gjarnliga, adv. insolently, Sks. 450 B. a-gjarnligr, adj. insolent; á. ran, Sks. 336, 509 B, 715. á-góði, a, m. gain, profit, benefit, D. I. i. 476, Ísl. ii. 432 (freq.) COMPD: ágóða-hlutr, ar, m. a profitable share, Grug. ii. 359. a-grip, n. [grípa á, to tou c h], in the phrase, lítill ágripum, small of size, D. N. iv. 99. p. at present ágrip means a compendium, abridge- ment, epitome. á-gæta, tt, to laud, praise highly, Ld. 220, Fms. vi. 71. á-gœti, n. renown, glory, excellence; göra e-t til ágætis sór, a s a glory t o himself, Fms. xi. 72, 109; reyna á. e-s, to put one on his trial, 142; þú hyggr at engu öðru en ákafa einum ok á., o nly bent upon rushing on and shewing one's prowess, 389; vegr ok á., fame and glory, Fas. i. 140, Sks. 241. In pl. glorious deeds; mikil á. vóni sögð frá Gunnari, Nj. 41: in the phrase, göra e-t at ágætum, to laud, praise highly, Fms. viii. 139, vii. 147: in the proverb, hefir hverr til sins ágætis nokkuð, every one's fame rests upon some deed of his own, no one gets his fame for naught, the context implies, a n d thou ha s t done what will make thee famous, Nj. 116. 2. in COMPDS ágœtis- and ágœta- are prefixed to a great many words, esp. in mod. use, to express something capital, excellent; ágæta-skjótr, adj. very swift, Fms. vii. 169; agæta-vel, adv. excel- lently well, Nj. 218: and even to substantives, e. g. ágæta-gripr and ágætis-gripr, m. a capital thing, Fms. ix. 416, x. 254, Ld. 202; ágæta-naut, n. a fine ox, Eb. 318; ágœtis-maðr, m. a great man, Landn. 324, Fms. vii. 102, xi. 329. á-gætingr, m. a goodly man, O. H. L. 55 (rare). á-gœtliga, adv. capitally, Fms. i. 136, vi. 307, Boll. 346, Sks. 623. á-gætligr, adj. excellent, goodly, Fms. ii. 300, x. 223, 231, xi. 396, Sks. 622, Hom. 132, Ver. 42. á-gœtr, adj. [v. the words above, from á- intens. and geta -- gat -- gátu, to get and to record; the old etymology in glossaries of the last century from the Greek âya~ós cannot be admitted], famous, goodly, excellent; á. maðr um allt land, Nj. 106; á. at afli, Edda 19; ágætir gimsteinar, precious stones, Fms. i. 15; á. skjöldr, Eg. 705; compar, mun hann verða ágætari (more famous) en allir þínir fraendr, Fms. i. 256; superl., úgætaztr, Nj. 282, Eg. 311; ágæztr, contr., Edda 5, íb. 14, Fms. vii. 95, Greg. 53. In the Landn. ' maðr ágætr' is freq. used in a peculiar sense, viz. a noble man, nearly synonymous to gæðingr in the Orkneys, or hersir in Norway, e. g. 143, 149, 169, 190, 198, 201, 203, 279, 281, 308, 312; hersir á., 173, etc.; cp. also Kristni S. ch. I. á-görð, f. gain, profit, -- úvöxtr; til sölu ok á., for sale and profit, Bs. i. 426. á-hald, n., prop, laying hand on: 1. used esp. in pl. áhöld = brawl, fight, Eb. 152, Fas. i. 92; verða á. með mönnum, they came toa tussle, Sturl. iii. 262, Bs. 1. 635: the phrase, hafa eingi úhöld við e-m, to have no power of resistance, to have so great odds against one that there is no chance, Eg. 261: hence comes probably the popular phrase, áhöld eru um

ÁHANKAST -- ÁKVIÐR. 41

e-t, when matters are pretty nearly equal. 2. sing, very rare, to keep back; veita e-m á., Niðrst. 3. β. veita, göra á. um e-t, to claim the right of holding; hann görði á. um Halland, be claimed H., Fms. x. 70, v. l.; honum þótti leikdómrinn meira á. hafa á kirkjum en klerkdómrinn, ... had a stronger claim or title, Bs. i. 750, 696, Fms. x. 393. á-hankast, að, dep. [hönk, a bank or coil], in the phrase, e-m á., one gets the worst of it. But it is twisted to another sense in the dream of king Harold, Fms. vi. 312. Shortly before the battle at the river Niz, the king dreamt that king Sweyn pulled the hank of rope out of his hand, -- réðu svá flestir at Sveinn mundi fá þat er þeir keptust um, þá mælti Hákon jarl: vera má at svá sé, en vænna þyki mér at Sveini konungi muni áhankast, most men read it so that S. would win the prize of contest, then said earl H.: well that may be so, but it seems more likely to me that king S. will be caught. á-heit, n. mostly or always in pl. vows to a god, saint, or the like, invocations, Hkr. i. 14, ii. 386; hón (the goddess Freyja) er nákvæmust mönnum til áheita, Edda 16, Bs. i. 134. β. sing. in a peculiar sense; meir af nauðsyn en af áheiti, more of impulse than as a free vow, Magn. 534. á-henda, d, to lay hands upon, seize; finna ok á., Grág. ii. 311: part. pass. áhendr, as adj. within reach; þeir vóru svá langt komnir at þeir urðu eigi áhendir, ... out of reach, Sturl. ii. 185, Eg. 160; þau urðu á., they were seized, Ld. 152. á-heyrandi, part. within hearing, present, Grág. ii. 143, Fms. i. 248. á-heyriliga, adv. worth hearing, Fms. i. 74. á-heyriligr, adj. worth hearing, well sounding, Nj. 77, Fms. i. 141; á. orð, fine words, Orkn. 454. á-heyris, adv. within hearing, Bs. i. 771. á-heyrsi and á-heyrsla, adj. ind., verða e-s á., to get to hear, hear the rumour of, Sturl. i. 22, Orkn. 278, Fms. ii. 295. á-hlaup, n. mostly in pl. onsets, onfalls, attacks; veita e-m á., Eg. 284; við áhlaupum (incursions) Dana, Fms. i. 28; at eigi veitti hann þau á. í bræði sinni, at geig sætti, Post. 686 B. β. a carnal assault, Stj. 71: metaph., með svá stórum áhlaupum, so impetuously, Fms. ix. 252. COMPD: áhlaupa-maðr, m. a hot-headed, impetuous person, Korm. 8, þórð. 43: now used of a man that works by fits and starts, not steadily. á-hleypinn, adj. rash, Sks. 383, 437. á-hlýðast, dd, dep. to listen or give ear to; á. við e-t, to agree with, Fs. 141; en er þeir fundu at hann vildi eigi á. við frændr sína, when they found that he turned a deaf ear to his kinsmen, Eb. 7 new Ed., v. l., perhaps the right reading, v. öðlast. á-hlýðinn, adj. giving a willing ear, listening readily; ekki á., obstinate, self-willed, Fms. vi. 431; á. um fjártökur, greedy of gain, vii. 209, where, however, the Morkinsk. (p. 337) reads, á. um fortölur, easy to persuade, which suits the context better; á. til grimleiks, Fms. x. 380, Thom. 28. á-hrin, n. [hrína á, of spells], used in the COMPD áhrins-orð, n. pl., esp. of spells that come true, in the phrase, verða at áhrinsorðum, spells or prophecies that prove true, Þórð. 81, Fas. ii. 432. á-hugi, a, m., prop. intention, mind; með þeim á. at ..., transl. of Lat. intentio, Hom. 80, 655 xxiii; ok nú segir hann öllum hver fyrirætlun hans (honum?) er í áhuga, ... what he is minded to do, Ísl. ii. 355. β. eagerness, impulse of the mind (now freq. in that sense); ekki skortir ykkr á., Nj. 137. γ. mind, opinion; eigi er því at leyna, hverr minn á. er um þetta, ek hygg ..., Fær. 199. δ. care, solicitude, = áhyggja, Fms. ii. 146. COMPDS: áhuga-fullr, adj. full of care, Fs. 98. áhuga-lítill, adj. slow, Fms. iv. 77. áhuga-maðr, m. an eager, aspiring man, Bs. i. 686. áhuga-mikill, adj. eager, vigorous, Fms. Viii. 266. áhuga-samt, n. adj. being concerned about, Bs. i. 824. áhuga-verðr, adj. causing concern, Sturl. i. 106 (serious, momentous). á-hyggja, u, f. care, concern, Hrafn. 12; bera á. fyrir, to be concerned about, Gþl. 44; fær þat honum mikillar á. ok reiði, concern and anger, Nj. 174, Bret. 24: pl. cares, Hákon hafði svá miklar áhyggjur um vetrinn, at hann lagðist í rekkju, Fms. i. 82. COMPDS: áhyggju-fullr, adj. full of care, anxious, Fms. ii. 225, x. 249, Blas. 35. áhyggju-lauss, adj. unconcerned, Rb. 312. áhyggju-mikill, adj. anxious, Bs. i. 328, Band. 8. áhyggju-samligr, adj. and -liga, adv. with concern, gravely, anxiously, Fms. i. 141, Sturl. ii. 78, 136. áhyggju-samr, adj. anxious, careful, 655 xiii, 656 B. 7, Sturl. iii. 234. áhyggju-svipr, m. a grave, anxious face, Fms. vi. 239, vii. 30. áhyggju-yflrbragð, n. id., Fms. vi. 32. á-hyggjast, að, á. um e-t, to be anxious about, Stj. 443, Róm. 307. á-hætta, u, f. risk, Vd. 144 old Ed.; cp. Fs. 57; (now freq.) á-höfn, f. the freight or loading of a ship, Fas. ii. 511: used to express a kind of tonnage; tíu skippund í lest, tólf lestir í á., 732. 16: luggage, Jb. 377, 394, 408: cp. Pál Vídal. s. v. á-högg, f. slaughter of a ewe, Sturl. i. 69, 70 C, Ed. ærhögg. ÁI, a, m. [cp. afi and Lat. avus], great-grandfather, answering to edda, great-grandmother (at present in Icel. langafi and langamma), Rm. 2; föður eðr afa, á. er hinn þriði, Edda 208. In Sæm. 118 ai seems to be an exclamatio dolentis, göróttr er drykkrinn, ai! unless ai be here = ái in the sense of father; cp. the reply of Sigmund, láttu grön sía, sonr. In mod. poetry áar in pl. is used in the sense of ancestors; áðr áar fæddust áa (gen. pl.) vorra, Bjarni 71, Eggert (Bb.) I. 20. ái-fangr, s, m.; áifangi (dat.), Grág. (Kb.) 160, and áifang (acc.), Ísl. l. c., follow the old declension (so as to distinguish the dat. and acc. sing.); áifangi, a, m., Fb. ii. 340; mod. áfangi, Grett. 29 new Ed., Fb. i. 165, [æja, to bait, and vangr, campus; as to the f, cp. Vetfangr = vetvangr, and hjörfangr = hjörvangr; Pál Vidal. derives it from fanga, to take]:-- a resting-place; á áiföngum, Grág. i. 441; taka hest sinn á áiföngum, ii. 44; taka áifang (acc. sing.), Ísl. ii. 482; in the extracts from the last part of the Heiðarv. S. MS. wrongly spelt atfang (at = ái); höfðu þeir dvöl nokkura á áifanga, Fb. ii. l. c., Jb. 272. In mod. use áfangi means a day's journey, the way made between two halting places, cp. GREEK; hence the phrase, 'í tveim, þremr ... áföngum,' to make a journey in two, three ... stages :-- the COMPD áfanga-staðr, m., is used = áifangr in the old sense; but 'stadr' is redundant, as the syllable 'fangr' already denotes place. ái-fóðr, n. fodder for baiting, provender, Jb. 430, Stj. 214. Gen. xlii. 27. á-kafast, að, dep. to be eager, vehement; á. á e-t, Fær. 262 (cp. Fb. ii. 40), Fms. xi. 20: absol., Bret. 14, 60. á-kafl, a, m. [ákafr], eagerness, vehemence; þá görðist svá mikill á. á, at ..., it went to such an excess, that..., Nj. 62, Fms. i. 35, xi. 389; með á. miklum, vehemently, Eg. 457; í ákafa, adverbially, eagerly, impetuously, Nj. 70, Fms. xi. 117. 2. the gen. ákafa is prefixed, α. to a great many adjectives, in the sense of a high degree, very, e. g. á. reiðr, furious, Fms. vii. 32, x. 173; á. fjölmennr, very numerous, Ísl. ii. 171; á. fögr, beautiful (of Helena), Ver. 25. β. to some substantives; á. Drífa, a heavy snow drift, Sturl. iii. 20; á. maðr, an eager, hot, pushing man, Eg. 3, Fms. i. 19, vii. 257, Grett. 100 A: in this case the ákafa may nearly be regarded as an indecl. adjective. á-kafleikr, m. eagerness, vehemence, Fms. x. 324. á-kafliga, adv. vehemently, impetuously; of motion, such as riding, sailing; fara á., to rush on, Fms. ix. 366; sem ákafligast, in great speed, at a great rate, Eg. 160, 602; also, biðja á., to pray fervently. 2. very, Fær. 238, Fms. x. 308, Ld. 222. á-kafligr, adj. hot, vehement; ú. bardagi, orosta, styrjöld, Fms. x. 308, 656 B. 10. á-kaflyndi, n. a hot, impetuous temper, Hkr. ii. 237. á-kaflyndr, adj. impetuous, Fms. viii. 447. á-kafr, adj. [cp. A. S. caf, promptus, velox, and 'á-' intens., cp. af D. II.], vehement, fiery; á. bardagi, a hot fight, Fms. xi. 95: of whatever is at its highest point, þenna dag var veizlan (the banquet) allra áköfust, 331; vellan sem áköfust, Nj. 247: ardent, svá var ákaft um vináttu þeirra, at ..., 151: neut. as adv., kalla ákaft á Bárð, to pray to B. fervently, Bárð. 169; ríða sem ákafast, to ride at a furious rate, Eg. 602; búast sem á., 86; en þeir er eptir Agli vóru sóttu ákaft, ... pulled hard, 362. á-kall, n. a calling upon, invocation; á. á nafn Guðs, 656 B. 10, Sks. 310, Bs. i. 180. β. clamour, shouting; af orðum þeirra ok ákalli, Fms. xi. 117, Orkn. 344 old Ed., new Ed. 402 reads kall: esp. a war cry, Fms. ix. 510. 2. a claim, demand; veita á. til e-s, Eg. 470, Hkr. ii. 195, Fms. ix. 433, xi. 324, Orkn. 20 old Ed.; cp. new Ed. 54, Korm. 110. COMPD: ákalls-lauss, adj. a law term, free from encumbrance, Vm. 11. á-kals, n. an importunate, urgent request, Fms. ii. 268, vi. 239. á-kast, n. a throwing upon, casting at, Sks. 410: metaph. an assault, á. djöfla, Hom. 14: plur. taunts, Sturl. i. 21. COMPD: ákasta-samr, adj. taunting, Glúm. 364. á-kastan, f. casting upon, Js. 42. á-kefð, f. = ákafi; vægilega en eigi með á., Fms. vi. 29, vii. 18, x. 237, K. Á. 202, Sks. 154. COMPD: ákefðar-orð, n. rash language. Mar. á-kenning, f. 1. in the phrase, hafa á. e-s or af e-u, to have a smack of a thing, to savour of, Bs. i. 134. 2. a slight reprimand, (kenna á., to feel sore); göra e-m á., to administer a slight reprimand, Sturl. i. 70, Bs. i. 341, in the last passage it is used as masc. á-keypi, n. the right of pre-emption, a law term, Fr. ä-klaga, að, to accuse, (mod. word.) á-klagan and áklögun, f. an accusation, charge, Bs. i. 856. á-klæði, n. a carpet, covering, Pm. 109. á-kneyki, n. hurt, metaph. shame, Konr. MS. á-kúfóttr, adj. spherical, Sks. 630 B; cp. ávalr. á-kúran, a doubtful reading, Eg. 47, v. l. for áþján, bondage: ákúrur, f. pl., means in mod. usage reprimands: in the phrase, veita e-m á., to scold, esp. of reprimands given to a youth or child. á-kváma, mod. ákoma, u, f. 1. coming, arrival; úfriðar á., visitation of war, Stj. 561. 2. but esp. a hurt received from a blow, a wound, = áverki, Nj. 99, Fms. ii. 67, Gþl. 168: medic. of a disease of the skin, an eruption, Fél. ix. 186, esp. on the lips, v. áblástr. á-kveða, kvað, to fix; part, ákveðinn, fixed, Orkn. 10; á. orð, marked, pointed words, Bjarn. 57, Fbr. 72, 73. á-kveðja, kvaddi, = ákveða, Bs. i. 773; ákveddi is perhaps only a misspelling for ákvæði. á-kviðr, m. a verdict against, perhaps to be read bera á kviðu (acc. pl.) separately, Bs. i. 439.

42 ÁKVÆÐI -- ÁLIT.

á-kvæði, n. 1. an uttered opinion; mun ek nú segja yðr hvat mitt á. er, Nj. 189, Sturl. i. 65 C; Ed. atkvæði (better): a command, Stj. 312, 208; með ákvæðum, expressly, Sks. 235: cp. atkvæði. 2. in popular tales and superstition it is specially used of spells or charms: cp. Lat. fatum from/ fari; cp. also atkvæði: the mod. use prefers ákvæði in this sense, hence ákvæða-skáld, n. a spell-skald, a poet whose words have a magical power, also called kraptaskald; v. Ísl. þjóðs. I, where many such poets are mentioned; indeed any poet of mark was believed to possess the power to spell-bind with his verses; cp. The tales about Orpheus. COMPDS: ákvæðis-teigr, m. a piece of field to be mowed in a day, a mower's day's work(in mod. usage called dags-látta), Fms. Iii. 207. ákvæðis-verk, n. piece-work; þat er títt á Íslandi at hafa á., þykjast þeir þá komnir til hvíldar eptir erviði sitt er verki er lokit, Fms. v. 203, Jb. 374. a-kynnis, adv. on a visit, Sd. 158. á-kæra, ð, to accuse, (mod. word.) á-kæra, u, f. a charge, accusation, Bs. i. 852. COMPDS: ákæru-lauss, adj. undisputed, Finnb. 356; blameless, Stj. 523. ákæru-maðr, m. an accuser, Stj. 42. á-kærsla, u, f. = ákæra, Fr. ákserslu-lauss = ákærulauss, id. ÁL, f., old form nom. dat. acc. sing, ól; öl heitir drykkr, en ól er band, Skálda (Thorodd) 163: gen. Sing. and nom. pl. álar; (the mod. form is ól, keeping the ó throughout all the cases; gen. pl. ólar) :-- a strap, esp. of leather; ál löng, Fms. vi. 378, Edda 29, Sks. 179: a proverb, sjaldan er bagi að bandi eðr byrdi að ól. β.. esp. the leather straps for fastening a cloak, etc. to the saddle, = slagálar, Orkn. 12, Bjarn. 68, Fbr. 57 new Ed. γ a bridle, rein; beislit fanst þegar ok var komit á álna, Bs. i. 314, note 2. COMPDS: álar-endi, a, m. the end of a leather strap, Edda 29. álar-reipi, n. a rope of leather, etc. á-lag, n. and álaga, u, f. [ieggja á]; in some cases, esp. dat. pl., it is often difficult to decide to which of these two forms a case may belong; they are therefore best taken together. In the neut. pl. the notion of spell, in the fem. pl. that of tax, burden, hardship prevails. In sing, both of them are very much alike in sense. I. fem. pl. a tax, burden, burdensome impost; sagði at bændr vildi eigi hafa frekari álög (álögur?) af konungi en forn lög stæði til, Fms. xi. 224; undan þessum hans álögum ... liggja undir slíkum álögum, tyranny, yoke, Bárð. ch. 2; gangit til ok hyggit at landsmenn, at ganga undir skattgjafar Ólafs konungs ok allar álögur, burdens, taxes, Fms. iv. 282, in the famous speech of Einar þveræing, (Ó. H. ch. 134; bað jarl vægja möunum um álögur, Fms. iv. 216; jarl hélt með freku öllum álögum, Orkn. 40; hvárt mun konungr sá ekki kunna hóf um álögur ok harðleiki við menn, Fms. vi. 37; þórstcinn kvað ekki um at leita, at þórðr kæmist undan neinum álögum, burdens, oppressive conditions, Bjarn. 72. 2. a law term, an additional fine; með álögum ok leigum, duties and rents, Grág. i. 260; binda álogum, to charge, 384; hálfa fimtu mörk álaga, a fine of three marks, 391. 3. metaph. in plur. and in the phrase, í álögum, in straits, at a pinch, if needful, Vm. 18; vitr maðr ok ágætr í öllum álögum, a wise and good man in all difficulties, Fs. 120. 4. a metric. term, addition, supplement; þat er annat leyfi háttanna at hafa í dróttkvæðum hætti eitt orð eða tvau með álögum, cp. álagsháttr below, Edda 124. 5. theol. a visitation, scourge, Stj. 106, 647. 2 Kings xxi. 13 (answering to plummet in the Engl. transl.); sing. in both instances. II. neut. pl. álög, spells, imprecations. In the fairy tales of Icel. 'vera í álögum' is a standing phrase for being spell-bound, esp. for being transformed into the shape of animals, or even of lifeless objects; leggja a., to bind by spells, cp. Ísl. Þjóðs. by Jón Árnason; var því líkast sem í fornum sögum er sagt, þá er konunga börn urðu fyrir stjúpmæðra álögum (v. l. sköpum), Fms. viii. 18 (Fb. ii. 539): hóri lýstr til hans með úlfs hanzka ok segir at hann skyldi verða at einuni híðbirni, ok aldri skáltn or þessuni álögum fara, Fas. (Völs. S.) i. 50, 404: sing, (very rare), þat er álag mitt, at þat skip skal aldri heilt af hafi koma er hér liggr út, Landn. 250. At present always in pl., cp. forlög, örlög, ólög. COMPDS: álags-bœtr, f. pl. a kind of line, N. G. L. i. 311. álags-háttr, m. a kind of metre, the first syllabic of the following line completing the sentence, e. g. ískalda skar ek öldu | eik; Edda (Ht.) 129. álögu-laust, n. adj. free from imposts. álar-, ála-, v. sub voce áll and ál. á-lasa, að, to blame, with dat. of the person. á-lasan and álösun, f., and álas, n. a reprimand, rebuke, Vígl. 25. ál-belti, n. a leathern belt, Stj. 606. ál-borinn, adj. Part. [álbera], measured with a thong or cord, of a field, N. G. L. i. 43. In Icel. called vaðbera and vaðborinn. ál-burðr, m. mensuration with a line, N. G. L. i. 43, = vaðburðr. á-leiðis, adv. on the right path, opp. to afleiðis; (leið) snúa e-m á., metaph., 655 xiii. B; snú þeim á. er þú hefir áðr vilta, id. β forwards, onwards; fóru á. til skipa, Fms. 1. 136; snúa ferð á., to go on (now, halda áfram), Korm. 232, K. Þ, K. 94 B: metaph., koma e-u á., to bring a thing about, Hkr. i. 169, iii. 104; koma e-u til á., id., Fas. i. 45 (corrupt reading); snúa e-u á., to improve, Bs. i. 488; víkja á. með e-m, to side with, Sturl. Iii. 91. á-leikni, f. a pertness, Grett. 139 (Ed.) á-leikr, m. [leika á], a trick, Grett. 139 C. á-leiksi, adj. ind. who had got the worst of the game, Bret. á-leitaðr, part. assailed, Stj. 255. á-leiting, f. = áleitni, Fr. á-leitinn, adj. pettish, Fms. ii. 120, Orkn. 308. á-leitligr, adj. reprehensible, Greg. 26. á-leitni, f. a pettish disposition, Fms. vii. 165, Sturl. ii. 228, Fs. 8; eigi fyrir á. sakar heldr góðvilja, Al. 129, 153; spott þórðar ok á., invectives, Bjarn. 3, Joh. 623. 19. á-lengdar, adv. along; engum friði heit ek þér á., Fms. iii. 156; eigi vildi hann vist hans þar á., he should not be staying along there, i.e. there, Grett. 129 A, Sturl. iii. 42. β. now used loc. far off, aloof, Lat. procul. á-lengr, adv. [cp. Engl. along], continuously; þessi illvirki skyldi eigi á. úhefnd vera, Bs. i. 533; á. er, as soon as; a. er goðar koma í setr sínar, þá ..., Grág. i. 8; á. er hann er sextan vetra, 197: ú. svá sem þeir eru búnir, in turn as soon as they are ready, 6l. ália, v. hálfa, region. álfkona, u, f. a female elf, Fas. i. 32, Bær. 2, Art. 146. álf-kunnigr, adj. akin to the elves, Fm. 13. ÁLFR, s, m. [A. S. ælf, munt-ælfen, sæ-ælfen, wudu-ælfen, etc.; Engl. elf, elves, in Shakespeare ouphes are 'fairies;' Germ. alb and elfen, Erl- in Erlkönig (Göthe) is, according to Grimm, a corrupt form from the Danish Ellekonge qs. Elver-konge]; in the west of Icel. also pronounced álbr: I. mythically, an elf, fairy; the Edda distinguishes between Ljósálfar, the elves of light, and Dökkálfar, of darkness (the last not elsewhere mentioned either in mod. fairy tales or in old writers), 12; the Elves and Ases are fellow gods, and form a favourite alliteration in the old mythical poems, e.g. Vsp. 53, Hm. 144, 161, Gm. 4, Ls. 2, 13, Þkv. 7, Skm. 7, 17, Sdm. 18. In the Alvismál Elves and Dwarfs are clearly distinguished as different. The abode of the elves in the Edda is Álfheimar, fairy land, and their king the god Frey (the god of light), Edda 12; see the poem Gm. 12, Álfheim Frey gáfu í árdaga tívar at tannfé. In the fairy tales the Elves haunt the hills, hence their name Huldufólk, hidden people: respecting their origin, life, and customs, v. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. I sqq. In old writers the Elves are rarely mentioned; but that the same tales were told as at present is clear;-- Hallr mælti, hvi brosir þú nú? þórhallr svarar, af því brosir ek, at margr hóll opnast ok hvert kvikindi býr sinn bagga bæði smá ok stór, ok gera fardaga (a foreboding of the introduction of Christianity), Fms. ii. 197, cp. landvættir; álfamenn, elves, Bs. i. 417, Fas. i. 313, 96; hóll einn er hér skamt í brott er álfar búa í, Km. 216: álfrek, in the phrase, ganga álfreka, cacare, means dirt, excrements, driving the elves away through contamination, Eb. 12, cp. Landn. 97, Fms. iv. 308, Bárð. ch. 4: álfröðull, elfin beam or light, a poët. name of the sun; álfavakir, elf-holes, the small rotten holes in the ice in spring-time in which the elves go a fishing; the white stripes in the sea in calm weather are the wakes of elfin fishing boats, etc.: medic. álfabruni is an eruption in the face, Fél. ix. 186: Ivar Aasen mentions 'alvgust, alveblaastr, alveld,' the breath, fire of elves (cp. St. Vitus' dance or St. Anthony's fire); 'alvskot,' a sort of cancer in the bone :-- græti álfa, elfin tears, Hðm. I, is dubious; it may mean some flower with dew-drops glittering in the morning sun, vide s. v. glýstamr (glee-steaming). Jamieson speaks of an elf's cup, but elf tears are not noticed elsewhere; cp. Edda 39. In Sweden, where the worship of Frey prevailed, sacrifices, álfa-blót, were made to the elves, stóð húsfreyja í dyrum ok bað hann (the guest) eigi þar innkoma, segir at þau ætti álfa blót, Hkr. ii. 124 (referring to the year 1018), cp. Korm. ch. 22. 2. metaph., as the elves had the power to bewitch men, a silly, vacant person is in Icel. called álfr; hence álfalegr, silly álfaskapr and álfaháttr, silly behaviour. II. in historical sense, the Norse district situated between the two great rivers Raumelfr and Gautelfr (Alhis Raumarum, et Gotharum) was in the mythical times called Álfheimar, and its inhabitants Álfar, Fas. i. 413, 384, 387, Fb. i. 23, vide also P. A. Munch, Beskrivelse over Norge, p. 7. For the compds v. above. álfrek, n., álfröðull, m., v. above. á-liðinn, adj. Part. far-spent, of time; dagr, Grett. 99 A; sumar, Orkn. 448, Ld. 14. á-lit, n. [líta á], prop. a view: I. aspect, appearance, esp that of a person's face, gait, etc.; vænn at áliti, fair, gentle of aspect, Nj. 30; fagr álitum, Edda 5, Eluc. 35, Bær. 7: of other animate or inanimate objects, dökkr álits, black of aspect, Fms. vi. 229; eigi réttr álits, crooked, not straight (of a broken leg), Bs. i. 743; smíði fagrt áliti, Hom. 128: the whole form, shape, hvert á. sem hann hefði, Fms. xi. 433; hann hafði ymsa manna á. eða kykvenda, Post. 656 C. 26. II. of a mind, a view, thought, consideration, reflection; með áliti ráðsmanna, Fms. Vii. 139; með skjótu áliti, at a glance, Sks. 3: esp. in pl., þú ferr með góðum vilja en eigi með nógum álitum, inconsiderately, Lv. 38; meir með ákefð en álitum, Stj. 454. Hom. 24; gjöra e-t at álitum, to take a matter into (favourable) consideration, Nj. 3, Lv. 16. 2. in mod. use, opinion; does not occur in old writers (H. E. i. 244 it means authority), where there is always some additional notion of reflection, consideration.

ÁLITALEYSI -- ÁNAUÐ. 43

Compds such as almennings-álit, n., public opinion, are of mod. date. β. it is now also used in the sense of reputation; vera í miklu (litlu) áliti. COMPDS: álita-leysi, n. absence of reflection, Fas. Iii. 91. álita-lítill, adj. inconsiderate, Fas. ii. 388. álita-mál, n. pl., gjöra e-t at álitamálum = göra at álitum, v. above, Lv. 16. á-litliga, adv. civilly (but not heartily); tók hann þeim á., he received them pretty well, Fms. x. 132; for allt á. með þeim en eigi sem þá er blíðast var, ix. 454, Bjarn. 8. 2. in the present usage, considerably, to a high amount, etc. á-litligr, adj., Lat. consideratus, Hom. 28. 2. considerable, respectable, (mod.) á-litning, f. = álit, Thom. 259. á-líkr, adj. like, resembling, Sks. 164: á-líka, adv. alike, nearly as. á-ljótr, m. [ljótr, deformis], gen. s and ar, dat. áljóti; a law term, a serious bodily injury that leaves marks, wilfully inflicted; only once, Grág. ii. 146, used of a libellous speech; áljótsráð is the intention to inflict áljót, and is distinguished from fjörráð (against one's life), sárráð, and drepráð, Grág. ii. 127, 117, 146; áljótr eðr bani, i. 497; áljótsráð, as well as fjörráð, if carried out in action, was liable to the greater out-lawry (ii. 127), but áljótr, in speech, only to the lesser, and this too even if the charge proved to be true; ef maðr bregðr manni brigslum, ok mælir áljót, þótt hann segi satt, ok varðar fjörbaugsgarð, ii. 146; an intended áljótsráð, if not carried into effect, was also only liable to the lesser out-lawry, 127: every one was to be brought to trial for the actual, not the intended injury; as, vice versa, a man was tried for murder, if the wound proved mortal (ben), though he only intended to inflict a blow (drep) or wound (sár), 117; cp. also i. 493. COMPDS: áljóts-eyrir, s, m. a fine for á., N. G. L. i. 171 (for cutting one's nose off). áljóts-ráð, n. pl., Grág., v. above. ÁLKA, u, f. an auk, alca L., Edda (Gl.): álku-ungi, a, m. a young auk, Fs. 147: metaph. a long neck, in the phrase, teygja álkuna (cant). ÁLL, m. I. an eel, Lat. anguilla, Km. 236, Edda (Gl.), 655 xxx. 2, Stj. 69. II. a deep narrow channel in sea or river; eru nú þeir einir alar til lands er ek get vaðit, Fms. iii. 60; þeir lögðu út á álinn (in a harbour) ok lágu þar um strengi, Sturl. i. 224; djúpir eru Islands alar, of the channel of the Atlantic between Norway and Iceland, a proverb touching the giantess who tried to wade from Norway to Iceland, Ísl. Þjóðs. III. in names of horses, or adjectives denoting the colour of a horse, 'ál' means a coloured stripe along the back, e. g. in mó-ál-óttr, brown striped, bleik-ál-óttr, yellow striped; Kingála and Bleikálingr are names of horses, referring to their colour. IV. a sort of seed, Edda (Gl.); cp. Ivar Aasen, aal, a sprout, and aala, aal-renne, to sprout, of potatoes. COMPDS: ála-fiski, f. fishing for eels, D. N. ála-garðr, m. an eel-pond, stew for eels, D. N. ála-veiðr, f. eel fishing, Gþl. 421. ála-virki, n. a pond for eel fishing, Gþl. 421. álma, u, f., gener. a prong, fluke of an anchor, or the like, as cognom., Fms. v. 63 :-- properly perh. a branch of an elm. álm-bogi, a, m. a sort of bow, cross-bow, Lex. Poët. ALMR,ERROR m. [Lat. ulmus; Engl. elm; Germ, ulme], an elm, Edda (Gl.), Karl. 310: metaph. a bow, Lex. Poët, álm-sveigr, m. an elm-twig, Fas. i. 271. álm-tré, n. an elm-tree, Karl. 166. álm-viðr, m. id. álpast qs. aplast, dep. to totter, v. apli. ÁLPT, more correctly álft, f. the common í eel. word for swan, Lat. cygnus; svan is only poët.; all local names in which the swan appears, even those of the end of the 9th century, use 'álpt,' not 'svan,' Álpta-fjörðr, -nes, -mýri, v. the local index to the Landn.; Svanshóll comes from a proper name Svan. Probably akin to Lat. albus; the t is fem. Inflexion; the p, instead of f, a mere change of letter; cp. the proverb, þegar hrafninn verðr hvítr en álptin svört, of things that never will happen: pl. álptir, but sometimes, esp. in Norse, elptr or elftr; the change of the original a (alft) into á (álft) is of early date, Grág. ii. 338, 346, Eg. 132, Landn. 57; in all these passages pl. álptir; but elptr, Jb. 217, 309. Respecting the mythical origin of the swan, v. Edda 12; they are the sacred birds at the well of Urda. COMPDS: álptar-hamr, m. the skin of a swan, Fas. ii. 373. álptar-líki, n. the shape of a swan, Fas. ii. 375, etc. álpt-veiðr, f. catching wild swans, Landn. 270, Vm. 69; álptveiðar skip, 68. ál-reip, n. a strap of leather, Dipl. v. 18; vide ál. á-lútr, adj. louting forwards, stooping, Thom. 201. á-lygi, n. slander, Glúm. 340, Fær. 203. á-lykkja, u, f. the loop (lykkja) in the letter a, Skálda 171. á-lykt, f. issue, decision, Gþl. 23. COMPDS: ályktar-dómr, m. a final doom or judgment, Sks. 668. ályktar-orð, n. the last word, a peroration. Eg. 356, Hkr. ii. 215, Fms. vii. 116. ályktar-vitni, n. a conclusive testimony, defined in Gþl. 476. á-lykta, að, to conclude, (mod. word.) á-lyktan, f. conclusion, final decision, Sturl. iii, 179. á-lægja, adj. ind. at heat, of a mare, Grág. i. 427. ÁMA, u, f. (and ámu-sótt, f.) erysipelas, Sturl. ii. 116; in common talk corrupted into heimakona or heimakoma. 2. poët, a giantess, Edda (Gl.); hence the play of words in the saying, gengin er gygr or fæti en harðsperra aptr komin, gone is the giantess (erysipelas), but a worse (sceloturbe) has come after. 3. a tub, awme, Germ. ahm. 4. in Norse mod. dialects the larva is called aama (v. Ivar Aasen); and ámu-maðkr, spelt ánu-maðkr, a kind of maggot, lumbricus terrestris, is probably rightly referred to this. Fél. ix. states that it has this name from its being used to cure erysipelas. á-málga, að, to beg or claim gently, Gþl. 370. ám-átligr, adj. loathsome, piteous, Fms. v. 165, of piteously crying; Fas. ii. 149, of an ogress; Finnb. 218, Bær. 7. ám-áttigr, adj. [cp. old Germ. amahtig = infirmus], contr. ámátkir, ámáttkar, etc., used in poetry as an epithet of witches and giants, prob. in the same sense as ámátligr, Vsp. 8, Hkv. Hjör. 17. Egilsson translates by praepotens, which seems scarcely right. á-minna, t, to admonish. á-minning, f. warning, admonition, reproof; áðr menn urðu til á. við hann um þetta mál, ... reminded him, called it into his recollection, Fms. xi. 286, Sks. 335; fjandans á., instigation, Fms. viii. 54; heilsusamligar á., vi. 281; Guðs á., Ver. 6, Stj. 116; var þó mörg á. (many foreboding symptoms) áðr þessa lund for ...; góðrar áminningar, beatae memoriae (rare), H. E. i. 514. COMPDS: áminningar-maðr, m. monitor, Fms. v. 125. áminningar-orð, n. warnings, Fms. vi. 44. áminningar-vísa, u, f. a song commemorating deeds of prowess, etc., Hkr. ii. 345. ÁMR, adj. occurs twice or thrice in poetry (by Arnór and in a verse in Bs. i. 411), seems to mean black or loathsome; í úmu blóði and ám hræ, loathsome blood and carcases of the slain, Orkn. 70, Fms. vi. 55; akin with ámátligr. Egilsson omits the word. Metaph. of a giant, the loathsome, Edda (Gl.) á-munr, adj. [á- intens. and munr, mens], eager, only in poetry; á. augu, piercing, greedy eyes, Vkv. 16; and á. e-m, eager for revenge, in a bad sense, Hkv. 2. 9. COMPD: ámuns-aurar, m. pl. additional payment [munr, difference] D. N. (Fr.) á-mæla, t, to blame; á. e-m fyrir e-t, Eg. 164, Nj. 14, Hkr. ii. 285, Orkn. 430: part, ámælandi, as subst., a reprover, Post. 645. 61. á-mæli, n. blame, reproof, Nj. 33, 183, Ísl. ii. 338, Fs. 40, El. 22. COMPDS: ámælis-laust, n. adj. blameless, Ölk. 37, Ísl. ii. 54. ámælis-orð, n. reproof. Valla L. 218. ámælis-samt, n. adj. shameful, Sturl. ii. 131, Hrafn. 11. ámælis-skor, f. [cp. the Engl. score], a dub. word attached to an account of numbers in Edda 108; átta bera á., a short (not full) score (?). ámœlis-verðr, adj. blamable, Glúm. 369, Fms. ii. 182. ÁN, prep. [Goth, inuh; Hel. and O. H. G. ano; Germ, ohne; Gr. GREEK] , without: the oldest form in MSS. is ón, Eluc. 25, Greg. Dial, (freq.), 655 xxvii. 2, Fms. xi. in, 153; aon, Hom. 19 sqq.; the common form is án; with gen. dat. and acc.; at present only with gen. I. with gen., þess máttu Gautar ilia án vera, Hkr. ii. 70. Ó. H. 49 has 'þat;' án manna valda, Fms. iii. 98; á. allra afarkosta, x. 7; mættim vér vel þess án vera, Ísl. ii. 339; in the proverb, án er ills gengis nema heiman hafi, Gísl. 63, but án er illt gengi (acc.), 149, Nj. 27, Ísl. ii. 142, l. c..; án allra klæða, Al. 171; án allrar vægðar, Sks. 229; ón lasta synda, Eluc. 25. II. with dat., esp. in translations or eccles. Writings, perh. in imitation of the Lat., and now quite out of use; esp. In the phrase, án e-s ráði, without (against) one's will, Nj. 38, Bjarn. 71, Korm. 142, Fms. xi. 153, 111; ón góðum verkum, Greg. 13; án úfláti, incessantly, Bs. i. 97; ón dómi, Eluc. 39; sannr ok on gildingi, 655 xxvii. 2. III. with acc., esp. freq. in the Grág., án er illt gengi, v. above; þá skal hann án vera liðit, Grág. i. 276; án ráð lögráðanda, 334; hann mun þik ekki þykjast mega án vera, Fms. vii. 26; án allan verma, Sks. 210; án alla flærð, 522 B; ón líkamligan breyskleik, ok on dóm, Eluc. 38; án leyfi, without leave, Fms. vii. 141. IV. ellipt. without case, or adverbially, hvatki es betra es at hafa en ón at vera (to be without), 677. 8; þau er mönnum þykir betr at hafa en án at vera, Gþl. 379; eiga vilja heldr en ón vera þat hit mjallhvíta man, Alvm. 7 : acc. with inf., án við löst at lifa, sine culpâ vivere, Hm. 68; used substantively, in the proverb, alls áni (omnium expers) verðr sá er einskis biðr, Sl. 38: Egilsson also, on Hdl. 23, suggests a form án, n.; but the passage (the poem is only left in the Fb.) is no doubt a corrupt one. Probably 'ani ómi' is a corruption from Arngrími (arngmi, the lower part of the g being blotted out: Arngrími | óru bornir | (öflgir ?) synir | ok Eyfuru, or the like). ÁN and Ön, a mythical king of Sweden, hence ána-sótt, f. painless sickness from age, decrepid old age; þat er síðan kölluð á. ef maðr deyr verklauss af elli, Hkr. i. 35: the word is mentioned in Fél. ix. s. v., but it only occurs l. c. as an GREEK and seems even there to be a paraphrase of the wording in the poem, knátti endr | at Uppsölum | ánasótt | Ön of standa, Ýt. 13; even in the time of Snorri the word was prob. not in use in Icel. 2. the hero of the Án's Saga, a romance of the 14th or 15th century, Fas. ii. 323-362; hence áni, a, m., means a fool, lubber. ánalegr, adj. clownish; and ánaskapr, m. clownishness, etc. á-nauð, f. bondage, oppression; á. ok þrælkun, Fms. x. 224, v. 75: in pl. ánauðir, imposts, x. 399, 416, 129 (grievances), Sks. 6l (where sing.)

44 ÁNAUÐAROK -- ÁRNA.

COMPDS: ánauðar-ok, n. yoke of oppression, Stj. 168. ánauðar-vist, f. a life of oppression, bondage, 655 viii. 4. á-nauðga, að, to oppress, Js. 13, Gþl. 44. á-nauðigr, adj. oppressed, enslaved, Hkr. i. 40, Grág. ii. 292, N. G. L. i. 341, Sks. 463. á-nefna, d, to appoint, name, Jb. 161 B, Fms. i. 199, ix. 330. á-netjast, að, dep. to be entangled in a net; metaph., á. e-u, Bs. i. 141. á-neyða, dd, to force, subject, Sks. 621 B. á-ning, f. [æja, ái-], resting, baiting, Grág. ii. 233. án-ótt, n. adj. a pun (v. Án 2), a lot of Ans, Fas. ii. 431. á-nyt, f. ewe's milk, = ærnyt, Landn. 197. á-nýja, ð or að, to renew, Sturl. iii. 39. á-nægja, u, f. pleasure, satisfaction, formed as the Germ. vergnügen; mod. word, not occurring in old writers. á-nægja, ð, impers., prop. to be enough, and so to content, satisfy; eptir því sem oss ánægir, Dipl. v. 9: part, ánægðr is now in Icel. used as an adj. pleased, content. ÁR, n. [Goth. jêr; A. S. gear; Engl. year; Germ. jabr; the Scandin. idioms all drop the j, as in ungr, young; cp. also the Gr. GREEK; Lat. hora; Ulf. renders not only GREEK but also sometimes GREEK and GREEK by jêr]. I. a year, = Lat. annus, divided into twelve lunar months, each of 30 days, with four intercalary days, thus making 364 days; as the year was reckoned about the middle of the 10th century (the original calculation probably only reckoned 360 days, and made up the difference by irregular intercalary months). About the year 960 Thorstein Surt introduced the sumarauki (intercalary week), to be inserted every seventh year, thus bringing the year up to 365 days. After the introduction of Christianity (A. D. 1000) the sumarauki was made to harmonize with the Julian calendar; but from A. D. 1700 with the Gregorian calendar; v. the words sumarauki, hlaupár, mánuðr, vika, etc., Íb. ch. 4, Rb. 6, Fms. i. 67; telja árum, to count the time by years, Vsp. 6; í ári, used adverb., at present, as yet, Ó. H. 41, 42 (in a verse). II. = Lat. annona, plenty, abundance, fruitfulness; the phrase, friðr ok ár, Fms. vii. 174, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 8-12; ár ok fésæla, Hkr. l. c.; þá var ár urn öll lönd, id.; létu hlaða skip mörg af korni ok annarri gæzku, ok flytja svá ár í Dan- mörku, Fms. xi. 8, Sks. 323, Fas. i. 526, Hom. 68; gott ár, Eg. 39; blota til árs, Fms. i. 34. III. the name of the Rune RUNE (a), Skálda 176; in the A. S. and Goth. Runes the j has the name jêr, gêr, according to the Germ. and Engl. pronunciation of this word; vide p. 2, col. 1. COMPDS: ára-tal, n. and ára-tala, u, f. number of years; fimtugr at áratali, Stj. 110, Rb. 484, Mar. 656 A. i. 29; hann (Ari Frodi) hafði áratal fyrst til þess er Kristni kom á Ísland, en síðan allt til sinna daga, Hkr. (pref.), seems to mean that Ari in respect of chronology divided his Íslendingabók into two periods, that before and that after the introduction of Christianity; Stj. 112 (periode). árs-bót, f. = árbót, Bs. i. 343, q. v. ÁR, adv. I. Lat. olim [Ulf. air = GREEK; Engl. yore], used nearly as a substantive followed by a gen., but only in poetry; in the phrase, ár var alda, in times of yore, in principio, Vsp. 3, Hkv. 2. 1: also, ár var þaz (= þat es), the beginning of some of the mythical and heroical poems, Skv. 3. i, Gkv. 1. 1; cp. árdagar. II. Lat. mane [A. S. ær; O. H. G. êr; cp. Gr. GREEK, Engl. early, Icel. árla], rare, (the prolonged form árla is freq.); it, however, still exists in the Icel. common phrase, með morgunsárinu (spelt and proncd. in a single word), primo diluculo; elsewhere poet, or in laws, ár of morgin, early of a morning, Hðm. verse 1, Grág. ii. 280; rísa ár, to rise early, Hm. 58, 59; ár né um nætr, Hkv. 2. 34, etc.; í ár, adverb. = early, Ísl. ii. (Hænsa Þór. S.) 161; snemma í ár, Ld. 46, MS., where the Ed. um morgininn í ár, Fas. i. 503: it also sometimes means for ever, svá at ár Hýmir ekki mælti, for an age he did not utter a word, remained silent as if stupefied, Hým. 25, Lex. Poët.; ara þúfu á skaltu ár sitja, Skm. 27; cp. the mod. phrase, ár ok síð og allan tíð, early and late and always. In compds = Lat. matutinus. ÁR, f. [A. S. ár; Engl. oar; Swed. åre], an oar, old form of nom., dat., acc. sing. &aolig-acute;r; dat. &aolig-acute;ru or áru, Eb. 60 new Ed., but commonly ár; pl. árar, Eg. 221, 360, Fms. viii. 189, 417: metaph. in the phrases, koma eigi ár sinni fyrir borð, to be under restraint, esp. in a bad sense, of one who cannot run as fast as he likes, Eb. 170; vera á árum e-s = undir ára burði e-s, v. below; draga árar um e-t, to contend about a thing, the metaphor taken from a rowing match, Fær. 159; taka djúpt í árinni, to dip too deep, overdo a thing. COMPDS: ára-burðr, m. the movement of the oars, in the phrase, vera undir áraburði e-s, to be in one's boat, i. e. under one's protection, esp. as regards alimentation or support, Hrafn. 30; ráðast undir áraburð e-s, to become one's client, Ld. 140. ára-gangr, m. splashing of oars, Fas. ii. 114. ára-lag (árar-), n. the time of rowing, e. g. seint, fljótt á., a slow, quick, stroke; kunna á., to be able to handle an oar, Þórð. (Ed. 1860), ch. 4. árar-hlumr, m. the handle of an oar, Glúm. 395, Sturl. iii. 68. árar-hlutr, m. a piece of an oar, Glúm. l. c. árar-stubbi, a, m. the stump of an oar, Ísl. ii. 83. árar-tog, n. a stroke with the oar. árar-tré, n. the wood for making oars, Pm. 138. ár-, v. the compds of á, a river. ár-angr, rs, m. [ár = annona], gener. a year, season, = árferð; also the produce of the earth brought forth in a year (season), which is at present in the east of Icel. called ársali, v. árferð; skapaðist árangrinn eptir spásögu Jóseps, 655 vii. 4; ok at liðnum þeim vetrum tók á. at spillast, Gþl. 77; mun batna á. sem várar, Þorf. Karl. (A. A.) 111: the mod. use is only metaph., effect, result; so e. g. arangrs-laust, n. adj. without effect, to no effect. á-rás, f. assault, attack, Fms. i. 63, ix. 372. ár-borinn, v. arfborinn: Egilsson renders GREEK by árborin (in his transl. of the Odyssey). ár-bót, f. improvement of the season (ár = annona), Fms. i. 74, Bs. i. 137, Hkr. ii. 103: fem., surname, Landn. ár-búinn, part, ready early, Sks. 221 B. ár-býll, adj. dwelling in abundance, plentiful, Fms. v. 314. ár-dagar, m. pl. [A. S. geardagas], í árdaga, in days of yore, Ls. 25 (poët.) ár-degis, adv. early in the day, Eg. 2, Grág. i. 143. á-reið, f. a charge of cavalry, Hkr. iii. 162, Fms. vii. 56: an invasion of horsemen, x. 413: at present a law term, a visitation or inspection by sworn franklins as umpires, esp. in matters about boundaries. á-reitingr, m. [reita, Germ, reizen], inducement, Finnb. 310. á-reitinn, adj. grasping after, Ld. 318, v. l.: now in Icel. pettish; and áreitni, f. pettishness. á-renniligr, adj., in the phrase, eigi á., hard or unpleasant to face. á-reyðr, f. [á acc. of ær, and reyðr], salmo laevis femina, Fél. i. 13, Landn. 313. árétti, n. [and árétta, tt], a thin wedge used to prevent a nail from getting loose, cp. Ivar Aasen. ár-ferð, f., mod. árferði, n. season, annona, Fms. i. 51, 86, ix. 51; árferð mun af taka um alla Danmörk, i. e. there will be famine, xi. 7; góð á., Stj. 420; engi á., Grett. 137 A. ár-fljótr, adj. 'oar-fleet,' of a rowing vessel, Fms. vii. 382, Hkr. iii. 94. ár-gali, a, m. 'the early crying,' i. e. perh. chanticleer, used in the proverb eldist árgalinn nú, of king Harold, Fms. vi. 251. ár-galli, a, m. failure of crop, Sks. 321, 323. árgalla-lauss, adj. free from such failure, fertile, Sks. 322. ár-gangr, m. a year's course, season, Fms. xi. 441, Thom. 85; margan tíma í þessum á., 655 xxxii: in mod. usage, a year's volume, of a periodical. ár-gjarn, adj. eager for a good harvest (poët.), Ýt. 5. ár-goð, m. god of plenty, the god Frey, Edda 55. ár-gæzka, u, f. a good season, Thom. 83. ár-hjálmr, m. an helmet of brass, A. S. âr = eir, Hkm. 3. á-riða, u, f. a smearing, rubbing, [ríða á], medic., Bs. i. 611. árla, adv. [qs. árliga], early, Lat. mane, Fms. iii. 217, v. 285, Stj. 208, Hom. 86:: with gen., árla dags, Fms. x. 218, Pass. 15. 17. β in times of yore, Sks. 498, 518. ár-langt, n. adj. and ár-lengis, adv. during the whole year, D. N. ár-liga, adv. I. [ár, annus], yearly, Fms. ii. 454, x. 183, Vm. 12. II. = árla, early, Hkv. 1. 16. 2. [ár, annona], in the phrase, fá árliga verðar, to take a hearty meal, Hm. 32; cp. Sighvat, Ó. H. 216, where it seems to mean briskly. ár-ligr, adj. 1. annual, Thom. 24. 2. in the phrase, árligum hrósar þú verðinum, thou hast enjoyed a hearty meal, Hbl. 33; the word is now used in the sense of well fed, well looking. ár-maðr, m. [árr, nuntius, or ár, annona], a steward, esp. of royal estates in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, also of the earls' estates in the Orkneys. As Icel. had neither earls nor kings, it is very rare, perhaps an GREEK in Landn. 124 (of the stewards of Geirmund heljarskinn). In Norway the ármenn of the king were often persons of low birth, and looked upon with hatred and disrespect by the free noblemen of the country, cp. e. g. Ó. H. 113, 120 (synonymous with konungs þræll), Eb. ch. 2; the ármenn were a sort of royal policemen and tax gatherers, Fms. xi. 261, Orkn. 444, Eg. 79, 466, Gþl. 12 (where it is different from sýslumaðr); erkibiskups á., N. G. L. i. 175. COMPD: ármanns-réttr, m. the right of an á., i. e. the fine to be paid for molesting an ármaðr, N. G. L. i. 70. ár-mánaðr, m. a year-month, i. e. a month, Stj. 320. ár-menning, f. [ármaðr], stewardship, the office or the province, Orkn. 444, Fms. iv. 268; sýslur ok á., Hkr. i. 303. ár-morgin, adv. [A. S. ærmorgen], early to-morrow, Am. 85. árna, að, I. [A. S. yrnan, pret. arn, proficisci; cp. Icel. árr, evrendi, etc.], as a neut. verb, only in poetry and very rare, to go forward; úrgar brautir á. þú aptr héðan, Fsm. 2, Gg. 7, Fms. iv. 282, vi. 259; hvern þann er hingað árnar, whoever comes here, Sighvat, Ó. H. 82. II. [A. S. earnian, to earn; Germ, erndten], act. verb with acc. and gen.: 1. with acc. to earn, get, Lat. impetrare; hvat þú árnaðir í Jötunheima, Skm. 40; hon ... spurði, hvat hann árnar, ... what he had gained, how he had sped (of a wooer), Lv. 33; á. vel, to make a good bargain, Fms. vi. 345: reflex., þykir vel árnast hafa, they had made a good bargain, Bret. 40. 2. with gen. of the thing, to intercede for, pray; á. e-m góðs, to pray for good to one, bless him; á. e-m íls, to curse one, Fas. iii. 439; lífs, to intercede for one's life, Magn. 532;

ÁRNAÐR -- ÁSMOÐR. 45

griða, id., Sturl. ii. 224; var þat flestra manna tillaga, at á. Gizuri kvánfangsins,... to favour him, to give him the bride, Fms. iv. 33; á. e-s við Goð, to intercede for one with God (of Christ and the saints), Bs. i. 352. ii. 32. árnaðr, m., theol. intercession, Th. 7. COMPDS: árnaðar-maðr, m. an intercessor, esp. of Christ and the saints, Magn. 504. árnaðar-orð, n. intercession, K. Þ. K. 76, Grág. ii. 166, Bs. i. 181. árnan and -un, f. intercession, = árnaðr, Fms. vi. 352, Bs. i. 180, Fbr. 126, 655 xii, Ver. 22, 625. 81. árnandi, part, an intercessor, Fms. x. 318, Hom. 149. ár-næmi, n. a Norse law term, perh. qs. örnæmi [nema], indemnity; á. um skuldafar, N. G. L. i. 177, cp. 182. árofi (arovi), a, m. a Norse law term; of doubtful origin, perh. akin to oróf and öræfi, an aged witness, a freeborn man, born and bred in the district, who must have been at least twenty years of age at the death of his father. He was produced as a witness (as an old document in modern times) in lawsuits about local questions as to possession of landed property, (cp. in mod. Icel. usage the witness of 'gamlir menn'); thus defined,--þá skal hann fram fara óðalsvitni sín, arova þrjá, þá er tvítugir vóru þá er faðir þeirra varð dauðr, N. G. L. i. 87, (ok óðalbornir í því fylki, add. Gþl. 298); skal hann setja þar dóm sinn ok kveðja hann jarðar jafnt sem hinn þar væri, ok leiða (produce) arova sína þar ok öll vitni, sem hinn þar væri, N. G. L. i. 94. ÁRR, m. [Ulf. airus; Hel. eru; A. S. ar; cp. Icel. eyrindi, A. S. ærend, Engl. errand], a messenger; old gen. árar (as ásar from áss); dat. æri (Fms. xi. 144); acc. pl. áru, Hkv. 1. 21, Og. 25, Greg. 35, later ára; nom. pl. ærir, Pd. 35 (12th century), later árar, v. Lex. Poët.: very rare and obsolete in prose, except in a bad sense, but freq. in old poetry: also used in the sense of a servant, Lat. minister, famulus; konungs árr, Guðs árr, Lex. Poët.; Ásu úrr, Ýt. 25. 2. theol., in pl.: α. the angels; Guð görir anda áru sína, Greg. 35; engla sveitir, þat eru ærir ok höfuð-ærir, id. β. evil spirits; now almost exclusively used in this sense; fjandinn ok hans árar, Fms. vii. 37; satan með sínum árum, ii. 137; cp. djöfli, viti, ár (dat.) og álf, öldin trúði sú, Snót 140. γ. used of the number eleven, ærir eru ellefu, Edda 108. árr, adj., Lat. matutinus; at arum degi, Hom. 121. Cp. ár (adv.) II. ár-risull, adj. one who rises early, Fms. vi. 241. ár-salr and ársali, a, m. [a foreign word, introduced from Britain], precious hangings of a bed, Eb. 262, Edda 18 (ársali); ársal allan, Gkv. 2. 26; allan ársala, Js. 78; an obsolete word. II. in the east of Icel. ársali [ár, annona, and selja] means annual produce, the stores or crop of a year. ár-samr, adj. fertile, Ver. 17. ár-sáinn, part. early sewed, Hm. 87. ár-sima, n. metal wire, Eg. (in a verse). Cp. A. S. âr. ár-skyld, f. yearly rent, D. N. iii. 195 (Fr.) ár-sæli (and ársæld), f. a blessing on the year, plenty; svá var mikil á. Hálfdanar, so great was the plenty during his reign, Fagrsk. 2. ár-sæll, adj. happy or blest in the year, fortunate as to season, an epithet of a king; good or bad seasons were put on the king's account, cp. Fms. i. 51, xi. 294; góðr höfðíngi ok á., i. 198; á. ok vinsæll, Fagrsk. 2, Bret. 100; allra konunga ársælstr, Fms. x. 175. ár-tal, n. tale or reckoning by years, Vþm. 23, 25. ár-tali, a, m. the year-teller, i. e. the moon (poët.), the heathen year being lunar, Alvm. 15. ár-tekja, u, f. yearly rent, D. N. iv. 231 (Fr.) ár-tíð, n. the anniversary of a man's death, Bs. i. 139, Fms. v. 121, ix. 534, Bret. 70, Blas. 51. COMPDS: ártíðar-dagr, m. id., Vm. 116. ártíðar-hald, n. an anniversary mass, B. K. 8, 25. ártíðar-skrá, f. an obituary, Vm. 4, Ám. 45; some of the Icel. obituaries are published in H. E. at the end of the 1st vol. and in Langeb. Scriptt. Rer. Dan. ár-vakr, adj. (and árvekni, f. mod.), early awake, early rising, Lv. 43, Sks. 19: the name of one of the horses of the Sun, Edda, Gm. 37. ár-vænligr, adj. promising a good season, Sks. 335. ár-vænn, adj. id., Fms. i. 92, ii. 76. á-ræða, dd, to dare, have the courage to do, to attack, cp. ráða á., Sturl. iii. 256. á-ræði, n. courage, daring, pluck, Eg. i, Korm. 242, Al. 9, Nj. 258, Ísl. ii. 325: attack, veita e-m á., to attack, Hom. 113. COMPDS: áræðis-fullr, adj. daring, Fas. i. 119. áræðis-lítill, adj. of small courage, Hkr. ii. 79. áræðis-maðr, m. a bold man, Grett. 141 A, Fbr. 149. áræðis-mikill, adj. daring, Sturl. iii. 21, Rd. 285. áræðis-raun, f. proof of courage, pluck, Fms. vi. 166. áræðis-snarr, adj. of great courage, Al. 9. a-ræðiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. [ráða, to guess], likely, probable, Glúm. 385, Gísl. 60, Clem. 28. β. daring, dangerous, Fas. iii. 165. γ. ekki áræðiligt = ekki árenniligt, not easy to face, Fms. viii. 64. á-ræðinn, adj. daring, Sks. 299. ása, að, a mod. sea term, to move the yard of a sail. á-saka, að, to accuse, censure; with acc., Fms. ii. 174, Bs. i. 786, Stj. 129, H. E. i. 500. á-sakan and ásökun, f. a charge, censure, Fms. ii. 225, H. E. i. 404. COMPOS: ásakanar-efni, n. a matter for censure, Th. 77. ásakanar-orð, n. a word of reprimand, Stj. 500. á-sakari, a, m. an accuser, Th. 76. á-samt, adv. along with: 1. loc., in the phrase, vera á., to be together (now saman), esp. of married people, Sturl. 199, Fms. i. 198, cp. Skm. 7. β. koma á., to agree, (in mod. usage, koma vel, illa, saman, to be on good, bad terms); þat kom lítt á., they disagreed, Fms. iv. 369; þau kómu vel á., they lived happily together, of married people, Nj. 25, (in mod. usage, þeim kom vel saman); kómu allar ræður á. með þeim, Eg. 750; svá sem þeim kemr á. (impers.), as is agreed on by them, Jb. 116. á-sannast, dep. to prove true, (mod. word.) á-sauðr, ar, m. a ewe, Dipl. v. 10, Hrafn. 6, 8, Vm. 9. á-sáld, n. a sprinkling, metaph. of a snow storm, Sturl. iii. 20. á-sáttr, adj. part, agreed upon, Edda 10, Grág. i. 1. ás-brú, f. the bridge of the Ases, the rainbow, Edda. ás-drengr, m. a pillar (drengr, a short pillar), N. G. L. ii. 283. ás-endi, a, m. theend of a beam, Ld. 280. á-seta, u, f. a sitting upon, settlement, esp. = ábúð, tenure of a farm, Bs. i. 730. ásetu-garðr, m. (Icel. ábýlisjörð), a tenant's farm, D. N. iv. 581 (Fr.) á-setning, f. a putting on, laying on; á. stolunnar, the investment of..., Fms. iii. 168: in mod. usage, masc. ásetningr, purpose, design; and also ásetja, tt, to design. ás-garðr, m. the residence of the gods (Ases), Edda; also the name of a farm in the west of Icel.: the mod. Norse 'aasgaardsreid' is a corruption from the Swed. åska, thunder. ás-grindr, f. pl. the rails surrounding the ásgarðr, Edda 46. á-sigling, f. a sailing upon, Gþl. 518, N. G. L. i. 65, ii. 283. á-sjá (old form ásjó, Niðrst. 5, Hom. 35), f., gen. ásjá, the mod. gen. úsjár seems only to occur in late or even paper MSS. I. a looking after, help, protection; ætla til ásjá, to hope for it, Lv. 75, Ld. 42, Fms. i. 289; biðja e-n ásjá, to ask one for help, protection, Nj. 26 (Ed. ásjár prob. wrongly); sækja e-n til ásjá, to seek one's help, Bs. i. 82 (ásjár the paper MSS.) β. superintendence, inspection; með spekiráðum ok á., Fms. x. 178; með á. Magnúss konungs, Js. 23, Hom. 35. II. one's look, appearance, shape, Fms. i. 97; í manns ásjó, in the shape of man, Niðrst. 5 (= ásýnd). COMPD: ásjá-mál, n. pl. a matter worthy of consideration, Ísl. ii. 159, Band. 15. á-sjáligr, adj. handsome, pretty, Ísl. ii. 208, Art. 98. á-sjón, f. superintendence, inspection, Js. 46; gen. ásjónar, used as adv. = eye's view (= sjónhending), in a straight direction, Vm. 135. á-sjóna (ásjána older form, Ld. 122, Niðrst. 6), u, f. one's look, aspect, countenance; líkami Njáls ok á., Nj. 208; kvenna vænst bæði at ásjánu (appearance) ok vitsmunum, Ld. 122; greppligr í á., ugly looking, Fms. i. 155; yfirbragð ok á., 216, Greg. 45. β. form, shape; í þraels ásjánu (in form like a slave) festr á kross, Niðrst. 6; andi Drottins í dúfu á., in form like a dove, 686 B. 13; engill í eldligri á., Hom. 81, Eluc. 17. γ. = Lat. persona; eigi skaltú líta á. í dómi, Hom. 19 (non accipies personam in judicio). á-skelling, f. [skella á, to chide], chiding, Niðrst. 6. á-skilnaðr, m. [skilja á, to disagree], discord, Fas. iii. 335, B. K. 121, Stj. 13, 8. β. separation [skilja, to part], Stj. 130. á-skoran, f. (áskora, u, f., Fagrsk. 171, bad reading?), an earnest request, challenge, Nj. 258, Fs. 22, Boll. 342. á-skot (áskaut, Sks. 416; áskeyti, Thom. 83), n. a shot at, only used in pl.; at menn fái eigi mein af áskotum þeirra, by their heavy fire (of arrows), Fms. viii. 201; sva mikil á., at menn megi eigi í vígskörðum vera, so hard shooting that..., Sks. l. c. ás-kunnigr, adj. akin to the gods, Fm. 13. á-skurðr, ar, m. carving, in wood or stone, Bs. i. 680. β. carving of meat, (mod.) á-skynja, adj. ind., in the phrase, verða e-s á., used in old writers in the sense to learn, of arts or knowledge, á. íþrótta, Fær. 46, Fms. ii. 270, Sks. 25, 53, 573; with dat., Fb. i. 462: now only used of news, to bear, be aware; not of learning, sensû proprio. á-skynjandi, part, id., Barl. 24. ás-lákr, m., poët, a cock, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Fms., Landn. á-sláttr, m. an attack; á. djöfuls, Hom. 68; mod. a feeler, a vague proposition. ás-liðar, m. pl. [liði, a champion], the champion of the Ases, Skm. 34. ás-megin (ásmegn, Edda 15, 29), n. gener. the divine strength of the Ases, but esp. used of Thor in the phrases, at færast í á., vaxa á., neyta á., when he displayed his strength as a god by grasping the hammer Mjölnir, by putting on the gloves, or the girdle (megingjarðar, q. v.), Edda 15, 60, 61, Hým. 31. ás-megir, m. pl. = ásliðar, Vtkv. 7. ás-móðr, m. the divine strength of Thor, shewn in his wrath by thunder and lightning; því næst sá hann eldingar ok þrumur stórar; sá hann þá Þór í ásmóði, Edda 58; the proper name Þormóðr is equivalent to ásmóðr, cp. Landn. 307 (the verse).

46 ÁSOKN -- ÁSYNIS.

á-sókn, f. an impetuous unreasonable desire after a thing, (common word.) á-spyrna, u, f. a pressing against with the feet, Grett. (in a verse). ás-ríki, n. the power of the Ases, Kristni S. Bs. 10. ÁSS, m. [Ulf. ans = GREEK; cp. Lat. asser, a pole], gen. áss, dat. ási, later ás, pl. ásar, acc. ása: 1. a pole, a main rafter, yard; α. of a house; selit var gört um einn as, ok stóðu út af ásendarnir, Ld. 280; Nj. 115, 202; drengja við ása langa (acc. pl.), Fms. vii. 54, Sks. 425, Pm. 11, Dipl. iii. 8, Hom. 95; sofa undir sótkum ási, Hkr. i. 43; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. 5. ch. 36, Fs. 62: in buildings áss gener. means the main beam, running along the house, opp. to bitar, þvertré, a cross-beam, v. mæniráss, brúnáss, etc.: the beams of a bridge, Fms. ix. 512; in a ship, beitiáss, a yard of a sail: also simply called áss, Ýt. 23, Fs. 113; vindáss, a windlass (i. e. windle-ass, winding-pole). 2. metaph. a rocky ridge, Lat. jugum, Eg. 576, Fms. viii. 176. Ás and Ásar are freq. local names in Iceland and Norway. COMPD: áss-stubbi, a, m. the stump of a beam, Sd. 125. ÁSS, m. [that the word existed in Goth, may be inferred from the words of Jornandes--Gothi proceres suos quasi qui fortunâ vincebant non pares homines sed semideos, id est Anses, vocavere. The word appears in the Engl. names Osborn, Oswald, etc. In old German pr. names with n, e. g. Ansgâr, A. S. Oscar: Grimm suggests a kinship between áss, pole, and áss, deus; but this is uncertain. In Icel. at least no such notion exists, and the inflexions of the two words differ. The old gen. asar is always used in the poems of the 10th century, Korm. 22 (in a verse), etc.; dat. æsi, in the oath of Glum (388), later ás; nom. pl. æsir; acc. pl. ásu (in old poetry), æsi (in prose). The old declension is analogous to árr; perhaps the Goth, form was sounded ansus; it certainly was sounded different from ans, GREEK]:--the Ases, gods, either the old heathen gods in general, or esp. the older branch, opp. to the new one, the dî ascripti, the Vanir, q. v., Edda 13 sqq. β. the sing, is used particularly of the different gods, e. g. of Odin; ölverk Ásar, the brewing of the As (viz. Odin), i. e. poetry, Korm. 208 (in a verse); of Loki, Bragi, etc.; but GREEK it is used of Thor, e. g. in the heathen oaths, segi ek þat Æsi (where it does not mean Odin), Glúm. 388; Freyr ok Njörðr ok hinn almátki Áss, Landn. (Hb.) 258: in Swed. åska means lightning, thunder, qs. ás-ekja, the driving of the As, viz. Thor: áss as a prefix to pr. names also seems to refer to Thor, not Odin, e. g. Ásbjörn = Þorbjörn, Asmóðr = Þormóðr (Landri. 307 in a verse). In Scandinavian pr. names áss before the liquid r assumes a t, and becomes ást (Ástríðr, not Ásríðr; Ástráðr = Ásráðr); and sometimes even before an l, Ástlákr -- Áslákr, Fb. i. 190; Ástleifr -- Ásleifr, Fms. xi. (Knytl. S.) COMPDS: ása-gisling, f. hostage of the Ases, Edda 15. ása-heiti, n. a name of the Ases, Edda (Gl.) Ása-Þorr, m. Thor the As 'par excellence,' Edda 14, Hbl. 52. ása-ætt, f. the race of Ases, Edda 7. áss, m. [a French word], the ace at dice, in the game kvátra, q. v., Sturl. ii. 95, Orkn. 200: mod. also the ace in cards. ÁST, f., old form &aolig;st, [Ulf. ansts = GREEK; A. S. est or æst; O. H. G. anst; old Fr. enst; cp. unna (ann), to love]:--love, affection; mikla ást hefir þú sýnt við mik, Eg. 603; fella ást til e-s, to feel love to, Sturl. i. 194, Fms. x. 420; líkamleg ást, 656 A. ii. 15, Ver. 47: with the article, ástin, or ástin mín, my dear, darling, pet, love, a term of endearment used by husband to wife or parents to child; her er nú ástin mín, Sighvatr bóndi, Sturl. ii. 78. β. in pl. love between man and woman, the affection between man and wife; vel er um ástir okkar, sagði hón, Nj. 26; takast þar ástir miklar, Ld. 94 (of a newly-wedded pair), 298: love of a woman, þá mælti Frigg, ok spurði hverr sá væri með Ásum er eignast vildi ástir hennar ok hylli, Edda 37: metaph. the white spots on the nails are called ástir, since one will have as many lovers as there are spots, Ísl. Þjóðs., Fél. ix; vide elska, which is a more common word. COMPDS: ásta-fundr, m. = ástarfundr, Lex. Poët. ásta-lauss, adj. loveless, Helr. 5. ástar-andi, a, m. spirit of love, H. E. i. 470. ástar-angr, m. grief from love, Str. 55. ástar-atlot, n. pl. = ástarhót. ástar-augu, n. pl. loving eyes, v. auga; renna, lita ástaraugum til e-s, to look with loving eyes, Fms. xi. 227, Ísl. ii. 199. ástar-ákefð, f. passion, Str. ástar-band, n. band of love, 656 C. 37. ástar-brími, a, m. fervent love, Flov. 36. ástar-bruni, a, m. ardent love, Stj. ástar-eldr, m. fire of love, Bs. i. 763, Greg. 19. ástar-fundr, m. affectionate meeting, Fms. xi. 310. ástar-gyðja, u, f, the goddess of love (Venus), Edda (pref.) 149, Al. 6. ástar-harmr, m. grief from love, Stj. 4. ástar-hirting, f. chastisement of love, 671 C. ástar-hiti, a, m. passion, Greg. 19. ástar-hót, n. pl. the shewing kindness and love, Pass. 12. 23 (sing.) ástar-hugi, a, and -hugr, ar, m. love, affection, Bs. i. 446, Fms. i. 34, Stj. 126. ástar-hygli, f. [hugall], devotion, Bs. i. 48. ástar-ilmr, m. sweetness of love, Str. ástar-kveðja, u, f. hearty greeting, Sturl. ii. 185. ástar-kveikja, u, f. a kindler of love, Al. 57. ástar-logi, a, m. flame of love, Hom. 67. ástar-mark, n. token of love, Greg. 46. ástar-orð, n. pl. words of love; mæla ástar orðum til e-s, to speak in words breathing love, 655 xxxi. ástar-pallr, m. step of love, 656 A. i. 10. ástar-reiði, f. anger from love, Sks. 672. ástar-samband, n. band of love, Stj. ástar-sigr, m. victory of love, Str. ástar-sætleikr, m. sweetness of love, Hom. 13. ástar-várkunn, f. compassion, sympathy, Greg. 72. ástar-vekka, u, f. the dew of love (poët.), Hom. 68. ástar-verk, n. charity, Sks. 672, Magn. 468. ástar-vél, f. Ars Amatoria, of Ovid so called, Str. 6. ástar-vili, ja, m. desire, passion, Str. 27. ástar-vængr, m. wing of love, Hom. 48. ástar-þjónusta, u, f. service of love, Hom. 2, Fms. ii. 42. ástar-þokki, a, m. affection for, inclination, of a loving pair, Fms. ii. 99, Fær. 63. ástar-æði, n. fury of love, Bær. 7. á-staða, u, f. [standa á], an insisting upon, Ann. 1392, Thom. 37. á-stand, n. state, (mod. word.) ást-blindr, adj. blind from love, Lex. Poët. ást-bundinn, part. in bonds of love, Str. 36, 55. á-stemma (&aolig;stemma), u, f. damming a river, D. I. i. 280. ást-fólginn, part. beloved, dear to one's heart, warmly beloved; á. e-m, Fms. vi. 45, xi. 3. ást-fóstr, rs, m. love to a foster-child, (also used metaph.) in phrases such as, leggja á. við e-n, to foster with love, as a pet child, Fms. iii. 90; fæða e-n ástfóstri, to breed one up with fatherly care, x. 218. ást-gjöf, f., theol. grace, gift; á. Heilags Anda, Skálda 210, Skv. i. 7, Andr. 63; in pl., Magn. 514. ást-goði, a, m. a darling, good genius; hann þótti öllum mönnum á., he (viz. bishop Paul) was endeared to all hearts, Bs. i. 137: the old Ed. reads ástgóði, endearment, which seems less correct, v. goði: goði in the sense of good genius is still in use in the ditty to the Icel. game 'goða-tafl' (heima ræð eg goða minn). ást-hollr, adj. affectionate, Sks. 687 B. ást-hugaðr, adj. part, dearly loving, Njarð. 380. á-stig, n. a treading upon, Sks. 400, 540: a step, 629. ást-igr, adj., contr. forms ástgir, ástgar, etc., dear, lovely, Vsp. 17. ást-kynni, n. a hearty welcome, Am. 14. ást-kærr, adj. dearly beloved. ást-lauss, adj. loveless, heartless, = ástalauss, Hom. 43. ást-leysi, n. want of love, unkindness, Hrafn. 5. ást-menn, m. pl. dearly beloved friends, Sturl. 1. 183, Hkr. iii. 250, Stj. 237, Blas. 44. ást-meer, f. a darling girl, sweetheart, Flov. 28. ást-ráð, n. kind (wise) advice, Fms. ii. 12 (ironically), Skálda 164, Hom. 108, Hým. 30. á-stríða, u, f. passion, (mod. word.) ást-ríki, n. paternal love; in the phrase, ekki hafði hann á. mikit af föður sínum, i. e. he was no pet child, Fms. iii. 205, Ld. 132; á. Drottins, 655 v. 2. ást-ríkr, adj. full of love; á. Faðir, of God, Mar. 3, 24. ást-samliga, adv. (and -ligr, adj.), affectionately, Hkr. iii. 250, Fms. ix. 434, Fas. i. 91, 655 xxvii. 25, Sks. 12, Sturl. i. 183, Hom. i, Stj. ást-samr, adj. id., Hom. 58, Sks. 12. ást-semð, f. love, affection, Hkr. iii. 261, Fms. x. 409: ástsemðar-ráð, n. = ástráð, Sks. 16, Anecd. 30: ástsemðar-verk, n. a work of love, Sks. 673: ástsemðar-vinátta, u, f. loving friendship, Sks. 741. ást-snauðr, adj. without love, Lex. Poët. ást-sæld, f. the being loved by all, popularity, Íb. 16. ást-sæll, adj. beloved by all, popular, Íb. 16, Fms. xi. 317. á-stunda, að, to study, take pains with, H. E. i. 504, 514. á-stundan, f. pains, care, devotion, Fms. i. 219; hafa á. (inclination) til Guðs, Bær. 12; til illra hluta, Stj. 55, Sks. 349, 655 xxxii, Thom. 335. ást-úð, f. [properly ásthúð, Clem. 40, contr. from ást-hugð, from hugr or hygð, cp. ölúð, þverúð, harðuð, kind, stubborn, hard disposition; v. A. S. hydig], love, affection, Rb. 390. COMPDS: ástúðar-frændsemi, f. affectionate kinship, Sturl. ii. 81. ástúðar-vinr, m. a dear friend, Fms. vi. 198, v. l. aldavinr, a dear old friend. ást-úðigr, adj. loving, Eg. 702, Fms. i. 55: as neut., ástúðigt er með e-m, they are on friendly terms, Ld. 236. ást-úðligr, adj. lovely, Fms. vi. 19, Bs. i. 74, Stud. i. 2: as neut., á. er með e-m, to be on terms of love, Lax. 162. ást-vina, u, f. a dear (female) friend, Thom. 14. ást-vinátta, u, f. intimate friendship, Eg. 728. ást-vinr, ar, m. a dear friend; Þórólfr gekk til fréttar við Þór ástvin sinn, Eb. 8, Fms. i. 58, Thom. 10. ást-þokki, a, m. = ástarþokki, Fms. vi. 341. á-stæði, n. [standa á], no doubt a bad reading, Eg. 304: cp. ástæða, u, f. (a mod. word), argument, reason. Ás-ynja, u, f. a goddess, the fem, of Áss; Æsir ok Ásynjur, Vtkv. i, Edda 21. á-sýn, f. countenance, presence; kasta e-m burt frá sinni á., Stj. 651: appearance, shape, Hom. 155; dat. pl. used as adv., hversu var hann ásýnum, how did he look? Hom. 91; ágætr at ætt ok á., fair of race and noble, Hkr. i. 214: gen. sing, used as adv., minna ásýnar, apparently less, Grág. ii. 29. 2. metaph. a view, opinion; með rangri á., Sks. 344. á-sýna, ð, to shew, Fms. v. 345. á-sýnd, f. = ásýn, and dat. pl. and gen. sing, used in the same way, v. above, Fms. i. 101, v. 345, x. 228, Fs. 4, Ld. 82: metaph. the face, of the earth, Stj. 29, 276. á-sýnis, adv. apparently, Sturl. i. 1, Fms. x. 284.

ÁSYNT -- ÁVERK. 47

á-sýnt, n. adj. [sjá á], to be seen, visible; ef eigi verðr á., if no marks (of the blow) can be seen, Grág. ii. 15; þat er á., evident, Sks. 185. á-sækni, n. (ásækinn, adj. vexatious), vexation, Finnb. 240. á-sælast, d, dep. (ásælni, f.), á. e-n, to covet another man. á-sætni, f. [sitja], tarrying long, Ísl. ii. 440 (of a tiresome guest). ÁT, n. [éta, át, edere, A. S. æ-acute;t], the act of eating, in the phrase, at öldri ok at áti, inter bibendum et edendum, Grág. ii. 170, N. G. L. i. 29; át ok drykkja, Fas. ii. 552, Orkn. 200; át ok atvinna, Stj. 143: of beasts, kýr hafnaði átinu, the cow (being sick) would not eat, Bs. i. 194. áta, u, f. 1. food to eat, but only of beasts, a prey, carcase; húð ok áta, of a slaughtered beast, N. G. L. i. 246; svá er þar ekki þrot ærinnar átu (for seals), Sks. 176; þar stóð úlfr í átu, Jd. 31. 2. eating; góðr átu, 'good eating,' Sks. 136, 137. 3. medic. a cancer, and átu-mein, n. id., Fél. ix. 190; the old word is eta, q. v. COMPD: átu-þýfi, n. a law term, eatable things stolen, Grág. ii. 192. á-tak, n. (átaka, u, f., Hom. 17), [taka á], touching: gen. átaks, soft, hard, etc. to the feeling; svá á. sem skinn, Flov. 31, Magn. 522: medic. touching, v. læknishendr, Stj. 248: pl. grips, átök ok sviptingar, in wrestling, Fas. iii. 503, Fms. xi. 442. á-tala, u, f. [telja á, incusare,], a rebuke, reprimand, N. G. L. i. 309; esp. in pl., Fms. v. 103, ix. 384, Hkr. ii. 6, Fær. 218: átölu-laust, n. adj. undisputed, Jb. 251. átan, n. [cp. úátan], an eatable, N. G. L. i. 19. á-tekja, u, f. (átekt, f., Fbr. 151, Thom. 273), prop. touching; in pl. metaph. disposition for or against a thing, liking or disliking, Bjarn. 54 (cp. taka vel, illa á e-u). á-tekning, f. touching, Stj. 35. át-frekr, adj. greedy, voracious, Hkv. 2. 41. át-girni, f. greediness of food, Hom. 72, and átgjarn, adj. greedy. átján, older form áttján, as shewn by assonances such as, áttján Haraldr sáttir, Fms. vi. 159, in a verse of the middle of the 11th cen- tury [Swed. adertan; Dan. atten; Engl. eighteen; Germ. achtzehn]:-- eighteen, Edda 108, Hkr. ii. 289, N. G. L. i. 114. átjándi, older form áttjándi, eighteenth, Hom. 164, N. G. L. i. 348. átján-sessa, u, f. [cp. tvítug-, þrítugsessa], a ship having eighteen row- ing benches, Fms. ix. 257, xi. 56. á-troð, n. (átroði, a, m., Hom. 95), a treading upon, Magn. 468: metaph. intrusion, Hom. 95. á-trúnaðr, ar, m. [trúa á], belief, creed, religion; forn á., the old (heathen) faith, Nj. 156, Fms. v. 69, K. Á. 62, Joh. 623. 18, Eb. 12: átrúnaðar-maðr, m. a believer, [trúmaðr], Andr. 66. ÁTT, f. a family, race, v. ætt and compds. ÁTT and ætt, f., pl. áttir and ættir [Germ. acht = Lat. ager, praedium, a rare and obsolete word in Germ.], plaga caeli, quarter; just as quarter refers to the number four, so átt seems to refer to eight: átt properly means that part of the horizon which subtends an arc traversed by the sun in the course of three hours; thus defined, -- meðan sól veltist urn átta ættir, Sks. 54; ok þat eru þá þrjár stundir dags er sól veltist um eina sett, id.; the names of the eight áttir are, útnorðr á., north-west; norðr á., north; landnorðr á., north-east; austr a., east; landsuðr á., south-east; suðr á., south; útsuðr á., south-west; vestr á., west; four of which (the compounds) are subdivisions; átt is therefore freq. used of the four only, Loki görði þar hús ok fjórar dyrr, at hann mátti sjá ór húsinu í allar áttir, ... to all (i. e. four) sides, Edda 39: or it is used generally, from all sides, þá drífr snær ór öllum áttum, Edda 40; drífa þeir til ór öllum áttum (= hvað- anæva), Hkr. i. 33; norðrætt, Edda 4, 23; hence a mod. verb átta, að; á. sik, to find the true quarter, to set oneself right, cp. Fr. s'orienter. COMPDS: átta-skipan, f. a division of the átt, Sks. 37. átta-skipti, n. id. átta-viltr, adj. bewildered. ÁTTA, card, number [Sansk. ashtan; Goth, ahtau; Gr. GREEK ; Lat. octo; A. S. eahta; Germ, acht], eight, Landn. 73, Edda 108. áttandi and áttundi, old form átti, ord. number eighth, Lat. octavus; við (hinn) átta mann, Landn. 304; hálfr átti tögr, Clem. 47; átti dagr Jóla, Fms. iii. 137, Rb. 8, K. Á. 152, 218. The form áttandi occurs early, esp. in Norse writers, N. G. L. i. 10, 348, 350, Sks. 692 B: in Icel. writers with changed vowel áttundi, which is now the current form, Mar. 656 A. i, Hkr. ii. 286, where the old vellum MS. Ó. H. 173 has átta. áttar- (the compd form of ætt, a family), v. ætt. átta-tigir (mod. áttatíu as an indecl. single word), eighty, Landn. 123, Edda 108; vide tigr. átta-tugasti, the eightieth, Sturl. ii. 156 C, = áttugandi, q. v. átt-bogi and ættbogi, a, m. lineage, Landn. 357, Eluc. 26, Stj. 425, Fms. i. 287, Post. 686 B. 14. átt-feðmingr, m. measuring eight fathoms, Vm. 80, Am. 60. átt-hagi, a, m. one's native place, home, country, where one is bred and born; í átthaga sinum, Ld. 40, Fs. 61: freq. in pl. átt-hyrndr, adj. octagonal, Alg. 368. átt-jörð and ættjörð, f. -- átthagi, Ísl. ii. 186, A. A. 252: in mod. usage = Lat. patria, and always in the form ætt-. átt-konr, m., poët. kindred, Ýt. 21. átt-leggr and ættleggr, m. lineage, Stj. 44. átt-lera, adj. degenerate, v. ættlera. átt-mælt, n. adj. name of a metre, a verse containing eight lines, each being a separate sentence, Edda (Ht.) 125. átt-niðr, m. kindred, Hým. 9. átt-runnr, m., poët. kindred, Hým. 20. átt-ræðr, adj. [for the numbers twenty to seventy the Icel, say tvítugr, ... sjautugr; but for eighty to one hundred and twenty, áttræðr, níræðr, tíræðr, tólfræðr]. 1. temp, numbering eighty years of age, (hálf- áttræðr, that of seventy-six to eighty): á. karl, an octogenarian, Ld. 150. Eighty years of age is the terminus ultimus in the eyes of the law; an octogenarian is no lawful witness; he cannot dispose of land or priest- hood (goðorð) without the consent of his heir; if he marries without the consent of his lawful heir, children begotten of that marriage are not to inherit his property, etc.; ef maðr kvángast er á. er eðr ellri, etc., Grág. i. 178; á. maðr né ellri skal hvárki selja land né gorðorð undan erfingja sinum, nema hann megi eigi eiga fyrir skuld, 224; ef maðr nefnir vátta ... mann tólf vetra gamlan eðr ellra ... áttröðan eðr yngra, ii. 20. 2. loc. measuring eighty fathoms (ells ...) in height, breadth, depth ...: also of a ship with eighty oars [cp. Germ, ruder], Eg. 599, Vm. 108; vide áttærr. átt-stafr, m., poët. kindred, Hkv. I. 54. attugandi = áttatugasti, Stj. (MS. 227), col. 510. áttungr, m. I. [atta], the eighth part of a whole, either as to measure or number; cp. fjórðungr, þriðjungr, etc., Rb. 488; á. manna, N. G. L. i. 5: as a Norse law term, a division of the country with regard to the levy in ships, Gþl. 91, N. G. L. i. 135. II. [átt or ætt, familia], poét. kindred, kinsman; Freys á., the poem Hlt., Edda 13, Ýt. 13, 14, Al. 98 (esp. in pl.), v. Lex. Poët.: áttungs-kirkja, u, f. a church belong- ing to an áttungr (in Norway), N. G. L. i. 8. átt-vísi and ættvísi, f. genealogical knowledge or science, Skálda 161, 169, Bárð. 164, Bs. i. 91, Fms. vii. 102; the áttvísi formed a part of the old education, and is the groundwork of the old Icel. historiography, esp. of the Landnarna. átt-æringr, m. an eight-oared boat (now proncd. áttahringr), Vm. 109. átt-ærr, adj. [ár, remus], having eight oars, Eg. 142, 600 A. át-vagl, in. a glutton, Germ. freszbauch. á-valr, adj. round, sloping, semi-rotundus; cp. sívalr, rotundus [from völr or from oval (?)]; it seems not to occur in old writers. áv-alt and ávallt, adv. always, Lat. semper, originally of-allt (from allr)= in all; but as early as the 12th century it was sounded as ofvalt or ávalt, which may be seen from this word being used in alliteration to v in poems of that time, þars á valt er vísir bjó, Kt. 16; vestu á valt at trausti, Harmsól verse 59; styrktu of valt til verka, Leiðarv. 34 (the MS. reads ávalt): even Hallgrim in the 17th century says, víst á valt þeim vana halt | vinna, lesa ok iðja. In MSS. it is not unfreq. spelt ofvalt, as a single word, e. g. Bs. i. 150-200; yet in very early times the word seems to have assumed the present form ávalt, proncd. á-valt, as if from á and valr: ofalt, of allt, Orkn. 90, Fms. v. 205, Fbr. 77, 87, Fær. 22: of valt, Eluc. 3, Bs. i. 349, Fms. v. 160: ávalt or ávallt, freq. in the old miracle book, -- Bs. i-335, 343, 344, 345, 351, Hom. MS. Holm. p. 3, Hoin. (MS. 619), 129, Grág. (Kb.) 116, Landn. 86, Fms. xi. 112, etc. etc., -- through all the Sagas and down to the present day: cp. the mod. alltaf (per metath.), adv. always. á-vani, a, m. habits, (mod. word.) á-vant, n. adj. in the phrase, e-s er á., wanted, needed, missed, Ld. 26, Hkr. ii. 34, Korm. 92. á-varðr, adj. [from á- intens. and verja, part, variðr, contr. varðr, pro- tectus], an interesting old word; with dat., a. e-m, protected by one, but only used of a man in relation to the gods, in the phrase, goðum ávarðr, a client or darling of the gods, used as early as by Egil, Ad. 20, and also three or four times in prose; at hann mundi Frey (dat.) svá a. fyrir blótin, at hann mundi eigi vilja at freri á milli þeirra, Gísl. 32; skilja þeir at þeir ern mjök ávarðir goðunum, Róm. 292; so also of God, ef hann væri svá á. Guði, sem hann ætlaði, Bs. i. 464. á-varp, n. (cp. verpa tölu á, to count): 1. a computation, calculation, in round numbers; þat var á. manna, at fyrir Norðnesi mundi eigi færa falla en þrjú hundruð manna, Fms. viii. 143, x. 64, 139; kallaðr ekki vænn maðr at ávarpi flestra manna, in the suggestion, account of most people, Bs. i. 72. 2. in mod. usage, an address, accosting, Lat. allocutio; and ávarpa, að, to address, Lat. alloqui; cp. the old phrase, verpa orði á e-n, alloqui. á-vaxta, að, to make to wax greater, make productive: of money, a. fé, to put out to interest, Nj. III: pass. -ask, to increase, Fms. i. 137, Stj. 12. á-vaxtan, f. a making productive, Stj. 212. ávaxt-lauss, adj. unproductive, barren, Al. 50. á-vaxtsamligr, adj. (and -liga, adv.), productive, Hom. 10. ávaxt-samr, adj. , productive, Stj. 77, 94: metaph., H. E. i. 513. á-ván, f. (now ávæningr, m.), a faint expectation or hint; segja e-m á. e-s, to give some hint about it, Grág. ii. 244. á-veiðr, f. river fishery, D. I. i. 280. á-verk, n. I. as a law term, a blow (drep); thus defined, -- þat er drep annat er á. heitir ef maðr lýstr mann svá at blátt eðr rautt verðr eptir, eðr þrútnar hörund eðr stökkr undan hold, eðr hrýtr ór munni eðr ór nösum eðr undan nöglum, Grág. ii. 15; the lesser sort of drep (blow),

48 AVERKI -- B.

14; but in general use áverk includes every bodily lesion, a collective expression for wounds and blows (sár and drep); lýsa s&aolig;r eðr drep ok kveða á hver á. eru, i. 35; bauð húskarlinn honum í móti öxi ok á., Bs. i. 341, vide áverki below. II. in pl. work in a household; göra brúar ok vinna þau á., Grág. ii. 277: of unlawful work, e.g. cutting trees in another man's forest; verðr hann þá útlagr þrem mörkum ok sex aura á., ef hann veit eigi, at þeir eigu báðir, 292. á-verki, a, m. I. a law term, lesion in general, produced by a weapon or any deadly instrument, more general than the neut.; lýsi ek mér á hönd allan þann áverka; ... sár, ef at sárum görist; víg, ef at vígi görist, Grág. ii. 32, Nj. 86, Fær. 223, Sturl. i. 148. II. (Norse) the plant of a household, produce of a farm; landskyld heimilar lóð (Lat. fundus) ok allan áverka þann er í kaup þeirra kom, ... as agreed upon between landlord and tenant, Gþl. 329; skipta görðum eptir jarðarhöfn (Lat. fundus) ok öllum áverka (including buildings, fences, crop, etc.), 380; skal hann löggarð göra ... ok vinna þann áverka á landi hins þar er hvárki sé akr né eng, 277. β. unlawful; útlegð ok sex aura áverki, Grág. ii. 296; hvervetna þar sem maðr hittir á. í mörk sinni, þá skal hann burt taka at ósekju, Gþl. 363. COMPDS: áverka-bót, f. compensation for an averki (II. β.), Gþl. 363. áverka-drep, n. a stroke, blow producing áverki (I.), Grág. ii. 16. áverka-maðr, m. a perpetrator of an áverki (I.), Grág. ii. 13. áverka-mál, n. an action concerning averki (I.), Grág. ii. 96, Nj. 100. á-viðris, mod. áveðra (áveðrasamr, adj.), adv. on the weather side, Fms. viii. 340, 346, 378. á-vinna, vann, to win, make profit, v. vinna á. á-vinningr, m. profit, gain, Fms. xi. 437, Gþl. 212. á-vinnt, n. adj. a naval term, prob. from the phrase, vinda á e-n, to turn upon one in a rowing race, or of giving way in a sea-fight; ef Orminum skal því lengra fram leggja sem hann er lengri en önnur skip, þá mun á. um söxin, ... then they in the bow will have a hard pull, will be hard put to it, Fms. ii. 308, Thom. 17, 58; þá görðist þeim á. er næstir lágu, their ranks begun to give way, Sturl. iii. 66 (of a sea-fight); ætla ek þat mund er ek renn frá Haraldi unga, at yðr afburðarmönnum mun á. þykkja eptir at standa, Orkn. 474. á-virðing, f. blame, fault. á-vist, f. abode, = ábúð, Bs. i. 725. á-vita, adj. ind. in the phrase, verða e-s á., to become aware of, learn, Andr. 623. 80, Fms. x. 171; á. mannvits eðr íþrótta, Sks. 26. á-vitull, m. a law term, the indicia of a thing; skuli þeir rannsaka allt; ok svá göra þeir, ok finna þar öngan ávitöl (acc.), Fær. 186; grunar hann nú, at kerling muni hafa fengit nokkurn (MS. wrongly nokkura, acc. fem.) ávital, hverr maðr hann er, Thom. 158. á-víga, adj. ind. in the phrase, verða á., of a chief on whose side most people are killed in a battle, in respect to the pairing off of the slain in the lawsuit that followed; þat vóru lög þá, þar at (in the case that) menn féllu jafnmargir, at þat skyldi kalla jamvegit (they should be paired off, no compensation, or 'wergeld,' should be paid, and no suit begun), þótt manna munr þætti vera; en þeir er á. urðu skyldi kjósa mann til eptir hvern mæli skyldi, Glúm. 383; vide Sir Edm. Head, p. 93. á-vísa, að, to point at, indicate, Lex. Poët. á-vísan, f. an intimation, indication, Stj. 78 (of instinct), Fas. iii. 541; epitaphium þat er á., 732. 15. á-vít, [víti], n. pl., ávítan, f., Thom. 246, Th. 19 (mod. ávítur, f. pl.), a reprimand, rebuke, castigation; ávíta, gen. pl., Fær. 23; bera ávít (acc. pl.), Sks. 541, Hkr. ii. 200, Hom. 43. COMPDS: ávíta-laust, n. adj. blameless, Sks. 802, Hom. 160. ávíta-samligr and ávít-samligr, adj. blamable, Sks. 577. ávít-samr, adj. chiding, severe, zealous, Bs. i. 392, Greg. 64. á-víta, að, to chide, rebuke; á. e-n, Fs. 58; á. e-n um e-t, Fms. x. 372, Landn. 51; á. e-t (acc. of the thing), Bs. i. 766: pass., Hom. 84. á-væni, n. (ávæningr, m.) = áván, Gþl. 51. á-vöxtr, ar, m., dat. ávexti, acc. pl. ávöxtu (mod. ávexti), prop. 'on-wax,' 'on-growth,' i.e. fruit, produce, growth, Stj. 35, Fms. ix. 265: metaph., á. kviðar þíns, 655 xiii. β. metaph. interest, rent [cp. Gr. GREEK], Grág. i. 195; verja fé til ávaxtar, Fms. v. 194, 159, iii. 18: gain, Bs. i. 141. COMPDS: ávaxtar-lauss, adj. unproductive, Grág. i. 173, Fms. x. 221. ávaxtar-tíund, f. a Norse law term, a sort of income tax, opp. to höfuðtíund; nú er hverr maðr skyldr at göra tíund sá er fjár má afla, bæði h. (tithe on capital) ok á. (tithe on interest), N. G. L. i. 346. á-þekkr, adj. similar, Fms. ii. 264, xi. 6, Vsp. 39. á-þétti, n. or áþéttr, ar, m. a law term in the COMPD áþéttis-orð or áþéttar-orð, n. defamatory language, invective, liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. (Sb.) ii. 143, Valla L. 204. á-þjá, ð, to oppress, Eg. 8, Fms. i. 21. á-þján, f. oppression, tyranny, oppressive rule, Eg. 14, 47, Fms. v. 26: servitude, heavy-burdens (= álögur), vii. 75, x. 416 (where áþjánar, pl.), Sks. 79, v.l. (coercion). COMPD: áþjánar-ok, n. the yoke of tyranny, Al. 7. á-þrætni, f. mutual strife, Stj. MS. 227, col. 491. á-þyngd, f. exaction, oppression, Js. 13. á-þyngja, d, á. e-m, to oppress one. á-þyngsli, n. a burden, (mod. word.) B (bé) is the second letter. In the Phenician (Hebrew) alphabet the three middle mutes, b, g, d, etc., follow in unbroken order after a. In the Greek the same order is kept; in Latin, and hence in all European alphabets, a confusion arose, first, by giving to the UNCERTAIN (the old Greek gamma) the value of k (c), and thereby throwing g out of its original place: secondly, by placing e and F (identical in form with UNCERTAIN, the old Greek digamma) immediately after the d; thus, instead of the old Greek (and Hebrew) a, b, g, d, e, f, we got a, b, c, d, e, f, g, etc. In the old Slavonian alphabet v (vidil) was inserted between the b and g (Grimm Introd. to lit. B). In the old Runic alphabet the order became still more disjointed; the common rude Scandinavian Runes have no special g or d, and their b is put between t and l, nearly at the end of the alphabet (... t, b, l, m, y). In all the others b kept its place at the head of the consonants, immediately after a, which stands first in almost all alphabets. A. Among the vowels a begins more words than any other vowel: it contains the three great prepositions, af, at, and á, which, with their compounds, along with those of al- and all-, make up more than half the extent of the letter; it abounds in compound words, but is comparatively poor in primitive root words. Again, b is in extent only surpassed by the consonants h and s; in regard to the number of root words it is equal to them all, if not the foremost. It is scanty in compounds, has no prepositions, but contains the roots of several large families of words, as, for instance, the three great verbs, bera, bregða, and búa; besides many of secondary extent, as binda, bíða, biðja, etc.; and a great number of nouns. The extent of b is greatly reduced by the fact, that the Scandinavian idioms have no prefix be-, which in the German swells the vocabulary by thousands (in Grimm it takes up about 300 pages); the modern Swedes and Danes have during the last few centuries introduced a great many of these from modern German; the Icel. have up to the present time kept their tongue pure from this innovation, except in two or three words, such as betala or bítala (to pay), befala or bífala (to commend), behalda or bíhalda (to keep), which may, since the Reformation, be found in theol. writers; the absence of the prefix be- is indeed one of the chief characteristics of the Icel. as opposed to the German; the English, influenced by the northern idiom, has to a great extent cut off this be-, which abounds in A. S. (v. Bosworth, A. S. Dictionary, where about 600 such words are recorded); even in the Ormulum only about thirty such words are found; in South-English they are more frequent, but are gradually disappearing. Again, b represents p in Scandinavian roots; for probably all words and syllables beginning with p are of foreign extraction; and the same is probably the case in German and English, and all the branches of the Teutonic (vide Grimm D. G. iii. 414); whereas, in Greek and Latin, p is the chief letter, containing about a seventh of the vocabulary, while b contains from one seventieth to one ninetieth only. It might even be suggested that the words beginning with b in Greek and Latin are (as those with p in the Teutonic) either aliens, onomatopoëtics, provincialisms, or even cant words. B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The b is in Icel. sounded exactly as in English: I. as initial it is an agreeable sound in all the branches of the Teutonic, especially in the combinations br and bl, as in 'bread, brother, bride, bloom, blithe, blood, bless,' etc. etc. The Greek and Roman, on the other hand, disliked the initial b sound; but the difference seerns to be addressed to the eye rather than the ear, as the π in modern Greek is sounded exactly as Icel. b, whilst β is sounded as Icel. v; thus the Greek GREEK in Icel. rendered phonetically by vísundr, but GREEK (biskup, bishop) is in all Teutonic dialects rendered by b, not p, probably because the Greek π had exactly this sound. II. but although agreeable as the initial to a syllable, yet as a middle or final letter b in Icel. sounds uncouth and common, and is sparingly used: 1. after a vowel, or between two vowels, b is never sounded in Icel. as in modern German geben, haben, laub, leben, leib, lieb; in all those cases the Icel. spells with an f, sounded as a v. Ulfilas frequently uses b, e.g. graban, haban, saban, ïba, gabei, etc.; yet in many cases he vacillates, e.g. giban, graban, gêban, grôbun, tvalib, but gaf and grôf, etc. So gahalaiban on the Gothic-Runic stone in Tune, but hlaifs, Ulf., Luke vi. 48. The Greek and Latin abound in the use of the b (bh) in the middle of syllables and inflexions (-bus, -bills, -bo): in Icel. only a double b may be tolerated, but only in onomatopoëtic or uncouth words, as babbi (pa of a baby), bobbi (a scrape), stubbi (Germ. stumpf), lubbi (Germ. lump), nabbi (a knob), krabbi (a crab), gabb, babbl, babbla, etc.; cp. similar words in English. 2. joined to a consonant; α. in old Swedish b is inserted between m and r or m and l (as in mod. Greek μρ and μλ are sounded μβρ and μβλ, e.g. Swed. domber, komber, warmber, hambri, gamblar = Icel. dómr, komr (venit), varmr, hamri, gamlar: Swed. kumbl and kubl (Icel. kuml, monumentum) are used indifferently. Even in old Icel. poems we find sumbl = suml, symposium, simbli = simli, Edda i.

B -- BAÐMR. 49

256 (Ed. Havn.): mp is only found in adopted words, as in kernpa (cp. Germ, kampf), lampi (Lat. lampas), and is almost assimilated into pp (kappi): mb is tolerated in a few words, such as umb, lamb, dramb, dumbr, kambr, vümb, timbr, gymbr. strambr, klömbr; cp. the Engl. lamb, comb, timber, womb, where the b is not pronounced (except in the word timber); in limb, numb the b is not organic (cp. Icel. lirnr, numinn); it occurs also in a few diminutive pet names of children, Simbi = Sigmundr, Imba= Ingibjörg. In the loth and i7th centuries the Germans used much to write mb or mp before d or t, as sambt or sampt (una cum), kombt or kompt (venit); but this spelling again became obsolete. P. the modern High German spells and pronounces r b and lb, werben, Jeorb, kalb, balb, etc., where the middle High German has rtv and Iw, Itorw, kalw; the modern Scandinavian idioms here spell and pronounce rf, If, or rv, Iv, e. g. Dan. kalv, Swed. kalf, vitulus; the Icel. spells with/, arfi, kálfr, but pronounces/like v. Yet in Icel. rb, lb are found in a few old MSS., especially the chief MS. (A. M. folio 107) of the Landnáma, and now and then in the Sturlunga and Edda: nay, even to our own time a few people from western Icel. speak so, and some authors of mark use it in their writings, such as the lexicographer Björn Hall- dórsson, e. g. álbr, kálbr, hálbr, sjálbr, silbr, úlbr, kólbr, orb, arbi, karbi, þörb, = álfr, etc.; only the word úlbúð, qs. úlfúð, is used all over Icel. y. fl and//t are in mod. Icel. usage pronounced bl and bn, skafl, tafl, nafli, = skabl, tabl, nabli; nafn, höfn, safn, nefna, = nabn, höbn, sabn, nebna; without regard whether the radical consonant be / or m, as in nafn and safn, qs. narnn and sarnn. This pronunciation is in Icel. purely modern, no traces thereof are found in old vellum MSS.; the modern Swedes, Danes, and Norse pronounce either mn (the Swedes spell mn where Icel. use/ra or bn) or vl (Dan.), ~^ l (Swed.) 8. /ð is in Icel. com- monly pronounced as bft, e. g. hafði, hefð, sofðu = habði, hebð, sobðu; yet a few people in the west still preserve the old and genuine pro- nunciation vd (havdu, sovdu, not habðu, sobðu), even in the phrase, ef þú (s i tu), proncd. ebðú. The prefixed particles of- and a/- are often in common speech sounded as o b-, ab-, if prefixed to a word beginning with b or even m, I, e. g. ofboð, afburðr, afbindi, aflagi, afman, as obboð, abbindi, Hm. 138; abbúð, Korm. 116; abburðr, Fms. x. 321; ablag, abmán: gef niér, lofa mér, proncd. gébmér or gémmúr, lobmér or lommér (da mihi, permitle mihi); af mér (a me), proncd. abrnor or amnru'r; but only in common language, and never spelt so; cp. Sunnan Póstur, A. D. 1836, p. 180, note **. t. b -- m in marbendi!l = marmennill. C. According to Grimm's Law of Interchange (' Lautverschiebung'), if we place the mute consonants in a triangle thus: the Scandinavian and Saxon-Teutonic form of a Greek-Latin root word is to be sought for under the next letter following the course of the sun; thus the Greek-Latin/(~) answers to Icel. and Teutonic h; the Greek-Latin b (~), on the other hand, to Teutonic p. Few letters present so many connections, as our b (initial) does to the Greek- Latin/, either in whole families or single words; some of the instances are dubious, many clear: (þá\ayg, cp. Icel. balkr; ýáp, Lat. / ar, cp. barr; ipapóca, (þápos, Lat. fîírare, cp. bora; (þúpvft, cp. barki; ýófiot, cftofitaj, cp. bifa; tptpai, tpoptai, Lat. fcro, cp. bera, borinn; (púpros, cp. byrðr; (pfvyaj, fywyov, Lat. fügio, cp. bevgja, boginn, bugr; ýrjyús, Lat. /Æj*!/. s, cp. bók, beyki; ty\tyoj, ý\óg, Lat. fulgere, fulgur, cp. blik, blika; tp\fca, Lzt. flare, cp. blása, bólginn, Lzt. follis, cp. belgr; tp\oyfj. 6s, Lat. fiôs, cp. blóm; (þovfj, ýóvos, (fxv-, cp. bani, ben; cpopfios, cp. barmr; (þpáyi-ia, (þpáffffca, cp. borg, byrgja; (ppa^at, ^paorj, cp. birta; (jtparrjp, Lat. frâter, cp. bróðir; (pptap, cp. bruunr; (þpíaaia, cp. brattr (brant), brandr; ijtypvs, cp. bra; typvyavov, (ppvyoj, cp. briik; tþva), Lat. /*o, /u i, cp. búa, bjó, Engl. to be, and the particle be- (v. Grimm s. v. be- and bauen); (pv\\ov, Lat. föliwn, cp. biað; (jxayw, Lat. focus, cp. baka: moreover the Lat. /ar i o, -flcio, cp. byggja; fastigium, cp. bust; favilla, cp. bal; fPrio, cp. berja; fcrox, ferus, cp. ber-, björn; fervere, cp. brenna; fldus, foedus, cp. binda; Jindo. fldi, cp. bita, beit; flågellum, cp. blaka; flectere, cp. bregða; fluctus, cp. bylgja; födio, cp. bauta, Engl. to beat; fundus, cp. bom; fors, forte, cp. 'burðr' in ' at burðr;' frango, frcgi, friigor, cp. breki, brak, brjota; fraus (fraudis), cp. brjota, braut; frnges, Jructus, cp. bjork; fulcio, cp. búlki; fremo, cp. brim; frenum, cp. beisl, Engl. bridle; frons (frondis), cp. brum; -- even/rows (fronds) might be compared to Icel. brandr and brattr, cp. such phrases mfrontati lapides; -- fntum, farna, cp. boð, boða, etc. The Greek (þí\os, tytKiîv might also be identical to our bl- iu blíðr. The change is irregular in words such as Lat. pangere, Icel. banga; petere -- bio] z; par c ere. = bjarga; porcus -- börgr; irj/yij, cp. bckkr; probably owing to some link being lost. P. in words imported either from Greek or Roman idioms the /sometimes remains unchanged; as the Byz. Greek tþtyyápiov is fengari, Edda (Gl.); sometimes the common rule is reversed, and the Latin or Greek p becomes b, as epismpus -- biskup; leopnrJus -- hh'barðr, Old Engl, \. libbard; ampulla -- bolli; cp. also Germ, platz -- Icel. blettr; again, plank is in the west of Icel. sounded blanki: on the other hand, Latin words such as bracca, burgus are probably of Teutonic or Celtic origin. -y. the old High German carried this interchange of consonants still farther; but in modern High German this interchange remains only in the series of dental mutes: in the b and g series of mutes only a few words remain, as Germ, pracbt (qs. bracbt), cp. Engl. bright; Germ, ffand, cp. Engl. bond; otherwise the modern Germans (High and Low) have, just as the English have, their braut, bruder, brod, and butter, not as in old times, prut, etc. D. In the Runic inscriptions the b is either formed as B, so in the old Gothic stone in Tune, or more commonly and more rudely as fî in the Scandinavian monuments; both forms clearly originate from the Greek-Roman. The Runic name was in A. S. beor c, i. e. a bir c h, Lat. betula; ' beorc by'S blêda leas ..., ' the A. S. Runic Ppem. The Scan- dinavian name is, curiously enough -- instead of bjork, f. a birch, as we should expect -- bjarkan, n.; the name is in the old Norse Runic Poem denoted by the phrase, bjarkan er lauf grænst lima, the b. has the greenest leaves, cp. also Skálda 177: both form and gender are strange and uncouth, and point to some foreign source; we do not know the Gothic name for it, neither is the Gothic word for the birch (betula) on record, but analogously to airpa, bairda, Icel. jörð, hjörð, björk would in Gothic be sounded bairca, f.; the Scandinavian form of the name points evidently to the Gothic, as a corruption from that language, -- a fresh evidence to the hypothesis of the late historian P. A. Munch, and in concord with the notion of Jornandes, about the abode of the Goths in Scandinavia at early times. Thorodd (Skálda 166) intended to use b as a sign for the single letter, -B for a double b, and thus wrote uBi = ubbi; but this spelling was never agreed to. babbl, n., bábilja, u, f. a babble; babbla, að, to babble. BAÐ, n. [in Goth, probably bap, but the word is not preserved; A. S. bä'S, pl. ba fto; Engl. bath; Germ, bad; cp. also Lat. balneum, qs. 6 ad- neum (?); Grimm even suggests a kinship to the Gr. flaTrrca] :-- bath, bathing. In Icel. the word is not very freq., and sounds even now some- what foreign; laug, lauga, q. v., being the familiar Icel. words; thus in the N. T. Titus iii. 5. is rendered by endrgetningar laug; local names referring to public bathing at hot springs always bear the name of laug, never bað, e. g. Laugar, Laugarnes, Laugardalr, Laugarvatn, etc. The time of bathing, as borne out by many passages in the Sturl. and Bs., was after supper, just before going to bed; a special room, baðstofa (bath- room), is freq. mentioned as belonging to Icel. farms of that time. Bathing in the morning seems not to have been usual; even the pas- sages Stud. ii. 121, 125 may refer to late hours. This custom seems peculiar and repugnant to the simple sanitary rules commonly observed by people of antiquity. It is, however, to be borne in mind that the chief substantial meal of the ancient Scandinavians was in the forenoon, dagverðr; náttverðr (supper) was light, and is rarely mentioned. Besides the word bað for the late bath in the Sturl. and Bs., baðstofa is the hath- room; sið um kveldit, í þann tíma er þeir þórðr ok Einarr ætluðu at ganga til baðs, Sturl. iii. 42; um kveldit er hann var genginn til svefns, ok þeir til baðs er þat líkaði, ii. 117, 246, iii. Ill; þat var síð um kveldit ok voru menn mettir (after supper) en Ormr bondi var til baðs farinn, ok var lit at ganga til baðstofunnar, Bs. i. 536; eptir máltíðina (supper) um kveldit reikaði biskupinn um baðferðir (during bathing time) um golf, ok síðan for hann í sæng sína, 849; hence the phrase, skaltú hafa mjiikt bað fyrir mjúka rekkju, a good bathing before going to bed, of one to be burnt alive, Eg. 239. In Norway bathing in the forenoon is men- tioned; laugardags morguninn vildu liðsmenn ráða í bæinn, en konungr vildi enn at þeir biði þar til er flestir væri í baðstofum, Fms. viii. 176; snemma annan dag vikunnar ..., and a little below, eptir þat tóku þeir bað, vii. 34, iii. 171; þá gengr þéttleifr til baðstofu, kembir sér ok þvær, eptir þat skœðir hanu sik, ok våpnar, Jjiðr. 129, v. 1.; Icel. hann koin þar fyrir dag (before daybreak), var fjórðr þá í baðstofu, Sturl. ii. 121, 125; vide Eb. 134, Stj. 272. COMPDS: bað-ferð, f. tim e for bathing, Bs. i. 849. bað-hús, n. a bathing-house, G. H. M. ii. 128 (false reading), vide Fs. 149, 183. bað-kápa, u, f. a batbing-cloalt, Sturl. ii. 117. bað-kona, u, f. a female bathing attendant, N. G. L. iii. 15. bað-stofa, u, f. (v. above), a bath-room, Eb. I. e., Bs. i. I. e., "jþiðr. I. e., Fms. viii. I. e., Sturl. ii. 121, 167, iii. 25, 102, 176, 198. baðstofu-gluggr, m. a window in a b., Eb. I. e., Sturl. I. e. In Icel. the bathing-room (baôstofa) used to be in the rear of the houses, cp. Sturl. ii. 198. The modern sense of baðstofa is sitting-room, probably from its bein^ in modern dwellings placed where the old bathing-room used to be. The etymology of Jon Olafsson (Icel. Diet. MS.), baðstofa -- bakstofa, is bad. In old writers baðstofa never occurs in this modern sense, but it is used so in the Dropl. Saga Major :-- a closet, room, iu writers of the 16th century, Bs. ii. 244, -256, 504, Safn. 77, 92, 95, 96. baðast, að, dep. (rare), to bathe, Fms. iii. 171; in common led. act., baða höiidum, to gesticulate, jîgbt with the arms, as in bathing. BAÐMR, m. [Goth. bagms; A. S. beam, cp. Engl. hornbeam; Germ. baum, a tree, only used in poetry, v. Lex. Poët., never in prose or

50 BAGALL -- BALDRSBBA.

common language, and alien to all Scandin. idioms: it seems prop, to be used of the branches of a tree (in flower); hár b., the high tree, Vsp. 18; á berki skal þær rista ok á baðmi viðar, Sdm. 11 (referring to the lim-rúnar). Even used metaph. = gremium, sinus; er þá Véa ok Vilja | létztu þér Viðris kvæn | báða í baðm um tekið, when thou tookest both of them into thy arms, embraced them both, Ls. 26; vaxi þér á baðmi (bosom) barr, Hkv. Hjörv. 16. Cp. hróðrbaðmr (barmr is a bad reading), Vtkv. 8, a fatal twig. BAGALL, m. [Lat. baculus] , an episcopal staff, crozier, Fms. i. 233, iii. 168, Bs. i. 42, Vm. 68. bagga, að, to hinder, with dat. BAGGI, a, m. [Engl. bag, baggage; Germ, pack, gepäck], a bag, pack, bundle, Edda 29, Eg. 218, Fms. ii. 197, Fas. ii. 516. bagi, a, m. inconvenience; baga-legr, adj. inconvenient. baglaðr, part. [cp. bagr, begla], broken, maimed, Fas. iii. 195. bagr, adj. [cp. bágr], awkward, clumsy, clownish, opp. to hagr, q. v., Fas. iii. 195: baga, u, f., in mod. usage means a plain common ditty; böguligr and amböguligr, adj., means awkward. BAK, n. [A. S. bäc], Lat. tergum, back, Eg. 218, Edda 29, 30, Hkr. i. 337: in metaph. phrases, bera sök á baki, to be guilty, Gþl. 539; leggja bleyðiorð á bak e-m, to load, charge one with being a coward. Fas. ii. 530; hafa mörg ár á baki, to 'carry a weight of years' Ísl. ii. 456: of horseback, léttr á baki, Sturl. ii. 195; fara á bak, to mount; stíga af baki, to dismount, Eg. 397, Grág. ii. 95: in other relations, as adv., at hurðar- baki, behind the door; at húsa-baki, at the back of the houses; að fjalla-baki, behind the mountains; handar-bak, the back of the hand. 2. á bak or á baki used as a prep. or as an adv.; á bak (acc.) if denoting motion, á baki (dat.) if without motion: α. loc. behind, at the back of; á baki húsunum, Háv. 49, Nj. 28; at baki þeim, at their back, Eg. 91, Nj. 261, 262, 84, Eg. 583; Hrútr kveðst þat ætla, at hans skyldi lítt á bak at leita, he should not be found in the rear, Ld. 278; berr á baki, unbacked, helpless, in the proverb, Nj. 265, Grett. 154: metaph., ganga á bak e-u, orðum, heitum ..., to elude, evade one's pledged word, Fms. ii. 209, Ísl. ii. 382; göra e-t á baki e-m, in one's absence, behind one's back, N. G. L. i. 20; á bak aptr ( = aptr á bak), backward; falla; á b. a., Eb. 240, Nj. 9, Eg. 397, Háv. 48 new Ed.; til baks, better til baka, to back, Sturl. ii. 203; brjóta á bak, prop, to break one's back, Fms. viii. 119; to break, subdue, and also to make void, annul; brjóta á bak Rómverja, to 'break the back' of the R., defeat them, 625. 65; Heiðrekr vildi öll rúð fóður síns á bak brjóta, Fas. i. 528. β. temp. with dat. past, after; á bak Jólum, after Yule, Fms. viii. 60; á b. Jónsvöku, ix. 7: metaph., Héðinn kvaðst eigi hirða hvat er á bak kæmi, H. said he did not care for what came after, Fas. i. 402; muntú eigi vera mót Njáli, hvat sem á b. kemr, Nj. 193. baka, að, [Gr. GREEK, cp. also the Lat. focus; A. S. bacan; Engl. to bake; Germ. backen.] 1. prop. to bake; b. brauð, N. G. L. i. 349; b. ok sjóða, to bake and cook, Gþl. 376. In Icel. steikja is to roast; baka, to bake; but in mod. usage steikja may also be used of baking on embers, opp. to baka, baking in a pan or oven; elda ofn til brauðs ok b., Hom. 113; b. í ofni, Fas. i. 244; people say in Icel. steikja köku (on embers), but baka brauð. 2. metaph. and esp. in the reflex. bakast, to bake, i. e. to warm and rub the body and limbs, at a large open fire in the evening after day-work; v. bakeldr and bakstreldr; v. also the classical passages, Grett. ch. 16, 80, Fms. xi. 63, 64 (Jómsv. ch. 21), Orkn. ch. 34, 89, 105, Hkr. iii. 458. In Icel. the same fire was made for cooking and warming the body, Ísl. ii. 394, Eb. ch. 54, 55; hence the phrase, hvárt skal nú búa til seyðis (is a fire to be made for cooking) ... svá skal þat vera, ok skaltú eigi þurfa heitara at baka, it shall be hot enough for thee to bake, Nj. 199 (the rendering of Johnsonius is not quite exact); skaltú eigi beiðast at baka heitara en ek mun kynda, Eg. 239: used of bathing, bakaðist hann lengi í lauginni, Grett. ch. 80, MS. Cod. Upsal. This 'baking' the body in the late evening before going to bed was a great pastime for the old Scandinavians, and seems to have been used instead of bathing; yet in later times (12th and 13th centuries) in Icel. at least bathing (v. above) came into use instead of it. In the whole of Sturl. or Bs. no passage occurs analogous to Grett. l. c. or Jómsv. S. β. bóndi bakar á báðar kinnr, blushed, Bs. ii. 42; þanneg sem til bakat er, as things stand, Orkn. 428; bakaði Helgi fótinn, H. baked the (broken) leg, Bs. i. 425; vide eldr. γ. (mod.) to cause, inflict; b. e-m öfund, hatr, óvild (always in a bad sense): af-baka means to distort, pervert. II. to put the back to, e. g. a boat, in floating it, (mod.) bakari, a, m. a baker, Stj. 200. bakara-meistari, a, m. a master- baker, Stj. 201. bak-borði, a, m. (bakborð, m., Jb. 407 A), [Dutch baakbord], the larboard side of a ship, opp. to stjórnborði, Fb. i. 22, Jb. l. c., Fms. vii. 12, Orkn. 8. bak-brjóta, braut, to violate, transgress, B. K. 108. bak-byrðingar, m. pl. the crew on the larboard side, opp. to stjórn- byrðingar, Fms. viii. 224. bak-byrðr, f. a burden to carry on the back, Ísl. ii. 364. bak-eldr and bakstreldr, m. an evening fire to bake the body and limbs at (v. baka); sitja við bakelda, Fs. 4, Orkn. 112, 74, Korm. 236, Grett. 91: metaph., bændr skulu eiga ván bakelda, they shall get it hot enough, Fms. viii. 201; göra e-m illan bakeld, 383, ix. 410. bakelda-hrif, n. pl. rubbing the back at a b., Grett. l. c. A. As the evening bakeldar are not mentioned in the Sturl., it may be that bathing had put them out of use because of the scarcity of fuel. bak-fall, n. falling backwards, Fas. iii. 569: esp. in pl. in the phrase, róa bakföllum, to take a long pull with the oars, i. 215: milit. attack from behind = bakslag, Fms. viii. 115, ix. 405. bak-ferð, f. mounting on horseback, Grett. 91 A. bak-ferla, að, [ferill], prop, to step backwards; þat (viz. the word ave) sýnir öfgað, bakferlað (read backwards) nafnit Eva, 655 xxvii. 18, to break, annul; b. ofbeldi e-s, Stj. 233; at b. þat allt er Domitianus hafði boðit, 623. 13; rjúfa ok b., to break and make void, Sturl. i. 171 C. bak-hlutr, m. the hind part, Stj. 253, Fs. 48. bak-hold, n. pl. the flesh on the back of cattle, Grett. 91. bak-hverfask, ð, reflex, to turn one's back upon, abandon, Eg. 20, v. l. bak-jarl, m., milit. a foe attacking in the rear, Sturl. iii. 66, Karl. 164. bakki, a, m. [Engl. and Germ, bank], a bank of a river, water, chasm, etc.; árbakki, sjávarbakki, marbakki, flæðarbakki, Gísl. 54; síkisbakki, gjár- bakki; út eptir áinni ef Hákon stæði á bakkanum, Fms. vi. 282, ix. 405, Nj. 158, 224: Tempsar b., banks of the Thames, Fms. v. (in a verse). 2. an eminence, ridge, bank; gengu þeir á land ok kómu undir bakka einn, Dropl. 5; hann settist undir b. í hrísrunni, Bjarn. 15; cp. skotbakki, butts on which the target is placed; setja spán í bakka, to put up a target, Fms. ii. 271. β. heavy clouds in the horizon. 3. [ = bak], the back of a knife, sword, or the like, opp. to edge; blað skilr bakka ok egg, Jónas, Grett. 110 new Ed. COMPDS: bakka-fullr, adj. full to the bank, brim-full; bera í b. lækinn, a proverb, cp. Lat. ligna in silvam ferre, and Engl. to carry coals to Newcastle. bakka-kólfr, m., prob. a bird-bolt, thick arrow without a point, to be shot from a cross-bow, Fms. iii. 18. bakka-stokkar, m. pl. the stocks on which a ship is built, Gþl. 80, Hkr. i. 293. bak-klæði, n. tapestry, Hkr. iii. 437. bak-lengja, u, f. the dark stripe along the back of cattle, Grett. 91, Eg. 149, v. l. bak-máligr (and bakmáll), adj. backbiting, Hom. 34, 656 B. 1. bak-mælgi, f. and bakmæli, n. backbiting, Hom. 86; liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 145. bak-rauf, f. anus, a cognom., Fms. vii. 21. bak-sárr, adj. a horse with a sore back, Lv. 58. bak-sig, n., medic, exania, Fél. ix. bak-skiki, a, m. a back flap, a cognom., Bjarn. 12. bak-skyrta, u, f. the back flap of a skirt, Fms. vii. 21. bak-slag, n. a back-stroke, attack in rear, Fms. viii. 399. bak-sletta, u, f. and bakslettr, m., Al. 27, 44; acc. pl. bakslettu, 90: milit. an attack in rear, Fms. viii. 319, ix. 357: drawback, at rétta þann bakslett, Al. l. c. bak-spyrna, d, to spurn or kick against; N. T. of 1540 (Acts ix. 5) GREEK is rendered by b. móti broddunum. bak-stakkr, m. the back part of a cloak. Fas. ii. 343. bakstr, rs, m. baking, Fms. ix. 530: baked bread, pund b., B. K. 89, esp. wafer, Bs. ii. 15: a poultice, fomentation, i. 786: warming, heating, ii. 10. COMPDS: bakstr-brauð, n. baked bread, B. K. 89. bakstr- buðkr, m. a box in which wafers were kept, Pm. 5. bakstr-eldr, v. bakeldr. bakstr-hús, n. a bake-house, Fms. ix. 531. bakstr- járn, n. an iron plate for baking sacramental wafers, Vm. 15, 37. bakstr-kona, u, f. a female baker, N. G. L. iii. 15. bakstr-munn- laug, f. a vessel in which wafers were kept, Dipl. iii. 4. bakstr- sveinn, m. a baker boy, N. G. L. iii. 15. bak-verkr, m., medic, a pain in the back, lumbago, Nj. 130, Fél. ix. bak-verpast, ð and t, dep., b. við e-m, to turn the back to, set at defi- ance, Stj. 362, 431, 449, Eg. 20. bak-þúfa, u, f. a horse block. BAL, n. vagina, in poems of the 15th century. bala, d and að, to drudge, live hard, (cant word.) baldakin, and bad forms baldrsskinn (the skin of Balder!) and baldskin [from Baldak, i. e. Bagdad], a baldaquin, canopy, Bs. i. 713, 803, Sturl. iii. 306, Fms. x. 87, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 52, 97, 117, Ám. 44, Hb. 544, 22. COMPDS: baldrskinns-hökull, m., literally a surplice of b., Ám. 87. baldrskinns-kápa, u, f. a cape of b., Ám. 15. baldinn, adj. [A. S. beald], untractable, unruly, Grett. 90 A, Fms. xi. 445; cp. bellinn, ballr, ofbeldi. BALDR, rs, m. [A. S. baldor. princeps, seems to be a different root from the Goth. balþs, A. S. bald, which answers to the Icel. ball- or bald- with- out, r], prop. = Lat. princeps, the best, foremost; in compds as mann-baldr, her-baldr, fólk-baldr. β. meton. the god Balder, because of his noble disposition, Edda. Baldrs-bra, f. Balder's eye-brow, botan. cotida foetida, Ivar Aasen ballebraa and baldurbraa, pyrethrum inodorum, Edda 15; the B. is there called the fairest and whitest of all flowers (allra grasa hvítast). Perhaps the eye-bright or euphrasy.

BALDRAST -- BARÐ. 51

baldrast and ballrast, að, dep. [cp. Germ. poltern; Ivar Aasen baldra, Ihre ballra = strepere], to make a clatter; þeir sneru hestunum ok böld- ruðust sem þeir væri úráðnir hvárt þeir skyldi ríða, Sturl. iii. 279: adding saman, þeir böllruðust saman, Ingv. 34. baldrekr, m. (for. word), a belt, baldrick, Lex. Poët. BALI, a, m. a soft grassy bank, esp. if sloping down to the shore, Grett. 116 A. BALLR, adj. [Goth, balþs, audax, may be supposed from Jornandes, ob audaciam virtutis baltha, id est audax, nomen inter suos acceperat, 109; Ulf. renders GREEK by balþis, f., and balþjan is audere; in Icel. the lþ (lth) becomes ll; A. S. beald, audax; Engl. bold] :-- bard, stubborn: only used in poetry, and not in quite a good sense, as an epithet of a giant, Hým. 17; böll ráð, telling, fatal schemes, Hom. 27 ; ballir draumar, bad, deadly dreams, Vtkv. I; ballr dólgr, Haustl.; böll þrá, heavy grief, Ls. 39, etc., vide Lex. Poët. [So old German names, Bald, Leo- pold, etc.] BALSAM, m. (now always n.), a balsam, Bs. i. 143, (for. word.) bana, að, [bani; Gr. root (GREEK] , to kill, with dat., ef griðungr banar manni, Grág. ii. 122, Rb. 370, Fms. iii. 124; b. sér sjálfr, to commit suicide, Ver. 40; metaph., Hom. 17. BAND, n. pl. bönd, [binda; Ulf. bandi, f. GREEK ; O. H. G. pfand, whence the mod. Dan. pant; N. H. G. band; Engl. band and bond; Dan. baand.] I. prop. in sing. any kind of band; mjótt band, a thin cord, Edda 20, Grág. ii. 119. β. a yarn of wool, v. bandvetl- ingar. γ. metaph. a bond, obligation; lausn ok b. allra vandamála, Fms. v. 248, Bs. i. 689. II. in pl. also, 1. bonds, fetters, Lat. vincula; í böndum, in vinculis, Bs. i. 190, Fms. ii. 87, 625. 95: theol., synda bönd, 656 A; líkams bönd, Blas. 40. 2. a bond, confederacy; ganga í bönd ok eið, to enter into a bond and oath, Band. 22; cp. hjónaband, marriage; handaband, a shaking of hands, etc. 3. poët, the gods, cp. hapt; of providence ruling and uniting the world, Hkm. 10; banda vé, the temples, Hkr. i. 204; at mun banda, at the will of the gods, 210; vera manu bönd í landi, the gods (i. e. lares tutelares) are present in the land, Bs. i. 10; gram reki bönd af löndum, Eg. (in a verse); blóta bönd, to worship the gods; vinr banda, the friend of the gods; bönd ollu því, the gods ruled it, Haustl.; vide Lex. Poët., all the instances being taken from heathen poems. Egilsson suggests a refer- ence to the imprisoning of the three gods, Odin, Hænir, and Loki, men- tioned Edda 72; but bönd is that which binds, not is bound; (band means vinculum not vinctus.) 4. metric, a kind of intricate intercalary burden (klofastef). This seems to be the meaning in the word Banda- drápa, where the burden consists of five intercalary lines occurring in sets of three verses | Dregr land at mun banda || Eirikr und sik geira | veðrmildr ok semr hildi || gunnblíðr ok réð síðan | jarl goðvörðu hjarli; but as this metrical term is nowhere else recorded, the name of the poem may have come from the word 'banda' (gen. pl. deorum), Hkr. i. 210 sqq. COMPDS: banda-dagr, m. vincula Petri, the 1st of August, Fms. vi. 222. banda-menn, m. pl. confederates, Band. 5, and many other modern compds. banda-ríki, n. (mod.) the United States. banda-þing, n. the late German Bund, etc. banda, að, [cp. Ulf, bandvian = GREEK and bandva, vexillum; Germ, banner; is probably alien to binda], to make a sign with the hand, esp. in the phrase, b. móti, to drive back sheep or flocks, Háv. 41, Fas. ii. 124, v.l. The chief MSS., however, spell bannaði; the word is at present freq., but only in the above phrase, or gener. to remonstrate slightly against as by waving the hand; v. benda. bandingi, ja, m. a prisoner, Stj. 200, Fms. vi. 16, 623. 25. band-vetlingr, m. a knitted woollen glove, Fms. iii. 176; and band- vöttr, id., a horse's name, Gísl. 19. BANG, n. hammering, Sturl. iii. 256; mod. also banga, að, [Scot. and North. E. to bang], to hammer. bang-hagr, adj. knowing a little how to use the hammer, Sturl. ii. 195. BANI, a, m. [Ulf. banja = GREEK; A. S. bana; Engl. bane; O. H. G. bano; v. ben below]. I. bane, death, natural or violent (properly violent); Egill tók sótt þá er hann leiddi til bana, Eg. 767; lostinn öru til bana, Fms. i. 118; kominn at bana, sinking fast, of a sick person, vii. 166. II. a bane, and so = bana-maðr, a slayer; fjögurra manna b., Nj. 8, Grág. ii. 88, Ld. 326; pl., N. G. L. i. 163: the phrase, verða e-m at bana, to slay one, may refer to I. or II: poët, fire is called bani viðar, the bane of wood, and bani Hálfs, the bane of king Half, Ýt. 6; the winter is bani orma, the bane of worms, etc., Lex. Poët. COMPDS: bana-blóð, n. blood shed in death, Stj. 432. bana-dagr, m. the day of death, Fas. i. 52. bana-drykkr, m. a baneful potion, poison, Fms. i. 18. bana-dægr, n. =banadagr (freq.), Fas. i. 160. bana- högg, n. a death-blow, mortal wound, Nj. 8, Eg. 193. bana- kringla, u, f. vertebra colli, atlas (in animals). bana-lag, n. stabbing to death, Sturl. iii. 62. bana-maðr, m. a slayer, Fms. i. 215. bana-orð, n. death, in the phrase, bera b. af e-m, to put one to death, slay in fight, Edda 42; betra þykir mér frændi at þiggja b. af þér en veita þér þat, Ld. 222, Bs. i. 106; kenna e-m b., to charge one with slaying one, N. G. L. i. 306. bana-ráð, n. pl. the planning a person's death, a law term, Grág. ii. 116; eigi réð ek honum b., Nj. 21; slá banaráðum við e-n, Ld. 218. bana-sár, n. a mortal wound, Nj. 9, Eg. 258. bana-skot, n. a mortal shot, Jb. 324. bana-sótt, f. death-sickness, the last sickness, Jb. 192, Ísl. ii. 38, Gullþ. II, Bs. i. 426. bana-spjót, n. pl. in the poët, phrase, berast banaspjótum eptir, to be deadly enemies, Glúm. 354, Hkr. iii. 76. bana-sæng, f. the death-bed. bana-sök, f. a deed worthy of death, Fms. i. 199. bana-tilræði, n. a mortal attack, Fas. i. 406. bana-þúfa, u, f., in the phrase, drepa fótum í banaþúfu, to stumble against a fatal mound, Anal. 179, Hdl. 28. banlaga-ráð, n. = banaráð, Str. 14. BANN, n. [cp. Ulf. bandva; Hel. bann, mandatum; Engl. ban; Germ. bann; A. S. geban; mid. Lat. bannum] , prob. of foreign origin: 1. eccles. excommunication, interdict; minna b. (excommunicatio minor), þat sem forboð er kallat á Norrænu, K. Á. 226 (App.); meira b. (excommuni- catio major), Ann. A. D. 1255; England í banni, id. A. D. 1208; Bs., H. E. several times. 2. in secular sense, prohibition of trade or intercourse; leggja b. fyrir mjöl eðr vöru, N. G. L. i. 204, 103; cp. farbann, forbid- ding ships to set sail. 3. gener. a protest, prohibition, in phrases, boð ok b., Gþl. 76; lof né b., Eg. 349; leggja b. fyrir, to prohibit, Ísl. ii. 265. 4. =bannan, a curse, swearing. The notion of jurisdic- tion common in Germany (v. Grimm) is unknown in the Scandin. idioms; yet the Laufás' Edda, Ed. A. M. i. 586, v.l. 14, has bann as one of the names of the earth, cp. the O. H. G. banz, regio. The passage Gísl. 16, náttlangt né lengra banni, is an GREEK and probably corrupt, = á lengr or the like; lengra banni might, however, be equivalent to lengra meli, bann here denoting spatium temporis, a while. COMPDS: banns- atkvæði, n. a sentence of excommunication, H. E. i. 465. banns- áfell and -áfelli, n. the condemnation of excommunication, H. E. ii. 70. banns-dómr, m. a ban-doom, sentence of excommunication, H. E. ii. 74. banns-mál, n. a case liable to excommunication, H.E. i. 254. banns-pína, u, f. the punishment of excommunication, H. E. i. 477. banns-spjót, n. a spear of excommunication, H. E. ii. 77. banns- verk, n. an act liable to excommunication, H. E. i. 390. banna, að, [A. S. bannan =jubere; Germ, bannen; mid. Lat. bannire] , to forbid, hinder, prohibit (freq.); b. e-m e-t, or with infin., Fms. i. 254, Nj. 157, Ld. 256, Orkn. 4; b. fiskiför, Grág. ii. 350, N. G. L. i. 117. 2. to curse, [Scot, ban], with dat., Stj. 37: with acc., Hom. 31, Stj. 199, Post. 656 A, ii. 12: reflex., bannast um, to swear, Sturl. ii. 126, Fms. viii. 174. 3. = banda, to stop, drive back; hann sá tröll við ána, þat b. honum, ok vildi taka hann, Fas. ii. 124. bannan, f. swearing, Bs. ii. 134. bannanar-orð, n. id., Stj. 153. bann-bóla, u, f. a bull of excommunication, Anecd. 8. bann-færa, ð, to place under ban, K. Á. 134, Sturl. ii. 3. bann-setja, tt, id., K. Á. 64, Sturl. ii. 3, H. E. i. 471; part. pass, under ban, accursed, Fas. iii. 423, Stj. 417. bann-setning, f. an excommunication, Sturl. ii. 3. bannsetningar- sverð, n. the sword of excommunication, H. E. bann-syngja, söng, to pronounce the ban of excommunication, Fms. ix. 486. ban-orð, n. = banaorð, Fms. x. 400, Bret. 76. ban-væni, f., medic, prognosis mortis, Fcl. ix. ban-vænligr, adj. mortal, deadly, Bret. 56, Edda 154. ban-vænn, adj. deadly, Eg. 34. 2. medic, deadly sick, just before death; ok er dró at því at hann (the sick) var b., when all hope of life was gone, Eg. 126, Fms. i. 86; snerist um allt sárit svá at Grettir görðist b., Grett. 153. BARAR, mod. börur, f. pl. [A. S. bär; Hel. bara; Engl. bier and barrow; Lat. feretrum], a hand-bier; borinn í börum um fjallit, Fms. vii. 9, Bs. i. 352: sometimes to be carried on horseback (by two horses), báru þeir Guðmund í börum suðr til Hvítár, ... bararnar hrutu ofan, Bs. i. 508 (Sturl. ii. 49 C spells barir): esp. the funeral bier, hearse, to be carried on horseback, lagði þegar kistuna í bunar barar, 655 xxii, Fms. x. 149; mæddust hestarnir undir börunum, Finnb. 322, cp. líkbörur; now also liggja á nátrjám (nátré) in like sense. The sing, in D. N. i. no. 70 is perh. a bad reading. bar-axlaðr, adj. part, high-shouldered, with sharp prominent shoulder bones, Fms. vii. 321. bar-átta, u, f. [North. E. barett obsolete], gener. a fight, contest: α. a row, Gþl. 176. β. a fight, battle, Fas. i. 26. γ. now freq., esp. = strife, contest. COMPDS: baráttu-maðr, m. a warrior, þiðr. 67. baráttu-samr, adj. troublesome, Barl. 137. barberr, m. (for. word), a barber, N. G. L. iii. no. 15. BARÐ, n. [identical in etymology but not in sense to Lat. barba, Engl. beard, Germ, bart; the Scandin. dialects all call the beard skegg; Swed. skägg; Dan. skjœg; barð in the sense of barba is quite alien from the Scandin. idioms; the passages, Edda 109 (skegg heitir barð) and höggva börðum í gras, Id. UNCERTAIN 12, a poem of the end of the 13th century, are isolated instances: bart in Dan. is a mod. word] :-- Lat. ora, margo: α. a brim of a helmet or hat (hjálmbarð, hattbarð), Fas. iii. 341. β. the verge, edge of a hill (holtbarð, túnbarð, brekkubarð, hólbarð, etc.), freq. in local names of farms in Icel. γ. the wing or side fin of some fishes, e. g. whales, cp. barðhvalr; of flat fishes, raja

52 BARÐA -- BARNGETNAÐR.

pastinaca (skötubarð). 8. the beak or armed prow of ships, esp. ships' of war, [cp. A. S. barda, a beaked s hi p]; so barded, of a horse in armour; hence Barði or Júrnbarði is the name of a sort of ram in olden times, e. g. the famous Járnbarði (Iron Ram) of carl Eric, described, Fms. ii. 310; cp. also Fb. i. 280: the s tem, Gr. artiprj, Jb. 398; róa fyrir barð e-rn, to thwart one, Gþl. 519, Eg. 386, Fms. vii. 195; skulu vér binda akkeri fyrir barð hverju skipi, xi. 66, ii. 273, Lex. Poët. t. several compds are used in Icel. referring to parts of the head, e. g. hökubarð, kinnbarð, kjálkabarð, o r a genae, maxillae, but without any notion of ' beard, ' cp. Isid. granos et cinnabar Gothorurn, 19. 23; the cinnabar and the present Icel. kinnabarð seem to be etymologically identical. barða, u, f. a kind of axe (barbata), Edda (Gl.) bar-dagi, a, m., prop, a ' battle day, ' cp. eindagi, máldagi, skil- dagi: 1. a law term, a beating, flogging, thrashing; ef'maðr lystr mann þrjú högg eðr þrim fleiri, þat heitir b. fullr, N. G. L. i. 73, Grág. ii. 155, Post. 656 B, Blas. 42. 2. a fight, battle (very freq.) = orrosta, Eg. 745, Nj. 45, etc.: metaph. a calamity, scourge (theol.), Sks. 112, 328, Fms. v. 214, Bs. i. 70. COMPDS: bardaga-frest, n. dela y of battle, Al. 24. bardaga-fyst, f. eagerness to give battle, Al. 24. bardaga-gjarn, adj. tager for battle, Stj. 230. bardaga- guð, n. n god of battle, Mars, Al. 33. bardaga-gyðja, u, f. a goddess of battle, Eellona, Al. 41. bardaga-laust, n. adj. -without battle, Al. 14. bardaga-list, f. the a rt of war, Stj. 45, Al. 4. bar- daga-lykt, f. the c l os e of a battle, Al. 5. bardaga-maðr, m. a warrior, Fms. vi. 56, Stj. 456. bardaga-stef, n. and bardaga- stefna, u, f. a term, fixed meeting for a fight, Al. 54, P'ms. ix. 488. barð-hvalr, m. a so rt of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.) barði, a, m. a ship, asortofram, v. above, Fms. ii. 310, Edda (Gl.) p. a sort offish (Germ, bartfiscb), Edda (Gl.) -y- a' shield, Edda (Gl.) barð-mikill, adj. w ith a great barð (S.), epithet of a ship, Hkr. iii. 268. bar-efli, n. a club, (common word.) bar-eyskr, adj. from Barra, one of the Hebrides, Grett. BARKI, a, m. [Gr. (þápvyg; alien from the South-Teut. idioms?], the windpipe, weazand. Eg. 508, Fas. i. 131, Fms. i. 217, vii. 191, Nj. 156: metaph. / he stem of a boat; cp. háls, sviri. COMPDS: barka-kýli, n. Adam's apple, 65. 1. 382. barka-lok, n. epiglottis. barka-op, n. glottis. BARKI, a, m., mid. Lat. barca, a sort of small ship (for. word), Fms. vii. 82. barka-bazi, a, m., a cognom., Sturl. bark-lauss, adj. without bark (börkr), Lex. Poët. BARLAK, n. (for. word), barley, Edda (Gl.); the Icel. common word is bygg, Dan. byg, Swed. bjugg. bar-lómr, m. wailing, complaining, v. lómr. barm-fagr, adj. with fine sides, epithet of a ship, Lex. Poet, barmi, a, m., poet, a brother, prop. / rater geminus, not qs. åSt\(þós, vide the following word, Lex. Pout. BARMR, m. [Gr. (poppus; cp. Ulf. barms = KO\TTOS and arrjoos; O. H. G. param; liel. barm; A. S. barm; all in the sense of gremium: this sense, however, is entirely unknown to old Icel. writers, who only apply the word in like sense as barð, namely, Engl. brim; Lat. o ra] :-- a b mrc: a. the bri m of a vessel (fotubarmr, poUbarmr, etc.), Bs. ii. 173; hence barma-fullr, adj. or fullr á barma, /z/ ll tothe brim; the rim of a bell, Pm. 106. P. also the edge of a brook or well (lækjarbarmr, brunn- barmr): a chasm (gjárbarmr). y. fhe border of the shore; eybarmr, o ra instdae, Hervar. S. (in a verse); vikrbarmr; also used in many local names of farms in Icel. 8. the wing of anything; lyptingarbarmr, the gunwale of the stern; kastalabarmr (wing of a castle] , Orkn. (in a verse); barmr hvarma, the edge of the eye-lids, Lex. Poët. t. the flaps of a thing; reif hann allan í sundr ok kastaði bönnunum á eldinn, Fms. iv. 339 (rare if not an air. \(y.) f. the notion of gremium, bosom, only appears after the Reformation, and even then rare; cp. the bosom of a coat, e. g. geyma e-t á barmi sér; hsegri, vinstri b., etc.; stinga hendinni i sinn eigin barm, Exod. iv. 6. barma, að, b. sér, to lament, is also a mod. word, Germ, barmen qs. bearmen; vide, however, baðmr. barm-tog, n. a rope for contracting the nets during fishing, Ivar Aasen barma, Gþl. 427. BARN, n. pl. born, [Ulf. barn; O. H. G. parn; A. S. beam; Scot, and North. E. bairn; cp. bera and Lat. parire] :-- a bairn, child, baby. This word, which in olden time was common to all the Teut. idioms, was lost in Germany as early as the 13th century (Grimm, s. v.); in the South of England it went out of use at an early time, and was replaced by ' child;' even the Ormulum uses barn only four times, else always ' child. ' In North. E. bairu is still a household word, and freq. in popular Scottish writers, Burns, Walter Scott, etc. In the whole of Scandinavia it is in full and exclusive use; the Germ. ' kind' is in Icel. entirely unknown in this sense, v. the funny story Ísl. jþjóð. ii. 535; (' kind' in common Icel. means a sheep.) In Danish barn is the only word which, like the Icel., changes the radical vowel in pl. into ö (born). Proverbs referring to barn; barnið vex en brókin ekki; þetta verðr aldri barn í brók; bráð er barnslundin (barnæskan); nema börn hvað ú bæ er titt; allir hafa börnin verið; því laera börnin málið að það er fyrir þeim hatt; tvisvar verðr gamall maðrinn barn; bragð er at þá barnið fmnr; snemnia taka börn til meina; Guð gefr björg með barni, cp. Eggert (Bb.) 1. 14; sex born, daetr þrjár ok þrjá sonu, Nj. 30, Ísl. ii. 198, Vsp. 36; eiga þrjá sonu barna, Fms. xi. 43; og svíkjast um að eiga börn, Eggert (Bb.) 1. 14; vera með barni, to be with child, Fms. ii. 212, i. 57, 68, Ísl. ii. 197; fara með barni, to gowith child, Nj. 130; frá blautu barni, from a child, Fms. iii. 155; unni honum hvert barn, every c hild, i. e. every living creature, loved him, i. 17; hvert mannsbarn, e very man: metaph. (rare), offspring, Niðrst. IO: barn, barnið gott, börn, barnið mitt (rticvov, TÍKVO) is with many a favourite term of endearment in talking with another, Látum líða og bíða, börn, Pal Vid. in a popular ditty: eptirlætisbarn, a pet, spoilt child; olbogabarn, a bard-treated child; oskabarn, a child of adoption; sveinbarn, a boy; meybarn, a girl; ungbarn, a baby. COMPDS: barna- börn, n. pl. grand-children, Grág. i. 185. bama-eign, f. procreation of children, v. barneign. barna-fœri, n. the phrase, ekki b., no task for children, fjórð. 97 (1860). barna-gaman, n. child's play, El. I. barna-karl, m. child's friend, nickname of an old pirate; hann var vikingr mikill, hann let eigi henda börn á spjótsoddum sem þá var víkingum títt, því var hann b. kallaðr, he was a great pirate, but he did not spit babies as pirates then used to do, wherefore he was called b., Landn. 308; in mod. usage, one who has many children, mesti b. barna-kensla, u, f. fathering a child upon one (kenna e-m barn), N. G. L. i. 410: mod. training children in a school. bama-leikr, m. a child's play, Grett. 107 A, vide barnleikr. barna-messa, u, f., now barna- dagr, m. Holy Innocents' Day, Dec. 28, N. G. L. i. 377. barna- mold, f. argilla apyra, also called Pétrs mold, argilla St. Petri, Eggert Itin. p. 125. barna-mosi, a, m., botan. sphagnum cymbifolium, Hjalt. barna-skap, n. in the phrase, hafa ekki b., to be nobab y, Fs. 138. barna-spil, n. a childish play, Fas. i. 88 paper MS.; spil is a Germ. for. word. barna-vipr, n. childish trifles, gewgaws, Ld. 122. barna- þattr, m. the section of law concerning infants, baptism, etc., in the Icel. Jus. Eccl., K. þ. K. 8. barns-aldr, m. childhood. Eg. 118, Fms. ii. 267. barns-bein, n. in the phrase, frá blautu b., v. above, Al. 71. barns- farir, f. pl. in the phrase, deyja af barnsförum, to die in childbed. barns-full, za] . pregnant, Pr. 185, -- a rude phrase; Icel. now say, kálffull kýr, but not barnsfull kona. barns-fylgja, u, f., medic, secundinae, a baby's caul, Björn. barns-gratr, m. the cry of a baby, Fms. x. 218. barns-hafandi, part, pregnant, Jb. 114. barn. 8-h. ufa, u, f. a baby's cap, D. N. barns-lik, n. a baby's corpse, Hkr. iii. 184. barns-mál, n. babble, El. 15. barns-skirsl, f. i/// awt baptism, N. G. L. i. 131 (Norse). barns-sótt, f. = jóðsótt, the pains of childbirth, Bs. i. 327. barns-útkast, n. and barns-útburðr, m. exposure of infants, N. G. L. i. 303. barns-verk, n. child's work, Fms. ix. 35. barna, að, to get with child, Nj. 98: metaph. in the phrase, að barna söguna, to interrupt a tale while being told. barn-aldr, m. childhood, Hkr. ii. 35. barn-alinn, part, native, Bs. i. 808. barn-beri, a, m. pregnant, with child, N. G. L. i. 317. barn-burðr, ar, m. cbildbearing, childbirth, Grág. i. 375. barn-bær, f. capable of bearing children, opp. úbyrja, Grág. i. 323, Stj. 89: pregnant, Grág. i. 294. barn-dómr, m. childhood, Stj. 195, 25, 655 xxx. 21. barn-eign, f. getting children, Stj. 196: metaph. children, furðu ilia b. gat Loki, Edda 20; vera or b., to be past childbearing. barn-eskja, u, f. [Goth, barni s ki], childhood, Hom. 122. barn-faðir, m. a child's alleged father, H. E. ii. in. barna- móðir was in popish times the name for a priest's concubine. barn-fóstr, n. ' bairn-fostering, ' a kind of adoption in olden times; at bjóða e-m b., t o o^ er b. to another man, is a standing custom in the Sagas; men of wealth, but of low birth, in order to get security for their property, offered barnfóstr to noblemen, as in Ld. ch. 16 and ch. 28, Hænsa jbór. S. (ísl. ii. 125), Hard. S. ch. 9 (Ísl. ii. 23); or it was done as a matter of policy, it being regarded as a homage to be the foster- father of another man's son; því at sá er mselt at sá sé útignari sem öðrum fostrar barn, Fms. i. 16; ok er sá kallaðr æ minni maðr, er Öðrum fóstrar barn, Ld. 108; thus Jon Loptsson offered b. to the young Snorri, in order to soothe the wounded pride of his father Sturla, Sturl. i. 106; Ari Frodi was fostered by Hall í Haukadal, íb.; Njal offered to adopt as a son the young Hoskuld, in order to atone for the slaying of his father, Nj. ch. 95; cp. also the interesting story of the kings Harold and Athelstan and the young Hacon, Fms. i. I. c.: as a matter of friendship, Ld. 144, Bs. i. 73, 74, Sturl. i. 223, Ld. 25, and many other instances. COMPD: barnfostr-laun, n. pl. a reward, fee for b., N. G. L. i. 91. barn-fóstra, u, f. a foster-mother of a child, Mar.; now a nurse. barn-fóstri, a, m. a foster-father, Eg. 401, Ísl. ii. 144. barn-fúlga, u, f. (now in Icel. meðgjöf), pa y/b r the maintenance of a child, N. G. L. I 30. barn-fœddr, adj. part, native, Bs. i. 80; borinn ok b., born and bred. barn-fœði, n. nativity; eiga b., to be a native, Fr. barn-getnaðr, m. the procreation of children, Grág. i. 349, Greg. 29: pregnancy, Stj. 514.

BAENGOÐR -- BAUGR. 53

barn-góðr, adj. fund of children. barn-gælur, f. pl. lulling sounds, nursery rhymes, Fas. ii. 234. barningr, m. [berja], thrashing, v. lamabarning: now, 'thrashing the water, ' i. e. h a rd pulling against wind and tide. barn-lauss, adj. childle s s. Eg. 318, Grág. i. 185, Landn. 1. 304, Hkr. i. 99. barn-leikar, m. pl. child's play; leika barnleikum, of play-fellows, Bs. i. 417, 473, Fms. vi. 403, Sturl. i. 62. barn-leysi, n. the bein^- childless, Stj. 428, Mar. 656. barn-ligr, adj. childish, Sks. 153. barn-maðr, m. the bearer of a baby tobe christened; þar á at ala likmenn ok barnmenn, Vm. 77. barn-skikkja, u, f. a child's cloak, Sturl. iii. 278. barn-skírn, f. the christening of infants, K. jþ. K. 14. barnskirnar- orð, n. pl. formula in b., 655 xi. barn-sæng, f. childbed, H. E. i. 492. barn-teitr, adj. glad as a child, Hym. 2. barn-ungr, adj. very young, youthful, Fms. ii. 98, Mirm. 31. barn-úmagi, a, m. an orphan child, Grug. i. 305. barn-úmegð, f. minority, Grug. 1. 305. barn-æði, n. childishness, Fél. 12. 56, transl. of Iliad ix. 491. barn-œska, u, f. childhood, Eg. 116, Grág. ii. 392, Fms. i. 4, x. 273; bráð er b., the youth is impatient, a proverb, cp. Am. 75. BARR, n. [Norse and Swed. barr means the needles of the fir or pine, opp. to ' lauf' or leaves of the ash, eon; cp. barlind, taxus baccaia, and barskógr, ' needle-wood, ' i. e. fir-wood, Ivar Aasen]. I. the needles or spines of a fir-tree; the word is wrongly applied by Snorri, Edda II, who speaks of the ' barr' of an ash; -- Icel. has no trees. In Hm. 50 (Norse poem ?) it is correctly used of a pine, hrörnar þöll er stendr þorpi á, hlýrat henni börkr ne b., Hkv. Hjörv. 16, Edda 11. II. = barley, [Scot, and North. E. bear, A. S. bere, is four-rowed barley, a coarse kind; bigg in North. E. and Scot, is six-rowed barley, also a coarse kind: cp. ' the . B i gg-market, " a street in Newcastle-upon-Tyne: barlog, sweet wort, made of barley, Ivar Aasen]; bygg heitir með mönnum, en barr með goðum, me w c all it'bygg, ' but gods' bear, ' which shews that barr sounded foreign, and that bygg was the common word, Alvm. 33; Edda (Gl.) 231 has b. under sáðsheiti, v. Lex. Poët. Common phrases in Icel., as bera ekki sitt barr, of one who will never again bear leaves or flourish, metaph. from a withered tree: so Persarum vigui rege bcatior is rendered, lifs míns blómgaðra bar, en buðlungs Persa var, Snot 129. barlegr, adj. vigorous, barr, adj. read y (paratus), Jd. 13: strong, vigorous, Lex. Pout. barr-haddaðr, adj. barley-haired, poet, epithet of the earth, Lex. Poët. barri, a, m. a grove, Skm. 39. bar-skeptr, adj. high-shafted, of an axe; breiðüx b., Bs. i. 658. bar-skógr, m. needle-wood. bar-smíð, f. thrashing, flogging, Bs. i. 792, Grág. i. 456: pl. fight, row, lb. 12, Grág. ii. 114. BARÚN, in. [for. word, mid. Lat. bar o; A. S. b eo rna s], a baron; heita þeir hersar eðr lendir menn í Danskri tungu, greifar í Saxlandi, en bar- ónar í Englandi, Edda 93, THom., Art.; the title was introduced into Norway by king Magnus, A. 0. 1277, vide Ann. s-a-' Gþl-512. barúna- nafn, n. the title o/'b., Ann. 1. c. barúnia, u, f. a barony. THom. 36. bar-viðr, m. the wood of the fir, D. N. (Fr.) iii. 473. bar-viðri, n. a beating storm, Sturl. iii. 127. basinn, m. [for. word], ba s i n xylinum, a tree, Edda (Gl.) ii. 256. BASMIR, f. pl. an an. \ey. in a verse in Hervar. S. (Ed. 1847), p. 56; bauð ek þér bróðir basmir óskerðar, fó ok fjöld meiðma; a dub. word, cp. Germ, besem, Engl. besom; mod. Germ, be s en, North Germ, besemer, Dan. bismer (Icel. reizla), which are all connected. Ivar Aasen records a Norse word ba s m or basma; the Norse basm means twenty threads of the warp (ba s m here means l oo m ?) :-- the Ed. in Fas. i. 207 gives a wrong spelling óskir tvær (qs. óskertar), and skips the word basrnir. bassi, a, m. a bear, Lex. Poët. BAST, n.; besti (Vkv. 12) seems to be a dat. masc. from böstr; in Germ, the word is freq. used masc.; the passage 1. c. is perh. to be restored thus -- þeir er af létu besti (tiliae) byr sima (annulos), who did pull the rings from the cord? (cp. v. 8); [Engl., A. S., and Germ, ba s t] :-- ba s t, the inner bark of the lime-tree; bast at binda, Rm. 9; bast no band, Gþl. 386, N. G. L. i. 59; sá þeir á bast bauga drcgna, Vkv. 7. basta, að, to bind intoa parcel, D. N. ii. 560 (Fr.), Fms. v. 301. bastarðr, m. bastard, appears for the first time as the cognom. of William the Conqueror. The etymon is dubious; Grimm suggests a Scandinavian origin; but this is very doubtful; the word never occurs in Scandinavian writers before the time of William, sounds very like a foreign word, is rarely used, and hardly understood by common people in Icel.; neither does it occur in A. S. nor O. H. G.; so that Adam of Bremen says, iste Willelmus quem Franci bastardum vocant; whence the word seems to come from some southern source; cp. the Játv. S. (Ed. 1852), and Fl. iii. 463 sqq.; the MS. Holm, spells bastarðr, the Fb. bast- hardr. 2. name of a sword, Fms. vii. 297, referring to A. D. 1163. 3. a kind of cloth, in deeds of the I4th and 151:1 centuries, Vm. 46, 136, D. N. ii. 165. bastari, a, m. a bastbinder, D. N. ii. 246. bast-bleikr, adj. pale as bast, Fms. vii. 269, v. 1. bastl, n. turmoil; bastla, að, to turmoil. bast-lína, u, f. a cord of bast, Eg. 579. bast-taug, f. a tie or cord of bast, Eg. 579, v. I. bast-vesall, adj. = bastbleikr, Karl. 167. bast-öx, f., prob. a false reading, Fas. 11. 177, v-'• bátöx. BATI, a, m. improvement, advantage, Fs. 155, Grett. 113 A, Fas. ii. 247, Grág. (Kb.) i. 160. bata-ván, f. hope of convalescence, recovery of health, cp. Grág. I. e.; cp. also ábati, gain. batna, að, [v. bati; Ulf. gabatnan] , to improve, get better, Nj. 52, Grág. i. 206. 2. impers. medic, term; c-rn batnar, one recovers, Fms. iv. 369, v. 22; the disease is added in gen., e-m b. sins meins, sjúkleika, sóttar, Bs. i. 343, Hkr. ii. 312, Eb. 280: at present also with nom.: proverb, batnanda manni er bezt að lifa. batnaðr, ar, m. improvement, 623. 15, 110111. 50, 134, Hkr. 11. 178: convalescence, Grág. ii. 45. batnan, f. id., Lex. Poët. baug-bót, f. a law term, compensation (v. baugr II.), Grug. ii. 173. baug-bœtandi, pl. -endr, part, a law term, / h os e who have to pay the baugr (II.); opp. to baugþiggendr, the receivers, Grág. ii. 172. baug-eiðr, m. theoath upon the sacred temple ring in heathen times; b. Óðinn hygg ek at unnit hafi, hvat skal hans trygðum trúa, Hm. no; cp. the phrase, vinna eið at baugi, v. baugr below; the baugeiðr of heathen times answers to the Christian bókciðr and vinna eið at bók, to swear, laying the band upon the Gospel. baug-gildi, n. a law term, the ' weregild' to be paid to the ' agnates' of the slain; opp. to nefgildi, the same amount to be paid to the 'cognates;' defined, Grág. (Bt.) ii. 176, N. G. L. i. 186: metaph. agnatic relation- ship, vera or b. eðr nefgildi, lifa í b. etc., to be an agnate or a cognate, id. bauggildis-menn, in. pl. agnates who are bound to pay and receive the bauggildi, Grág. ii. 180. baug-gildingr, m. = bauggildismaðr, cp. nefgildingr, Grág. ii. 178. baug-gildr, adj. payable, fit to pay as bauggildi, N. G. L. i. 176. BAUGR, m. [the root bjiig -- bang -- bog; A. S. beág; O. ll. G. pottc = armilla; lost in N. H. G. and in Engl.] I. a ring, armlet, esp. in olden times to be worn on the wrist plain, without stones: o. the sacred temple ring (stallahringr) on the altar in heathen temples; all oaths were' to be made by laying the hand upon the temple ring; at sacrificial banquets it was to be dipped in the blood, and was to be worn by the priest at all meetings. The ring was either of gold or silver, open (mótlaus), its weight varying between two, three, and twenty ounces (the last is the reading of Eb. new Ed. p. 6, v. 1., the classical passages in the Sagas are -- Eb. I. e. (and cp. 44), Glúm. 388, Landn. (Hb.) 258, þórð. S. 94 (Ed. 1860); cp. also the note at the end of the new Ed. of Eb., referring to an interesting essay of the Norse Prof. Holmboe upon the matter, Christiania, A. D. 1864. p. baugr is at present in Icel. used of a spiral ring without a stone (e. g. a wedding ring); the third finger is called baugfingr, transl. from Lat. digitus annuli, for the wearing of wedding rings is not in use in Icel. (unless as a Dan. imitation). Icel. also say einbaugr, tvibaugr, a single or double spiral ring. II. metaph. in olden times, before minted gold or silver came into use, the metals were rolled up in spiral-formed rings, and pieces cut off and weighed were used as a medium of payment; hence, in old times, baugr simply means money, used in the poets in numberless compounds; hringum hreytti, hjó sundr baug, Rm. 35; cp. baugbroti, baugskyndir, baugskati, baughati, one who breaks, throws, hates gold, epithets of princes, etc., v. Lex. Poët. A. S. poetry abounds in epithets such as, beaggeafa, dator awri; the Heliand speaks of ' vunden gold. ' In the law the pay- ment of weregild is particularly called baugr, v. the compounds: baugatal is the Icel. section of law treating of the weregild, Grág. ii. 171-188; höfuôbaugr, lögbaugr (a le^ al bang, lawful payment). In the Norse law vide esp. N. G. L. i. 74 sqq., 184 sqq. 2. the painted circle on the round shield (clypeus); á fornum skjoldum var titt at skrifa rönd þá er b. var kallaðr, ok er við þann baug skildir kendir, Edda 87, Eg. 699; often embellished with scenes from the mythical age. Some poems arc preserved or on record, describing such shields, two Berudrapur by Egil (bera, a shield), Haustlong by Thjodolf, R. agnarsdrapa by Bragi Gamli (of the 9th and loth centuries). Some of these poems were among the chief sources used by Snorri in composing the Edda. The shield is metaph. called baugr, Edda (Gl.) 3. afish-hook; man eigi þú draga Leviathan á öngli eðr bora kiðr hans með baugi (very rare, if not an air. Ae-y.), Post. 686 C. ?. 4. the phrase, eiga (kost) a baugi, to have (a single) chance left; þótti þat vera et mesta hætturáð at berjast, en sá mun á baugi, ef eigi er szzt, there will be no other chance unless we come to terms, Sturl. iii. 244; þii munt eiga slíkan á baugi bratt, th o?/ wilt soon have the very same chance (viz. death), the turn will come to thee, Nj. 58; mi mun ek eiga þann á baugi, at..., there will be no other chance for me, than ..., Orkn. 46; cp. einbeygðr kostr, dira necessitas, 58; kvaðst þá lieldr vilja liggja

54 BAUGABEOT -- BÁSS.

henni, ef sá væri á baugi, if there were no other chance, Fas. ii. 150. The explanation of this metaphor is doubtful, cp. Vkv. verses 5 and 7 (?), or is the metaphor taken from the weregild ? 5. baugr also occurs in mod. usage in many compds, astron. and mathem., spor-baugr, the ecliptic; hádegisbaugr, a meridian. COMPDS: bauga-brot, n. pl. cut off pieces of baugr, b a d money, Band. 12. bauga-xnaðr, m. = bauggildismaðr, N. G. L. i. 81, 82, 186. bauga-tal, n. the section of law about weregild, Grág. ii. 171-188: 0. fixing of the weregild, Grág. i. 158. baugs-helgi, i. personal sacredness, (one's death to be atoned for by a weregild); þræll á b. á sér ef hann fylgir drottni sinum til þings ..., N. G. L. i. 70. baug-reið, f. a law term, an official inspection (in Norway) to measure the breadth of the highway, defined, Gþl. 412-414. baug-rygr, jar, f. pl. ir, a law term, an only daughter entitled to receive and pay weregild, in default of heirs male. The Norse law defines thus, ef hon er einberni, ok til arfs komin, þar til er hón sezt á brúðstól, ... up to her wedding day, N. G. L. i. 184, 92: the Icel. law does not limit the right to her marrying; sú er kona ein er bæði skal baugi bæta ok baug taka, ef hon er einberni, en sú kona heitir b., en hon er dóttir hins dauða, Grág. ii. 183. baug-þak, n. [þekja baug], a law term, ' baug-covering, ' i. e. the supplemental payment to be added in due proportion to the amount of weregild (baugr), defined, Grág. ii. 171, 172; hence' at baugþaki' metaph. means in addition, to boot; þá kom at honum síðan at b. brotfallit, he was taken with fits of epilepsy to boot, Bs. i. 336. baug-þggjandi, pl. -endr, part, a receiver of weregild. BAUKA, að, [Swed. bö k a], prop, to dig, to rummage; hann b. til fiskanna, viz. in order to steal them, Grett. 137; aldri skal ek í belginn bauka, says the giant in the tale, Ísl. bjóðs. ii. 458. BAULA, u, f. a cow, Bs. i. 635. COMPDS: baulu-fall, n. the carcase of a slaughtered cow, Bs. i. 593. baulu-fótr, m. cow's foot, cognom., Sturl. iii, 71; mod. baula, að, to low. BAUN, f. [A. S. bean, cp. Lat. / ab a], a be an, Gþl. 544, Rb. 394. bauna-lögr, m. bean-broth, Karl. 452. bausn, f. the fore fins of a shark, Björn. BAUTA, the remnant of an obsolete strong verb analogous to hlaupa -- Wjóp, [A. S. b ea t an; Engl. be a t; Germ. botzen, pulsare] , tohunt, beat; bautu, 1st pers. pl. pres. indie., Fms. v. 83 (0. H. 1853 spells bavtu); svá bavtu vér bjornuna, so ' dowe beat (chase) the bears, Gs. 13: part. pass, bautinn, beaten, slain, Lex. Poët. s. v. sverðbautinn; Farbauti, beater of ships, is the name of the giant father of Loki; hylbauti, beater of the waves, a ship, Edda (Gl.); cp. Swed. bauter, strings for catching birds, Ihre. bauta-steinn, Snorri (Hkr.) constantly uses the pl. form, but bautaðarsteinn, Fagrsk. 19, ^nd bautarsteinn, Hm. 72; m. the stone monuments of the olden age, esp. in Sweden and Denmark; the Hávamál 1. c. (sjaldan bautarsteinar standa brautu nær, nema reisi niðr at nið) tells us that these stones used to be placed along the high roads, like the sepul- chral monuments of old Rome; cp. the standing phrase on the Swedish- Runic stones -- her skal standa steinn ' naer brautu;' or, má eigi' brautar- kuml' (a roa d monument) betra verða; the high roads of old Sweden seem to have been lined with these monumental stones; even at the present time, after the destruction of many centuries, the Swedish-Runic stones (of the nth and I2th centuries) are counted by thousands. A great collection was made and drawings executed during the I7*h century (Buræus, etc.), but only published A. D. 1750, under the name of Bautil. The etymology of this word is much contested; some render it by ' s t on e s of the slain' (bauta, to slay), but this is contradicted by the passage in Hm. 1. c. and by the inscriptions themselves. The bauta stones were simply monuments erected by the piety of kindred and friends without any respect to sex or manner of death, either in war, on sea, or through sickness; some were even erected to the memory of living persons. They were usually tombstones; but many of them are memorial stones for men that died in foreign lands, Greece, Russia, the British Islands, etc. Neither is Snorri right in saying (Hkr. pref.) that the bautasteinar belonged to the old burning age (brunaöld), and were replaced by the cairns (haugar) in the subsequent cairn age (haugaöld) -- þá skyldi brenna alla dauða menn ok reisa eptir bauta- steina, en síðan er Freyr hafði heygðr verit at Uppsölum þá görðu margir höfðingjar eigi síðr hauga en bautasteina. Svíar tóku lík hans ok var hann brendr við á þá er Skúta heitir, þar vóru settir bautasteinar hans, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 17 -- the passage in Hávamál and the monuments refute this statement. The great bulk of the Scandinavian bauta stones seem to be of the nth and even 12th century. In Icel. no stones of that time are on record: var hann þá her heygðr skamt frá bsenum, ok settir upp bautasteinar, þeir er enn standa her, Hkr. i. 269; hávir bautasteinar standa hjá haugi Egils ullserks, 153, -- where Fagrsk. reads, í þau skip var lagðr í valrinn, ok orpnir þar haugar utan at; þar stendr ok bautaðar- steinn (= bautarsteinn in Hm. ?) hár sem Egill fell, p. 19; -- en eptir alia þá menn er nokkut mannsmót var at, skyldi reisa bautasteina, ok hélzt sa siðr lengi síðan, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 8. It is worth remarking that the Word ' bautasteinn' never occurs out of Icel. literature, and there only in the above passages, viz. once in the old Hm., once in the Fagrsk., four times in the Hkr., whence it has passed over to modern writers. The word is most probably only a corruption from brautarsteinar, lapides viae, (by dropping the r); cp. the analogous Swedish word, brautarkuml, monumentum viae, which occurs in the inscriptions themselves. BÁÐIR, adj. pron. dual, gen. beggja, neut. bæði rarely, (Norse); báði, gen. báðra, sometimes occur in MSS. of the I4th century, but both of them are Norse forms, [Goth, b a i, baioþs; A. S. ba; Engl. both; Germ, beide; cp. also Gr. a/j. (pai, Lat. a mb o] :-- both, Nj. 82, Sturl. iii. 314, Eg. 257, Grág. i. 368, N. G. L. i. 33, Ísl. ii. 348, Fms. x. 118, etc. etc. BÁG-1, a, m. (not bagi), an adversary, Stor. 23, Lex. Poët. bágindi, n. pl. distress, difficulties. bágliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), adversely, Vígl. 30. bág-lundr, adj. ill-disposed, bad-tempered, Lex. Poët. bágr, adj. uneasy; honum verðr bag höndin, Fas. iii. 370: eiga bágt is now in Icel. to be poor, bard up: bag-staddr, adj. distressed. bágr, m. [cp. Hel. bâgan -- contender e, and Icel. bægja below], contest, strife, in such phrases as, fara í bag, to come athwart; for í bag með þeim, they came a cross, Bjarn. 28; í bága (pl.), Bs. i. 622; brjóta bag við e-m, to make a struggle against, Al. 49; Pali postuli braut þar helzt bag við ávalt er öðrum þótti torveldast, Post. 656 C. 24, Fms. viii. 42; koma í bága við, to come intostrife or collision with. bág-ráðr, adj. difficult to deal with, Fms. ii. II. bág-rækr, adj. difficult to drive, of geese, Grett. 90. BÁKN AKN, n. for. word [A. S. been; O. H. G. pauhan] , a beacon, v; sigrbákn: bákn now means a bi g', monstrous thing. bákna, að, [A. S. bêcnan] , to beckon; þeir báknuðu vápnunum til þeirra Hákonar, Fms. vii. 276, xi. 366. BÁL, n. [old Scot, b a le, i. e. a beacon-fagot, Lay of Last Minstrel 3. 27 note]. I. aflame, Nj. 199, Ld. 100, Stj. 45 (freq.) IT. Lat. rogus, a pyre, funeral pile; hlaða b., rogum struere, Eb. 314, 2645 Fms. v. 328, esp. for burning dead bodies; a funeral pile in the old heathendom, til brands eðr báls, an old law term, a d urnam, N. G. L. i. 50: the phrase, vega e-n á bal, or, bera á bal, to carry tothe pyre, Vkv. 14, cp. Vþm. 54, Fas. i. (Hervar. S.) 487; graphical description of those funerals, vide Edda 37, 38 (Baldrsbrenna), Fas. i. (Völs. S.) 204; cp. 333, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 27; cp. also the funeral of the mythical king Sigurd Ring, recorded by Arngrim Lærde in his Supplementum ad Com- pendium Hist. Norv. MS. (composed A. D. 1597), probably taken from a lost leaf of Skjöldunga Saga (Sögubrot), and mentioned by Munch, Norske Folks Hist. i. 274: mod. of a foaming wind, wrath, etc. -- bálviðri, n. and balhvass, bálreiðr, adj., etc. bál-för, f. a funeral, Edda 37. bál-gerð, f. id., Edda (Ub.) 288 (Ed. 1852). bálki, a, m., v. the following word. BÁLKR, old form b^lkr, Grág., dat. bselki, N. G. L. i. 399, acc. pl. bcólku or bálku, Lex. Poët. [A. S. b a l e], a balk, partition [cp. naval bulk- heads]; b. um þveran hellinn, of a cross w a ll, Fms. iii. 217, Fas. ii. 333, Grett. 140; sá studdi höndunum á bálkinn, of a balk of wood across the door, Orkn. 112. /3. a low wall in a stall or house, N. G. L. ú 399, 2. metaph. a law term, a section in a code of law; þjófa bálkr, Kristindóms b., etc., criminal, ecclesiastical law ..., Grág., Jb. y. a body, a host, in compds as frændbálkr, ættbálkr, herbálkr; s^ndist honum úárenniligr b. þeirra, of a host in line of battle, Bs. i. 667; a pr. name. COMPDS: balkar-brot, n. the breaking a fence, crib, Gpl. 350, 391. bálkar-lag, n. a sort of metre (from a pr. name Balkr), Edda (Hi.) 142. BÁRA A, u, f. [berja ?], a wave, billow, v. alda; as a rule bára denotes the smaller waves caused by the wind (on the surface of larger billows), alda the rollers or swell, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 186, Fms. x. 324 (of a breaker = boði), Gkv. 1. 7: the proverb, sigla milli skers ok báru, cp, inter Scyllam et Cbarybdin, Fms. ii. 268, Fb. iii. 402; sjaldan er ein báran stök, there i s seldom a single billow: of misfortune, cp. Aesch. Prom. 1015 KOJCUV rpiKVfiia., cp. also Ísl. þjóðs. i. 660. p. metaph. of undulations or rough stripes on the surface of a thing, e. g. the crust of a cheese, Fs. 146; a scull, cp. Eg. 769: baruskel, f. c a rd/ a testð cordatapectinata, a shell, Eggert Itin. p. 1010. COMPDS: barn-fall; n. a swell at sea, Al. 50. baru-skel, f., v. above. baru-skot, n. waves from a fresh breeze, wrinkling the surface of the sea, Hkr. i. 59. baru-stormr, m. an unruly sea, Stj. 89. báru-stórr, adj. the waves running high, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 72; vide mót-bára, objection. bár-óttr, adj. waved, of a skull, Eg. 769. bása, að, = bæsa, to drive cattle into a stall, Gísl. 104. bás-hella, u, f. a stone w a ll between two stalls in a cowhouse, Grett. 112. BÁSS, m. [Ulf. bansts -- ajroOrjier); A. S. bós; Engl. provincial boose; Germ, banse] , a boose or stall in a cowhouse; kýr á bási, binda kú á bás, etc., Bjarn. 32, Bs. 5. 171; a cow and a bas go together, e. g. in the . nursery rhyme lulling children to sleep; sou, sofi... selr í sjá... kyr á

BÄSUNA -- BEINL 55

bási, köttr í búri..., cp. the Engl. in the cow's boose, Bosworth s. v.; has, bás is an interj. exclam. for driving cows into stall: also used in Icel. of basins formed in rocks, e. g. at the foot of a waterfall; in local names, Básar, Básendar, etc.: the phrase, hafa sér markaðan bás, to have one's course of life marked out, Ísl. Jjjóðs. i. 538; einginn veit sér ætlaðan bás í örlaganna solli, n o o ne knows what boose is kept for him in the turmoil of the fates, Grönd. 194; vide bjarnbass. BÁSUNA, u, f. (for. word), bassoon, Fas. ii. 511. bát-festr, f. a rope by which a boat is made fast, Jb. 398, 655 xvii. bát-lauss, adj. and bátleysi, n. being without a boat, Eb. 142, Jb. 399- bát-maðr, m. a boatman, Hkr. iii. 128, Fms. vi. 320. BÁTR,, m. [a Scandin. and Low Germ, word used in A. S., Engl., Dutch, but alien to O. H. G. and middle H. G.; even Luther (v. Grimm y. v.) never uses the word; it was later introduced into mod. High Germ., but has a foreign sound there, (Engl. t answers to High Germ, z); the word is in Germ, borrowed from Dutch or English] :-- a boat, either a small open fishing vessel or a shi p- boat. In Icel. only small boats are called so, those of two or four oars; an eight-oared boat is a 'ship, ' Eg. 121, 373, Eb. 142, Nj. 122, Jb. 398, Bs. 1. 422, 423: in phrases, ausa bat sinn, Fms. vii. 331; sjá fyrir báti sínum, to go one's own course, to mind erne's own business, Sturl. iii. 247: allitera- tion, eiga bygð í báti, metaph., Bs. i. 422. COMPDS: báts-borð, n. the s ide of a boat, Sturl. i. 119. báts-farmr, m. a boat's freight, Ann. 1342. bát-stafn, m. a boat's prow, Fms. viii. 223. beð n. c bed in a garden, (mod. and rare, cp. reitr.) beð-dúkr, m. a bed-covering, Dipl. iii. 4. beðja, u, f., poet, a wife, bed-fellow, Lex. Poët. beð-mál, n. pl. a curtain lecture, Hm. 85. BEÐR, jar, m. pl. ir, [Ulf. badi; Hel. bed; A. S. bedd; Engl. bed; Germ, belt] , a bed; in Icel. sæng is the common word, beðr poët. and rare; in the N. T. Kp&fi&a. rov is always rendered by sæng (tak sæng þína og gakk, Mark ii. 9); beðr is used in alliterative phrases, e. g. beor eðr blaeja, Jb. 28; í beðjum eðr bólstrum, N. G. L. i. 351; deila beð ok blíðu, (pi\6rr)Ti KOÍ tiivrj, Od. v. 126; and mostly in the sense of bolster; saxit nam í beðinum staðar, Ld. 140, Gísl. 114: the sea-shore is poet. called sævar-beðir (sofa ek né mátta'k sævarbeðjum á, Edda 16 (in a verse); hvíl-beðr, a resting bed, Akv. 30; rísa upp við beð, to lift the body against the pillow, Bkv. 2. 23: the conjugal bed, bjóða á beð, Ls. 52; sitja á beð, Gh. 19; ganga á beð e-m, to marry, 14: pl., sofa á beðjum, Hm. 96, loo: metaph. a swelling sea, lauðr var lagt í beði (acc. pl.), Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse); cp. skýbólstrar, ' bolster-clouds, ' heavy piles of cloud. COMPDS: beðjar-dýna, u, f. a feather-bed, Vm. 177. beðjar-ver, n. a bolster case, Dipl. 4. beð-vina, u, f. = beðja, Lex. Poët. begla, u, f. [bagr], a bungle; sem b. hjá fögru smíði, hence the name Rimbegla, Rb. (pref.) BEIÐA, dd, [cp. A. S. beade; Old Engl. bead-roll, bidding-prayer, bedes-man; biðja, bað, beðið, Lat. orare, and bíða, beið, beðit, Lat. expectare.] I. t o as k, beg, with the notion of right; almost as a law term, to request [but biðja, ora re]; b. e-n e-s, or b. e-m (for one) e-s; beiða griða Baldri, Edda 36, Gs. verse 2; beiða sér bjarg- kviðar búa sína fimm, Grág. i. 113, 275; b. sonar bóta, Nj. 21; b. e-s af e-m, Fms. i. 47: with acc., in the law term, b. lögbeiðing, to m a ke a lawful request, Grág. (freq.); ef hann vill eigi eið vinna þá er hann er beiddr (requested) þá verðr hann sekr urn þat tólf mörkurn, þá er hann beiddr (requested) er hann er beðinn (asked), K. b. K. 146: adding ut, b. e-s út, to request the payment of a right, etc., Gþl. 375; b. til e-s, t o request, 656 B. p. reflex., beiðast, to request on one's own behalf; b. laga, Ld. 76; fars, Grág. i. 90; griða, Fms. viii. 423, x. 172, Nj. 10, 76, Eg. 239, Fms. i. ii: in active sense, Land. 293; beiðast út réttar sins, t o c l a im as o ne's ri^ ht, Gþl. 187: with infin., Grág. i. 489: with ' at' and a subj., Fms. i. 12, Grág. i. 7. II. [Dan. bede], as a hunting term, to hunt, chase; b. björnu, to hwnt bear s: part, beiddr and beiðr, bunted about, Gísl. 112; hann kvað sveininn hafa verið ilia beiddan, Fs. 69, Mirm. 39: the phrase by Kormak, sá er bindr beiðan (i. e. beiddan) hiin, seems to mean one who pinions the young hunted bear, viz. as if it were sheep or cattle, Edda 96 (in a verse), symbolical of the earl Sigurd, a mighty Nimrod, who surpassed the wild deer in strength and swiftness; beiðr (= beiddr) for ek heiman at biðja þín Guðrún, Am. 90, seems to mean hunted by love, amore captus: the verse of Kormak, -- bands man ek beiða rindî, fascinating, charming woman (1), by whom the poet is made prisoner in love; cp. the poët. compds beiði-hlökk, beiði-sif, beiði-rindr, all epithets of women, Lex. Poët., v. beiðing and beiðning (Mar. Fr.), f. request, demand, El. II: waiting, Fms. viii. 151 (dub. reading). beiðni, f. a request, demand, Fms. i. 208; pl., 655 iii. 4; holds b., carnal lust, Hom. 17, 25 (Lat. petulantia). beiðsla, u, f. a request, demand, Sturl. iii. 231, Sks. 772. beiðslu- xnaðr, m. a person asking, Sks. 776, Anecd. 88. BEIGR or beygr, m. fear; hafa b. af e-m (freq.) :-- beiguðr, m. a n athlete, one who inspires fear (?), Edda. BEIMAR, m. pl. [etym. uncertain], poet, men, heroes, the followers of king Beirni, according to Edda 109; it is more likely that it is a rela- tion to Engl. bea w, beaming, and means illustrious, Lex. Poët. BEIN, n. a word common to the Teut. idioms and peculiar to them j [the Goth, word is not on record, as Luke xxiv. 39 and John xix. 36 are lost in Ulf.; A. S. ban; Engl. bone; Germ, bein; Swed. -Dan. ben (been). Sansk., Gr., Lat., and the Slav, languages agree in a totally different root; Sansk. asihi; Gr. oariov; Lat. os; the Slav, branch all with an initial c, cp. the Lat. cosia. Vide Grimm (s. v.), who suggests a rela- tion to Gr. jSeuVu;; but the native Icel. words beinn, rectus, and beina, promovere, are more likely roots; the original sense might thus be crus, Gr. er/ceAos, but Lat. os the secondary one] :-- a bone. I. spec. the le g" from the knee to the foot; freq. in Swed. and Dan., but very rare and nearly obsolete in Icel., where leggr is the common word; hosa strengd at beini, Eg. 602, Fms. x. 331; kálfar á beinum fram, N. G. L. i. 339. II. gener. = Lat. os, a bone, but originally the bones with marrow (Germ, knocben), as may be inferred from the passages, pa er mergund ef b. er í sundr til mergjar, þat er mergr er i, Grág. ii. II, i. 442, Fms. vii. 118, Vápn. 21, Fas. i. 66, Vígl. 20; stór bein í andliti, with a strongly-marked, high-boned face, Band. 7, whence stórbeinóttr, q. v.; viðbeina, a collar-bone; höfuðbein, pl. he a d- b on e s, the scull around the temples and the forehead; er gamlir grisir skyldu halda mér at höfuðbeinum, Grett. (in a verse); strjúka hó'fuðbeiniu; málbein, o s loquendi, a small bone in the head; hence the phrase, láta málbeinið ganga, of one talking incessantly and foolishly: metaph. in phrases, lata ganga með beini, to deal blows to the very marrow, deal severely, Ld. 230; hafa bein í hendi (the Danes say, have been i nœsen), to have a boned hand, i. e. strength and power, Hrafn. 10, Al. 29. 2. pl. relics, remains (ashes); the phrase, bera bein, to repose, rest, be buried; far þú út til islands, þar mun þér auðit verða beinin at bera, Grett. 148, Nj. 201; ok iðrast nú að aptr hvarf að bera b. blú við hrjóstr, Bjarni, 57 :-- of the reli cs of saints, Bs. 468, 469; hence beina- færsla, u, f. removal of bones (translatio); in the Catholic age, when churches were removed, the churchyard was dug up and the bones removed also, vide Eb. (in fine), Bjarn. 19, K. b. K. 40, Eg. (in fine). COMPDS: beina-vatn, n. water in which relics have been washed, Bs. ii. 173. Fél. ix. records many medic, terms; beina-griud, f. a skeleton; bein-áta, u, f. necrosis, caries ossiitm; bein-brot, \\. fractura ossium, Lv. 68, Grág. ii. 17; bein-kröm, f. rachitis: bein-kveisa, u, f. osteocopus; bein- sullr, in. sarcostosis; bein-verkir, m. pl. lassitudo febrilis dolorosa universalis, Gísl. 48, cp. Fél. ix. As a poet, circumlocution, the s to ne is foldar bein, bone of the earth; sævarbein, bone of the sea, Hit., Edda (Ht.) 19, 23; cp. the Gr. myth of beina, d. I. to stretch out, to put into motion; b. flug, of birds, to stretch the wings for flight, Edda 13, Orkn. 28; b. skrið, of a serpent, Stj. 98; b. raust, to lift up the voice, speak loud, Gísl. 57. II. metaph. to promote, forward; b. for (ferð) e-s, to help one forwards, Fms. vi. 63, Grág. i. 343, Bret. 38; b. til með e-m, to lend one help; ek vii b. til með þér baenum mínum, / will ass i s t thee in my prayers, Bs. i. 472; b. e-u til e-s, to contribute to a thing; þessu vii ek b. til brennu þinnar, Fb. i. 355; b. at með e-m, to help, assist one; hlauptu her ut, ok mun ek b. at með þér, Nj. 201; b. at e-u, to lend a hand to, Bjarn. 64; b. fyrir e-m, to entertain, of alms or hospitable treatment (whence beini); b. fyrir fátækum, Post. 656 bein-brjóta, braut, to bre a kone's bones, Bárð. 167. bein-brot, n. the fracture of bone, v. above. bein-fastr, adj., b. sár, a wound to the bone, Stud. ii. 222, 655 xi. bein-fiskr, m., v. beitfiskr. bein-gjald, n. a law term, compensation for a lesion of bone, N. G. L. i. 172. bein-gróinn, part, healed (of a bone fracture), Fas. ii. 295. bein-hákall, m. squalus maximus. bein-hinna, u, f. periosteum. bein-högg, n. a blow injuring the bone, opp. to svoðu sár, Stud. i. 13. beini, m. help, but exclusively used of hospitable entertainment, kind treatment, hospitality; vinna, veita, e-m beina, Eb. 268; þykir yðr eigi sá b. beztr, at yðr sé borð sett ok gefinu náttverðr ok síðan fari þér at sofa, Eg. 548; ofgorr er beininn, t oo much trouble taken, too much attendance, Lv. 38 (Ed. badly 'beinan'); höfðu þar blíðan beina, Fms. ii. 248, iv. 336; mikit er mi um beina þinn, w hat hospitable treatment I ísl. ii. 155, Bjarn. 53 -- 55, Fas. i. 79: ganga um beina, to w a it upon the guests, in old times (as at present in Icel.) an honourable task; in great banquets the lady or daughter of the house, assisted by servants, did this office; bórhildr (the daughter) gékk um beina, ok báru þaer Bergþóra (the mother) mat á borð, Nj. 50, cp. Lv. 1. c., Fms. xi. 52; Hit (the hospitable giantess) gékk um b., Bárð. 174; þiðrandi (the son of the house) gékk um beina, Fms. ii. 194; -- but it is added, 'because he was humble and meek, ' for it was not regarded as fit work for a man; cp. þá er konur gengu um b. um dagverð, Sturl. i. 132. COMPDS: beina-

56 BEINAMAÐR -- BEKKR.

bót, f. accommodation, comfort for guests; þar var mörgu við slegit til b., 625. 96; sagði at honum þætti þat mest b. at eldr væri kveyktr fyrir honurn, Fas. i. 230; bar var jafnan nýtt mjöl haft til beinabótar, Sturl. i. 23. beina-maor, m. a promoter, H. E. ii. 93. beina-spell, n. spoiling of the comfort of the guests, Bs. i. 313, Sturl. i. 22. beina- burfi, adj. ind. in need of hospitable treatment, Fas. iii. 373. bein-knúta, u, f. a joint bone, Bs. ii. 82. bein-kross, n. a cross of bone, Magn. 512. bein-lauss, adj. without bone, Fas. i. 251. bein-leiðis, adv. directly, Fas. iii. 444. bein-leiki, a, m. hospitable treatment, Lv. 5, Eg. 577, Fas. i. 77. BEINN, adj., compar. beinni, superl. beinstr or beinastr. I. Gr. öpøos, Lat. rectits, opp. to wry or curved, in a straight line; b. rás, a straight course, Sks. 217; beinstr vegr, the straigbtest, shortest way, Fms. ix. 361, Bs. ii. 132 (very freq.): ueut. beint, beinast, used as adv. straight; sem beinst á þá, Eg. 386; svá beint, straight on, 742: just, þat kom mér beint (just) i hug, Fms. vi. 213, 369, 371; b. sextigi skipa, precisely sixty ships, xi. 114; mi beint, just now, iv. 327; var hann þá beint í undlati, just breathed his last, vi. 230. 2. metaph. hospitable; Dagstyggr tok við honum forkunnar vel, ok var við hana hinn beinasti, Sturl. ii. 125; varla náðu þeir at stíga af baki, svá var bóndi beinn við þá, Ísl. ii. 155; Björn var allbeinn við hann um kveldit, Fms. ii. 84; var kerling hin beinasta í öllu, Fas. iii. 394: also as epithet of the inn or house, þar er svá beint (suc h hospitality), at varla þykkja þeir hafa komit í beinna stað, ... in a more hospitable botise, i. 77; sváfu af þá nótt, ok vóru þeir í allbcinum stað, Eb. 268. II. [bein, crus] , in compds, berbeinn, bare-legged, Hbl. 6: as a cognom. of king Magnus from the dress of the Highlanders assumed by him, Fms. vii; harðbeinn, hard-legged, cognom., Ld.; mjóbeinn, tape-legged, a nickname, Landn.; Kolbeinn, pr. name, black-legged; hvitbeinn, white-legged, pr. name, Landn., etc. BEINN, m. e&o ny, Edda (Gl.), v. basinn. bein-serkr, m., medic. ' bone-jack, ' an abnormal growth, by which the under part of the thorax (the lower ribs) is attached to the spine; as a cognom., Fas. iii. 326; cp. Bjorn s. v. bein-skeyti, n. a straight-shooting, good shot, Fms. vii. 120, v. 337, viii. 140, v. I. bein-skeyttr, adj. straight-shooting, a good shot, Fms. ii. 320. bein-stórr, adj. big-boned, Sturl. i. 8. bein-stökkull, m. a sprinkle (stökkull) of bone, Am. 105. bein-vaxinn, part, straight-grown, tall and slim. bein-veggr, m. a wedge of bone, A. A. 270. bein-verkr, v. bein. bein-viði, n. and beinviðr, m. ebony, Sks. 90, Bser. 16; Lat. ilex. bein-víðir, m. s ali ne arbuscula, Hjalt. bein-vöxtr, m. bone-growth, bonyness; lítill (mikill) beinvöxtum, of small (big) frame, Bs. i. 328. beiska and beiskja, u, f. bitterness, harshness, sourness, Sks. 532 B. beiskaldi, a, m., Lat. acerbus, a nickname, Sturl. beiskleiki, a, and beiskleikr, s, m. bitterness, harshness, sourness; Marat, þat er b., Stj. 290, Rb. 336 of sulphur: metaph. acrimony, b. i brjósti, Post. 656 C; hjartans b.; bitr b., Stj. 51, 421, Sks. 730 B, Magn. 502, Bs. i. 743. beiskliga, adv., esp. in the phrase, grata b., t o w eep bitterly, Fms. x. 367, Th. 6, the Icel. transl. of Luke xxii. 62; grenja (to h ow l) b., Fms. x. 256: bitterly, grimly, bera sik b. her í móti, Stj. 143. beiskligr, adj. bitter. BEISKR, adj. [Dan. beedsk; Swed. besk; it is always spelt with s (not 2) in the MSS., and cannot therefore well be traced to bita, qs. beitskr] :-- bitter, sour, acrid; salt vatn ok b., Stj. 93; beiskar súrur, bitter herbs, 279. Exod. xii. 8; b. drykkr; amara, þat er b. at vóru máli, 421, 625. 70, Sks. 539: metaph. bitter, Th. 6: exasperated, grim, angry, smalamaðr sagði Hallgerði vígit; hon varð beisk við, Nj. 60, Al. 122. BEISL, n. a bridle, freq. in old vellum MSS. spelt beils, Fs. 128, 62, Fms. x. 86, xi. 256 C; with z, beizl or mod. beizli, Sks. 84, 87 new Ed., N. G. L. ii. 115, Grett. 122, Fms. viii. 52, v. 1., Fas. ii. 508; beisl (wilh s), Karl. 4, Grág. i. 439 (Kb. and Sb.), Stj. 206, Nj. 33, Fms. x. 86, Flov. 26, etc. The word is not to be derived from bita; this may with certainty be inferred from comparison with the other Teut. idioms, and even in the Roman tongues we find r after the first letter: A. S. bridle and bridels; O. H. G. brittill; Dutch bridel; Engl. bridle; these forms seem to point to the Lat. / ren wm; the Scandin. idioms seem to have elided the r; Swed. betsel; Dan. bidsel; Icel. beils and beisl or bei z l; many words referring to horse taming and racing are not genuine Scandinavian, but of foreign extraction; so is söðull, saddle, derived from A. S. sa'So l, Lat. sedile. COMPDS'. beisl-al, f. bridle-rein, Flov. beisl-hringr, m. bridle-ring, Fs. 62. beisl-tamr, adj. w sed tothe bridle, Grág. i. 439. beisl-taumar, m. pl. bridle-reins, Fms. xi. 256, Sturl. iii. 314; cp. bitull. beisla, að, to bridle, Stj. 206. BEIT, n. I. pasturage, Grág. ii. 224, 263, 286; á beit, grazing: [in England the rector of a parish is said to have ' the bite' of the churchyard.] COMPDS: beitar-land, n. a pasture land. beitar- maðr, m. owner of a pasture, Grág. ii. 286, Jb. 245. beitar-tollr, m. a toll or fee for pasturage. II. poet, a ship, Lex. BEIT, f. a plate of metal mounted on the brim, e. g. of a drinking horn, the carved metal plate on an old-fashioned saddle, Fms. iii. 190; skálir með gyltum beitum, B. K. 84, Bs. ii. 244; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. 6. 28 (Germani urorum cornua) a labris argento circumcludunt. beita, u, f. bait, Bs. ii. 179, Hým. 17, Edda 38; now esp. for fish, and used in many compds, e. g. beitu-fjara, u, f. the shore where shell-fish for bait are gathered; beitu-lauss, adj.; beitu-leysi, n., etc. BEITA, tt, [v. bita, beit, mordere], prop, mordere facer e. I. t o graze, feed sheep and cattle; the animals in dat., b. svínum, Grág. ii. 231; nautum, Eg. 721: the pasture in acc., b. haga, Grág. ii. 224, 225; engi, 228; afrétt, 302, 329; land, 329, Eg. 721: absol., Grág. ii. 249: with ' i' and dat., b. í skógi, 299: ' í' with acc., b. svínum í land annars manns, 231: b. upp land (acc.), t o s poil the pasture by grazing, lay it bare; beittust þá upp allar engjar, Eg. 712: with dat., b. upp (t o consume) engjum ok heyjum, Fms. vi. 104. II. to handle, manage a (cutting) instrument; with dat., b. skutli, a harpoon, Fbr. 144; sverði, a sword, Fms. viii. 96, xi. 270; vápnum, 289. III. a nautical term, to cruise, prop, to let the ship 'bite' the wind; undu þeir segl sin ok beittu út at Njcirvasundum allfagran byr, Orkn. 356; beita þeir í brott frá landinu, Ld. 76; fengu þeir beitt fyrir Skotland, the y sailed round, weathered S., Eg. 405; beittu þá sem þverast austr fyrir landit, 161; b. undir veðrit, to tack, Vb. i. 511; b. í haf út, Orkn. 402: metaph., varð jafnan þeirra hlutr betri, er til hans hnigu, en hinna, er frá beittu, who steered away from him, Fms. viii. 47. IV. a hunting term, to bunt (cp. bciða), the deer in acc., the dogs or hawks in dat.; b. e-n hundum, to set hounds on him; konungr sagði at hann skyldi afklæða, ok b. hundum til bana, Fms. ii. 173, x. 326; beita haukum, to chase with hawks, Fas. 1. 175: to chase, svá beitum vér björnuna, Hkr. ii. 369 MS. B, vide bauta; hann ... hafði beitt fimm trönur, be had caught Jîve cranes, Fagrsk. 77, where Hkr. 1. c. has ' veitt;' svá beitu vér bjarnuna á mörkinni norðr, sagði hann, O. H. L. 70, cp. above; verðr Salomon konungr varr at dýr hans eru beitt, biðr. 231; þeir beita bar mart dýr, hjörtu ok bjornu ok hindr, 232: metaph. and reflex., b. e-m, sögðu þeir mundu eigi þeim birni bcitast, at deila um mál hans við ofreflismenn slika, the y sa id the y would not bunt that bear, 01k. 34: metaph., b. e-n brügðum, vélum, vólræðum..., to hunt one down with tricks or schemes; þykist þér nú allmjök hafa komizt fyrir mik í viti, ok beittan brögðum í þessu, Ísl. ii. 164; vélum, 623; lilögum, Sks. 22; illu, Fas. i. 208: recipr., við höfum opt brögðum beizt, ... schemed against each other, Fms. xi. 263; stundum beittust þau vel- ræðum, i. 57. p. to bait; the bait in dat., the angle in acc. V. to yoke to, of horse or cattle for a vehicle, the cattle almost always in acc.; þá vóru yxn fyrir sleða beittir, Eb. 172; bjó sér vagn ok beitti hest, Fms. x. 373, Gkv. 2. 18; ok beittu fyrir tvá sterka yxn, Eb. 176, Grett. 112, Stj. 206: with dat., b. hestum, vagni, to drive; but acc., beittu, Sigurðr, hinn blakka mar, S. saddle thy black steed, Ghv. 18: metaph., b. e-n fyrir e-t, to pwto ne at the head of it, Sks. 710: reflex., beitast fyrir e-t, t o lead a cause, to manage it, Ld. 196, Fms. viii. 22, Hkr. ii. 168. VI. to hammer iron or metal intoplates, v. beit, beit-fiskr, m. fish to be caught with bait, in the phrase, bita mætti b. ef at borði væri dreginn, Fbr. í So, Gísl. 135 reads beinfiskr, no doubt wrongly: the proverb denotes a fine game, one played with slight trouble. beiti, n. pasturage, Fbr. 65 (1852). beiti, n., botan. eri c a vulgaris, heather, ling, commonly beiti-lyng, Hm. 140. beiti-áss, m., naut. term, a sail-yard, Fms. ii. 230, iii. 26, Hkr. i. 159. beitill, m. (v. góibeitill), botan. equisetum arvense, mare's tail, Hjalt. beiting, f. grazing, Grág. ii. 224, Gullþ. 19, Landn. 289, Ld. 148. beitinga-mál, n. a lawsuit about right of grazing or pasturage, Landn. 287, (Ed. betting, badly.) beiti-teigr, m. a tract of pasturage, Grág. ii. 227i 24^- beit-lostinn, part, mounted with a metal rim, B. K. 84, D. N. i. 537 (of a book). beit-stokkr, m., cognom., Fms. viii, 327. beittr, adj. sharp, cutting (= bitr), of cutting instruments, Eg. 746 (freq.) bekkjast, ð and t, dep. to envy one, in the phrase, b. til við e-n, t o s eek a quarrel with, Grett. 127; the metaphor from guests (beggars) elbowing one another off the benches, cp. Hm. 31. bekkju-nautr, m. a bench-fellow^, Fms. ii. 48. bekk-klæði, n. the covering of a bench, Fms. vii. 307, Js. 78. BEKKR, jar, m. pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, dat. jum, [A. S. benc; Engl. bench, bank; Germ, bank; Dan. bcenk; Icel. per assimil. kk; the Span. banco is of Teut. origin] :-- a bench, esp. of the long benches in an old hall used instead of chairs; the north side of a hall (that looking towards the sun) was called æðri bekkr, the upper bench (Gl. 337, Ld. 294); the southern side úæðri bekkr, the lower (inferior) bench, Nj. 32, Eg. 547, Fms. iv. 439, xi. 70, Glúm. 336, Ld. I. e.; thus sitja á enn

BEKKJARBOT -- BERJAMOR. 57

æðra or úæðra bekk is a standing phrase: the placing of the benches differed in Icel. and Norway, and in each country at various times; as regards the Icel. custom vide Nj. ch. 34, Sturl. i. 20, 21, the banquet at Reykhólar, A. D. 1120, ii. 182, the nuptials at Flugumýri, Lv. ch. 13, Ld. ch. 68, Gunnl. S. ch. 11, Ísl. ii. 250, cp. Nj. 220: á báða bekki, on both sides of the ball, Ísl. ii. 348, cp. Gísl. 41 (in a verse), etc.: as to foreign (Norse) customs, vide esp. Fagrsk. ch. 216, cp. Fms. vi. 390, xi. (Jómsv. S.) 70, Glúm. ch. 6, Orkn. ch. 70, Sturl. ii. 126; see more minutely under the words skáli, öndvegi, pallr, etc.; breiða, strá bekki, is to strew or cover the benches in preparing for a feast or wedding; bekki breiði (imper. pl., MS. breiða), dress the benches! Alvm. 1; bekki at strá, Em. verse 1; standit upp jötnar ok stráit bekki, Þkv. 22; brynjum um bekki stráð, the benches (wainscots?) covered with coats of mail, Gm. 44: in these phrases bekkir seems to be a collective name for the hall, the walls of which were covered with tapestry, the floor with straw, as in the Old Engl. halls. The passage Vtkv. 10 -- hveim eru bekkir baugum sánir -- is dubious (stráðir?); búa bekki, to dress the benches; er Baldrs feðr bekki búna veit ek at sumblum, Km. 25; breitt var á bekki, brúðr sat á stól, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 466; vide brúðarbekkr. COMPDS: bekkjar-bót, f. the pride of a bench, a bride, cognom., Landn. bekk-jar-gjöf, f. 'bench-gift,' an old custom to offer a gift to the bride whilst she sate on the bride's bench at the wedding festival, Ld. 188, cp. Fms. ii. 133, and in many passages in Fritzner from D. N. it seems to be synonymous with línfé (lín, a veil), as the bride's face on the wedding day was veiled; ganga und líni is a poët. phrase used of the bride on the bridal bench, yet Fms. x. 313, línfé eða b. 2. as a law term, cp. Engl. bench; the benches in the lögrétta in Icel. were, however, usually called pallr, v. the Grág. 3. the coloured stripes in a piece of stuff. BEKKR, s, and jar, m. [North. E. beck; Germ, bach; Dan. bæk; Swed. bäck], a rivulet, brook. In Icel. the word is only poët. and very rare; the common word even in local names of the 10th century is lækr (Lækjar-bugr, -óss, etc.); Sökkva-bekkr, Edda, is a mythical and pre-Icel. name; in prose bekkr may occur as a Norse idiom, Fms. vi. 164, 335, viii. 8, 217, Jb. 268, or in Norse laws as in Gþl. 418. At present it is hardly understood in Icel. and looked upon as a Danism. The phrase -- þar er (breiðr) bekkr á milli, there is a beck between, of two persons separated so as to be out of each other's reach -- may be a single exception; perhaps the metaphor is taken from some popular belief like that recorded in the Lay of the Last Minstrel, note to 3. 13, and in Burns'Tam o' Shanter -- 'a running stream they dare na cross;' some hint of a like belief in Icel. might be in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 356. It is now and then used in poetry, as, yfir um Kedrons breiðan bekk, Pass. 1. 15. COMPDS: bekkjar-kvern, f. a water-mill, B. K. 45 (Norse). bekkjar-rás, f. the bed of a beck, Stj. MS. col. 138. bekk-skrautuðr, m. (cp. bekkjarbót), the pride of the bench, epithet to Bragi, Ls. 15. bekk-sögn, f., poët. the people seated in a hall, Gísl. (in a verse). bekk-þili, n. the wainscoted walls of a hall, Em. 1. BEKRI, a, m. a ram, Lex. Poët.; in prose in the form, brjóta bekkrann, to break the ram's neck, Grett. 149: now also bekra, að, to bleat, Dan. bræge (rare). belg-bera, u, f. a 'wallet-bearer,' a beggar, wretch, in swearing; vándar belgberur, wretches! Nj. 142, v. 1., or a monster, v. the following word. belg-borinn, part, a monster child, without any trace of face, N. G. L. i. 339. belgja, ð, [Hel. belgan, irâ inflari], to inflate, puff out, Fms. iii. 201, Anal. 200; b. augun, to goggle, Bárð. 171: to drink as a cow. BELGR, jar, m. pl. ir, [Lat. follis; Ulf. balgs = GREEK; A. S. bälg; Dutch balg; Engl. belly]:-- the skin, taken off whole (of a quadruped; hamr is the skin of a bird, hams that of a snake), nauts-belgr, katt-belgr,otrs-belgr, melrakka-belgr, hafr-belgr, Grág. i. 500, 501, Fas. ii. 516 (of a bear), Edda 73 (otter): they were used as bags, in which to carry flour (mjölbelgr), butter (smjörbelgr), liquids (vínbelgr), curds (skyrbelgr), herbs (jafnabelgr), or the like, (bulgos Galli sacculos scorteos appellant, Festus); í laupum eða belgjum, Gþl. 492, cp. Grett. 107, and the funny taunt in Fms. xi. 157 -- verið get ek hafa nökkura þá er þaðan munu hafa borið raufóttara belginn (i. e. more of scars and wounds) en svá sem þú hefir borit, því at mér þykir sjá bezt til fallinn at geyma í hveitimjöl, the rebuke of a lady to her sweetheart on his having fled out of battle with whole skin fit to keep flour in it, cp. also Nj.141. 2. bellows (smiðju-belgr), Edda 70, þiðr. 91. 3. the curved part of a letter of the alphabet, Skálda 177. II. metaph., letibelgr, a lazy fellow, Fél. 12. 53: belgr also denotes a withered, dry old man (with a skin like parchment), with the notion of wisdom, cp. the proverb, opt ór skörpum belg skilin orð koma, and, a little above, opt er gott þat er gamlir kveða, Hm. 135; böl vantú bróðir er þú þann belg leystir, opt ór þeim (þurrum?) belg böll ráð koma, ... deep schemes often come out of an old skin, Hðm. 27: the proverb, hafa skal ráð þó ór refsbelg komi, take good advice, even if coming from an old fox-skin! Gullþ. ch. 18. People say in Icel. lesa, tala, læra í belg, to read, talk, learn in a bag, to read or talk on foolishly, or to learn by rote; cp. the tale about the orðabelgr, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 479; cp. Asbjörnsen, Norse Tales, New Coll. Chr. 1856. 2. botan. gluma, Hjalt. beli, a, m. belly, a cognom., Fas. i. 347: botan. legumen. beli, n. dat. bellowing; með beli ok öskri, Fas. iii. 413. belja, að, to bellow, Vápn. 21, Hkr. i. 319, Eb. 320. beljan, f. bellowing, lowing, Grett. 112, Bær. 19. BELLA, ball, a defect. strong verb [cp. Lat. pello, Gr. GREEK,], to hit, hurt, tell upon; with dat., ekki má ófeigum bella, i. e. one not fated to die is proof against all shots, Ísl. ii. 305; tólf berserkjum, þeim er þeir ætluðu, at ekki mundi b., Fas. iii. 140, 149; ok ætluðu sér ekki b. mundu, Ver. 1O; ball þér nú, Bófi (did it strike thee?) ... Ball víst, sagði hann, ok ball hvergi meir en þú hugðir, Eb. 240; þykir nú sem þeim muni ekki b., Sturl. iii. 237. bella, d, [A. S. bealdjan; Hel. beldjan], to deal with one in a certain way, esp. of unfair dealing; with dat., hvar viti menn slíku bellt við konungmann, who did ever see a king thus dealt with, Eg. 415; hvat skal ek göra við biskup, er slíku hefir bellt, ... who has dared to deal thus, Orkn. 252; hver ... mun hafa þessu bellt, at brjóta guð várn Bal, Stj. 391. Judges vi. 99; but more freq. in poetry, bella svikum, to deal in treason, Hallfreð; lygi, Þkv. 10; bragði, Am. 55; b. glaumi, gleði, to be in high spirits, Gkv. 2. 29; cp. mod. bralla, að, brellur, f. pl. tricks. belli-bragð, n. knavish dealing, a trick, Grett. 91, Þorst. hv. 46. bellinn (mod. brellinn), adj. trickish, Grett. 22 new Ed. bell-vísi, f. trickishness, Finnb. 294. BELTI, n. [Lat. balteus; Engl. belt], a belt, esp. a belt of metal (silver) or embroidered, esp. belonging to a woman, Ld. 284, Sturl. iii. 189, Nj. 2, 24: belonging to a man, with a knife fastened to it, Fs. 101, Fms. iv. 27; kníf ok belti ok vóru þat góðir gripir, Gísl. 54, Fms. ix. 25, Fb. ii. 8, Nj. 91. COMPDS: belta-dráttr, m. a game, two boxers tied together with one girdle, also in use in Sweden: hence a close struggle, Fms. viii. 181. beltis-púss, m. a belt-pocket, Gullþ. 47, Sturl. l. c., Art. 70. beltis-staðr, m. the belt-waist, Gísl. 71, Fms. iv. 56. In poetry the sea is called the belt of islands or of the earth. 2. Belti, Mare Balticum, is derived from the Lithuanian baltas = albus. 3. astron. a zone, himinbelti, hitabelli, kuldabelti. BEN, jar, f. pl. jar (neut., N. G. L. i. 387; stór ben, acc. pl. n., Gísl. (in a verse), v. bani above. I. a wound; as a law term, esp. a mortal wound (cp. bani); thus defined, skal ILLEGIBLE lýsa, en ben ef at bana verðr, Grág. ii. 18, 29, 70; benjar á hinum dauða manni, 28; svá skal nefna vátta at sárum sem at benjum, 30; and in the compds, benja-lysing, f. a sort of coroner's inquest upon a slain man, Grág. ii. 29; benja-váttr, m. a sort of coroner's jury, defined in Grág. ii. 28 -- þeir eigu at bera, hve margar benjar eru, they have to give a verdict how many mortal wounds there are; en búakviðr (the jury) hverir sannir eru at; benja-vætti, n. the verdict of a benjaváttr, Grág. id. II. yet commonly 'ben' means a small bleeding wound; þeirri blóðgri ben, er Otkell veitti mér áverka, Nj. 87, Sd. 139, Fs. 144, in the last passage, however, of a mortal wound. It is now medic. the wound produced by letting blood. In old poetry it is used in a great many compds. bend, f. = ben, N. G. L. i. 159, 166. benda, u, f. a bundle, Gþl. 492: now metaph. entanglement. 2. a bond, tie, v. höfuðbenda: naul. term, a stay. benda, d, laler t, [Goth. bandvian], to beckon, give a sign with the hands or eyes: wilh dat., hann bendi þeim at fylgja sér, Hom. 113, K. Þ. K. 37, Orkn. 426: metaph. to forebode, betoken, Hom. 137, Skálda 170, Stj. 101: with acc. of the thing, Akv. 8. benda, d, mod. t, [band], Lat. curvare, to bend; b. sverð um kné sér, Fms. x. 213; benda boga, to bend a bow, Grág. ii. 21, Fas. ii. 88, 330; b. upp, Nj. 107; benda hlífar, Rm. 39; prob. = Lat. flectere, nectere, to join, as in mod. usage, b. tunnu, to hoop a tub: recipr., bendast á um e-t, to strive, contest about, Fms. viii. 391, v. l.: metaph. to give away, Al. 44. bendi, n. a cord, Fms. iii. 209. bendill, m., dimin. a small cord, string, Edda 231. 2. a sort of seed, Edda (Gl.) bending, f., Lat. nutus, a sign, token, Rb. 348, Fms. i. 10; boð ok b., Stj. 36: foreboding, betokening, Fms. vii. 195, Ld. 260. benja, að, to wound mortally, Fm. 25. ben-lauss, adj. free from wounds, N. G. L. i. 357. ben-rögn, n. an GREEK Nj. 107 (cp. the verse, p. 118), bloody rain, a prodigy, foreboding, slaughter, plague, or like events, cp. Eb. ch. 51, Dl. verse 1. benzl, n. a bow in a bent state; taka boga af benzlum, to unbend a bow, Str. 44. BER, n., gen. pl. berja, dat. jum, [Goth, basi; A. S. beria; Germ.beere; cp. also the A. S. basu]:-- a berry, almost always in pl., Grág. ii. 347; lesa ber, to gather berries, Jb. 310, Bs. i. 135:-- distinguished, vinber, the vine-berry, grape; esp. of Icel. sorts, bláber, the bleaberry, bilberry, whortleberry; aðalbláber, Vaccinium myrtillus; krækiber, empetrum; einirber, juniperus; hrútaber, rubus saxatilis; jarðarber, strawberry; sortuber or mulningr, arbutus, Hjalt. COMPDS: berja-hrat, n. the stone in a berry. berja-mór, m. baccetum; fara á b., to go. a-black-

58 BERJAVIN -- BERA.

berrying. berja-vín, n. berry-wine (cp. Engl. gooseberry-, elderberry-wine), Bs. i. 135. BERA, u, f. I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root 'ber' remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn. II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg. bera, að, [berr, nudus], to make bare, Lat. nudare; hon beraði líkam sinn, Bret. 22: impers., berar hálsinn (acc.), the neck became bare, Bs. i. 624. BERA, bar, báru, borit, pres. berr, -- poët, forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. GREEK Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ, gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære]. A. Lat. ferre, portare: I. prop, with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á (amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat (carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc. 2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406. 3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed. II. without a sense of motion: 1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. par&e-short;re; also Gr. GREEK Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., 'ala' and 'fæða' are used of women; but 'bera,' of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon (the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, ... entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar ..., Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1. β. of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm ..., to bear fruit, flower ... (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr. 2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing: α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250. β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240. 3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre: α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302; -- a ship 'berr' (carries) such and such a weight; but 'tekr' (takes) denotes a measure of fluids. β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326-328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt (she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga (sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one's best, try a thing. III. in law terms or modes of procedure: 1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals 'hólmganga,' and 'ganga undir jarðarmen,' v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41-45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.) 2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363. β. b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38. B. Various and metaph. cases. I. denoting motion: 1. 'bera' is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either 'bera' absol. or adding kvið (verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr (delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr (bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar (jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis (abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict -- höfum vér (the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag (for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46. β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one's face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at... (non diffitebor), Nj. 271;

BERA. 59

b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good..., 11; b. e-m vel (ilia) söguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable') witness of one, 271. 2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, njósn, frétt..., or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir; b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compli- ment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sin) fyrir e-n, to plead one's case before one, or to tell one's errand, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, t o deliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnus hit fyrsta erindi (M. made bis first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu úbernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. t o pronounce, hence ' framburðr, ' pronunciation); mun ek þat nú fram b., / shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. frá, t o a tte s t, r el a te with emphasis; má þat frá b., Dropl. 21; b. upp^ to produce, mention, tell, bótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. gg; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar (produced) við Rút, Nj. II; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp erindi sin (cp. Germ, ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 356; b. upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle, Sij. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman ráð sin, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they h a d designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx. II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory Sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold, bear, "of a title; b. nafn, to he ar a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar nafn, haulds nafh, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bónda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endow- ments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu, hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. um vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; úhámingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence vel (ilia) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, áræði, þor, til e-s, t o have courage, confidence ... to d o a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, önn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to h a te: b. svort augu, to h av e dark eyes, poet., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to he ar a proud heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57. 2. with some sense of motion, to be ar q^or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, t o c a rr y off the victory from or in ...; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, be had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaord af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; |)orr berr banaorð af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to be ar off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá rík sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, lægra hlut, ' to bear off the higher or the lowerlot, ' i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 413; b. efra, hærra skjöld, t o carr y the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cattle), to he in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, t o r e s t thebones, be buried; far þú til Islands, þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en þó hygg ek at þú munir her b. beinin í Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borft, to throw overboard, metaph. to oppress; verðr jjórhalli nú fyrir borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fasr. 234; b. brjóst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to pwto ne's hand before one's bead, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishjálm yfir e-m, to keepone in a we and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2. III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr, yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja féit er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en þó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þat mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, afl ok frseknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. (outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir báru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem hæfði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, THom. 141; b. e-t við, to try iton (hence viðburðr, experiment, effort): b. um, to wi n d round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, m a de it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; ' b. e-t undir e-n' is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; ' b. e-t fyrir' is to feign, use as excuse: b. á, i, t o smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu ser, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð scr, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with gold or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to s í t fire t o, Nj. 12 2; b. fjötur (bond) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bond berask at e-m, a law term, the tvidtnct bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr berr af sér lagit,, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 42 î; cp. A. II. 3. /8. IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr), to bearoneself proudly, of b. lítið á, to be ar oneself humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af berask, to die; Ortarr vill skipa til um fjarfar sitt áðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, t o a bide in a pl ac e as a n asylum, seek shelter; her munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vígl. 19. p. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjót eptir, to seek for one another's life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53- T pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning t o get wounds and give way, Nj. :-- berask við, to be prevented, not to do; ok nú let Almáttugr Guð við berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; en mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at hón kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þá búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann let þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þannig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, th a t mischief would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80. C. IMPERS. :-- with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp, sense, and gener. denotes a n involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by chance: I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. o ne happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama brunni, a ll come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann þá ofan gegnt özuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to 0., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of ship s or sailors; nú berr svá til (happens) herra, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Islands eðr annara landa, it b or e us to /., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr í haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124. p. as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, thehall ro ll s out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. no where it is transit.; berr Gisli ok út knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. II, Grett. ch. i7, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2. f. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar allan skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H. 's body, 198; ok skyldu sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should perchance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it be ars o ne, i. e. o ne i s b orn e onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þóttist vita, at hann (acc.)'mundi fljotara yfir bera ef hann riði en gengi, th a t he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes. 2. also with acc. followed by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok solar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other; Rb. 34; þat kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok solar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtlepassed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) heiðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt mátti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (halt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, kin g' O. st oo d out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mjök bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Olafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a vision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek sé ..., m any things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þat er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. a ll the dream, 195; eina nótt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veiði (acc.) berr i hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sp or t falls to one's lot; her bæri veiði í hendr nú, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting term), when one misses one's oppor- tunity; vel væri þá ... at þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, th a t thi s game should not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks down, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., þyki mér ilia, ef undan berr, if í miss it, Nj. 155; viljum ver ekki at undan beri at..., we will by no means miss it..., Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr sá er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fjárhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below. II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til handa ..., to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi þann at b., n o s uch thing should happen as ..., Fms. xi. 76; svá bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú vist at hendi borit, er..., Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; , b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms.

60 BERA -- BERJA.

425; at honum bæri engan vúðaligan hint til a veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance might happen, that..., 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185. 2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on ...; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei svá optarr á oldinui, 78; þat er nú berr oss næst, w hat has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í móti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í móti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar þat saman, at pa var Gunnarr at segja brennusoguna, ~/ u s t when G. ivas about telling the story, Nj. 269. 3. metaph. of agreement or separa- tion; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v. 1.; berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok þorkatü at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25. 4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr til..., causes a thing; ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that / hat wa s / he reason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, tha í this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; bat berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32. P. meiri van at brátt beri þat (acc.) til buta, at herviliga steypi hans riki, i. e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru þeir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi her, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. 1. 361. y. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to tz person's lot; hon á art at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimikill svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri fn'i hve vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar bat mest frá hversu ilia hann var limaðr, but above all, bow..., 0. H. 74. 6. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú allbráðum. Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl. 51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr stórum, hversu mer þóknast vel þeirra athæfi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i. e. / dogreatly Hie, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat alïsmám hversu vel mt':r likar, in no small degree do í like, x. 296. P. with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one's lot, v. above, Grúg. i. 93. III. answer- ing to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, ilia, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr þat ekki ne stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at mér beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, ilia, it i s beseeming, proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; at- hæfi þat er vel beri fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi ilia bera, at maðr hafi svart skinn til hosna, i. e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes per- sonal in order to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e. g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) ber til þess at láta jarl cinn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjúmaðr með honum, vii. 280; eigi berr her til úviska inin, it i s not that / a w wo t knowing, Nj. 135. IV. when the reflex, inflexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e. g. þar (þat ?) mun hugrinn miim mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is what í suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, / an c y, and e-t berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); heiir þetta (norn.) vel í múti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harð- liga kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gpl. 55; barsk sú úhamingja (nom.) til á íslandi, that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þá úhamirigju ...; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, P'ms. x. 253; fundir virir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; þat barsk at a cinhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at urn síðir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast vie, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; var þess van, at fylkingar inundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr gékk at ram- liga, ok barst Atli (wa s shaken, gave away) fyrir orku sakir, þar til er hann fell. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two wrest- ling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV. D. In mod. usage the strong bera -- bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e. g. ekki bar (ber) ú því, it could (ca n) not be seen; að á engu bæri, lúta ekki 4 bera (to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt alterations from the weak verb bera, að, midare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case. ber-bakt, n. adj., ríða b., to ridebare-back, i. e. without saddle, Glúm. 362. ber-beinn, adj. hare-legged, Fms. vii. 63, Harbl. 5. ber-brynjaðr, part, without coat of mail, Sd. 146, Bs. i. 54, 1. ber-dreymr, now berdreymiim, adj. [draumr], having 'bare' (i. e. clear, true) dreams as to the future, \. Ísl. Jjjóðs. ii. 91, Ísl. ii. 91, Fb. iii. 447, Gísl. 41. berendi, n. = berfe, N. G. L. i. 70, 225. ber-fe, n. afemale animal, opp. to graðfé, Grág. i. 426, Jb. 431. ber-fjallj n. 1. [ber=bjorn and fjall, / ell= pelli s], a bear-skin, Vkv. 10 (2). 2. [berr, nudus, and fyll, fell = mons] , a bare fell or rocky hill, (now freq.) ber-fættr, adj. bare-footed, bare-legged, Bs. i. 83, Hkr. ii. 259, Fms. vii. 63, x. 331. COMPD: berfættu-bræðr, m. pl. a minorite, bare- footed friar, Ann. 1265. BERG, n. [Ulf. bairga = r\ optivrj; A. S. biorh; Germ, be r^; Dan. hjœrg; Swed. be rg; cp. bjarg and borg, in Swed. and Dan. berg means a mountain gener., = Icel. fjall; in Icel. berg is a special name] :-- a rock, elevated rocky ground, as in lögberg; vaðberg, a rock on the shore where the angler stands; móberg, a clay so il, saxum terresfri-arenaceum fuscum, Eggert Itin.; þursaberg is a sort of whetstone, cp. Edda 58; and heinberg, bone-stone, id.; silfrberg, silver-ore, Stj.; á bergi, o n a rock or rocky platform. P. a rock, boulder; varð b. eitt undir höfði honum, Flov. 31. y. a precipice = björg; framan í bergi, Fms. vii. 8l, Eg. 581, Hkr. i. 151; meitilberg. berg-búi, a, m. a berg-dweller, i. e. a giant, Landn. 271, Bárð. 164. berg-danir, m. pl. the Danes, (inhabitants) of rocks, giants, Hym. 17. berg-hamarr, m. a rocky projection, Hom. 117* berg-hlíð, f. the s ide or slope of a b., Fms. viii. 57, = Icel. fjallshlíð. berg-högg, n. a quarry, bjal. 8; cp. berhögg. bergi-biti, a, m. a bit tota s te, Sturl. ii. 132. bergiligr, adj. inviting to taste, Sks. 528. berging (bergning, Eluc. 20), f. tasting, taste, Stj. 292, Hom. 53, Magn. 486, Eluc. 54. bergisamligr, adj. = bergiligr, Sks. 528. BERGJA, ð, [A. S. beorgan; Lat. gustare~] , tot as te; with dat., bór- gunna vildi iingum mat b., Th. would taste no food, Eb. 262; b. ölvi, Ls. 9; þeir bergðu engu nema snjó, Fms. viii. 52, 303, Stj. 268, Andr. 70; b. Guðs holdi ok blóði, in the holy supper, 655 xviii; b. dauða, to taste death, Post. 656 C, Fb. i. 323; fá margir sjukir menn heilsu, er b., that drink, Fms. i. 232, iii. 12, Hom. 82; b. á e-u, Stj. 39, Fas. i. 246; b. af, Sks. 106, Blas. 43; cp. bjarga, bjargast við e-t, e. g. Eb. 244, Eg. 204, Clem. 26, Fs. 174. berg-mál, n. a n ech o, also called dvergmál. berg-mála, að, to ech o. berg-rifa, u, f. a fissure in a rock, Symb. 56. berg-risi, a, m. [ep. berga-troll in the Norse tales], a hill-giant, Hkr. i. 229; hrímþursar ok bergrisar, Edda 10, 15; hon (Gerðr) var b. ættar, 22; mikit folk hrimþursa ok bergrisar, 38, Gs. 9, 2j. berg-skor, f. pl. ar, [cp. Scot, scaur'] , a chasm in a rocky bill, Hkv. 2. 20, Fms. vii. 202, Stj. 450. í Sam. xiii. 6. berg-snös, f. [from snos = a projection, Gullþ. 50, ch. 4, not mis, nasus] , a rocky projection. Eg. 389, Gullþ. 8, I. e., Fas. i. 156 spelt berg- nös, Sæm. 131. berg-tollr, m. a rock-toll, paid for catching fowl thereon, Sturl. iii. 225. berg-vörðr, m. a watch, look-out for rocks and cliff's; halda b., Jb. 407. ber-hendr, adj. bare-banded. ber-höfði, berh. öfða or berh. öfðaðr, adj. bare-beaded, Stat. 299. ber-högg, n. [berr, nudus, or rather = berghögg, metaph. for a quarry] , in the phrase, ganga á (í) b. við e-n, metaph. to make open fight, deal rudely with, Fms. xi. 248, Ld. 142; Júann gekk á b. at banna, 6V. John interdicted openly, 625. 93, in all those passages ' á:' in mod. usage ' i, * so Greg. 80, Sturl. ii. 61, fjorst. Síðu-H. 7. berill, m. a barrel for fluids (for. word), Stj. 367. BERJA, barði, pres. berr; sup. bart, barzt, O. H. L. 24, Bret. 48, 64, Fms. viii. 214, 215, xi. 16, and later barit, barizt; part. fern, barið, Am. 84; barðr, fern, börð, Sturl. iii. 154; mod. barinn; either form may now be used: [Lat. / eri o. The word is not found in Ulf., and seems to be unknown in Germ, and Engl.; it is lost in mod. Dan.] I. act. to strike, beat, smite, with acc., Fms. vii. 227, Eg. 582: as a punishment, b. húð af e-m, to scourge one, N. G. L. i. 85: to thrash to death, 341; b. grjóti, to stone, of witches, Am. 84, Ld. 152, Eb. 98, Gísl. 34: to castigate, b. til batnaðar, Hkr. ii. 178; cp. the sayings, einginn verðr óbarinn biskup, and, vera barðr til bsekr, Bs. i. 410; b. steinum í andlit e-m, to throw stones in one's face, 623. 31; b. e-u saman vápnum, sverðum, skjöldum, knefum, to dash weapons ... against , ?e ach. o ther, Fins, vii, 204; b. gull, to beat gold, x. 206; sem barit gull,

BERKJA -- BETIU. 61

like beaten gold, Ísl. ii. 206; b. korn, to thresh corn, Magn. 520: metaph. to chide, scold, b. e-n illyrðum, ávítum, Nj. 64, Hom. 35 :-- with 'á', 'at', to knock, rap, strike, b. á hurð, á dyrr (or at dyrum), to rap, knock at a door, Th. 6; b. sér á brjóst, to smite on one's breast, in repentance, Fms. v. 122; b. at hurðu, Sturl. iii. 153; b. til e-s, á e-m, to give one a thrashing, Dropl. 23; er þú á konum barðir, Hbl. 38; hjartað barði undir síðunni, to beat, of the heart, Str. 6 (but hjartsláttr, throbbing of the heart), in mod. use reflex., hjartað berst, hjartað barðist í brjósti heitt, Pass. 2. 12: in the phrase, b. í brestina, to cry off a bargain, the metaphor is taken from hammering the fissure of a ring or the like, in order to hide the fault, Nj. 32. II. reflex., berjask, [cp. Fr. se battre; Germ, sich schlagen], to fight, Lat. pugnare, Boll. 360, Rd. 296, Fms. x. 86, Ísl. ii. 267, Fas. i. 255, Íb. 11: of a duel, ok þat með, at vit berimk her á þinginu, Eg. 351; b. við e-n, to fight with, Fms. xi. 86; b. á e-t, Lat. oppugnare, á borgina, i. 103, vii. 93, Stj. (freq.), seems to be a Latinism; b. til e-s, to fight for a thing; at b. til Englands, to invade England, Ísl. ii. 241, v. l.; b. orrostu, Lat. pugnam pugnare, Fms. vii. 79: of the fighting of eagles, Ísl. ii. 195. III. impers., with dat., it dashes against; skýja grjóti barði í augu þeim, the hailstones dashed in their eyes, Jd. 31; honum barði við ráfit kirkjunnar, he dashed against the roof, Bs. i. 804; þeim barði saman, they dashed against each other, id. BERKJA, t, to bark, bluster; with dat., b. yfir e-u, AI. 24; er oss hefir lengi í sumar berkt, Hkr. iii. 386; hefir þú stórt berkt við oss, Fms. xi. 87, [cp. barki, digrbarkliga.] ber-kykvendi, n. a she-beast, Fms. xi. 94. ber-kyrtlaðr, adj. without cloak, wearing the kyrtill only, Fms. ii. 29. ber-leggjaðr and berleggr, adj. bare-legged, Fms. vii. 63, x. 415. ber-ligr, adj. and berliga, adv. I. [berr, nudus], open, manifest, Hom. 134; adv. openly, Fms. iv. 234, ix. 447, Ísl. ii. 317; compar., Clem. 46. II. [berr, bacca] , fruitful, Stj. 15. berlings-áss, m. [from Swed. bärling, a pole, bar] , a pole; b. þrettán álna langr, Fms. iii. 227, GREEK, l. c., [cp. berling, in Engl. carpentry, the cross rafter of a roof.] ber-málugr and bermáll, adj. bare-spoken, outspoken, Fms. x. 420. ber-mælgi, f. bare-speech, freedom of speech, Fms. vi. 178. ber-mæli, n. pl. = bermælgi, Fms. ix. 333, Hkr. iii. 77. ber-mæltr, part. = bermálugr, Fms. xi. 53, Hkr. iii. 97. bernska, u, f. [barn], childhood, childishness; proverb, bráðgeð er bernskan, Fms. vi. 220; vera í b., Nj. 30, Fms. vii. 199, Sks. 596. COMPDS: bernsku-bragð, n. a boyish trick, Grett. 92, Sturl. iii. 124. bernsku-maðr, m. a youth, childish person, Hkr. ii. 156. bernskligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), childish, Fms. v. 245, Sks. 553, 153, Magn. 434. bernskr, adj. [Ulf. barnisks], childish, Fms. i. 22, vii. 237, ix. 249, Hom. 50. ber-orðr, adj. = bermáll. BERR, adj. [A. S. bär; Engl. bare; Germ, bar; Slav. bos; Litt. bosus; the Goth word is not on record, but was prob. sounded basus; the radical form is b-s, not b-r, and it is consequently different from Lat. -perio (in aperio), or bera, ferre, v. Grimm s. v.]; :-- Lat. nudus, bare, naked; albrynjaðr svá at ekki var bert nema augun, Fms. vii. 45; beran vápnastað, Nj. 9; undir berum himni, under the bare sky, in open air, sub dio, Karl. 544; á beru svæði, in open field; ber sverð, naked swords, Fms. i. 266; UNCERTAINða berum hestum = berbakt, Dl. ii. 2. metaph. naked, unprotected, Grág. ii. 8; berr er hverr á baki nema sér bróður eigi (a proverb), Nj. 265. β. uncovered, open, clear, manifest; segja með berum orðum, in clear words, Stj. 447; verða berr at e-u, to be convicted of a thing, 656 A, 25; berar jartegnir, Fms. ii. 221; góran sik beran at e-u, to shew openly, mostly in a bad sense, xi. 55; vóru berastir í því Þrændir, the Th. were most undisguised in it, Hkr. ii. 57; göra bert, to make known, lay bare, Fms. i. 32, vii. 195. ber-serkr, s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much contested; some -- upon the authority of Snorri, hans menn fóru 'bryn&dash-uncertain;julausir,' Hkr. i. 11 -- derive it from 'berr' (bare) and 'serkr' [cp. sark, Scot, for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because 'serkr' is a subst. not an adj.: others derive it from 'berr' (Germ, bär = ursus), which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjálfi, Bjarnhéðinn, Úlfhéðinn, (héðinn, pellis,) -- 'pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur, 'Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 22: even the old poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of 10th century), a dialogue between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies, Úlfhéðnar heita, they are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; þeir berserkir er Úlfhéðnar vóru kallaðir, þeir höfðu vargstakka (coats of wild beasts) fyrir brynjur, Fs. 17 :-- a 'bear-sark,' 'bear-coat,' i. e. a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age; twelve berserkers are mentioned as the chief followers of several kings of antiquity, e. g. of the Dan. king Rolf Krake, Edda 82; a Swed. king, Gautr. S. Fas. iii. 36; king Adils, Hrólf. Kr. S. ch. 16 sqq.; Harald Hárfagri, Eg. ch. 9, Grett. ch. 2, Vd. l. c. (Hornklofi, v. above); the twelve sons of Arngrim, Hervar. S. ch. 3-5, Hdl. 22, 23; the two berserkers sent as a present by king Eric at Upsala to earl Hakon of Norway, and by him presented to an Icel. nobleman, Eb. ch. 25. In battle the berserkers were subject to fits of frenzy, called berserksgangr (furor bersercicus, cp. the phrase, ganga berserksgang), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth and gnawed the iron rim of their shields; during these fits they were, according to popular belief, proof against steel and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy; but when the fever abated they were weak and tame. A graphical description of the 'furor bersercicus' is found in the Sagas, Yngl. S. ch. 6, Hervar. S. l. c., Eg. ch. 27, 67, Grett. ch. 42, Eb. ch. 25, Nj. ch. 104, Kristni S. ch. 2, 8 (Vd. ch. 46); cp. also a passage in the poem of Hornklofi | grenjuðu berserkir, | guðr var þeim á sinnum, | emjaðu Úlfhéðnar | ok ísarn gniiðu -- which lines recall to the mind Roman descriptions of the Cimbric war-cry. In the Icel. Jus Eccles. the berserksgangr, as connected with the heathen age, is liable to the lesser outlawry, K. Þ. K. 78; it is mentioned as a sort of possession in Vd. ch. 37, and as healed by a vow to God. In the Dropl. S. Major (in MS.) it is medically described as a disease (v. the whole extract in the essay 'De furore Bersercico,' Kristni S. old Ed. in cake); but this Saga is modern, probably of the first part of the 17th century. The description of these champions has a rather mythical character. A somewhat different sort of berserker is also recorded in Norway as existing in gangs of professional bullies, roaming about from house to house, challenging husbandmen to 'holmgang' (duel), extorting ransom (leysa sik af hólmi), and, in case of victory, carrying off wives, sisters, or daughters; but in most cases the damsel is happily rescued by some travelling Icelander, who fights and kills the berserker. The most curious passages are Glúm, ch. 4, 6, Gísl. ch. 1 (cp. Sir Edm. Head's and Mr. Dasent's remarks in the prefaces), Grett. ch. 21, 42, Eg. ch. 67, Flóam. S. ch. 15, 17; according to Grett. ch. 21, these banditti were made outlaws by earl Eric, A. D. 1012. It is worth noticing that no berserker is described as a native of Icel.; the historians are anxious to state that those who appeared in Icel. (Nj., Eb., Kr. S. l. c.) were born Norse (or Swedes), and they were looked upon with fear and execration. That men of the heathen age were taken with fits of the 'furor athleticus' is recorded in the case of Thorir in the Vd., the old Kveldulf in Eg., and proved by the fact that the law set a penalty upon it. Berserkr now and then occurs as a nickname, Glúm. 378. The author of the Yngl. S. attributes the berserksgangr to Odin and his followers, but this is a sheer misinterpretation, or perhaps the whole passage is a rude paraphrase of Hm. 149 sqq. In the old Hbl. 37 berserkr and giant are used synonymously. The berserkers are the representatives of mere brute force, and it therefore sounds almost blasphemous, when the Norse Barl. S. speaks of Guðs berserkr (a'bear-coat' or champion of God), (Jesus Kristr gleymdi eigi hólmgöngu sins berserks), 54, 197. With the introduction of Christianity this championship disappeared altogether. bersi, a, m. a bear, Grett. 101 A, Fas. ii. 517, Sd. 165, Finnb. 246: the phrase, at taka sér bersa-leyfi, to take bear's leave, i. e. to ask nobody (cp. 'to take French leave'): freq. as a nom. pr., and hence in Icel. local names. ber-skjaldaðr, adj. bare of shield, i. e. without a shield, Nj. 97. ber-svæði, n. an open field. ber-syndugr, adj. (theol.), a sinner, publicans and 'sinners,' Greg. 33, Post. 656, H. E. i. 585. ber-sögli, f. [bersogull, adj.], a free, frank speech; hence ber&dash-uncertain;söglis-vísur, f. pl., name of a poem by Sighvat, Fms. vi. 38 sq. ber-yrði, n. pl. plain-speaking, Fms. vii. 161. BETR, adv., compar. to vel; and BEZT, elder form bazt, superl., better, best: 1. compar., er betr er, luckily, happily, Fms. ix. 409, Ld. 22; b. þætti mér, I would rather, Nj. 17; vánu betr, Lat. spe melius, Fms. ii. 101; b. úgört, better not to do, Ld. 59; hafa b., to get the better of it, Fb. i. 174: adding gen., þess b., er ..., so much the better ..., Sks. 426: denoting quantity, more, leggit fram b. hit mikla skipit, advance it farther, better on, Fms. ii. 307; engi maðr tók b. en í öxl honum, v. 67; b. en tuttugu menn, ix. 339; þrjú hundruð ok þrír tigir ok sex b., to boot, Rb. 88; ekki máttu sumir menn b. en fá staðist, i. e. they could do no more, were just able to keep up against him, Fms. xi. 136; ef hann orkar b., if he can do more, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 128; nú má hann b., but if he is able to do more..., id. 2. superl., bazt búið, best equipped, Fas. ii. 523; with a gen., bezt allra manna, Eg. 34; manna bezt, Nj. 147; kvenna bezt hærð, Landn. 151; bazt at báðir væri, cp. Germ, am besten, am liebsten, soonest, Eg. 256. betra, að, to better, improve, Ld. 106; betrask, to become better, Fms. iii. 160: impers., ef eigi betraðist um, Rd. 277; þeir sögðu, at konungi betraðist mjök, that the king was much better, Fms. ix. 215. betran, f. a bettering, improving, esp. in theol., Fms. vi. 217, Stj. 158: alliter., böt ok betran. betr-feðrungr, m. a man better than his father, Fms. vi. 286. BETRI, betra, compar., and BEZTB, baztr, batztr, the superl.

ea BEYGJA -- BINDA.

to ' góðr, ' which serves as the posit. :-- in the compar. the primitive a becomes e; thus old poets of the beginning of the nth century, as Sighvat, rhyme betri -- setrs; the old form batri however occurs, 655 xx. 4: in the superl. the a was kept till the end of the 12th century. Sighvat rhymes, last -- bazti; old vellum MSS. now and then still spell with a (bazt, baztr ...), Glúm. 371, Heið. S. Ísl. ii. 324, Grág. ii. 165, 252, Fms. xi. 214, 220, Hm. 13, 26, 47, Hkv. Hjörv. 39, Lb. 12, Pd. 11^1. 27, 625. 42, Fms. x. (Ágrip) 418; baþztra (baztra), gen. pl., 398, 401 (but betþt, 385); bazta (acc.), Eluc. 36: sing. fern, and neut. pl. bözt, with a changed vowel, bözt heill, n. pl., Skv. 2. 19; böztu (böþtu), pl., Fms. x. 401, 403, 415: it is spelt with z, tz (in Agrip even pf), or zt, in mod. spelling often s, as in mod. Engl., and pronounced at present as an s, [Goth, batizo, superl. batisto; A. S. batra and betsta, besta; Engl. better and be s t; Germ. be ss er and beste] :-- better, best; meira ok betra, Nj. 45, 193; betri, Dipl. v. 18; beztr kostr, Nj. I, Eg. 25; beztr bóndi, Ld. 22. p. kind, friendly towards one; with dat., er honum hafði baztr verit, 625. 42; er mér hefir beztr verit, Fms. vii. 2 74 • er þér fyrir því bezt..., it i s best for thee, than doest best to accept it, Nj. 225; því at þinn hlutr má eigi verða betri en góðr, 256; betra byr ok blíðara, 625. 4: with gen., meðan bezt er sumars, during (be best part of the summer, Sks. 29, etc. etc., v. góðr. beygja, ð, [baugr], to be n d, bow, Fms. ii. 108, iii. 210, x. 174: metaph., b. e-m krók, to make it crooked for one, the metaphor taken from a game or from wrestling, Ld. 40. beygla, u, f. to dint, of plate, metal, etc., Sturl. ii. 221. BEYKI, n. beech-wood; beykir, m. a cooper, v. buðkr. beyla, u, f. a bump, Lat. gibbus, swelling, Bjorn, cp. Snot 98. beyrsta and beysta, t, [old Dan. börste; Swed. b os t a], to bruise, beat; b. korn, to thresh, Fms. xi. 272; the alliterated phrases, berja ok b., t o flog, Hom. 119; b. ok bíta, Grág. ii. 118; b. bakföllum, to pull hard, beat the waves with the oars, Am. 35. beysti, n. [Swed. bös te], a bam, gammon of bacon, biðr. 222. beytill, m., v. góibeytill, equisetu?n hiernale, a cognom., Landn. beztr, baztr, bezt, bazt, v. betri and betr. BIBLIA, and old form BIBLA, u, f. the Bible, Am. (Hb.) 10. BIÐ, n. pl. [A. S. bid], a biding, waiting, delay; skömm bið, Al. 118: patience, mikit megu biðiu (a proverb), 119, 623. 60; vera góðr í biðum, to be patient and forbearing, Bs. i. 141; liggja ú bið (biðum ?), to bide the events, Fms. x. 407: in mod. usage fern, sing., lífið manns hart fram hleypr, hefir það enga bið, Hallgr. biða, að, to bide a bit, Stj. 298, Bs. ii. 123: with gen. (= bíða), ok biðuðu þeirra, Fagrsk. 138, Nj. (Lat.) no note k, 135 note o. biðan, f. = bið, H. E. ii. 80. bið-angr and biðvangr, m. a biding, delay, Fms. ix. 259, v. l. biðill, m., dat. biðli, pl. biðlar, a wooer, suitor, Fms. ii. 8. BIÐJA, bað, báðu, beðit; pres. bið; imperat. bið and biddu; poët. forms with suff. neg. 1st pers. pres. biðkat ek, Gísl. (in a verse): [Ulf. bidian = aÍTtîv, (ptarav; A. S. biddian; Old Engl. bid, bede (in bedes-man), and ' to bid one's be a d s;' Germ, bitten, beten; cp. Lat. petere~\ :-- to beg; with gen. of the thing, dat. of the person; or in old writers with infin. without the particle ' at;' or 'at' with a subj.: a. with infin., Jarl bað þá drepa hann, ... bað hann gefa Hallfreði grið, Fms. iii. 25; hann bað alla bíða, Nj. 196; bað þá heila hittast, Eg. 22, Fms. vii. 351; Skapti bað Gizur (acc.) sitja, Nj. 226; Flosi bað alla menn koma, Nj. 196, Hdl. 2; inn bið þú hann ganga, Skm. 16, Ls. 16; b. e-n vera heilan, valere jubere, Gm. 3, Hkv. 1, 2: still so in the Or. 65 (biðr ek Ólaf bjarga mér) of the end of the 14th century; mod. usage prefers to add the ' at, " yet Hallgrimr uses both, e. g. hann bað Pétr með hryggri lund, hjá sér vaka um eina stund, Pass. 4. 6; but, Guð bið eg nú að gefa mér náð, id. p. with 'at' and a subj., b. viljum vér þik, at þú sér, Nj. 226, Jb. 17: without ' at, ' Pass. 6. 13, 3. 12. y- w'tn gen-' b. matar, Grág. i. 261; er per þess ekki biðjanda. Eg. 423; b. liðs, liðveizlu, föruneytis, brautargengis, Nj. 226, 223, Ísl. ii. 322; bænar, Fms. iv. 12; b. e-m lífs, griða, góðs, böls, to beg for the life ... of one, Háv. 39, Fms. iii. 25, Edda 38, Hm. 127; b. fyrir e-m, to beg, pray for one, Nj. 55; b. e-n til e-s, to request one to do a thing, Grág. i. 450, Fms. v. 34: spec, t o court (a lady), propose, with gen. as object of the thing and person here coincide, b. konu, b. sir konu, Eg. 5, Nj. 2, Rm. 37. 2. to pray (to God), absol., hann bað á þessa lund, Blas. 41; b. til Guðs, Sks. 308, Fms. iii. 48; b. baen sinni (dat.), to prayone's prayer, 655 xvi, Hom. 114; b. bæn sína, id., Blas. 50. p. reflex., biðjask fyrir, to sayone's prayers, Nj. 196; er svá baðst fyrir at krossi, Landn. 45, 623. 34, Orkn. 51; biðjast undan, to excuse oneself, beg pardon, F"ms. vii. 351: the reflex, may resume the infin. sign ' at, ' and even an active may do so, if used as a substitute for a reflex., e. g. biðr bórólfr at fara norðr á Hálogaland, Tb. asked for furlough to go to H., Eg. 35. bið-lund (and biðlyndi, Hom. 26. transl. of Lat. longanimitas), f. forbearance, patience, Hom. 97, Stj. 52, Pass. 8. 13, 15, 15. 13. COMPDS: biðlundar-góðr, adj. forbearing, Fb. ii. 261. biðlundar-mál, n. a thing that can bide, as to which there is no hurry, Grett. 150. bið-stund, f. (biðstóll, Bs. i. 292 is prob. a false reading), biding a bit, Bs. i. 292, 704, Fms. viii. 151, THom. 104. BIFAST, ð, mod. að, dep. [Gr. *f(f3-, Qå~os, cp. Lat. paveo^febrts • A. S. beofan; Germ, beben], to shake, to tremble: 1. in old writers only dep., bifðisk, bkv. 13, Hkv. 23, bd. 17; bifaðist, Gísl. 60, Grett. 114: to fear, en þó bifast aldri hjartað, Al. 80. 2. in mod. usage also act. to move, of something very heavy, with dat., e. g. eg gat ekki bifað því, / could not move it. bifr, m., in the compd úbifr, m. dislike, in the phrase, e-m er ú. að e-ni, one feels a dislike to. COMPD: bifr-staup, n. a cup, Eb. (in a verse). bifra, u, f. [A. S. beber, be/ er], a beaver (?), a cognom., Fms. bif-röst, f., the poet, mythical name of the rainbow, Edda 8, (vi a tremula); but Gm. 44 and Fm. 15 read bilröst. bifu-kolla (byðui-, Safn i. 95), u, f. leontodon taraxacum, Hjalt. 254. BIK, n. [Lat. pi*; Gr. irtcrcra; A. S. pi c; Engl. pitch; Germ. pech; a for. word], pitch, Stj. 46; svartr sem. b., Nj. 195, Orkn. 350, Rb. 352. COMPD: bik-svartr, adj. black a s pitch. bika, að, to pitch, Stj. 58, Ver. 8. BIKARR, m. [Hel. bicere; Engl. beaker; Scot, bicker; Germ. becher; Dan. bœger, cp. Gr. ftinos; Ital. bic c hiere], a beaker, large drinking cup, Dipl. v. 18: botan. perianthium, Hjalt. BIKKJA, u, f. a bitch; þann graut gaf hann blauðum hundum ok mælti, þat er makligt at bikkjur eti bor, Fms. ii. 163: as an abusive term, Fs. 54, Fas. i. 39; so in mod. Icel. a bad horse is called. COMPDS: bikkju-hvelpr, m. a bitch's whelp, Fms. ix. 513. bikkju-sonr, m. so n of a b., Fas. iii. 607. bikkju-stakkr, m. the s kin of a b., Fas. iii. 417: all of these used as terms of abuse. bikkja, ð, t, [bikka, to roll, Ivar Aasen], to plunge into water; hann bikði í sjoinn, he plunged overboard, Fms. x. 329; bikti sér út af borðinu, ii. 183; cp. Lapp, puokljet -- to plunge. BIL, n., temp, a moment, twinkling of an eye; \ því bili, Nj. 115; þat bil, that very moment, Stj. 149, 157, Fms. i. 45. p. loc., Lat. inter- vallum, an open space left; b. er þarna, Fas. ii. 67; orðin standa eiga þétt (namely in writing), en þó bil á milli, an Icel. rhyme. -y- tne poetical compds such as biltrauðr, bilstyggr, bilgrönduðr ..., (all of them epithets of a hero, fearless, dauntless,) point to an obsolete sense of the word, failure, fear, giving way, or the like; cp. bilbugr, bilgjarn, and the verb bila; cp. also timabil, a period; millibil, distance; dagmálabil, hádegis- bil, nónbil, etc., nine o'clock, full day-time, noon-time, etc. II. fem. pr. name of a goddess, Lex. Poët. bila, að, pres. bil (instead of bilar), Fas. ii. 76 (in a verse), to fail; burr vill fyrir engan mun bila at koma til einvigis, Tb. will not fail to meet, Edda 57; fiorsteinn kvað pat eigi mundu at bila, Tb. said that it should not fail, he should not fail in doing so, Lv. 33: with dat., flestum bilar áræðit, a proverb, Fms. ii. 31 (Ld. 170), Rd. 260. 2. impers., e-n bilar (acc.), Finnb. 338 (in mod. usage impers. throughout), to break, crack, þá er skipit hljóp af stokkunum, þá bilaði í skarir nokkurar, Fms. viii. 196; reiði b., Grág. ii. 295; b. at e-u, id., Gþl. 369; bil sterka arma, my strong arms fail, Fas. ii. I. e. bil-bugr (bilsbugr, Fas. iii. 150), m. failing of heart; in the phrase, láta engan bilbug á sór sjá (finna), to stand firm, shew no sign of fear, Fms. viii. 412, Grett. 124, Fas. iii. 150, Karl. 233; fá b. á e-m, to throw one back, Karl. 80. bil-eygr, adj. a nickname of Odin, of unsteady eyes, Edda (Gl.) bil-gjarn, adj., occurs only in the compd úbilgjarn, overbearing. bil-röst, f. via tremula, the rainbow, v. bifröst. bil-skirnir, m. the heavenly abode of Tbor, from the flashing of light, Edda. bilt, prob. an old n. part, from bila; only used in the phrase, e-m verðr bill, to be amazed, astonished; en þá er sagt, at bór (dat.) varð bill cinu sinni at slá hann, the first time that Thor's heart failed him, Edda 29; varð þeim bilt, Korm. 40, Nj. 169. bimbult (now proncd. bumbult), n. adj., only in the phrase, e-m verðr b., to feel uneasy, Gísl. 33, of a witch (freq., but regarded as a slang word), mér er half bumbult... BINDA, batt, 2nd pers. bazt, pl. bundu, bundit; pres. bind; 3rd pers. reflex, bizt; imperat. bind, bind þú; 2nd pers. bittú, bitt þú, Fm. 40: [Goth., A. S., Hel. bindan; Engl. bind; Germ, binden; Swed. binda, 2nd pers. bandt; in Icel. by assimilation batt; bant, however, Hb. 20, 32 (1865)] :-- to bind: I. prop, to bind in fetters, (cp. bond, vincula; bandingi, pri so ner), Hom. 119, Fms. xi. 146, Gþl. 179: 1. to tie, fasten, tie -up, b. hest, Nj. 83; naut, Ld. 98, Bs. i. 171; b. hund, Grág. ii. 119; b. við e-t, to fasten to; b. stein við háls e-m, 655 xxviii; b. blæju við stong, Fms. ix. 358; b. skó, þvengi, to tie the s hoes, Nj. 143, borst. St. 53, Orkn. 430: to bind in parcels, to pack up, b. varning, Fms. iii. 91, ix. 241 (a pun); b. hey, to tru ss hay for carting, Nj. 74; klyf, Grett. 123; b. at, til, to bind round a sack, parcel, Fms. i. 10; to bind a b oo k, (band, bindi, volume, are mod. phrases), Dipl. i. 5, 9, ii. 13. p. medic, to bind wounds, to bind up, b. sár, Eg. 33, Bs. i. 639, Fms. i. 46 (cp. Germ, verbindetî); b. um, of fomentation, Str. 4. 72: metaph. phrase, eiga um sárt at b., to have a so re wound to bind up, one feeling sore; hefir margr hlotið um sárt at b. fyrir mér, i. e. / have inflicted deep

BINDANDI -- BITI. 63

wounds on many, Nj. 54: the proverb, bezt er um heilt at b., or eiga um heilt at b., to bind a sound limb, i.e. to be safe and sound; þykir mér bezt um heilt at b., I think to keep my limbs unhurt, to run no risk, Fms. vii. 263. 2. with a notion of impediment; b. skjöld sinn, to entangle the shield: metaph., bundin (closed, shut) skjaldborg, Sks. 385. II. metaph. to bind, make obligatory; leysa ok b., of the pope, Fms. x. 11: to make, contract a league, friendship, affinity, wedding, fellowship, oath, or the like; b. ráð, to resolve, Ld. 4, Eg. 30; samfélag, lag, vináttu, eið, tengdir, hjúskap, Fms. i. 53, iv. 15, 20, 108, 210, ix. 52, Stj. 633, K. Á. 110: absol. with a following infin., binda (fix) þeir Þórir at hittast í ákveðnum stað, Ísl. ii. 147. III. reflex, to bind, engage oneself, enter a league; leikmenn höfðu saman bundizt at setjast á kirkjueignir, Bs. i. 733; bindask (b. sik) í e-u, to engage in a thing; þótt hann væri bundinn í slíkum hlutum, 655; at b. sik í veraldligu starfi, id.; hann bazt í því, at sýslumenn yðrir skyldu eigi koma á mörkina, Eg. 71; em ek þó eigi þessa búinn, nema fleiri bindist, unless more people bind themselves, enter the league, Fær. 25, Valla L. 216; bindast í banns atkvæði, H. E. i. 465; binda sik undir e-t, with a following infin. to bind oneself to do, Vm. 25; b. sik við e-t, id., N. G. L. i. 89; bindask e-m á hendi, to bind oneself to serve another, esp. of the service of great personages; b. á hendi konungum, Fms. xi. 203, x. 215, Bs. i. 681, Orkn. 422; bindast fyrir e-u, to place oneself at the head of an undertaking, to head, Hkr. iii. 40; Öngull vildi b. fyrir um atför við Gretti, Grett. 147 A. 2. with gen., bindask e-s, to refrain from a thing; eigi bazt harm ferligra orða, i.e. he did not refrain from bad language, 655. 12; b. tára (only negative), to refrain from bursting into tears, Fms. ii. 32; hlátrs, Sks. 118; b. við e-t, id., El. 21; b. af e-u, Stj. 56. bindandi and bindendi, f. (now neut., Thom. 68), abstinence, Stj. 147, 625. 186, Fms. i. 226, Hom. 17. COMPDS: bindendis-tími, a, m. a time of abstinence. bindandis-lif, n. a life of b., Stj. 147, 655 xiii. bindandis-maðr, m. an ascetic, Bs. ii. 146; mod. a teetotaler. bindi, n. a sheaf, = bundin, N. G. L. i. 330; mod. a volume, (cp. Germ. band.) BINGR, m. a bed, bolster, Korm. (in a verse), prop. a heap of corn or the like, (Scot. bing,) Nj. 153; vide Lex. Poët. birgðir, f. pl. stores, provisions, Sturl. ii. 225, Fær. 53, Fas. ii. 423. birgiligr, adj. well provided, Bs. i. 355. BIRGJA, ð, to furnish, provide; skal ek víst b. hann at nökkuru, Nj. 73; segir Sigurðr, at hann mun b. þá með nökkuru móti, Fær. 237; hann birgði þá ok um búfé, Ld. 144; nú vil ek b. bú þitt at málnytu í sumar, Hrafn. 9. [In the Edd. sometimes wrongly spelt with y, as it is quite different from byrgja, to enclose.] birgr, adj. [O. H. G. birig, fertilis; unbirig, sterilis: sometimes in Edd. wrongly spelt byrgr: this form however occurs Bs. i. 868, MS. the end of the 15th century] :-- provided, well furnished; b. at kosti, Grett. 127 A, Sd. 170; viltú selja mér augun? Þá er ek verr b. eptir, Fas. iii. 384. BIRKI, n. collect. = björk, birch, in COMPDS: birki-raptr, m. a rafter of birch-wood, Ísl. ii. 153. birki-viðr, m. birch-wood, Grág. ii. 355. birkja, t, to bark, strip; b. við, Jb. 235, Stj. 177; cp. Gkv. 2. 12, birkinn viðr (= birki viðr?), Fms. viii. 33; b. hest, to flay a horse. BIRNA, u, f. a she-bear, Stj. 530, Fs. 26, Magn. 476: astron., Rb. 468; b. er vér köllum vagn, 1812. 16. birnu-gætir, m. the name of one of the constellations, 1812. 18. BIRTA, t, [Ulf. bairhtian], to illuminate, brighten, Stj. 15; b. sýn, 655 xxx; b. blinda, id. 2. impers., þokunni birtir af, the fog lifted, Hrafn. 6: to brighten with gilding or colouring, a ship, þá var birt allt hlýrit, cp. hlýrbjartr and hlýrbirt skip, Fms. iv. 277. 3. metaph. to enlighten; birta hjörtu vár, Hom. 67, Rb. 390: to make illustrious, Skálda 204. β. to reveal, manifest, Fms. iv. 132, viii. 101: with dat., birti hann &aolig-acute;st sinni, x. 418. γ. reflex, to appear; birtist þá skaði þeirra, Fms. vii. 189, v. 344, Stj. 198, Ann. 1243; b. e-m, Fms. i. 142. birti, f. and mod. birta, u, f. [Goth, bairhti], brightness, light, the old form birti is used Luke ii. 9, in the N. T. of 1540, and the Bible of 1584, and still kept in the 11th Ed. of Vidal. (1829); otherwise birta, Pass. 8. 19, 41. 10; birta also occurs Stj. 81, Fb. i. 122; but otherwise birti in old writers; birti ok fegrð, Fms. v. 344, x. 347; birti ægis, the gold, Edda 69; tunglsins birti, Stj. 26, Fms. i. 77. birting, f. brightness, Sks. 26, 656 A: metaph. manifestation, revelation, Th. 76, Stj. 378, Barl. 199: vision, 655 xxxii. 2. day-break. COMPD: birtingar-tíð, f. time of revelation, Hom. 63. birtingr, m. a fish, trutta albicolor, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms. vii. 157: pl. illustrious men, Eg. (in a verse). BISKUP, m., in very old MSS. spelt with y and o (byskop), but commonly in the MSS. contracted 'bUNCERTAIN,' so that the spelling is doubtful; but biscop (with i) occurs Bs. i. 356, byscop in the old fragm. i. 391-394; biskup is the common form in the Edd. and at present, vide Bs. i. ii, Sturl. S., Íb. [Gr. GREEK; A. S. biscop; Engl. bishop; Germ. bischof] :-- a bishop. Icel. had two sees, one at Skalholt, erected A.D. 1056; the other at Hólar, in the North, erected A.D. 1106. They were united at the end of the last century, and the see removed to Reykjavik. Biographies of ten of the bishops of the 11th to the 14th century are contained in the Bs., published 1858, and of the later bishops in the Biskupa Annálar (from A.D. 1606), published in Safn til Sögu Íslands, vol. i. and Bs. ii, and cp. farther the Biskupaæfi, by the Icel. historian Jón Halldórsson (died A.D. 1736), and the Hist. Eccl. (H. E.). by Finn Jonsson (Finnus Johannæus, son of the above-mentioned Jón Halldórsson). During two hundred years of the commonwealth till the middle of the 13th century, the bishops of Skalholt and Hólar were elected by the people or by the magnates, usually (at least the bishops of Skalholt) in parliament and in the lögrétta (the legislative council), vide the Hungrv. ch. 2 (valinn til b. af allri alþýðu á Íslandi), ch. 5, 7, 13, 16, Sturl. 2, ch. 26, Kristni S. ch. 12, Íb. ch. 10, Þorl. S. ch. 9, Páls. S. ch. 2, Guðm. S. ch. 40, Jóns S. ch. 7 (þá kaus Gizurr biskup Jón prest Ögmundarson með samþykki allra lærðra manna ok úlærðra í Norðlendinga fjórðungi). Magnús Gizurarson (died A.D. 1237) was the last popularly elected bishop of Skalholt; bishop Gudmund (died A.D. 1237) the last of Hólar; after that time bishops were imposed by the king of Norway or the archbishop. COMPDS: biskupa-búningr, m. episcopal apparel, Sturl. i. 221. biskupa-fundr, m. a synod of bishops, Fms. x. 7. biskupa-þáttr, m. the section in the Icel. Jus Eccl. referring to the bishops, K. Þ. K. 60. biskupa-þing, n. a council of bishops, Bs. i. 713, H. E. i. 456. biskups-brunnr, m. a well consecrated by bishop Gudmund, else called Gvendarbrunnar, Bs. biskups-búr, n. a 'bishop's-bower,' chamber for a bishop, Sturl. ii. 66. biskups-dómr, m. a diocese, Fms. vii. 173, xi. 229, Íb. 16, Pr. 107: episcopate, Fms. i. 118. biskups-dóttir, f. a bishop's daughter, Sturl. i. 207. biskups-dæmi, n. an episcopal see, Sturl. i. 204, iii. 124: the episcopal office, 23, Bs. i. 66, etc. biskups-efni, n. bishop-elect, Bs. i, cp. ii. 339. biskups-frændi, m. a relative of a bishop, Sturl. ii. 222. biskups-garðr, m. a bishop's manor, Fms. ix. 47. biskups-gisting, f. the duty of entertaining the bishop on his visitation, Vm. 23. biskups-kjör, n. pl. the election of a bishop, Bs. i. 476. biskups-kosning, f. id., Sturl. i. 33, Fms. viii. 118, v.l. biskups-lauss, adj. without a bishop, Fb. iii. 445, Ann. 1210. biskups-maðr, m. one in the service of a bishop, Fms. ix. 317. biskups-mark, n. the sign of a bishop; þá gerði Sabinus b. yfir dúkinum ok drakk svá öröggr (a false reading = kross-mark?), Greg. 50. biskups-mágr, m. a brother-in-law of a bishop, Fms. ix. 312, v.l. biskups-messa, u, f. a mass celebrated by a bishop, Bs. i. 131. biskups-mítr, n. a bishop's mitre, Sturl. ii. 32. biskups-nafn, n. the title of a bishop, Fms. x. 11. biskups-ríki, n. a bishopric, diocese, Ann. (Hb.) 19, Fms. xi. 229, Sturl. ii. 15. biskups-sekt, f. a fine to be paid by a bishop, N. G. L. i. 350. biskups-skattr, m. a duty to be paid to the bishop in Norway, D. N. (Fr.) biskups-skip, a bishop's ship: the bishops had a special licence for trading; about this matter, vide the Arna b. S. Laur. S. in Bs. and some of the deeds in D. I.; the two sees in Icel. had each of them a ship engaged in trade, Fms. ix. 309, v.l.; vide a treatise by Maurer written in Icel., Ný Fél. xxii. 105 sqq. biskups-skrúði, a, m. an episcopal ornament, Fms. ix. 38. biskups-sonr, m. the son of a bishop, Sturl. i. 123, Fms. x. 17. biskups-stafr, m. a bishop's staff, Bs. i. 143. biskups-stofa, u, f. a bishop's study, Dipl. ii. 11. biskups-stóll, m. an episcopal seat, bishopric, Jb. 16, K. Á. 96, Fms. x. 409. biskups-sýsla, u, f. a diocese, episcopate, Fms. vii. 172. biskups-tign, f. episcopal dignity, Bs. i. 62, 655 iii, Sks. 802, Sturl. i. 45. biskups-tíund, f. the tithe to be paid to the bishop in Iceland, v. the statute of A.D. 1096, D. I. i, Íb., K. Þ. K. 150 (ch. 39), K. Á. 96. biskupstíundar-mál, n. a lawsuit relating to the bishop, H. E. ii. 185. biskups-vatn, n. water consecrated by bishop Gudmund, Bs. i. 535. biskups-veldi, n. episcopal power, Pr. 106. biskups-vígsla, u, f. the consecration of a bishop, Fms. viii. 297, Bs. i. 61. biskupa, að, to confirm, Hom. 99; biskup er skyldr at b. börn, K. Þ. K. 62; Guðmundr biskup biskupaði hann tvævetran, Sturl. iii. 122; tók Glúmr skírn ok var biskupaðr í banasótt af Kol biskupi, Glúm. 397: now in Icel. called að ferma or staðfesta or even kristna börn. biskupan, f. confirmation; ferming er sumir kalla b., K. Á. 20, ch. 3. biskupligr, adj. episcopal; b. embaetti, Stj. 556, Sks. 781, 655 xxxii. (not fit for a bishop.) BISMARI, a, m. [for. word; Germ, besem, besen; Dan. bismer; v. Grimm s.v.], a steelyard, Gþl. 526, Dipl. iii. 4. COMPD: bismara-pund, n. a sort of pound, N. G. L. iii. 166. bissa, u, f., Lat. byssus, a stuff, Bær. 21. bistr, adj. [Swed. bister], angry, knitting one's brows, Sturl. iv. 82, v.l., cp. Bs. i. 750, Pass. 21. 1. BIT, n. bite, Lat. morsus; at tönnunum er bitsins ván, Skálda 163: of cutting instruments, sax vænligt til bits, Fs. 6: of insects, mýbit, bite of gnats, Rd. 295; bit flugdýra, 655 xxx; dýrbit, a fox killing lambs, Bs. ii. 137. β. pasture = beit, N. G. L. i. 246. bita, að, to divide (a ship) with cross-beams (biti); skip þrennum bitum út bitað, Sturl. iii. 61. β. to cut food, meat into bits. bit-bein, n., cp. Engl. bone of contention; hafa ríki þessi lengi at öfund orðit ok bitbeinum, Fær. 230. biti, a, m. 1. a bit, mouthful (cp. munnbiti); konungr át nökkura bita af hrosslifr, Fms. i. 37, Játv. 26, Rd. 283: in the phrase, biðja

64 BITILL -- BJARGA.

bitum, to go begging, Grág. i. 278. 2. an fvi- t oo th=jaxl, q. v., [Swed. bet a r]; eru vér ok svii gamlir, ok svá bitar upp komnir, i. e. we are no longer babies, have got our eye-teeth, Fms. viii. 325. 3. a cross- beam, girder in a house, Ld. 316, Gbl. 346: in a ship, Lat. transtrum, Fms. ix. 44, Stud. iii. 61. bitill and bitull, m., dat. bitli, the bit of a bridle, Stj. 84, 397, Hkr. i. 27, Hkv. 2. 34, Akv. 30, Fms. iv. 75, Hkr. ii. 31. bitlingr, m. a bit, morsel; the proverb, víða koma Hallgerði bitlingar, cp. Nj. ch. 48; stela bitlingum, to steal trifles, Sturl. i. 61, v. 1.; bera bitlinga frá borði, a s a beggar, Fas. ii. (in a verse). bitr, rs, adj. biting, sharp, Korm. So, Eg. 465, Fms. ii. 255. bitra, u, f. bitterness, a cogiiom., Landn. bitrligr, adj. s h a rp, Korm. 80, Fbr. 58: metaph., Ísl. ii. (in a verse). bit-sótt, f. contagious disease, poët., Ýt. 17. bit-yrði and bitryrði, n. pl. taunts, N. G. L. i. 223. bí, bí, and bíum, bium, interj. lullaby! BÍÐA, beið, biðu, beðit; pres. bíð; imperat. bíð, 2ndpers. bíðþii, biddu, [Ulf. beid a n; A. S. bidan; Engl. bide; O. H. G. bitan] :-- -to bide. I. to bide, wait for: with gen., b. e-s, to -wait for one, Eg. 274; skal slikra manna at visu vel b., s wc h men are worth wailing for, i. e. they are not to be had at once, Fms. ii. 34; the phrase, bíða sinnar stundar, to bide one's time: with héðan, þaðan, to wait, stand ivaiting, bíð þú héðan, unz ek kem, 656 C. 35; þaðan beið þengill, Hkv. 1. 22: also, b. e-s ór stað, Lex. Poët. The old writers constantly use a notion 'a loco/ þaðan, héðan, or stað, where the mod. usage is her, þar, ' in loco:' absol., Fms. x. 37, Nj. 3. II. to abide, suffer, undergo, Lat. pad; with acc., b. harm, Nj. 250; skaða, Grúg. i. 459, 656 C; ámæli, to be blamed, Nj. 133; bana, dauða, hel, to abide death ... . to die, Hm. 19, Fms. vi. 114; ósigr, to abide defeat, be defeated; svá skal böl bæta at bíða annat meira (a proverb), Fb. ii. 336, Al. 57: sometimes in a good sense, bíða elli, to l as t toa great age, 656 A; b. enga ro, to feel no peace, be uneasy, Eg. 403; b. ekki (seint) bætr e-s, of an irreparable loss, Ísl. ii. 172. III. impers., e-t (acc.) bíðr, there abides, i. e. exists, is to be bad, with a preceding negative; hvúrki bíðr þar báru nú vindsblæ, th er e is felt neither wave nor blast, Sti. 78; beið cngan þann cr ráða kynni, there was none that could make it out, 22; varla bcið brauð cðr fæðu, was not to be bad, 212; slægastr af iillum þeíni kvikenduni er til bíðr á jarðríki, 34. Gen. iii. I. part. pl. bíðendr, v. bíðandi, f. a biding, waiting, delay, Fms. ii. 216. bí-fala, að, [Germ, befehlen\, to recommend, command, Bs. i. 145 note 7, from paper MS., v. Introd. p. 48. bíldr, m., and bilda, u, f. an axe, Edda (Gl.); an instrument for bleed- ing: büd-spor, n. a scar as from a b., Bs. i. 367. 2. a sheep ivitb spotted cheeks: bíld-óttr, adj. (sheep) spotted on the cbeeis, Rd. 240. bíld-ör, f. a blunt arrow, a bolt,, Fms. ii. 320, x. 362. bí-lífl, n. [A. S. biliofa'] , luxury, Al. 17, 34, 45. bí-standa, stóð, [Goth, bistandan; Germ, beisteberi] , (for. word), t o oss i s t, Stj. MS. 227, col. 102. bísundr, m. (for. word), a besant (Byzantius), a coin, El. 2. BÍTA, beit, bitu, bitið; pres. bit; imperat. bit, 2nd pers. bittú; poi;t. forms with the negative, beitat, Eg. (in a verse); subj. bitia, Hkv. 2. 31, [Ulf. beitan; Engl. bite; Cierm. bcizen] :-- to bite, Lat. mordere: I. properly, 1. with the teeth, Eg. 508, N. G. L. i. 351; b. menn (of a dog), Grág. ii. 119; b. skarð ór, P^g. 605: of a horse, N. G. L. i. 392: foxes killing sheep, Bs. ii. 138, N. G. L. ii. 34 (wolf) :-- to sti ng", of wasps, gnats, Landn. 146. 2. of grazing animals; b. gras, lauf, skóg, Grág. ii. 229, (hence beit, pasture); hvar hestar þínir bitu gras, Fs. 57: absol. to graze, Karj. 71. 3. of sharp instruments, weapons (vápnbitinn); engir vóru ósárir nema þeir er eigi bitu jam, except those whom iron could not bite, Eg. 33; sverðit beit ekki, did not cut, Nj. 45, Edda 7; 1'u'irnir bita, 48; fótrinn brotnaði en eigi beit, the Mi'o rd did not cut but broke the leg, Bjarn. 66. /3. e-m bitr, o ne's weapon (scythe) cuts well, bi/es; allt bitu honum annan veg vápnin, Eg. 93. 4. of a ship, to cruise; her er skip ... er vt'-r köllum bita (bi te the wind) allra skipa bezt, the best sail, Fs. 27: impers., beit þeim eigi fyrir Rcvkjancs, they could not clear cape R., Landn. 30. 5. in fishing, to bite, take the bait; bitr vel á urn daginn, the jfisbes did bi!e, Ld. 40; bita maetti beitfiskr, q. v. 6. bita á vörrinni, to bite the lip as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 68; hann hafôi bitið á kampinum, had bitten the beard, 209. II. metaph.: a. of frost, cold, sickness, and the like. |3. to bite, sting, hurt; hvat mun oss heidr b. orð hans, why should his speech sti?ig us any more ? Grett. 95 A; eigi veil ek presir, nema orðin þín hah bitið, thy words have bit, Fms. vii. 39. -y- as a 'aw tcrnl; sekt, sök bitr, the guilt strikes the convict, when brought home to him, hence sakbitinn, guilty; pa menu er hvár- tveggja hata bitið, log, róttindi ok svá doinar, convicted in the face of law and justice, Sks. 655 B; utn þau múl sem sckt bitr, i. e. unlawful cases, liable to punishment, K. Á. 148; um þat er sekt bitr, Grett. 133 A (new Ed. 1853), Sks. 655. 8. b.;i e-n, to cut deep, affect, make an impression upon; the phrase, láta ekki á sig b., to stand proof against all; þetta let Kjartan a sik b., Ä'. felt pain from it, Ld. 204; láttu þetta,; ekki á þik b., d o no t mind it, id.; rennr þat öðrum opt mjök í brjóst, er á suma bitr ekki (of the conscience), 655 xi. e. e-t bitr fyrir, something ' bites off, ' i. e. i s decisive, makes a thing impossible or out of question; þat annat (theother rea so n) er þó bítr skjótara, which is still more decided against it, Fms. ii. 266; þeir kváðust þenna kost eigi vilja, ok kváðu þat tvennt til vera er fyrir beit, two decided obstacles, reasons against it, Sturl. iii. 47; þú ert miklu œri maðr at aldri, en svá at vér hafim her lögtekna í Jómsborg, ok bitr þat fyrir, that puts it out of ques- tion, makes it impossible, Fms. x. 93; jborgilsi þykir nú þetta ráð mega fyrir bita, Th. thought this would be quite sufficient, -- fyrir hlita would here be better, -- Ld. 264; þeir höfðu jafnan minna hlut ór málum, þó þetta biti mí fyrir, they always got the worst of it, though this was a thorough beating, Fas. 1. 144; (Þat er) lögmanni ok ló'gréttumönnum þykir fyrir b., seems a decisive proof, cuts the case off'at once, N. G. L. ii. 21; b. e-m at fullu, to prove fatal to, tell fully upon; hafa mik nú at fullu bitið hans raft, Fs. 8; Njáls bita ráðin, a proverb quoted by Arngrini in Brevis Comment., written A. D. 1593, denoting the sagacity of Njal's schemes; beit þetta ráð, it was effective, Fs. 153; e-m bitr við at horfa, Band. 7 C, is no doubt a false reading, = byðr, which is the reading I. e. of the vellum MS. 2845, vide bjóða. III. recipr. of horse fight, Rd. 298. bí-tala, be-tala, að, to pay, (mod.); cp. Germ, bezahlen. bja, interj. fie / "bis,, to bjagaðr, part, wry, deformed, cp. bagr. bjag-leitr, adj. ugly, de- formed, Fas. ii. 149. bjalla, u, f. a bell, certainly an Engl. word imported into Icel. along with Christianity; bjöllu gætir, the keeper of the bell, is a nickname given by the heathen í eel. to a missionary, A. D. 998, Kristni S. (in a verse): hann vígði klukkur ok bjoilur, Bs. i. 65, Fms. i. 233: bjalla is now esp. used of small bells, e. g. on the horns of sheep, but klukka of a church bell; cp. dynbjaüa, Grett. bjannak, n. an air. \ty.; þat var huttr hans ef hann (viz. Odin) sendi menn sina til orrostu eðr aðrar sendifarar, at hann lagði áðr hendr í höfuð þcirn ok gaf þeim bjannak, trúðu þeir at þá mundi vel farast, Ýngl. S. ch. II; it is commonly interpreted as benedictio, but it is no doubt the Scot, bannock, from Gael, banagh, an oat-cake; cp. Lat. panis. The whole passage in the Hkr. points to Christian rites and ideas brought into the pagan North, but which are here attributed to Odin, (cp. the breaking of bread and the Eucharist.) BJARG, n. [Ulf. bairgahei -- 7) ôpfivý; A. S. beor if; Germ, berg; lost in Engl.], rocks, precipices: 1. neut. pl. bjorg, precipices (in a collect, sense), esp. on the sea-side, cp. flugabjörg, sjófarbjörg, hamrabjörg; preci- pices covered with, gulls and sea fowls are called bjarg, e. g. Lútrabjarg, bórisbjörg, mostly in pl., Bs. ii. ill, Fms. 275, Orkn. 312. 2. sing. rock; bjargit hafði nylig'i sprungit frá einum hellismunna, Fms. i. 230; vatn or bjargi, water oat of a rock, 655 xii, Nj. 264, Fas. ii. 29. 0. in sing, it chiefly means a n immense stone (cp. heljarbjarg), a boulder; hann hetir fort þat bjarg í ^iellisdyrnar, at ekki má í hellinn komast, Fms. iii. 223; cinn stein svá mikinn sem bjarg væri, Gísl. 31; live stór björg (pl.) at sá hestr dró, Edda 26; at svá ungr maðr skyldi hefja svá stórt bjarg, Grett. 93. BJARGA, barg, burgu, borgit; pres. bergr, pl. björgum; imperat. bjarg; pret. subj. byrga: in mod. use after the Reformation this verb is constantly used weak, bjarga, að, pres. bjargar, pret. bjargat; the only remnant of the old is the sup. borgit, etc. In Norway this weak form occurs very early, e. g. bjargar, servat, Hom. 17; in Icel. the weak seldom occurs before the 15th century; bjargaðist, Fs. 143, and bjargat (sup.) = borgit, Lv. II, are probably due to these passages being left in paper MSS.; the weak bjargaði, however, occurs in a vellum MS. of the 15th cen- tury, borf. Karl. 388; 1st pers. pres. bjarga, Fms. xi. 150 (Ma. 13th century) seems to be a Norse idiom, [Goth, bairgan; Hel. bergan; A. S. beargan; cp. birgr ] :-- to save, help; with dat., bergr hverjum sem eigi er feis^r (a proverb), Sturl. iii. 220; sá er öldum bergr, who s a f e s mankind, viz. against the giants, i. e. Thor, Hyrn. 12; nema borgeirr byrgi honum, Rd. 295: absol., Gud barg (b y God's grace) er konungrinn varð eigi sárr, Fms. v. 268: in theol. sense, vildu þeir eigi snúast til min at ek byrga þeiin, 656 C. 23, Hom. I. e.: impers., e-m er borgit, i s saved, comes safe and sound out of danger, Fær. í 78, Hkv. Hjörv. 29. 2. a law term; b. sök, mali, to find a point of defence; hann bergr þeim kosti sükinni, at..., Grág. 1. 40; bergsk hann við bjargkviðinn, he is free by virtue of the verdict, 36; borgit mun mi verða at löguni, i. e. there will be some means of putting it right, Lv. n, Nj. 36. 3. special phrases; b. skipshofn, to pick up the shipwrecked, borf. Karl. i. e., Fms. xi. 4J2; skipi, to haul a ship out of the reach of tides and waves, Grág. ii. 385; hval, to drag a dead whale ashore, Gþl. 461: to help labouring women (v. bjargninar), Sdm. 9; b. nám (v. nábjargir), to render the last service to a dead body, 33; b. kúm, to attend cows casting calf, Bjarn. 32; b. búfó, to milk eives, N. G. L. i. 10; b. brókum, cacare, Fms. xi. 150. II. recipr. of mutual help; bjargast at allir sarnan, to be saved all in common, Hkr. ii. 347. III. reflex., bjargask vel, to behave well, keep the heart up, esp. in cold or hunger; Oddr bargst vel afjaiiinu(in snow storm), Sturl.

65 BJARGAURAR -- BJÓÐA.

215, Orkn. 324, of one shipwrecked; b. úti, of cattle, to graze, N. G. L. i. 25; b. sjálfr, to gain one's bread, Grág. i. 294; b. á sínar hendr (spýtur), to support oneself with one's own hands, Fms. ii. 159: of food or drink, cp. bergja; Snorri goði fann, at nafni hans bargst lítt við ostinn, that he got on slowly eating the cheese, Eb. 244; hann spurði, hví hann byrgist svá lítt (v. l. mataðist svá seint), ... why he ate so slowly, id.; verði þér nú at bjargast við slíkt sem til er, you must put up with what you can get, Germ. für lieb nehmen, Eg. 204; hon bað fyrir þær matar ok burgust þær við þat, Clem. 26; hon bjargaðist (= bargst) lítt við þá fæðu er til var, she could hardly eat the food they had (v. l. hjúkaðist), Fs. 174. Part. borginn, used as adj. and even in compar.; impers., erat héra (héri = hegri = duck) at borgnara þótt hæna beri skjöld, the drake is none the better off though a hen shield him, metaph. of a craven, Fs. 174, Fms. vii. 116: [Early Engl. to borrow = to save, 'who borrowed Susanna out of wo,' Sir Guy of Warwick.] bjarg-aurar, m. pl. = bjargálnir, Mag. 160. bjarg-álnir, f. pl. means enough for support, bjargálna-maðr, m. a well-to-do man. bjarg-festr, f. a rope or cord used to save men, Vm. 44. bjarg-hagr, adj. a dexterous carpenter or smith for household work, Glúm. 355; cp. Sturl. ii. 195. bjarg-högg, n. = berghögg, hewing rocks to make a road, Bárð. 166. bjarg-kviðr, m. a law term, a verdict of acquittal given by five neighbours for the defendant, proving an alibi or the like, and produced during the trial; the b. seems to be, in its strict sense, synonymous with heimiliskviðr or heimiskviðr, q.v., cp. Grág, i. 60, 61, where it is defined; fimm búar skulu skilja um bjargkviðu alla, heimilis-búar þess manns er sóttr er, nema ..., vide also 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, etc. bjarg-leysi, n. starvation, destitution, Grág. i. 238, Gþl. 272, Band. 43. bjarg-ráð, n. pl. a law term, help or shelter given to an outlaw, in the phrase, úalandi, úráðandi öllum bjargráðum, Grág. ii. 162, etc., Nj. 40. bjarg-rifa, u, f. a rift in a rock, Eg. 390, Stj. 450. bjarg-rúnar, f. pl. runes for helping women in labour, Sdm. 9. bjarg-rýgr, jar, f. pl. ir, a Norse law term, a female witness in a case of paternity, defined, N. G. L. i. 358. bjarg-ræði, n. and bjargræðisvegir, m. pl. means for support. bjarg-skora, u, f. a scaur or scar on a hill, Anal. 177, Ann. 1403, Hkr. iii. 323. bjargs-maðr, m. a hard-working man, Bs. i. 309. bjarg-snös, f. = bergsnös, a crag. Fas. i. 324, Eg. 389, v.l. bjarg-vel, adv. well enough, Fms. viii. 68, 126, v.l. bjarg-vættr, f. (in mod. usage m.), [bjarg, mons, or bjarga, servare], a helping friendly sprite, a good genius, answering to the Christian good angel; according to the heathen belief, the country, esp. hills and mountains, were inhabited by such beings; in the northern creed the bjargvætter are generally a kind of giant of the gentler kind: in mod. usage, a supporter, helper in need; muntu verða mér hinn mesti (masc.) b., Fas. ii. 438, vellum MS. of 15th century; en mesta (fem.) b., Bárð. 168, new Ed. 12. bjarg-þrota, adj. destitute of means to live. BJARKAN, n. the Runic letter B, Skálda, v. Introduction. BJARKEY-, in the word bjarkeyjar-réttr, m. town-law, used as opposed to landslög or landsréttr, county-law, Sks. 22; sökin veit til landslaga en eigi til bjarkeyjarréttar, Fms. vii. 130; vide N. G. L. i. 303-336. It is an illustration of this curious word, that the Danes at present call a justice 'birkedommer,' and the district 'birk;' cp. local names, as in Sweden,--in Birchâ civitate regiâ, Johann. Magnus 542 (Ed. 1554); civitas Birchensis, 556; in Birchâ civitate tum maxima, 541; in Norway, Bjarkey is one of the northern islands, whence the famous Norse family Bjarkeyingar took their name; v. Munch, the pref. to Norge's Beskrivelse. Etym. uncertain; hedged in with birch (?). BJARMI, a, m. the beaming or radiance of light, not the light itself; sólar-bjarmi, dags-bjarmi; very freq. in mod. usage; no instances from old writers are on record; akin to brími, bjartr, etc. II. pl. Bjarmar (and Bjarmaland n., bjarmskr adj.), name of a people or tribe of the Russian empire, the Perms of the present day; vide K. Alfred's Orosius i. 1, 14 sq., Ó. H. ch. 122, Fas. ii. 511 sqq. bjarnar-, v. björn. bjarn-báss, m. a pit for catching bears, Gþl. 457; used proverb., Hkr. i. 235. bjarn-dýri, and mod. bjarndýr, n. a bear, Fms. vi. 298, Nj. 35, Fs. 27, 148, 182. bjarn-eggjan, f. the egging a bear on to figbt, a Norse law term, of a brutal provocation, N. G. L. i. 74. bjarn-feldr, m. a bear's fell, bear-skin cloak, Vm. 91, Pm. 120, Jm. 28. bjarn-fell, n. id., Vm. 22, Ám. 81. bjarn-gjöld, n. pl. 'bear-gild,' reward for killing a bear, Fs. 150. bjarn-húnn, m. a young bear, Þórð. 17 (Ed. 1860). bjarn-ígull, m. echinus terrestris urseus, Rb. 348, Hb. 29 (Ed. 1865). bjarn-ólpa, u, f. an outer jacket of bear-skin, Korm. 114. bjarn-skinn, n. a bear-skin, B. K. 83, Ld. 114, Korm. 112. bjarn-staka, u, f. a bear-skin, Edda (pref.) 151. bjarn-sviða, u, f. a large knife for killing bears, Eb. 298, Fas. iii. 546. bjarn-veiðar, f. pl. bear-hunting. N. G. L. i. 46. bjarn-ylr, s, m. bear's warmth, the vital warmth of an ice-bear; it was believed in Icel. (vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 610) that a child born on the hide of an ice-bear would be proof against frost and cold; people hardy against cold are therefore said 'to have bear's warmth' (bjarnyl), vide Háv. 39. bjart-eygr and -eygðr, adj. bright-eyed, Fms. iv. 38, Bs. i. 66, Hkr. iii. 184, Ó. H. 245. bjart-haddaðr, adj. a fair-haired lady, Lex. Poët. bjart-leikr, in. brightness, Hom. 60, Rb. 336, Fms. i. 228, Magn. 468. bjart-leitr, adj. of bright countenance, bright-looking, Fms. v. 319. bjart-liga, adv. (and -ligr, adj.), clearly, Stj. 26. bjart-litaðr, adj. = bjartleitr, Hkv. Hjörv. 27. BJARTR, adj. [Ulf. bairts = GREEK; A. S. beorht; Engl. bright; Hel. berht; in Icel. per metath. bjartr; cp. birti, etc.], bright; Lat. clarus is rendered by bjartr, Clar. 128; bjart ljós, Fms. i. 96; bjart tunglskin, Nj. 118; sólskin, Fms. ii. 300; veðr, i. 128: of hue, complexion, b. líkami, Hkr. iii. 179, Nj. 208; hönd, Bb. 3. 20. 2. metaph. illustrious; með b. sigri, Fms. x. 253; in a moral sense, Stj. 141. bjart-viðri, n. bright weather, Bárð. 175. BJÁLFI, bjálbi, a, m. a fur, skin, Fms. v. 207, 236; esp. in the cornpds hrein-bjálfi, geit-bjálbi, flug-bjiálbi, Haustl. 12. Etym. uncertain, perh. a Slav. word. 2. used as a pr. name, Landn. BJÁLKI, a, m. [Hel. balco; Swed. and Dan. bjelke; Germ, balke; prob. akin to bálkr], a balk, beam, Gþl. i. 346. BJOÐA, bauð, buðu, boðit; pres. byð; pret. subj. byða; pret. sing, with the suffixed negative, bauðat, Edda 90 (in a verse); the obsolete middle form buðumk, mibi obtulit, nobis obtulerunt, occurs in Egil Höfuðl. 2; [Ulf. biudan; A. S. biodan; Engl. bid; Germ. bieten; Swed. biuda; Dan. byde] :-- Lat. offerre, proferre, with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing: I. to bid, offer; þeir höfðu boðit honum laun, they had offered him rewards, Fms. i. 12; Þorsteinn bauð at gefa Gunnlaugi hestinn, Ísl. ii. 213; b. grið, to offer pardon, Fms. i. 181; þeir buðu at gefa upp borgina, ix. 41; bauð hann þeim, at göra alla bændr óðalborna, i. 20; býðr, at hann muni görast hans maðr, xi. 232; en ek býð þér þó, at synir mínir ríði með þér, Nj. 93; Írar buðu sik undir hans vald, Fms. x. 131. 2. reflex, to offer oneself, volunteer one's service; buðusk honum þar menn til fylgðar, Fms. ix. 4; mun ek nú til þess bjóðask í sumar á þingi, Ld. 104, Sks. 510; þeim er þá býðsk, Grág. i. 284; Þóroddr bauðsk til þeirrar farar, Hkr. ii. 247; ef þú býðsk í því, Fms. xi. 121. 3. metaph., b. ófrið, ójöfnuð, rangindi, liðsmun, of ill usage, Ld. 148, Rb. 418; b. e-m rangt, to treat one unjustly, Hom. 155: with an adverb, b. e-m sæmiliga, to treat one in seemly sort, Ld. 66; b. á boð e-s, to outbid one, N. G. L. iii. no. 49. II. to bid, invite, cp. boð, a banquet; prob. ellipt., hospitality or the like being understood; Özurr bauð þeim inn í búðina at drekka, Nj. 4; heim vil ek b. þér í sumar, 93; honum var boðit til boðs, 50; hann bauð þá þegar þar at vera Gizuri Hallssyni, Bs. i. 128; gékk Bárðr móti honum ok fagnaði honum, ok bauð honum þar at vera, Eg. 23; b. mönnum til boðs, to bid guests to a banquet, wedding, or the like, Ld. 104. III. to bid, order, Lat. imperare, cp. boð, bidding; sem lög buðu, as the law prescribed, Fms. i. 81; svá bauð oss Guð, Post. 645. 88; b. af landi, to order one out of the land, make him an outlaw, Fms. vii. 20; b. af embætti, to depose, Sturl. ii. 119; b. út, a Norse milit. term, to call out, levy, cp. útboð, a levy; b. út leiðangri, b. út liði, skipum, to levy troops, ships, Fms. i. 12, 61, vi. 219, 251, 400, x. 118, Eg. 31, cp. N. G. L. i. ii; b. e-m crendi, to commit a thing to one's charge, Fms. vii. 103; b. varnað á e-u, or b. til varnanar, to forbid, xi. 94, Edda 59: with prepp., b. e-m um (cp. umboð, charge), to delegate to one, commit to one's charge; þeim manni er biskup hefir um boðit, at nefna vátta, K. Þ. K. 64; þess manns er biskup bauð um at taka við fé því, K. Á. 96, Sks. 460 B; hann keypti til handa Þorkatli þá hluti er hann hafði um boðit, the things that he had given charge about, Grett. 102 A; Hermundr bauð nú um Vermundi, at vera fyrir sína hönd, Rd. 251. 2. eccl. to proclaim, announce, esp. as rendering of mid. Lat. praedicare; b. sið, trú, Kristni, to proclaim, preach a new religion, Nj. 156, 158, Fms. i. 32; b. messudag, sunnudag, to proclaim a holy day, N. G. L. i. 348. IV. of a mental state, to bode, forebode; e-m býðr hugr (cp. hugboð, foreboding), one's heart bodes, Fms. v. 38, 24, Eg. 21; mér býðr þat eitt í skap (my heart bodes), at þú verðir meira stýrandi en nú ertu, Bs. i. 468; mér byðr þat fyrir, which makes me forbode, Fms. ii. 193; e-m býðr hugr við (whence viðbjóðr, dislike), to abhor, dislike; er honum hafði lengi hugr við boðit, Bs. i. 128. 2. impers., mér býðr ávallt hita (acc.) er ek kem í þeirra flokk, a boding comes over me, i.e. I feel uneasy, whenever ..., Fms. iii. 189; mér bauð ótta (acc.), I felt a thrilling, Bs. i. 410; b. úþekt, to loathe, Grett. 111 A; b. þekt, to feel pleasure; bauð þeim mikla þekt er þeir sá líkit, Bs. i. 208: the phrase, e-m býðr við at horfa, of a frame of mind, to be so and so minded; miklir eru þér frændr borði, ef yðr býðr svá við at horfa, Band. 7 (MS. 2845). β. the phrase, þat býðr, it

66 BJÓÐR -- BLAKKFJALLR.

beseems, becomes; eptir þat fer veizla fram, eptir því sem býðr, as is due, Fms. x. 15, Fb. l.c. has byrjaði; sem býðr um svá ágætan höfðingja, Fms. x. 149. V. with prepp.; b. fram, Lat. proferre, to produce; b. fram vitni, to produce a witness, Eg. 472; með fram boðnum fégjöfum, Sturl. iii. 232; b. upp, b. af hendi, to give up, leave off; þá býðr hann upp hornit, gives up the horn, will not drink more, Edda 32; b. undan, a law term, to lay claim to; er þá kostr at b. undan þeim manni varðveizluna fjárins, Grág. i. 196; eigi skal undan manni b., áðr undir mann kemr féit, id.; cp. the following chapter, which treats 'um undan-boð fjár;' nú eru þeir menn svá þrír, at eigi býðr undan fjárvarðveizluna, viz. who are privileged guardians of the property of a minor, viz. father, brother, mother, and who cannot be outbidden, 192; b. við, a trade term, to make a bid; b. við tvenn verð, to bid double, Ld. 146; ek býð þér jafnmörg stóðhross við, id.; at þú byðir Rúti bróður þínum sæmiliga, 66; kaupa svá jörð sem aðrir menn b. við, N. G. L. i. 95: b. fyrir is now more usual. VI. part. pass. boðinn used as an adj., esp. in the alliterative phrase, vera boðinn ok búinn til e-s, to be ready and willing to do a thing, to be at one's service; skulu vér bræðr vera búnir ok boðnir til þess sem þér vilit okkr til nýta, Eg. 50; til þess skal ek boðinn ok búinn at ganga at þeim málum fyrir þina hönd, Ld. 792. BJÓÐR, m.; as the word is used masc. in A. S. as well as in Ulf., we have in Haustl. 5 to alter breiðu bjóði into breiðum bjóði; [Ulf. biuds = GREEK; A. S. beôd; Hel. biod; O. H. G. biud.] I. Lat. mensa, a table, Rm. 4, 28, 29, Haustl. l.c. II. soil, ground, cp. the Fr. plateau; á Engla bjóð, on English ground, Höfuðl. 2; áðr Börs synir bjóðum um ypðu, Vsp. 4. bjóðr, m. [bjóða], poët. one who invites, Lex. Poët; cp. also compds such as við-bjóðr, disgust, from bjóða við. bjór-blandinn, part. mixed with beer, El. 21. BJÓRR, m. [O. H. G. pior or bior; Low Germ, and mod. Germ, bier; Fris. biar; A. S. bior; Engl. beer], no doubt a word of German extraction, öl (öldr), ale, being the familiar word used in prose :-- bjór hardly ever occurs, vide however Hkr. iii. 447, Bk. 48, 89, 96 (Norse); and is a foreign word, as is indicated even by the expression in the Alvismál--öl heitir með mönnum, en með Ásum bjór, ale it is called by men, by gods beer: bjór however is very current in poetry, but the more popular poems, such as the Hávamál, only speak of öl or öldr, Hm. 11, 13, 65, 80, 132, 138. BJÓRR, m. [Lat. fiber; A. S. beofar], a beaver, esp. the beaver's skin, Eg. 71, in the phrase, b. ok savali. 2. a triangular cut off piece of skin, [cp. provincial Swed. bjaur]; þat eru bjórar þeir er menn sníða ór skóm sínum fyrir tám eðr hael, Edda 42; still used in Icel. in that sense. II. metaph. a small piece of land (an GREEK as it seems); bjór lá ónuminn fyrir austan Fljót, Landn. 284. BJÓRR, m., must be different from the preceding word, synonymous with brjóstþili, a wall in a house, a party wall, but also in the 13th and 14th centuries freq. a costly tapestry used in halls at festivals and in churches; hrindum hallar bjóri, let us break down the wall of the hall, Hálfs S. Fas. ii. (in a verse); eingi var bjórrinn milli húsanna, there was no partition between the houses, Sturl. iii. 177; gengu þeir í stofuna, var hón vel tjölduð ok upp settir bjórar, 229; annarr hlutrinn stökk útar í bjórinn, svá at þar varð fastr, Háv. 40. β. of a movable screen between choir and nave, of cloth or costly stuff, different from tjöld (hangings) and reflar; hann lét Atla prest penta allt ræfr innan, ok svá allan bjórinn, Bs. i. 132; kirkja á tjöld umhverfis sik með tvennum bjórum, Vm. 153; kirkja tjölduð sæmiligum tjöldum ok þrír bjórar, 171, D. I. i. 402; bjórr framan um kór, tjöld um alla kirkju, Pm. 103; b. slitinn blámerktr yfir altari, 108, Bs. ii. 476, 322; vide bjórþili. bjór-sala, u, f. beer-keeping, N. G. L. iii. (Fr.) bjór-salr, m. a beer-hall (A. S. beor-sele), Vsp. 41. bjór-skinn, n. a beaver-skin, Eg. 55, 57, Fms. x. 379. bjór-tappr, m. a tapster, beer-house keeper, N. G. L. iii. 13. bjór-tjöld, n. tapestry, = bjórr, Vm. 135: b. um sönghús, id. bjór-tunna, u, f. a beer-tun, barrel of beer, Bs. i. 389. bjór-verpill, m. a beer-cask, Jb. 378. bjór-þili, n. a party wall, = bjórr; b. var í milli ok vóru gluggar á, Vápn. Ný Fél. xxi. 124, Bs. ii. 322, v.l. bjúga, n. (pl. bjúgu), a sausage, v. mörbjúga, Bs. i. 357, 810. bjúg-leikr, m. crookedness, MS. 1812. 18. bjúg-leitr, adj. of crooked countenance (nose), Rb. 344. bjúg-nefjaðr, adj. with a hooked nose, Fms. i. 155. BJÚGR, adj. bowed, hooked, crooked, bent; fætr lágu bjúgir við lendar, Hom. 114; með bjúgum þornum, Sks. 419; hann var b. á baki, he sat bent or bowed (from age) on horseback, Fs. 183; b. í vexti, Eg. 710; með bjúgum hring, Sks. 198, Rb. 344, Band. 9: metaph., hvárt er yðr þykir bjúgt eðr beint (MS. brátt), whether it seems to you crooked or straight, i.e. whether you like it or not, Fms. viii, 436: cp. boginn, baugr, etc. bjúgr, s, m., medic., Lat. tumor; in many compds: skyr-bjúgr, scorbuticus, Engl. scorbutic; vind-bjúgr, tumor aereus; vatns-bjúgr, tumor oedematosus, Fél. ix. 197. BJÖRG, f., gen. bjargar [v. bjarga], help, deliverance, out of need or danger, e.g. feeding the hungry, saving one's life; unlawful 'björg' is that of giving help to an outlaw, who is 'úráðandi öllum bjargráðum,' one on whom no help must be bestowed, neither food, shelter, nor ferry; Grág. in several passages, and there commonly used in plur. (bjargir) when in this particular sense; it was liable to a heavy punishment, and the case was to be summoned before the Fifth Court, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 25, Ld. 42. β. lögmæt björg, a lawful point of defence in pleading in the Court (v. bjarga sök), Grág. i. 73. 2. means of subsistence, stores, provisions, food; fjögurra (átta) missera b., Grág. i. 197, 286. 3. a freq. pr. name of a woman, Ingibjörg, Þorbjörg, Guðbjörg, etc.; in Swed.-Dan. '-borg,' as in Ingeborg, etc. COMPDS: bjargar-lauss, adj. starving. bjargar-leysi, n. = bjarg-leysi, Band. 15. bjargar-vist, f. serving for food and clothing, Hrafn. 6; cp. bjargræði (above). BJÖRK, f., gen. bjarkar, [A. S. beorc; Swed. björk; Dan. and Scot. birk; Engl. birch; Germ. birke; Lat. betula; v. birki], a birch, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 5, Jb. 236. In compds bjarkar-. BJÖRN, m., gen. bjarnar; dat. birni, pl. n. birnir; acc. björnu, mod. birni, [an enlarged form, cp. Goth, biari, by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK, Titus i. 12; A. S. bera; Engl. bear; Germ, bär; but Swed. and Dan. björn] :-- a bear; hvíta-björn, the white bear or ice-bear; and skóg-björn, híð-björn, við-björn, the black bear or wood-bear, Germ. wald-bär; the ice-bear was unknown in Europe till the discovery of Iceland at the end of the 9th, and Greenland at the end of the 10th century. The very first ice-bear was brought to Europe by Ingimund the Old as a gift to the king of Norway about A.D. 900, Landn., Fs. (Vd.) 27; Isleif, the first bishop of Iceland, also brought one as a present to the German emperor about A.D. 1050, Bs. i. 61, Hv. ch. 2; cp. the little story of Audun in Fms. vi. 297-307, Sks. 186, Sturl. iii. 82, Grág. ii. 181, Am. 17, where a hvítabjörn is mentioned, Fs. (Flóam. S.) 148; as to the black bear, vide esp. Grett. ch. 23, Finnb. ch. 11, Glúm. ch. 3, Fas. i. 50; cp. an interesting paper, 'Waldbär und Wasserbär,' by Konrad Maurer, upon this subject. Björn and Bjarni are freq. pr. names; also in compd. names, Þorbjörn, Ásbjörn; and as a prefix, Bjarngrímr, Bjarnhéðinn, etc.; vide Landn. (Gl.) COMPDS: bjarnar-broddr, m., botan. nartheticum, Hjalt. 166. bjarnar-hamr, m. the hide, shape of a bear. Fas. i. 53. bjarnar-híð, n. a black bear's lair, N. G. L. i. 35. bjarnar-hold, n. the flesh of a bear, Fas. i. 54. bjarnar-hrammr, m. a bear's paw, Rb. 382, Ver. 26. bjarnar-slátr, n. meat of a slaughtered bear, Fas. i. 54: botan., Ivar Aasen records bjonnabær, rubus caesius; bjonnakamb, osmunda spicans; bjonnmosa, polytrichum commune. For popular tales of the bear vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 608-611. BLAÐ, n. [A. S. bläd; Germ. blatt; Hel. blad. Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK by laufs, Engl. leaf, Icel. lauf. The Engl. say a blade of grass or corn, a leaf of a tree; and so, in Icel., herbs or plants have blað, trees lauf] :-- a leaf; blöð þess grass er ... heitir, Pr. 472; blöð á lauk, Hervar. S. (in a verse): metaph. a veil, svá er mér sem hangi b. fyrir auga, Fms. iii. 126. 2. of leaf-like objects, a leaf in a book, Germ. blatt, (never lauf, cp. blaðsiða, u, f. a page), Rb. 210, Ísl. ii. 460: of a painted diptych or the like, þar eru blöð tvau pentuð, Pm. 103. β. the skirt of a kirtle (skaut), Stj. 481, Eb. 226, Orkn. 474: Icel. now say kjól-laf, the skirt of a coat. γ. a blade, in various connections: the flat part of a thing, the blade of an oar, árar-blað, N. G. L. i. 59: of a rudder, Fms. ix. 503; knífs-bíað, the blade of a knife, Bs. i. 385: a sword's blade is in mod. usage called 'blað,' but in old writers brandr; spón-blað, the mouth-piece of a spoon; herðar-blað, the shoulder-blade, etc. Botan., blaðka, u, f., e.g. horblaðka, menyanthes: hófblaðka, caltha palustris; but rjúpnalauf, dryas, Hjalt.: blaðkr, m. in eyrna-blaðkr, ear-lap. blaðra, að, prob. an onomatopoëtic word, like Lat. blaterare, Scot. blether, Germ. plaudern, in the phrase, b. tungunni, to talk thick, Hom. 115; tungan var úti ok blaðraði, Fbr. 77 new Ed.; hann blaðraði tungunni ok vildi við leita at mæla, Fms. v. 152: metaph. to utter inarticulate sounds, bleat, as a sheep. blaðr, n. nonsense. blaðra, u, f. a bladder, Pr. 472: a blain, watery swelling, Stj. 273, Bs. i. 182. blöðru-sótt, f. a stone in the bladder, Pr. 475. BLAK, n. a slap; fyrir pústr (a buffet) fjórar merkr, fyrir blak (a slap) tvær merkr (as a fine), Gþl. 177, 187. blaka, að, to slap, Ann. 1394. 2. neut. to wave, flutter, of the wings of birds, b. vaengjum, to flutter with the wings, Stj. 74: of the leaves on a tree moved by a soft breeze, lauf viðarins blakaðu hægliga, Barl. 161; austan blakar laufið á þann linda, Fornkv. 129; blakir mér þari um hnakka, Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse). In mod. usage, blakta, að or t, is freq. used of leaves, of the flaring of a light, ljós blaktir á skari, the flame flutters on the wick; hence metaph., öndin blaktir á skari, Snót 128; blaktir önd á brjósti, 121: the phrase, blaktir ekki hár á höfði, not a hair moves on one's head. blaka, u, f. a veil of silk, Fas. iii. 337; a pan, Mar. 153: now also = blaðka, v. above s.v. blað. blakk-fjallr, adj. black-skinned, epithet of a wood-bear, Akv. 11.

BLAKKR -- BLÄMÆR. 67

blakkr, m. (for. word), a sort of measure, N. G. L. i. 324. blakkr, m., poët, a horse, cp. Blanka, the mythical horse of Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern, Lex. Poët. BLAKKR, adj. [A. S. blac; Engl. black; O. H. G. plak: in Icel. svartr, as in A. S. and other kindred tongues swart, etc., represents the Lat. niger; while blakkr corresponds to the Lat. ater, dead or dusky black], in poetry used as an epithet of wolves, etc., Lex. Poët., in prose it is very rare, Fas. iii. 592; hence blekkja, to defraud: the mod. Icel. blek, n. ink, Swed. blak, Dan. blæk, come from blakkr, corresponding to Lat. atramentum, Str. 63 (blez), Pr. 474. II. = bleikr, pale; blakkr hestr, Ghv. 18 (perh. corrupt for bleikr, pale, cp. fölvan jó, Hkv. 2. 47), the colour of death; to dream of riding on a pale horse forebodes death, Bjarni 136; on a red horse a bloody death, Fs. (Vd.) 67. blakra, að, [blakra, Ivar Aasen, to shake, of leaves], to blink; b. augum, Hom. 89; now blakta, að, e.g. b. augum, to move the eyes, and also used of the beating of the heart; hón fann að hjartað blaktaði, in the story of the Beauty and the Beast (Skrýmslið Góða), Kvöldv. ii. 176: blakra vængjum = blakta vængjum, to flutter with the wings, Barl. 88; of sails, Úlf. 3. 14. bland, n. in the adverbial phrase, í bland, among, Dan. i blandt, Bs. i. 802, Stj. 231, Matth. xiii. 25, (rare in mod. usage.) BLANDA, in early Icel. poetry and prose a strong verb; pres. 1st pers. blend, Ls. 3; 3rd pers. blendr, Grág. ii. 389; reflex. blendsk, Symb. 30; pret. 1st pers. blétt, Am. 79, Greg. 50; reflex. blézk, Orkn. 104 (in a verse from about A.D. 1046); pl. bléndu, bléndum, Ls. 9, Greg. 60, Edda 47; reflex. bléndusk, Hkm. 8; subj. reflex. bléndisk, Mart. 129; blandinn (freq.), Sdm., Ýt., etc., vide Lex. Poët., Skálda 164; but in the 13th century and later the weak form (blanda, að) prevailed in all tenses except the part. pass., where the old blandinn = blandaðr may still be used, though the weak is more common; imperat. blanda, Pr. 471, 472, N. G. L. i. 12; pres. blandar, 13; part. blandaðr, Sks. 349, Pr. 470, 472 (MS. about A.D. 1250), [Ulf. blandan, a redupl. verb; A. S. bland; Engl. blend; O. H. G. blantan; lost in N. H. G.; Swed. blanda] :-- to blend, mix, the beverage in acc., the mixed ingredient in dat.; b. mjöð (drykk), eitri, meini, Greg. l.c.; drottning ok Bárðr blönduðu þá drykkinn ólyfjani, Eg. 210: adding 'við,' lítið (acc. instead of dat.) verðr ok við blandit, Skálda 164; maturt blandin við upsa-gall, Pr. l.c.; þar fellr Jórdan í gegnum, ok blendsk eigi (does not blend) við vötnin, Symb. l.c.; tak skógar súru ok blanda (imperat.) við fornt vín, Pr. l.c.; b. með, id., Rb. 164; b. saman, to mix together, Pr. l.c. II. metaph. to mix together, of fellowship or association, but partic. used of carnal intercourse, cp. the Gr. GREEK, Lat. misceri; b. mötuneyti (dat.) við e-n, to eat together with one, N. G. L. l.c.; blandask í samfélagi, to associate with, Mart. l.c.; vér megum eigi hjálp né heilsu af Guði fá, nema vér blandimk við hans orð, 625. 181; þeir blönduðusk þá meir við mannfólk enn nú, they had more intercourse with, Fas. i. 391: to have carnal intercourse, vár skal éingi blandask við búfé, N. G. L. i. 18; þat fell í hórdómum, ok blönduðusk við þær konur er af heiðnum þjóðum vóru, Sks. 588. III. part. blandinn is used as an adj. with the notion mixed, mingled, bad, of temper, character, manner; Helgi var blandinn mjök (had a mixed, mingled creed), hann trúði á Krist, en hét á Þór til harðraeða ok sjófara, Landn. 206; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér (thou art bold and brave), en hon er blandin mjök, but she is a woman of mixed report, Nj. 49. blanda, u, f. any mixture of two fluids, Fs. 145 (of watery blood); but esp. a beverage of hot whey mixed up with water, Vm. 60, Fms. ix. 360. Blanda also is the local name of a stream of glacier water in the north of Icel., v. Landn. β. metaph. the name of a book, miscellanea; skal sjá skrá ... heita B., því at saman er blandað skyldu tali ok úskyldu, Rb. 4, v.l., in MS. Am. 625, 4to. blöndu-horn, n. a cup of blanda, a cognom., Landn. 278. blandan, f. mixing, N. G. L. i. 153. blasa, t; sup. blasað, [Engl. blaze], of places, in the phrase, b. við, to lie full and open before the eye (mod.) blauð-hugaðr, adj. soft of heart, cowardly, Fbr. 108. blauð-klæddr, part. soft-clad, b. mann, a rendering of Matth. xi. 8, a man clothed in soft raiment, 625. 95. blauð-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. cowardly, Hkr. iii. 162. BLAUÐR, adj. [A. S. bleâðe; Scot. blate = bashful, shy; Hel. blothi; Germ. blöde; cp. Goth. blauþjan = GREEK, and Hel. blôdan = infirmare], it properly means soft, weak, Lat. mollis, Gr. GREEK, and is opposed to hvatr, brisk, vigorous; hence the proverb, fár er hvatr er hrörask tekr, ef í barnæsku er blauðr, Fm. 6, cp. Fms. viii. 49. β. metaph. blauðr means feminine, hvatr masculine, but only used of animals, dogs, cats, fishes; hvatr-lax = hæingr = salmo mas; bleyða, u, f., is a dam, and metaph. a coward; blauðr is a term of abuse, a bitch, coward; hafi hendr á (hundinum, add. p. 149) ok drepi þótt b. sé, take the dog and kill it, though it be a bitch, Gísl. 63; blauðir hundar, Fms. ii. 163, xi. 10. 2. metaph., Hallgerðr mælti við Gunnar, jafnkomit er á með ykkr, er hvárttveggi er blauðr (a taunt addressed to the beardless Njal), Nj. 59; bíð nú ef þú ert eigi b., Nj. 205, cp. Skr. 114, 496, in the last passage used = blautr; blauðir eru vér nú orðnir, Niðrst. 6. blaut-barn, n. a baby, in the phrase, frá blautbarns beini = blautu barns beini, Barl. 41. blaut-fiskr, m. a fresh fish, cod, Bs. i. 853. blaut-holdr, adj. having soft, smooth flesh; mær b., Karl. 479. blaut-hugaðr, adj. faint, soft-minded, Glúm. 309. blaut-leikr, m. effeminacy, Stj. 345. blaut-lendr, adj. soft, moist-soiled, Fms. v. 230. blaut-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. faintly, effeminate, Stj. 362; b. kossar, 417; b. kvæði, soft, amorous ditties, Bs. i. 237. BLAUTR, adj. [A. S. bleât = miser; Germ. blozs = nudus; Scot. blait = nudus (Jamieson); Dan. blöd; Swed. blödig = soft; the Dan. and Swed. blott, blotted, = stripped, are borrowed from Germ.; Ivar Aasen distinguishes between blaú = shy, and blaut = wet, damp; blauðr and blautr are no doubt only variations of the same word]. I. soft, Lat. mollis, in a good sense; this sense of the word remains only in a few compds, v. above, and in a few phrases, e.g. frá blautu barns beini, from babyhood, Fms. iii. 155, Magn. 522, Al. 71; b. fiskr, fresh (soft) fish, Bs. i. 853, opp. to harðr (dried) fiskr; in Swed., however, it means soaked fish: in poetry, b. sæing, a soft bed, Gísl. (in a verse): of stuffs, but only in less classical writers or translated romances; b. purpuri, Bret. 32; lerépt, Sks. 400 A; dúnn, Mart. 126; blautir vindar, soft breezes, Sks. 214 B: a single exception is, Edda 19, fjöturinn var sléttr ok b. sem silkiræma, soft and smooth as silk lace. 2. = blauðr, faint, imbecile; blautir menn, Al. 34, Fas. i. 161: a paraphrasis of blauðr in Fm. 6. II. but commonly metaph. = soaked, wet, miry, [cp. Swed. blöt, and the phrase, lägga sit hufuud í blöt, to beat one's brains: cp. also bleyta, mud; bloti, thaw; blotna, to melt]; þar vóru vellir blautir, því at regn höfðu verit, Eg. 528; keldur blautar, 266; þeir fengu ekki blautt um Valbjarnar-völlu, Bs. i. 509, etc.; cp. Scot. and North. E. soft road, soft weather, = wet, Scott's Black Dwarf, ch. 3 note. blá, f., pl. blár, an GREEK in a verse Ísl. ii. 233, where it seems to mean the billows, blue waves. Ivar Aasen records 'blaa' a Norse term for the blue horizon; cp. the Icel. phrase, út í bláinn (as from blár, m.), into the blue, of what is thrown away, words spoken without need or end. In the east of Icel. blá means a meadow covered with snow half melted away, Erik Jonsson, Dict. s.v. blá-ber, n. pl., botan., Lat. vaccinium, as a cognom., Ann. 1393; aðalbláber, vaccinium myrtillus, the bleaberry, Hjalt. blá-brúnaðr, adj. dark blue coloured, of stuff, Bs. i. 506. blá-djúp, n. the blue sea, i.e. deep, open sea, Bs. ii. 179, 181. blá-eygr and -eygðr, adj. blue-eyed, Nj. 29, Fms. vii. 101, Hkr. iii. 250. blá-fastr, adj. very strong, Karl. 551. blá-fáinn, adj. with a blue polish [fá, to paint], Sks., Rm. 26. blá-feldr, m. a cloak of blue fur, N. G. L. i. 75. blá-fjallaðr, adj. blue-black, epithet of the raven, Landn. (in a verse). blá-góma, u, f. labrus luscus. blá-gras, n. a sort of geranium, the g. pratense. blá-grýti, n. blue hard stones rolled in the surf, Eggert Itin. § 477. blá-hattr, m. scabiosa, Ivar Aasen; a cognom., Stud. ii. 207. blá-hvítr, adj. white-blue, Gh. 4. blá-kaldr, adj. blue-cold, of purling water or iron, cp. the phrase, berja fram blákalt, hammering the iron cold, of obstinate, dogged reasoning. blá-kápa, u, f. a blue cape or cloak. blákápu-maðr, m. a blue cloaked man, Gísl. 37. blá-kinn, f. with a blue (black) chin, Landn. 201. blá-klukka, u, f., botan. campanula rotundi-folia, Hjalt. blá-klæddr, part. blue-clad, Fms. iii. 116. blá-leitr, adj. blue-faced, Karl. 5. blá-lenzkr, adj. Ethiopian, from Bláland, n. Ethiopia, Nigritia, and North-west Africa in general; Blálendingar, in. pl. Ethiopians; cp. 625. 625, Al. 51, Rb. 568, Stj. 253, 254. blá-maðr, m. a black man, negro, i.e. an Ethiopian, Al. 51, Orkn. 364 (referring to A.D. 1152), distinguished from the Saracens and Arabians; three 'blámenn' were sent as a present to the German emperor Frederic the Second, Fms. x. 3: in romances blámenn are mentioned as a kind of 'berserkers,' q.v., Finnb. ch. 16, Kjalnes. S. ch. 15; cp. Scott's Ivanhoe, note B. bláman, f. the livid colour of a bruise, Stj. 46. Gen. iv. 23. blá-mengdr and -mengjaðr, part, blue-mingled, Dipl. i. 168. blá-merktr, part. marked, variegated with blue, Vm. 149, 153. blá-mær, f. [mœrr = moor, cp. landamæri, borders, Caes. Bell. Gall, vi. ch. 23], the blue moor, an GREEK in the Norse poet Eyvind Skáldaspillir as an epithet of the sea about A.D. 960, Hkr. i. 154; cp. Landn. 54, which reads borðmærar, and attributes the verse to another poet. The word is still in use in Norway in the popular phrase, ut aa blaamyra: vide Ivar Aasen s.v. blaamyr, the sea.

68 XXX

blána, að, to become black, livid, Nj. 203 (iron in fire); Hkr. i. 103 (of a plague-stricken corpse), Fms. ii. 42. BLÁR, adj., fern, blá, neut. blátt, [Scot. b!a, which has the Icel. sense of dark blue, livid: cp. A. S. bleov; Engl. bine; Germ, blau; Swed. -Dan. blå: cp. also A. S. bleo = co lour], prop. Lat. lividtis; of the colour of lead, Snot 231; blár sem Hel, cp. Engl. black as death, Eb. 314, cp. Edda 13; of the livid colour caused by a blow, in the alliterative phrase, blar- ok blóðugr, Korm. 108; sárir eða lostnir svá blátt eðr rautt sc eptir, Grág. ii. 13: blár is the colour of mourning, tjalda blám reflum, Fms. xi. 17; falda blá, to wrap the head in black, Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse); cp. kolblár, Blámaðr, etc.; blár logi, a pale ' lowe, ' of a witch's flame, Gullþ. 5: of cloths; möttull, Nj. 24; kápa, 255; kyrtill, 184; murk, stripes, Ld. •244. P. metaph. /oo li s h, insipid; cp. bluheimskr; hann er ekki blur innan, a popular phrase, he is no goose. blá-rendr, adj. [rönd], blue-striped; braekr, Nj. 184. BLÁSA, blós, bk'-su, blásit; pres. blæss, [Ulf. blcsan, a redupl. verb; Germ, blasen; Swed. bla s a; cp. Engl. blow (blast); A. S. blâvan; Lat. flare. ~] I. to blow, Lat. flare, of the wind; the naut. alliterative phrase, blásandi byrr, a fresh breeze, Fms. vii. 287; vindrinn blæs og þú heyrir hans þyt, John iii. 8. 2. act. to blow a trumpet, sound an alarm, with dat. of the people and the instrument, the act of blow- ing in acc.; b. lúðri, Fms. vii. 287; var blásinn herblastr, so unded an alarm, ix. 358; b. liði (troops) til ofanganngu, Orkn. 350, Bret. 46; b. til stefnu, to a meeting, Fms. vii. 286; konungr let b. öllum niünnum ór bænum, ix. 304; b. til þings, viii. 2IO; til heraðstefnu, ix. 255, v. 1.: absol., þá bað hann b., sound the attack, viii. 403. P. t o hl ow the bellows; blásíu (imperat.) meir, Landn. 270 (in a verse), Edda 69, 70. Y- '0 welt, cast, the metal in acc.; hann bli's fyrstr manna rauða á Islandi, ok var hïnn af því kallaðr Rauðabjörii, Landn. 'jï, cp. Sks. 163; b. gullmalm, Bret. 4; sumir blésu ok steyptu af malmi Guos Hkneski, Bad. 139; sem af glóanda járni því er ákarliga er blúsit í eldi, Fms. viii. 8; yxn tveir or eiri blásnir (cast), Bret. 22. S. to swell, blow tip; lótt sem belgr blásinn, Fms. x. 308. II. to breathe, Lat. spirare; svá sem andi blxsk af nmnni, Eluc. 4: to blow with the mouth, hann blés í kross yfir drykk sinum, Fs. 103; bless hann á bá og sagði, með-takið þeir Heilagan Anda, John xx. 22; b. við, to draw a deep breath; hón blés við ok svarar, Clem. 50; jarl blés þá við mæðiliga, Fs. 1O, Magn. 444: to sigh, of a sick man, Gísl. 47; b. halt við, Bjarn. 24: without ' við, ' Sturl. i. 20; b. eitri, eldi (of serpents or dragons), t o snort, Edda 42; of a horse, Greg. 49. 2. theol. to inspire; Guð bids sinum auda (dat.) í brjost honum, Fms. i. 142, 199; Guð blés henni því í brjóst, Stj. 160 (cp. innblástr). 3. b. mod e-m, to conspire against one, Fms. vii. 164: in the phrase, ' to blow not a hair off one's head, ' Jarl mælti, at eingi skyldi b. hár af höfði Sveini, no one should dare to make a hair move on his head, Orkn. 252. III. impers.: 1. medic, t o ' boulne, ' swell, from sickness, wounds ..., the wound or swollen limb in acc.; hann svall svá ákafliga, at allan blés kviðinn, Bs. i. 319; sár Grims varð ilia, ok blés upp fótinn, Dropl. 36, Grett. 153; hann blés allan, Bs. i. ll6. 2. of land, to be laid bare, stripped of the turf by wind; hafði blásit hauginn ok lá silfrið bert, Fms. iv. 57. 3. in supine, and partic. the personal construction reappears; á Ormarsstöðum þar sem er blásið allt, where all is stripped, barren, Landn. 280; meltorfa blásin mjök, stripped, barren, Hrafn. 27: medic., hin hægri geirvartan var blásin upp, 655 xxxii. 10; hans horund var allt blásit, Fas. i. 286, Rb. 374; syndist fótrinn blásinn ok kolblár, Grett. blá-saumaðr, part, blue-embroidered, Pm. 12. blá-silfr, n. bad silver, opp. to skirt silfr; þrim tigum sinna skal b. vega móti gulli, tiu sinnurn skirt silfr móti gulli, 732. 16: the propor- tion of bad to pure silver is thus as three to one. blá-síða, u, f., cp. grásíða, a cognom., Ísl. ii. 52. blá-stafaðr, adj. blue-striped; segl. b., Fms. x. 345. blá-stjarna, u, f. the blue star, i. e. Hesperus, Snot 131. blástr, rs, m., dat. blæstri, blæsti, Hom. 47; pl. biástrar: 1. t o bla s t, Sks. 213. 2. breath; b. af lopti, Eluc. 19; málit görisk af blæstrinum, Skálda 170: the blast of a trumpet, Fms. ix. 30: hissing of serpents, breathing of whales (hvala blástr), Gullþ. 8: blowing a bellows, Edda 70. 3. medic, swelling, mortification, Nj. 209, Dropl. 36, Bs. i. 182. COMPDS: blastr-belgri m. a bellows, Karl. 18. blástr- hol, n. the blow-hole of a whale. blástr-horn (blástrarhorn), n. a trumpet, horn, 655. 8, Rb. 372. blástr-járn, n. blast iron, c a s t, not wrought, Gnig. i. 501, Jb. 345. blástr-samr, adj. windy, Sks. 41. blástr-svalr, adj. co ld blowing, Sks. 41, v. 1. blá-tönn, f. a cognom. having a blue, black tusk, Fas. ii. 390. bleðja, að, [blað], prop, to prune, lop trees and plants, Bs. ii. 165, N. G. L. i. 241: esp. in the metaph. phrase, b. af, to destroy, kill off one by one; mun hann svá setla at b. hirðina, Fms. ii. 55, vii. 36, Fs. 96. blegðr, m. [bleyg and blöyg, Ivar Aasen; Germ, pflock; Engl. plug] , a plug, Krók. 56, where in pl. bleik-álóttr, adj., bleikálingr, m., ana bleikála, f. a dun horse with a dark stripe down the back, Nj. 81, Sturl. ii. 145, Grett. 91. bleik-hárr, adj. auburn, Hkr. iii. 174, P'ms. vii. 101.

BLIKA -- BLOÐSPYJA. 69

blika, u, f. light clouds foreboding storms, such as the Engl. call 'mare's tails,' (regn-blika, vind-blika), hence the saying, e-m lízt ekki a blikuna, when matters look threatening; freq. in mod. usage, though no instance is on record in old writers. 2. medic, pallor, Dan. blegesot, Fél. ix. 201. blika, að, and blíkja, bleik, bliku, an old obsolete poët. form, of which only remain the forms, 3rd pers. pl. pret. bliku, fulgebant, Vkv. 6, Fas. i. 186 (in a verse): infm., blíkja, Hkr. i. 96 (in a verse); 3rd pers. pl. pres. blíkja, fulgent, Grág. ii. 170, in an old law form; part, blíkjanda, Edda 231, [Lat. fulgere; Germ, blicken, cp. blitzen; Engl to blink] :-- to gleam, twinkle, Lat. micare; the stars 'blika,' the sun 'skín;' used of arms, skildir bliku þeirra við hinn skarða mána, Vkv. l.c.; bliku reið er Regin átti, Fas. l.c.; á baki létu blíkja (of the shields), Hkr. l.c.; skildir blika við 1 Rauðaskriðum, Nj. 143, cp. Grág. ii. 170; blikuðu þar skildir við, Eg. 724; blika við sólu, Fbr. 156; blíkjanda (part.) böl, gleaming bale, of the hall of Hela, Edda l.c. blik-hvítr, adj. white-gleaming, of a shield, Lex. Poët. bliki, a, m. a drake; andar-bliki, æðar-bliki, etc. blikna, að, [bleikr], to become pale, Fms. ii. 240, iv. 166, Flov. 41. blikra, að, [Ivar Aasen blikra, to flutter], to blink; impers. with dat., kvaðst hann eigi hirða þó bónda blikraði nokkut til hvat fyrir væri (= blöskraði, felt a shudder), Grett. 100 A (rare). blinda, að, [Ulf. blindjan], to blind, deprive of sight, Fms. v. 268, vii. 207, Stj. 619: metaph. to deceive, Fms. ii. 46, v. 217, Gþl. 215. blindi, f. indecl., mod. blindni, blindness, Stj. 620, Greg. 35: metaph., Blas. 47: snjó-blinda, u, f. snow-blindness; nátt-blinda, nyctalopia; dag-blinda, hemeralopia, Fél. blindingr, m. a blind or hidden peg, of pegs used to pin planks together edgeways, serving the same purpose as tongue and groove, Edda 232. blindleikr, m. blindness, Fms. ii. 241, Stj. 122: metaph., H. E. i. 462. BLINDR, adj. [Ulf. blinds; A. S. and Engl. blind; O. H. G. plint; Germ. blind; common to all Teut. idioms, whilst Gr. GREEK and Lat. caecus are of different roots] :-- blind; blindr borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Fms. vi. 389: proverb, misjafnir eru blinds manns bitar: metaph., with gen., mjök er mannfólkit blint ens sauna um forlögin, blind as to the fate, Al. 23: neut. as adv., dark, ekki er þat blint hvers þú eggjar, Fms. iv. 133; Einarr lét sér þat blint vera, i.e. said that he knew nothing about it, viii. 10; Grettir segir at þeim var blint til þess at ætla, a blind matter for them to guess at, Grett. 148 A: a thick storm is called 'blind-bylr;' (but the Icel. call thick darkness 'niða-myrkr,' Dan. bælgmörke); the Germans call blind what is hidden and cannot be seen; this is rare in Icel., yet blind-sker, a hidden skerry (rock) in the sea; cp. also blindingr. blíða, u, f. [Ulf. bleiþei], literally blitheness, but in usage gentleness, grace, of a woman; alla blíðu lét hón uppi við mik, Nj. 18; hófst þá enn at nýju b. (friendly intercourse) með þeim mágum, Fms. ix. 450: in mod. usage, balminess of the air: fair words, blandishment, Sks. 540. COMPD: blíðu-bragð, n. a token of grace, caressing, Stj. 90, Fms. vii. 108: in a less good sense, of outward shew, Fas. iii. 151, 209. blíðask, að, dep. = bliðkask, Thom. 183. blíðka, að, to render 'blithe,' caress, coax, Ld. 286: reflex., Stj. 142. blíðkan, f. caressing, Stj. 186. blíðleikr and -leiki, m. mildness, balminess, of the air, Fms. x. 336, Rb. 336: blandishment, Pass. 31. 10. blíðleitr, adj. of mild countenance, Fms. xi. 215, v.l. blíðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. blithely, graciously; taka, fagna e-m b., Nj. 4, Sks. 370, Fms. vii. 107, ix. 411. blíð-lundaðr and -lyndr, adj. of gentle disposition, Magn. 474. blíð-lyndi, n. gentle disposition. blíð-læti, n. caressing, Bs. i. 140, Greg. 51. blíð-mæli, n. fair words, blandishments, Fms. x. 307, i. 109, Pass. 6. 6. blíð-mæltr, adj. bland, Sturl. ii. 189, Fms. xi. 215, vii. 239. BLÍÐR, adj. [Ulf. bleiþs, GREEK, misericors; and bleiþi, GREEK; gableiþjan, GREEK; A. S. bliðe; Engl. blithe; Hel. blithi = clarus, laetus] :-- in usage, mild, gentle, soft; blíðr is a word of endearment, but as it denotes the outward expression of mildness in the eyes, look, voice, it also has a bad sense, bland, fawning, enticing: alliterative proverb, blíð er bætandi hönd; b. ok þekkr, Bs. i. 131; b. orð, Fms. x. 292; b. ok kátr, Eg. 45; blíð ok eptirmál, mild and charming, of a wife, Nj. 13: of the air, blítt veðr, mild, balmy, Fms. ii. 76, vi. 378: metaph., blítt ok strítt, whether it pleases or not, in fine weather or foul, Sturl. i. 193; fyrir blíðu né stríðu, neither by fair nor foul means, 625. 95: agreeable, eigi blíð baksletta, Al. 90; e-m er blíðara, 'tis more pleasant for one, one is better pleased, Fms. x. 353. blíð-skapr, ar, m. mildness, kindness, friendly terms, Fms. i. 102; með blíðskap, m. friendly terms, Eg. 740, Stj. 192. blíð-veðr and blíðviðri, n. mild weather, 655 xii. 2, Thom. 167. blíð-yrði, n. blandishment, Sks. 530, Fms. x. 292. BLÍFA, [Germ. bleiben; akin to leifa, q.v.], to remain; this word was taken from Luther's Bible into Icel., and is used by theol. writers; pret. sing, is never used, but pret. pl. blifu. Pass. 50. 4. BLÍGJA, ð, [Swed. bliga = to gaze, stare], to gaze; b. augum, Mirm. 70. blígr, m. staring, gazing, a cognom., Eb. blína, d, to store, gaze, [cp. A. S. blin.] blístra, u, f. the month-piece of bellows, Vm. 177. BLÍSTRA, að, to whistle, Fb. i. 553, Fas. iii. 337, Bret. 26: the phrase, b. í spor e-m, prob. a hunting term, to run whistling after one, Korm. 62, Fms. viii. 60. 2. of snakes, to hiss, Fr. blístran, f. (blístr, n.), whistling, Mar. 61, Konr. 58 (Fr.): the mod. phrase, standa á blístri, to be swoln like bellows, is curious, and indicates a relation between blása and blístra. bljúgr, adj. [Swed. blyg], bashful, shy, modest, Pass. 16. 14 (penitent). blossi, a, m. a flame, Dan. bluss, (mod.), Pass. 3. 2. BLOTI, a, m. [blautr], a thaw, melting of snow (freq.) blotna, að, to become moist or soft: metaph. to lose courage; blotnar hann eigi við þat, Ísl. ii. 330, Fms. viii. 137. BLÓÐ, n. [Ulf. bloþ, common to all Teut. idioms] :-- the blood, Lat. sanguis; 'dreyri' is cruor; 'hlaut,' q.v., is blood shed in sacrifice, cp. Eb. ch. 4, Nj. 107, Eb. 242, Fms. i. 46; nema, láta (mod. taka) b., to take, let blood (blóðlát), vii. 269, Grág. ii. 133; ganga blóði, to have a hemorrhage, Bs. i. 337: the phrase, blanda blóði saman, to mix blood together, Ls. 9, refers to the old heathen rite of entering foster-brothership, defined in Gísl. 11, Fbr. 7, Fb. ii. 93, Fas. iii. 376: metaph. offspring, Stj. 47; hjart-blóð, heart's blood; dauða-blóð, life-blood, gore: metaph. compound words are rare. In poets 'blood of Quasir' means poetry; the blood of the giant Ymir, the sea, vide Edda 47, 5. Fél. ix. 198, 199, records many medic, compounds, blóðfall and blóðlát, menorrhagia; blóðhella, congestio ad viscera; blóðkýli, ulcus; blóðmiga, haematuria; blóðnasir, f. pl. epistaxis; blóðrás, hemorrhagia; blóðsótt, dysenteria; blóðhrækjur, haemoptysis; blóðspýja, haematemesis, etc. Other COMPDS: blóða-brúðgumi, a, m., Stj. 42. Exod. iv. 25, the 'bloody husband' of the Engl. text. blóðs-akr, in. the field of blood, Matth. xxvii. 8. blóðs-litr, m. blood-colour, 656. 6, Eb. 26. blóðs-peningar, m. pl. the price of blood, Matth. xxvii. 6. blóðs-úthelling, f. a shedding of blood, Fas. i. 73. blóð-band, n., mostly in pl. a bandage to stop bleeding, Bs. i. 625, 376. blóð-bogi, a, m. a gush of blood, Nj. 210, Fms. vi. 419, Sd. 178. blóð-drefjar, f. pl. spatterings of blood, Grett. 111 A. blóð-drekkr, m. one who drinks blood, Fas. iii. 573: epithet of a fox. blóð-dropi, a, in. a drop of blood, Bs. i. 45, Fms. i. 270. blóð-drykkja, u, f. drink of blood. Thom. 150. blóð-fall, n. and blóðfalls-sótt, f. bloody flux, dysentery, Bs. i. 317, ii. 108, 618. blóð-flekkr, m. a fleck or stain of blood, Eb. 242. blóð-fors, m. a gush of blood, Nj. 244. blóð-fullr, adj. full of blood, Fbr. 12. blóðga, að, to make bleed, Nj. 82: reflex, to become bloody, Str. 78. blóði, a, m., poët. a brother, consanguineus, Edda (Gl.), Haustl. 14. blóðigr, adj., contr. blóðgir, -gum, etc.; in mod. usage uncontracted through all cases, and so it is freq. in old writers, e.g. blóðigan (acc.), Bjarn. 50 vellum MS.; blóðugri (dat. f.), Grág. ii. 192: bloody, Nj. 19, Ísl. ii. 771, etc. blóð-kýll, m. a blood-bag; metaph. a blood-sucker, a leech, Fms. ii. 317. blóð-lauss, adj. (blóðleysi, n.), bloodless, Str. 5. blóð-lát, n. loss of blood, Hkr. ii. 24: medic, blood-letting, bleeding, Fms. vii. 269, Str. 28, N. G. L. iii. 15. blóð-látinn, part, having blood let, bled, Bs. i. 848, Str. 27. blóð-lifr, ar, f. pl. clotted blood, Nj. 171. blóð-ligr, adj. bloody, Stj. 161. blóð-litr = blóðslitr, Landn. 335. blóð-lækr, jar, m. a river of blood, Fms. vi. 407. blóð-maðkr, m. a maggot bred in putrefying blood, Stj. 91. blóð-mikill, adj. plethoric. blóð-nætr, f. pl. bloody nights; it may originally have been a law term, the night next after a murder or homicide; in the proverb, blóðnætr eru hverjum bráðastar, i.e. the thirst for revenge rises highest during the bloody nights, Glúm. 344, Fs. 39, Bs. i. 142. blóð-rauðr, adj. blood-red, Fms. i. 217, Art. 120. blóð-rás, f. a 'blood-rush,' hemorrhagia, Ld. 140, Fms. x. 395, Pr. 473: mod. also circulation of blood. blóð-refill, m. the point of a sword, Nj. 246, Eg. 216, 306, Hkr. i. 70; a curious word; does refill here mean a snake? cp. refil-stígar, semita serpentis; cp. also Korm. ch. 9. blóð-reiðr, adj. very wrath, Fms. iv. 182. blóð-risa, adj. ind. [Germ, blutrise = saucius, cruentus], bruised and bloody, Eb. 46; in the alliterative phrase, blár ok b., blue and bloody from blows, Grett. 147, Stj. 91: as to the root, cp. hár-ramr, the outside, but hold-rosa, u, f. a tanner's term, the inside of a skin; yet blóðrisa in the MSS. is not spelt with a y. blóð-segi and blóðsigi, a, m. a clot of blood, Bs. i. 334, Fas. iii. 296. blóð-skuld, f. blood-guilt, Pass. 2. 10, 25. 7. blóð-sótt, f. monthly courses, Stj. 318, 256: dysenteria, Fél. ix. 199, blóð-spýja, u, f. a spitting of blood, Fs. 153, Ann. 1393.

70 BLÓÐSTJARNA -- BLÓTPRESTR.

blóð-stjarna, u, f. the bloody star, prob. Mars, Rb. 110. blóð-stokkinn, part. (mod. blóð-storkinn, stark with blood), gory all over, Bs. i. 626, Niðrst. 3. blóð-straumr, m. a stream of blood, Fas. i. 499. blóð-sveiti, a, m. a bloody sweat, Pass. 2. 12 (Luke xxii. 44). blóð-tjörn, f. a pool of blood, Eb. 200. blóð-vaka, u, f. [vekja blóð, cp. vökvi, m. fluid], a law term, the letting blood flow; svá hart at b. yrði, Bs. i. 871. blóð-varmr, adj. blood-warm, warm as blood, Karl. 240. blóð-ær, f. a sheep (ewe) fit for slaughter, Fms. xi. 36. blóð-æsar, f. pl. (v. æsar), a bad reading instead of blóðnætr, Bs. i. 142. blóð-örn, m. 'blood eagle,' in the phrase 'rísta b.,' to cut a blood eagle, a cruel method of putting to death in the heathen times, practised, as it seems, only on the slayer of one's father if taken alive in a battle: the ribs were cut in the shape of an eagle and the lungs pulled through the opening, a sort of vivisection described in Orkn. ch. 8, Fas. i. 293, 354 (Ragn. S.): so king Ella was put to death by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, Fms. iii. 225: it is called a sacrifice to Odin of the victim, cp. the phrase, ok gaf hann Óðni til sigrs sér, Orkn. l.c.; the old rite 'marka geirsoddi,' q.v., is analogous, not identical; cp. also upon the subject Grimm D. R. A., and Hm. 139. blóð-öx and -ex, f. bloody axe, a cognom. of king Eric, Fms. BLÓM, n. [Ulf. bloma, Matth. vi. 28; Engl. bloom; Germ. blume; A. S. blosma, Engl. blossom, answers to blómstr, qs. Lat. flos. The Icel. has not the primitive verb. Hel. blôan; Germ, blühen] :-- a bloom, blossom, flower; hvít blóm á grasi, El. 24; lauf ok blóm ok aldin, 19; gras ok blóm, flowers, Edda 145 (pref.), Fms. v. 345; þótti honum á einum kvistinum fegrst b., Bárð. 164; ekki þótti henni blómit (the bloom or blossom on the tree) svá mikit á vera sem hón vildi, Ísl. ii. 14; kóróna af dýrligum blómum, Bret. COMPDS: blóma-mikill, adj. rich-blossoming, Bárð. l.c. blóm-berandi, part. bloom-bearing, Stj. 14. blóm-beranligr, adj. id., Fms. iii. 174. blómgan, f. blooming, flourishing, Stj. 29. blómganligr, adj. blooming, Bs. ii. 183. blómgast, að, dep. to flourish, Magn. 502, Sks. 610: part. blómgaðr, adj. which has blossom upon it, Fms. xi. 9. blómi, a, m. [Ulf. bloma, m., Matth. vi. 28; v. blóm]. 1. pl. blooms, blossoms, flowers; þar hrörna aldri fagrir blómar, Clem. 40; hafa rauða blóma (acc. pl.), 655 xiv; allskonar fagra blóma, Fms. x. 241; heilir blómar, flores integri, Magn. 468; this use is now rare. 2. sing. blooming; þat tré stendr ávalt síðan með blóma, in full bloom, 656 A. 23. 3. esp. metaph. full bloom, prosperity; stóð hagr hans með hinum mesta blóma, Ísl. ii. 14, Band. 2, Fms. v. 346; í bloma aldrs síns (æsku blómi), in the bloom of life, viii. 29, vii. 108 (with blooming face); á þeirra veldi var b. mjök langa hríð, Ver. 45, Sks. 758. 4. the yolk in an egg; the phrase 'lifa sem blómi í eggi,' to live like the yolk in an egg, i.e. to live in perfect comfort. blómstr, rs, m. bloom, blossom; allan akrsins blómstr, Stj. 29; sætan b., Sks. 630 B, 499; 'flos' is rendered by b., Stj. (pref.): in writers since the Reformation always neut.; allt eins og blómstrið eina, and glóandi blómstrið frítt, Hallgrímr, Snót 45; blóm and blómstr are synonymous, but blómi in common usage is metaph. = prosperity. BLÓRAR, a, m. [cp. Dan. blår, the refuse of flax, and the phrase, at kaste een blår í öjnene, to throw dust in one's eyes] in Icel. only used in the metaph. phrase, at göra e-t í blóra við e-n, to commit an offence behind another person so that suspicion falls upon him: and blóra-maðr, m., en ef svá verðr sem mér er grunr á at, dóttir þín sé með barni, þá eru þar fáir blóramenn, ok vil ek ganga við faðerni. Fas. iii. 344. BLÓT, n. [Ulf. renders GREEK and GREEK by blutinassus, cp. also A. S. compd words such as blôtmônad] :-- gener. worship, and worship including sacrifice, spec. a sacrificial feast or banquet, used freq. in pl. when in general sense; the feasts were, esp. the three great annual feasts, when the winter set in (Oct.), at Yule time and mid-winter (Dec. or Jan.), and when the summer began (April), Ó. H. ch. 94-96, Hkr. i. 139 sqq., Hák. S. G. ch. xvi sqq., and the verse of Kormak, Hafit maðr ask né eski, id., Hkr. (Ó. T.) i. 272, Fms. x. (Ó. T.) ch. 50, Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 531, 512. Hervar. S. the last chapter, Eb. ch. 10, Eg. 257, Fb. i. 22; at Uppsölum vóru blót svá mikil í þann tíma, at hvergi hafa verit meiri á Norðrlöndum, Fas. i. 255; þann vetr fékk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla um forlög sín, Landn. 33, cp. Hým. 1, Vsp. 62; þar vóru áðr blót ok hörgar, Bs. i. 20 (Kr. S.), Fms. i. 131, Eb. 4; there are mentioned álfa-blót, dísa-blót, etc. 2. blót, or more correctly blœti, n. an idol, amulet, engi maðr skal hafa í húsum sínum, stalla, vit eðr blót (blœti) ... nú ef blot (blœti) er funnit í húsi láslausu, mat-blót (dough idol) eðr leir-blót (clay idol) gört í mannslíki af leiri eðr deigi, þá ..., N. G. L. i. 383, 389; cp. Fs. (Hallfr. S.) 97. II. metaph. in Christian times the name of the heathen worship became odious, and blót came to mean swearing, cursing, freq. in Sturl. and Bs., and in mod. usage, Sturl. ii. 106, 152, iii. 101, Fs. (Vd.) 36, Gísl. The terms for swearing in the heathen times were 'troll, gramir,' etc., q.v. BLÓTA, in old use a strong (and originally a redupl.) verb, blóta--blét--blétu--blótinn; pres. blœt, and with the suffixed negative blœtka (I worship not), Stor. 22 (the Ed. wrongly blotka, without change of vowel); this form also occurs K. Þ. K. (Kb.) ch. 7, the Ed. 1853 has wrongly blœt(a)r, but a few lines below blótar (weak), probably altered from blœtr; pret. sing, blét, Hkr. (Yngl.) 56, 269; pl. blétu, 56; subj. blétim, 623. 61; imperat. blótt, Am. 75; part. blótinn, and sup. blótið are freq., Hkr. i. 34, 35, 239, Landn. 47, Fas. i. 255: more freq. weak, blóta, að; pres. blótar, blótast, Fas. i. 87, Fbr. 78; pret. blótaði, Landn. 224, 291, 322, Bs. i. 6 (Kr. S.), Nj. 272, Gísl. 140, Fær. 272, Fas. i. 463, 531, Bret., Fms. ii. 263, Hkr. i. 34, 35, Ísl. ii. 109, Fs. 50; only the weak sup. and part. are rare in old writers; blótuð, Hom. 153 (Norse); blótað (sup.), Bs. i. 5 (paper transcript): [Ulf. blotan (redupl. verb) = GREEK, GREEK, cp. guþbloteins = GREEK, guþblostreis = GREEK; A. S. blôtan = immolare; O. H. G. blozan; the root is probably akin to bletsian, Engl. to bless] :-- gener. to worship, to worship with sacrifice; with acc. of the being worshipped, but dat. of the object sacrificed; thus b. hof, lund, fors, goð, álfa, vættir, to worship temple, grove, force, gods, elves, beings; but b. mönnum, þrælum, kvikendum, to sacrifice with men, thralls, beasts, i.e. to sacrifice, slay them: also used absol.: I. with acc. or absol. to worship; skal Þórólfr b. ok leita heilla þeim bræðrum, Eg. 257, 623. 61, Landn. 40, Hkr. i. 34 sqq., Fs. 41; heiðnar vættir, Nj. 272, Fær. 139, cp. Bret. 84, 94, Landn. 36, Ib. ch. 7, Bs. i. 25; b. til friðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar, to make a sacrifice for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind, Hkr. i. 239, 34, 56, 11. 97, Fs. 173: of the worship of natural objects, at Giljá stóð steinn (a stone), er (acc.) þeir frændr höfðu blótað, Bs. i. 5, Harð. S. Ísl. ii. 109; hann blótaði lundinn, he worshipped the grove (cp. Tacitus, sacrum nemus), Landn. 224; hann blótaði forsinn, 291: worship of men (rare), Gríms sonar þess er blótinn var dauðr fyrir þokkasæld ok kallaðr Kamban, 47, Fb. ii. 7; þau vóru bæði blótuð, Edda 83: b. hof, in the phrase, heiðnir menn hof b., Grág., Ísl. ii. 381; blót er oss ok kviðjat, at vér skulum eigi b. heiðit goð, né hauga né hörga, N. G. L. i. 18: worship of animals, Ögvaldr konungr blét kú eina, Hkr. i. 269, Fas. i. 255. β. with dat. (extremely rare); blótar hann einum gölt (sic!), prob. corrupt = einn (acc.) gölt, Fas. i. 187 a paper transcript. II. with dat. to sacrifice; sacrifices of men are recorded, Hkr. i. 34, 35, 56, 239, Gísl. 140, Eb. l.c., Fas. i. 452 (Hervar. S.): slaves and criminals were esp. sacrificed, thus representing the executions of modern times; heiðingjar blóta enum verstum mönnum, ok hrinda þeim fyrir björg ok hamra ...; enir heiðnu menn höfðu þá stefnu, ok tóku þat ráð at b. tveim mönnum ór hverjum fjórðungi, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 23: captives, Ó. H. ch. 131; kom þat ásamt með þeim at hafa Hallfreð til blóta, Fs. 102; b. þrælum, Fms. x. 323; b. mönnum ok fé, Fs. (Vd.) 50, Am. 75, Fms. i. 174: a sort of self-immolation is recorded Fb. ii. 72. III. to curse, swear, vide blót II; with dat. or absol., hann blótar hestunum, Fbr. 78; eigi kvíði ek því þótt biskup blóti mér eðr banni, Bs. i. 708; blótuð verð þú, Hom. 153: reflex, blótask, to go about swearing, Fms. viii. 294: vide Maurer, Bekehr. ii. 195 sqq. blótan, f. sacrificing, 623. 57. II. cursing, swearing, Fms. viii. 293. blót-auðigr, adj. rich in sacrifices; b. hof, Mart. 116. blót-bað, n. a sacrificial bath, Post. 138. blót-biskup, m. a heathen priest, Bret. 34 (Laocoon), Fms. x. 323. blót-bolli, a, m. a sacrificial bowl, Fms. ii. 309. blót-dómr, m. idolatry, Stj. 106. blót-drykkja, u, f. a sacrificial feast, Fms. x. 393, cp. Eg. 257. blót-fé, n. a sacred or accursed thing, Stj. 363 (Josh. vii. ii), Edda 83. blót-goði, a, m. a heathen priest, Post. 656 B. 10, Hkr. i. 8. blót-gröf, f. a sacrificial den in which to kill the victim, Fs. 49, 50. blót-guð, m. a heathen god, Fms. ii. 76. blót-gyðja, u, f. a heathen priestess, Hkr. i. 8. blót-haugr, m. a sacrificial mound or cairn, cp. N. G. L. i. 18; defined Fms. v. 164; about cairns of that kind among the Perms (Bjarmar), vide Fms. iv. 299, cp. also Hkr. i. 16. blót-hús, n. a heathen house of worship, sometimes less than the 'hof,' used like Christian chapels for private worship, Fms. ii. 263, Ísl. ii. 109: a temple in general, Stj. 391. blót-jarl, m. a surname of the heathen earl Hacon, Fms. ii. 122. blót-kálfr, m. the golden calf, Stj. 312. blót-kelda, u, f. a fen near the heathen temples, in which animals (or men) were killed by drowning, Ísl. (Kjaln. S.) ii. 404. blót-klæði, n. garments used at sacrifices, Fs. 42. blót-kona, u, f. = blótgyðja, Stj. 428. blót-lundr, m. a sacred grove, Fms. xi. 382, Stj. 391, cp. Landn. 222. blót-maðr, m. a heathen worshipper, Bret. 57, Eg. 179, Fms. i. 294, 263, Andr. 65. blót-matr, m. the meat of the victims, Hkr. i. 139. blót-naut, n. an ox worshipped and enchanted, Hkr. i. 269, Fms. iii. 132, Fas. i. 255; hence in mod. use a mad bull is called blótneyti, n. 2. a bull to be sacrificed, a heathen sacrifice connected with the old holmgang, q.v., Eg. 506, cp. Korm. 212, 214, Gísl. 80. blót-neyti, id., Fas. i. 425. blót-prestr, m. a heathen priest, Sks. 575.

BLÓTRISI -- BOÐSKAPR. 71

blót-risi, a, m. an enchanted champion (?), GREEK, Korm. 242. blót-skapr, m. idolatry, heathen worship, sacrifice, Fms. i. 31, xi. 134, Stj. 650, N. G. L. i. 351: things belonging to worship, Stj. 391, Fagrsk. 28, Fms. v. 239. blót-skógr, m. = blótlundr, Stj. 650, Róm. 199. blót-spánn, m. divining rods or chips used at sacrifices, cp. Tacitus Germ. ch. x, and Amm. Marc. xxxi. 2. in the phrase, fella blót-spán, ramos sortidicos jactare; þá feldi hann b. ok vitraðist svá, at hann skyldi hafa dagráð at berjast, Fagrsk. 40, in the passage of Vellekla (the source of the narrative) the poet uses the word teinn lautar, qs. hlautar-teinn, the rod of the sacrificial blood, cp. the phrase, kjósa hlaut-við, Vsp. 62; and hrista teina, Hým. 1; þá feldi Önundr blótspán til, at hann skyldi verða víss ..., Landn. 193; síðan var feldr blótspánn, ok gékk svá fréttin, at..., Fas. i. 526, 452 (Hervar. S.) blót-staðr, m. a place of heathen sacrifice, Hom. 175, Hkr. i. 6, Fms. xi. 40, Fagrsk. 29. blót-stallr, m. a heathen altar, Stj. 391. blót-tré, n. a sacred tree, Mart. 115. blót-trygill, m. [trog], a sacrificial trough, Fs. 108. blót-veizla, u, f. a sacrificial banquet, Hkr. i. 139, Fms. i. 35, iv. 237. blót-viðr, m. = blótlundr, Greg. 80. blót-villa, u, f. a heathen heresy, Fms. x. 243. blót-völlr, m. a bewitched field; eigi munu vér Nú optar ganga appá b. þinn, Fms. viii. 157. blunda, að, to doze; éta blundandi, Edda 72; cp. mod. ganga blindandi, to go blinking, half asleep; b. augum, to shut the eyes, Bs. ii. 481. BLUNÐR, m. sleep, dozing: slumber, a nickname, Landn. 80. blund-skaka, að, to blink with the eyes, Stj. 81. blund-stafir, m. pl. rods causing sleep, in the phrase, bregða blund-stöfum, to awake, Sdm. 3; cp. stinga svefnþorn, Ísl. Þjóðs. blygð, f. [bljúgr], shame, Grett. 159 A, Vígl. 20. COMPD: blygðar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), blameless, Grett. 161 A. blygða, ð, to put to shame, Fas. iii. 655, Fms. iii. 89. β. reflex, to be ashamed, Sks. 494; = bleyðast, to lose heart, Fas. iii. 411; b. sín, to be ashamed, to repent, (mod.) blygðan, f. shame, disgrace, nakedness, Pass. 24. 3. COMPD: blygðunar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), impudent. blygjast, ð, = blygðast, Sks. 494, v. l. BLYS, n. [Dan. blus], a torch, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. i. 804. BLÝ, n. [Germ. blei; O.H.G. pli; Lat. plumbum] , lead; sökkva sem b., Blas. 49, Dipl. v. 18. COMPDS: blý-band, n. a leaden band, Fms. x. 172. blý-kleppr, m. a plummet, Rb. 472. blý-ligr, adj. leaden, 732. II. blý-skeyti, n. a leaden missile, Stj. 74, Pr. 401. blý-steyptr, part, cast in lead, Sks. 392. blý-stika, u, f. a leaden candlestick, Vm. 38. blý-stokkr, m. a leaden box, Sd. 191. blý-bungr, adj. heavy as lead. blý-þekja, þakði, to thatch, i. e. roof, with lead, Bs. i. 235. blæða, dd, to bleed, to flow, of blood, Pr. 473; blæddu nasar hans (blóð-nasir), Bs. i. 521: impers., e-m blæðir, one loses blood, Grág. ii. II, Sturl. iii. 113, Sd. 139, Eb. 242: absol., laust hana í andlitið svá at blæddi, Nj. 18: metaph. phrase, e-m blæðir e-t í augu, it bleeds into one's eyes, i. e. one is amazed at a thing. blæja, u, f. [cp. Germ, blege=limbus, prob. derived from A. S. bleoh=colour; prob. an Engl. word, cp. Enskar blæjur, Eb. 256]:--a fine, coloured cloth; hon hafði knýtt urn sik blæju, ok vóru í mörk blá, Ld. 244: a burial sheet, Am. 101, Gkv. 1. 13, Grág. i. 207: the cover of a bed, Gg. 7, 25, Rm. 20, Bb. 1. 12, Eb. l. c.: cover of an altar table, Vm. 65, Dipl. iii. 4: poët., hildar b., a shield, the b. of the mast=the sail, etc.: mod. a veil. COMPDS: blseju-endi, a, m. the end of a b., Ld. l. c. blæju-horn, n. the corner of a b., Ld. 246. blæju-hvalr, m. [Germ. bleie], a kind of whale, alburnus, Edda (Gl.) BLÆR, m. [cp. Engl. to blare], a gentle breeze, puff of air, esp. with a notion of warmth; b. hitans, Edda 4: kenna blæ (to feel a draft) á andliti sér. Clem. 35; vinds blær, Stj. 78; þá kom kaldr blær (a cold stream of air) á Skutu or jarðhúsinu, Rb. 319: poet, the blue sky, the pure air, undir blæ himins blíðan, Pass. 25. 10; blærinn hýrnar við dægrið hvert, Bb. 1. 18. 2. in mod. usage metaph. the air, character of a speech, writing, or the like; sögu-blær, frásagnar-blær, rit-blær. II. a ra m, Edda (Gl.), hence blœsma. blœsma, adj. ind. [blær, a ram], a ewe or goat at heat, Grág. i. 427, Fbr. 212, Stj. 178; cp. yxna of a cow, breyma of a cat, rœða of a sow. blökku-maðr, m. [blakkr], a blackamoor, sometimes a negro, (mod.) BLÖKU-MENN, m. pl. Walachians, and Blökumanna-land, Walachia, Fms. v. 283; hann sviku Blakumenn í útfaru, Broc. Runstone, p. 179. BLÖSKRA, að, to blench: 1. absol., hann brá sér eigi við né blöskraði, Fms. vii. 157; hygg at vandlega hvárt ek b. nökkut, xi. 150, and so also Jomsv. 47, and Fb. i. 198. 2. e-m blöskrar--ok bað þá at hyggja hvárt honum blöskraði nökkuð, Sturl. iii. 43--ought perhaps to be ' hann;' the mod. use is constant, ' e-m b.,' one blenches, is shocked at a thing. BOBBI, a, m. a snail-shell, Eggert Itin., hence metaph. puzzle, in the phrase, komast í bobba, to get into a puzzle. BOÐ, n. [Ulf. buzns; Germ. bote, gebot; cp. bjóða]. 1. a bid, offer; konungr bauð (offered) at fá Gunnari kvánfang ok ríki mikit...Gunnarr þakkaði konungi boð sitt, Nj. 46; bjóða boð fyrir e-n, to make bids or offers for one, Lv. 25, Vígl. 28; hvat er í boði, what is the bidding? metaph. from an auction, O. H. L. 71. 2. a feast, wedding, banquet, to which the guests are 'bidden;' veizlan fór vel fram, en er boði var lokit, when the feast was past, Nj. 25; fóru þeir allir til boðsins, the wedding feast, Fms. xi. 106; skyldi boð vera at Marðar, Nj. 4; hafa e-n í boði sínu, to entertain at one's feast, Fms. i. 40; haust-boð, Gísl. 27. 3. [A. S. bebod], a bidding, commandment, Fms. ii. 30, 168, xi. 246; boð ok bann, v. bann. β. the right of redemption, a Norse law term; skal sá óðalsmaðr er boði er næstr brigð upp hefja, Gþl. 294; ok svá eigu þær boð á jörðum jafnt sem karlar, N. G. L. i. 92, 94, 237. 4. a message; göra e-m boð, to call for one, N. G. L. i. 60. β. metaph. and a law term, a summons, being an arrow, axe, or the like sent to call people to battle or council, as symbolical of the speed to be used, or of the punishment to be inflicted, if the summons be not obeyed; cp. herör; so the Swed. budsticka or budkafle, (till tings, till tings, budkaflen går kring borg och dal! Tegner), and the fiery cross in the Lady of the Lake. In Icel., at least in the west part, a small wooden axe is still sent from farm to farm to summon people to the mantals-thing in the spring; vide Gþl. 433 sqq., Jb. 180, and the compds boðburðr, boðfall, boðskurðr, boðleið, etc. COMPDS: boðs-maðr, m. a guest at a feast, wedding, Nj. 11, Fms. ii. 193. boðs-váttr, m. a witness to a boð, 4. β, N. G. L. i. 237. boðs-vitni, n. id., N. G. L. ii. 99, v. l. boða, að, 1. to announce, proclaim, esp. as rendering of the eccl. Lat. praedicare, to preach the Gospel, as a missionary; b. Kristni, to preach Christianity, Nj. 157; trú, 158, Fms. x. 298, H. E. i. 510; sjáið, eg boða yðr mikinn fögnuð, Luke ii. 10. β hón boðaði Þangbrandi heiðni, Nj. 160. 2. to bid, order, with dat.; lét hann b. á sinn fund öllum öldungum, Stj. 649; hann boðaði saman mörgu stórmenni, Bs. i. 470; konungr boðaði honum á sinn fund, the king bade him come, Fær. 131; b. e-n af löndum, to outlaw one, bid him off the land, Fms. vii. 17, 21. 3. to bode, signify; hvat þetta mundi boða, Eb. 270; e-m b. e-t, he has a foreboding of it; mundi þar til draga sem honum hafði fyrir boðat, Eg. 75: impers., e-m boðar ótta, one feels uneasy, Sturl. i. 109, where Bs. i. 410 spells bjóða ótta (better). boða, u, f. = boð, a command, N. G. L. i. 237. boðan, f. announcement; b. dagr Maríu, the feast of the Annunciation, the 2nd of July, Mar.: preaching, proclaiming, 623. 11. boð-burðr, m. a carrying of the boð, 4. β, Gþl. 432, 436, Jb. 180. boð-fall, n. dropping the boð, 4. β Gþl. 435, Jb. 182. boð-fasta, u, f. a fast ordered by the canonical law, H. E. i. 393. boð-ferð, f. the course of a boð, 4. β, H. E. i. 393. boð-greizla, u, f. = boðburðr, Jb. 184, Gþl. 437 B; vide boðreizla. boði, a, m. 1. [vide boð 4, cp. A. S. boda], a messenger, used in poetry; b. hildar, the messenger of war, Lex. Poët.: in prose, Thom. 5, and in compds such as sendi-boði, a messenger, fyrir-boði, aforeboder. 2. esp. as a nautical term, a breaker ' boding' hidden rocks; þeir undruðust mjök þenna atburð, er b. féll í logni, þar er engi maðr vissi, at b. hefði fallit fyrr, ok djúp var undir, Magn. 488, Fms. ix. 415, x. 324, xi. 10, Eg. 161, Bs. i. 420, Grág. ii. 385: the phrase, vera sem b. á skeri, like a breaker on a skerry (rock), of a hot-tempered man, never at rest. COMPDS: boða-fall, n. the dash of breakers, Fas. iii. 506. boða-slóð, f. the surf of breakers, Orkn. 322. boð-leggja, lagði, to offer for sale, Gþl. 302, v. l. boð-leið, f. a law term, the due course of a boð [4. β] from house to house, defined in Gþl. 432, N. G. L. i. 348, Jb. 181: in the phrase, fara (rétta) b., to go from house to house in due course, skipping none: perhaps the true reading Nj. 185 is, fara boðleið til búðar; some MSS. have bónleið. boð-ligr, adj. fit to be offered, Háv. 55. BOÐN, f. [cp. A. S. byden = dolium, Icel. byðna; Norse biðna, Ivar Aasen], one of the three vessels in which the poet, mead was kept, Edda 47, etc., hence poetry is called the wave of the boðn, Lex. Poët. boð-orð, n. order, bidding; Guðs b., Hom. 34, Ver. 25, Bs. i. 67, Magn. 448: as a law term, an ordinance, K. Á. 192;=penance in eccl. sense, K. Þ. K. 26: in mod. usage, esp. the Ten Commandments (Tiu-laga-boðorð, or with the article, Boðorðin), Sks. 671, cp. Pr. 437, where they are termed ' Laga-orð.' COMPDS: boðorða-breytni, f. alteration of a b., Bs. i. 545. boðorða-brot, n. breach of a b., Fms. vii. 108. boð-orða-maðr, m. a public officer, N. G. L. i. 409. boð-reizla, u, f. = boðgreizla. boð-rífr, adj. fair bidding, Fms. iii. 122 (poët.) boð-seti (beð-seti, N. G. L. i. 315), a, m. a dub. Norse term, the benches in a law-court(?), the bar(?); hverr þeirra manna er gengr fyrir boðseta (acc. pl.) fram, nema hann eigi at sækja eðr verja, sá er sekr níu ertogum við konung ok bæjarmenn, N. G. L. i. 323, 315; beðseti, qs. bekkseti (?). boð-skapr, m. a bidding, ordinance, Stj. 82, H, E. i. 471, 677. 6, Fms. ii. 61. II. in mod. usage, announcement.

72 BOÐSKURÐE -- BORÐPRYÐI.

boð-skurðr, m. [skera boð, to carve a boð, 4. β], a message, summons to a meeting, N. G. L. i. 153. boð-sletta (boð-slotti, a, m., Gþl. 200), also boð-flenna, u, f. an intruder at a feast, an uninvited guest, Jb. 110. boð-slóð, f.=boðleið, Jb. 181. boð-stóll, m., in the phrase, hafa e-t á boðstólum, to put a thing out for sale. BOGI, a, m. [A. S. boga; Engl. bow; Germ, bogen], a bow, Nj. several times; skjóta af boga, 29, 96; benda b., Fas. ii. 88, Landn. 288, Fms. ii. 321, iii. 228; álm-bogi, hand-bogi, lás-bogi, y-bogi, q. v. 2. metaph. an arch, vault, Sks. 116: the rainbow, Stj. 62: metaph., bera mál ór boga, to disentangle a case, Sks. 654; himin-bogi, the sky; blóð-bogi, a gush of blood; regn-bogi, a rainbow; öln-bogi, an elbow. COMPDS: boga-dreginn, adj. bow-sbaped, curved. boga-háls, m. the tip of a bow, where the string is fastened, Al. 142, Fas. ii. 88. boga-list, f. archery, now used metaph. boga-mynd, f. the form of a bow, Fas. i. 271. boga-skot, n. bow-shot, sbooting with a bow, Fms. ii. 169. boga-strengr, m. a bow-string, Nj. 115, 136. boga-vápn, n. a bow, Fms. viii. 184, v. 1. boginn, adj. bent, bowed, curved, Al. 8; prop. a part. from a lost strong verb bjúgan; cp. Goth. bjúgan=GREEK. bog-maðr, m. a bowman, archer, P'as. i. 382, Ingv. 34, Lv. 63, Fær. 56, Fms. vi. 413. bogmanns-merki, n. the zodiacal sign, Arcitenens, Rb. 102. bog-mannliga, adv. bowmanlike, Fms. ii. 450. bogna, að, to become curved, bent, Hkr. ii. 365, Flov. 34: to give way, Fms. viii. 403, Al. 57. bogra, að, to creep along bowed or stooping; þá boru bograr (creeps) hann inn, Fas. i. 393; bogra fyrir e-m, to bow before one, Þorst. St. 53. bog-sterkr, -styrkr, adj. stark or strong at the bow, Hkr. iii. 264. bog-sveigir, m. bow-swayer, a nickname, Fas. ii. BOKKI, a, m., means probably a he-goat, [cp. Germ. bock; Dan. bukk; Engl. buck], a familiar mode of address; Höttr heiti ek, bokki sæll, and, skaltu nú bana mér, bokki, my good fellow, 'old buck,' Fas. i. 66; muntú festa, bokki, tindinn í kambi mínum (the old woman addressing the bishop), Fb. iii. 446: stærri bokkar, bigger men, 352, vide stór-bokki. bokkr, m. a buck, Lex. Poët. bola, að, prop. to fell trees, to cut through the body (bolr), Fas. i. 106. II. [boli, a bull], to bully; b. e-n út, to push one out, as a bull with the horns: reflex, bolast, a wrestling term, of two wrestlers pushing or butting at one another with their heads. boldang, n. a sort of thick linen, (for. word.) bol-fimligr, adj. slender, agile of body, Fas. iii. 372. bol-hlíf, f. a covering for the body, opp. to the helmet, Bs. i. 667. BOLI, a, m. a bull, Boll. 336, Edda 99, Ísl. ii. 26; in Icel. esp. of a bull-calf, bola-kálfr, etc. bol-járn=bolöx(?), Ingv. 13. bol-klæði, n. pl. garments (coat, waistcoat) for the body, Grett. 147 A. BOLLI, a, m. [A. S. bolla], a bowl, Stj. 310, Rm. 4; blótbolli, a measure=UNCERTAIN ask, Gþl. 525: a pr. name, Ld. BOLR and bulr, m. the bole or trunk of a tree, Sks. 555 B. 2. metaph. the trunk of a body, N. G. L. i. 80, Nj. 275, Fms. x. 213, ED. 244, Anec. 4: the phrase, ganga milli bols ok höfuðs á e-m, to go through between one's trunk and head, i. e. to knock one quite dead, deal severely with, Ld. 244, Eb. 240. 3. an old-fashioned waistcoat. bolungr, v. bulungr. bol-vöxtr, m. the growth, form of the body; vel at bolvexti, a well-grown, stout man, Bs. i. 66, Fas. iii. 605. bol-öx, f. [Swed. bolyxa], a pole-axe; in present usage opp. to skaröxi, a carpenter's axe, Stj. 401. Judg. ix. 48, Fms. ix. 357, Fbr. 179, Thom. 343, Ingv. 24, Vápn. boppa, að, to wave up and down, onomatopoëtic and common. BOPS, n. an onomatopoëtic word, [Germ, bumbs], bump or plump; mikit fall, svá at b. kvað í skrokkinum, Þórð. 16. β. the faint bark of a dog: also bopsa, að. bora, u, f. a bore-hole, Grett. 125, 133, Fas. i. 393, Vm. 65. COMPD: boru-foli, a, m. a Norse law term, a stolen article put into an innocent man's house; even if officers ransacked a house without having their persons searched, and find something, þá er b. ok liggr ekki búanda við, then it is b. and the farmer is free, N. G. L. i. 255. BORA. að, [Lat. fUNCERTAINrare; A. S. borian; Engl. bore; O. H. G. poran], to bore, to bore holes in, Fms. ix. 447, Ld. 116, Edda 48, 49, Eb. 182, D. I. i. 243: metaph., b. atsúg at e-u, to doa thing thoroughly, v. atsúgr: reflex., borast fram, to press one's way through a crowd, Fms. v. 180, Fb. ii. 112. BORÐ, n. [Ulf. baurd, in fotubaurd=GREEK; Hel. bord=margo; A. S. borð; Engl. board]. 1. a board, plank, Lat. tabula; tók hann þá borð ok lausa viðu, ok rak um þvera stofuna, Grett. 140, N. G. L. i. 100. β. of a ship, the side (cp. starboard, larboard); höggr hann þá tveim höndum borð (sides) skútunnar, ok gengu í sundr borðin (the planks) um tvau rúm, Nj. 19; þeir Erlingr hjuggu raufar í drómundinum, sumar í kafi niðri, en sumar uppi á borðunum, Fms. vii. 232, Nj. 42; hence the nautical phrases, á borð, on each side; á tvau borð, á bæði borð, on both sides, Eg. 171; með endilöngum borðum, Fms. ii. 273, Eg. 122; leggja borð við borð=síbyrða, to lay a ship alongside of another, so as to board, Fas. ii. 534; bera skip borði, to make the bulwarks rise, Fms. ii. 218; fyrir borð, overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. xi. 140; á borði, on land, Jb. 327; borð 4 stjórn=stjórn-borði, the starboard side, Gþl. 518. The planks in a ship's side have different names, e. g. aur-borð, skaut-borð, sól-borð. 2. metaph. phrases, at vera mikill (lítill, nokkur) borði, to be of a high (or lowly) bearing, metaphor from a ship floating high out of, or deep in, the sea, Eg. 8, Sturl. iii. 196: verða (allr) fyrir borð borinn, to be (quite) thrown overboard, i. e. ill-used, Eb. 126, Fær. 234; verða allr fyrir borði, id., Ölk. 35; hans hlutr mundi eigi fyrir borð vera borinn, id., Rd. 239; e-n brestr á borði, to fail, be beaten (metaphor from rowing), Fms. ix. 507; taka skamt frá borði, to fall short, Lv. 45; ganga at borði við e-n, to come to terms, yield, submit, Bs. i. 889; gékk Egill tregt at borð um þetta mál, E. was hard, unyielding, 696; hverigum skyldi úhætt, nema þeir gengi at borði við hann, unless they came to terms with him, 727, 778; á annað borð, on the other hand; harðr maðr á annat borð, a hard one to pull against, Fms. xi. 39: but also on the other hand, otherwise, else; hann vildi með engu móti kalla á Þormóð sér til bjargar, þó at hann félli ofan á annað borð, though he was sure to tumble down otherwise (i. e. unless he called), Fbr. 88; hence freq. in mod. usage, e. g. ef eg á annað borð göri það, i. e. if I do it at all: navig., ganga til borðs, á borð, to go to one's business, Fagrsk. 167, Bárð. 166. 3. [A. S. bord=labrum], the margin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid; er nú gott berandi borð á horninu, Edda 32; hence, fjöru-borð, the shore between high and low water, vide 33, 34; cp. the saying, fullt skal frömum bera, þó skal borð á vera, i. e. it is clownish to bring a cup full to the brim, and, fullt skal föntum bera og ekkert borð á vera. II. a board, table, Lat. mensa; rísa frá borði, to rise from the board, from table, Rm. 17, or simply and ellipt. rísa, 30; borð is freq. used in pl., as in the old halls small tables were set at meal time, and removed after the meal; hence phrases, borð (pl.) ofan (upp) tekin, the tables being removed, cp. Virgil's mensisque remotis, Nj. 176, Fms. i. 41, iv. 265, v. 126, Bs. i. 854, Eg. 408; til þess er borð fóru brott, 551; setjast undir borð (pl.), to sit down; sitja undir borðum, to be at table, Nj. 68, Eb. 306; ganga undir drykkju borð, Fms. iii. 93; koma undir borð (acc. pl.), 96; ganga til borða, iv. 114, 129; koma til borðs (sing.), 202, cp. Ó. H. 86, Fms. iv. 246; sitja yfir borðum, iii. 155, iv. 113; sitja yfir matborði, v. 126, viii. 212; sitja yfir borð (acc. pl.), id., Bs. i. 843: the rhyming phrase, vera þar at orði, sem hann er ekki at borði, vide Safn i. 91. It was the custom for kings or princes to give audience or receive poets whilst sitting at table, Fms. vi. 195, Eg. ch. 63. β. maintenance at table (cp. Engl. board and lodging); vera á borði með e-m, B. K. 124, D. N. (Fr.): of a chess-board, Bs. i. 635. COMPDS: borða-munr, m. difference in the height of ships (in battle), Fms. viii. 292, cp. 288. borða-víti, n. pl. a 'board-fee,' sconce, cp. víti, Fms. iii. 155. borðs-tilgangr, m. going to table, Fms. iii. 155. borða, að, to sit at table, eat, dine, Fas. iii. 219. borð-búnaðr, m. table-service, Eg. 94, Fms. i. 292, iv. 262, Orkn. 226. borð-diskr, m. a plate, Fas. iii. 222, vide diskr; (now freq.) borð-dúkr, m. a table-cloth, Nj. 176. Hkr. ii. 189, cp. Fms. vi. 322, Rm. 28. borð-fastr, adj. maintained at one's table, Sks. 259. borð-fjöl, f. a plank, Sturl. ii. 109. borð-færi, n., in the phrase, taka sér borðfæri,=ganga til borðs, vide above, Grág. ii. 119. borð-gestr, m. a guest at table. borð-hald, n. one's 'board,' fare, Edda 23, Hkr. ii. 36, THom. 68. borð-hár, adj. a ship rising high, Fms. ii. 314, Orkn. 362. borð-hús, n. a room where the plate is kept, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Sturl. iii. 191 C. borð-hæð, f. the height of a ship out of the water, Fas. iii. 260. BORÐI, a, m. [cp. Engl. border; O.H.G. porto; Germ, borti; prob. akin to borð]:-- a border, Lat. limbus; byrða á borða (acc.), t o embroider, Gkv. 2. 16; bregða borða, to leave off embroidering, 17; rekja borða, to embroider, Heir. 1, Og. 18; b. ok hannyrðir, Fas. i. 430, 523; kona sat við borða, a lady sat embroidering, Fms. ii. 148; slá borða, to embroider, Fas. i. 113; cp. borða skögul, gná, etc., a poët. circumlocution of a lady, Lex. Poët.: tapestry, b. fimtigi alna, Dipl. iii. 4, Pm. 10, Bs. i. 77: of the tapestry of a church, esp. the choir, Nj. 6. 2. poët. a shield, Lex. Poët. borð-ker, n. a cup at table, loving-cup, Hkr. iii. 181; b. er vá átta merkr, Bs. i. 76. borð-kista, u, f. a box for keeping the table-service in, D. N. (Fr.) borð-knífr, m. a table-knife, Ann. 1339. borð-leiðangr, m. a levy commuted for victuals (Norse), D. N. (Fr.) borð-lægr, adj., b. viðr, timber fit for cutting into planks, Vm. 176. borð-maðr, m. a table-companion, Sks. 262. borð-mikill, m.=borðhár, Fms. ii. 50, Hkr. i. 238. borð-prestr, m. a 'board-priest,' who says grace at a bishop's table, Bs. ii. 129. borð-prýði, n. the ornaments of a table, Fas. iii. 374.

BORÐSALMR -- BÓK. 73

borð-sálmr, m. o ' board-psalm' grace, Bb. 1. 15 (Mark xiv. 26). borð-siðir, m. pl. rules for behaviour at table. borð-skutill, m. a small movable table, Bs. i. 537, Mar. borð-stokkr, m. thebulwarks of a ship, Grett. 125. borð-stóll, m. a chairused at table, D. N. borð-sveinn, m. a butler, waiter, Mag. 66; cp. skutilsveinn. borð-tafl, n. a chess-board, Sturl. ii. 184, v. 1. borð-vegr, m. = borðstokkr, Bs. ii. 50, 179, Mar. borð-vers, m. = borðsálmr, N. G. L. i. 406. borð-viðr, m. boards, planks, Fms. viii. 374, D. N. borð-þak, n. a ' thatch' or covering of planks, Hkr. ii. II. borð-þekja, þakti, to cover with planks, Fms. v. 331. borð-þili, n. the sides of a ship, Gkv. i. 7. BORG, ar, f., pl. ir, [Ûlf. baurgs = iru\is, and once Nehem. vii. 2 = arx, castellum; A. S. burg, bnrb, byrig, = urbs and arx; Engl. borough and burgb; O. H. G. puruc, pure; late Lat. burgus; Ital. borgo; Fr. bovrg; cp. Gr. irvpyos; the radical sense appears in byrgja, to enclose; cp. also berg, a hill, and bjarga, to s a ve, defend. Borg thus partly answers to town (properly aw enclosure'); and also includes the notion of Lat. arx, Gr. ÔKpóiro\is, a castle. Old towns were usually built around a hill, which was specially a burg; the name is very freq. in old Teut. names of towns.] I. a s?;j all dome-shaped hill, hence the Icel. names of farms built near to such hills, v. Landn. (Gl.) Hel. once uses the word in this sense, 81; v. the Glossary of Schmeller; brann þá Borgarhraun, þar var bærinn sem mi er borgin (viz. the volcanic hill Eld-borg), Landn. 78; göngum upp á borgina (the hill) ok tölum þar, Ísl. ii. 216; er borgin er við kend, Landn. 127; Borgar-holt, -hraun, -dalr, -höfn, -fjörðr, -lækr, -sandr; Arnarbælis-borg, Eld-borg (above) in the west of Icel. It may be questioned, whether those names are derived simply from the hill on which they stand (berg, bjarg), or whether such hills took their name from old fortifications built upon them: the latter is more likely, but no information is on record, and at present' borg' only conveys the notion of a'hill;' cp. hólar, borgiroghæðir, all synonymous, Num. 2. 99. II. a wall, fortification, castle; en fyrir innan á jörðunni görðu þeir borg (wall) umhverfis fyrir ófriði jötna ... ok kölluðu^ þá borg Miðgarð, Edda 6; cp. also the tale of the giant, 25, 26; borg Asa, Vsp. 28; þeir höfðu gört steinvegg fyrir framan hellismunnann, ok höfðu sér þat allt fyrir borg (shelter, fortification), Fms. vii. 81; hann let göra b. á sunnanverðu Morhæfi (Murrey), Orkn. 10, 310, 312, 396, Fms. i. 124, xi. 393, Eg. loo; the famous Moussaburg in Shetland, cp. Orkn. 398. III. a city, esp. a great one, as London, Hkr. ii. 10; Lisbon, iii. 234; York, 156; Dublin, Nj. 274; Constantinople, Fms. vii. 94; Nineveh, Sks. 592; Zion, Hom. 107, etc. This sense of the word, however, is bor- rowed from the South-Teut. or Engl. In Scandin. unfortified towns have -bee or -by as a suffix; and the termin. - by marks towns founded by the Danes in North. E. COMPDS: borgar-armr, m. the arm, wing of a fort, Fms. v. 280. borgar-greifi, a, m. a borough-reeve, bur-grave (Engl.), Stj. borgar-görð, f. the building of a fort, Edda 26, Fms. viii. 180. borgar-blið, n. the gate of a fort, Edda 26, Stj. 350, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 25. borgar-hreysi, n. the ruins of a fort, Karl. 101. borgar-klettr, m. a rockon which a fort is built, Fms. viii. 284. borgar-kona, u, f. a townswoman, Stj. 426. borgar-lið, n. a g ar- r i so n, Ver. 96. borgar-lim, n. lime for building a fort, Bret. 106. borgar-lýðr, m. townsfolk, Fms. viii. 416, v. 1. borgar-maðr, m. a townsman, citizen, Eg. 244, Fms. i. 103, Sks. 649, mostly in pl., Lat. concivis is rendered by b., Hom. 17. borgar-múgr, m. the mob of a city, Fas. i. 4. borgar-murr, m. a city-wall, Stj. 352. borgar- siðr, m. city-manners, urbanity, Clem. 27. borgar-smíð, f. the building of a town (fort), Stj., cp. Edda 28. borgar-staðr, m. the s ite of a town, Edda 152. borgar-veggr, m. the wall of a fort (town), Orkn. 376, Fms. i. 104, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 24. Borgar-þing, n. the fourth political subdivision (þing) of Norway, founded by St. Olave, cp. O. H. L. 23, and Munch's Geography of Norway. borga-skipan, f. a (geographical) li s t of cities, Symb. borga, að, [Engl. to borrow and bargain; Germ, borgen; related to byrgja and bjarga; O. H. G. porgen only means parcere, spondere, not mutuare. In Icel. the word is of foreign origin; the indigenous expres- sions are, lána, Ija, to lend; gjalda, to pay; selja, veðja, to bail, etc.; the word only occurs in later and theol. writers] :-- to bail; vii ek b. fyrir Árna biskup með mínum peningum, Bs. i. 770 (thrice): now obso- lete in this sense. 2. to pay, as in Matth. xviii. 25; but in old writers this sense hardly occurs. borgan, borgun, f. bail, security, Bs. i. 749, 770, Dipl. v. 14, Stj. COMPD: borganar-maðr, m. a bailsman, Bs. i. 770, Jb. 112, Band. 33 new Ed. borgari, a, m. [for. word; Germ, burger; Dan. bor d er], a citizen, N. G. L. iii. 144; rare and hardly before A. D. 1280. COMPD: borgara- réttr, m. civi c rights, id. borg-flrzkr, adj. one from the district Borgarfjörðr, Landn. borg-hlið, f. = borgarhlið, Edda 30, Bret. 94. borgin-móði, a, m., poet name of the raven, bold of mood, Lex, Poët., borgin-orðr, adj. cautious in words, reticent, reserved (= orðvarr), Fms. vi. 208: at present b. and borgin-manuligr, adj., mean vain- glorious, braggart. borr, m. (com. bor-járn, n.), a borer; stórviðar-borr, skipa-borr, Od. ix. 384: metaph. the pipe of a marrow-bone, Eg. (in a verse). II. a less correct form of börr, q. v. BOSSI, a, m. [Swed. bu ss, - cp. Germ, bwrsch], a boy, fellow; occurs once in the Jomsv. S., Fms. xi. (in a verse), from A. D. 994. It is still in use in Icel. in the compd word hvata-buss, a boyish fellow who is always in a bustle; hence also hvatabuss-legr, adj. hurried. BOTN, m. [Lat. fundus; A. S. botm; Engl. bottom; Hel. bodm; Germ, boden; Swed. batten; Dan. bwnd] :-- the bottom; of a vessel, tunnu- botn, kistu-botn, etc., Nj. 133, Sturl. ii. 107, Hkr. ii. 245: the bottom of other things, e. g. of a haycock, Eb. 324; marar-botn, the bottom of the sea. p. the he a d of a bay, firth, lake, dale, or the like; fjarðar-boti!, vatns-botn, vágs-botn, dais-born: Botn is a local name in Icel., Fms. xi. 125: in pl. even = bay s, nú er at segja hvat móts gengr við Grænaland ór botnum þeim er fyrir eru nefndir, MS. A. M. 294; Hafs-botnar, Trolla- botnar, the Polar Sea between Greenland and Norway; the ancients fancied that these bays were the abode of the giants. botn-hola, u, f. a pit; in the phrase, at vera kominn í botnholu, t o have got into a hole, i. e. intoa scrape, metaphor from fox-hunting, Sturl. ii. 62, Fms. viii. 186. bóand-, v. búand-. BÓFI, a, m. [Germ, bube, büberl, spitzbube, v. Grimm], a knave, rogue, in Icel. only in a bad sense; cp. the rhyming phrase, þjófar og bófar, thieves and knaves; no reference from old writers is on record (though it is common enough at the present day), except that in Eb. it is used as a nickname, Freysteinn Bófi; in S\ved. it occurs as a pr, name, Baut. 1478, 1483. bóg-limir, m. pl., poet. = arms, Lex. Poët. bóg-lína, u, f. bow-line, Edda (Gl.) BÓGR, in., old acc. pl. bógu, Nj. 95, Fms. v. 163, etc.: mod. bóga; old dnt. bægi, Hit., Vkv. 31, Stj. 249, [A. S. bog; Dan. boug; Engl. bow of a ship; and in Old Engl. bowres are the muscles of the shoulder] :-- the shoulder of an animal, (armr of a man); á hinum hægra bægiuum, Stj. 249; ek hjó varginn í sundr fyrir aptan bóguna, Nj. I. e., Fms. I. e.; laer uxans tvau ok báða bógana, the shoulder-piece of the ox (the Ób. bóguna), Edda 45; cp. bcegsli or bæxli, the shoulder of a whale or dragon, v. Lex. Poët. :-- the bow of a ship, v. bóglína above. 2. mod. metaph. of the side of a person or thing; á hinn, þann bóginn, on this, on that side; á báða bóga, o n both s ides, etc. BÓK, ar, f. [Lzt. fâgus; Gr. (þr/yús; A. S. bôc; Engl. beech; Germ. buche (fem.); Swed. bok; Dan. huge, etc.] :-- a beech, Edda (GL), Lex. Poët. Owing to the absence of trees in Icel., the word rarely occurs; moreover the collect, beyki, n., is more freq. BÓK, gen. bokar, but also in old writers baskr, pl. bækr, [Ulf. renders by bó ca the Gr. /îí/3A. os, ypáfj. /jia. Ta. kmaToXi] , etc.; A. S. bôc; Engl. b oo k; Germ, buck (neut.); Swed. bok; Dan. bog: the identity between bokfagus and bók liber seems certain; the gender is in all Scandinavian idioms the same; modern German has made a distinction in using buche fem., buch neut.; both are akin to the Gi. -L, at. fagus, ø^-yós; cp. also the analogy with Gr. /3//3Aos and Lat. liber (b oo k and bark): bók-stafr also properly means a beech-twig, and then a letter. In old times, before the invention of parchment, the bark of trees was used for writing on]: -- a book. I. the earliest notion, however, of a ' book' in Scandin. is that of a precious stuff", a textile fabric with figures, or perhaps characters, woven in it; it occurs three or four times in old poems in this sense; bók ok blæja, bjartar vi'tðir, Skv. 3. 47; bækr (bekr) þínar eriar blahvitu ofnar volundum (of bed-sheets?), Hom. 7, Gh. 4: bók-rúnar, Sdm. 19, may refer to this; or is it = runes engraven on beech-wood? II. b oo k in the proper sense. Icel. say, rita and setja saman bók (sögu), to write and compose a book (story); old writers prefer saying, rita 'á' bók (dat. or acc.) instead of i/ perhaps bearing in mind that the earliest writings were on scrolls, or even on stones or wooden slabs -- barbara fraxineis pingatur runa tabellis; they also prefer to use the plur. instead of sing, without regard to volumes (as in Engl. writings'); það finst ritað á bókum, Fms. i. 157; á bokum Ara prests hins Fróða, iii. 106; historia ecclesiarum á tveim (sjau) bokum, Dipl. v. 18; ú bókum er sagt, Landn. (pref.); 4 bokum Enskum, id.; á bók þessi (acc.) let ek rita "ornar fmsagnir, Hkr. (pref.); but svá segir í bók þeirri sem Edda heitir, Skulda 222; þá hluti sem frammi standa í bók þessi, 159; svá sem hann (viz. Ari) hefir sjálfr ritað í sinum bokum, Ó. H. 188; þeir er Styrmir reiknar í sinni bók, Fb. ii. 68; her fyrr í bókinni. III. a b oo k, i. e. a story, history (Saga), since in Icel. histories were the favourite books; cp. íslendinga-bók, Konunga-bók, bók Styrmis; Landnáma-bók; bækr þrer er Snorri setti saman, Sturl. ii. 123. It is used of the Gospel in the law phrases, sem bear virða við bók, vinna eið at bók (bókar-eiðr), of a verdict given or an oath taken by laying the hand upon the Gospel, Grág. (þ. t.) several times; as the Engl. phrase ' to swear on the book' s common; of a code (of la\v)=Jóns-bók, after A. D. 1272 or

74 BÓKAGULL -- BÓNDAHLUTR.

Bs. i. 720, 723, vide Ann. those years; hafa bók even means to hold the book, i.e. to hold the office of lögmaðr (law-man, judge); Þórðr Narfa son hafði bók, Ann. (Hol.) A.D. 1304; á bókarinnar vegna, on the part of the book, i.e. the law, D. N. ii. 492. Mod. phrases: skrifa, rita, semja bók, to write it; lesa í bók, to read it; but syngja á bók, to sing from a book; fletta bók, to turn over the leaves; líta, blaða, í bók, to peruse, look into a book (hann lítr aldrei í bók, he never looks into a book); lesa bók ofan í kjölinn, to read a book carefully, v. lesa bók spjaldanna í milli, to read it from end to end :-- sálma-bók, flokka-bók, a hymn-book; kvæða-bók, ljóða-bók, a book of poems; sögu-bók, of histories; lög-bók, of laws; Guðs orða-bók, God's word-book, a religious book :-- also of MSS., Flateyjar-bók (Cod. Flateyensis), Orms-bók, Uppsala-bók, Konungs-bók, Staðarfells-bók, Skálholts-bók, etc. :-- phrases relating to books: það er allt á eina bókina lært, all learnt from the same book, i.e. all of one piece (esp. denoting one-sidedness); blindr er bóklauss maðr, blind is a bookless man; læra utan-bókar, to learn without book, by heart; bókvit, 'bookwit,' knowledge got from books; mannvit, mother-wit, common sense; allra manna vit er minna en þeirra er af bókum taka mannvit sitt, Sks. 22 :-- also, setja e-n til bækr, to set one to book, i.e. put one to school in order to make him priest; berja e-n til bækr, to thrash one to the book, i.e. into learning, Bs. i; a book has spjöld, boards; kjöl, keel, back; snið, cut; brot, size. COMPDS: bóka-gull, n. gold for gilding books, Vm. 117. bóka-görð, f. the transcription (or writing) of books, Bs. i. 168. bóka-kista, u, f. a book-box, Bs. i. 423, D. I. i. 402, Vm. 71. bóka-lectari, a, m. a reading-desk, lectern, Vm. 91. bóka-list, f. book-lore, learning, scholarship, Bs. i. 127. bókar-blað, n. a leaf of a book, Mar. bókar-bót, f. an appendix to a book, 1812. 72. bókar-eiðr, m. an oath upon the Gospel, Dipl. ii. 2. bókar-eiðstafr, m. the wording of a b., D. N. bókar-lag, n. a lawful prize fixed in the code, Dipl. v. 5. bókar-skeyting, f. a written deed, Gþl. 225. bókar-skrá, f. an old scroll, Am. 100. bókar-stóll, m. a reading-desk, Vm. 22, 9. bókar-tak, n. the touching the Gospel in taking an oath, D. N. bókar-vitni, n. witness upon the Gospel, Gþl. 400, Jb. 276, D. N. bóka-skápr, m. book-shelves, (mod.) bóka-steinn, m. paint to illuminate MSS., Bs. i. 341. bóka-stokkr, m. a book-case, Pm. 112. bóka, að, to affirm by oath on the book (Gospel), Gþl. 151; bókaðr eiðr, vitni, = bókareiðr, D. N. i. 81, ii. 230: mod. to record, register. bók-fell, n. [A. S. bôcfell], 'book-skin,' parchment, vellum, Skálda 165, Vm. 12, Dipl. v. 18: an A. S. word, as writing materials were imported from abroad. bók-fróðr, adj. book-wise, learned, Barl. 129. bók-fræði, f. book-knowledge, Stj. 46, Bs. i. 138, Barl. 12. bók-hlaða, u, f. a library, (mod.) bók-lauss, adj. (bók-leysi, n.), book-less, void of learning, Bs. ii. 125, Mar. 145; = utanbókar, Clem. 60. bók-lest, f. [lesa], a legend of the saints, N. G. L. i. 347. bók-ligr, adi. bookish, literary, Bs. i. 680. bók-list, f. book-lore, learning, Stj. 84, Sks. 16. bók-ljóst, n. adj., so bright that one cannot see to read, Ann. 1341. bók-lærðr, part. book-learned, Hom. 160: the clergy, Grág. ii. 165. bók-mál, n. the book language, learned language, i.e. Latin, Hom. 138: en at bókmáli (in Latin) verða öll hundruð tíræð, Sks. 57, Rb. 54, 516; Heilagt b., the Holy Scriptures, Str.; blót þau sem fyrirboðin eru at bókmáli, i.e. in the canon of the church, N. G. L. i. 351. bók-mánuðr, m. a calendar month, Clem. 22. bók-nám, n. (bók-næmi, Bs. i. 793), book-training, learning; setja e-n til b., Bs. i. 793; vera at b., to be a-reading, opp. to at riti, a-writing, 91, 265. bók-rúnar, v. bók. bók-saga, u, f. a written narrative; hlýða bók sögum, Bs. i. 108. bók-setja, setti, to commit to writing, Sks. 6. bók-skygn, adj. sharp-sighted at reading a book, Sturl. ii. 185. bók-speki, f. book-wisdom, Greg. 17. bók-stafr, m. [Hel. bôcstabo; A. S. bócstæv; Germ. buchstabe], a letter of the alphabet, Skálda 168, Hom. 1. bók-sögn, f. = bóksaga, Stj. 6. bók-tal, n. a 'book-tale,' written computation, Rb. 4. bók-vit, n. 'book-wit,' learning, erudition, Bs. i. 793, Acts xxvi. 24. bók-víss, adj. 'book-wise,' a scholar, Landn. 13, Bs. i. 65. (a cognom.) BÓL, n. [A. S. botl and bolt, byld, = aedes, mansio; cp. bytlian = aedificare; Engl. to build. In Scandin. contracted in the same way as nál for nadal: böl and böll are very freq. in Dan. local names, and even mark the line of Scandin. settlements] :-- 'built,' i.e. reclaimed and cultivated land, a farm, abode, esp. in Norway, where ból answers to Icel. jörð, Dan. gård; the value of the Norse farms is denoted by merkr-ból, eyris-ból, or the like; taka bóli, to take a farm, Gþl. 328, 354. In Icel. this sense is almost obsolete, and only remains in such words as, ból-staðr, ból-festa; in local names as, Hörðu-ból, Sæ-ból, Lauga-ból, Ból-staðr, Breiðaból-staðr; in such phrases as, á bygðu bóli (opp. to wilderness), hvergi á bygðu bóli, i.e. nowhere, nowhere among men; and in a few law passages, Grág. ii. 279, Fms. x. 153, Otherwise, in Icel. ból and bæli denote the lair or lying place of beasts or cattle; ból and kvía-ból, the place where sheep and cows are penned; bæla fé, to pen sheep during the night. β. a den, Eg. 41, Fas. iii. 345, cp. Edda 74 (the lair of a serpent); tóku sumir heyhjálma nokkura ok görðu sér af ból, a bed of hay, Fms. vii. 296; liggja í bólinn, to lie a-bed, of a lazy fellow; cp. bæli. BÓLA, u, f. a blain, blister (cp. Engl. boil), Stj. 272, Mar. 655 xxxii. 2. small pox, Ann. 1349: also bólna-sótt, f., Ann. 1310, 1347. bóla, að, impers., b. á e-u, to be just visible. BÓLA, u, f. the boss on a shield, a for. word, perhaps the Lat. bulla, Valla L. 213. ból-festa, u, f. abode, Gþl. 354: in the phrase, taka sér b., to abide. bólginn, part, of a lost strong verb, swoln, Fas. iii. 307; b. sem naut, Bs. 1. 644: metaph. swollen with anger, reiði b., b. ilsku, Mar.; so, b. af retði, Fas. iii. 630; cp. bylgja, belgr. bólgna, að, [Engl. 'boulne,' Levins Manipul.], to 'boulne,' grow swollen, Mar.: metaph., 655 xi. 2. ból-göltr, m. a pig kept in the homestead, Nj. 109, v.l. ból-skapr, m. household, D. N. (Fr.) ból-staðr, m. a homestead; hon á þar bólstaði mikla, Edda, where Ed. A.D. 1848 has bústaði, which is a more household Icel. word; hálfan b., half the farm, Grág. i. 396, ii. 222 A. COMPD: bólstaðar-görð, f. the building a homestead, Eg. 130. BÓLSTR, rs, [A. S. bolster; Germ, polster], a bolster, N. G. L. i. 351, 362, Am. 6, Gkv. 1. 15: rare and poët., metaph. in pl. piles of clouds, Bjarni 59; also ský-bólstrar. BÓN, f. [A. S. bene; Engl. boon, in Chaucer bone], a petition, Fas. i. 408, Ann. 1418; cp. bæn. COMPDS: bónar-maðr, m. a beggarman, H. E. ii. 585. bóna-vetr, m. begging winter, Ann. l.c. BÓNDI, a, in.: older form búandi, or even bóandi, pl. búendr or bóendr; gen. búanda, bóanda; dat. buöndum, bóöndum, Edda 28, Grág. i. 370, 371. Ó. H. 203, 209-211, 215, Nj. 14, 220; búanda (gen. pl.), 211, 212, 215-217, 220; búöndum, 219; bóandi, Grág. i. 114, 157, 187, 377, Nj. 52; but the common Icel. form is bóndi, pl. bændr; gen. dat. pl. in old writers either bónda, bóndum, or as at present keeping the æ throughout all plur. cases (bænda, (gen.) bændum): properly a part. act. from búa (turned into a noun subst., cp. frændi, fjándi), A. S. buan; Germ, bauer, and therefore originally a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involved the sense of ownership, and included all owners of land (or bú, q.v.). from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and esp. the class represented by the yeoman of England generally or the statesman of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it came to mean the master of the house, A. S. bond and hûsbond, Engl. husband. I. a husbandman. The law distinguishes between a grið-maðr a labourer, búðsetu-maðr a cottager, and a búandi or bóndi a man who has land and stock. In the Icel. Commonwealth only the b. (but neither cottager or labourer) could act as judge or neighbour who gave witness in acquittal of a culprit (cp. þingheyjandi); the griðmaðr could only partly be admitted to the tylptarkviðr, not to the búakviðr, Grág. i. 35, 114; ek ryð þessa tvá menn ór kviðburðinum fyrir þá sök, at þeir eru búðsetu-menn en eigi bændr, Nj. 236; cp. l.c. below, where the distinction between both is defined. The Norse law, on the other hand, distinguishes between hersir or lendir menu (barons) and búandi, cp. the interesting passage Fms. vi. 279 (verðr mér þá lends manns nafn ekki at virðingu; nú vil ek heldr heita bóndi sem ek á ætt til); the Norse hauldr- or óðals-bóndi nearly answers to the Engl. 'yeoman.' In the more despotic Norway and Denmark, as in continental Europe, 'bóndi' became a word of contempt, denoting the common, low people, opp. to the king and his 'men' (hirð), the royal officers, etc.; just as the Engl. boor degenerated from A. S. gebur, Germ, bauer, Dutch boer; and in mod. Dan. bönder means plebs, a boor; such is the use of bóndi in the Fms., esp. Sverr. S. and Hák. S. In the Icel. Commonwealth the word has a good sense, and is often used of the foremost men -- Sighvatr bóndi, Sturl. ii. 78; Rafn bóndi (i.e. Sveinbjarnarsson), Bs. i. Rafn. S. several times; Rútr talaði þá til Marðar, hugsa þú svá um bóndi (Mord Gigja), Nj. 3; optar hefir þú glaðari verit, búndi, en nú, 174 (of Flosi); Njáll bóndi, id.; Þorsteinn bóndi, Illugi bóndi, Gunnl. S. Ísl. ii; Björn bóndi, Safn i. 657; Björn bóndi Einarsson (Jórsalafari), Ann. 1393; Ari bóndi, Daði bóndi, Bs. ii. 474, 505; it is only opp. to the clerks (clergy) or knights, etc. This notion of the word (a franklin) still prevails in the mind of Icelanders. 2. a husband, A. S. hûsbond; eigi var skegglauss Þorvaldr bóandi þinn, Nj. 52, Grág. i. 371, 377, Fms. i. 149; hjá hvílu búanda þíns, Nj. 14. [The learned Icel. clergyman Eyjulf on Vellir (died A.D. 1747) has written a short essay upoii the word bóndi, Icel. MSS. Bodl. no. 71.] COMPDS: -- (in mod. use always bænda- if pl., bónda- if sing.) -- bónda-bani, a, m. a slayer of a bóndi, Fms. vi. 104. bónda-ból, n. (bónda-bær, m.), a farm, Grett. 96 A. bónda-dóttir, f. a bóndi's daughter, Eg. 24, Snót 18. bónda-eiðr, m. a bundi's oath, Gþl. 67. bónda-far, n. a bóndi's ferry-boat, Hkr. ii. 292. bónda-fé, n. a provincial fund, Gþl. 11. bónda-fólk, n. a class of bændr, Fms. vii. 293. bónda-fylking (búanda-), f. a host of bændr, Fms. viii. 126. bónda-herr, m. an army of bændr, Fms. i. 162. bónda-hlutr. m. = bóndatíund.

BÓNDAHUS -- BRAGAFULL. 75

Fr. bónda-hus, n. a bóndi's house, K. Þ. K. 26. bónda-hvíla, u, f. a bóndi's bed, El. 9. bónda-kirkja (búanda-), u, f. the church belonging to the bóndi in Thingvalla, where the parliament was held; and búanda-kirkjugarðr, m. the churchyard to that church, vide Nj. and Grág. This church was erected about the middle of the 11th century, vide Kristni S., Fms. vi. 266. bónda-kona, u, f. a good wife of a bóndi, Gþl. 511. bónda-laus, adj. husband-less, widowed, Stj. 420. bónda-lega, u, f. the burial place of bændr, N. G. L. i. 368. bónda-lið, n. = bóndaherr, Fms. ii. 48. bónda-ligr, adj. farmer-like. bónda-múgr, m. a crowd, host of bændr, Fms. xi. 248. bónda-nafn, n. the name, title of bóndi, Fms. vi. 279, Gþl. 106. bónda-réttr (búanda-), m. the right of a bóndi, Fms. ix. 135. bónda-safnaðr (-samnaðr) = bóndamúgr, Hkr. ii. 307, Fms. vii. 320. bónda-skapr, m. the state of the bændr, opp. to the clergy, Bs. i. 590. bónda-son, m. the son of a bóndi, Eg. 232. bónda-tala, u, f., vera í b., to be told or counted among bændr, Fas. ii. 326. bónda-tíund, f. tithe to be paid by bændr, Vm. 104. bónda-ungi, a, m. a young bóndi, Hkr. iii. 275. bónda-val, n. the elite of bændr; var þá gott b., there were choice bændr to be found, Sturl. i. 130, Landn. 236. bónda-ætt, f. a bóndi's extraction, Fms. vi. 278. bón-leið, f. a begging path; in the phrase, fara b., to go begging from house to house, Nj. 185: in mod. use, fara bónarveg (að e-m) is to entertain, v. however boðleið. bón-orð, f. wooing, courtship; hefja b. við, to woo; síðan hóf Þórólfr bónorð sitt við Sigurð ok bað Sigríðar dóttur hans, Eg. 38, 97; vekja b., Ld. 99, Nj. 17. COMPDS: bónorðs-för, f. a wooing journey; fara b., to go a-wooing, Nj. 16. bónorða-mál, n. the business of wooing, Ld. 92. As to wooing and courtship in old times, cp. Ld. ch. 7, 23, 68, Nj. ch. 2, 9, 13, 27, 33, 98, Gunnl. S. ch. 5, 9, Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 10, Glúm. ch. 11, Lv. ch. 5, Harð. S. ch. 3, Eb. ch. 28, 41, Vd. ch. 3, 12, Korm S. ch. 7, Gísl. 9, Hallfr. S. ch. 4, Bs. i. 53-56 (the story of bishop Ísleif), Þorl. S. ch. 5, Sturl. i. 197, 198, 200, 206-208 (the two sisters there), etc. The meeting of the parliament, where people from all parts of the island were gathered together, was a golden opportunity for 'bónorð' (v. the passages above). 2. = begging, Gísl. 85. BÓT, ar, f., pl. bætr, [Ulf. bota; A. S. bôt; Engl. boot, booty, to boot; O. H. G. puoz; Germ. büsse; akin to bati, better, etc.] :-- bettering, improvement: 1. a cure, remedy, mental as well as bodily, from sickness, loss, sorrow, etc.; fá bót e-s, meina, Fms. vii. 251, ix. 427, Fas. i. 175; allra meina bót; vinna e-m b., to comfort one, Landn. 212; bera til bóta, to amend, Fms. xi. 236; berja ... e-n til óbóta is to beat ... one so that he never recovers from it. 2. as a law term, almost always in pl., atonement, compensation, and esp. = mann-bætr, weregild, cp. vígs-bætr, sak-bætr, etc., Fms. vii. 36, Hrafn. 4, 9, Eb. 106, Ísl. ii. 272, and in endless cases in Grág. (Vl.) and Nj.: bætr and mann-gjöld are often used indiscriminately, e.g. tvennum bótum, or tvennum manngjöldum, a double weregild; cp. also the phrase, halda uppi bótum, to discharge, pay the b.; the sing. is rare in this sense, Nj. 58, Grág. ii. 182. 3. in such phrases as, e-t berr til bóta (impers.), it is a comfort, satisfaction, Nj. 58, Fms. x. 264; (mikilla) bóta vant, very shortcoming, Ld. 328. 4. a patch, of an old torn garment; enginn setr bót af nýju klæði á gamalt fat, Matth. ix. 17; svört bót var milli herða honum, Sturl. ii. 230. COMPDS: bóta-lauss, adj. a law term, 'bootless,' getting no redress; hafa sár bótalaust, Rd. 269: irreparable, Fms. i. 264, Hom. 121. bóta-maðr, m. a law term, a man who has to receive 'bætr' for hurt or damage suffered, Ann. 1372, Gþl. 160; hence óbótamaðr, exlex, an outlaw, who has forfeited his right to 'bætr.' bóta-verðr, adj. worth redress, Fbr. 33. BÓTI, a, m. [Fr. botte; a for. word], a boot, Nj. 190, Fms. vii. 186, N. G. L. iii. 13. bót-leysi, n.; lemja e-n til b. = til óbóta above, Grett. 154. bót-sama, ð, to make better, repair, Grág. i. 123, ii. 335. bót-þarfi (-þarfa), adj. ind. needing 'bætr' or satisfaction, Fms. vii. 154, Sturl. iii. 123. braga, að, of the northern lights, to flicker, Bjarni 69. BRAGÐ, n. [cp. bregða]. I. the fundamental notion is that of a sudden motion: 1. temp. a while, moment, cp. auga-bragð; in adverb, phrases, af bragði, at once, Hrafn. 17, Gs. 18, Am. 2; af (á) skömmu bragði, shortly, Fms. vi. 272, viii. 236, 348; í fyrsta bragði, the first time (rare), Gþl. 532, Js. 129; skams bragðs, gen. used as adv. quickly, in a short time, Bs. i. 336, 337, Fms. viii. 348, v.l.; cp. 'at a brayd,' 'in a brayd,' Engl. Ballads. 2. loc. a quick movement; við-bragð (cp. bregða við), knífs-bragð (cp. bregða sverði), a slash with a knife. 3. metaph. in many phrases, verða fyrri (skjótari) at bragði, til bragðs, to make the first move; þeir hafa orðit fyrri at b. at stefna en vér, Nj. 241, Bs. ii. 106; svá at þú verðir skjótari at b. at veiða þenna níðing, Fms. i. 206, ix. 288; vera í bragði með e-m, to lend one a helping hand, mostly in something uncanny, Gísl. 5, Bs. i. 722; snarast í bragð með e-m, id., Ld. 254; taka e-t bragðs, til bragðs or bragð, to take some step to get clear out of difficulties, Nj. 263, 199, Fms. ix. 407, Grett. 75 new Ed.; þat var b. (step, issue) Atla, at hann hljóp ..., Háv. 53; úvitrligt b., a foolish step, Nj. 78; karlmannligt b., a manly issue, 194; gott b., Fs. 39; úheyriligt b., an unheard-of thing, Finnb. 212. II. [bregða A. III], a 'braid,' knot, stitch, chiefly in pl.; hekla saumuð öll brögðum, a cloak braided or stitched all over, Fms. ii. 70; fáguð brögðum, all broidered, v. 345, Bret. 34; rístu-bragð, a scratched character. 2. in wrestling, bragð or brögð is the technical phrase for wrestlers' tricks or sleights; mjaðmar-bragð, leggjar-bragð, hæl-bragð, klof-bragð ..., the 'bragð' of the hip, leg, heel ..., Edda 33; [fang-bragð, wrestling], hence many wrestling terms, fella e-n á sjálfs síns bragði, to throw one on his own bragð. 3. gen. a trick, scheme, device, [A. S. brægð, bræd; Engl. braid = cunning, Shakesp.], chiefly in pl., með ymsum brögðum, margskyns brögð, Fas. i. 274, Fms. x. 237; brögð í tafli, a trick in the game, a proverb, when things go not by fair means, Bs. ii. 318; ferr at fornum brögðum, in the old way, Grett. 79 new Ed.: but also sing., sér konungr nú bragð hans allt, Fms. xi. 106; hafði hann svá sett bragðit, x. 305, Eg. 196 (a trick); ek mun finna bragð þar til, at Kristni mun við gangast á Íslandi, Hkr. i. 290; bragð hitta þeir nú í, Lv. 82. β. with a notion of deceit, a trick, crafty scheme; með brögðum, with tricks, Hkr. ii; búa yfir brögðum, to brood over wiles, Fas. i. 290; hafa brögð undir brúnum, to have craft under one's eyebrows, look crafty, Band. 2; undir skauti, under one's cloak, id., Bs. i. 730; beita e-n brögðum, metaphor from hunting, to deal craftily with one, Rm. 42, Ísl. ii. 164; hafa brögð við e-n, Njarð. 382, 378; vera forn í brögðum, old in craft, of witchcraft, Ísl. ii. 399: hence such phrases as, bragða-karl, a crafty fellow, Grett. 161; bragða-refr, a cunning fox; brögðóttr, crafty, etc. In Swed. 'bragder' means an exploit, action, whilst the Icel. implies some notion of subtlety or craft; yet cp. phrases as, stór brögð, great exploits, Fb. ii. 299; hreysti-brögð, hetju-brögð, great deeds, (above I. 3.) III. [bregða C; cp. A. S. bræd, Engl. breath], countenance, look, expression; hón hefir hvíti ok b. várt Mýramanna, Ísl. ii. 201, v.l.; þannig er bragð á þér, at þú munir fás svífast, thou lookest as if ..., cp. brögð undir brúnum above, Fms. ii. 51; heilagleiks b., to look like a saint, Bs. i. 152; þat b. hafði hann á sér sem, Ld. 24; ekki hefir þú b. á þér sem hérlenzkir menn, Fms. x. 227; þannig ertu í bragði sem ..., thou lookest as if ..., Ísl. ii. 149; með illu bragði, ill-looking, Sturl. i. 170; með hýru, glöðu b., Bs. ii. 505; með beztu bragði, stern, Pass. 21. 1; með hryggu bragði, with gloomy look; með betra bragði, in a better mood, Nj. 11; bleyði-mannligr í b., cowardly, Fms. ii. 69: metaph., Sturla görði þat bragð á, at hann hefði fundit ..., S. put that face on a thing, Sturl. ii. 176. IV. [bergja, gustare], taste; vatns-bragð, beisku-bragð, bitter taste, of water; ó-bragð, a bad flavour, etc. 2. [ = bragr], mode, fashion; in vinnu-brögð, working; hand-bragð, handicraft; lát-bragð, manners; trúar-brögð, pl. religion, mode of faith; afla-brögð, mode of gaining one's livelihood, etc.: very freq. in mod. usage, but in old writers no instance bearing clearly upon the subject is on record; cp. however the phrase, bragð er at e-u, a thing is palpable, tangible: lítið bragð mun þar at (it must be very slight) ef þú finnr ekki, Ld. 136; ærit b. mun at því, Nj. 58; görðist þar at svá mikit b., it went so far that ..., Fms. i. 187, Grett. 158 new Ed. bragða, að, I. = braga, of light, Sks. 202 B. II. [Engl. to breathe], to give signs of life, of a new-born babe, of one swooning or dying; þá fæddi hón barnit, ok fanst eigi líf með, ok hér eptir bragðaði fyrir brjóstinu, i.e. the infant began to draw breath, Bs. i. 618, ii. 33; þat bragðar sem kvikt er, Þiðr. 114. III. to taste = bergja, freq. in mod. usage. bragð-alr, m. a brad-awl, used in Icel. for producing fire, bragðals-eldr, m. fire produced by a b., Bs. i. 616; hann tók b. millum tveggja trjó, ii. 176. bragð-illr, adj. ill-looking, Fms. x. 174. bragð-lauss, adj. (-leysi, f., medic. pallor), pale, insipid. bragð-ligr, adj. expedient, Karl. 451: mod. well-looking. bragð-mikill, adj. expressive looking, Sturl. iii. 129. bragð-samr, adj. crafty, El. bragð-vísi, f. craft, subtlety, Edda 110. bragð-vísligr (and -víss), adj. cunning, Fms. ii. 140. BRAGGA, að, [Engl. brag], to throw off sloth, Bb. 1. 24. Bragi, a, m. the god of poetry Bragi, also a pr. name: in pl. bragnar, poët, heroes, men, Edda, Lex. Poët.; cp. A. S. brego = princeps. BRAGR, ar, m. [akin to bragð, braga, bragi, etc.] I. best, foremost; b. kvenna, best of women, Skv. 2. 15; Ása b., best of Ases, Skm. 34; b. karla eðr kvenna, Edda 17: only used in poetry or poët, language, cp. the A. S. brego (princeps) Egypta, Norðmanna, Israelita, Gumena, Engla, etc. :-- hence the compd bragar-full or braga-full, n. a toasting cup, to be drunk esp. at funeral feasts; it seems properly to mean the king's toast (cp. Bragi = princeps), i.e. the toast in the memory of the deceased king or earl, which was to be drunk first; the heir to the throne rose to drink this toast, and while doing so put his feet on the footstool of his seat and made a solemn vow (stíga á stokk ok strengja heit); he then for the first time took his father's seat, and the other guests in their turn made similar vows. For a graphic description of this heathen sacred custom, vide Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 49, Hervar. S. Fas. i. 417 and 515,

76 BRAGARBOT -- BRAUTARGENGI.

Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Ragn. S. Fas. i. 345. It is likely that the b. was mostly used at funeral banquets, though the passages in the Ragn. and Hervar. S. (cp. also Hænsaþ. S. ch. 12) seem to imply its use at other festivals, as weddings; cp. also the description of the funeral banquet, Hkr. i. 231, where 'minni hans' (the toast of the dead king) answers to bragarfull; cp. also the funeral banquet recorded in Jómsvik. S., where the Danish king Sweyn made the vow 'at bragarfulli' to conquer England within three winters. This is said to have been the prelude to the great Danish invasion A.D. 994, Fagrsk. 44, and Hkr. to l.c. The best MSS. prefer the reading bragar- (from bragr, princeps), not braga-. II. nearly like Lat. mos, a fashion, habit of life, in compds as, bæjar-bragr, heimilis-bragr, híbýla-bragr, house life; sveitar-bragr, country life; bónda-bragr, yeoman life; héraðs-bragr, lands-bragr, etc. Icel. say good or bad bæjarbragr, Bb. I. 15. III. poetry; gefr hann (viz. Odin) brag skáldum, Hdl. 5, Edda 17: in mod. usage chiefly melody or metre. COMPDS: bragar-bót, f. a sort of metre, Edda 130: mod. palinode. bragar-fræði, f. prosody, Icel. Choral Book (1860), pref. 7. bragar-laun, n. pl. a gift for a poem dedicated to a king or great person, Eg. 318, Ísl. ii. 223, 230 (Gunnl. S.), etc. bragar-mál, n. pl. poetical diction, Edda 134; of using obsolete poët. forms, Skálda 189. BRAK, n. [Ulf. brakja = GREEK; A. S. and Hel. ge-bræc; cp. Lat. fragor], a creaking noise, Hkr. iii. 139, Bárð. 160, Fms. ii. 100. braka, að, [cp. Ulf. brikan = GREEK; A. S. brecan; Engl. to break; Lat. frangere] :-- to creak, of timber, Hom. 155, Fs. 132, Gísl. 31, Fas. ii. 76. brakan, f. a creaking, Fms. iv. 57. BRAKUN, m. [Engl. word], a broker, Fms. v. 183; O. H. L. 56 reads brakkarnir. BRALLA, að, to trick, job; hvat er það sem börn ei b., Jón. Þorl. BRAML, n. (bramla, að), a crash, Safn i. 93, Ísl. Árb. v. ch. 128. BRANA, u, f. a freq. name of a cow, [brana = juvenca, cited by Du Cange from old Spanish Latin deeds; it probably came into Spain with the Goths.] brönu-grös, n. pl., botan. Satyrium Albidum; in Icel. lore this flower plays the same part as the German alraun or English mandrake; the b. are also called 'Friggjar-gras' (Frigg = Freyja, the goddess of love), and 'elsku-gras,' flower of love, as it is thought to create love between man and woman, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 648. Gen. xxx. 14. branda, u, f. a little trout: the Manks call the salmon braddan. brand-erfð, f. a Norse law term, originating from the heathen age when dead bodies were still burnt, vide arfsal, a sort of clientela, giving life-long support to a man; 'til brands eðr báls,' i.e. ad urnam, and inheriting him when dead; defined N. G. L. i. 50. brand-gás, f. anas tadorna, Edda (Gl.) brand-krossóttr, adj. brindled-brown with a white cross on the forebead (of an ox), Brand. 59; cp. bröndóttr, a brindled ox. BRANDR, m. I. [cp. brenna, to burn; A. S. brand (rare)], a brand, firebrand; even used synonymous with 'hearth,' as in the Old Engl. saying, 'este (dear) buith (are) oun brondes,' E. Engl. Specimens; b. af brandi brenn, Hm. 56; at bröndum, at the fire-side, 2, Nj. 195, 201; hvarfa ek blindr of branda, id., Eg. 759; cp. eldi-brandr. 2. [cp. Dan. brand, Germ, brand], a flame; til brands, ad urnam, N. G. L. i. 50 (rare); surtar-brandr, jet; v. brand-erfð. II. [A. S. brand, Beow. verse 1454; Scot. brand = ensis; cp. to brandish], the blade of a sword; brast þat (viz. the sword) undir hjaltinu, ok fór b. grenjandi niðr í ána, Fas. ii. 484, Korm. 82, Eb. 238, Fms. i. 17, Bs. ii. 12; víga-brandr, a war-brand, a meteor. III. a freq. pr. name of a man, Brand. B. On ships, the raised prow and poop, ship's beak, (svíri and brandr seem to be used synonymously, Konr. S. l.c.); fellr brattr breki bröndum hærri, the waves rise high above the 'brandar,' Skv. 2. 17; brandar af knerri (a b. on a merchant-ship), Grett. 90 new Ed., Fms. ix. 304; hann tók um skipstafninn; en menn hans tóku af hendr hans, því at bráð var eigi af brandinum (sing. of the 'high prow' of a ship), viii. 217; leiddist mér fyrir Þórsbjörgum, er brandarnir á skipum Bagla stóðu í augu mér, 372, 247; gyltir brandar ok höfuð, Konr., where some MSS. 'höfuð ok svirar.' 2. ships' beaks used as ornaments over the chief door of dwellings, always in pl.; af knerri þeim eru brandar veðrspáir fyrir dyrum, before (above?) the door, Landn. 231, cp. Grett. 116, where it can be seen that the b. were two, one at each side of the door; hann sá fatahrúgu á bröndum, heaps of clothes on the b., 179; b. ákafliga háfir fyrir höllinni svá at þeir gnæfðu yfir bust hennar (b. exceeding high over the door so that they rose above the gable), gyltir vóru knappar á ofanverðum bröndunum, Konr. S.: these doors are hence called branda-dyrr, Sturl. ii. 106, iii. 200, 218. brand-reið, f. [A. S. brandreda], a grate, Stj. 310, 315, Exod. xxx. 3, xxxvii. 26, Mar. 50; steikja á b., to roast on a grate, Mar. (Fr.) brand-skjöldóttr, adj. of cattle, brindled, red and white spotted. brand-stokkr, m. a dub. GREEK a high trunk of a tree in the middle of the hall of the mythical king Völsung, Fas. 1. 119; Vr. 142 reads botstokk. branga, u, f. an GREEK and dub., Hðm. 21: cp. old Germ. brang = pracht. brasa, að, to braze (Shakesp.), to harden in the fire: cp. brösur, f. pl. in the metaph. phrase, eiga í brösum, to be always in the fire, always quarrelling. BRASS (cp. brasaðr, Fms. viii; brasi, ix. 8), m. [cp. Germ, bras = epulae; Swed. brasa; Dan. brase = to roast; Engl. to braze], a cook, an GREEK, Am. 59. brasta, að, [Germ, brasten], to bluster. Band. 8. bratt-gengni, f. skill in climbing, Fms. ii. 275. bratt-gengr, adj. skilful in climbing, Fms. ii. 169: steep, Greg. 62. bratt-leitr, adj. with projecting forehead, Fb. i. 540. BRATTR, adj. [A. S. brant, bront; Swed. brant; North. E. brant and brent], steep, of hills, etc.; brött brekka, a 'brent' hill, Hrafn. 20; bárur, high waves, Sks. 40: metaph., bera bratt halann, metaphor from cattle, to carry the tail high (in mod. usage vera brattr), opp. to lægja halann, to droop the tail, Ísl. ii. 330, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 20; reynt hefi ek fyr brattara, cp. Lat. graviora passus, I have been in a worse plight, Ann. 56; einatt hefi ek brattara átt, Grett. 133: mér hefir opt boðizt brattara, id., etc.,--a metaphor from mountaineers. bratt-steinn, m. a stone column, Hým. 29. BRAUÐ, n. [A. S. bread; Engl. bread; Germ, brod; Dan. bröd]. This word, which at present has become a household word in all branches of the Teutonic, was in early times unknown in its present sense: Ulf. constantly renders GREEK as well as GREEK by hlaibs; Engl. loaf; A. S. hlâf; the old A. S. poetry also has hlâf, and the old heathen Scandin. poems only hleifr, Hm. 40, 51, Rm. 4, 28. In Engl. also, the words lord, lady,--A. S. hlâfvord, hlâfdige, which properly mean loaf-warder, loaf-maid,--bear out the remark, that in the heathen age when those words were formed, breâd, in the sense of panis, was not in use in England; in old A. S. the word is only used in the compd beobreâd of the honeycomb (Gr. GREEK), cp. Engl. bee-bread; O. H. G. bibrod; Germ, bienenbrod; and this seems to be the original sense of the word. The passage in which doubtless the Goths used 'braud,' Luke xxiv. 42--the only passage of the N. T. where GREEK occurs--is lost in Ulf. Down to the 9th century this word had not its present sense in any Teut. dialect, but was, as it seems, in all of them used of the honeycomb only. The Icel. calls thyme 'bráð-björg' or 'broð-björg' (sweet food?); cp. the Lat. 'redolentque thymo fragrantia mella;' the root of 'brauð' is perhaps akin to the Lat. 'fragrare.' The transition from the sense of honeycomb to that of bread is obscure: in present usage the 'bread' denotes the substance, 'loaf' the shape; b. ok smjör, Eg. 204; b. ok kál, Mar.; heilagt b., Hom. 137; the Icel. N. T. (freq.) 2. food, hence metaph. living, esp. a parsonage, (mod.) The cures in Icel. are divided into þinga-brauð and beneficia. brauð-bakstr, m. bread-baking, Greg. 55. brauð-diskr, m. a bread-plate, Post. 686 B. brauð-görð, f. bread-making, Stj. 441. brauð-hleifr, m. a loaf of bread, Greg. 57, Orkn. 116. brauð-járn, n. a 'bread-iron,' Scot. and North. E. girdle, D. N. brauð-kass, n. a bread-basket, Fms. ii. 164. brauð-moli, a, m. a crumb of bread, Stj. 155. brauð-ofn, m. a bread-oven, H. E. i. 394, N. G. L. ii. 354. brauð-skífa, u, f. a slice of bread, Andr. 68. brauð-skorpa, u, f. a bread-crust. brauð-sneið, f. = brauðskífa. brauð-sufl., n. spice eaten with bread, Anal. 180. brauk, n., braukan, f. cracking, Konr. 30, Mag. 5; cp. Brak. BRAUT, f., dat. brautu, pl. ir, [a purely Scandin. word, formed from brjóta, braut, as Engl. road from Ital. rotta, via rupta] :-- a road cut through rocks, forests, or the like, and distinguished from vegr, stigr, gata (path, track); Önundr konungr lét brjóta vegu um markir ok mýrar ok fjallvegu, fyrir því var hann Braut-Önundr kallaðr, Hkr. i. 46; ryðja b., to cut a road, Ísl. ii. 400; braut ... eigi breiðari en götu breidd, Eg. 582. II. as adv. away, either with or without the prep. 'á' or 'í,' á braut or á brautu, which is the oldest form; but the common form in the old writers is brot, or with a double consonant, brott; later by metath. burt, burtu [Dan.-Swed. bort], which are the mod. forms, but not found in very early MSS.: it occurs in a verse in the Skálda -- reið Brynhildar bróðir | 'bort' sá er hug né 'skorti:'--braut, brautu; braut hvarf or sal sæta, Korm. (in a verse), Hm. 88; þraut, fer ek einn á brautu, Grett. (in a verse); in the Grág. freq., esp. in the old fragment Ed. A.D. 1852, pp. 19-26, where Kb. reads brott; the Miracle-book, Bs. i. 333 sqq., constantly gives braut; so also Ó. H. vellum of the middle of the 13th century: brott, Eg. 603, Nj. 132, Grág. i. 275: burt, burtu, in MSS. of the 15th century; the MSS. freq. use an abbreviated spelling UNCERTAIN (UNCERTAIN denoting ro and or), so that it is difficult to see whether it is to be read brot or burt or bort. It is used with or without notion of motion; the acc. forms braut, brott, burt, originally denote going away; the dat. brautu, burtu, being away; but in common use both are used indiscriminately; þat var brott frá öðrum húsum, far off from other bouses, Eg. 203; vera rekinn brott (braut), to be driven away, Nj. 132; fara braut, to go away, Fms. x. 216; af landi brott, Grág. i. 275, 331, 145, 258, 264, cp. also Nj. 10, 14, 26, 52, 196, Fms. ix. 431, Eg. 319, 370, and endless instances. COMPDS: brautar-gengi, n. a law term, help, furtherance, Ísl. ii. 322, Ld. 26 (advance-

BRAUTARMOT -- BREGÐA. 77

ment). brautar-mót, n. pl. a meeting of roads, Grág. ii. 114; cp. þjóð-braut, a high road; vetrar-braut, via lactea, etc. brautar-tak, n. a law term, bail, security, N. G. L. i. 44. braut- in compds, v. brott. brautingi, a, m. a beggar, tramp, Hbl. 6, Fms. ii. 73: the proverb, bráð eru brautingja erindi, the tramp cannot afford delay, Fas. ii. 262, cp. Hm. 2; the poor had in old times to go from house to house; cp. göngu-maðr, föru-maðr; therefore misery and tramping are synonymous, e.g. válaðr, miseria; cp. A. S. vædl = ambitus :-- not till the establishment of Christianity were poor-rates and other legal provisions made for the poor. BRÁ, f. [Ulf. braw; A. S. bræv; Engl. brow; Germ. brau], an eye-lid; brár (gen. sing.), Edda 15; brár (nom. pl.), 6; brám (dat. pl.), Vþm. 41; brá (gen. pl.), Ad. 5; cp. Baldrs-brá, Gull-brá, Ísl. Þjóðs.: in poetry the eyes are called brú-tungl, -máni, -sól, -geisli, moon-, sun-beam of the brow; tears are brá-regn, -drift, rain of the brow; the head brá-völlr, field of the brow, etc., Lex. Poët. BRÁD, f. [A. S. brad; Germ, brat], meat, raw flesh, esp. venison; blóðug bráð (a law term), raw meat, Grág. ii. 192, N. G. L. i. 82; brytja í bráð, to chop into steaks, Fb. i. 321: pl. metaph. prey of beasts, varmar bráðir, Hkv. 2. 41, Fas. i. 209; villi-bráð, venison; val-bráð, black spots on the face. II. sól-bráð, sun-burning. BRÁÐ, n. tar, pitch, Fms. viii. 217, Anecd. 60, Vm. 21, Sks. 28, Krók. 57; fúna undir bráðinu, Fær. 195. BRÁÐ, f. (broþ, Bs. i. 341), denoting haste (cp. bráðr), but only used in adverb. phrases, í bráð, at the moment, Sturl. i. 58, Ld. 302, Bs. l.c.; bráð ok lengðar (mod. í bráð og lengd), now and ever, Fms. i. 281. II. in many compds, meaning rash, sudden, hot. COMPDS: bráða-bugr, m. in the phrases, göra, vinda bráða-bug at e-u, to hasten to do a thing, without a moment's delay, Grett. 98. bráða-fangs, gen. used as adv. at once, in great haste, Fms. iv. 230. bráða-sótt, f. sudden illness, a plague, Fms. vii. 155, Játv. 26: chiefly of cattle, murrain, Gþl. 498. bráða-þeyr, m. a rapid thaw, Eg. 766. bráð-björg (commonly proncd. blóð-berg, n.), f. thyme, Hjalt., Björn. bráð-dauði, a, m. a sudden death, Hom. 12. bráð-dauðr, adj. dead in a moment, in the phrase, verða b., to die suddenly, Ver. 47, Fms. i. 18, Ísl. ii. 45, 59, Stj. 196. bráð-endis, adv. of a sudden, Ld. 192, Fms. viii. 199. bráð-fari, adj., verða b., to travel in baste, Krók. 59. bráð-feginn, adj. exceeding glad, Fms. xi. 256. bráð-feigligr (-feigr), adj. rushing to death, Fs. 74. bráð-fengis = bráðafangs, Fms. xi. 35, Orkn. 28 old Ed. bráð-fengr, adj. hot, hasty, Fms. vi. 109. bráð-geðr, adj. hot-tempered, Fms. vi. 220, 195. bráð-görr, adj. early ripe, of a young man, Fms. vii. 111, xi. 328. bráð-görviligr, adj. of early promise, Glúm. 338. bráð-hættligr, adj. most dangerous, Lv. 59. bráð-kjörit, n. part. hastily chosen, Sturl. iii. 151. bráð-kvaddr, part. suddenly 'called;' verða b., to die suddenly. bráð-lauss, adj. not pitched, Hkr. ii. 281. bráð-látinn, part. = bráðdauðr, Fms. xi. 444. bráð-látr, adj. eager, impatient, Bs. i. 172. bráð-liga (bráðla, brálla), adv. soon, hastily, at once, Sks. 596, N. G. L. i. 12, Fms. x. 419, i. 29: quickly, ii. 180, Hkr. i. 111: rashly, Bs. i. 722, Sks. 775. bráð-litið, n. part. [líta], göra b. á e-t, to look (too) hastily at a thing, Fms. v. 284, Fbr. 141. bráð-lyndr, adj. hot-tempered, Anecd. 48. bráð-læti, n. impatience, Bb. 3. 29. bráð-mælt, n. part. hastily spoken, Eg. 251. bráðna, að, to melt, of snow, etc., Fms. iii. 193, Rb. 356. bráð-orðr, adj. hasty of speech, Lv. 85, Bjarn. 14. BRÁÐR, adj., neut. brátt, [Swed. bråd; Dan. brad; cp. bráð], sudden, hasty: the allit. law phrase, b. bani, a sudden, violent death, Nj. 99, Fms. v. 289, Sks. 585 (of suicide); b. atburðr, a sudden accident, Fms. x. 328: metaph. hot-tempered, eager, rash, bráð er barn-æskan (a proverb), Am. 75; b. barns-hugir, id., Bev. Fr.; b. í skaplyndi, Nj. 16, Hm. 21; þú hefir verið hölzi b. (too eager, too rash), í þessu máli, Vápn. 13; b. ok ákafr, rash and headlong, Fms. ix. 245; b. hestr, a fiery horse, Bs. i. 743. II. brátt, bráðum, and bráðan used adverb., soon, shortly; þá var brátt drukkinn einmenningr, Eg. 551; brátt fanst þat á, it could soon be seen that ..., 147; vánu bráðara (Lat. spe citius), (mod., vonum b.), very soon, in a very short time, Fms. xi. 115; sem bráðast, as soon as possible, the sooner the better, Eg. 534: the phrase, e-t berr bráðum (or bráðan) at, a thing happens of a sudden, with the notion of surprise, 361; en öllum féllusk hendr (i.e. were startled), at bráðan bar at, as it came so suddenly, Hkr. ii. 152, cp. Orkn. 50. bráð-ráðinn, part. suddenly or rashly decided, Fms. ii. 25, Fær. 236; b. tíðindi, sudden news, Fms. v. 289; bráðrakinn, Lex. Poët., seems only to be a bad reading = bráðráþinn, the lower part of the þ having been obliterated. bráð-reiðr, adj. very wrathful, Barl. 25. bráð-ræði, n. rashness, Fs. 53; glappaverk ok b., 184, Fms. ii. 25. bráð-sinnaðr, adj. hot-tempered, Nj. (Lat. Vers.) 219, v.l. (mod. word.) bráð-sjúkr, adj. taken suddenly ill, Fms. vi. 104. bráð-skapaðr, adj. part. of hasty disposition, Sturl. iii. 123, Nj. 219, v.l., Fas. iii. 520: mod. skap-bráðr, hot-tempered. bráð-skeyti, n. rashness, Sks. 250, Karl. 495. bráð-skeytligr, adj. rash, Str. 9. bráð-skeyttr, adj. rash, Fms. vi. 109, Ísl. ii. 316, Karl. 341, 343. bráð-sýnn, adj. soon seen, Fr. bráðung, f. hurry, O. H. L. 19: gen. bráðungar, as adv. of a sudden, Fms. xi. 70; af bráðungu, at a moment's notice, 27. bráð-þroska (-aðr), adj. early ripe, early grown (þroski, growth), Finnb. 222, v.l., Fs. 126. BRÁK, f., Engl. brake (v. Johnson), a tanner's implement, in the form of a horse-shoe, for rubbing leather, Eggert Itin. 339: a nickname, Eg. bráka, að, in the phrase, brákaðr reyr, a bruised reed, Isaiah xlii. 3. BREÐI, a, m. [Norse bræ], a glacier, common in Norway, where the glaciers are called 'bræer' or 'fonn;' in Icel. an GREEK, Fas. (Völs. S.) i. 116. BREF, n. [for. word, from Lat. br&e-short;ve, like Engl. and Germ. brief; Dan. brev], in Icel. proncd. with a long e, bréf :-- a letter, written deed, rescript, etc. Letter-writing is never mentioned in the true Icel. Sagas before the end of the old Saga time, about A.D. 1015. Bréf occurs for the first time as a sort of dispatch in the negotiation between Norway and Sweden A.D. 1018; lét þau fara aptr með bréfum þeim er Ingigerðr konungs dóttir ok þau Hjalti sendu jarli ok Ingibjörgu, Ó. H. ch. 71; bréf ok innsigli Engla konungs (viz. king Canute, A.D. 1024), ch. 120: a royal letter is also mentioned Bjarn. 13 (of St. Olave, A.D. 1014-1030). The earliest Icel. deeds on record are of the end of the 11th century; in the D. I., Sturl., and Bs. (12th and 13th centuries) letters of every kind, public and private, are freq. mentioned, vide D. I. by Jon Sigurdsson, Bs. i. 478-481, etc., Fms. vii-x, Sturl. freq. [In the Saga time, 'orð ok jartegnir,' words and tokens, is a standing phrase; the 'token' commonly was a ring; the instances are many, e.g. Ld. ch. 41, 42, Bjarn. 7, Gunnl. S.; cp. the interesting passage in the mythical Akv. verse 8, where the sister ties one hair of a wolf in the ring--hár fann ek heiðingja riðit í hring rauðan--as a warning token; cp. also the story of the coin used as a token in Gísl. ch. 8. In the old Sagas even runes are hardly mentioned as a medium of writing; but v. rune.] COMPDS: bréfa-bók, f. a register-book, N. G. L. ii. 409. bréfa-brot, n. breach of ordinances, H. E. i. 422, Bs. i. 706. bréfa-görð, f. letter-writing, Bs. i. 475, Fms. ix. 260. bréfa-maðr, m. a letter-carrier, public courier, Fms. ix. 20. bréfa-sveinn, m. a letter-boy, Fms. ix. 467. bréfa, að, to give a brief account of, Fms. ii. 257, Al. 66. brefer, n. breviary, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 8. bréf-lauss, adj. briefless, without a written document, Th. 78. bréf-sending, bréfa-sending, f. a sending of letters, Fms. viii. 111. bréf-setning, f. the composition of a letter, Fms. viii. 298. BREGÐA, pret. sing. brá, 2nd pers. brátt, later brást; pl. brugðu, sup. brugðit; pres. bregð; pret. subj. brygði: reflex, (sk, z, st), pret. brásk, bráz, or brást, pl. brugðusk, etc.: poët, with the neg. suff. brá-at, brásk-at, Orkn. 78, Fms. vi. 51. A. ACT. WITH DAT. I. [A. S. bregdan, brædan; Old Engl. and Scot, to brade or braid; cp. bragð throughout] :-- to move swiftly: 1. of a weapon, to draw, brandish; b. sverði, to draw the sword, Gísl. 55, Nj. 28, Ld. 222, Korm. 82 sqq., Fms. i. 44, ii. 306, vi. 313, Eg. 306, 505; sverð brugðit, a drawn sword, 746; cp. the alliterative phrase in Old Engl. Ballads, 'the bright browne (= brugðinn) sword:' absol., bregð (imperat.), Korm. l.c.: b. knífi, to slash with a knife, Am. 59; b. flötu sverði, to turn it round in the band, Fms. vii. 157; saxi, Bs. i. 629: even of a thrust, b. spjóti, Glúm. 344. 2. of the limbs or parts of the body, to move quickly; b. hendi, fingri, K. Þ. K. 10, Fms. vi. 122; b. augum sundr, to open the eyes, iii. 57, cp. 'he bradde open his eyen two,' Engl. Ballads; b. fótum, Nj. 253; b. fæti, in wrestling; b. grönum, to draw up the lips, 199, Fms. v. 220. 3. of other objects; b. skipi, to turn the ship (rare), Fms. viii. 145, Eb. 324; b. e-m á eintal, einmæli, to take one apart, Fms. vi. 11, Ölk. 35; b. sér sjúkum, to feign sickness, Fagrsk. ch. 51; bregða sér in mod. usage means to make a short visit, go or come for a moment; eg brá mér snöggvast til ..., etc. 4. adding prepp.; b. upp; b. upp hendi, höndum, to hold up the hand, Fms. i. 167; b. upp glófa, 206, Eb. 326: b. e-m á lopt, to lift aloft, Eg. 122, Nj. 108; b. e-u undan, to put a thing out of the way, to hide it, Fas. i. 6; undir, Sturl. ii. 221, Ld. 222, Eb. 230: b. e-u við (b. við skildi), to ward off with ..., Vápn. 5; but chiefly metaph. to put forth as an example, to laud, wonder at, etc.; þínum drengskap skal ek við b., Nj. 18; þessum mun ek við b. Áslaugar órunum, Fas. i. 257; nú mun ek því við b. (I will speak loud), at ek hefi eigi fyr náð við þik at tala, Lv. 53: b. e-u á, to give out, pretend; hann brá á því at hann mundi ríða vestr til Miðfjarðar, Sturl. iii. 197, Fms. viii. 59, x. 322. β. to deviate from, disregard; vér höfum brugðit af ráðum þínum, Fær. 50, Nj. 13, 109, Ísl. ii. 198, Grág. i. 359; b. af marki, to alter the mark, 397. 5. to turn, alter, change; b. lit,

78 BREGÐA -- BREKKA.

litum, to change colour, to turn pale, etc., Fms. ii. 7, Vígl. 24; b. sér við e-t, to alter one's mien, shew signs of pain, emotion, or the like, Nj. 116; b. e-m í (or b. á sik) e-s líki, to turn one (by spell) into another shape, Bret. 13; at þú brátt þér í merar líki, Ölk. 37; hann brá á sik ýmissa dýra líki, Edda (pref.) 149. II. to break up or off, leave off, give up; b. búi, to give up one's household, Grág. i. 153, Eg. 116, 704; b. tjöldum, to break up, strike the tents, Fms. iv. 302; b. samvist, to part, leave off living together, ii. 295; b. ráðahag, to break off an engagement, esp. wedding, 11; b. boði, to countermand a feast, 194; b. kaupi, to break off a bargain, Nj. 51, Rd. 251; b. sýslu, to leave off working, Fms. vi. 349; b. svefni, blundi, to awake, Sdm. 2; smátt bregðr slíkt svefni mínum, Lv. 53; b. tali, to break off talking, Vápn. 22; b. orustu, to break off the battle, Bret.: esp. freq. in poetry, b. hungri, föstu, sulti, to break or quell the hunger (of the wolf); b. gleði; b. lífi, fjörvi, to put to death, etc., Lex. Poët. 2. to break faith, promise, or the like; b. máli, Grág. i. 148; trúnaði, Nj. 141; brugðið var öllu sáttmáli, Hkr. ii. 121; b. heiti, Alvm. 3: absol., ef bóandi bregðr við griðmann (breaks a bargain), Grág. i. 153. 3. reflex., bregðask e-m (or absol.), to deceive, fail, in faith or friendship; Gunnarr kvaðsk aldri skyldu b. Njáli né sonum hans, Nj. 57; bregðsk þú oss nú eigi, do not deceive us, Fms. vi. 17; vant er þó at vita hverir mér eru trúir ef feðrnir b., ii. 11; en þeim brásk framhlaupit, i.e. they failed in the onslaught, vii. 298; þat mun eigi bregðask, that cannot fail, Fas. ii. 526, Rb. 50; fáir munu þeir, at einörð sinni haldi, er slíkir brugðusk við oss, Fms. v. 36, Grett. 26 new Ed. III. [A. S. brædan, to braid, braider], to 'braid,' knot, bind, the band, string being in dat.; hann bregðr í fiskinn öðrum enda, he braided the one end in the fish, Finnb. 220; hón brá hárinu undir belli sér, she braided her hair under her belt; (hann) brá (untied) brókabelti sínu, Fas. i. 47; er þeir höfðu brugðið kaðli um, wound a cable round it, Fms. x. 53; hefir strengrinn brugðizk líttat af fótum honum, the rope had loosened off his feet, xi. 152: but also simply and with acc., b. bragð, to braid a braid, knit a knot, Eg. (in a verse); b. ráð, to weave a plot, (cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. suere), Edda (in a verse); in the proper sense flétta and ríða, q.v., are more usual. 2. in wrestling; b. e-m, the antagonist in dat., the trick in acc., b. e-m bragð (hæl-krók, sveiflu, etc.) 3. recipr., of mutual strife; bregðask brögðum, to play one another tricks; b. brigzlum, to scold one another, Grág. ii. 146; b. frumhlaupum, of mutual aggression, 13, 48; bregðask um e-t, to contest a thing, 66, cp. i. 34. 4. part., brugðinn við e-t, acquainted with a thing; munuð þit brátt brugðnir við meira, i.e. you will soon have greater matters to deal with, Fs. 84; hann er við hvárttveggja b., he is well versed in both, Gísl. 51. IV. metaph. to upbraid, blame, with dat. of the person and thing; fár bregðr hinu betra, ef hann veit hit verra (a proverb), Nj. 227; Þórðr blígr brá honum því (Thord threw it in his face), á Þórsnesþingi, at ..., Landn. 101; Kálfr brá mér því í dag, Fms. vi. 105; b. e-m brizglum, Nj. 227. B. NEUT. OR ABSOL. without a case, of swift, sudden motion. I. b. á e-t, as, b. á leik, gaman, etc., to start or begin sporting, playing; Kimbi brá á gaman, K. took it playfully, i.e. laughed at it, Landn. 101; b. á gamanmál, Fms. xi. 151; þeir brugðu á glímu ok á glens, they started wrestling and playing, Ld. 220; bregðr hann (viz. the horse) á leik, the horse broke into play, ran away, Fms. xi. 280; Glúmr svaraði vel en brá þó á sitt ráð, Glum gave a gentle answer, but went on in his own way, Nj. 26, Fas. i. 250: the phrase, hönd bregðr á venju, the hand is ready for its old work, Edda (Ht.) verse 26, cp. Nj. ch. 78 (in a verse). 2. b. við, to start off, set about a thing without delay, at a moment's notice, may in Engl. often be rendered by at once or the like; brá hann við skjótt ok fór, he started off at once and went, Fms. i. 158; þeir brugðu við skjótt, ok varð þeim mjök við felmt, i.e. they took to their heels in a great fright, Nj. 105; þeir brugðu við skjótt, ok fara þaðan, 107; bregðr hon við ok hleypr, Grett. 25 new Ed., Bjarn. 60; hrossit bregðr nú við hart, id.; en er Ólafr spurði, at Þorsteinn hafði skjótt við brugðit, ok hafði mikit fjölmenni, Ld. 228. β. b. til e-s, þá brá Ingimundr til utanferðar, Ingimund started to go abroad, Sturl. i. 117; b. til Grænlands ferðar, Fb. i. 430. II. reflex, to make a sudden motion with the body; Rútr brásk skjótt við undan högginu, Nj. 28, 129; b. við fast, to turn sharply, 58, 97; bregðsk (= bregðr) jarl nú við skjótt ok ferr, the earl started at once, Fms. xi. 11; hann brásk aldregi við (he remained motionless) er þeir píndu hann, heldr en þeir lysti á stokk eðr stein, vii. 227. 2. metaph. and of a circumlocutory character; eigi þætti mér ráðið, hvárt ek munda svá skjótt á boð brugðisk hafa, ef ..., I am not sure whether I should have been so hasty in bidding you, if ..., Ísl. ii. 156; bregðask á beina við e-n, to shew hospitality towards, Fms. viii. 59, cp. bregða sér above. β. b. yfir, to exceed; heyra þeir svá mikinn gný at yfir brásk, they heard an awful crash, Mag. 6; þá brásk þat þó yfir jafnan (it surpassed) er konungr talaði, Fms. x. 322, yet these last two instances may be better read 'barst,' vide bera C. IV; bregðask úkunnr, reiðr ... við e-t, to be startled at the novelty of a thing, v. 258; b. reiðr við, to get excited, angry at a thing, etc. C. IMPERS. I. the phrase, e-m bregðr við e-t, of strong emotions, fear, anger, or the like; brá þeim mjök við, er þau sá hann inn ganga, it startled them much, when they saw him come in, Nj. 68; Flosa brá svá við, at hann var í andliti stundum sem blóð, 177; en þó brá fóstru Melkorku mest við þessi tíðindi, i.e. this news most affected Melkorka's nurse, Ld. 82; aldri hefi ek mannsblóð séð, ok veit ek eigi hve mér bregðr við, I wot not how it will touch me, Nj. 59; brá honum svá við, at hann gerði fölvan í andliti ... ok þann veg brá honum opt síðan (he was oft since then taken in such fits), þá er vígahugr var á honum, Glúm. 342; en við höggit brá Glæsi svá at ..., Eb. 324; Þorkell spurði ef honum hefði brugðit nokkut við þessa sýslu.--Ekki sjám vér þér brugðit hafa við þetta, en þó sýndist mér þér áðr brugðit, Fms. xi. 148. β. bregða í brún, to be amazed, shocked, Fms. i. 214; þá brá Guðrúnu mjök í brún um atburð þenna allan saman, Ld. 326, Nj. 14; þat hlægir mik at þeim mun í brún b., 239; nú bregðr mönnum í brún mjök (people were very much startled), því at margir höfðu áðr enga frétt af haft, Band. 7. II. with prepp. við, til, í, af; of appearances, kynligu, undarliga bregðr við, it has a weird look, looks uncanny, of visions, dreams, or the like; en þó bregðr nú kynligu við, undan þykir mér nú gaflaðit hvárt-tveggja undan húsinu, Ísl. ii. 352, Nj. 62, 197, Gísl. 83; nú bregðr undrum við, id., Fms. i. 292. III. e-m bregðr til e-s, one person turns out like another, cp. the Danish 'at slægte en paa;' þat er mælt at fjórðungi bregði til fóstrs, the fostering makes the fourth part of the man, Nj. 64; en því bregðr mér til foreldris míns, in that I am like my father, Hkr. iii. 223; er þat líkast, at þér bregði meir í þræla ættina en Þveræinga, it is too likely, that thou wilt show thyself rather to be kith and kin to the thrall's house than to that of Thweræingar, Fb. i. 434; b. til bernsku, to be childish, Al. 3. β. bregðr af vexti hans frá öðrum selum, his shape differs from that of any other seals, Sks. 41 new Ed. (afbrigði). IV. to cease; e-u bregðr, it ceases; svá hart ... at nyt (dat.) bregði, (to drive the ewes) so fast that they fail (to give milk), Grág. ii. 231; þessu tali bregðr aldri (= þetta tal bregzk aldri), this calculation can never fail, Rb. 536; veðráttu (dat.) brá eigi, there was no change in the weather, Grett. 91; skini sólar brá, the sun grew dim, Geisü 19; fjörvi feigra brá, the life of the 'feys' came to an end (poët.), Fms. vi. 316 (in a verse); brá föstu, hungri, úlfs, ara, the hunger of wolf and eagle was abated, is a freq. phrase with the poets. V. of a sudden appearance; kláða (dat.) brá á hvarmana, the eye-lids itched, Fms. v. 96: of light passing swiftly by, þá brá ljóma af Logafjöllum, Hkv. 1. 15; ljósi bregðr fyrir, a light passes before the eye; mey brá mér fyrir hvarma steina, a maid passed before my eyes, Snót 117; þar við ugg (dat.) at þrjótum brá, i.e. the rogues were taken by fear, 170. breið, f. = breiða. breiða, dd, [Ulf. braidjan; Germ. breiten], to 'broaden,' unfold; b. feld á höfuð sér, to spread a cloak on the head, Nj. 164; b. út, to lay out for drying, Sd. 179, Ld. 290, Fbr. 17, chiefly of hay; b. völl and b. hey a völl, Jb. 193; b. e-t yfir e-n, to cover one in a thing, chiefly of the bed-clothes, Nj. 20, Fms. viii. 237; b. út hendr, to stretch out the hands, vii. 250, Th. 9; b. faðm, id., Rm. 16, Pass. 34. 2; b. borð (mod., b. á borð), to lay the cloth on the table, Bs. ii. 42. breiða, u, f. a drift, flock, of snow, hay, or the like; also fjár-breiða, a flock of white sheep; ábreiða, a cover, etc. breið-bælingr, m. a nickname, a man from Breiðabólstað, Sturl. breidd, f. [Goth. braidei], breadth, Alg. 372, Grág. i. 498, Symb. 22, Fms. x. 272: metaph., Skálda 175. breið-dælskr, adj. from Broaddale in Iceland, Landn., Nj. Breið-firðingr, in. a man from Broadfirth in Iceland, Nj., Landn., etc. breið-firzkr, adj. belonging to, a native of Broadfirth, Landn., etc. breiðka, að, to grow broad, Krók. 52. breið-leiki (-leikr), a, m. breadth, Stj. 56. breið-leitr, adj. broad of face, aspect, Hkr. ii. 405, Grett. 90 A. BREIÐR, adj. neut. breitt, [Ulf. braids; Scot. brade; A. S. brâd; Engl. broad; Germ. breit], broad, Ld. 276, Nj. 35, 91, Grág. i. 500, Fms. iv. 42, vi. 297; fjörðr b. ok langr, Eb. 8; breiða stofa, b. búr, the broad chamber, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 2. β. á breiðan, adv. in breadth, Fms. viii. 416, x. 13: neut. as adv., standa breitt, to spread over a wide space, Edda 10. breið-vaxinn, part. broad-framed, stout, Grett. 89. breið-öx, f. [old Dan. breth ôxa; Germ. breitaxt; A. S. brâd æx], a broad axe, N. G. L. i. 101, Fms. ix. 33, Ísl. ii. 210, v.l., Bret. 84, Bjarn. 36, Orkn. 360; 'brand-ox,' Ed. l.c., is a false reading. BREK, n. a law term, a fraudulent purchase of land, liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 241, 242: hence the proverb, sá hafi b. er beiðist, let him have b. that bids for it, i.e. volenti non fit injuria, Grett. 135 new Ed., Fas. iii. 202. 2. pl. freaks, chiefly of children; að barna þinna brekum skalt | brosa ei né skemtan halt, Húst. 49. breka, að, to keep asking, of importunate requests, Fms. vi. 246: the proverb, látum barn hafa þat er brekar, Þiðr. 51, 110: neut., b. til e-s, Al. 114. BREKAN, n. [Gael. braecan = tartan], a stitched bed cover. brek-boð, n. a fraudulent bidding (of land), Grág. ii. 242. breki, a, m., poët. a breaker, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. BREKKA, u, f. [Swed. and Engl. brink], a slope, Orkn. 244, Eg. 766, Gísl. 33, Glúm. 395; b. brún, the edge of a slope, Sturl. ii. 75; hvel, Sks. 64,

BREKKUBRUN -- BRIGÐA. 79

freq. in local names in Icel.: as a law term, the hill where public meetings were held and laws promulgated, etc., hence the phrase, leiða í brekku, to proclaim a bondsman free; ef þræli er gefit frelsi, ok er hann eigi leiddr í lög eðr b., Grág. i. 358. COMPDS: brekku-brún, v. above. brekku-megin, n. strength to climb the crest of a hill. brek-laust, n. adj. fraudless, Grág. i. 137, 200. brek-ráð, n. pl. a law term, an attempt at fraudulent acquisition (v. brek), Glúm. 347, Boll. 352. brek-sekð, f. a law term, a fraudulent, mock outlawry in order to disable one from pleading his case, defined Grág. i. 121. brek-vísi, f. an importunate request. Ld. 134. brella, u, f. a trick; veiði-brella, a ruse, brellinn, adj. = bellinn. brengla, að, to distort, = beygla, Fas. iii. BRENNA, an old obsol. form brinna; pret. brann, 2nd pers. brant, mod. branst; pl. brunnu; sup. brunnit; pres. brenn, 3rd pers. brennr; old breðr, Grág. ii. 295, Fms. vii. 20 (in a verse); brenn (dropping the r), Hm. 56; with the neg. suffix, brennr-at (non urit), 153, [Ulf. brinnan; A. S. byrnan; Early Engl. to 'brenn;' Germ. brennen; the strong form is almost obsolete in Germ.] :-- to burn: 1. of a light; þeir þóttust sjá fjögr ljós b., Nj. 118, Fas. i. 340; hrælog brunnu (blazed) af vápnum þeirra, Bs. i. 509: of a candle, to burn out, eigi lengr en kerti þat brennr, Fas. i. 341, 342; cp. Fms. viii. 276. 2. to be consumed by fire; kyrtillinn var brunninn, Fms. xi. 420; nú breðr viðara en hann vildi, the fire spreads wider than he would, Grág. l.c. β. of a volcano; er hér brann hraunit, er nú stöndu vér á, Bs. i. 22; brann þá Borgarhraun, Landn. 78, Ann. several times. γ. b. upp, to be burnt up. Grág. i. 459, K. Þ. K. 42; b. inni, to perish by fire, Gþl. 252, Nj. 198, 200. δ. to fester, Fms. xi. 288. ε. to be scolded, Eb. 198; skulu grónir grautar dílarnir þeir er þú brant, 200. 3. metaph. in the phrase, e-t or e-s hlutr brennr við, one's lot or portion of meat gets burnt in the cooling, one gets the worst of it; broth 'brennr við,' is burnt: ortu bændr þegar á um bardagann (they made an onslaught), en þó brann brátt þeirra hlutr við, but it grew soon too hot for them, Fms. iv. 250; Sigurðr kvað sitt skyldu við brenna, quoth Sigurd, he would get the worst of it, i.e. it would never do, Fær. 236: the phrase, e-t brennr fyrir, or e-t rautt brennr fyrir, of bright hopes, rautt mun fyrir b. ok til virðingar snúa, Fs. 68; mun enn nokkut fyrir b. er þér komit heim, Fas. iii. 81. brenna, d, with acc. to burn; b. bál, to burn or light a balefire, Hervar. S. (in a verse). 2. to destroy by fire, devastate, Fms. xi. 391, Ann. 1329, 1289: b. upp, to burn up, Eg. 49; b. e-n inni, to burn one alive, Nj. 115, Grág. ii. 128, Landn. 215, v.l. 3. medic, to cauterise (of hot iron), Grág. ii. 133; b. e-m díla, to burn spots on one's back, body (medic.), Bs. 1. 644. β. metaph. to brand one's back; eigi þurfu Danir at hælast við oss Norðmenn, margan díla höfum vér brent þeim frændum, Hkr. iii. 148; b. e-m illan díla, id., Fbr. 190 (in a verse). γ. b. kol, to burn, i.e. make charcoal (cp. charcoal-burner), Grág. i. 200. δ. part., brennt silfr, gull = skírt silfr, gull, pure silver, gold, K. Þ. K. 172, 152; eyrir brendr (= eyrir brends silfrs), mörk brend, Fms. ix. 421, Hkr. iii. 12; b. gull, Fms. xi. 77. brenna, u, f. fire, burning, Grág. ii. 129, Nj. 158, 199; Njáls brenna, Blundketils brenna, etc., Ann. 962, 1010: the burning of a dead body, Edda 38 (= bálför). β. astron., according to Finn Magnusson (Lex. Mythol.) Sirius is called Loka brenna, the conflagration of Loki, referring to the end of the world. COMPDS: brennu-maðr, m. an incendiary, Nj. 203. brennu-mál, n. action for fire, Nj. 210. brennu-saga, u, f. a tale of a fire, Nj. 269. brennu-staðr, m. the place where a fire has been, Grág. ii. 128. brennu-sumar, n. a summer of fires, Sturl. i. 165. brennu-vargr, m. a law term, an incendiary (outlawed), defined N. G. L. i. 46, Sturl. iii. 261. brennandi, m. fire, Fms. i. 63 (in a verse). brennir, m. id., Edda (Gl.) brenni-steinn (brennu-steinn, brenna-steinn), m. brimstone, sulphur, Sks. 391; Icel. sulphur mentioned in the 12th and 13th centuries, Arna b. S., D. I., H. E., etc.; b. logi, a sulphur lowe or flame, Rb. 336; b. vatn, a sulphur well, Stj. 91; b. þefr, a smell of brimstone, id. BRESTA, pret. brast, pl. brustu; part. brostinn; pres. brest, [A. S. berstan, per metath.; Engl. to burst; Germ. bersten; Swed. brista; Dan. briste] :-- to burst, be rent; jörðin brast (the earth burst) undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; steinninn brast, the rock was rent, Bs. i. 5. β. to break with a crash; brast þú boginn í tvá hluti, Hkr. i. 342, Gísl. 81; brestr röng, the rib of a barrel creaks, Jb. 398: the hoops of a vessel bresta (burst), Fs. 132; skulfu lönd, en brustu bönd (of a tub), Jón Þorl. 2. to crash, of the sound alone; hófarnir brustu í veggjunum, the hoofs dashed against the wall, Grett. 25 new Ed.; hvat brast þar svá hátt, Hkr. i. 342; þá brast strengr á skipi, then twanged the bowstring on the ship, Fms. i. 182; brestandi bogi, the twanging bow, Hm. 84. β. to burst forth, of a stream, avalanche, or the like; brestr flóð, of an avalanche, Gísl. 33; skriða brast, id., Fms. v. 250; blóð brestr út, the blood bursts out, from a blow, N. G. L. i. 342. γ. a milit. term, flótti brestr, the ranks break in flight, when the host is seized by panic; þá brast flótti í liði Flosa, Nj. 246; er meginflóttinn brast, Fms. viii. 229; brast þá flótti á Vindum, xi. 233; bardagi brestr, the battle bursts out, begins, (rare and as it seems GREEK.), Fas. i. 34. δ. b. or b. á, to burst or break out, a storm, gale, cp. Bs. i. 78 (vide however s.v. bera C. IV): b. or b. út, to ebb, but only of the first turning of the tide, Bb. 2. 15; augu b., the eyes break in death, v. auga; hence helbrostið auga. II. impers., e-n (acc.) brestr e-t (acc.), one lacks, falls short of; brast Sigríði (acc.) fimm tigi hundraða, Dipl. v. 3; ef oss brestr á borði, if we fall short, get the worst of it, Fms. ix. 507; eigi brestr mik árædi, Fs. 62; á mið þau er aldri mun fisk (Ed. wrongly fiskr) b., Bárð. 169; ef eitt orð (acc.) brysti, Fms. iv. 71; hann vissi þessa sína ætlan brostna (frustrated), Bs. i. 289; þat mun aldri b., that will never fail, Grett. 24 new Ed.: hamingjuna brestr, Fms. vi. 155 (Ed. hamingjan). brestr, m. pl. ir, (old acc. pl. brestu, Jd. 25), an outburst, crash, Eb. 230, of a blow against a metal ring; steinarnir kómu saman, ok varð þar við b. hár, Glúm. 375 (cp. heraðs-brestr, vá-brestr), Fms. xi. 6, 7, Fbr. 148, Hkr. i. 342; her-brestr, the crash produced by a sort of powder (cp. Albertus Magnus), Bs. i. 798, 799; í þeim eldi léku laus björg stór sem kol á afli, svá at í þeirra samkomu urðu brestir svá stórir, at heyrði norðr um land (of a volcano), 803; mátti heyra stóra bresti, i.e. the clash of spears, Flov. 33. II. a chink, fissure, esp. in jewellery; b. á gulli, Vkv. 25, cp. 24; vóru gimsteinar svá heilir at eigi var b. á þeim, Joh. 623. 20; kom mér þá í hug, at b. hafði verit á hringnum, ... fleiri brestina, Ld. 126; cp. the phrase, berja í brestina, v. berja, to cry off a bargain, Nj. 32. 2. metaph. a crack, chink; bresti er í þeim ráðahag hafa verit, Ld. 128. β. want, loss; hvert ábati eðr b. í varð, Fms. xi. 441; þar eptir fylgir b. bús, Bb. i. 12; hýbýla-brestr, domestic misfortune, Gísl. 79. III. a rattle (hrossa-brestr). bretta, tt. [brattr], to turn upwards; b. halann, Hkv. Hjörv. 20; cp. bera halann bratt: in mod. use of the clothes, sleeves, etc., to fold up; b. nefið, brýrnar: hence brettur, f. pl. comical contortions of the face. breyma, used as adj. ind., b. köttr, a she-cat at heat. breysk-leikr (-leiki), m. weakness of body, Stj. 21: in moral sense, Magn. 504, K. Á. 200. BREYSKR, adj. (akin to brjósk), properly brittle: b. leirpottr, a brittle earthen pot, Sks. 543; kerin b., Stell. 1. 72: chiefly metaph. in moral sense, weak, infirm; andinn er fús, en holdið er b. . Matth. xxvi. 41, Stj. 55, 248, Sks. 688. 13: in mod. writing often spelt with i. BREYTA, tt, [braut, via], to alter, change: bregða implies the notion of breach, breyta simply denotes change: with dat.; b. farveg (of a river), to form a new channel, Grág. i. 350, Nj. 4, Ld. 158, Fms. ii. 158, Fb. i. 292; flestar Þjóðir þurfa at b. (transform) nafni hans til sinnar tungu, Edda 14; þá vóru snjóvar miklir ok breyttir (changed, become impassable) vegir allir, Eg. 543, Rb. 262 (where the acc. is wrong;). β. reflex., hafa þau ekki breyzk síðan, they have not changed since, Fms. viii. 5. γ. to vary; b. háttum, to vary the metre, Edda 121; b. hári sínu, to dress the hair, Greg. 45; b. málum, to speak rhetorically, dress one's words, Fms. vi. 392; réttr ok b., plain and artificial, Edda 120; úbreyttr, plain. II. metaph., absol. without case, to conduct oneself, act, do, behave; ef við breytum svá, if we do so, Nj. 202, Ísl. ii. 181, Fms. i. 150; b. eptir e-m, to imitate, Symb. 15; b. til e-s, to attempt, Grág. ii. 94. 2. in mod. use chiefly in moral sense, to behave, conduct oneself; b. vel, illa, kristilega, cp. breytni, N. T., Vidal., Pass. breyti-liga, adv. strangely, Fs. 42, Korm. 54. Lv. 77, Fms. vi. 374. breyti-ligr, adj. strange, Sturl. iii. 302. breyting, f. change, N. G. L. i. 382. breytinn, adj. variable, Post. 645. 90. breytni, f. change; göra b. á um e-t, to make an alteration in a thing, Fas. iii. 155, Mag. 5, Fs. 98; b. í klæðnaði, fashion, N. G. L. iii. 262: new fashion, Grág. i. 338; ný-breytni, Snót 68; hann kvaðst eigi nenna enn um sinn at hafa þessa b., he said that he was not yet minded to, viz. to be baptized, Fs. 77, Nj. 13 (shape, nature). 2. in mod. usage chiefly moral conduct, acting; eptir-breytni, imitation. Brezkr, adj. Welsh, Fms., etc.; mod. British. BRIGÐ, f. [bregða A. H.], a law term, 'jus retrahendi,' a right to reclaim, chiefly of landed property; eiga b. til lands; fyrnist þá eigi brigðin, then the right of reclamation will not be lost, Grág. ii. 202 sqq.; cp. Landbrigð and Landbrigða-þáttr, one of the sections of the law; cp. also óðals-brigð (Norse), vide Gþl. 295 sqq.: also brigð á dómi, change of a doom or sentence, Sks 588 B: kaupa e-t í brigð við annan, to purchase a thing already bought by another man, Rd. 252; engi brigð (neut. acc. pl. enga?) mun ek her á göra, where brigð nearly means protest, Fms. ii. 25. 2. gener. breaking, breach; vináttu-brigð, breach of friendship, fickleness, Hm. 83. COMPD: brigðar-maðr, m. a law term, one whose lands are escheated, but may be redeemed, Grág. ii. 253, Gþl. 290. brigða, ð, (mod. að), [bregða], a law term, to escheat; with acc., b. land, lönd, Grág. ii. 202 sqq.; b. e-m frelsi, to abrogate, i. 203; b. fé (of the forfeiture of a deposit), 183. In the Norse sense, vide Gþl. 295 sqq., Jb. 188 sqq., Dipl. v. 16. 2. with dat. (irreg.), b. jörðu, Gþl. 300: to make void, b. dómi, 23; b. sáttmáli, Stj. 382: part, brigðandi = brigðarmaðr, Grág. ii. 204.

80 BRIGÐI -- BRJÓTA.

brigði, n. = brigð, Anecd. 14, Mk. 144: cp. compds lit-brigði, gloaming; veðr-brigði, change of weather; af-brigði, etc. brigði-ligr (brigðligr), adj. and -liga, adv. variable, Stj. 117, Sks. 203, 627 B, 677. 8, 2. brigð-kaup, n. a void bargain, because of another man having a prior right of purchase, N. G. L. iii. 177. brigð-lyndi, f. fickleness, Hkr. iii. 273. brigð-lyndr, adj. fickle, Sturl. iii. 123. brigð-mæli, n. breach of promise, Korm. 56, Fms. vii. 305. brigðr, adj. faithless, fickle, Hm. 90, 125; brigt (unsafe) þyki mér at trúa Þrándi, Fær. 226. brigð-ræði, n. fickleness, a whimsy, Edda 110 (new Ed. i. 544, note 26). brigð-ull, adj. variable, fickle, unsafe, Fas. iii. 456. brigð-verpi, n. a cast in another man's fishery, Gþl. 426. brigzla, að, (derived from brigð and bregða), to upbraid, with dat. of the person and thing; b. oss því, at vér ..., Fms. ii. 227; honum sé því brigzlat, that it be thrown in his teeth, Fær. 100, Al. 2: with acc. of the thing (rare), Stj. 42, Anecd. 30: in mod. use, b. e-m um e-t, Mar. 153 (Fr.): absol., b. e-m ok hæða, Mar. l.c. II. medic. of broken bones (brixla saman) when they are only rudely healed. brigzli and brigzl, n., chiefly in pl. blame, shame, Stj. 176. Gen. xxx. 23; b. ok álygi, Hom. 76, Fms. i. 270, ii. 69; eilíft b., everlasting shame, x. 222; færa e-m e-t í brigzli, to throw a thing in one's teeth, Lv. 59; hafa at brigzlum, Nj. 223; brigzla-lauss, blameless, Fms. viii. 136. II. medic. callificatio ossium, the callus left after bone-fractures. brigzl-yrði, n. pl. words of blame, Nj. 223, v.l. BRIM, n. [A. S. brim = aestus], surf, Fær. 174, Eg. 99; boðar ok b., Grág. ii. 385; sker ok b., Eg. 161, Landn. 84, 276, Hkr. i. 228. β. poët, the sea. brim-gangr, m. the dashing of surf, Ann. 1312. brim-hljóð, n. the roar of surf. brimill, m. pl. lar, [bremol, Ivar Aasen], phoca fetida mas, also called brim-selr = útselr, a big sort of seal, Höfuðl. 5: Brimils-gjá, a local name. brim-lauss, adj. (-leysa, u, f.), surfless, calm, N. G. L. i. 139. brim-orri, a, m. anas nigra, a duck, Edda (Gl.) brim-rót, n. furious surf. brim-saltr, adj. salt as the sea. brim-sorfinn, part. (rocks) surf-worn, Eg. 142. brim-steinn, m. brimstone (?), a nickname, Fms. ix. brim-stormr, m. a gale raising surf, Stj. 26, 89. brim-tog, n. a rope used to tug a boat through the surf, Gþl. 427. BRINGA, u, f., Lat. sternum, the chest (brjóst, pectus), Nj. 24, Eb. 182, Eg. 719: the phrase, e-m skýtr skelk í bringu, one gets frightened, Eg. 49, Fb. i. 418. β. the breast-piece, brisket, Stj. 310. Exod. xxx. 27, = bringu-kollr. γ. metaph. a soft grassy slope, hence Gull-bringur, the golden slopes, whence Gullbringu sýsla in Icel. COMPDS: bringu-bein, n. the breast-bone, Finnb. 256. bringu-breiðr, adj. broad-chested, Ld. 296, Sturl. ii. 133. bringu-kollr, v. above. bringu-sár, n. a wound in the chest, Sturl. ii. 138, Ld. 140. bringu-teinar, m. pl. = bringspalir, Fas. iii. 392. bring-spelir, m. pl. (mod. bringspalir, Ísl. ii. 55, 447, or bringsmalir, f. pl.), the 'breast-rails, breast-bars,' the brisket or part where the lower ribs are joined with the cartilago ensiformis (the hertespone of Chaucer), Ísl. l.c., Fms. ii. 151, Gullþ. 21; bringspölum (dat.), Grág. ii. 16; bringspölu (acc.), Gísl. 106; bringspala (gen.), Sturl. i. 140; bringspeli (acc.), Grett. 123 new Ed.: often in such phrases as, finna til (to feel pain) fyrir bringspölunum; [cp. Fr. espalier.] brinni, a, m. a flame, Haustl. 13. BRIS, n., medic. schirrus, gristle, Fél. ix. 208: the phrase, bíta á brisinu, metaphor from a gristly piece of meat. BRÍK, f., gen. ar, pl. bríkr, [Engl. brick; Fr. brique; Swed. bricka; Dan. brikke = chess-man in a game], properly a square tablet, e.g. altaris-brík, an altar-piece, Vm. 10, Bs. ii. 487: in the Sagas often of a low screen between the pillars (stafir), separating the bedrooms (hvílurúm) from the chief room, Gþl. 345, Fms. v. 339, Sturl. ii. 228, iii. 219, Korm. 182 :-- in mod. usage brík means a small tablet with carved work, one at the foot and one at the head of a bed, (höfða-brík, fóta-brík.) β. in Norway (Ivar Aasen) used of a small table placed at the door; in this sense it seems to be used Bs. i. (Laur. S.) 854. COMPDS: bríkar-búningr, m. and bríkar-klæði, bríkar-tjald, n. covering for a tablet, D. I. i. 268, Vm. 10, 24. bríkar-nef, n. a nickname, Bs. i. brími, a, m. fire, poët., Edda (Gl.): brímir, m., poët, a sword, Lex. Poët.: a mythic. abode, Vsp. 43. brjá, ð, (cp. braga), to flicker, Stj. 389, Þiðr. 114; brjándi birti, Bs. ii. (in a verse). brjándi, part. flickering, Stj. 389. brjál, n. showy trifles, in a poem of A.D. 1410; cp. orða-brjál, showy words. brjála, að, to flutter; to confound, disorder: reflex., Orkn. 204 old Ed. (mod. word). brjálaðr, part. one deranged of mind. BRJÓSK, n. [Swed. and Dan. brusk], gristle, cartilage, Fas. i. 351; bein eða b., Grág. ii. 12, 120. BRJÓST, n. (brysti, provinc. Icel.), [Ulf. brusts, f. pl. = GREEK and GREEK; A. S. breost; Engl. breast; Hel. briost, n. pl.; Swed. bröst; Dan. bryst, n.; Germ, brust, f.] :-- the breast; b. ok kviðr, Eg. 579, Nj. 95; önd í brjósti, K. Þ. K. 26; Lat. uber, a woman's breast, in pl., fæða barn á brjósti, feed a bairn at the breast, Bs. i. 666, Str. 18, Stj. 429: mod. chiefly in pl. = Lat. mammae; hafa barn á brjóstum; brjósta-mjólk, milk from the breast; brjósta-mein, medic. ulcus or abscessus mammarum, Fél. ix. 202; brjósta-verkr, mastodynia (of women), id. II. with the ancients the breast was thought to be the abode of the mind, as well as of feeling, hence it is poët, called hug-borg, mun-strönd, reið rýnis, minnis knörr, etc., the castle, strand, wain, ship of mind, of thought, of memory, etc., vide Lex. Poët., Edda 105, Höfuðl. 1, Stor. 18; thus brjóst freq. metaph. means feeling, temper, disposition; hafa ekki b. til e-s, to have no heart for it; kenna í brjósti um e-n, to 'feel in the breast' for one, feel compassion for; mun hann vera þrályndr sem faðir hans, en hafa brjóst verra, a harder heart, Sturl. iii. 144, Bs. ii. 70, 41; láta eigi allt fyrir brjósti brenna, of a hardy, daring man; e-m rennr í brjóst, of a light slumber, esp. of one sick. β. the front, of a wave, Bs. i. 484; b. fylkingar, of a line, Eg. 268, Fms. v. 77. γ. metaph. the breast-work or protector of one; b. ok hlífskjöldr, Hom. 95; bera (vera) b. fyrir e-m, to be one's defender, to shield one, Fms. vii. 263, x. 235; the phrase, vinna eið fyrir brjósti e-s, on one's behalf, Gþl. 484. brjóst-afl, n. strength of chest, Sks. 372. brjóst-barn, n. a child at the breast, Stj. 227, Fs. 154. brjóst-björg, f. a breast-plate, Sks. 406. brjóst-bragð, n. compassion, Barl. 4. brjóst-búnaðr, m. a breast ornament, brooch, Js. 78. brjóst-drekkr, m. = brjóstbarn, Grág. i. 240. brjóst-fast, n. adj. fixed in the heart, Fms. xi. 433. brjóst-festa, t, to fix in mind, Barl. 142. brjóst-friðr, m. peace of mind, 655 xxvii. 16. brjóst-gjörð, f. a saddle-girth, Stj. 397. Judg. viii. 26, Lv. 82. brjóst-góðr, adj. (brjóst-gæði, n. pl.), tender-hearted. brjóst-heill, adj. having a sound chest, Fbr. 94, Mar. 655 xxxii. brjóst-kringla, u, f. a 'breast-disk,' brooch, Vkv. 24, 34. brjóst-leysi, n. heart-sinking, prostration, Bs. i. 387. brjóst-megin, n. strength of mind or heart, Bs. i. 238, Mag. 88. brjóst-mikill, adj. broad-chested, Sks. 227 (of waves). brjóst-milkingr, m. a suckling, Matth. xxi. 16. brjóst-reiðr, adj. enraged, Þiðr. 116. brjóst-reip, n. a breast-rope, girdle, a nickname, Orkn. brjóst-stofa, u, f. a front room, D. N. (Fr.) brjóst-sullr, m. a tubercle in the lungs, Greg. 74. brjóst-sviði, a, m. heartburn, Fas. iii. 392, Fél. ix. brjóst-veiki, n. (brjost-veikr, adj.), chest-disease, Fél. ix, brjóst-veill, adj. having a delicate chest. brjóst-vit, n. mother-wit, Bs. i. 164, Pass. 44. 17. brjóst-vitra, u, f. id., Bs. ii. 11. brjóst-þili, n. = bjórþili, a front wall, Sturl. ii. 66, Hom. 94. brjóst-þungt, n. adj., Bs. i. 644, (-þyngsli and -þreyngsli, n.), asthma. BRJÓTA, pret. braut; 2nd pers. brautt is obsolete; commonly brauzt or brauztu, Ó. H. 24 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 139 (in a verse of A.D. 1050); pl. brutu; sup. brotið; pres. brýt: [this word does not occur in Ulf. and is unknown in Germ.; the A. S. has breâtan, breôtan, but rarely and in the sense to destroy, demolish: but the Scandin. dialects all have it; Swed. bryta; Dan. bryde; whereas the Goth, braican, Germ. brechen, Engl. break are unknown to the Scandin. idioms. Du Cange records a Latin-Spanish britare = destruere; it is therefore likely that it came into Spain with the Goths, although Ulfilas does not use it] :-- to break; with acc., Nj. 64, Bs. i. 346; þeir brutu báða fótleggi í honum, Hom. 115; sumir brutu (hurt) hendr sínar, sumir fætr, Bs. i. 10; ef maðr brýtr tennr or höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11; hvárz þat er höggit, eðr brotið, cut or broken, id.; þeir kómu við sker ok brutu stýri, Fms. ix. 307; Þormóðr kvað betra at róa minna ok brjóta ekki, Grett. ch. 50: phrases as, b. á bak, to break the back, Fms. vii. 119; á háls, the neck, Vígl. 21; b. í hjóli (hveli), to break on the wheel, of capital punishment, Fms. xi. 372, Hom. 147; í þeim hring stendr Þórs steinn, er þeir menn vóru brotnir um (on which the men were broken) er til blóta vóru hafðir, Eb. 26. 2. denoting to destroy, demolish; b. skurðgoð, Fms. x. 277, Bs. i. 10; þeir höfðu brotið hof en kristnað land, Fms. i. 32; Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167. β. b. skip, to shipwreck (skip-brot); brutu þar skipit allt í span, Nj. 282, Ld. 8, Landn. 149: absol., hón kom á Vikarsskeið, ok braut þar, 110: nú er á (a river) brýtr af annars manns landi, Gþl. 419; cp. land-brot. 3. adding prepp.; niðr, sundr, af, upp, to break down, asunder, off, or the like; sá er niðr braut alla Jerusalem, 673. 51; b. niðr blótskap, Fms. iii. 165, viii. (pref.); brutu þá Baglar af brúna, B. broke the bridge off, x. 331; b. sundr, ix. 482; b. upp, to break up; þeir brutu upp þilit, Eg. 235; þeir brutu upp búr hans (of

BRJÓTR -- BROTTHLAUP. 81

burglars), 593; b. upp. kirkju, Fms. ix. 12; b. upp hlið, to break up a fence, K. b. K. 84. p. b. upp, to break up a package, unpack; brýtr hann nú upp gersemar sínar, Fær. 6 :-- as a naut. term, b. upp means t o bring out victuals for ibe mess, Dan. bakke op; jar! ok hans menu b. upp vistir ok setjast til mafar, Fms. xi. 147: milit., b. upp vápn means to t a ke arms, prepare for battle (in a sea fight); brjóta upp vápn sin ok berjask, Fær. 85; menn brutu upp um annan oil vápn, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse). y. b. or b. saman, to fold (clothes or the like); b. sundr, t o unfold, Nj. 171: in mod. usage also b. bréf, to fold a letter (hence brot, to denote the s i z e of a book); b. upp bréf, to break a letter open. Bad. 181; b. blað, to fold down a leaf in a book, etc.; b. út, to break (a channel) through, Landn. 65 (of a river); þá var lit brotinn ossinrij Bs. i. 315. 4. various metaph. phrases; b. bag við, to fight, v. bágr, Fas. i. 43; b. odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point off one's pride, to bumble oneself, Nj. 94 (where to disgrace oneself); b- straum fyrir e-u, to break the stream for one, metaphor from a post or rock in a stream, to bear toe brunt of battle, Orkn. 344; b. bekrann, vide bekri, Grett. 5. metaph. to break, violate, log, rutt, etc.; mun ek þó eigi fyrir þínar sakir brjóta login ue konungs tignina, eða svá lands- rettinn, Fms. iv. 263; en þér, konungr, brutuð log á Agli, you broke the law in Egil's case, Eg. 416, Fms. x. 401; at þú brjótir log þín, xi. 93; engi skyídi annars ráð brjóta, Bret.; b. á bak, to infringe, Fas. i. 528 (cp. lög-brot, laga-brot); b. af við e-n, to wrong one, iii. 551: in theol. sense, H. E. 1. 460 (vide af-brot, mis-brot, crime, sin): absol. to trans- gress, brjóta þau ok bæði, ok göra hórdóm, K. Á. 134. P. denoting force, to force, compel; b. menn til Kristni, Ld. 178, Fms. i. 142; til truar, Fs. 98; til hlýðni, to force to submission; allt landsfólk var undir brotið ríki þeirra, a ll people were brought under their rule, Fms. iv. 64; hón er í hernaði ok brytr undir sik vikinga, Odd. 22; b. konu til svefnis, a law term, violare, Grág. i. 338. II. reflex., with prepp. i, or, um, út, við, or adv. braut; brjotask, to break in, o?/ t, etc.; hann brauzk i haug Hrólfs Kraka, Landn. 169; brjótumk vér þá burt or hnsinu, to break out of the house, Fas. i. 88; brjótask á, to break in upon, press; Önundr brauzk á hurðina, Onund tried to break in the door, Fs. IOI, Fms. vii. 187; b. fram, to break forth, Bb.; b. milli, to break out between, Bs. i. 634; b. út, to break out, esp. in the metaph. sense of plague, disease, fire, or the like; er út bryzk vökvi ok úhreinindi, Greg. 22 (út- brot, a breaking out, eruption); b. um, to make a hard struggle (e. g. of one fettered or pinioned); því harðara er hann brauzk um, Edda 20; björn einn brauzk um í viik, Fs. 146; af ofrgangi elds þess er um bry'tsk (rages) í grundvöllum landsins, Sks. 151; b. -við e-t, to struggle (wrestle) hard against; þeir brutusk við skóga eðr stóra steina, of en- raged berserkers, Fas. i. 515: metaph. to fight hard against, hann brauzk við heiðinn lýð, Fms. xi. 396; b. við ofrefli, to fight against odds, Ísl. ii. 394: absol. to strive h ar d, Stj. 411; Hákoni jarli var ekki mikit um at b. við borgargörðina, Haco did not care to exert himself much about making the burg, Fms. ix. 46: with dat., b. við e-u, to fight against (in a bad sense); b. við gæfu sinni, to break with one's good luck, iv. 233; b. við forlögunum, to struggle against fate, Fs. 20; b. í e-u, to be busy, exert oneself in a thing; eigi þarftn í þessu at brjotask lengr, i. e. give it up, Fms. iii. 102; því at þessi maðr Ölafr bryzk í miklu ofrefli, this man Olave struggles against great odds, iv. 77. 2. recipr., þeir rérust svá riser, at brutusk ararnar fyrir, th a t they broke one another's oars, Fms. viii. 216. III. impers. in a pass, sense; skipit (acc.) braut í span, the ship was broken to pieces, Ld. 142; skip bangbrands braut austr við Búlandshöfða, Nj. 162; tók út skip bangbrands ok braut mjök, Bs. i. 15: of a house, or the like, destroyed by wind or wave, þá braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down, 30: the phrase, straum (acc.) brýtr á skeri, the stream is broken against a skerry (rock); strauminn braut á öxlinni, the stream broke against his shoulders, Grett. 140 (the new Ed.), the old Ed. straumrinn -- not so well; la (acc.). brytr, the surf breaks, abates, Edda (Ht. verse 78). IV. part, brotinn, broken; sverð slæ ok brotin, Hkr. i. 343: as adj. in such compds as fót-brotinn, væng-brotinn, háls-brotinn, hrygg-brotinn, etc., with broken leg, wing, etc. brjótr, m. o ne that breaks, a destroyer, mostly in compds or poet., Hy'm. 17, Lex. Poët. BROÐ, n. [Engl. broth; Germ, brod], broth: still used in the east of Icel.: occurs in the compd word broð-gygr, a broth-cook, in a verse in the Laufas Edda, and wrongly explained in Lex. Poet, to be = brauð-gygr. brodd-geiri, a, m. a spear-formed piece (geiri, goar) of land, Dipl. iv. 15, Grett. 89, new Ed. brot- wrongly. brodd-högg, n. a blow from a pike, Fms. ix. 528. BRODDR, m. [A. S. brord; O. H. G. brort; Goth, br oz ds is sug- gested], a s pike, Eg. 285. p. a kind of shaft, freq. in Lex. Poët., Fms. vii. 211, Fas. ii. 118; handbogi (cross-bow) með tvennum tylptum brodda, N. G. L. ii. 427; örfa skeptra (shafts) eðr brodda, i. 202. -y- a sting, of an insect, Grönd. 46: metaph., dauði, hvar er þinn b., 1 Cor. xv. 55. 8. of the spikes in a sharped horse-shoe or other shoe, mann- broddar, ice-shoes, borst. Hv. 46, Eb. 238, 240, Acts ix. 5; in a moun- taineer's staff (Alpen-stocí), Bárð. 170. 2. metaph. [cp. O. H. G. prurdi = ordo] , milit. the front (point) of a column or body of men, opp. 'to hali, the rear; b. fylkingar and fylkingar broddr, Al. 56, 32; cp. ferðar-broddr, farar-broddr, Ld. 96, of a train of caUle and sheep. P. the phrase, vera í broddi lifsins, to be in the prime of life, Al. 29. f- the milk of cows and ewes immediately after calving and lambing. 8. botan. a spike on a plant. brodd-skot, n. a shot with a shaft (b.), Fms. viii. 359, ix. 528. brodd-spjót, n. a pike in the form of a bayonet, Fas. ii. 29. brodd-stöng, f. a (mountaineer's)pole with an iron spike, Valla L. 212. brodd-ör, f. a shaft, -- broddr, Fas. ii. 344. BROK, n. b a d, black grass; hence Brok-ey, an island, Landn.; cp. broki, a, m. a nickname, Fms. ix. brokkari, a, m. [br oc ari!/s = a cart, Du Cange], prop, a cart-horse, hence a trotter, Karl. 48; from brokk, n. a trot; brokka, að, to trot; freq. but of foreign origin. BROKKR, m., prop, a badger (1), [Germ., Scot., and Old Engl. br oc k.] p. the name of a dwarf, Edda. 2. a trotter, of a horse. BROSA, brosti; pres. brosi; sup. irreg. brosat, -- to smile; þá brosti Rútr, Nj. 35, Fms. ii. 197; b. at e-u, t o s mile at a thing; at því brosi ek, at..., id., bórð. 26, Orkn. 374, Fms. v. 178; b. við, to smile in reply; Guðrún leit við honum ok brosti við, Ld. 246, Fms. vi. 359; b. litinn þann, Lat. subridere, iv. 101. brosa, u, f. so in old writers, in mod. usage alwaysbros, n., -- a smile: in the phrase, mæla, svara, með (við) brosu, to reply with a smile; við brosu, Stud. ii. 195; með brosu, Orkn. 464. bros-leitr, adj. of smiling face, bjal. 18. bros-ligr, adj. comical, Stud. i. 24, Fms. iii. 113. BROSMA, u, f. gadus tnonopterygius, a fish, Norse brosme, Edda (Gl.) BROT, n. [brjóta, cp. O. H. G. broti -- fragilitas~\, gener. a broken piece, fragment: 1. esp. in pl., gimsteina brot, 623. 20, 544. 39; brota-silfr, old silver broken to be recast; nú eru tekin Grasiou brot, Gísl. 18; gullhringrinn stökk í tvá hluti, ok þá er ek hugða at brot- unum..., Ld. 126; trogs brotin, 655 xxi; brutu bar í Víkinni ok ætluðu at giira ser skip or brotunum (a wrecked ship), Grett. 88: in the compds um-brot, fjör-brot, a hard struggle, convulsions, agony; land-brot, de so- lation of land by sea or rivers. 2. metaph. only in pl. violation; laga- brot, breach of law; mis-brot, af-brot, transgression, freq. in theol. writers: arithm. y r ac tion s; tuga-brot, decimals, etc. 3. sing, breaking, bein-brot, q. v.; sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail, Eg. 405 (skips-brot); cp. haugs-brot, hrygg-brot. P. a fragment; sögu-brot, the fragment of a tale, story; bókar-brot, the fragment of a MS. and the like. y- a shallow place in a river, a firth, where the stream breaks and widens, Grág. ii. 346. 8. medic, in the phrase, falla brot, to have an epileptic fit; for the etymology see brotfall below: it is not qs. braut (away) because it is constantly spelt with an o, even in MSS. that give ' braut' con- stantly, e. g. the Miracle-book, Bs. i. 332-356; hann fell í brot, ok vissi þá ekki til sin löngum, 335, 336: a s kin eruption (út-brot). t. a sort of sledge of felled trees = broti; let hann þá færa undir hann brot (a lever ?) ok við þetta kómu þeir honum upp or dysinni, Eb. 315, Mar. 89 (Fr.) brot-fall, n. [Ormul. bropþ-fall] , an epileptic fit; the spelling in the Ormulum shews the true etymology, viz. bróð-fall or bráð-fall, a sudden fall; brot- is an etymologizing blunder, 544. 39; fell sveinninn niðr ok hafði brotfall, 655 xxx; hann görði sér órar, ok let sem hann félli í brotfall, Landn. (Hb.) 214, Bs. i. 335, 317, 120, where spelt brotttall, COMPD: brotfalls-sott, f. id., Fms. v. 213, Bs. i, 317. brot-feldr, adj. epileptic, Karl. 547. brot-hljóð, n. a crashing sound. brot-hættr, adj. brittle; b. gler, brittle glass. broti, a, m. trees felled in a wood and left lying, Fms. vii. 320; þröng- var merkr ok brota stóra, viii. 31, 60, ix. 357. brot-ligr, adj. guilty, Fms. xi. 444, Jb. 55, 112, 339. brotna, að, [brotinn], to be broken, Lzt. frangi, Nj. 19, K. b. K. 54, Fms. iv. 263; b. í span, to be broken to pieces, Eg. 405. This word is used instead of pass, to brjota. brotning, f. breaking, Hom. 137; rendering of Gr. K\affis, Acts ii. 42. BROTT- [vide braut II] :-- away, in many compds. brott-búningr, m. preparation for departure, Ísl. ii. 59, Fms. ix. 128. brott-ferð, f. an away-going, departure, Fms. i. 69, Grág. i. 274, Sks. 337, Fs. 7, Eg. 750. brottferðar-öl, n. a parting banquet, Hkr. i. 216. brott-flutning(mod. -ingr, m.), f. carrying off, Grett. 88, Fms. viii. 251, brott-fúsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), eager to depart, Hkr. ii. 100. brott-fúss, adj. ea g er todepart, Fms. xi. 128. brott-fýsi, f. eagerness to come away, Fb. i. 188. brott-færsla, u, f. transportation, Grág. ii. 358, 379, Jb. 219. brott-för, f. = brottterð, Eg. 587, Fms. ix. 129, Grág. i. 151. COMPDS: brottfarar-leyfi, n. leave togo away, vacation, Orkn. 60, Hkr. ii. 158. brottfarar-öl, n. = brottferðaröl, Fms. i. 58. brott-ganga, u, f. departure, Fms. v. 183. brott-gangr, m. = brottganga. p. a law term, divorce, Ld. 134 (spelt brautgangr). brottgangs-sok, f. a divorce-case. brott-hald, n. a going away, Fnrs. vii. 197. brott-hlaup, n. a running away, Fms. iv. 26^, EC. 422.

82 BROTTHVARF -- BRUNDR.

brott-hvarf, n. disappearance, Fms. ix. 341. brott-höfn, f. law term, a taking off, Grág. i. 217, 332, 420. brott-kváma, u, f. a going away, Fms. ii. 298. brott-laga, u, f., naut. a retiring, after battle, opp. to atlaga, Fms. ii. 297. brott-reið, f. a riding away, Sturl. iii. 25. brott-rekstr, rs, m. a driving away, expulsion, Stj. 43. brott-sending, f. a sending away, Stj. 41. brott-sigling, f. a sailing away, Fms. ii. 95. brott-söngr, m. divine service performed out of the curate's own parish, Bs., Sturl., D. I. brott-taka, u, f. (-tekning, f.), a taking away, Ann. 1218. brott-tækiligr, adj. removable, Stj. 4. brott-varp, n. a throwing away, Sks. 388. brott-vist, f. (-vera, u, f.), a being away, absence, Fms. vii. 48. bróðerni, n. brotherhood, Lat. fraternitas, Bs. ii. 72, Mar. 24 (Fr.) BRÓÐIR, gen. dat. acc. bróður; pl. nom. acc. bræðr, gen. bræðra, dat. bræðrum: in mod. common usage irregular forms occur, as gen. sing. bróðurs; nom. sing., and gen. dat. acc. are also sometimes confounded, esp. in keeping the nom. form bróðir through all cases, or even the reverse (but rarely) in taking bróður as a nom.; another irregularity is acc. pl. with the article, bræður-nar instead of bræður-na, which latter form only survives in writing, the former in speaking. There is besides an obsolete poetical monosyllabic form bræðr, in nom. dat. acc. sing, and nom. acc. pl.; gen. sing, bræðrs; cp. such rhymes as bræðr -- æðri, in a verse of Einar Skúlason (died about 1170); bræðr (dat.) Sinfjötla, Hkv. 2. 8, as nom. sing., Fagrsk. 54, v. l. (in a verse), etc., cp. Lex. Poët. This form is very rare in prose, vide however Nj., Lat. Vers. Johnsonius, 204, 333, v. 1., and a few times in Stj., e. g. síns bræðr, sinn bræðr, 160; it seems to be a Norse form, but occurs now and then in Icel. poetry even of the 15th century, e. g. bræðr nom. sing, rhymes with ræðr, Skáld H. 3. 11, G. H. M. ii. 482, but is quite strange to the spoken language: [Gr. GREEK Lat. fr&a-long;ter; Goth, brôþar; A. S. brôðar; Engl. brother; Germ. bruder; Swed.-Dan. broder, pl. brödre] :-- a brother: proverbs referring to this word -- saman er bræðra eign bezt at sjá, Gísl. 17; einginn or annars bróðir í leik; móður-bræðrum verða menn líkastir, Bs. i. 134: a distinction is made between b. samfeðri or sammæðri, a brother having the same father or mother, Grág. i. 170 sqq.: in mod. usage more usual al-bróðir, brother on both sides; hálf-bróðir, a half-brother; b. skilgetinn, frater germanus móður-bróðir, a mother's brother; föður-bróðir, a father's brother, uncle; afa-bróðir, a grand-uncle on the father's side; ömmu bróðir, a grand-uncle on the mother's side; tengda-bróðir, a brother-in-law: in familiar talk an uncle is called 'brother,' and an aunt 'sister.' The ties of brotherhood were most sacred with the old Scandinavians; a brotherless man was a sort of orphan, cp. the proverb, berr er hverr á baki nema sér bróður eigi; to revenge a brother's slaughter was a sacred duty; nú tóku þeir þetta fastmælum, at hvárr þeirra skal hefna annars eðr eptir mæla, svá sem þeir sé sambornir bræðr, Bjarn. 58: the word bróðurbani signifies a deadly foe, with whom there can be no truce, Hm. 88, Sdm. 35, Skm. 16, Hdl. 28; instances from the Sagas, Dropl. S. (in fine), Heiðarv. S. ch. 22 sqq., Grett. S. ch. 50. 92 sqq., E ch. 23, Ld. ch. 53 sqq., etc. The same feeling extended to foster-brotherhood, after the rite of blending blood has been performed; see the graphical descriptions in Fbr. S. (the latter part of the Saga), Gísl. ch. 14 sqq., etc. The universal peace of Fróði in the mythical age is thus described, that 'no one will draw the sword even if he finds his brother's slayer bound,' Gs. verse 6; of the slaughter preceding and foreboding the Ragnarök (the end of the world) it is said, that brothers will fight and put one another to death, Vsp. 46. II. metaph.: 1. in a heathen sense; fóst-bróðir, foster-brother, q. v.; eið-bróðir, svara-bróðir, 'oath-brother;' leik-bróðir, play-brother, play-fellow: concerning foster-brothership, v. esp. Gísl. ii, Fbr., Fas. iii. 375 sqq., Hervar. S., Nj. 39, Ls. 9, the phrase, blanda blóði saman. 2. in a Christian sense, brother, brethren, N. T., H. E., Bs. β. a brother, friar; Svörtu-bræðr, Blackfriars; Berfættu-bræðr, q. v.; Kórs-bræðr, Fratres Canonici, Bs., etc. COMPDS: I. sing., bróður-arfr, m. a brother's inheritance, Orkn. 96, Fms. ix. 444. bróður-bani, a, m. a brother's bane, fratricide, Ld. 236, Fms. iii. 21, vide above. bróðiir-baugr, m. weregild due to the brother, N. G. L. i. 74. bróður-blóð, n. a brother's blood, Stj. 42. Gen. iv. 10. bróður-bætr, f. pl. weregild for a brother, Lv. 89. bróður-dauði, a, m. a brother's death, Gísl. 24. bróður-deild, f. = bróðurhluti, Fr. bróður-dóttir, f. a brother's daughter, niece, Grág. i. 170, Nj. 177; bróðurdóttur son, a brother's son, N. G. L. i. 76. bróður-dráp, n. the slaying of a brother, Stj. 43, Fms. v. 290. bróður-gildr, adj. equal in right (inheritance) to a brother, Fr. bróður-gjöld, n. pl. = bróður-bætr, Eg. 312. bróður-hefnd, f. revenge for the slaying of a brother, Sturl. ii. 68. bróður-hluti, a, m. the share (as to weregild or inheritance) of a brother, Grág. ii. 175. bróður-kona, u, f. a brother's wife, K. Á. 142. bróöur-kván, f. id., N. G. L. i. 170. bróður-lóð, n. a brother's share of inheritance. bróður-son, m. a brother's son, nephew, Nj. 122, Grág. i. 171, Gþl. 239, 240; bróðursona-baugr, Grág. ii. 179. II. pl., bræðra-bani, v. bróðurbani, Fbr. 165. bræðra-búr, n. a friar's bower in a monastery, Dipl. v. 18. bræðra-börn, n. pl. cousins (agnate), Gþl. 245. bræðra-dætr, f. pl. nieces(of brothers), Gþl. 246. bræðra-eign, f. property of brothers, Gísl. 17. bræðra-garðr, in. a 'brothers-yard,' monastery, D. N. bræðra-lag, n. fellowship of brethren, in heathen sense = fóstbræðralag, Hkr. iii. 300; of friars, H. E., D. I.; brotherhood, Pass. 9. 6. bræðra-mark, n. astron., the Gemini, Pr. 477. bræðra-skáli, a, m. an apartment for friars, Vm. 109. bræðra-skipti, n. division of inheritance among brothers, Hkr. iii. 52, Fas. i. 512. bræðra-synir, m. pl. cousins (of brothers), Gþl. 53. bróður-ligr, adj. brotherly, Fms. ii. 21, Hom. 26. BRÓK, pl. brækr, [Lat. braca, only in pl.]; this word is of Celtic origin, and identical with the Gaelic braecan = tartan: I. tartan or party-coloured cloth, from Gaelic breac = versicolor. Roman writers oppose the Celtic 'braca' to the Roman 'toga;' Gallia Bracata, Tartan Gaul, and Gallia Togata; 'versicolore sagulo, bracas, tegmen barbarum indutus,' Tac. Hist. 2, 20, where it exactly answers to the Scot, tartan, the national dress of Celts; a similar sense remains in the Icel. names lang-brók, a surname to a lady because of her tall stature, Nj., Landn.; há-brók, the poët. name of the hawk, from his chequered plumage (?), Gm. 44; loð-brók, the name of the famous mythical Danish king, shaggy coat, though the reason for the name is otherwise given in Ragn. S. ch. I; the name of the Danish flag of war Dannebrog, qs. Dana-brók, pannus Danicus. II. breeches. Scot, breeks, the sing, denoting one leg; fótinn ok brókina, Eb. 242; ok let hann leika laust knæt í brókinni, Fms. vii. 170: pl. skyrtu gyrða í brækr, Háv. 39, Ld. 136, Stj. 63. Gen. ix. 22, Fbr. 160, Fms. xi. 150, Vápn. 4; leista-brækr, breeches with the socks fixed to them. Eb. 1. c.; blárendar (blue-striped) brækr, Nj. 184; the lesser outlawry might be inflicted by law on a woman wearing breeches, v. the curious passage in Ld. 1. c. ch. 35; the passage, berbeinn þú stendr ok hefir brautingja görvi, þatkiþú hafir brækr þínar, bare-legged thou standest, in beggarly attire, without even thy breeches on, Hbl. 6 -- the poet probably knew the Highland dress; cp. also the story of king Magnús of Norway (died A. D. 1103); hann hafði mjök þá siðu um klæða búnað, sem títt var í Vestrlöndum (viz. Scotland), ok margir hans menn, at þeir gengu berleggjaðir, höfðu stutta kyrtla ok svá yfirhafnir, ok kölluðu margir menn hann Berbein eðr Berfætt, Fms. vii. 63: proverbs, barnið vex, en brókin ekki, the bairn grows, but the breeks not, advice to mothers making the first pair of breeks for a boy, not to make them too tight; þetta verðr aldri barn í brók, this will never be a bairn in breeks, i. e. this will never do. COMPDS: bróka-belti, n. a breeches belt, to keep them up, Sks. 405. Fas. i. 47, Sturl. iii. 190. bróka-vaðmál, n. cloth or stuff for b., Rd. 246. brókar-sótt, f. nymphomania, Fél. ix. brók-lauss, adj. breekless, Fms. viii. 448. brók-lindi, a, m. a girdle (lindi) to keep up the b., Fbr. 160, Ld. 78. bruðningr, m. [bryðja), hard bad food, Snót 216. brugðning, f. (m., Stj. l. c., v: l.), [bregða]. breach, violation. Stj. 548, 656 A, Skálda 183. brugg, n. brewing, N. G. L. iii. 197. 2. metaph. machination, scheming, Mar. 52, Thom. 37. BRUGGA, að. [Germ, brauen; A. S. brewan; Engl. brew; Dan. brygge; Swed. brygga] :--to brew, but rare in this sense, the current word being heita or göra öl, to heat or make ale; cp. öl-hita, öl-görð, cooking, making ale. 2. metaph. with dat. to trouble, confound; b. sáttmáli, Stj. 652: more often with acc., 610: to concoct, scheme (in a bad sense, freq.) brugginn, part, brewed, an GREEK Vtkv. 7 (b. mjöðr): the sole relic of a strong verb answering to the A. S. breovan, bráv, and the old Germ. strong verb. bruggu-kanna, u, f. a brewing can, Fr. bruggu-ketill, in. a brewing kettle, Fr. brullaup, v. brúðkaup. BRUM, I. neut. a bud, Lat. gemma; þá hit fyrsta tók brum at þrútna um várit á öllum aldinviði til laufs, Sks. 105; af bruminu, Bs. ii. 165; birki-brum, a birch-bud, Eyvind (in a verse), Lex. Poët. II. metaph. and masc. spring, only in the phrase, öndverðan brum (acc.), in the early spring time, Sighvat (in a verse); í öndverðan brum þinna daga, Bs. ii. 7. β. a moment, in the phrase, í þenna (sama) brum; í þenna brum kom Hringr Dagsson, in the description of the battle at Stiklastað, Ó. H. 218, cp. Fms. v. 81 (where v. l. tíma); ' í þessu bruni,' Fms. ix. 24. is certainly a misspelling for ' í þenna brum:' cp. also the compd word nýa-brum, novelty, newfangledness. brumaðr, part, budded, Lex. Poët. bruna, að, to advance with the speed of fire; b. fram, of a standard in the heat of battle, Mag. 2: of ships advancing under full sail, Fins, viii. 131, 188: freq. in mod. usage, Helius rann upp af því fagra vatni, og brunaði fram á það eirsterka himinhvolf, Od. iii. 1. Bb. 3. 18. brundr, m. [Germ. brunft, semen animalium, Sti. 45. brund-

BRUNT -- BRÚÐKAUP. 83

tíð. f. the time when the ewes are blæsma (in Icel. usually the month of December), Bs. i. 873, Vm. 80. BRUNI, a, m. [cp. Ulf. brunsts; Engl. to burn, burning] , burning, "beat; solar-bruni, Hkr. i. 5; þá er húsit tók at falla ofan at" bruna (from the fire), Orkn. 458; rcykr eðr b., Nj. 201, Sks. 197. p. a barren heath or burnt lava-field as a local name in the west of Icel. 2. metaph. a burning passion, mostly in bad sense; b. ofundar, of envy. Fms. ii. 140; losta b., of lust, K. Á. 104; but also tniar b., fire of faith (but rarely), Fms. v. 239: medic, caustic, 655 xi. 2. COMPDS: bruna-belti, n. the torrid zone. bruna-dómr, m. a sentence to be burnt, Stj. 46. bnma-flekkr, m. a burnt fleck (spot), Fms. xi. 38. bruna-hraun, n. a burnt lava-field, Bárð. 179. vbruna-vegr = bruiuibelti. Sks. 197. bruna-þefïj m. a smell of burning, 656 B. Bruna-öld, f. the Jîurning- age, i. e. the heathen time when the dead were burnt, preceding the Hauga-old (Cairn-age) according to Snorri, Hkr. pref.; at ver munim hafna álrúnaði várum þeim er feðr várir hafa haft iyrir oss, ok allt foreldri, fyrst uin Bruna-öld, ok síðan urn Hauga-öld, i. 141: the ' Burning-age' is in Scanclin. pre-historical; relics are only found in the mythological time (v. above s. v. bál) and in law phrases and old sayings, such as hranderfð, q. v., til brands ok báls, v. brandr: ' brendr' is synonymous to ' dead' in the old Hm.; at kveldi skal dag Icyfa, koiiu er brend er, praise no wife till she is ''burnt' (i. e. buried), 70; and blindr er betri en brendr so, nytr mangi nás, better to be blind than burnt, i. e. better blind than dead and buried, 80; but it does not follow that burning was used at the time when the poem was composed; the saving had become proverbial. brunn-lækr, m. a brooklet coming from a spring, =- bæjarlækr, Grág. ii. 289, Jb. 247, is!, ii. 91, Fms. ii. 201. brunn-migi, a, m. ' mingens in pttteum, ' a kind of hobgoblin who polluted the wells, Hálfs S. ch. 5. Fas. ii. 29, mentioned only here, and unknown to the present Icel. legends :-- name of the fox, Edda (Gl.); cp. the proverb, skonun hundum, skitu rcfar í brunn karls, shame on the hounds, the foxes defiled the carl's burn, Fms. vii. 21. BRUNNR (old form bruðr), m. [Ulf. brunna; A. S. baerne; Scot. and North. E. burn; O. H. G. brunna; Germ, brunn, all of them weak forms, differing from the Scandin. -Icel. brunnr; Dan. brand; Svved. brunn] : -- a spring, well; the well was common to all, high and low, hence the proverbs, (allir) eiga sama til brunns að bera, i. e. (all) have the same needs, wants, wishes, or the like; allt ber að sama bruimi, all turn to the same well, all bear the same way, Grett. 137; seint að byrgja brunninn er barnið er í dottið, ' it is t oo late toshut the well when the bairn has fallen in; cp. the Engl. proverb, ' It is useless to lock the stable door when the steed is stolen. ' In mythol., the brunnr of Mimer (Edda 10, ii) is the well of wisdom, for a draught of which Odin pawned his eye; probably sym- bolical of the sun sinking into the sea; the pit Hvergelmir (Edda 3) answers to the Gr. Tartarus; Stj. 612, Fms. ii. 83: the word may also be used of running water, though this is ruit usual in Icel., where dis- tinction is made between brunnr and lækr, Grág. ii. 289, vide brunn- Ixkr. 2. metaph. a spring, fountain; b. hita (the sun), A. A. 5; esp. theol. of God, Christ, b. gæzku, miskunnar ..., Greg. 33; með brunni Guðlegrar spekðar, 673 A. 49; b. mælsku, Eluc. 56. brunn-vaka, u, f. a third horn in the forehead of an ox with which he opened the ice during winter to get at the water; hit fjórða horn stóð ór enni, ok niðr fyrir augu honum, þat var b. hans, Ld. 120. brunn-vatn, n. spring-water, Bs. ii. 177. brunn-vígsla, u, f. consecration of wells, Bs. i. 450, cp. Ísl. Jjjóð. brutla (brutl, n., brutlan, f.), að, [brytja] :-- to waste, spend, esp. in trifles; prop, t o c hop. BRÚ, gen. brúar; nom. pl. brúar, Grág. i. 149, ii. 277, Eg. 529; brur, Bs. i. 65 (Hungrvaka), is a bad spelling, cp. Landn. 332 (Mantissa); mod. pl. bry'r, which last form never occurs in old writers; dat. sing, brú, gen. pl. brúa, dat. brúm: [A. S. brycg and bricg; Scot, brigg; Germ, brücke; Dan. br o; cp. bryggja] :-- a bridge, Sturl. i. 244, 255, 256, iii. 24. In early times bridges, as well as ferries, roads, and hos- pitals, were works of charity, erected for the soul's health; hence the names sælu-hús (hospital), sælu-brú (soul-bridge). In the Swedish-Runic stones such bridges are often mentioned, built by pious kinsmen for the souls of the dead, Baut. 41, 97, 119, 124, 146, 559, 796, 829, 1112, etc. The Icel. Libri Datici of the 12th century speak of sheltering the poor and the traveller, making roads, ferries, churches, and bridges, as a charge upon donations (sálu-gjafir); þat fé þarf eigi til tíundar at telja, er áðr er til Guðs þakka gefit, hvart sem þat er til kirkna lagit eðr brúa, eðr til sælu-skipa, K. þ. K. 142, cp. D. I. i. 279, 402. COMPDB: brúar-fundr, m. the battle at the Bridge, Sturl. ii. 256 (A. D. 1242). brúar-görð, f. bridge-making, Grág. ii. 266. brúar-sporðr, m. [sporor, tie tail of a fish] , tete-de-pont, Germ, brückenkopf, whereas the Icel. takes the metaphor from fishes touching the banks with their tails, Nj. 246, Bs. i. 17. brúa, að, to bridge over, Fms. i. 123: metaph., Sks. " 788. brúða, u, f. a doll, puppet, Fms. xi. 309; stól-brúða (literally chair-bride), the pillar in carved work on the side of an old-fashioned chair; in Fbr. 98 the head of Thor was carved on the chair; Gríma kona Gamla átti stól einn mikinn, en á briíðnm stólsins var skorinn bórr, ok var þat mikit likncski, cp. the classical passage Eb. ch. 4; var hár hennar bundit við stólbrúðurnar, Bárð. 175 (in the vellum MS. distinctly bruð'nar): a dis- tinction in form and inflexion is always made between brúðr, a bride, and brúða, puppet; hence the saying, 'to sit like a briíða, ' i. e. motionless, not stirring a limb; bláum skryddr skrúða, skikkanlegri en bníða, more quiet than a b., Sig. Pet. 229; the sense of KÓprj and vv^. (prj in Greek is analogous. brúð-bekkr, in. the bride's bench; in old wedding feasts the bride and bridesmaids were seated on the bride's bench, the bride in the middle; the ladies were seated on the pallr or þverpallr (the dai s or ladies' bench), turning their faces to look down the hall; the brúðbekkr was the seat of honour, and the central part of the dais; cp. the phrase, brnðr sat ' a midjum palli, ' i. e. 'á brúðbekk, ' Ld. 296, Sd. 151, Lv. 37, Ísl. ii. 350, Nj. 50; vide bekkr, pp. 56, 57. brúð-fé, n. a bride's fee; cp. the 'duty to the priest and clerk' ir the Engl. service; the bride's fee is mentioned in the beautiful heathen poem brymskviða (our chief authority in these matters), 29, 32; where it is a fee or gift of the bride to the giant maid. It seems to be a fee paid by the guests for attendance and waiting. Unfortunately there is a lacuna in verse 29, the last part of which refers to the bekkjargjöf (vide 57); the poem is only left in a single MS. and the text cannot be restored. It is carious that bkv. 32 calls this fee 'shillings, ' cp. Germ, braut schilling (Grimm); it shews that the bride's fee was paid in small pieces of money. brúð-férð and brúð-för, f. a bride's journey, Landn. 304, cp. Fs. 124, Rd. 255, Fms. iv. 180, Eg. 701, Grág. i. 441 A; as a rule the bride- groom was to carry his bride home, or she was carried home to him, and the wedding feast was held at the house and at the cost of the bridegroom or his parents. The bride came attended and followed by her bridesmaids, friends, and kinsmen, sometimes a host of men; hence originate the words brúðferð, bníðför, and perhaps even brúðhlaup, etc. ' Dress the hall! now the bride is to turn homeward with me, ' says the bridegroom-dwarf in the beginning of the poem Alvísmál; so the bride Freyja travels to the wedding at the giant's, bkv., cp. Rm. 37; -- báðu hennar, ok heim óku, giptu Karli, gékk hón und lini, Ld. ch. 7, Nj. ch. 34, Harð. S. ch. 4, Sturl. iii. 181 sqq. In some cases, to shew deference to the father of the bride, the feast might be held at his house, Nj. ch. 2 (skyldi boð vera at Marðar), ch. IO, 14, Lv. ch. 12; cp. the curious case, Sturl. i. 226. In Icel., where there were no inns, the law ordered that a bride and bridegroom, when on the bride's journey, had the same right as members of parliament on their journey to the par- liament; every farmer was bound to shelter at least six of the party, sup- posing that the bride or bridegroom was among the number, K. b. K. 94. One who turned them out was liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. i. 441. brúð-gumi, a, m. [Ulf. uses bruþfaþs, not bruþguma; A. S. bryd- guma; Hel. brudigomo; O. H. G. prutigomo; Germ, brautigam; Dan. brudgom; Swed. brudgumme; from brúðr, a bride, and gumi, a man = Lat. homo; the Engl. inserts a spurious r, bridegroom] : -- a ''bride's man, ' bridegroom; svá sem gumi er kallaðr í brúðför, Edda 107, Grág. i. 175, Nj. 25, Sturl. iii. 182, Ísl. ii. 250. COMPD: brúðguma-reið, f. a ' bridegroom's ride;' at weddings the bridegroom, as the host, had to meet his guests (boðsmenn) a quarter of a mile from his house; here he entertained them in tents, where they remained and enjoyed themselves till evening; when darkness began to set in, the party rode home in a procession drawn up two and two; this was called brúðguma-reið. The last bridegroom's ride on record in Icel. was that of Eggert Olafsson, just a hundred years ago, at his wedding at Reykholt in the autumn of 1767 A. D. A minute description of this last Icel. b. exists in a MS. (in the possession of Maurer, in Munich). An interesting treatise upon the wedding feasts in Icel. in the Middle Ages, down to the i8th century, is among the Icel. MSS. in the Bodleian Library, no. 130. brúð-hjón, n. pl. the wedding pair. brúð-hvíla, u, f. a bridal bed (lectus nvptialis), Bret. brúð-kaup and brul-laup, n. a wedding feast, bridal; these two words are identical in sense, but different in etymology; brúðkaup, prop, bride's bargain, refers to the old notion, that marriage was a bargain or purchase, not that the bride was bought herself, but the word refers to the exchange of mundr (by the bridegroom) and heimanfylgja (by the bride's father), vide these words; hence the allit. phrase, mey mundi keypt, and mundr and mey (' mvnd' and maid); again, brullaup, [qs. brúð-hlaup, bride's leap, cp. Germ, brautlauf, M. H. G. brútlouf, Swed. bröllopp, Dan. bryllup; Grimm mentions an A. S. brydlop (not found in Grein's Glossary or Bosworth's A. S. Dictionary); the full form brúðhlaup scarcely occurs in very old MSS., it is found in the Játv. S. MS. A. D. 1360, but only assimilated, Grág. i. 303, 311, 1. i] refers either to the bride's journey = brúðför, or to some bridal procession on the wedding day, probably the first; but in fact both words are only used of the wedding feast, the Engl. ' bridal, ' A. S. bryd-eala. At the wedding feast the contract, though agreed upon at the espousals (festar), was to be read: to make a lawful' brúðkaup' there must be at least six guests -- þá

81 BRÜÐKAUrSFERÐ -- JÎRYGG. TA.

er brullaup gert at lögum, cf lügr;ïðandi laslnar komi, ciula sé sex menu at brullaupi et fæsta, ok gangi brúðguminn í liósi í sama sæing konu, Gnig. i. 175; ráða b., to fix the wedding day. Nj. 4; vera at brullaupi, Ld. 70; drekka b., to drink, i. e. hold, a wedding, 16, Fms. iv. 196; koma til b., Sturl. iii. 182; göra b. . Fms. i. 150; göra b. til, to wed, Eg. 160, Landn. 243; veita b., Kb. 140: as to the time of wedding, vide Grág. i. 311. COMPDS: brúðkaups-ferð, f. -- bniðterð, Sturl. iii. 177. brúðkaups-görð, f. holding a wedding, Fs. 21, K. p. K. '114, N. G. L. i. 16. brúðkaups-klæði, n. a wedding-garment, Matth. xxii. ii. brúðkaups-kostr, in. the cost of a wedding, D. N. iv. 1/4. brúðkaups-stefna, u, f. n wedding meeting, wed- ding feaft, Nj. 40, Fms. ii. 49, vi. 395. brúðkaups-veizla, u, f. a wedding feast, Fms. vii. 278, ix. 345, Hkr. iii. 404. brúðkaups- vitni, n. a marriage-witness, Gþl. 224. brúð-kona, u, f. n bridesmaid; hafi liann (vi/. the bridegroom) bnið- nienn, en hon (the bride) bnið-konur, N. G. L. i. 27: Jw- skal hann (the bridegroom) sitia millum bniomanna, en hon (the bride) inillum brúð- kveima, ii. 305. brúð-maðr, m. a bridegroom's man, N. G. L. i. 27: collect, the brides- men n/id bridesmaids when on a brides journey, Gnig. i. 436, Eg. 201, Rd. 270. brúð-messa, u, f. the marriage-service, U. K. i. 527. BRÚÐR, f., dat. acc. bníði; pl. brnðir: [L'lf. renders the Gr. VV^TJ by britfjs, Matth. x. 35 (where the (ïr. word means mints); John iii. 29 (where it means bride) is lost in í If., but no doubt 'bruþs' was also used there: A. S. bryde; Engl. bride; (). 11. G. prut;; Germ, brunt; Dan. -Swed. b rw d] :-- a bride; Germans use ' braut' in the seni-e ot be- trothed, but Icel. call a girl festar-mey (betrothed) from the espousal till she sets out for the wedding journey, when she becomes ' bride;' in mod. usage the word onlv applies to the wedding day; konnr skipuðu pall, ok var bniðrin dnpr, Nj. 11; sat Halbrerðr;V palli. ok var bniðnn allki'it, 18; var bniðrin í for mcft þeiin, so; bniðr sat á iniðinm palli, en til annarrar bandar þorgerðr dóttir henuar, 51; bniðr sat a midjan pall ok Jjorlang á aðra ok Geirlang á uðra (the ladies' seat of honour was nearest to the bride on her right and led hand), Lv. 37; konur sátu :'i palli, ok sat Helga hin Fagra næst brúðinni, í si. ii. 251. P. in a wider sense, the bridesmaids ( -- bníðkonur) sitting on the 'bride's bench' are called brides; sat þ;'i þorgerðr (Kd. and MSS. wrongly þór- halla) meðal bniða, then Thorgerda was seated among the ' brides, ' i. e. on the bride's bench, being herself bride, Ni. 51; cp. also pkv. 25, l:var sattu 'brúðir' (acc. pl.) bita hvasfara V Answ., sáka ek brúðir bíta en brciðara: in poetrv. girls, maids in general. Lex. Port.: metaph. and theol., b. Gtiðs, b. Kristi -- the church, II. K., Vidal., - etc. coMrns: bniðar-bekkr, in. -- briiðbekkr. brúðar-efni, u. a bride to be, bride-elect, Bárð. 175. brúðar-gangr, m. the bridal procession; both the procession to and troin the church (first the maids and women, then the ladies, and the bride, as the chief person, last); and again, the pro- cession of the bride and ladies from the bride's room (bníðarhiis) into the hall, where the men were assembled with the bridegroom. After grace had been said, both in the stofa, to the men, and in the bridc's-bower, to the ladies, two dishes were served; a toast, called Heilags Anda skál or Heilags Anda minni (Holy Ghost's toast] , perhaps a continuation of the heathen Bragarfull, was then given; at this signal the marshal (siðamaðr) went up to the bride's room and summoned the brides (ladies) to come down to the stofa and join the men; this was the second procession. The bride then sat on the bride's chair, and every one took his ladv, and the feast went on in common. This custom is obsolete, but the word remains: a slow, stately walk, with an air of importance in measured steps, is called in Icel. a ' bride's walk, ' like that of brides on a wedding dav: [cp. Germ, brnnlgang. \ brúðar-hús, n. a bride's chamber, the room where the bride and ladies were seated at a wedding (luring the morn- ing and the beginning of the wedding feast, 625. 167. brúðar-lín, n. the bride's veil; the bride was veiled during the wedding, and according to bkv. 19 she took the veil when she set out for the ' brnðför. " This was the only time in life when a woman was veiled, hence ganga und lini, to ivalk under veil, to be veiled, is synonymous with to wed, marry; giptu Karli, gékk hón und lini, Km. 37; setjask und ripti, id. . 20; bundu þeir bór þá brúðar lini, Jjkv. 191, 15; laut und linn, lysti at kvssa, he (vi/. . the bridegroom) lonted under the veil, him list to kiss, 27; Guonin (the bride) sat innar á þverpalli, ok þar konur Isja henni, ok hafði lín á höfði, i. e. she sat wearing a veii, Ld. 296. brúðar-stóll, in. the bride's chair, N. G. L. i. 184. BRÚK, n. dried heaps of sea-weed, Bs. i. 527, Sturl. ii. 69, Njarð. 380, Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse): metaph. big words, Grett. IOI C. BRÚKA, að, [cp. lM. frngi, frnx, fnic/ns, frui; A. S. bntcan; (îerm. branchen; Dan. bri/ge; Swed. bn/ke, borrowed from Germ.] :-- to use, with acc., borrowed from Germ, through Dan.; it seems not to have come into use before the 171)1 century; it never occurs in the Icel. N. T., and even not in Pass.; in Vidalin (died A. D. 1720) it is used now and then: and at present, although used in common talk, it is avoided in writing. It is curious that the language has no special expression for to t use, Lat. nti (hafa, beita neyta. or other words indirectly bearing that i sense are used); derived forms -- as brúkandi, tarúkanligr, adj., i óbrúkanligr, adj. unfit, useless -- are used, but . sound ill. brúkan, Í f. ws e, is preferred for brúk, n., Dan. bmp t'se, etc. | f ' ' O ' j BRÚN, f., old pl. brynn, mod. bryr; the old form remains in the ] phrase, bera e-m e-t;i bryn (qs. brynn) :-- eye-brow (bra -- eye- lid), Kins. j xi. 274; kom (the blow) á bninina, ok hlióp hón ofan fyrir augat... . i bindr upp bninina, borst. St. 49; or bn'mununi ofan nelið, !sl. ii. I 368; skegg ok brynn, Stj. 318; brá eðr bnïna. Edda 109. P. in ! reference to frames of mind; to lift the eve-brows denoting a pleasnr- j able state; to drop them, a moody frame; in phrases, bregða í briin ; (brynn ?), to be amazed, v. bregða; lypta briinnm, to lift the eye-broil's, to be glad, cheerful, Fs. 18: hóf þá upp bn'm (impers.), their faces cleared, Bs. i. 637, Eg. 55; síga lætr þú brynn fyrir brár, cp. the Engl. to knit the broil's, Hkv. Hjorv. 19; er hann sá at burr let siga brvnnar ofan fyrir augun, Edda 28; hlevpa brnnuin. id. . Eg. 305, hence létt- hrynn. glad; þung-brynn, moody; bnin-olvi, id.; hafa brögð undir briinum. to look uncanny, Band.; vera (so and so) undir briin at lita, t o look so and so. esp. in an uncanny sense, Nj. 55, Orkn. 284; bera e-m e-t a brynn (vide bera 15. I. /3), Greg. 51, Rd. 241. II. metaph. the brow of a fell, moor, etc. (fjalls-bnin. heiðar-brún, veggjar-bnin'); is-brún. the f díf e of ice; á framanverðri bníninni, cisUi bn'minni, on the mountain edge, Sturl. i. 84: the first beam of day in the sky (dags-briin), litil briin af degi; lands-brun, the 'lands-brow, ' i. e. the first sight of a mountain above the water. COMPDS: brúna-bein, n. pl. the bones of /he brow, Sturl. i. í So, Heiðarv. S. (in a verse). brúna-mikill, adj. heavy-browed, K;;. 304. brúna-síðr, adj. having long overhang- ing brows. Eg. 304, v. 1. brúna-skurðr, m. cutting the hair straight across the brows (as in the later Roman time), Ld. BRÚN, f. a kind of shtjf (. n tapestry (for. word), Vm. 24, 31, 146, 177, I'm. 25, Bs. i. 762. brúnaðr, adj. (dark) coloured, Fms. viii. 217, Sks. 286. brún-áss, in. the wall-plate, i. e. the beam (áss) along the edge (bn'm) of the walls on which the cross-beams rest, Nj. 114, 202, Bs. i. 804. brún-gras, n. -brown-grass, ' probably Iceland moss, Finnb. 214; or -- brönugrös, (j. v. (?) brún-hvítr, adj. white-browed, epithet of a fair lady, Ilym. 8. brún-klukka, u, f. 'brown-bell, ' name of an insect found in stagnant pools, Eggert Itin. ^ 600. brún-móalóttr, adj. (a horse) of mouse-grey colour with a black strife down the back, Hrafn. 5. BRÚNN, adj. (A. S. bn'm; Germ, brawn], brown, Hkr. iii. 81, Fas. iii. 336; bn'm klæði, black dress, of the dress of a divine, Bs. i. 800: 'svartr' is never used of a horse, but briinn, dark-brown, whereas a bay is jarpr, Nj. 167, Grett. 122 A, Bs. i. 670, cp. Sturl. ii. 32; a black horse is called Brnnn, a mare Brt'mka; dökk-bn'mu, rauð-brúnn, dark-brown, red-brown, etc. The word is not much in use. brún-síðr, adj. = bnínasíðr, with overhanging brows, biðr. 179. brún-ölvi, adj. a word spelt in different ways, found in about three passages. brúnölr, Bjarn. 62; bninvolvi, Kb. i. 186; brunvaulfi, iii. 357' brúnölvi, Fms. xi. 114; bninolfr, Ji'imsv. S. 32 (Kd. 1824) :-- frowning, with a wolfish brow, look, [from bn'm and ulfr, a wolf^\ BRÚSI, a, in. a buck, he-goat, Edda (Gl.): name of a giant, Fms. iii. 214. In Norway (Ivar Aasen), a lock of hair on the forehead of animals is called ' bnise. ' In Icel. a. an earthen jar, to keep wine or spirits in (cp. Scot, greybeard, Scott's Monastery, ch. 9), no doubt from their bcim:; in the shape of a bearded head. This has given rise to the pretty little poem of Hall^ri'm called Skeggkarlsvisur, Skvldir eriun við Skcgg- karl tveir, a comparison between Man and Grevbeard (Skcggkarl -- -7î eard- carle); cp. leir-bnisi = bnisi; flot-briisi, Hym. 26. P. a bird, cohimbns maximits, called so in the north of Icel., but else heimbrini, Eggert Itin. 5 556. II. a pr. name of a man, Landn. brúskr, in. a ' brush, ' tuft of hair, crest of a helmet, etc. brú-steinn, m. pavement, Kb. 120. brydda, dd, [broddr], to prick, point: a. to sharp or rough a horse, in shoeing him, Hm. 89: to spit, pin, Sturl. iii. 85 C. P. to shew the point; svi'i langt sem ba'iiar-krossinn;i Sævarlandi bryddir undan Melshorni, of a view, . /wi t shewing the point, Dipl. iii. 11: metaph. to prick, torment, Str. -25; b. á illu, ójafnaði. to shew, utter, evil, injustice. II. to line a garment, (akin to borð, borði.) brydding, f. lining, N. G. L. iii. no. 2 and 10, D. N., freq. in mod. use. bryðja, u, f. a sort of trough, Stj. í 78. Gen. xxx. 38. II. a rude woman, a hag, v. the following word. BRYÐJA, bruddi, brutt, no doubt qs. brytja, prop, to chop with the teeth, used of chewing biscuits or other hard brittle food: cp. provincial Ital. rottå, which is used in the very same sense, from Lat. rnnipere, as bryoja comes from brjóta, brytja. BRYGGJA, u, f. [v. bni, Scot, brigg^, a pier, landing-stage, gang- ivay, Eg. 75, 530, Hkr. ii. n, Ld. 190, Fms. i. 158, ix. 478, 503, xi. 10?. The piers were movable, and were carried about in trading ships; hence , such phrases as, skjóta bryggjum (skut-bryggja), to shoot out the gangway,

BRYGGJUBUÐ -- BUKLARAFETILL. 85

for embarking or loading the ship. 2. seldom = bridge, D. I. i. 404. ' In English local names, Stanfurðu-brVggja, Lundúna-bryggja, Stamford- bridge, London-bridge, Hkr., Fms. vi. COMPDS: bryggju-búð, f. a pier-shop, N. G. L. iii. no. 49. bryggju-fótr, m. (he head (end) of a pier, a cognom., Fms. bryggju-ker, n. a tub at the pier, Fms. x. 153. bryggju-lægi, n. a lying with the gangway shot out, Gnig. i. 02, Hkr. ii. 213. bryggju-mangari, a, in. a 'bridge-monger, ' shop- keeper at a landing-pier, N. G. L. iii. bryggju-sporðr, m. the end, bead of a pier, Grág. i. 92, Eg. 121, Fms. iv. 41. bryn-brók, f. war-breeches, Sks. 405. bryn-glófi, a, m. a war-glove, gauntlet, N. G. L. i. 247, El., Karl., etc. bryn-hattr and -ho'ttr, m, and -hetta, u, f. a war-hat, Al. 78, Karl. 179- 239- bryn-hosa, u, i. war-hose, greaves, Stj. 461, Sks. 405. 1 Sam. xvii. 6. BRYNJA, u, f. [Ulf. brynïo; A. S. burn; Hel. bry-nio; O. H. G. brnnja; Swed. brynja; Dan. brynie] :-- a coat of mail, in olden times woven of rings (hringa-bryiija, ring-mail), hence in poetry called hring-skyrta, a chain-mail sark or shirt, with epithets such as ' iron sewed, knit, woven, ' and the like, Lex. Poët.: the breast-plate, spanga-brynja (Fms. vii. 264, viii. 95- 3^8), is of later date, viz. of the time of the Crusades and the following ages, vide Fms. i. 43, ii. 309, iv. 65, vi. 410, 411, vii. 45, 46, viii. 403, xi. 137, v. 1. etc. etc., Bs. i. 526, 528, 624. COMPDS: brynju-bitr, m. mail-biter, name of u sword, Sturl. brynjti-bond, n. pl. co rds tofasten the b., Karl. brynju-liattr and -h. etta -- brynhattr. brynju-hálsbjörg, f. a hauberk, brynju-hringr, m. the ring of a coat of mail, Fas. i. 197. brynjxi-lauss, adj. without a coat of mail, uncovered, Sturl. ii. 146, Fms. vi. 416 (in a verse). brynju-meistari, a, m. a smith of a b., N. G. L. ii. 246. brynju-rokkr, in. a coat [Germ, rock] of mail, Karl. brynja, að, to cover with a coat of mail, Róm. 219; mostly in part. pass. brynjaðr, wearing a coat of mail, Fms. v. 161, Orkn. 148: reliex. t o put on a coat of mail, El. 103. bryn-klungr, m. a so rt of weapon, = Lat. lwp?/s, Sks. 419. bryn-knífr, in. a war-knife, dirk, Sks. 406. bryn-kolla, u, f. = mid. Lat. collare, a collar of mail, Fms. viii. 404. brynna, t, [brunnr], to water cattle, with dat. of the beasts; b. nautum, Skálda 163, Dropl. 34. bryn-stakkr, m. a mail-jacket, Fær. no, Lv. 107. bryn-stúka, u, f. a mail-sleeve, Fms. ii. 323, viii. 387. bryn-tröll, n. a sort of halberd, Ld. 148, Valla L. 208, Eg. í 21, 122, K. þ. K. 170, THom. 343, Stj. 461. í Sam. xvii. 7, where the translator says of the spear of Goliah -- slikt er mi kallat b. bryn-þvari, a, m. a so rt of halberd, probably synonymous to bryn- tröll, defined in Eg. 285, Fas. iii. 387. BRYTI, old gen. brytja, mod. bryta, m. [A. S. brytta -- villicus; old Dan. bryde] , a steii'ard, bailiff. This word occurs twice or thrice in Icel. books, of the bailiffs, of private farms, Nj. 201, þorf. S. Karl. 408, Fs. 147; also of the two bishops' bailiffs, Bs. i. 247, 477, 839, 848. where brvti is interior to nidsmaðr, a steivard, and denotes the head- labourer in the bishop's homestead. In Denmark it was more in use, cp. a treatise of N. M. Petersen (' Bonde og Brvde') upon the subject, publ. in Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1847; even used in Denmark as a pr. name, as Steward, Stewart in the Brit. Isles, Hkr. i. 228; bryta eðr hinum bezta nianni er í bae er staddr, Gþl. 428: the bryti was in Norway the head-bondsman, tveir þrælar, þjóim ok bryti, N. G. L. i. 70, 36. brytja, að, [brjóta-brotinn; A. S. bryttjan -- to deal out'] , to chop, esp. of butcher's meat, Ísl. ii. 337; svá brytju vér grisina, Sd. 163; b. búfé, Al. 80, Stj. 411. Judg. xiv. 6 (as he would have ''rent' a kid); b. niðr, to cut down, as a carcase, Fms. vii. 123; b. mat, t o c hop meat, viii. 221. brytjan, f. chopping, Grág. i. 148, 466. bryt-skálm, f. a chopper, Gísl. 80. bryt-trog, n. a butcher s trough, Jjryml. 3. 60. brýna, d, [brun], to whet, sharpen,'bring to an edge;' b. Ijii, kníf, sverð, to whet a scythe, knife, sword, Edda 48, Ísl. ii. 348, Fs. 62. P. naut. t o drag a boat or ship half a-shore, put her on the ' edge' of the sea-board; b. upp skipi, Nj. 19, Fs. 145, 147, Fms. viii. 333, v. 1. 2. metaph. to egg on, incite, Al. 33. brýna, u, f. whetting; mowers call ' bryna' the amount of mowing done before the scythe wants whetting again. brýni, n. a whetstone, Ísl. ii. 348, Fas. iii. 43, 44. 2. metaph. spi c e s (rendering of the Lat. incitnmenta gulae), Róm. 306. brýning, f. c. whetting, sharpening, esp. metaph. egging on, . sharpening; ek veil gorst um yðr sonu mína, þurfi þér bryningina, Ld. 240; segir, at þá hefði þeir tekið brýningunni, Hkr. ii. 239. brýnligr, adj. = brynn. brýnn, adj. [briin], prop, 'edged;' but only used metaph. prompt, ready; ef brýn iéfüng laegi fyrir, read y means, Fms. iv. 298; bryii mula- cfni, an evident, plain case, Ld. 66, Gísl. 119, 123; bry'n silk, a just, cogent cause, Sturl. iii. 237; bry'n vurn, a clear case of defence. Band. 15 new Ed.; bry'nt erindi, a pressing errand, business; brýim byrr, a straight, fair wind. Skulda 163, Fagrsk. 173 (in a verse). 2. [brún, brow] ,, . having such or such a brow, in compds, þutig-bryitn, K'tt-brynn, sam- brýnn, q. v. bræða, dd, [bráð], to melt, Sks. 145; b. jökul, snjó, is, Fms. iii. 180, ix. 355, K. Á. 6; b. lýsi, to make oil. 2. metaph. to hurry; mi seiukaða ek, en þú bræddir heldr, / tarried, but you hurried, Dropl. 25. 3. [bráð, n.], to tar, pitch; b. hús, skip, timbr, kirkju, etc., Fms. i. 291, v. 331, Vm. 62, Eg. 90, N. G. L. ii. 247, Gþl. 81. bræði, 1". [bráðr], anger, ire, temper, Flue. 41; í bræði, in a passion, Fms. vii. 130, Pass. 8. 14; með bræði, with ire, Stj. 153. brœði- mæli, n. pl. angry language, Sks. 25. bræðrunga, u, f. [bróðir], a female first cousin, Grág. i. 346, Fms. vii. 274, Post. 656 A. ii. 15. bræðrungr, m. [bróðir], a first cousin (agnate), Grág. i. 171, ii. 172; also = bræðrunga; hón var bræðrungr, s he was first cousin, Asnýjar, Grett. 87. COMPDS: bræðrungs-barn, n. c hild of a first cousin, Gþl. 244. brœðrungs- and bræðrunga-baugr, m. the share ofweregild due to first cousins, N. G. L. i. 75, Grág, ii. 185. brækja, u, f. a brackish, bad taste, brækir, m. a cognom., Landn. bræklingar, m. pl. [brók], ' breechlings, ' a nickname of the Irish, Morkinsk. (Fr.) brækta, t, [Dan. brœge; Ivar Aasen, bræka, brœkta] , to bleat; b. sem geit, to bleat like n she-goat, Fbr. 212 (rare). bræla, d, [Fr. briiler] , to burn, in the allit. phrase, brenna ok bræla. bræla, u, f. thick smoke and fire (= svaela). brögðóttr, adj. [bragð], crafty, cunning, Eg. 283, Glúm. 379, Háv. 56. brögðu-ligr, adj. cunning-looking, Mag. 7. BRÖLTA, t, [bra í l and bratla, Ivar Aasen], to tumble about (as a cow in a bog), Ld. 328, Nj. 27, Jómsv. S. (Ed. 1824), p. 38 (breylti); Fms. xi. 129 has a false reading breysti. brölt, n. a tumbling about. brörr, m. [A. S. brœr'] , a briar, Haustl. 14; the explanation given in Lex. Poet, is scarcely right. BRÖSK, n. a noise, crackling, Eb. 97 new Ed. note 1. bröstuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), in the phrase, lúta b., to br ag", Stud. i. 1406, [cp. braska = to twi s t, Ivar Aasen.] budda, u, f. a purse, (mod.) BUÐKR, bauðkr, Art. 7, mod. contr. baukr, m. [a for. word derived from Gr. a-rroorjicr); mid. Lat. apotbeca; Ital. bottega; Fr. bou~ ti'ine; O. H. G. buttick; mod. Germ, böttich; hence Germ, biittcher, Dan. bi'idker, mod. Icel. beykir -- a coo per] :-- a box, originallv a box to keep herbs and balsams in; tvá buðka með balsamuni, Bs. i. 872, Mar. 43; buökr nokkurr er husfreyja átti, Glúm. 378, Stj. 215: Bauka- Jt'in, Pillbox-John, was a nickname given to a bishop in Icel. for having made money by dealing in medicine-boxes; kölluðu óvinir hans hann Bauka-Jón, sögðu hann hafa sell i smu-baukum, þat er hann h'ti sem væri dyrindi nokkur, Espol. Arb. 1685; hence prob. banka, (]. v. COMPD: bauka-gröss, n. pl. herb s kept in a box, Sir. buðlungr, in. a king, pout., Edda (Gl.), Lex. Foot. buffeit, n. [Engl. buffet] , a bujfet, Gisl, 27. buffeita, tt, (for. word), to bujfet, Bær. 20, Mar. 60. buga, að, to bow; in fishing for trout with nets people in Icel. say, buga fyrir, to draw the net round; but mostly used metaph. and in compds, vtir-buga, to bow down, subdue; yd pers. pret. reflex, bugusk, from an obsolete strong verb bjiiga, bang, occurs in Eyvind, bugusk ainiar, bows were bent, Fms. i. 49. bugða, u, f. a bow or bent, of a serpent's coil. BUGR, m. pl. ir, a bowing, winding; so Icel. call the bight or bend of a river, brook, creek, or the like; renna í bugum, to fiow in bights, hence ár-bugr, lækjar-bugr: the bight (inside) of a ring, finger, Ixrvv-string, etc.; í bug hringinum, Eg. 306; b. tingranna, Sturl. i. 189; grípa í bug snæruin, pout, to grip the bight of the bow-string, Jd. 27: the scythe has þjó-bugr, q. v.: the concave side of the sails, sá af laudi Í bug allra seglanna, Fms. vii. 94: n curve, disorder, of a line of men or ships (in battle), rétta þann bug, er á var orðinn rlotanum, i. 174; hence the phrase, aka e-m á bug, vide aka; vinda (gíira) bráða-bug að e-u, to make haste, Grett. 98 A: á bug, Scot, abeigb (aloof), Úlf. 3. 27; mein-bugir, impediments. P. convexity; b. jarðar, Rb. 468, unusual in this sense. bugt, n. bowing, servile homage: bugta, að, to make many boil's, Snot 163. p. a bight, bay, Dan. biigt (for. and rare). -y- [boughtes, Spencer] -- bugða, Fms. iii. 190, or false reading = beit (V). BUKKR, in. [A. S. bucca; Engl. buck; Germ, b oc k; Swed. -Dan. bukk; cp. bokki] :-- a he-goat, rare; hafr is the common word, Stj. 177, 0. H. 15 :-- Lat. arie s, a battering ra w, Al. 89. COMPDS: bukka- blóð, n. the blood of he-goats, 544. 39. bukka-skinn, n. the skin of he-goats, Sks. 184. bukka-vara, u, f. id., Bs. ii. 177, Sks. 184. bukk-ram, n. a buck-ram, ram, Vm. 124, Dipl. iii. 4 (a for. word). COMPD: bukkrams-hokull, in. the scapular of a ram, Vm. 70. BUKL, n. [mid. Lat. bucula~\, the boss of a shield, Al. 40, (a for. word.) buklari, a, m. [Fr. bouclier] , a buckler, shield, Sks. 374, Eg. 202, Fms. viii. 170, 317, ix. 533, Fas. i. 179, Sturl. ii. 44, 221, etc. COMPDS: buklara-bola, u, f. the b oss of a buckler, Sturl. i. 196, buklara- . fetill, m. the strap of a buckler, Sturl, i. 147,

86 BULLA -- BÚA.

bulla, að, to boil up; b. og sjóða; cp. Lat. ebullire: metaph. to chat, talk nonsense, and bull, n. nonsense :-- all mod. bulla, u, f. the shaft in a churn or pump, bullu-fótr, m. a pr. name, Grett. bulungr, m., proncd. buðlungr, [bolr, bulr], a pile of logs, fire-wood, Stj. 593, Ísl. ii. 417. bumba, u, f. [onomatopoëtic, cp. Engl. bomb, to boom, etc.], a drum, Stj. 289, Sks., Al., Karl., Fas. iii, etc. 2. the belly of a tub, kettle, or any big jar; ketil-bumba, Od. viii. 436. BUNA, u, f. [akin to ben], a stream of purling water; lækjar-buna, vatns-buna: bunu-lækr, m. a purling brook, Jónas 137; blóð-buna = blóðbogi. 2. one with the stocking hanging down his leg, ungartered; a cognom. (Björn buna), Landn. buna, að, to gush out, of blood, water-spring, etc. BUNDIN, n., mod. byndini, Pass. 17. 27, [binda], a sheaf, bundle, Stj. 192. Gen. xxxvii. 7, Greg. 40; korn-bundin, a sheaf of corn, Blanda MS. bunga, u, f. elevation, convexity. bunki, a, m. a heap, pile, v. búlki. bunungr, m. a sort of whale, Edda (Gl.) burdeiga, að, (a for. word; vide burt), to tilt, Þiðr. BURÐR, ar, m. pl. ir, [Engl. birth; Hel. giburd; Germ. geburt; cp. bera A. II] :-- birth, esp. of the birth of Christ; frá Guðs, Drottins, Krists burði, Bs. i. 112, 145, 158, 173; frá hingað-burði Christi, id., 64, 75, 79, 85; til burðar Christi, Rb. 84: of men, sótt burðar = jóðsótt, labours, K. Á. 104. 2. of domestic animals, calving, lambing, hence sauð-burðr, the lambing-time; þeim kúm er bezt búast til burðar, Bs. i. 194. 3. birth, the thing born, an embryo; Fíllinn gengr tvö ár með burðinum, Stj. 70; at þær (viz. the ewes) skyldi sinn burð geta, 178; fæða sinn burð, 97; með konum leysisk burðr (abort), Bs. i. 798. 4. in pl. birth, extraction; heiðinn at burðum (MS. sing.), heathen by birth, Ver. 40; burðir ok ætt, kith and kin, Fms. i. 83; er ekki er til Noregs kominn fyrir burða sakir, ix. 389; Hákon jarl hafði burði til þess, at halda foðurleifð sinni, ok hafa jarlsnafn, i. 223; þykkjumk ek hafa til þess burði ok frænda styrk, Eg. 474; hence in mod. usage burðir means one's 'physique,' strength; burðamaðr mikill, a mighty strong man; hafa litla burði, to have little strength; yfir-burðir, superior strength (cp. bera yfir), and afburðir, q.v. II. the bearing of limbs, body; lima-burðr, fóta-burðr, höfuð-burðr. III. [bera C], the compds at-burðr, við-burðr, til-burðr, hop, accident; fyrir-burðr, vision. IV. answering to bera A. I, vide byrðr, and compds like á-burðr. β. saman-burðr, comparison. COMPDS: burða-munr, m. distance of birth, Fs. 125. burðar-dagr, m. a birthday, Hom. 106; b. Maríu, the nativity of the Virgin Mary, Rb. 8. burðar-maðr, m. a bearer, Fms. i. 271. burðar-sveinn, m. an errand-boy, Fms. vii. 222. burðar-tími, a, m. birth-time, Stj. 97; natal hour, 101. burðugr, adj. [Germ. ge-bürtig], of high birth, Grett. 161 A, Stj. 238 (unclass.) burgeiss, m. [Fr. bourgeois; Chaucer burgeis; a for. word, of Teut. origin, from burg] :-- a burgess, Fas. iii. 358: in mod. usage, a big man. buris, m. (a for. word), borax, N. G. L. iii. burkni, a, m. [Scot. bracken or breckan, cp. Engl. brake,], the common fern, Hjalt. BURR, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, a son, akin to bera and barn, but poët., being used in prose only in allit. phrases such as, eigi buri við bónda sínum, Stj. 428; sem burr eðr bróðir, Fms. xi. 75; áttu börn og buru (acc. pl.) grófu rætr og muru is a standing peroration of Icel. nursery tales, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 319, vide Lex. Poët.: else in prose only used in the weak form in the compd words tví-buri, twins; þrí-buri, three at a birth, (in modern statistics even fleir-buri.) BURST, f. I. [A. S. byrst, Germ. borste; Swed. bösta], a bristle, Hb. (1865) 22; but also of a hog's back and bristles, Edda 70; cp. Gullin-bursti, Gold-bristle, the mythical hog of the god Frey; Fas. i. 532 (of the sónargöltr, the sacred hog); Fms. v. 165: the phrase, draga bust ór nefi e-m, to draw a bristle out of one's nose, to cheat, gull one, Ölk. 36, does not occur anywhere else that we know of; the Engl. say, 'to lead one by the nose,' in much the same sense. II. metaph. the gable of a house (hús-burst), Hkr. iii. 14 (of a shrine), Mar. 106, Konr. 57; og gogginn á bustinni brýnir (of a raven sitting on the top of a house and whetting his bill), Sig. Breiðfjörð. COMPDS: bursta-kollr, m. bristle-scalp, a nickname, Nj. 181. burstar-hár, n. bristly hair, Fas. i. 105. bursti, a, m. a brush, Dipl. v. 18 :-- from bursta, að, to brush. burst-ígull, m. a hedge-hog, Thom. 145, 147; vide bjarnígull. BURT-, v. brott-. BURT, [Ital. bagordo; Fr. bohourt; bord in Chaucer; vide Du Cange s.v. bohordicum], in the phrase, ríða burt, to ride a tilt; hence burt-reið, f. a tilt, tournament, Bær. 17, Fas. ii. 295, Karl., Þiðr., etc.; freq. in romances. COMPDS: burtreiðar-maðr, m. a tilter, Mag. 8, Fas. iii. 241. burtreiðar-vápn, n. a tilt-weapon, Fas. ii. 281. burt-stöng, f. a lance for tilting, Mag. 8, Fas. iii. 369, Karl., etc. busi, a, m. a bad, clumsy knife. BUSSEL, n. (a for. word), a cask, bushel, Art. 99. BUST, n. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.) BUSTL, n. bustle, Ísl. ii. 59, Snót 217; of a fish splashing in the water, Bb. 2. 28: bustla, að, to bustle, splash about in the water. BUTTR and butraldi, a cognom., Dipl. v. 26, Fbr.: short, cp. bútr; Dan. butted. BUZA, u, f. [a for. woid; mid. Lat. bussa; O. H. G. buzo; Dutch buise; Engl. herring-buss], a sort of merchant-ship, Fms. vii. 289, ix. 304, xi. 425; freq. in the Ann. of the 14th century; it occurs first A.D. 1251, then 1299: in the 14th century, during the Hanseatic trade with Icel., nearly every ship was called buza, vide Ann. COMPD: buzu-skip, n. = búza, Ann. 1251, etc., Hkr. iii. 118. BÚ, n. [Hel. bû = domicilium; O. H. G. bû; mod. Germ. bau = tillage, cultivation; Hel. also uses beo or beu, = seges, cp. also Teut. bouwt = messis, in Schmeller Heliand Glossary :-- the root of this word will be traced more closely under the radical form búa; here it is sufficient to remark that 'bú' is an apocopate form, qs. 'bug' or 'bugg;' the root remains unaltered in the branch to which Icel. bygg, byggja, and other words belong] :-- a house; bú and bæ (býr) are twins from the same root (bua); bær is the house, bú the household; the Gr. GREEK (GREEK) embraces both; þeir eta upp bú mitt, Od. i. 251; biðla til móður minnar og eyða búi hennar, 248; bú mitt er á förum, iv. 318; gott bú, ix. 35; etr þú upp bú hans bótalaust, xvi. 431; svo hann er fær uni að veita búinu forstöðu, xix. 161; hús og bújörð, og góðan kvennkost, xiv. 64; the Prose Translation by Egilsson. In the Northern countries 'bú' implies the notion of living upon the produce of the earth; in Norway and esp. in Icel. that of living on the 'milk' (málnyta) of kine, ewes, or she-goats; þat er bú, er maðr hefir málnytan smala, it is 'bú' if a man has a milking stock, Grág. i. 158; the old Hm. says, a 'bú,' however small it be, is better to have than not to have; and then explains, 'though thou hast but two she-goats and a cottage thatched with shingle, yet it is better than begging;' Icel. saying, sveltr sauðlaust bú, i.e. a sheepless household starves: 'bú' also means the stores and stock of a household; göra, setja, reisa bú, to set up in life, have one's own hearth, Bs. i. 127, Bb. 1. 219, Sturl. i. 197, Eb. 40; bregða búi, to give up farming or household; taka við búi, to take to a farm, Sturl. i. 198; eiga bú við e-n, to share a household with one, 200; ráðask til bús, id.; fara búi, to remove one's household, flit, 225; hafa bú, hafa rausnar-bú, 226; eiga bú, iii. 79, Eg. 137: allit. phrases, börn og bú, Bs. ii. 498; bóndi er bú-stólpi, bú er landstólpi, the 'bóndi' is the stay of the 'bú, ' the 'bú' is the stay of the land; búa búi sínu, Fas. iii. 312; búa umegðar-búi, to have a heavy household (many children), K. Þ. K. 90; hafa kýr ok ær á búi, Nj. 236: housekeeping, in the phrase, eiga einkis í bú at biðja, to have plenty of everything, Bs. i. 131, 132; bæði þarf í búit mjöl ok skreið, Nj. 18: home, house, reið Hrútr heim til bús síns, 4; á búi, adv. at home, Fms. iv. 256, Hm. 82. 2. estates; konungs-bú, royal demesnes; þar er bú hans vóru, Eg. 42, 43, Landn. 124, fara milli búa sinna, to go from one estate to another, id.; eiga bú, to own an estate. 3. the stock in a farmstead; sumir lágu úti á fjöllum með bú sín, Sturl. iii. 75; drepa niðr bú, höggva bú, taka upp bú, to kill or destroy one's stock, Fms. ix. 473, Stj. 90. COMPDS: bús-afleifar, f. pl. remains of stores, Grág. i. 299. bús-búhlutir, m. pl. implements of husbandry, Grág. i. 200, 220, 221, Dipl. iii. 14, Bs. i, D. I. (freq.) bús-efni, n. pl. household goods, Sturl. i. 197. bús-far, n. = búfar, Bs. i. 477. bús-forráð, n. pl. management of household affairs, Sturl. i. 131, Grett. 107. bús-gagn = búgagn, Jb. 166. bús-hagr, m. the state, condition of a 'bú,' Fas. ii. 469. bús-hlutir = búsbúhlutir, Hrafn. 22. bús-hægindi, n. pl. comfortable income derived from a 'bú,' Bs. i. 688, Hrafn. 22. bús-kerfi, n. movables of a household, Grág. ii. 339 A, 249, where búskerfi, an obsolete and dubious word. bús-tilskipan, f. the settling of a household, Fms. ii. 68. bús-umsvif, n. pl. the care, troubles of a 'bú,' business, Band. ii. bús-umsýsla, u, f. the management of a 'bú,' Ld. 22. Eg. 333, 334. Band. l.c. BÚA, pret. sing. bjó, 2nd pers. bjótt, mod. bjóst; plur. bjoggu, bjöggu, and mod. bjuggu, or even buggu; sup. búit, búið, and (rarely) contr. búð; part. búinn; pret. subj. bjöggi, mod. byggi or bjyggi; pres. sing, indic. bý; pl. búm, mod. búum: reflex. forms býsk or býst, bjósk or bjóst, bjöggusk, búisk, etc.: poët, forms with suffixed negative bjó-at, Skv. 3. 39: an obsolete pret. bjoggi = bjó, Fms. ix. 440 (in a verse); bjöggisk = bjósk, Hom. 118. [Búa is originally a reduplicated and contracted verb answering to Goth. búan, of which the pret. may have been baibau: by bûan Ulf. renders Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Hel. bûan = habitare; Germ. bauen; Swed. and Dan. bo. The Icel. distinguishes between the strong neut. and originally redupl. verb búa, and the transit. and weak byggja, q.v.: búa seems to be kindred to Gr. GREEK, GREEK (cp. Sansk. bhû, bhavâmi, Lat. fui); byggja to Lat. f&a-short;cio, cp. Swed. -Dan. bygga, Scot, and North. E. to 'big,' i.e. to build; cp. Lat. aedificare, nidificare: again, the coincidence in sense with the Gr. GREEK, GREEK, Lat. vicus, is no less striking, cp. the references s.v. bú above. Búa, as a root word, is one of the most interesting words in the Scandin. tongues; bú, bær, bygg, bygð, byggja, etc., all belong to this family: it survives in the North. E. word to 'big,' in the Germ, bauen (to till), and possibly (v. above) in the auxiliary verb 'to be.']

BÚA. 87

A. NEUTER, to live, abide, dwell, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. habitare; sú synd sem í mér býr, Rom. vii. 17, 20; í mér, þat er í mínu holdi, býr ekki gott, 18; hann sem býr í ljósinu, 1 Tim. vi. 16; fyrir Heilagan Anda sem í oss býr, 2 Tim. i. 14; Látið Christs orð ríkulega búa meðal yðar, Col. iii. 16; þá trú ... sem áðr fyr bjó í þinni ömmu Loide, 2 Tim. i. 5; þat hit góða sem í oss býr, 14; hann sem býr í ljósinu, þar einginn kann til að komast, 1 Tim. vi. 16; hence íbúð, living in, etc.; in many of those passages some Edd. of N. T. use byggja, but búa suits better: of a temporary abode, hann bjó í tjöldum, he abode in tents, Fms. x. 413. 2. a naut. term; þeir bjuggu þar um nóttina, they stayed, cast anchor during the night, Fms. vii. 3: on board ship, to have one's berth, sá maðr bjó á skipi næst Haraldi er hét Loðinn, 166; engi maðr skyldi búa á þessu skipi yngri en tvítugr, x. 321. 3. to live together as man and wife; henni hagar að b. við hann, 1 Cor. vii. 12; hagar honum hjá henni að b., 13; b. með húsfrú sinni, Stj. 47; b. við; Helgi prestr bjó við konu þá, er Þórdís hét (of concubinage), Sturl. i. 141; but búa saman, of wedded life, K. Á. 134. 4. b. fyrir, to be present in the place: at Selþórir muni fyrir b. í hverju holti, Fms. iv. 260: recipr., sjór ok skúgr bjoggusk í grend, Skálda 202, Baruch. 5. esp. (v. bú) to have a household, cattle, sheep, and milk; hence búandi, bóndi, bær, and bú; búa við málnytu (milk), ok hafa kýr ok ær at búi, Nj. 236, Grág. i. 168, 335; b. búi (dat.), 153, K. Þ. K. 90; búa búi sínu, to 'big ane's ain biggin,' have one's own homestead. β. absol., meðan þú vilt b., so long as thou wilt keep bouse, Hrafn. 9; b. vel, illa, to be a good (bad) housekeeper; vænt er að kunna vel að búa, Bb. 3. 1; Salomon kóngur kunni að b., 100; fara að b., to begin housekeeping, 2. 6; b. á jörðu, to keep a farm, gefa þeim óðul sín er á bjoggu, Fms. i. 21. γ. búa á ..., at ..., i ..., with the name of the place added, to live at or in a place; hann bjó á Velli (the farm) á Rangárvöllum (the county), Nj. 1; Höskuldr bjó á Höskuldstöðum, 2: hann bjó at Varmalæk, 22; hann bjó undir Felli, 16; Gunnarr bjó at Hlíðarenda, 29; Njáll bjó at Bergþórshváli, 30, 38, 147, 162, 164, 173, 174, 213, Landn. 39-41, and in numberless passages; Eb., Ld., Eg., Sturl., Bs., Ísl. ii, etc. (very freq.): also b. í brjósti, skapi, huga e-m, to be, dwell in one's mind, with the notion of rooted conviction or determination, þess hins mikla áhuga, er þér býr í brjósti, Fms. iv. 80; því er mér hefir lengi í skapi búit, 78; ekki muntu leynask fyrir mér, veit ek hvat í býr skapinu, Lv. 16. II. metaph. and with prepp.; b. um e-t, or b. yfir e-u, almost in an uncanny sense, to brood over hidden schemes, designs, resentment, or the like; búa um hverfan hug, to be of a fickle mind, Skv. 3. 39; b. eigi um heilt, to brood over something against one, to be insincere, Fms. xi. 365; b. um skoll, to brood over some deceit, id.; b. um grun, to be suspicious, ii. 87: in good sense, b. um eitt lunderni, to be of one mind, Jb. 17; b. um þrek, hug, to have a bold heart, Lex. Poët.: b. í or undir e-u, to be at the bottom of a thing; en í þessu vináttu merki bjoggu enn fleiri hlutir, Ó. H. 125; mart býr í þokunni (a proverb), many things bide in the mist; en þat b. mest undir ferð Áka, at ..., Fms. xi. 45; þóttusk eigi vita hvat undir myndi b., Nj. 62: b. yfir e-u, to brood over something, conceal; (ormrinn) bjó yfir eitri, i.e. the snake was venomous, Fms. vi. 351: the saying, lítill búkr býr yfir miklu viti, little bulk hides mickle wit, Al.; b. yfir flærð ok vélum, to brood over falsehood and deceit, id.; b. yfir brögðum, Fas. i. 290: b. undir, við e-t, to live under or with a thing, to bide, put up with; eiga undir slíkum ofsa at b., to have to put up with such insolence, Fms. xi. 248; at hart mun þykkja undir at b., Nj. 90, 101; ok mun eigi við þat mega b., i.e. it will be too hard to bide, 164; því at bændr máttu eigi við hitt b., Fms. xi. 224. III. in a half active sense; b. at e-u, or b. e-u (with dat.), to treat; þeir höfðu spurt hvern veg Þórólfr hafði búit at herbergjum þeirra, how Th. had used their premises, Eg. 85; þeir bjoggu búi sem þeim líkaði (where with dat.), i.e. they treated it recklessly, Bs. i. 544; Haraldr jarl fór til bús Sveins, ok bjó þá heldr úspakliga kornum hans, Orkn. 424 (in all passages in bad sense): búa vel saman, to live well together, be friendly, Fms. xi. 312; hence sam-búð, living together; b. við e-n, to treat one so and so; sárt býr þú við mik, Þóra, thou treatest me sorely, vii. 203. B. ACTIVE, to make ready: the sense and form here reminds one of the Gr. GREEK: [this sense is much used in Old Engl., esp. the part. bone, boon, or boun, ready, ('boun to go,' Chaucer, etc.); in later Engl. 'boun' was corrupted into 'bound,' in such naut. phrases as bound for a port, etc.: from this part, the ballad writers formed a fresh verb, to boun, 'busk ye, boun ye;' 'busk' is a remnant of the old reflex, búask, see Dasent, Burnt Njal, pref. xvi. note, and cp. below III.] I. to make ready, 'boun,' for a journey; b. ferð, för sína; and as a naut. term, b. skip, to make ready for sea; bjoggu þeir ferð sína, Fms. ix. 453; en er þeir vóru búnir, Nj. 122; ok vóru þá mjök brott búnir, they were 'boun' for sea, Fms. vii. 101; bjó hann skip sitt, Nj. 128; en skip er brotið, svá at eigi er í för búanda á því sumri, i.e. ship unfit to go to sea, Grág. i. 92; b. sik til göngu, to be 'boun' for a walk, Ld. 46; b. sik at keyra, to make one ready for ..., Nj. 91. β. as a law term, b. sök, mál, or adding til, b. til sök, mál á hendr e-m, to take out a summons against one, begin a lawsuit; b. mál í dóm, of the preliminaries to a lawsuit, hence málatilbúningr, in numberless cases in the Grágás and Sagas. γ. generally to prepare, make; b. smyrsl, to make ointments, Rb. 82. 2. = Old Engl. to boun, i.e. to dress, equip; b. sik, to dress; svá búinn, so dressed, Fms. xi. 272; hence búningr, dress (freq.); vel búinn, well-dressed, Nj. 3, Ísl. ii. 434; spari-búinn, in holiday dress; illa búinn, ill-dressed; síðan bjó hon hana sem hon kunni, she dressed her as well as she could, Finnb. 258; b. beð, rekkjur, to make a bed, Eg. 236; b. upp hvílur, id., Nj. 168; b. öndvegi, hús, to make a high seat, dress a house for a feast, 175, (hús-búnaðr, hús-búningr, tapestry); búa borð, to dress the table, (borð búnaðr, table-service); b. stofu, Fms. iv. 75. β. búa til veizlu, to make 'boun' (prepare) for a feast, Eg. 38, Fms. vii. 307; b. til seyðis, to make the fire 'boun' for cooking, Nj. 199; b. til vetrsetu, to make 'boun' for a winter abode, Fms. x. 42; til-búa, and fyrir-b., to prepare; eg fer héðan að til-b. yðr stað, John xiv. 3; eignizt það ríki sem yðr var til-búið frá upphafi veraldar, Matth. xxv. 34. γ. b. um e-t, in mod. use with the notion of packing up, to make into a bundle, of parcels, letters, etc.; hence um-búningr and um-búðir, a packing, packing-cover; b. um rúm, hvílu, to make a bed; búa um e-n, to make one's bed; var búið um þá Þórodd í seti, ok lögðusk þeir til svefns, Th.'s bed was made on the benches, and they went to sleep, Ó. H. 153; skaltú nú sjá hvar vit leggumk niðr, ok hversu ek bý um okkr (of the dying Njal), Nj. 701; er mér sagt at hann hafi illa um búit, of a dead body, 51; þeir höfðu (svá) um sik búit (they had covered themselves so) at þá mátti eigi sjá, 261; kváðu nú Guðrúnu eiga at búa um rauða skör Bolla, said that G. would have to comb B.'s (her husband's) bloody head, Ld. 244; búa svá um at aldri mátti vökna, pack it up so that it cannot get wet, Fms. vii. 225; Þórólfr lét setja upp skip ok um búa, he had the ship laid up and fenced it round (for the winter), Eg. 199; b. um andvirki, to fence and thatch bay-ricks, Grág. ii. 335: metaph. to manage, preserve a thing, Fms. ix. 52; aumlega búinn, in a piteous state, Hom. 115. 3. to ornament, esp. with metals or artificial work of any kind, of clothes laced with gold; kyrtill hlaðbúinn, Ísl. ii. 434, Nj. 48, Vm. 129: of gloves, B. K. 84: of a belt with stones or artificial work, Fms. xi. 271: of a drinking-horn, D. N. (Fr.); but esp. of a weapon, sword, or the like, enamelled with gold or silver (gull-búinn, silfr-búinn); búin gulli ok silfri, Fms. i. 15; búinn knífr, xi. 271; vápn búit mjök, much ornamented, ii. 255, iv. 77, 130, Eb. 226, 228. β. part., búinn at e-u, or vel búinn, metaph. endowed with, well endowed; at flestum í þróttum vel búinn, Nj. 61, Fms. x. 295; at auð vel búinn, wealthy, 410; vel búinn at hreysti ok allri atgörvi, Eg. 82; bezt at viti búinn, Fms. xi. 51. II. particular use of the part. pass, 'boun,' ready, willing; margir munu búnir at kaupa, ready, willing to buy, Fms. vi. 218; hann kvaðsk þess fyrir löngu búinn, Ld. 66, Fms. iii. 123; nefna vátta at þeir eru búnir (ready) at leysa kvið þann af hendi, Grág. i. 54; vóru allir til þess búnir, Fms. xi. 360: compar., engir menn sýna sik búnari (more willing) til liðveizlu, Sturl. i. 103: the allit. phrase, vera boðinn og búinn til e-s, vide bjóða VI: denoting fitted, adapted, ek em gamall, ok lítt b. at (little fit to) hefna sona minna, Nj. 200; þótt ek sé verr til b. en hann fyrir vanheilsu sakir, Fms. vii. 275; eiga við búið (mod. vera við búinn), to keep oneself ready, to be on one's guard, Bs. i. 537. 2. on the point of doing, about to do so and so; hann var búinn til falls, he was just about to tumble, Fms. x. 314; en áðr þeir kómu var búið til hins mesta váða, ix. 444, v.l. β. neut. búið is used almost adverbially, on the point of, just about to; ok búið við skipbroti, Ísl. ii. 245; búið við váða miklum, Fms. ix. 310; sagði at þá var búit við geig mikinn með þeim feðgum, Eg. 158: this is rare and obsolete in mod. usage; and the Icel. now say, liggja við mér lá við að detta, where an old writer would have said, ek var búinn at detta; the sense would else be ambiguous, as búinn, vera búinn, in mod. usage means to have done; ég er búinn að eta, I have done eating; vera búinn að e-u (a work, business of any kind), to have done with it; also absol., eg er búinn, I have done; thus e.g. vera b. að kaupa, fyrir löngu b., b. at græða, leysa, etc., in mod. sense means to have done, done long ago; only by adding prepp. við, til (vera við búinn, til búinn) the part. resumes its old sense: on the other hand, búinn in the sense of having done hardly ever occurs in old writers. γ. búð (búið) is even used adverbially = may be, may happen; with subj. with or without 'at,' búð, svá sé til ætlað, may be, it will come so to happen, Nj. 114; búð, dragi til þess sem vera vill, 185; búð, eigi fari fjarri því sem þú gazt til, id., Ed. Johns. 508, note c; búð, svá þykki sem ek grípa gulli við þá, 9, note 3; búð, eigi hendi hann slík úgipta annat sinn, 42; búð, ek láta annars víti at varnaði verða, 106; búð, vér þurfim enn hlífanna, Sturl. ii. 137 (vellum MSS.; um ríð, Ed., quite without sense), cp. also Eb. 27 new Ed.: in mod. usage it is freq. to say, það er búið, vel búið, albúið, etc., it is likely, most likely that ... δ. svá búit, adverbially, and proncd. as if one word, as matters stand, or even temp. at present, as yet; eigi mun hlýða svá búit, i.e. it will not do 'so done,' i.e. something else must be done, Eg. 507; eigi munu þér fá at unnit svá búið, i.e. not as yet, Fms. vii. 270; stendr þar nú svá búit (i.e. unchanged), um hríð, xi. 81; en berjask eigi svo búit, not fight as yet, Nj. 229; segja Eyjólfi til svá búins, they tell Eyolf the state of things, viz. that nothing had been done, Gísl. 41; þeir skildu við svá búit; þeir lögðu frá við svá búið, implying 'vain effort,' Germ. 'unverrichteter Sache,'

88 BÚANDI -- BÚI.

Ísl. ii, Hkr. i. 340: at svá búnu, adverbially, as yet, at present; hann kvaðsk eigi fýsask til Íslands at svá búnu, Nj. 123, Fms. xi. 131; þenna draum segjum vér engum manni at svá búnu, this dream we will not tell to anybody as yet, Nj. 212; en at svá búnu tjár ekki, Fas. i. 364. III. reflex. to 'boun' or 'busk' oneself, make oneself ready, equip oneself; gengu menu þá á skip sín, ok bjoggusk sem hvatligast, Fms. v. 15: adding the infinitive of a verb as predicate, bjósk hann at fara norðr til Þrandheims, Eg. 18; or ellipt., where búask thus denotes the act itself, nú býsk hann út til Íslands, i.e. he 'busked' him to go ..., Nj. 10; bjoggusk þeir fóstbræðr í hernað, they went on a free-booting trip, Landn. 31; seg Agli at þeir búisk þaðan fimmtán, 94: or adding another verb denoting the act, in the same tense, bjósk Haraldr konungr úr Þrándheimi með skipaliði, ok fór suðr á Mæri, he 'busked' him ... and went south, Eg. 7; the journey added in gen., búask ferðar sinnar, Fms. i. 3; búask menu ferða sinna, Ld. 177. β. denoting intention, hidden or not put into action; fór sá kurr, at Skúli byggisk á land upp, Fms. ix. 483. 2. to prepare for a thing; búask við boði, veizlu, etc., Nj. 10, Korm. 10; b. (vel, kristilega) við dauða sínum, andláti sínu, (eccl.) to prepare for one's death, Fs. 80, Bs. i. 74; búask við vetri, to provide for the winter, get store in, Fms. xi. 415; b. við úfriði, vii. 23. β. to be on one's guard, take steps to prevent a thing; nú ríða hér úvinir þínir at þér; skaltu svá við búask, i.e. be sure of that, make up thy mind, Nj. 264; bústu svá við, skal hann kveða, at ..., Grág. ii. 244. γ. such phrases as, búask um = búa um sik, to make one's own bed, encamp, make oneself comfortable, Nj. 259; tjölduðu búðir ok bjöggusk vel um, 219; var hörð veðrátta, svá at ekki mátti úti um búask, Fms. x. 13. Ld. 348; in the last passage the verb is deponent. 3. metaph., b. við e-u, to expect, freq. in mod. usage; in phrases, það er ekki við að búast, it cannot be expected; búast við e-m, to expect a guest, or the like. β. to intend, think about; eg býst við að koma, I hope to come; eg bjóst aldrei við því, I never hoped for that, it never entered my mind, and in numberless cases. 4. passive (very rare and not classical); um kveldit er matr bjósk = er m. var búinn, Fms. ix. 364. búandi, a, m. = bóndi, q.v. búand-karl, m. a farmer; b. eðr þorpari, Fms. ii. 48, Eg. 49. búand-ligr, adj. yeomanlike, sturdy, stout, Ld. 274. búand-maðr, m. = búandi. Grág. i. 479, 480, Fms. v. 77. BÚÐ, f. I. [Engl. booth; Germ. bude; Dan. bod: not from búa], a booth, shop; farmanna búðir, merchants' booths: setja búðir, Eg. 163; hafa búðir á landi, Grág. i. 91, the booths in the harbour being but temporary and being removed as soon as the ship went to sea. β. specially used of the temporary abodes in the Icel. parliament, where, as the meeting only lasted two weeks a year, the booths remained empty the rest of the year; hence tjalda (to dress) búðir, viz. during the session for the use of its owner. But every goði (priest) and every family had their own 'booth,' which also took their names from a single man or ruling family, e.g. Allsherjar b., Sturl. ii. 44; Snorra b., 125; b. Skapta, Nj. 220; b. Hafliða, Sturl. i. 44: from families or districts, Ölfusinga b., Nj. 181; Möðruvellinga b., 182, 247; Skagfirðinga b., 182; Jöklamanna b., Sturl. ii. 158; Austfirðinga b., 158, 159; Saurbæinga b., 82; Dalamanna b., Nj. 48; Mosfellinga b., 164; Rangæinga b., 48, 180; Ljósvetninga b., 183, 223; Norðlendinga b., 228; Vatnsfirðinga b., 248; Vestfirðingu b., Bs. i. 21; Svínfellinga b., Lv. 18; Skarðverja b., Sturl. i. 199, etc.: other names, Byrgis-búð, 31; Grýta, ii. 45; Dilkr, 158; Valhöll, 126; Hlað-búð, 82, Nj. 244; Virkis-búð, 247. As the alþing was a public meeting, other booths are also mentioned, e.g. Trúða búðir, booths of Jugglers, Troubadours, Grág. ii. 84; Ölbúð, an Ale-booth, beer-shop, Sturl. ii. 125; Sútara búð, a Souter's (cobbler's) booth, Grág. ii. 84; Sverð-skriða b., a Tanner's booth, id.; and Göngumanna búðir, Beggars' booths, a troop of beggars being an appendage to any old feast or public meeting, cp. Gísl. 54-56: the law (Grágás) forbade the sheltering of beggars at the parliament, but in vain; see numberless passages referring to alþing or fjórðungsþing, esp. Grág. Þ. Þ., Nj., Sturl., Gísl. l.c., Korm. S., Kristni S. A short treatise, called 'Catastasis of Booths,' composed about A.D. 1700, is mentioned in Dasent's Burnt Njal; but it is the mere work of a scholar, not founded upon tradition. As búð is opposed to bú, as a temporary abode to a permanent fixed one, so búðsetumaðr (búð-seta), a cottager, is opposed to bóndi; fara búðum is to change one's abode, Hkr. ii. 110. γ. in eccl., Tjald-búð is the Tabernacle. II. esp. in compds, í-búð, living in; sam-búð, living together; vás-búð, a cold berth, i.e. wet and cold; hafa harða, kalda búð, to have a hard, cold abode, Fms. x. 158 (belongs perh. to I.) COMPDS: búðar-dvöl, f. dwelling in a booth, Sturl. i. 147. búðar-dyr, n. pl. door of a booth, Lv. 11, Nj. 37, 165, Eb. 196, Grág. i. 31. búðar-gögn, n. pl. implements of a booth, Grág. ii. 399, 402. búðar-hamarr, m. a pier or rock for embarking, Eb. 196. búðar-ketill, m. a booth-kettle, Eb. 196. búðar-kviðr, m. a law term, a sort of verdict given by the inmates of a booth at the parliament, a kind of búakviðr, defined in Grág. ii. 84, 85, where it is laid down that the inmates of the booths of shopkeepers, jugglers, and beggars cannot be summoned to serve on a jury, nor the dwellers in a booth which has not at least five inmates (five being a minimum in a jury). búðar-lið, n. the inmates of a booth, Sturl. i. 32. búðar-maðr, m. an inmate of a booth, Fær. 222. búðar-nagli, a, m. a booth-peg, Stj. 388. Judges iv. búðar-rúm, n. lodging in a booth, Grág. i. 24, ii. 55, Lv. 93. búðar-setumaðr, m. = búðsetumaðr, Nj. 236. búðar-staðr, m. a booth-stand, N. G. L. i. 342. búðar-sund, n. a passage, lane between two booths, Band. 5, Grett. 115. búðar-tópt, f. the walls of a (deserted) booth, without thatch, Rb. 274, Nj. 166, Ísl. ii. 194. búðar-veggr, m. the wall of a booth, Ld. 290, Eg. 724. búðar-virki, n. a fortification round a booth, Sturl. ii. 126, cp. Virkisbúð. búðar-vist, f. a lodging in a booth, Lv. 11. búðar-vörðr or búðar-verðr, m. [verðr = cibus], the cooking and stewardship in a vessel, work which the crew was bound to do in turn day by day; cooking and dairy work was thought unworthy to be the sole business of a man, and therefore the sailors were obliged to take it turn about, cp. Eb. 194, 196, 220 :-- metaph. meat, meal, eigi hafða ek þina veðra ... mér til búðarvarðar, the rams of thy flock I have not eaten, Stj. 181. Gen. xxxi. 38; lofa mér at búa þér búðarvörð, 'let me set a morsel of bread before thee,' in the Engl. V., Stj. 493. 1 Sam. xxviii. 22; ráða til b., to prepare for a meal, Fms. v. 287, viii. 357; honum þótti þar gott til blaut-fisks ok búðarvarðar, Bs. i. 853, D. N. i. 311, ii. 16, Fas. ii. 209. bú-deigja, u, f. a dairy-maid; cp. deigja; (Norse.) búð-fastr, adj. living in a booth, Grág. i. 32. bú-drift, f. a drove of cattle, D. N. búð-seta, u, f. living in a cottage. COMPD: búðsetu-maðr, m. a cottager, answering to 'husmand' in Norway, or búandi bóndi in Icel., Nj. 236, Grág. i. 294; vide bóndi above. búðu-nautr, m. a fellow inmate of a booth, Grág, i. 34, 35. bú-eyrir, m. value in stock, D. N. bú-fang, n. domestic necessaries. K. Á. 176. bú-far, n. household condition, Sturl. i. 216, Bs. i. 477. bú-fellir, m. a failing of stock, starvation of stock, Bs. i. 743. bú-ferli, n. household, in the phrase, fara búferli, or b. sínn, to move, change one's household and home; Ólafr fór þangað b. sínu, Eg. 138, Fms. iii. 107: esp. live stock, Hallsteinn fór hit efra með búferli, Gullþ. 12; hafði hann með sér skulda-lið (people, family) ok b. (stock), Eb. 8: but sometimes the word is evidently used masc., an emigrant, mover of one's household, cp. Róm-ferlar; en búferla (v.l. búferlar) eigu utan at fara þeir er ómögum sínum megu vörð um veita, Grág. ii. 409. bú-ferski, n. = búskerfi, Grág. ii. 339 B. bú-fé, n. live stock, esp. the milch kine, Dipl. v. 28, Grág. i. 414, 427, ii. 301, Jb. 192, Eg. 532. COMPOS: búfjár-eyrir, m. = búeyrir, Grág. i. 428. búfjár-ferð, f. = búdrift, D. N. búfjár-fóðr, n. food for cattle. Fms. v. 219. búfjár-gangr, m. = búfjárhagi, Grág. i. 435. búfjár-gildr, adj. a being in proper condition, of cattle, D. N. búfjár-hagar, m. pl. the pasture fields on an estate, esp. the home-pastures or closes, used daily for the home cattle, and opp. to afréttr, q.v.: hence the phrase in Nj., ríða upp ór b., denoting a pale of about three or four miles, 34; í b., within the pale of the b., Glúm. 355. Eb. 54. búfjár-hagr, m. the condition of stock, Vápn. 30. búfjár-hald, n. the keeping of stock, Grág. i. 427. búfjár-lauss, adj. living without stock, Grág. i. 294. búfjár-leiga, u, f. the rent of stock, Gþl. 62. búfjár-matr, m. food for cattle, stores of fodder, Fms. x. 400. bú-félag, n. fellowship in housekeeping, Fb. ii. 340. bú-færsla, u, f. a removing of one's household, Landn. 207. bú-gagn, n. household utensils, B. K. 20. bú-garðr, m. a farm, esp. a big one, Fms. iii. 85, 251, xi. 422. bú-görð, f. the making a household, Sturl. ii. 21, Bs. i. 658. bú-hlífð, f. a sparing of provender, Fms. v. 306. bú-hlutr = búsbúhlutr above. bú-höldr, m. a thriving householder. BÚI, a, m. [búa]. I. a dweller, inhabitant, only in compds as haug-búi, hellis-búi, berg-búi, a dweller in cairns, caves, rocks, of a ghost or a giant; ein-búi, an anchorite, a bachelor; himin-búi, an inhabitant of heaven, an angel; lands-búi, Lat. incola; ná-búi, a neighbour; í-búi or inn-búi, incola, Snót 71; stafn-búi, q.v. II. a neighbour = nábúi; kom Steinn at máli við Þorbjörn búa sinn, Krók. 36; við Bárðr búi minn, Nj. 203; þau sýndu búum sínum úþokkasvip, Fs. 31; Steinólfr b. hans, Landn. 269; cp. búi-sifjar, búi-graðungr, búi-maðr (below), rare in this sense. 2. hence a law term in the Icel. Commonwealth, a neighbour acting as juror; the law distinguishes between neighbours of place and person; as, vetfangs-búar, neighbours of the place where (e.g.) a manslaughter was committed; or neighbours either of defendant or plaintiff, e.g. heimilis-búar, home-neighbours, opposed to dómstaðar-búar, Grág. ii. 405, and þingvallar-búar, neighbours of court or parliament: the number of the neighbours summoned was various; in slight cases, such as compensation for damage or the like, they were commonly five--sem búar fimm meta; in cases liable to outlawry they were usually nine, Grág. ii. 345; the verdict of the neighbour is called kviðr, the summoning kvöð, and kveðja búa, to summon neighbours; the cases esp. in the Grágás and Njála are almost numberless. The standing Icel. law phrase 'sem búar meta' reminds one of the English mode of fixing compensation by jury. According to Konrad Maurer,

BÚAKVIÐBURÐR -- BYGG. 89

jury is of Scandinavian origin, and first appears in English law along with the Normans after the Conquest; but this does not preclude an earlier usage in the Scandinavian parts of England. In the old Danish law they were called 'nævnd,' in Sweden 'nämd;' cp. esp. Nj. ch. 142 sqq. and Grág. Þ. Þ. and Vígslóði. The classical reference for this institution, Grág. i. 167, Kb. ch. 85, is quoted p. 58 s.v. bera B. I. 1. COMPDS: búa-kviðburðr, m. = búakviðr, Grág., Nj. búa-kviðr, m. a verdict of neighbours, opp. to tylptarkviðr, q.v., Nj., Grág. búa-kvöð, f. a summoning of neighbours, Grág. ii. 52. búa-virðing, f. a fixing compensation by verdict of neighbours, Grág. ii. 343. III. a pr. name of a man, Jómsv. S.; mod. Dan. 'Boye' or 'Boy,' hence the mod. Icel. Bogi, Feðga-æfi, 27. búi-griðungr, m. a neighbour's bull, Vápn. 46. búi-maðr, m. a neighbour-man, Sturl. i. 82 C, 167. bú-jörð, f. a farm, estate. bú-karl, m. = búandkarl, Fms. v. 186, vi. 139. bú-kot, n. a cottage, Hkr. iii. 131. BÚKR, m. [Hel. bûc = alveus; Germ. bauch], the trunk, body, Eg. 289; esp. the trunk without the head, Nj. 123, Fms. i. 218, Bs. i. 625. bú-lag, n. joint housekeeping, Sturl. i. 64, 75. bú-land, n. [Hel. bûland = arvum], home land, Grág. ii. 315, 324, Jb. 51. bú-lauss, adj. having no 'bú,' opp. to búandi, D. N. ii. 14, Jb. 12. bú-leiga, u, f. rent of a 'bú,' H. E. i. 394. BÚLKI, a, m., in mod. spelling bunki, heap [cp. a ship's bunks]; this form occurs in the Hrokkinsk., a MS. of the 15th century, vide the references below; [cp. Engl. bulk, in the naut. phrase, to break bulk or begin to land a cargo] :-- the cargo or freight of a ship; the allit. phrase, binda bulka, to bind bulk, shut the hold, just when the ship is bound for sea, and leysa b., to break bulk, when in harbour; fyrir framan or aptan búlka, the b. was, namely, in the middle of the ship, Fms. vi. 108, 378, 381, N. G. L. i. 340, 371, Eb. 196, Grág. i. 209, Nj. 134, Fms. ix. 145, 468, Bs. i. 422, Fbr. 53. COMPDS: búlka-brún, f. the edge of the b. as it stood out of the ship, Jb. 398, 407, Fbr. 62 new Ed., where a sailor kept the look out, Sturl. iii. 106. búlka-stokkar, m. pl. the bulwark fencing the búlki in the middle of the ship, Edda (Gl.) In mod. usage, búlkast, að, to be bulky; búlka-legr, adj. bulky. bú-maðr, m. a husbandman; góðr, mikill b., a good householder, skilled husbandman, Band. 8, Finnb. 334. bú-missa, u, f. loss in stock, Gþl. 389. búnaðr, m., gen. ar, [búa.] I. household, housekeeping, Bs. i. 76; reisa búnað -- reisa bú, Sturl. iii. 106; færa b. sinn -- fara búferli, to move one's household, Jb. 288; búnaðar-maðr = búmaðr, O. H. L. 30; Búnaðar-bálkr, the name of the section in the code of law Jb. answering to the Landbrigða þáttr of the Grág., treating of household matters; and in mod. times the name of the very famous poem (of Eggert Olafsson), the Icel. 'Georgics' (marked Bb. in this Dict.) II. dress, equipment, = búningr, Skálda 181, Fms. iv. 75, xi. 331; but esp. with the notion of ornaments in gold, silver, tapestry, Nj. 131, Eg. 701 (of a shield); altaris dúkr glitaðr með búnaði, Am. 95. β. baggage, luggage, Bjarn. 19. γ a getting 'boun' (ready) for sea; in the naut. term, halda á búnaði sínum, Fms. ii. 254. búnask, að, dep., in the phrase, e-m b. vel, illa, one has good, bad, luck in his business as bóndi. bú-nautn, f., in the phrase, til b., for household use, Vm. 96, D. I. i. 419. búningr, m. [búa], dress, clothing, attire; hvers dags b., every day dress, K. Þ. K. 140; opp. to spari b., Sunday dress; karlmanns b., a man's dress; kvennmanns b., a woman's dress, etc., Nj. 190. β. equipment, of a ship; reiði ok b., Fms. v. 103: the dressing and arrangement of a table, Bjarn. 27. γ. ornaments, laces, Nj. 48, v.l. COMPDS: búnings-bót, f. dress-improvement, a piece of new or smart attire, Ld. 208, Fas. ii. 329. búnings-lauss, adj. without ornament, Pm. 65. búnings-munr, m. difference in apparel, Sturl. ii. 94. bú-nyt, f. the milk of sheep and cattle, on a farm also more usually called málnyt or málnyta, Jb. 375, Hkr. i. 110. bú-prestr, m. a curate-farmer, Vm. 59. BÚR, n. [Hel. bûr = habitaculum; A. S. bûr; Engl. bower; Scot. and North. E. byre; Germ. bauer], a word common to all Teut. idioms, and in the most of them denoting a chamber; this sense only occurs a few times in some of the old poems, esp. the Völs. kviður, and even only as an allit. phrase, Brynhildr í búri, Og. 18; björt í búri, Gkv. 2. 1: in prose now and then in translations of foreign romances, El. 22. 2. in Icel. only in the sense of larder, pantry (the North. E. and Scot. byre = cow-stall); this sense is very old, and occurs in Hallfred, Fs. 89, where búri (not brúði) is the right reading, as the rhyme shews--'stæri' ek brag, fyrir 'búri;' skellr nú lass fyrir búrin þeirra Reykdælanna, Bs. i. 512. 601, Ld. 242; defined, búr þat er konur hafa matreiðu í, Grág. i. 459. β. a house where stores are kept = úti-búr, Nj. 74; now called skemma. In Icel. a game, in which children try to force open one's closed hand, is called að fara í búr e-s, to get into one's larder. bú-rakki, a, m. a shepherd's dog. bú-ráð, n. household management, Nj. 51, Grág, i. 333. bú-rán, n. a law term, a kind of burglary, theft, to the amount of three cows at least, or three cows' value; defined N. G. L. i. 180: metaph. damage, Bs. i. 350. búr-brot, n. the breaking into a pantry, Sturl. búr-dyrr, n. pl. a pantry-door, Bs. i. 601. búr-hilla, u, f. a pantry-shelf, Glúm. 367. búr-hringr, m. the door ring of a búrhurð, D. N. búr-hundr, m. a pantry-dog, Fs. 89. búr-hurð, f. the door of a 'búr,' Gpl. 344. búri, a, m. and búr-hvalr, m. a sort of whale, physiter macrocepbalus Sks. 177 B: for a popular superstition as to this whale v. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 629. bú-risna, u, f. the keeping open-house, Sturl. i. 194. búr-lykill, m. a pantry-key, Sturl. iii. 7. búr-rakki, a, m. = búrhundr, Ld. 112. bú-sifjar [qs. búi-sifjar, from búi, a neighbour], f. pl. relation between neighbours; góðar b., a good neighbourhood, Karl. 536; the phrase, veita e-m illar, þungar b., to be a bad neighbour, aggressive, Eg. 730, Fms. iii. 222; má vera at þá batni b. okkar, Fs. 31. bú-skapr, m. household life, state of life as 'bóndi,' D. N.; cp. the saying böl er b., hrygð er hjúskapr, illt er einlífi, og að öllu er nokkuð. bú-skjóla, u, f. a pail for measuring milk, Jb. 375. bú-skortr, m. the failure of stores, Nj. 18. bú-skylft, n. adj.; eiga b., to have an expensive household, Sturl. i. 136. bú-slit, n., in búslits-maðr, m. a 'bóndi' without homestead, Gþl. 330. bú-slóð, f. cattle and chattels, household gear. bú-smali, a, m. sheep and cattle, sometimes also including horses; naut ok sauði ok annan b., Fs. 26; esp. the milch cattle, Ld. 96, where it is opp. to barren cattle, Fms. i. 151; vide smali. bú-sorg, commonly proncd. búk-sorg, f. care for worldly affairs, esp. in a bad sense; thirst for gain. bú-staðr (bóstaðr, Grág. ii. 222), m. a dwelling, abode, Fs. 31; taka sér b., to fix one's abode, Eg. 127, Landn. 37, 56, Nj. 173. bú-stjórn, f. management of household affairs, Eb. 204. bú-stýra, u, f. a female housekeeper, Gullþ. 13, Háv. 39. bú-sýsla, u, f. household business, Glúm. 335, Ísl. ii. 68; búsýslu-maðr = búmaðr, Eg. 2. BÚTR, m. a log of wood. búta, að, to cut logs of wood. bú-verk, n. dairy work in the morning and evening, milking, churning, and the like, Fs. 72; vinna heima b. með móður sinni (as a taunt), Fas. iii. 595; hence búverka, að, to do the dairy work; búverka-tími, a, m. the time, morning and evening, when dairy work is to be done: in the Grág. i. 147 búverk means generally every kind of household work, but esp. the lower part of it. bú-þegn, in. a husbandman, in allit. phrases, bændr ok b., Fms. i. 33, Sks. 603; illr b., a bad husbandman, Fms. i. 69, where it is used in a morally bad sense; elsewhere a bad householder, vi. 102, Skálda 203. BYGÐ, f. [búa, byggja]. I. gener. habitation: 1. a settling one's abode, colonisation; Íslands b., colonisation of Iceland, Íb. (begin.); Grænlands b., id. 2. residence, abode; var þeirra b. ekki vinsæl, Ld. 136; the phrase, fara bygð, or bygðum, to remove one's house and home, change one's abode, Grág. i. 457, Nj. 25, 151; færa b. sína, to remove, Fas. ii. 281; banna, lofa e-m bygð, to forbid or allow one's residence, Grág. l.c.; hitta b. e-s, abode, home, Band. 10: metaph., Hom. 16. II. inhabited land, opp. to úbygðir, deserts; but also opp. to mountains, wild woods, and the like, where there are no human dwellings: bygð thus denotes the dwellings and the whole cultivated neighbourhood; thus in old Greenland there was Eystri and Vestri bygð, the Eastern and Western colony, and úbygðir, deserts, viz. the whole Eastern side of this polar land, cp. Landn. 105, Antt. Amer., and Grönl. Hist. Mind, i-iii. In Norway distinction is made between bygðir and sætr, Fms. i. 5. Icel. say, snjór ofan í b., when the mountains are covered with snow, but the lowland, the inhabited shore, and the bottom of the dales are free; í Noregi er lítil b. ok þó sundrlaus, i.e. Norway is thinly peopled, Fms. iv. 140, viii. 200, 202, 203, Eg. 68, 229, Orkn. 8: spec. = county = hérað, í b. þeirri er Heggin heitir, Fms. ix. 232; b. þeirri er Strönd heitir, 358; heima í bygðum, Gþl. 34; miklar bygðir (great inhabited districts) vóru inn í landit, Fms. i. 226. COMPDS: bygðar-fleygr, adj. rumoured through the bygð, Jb. 161. bygðar-fólk, n. the people of a neighbourhood, Fms. ii. 88. bygðar-lag, n. a district, neighbourhood, county, Grett. 101 A, Jb. 223, Fs. 50. bygðarlags-maðr, m. a neighbour, Stj. 197. bygðar-land, n. and in possession or to be taken into possession, Stj. 74. bygðar-leyfi, n. leave to settle, Fs. 31, Valla L. 208, Grág. i. 457. bygðar-lýðr, m. the people of a land, Bs. ii. 80. bygðar-menn, m. pl. id., Fs. 31, Stj. 649, Dipl. v. 19, Fms. i. 226, etc. bygðar-rómr, m. a rumour going about in the neighbourhood, Krók. 34. bygðar-stefna, u, f. a meeting of the neighbourhood, D. N. bygð-fleygr, bygð-fleyttr, = bygðarfleygr, N. G. L. i. 389. BYGG, n. [Scot. and North. E. bigg; Swed. bjugg; Dan. byg; Ivar Aasen bygg; derived from byggja] :-- barley, a common word over all Scandinavia, cp. Alm. 33, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 99, Bs. ii. 5, 532. 5; vide barr II.

90 BYGGBRAUÐ -- BYRJA.

bygg-brauð, n. barley-bread, 655 xxi. 4. bygg-hjálmr, m. a barley-rick, Magn. 516. bygg-hlaða, u, f. a barley-barn, Stj. 344. bygg-hleifr, m. a barley-loaf, Stj. 393, Rb. 82. bygg-hús, n. a barley-barn, Orkn. 196. byggi or byggvi, m. an inhabitant, obsolete, but in compds as Eyr-byggjar, stafn-byggjar, fram-byggjar, aptr-byggjar, etc. byggi-ligr, adj. habitable, Hkr. i. 108. bygging, f. habitation, colonisation, Landn. 24, v.l., Stj. 176. 2. tenancy, letting out land for rent, H. E. i. 495: in compds, byggingarbréf, b. skilmáli, an agreement between tenant and landlord. β. buildings or houses, Matth. xxiv. 1; scarcely occurs in old writers in this sense; cp. Dan. bygning, Scot. and North. E. biggin, = building. BYGGJA, older form byggva, ð, [for the etymology v. búa], gener. to inhabit, settle, people, always in a transitive sense--not neut. as. búa--but often used absol. or ellipt., land being understood: α. to settle as a colonist; Hrollaugr bygði austr á Síðu, Ketilbjörn bygði suðr at Mosfelli, Auðr bygði vestr í Breiðafirði, Helgi bygði norðr í Eyjafirði, all these instances referring to the first settlers of Icel., Íb. ch. 1. 2; en þat vas es hann tók byggva landit, id.; sumar þat er þeir Ingólfr fóru at b. Ísland, the summer before Ingolf settled in Iceland, ch. 6; Íngólfr ... bygði fyrstr landit, i.e. Ingolf was the first settler, id.; so in numberless instances, esp. of the Íb. and Landn., e.g. Landn. 42, 334, Eb. 8, Hrafn. 4, Eg. 99, 100; eptir Nóa-flóð lifðu átta menn þeir er heiminn bygðu (peopled), Edda (pref.) β. to inhabit, live in a country; þesskonar þjóð es Vínland hefir bygt, Íb. ch. 6; þá er landit hafði sex tigi vetra bygt verit, Landn. 321; þeir b. þat hérað á Vindlandi er Ré heitir, Fms. xi. 378, H. E. i. 494, Bret. 100: allit. phrases, á bygðu bóli, i.e. among men, where men live; bygðr bólstaðr, possessed land, Grág. ii. 214: the proverb, með lögum skal land byggja, with laws shall man build land, i.e. law builds (makes) lands and home; and some add, en með ólögum eyða; eyða (to lay waste) and byggja are thus opposed to one another, Nj. 106; b. bæ, to settle on a farm; segi ek af því fyrst hversu bærinn hefir bygzk í Skálaholti ... Ketilbjörn bygði þann bæ fyrstr er í Skálaholti heitir, Bs. i. 60; hann bygði bæ þann er í Eyju heitir, Gísl. 91, where it does not mean to build houses, as in the mod. use of this phrase, but to settle, Lat. inhabitare. γ. in more special or law phrases, to dwell in, occupy; b. sæng, to keep one's bed, sleep, Fas. i. 314; b. eina sæng, of married people, Fms. ii. 134; b. með e-m, to cohabit, Stj. 176; b. höll, to occupy a hall, Fms. vi. 147, x. 236; b. á skipum, undir tjöldum, to live aboard ship, in tents, vii. 138; b. hálfrými, a naut. term, viii. 199: metaph., cf Guð byggvir í þeim, Eluc. 52, cp. also the references from the N. T. above under búa, where most of the Icel. Edd. use byggja. 2. to build a house, ship, or the like, [Scot. and North. E. to big; Dan. bygge; Swed. bygga]: this sense, common over all Scandinavia and North Britain, seems not to occur in Icel. writers before the 15th century or the end of the 14th, but is freq. at the present time; it occurs in the Ann. 1401, 1405, etc. Old writers always say, reisa or göra hús, skip ..., not byggja. 3. reflex. to be inhabited; Ísland bygðisk fyrst ór Noregi, Íb. ch. 1; Grænland fansk ok bygðisk af Íslandi, ch. 6; hundraði ára fyrr en Ísland bygðisk af Norðmönnum, Landn. (pref.); en áðr Ísland bygðisk, id.; þá er Ísland fansk ok bygðisk af Noregi, id. II. [Goth. bugjan, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, and once GREEK, which is elsewhere rendered by frabugjan; A. S. bycgean; Engl. buy; Hel. buggean] :-- to let out, esp. land or cottage; konungr má b. almenning hverjum sem hann vill, Gþl. 453; ef umboðsmaðr konungs byggir jarðar (acc.) konungs ... því at svá skal konungs jarðir b. sem um aðrar jarðir skill í lögum, 336; nú byggir maðr dýrra (lets out at a higher rent) en vandi hefir á verit, 337; Ingimundr bygði þeim Hrolleifi bæinn í Ási, Fs. 34; er þeir bygðu lönd sín eðr tóku sér hjú, Grág. i. 445; hann tók mikit af landnámi Una, ok bygði þat (parcelled it out) frændum sínum, Landn. 244; byggja e-m út, to expel a tenant; b. e-m inn, to settle a tenant on one's estate. 2. more properly, to lend money at interest; þat er ok ef menn b. dautt fé, eðr krefja framar af þeim hlutum er menn ljá, en innstæða, K. Á. 204; engi skal b. dautt fé á leigu, Bs. i. 684; um okr, er menn b. dautt fé, H. E. i. 459; Rútr ... bygði allt féit, R. put all the money out at interest, Nj. 11. 3. the peculiar eccl. law phrase of the forbidden degrees; b. sifjar, frændsemi, to marry into such or such degree; this phrase may refer to buying (cp. brúðkaup), or to cohabitation; þat er nýmæli, at jafn-náit skal b. sifjar ok frændsemi at fimta manni hvárt, i.e. intermarriage in the fifth degree is allowed, according to the decision of the council of Lateran, A.D. 1215, Grág. i. 304; frændsemi er eigi byggjandi, i.e. is forbidden, 307, 308, 321, N. G. L. i. 350; en þat var bannat með Ásum at b. svá náit at frændsemi, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 4. III. part. as subst. bygg-mjöl, n. barley-meal, Gþl. 100. byggning = bygging, D. N. (freq.), Fr. bygg-sáð, n. barley-seed, N. G. L. i. 385. byggvandi, byggjandi, pl. byggendr, byggvendr, inhabitants, mostly in poetry, Stj. 399, Haustl. 10. byggvi-ligr = byggiligr. bygill, m. [Germ. bügel], a stirrup, Gþl. 359. bygsla, u, f. = bygging, D. N. BYLGJA, u, f. [cp. Dan. bölge, Swed. bölja, akin to bólginn, belgr], a billow, Stj. 27, Fs. 142, etc. bylja, buldi, pres. bylr, old byll, to resound, roar, of a gale; byll í öllum fjöllum, Al. 35; buldi í hömrunum. Fas. i. 425; freq. in mod. use. byljóttr, adj. gusty, Bs. i. 138. BYLR, m. pl. bylir, gen. sing. byljar or rarely byls, a squall, gust of wind; kom b. á húsit, Gísl. 22; þá er bylirnir kómu, when the squalls passed over, Fms. viii. 52. bylta, u, f. a heavy fall, Grönd. 147; bylting, f. a revolution; and bylta, t, with dat. to overthrow. byrða, ð, I. [borði], to embroider, Gkv. 2. 16. II. [borð], to board, in compds = sí-byrða, inn-byrða, to pull on board; þykkbyrt, Fms. viii. 139. byrða, u, f. a large trough, Stj. MS. 127, Ed. 178 reads bryðjum, N. G. L. i. 255, B. K. 52. byrði, n. the board, i.e. side, of a ship. Edda (Gl.), Jb. 147. byrðingr, m. [old Dan. byrthing, from byrðr], a ship of burthen, merchant-ship, Eg. 53, Nj. 281, Fær. 12, 195, 196, Fms. iv. 255, vii. 283, 286, 310, viii. 208, 274, 372, ix. 18, 44, 46, 299, 470, x. 25, xi. 430, etc.; this is the genuine Scandin. word, wilst kjóll, kuggr, karfi (q.v.) are all of foreign origin. COMPDS: byrðings-maðr, m. a merchant-seaman, Fær. 4, Fms. ix. 18. byrðings-segl, n. the sail of a byrðingr, Fms. iv. 259. byrðr (mod. byrði), f., gen. ar, pl. ar, mod. ir, [bera A. I.] :-- a burthen, Nj. 19, Edda 74, Fas. ii. 514, Fms. v. 22, vi. 153, Fb. i. 74: hver einn mun sína byrði bera, Gal. vi. 5. β. metaph. a burthen, task. Fms. ix. 330; hafi sá þá byrði er hann bindr sér sjálfum, 671. 1. byrgi, n. [borg; A. S. byrgen = sepulcrum], an enclosure, fence, Eb. 132; helvítis byrgi, the gates of hell, Stj. 420, Post. 656 C. 6: metaph., b. hugar = hugborg, the breast, Hom. 148. COMPDS: byrgis-kona, u, f. a concubine, N. G. L. i. 327 (where spelt birg-), Bs. i. 663. byrgis-skapr, m. concubinatus, Fms. iii. 145. byrging, f. a shutting up, Grág. ii. 110. byrgja, ð, [borg; cp. A. S. byrgjan, byrian; Engl. to bury] :-- to close, shut; b. dyrr eðr vindaugu, Grág. ii. 286; byrgja hús, Grett. 91 new Ed.; Hallfreðr byrgði húsit, Fms. ii. 83; b. sinn munn, to shut one's mouth, Bs. i. 786; í byrgðum kviði sinnar móður, 655 xxvii. 10: metaph., byrgð syndum, overwhelmed with sins, Greg. 41. 2. adding prepp. aptr, inn, to shut; Grettir byrgði aptr húsit, Grett. l.c. MS. A; b. aptr garð, to shut a fence, Grág. ii. 283; b. aptr hlið á garði, id., Jb. 242; b. inann inni í húsum, to shut a man up in a house, Grág. ii. 110, Sks. 140; hvárki byrgðr né bundinn, 656 C. 32. 3. metaph. to hide, veil, of the face of God, the sun, or the like; sólin því ljóma sinn fékk byrgt, Pass. 44. 1; himna-ljósið var honum byrgt, 3. 2; byrg þig eigi fyrir minni grátbeiðni, Ps. lv. 2. 4. the phrase, b. e-n inni, to shut one in, outwit; alla menn byrgir þú inni fyrir vitsmuna sakir, Fms. x. 247, xi. 31; b. e-n úti, to leave one outside in the cold, and metaph. to prevent, preclude; b. úti váða, to prevent mishap, x. 418, Sks. 44, Mar. 656 A. 18; byrg úti hræðsluna, Al. 25. 5. reflex., Fas. ii. 281. II. [borga], reflex. byrgjask, to be answerable for, vide ábyrgjask. -byrja in compd úbyrja. BYRJA, að, [Swed. börja; lost in Dan., which has replaced it by begynde; Germ. beginnen; and probably also extinct in the mod. Norse dialects, vide Ivar Aasen, who seems not to have heard the word; it is in full use in Icel. and is a purely Scandin. word; the root is the part. pass. of bera A. II] :-- to begin. I. in the phrase, b. mál e-s, to plead one's cause, O. H. L. 5; ek skal byrja (support) þitt mál, sem ek kann, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 65; hann byrjaði hennar mál við Ólaf konung, x. 310; með einum hundraðs-höfðingja þeim er byrjaði mál hans, Post. 645. 96; hefir þú fram byrjat þitt erindi, 655 xxx. 13, Al. 159: this sense, however, is rare and obsolete. II. to begin; b. ferð, to begin one's journey, to start, Edda 1, Fms. iv. 232, Eg. 106, Ld. 162; b. ræðu, to begin a speech, Sks. 238; b. e-t upp, to begin, Bs. i. 825: reflex., Rb. 210: the word is not very freq. in old writers, who prefer the word hefja, incipere, hence upphaf, beginning; in mod. writers hefja is rather archaïc, but byrja in full use, and is used both as act., impers., and reflex.; Icel. say, sagan byrjar, söguna byrjar, and sagan byrjast, all in the same sense. III. [bera A. II], mostly in pass. to be begotten, Lat. suscipi; Elias af hjúskap byrjaðr, Greg. 16; á þeim mánuðum er barn var byrjað, Grág. i. 340; á þeirri sömu nótt sem hann byrjaðisk, Stj. 176; sem þau hittusk á fjallinu Brynhildr ok Sigurðr ok hon (viz. the daughter Áslaug) var byrjuð, Fas. i. 257; heldr ertu bráðr að byrja þann er bein hefir engin, 250 (in a verse). IV. impers. with dat.: 1. [bera C. III], to behove, beseem, be due; sem konungs-syni byrjar, Fms. i. 81; hann gefr sálu várri slíkan mátt sem henni byrjar, Hom. 157; svá byrjaði (behoved) Christo að líða, Luke xxiv. 46; þat byrjar mér meir at hlýða Guði en mönnum, 623. 11; sem aðiljanum byrjaði, Grág. i. 394; sem þeim byrjaði at manntali, i.e. in due proportion to their number, ii. 381; sem byrjar (as it behoves) hlýðnum syni ok

BYRJUN -- BÆN. 91

eptirlátum, Sks. 12; er helzt byrjar kaupmönnum at hafa, 52. 2. [byrr], the phrase, e-m byrjar vel, illa, one gets a fair, foul, wind; þeim byrjaði vel, Eg. 69; honum byrjaði vel, 78, Eb. 8; byrjaði þeim vel um haustið, Fms. iv. 293; þeim byrjaði illa, Eg. 158. byrjun, f. beginning. byrla, að, [A. S. byreljan and byrljan; whence the word is probably borrowed] :-- to wait upon, with dat., esp. to hand the ale at a banquet, (answering to bera öl, Fs. 121); stóð þar upp Snjófrið dóttir Svása, ok byrlaði ker mjaðar fullt konungi, Fms. x. 379, Hkr. i. 102; hann setti annan mann til at b. sér, Post. 656 C. 32: metaph., hann byrlar optliga eitr sinnar slægðar mannkyninu, Fms. ii. 137: to fill the cup, síðan byrlar hann í hornin, Fas. ii. 550: in mod. use, to mix a beverage, esp. in bad sense, by putting poison in it. byrlari, a, m. [A. S. byrele], a cup-bearer, Fms. i. 291. byr-leiði, n. a favourable course, Fms. x. 291, Sks. 175. byr-léttr, adj. gently blowing, Hkr. ii. 143. byr-leysa, u, f. lack of fair wind, or a foul wind, Ann. 1392. byrli, a, m. = byrlari, Fms. x. 302. byr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), promising a fair wind; því at ekki er byr- ligt, Sd. 174, in the phrase, blása byrlega, to blow fair for one; ekki b. draumr, a bad dream, Fas. i. 14. byr-lítill, adj. of a light (but fair) breeze, Fms. iv. 297. BYRR, gen. byrjar, nom. pl. byrir, acc. byri: [Swed.-Dan. bör; cp. usage of Gr. GREEK] :-- a fair wind; it is freq. used in pl., esp. in the impers. phrase, e-m gefr vel byri (acc. pl.), one gets a fair wind, rarely, and less correct, byr (acc. sing.), Nj. 10, Vápn. 9, but sing. Nj. 4, Eg. 98; byri gefr hann brögnum, Hdl. 3; með hinum beztuni byrjum, Bs. i. 781; bíða byrjar, Fms. i. 131; liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind, Eg. 183; byrr rennr á, a fair breeze begins to blow; þá rann á byrr ok sigldu þeir, Nj. 135, Eg. 158; þá féll byrrinn, Eb. 8; þá tók byrr at vaxa, Eg. 390: allit, naut. phrases, blásandi byrr, blíðr byrr, beggja skauta byrr; hagstæðr byrr, fagr byrr. hægr, óðr byrr, Hm. 89; hrað- byri, etc.: also metaph., hafa góðan, mikinn, lítinn byrr, to be well, much, little favoured: in poetry in many compds, byrjar drösull, the horse of the wind, a ship; byr-skíð, byr-rann. a ship; byrr always denotes the wind on the sea. byrjar-gol, n. a fair breeze, Fms. ix. 21. byrsta, t, [bursti], to furnish with bristles or spikes, Sks. 418; gulli byrstr, Fas. i. 184. 2. metaph. the phrase, b. sik or byrstask, to raise the bristles, to shew anger, Fms. ii. 174, Finnb. 248, Pass. 26. I. byr-sæll, adj. having good luck, fair wind, Fms. x. 314. byr-vænligr, byrvænn, adj. promising a fair wind, Orkn. 332, Fms. ii. 5. BYSJA, [Dan. buse; Swed. busa = to gush], to gush, a defect, verb, occurs only twice or thrice, viz. in pres. sing, býss, Ó. H. (in a verse), busti (pret. sing.), gushed, of blood, Hkv. 2.8; of tears, Edda (append.) 217: the infin. never occurs, and the word is never used in prose. byssa, u, f. [Lat. pyxis], a box, Vm. 117, D. N.: mod. a gun (Germ, büchse). bytna, að, [botn], to come to the bottom, Krók. 20 new Ed.: metaph., b. á e-m, to tell on or against one. BYTTA. u, f. [Dan. bötte], a pail, small tub, K. Þ. K. 82, Stj. 444, Fms. x. 54, Jm. 29, N. G. L. i. 3-27: of the bucket for baling a ship with, Fbr. 131, Grett. 95; hence byttu-austr, the old mode of pumping is defined, Fbr. and Grett. 1. c. byxa, t, to box, Bev. Fr.; byxing, f. boxing, Finnb. 344 (Engl. word). BÝ, n. [Lat. apis; the Goth, word is not on record; A. S. beo; Engl. bee; O. H. G. pia; Germ, biene, and older form beie, Grimm i. 1367; Swed.-Dan. bi] :-- a bee; the spelling in Icel. with ý is fixed by long usage, and by a rhyme in the Höfuðl., Jöfurr sveigði ý | flugu unda bý, where ý (a bow) and bý (bee j) rhyme; because perhaps an etymology from bú floated before the mind, from the social habits of bees, Barl. 86; the simple by is quite obsolete in Icel. which only uses the compd, bý-fluga, u, f. a 'bee-fly,' bee, Edda 12, Stj. 91, 210, etc.; bý-flygi, n. id., Bs. i. 210, Stj. 411. býfur, f. pl. the feet, with a notion of awkwardness; retta býfur, to stretch the legs out in an awkward manner; þar lá Kolfinnr son hennar, ok rétti býfur hölzti langar, Ísl. ii. 416: the passage Od. ix. 298 -- GREEK -- Egilsson in his rhymed translation renders graphically, ok meðal búfjár býfur rétti. býli, n. [ból], an abode, mostly in compds, á-býli, etc. býll, adj. [ból], living, in compds, ár-býll, harð-býll, þung-býll. býr, v. bær. bý-skip, n. the ship of the bees, the air, sky, poët., Höfuðl. 17 (dub.) BÝSN, n. [cp. A. S. bysen, bisen, which means example, whilst the Icel. word means] a wonder, a strange and portentous thing; commonly Used in pl., urðu hverskonar býsn, 625. 42; þar sem þessi býsn (acc. pl.) bar fyrir, Fms. xi. 13; þetta eru stór býsn, 64; slíkt eru banvæn býsn, Fas. iii. 13 (in a verse); sing., Fms. xi. 10, 64: in mod. use fem. sing., Fb. i. 212, Pr. 76, 91; býsna-veðr, portentous weather, Fms. iii. 137; býsna- vetr, a winter of portents, when many ghosts and goblins were about, Bs., Sturl. i. 115; býsna-sumar, in the same sense, Ann. 1203. In mod. use býsna- is prefixed to a great many words in the sense of pretty, tolerably, Germ, ziemlich; býsna-vel, b. góðr, langr, fljótr, pretty well, pretty good, etc. in early writers the sense is much stronger. býsna, að, to portend, bode; þetta býsnar tjón ok sorg, Karl. 492; the proverb, býsna skal til batnaðar, i. e. things must be worse before they are better, Old Engl. 'when bale is highest, bote is nighest,' Fms. v. 199, (spelt bisna, O. H. L.); er býsna skal at betr verði, x. 261. býta, tt, [bútr], to deal out, give, with dat. of the thing; býtti Hrafn silfrinu, Fas. iii. 256: esp. býta út, or út býta, to give alms, Hebr. xiii. 16, Gal. vi. 6. β. to exchange, Dan. bytte; býttum við jörðum okkar, Dipl. i. 12, H. E. i. 561. býti, n. exchange, barter, Krók. 65; býting, f. spending, Ann. 1408. BÆÐI, [v. báðir, where in p. 54, col. 2, 1. 7, the words 'rarely Norse' should be struck out], used adverbially, both, Scot. ' baithh, 'with conjunctions connecting two parts of a sentence: a. bæði, ... ok, both ... and; bæði vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold, Nj. 6; b. blár ok digr, Fms. vii. 162; vitandi bœði gott ok illt, knowing both good and evil, Stj. 145. Gen. iii. 5; b. fyrir sína hönd ok annarra, Bs. i. 129; b. at viti ok at öðru, 127; b. at lærdómi, vitrleik, ok atgörvi, in learning, wisdom, and accom- plishments, 130 (where the subdivision after bæði is triple); b. lönd ok kvikfé, Ísl. ii. 61; mun nú vera rofit bæði búlkinn ok annat, Fms. vi. 381; bæði var at hann kunni betr en flestir menn aðrir, ok hafði betri færi á ..., Bs. i. 129; sometimes in inverse order, ok ... bæði; hér og á himnum bæði, Pass. 24. 7; fagrt ok fátítt b., Hom. 117; undruðu ok hörmuðu b., 120. β. bæði... enda, where the latter part of the sen- tence, beginning with 'enda,' is of a somewhat disjunctive character, and can scarcely be literally rendered into English; it may denote irony or displeasure or the like, e. g. það er b. hann er vitr, enda veit hann af því, i.e. he is clever, no doubt, and knows it; b. er nú, jarl, at ek á yðr margan sóma at launa, enda vili þér nú hafa mik í hina mestu hættu, it is true enough, my lord, that I have received many good things from you, but now you put me in the greatest danger, i. e. you seem to intend to make me pay for it, Fb. i. 193: or it denotes that the one part of a sentence follows as a matter of course from the other, or gives the hidden reason; b. mundi vera at engi mundi þora at etja, enda mundi engi hafa hest svá góðan, i. e. no one would dare to charge him, as there would hardly be any who had so good a horse, Nj. 89. bægi-fótr, m. [bágr], 'lame-foot,' a cognom., Eb.; Egilsson renders GREEK (Od. viii. 349) by bægi-fótr. bæging, f. thwarting, Finnb. 344. bæginn, adj. cross-grained, Fms. iii. 95; bægni, f. peevishness; orð- bæginn, q.v.; mein-bæginn, pettish. bægja, ð, (an old pret. bagði, Haustl. 18), [bágr], with dat. to make one give way, push one back; tröll-konan bægir honum til fjallsins, Bs. i. 464; b. skipi ór lægi, to push the ship from her moorings, Fms. vii. 114; b. vist sinni, to change one's abode, remove, Eb. 252; þeim bægði veðr, of foul wind, Eg. 245; honum bægði veðr, ok bar hann til eyja þeirra er Syllingar heita, the weather drove him from his course, and he was carried to the islands called Scilly, Fms. i. 145. β. absol. to binder; ef eigi b. nauðsynjar, Grág. i. 446. 2. metaph. to treat harshly, oppress one, Bs. i. 550. 3. reflex. with the prep. við; b. við e-n, to quarrel; þá vill hann eigi við þá bægjask, Ld. 56; þá var við enga at bægjask (none to dispute against) nema í móti Guðs vilja væri, Bs. i. 128. β. bægjask til e-s, to contend about a thing, but with the notion of unfair play; betra er at vægjask til virðingar en b. til stór-vandræða, Fms. vii. 25. γ. impers., bægðisk honum svá við, at ..., things went so crookedly for him, that..., Grett. MS. bæki, v. beyki; bæki-skógr, m. a beech-wood, Fms. xi. 224. bæklingr, m. [bók], a 'bookling,' little book, Lat. libellus, Bs. i. 59. bæla, d, I. [bál], to burn = bræla, in the allit. phrase brenna ok b., 671. 4, Fms. iv. 142, vi. 176; vide bræla, Fas. i. 4. II. [ból], to pen sheep and cattle during the night; reflex., dýr bælask í þeim stöðum, Greg. 68. bæli, n. [ból], 1. in the Norse sense, a farm, dwelling, = býli, Gþl: 452. 2. in the Icel. sense, a den, Fas. ii. 231, of a vulture's nest; arnar-bæli, an eyry, a freq. local name of farms in Icel., Landn.; dreka- bæli, orms-bæli, a dragon's lair, serpent's den, Edda; even used of the lair of an outlaw, Grett. 132 (Grettis-bæli), Ld. 250. BÆN and bón, f. [biðja], prayer, request, boon; these two words are nearly identical in form, and sometimes used indiscriminately as to sense; but in most cases they are different, bæn having a deeper sense, prayer, bón, request, boon; we may say biðja e-n bónar, and biðja e-n bænar, but the sense is different; only bæn can be used of prayer to God; göra e-t at bæn e-s, Fs. 38; er su bæn allra var, at ..., we all beg, that..., Eg. 28; skaltú veita mér bæn þó er ek mun biðja þik, Nj. 26; fella bæn at e-m, to pray one earnestly, Ísl. ii. 305. β. prayer to God, often in plur.; vera á bænum, to be at prayers; hon var löngum um nætr at kirkju á bæuum sínum, Ld. 328; hann hellir út bænir fyrir dómstól Krists, Hom. 13, 156; bæn ok ölmusugjafir, Bs. i. 370, Pass. 4. 22, 44. 17: the phrase, vera e-m góðr (illr) bæna (gen. pl.), to turn the ear (or a deaf ear) to one's prayers, Hom. (St.) 95; ver mér nú svá bæna, sem þú vilt at Guð sé þér á dóms- degi, Orkn. 174; Drottinleg bæn, the Lord's Prayer; kveld-baen, evening

92 BÆNAFULLTING -- BÖSTL.

prayer; morgun-bæn, morning prayer; lesa bænir sínar. to say one's prayers, etc. COMPDS: bæna-fullting, f. support of prayers, Fms. vi. 114. bæna-hald, n. a holding of prayers, Landn. Hi, Gþl. 41; baenahalds- maðr, a man who prays to God, a religions man, Bs. i. 72, Hom. 154. bæna-hús, n. a chapel, Grág. i. 459, Bs. i. 646; b. tollr, 647: a house of prayer, Matth. xxi. 13. bæna-staðr, m. entreaty, intercession, prayer; þat er b. minn til allrar alþýðu, Nj. 189; ek ætlaða, at þér munduð láta standa minn b. um einn maun, Fms. vi. 101; göra e-t fyrir bænastað e-s, to do a thing because of one's intercession or prayer, Lv. 13: supplication, Bs. i. 740; með beztu manna ráði ok b., Gþl. 13. bænar- bréf, n. a letter of entreaty, Ann. 1330; bónar-bréf, 1392. bænar- orð, n. pl. prayers, entreaties, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 235, Sks. 515. bæna, d, to pray, entreat one; bændi hann til at hann skyldi, Fms. x. 387; prestr sá er baendr er. requested, K.Þ.K. 8, 40; því ætla ek at senda hann til keisarans sem hann bændi (asíed) sjálfr, Post. 645. 98, cp. Acts xxv. 25; grát-bæna, to pray 'greeting,' i.e. with tears. β. bæna sik, (in mod. use) to cover the face with the hands in prayer. bæn-heyra, ð, esp. theol. to hear one's prayer, N.T. bæn-hús = bænahús, Pm. 41, Dipl. iii. 2, iv. 9, Vm. 78. bæn-rækinn, adj. diligent in prayer, Hkr. ii. 191. BÆR, bœr, or býr, gen. baejar or býjar; gen. biar also occurs, esp. in Norse MSS. of the 14th century, Fb., but is rare and unclassical; pl. -ir, gen. -ja, dat. -jum. In Icel. people say bær; in Norway bö in Swed. and Dan. (always with y) by; the root word being búa, bú: this word is very freq. in local names of towns and villages throughout the whole of Scandinavia; and wherever the Scandinavian tribes settled the name by or bö went along with them. In the map of Northern England the use of this word marks out the limits and extent of the Norse immigration, e.g. the name Kirkby or Kirby; about twenty or thirty such are found in English maps of the Northern and Midland Counties, denot- ing churches built by the Norse or Danish settlers, as Whitby, Grimsby, etc., cp. Kirkjubær in Icel. In Denmark and Sweden local names ending in -by are almost numberless. I. a town, village, this is the Norse, Swed., and Dan. notion; þeir brenna býi at köldum kolum, Fms. xi. 122; til bæjarins (of Niðarós), vii. 30; of Bergen, viii. 360, 438; Tunsberg, ix. 361; of the town residence of the earl of Orkney, Nj. 267: allit., borgir ok bæi, castles and towns, Ann. 1349, etc. etc.; baejar-biskup, a town-bishop, Fms. vii. 32; bæjar-prestr, a town- priest, D.N.; bæjar-lögmaðr, a town-justice, id.; bæjar-lýðr, bæjar-lið, bæjar-menn, town's-people, Fms. viii. 38, 160, 210, Eg. 240, Bs. i. 78; baejar-brenna, the burning of a town, Fms. x. 30; bæjar-bygð, a town-district, viii. 247; bæjar-gjald, a town-rate, N.G.L. i. 328; bæjar-sýsla, a town-office, Fms. vi. 109; bæjar-starf, id., Hkr. iii. 441; bæjar-seta, dwelling in town, Ld. 73, Ísl. ii. 392. II. a farm, landed estate, this is the Icel. notion, as that country has no towns; bær in Icel. answers to the Germ, 'hof,' Norweg. 'ból,' Dan. 'gaard,' denoting a farm, or farmyard and buildings, or both together; hence the phrase, reisa, göra, setja bæ, efna til bæjar, to build the farmstead, Eb. 10, 26, 254, Ld. 96, 98, Fs. 26, Landn. 126, 127, Eg. 131, Gísl. 8, 28, Bs. i. 26, Þorst. hv. 35; byggja bæ, Bs. i. 60; the phrase, bær heitir..., a farm is called so and so, Ísl. ii. 322, 323, 325, Ann. 1300, Hrafn. 22, Dropl. 5; the allit. phrase, búa á bæ..., Þorst. hv. 37; the passages are numberless, and 'bær' has almost become synonymous with 'house and home;' and as it specially means 'the farm-buildings,' Icel. also say innan-bæjar, in-doors; utan-bæjar, out-of-doors; í bæ, within doors; milii baejar ok stöðuls, K.Þ.K. 78; milli bæja; bæ frá bæ, from house to house; á bæ og af bæ, at home and abroad: things belonging to a bær, bæjar-dyr, the doors of the houses, the chief entrance; bæjar-hurð (janua); bæjar-veggr, the wall of the houses; bæjar-bust, the gable of the houses; bæjar-lækr, the home-spring, well; bæjar-hlað, the premises; bæjar-stétt, the pavement in the front of the houses; bæjar-leið, a furlong, a short distance as between two 'bæir;' bæjar-sund, passage between the houses; bæjar-hús, the home-stead, opp. to fjár-hús, etc., where cattle is kept, or barns and the like; fram-bær, the front part of the houses; torf-bær, timbr-bær, a 'bær' built of turf or timber: phrases denoting the 'bær' as hearth and home, hér sú Guð í bæ, God be in this house, a form of greeting, cp. Luke x. 5; bæjar-bragr, the customs or life in a house; nema börn hvað á bæ er títt (a proverb). bæra, ð, [bera, báru], to move, stir, esp. reflex. to stir a limb, Bb. 3.31; enginn sá hans varir bærast, no one saw his lips move. bæri-ligr, adj. fit, seemly, Stj. 141. bærr, adj. due, entitled to, cp. Germ, gebührend; the proverb, b. er hverr at ráða sínu, every one has a right to dispose of his own property, Ísl. ii. 145; vera b. at dæma um e-t, to be a fit judge in a matter (a proverb); unbecoming, Yt. 11. bæsa, t, [báss], = bása, to drive cattle into stall, Gísl. 20; the saying, fyrr á gömlum uxanum at b. en kálfinum, Fms. vi. 28. bæsingr, m., prop, one born in a báss (q.v.); hence, as a law term, the child of an outlawed mother; þat barn er ok eigi arfgengt (that child is also not entitled to inheritance), er sú kona getr er sek er orðin skógarmaðr, þó-at hon geti við bónda sínum úsekjum, ok heitir sá maðr bæsingr, Grág. i. 178. Is not the name Bastard, which first occurs as. the surname of the Conqueror, simply a Norman corruption of this Scandin. law term? The son of an outlawed father was called vargdropi, q.v. 2. poët. the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.) BÆTA, tt, [bót; Ulf. bôtjan = GREEK; Hel. bôtian; A. S. bêtan; O.H.G. bôzau; Germ. büssen] :-- to better, improve, amend, also t o restore, repair, Nj. 163, Gþl. 411; b. aptr, to restore, Grág. ii. 336; b. upp, to restore, atone for, Fms. ix. 43; b. at e-u, to repair, 367; bæta ráð sitt, to better one's condition, to marry, Nj. 2: theol. to better one's life: Guð bætti honum af þessi sótt, God restored him to health, Fms. ix. 391; with gen. of the sickness, O.H.L. 84. β. to mend, put a patch on a garment. 2. reflex., e-m bætisk, one gets better, is restored to health; at föður hans bættisk helstríð, Landn. 146: absol., bættisk honum þegar, he got better at once, Bs. i. 318, 319, 325: with gen., baettisk Búa augna-verkjarins, Ísl. ii. 428 (rare); cp. heilsu-bót, recovery of health. II. a law term, to pay weregild, the person slain in acc., the money in dat.; Hrafnkell bætti engan mann fé, i.e. H. paid no weregild whomsoever he slew, Hrafn. 4; ek vil engan mann fé b., 9; Styrr vá mörg víg, en bætti engin (viz. víg), S. slew many men, but paid for none, Eb. 54; bæta þá menn alla er þar létusk eðr fyrir sárum urðu, 98; b. sakir (acc.) fé (dat.), Grág. ii. 169: the allit. law term, b. baugum, to pay weregild, 174: the amount of money in acc. to pay out, bæt heldr fé þat er þú ert sakaðr við hann, Fms. iii. 22; ok á hann eigi þat at b., he has not to pay that, Grág. ii. 168; b. öfandar bót, Gþl. 358: part. bættr, Eb. 98, 246. 2. metaph. to redress, adjust; b. við e-n, or b. yfir við e-n, to give one redress, make good a wrong inflicted; hefir þú yfir bætt við mik um þetta bráðræði, Fms. ii. 25, xi. 434: also used in a religious sense, skaltu b. við Guð, er þú hefir svá mjök gengit af trú þinni, ii. 213 (yfír-bót, repentance); b. sál, or b. fyrir sál sinni, to do for the health of the soul, iv. 63, Fb. i. 345 Bs. i. 642 (in a verse); b. um e-t, to make a thing better (um-bot, bettering, improvement), Orkn. 442: reflex., ekki bætisk um, matters grow worse, Fms. ii. 53; b. við, to add to (við-bót, addition), Húv. 45. 3. part. pass, used as adj. in compar.; ok er eigi at bættra, þótt ..., things are no better, though ..., Fms. vii. 36; þykir mér Ólafr ekki at bættari, þótt..., i.e. it is no redress for Olave's death, though ..., Fas. ii. 410; er mér ekki sour minn at bættari þótt Bolli sé drepinn, my son's death is none the more atoned for though B. is slain, Ld. 226. 4. part. act. as noun; bætandi, pl. -endr, a law term, one who has to pay weregild, Grág. ii. 174, etc. BÆXL, mod. bæxli, n. [bógr], the shoulder (Lat. armus) of a dragon, whale, shark, or the like, Fms. vi. 351, Bret. 544.16, Gullþ. 7. BÖÐ, f., gen. böðvar, [A. S. beadu], a battle, only in poetry, in which it is used in a great many compds; hence come the pr. names Böðvarr, Böðvildr, Böðmóðr, vide Lex. Poët. böðull, m., dat. böðli, [Dan. böddel], an executioner, (mod. word.) böðvask, að, dep. to rave, Hðm. 21. BÖGGR, m., dat. böggvi, an obsol. word, a bag; breiðr b., a big bag, in a metaph. sense, Glúm. (in a verse): the dimin. böggull, m. a small bag, is in freq. use as a nickname, Arn. S. Bs. i. bögla, að, to shrivel, v. bagla. BÖL, n., dat. bölvi, gen. pl. bölva, [cp. Goth, balva-vesei and balveins = GREEK, GREEK; A.S. balew; Engl. bale; Hel. balu; O.H.G. balv; lost in mod. Germ, and Dan.] :-- bale, misfortune; allit. phrases, böl and bót, 'bale' and 'bote;' bölva bætr, Stor. 22; þegar böl er hæst er bót næst, 'when bale is hest, bote is nest,' Morris, E. Engl. Spec, 100; svá skal böl bæta at bíða annat meira (a proverb), Grett. 123, Fbr. 193; böl er búskapr (a proverb). böl-bæn, f. imprecation, Sks. 435, Anecd. 10. böl-fengi, f. malice, O.H.L. 32. böll-óttr, adj. ball-shaped, Sks. 634; b. eggskurn, Stj. 12; b. manna höfuð, Fms. v. 343, Rb. 466. BÖLLR, m., gen. ballar, dat. belli, [Engl. ball; O.H.G. balla] :-- a ball, globe: the ball, in the game of cricket, Gísl. 26 (in a verse, A.D. 963), but hardly ever used, knöttr being the common word: a globe, Al. 18; b. jarðar, Sks. 205 B; b. sólar, id., v. 1.: the front of a phalanx, belli svínfylktar fylkingar, 384 B: a small body of men, Lat. globus, Fms. viii. 406, where some MSS. read bjöllr, probably to avoid the ambiguity: a peak, mountain, in the local name Ballar-á, a farm in the west of Iceland, Eb. 2. anatom. the glans penis, Grág. ii. 16. bölva, að, [Ulf. balvjan = GREEK], to curse, with dat. or absol., Stj. 37, 199, Sks. 539, 549, Hom. 33. β. to swear, Sturl. iii. 239. bölv, n. swearing, (mod.) bölvan, f. a curse, Stj. 37, 483: swearing, Fær. 239, Hom. 86. böl-víss, adj. [Ulf. balva-vesei, Hel. balu-veso, = diabolus], 'bale-wise,' detestable, Hbl. 23:3 nickname, Hkv. BÖRGR, m. [Dutch and Germ. barg; Engl. barrow], a barrow-hog, Hd., Lex. Poët. BÖRKR, m., gen. barkar, dat. berki, bark, Stj. 177, Pr. 473, Am. 17; börku (acc. pl.), N.G.L. i. 242: a pr. name of a man, Landn. börr, m. a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. II. a son = burr, böruðr, m., poët, an ox, Edda (Gl.) böstl, f., pl. böstlar, arrows, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.

C -- D. 93

C (cé), the third letter, has all along been waning in Icel. The early Gothic Runes (Golden horn) use RUNE for k, e.g. RUNE for ek, ego; the later common Runes have no c. The Anglo-Saxon Runes follow the Gothic, and use c tor k, as cén, a torch. A. SPELLING. -- The rule given by the first Icel. grammarian, Thorodd (A.D. 1140), is curious; he says that he will follow the Scots in using c with all the vowels, as in Latin, and then makes c serve instead of k; but, though in other cases he makes the small capitals serve for double consonants, e. g. uBi, braT, meN, haLar, döG, = ubbi, bratt, menn, etc., he admits k to mark a double c, and spells söc sake, but sök sank; lycia to shut, but lykja a knot; vaca to wake, but vaka vagari; þecia to thatch, but þekia to know. Thorodd gives as his reason that other consonants have different shapes as small or capital, but c is uniform, whereas he says that k suits well for a double c, being a Greek letter itself, and having a shape similar to a double c, namely, RUNE; this k or double c he calls ecc, but the single c he calls ce, Skálda 108. The second grammarian (about the end of the 12th century) only admits c as a final letter, ranking with ð, z, or x, which are never used as initials: all these letters he calls 'sub-letters;' he thus writes karl, kona, kunna, but vöc, söc, tac. Such were the grammatical rules, but in practice they were never strictly followed. As the Anglo-Saxon, in imitation of the Latin, used c throughout for k, so the earliest Icel. MSS., influenced by the Anglo-Saxon or by MSS. written in Britain, made free use of it, and k and c appear indiscriminately; k is more frequent, but c is often used between two vowels or after a vowel, e.g. taca, lécu, vica, hoc, etc. etc. In such cases, t and c (k) can often hardly be distinguished; and readings can sometimes be restored by bearing this in mind, e.g. in Bjarn. S. (all our MSS. come from a single vellum MS.) the passage 'létu heim at landinu' should be read 'lécu (léku) honum landmunir,' 16; ' sáttvarr' is 'sacvarr,' i.e. sakvarr, 51; cp. also such readings as bikdælir instead of Hitdælir, Gullþ. 3; drickin = dritkinn, id. In Ad. 20 it is uncertain whether we are to read veclinga- or vetlinga-tös, probably the former. B. FOREIGN WORDS. -- Throughout the Middle Ages the spelling remained unsettled, but k gained ground, and at the time of the Reformation, when printing began, c was only kept to mark the double k, ek (cut on one face), and in foreign proper names; but it was not admitted in appellatives such as kirkja, klaustr, klerkr, kór, kross, kalkr or kaleikr, church (Scot, kirk), cloister, clericus, choir, cross, calix, etc., or in kista, kastali, kerti, keisari, kær, kærleiki, kyndill, kórona or krúna, kurteisi, kumpan, kompás, kapítuli, cista, castellum, cern, caesar (as appell.), carus, caritas, candela, corona, courtesy, company, compass, chapter. All words of that kind are spelt as if they were indigenous. The name of Christ is usually in editions of the N.T. and Vidal. spelt Christus or Christur, but is always sounded as a native word Kristr or Kristur, gen. Krists, dat. Kristi; in modern books it is also spelt so, and almost always in hymns and rhymes, ancient as well as modern, e.g. Stríðsmenn þá höfðu krossfest Krist | skiptu í staði fjóra fyrst, Pass. 36. I, 19.1, 3, 10.1, 14.1, 15.2, 16.1, 49.4; Postula kjöri Kristur þrjá, 41; Stríðsmenn Krist úr kúpu færðu, 30.1; Framandi maðr mætti Kristi | hér má fínna hvern það lystir, 30.6, 46.12. Icel. also spell Kristinn, Kristilegr, Christian; kristna, to christen, etc. β. in the middle of syllables k for c is also used in words of foreign origin, Páskar = Pascha, Passover; dreki = draco; leikmenn = laici; Sikley or Sikiley = Sicilia; Grikland or Grikkland = Greece. In modern books of the last fifty years ck is turned into kk; and even C in proper names is rendered by K, except where it is sounded as S; thus Icel. spell Caesar, Cicero, Cyprus; for Sesar, Sisero, Syprus, Silisia -- although even this may be seen in print of the last ten or twenty years -- is a strange novelty. There is but one exception, viz. the proper name Cecilia, which, ever since the Reformation, has been spelt and pronounced Sesselja; where, however, the name occurs in old writers, e.g. the Sturl. i. 52 C, it is always spelt in the Latin form. Latin and foreign words are spelt with c in some MSS. communis-bók, f. a missal, Vm. 52. concurrentis-öld, f. dies concurrentes, Rb. crucis-messa = kross-messa, K.Þ.K. &hand; A digraph ch = k is at times found in MSS., as michill = mikill, etc. C is used in nearly all MSS. to mark 100; the Arabian figures, however, occur for the first time in the Hauks-bók and the chief MSS. of the Njála (all of them MSS. of from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century), but were again disused till about the time of the Reformation, when they came into use along with print. An inverted c (&c-reversed-long;) is sometimes in very early MSS. used as an abbreviation for con (kon), thus &c-reversed-long;ugr = konungr, &c-reversed-long;a = kona, &c-reversed-long;or = konor = konur; hence the curious blunder in the old Kd. of Páls. S., Bs. i. 140, viz. that a bishop had to take charge of women and clergy instead of choir and clergy, the word cór of the MSS. being mistaken for &c-reversed-long;or (konor). In MSS. of the 15th century c above the line is used as an abbreviation, e.g. t&c-super;a = taka, t&c-super;r = tekr, m&c-super;ill = mikill, etc. D D (dé) is the fourth letter of the alphabet; it is also written Ð ð (eð). The Gothic Runes have a special sign for the d RUNE or RUNE, namely, a double D turned together; this d is found on the Runic stone at Tune, the Golden horn, and the Bracteats. The reason why this character was used seems to have been that the Latin d RUNE was already employed to mark the th sound (RUNE), which does not exist in Latin. The Anglo- Saxon Runes follow the Gothic; again, the common Scandinavian Runes have no d, but use the tenuis t, to mark both d and t. A. PRONUNCIATION, etc. -- The Icel. has a double d sound, one hard (d) and one soft (ð commonly called 'stungið (cut) dé'); the hard d is sounded as the Engl. d in dale, day, dim, dark; the soft ð as the soft Engl. th in father, mother, brother, but is only used as a final or medial, though it occurs now and then in early MSS. to mark this sound at the beginning of words, e. g. ðar, ðinn, ðegar, but very rarely. B. SPELLING. -- In very early Icel. MSS. the soft d in the middle or end of words was represented by þ (th); thus we read, bloþ, faþir, moþir, guþ, orþ, eymþ, sekþ, dypþ, etc., blood... depth, etc. Even Thorodd docs not know the form ð, which was borrowed from the A.S. at the end of the 12th century, and was made to serve for the soft th sound in the middle or end of words, þ being only used at the beginning of syllables; but the old spelling with þ in the middle and at the end of syllables long struggled against the Anglo-Saxon ð, and most old vellum MSS. use ð and þ indiscriminately (bloþ and bloð); some use þ as a rule, e. g. Cod. Upsal. (Ub.) of the Edda, written about A.D. 1300, Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 250 sqq. At the beginning of the 14th century ð prevailed, but again lost its sway, and gave place to d, which marks both the hard and soft d sound in all MSS. from about A.D. 1350 sqq. Thenceforward ð was unknown in Icel. print or writing till it was resumed in the Ed. of Njála A.D. 1772 (cp. also the introduction to the Syntagma de Baptismo, A.D. 1770), and was finally introduced by Rask in common Icel. writing about the beginning of this century; yet many old people still keep on writing d throughout (fadir, modir). On the other hand, Norse (Norwegian) MSS. (laws) never use. a middle or final þ; and such words as oþr, goþr in a MS. are a sure mark of its Icel. origin. C. CHANGES: I. assimilation: 1. ðd change into dd, as in the feminines breidd, vídd, sídd, from breiðr, víðr, síðr; pret. beiddi, leiddi, ræddi, hæddi, hlýddi, etc., from beiða, ræða, hlýða, etc. 2. ðt into tt, adj. neut., gott, ótt, brátt, leitt, from góðr, óðr, bráðr, leiðr. 3. the Goth, zd, Germ, and Engl. rd into dd in words such as rödd = Goth. razda; oddr = Germ, ort; hodd = Engl. hoard, Goth. huzd; gaddr = Goth. gazds, etc. Those words, however, are few in number. II. the initial þ of a pronoun, if suffixed to the verb, changes into ð or d, and even t, e.g. far-ðu, gör-ðu, sjá-ðu, fá-ðu, bú-ðu, = far þú (imperat.), etc.; kalla-ðu, tala-ðu, = kalla þú, tala þú; or kon-du, leid-du, bíd-du, sýn-du, sen-du, = kom þú, leið þú, etc.; or t, hal-tu, vil-tu, skal-tu, ben-tu, hljót-tu, = hald þú, vilt þú, skalt þú, bend þú, hljót þu; and even so the plur. or dual -- komi-ðið, haldi-ðið, ætli-ðið, vilið-ið, göri-ðér, gangi-ðér, = komi þið ... gangi þér; or following conjunctions, efað-ðú = ef að þú, síðan-ðú = síðan þú, áðren-ððí = áðr en þú. III. change of d into ð: 1. d, whether radical or inflexive, is spelt and pronounced ð after a vowel and an r or f, g, e.g. blóð, þjóð, biðja, leið, nauð, hæð, brúðr, bæði, borð, orð, garðr, ferð, görð, bragð, lagði, hægð, hafði, höfðum (capitibus), etc. This is without regard to etymology, e.g. Goth, þiuda (gens) and þjuþ (bonum) are equally pronounced and spelt 'þjóð;' Goth. dauþs and dêds, Icel. dauði and dáð; Goth, guþ (deus) and gôds (bonus), Icel. guð, góðr; Goth. fadar, bruþar, Icel. faðir, bróðir, cp. Germ, vater, mutter, but bruder; Goth, vaurd and gards, Icel. orð, garðr; Engl. burden and birth, Icel. byrðr, burðr, etc. Again, in some parts of western Icel. rð, gð, and fd are pronounced as rd, gd, fd, ord, Sigurd, gerdu (fac), bragd (with a soft g, but hard d), hafdi (with a soft f and hard d); marks of this may be found in old MSS., e.g. Cod. Reg. (Kb.) of Stem. Edda. 2. an inflexive d is sounded and spelt ð: α. after k, p, e.g. in pret. of verbs, steypði, gleypði, klípði, drúpði, gapði, glapði, steikði, ríkði, sekði, hrökði, hneykði, blekði, vakði, blakði, etc., from steypa, klípa, drúpa, gapa, glepja, steikja, ríkja, sekja, hrökkva, hneykja, blekkja, vekja, or vaka, etc.; and feminines, sekð, eykð, dýpð, etc. β. after the liquids l, m, n in analogous cases, valði, dulði, hulði, deilði, and dæmði, sæmði, dreymði, geymði, samði, framði, and vanði, brenði, etc., from dylja, deila, dreyma, semja, venja, brenna, etc.; feminines or nouns, sæmð, fremð, vanði (use), ynði (delight), anði (breath), synð (sin): these forms are used constantly in very old MSS. (12th century, and into the 13th); but then they changed -- lð, mð, nð into ld, md, nd, and kð, pð into kt, pt, etc. γ. after s (only on Runic stones; even the earliest Icel. MSS. spell st), e.g. raisþi = reisti from reisa. In MSS. of the middle of that century, such as the Ó.H., Cod. Reg. of the Eddas and Grágás, the old forms are still the rule, but the modern occur now and then; the Grágás in nineteen cases out of twenty spells sekð (culpa), but at times also 'sekt;'

94 DAÐRA -- DAGK.

kð, pð were first abolished; the liquids kept the soft d till the end of the century, and lð, mð, nð is still the rule in the Hauksbók; though even the chief vellum MS. of the Njála (Arna-Magn. no. 468) almost constantly uses the modern ld, md, nd. As to kt and pt, the case is peculiar; in early times the Icel. pronounced dýpð or dýpþ etc. exactly as the English at present pronounce depth; but as the Icel. does not allow the concurrence of two different tenues, the modern pt and kt are only addressed to the eye; in fact, when ð became t, the p and k were at once changed into f and g. The Icel. at present says dýft, segt, just as he spells September, October, but is forced to pronounce 'Seft-,' 'Ogt-.' The spelling in old MSS. gives sometimes a clear evidence as to the etymology of some contested words, e.g. the spelling eykð (q.v.) clearly shews that the word is not akin to Lat. octo, but is derived from auka (augere), because else it would have been formed like nótt, átta, dóttir, Lat. noct-, octo, Gr. GREEK so anði, synð, shew that the d in both cases is inflexive, not radical, and that an, syn are the roots, cp. Gr. GREEK and Germ, sühnen; but when editors or transcribers of Icel. MSS. -- and even patriotic imi- tators of the old style -- have extended the ð to radical ld, nd, and write lanð, banð, hönð, valð, etc., they go too far and trespass against the law of the language. It is true that 'land' is in Icel. MSS. spelt 'lð,' but the stroke is a mark of abbreviation, not of a soft d. D. INTERCHANGE (vide p. 49): I. between Greek, Latin, and Scandinavian there are but few words to record, GREEK = dóttir, GREEK = dyr, GREEK = dyrr, GREEK and GREEK = dá and deyja, GREEK = díar, GREEK = dalr (arcus), and perhaps GREEK = dómr; Lat. truncus = draugr, trabere = draga. II. between High German on the one hand, and Low German with Scandinavian on the other hand, a regular inter- change has taken place analogous to that between Latin-Greek and Teutonic; viz. Scandin.-Engl. d, t, þ answer to H.G. t, z, d, e.g. Icel. dagr, Engl. day = H. G. tag; Icel. temja, Engl. tame = H.G. zähnen; Icel. þing, Engl. thing = H.G. ding. &hand; In very early Icel. MSS. we find the old Latin form d, which sometimes occurs in the Kb. of the Sæm. Edda, but it is commonly UNKNOWN, whence ð is formed by putting a stroke on the upper part, A.S. ð this shews that the ð is in form a d, not a þ (th); vide more on this subject in the introduction to þ Thorodd calls the capital D edd, the d dé. daðra, að, d. róunni, dat. to wheedle. dafi, a, m. or dafar, f. pl. a dub. word, a shaft (?), Akv. 4, 14. dafla, að, and damla, with dat. to dabble with the oar, up and down, metaph. from churning, Krók. 59 C. damla, u, f., is used of a small roll of butter just taken from the churn, það er ekki fyrsta damlan sem þú færð, Brúnn, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 124. dafna, að, to thrive well, a nursery term, used of babies. dafnan, f. thriving; döfnunar-barn, etc. daga, að, to dawn; eptir um morguninn er trautt var dagað, Eg. 360; þegar er hann sá at dagaði, Fms. v. 21; hvern daganda dag, Mar. (Fr.): impers., e-n dagar uppi, day dawns upon one, in the tales, said of hobgoblins, dwarfs, and giants, uppi ertu nú dvergr um dagaðr, nú skínn sól í sali, Alm. 36, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 29, 30; en Bárðdælingar segja hana (acc. the giantess) hafi dagat uppi þá þau glímdu, Grett. 141: single stone pillars are freq. said in Icel. to be giants or witches turned into stone on being caught by daylight, and are called Karl, Kerling, vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 207 sqq. dagan, dögur (deging, Sturl. i. 83 C), f. dawn, daybreak; í dagan, Edda 24; en er kom at d., 29; litlu fyrir d., 30, O.H.L. 51; um morg- uninn í d., Fms. ix. 258; í dögun, Eg. 261; i öndverða d., Sturl. ii. 249. dag-drykkja, u, f. a morning-draught, which was taken after the dagverðr, Orkn. 276, Fas. iii. 42. dag-far, n. a 'day-fare,' journey, used in dat. in the phrase, fara dagfari ok náttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 203; hann hafði farit norðan dagfari, in a single day's journey, ix. 513. 2. mod. and theol. the 'journey of life,' daily course, conduct; hence dagfars-góðr, adj. good and gentle. dag-fasta, u, f. fasting by day, K.Þ.K. 106, Hom. 73. dag-fátt, n. adj., in the phrase, verða d., to lose the daylight, to be over-taken by night, Fms. xi. 142, Rb. 376, Ver. 24. dag-ferð, dag-för, f. a day's journey, Symb. 15, Fms. xi. 440, Stj. 65. dag-ganga, u, f. a day's walk, Fas. iii. 643. dag-geisli, a, m. a day-beam, Bjarn. 46, name given to a lady-love. dag-langr, adj. [A.S. dœglang], all day long; d. erfiði, toil all day long, Sks. 42; daglangt, all this day long, for this day, Eg. 485, Fms. ii. 268. dag-lát, n. pl. day-dreams, vide dreyma. dag-leið, f. a day's journey, Fms. vii. 110, Hkr. i. 45; fara fullum dagleiðum, Grág. i. 48. dag-lengis, adv. all day long, Korm. (in a verse), Karl. 481. dag-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), daily, Fms. ix. 407, Sks. 42, Dipl. iii. 14, H. E. i. 432, Vm. 139. dag-mál, n. (vide dagr), prop. 'day-meal,' one of the divisions of the day, usually about 8 or 9 o'clock A. M.; the Lat. hora tertia is rendered by 'er vér köllum dagmál, 'which we call d., Hom. 142; cnn er ekki liðit af dagmálum, Hom. (St.) 10. Acts ii. 15; in Glúm. 342 we are told that the young Glum was very lazy, and lay in bed till day-meal every morning, cp. also 343; Hrafn. 28 and O.H.L. 18 -- á einum morni milli rismála ok dagmála -- where distinction is made between rismál (rising time) and dagmál, so as to make a separate dagsmark (q.v.) of each of them; and again, a distinction is made between 'midday' and dagmal, Ísl. ii. 334. The dagmal is thus midway between 'rising' and 'midday,' which accords well with the present use. The word is synonymous with dagverðarmál, breakfast-time, and denotes the hour when the ancient Icel. used to take their chief meal, opposed to náttmál, night-meal or supper-time, Fms. viii. 330; even the MSS. use dagmál and dagverðarmál indiscriminately; cp. also Sturl. iii. 4 C; Rb. 452 says that at full moon the ebb takes place 'at dagmálum.' To put the dagmál at 7.30 A.M., as Pál Vídalin does, seems neither to acccord with the present use nor the passage in Glum or the eccl. hora tertia, which was the nearest hour answering to the Icel, calculation of the day. In Fb. i. 539 it is said that the sun set at 'eykð' (i.e. half-past three o'clock), but rose at 'dagmál' which puts the dagmal at 8.30 A.M. COMPDS: dagmála- staðr, m. the place of d. in the horizon, Fb. I. dagmala-tið, f. morning terce, 625. 176. dag-messa, u, f. day-mass, morning terce, Hom. 41. DAGR, m., irreg. dat. degi, pl. dagar: [the kindred word dœgr with a vowel change from ó (dóg) indicates a lost root verb analogous to ala, ól, cp. dalr and dælir; this word is common to all Teutonic dialects; Goth. dags; A.S. dag; Engl. day; Swed.-Dan. dag; Germ, tag; the Lat. dies seems to be identical, although no interchange has taken place] :-- a day; in different senses: 1. the natural day :-- sayings referring to the day, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised, Hm. 80 ; allir dagar eiga kveld um síðir; mörg eru dags augu, vide auga; enginn dagr til enda tryggr, no day can be trusted till its end; allr dagr til stefnu, Grág. i. 395, 443, is a law phrase, -- for summoning was lawful only if performed during the day; this phrase is also used metaph. = 'plenty of time' or the like: popular phrases as to the daylight are many -- dagr rennr, or rennr upp, and kemr upp, the day rises, Bm. 1; dagr í austri, day in the east, where the daylight first appears; dagsbrún, 'day's brow,' is the first streak of daylight, the metaphor taken from the human face; lysir af degi, it brightens from the day, i.e. daylight is appearing; dagr ljómar, the day gleams; fyrir dag, before day; móti degi, undir dag, about daybreak; komið at degi, id., Fms. viii. 398; dagr á lopti, day in the sky; árla, snemma dags, early in the morning, Pass. 15. 17; dagr um allt lopt, etc.; albjartr dagr, hábjartr d., full day, broad daylight; hæstr dagr, high day; önd-verðr d., the early day = forenoon, Am. 50; miðr dagr, midday, Grág. i. 413, 446, Sks. 217, 219; áliðinn dagr, late in the day, Fas. i. 313; hallandi dagr, declining day; at kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day, Fms. i. 69. In the evening the day is said to set, hence dag-sett, dag-setr, and dagr setzt; in tales, ghosts and spirits come out with nightfall, but dare not face the day; singing merry songs after nightfall is not safe, það kallast ekki Kristnum leyft að kveða þegar dagsett er, a ditty; Syrpuvers er mestr galdr er í fólginn, ok eigi er lofat at kveða eptir dagsetr, Fas. iii. 206, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7, 8: the daylight is symbolical of what is true or clear as day, hence the word dagsanna, or satt sem dagr, q.v. 2. of different days; í dag, to-day, Grág. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36, Ld. 76, Fms. vi. 151; í gær-dag, yesterday; í fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í hinni-fyrra dag, the third day; annars dags, Vígl. 23, Pass. 50. I; hindra dags, the hinder day, the day after to-mor- row, Hm. 109; dag eptir dag, day after day, Hkr. ii. 313; dag frá degi, from day to day, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, id., Fms. viii. 182; annan dag frá öðrum. id., Eg. 277; um daginn, during the day; á dögunum. the other day; nótt ok dag, night and day; liðlangan dag, the 'life-long' day; dögunum optar, more times than there are days, i.e. over and over again, Fms. x. 433; á deyjanda degi, on one's day of death, Grág. i. 402. β. regu-dagr, a rainy day: sólskins-dagr, a sunny day; sumar- dagr, a summer day; vetrar-dagr, a winter day; hátíðis-dagr, a feast day; fegins-dagr, a day of joy; dóms-dagr, the day of doom, judgment day, Gl. 82, Fms. viii. 98; hamingju-dagr, heilla-dagr, a day of happiness; gleði- dagr, id.; brúðkaups-dagr, bridal-day; burðar-dagr, a birthday. 3. in pl. days in the sense of times; aðrir dagar, Fms. i. 216; ek ætlaða ekki at þessir dagar mundu verða, sem nú eru orðnir, Nj. 171; góðir dagar, happy days, Fms. xi. 286, 270; sjá aldrei glaðan dag (sing.), never to see glad days. β. á e-s dögum, um e-s daga eptir e-s daga, esp. of the lifetime or reign of kings, Fms.; but in Icel. also used of the lög- sögumaðr, Jb. repeatedly; vera á dögum, to be alive; eptir minn dag, 'after my day,' i.e. when I am dead. γ. calendar days, e.g. Hvita- dagar, the White days, i.e. Whitsuntide; Hunda-dagar, the Dog days; Banda-dagr, Vincula Petri; Höfuð-dagr, Decap. Johannis; Geisla-dagr, Epiphany; Imbru-dagar, Ember days; Gang-dagar, 'Ganging days,' Ro- gation days; Dýri-dagr, Corpus Christi; etc. 4. of the week- days; the old names being Sunnu-d. or Drottins-d., Mána-d., Týs-d., Öðins-d., Þórs-d., Frjá-d., Laugar-d. or Þvátt-d. It is hard to understand how the Icel. should be the one Teut. people that have disused the old names of the week-days; but so it was, vide Jóns S. ch. 24; fyrir bauð hann at eigna daga vitrum mönnum heiðnum, svá sem at kalla Týrsdag

DAGATAL -- DAN. 95

Óðinsdag, eðr Þórsdag, ok svá um alla vikudaga, etc., Bs. i. 237, cp. 165. Thus bishop John (died A.D. 1121) caused them to name the days as the church does (Feria sccunda, etc.); viz. Þriði-d. or Þriðju-d., Third-day = Tuesday, Rb. 44, K.Þ.K. 100, Ísl. ii. 345; Fimti-d., Fifth-day -- Thursday, Rb. 42, Grág. i. 146, 464, 372, ii. 248, Nj. 274; Föstu-d., Fast-day = Friday; Miðviku-d., Midweek-day = Wednesday, was borrowed from the Germ. Mittwoch; throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, however, the old and new names were used indiscriminately. The question arises whether even the old names were not imported from abroad (England); certainly the Icel. of heathen times did not reckon by weeks; even the word week (vika) is probably of eccl. Latin origin (vices, recurrences). It is curious that the Scandinavian form of Friday, old Icel. Frjádagr, mod. Swed.-Dan. Fredag, is A.S. in form; 'Frjá-,' 'Fre-,' can hardly be explained but from A.S. Freâ-, and would be an irregular transition from the Norse form Frey. The transition of ja into mod. Swed.-Dan. e is quite regular, whereas Icel. ey (in Frey) would require the mod. Swed.-Dan. ö or u sound. Names of weekdays are only mentioned in Icel. poems of the 11th century (Arnór, Sighvat); but at the time of bishop John the reckoning by weeks was probably not fully established, and the names of the days were still new to the people. 5. the day is in Icel. divided according to the posi- tion of the sun above the horizon; these fixed traditional marks are called dags-mörk, day-marks, and are substitutes for the hours of modern times, viz. ris-mál or miðr-morgun, dag-mál, há-degi, mið-degi or mið-mundi, nón, miðr-aptan, nátt-mál, vide these words. The middle point of two day-marks is called jafn-nærri-báðum, in modern pronunciation jöfnu-báðu, equally-near-both, the day-marks following in the genitive; thus in Icel. a man asks, hvað er fram orðið, what is the time? and the reply is, jöfnubáðu miðsmorguns og dagmála, half-way between mid-morn- ing and day-meal, or stund til (to) dagmála; hallandi dagmál, or stund af (past) dagmálum; jöfnu-báðu hádegis og dagmúla, about ten or half- past ten o'clock, etc. Those day-marks are traditional in every farm, and many of them no doubt date from the earliest settling of the country. Respecting the division of the day, vide Pál Vídal. s.v. Allr dagr til stefnu, Finnus Johann., Horologium Island., Eyktamörk Íslenzk (published at the end of the Rb.), and a recent essay of Finn Magnusson. II. denoting a term, but only in compounds, dagi, a, m., where the weak form is used, cp. ein-dagi, mál-dagi, bar-dagi, skil- dagi. III. jis a pr. name, Dagr, (freq.); in this sense the dat. is Dag, not Degi, cp. Óðinn léði Dag (dat.) geirs síns, Sæm. 114. COMPDS: daga-tal, n. a tale of days, Rb. 48. dags-brun, v. above. dags- helgi, f. hallowedness of the day, Sturl. i. 29. dags-ljós, n. daylight, Eb. 266. dags-mark, v. above. dags-megin, n., at dags magni, in full day, 623. 30. dags-munr, m. a day's difference; svá at d. sér á, i.e. day by day, Stj. dag-ráð, n. [A.S. dagrêd = daybreak], this word is rarely used, Eg. 53, 174, Fms. i. 131; in the last passage it is borrowed from the poem Vellekla, (where it seems to be used in the A.S. sense; the poet speaks of a sortilege, and appears to say that the sortilege told him to fight at daybreak, then he would gain the day); the passages in prose, however, seem to take the word in the sense of early, in good time. dag-ríki, n. (dag-rikt, n. adj., N. G. L. i. 342, 343, v.l.), in the phrase, bæta sem d. er til, of the breach of a Sunday or a holy day, to pay according to 'the day's might,' i.e. according to the time of the day at which the breach is committed, N.G.L. i. 342, 343, 348, 349; or does it mean 'the canonical importance' of the day (Fr.) ? dag-róðr, m. a day's rowing, A.A. 272. dag-sanna, u, f. true as day, Nj. 73, Fær. 169, Fas. i. 24, cp. Eb. 60. dag-setr (dag-sáter, Sturl. iii. 185 C), n. 'day-setting,' nightfall; um kveld nær dagsetri, Landn. 285; í d., Fms. v. 331, ix. 345; leið til dag- setrs, Grett. III; d. skeið, Fms. ix. 383. dag-sett, n. adj. id., Háv. 40; vide dagr. dag-sigling, f. a day's sailing, journey by sea, Rb. 482. dag-skemt, f. a day's amusement, games, telling stories, or the like, Sturl. i. 63 C, (dagskemta, gen. pl.) dag-skjarr, adj. 'day-scared,' shunning daylight, poët. epithet of a dwarf, Ýt. 2. dag-slátta, u, f. a day's mowing, an Icel. acre field, measuring 900 square fathoms (Icel. fathom = about 2 yards), to be mown by a single man in a day, Dipl. v. 28, Ísl. ii. 349. dag-stingr, m. the 'day-sting,' daybreak, Greg. 57, (rare.) dag-stjarna, u, f. the morning star, Lucifer, Al. 161, Sl. 39. dag-stund, f. day time, a whole day, K.Þ.K. 6; dagstundar Leið, a 'Leet' (i.e. meeting) lasting a day, Grág. i. 122 :-- elsewhere dagstund means an hour in the day time = stund dags. dag-stæddr, adj. fixed as to the day, Thom. 56, Fms. xi. 445. dag-tíð, f. [A. S. dagtid], day-service, 673. 60, 625. 177, Sks. 19. dag-veizla, u, f. help to win the day, = liðveizla, Fas. iii. 336. dag-verðr and dög-urðr, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, [Dan. davre], 'day- meal,' the chief meal of the old Scandinavians, taken in the forenoon at the time of dagmál, opp. to nátturðr or náttverðr (mod. Dan. nadver), supper; corresponding as to time with the mod. Engl. breakfast, as to the nature of the meal with the Engl. dinner. The old Scandinavians used to take a hearty meal before going to their work; cp. Tac. Germ. 22. An early and a hearty meal were synonymous words (vide árlegr); the old Hávamál advises men to go to the meeting 'washed and with full stomach' (þveginn ok mettr), but never to mind how bad their dress, shoes, or horse may be; and repeats the advice to take 'an early meal' even before visiting a friend, 32, cp. Hbl. 3. Several places in Icel. took their name from the settlers taking their first ' day-meal, ' e.g. Dög- urðar-nes, Dögurðar-á, Landn. 110, 111, cp. also Gísl. 12. The Gr. GREEK is rendered by dagverðr, Greg. 43. Matth. xxii. 4; but in the Icel. N. T. of 1540 sq. GREEK is constantly rendered by kveld-máltíð; eta dögurð, Landn. l.c., Nj. 175, Gísl. 1. c.; sitja yfir dagverði, Eg. 564, 577, Ísl. ii. 336, Fms. iv. 337, ix. 30; dögurðar borð, a day-meal table, in the phrase, sitja at dögurðar borði, to sit at table, Fms. i. 40, vi. 411, Hkr. i. 153, iii. 157; dögurðar-mál and dögurðarmál-skeið, the day-meal time, time of the day-meal, Fms. viii. 330, v.l.; um morguninn at dag- verðar máli, 443, Eg. 564, Edda 24, Hom. 91 (in pl.), O. H. L. 19. COMPD: dagverðar-drykkja, f. = dagdrykkja, the drinking after dag- verðr, Fas. iii. 530, Mag. 3. dag-villr, adj. 'day-wild,' i. e. not knowing what day it is, K. Á. 190, N. G. L. i. 342. dag-vöxtr, m. daily growth; in the phrase, vaxa dagvöxtum, to wax day by day, Finnb. 216, Eb. 318. dag-þing, n. and dag-þingan, f. a conference, Ann. 1391; vera í d. við e-n, Fms. iii. 201, Bs. i. 882, freq. in Thom. dag-þinga, að, to hold conference with one, D. N., Thom. (freq.) dala, að, to be dented; dalaði ekki né sprakk, Eg. 769, cp. Fas. iii. 12 (the verse). dal-búi (dalbyggi, Sd. 214), a, m, a dweller in a dale, Grett. 141 A. dal-bygð, f. a dale-country, Stj. 380, Hkr. ii. 8. dal-land, n. dale-ground, Grág. ii. 257. DALLR, m. a small tub, esp. for milk or curds; bæði byttur og dallar, Od. ix. 222, Snót 99. dalmatika, u, f. a dalmatic, Stj., Fms. iii. 168, Vm. 2, 123. DALR, s, m., old pl. dalar, acc. dala, Vsp. 19, 42, Hkv. i. 46; the Sturl. C still uses the phrase, vestr í Dala; the mod. form (but also used in old writers) is dalir, acc. dali, Hkv. Hjörv. 28; old dat. sing, dali, Hallr í Haukadali, Íb. 14, 17; í Þjórsárdali, í Örnólfsdali, 8, Hbl. 17; mod. dal; dali became obsolete even in old writers, except the earliest, as Ari: [Ulf. dais = GREEK Luke iii. 10, and GREEK vi. 39; A.S. dæl; Engl. dale; Germ, tal (thal); cp. also Goth, dalaþ = GREEK and dala above; up og dal, up hill and down dale, is an old Dan. phrase] :-- a dale; allit. phrase, djúpir dalir, deep dales, Hbl. 1. c.; dali döggótta, bedewed dales, Hkv. 1. c.; the proverbial saying, láta dal mæta hóli, let dale meet hill, 'diamond cut diamond,' Ld. 134, Fms. iv. 225: dalr is used of a dent or hole in a skull, dalr er í hnakka, Fas. iii. 1. c. (in a verse): the word is much used in local names, Fagri-dalr, Fair-dale; Breið-dalr, Broad- dale; Djúpi-dalr, Deep-dale; Þver-dalr, Cross-dale; Langi-dalr, Lang- dale; Jökul-dalr, Glacier-dale, (cp. Langdale, Borrodale. Wensleydale, etc. in North. E.); 'Dale' is a freq. name of dale counties, Breiðatjarðar-dalir, or Dalir simply, Landn.: Icel. speak of Dala-menn, 'Dales-men' (as in Engl. lake district); dala-fífi, a dale-fool, one brought up in a mean or despised dale, Fas. iii. 1 sqq.: the parts of a dale are distinguished, dals- botn, the bottom of a dale, ii. 19; dals-öxl, the shoulder of a dale; dals- brún, the brow, edge of a dale; dals-hlíðar, the sides, slopes of a dale; dala- drög, n. pl. the head of a dale; dals-mynni, the mouth of a dale, Fms. viii. 57; dals-barmr, the 'dale-rim,' = dals-brun; dals-eyrar, the gravel beds spread by a stream over a dale, etc. :-- in poetry, snakes are called dale- fishes, dal-reyðr, dal-fiskr, dal-ginna, etc., Lex. Poët. [It is interesting to notice that patronymic words derived from 'dale' are not formed with an e (vowel change of a), but an œ, æ (vowel change of ó), Lax-drœlir, Vatns-dœlir, Hauk-dœlir, Hit-dœlir, Sýr-drœll, Svarf-dœlir ..., the men from Lax(ár)dalr, Vatnsdal, Haukadal, Hitardal, etc.; cp. the mod. Norse Dölen = man from a dale; this points to an obsolete root word analogous to ala, ól, bati, bót; vide the glossaries of names to the Sagas, esp. that to the Landn.] II. a dollar (mod.) = Germ. Joachims-thaler, Joachims-thal being the place where the first dollars were coined. dalr, m., gen. dalar, poët. a bow. Lex. Poët.; this word has a different inflexion, and seems to be of a different root from the above; hence in poetry the hand is called dal-nauð, the need of (force applied to) the bow,' and dal-töng, as the bow is bent by the hand. dal-verpi, n. a little dale, Nj. 132, Fms. vi. 136, Al. 41. damma, u, f. [domina], a dame, Fr. (for. and rare); hence in mod. use madama, madame. dammr, m. a dam, D. N. COMPDS: damm-stokkr, m. a sluice. damm-stæði, n. a dam-yard, D. N. (for. and rare). dampr, danpr, m. [Germ, dampf], steam, (mod. word.) 2. a pr. name, Rm., Yngl. S. dan, m. [dominus], sir. D.N.; hence comes perhaps the mod. Icel. word

96 DANSKR -- DAUÐDAGll.

of-dan, það er mér ofdan, 'tis too great a honour for me; else the word is quite out of use. Danskr, adj., Danir, pl. Danes; Dan-mörk, f. Denmark, i.e. the mark, march, or border of the Danes; Dana-veldi, n. the Danish empire; Dana-virki, n. the Danish wall, and many compds, vide Fms. xi. This adj. requires special notice, because of the phrase Dönsk tunga (the Danish tongue), the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue. It must be borne in mind that the 'Danish' of the old Saga times applies not to the nation, but to the empire. According to the researches of the late historian P.A. Munch, the ancient Danish empire, at least at times, extended over almost all the countries bordering on the Skagerac (Vík); hence a Dane became in Engl. synonymous with a Scandinavian; the language spoken by the Scandinavians was called Danish; and 'Dönsk tunga' is even used to denote Scandinavian extraction in the widest extent, vide Sighvat in Fms. iv. 73, Eg. ch. 51, Grág. ii. 71, 72. During the 11th and 12th centuries the name was much in use, but as the Danish hegemony in Scandinavia grew weaker, the name became obsolete, and Icel. writers of the 13th and 14th centuries began to use the name 'Norræna,' Norse tongue, from Norway their own mother country, and the nearest akin to Icel. in customs and idiom. 'Swedish' never occurs, because Icel. had little intercourse with that country, although the Scandinavian tongue was spoken there perhaps in a more antique form than in the sister countries. In the 15th century, when almost all connection with Scandinavia was broken off for nearly a century, the Norræna in its turn became an obsolete word, and was replaced by the present word 'Icelandic,' which kept its ground, because the language in the mean time underwent great changes on the Scandinavian continent. The Reformation, the translation of the Old and New Testaments into Icelandic (Oddr Gotskalksson, called the Wise, translated and published the N.T. in 1540, and bishop Gudbrand the whole Bible in 1584), a fresh growth of religious literature, hymns, sermons, and poetry (Hallgrímr Pétrsson, Jón Vídalín), the regeneration of the old literature in the 17th and 18th centuries (Brynjólfr Sveinsson, Arni Magnússon, Þormóðr Torfason), -- all this put an end to the phrases Dönsk tunga and Norræna; and the last phrase is only used to denote obsolete grammatical forms or phrases, as opposed to the forms and phrases of the living language. The translators of the Bible often say 'vort Íslenzkt mál,' our Icelandic tongue, or 'vort móður mál,' our mother tongue; móður-málið mitt, Pass. 35. 9. The phrase 'Dönsk tunga' has given rise to a great many polemical antiquarian essays: the last and the best, by which this question may be regarded as settled, is that by Jon Sigurdsson in the preface to Lex. Poët.; cp. also that of Pál Vídalín in Skýr. s.v., also published in Latin at the end of the old Ed. of Gunnl. Saga, 1775. DANZ, mod. dans, n. a word of for. origin; [cp. mid. Lat. dansare; Fr. danser; Ital. danzare; Engl. dance; Germ. tanz, tanzen.] This word is certainly not Teutonic, but of Roman or perhaps Breton origin: the Icel. or Scandin. have no genuine word for dancing, -- leika means 'to play' in general: the word itself (danza, danz, etc.) never occurs in the old Sagas or poetry, though popular amusements of every kind are described there; but about the end of the 11th century, when the Sagas of the bishops (Bs.) begin, we find dance in full use, accompanied by songs which are described as loose and amorous: the classical passage is Jóns S. (A.D. 1106-1121), ch. 13. Bs. i. 165, 166, and cp. Júns S. by Gunnlaug, ch. 24. Bs. i. 237 -- Leikr sá var kær mönnum áðr en hinn heilagi Jón varð biskup, at kveða skyldi karlmaðr til konu í danz blautlig kvæði ok rægilig; ok kona til karlmanns mansöngs vísur; þenna leik lét hann af taka ok bannaði styrkliga; mansöngs kvæði vildi hann eigi heyra né kveða láta, en þó fékk hann því eigi af komið með öllu. Some have thought that this refers to mythical (Eddic) poetry, but without reason and against the literal sense of the passage; the heathen heroic poems were certainly never used to accompany a dance; their flow and metre are a sufficient proof of that. In the Sturl. (Hist. of the 12th and 13th century) dancing is mentioned over and over again; and danz is used of popular ballads or songs of a satirical character (as those in Percy's ballads): flimt (loose song) and danz are synonymous words; the Sturl. has by chance preserved two ditties (one of A.D. 1221, running thus -- Loptr liggr í Eyjum, bítr lunda bein | Sæmundr er á heiðum, etr berin ein. Stud. ii. 62, and one referring to the year 1264 -- Mínar eru sorgirnar þungar sem blý, Sturl. iii. 317) sufficient to shew the flow and metre, which are exactly the same as those of the mod. ballads, collected in the west of Icel. (Ögr) in the 17th century under the name of Fornkvæði, Old Songs, and now edited by Jon Sigurdsson and Svend Grundtvig. Danz and Fornkvæði are both of the same kind, and also identical with Engl. ballads, Dan. kæmpeviser. There are passages in Sturl. and B.S. referring to this subject -- færðu Breiðbælingar Lopt í flimtun ok görðu um hann danza marga, ok margskonar spott annat, Sturl. ii. 57, cp. 62; Danza-Bergr, the nickname of a man (Stud, ii), prob. for composing comic songs; danza- görð, composing comic songs; fylgðar-menn Kolbeins fóru með danza- görð, ... en er Brandr varð varr við flimtan þeirra, iii. 80; þá hrökti Þórðr hestinn undir sér, ok kvað danz þenna við raust, 317. β. a wake, Arna S. ch. 2; in Sturl. i. 23; at the banquet in Reykhólar, 1119, the guests amused themselves by dancing, wrestling, and story-telling; þá var sleginn danz í stofu, ii. 117; í Viðvík var gleði mikil ok gott at vera; þat var einn Drottins dag at þar var danz mikill; kom þar til fjöldi manna; ok ríðr hann í Viðvík til danz, ok var þar at leik; ok dáðu menn mjök danz hans, iii. 258, 259; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða danz um kveldit, 281; -- the last reference refers to the 21st of January, 1258, which fell on a Sunday (or wake-day): in ballads and tales of the Middle Ages the word is freq. :-- note the allit. phrase, dansinn dunar, Ísl. Þóðs. ii. 8: the phrases, stiga danz; ganga í danz; brúðir í danz, dansinn heyra; dans vill hun heyra, Fkv. ii. 7. Many of the burdens to the mod. Icel. ballads are of great beauty, and no doubt many centuries older than the ballads to which they are affixed; they refer to lost love, melancholy, merriment, etc., e.g. Blítt lætur veröldin, fölnar fögr fold | langt er síðan mitt var yndið lagt í mold, i. 74; Út ert þú við æginn blá, eg er hér á Dröngum, | kalla eg löngum, kalla eg til þin löngum; Skín á skildi Sól og sumarið fríða, | dynur í velli er drengir í burtu riða, 110; Ungan leit eg hofmann í fögrum runni, | skal eg í hljóði dilla þeim mér unm; Austan blakar laufið á þann linda, 129; Fagrar heyrða eg raddirnar við Niflunga heim; Fagrt syngr svanrinn um sumarlanga tíð, | þá mun list að leika sér mín liljan fríð, ii. 52: Einum unna eg manninum, á meðan það var, | þó hlaut eg minn harm að bera í leyndum stað, 94; Svanrinn víða. svanurinn syngr viða, 22; Utan eptir firðinum, sigla fagrar fleyr | sá er enginn glaður eptir annan þreyr, 110; Svo er mér illt og angrsamt því veldur þú, | mig langar ekki í lundinn með þá jungfrú, Espol. Ann. 1549. The earliest ballads seem to have been devoted to these subjects only; of the two earliest specimens quoted in the Sturl. (above), one is satirical, the other melancholy; the historical ballads seem to be of later growth: the bishops discountenanced the wakes and dancing (Bs. l.c., Sturl. iii), but in vain: and no more telling proof can be given of the drooping spirits of Icel. in the last century, than that dancing and wakes ceased, after having been a popular amusement for seven hundred years. Eggert Olafsson in his poems still speaks of wakes, as an eyewitness; in the west of Icel. (Vestfirðir) they lasted longer, but even there they died out about the time that Percy's ballads were published in England. The Fornkvæði or songs are the only Icel. poetry which often dispenses with the law of alliteration, which in other cases is the light and life of Icel. poetry; vide also hofmaðr, viki-vakar, etc. In the 15th century the rímur (metrical paraphrases of romances) were used as an accompaniment to the danz, höldar danza harla snart, ef heyrist vísan mín; hence originates the name man-söngr (maid-song), minne-sang, which forms the introduction to every ríma or rhapsody; the metre and time of the rímur are exactly those of ballads and well suited for dancing. An Icel. MS. of the 17th century, containing about seventy Icel. Fornkvæði, is in the Brit. Mus. no. 11,177; and another MS., containing about twenty such songs, is in the Bodl. Libr. no. 130. danza, mod. dansa, að, to dance, Sks. 705, not in Sturl. and Bs., who use the phrase slá danz; the verb danza occurs for the first time in the ballads and rímur -- Ekki er dagr enn, vel d. vifin, Fkv. ii. 102. danz-leikr, m. dancing, Sturl. i. 23. dapi, a, m. a pool, Ivar Aasen: a nickname, Fms. viii. DAPR, adj., gen. rs, of a person, downcast, sad, Nj. 11, Isl. ii. 248, 272, Band. 9: of an obicct, dreary, d. dagr, Am. 58; 'd. nætr, SI. 13; döpr heimkynni, Hbl. 4, Fms. x. 214: the proverb, fyrr er d. en dauðr, one droops before one dies, i.e. as long as there is life there is hope: daprt böl, Pass. 44.3; döpr dauðans pína, Bs. ii. 501; döpr augu, weak eyes, Vídal. i. 25; augn-dapr, weak-eyed; hence depra or augn-depra, weak sight: a faint flame of a light is also called daprt, tvö döpur Ijós sitt log, Jón Þorl. i. 146. dapra, að, to become faint, in swimming; e-m daprar sund, he begins to sink, Njarð. 374; more usually dep. daprask, Fbr. 160, Fas. iii. 508. dapr-eygr, adj. weak-sighted, Bjarn. 63. dapr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dismal, sad; hnipin ok d., Ísl. ii. 196; kona d., a dreary looking woman, Sturl. ii. 212; d. ásjóna, a sad look, Fms. i. 262; d. draumar, dismal dreams, vi. 404. darka, að, to walk heavily, to trample, (a cant term.) DARRAÐR, m., gen. ar, [A.S. dearod; Engl. dart; Fr. dard; Swed. dart] :-- a dart, Hkm. 2 (in the best MSS.), cp. DL, where vefr darraðar simply means the web of spears; the common form in poetry is darr, n., pl. dörr, vide Lex. Poët., in mod. poetry dör, m., Úlf. I. 16, 4. 47, 7. 61; the word is probably foreign and never occurs in prose. 2. a sort of peg, Edda (Gl.) dasask, að, [Swed. dasa], to become weary and exhausted, from cold or bodily exertion, Bs. i. 442, Fær. 185, Fms. ii. 98, Orkn. (in a verse), Sturl. iii. 20, O.H.L. 16; dasaðr, exhausted, weary, Ld. 380, Fas. ii. 80, Fms. viii. 55, Bb. 3. 24. DASI, a, m. (dasinn, adj., Lex. Poët.), a lazy fellow, Edda (GL), Fms. vi. (in a verse). datta, að. to sink, of the heart, Fbr. 37, vide detta. dauð-dagi, a, m. a mode of death, Ísl. ii. 220, Lv. 68, Fas. i. 88, Greg, 67. dauð-dagr = dauðadagr, Bs. i. 643

DAUÐDHUKKINN -- DÄll, or

dauð-drukkinn, part, dead-drunk, Fms. xi. ioS, Orkn. 420. dauð-færandi, part, death-bringing, 623. 26, Greg. 14. dauð-hræddr, nd] . frightened to death. DAUÐI, a, m. [Ulf. dauþits = Oávaros; A. S. d c a'S; Engl. death; Germ. to d; Swed. and Dan. dö d] :-- death; the word is used in the strong form in all Teut. dialects from Gothic to English, but in Icel. it is weak, even in the eaj-licst writers; though traces of a strong form (dauðr, s or ar) are found in the phrase til dauðs (to death) and in compds, as mann-dauðr: cp. also Hm. 69, where dauðr seems to be a substantive not an adjective: Fagrsk. 139 also writes dauðar-orð instead of dauða orð; an old song, Edda 52, has Dvalins dauðs-drykkr = dauða-drykkr, i. e. the death-drink of the dwarf; the strong form also remains in such words as dauð-dagi, danð- hræddr, dauð-yfii, dauð-ligr, dauð-vána, which could not possibly be forms of a weak daudi, Nj. 198; at dauða kominn, Fms. i. 32; d. for a hann, Nj. 27; the references are numberless, though heathen proverbs and say- ings prefer to use ' hel' or ' feigð, ' which were more antique, whereas dauoi recalls Christian ideas, or sometimes denotes the manner of death. 2. medic, mortification. COMVDS: dauða-blóð, n. ' death-blood, ' gore, Fe'L ix. dauða-bönd, n. pl. death-bonds, Greg. 48. dauða-dagr, m. death's day, Nj. 109, Stj. 168. dauða-dá, n. a death swoon, dauða- dónir, m. death's doom, Sks. 736. dauða-drep, \\. plagne, Stj. 437, 438. dauða-drukkinn, adj. dead-drunk, Fms. ix. 22. cïaiiða- drykkr, in. a deadly draught, Fms. i. 8. dauða-dyrr, f. gates of death. dauða-dæmdr, adj. doomed to death, Us. i. 222. dauôa- fylgja, u. f. a ' death-fetch' an apparition boding one's death, Ni. 62. v. 1.: vide fylgja. dauða-hrœddr -- dauðhræddr. clauða-kvöl, f. the death-pang, Mar. dauða-leit, f. searching for one as if dead. dauða- litr, m. colour of death. 623. 61. dauða-maðr, in. a man (loomed to die, Fms. vii. 33; hafa e-n at dauðamanni. 656 A. I. 25, Eg. 416. dauða-mark, -merki, id, n. a sign of death (opp. to lifs-mark), medic. de c a y or the like, Nj. 154, 656 C. 32; a type of death, Hom. 108. dauða- mein, n. death- si c k H e ss, Bs. i. 616. dauða-orð (v. 1. and better dauða- yrðr, f., from yrðr- urör, weird, fate), n. death, ' dea/h-weird, ' Ýt. 8. dauða-ráð, n. ' death-rede, ' fatal counsel, Gísl. 35. dauða-róg, n. deadly slander, Laiuln. 281. Dauða-sjór, m. the Dead Sea-. Rb., Symb. dauöa-skattr, m. tribute of death, Niðrst. 6. dauða-skellr, m. a death-blow, 15s. ii. 148. dauða-skuld, n. the debt of nature, 655 xxxii. 19. dauða-slag, n. -- -dauðaskellr, Stj. 280. daxiða-slig, n. deadly splay, a disease of horses, 15s. i. 389. dauða-snara, u, f. swa;v of death, Hom. 144. dauða-steytr, in. [Dan. stö d], = dauðaslag, Bs. ii. 182. dauða-stríð, n. the death-struggle. dauða-stund, f. the hour of death, Al. 163. dauða-svefn, n. a deadly swoon, fatal deep, as of one fated to die, Fas. iii. 608: medic, catalepsis, also called stjarti, Fiji. . x. 43. dauða-sök, f. a cause for death, a deed deserving death, Fms. i. 48, iii. 20, vi. 383. dauða-tákn, n. a token of death, Bret. 66, cp. 11. xx. 226. datiða-teygjur, f. pl. the death-spasms, Fél. ix. dauða-útlegð, f. penalty of death, Sturl. ii. 2. dauða- verk, n. a ivork deserving death, (si. ii. 413. dauð-leikr, m. mortality, Stj. 21, Greg. 17. dauð-ligr, adj. deadly, Sks. 533, Hom. 52, Stj. 92, K. Á. 202, Fms. xi- 437- dauðr, adj. [Ulf. datijts; A. S. dead; Engl. dead; (îonn. todt; Dan. d ot/1 :-- dead, Gnig. i. 140, Nj. 19; the phrase, verða d., to become dead, i. e. to die, 238, Jb. ch. 3, Am. yS; d. verðr hverr (a proverb), Fs. 114 (in a verse); falla niðr d., Fms. viii. 55: metaph. eccl., 623. 32, Hom. 79, 655 xiv. A; dauð tnia, Greg. 13, James ii. 17, Pass. 4. 33. 2. in- animate, in the law phrase dautt fé, K. Á. 204. P. medic, dead, of a limb. 3. compds denoting manner of death, sæ-dauðr, vápn-dauðr, sótt-dauðr; sjálf-dauðr, of sheep or cattle, - svidda, q. v.: again, hálf-dauðr, half dead; al-dauðr, quite dead; stein-dauðr, stone-dead; the ok! writers prefer to use andaðr or latinn, and iu mod. vise daiini ii a gentler term, used of a deceased friend; daudr sounds rude and is scarcely used except of animals; in like manner Germ, say abgelebt. dauð-vána, adj. ind., and dauð-vænn, adj., medic, sinking fast, when Ho hope of life is left, Grett. 155, Fms. vi. 31, U. K. i. 480. dauð-yfli, n. (cp. Goth, daupublis ••- iinOavaTLOs, t Cor. iv. 9), a c ar- c a s e, lifeless thing, Stj. 317 (Lev. xi. 38). dauf-heyrask, ð, dep., d. við e-t, to tarn a deaf ear to, Fms. xi. 134, THom. 374. dauf-heyrðr, adj. one who turns a deaf car to, 655 xxxi, Fms. vi. 30. daufingi, a, in. a drone, sluggard. dauf-leikr, in. deafness, sloth. Fas. i. 7. dauf-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), ' deaf-like, ' lonely, did!, Eg. 202, 762, Lv. 22, Fms. vi. 404 (dismal). DAUFR, adj. [Gr. rw^Xos; Goth. daubs ^irfncapcaptvos. Mark viii. 17; A. S. deaf; Engl. dea/; Germ, taub; Swed. di'if; Dan. dih'] :-- deaf, 623. 57- Luke vii. 22: allit. phrase, daufr ok dumbi. deaf and dumb, Stj. 207; dumbi s;i er ekki mælir, d. sa er i-kki heyrir, K. Á. 56; blindr eðr d., Gþl. 504, Mom. 120. 2. metaph., 15s. i. 728. p. (mod.) without savour, -- daufligr. daun-mikill, adj. stinking, Bs. ii. 23. DAUNN, m. [Goth, dauns = oaM; cp. Swed. -Dan. duns!; O. H. G. dauns] :-- a smell, esp. a bad smell, Anecd. 8; illr d., Rb. 352; opp. to ilmr (sweet smell), 623. 22; in Ub. 3. 27 used in a good sense. daunsa or daunsna (mod. dunsna), að, in smell at, s-nijf at, esp. of cattle; gékk Glæsir (an ox) at honum ok daunsnaði um hann, lib. 320. daun-semð, f. = daunn, M:ir. dauss, m. [mid. H. G. tûs; Fr. denx~\, the dice; kasta daus, to cast a die, Sturl. ii. 95. II. the rump, of cattle, Fas. ii. 510, cp. dot. DÁ, n. [the root word of deyja, dauðrl. 1. catalepsy; Icel. say, liggja í dai or sem í dái, to lie motionless, without stirring a limb and without feeling pain; hann vissi þá ekki til sin longum, ok þúui þá sem hann lægi í dái, Bs. i. 336, Fas. ii. 235: falla í da, to fall into a senseless state, Bs. i. 451. 2. it is medic, used of the relieving swoon, like the sleep which follows after strong paroxysms, Fél. ix. 204; it is different from aungvit (swoon) or brotfall (epilepsy). dá, ð, to admire, be charmed at, a word akin to the preceding, denoting a sense of fascination, a kind of entrancemetit (cp. dar); with acc., dá e-t, dáðu menu nijok danz hans, Sturl. iii. 259; dáðu þat allir, 625. 96, Konr. 59 (Fr.); but esp. and in present usage only ilep., dust (mod. clúðsi) að e-u, Fms. ii. 192, xi. 429. dá- is esp. in mod. use prefixed to a great many adjectives and adverbs, denoting very; dá-góðr, very good; da-vel, very well; dá-værm, dá-fallegr, v. below; da-fagr, very handsome; dá-lítill, in the west of Icel. pronounced dultið, dulítill, very little. DÁÐ, f. [Ulf. dr. ds, in missdedf. -- -ira. pa&aais, Germ, missethat, F. ngl. mi-deed; A. ' S. d "'d; Engl. deed; 0. 11. G. tat; mod. Germ, that; Dan. daad\ :-- deed; allit. phrase, drygia duo, to do a daring deed, Sturl. iii. 7, 10; dáð ok drengskapr, Band, jo: cp. the compds ó-dxði. a mis- deed; for-dæða, an evil-doer; the adverbial phrase, at' siálfs-dáðum, of one's own accord. p. valour; ef nokkur dáð er í per, Fms. xi. 86, 623. 49: the word is not much in use. or merely poet, in compels as dáð-framr, dáð-íimr, dáð-gjarn, dáð-göfugr, dáð-kunnr, dáð- mildr, dáð-rakkr, dáð-sterkr, dáð-sæll, dáð-vandr, etc., all of them ' epitheta ornantia, ' bold, valiant. Lex. Poët., but none ot them can be used in prose without affectation. dáði, a, in. a dainty. Snot 216. dáð-lauss, adj. 'deedless'lubberly, Ld. 236, Lv. 53: impotent, Fél. ix. 204. dáð-leysi, f. meanness, impotency, Grett. 131. dáð-leysingi, a, m. (7 íj'oo d-/o r- na M^' ht, (/iî i/íc; a/í/1). a t V' b f r, Stnrl. iii. í 35. dáð-rakkr, adj. bold, Sks. 358. dáð-semi, dáð-samliga, v. dú-semi, etc. dáð-vandr, adj. virtuous, Sks. 486. dá-fallegr, adj. very pretty, Fas. iii. 3, v. 1. dáindis-, pretty, rather, as an adverb, prefix to adjectives and adverbs. dáinn (v. deyja), dead, deceased, (freq.) P. masc. the name of a dwarf, Edda ((31.): cp. Dan. daane = to swoon. dá-la, adv. very, quite; ekki d., not quite, Bjarn. 42. dá-leikar, m. pl. (prop, charms), intimacy, Nj. 103. dá-ligr. adj. (-liga, adv.), [Dan. daarlig] , bad; d. tré, Sti. 24; d. deyning, b a d smell. 51; d. lerð, Ld. 324; d. kostr, Fms. i. 202; d. dæmi, Sks. 481: wretched (of a person), Magn. 494, Stj. 157, 473. DÁLKR, m. [cp. moil. Germ, dolch, which word docs not appear in Germ, till the i6lh century (Grimm); Bohcrn. and Pol. titlich; mod. Dan. dolk] :-- the pin in the cloaks (fcldr) of the ancients, whence also called feldar-dalkr, Glúm. ch. 8, Korm. ch. 25, Fms. i. 180, Gísl. 55, Hkr. Hák. S. Góða ch. 18; cp. also the verse I. e., where the poet calls it feldar-stingr, cloak-pin, cp. T. ic. Germ. ch. 17. 2. /he vertebrae of a fish's tail: it is a child's game iu Icel. to hold it up and ask, hvað cru margar úrar á borði nndir sporði ? whilst the other has to guess how many joints there are, cp. the Ital. game morra, Lat. ' micare digitis. ' p. a column in a book. dálpa, v. dafla. dá-læti, n. fondness, intimacy. dámaðr, adj. flavoured, Sks. 164. dámgast (proncd. dángast), að, to get seasoned: metaph. to thrive; hence, dámgan, döngun, f. thriving; döngvdigr, adj., etc. dám-góðr, adj. well-flavoured, N. G. L. ii. 419. DÁMR, m. [peril, akin to the Germ. dampf\, flavour; görði síðan af dám ekki góðan, Bs. i. 340; il'tr d., Konr. 57; the phrase, draga dam af e-u, to take a (bad) flavour from a thing; hver dregr dam af sinuin sessu- nautum: Icel. also use a verb dáma, að, in the phrase, e-m dumar ekki e-t, i. e. to dislike, to loathe; a filthy person is called ó-dánir, etc. dánar-, a gen. form from dá or damn, in dánar-arfr, m. a law term, inheritance from one deceased, Hkr. iii. 222: dánar-bú, n. estate of one deceased; dánar-dagr, m. or dánar-dœgr, n. day, hour of death, Fins, i. 219, Hs. verse 44 (where it nearly means the manner of death); dánar- fé, n. property of a person deceased, Grúg. i. 209, Fms. vi. 392, cp. Dan. dannefæ, but in a different sense, of property which is claimed by no one, and therefore falls to the king. DÁR, n. scoff; in the allit. phrase, draga d. at e-m, to make game of one, Hkr. iii. 203; gys og dar, Pas?. 14. 2. dár, adi. [d;i], scarcely used except in the neut. dátt, in various plir ites;

98 DÄRA -- DELI.

e-iu verð dátt (or dátt uin e-t), numbness comes toone. one is benumbed, 623.:o; við þau tíðcndi varð honum svá d. sem hanu væri stcini lostinn, at those tidings he was a s ' dumbfounded' as if be bail been struck by a stone, Bs. i. 471. P. in phrases denoting a charm or fascination exer- cised over another, always of uncertain and fugitive nature (cp. dá, ð); güra sér dútt við e-n (v. dú-leikar), to become, very familiar with one, Korm. 38: svi'i var dá-tt með þeim at ..., they . so charmed one another that..., Ni. 151; þá var mi í dátt efni koinit, i. e. they c awe tobe close friends, Sd. 138; varð mönnum dátl inn þat. people were, much charmed by it, Bjarn. g. 20, cp. Hm. 50. Y. Jar glevmsku-svcfn, a benumbing sleep of forgetfulness, Pass. 4. n. dára, að. to mock, make sport of, with acc., Fas. i. 9. Sti. 22, 165, 199, Grett. 139. dári, a. in. [Germ, tor or tbor; Dan. d warf], a fool, buffoon. Fms. i. x. 272; clára-samlegr, ;u\\. foolish. Stj. 269; dára-skapr and dáru- skapr, in. mockery, Fas. ii. 337. Grett. 108 A, 144. dá-sama, að, to admire, Fms. vi. 57, Magn. 504: dusamamli, par'., FIDS. v. 23(j, Mar. 39; this word and the following are bv mod. theol. writers much used of God. the grace of God. dá-samligr, adi. (-liga, adv., Bs. i. 30/0, wonde r/i d, glorious, Fms. x. 234, iv. 71; d. takn. 15s. i. 325, Magn. 504. 532, Clan. 46. dá-semd and da-semi, f. glory, gracc. Mar. 33, 68, Post. 188. dá- semðar-verk, n. work of glory: mikil em dásemðar verkin Drottins, great are the glorious works of the. Lord. cp. 1's. cxi. 2. dá-vænn, adj. very pretty, Fær. 157, Fas. ii. 343. deging, f. dawn, Eluc., Stnrl. i. 83 C. deig, n. [1. It. dtiigs, m. (jtvpana: A. S. diig; Fngl. dough: Genii, teig; Swed. de e""):•- -dough, Ann. 1337, Matth. xiii. 33, í Cor. v. 6-8. Gal. v. 9; the earliest trace of this word is the Goth, deigan. a strong verb bv which Ulf. renders the Gr. n^aafftiv, as also iiffT/tuicivus bv the part, divans. Tr\afffj. a by gadik in Róm. ix. 2O, and fir\aaOi; by gddigans in J Tim. ii. í 3: to this family belong the following Icel. words, deigr (moist), deigja. dig;-n. deigla, digull, the fundamental notion being plasticity: vi-lethe following. deigja, u, f. a dai ry-w ai t/; this word i. - the humble mother of the Engl. lad y, c)s. l n- dy (vide p. 76. s. v. brauð). A. S. hhef-dige bread-maid: cp. Norse bii-dei:;ja (q. v.). Chaucer's dey (a matter dey), and We^t Fngl. day- (or dey-) house, a dairy. The deigia in old Norse farms was the chief maid, but still a bondwoman, N. G. 1, . i. 70, 1!. E. i. 5 10: (ill erti'i d. dritin. Ls. 56, where it is curiously enough addressed to the daughter of Bytrgvir (bygg -- -barley'), a handmaid ot the gods; deigja seems to mean a baker-woman, and the word no doubt is akin to deig. dough, and Goth, deigan, to knead, the same person being originally both ilairy-womnn and baker to the farm: in Icel. the word is never used, but it survives in the Norse bu-deia, scuter-deia. agtar-deia, reid-deia (Ivar Aasen). and Swed. deja. -- a dairy-maid. deigja, u, 1. wetness, dump. deigla, u, f. a crucible. Germ, tiegel. v. digull. deigr, adj. ' doughy. ' damp, wet; Icel. say, vera d. í f. i'irna, to br weftisb, less than vatr, wet, and mine than rakr. damp. P. soft, ol steel, and niftaph. timid; d. brandr, Kb. 23S, jjiðr. 79; deigan skal ileigum bjúða (proverb), lláv. 40, Fms. i. 143 (in a verse), iii. 193, pl. 173. deigull -- dignll, in.: deigul-mór, in. a sort of clay. DEILA, d, [Goth, dailjan and ga-dailjan • - fj. (pt^fiv, jj. tra?ii5uvai. Siaipftv, etc.; A. S. dcclan; Engl. to deal; Germ, the/ l ev/; (.). H. G. lail- ja?i; Swed. dela; Dan, dele.] I. with acc. (never dat.), to deal, divide; the phrase, vilja Ixrði kjósa ok deila, will both choose and deal, of unfair dealing, a metaphor taken from partners, e. g. fishermen, where one makes the division into shares (deilir), and the others choose (kjósa) the shares they like best, Ld. 38; deildr hlutr, a dealt lot. i. e. s hare dealt or allotted !o one, drag. i. 243; d. e-m e-t, to allot one a thing, to deal out to one, ii. 294: deila dögurð, d. mat (in mod. usage skamta), to deid out portions of food in a household. Is!, ii. 337; sér at þar var inanni matr deildr, Gísl. 47; þú kunuir aldregi d. monnum mat, Ls. 46: þ;i er maðr ;'i brot heilinn ef honum er eigi deildr matr á maltim. Gn'tg. i. 149; cp. the proverb, djarfr er hver inn deildan verð; d. fc. Skin. 22; d. bauga, Rm. 20; d. e-t lit. to deal out, give, Fms. xi. 434. 2. of places, to divide, bound; fírðir deila. the firths are the boundaries, Grág. ii.; j 7; vatnsfoll (r iver s) d. til sjuvar. Eg. 131: sva vitt sem vatnsfoll deila til sjávar, Landn. 57. K. p. K. 34. P. used irnpers. as it seems; deilir norðr vatnsfollum, í si. ii. 345; Ijiill þau er vatnsfoll deilir at" milli hi'raða, the fells that divide the waters, form the water-shed, between the counties. Grug. i. 432; þar er vikr deilir, Hit. 3. metaph. to distinguish, dis- cern; eptir þat s;'i sól, ok máttu þó. d. . f. ttir, after that the sun broke forth, and they could discern the airts (of heaven), Fb. i. 431, Fms. iv. 38; deila liti, to discern colours (lit-deili). hence the proverb, eigi deilir litr kosti (acc. pl.), colour (i. e. l oo k, appearance) is no sure test, Nj. 78: metaph., d. vig, to act as umpire in a fight, tourney, or the like, Ls. 22: we ought perh. to read deila (not beia) tilt með tveim, 38. 4. various phrases, drila ser illan hint af, to deal on self a had share in, to deal badly in a thing, Ld. 152: the phrase, e-t deilir múli (impers.), it goes for a great deal,:s of great importance. Us. 65. mod. usage skipta mali. miklu, etc.: d. mill, to dealwith a thing, Hom. 34; d. mal e-s, to deal speech, to dis- cuss or confer with one, 0. H. 82 (in a verse): d. e-n málum, to deal, i. e. speak, confer, with one, Krók. 36 C: d. orðspeki við e-n, to deal, i. e. contend in learning with one, Vþm. 55; n'mar, Rm. 42; eiga við e-t at d., to have to deal with a thing, Fms. viii. 288: the phrase, d. mál brotum, to deal piecemeal with a case, take a partial or false view of a thing, or is the metaphor taken from bad payment (in bauga-br*ot, q. v.) ? Eb. 184; þeir ha fa eigi deilt þetta mál brotum, i. e. they have done it thoroughly, have not been mistaken, Konr. 52: to share in a thing, o. knit ok kjütstykki, to share knife and meat, Grág., Ísl. ii. 487: the phrase, d. hug, /o ' deal one's mind. ' pay attention to, with a notion of deep concern and affliction; heil vertii Sváfa, hug skaltú d., thy heart shall tbou cleave, Hkv. lljorv. 40: deildusk hngir, svá at huskarlar héldu varla vatni, their minds ivere so distraught, that the house-carles could hardly forbear weeping, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence a hardened man is called lítill skapdeildar maðr, (Hugdeila, mind's concern, is the name of a poem of the 171)1 century): at þeir deildi enga uhsefu, that they should forbear dealing outrageously, Fms. i. 22; d. heiptir. to deal hatred, to hate (poet.), Hkv. 41: d. afti, ofriki við e-n, to deal harshly and overbear- ingly u'itb one. Fms. i. 34; d. illyrðuni, ill-deil(!um. t o c hide, abuse one another, Húv. 37, Ld. 158. II. neut. to be at feud, quarrel; the saying, sjaldan veldr einn þegar tveir deila; deili grom við þig, Hkv. 43; ek bað flogð d. við þau. Sighvat: d. til e-s, to quarrel for a thing, Eg. 510: d. npp á e-n, to complain of one, Sij. 29.;. Exod. xvii. 2, ' Why chide ye with me?' P. impers., ef í þat deilir. if there be dissent on thai point, Grng. ii. 125; et í deilir með þeim, if they dissent, i. 58. 2. d. uni e-i, to contend about a thing, as a law term; þeir deildu (they hail a lawsuit) um jarðir, Fms. iv. 201; þeir deildu nm landaskipti, 315; þeir deildu um land þat er var ... . Landn. 125; þeir dei'du inn levsingia-arf, JOO, IOI: metaph., d. nm stafn, to come to a close fight, Orkn. 232. III. reflex, to spread, branch off; vatnsfoll deilask milli héraða, Grág. ii. 218; svá viða sem lion (i. e. Christianity) deilisk \\m heim. Hom. 49. 2. ineðan mér deilisk lílit til, as long as life be dealt (i. e. granted) mt, Fins, viii. 205; e-t deilisk af, a thing comes to pass, Hkr. iii. 55 (in a verse); kölluðn þeir, at lengi muiuli viirn deilask al liti. that a long defence would be dealt out, i. e. there woidd b, - a long struggle, Sturl. i. =, 9, cp. the Goth. afditiljan -- fo pay off; hugr deilisk (vide above): bat mun oss drjiigt deilask, it will cost us dear. Am. deila, u. f. disagreement, a contest, often as a law term, law contest (laga-deila, þing-deila), Ni. 90, Fms. i. 68. iv. í 19, 198. vi. 136. viii. 1^6, Sturl. i. 105, Eg. 367, Rd. 304, Ld. 204. COMPHS: deilu-gjarn. adj. nuarrehMtie. -þórð. 59. deilu-niál, n. a quarrel, Sturl. i. 30. deilu-vænligr, adj. likely tolead to a quarrel. Eg. 725. deild (deilj), deilð), f. a deal. dole, share. Edda 147: fara at deildum, t o be parcelled out. Orkn. 88, Ísl. ii. 337 (a portion of meat); giira d., t o ^ ive a dole, N. (î. L. i. 142; the phrase. fVi illt or deildum, to get a bad share, be worsted. Sighv. it (in a verse). 2. dealings; harðar deildir, h n rd dealings, Fbr. (in a verse); sannar (leiKhr. jus! dealings. Lex. Poët.; ill-deildir, ill dealings; grip-deildir, dealings of a robber, robbery; skap- dcild. temper. 3. seldom used ^\ fighting with weapons (N. G. L. i. 64), but fre(|. ol" a Inu'si/it (Jiing-fleili!), Nj. 138. 141, 86, 36, Eg. 738. Fms. vi. 361, viii. -'fiS. Gþl. 47;: the parliamentary phrase, leggja m:il i ileild, to 'lay a case under division' in court (cp. leggja mál í gorð), a phrase which recalls to mind the English parliamentary phrases ' division' and 'divide. ' Sturl. (. 59; leggia mal til deildar, id., Laxd. 204 (MS. . Ed. deilu). P. cp. also local names, Deildar-Umga, -hvamrnr, -hialli, Landn., Sturl. -y. in Icel. a boundary river is often called Deild or I)eildar-a, Deildar-lækr, etc.; or of other boundary places. Deildar-hvammr, etc. 8. metaph. . í aora d., þriðiu d., etc., secondly, thirdly, etc., Stj. 9, 21. coMi'ns: deildar-aríï, m. inheritance in shares, (írág. i. 172. dcildai'-lið, n. a strong body of men, so that some can be kept in reserve, Fms. v. 14. deildar-maðr, v. da-ldarmaðr. deili, n. pl. mark. -, whereby to discern one thing (person) from another; s;'i. þó "ill d. a. honum, all his features were visible, Fas. i. 298; the metaph. phrase, kunna, vita, deili;'i e-n (e-m), to know the marks of a thing (man), i. e. to know it so as to discern it from another thing; vita oil d. a, to know exactly; vita eingi d.;'i, to know nothing about, Eg. 185, Fas. ii. í 13, Fms. v. 316. deili-ker, n. a cup, Js. 78, cp. N. G. L. i. 211. deiling, f. division, dealing. deilir, m. a dealer. Lex. Poi:t.: arithm. divisor. deili-steinn, in. a ' mark-stone, ' land-mark. I). N. deill, m. [Germ, th c il; Goth, dail s; Engl. deal; Swed. -D. -ui. d if l, del], I). N.; this word never occurs in old writers, and can scarcely be said to be in use at present. Icel. use the fern, deild and deila, vide above. dekr, n. [mid. Lat. di c ra], ten hides, H. K. 125. 2. \deck -- to dress] , flirtation, finery. dekret, n. a decree (Lat. word). 15s. i. ArnaS. dekstra, að. to coax fur one; in phrases as, verlu ekki að d. harm, or hann vill h'ita d. sig (of spoilt children). deli, a. m. a dog, (cant word.)

DELLTNGB, -- DIMMA. 09

Dellingr, qs. deglingr, m. [dagr], . Da y. ' pr;X^, the father of the Sun, Kdd. i. demant, in. diamond, (mod.) demba, d, with dat. to pour out. demba, u, f. a pouring shower. p. awi s t (• -- diimba), Ivar Aasen. demma, u, f. [dammr], hi dam, D. N.; demning, f. damming, id. denging (dengð, Grág. ii. 338), f. the whetting a scythe by hammer- ing the edge, Grág. i. 200. dengir, m. fine who whets, a cognom., F'ms. x. 219. dengja, d, [Swed. danga~\, to hammer and so whet a scythe; d. Ija, Grág. ii. 211. dengsla, u, f. = denging. dent-inn, adj. dainty. Snot (Stef. 01.) 212. depill, in., dat. depli, [depil- a pond, little pool, from dapi-=a pool. Ivar Aasen ], a spot, dot; hvitr, svartr d., O. II. L. 59: a dog with spots over the eyes is also called depill. depla, að, d. auguin, to blink with (he eyes. depra, u, f. [daprj, vide aug-depra or augn-tepra, p. 33. der, n. the peak or, - h ri de of a cap. des, f., gen. desjar, pl. desjar, = Scot. and North. E. da. s. s or de. ss (a bay- rick), cp. also Gael, dai s, - menu cru við heygarð þinn ok reyna desjarnar, Boll. 348; hey-des, a hay-tlass, Bs. 54, Sturl. i. 83, 196: it exists in local names as Desjar-myri in the cast, Des-ey in the west of Icel. des, n. [cp. Swed. desman'] , musk, in the coinpd des-hús, n. a smelling box for ladies to wear on the neck, of gold or ivory. DETTA, pret. datt, 2nd pers. da/, l, pl. duttu; part, dottinn; pres. dett; pret. subj. dytti :-- to drop, fall: d. niðr dauðr, to drop dmvn dead, Fms. iii. 132; of a bird when shot, i 79; þeir tóku brandana jalhskjott sem ofan duttu, Nj. 2OI; spjótið datl or hendi, Kl. 91; duttu þa:r ofan, they tumbled down, Fas. ii. 84; draga þ:i suinduin npp, en lála stundum d., Karl. 161: to drop, die suddenly, sauðtY-naðr datt niðr unnvörpuni í megrð, Bs. i. 873; þau hafa nú niðr dottiö í hor, tbf cattle dropped down from starvation, 875: to sink, of the heart, Fbr. ioS: nietaph., lit' dettr or e-m, the life drops out of one, Fms. iii. 214: denoting to come on sud- denly, daudinn dettr;'i, Al. 90; láttu nidr d., cngn er nytt, ilrop it, it is all false, Fs. 159: the phrases, t-in dettr e-t í hug, a thing drops i, ito one's mind, i. e. one recollects it suddenly; d. ofan ylir on, to be over- whelmed, amazed; d. í slufi. tn full in pieces (as a tub without hoops), to be amazed: cp. datta, dotta. dett-hendr, adj. a kind of metre, F. dda 124, 129: cp. Ht. -29. dettr, in. the sound of a heavy body falling; heyra dett, Fms. iv. 168. dett-yrði, n. dropping unregarded words, Minn. DEYÐA, dd, [v. dauor; lilt", danjyan; Germ, tö de w; Swed. doda] :-- to kill, put to death, with acc. . Ld. 54, Nj. 158, Fms. ii. 270: allit., deyða ilium dauða, to put to an ill death, Clem. 57; dnepr ok deyðandi, a law term, Gvim. vogelfrei, Gþl. 137; dræpr ok deyðr, N. G. I., i. 351: metaph. (theol.), Fms. ii. 238; d. sik, to mortify one's lusts, Bs. i. 167. DEYFA, ð, [ v. daufr; Ulf. ga-danbjan; Germ, betiiuben; Dan. d ov e; Swed. d ii/ va] :-- -to make blunt; d. sverð, v;'ipu, eggiar (ot weapons blunted by the look of a wizard), Korin. 220, Gísl. 80, Ísl. ii. 225; þær er d. sverð ok sefa, Sdrn. 27, Eg. 509 (in a verse), Dropl. 36, llm. 149, where this power is attributed to Odin himself. 2. to • deave' (Scot, and North. E.), i. e. stupefy; medic., d. hönd, Fas. iii. 396: metaph. to soothe or . stupefy, d. sakar, to soothe, Ghv. 2. 23; d. sefa, Sdrn. 1. c. II. =^Goth. datipjan, Germ. tar/fen, -- to dip; d. í vain, to dip in water, N. G. L. i. 339, 378, v. 1.; vide dvfa. deyfð, f. '(deyfa, u, f.), [Ulf. ' d aM& i/xij, deafness, N. G. L. 1. 228; numbness, having no savour. DEYJA, pret. do, 2nd pers. dótt, later dost, pl. do, mod. don; prut, dáinn; pres. dey, 2nd pers. deyr (in mod. familiar use deyrð): pret. sub), daei; in the south of Icel. people say dæði, inserting a spurious ö: old poems with neg. suffix, deyr-at, dó-at; a weak pret. forTn deyði (died) occurs in the Ann. 1400-1430, and was much used in biographies of later centuries, but is borrowed from Dan. d u d e, unclassical and unknown in the spoken tongue; Icel. alwavs say do: [the root is akin to dá, q. v., Gr. ôávaros, etc.; Ulf. uses a part, divans, by which lie sometimes ren- ders the Gr. 6vrjrós, (þôapTÓs; iindivans = åOávaros, á(/)öapros; undiiianei -- åQavaaía; but the Gr. Orfiaictiv he renders not by divan but by ga- sviltan; llel. uses do/an, but rarely; the A. S. seems not to know the word, but uses sviltan, whereas in Icel. svelta means to starve, die of hanger; the Engl. perhaps borrowed the verb to die from the Scandiu., whereas to starve (used by Chaucer = Germ, sterben) now means to die of hunger or co ld] :-- to die: deyr fé, deyja frændr, Hin. 76; hann do af eitri, 623. 27; er þat sügn manna, af hón hati af því dáit, Korin. 164; hann do ór sárum, Fs. 120; þeir dó allir, Landn. 294; do bar undir ellifu naut, Bs. i. 320; hann dó litlu síðarr. Fms. i. 108; þat áttu eptir sem erfiðast er, ok þat er at d., Nj. 56: betra er at d. með sa'mð en hta nieð sköinm, Orkn. 28: the proverb, deyia verðr hverr inn sinn, om/ies nna manet nox: the allit. phrase, á deyjanda degi, l. d. 106, Grug. ii. 207, Hkr. iii. 50: eccl., dauða deyia. Gen. iii. 3, Matth. xv. 4, 'let him die the death, ' Engl. A. V.; d. góðuni, ilium dauða, to die a good, bad death, etc.: it sometimes has in it a curious sense of motion, hann kaus at cl. í 'Mælifell, Landn. 192; þeir Selþórir fr. Tndr dó í Jx'irisbjiirg. 78; trnði at hann inundi deyia í fjallit. Kb. 7 new Kd., v. I., where it means to die (i. e. pass by death) into the fell, i. e. they believed that after death they would pass into the fell; cp. hinnig deyja ór lleliu halir, Vþm. 43. 3- medic, to die, of a limb, Pr. 239. "y- "^ inanimate things; dáinn arfr, a law phrase, a dead inheritance, i. e. left to the heir, Gþl. 263; hence dúnar-fé, dánar-arfr, q. v. DEYNA, d, [daunn], t o . s tink, 544. 39, Hom. 151, 623. 22, Stj. 91 deyning, f. a stink, bad smell, Stj. 51. digla, að, to drip, prop, of a running at the nose (v. dignll), Sd. 168: to drip, of wet clothes hung out, Konr. 32. digna, að, to /income moist (deigr): to lose temper (of steel), Nj. 203: metaph. to lose heart, Karl. 390, Ü. T. 20. Flóv. 44, Fas. iii. 540, G. H. M. ii. 71 2. DIGR, adj., iieut. digrt, [the Goth, probably had an adj. tligra; Ulf. renders â5pÓTTjs by digrei; Swed. diger; the Germ, di c k is different, and answers to Icel. þjokkr, þykkrj:- stout, big; a pole is digr, a wall þykkr: the phrase, d. sem naut, big as an ox, Kb. 314; liar ok d. . Anal. 79; d. fotr, Nj. 219; Ólafr Digri', Olave the Fat. Ô. H.: er kalli var digrastr, Nj. 247: digrt men (nionile), Fms. vi. 2/1; talr langr ok digr, Kg. 285; disîrir fjötrar, Sks. 457: (hon) !;''kk dii^r nieð tveini, * h f was big with twins, Str. 16. P. irregularly - þykkr; d. pan/ari, Sturl. ii. 59; d. ok feit nan'. ssíð. i. a thick side of bacon, Fms. ii. 139. 2. metaph., göra sik digran, to puff oneself out, Bs. i. 719. Karl. 197; digr orð. big U'ords, threats, Ísl. ii. 330, Bs. i. 758. p. gratnm. deep, of a tune, sound, Skálda 177, Ísl. ii. 467, v. 1. digrask, að, to grow big, of a pregnant woman, Fms. . xi. 53; d. i gerðum, id., Bárð. 173, Fb. i. 157: metaph. to make oneself big, d. ok dramba, Th. í i. digr-barkliga, adv. ' big-throated, ' haughtily, Finnb. 252, Bs. i. 7(14. digr-beinn, adj. big-legged, Fms. iv. 28. digrð, f. bigness, stoutness (cp. lengd, ha:ð. breidd. |iykt), Fms. iii. 209. digr-hálsaðr, adj. -- háls-digr, big-necked, Jjiðr.)8. digr-leikr, in. (-leiki, a, in.), bigness, Edda 20, Ann. 1345, Bs. ii. 167, 173: aspiration, Skálda 180. digr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), big. boastful. Bs. i. 728, Eg. 711, v. 1. digr-nefjaðr, adj. -- nef-digr. big-nosed, Sturl. iii. í (I C. digr-yrði, n. pl. big words, Stj. 461. DIK, n. a run. leap; taka dik (taka undir sig d.), to take a spring, Bs. ii. 143: the word is probably foreign, but root uncertain; hence conies mið-dik, n., pronounced mið-bik, the middle of a thing; him (i. e. the Reformation) hetir upphaiit illt og efnis'aust, mið-dikið múta- laust. og endann afskaplegau, Bs. ii. 313, a pastoral letter of the old popish bishop Ögmund, A. D. 1539. dika, . ad, to run, (mod.) dikt, n. composition in Latin, Látinu-dikt, Fms. iii. 163, Bs. i. 869, ii. 121; þat nvja dikt, 77: söngva-dikt, composition of songs, Sörla R. I. 5. DIKTA, að, [Lat. di e/ar e], to compose in Latin; Gunnlaugr ninnkr er Látíiui söguna tliktaö hefir, Bs. i. 215, 786; dikta ok skrif;. brt'-f á Látími; bri'-f skrifað ok diktað, 798; d. bækr. 79; d. vers, 655 xxxii. 17; d. röksemdir, Bs. i. 786: in old writers dikta is only used of Latin (not Icel.) compositions, but as these compositions were in an affected and artificial style, the word also got the sense of fiction, cp. Germ, dichten, dicbter -- a poet, dichtu ng ~- poetry; mod. Dan. digter; Engl. ditt y; in Icel. mostly with the notion ot falsehood, not as in Germ, and mod. Dan. of fancy. 2. to romance, lie; logií eðr diktað, Stj. 40; diktaðu bar audsvör þau er eigi vóru sönn, 248: menu hugðu þetta ráð diktað (feigned), Bs. i. 757; sem fjandinn liafði diktað. Mar. (Fr.); Dóra þú li'/. t dikta Ijóð. dári þig sérhver niaðr, Vidal. (a ditty). diktan, f. composition in Latin, Bs. i. 798. diktr, m. a poem (rare1), seldom used but as a name of several legendary poems of the i-;th and [6th century, Ceciliu-d., etc. dilk-fé, n. ewes together ivith their lambs, Bs. i. 7'9- DILKR, in. a sucking lamb, Grett. 137, þorst. St. 51. Grág. 1. 417, ii. 307, in the last passage also of sucking pigs, calves or kid s, - kviga (a ''jney' or young cow) með tvá dilka, Ísl. ii. 401; in Icel. households the lambs are separated from the mother in June, this is called ' færa frá, ' the time ' tráfærur, ' the lamb; fráfærn-lamb;' the lambs that are left with the mother all the summer are called 'dilkar' as opp. to ' fráfæru- larnb. ' 2. metaph. the small folds all round a great sheepfold. p. the phrase, e-t dregr dilk eptir sér. it brings trouble in its train. dilk-sauðr, in. a sheep with a lamb, Gr. ig. i. 418. dilk-ær, f. a ewe with a lamb, Grug. ii. 304. dilla, að, with dat. to trill, lull; dillandi rodd, a sweet voice: dillindo, interj. lullaby: dillari, a, in. a triller, of the nightingale; hjartans danspipu dillarinn, Jón þorl. i. 131. dimma, d, (but dinimaðisk, Fb. i. 91; dimmat, part. . Mar.) :-- to be- come dim; neut. or impers., um kveldit er d. tok. when it began to grow dark, Fms. viii. 305; dinnnir af nott, the night darkens, iii. 135: also of clouds, to grow dark (of a gale, storm); þá hvesti ok dimdi i fjorðinn, Kspol. Árb. ^76<S.

100 DIMMA -- DJÖFULL.

dimma, u, f. dimness, darkness, esp. of clouds, nightfall; seglið bar í fjarðar-dimmuna, Espol. Ârb. I. e.: metaph. gloom, Pass. 4. ii; the phrase, dimmu dregr a e-t, it becomes clouded, looks threatening, Band. IO. dimm-hljóðr, adj. -- -dimmraddaðr, Fas. ii. 231. DIMMR, adj. [A. S. and Engl. dim~] , dim, dark, dusky; d. ok dökt sky, a dim and dark sky, Fms. xi. 136; verða dimt fyrir augun), t o s ee dimly, esp. of sudden changes from darkness to light, iii. 217; var dimt hit neðra, dark below, Háv. 40; d. himin, Matth. xvi. 3; harla dimt var af nott, Pass. II. I; dimm nótt, a dark night; d. stigr, a dim path, Fms. i. 140; dimt el, a dark storm, Úlf. 7. 63; d. regn, Lex. Poët.; d. dreki, the du s ky dragon, Vsp. 66. |3. of voice, hollow, Ísl. ii. 467; vide the following word. dimm-raddaðr, adj. deep-voiced, Grett. ill. dimm-viðri, n. d ar k, cloudy weather. dindill, m. the tail of a seal. dingla, að, to dangle; dingull, m. a small spider, cp. dor-dingull. dirfa, ð, (vide djarfr), to dare, always with the reflex, pronoun separated or suffixed, dirfask or d. sik, with infin. to dare, Fms. xi. 54, ísi. ii. 331; d. sik til e-s, to t a ke a thing to heart, Al. 88, 656 A. I. 36: reflex., dirfask, to dare; bændr dirfðusk mjok við Birkibeina, became bold, impudent, Fms. ix. 408; er þeir dirfðusk at hafa með höndum hans píslar-mark, vii. 195; engi maðr dirfðisk at kveðia þess, i. 83, K. Á. 114; dirfask í e-u, þá dirfðumk ek í ræðu ok spurningum, 7 grew more bold in Speech. Sks. 5. dirfð, f. boldness, often with the notion of impudence, arrogance, Eg. 47, Glúm. 309, Fms. iv. 161, xi. 54, Post. 645. 71; of-dirfð, impudence. dirfska, u, f. = dirfð; of-dirfska, temerity. DISKR, m. [a for. word: from Gr. oiaicos; Lat. discus; A. S. and Hel. di sc; Engl. d es k and di s k; Germ, tis c h] :-- a plate; þá vóru öngir diskar, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 337, O. H. L. 36, Fms. i. 259, Bs. i. 475; silfr-d., gull-d., silver and gold plate are mentioned as a present given to a king, O. H. 154, cp. Fb. iii. 332; both the words used in this sense, diskr and skutill (Lat. scuiellum, Germ, schüssel) are of for. origin; cp. also Rm. 4, 39: in the earliest times small movable tables also served as plates. dispensera, að, to dispense (Lat. word), H. E. i. 510. dispenseran, f. dispensing, Stj., Bs. disputa, disputera, að, to dispute (Lat. word), Stj. díametr, n. diameter (Gr. word), 732. 7- DÍAR, in. pl. [the Icel. has two words, but both of them poetical and obsolete, viz. diar answering, by the law of Interchange, to Gr. Oeos (Icel. d -- Gr. 0), and tivar, by the same law, to Lat. de!/s (Icel. t- Lat. d); cp. Sansk. devas, Gr. oefos, Lat. dîvus, Ital. di o, Fr. die?/] :-- ^o ds or priests; this word occurs onlv twice, Yngl. S. ch. 2 -- þat var þar siðr, at tólf hofgoðar vóru æðstir, skyídu þeir ráða fyrir blótum ok dómum manna í milli; þat eru díar kallaðir eðr drottnar, -- where diar means not the godi themselves but the priests; and by the old poet Kormak in an obscure periphrasis, in a poem addressed to the staunch heathen earl Sigurd; Snorri (Edda 96), in quoting Kormak, takes the word to mean ^o d s; but the version given in Yngl. S. seems more likely; the diar of the Yngl. S. were probably analogous to the Icel. goði, from goð (deus). The age of Kor- mak shews that the word was probably not borrowed from the Latin. dígull, m. [deig]. I. the mucus of the nose; d. er horr, Edda (Lauf.), Lex. Poët.; hence hor-digull, Fas. ii. 149; mod. hor-dingull, as if it were from dingla. II. [Swed. -Dan. digel; Germ, tiegef] , a crucible; hence poet., gold is called digul-farmr, digul-snjór, -jökull, the l on d, snow, icicle of the crucible, Lex. DÍKI and dik, n. [Germ, tei c h], a dike, ditch, Eg. 529-531, Hkr. iii. 154, Jb. 245, Grett. 161, Fms. iii. 187, vi. 406, 0. H. 21 (in a verse), Orkn. 452; dikis-bokki, a, in. aneel, poet., Kormak. DÍLI, a, m. a s pot, mark; alloðin nenia d. undir vinstri hendi, Fms. iii. 125. P. esp. medic., b. dila, to burn with caustic; this operation was in olden times performed (caustic being unknown) with a pointed hot iron, and is described in an interesting passage in Bs. i. 379, cp. also Rafns S. ch. 4, Bs. i. 644, Nj. 209. -y. a brand (on thieves), esp. on the back (v. brenna); fyrr skulu grónir grautar-dílarnir á hálsi þór, þeir er þú brant... en ek myna gipta þér systur mína, Eb. 210, Hkr. iii. 148, Fbr. 190; vide brenna. DÍS, f., pl. disir, and an older but obsolete form jó-dís, which remains in the earliest poems, jódís (the sister of) úlfs ok Nara = 7/ ela, Ýt. 7; but Loga dis, the sister of Logi, 9; cp. Edda 109: it also remains in the Icel. fern. pr. name Jódís, -- the explanation given in Skálda 183 (from jór, equus, and dis) has no philological value, being only the poet's fancy: [Hel. idis = virgo; A. S. ides; Grimm ingeniously suggests that the Idistaviso in Tacitus may be corrupt for Idisiaviso, the virgin- mead, from idi s and visa = Germ, w ie s e.] I. a sister, Ýt. I. e.; heitir ek systir, dis, jodis, a sister is called dis a nd jódís, Edda 109; dis skjöldunga, the sister of kings, Bkv. 14. II. generally a goddess or priestess (?), a female guardian-angel, who follows every man from his birth, and only leaves him in the hour of death, cp. the very interesting passages, Hallfr. S. Fs. 114, þorst. Síðu H. Anal. 184, 185, Gísl., Fms. ii. 192-195 (cp. Nj. 148); hence the phrase, ek kveð aflima orðnar þér disir, the disir have left thee, tbou art a lost matt, Am. 26; cp. also the phrase, heillum horfinn. 2. poet, a maid in general, Lex. Poët. 3. freq. in Icel. as a fern. pr. name, in compds, Jó-dís, Her-dís, Val-dís, Vig-dís, Hjör-dís, etc. COMPDS: dísa-blót, n. a sacrifice to the disir, Eg. 205, Yngl. S. ch. 33. disa-salr, m. th e temple of the disir, Yngl. S. ch. 33, Hervar. S. Fas. i. 454. disa-skald, n. the ' disir-Scald, ' surname of a heathen Icel. poet who composed a poem in honour of the disir, Edda, Skáldat. dívisera, að, to distribute (Lat. word), Stj. 42, 80. djarf-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), courage, Edda 16, Fs. 6, Jjiðr. 273. djarf-ligr, adj. bold, daring, Fb. i. 380, 445. djarf-liga, adv., Fms. i. 27, ix. 302, Nj. 48, Ld. 214. djarf-mannligr (djarfa-mannligr), adj. daring, Bárð. 164. djarf-mæltr, adj. bold-spoken, Nj. 6, Fms. xi. 53. DJARFRj adj. [cp. dirfa above; Hel. derbi or derui -- audax, im- probus; mod. High Germ, derb -- hard is a different word, answering to A. S. \*eorf, and originally meant unleavened (of bread); kindred words are, Engl. dare, daring, Gr. öappeíV] :-- bold, daring, but also in a bad sense, audacious, impudent; d. í orrustum, bold in battle, Edda 16; d. ok dularfullr, impudent and arrogant, Fms. i. 75; at Ólafr digri mundi eigi svá d. vera at..., sofoolishly daring, iv. 107; nú ver eigi síðan svá d., at þú talir ósæmilig orð við Harald, be not so presumptuous as to speak unseeming words to Harold, vii. 168; firna djörf kona ertii ok heimsk, impudent and foolish, xi. 54; djarfastr (boldest) ok bezt hugaðr, Edda 16; víg-djarfr, sókn-djarfr, hug-djarfr, valiant; u-djarfr, s h y. djarf-tækr, adj. bold in taking, Stj. 422 (of Ruth gleaning). djákn, m. (djákni, a, m., Sturl. i. 180 C), the Lat. diaconus, a deacon, Dipl. v. 22, Bs., K. Á., K. þ. K., Vm., etc. djásn, n. a diadem, D. N. i, 321, 590, etc. (freq. in mod. use); prob. a foreign word, though the root is uncertain. djúp, n. the deep; í djúpum vatna, in the depths of the waters, Sks. 628; mikit djúp (a great gulf) á milli vor staðfest, Luke xvi. 26; at eigi svelgi oss djúpit, 655 xxxii; djúp árinnar, the channel in a river, Fas. i. 151. p. the deep sea off the shore is called djúp; kastaði hann öxinni fyrir borð á djúpi, Eg. 196; síðan býr Agnarr sik til ok kafar í djúpit, Fas. i. 27: the fishers distinguish between grunn-mið and djiip- mið, vide mið; Icel. also say, hundrað, sextigi... faðma djúp: a large bay may be called djup, e. g. ísafjarðar-djúp, Landn. 147; sjúvar-djúp, hafs- djúp, the main; hann lot grafa út d. (a ' deep, ' i. e. channel) við Skeljastein, Fms. x. 153. Y- nietaph., eilift d., 656 6. 9: eccl. used of God, d. miskunnar, gæzku, depth of mercy, grace, etc.; cp. dýpt, dýpl. djúp-auðigr or -úðigr, adj. the cognom. of Auda, Landn.; it probably means the wise, deep. djúp-fyndni, f. ' deep-finding, ' wit, ingenuity, Pass. 21. 3. djúp- fundinn, part. ' deep-found, ' ingenious, Króka Refs R. 4. 2. djúp-hugsaðr, adj. deep-musing, Sturl. ii. 202. djúp-hyggja, u, f. (-hyggni, f.), sagacity, Fagrsk. 32. djúp-leiki (-leikr), a, m. depth, Magn. 514, Karl. 394. djúp-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), deep, deeply, Sks. 552. DJÚPR, adj., compar. djúpari, superl. djúpastr; djúpust, Greg. 62; djúpari (fern.), Eg. 99; djiipara, Ld. 78; djúpastan, Edda 34; djúpasti, Hom. 144; but in mod. use more freq. dy'pri, dýpstr: [Goth. djûps; A. S. and Hel. diop; Engl. deep; Germ, tie/; Swed. d/w p; Dan. dyb] :-- deep, of water; d. vatn, Grág. ii. 131; d. tjörn, Greg. 62; í hinn djúpa sæ, Edda 18, Sturl. ii. 202; djúp á, Eg. 99: of other things, a dale, pit, etc., djúpr dalr, Fms. i. 210, Edda 34; dökkva dala ok djiipa, 38; djúpar grafir (pits), Sks. 426; d. pyttr, Hom. 144: of a vessel (the ark), 625. 7; djúpt sár, a deep so re, i. e. wound, Dropl. 29; d. höttr, a deep hat, coming down over the eyes, Fms. viii. 368; d. hver, a deep kettle, Hy'm. 5. p. neut. as^dv. deep, deeply; bitu hvelin djnpt í jörðina, Al. 140. 2. metaph., d, tákn, Hom. 134. heavy, severe, d. laun, loo: the phrase, leggjaskdjúpt, to dive deep, Nj. 102: in mod. usage freq. in a metaph. sense, deep, profound. djúp-ráðigr and -ráðr, adj. deep-counselling, Jjiðr. 135, Fagrsk. 32. djúp-ræði, n. deep-scheming, Fagrsk. 32, v. 1. djúp-settr, adj. deep, deep-laid; d. ráð, Magn. 466, Fas. iii. 218; d. orð, Stj. 4; d. maðr, a deep man, Fms. xi. 44. djúp-skygn, adj. (-skygni, f.), deep-seeing. djúp-sæi, f. the seeing deep, profoundness, Stj. 560. djúp-sær (-sæligr), adj. seeing deep, penetrating, Eb. 224, Sks. 552. djúp-úðigr, adj. [A. S. deop-hydig] , deep-minded. djúp-vitr, adj. deeply wise, Orkn. 230, Fas. iii. 53. DJÖFULL, m., dat. djöfli, pl. lar; [Gr. SmfloAos; eccl. Lat. diabolus; A. S. de o/o l; Engl. devil; Germ, teufel; Swed. djefvul; Dan. djcevel; the nearest to the Icel. is the A. S. form, which shews that the word came from England with Christianity; of course in the old Saga time the word was almost unknown; the evil spirits of the heathens were trolls and giants] :-- a devil, Nj. 273, Fms. ii. 184; but in Bs., Fms. viii. sqq., the legendary Sagas, etc. it is freq. enough: as a term of abuse, Sturl. ii. 115, Fms. viii. 95, 368, ix. 50; djöfla-blót (vide blot), Mart. 115; djöfla-mót, meeting of d., Greg. 51; djofuls-kr*ptr, devil's craft, diabolical power, Fms, x. 283, Fas. i. 254.

DJÖFULLIGR -- DÓMSTAURR. 101

djöful-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), devilish, 623. 24, 625. 72, Fms. x. 289 290, Barl. 149, Mar. 60. djöful-óðr, adj. ' devil-wud' possessed, Orkn. 518, Clem. 51, N. T. djöful-ærr adj.= djöfulóðr, Mar. 656 B. 7. djörfung, f. [djarfr], boldness, in a good sense, Fms. iv. 133, Pass. 40. 17: impudence, Fms. ii. 184, H. E. i. 503: cp. dirfð, dirfska. DOÐI, a, m. '[dauðr], deadness, insensibility. doðka, u, f. the bird tringafusca, lækjar-duðra, Fél. i. 17, Edda (Gl.) doð-na, að, to become insensible, Anal. 196. doðr-kvisa, u, f. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.) dofi, a, m. [daufr], medic, torpor, in the hands, feet, etc., -- handar-dofi, fota-dofi; as to the art, stein-dofi, anaesthesia; núla-dofi, 'needle-torpor, ' 'pins and needles, ' Fél. ix. 205, 206: metaph. torpor, numbness, Stj. 97, Hom. 108. dofinn, adj. de a d, of a limb; d. er mér fótr minn, Vápn. 21: metaph. drowsy, [Dan. d oi/ en], Al. 71. dofna, að, [Goth, daubnan; Swed. domna] , to become dead, of limbs; dofnaði höndin, Fms. vi. 203, Stj. 296, 297: of water, flat, Sks. 165: metaph. the phrase, dofnar yfir e-u, the matter begins to die out, people cease to talk about it, Fms. x. 301, Bs. i. 348, Band. 4; hugr dofnar, the mind gets heavy, Brandkr. 60. dogg, n. a pillow (?), in the phrase, að sitja upp við dogg, to lie half erect in bed, leaning the head upon a high pillow. dokk, dokka, u, f. a windlass, Fms. x. 53. doparr, m., and doppa, u, f. a boss of metal, þiðr. in, Karl, 550 (in a saddle); of earrings, D. N. i. 321*: (the last word is freq.) dor-dígull (dordingull), m. a small spider; araneus tolas ater splen- dens, filo demissorio, Eggert Itin. 609; also called fiski-karl, fisher-carle; the word is no doubt to be spelt dorg-digull, i. e. angling spider; for popular lore as to the dordigull vide Ísl. þjóðs. ii. 547, 548: the small spider's web is called hégómi, q. v. dorg, f. a n angler's tackle, rod and line, etc., for trout or small fish; þeir réru tveir á báti með dorgar sínar at smá-fiski, Sæin. Gm. (introd.), p. 32; land-dorgar, the land of dorg, the se a, Edda 66; dorgar-skot, a kind of fishing implement, D. N. iii. 201; cp. dorga. dorga, að, to fisb with a dorg: in mod. use dorg is only used of fishing through holes in the ice; metaph. Icel. also say, d. við e-t, to go angling for a thing, go dangling after it. dorma, að, [Lat. dormire] , to doze. dornikar, m. pl. [from Doornik in Flanders], a kind of water-tight boots, Jón þorl. dorri, a, m. a wither. dotta, að, (dott, n.), to nod from sleep; dottr, m. a nodder, Háv. 44. dólg (dolg), n. [A. S. dolg = vidnus, O. H. G. tolg~] , direful enmity, only in poetry in compds, as dólg-brandr, -eisa, -Ijos, the fire, embers, light of the d., = swdrd; dólg-lið, the ale of the d., i. e. blood; dólg-linnr, the d. snake, i. e. spear; dolg-. svala, the battle-swallow, i. e. the shaft; gaping wounds are called dólg-spor, Hkv. 2. 40. dólg-ligr, zdj. fiendish, Finnb. 326. dólg-maðr, m. = dólgr, Hkv. 2. 49 (Ed. dólgar maer). DÓLGR (dolgr), m. [Ulf. renders xpfaxpfiXfrrjs, Luke vii. 41, by ditlgisskula; and oavaarijs, id., by dulgahaitja] : -- a fiend; duuðir dólgar, ghosts, Hkv. 2. 49 -- verða öflgari allir ú nóttuin dauðir dúlgar mær, en um daga Ijosa -- used synonymous to 'devil, ' djufull. Fms. iii. 200, vi. 143, x. 172 (of a giant); þar sat dólgr í hásæti, mikill ok illiiigr (of witches), Fas. ii. 184; svartir dólgar, Karl. 525; sögðu at sá d. væri kominn í bygðina er þeim þætti eigi dæll viðfangs, Grett. 127; söku-dólgr, a cri- minal; vide dylgja. dóli, a, m. [dole, Ivar Aasen; cp. Engl. dull], a drudge, Edda. (Gl.) dólpr, m. a so rt of dress, Edda (Gl.) 232. dólpungr, m. the l ar v a of a caterpillar, Björn. dómandi, a, m., pl. dómendr, [A. S. dêmend'] , a judge, Fas. ii. 32, Grág. i. 27, 65, 79, Nj., N. G. L. i. ii, Eg. ch. 57, Stj. 378 sqq.; as to the Icel. judges cp. esp. Grág. J). f). ch. i, 6, and numberless passages in the laws and Sagas. dómari, a, m. [Dan. dommer; Swed. d owza re], a judge, this is the com- mon form instead of dómandi, Edda 93, K. Á. 202, Sks. 472 B, Pass. 27. 5, 28. 10; dómara-sæti, n. judgment-seat, Sks. 480 B; Dómara-bók, f. the . Boo k of Judges: used besides in many compds, lands-domarijC hie/l/w d^f, of Pilate, Matth. xxvii. 27, Pass. 25. i; yfir-domari, undir-domari, etc. dóm-fé, n. ay ee or payment fixed by sentence, D. N. dóm-festa, u, f. submitting to subpoena, N. G. L. i. 22, 221. dóm-flogi, a, m. a law term, a runaway from court, used either of the plaintiff" or judge if they do not appear in court, or quit the court, or even rise in court, without leave; in which case the judge forfeits his seat, and the plaintiff his case; defined N. G. L. i. 23, 220. dóm-hringr, m. 'doom-ring, ' 'judgment-ring;' (cp. also vé-bönd, the sacred bounds ^r b a r): the courts of heathen times were surrounded by the domhringr, about a bow-shot from the centre where the benches were placed; no evil-doer might enter this hallowed ring, or commit an act of violence within it; if he did so, he was called a vargr í veum (lupus in sanctii); the Engl. law term ' bar' answers to this old word, cp. Gr. SpvcþaKTOi, Lat. cancelli; the Goth, staua, •=•• court and judge, properly means a staff, bar; the bar was, according to Eg. 1. c., a pole of hazel- wood, hesli-stengr: classical passages referring to this, -- þar sér enn dóm- hring þann, er menu vóru dæmdir í til blóts, í þeim hring stendr Jjurs steinn, etc., Eb. ch. lo; þar stendr enn þórs steinn ... ok þar ' hjá' (better) er s;i domhringr er (in which) menu skyldi til blóts dæma, Landn. 98: another classical passage is Eg. ch. 57 beginning; cp. also Fas. iii. Gautr. S. ch. 7, Edda 10, though the ' ring' is not expressly mentioned in these last two passages: hann gengr í domhringinn ok setzk niðr, Band. 6; en peir eigu at rísa ór dóminum ok sitja í dómhring innan meðan um þá sök er dæmt, Grág. i. 78, cp. 17, 26: in early heathen times this sacred circle was formed by a ring of stones, cp. dóm-stcinar: no doubt some of the so-called Celtic or Druidical stone circles are relics of these public courts, e. g. the Stones of Stennis in the Orkneys; cp. Scott's last note to the Pirate, referring to this subject: even in later times, when the thing was obsolete, the name still remained. dóm-hús, n. the 'house of doom, ' court-bouse, Sks. 784; the idea is foreign, though the word is native: the old courts and meetings were always held in the open air. dóm-kirkja, u, f. [Germ, dom-kirche, from Lat. domus~\, a cathedral, (mod.) dóm-leggja, lagði, a law term, to lay before a court, Dipl. iii. 13. dóm-nefna, u, f. the nomination of judges in the Icel. court, described in ib. ch. 5; in parliament the goðar (priests) had the right to appoint the judges, Grág. i. 25; þeir (viz. the priests) skyldu domnefnur eiga á þingum, Fms. iii. 106. DÓMR, in. [Goth, dams, which occurs once, but not in Ulf., vvho only uses the word in compds, and renders Kpiais and Kptrris by siaua; A. S. dôm; F, ngl. d oow and the termin. -dom; O. H. G. torn; known in Germ, only from the termin. -turn (-thum)'] . I. a court of judgment, the body of judges, or the 'court' itself; the Icel. law of the Common- wealth distinguishes between several bodies of judges; in parliament there were Fjórðungs-dómar, ' Quarter Courts, ' one for each of the poli- tical quarters of the country, Breiðfirðinga-d. or Vesttirðinga-d. for the West, Rangaeinga-d. for the South, Eyiîrðinga-d. or Norðlendinga-d. lor the North, and Austfirðinga-d. for the East; these courts were instituted by Thord Gellir A. D. 964: at a later date a fifth High Court, called Fimtar-domr, the Fifth Court, was erected about A. D. 1004; vide Nj. ch. 98, íb. ch. 8, Grág., esp. f). fx in the first chapters, and many passages in the Sagas, esp. Nj., Sturl.; and of mod. authors, Konrad Maurer in his essay, Die Entstehung des Icel. Staates, Ed. 1852, Dasent's Introd. to Burnt Njal; -- the treatise of Maurer is an indispensable guide in matters of the Fimtar-domr. There are other courts on record, e. g. dyra-dómr, a court at the door of the defendant, vide Eb. ch. 18 and N. G. L.; mi skal dóm setja fyrir durum verjanda, en eigi á. bak hnsi; hann (viz. the plaintiff) skal setja dóm sinn eigi nær húsi en svá, at verjandi (the defender) megi setja sinn dóm milli dura ok dóms hans ok aka hlassi viðar milli dóms ok dura (vide dæma), N. G. L. i. 22: technical law-phrases as to the courts, setja dom, to set the court, let the judges take their seats; durmr fara lit, the courts 'fare out, ' i. e. open; faera lit dom, dúma-iitfærsla, i. e. the opening of the courts, Grug. i. 27, -- the judges went out in a body in procession and took their seats; ryðja dóm, to challenge the court, Nj.; ganga at dúmi, to go info court; nefna dom, to name the judges (iK'. ui- nefna); sitja í dómi, t o s it in court; múl ferr í dom, a case goes into court; hleypa upp dómi, to break up the court by force; bera K i dóm, to bribe the court; dóms-afglapan, vide afglapan; -- for all these phrase?, vide Grág., |x þ. in the first chapters, Nj., esp. ch. 140 sqq., Eg. ch. 57, N. G. L. i, Gþl. This sense is now almost obsolete, but it remains in the Manx demster and Scot, dooinster. II. doom, judgment, sen- tence, and this may be the original sense; dóms-atkvæði, dóms-orð, and dóms-uppsaga mean doom, sentence, as pronounced by the pre- siding judge, Nj., H. E. ii. 115, Sks. 159, Band. 6, Grág. i. 3, 83; dóma- dagr, doomsday, 'he day of judgment; Norna-dómr, the doom of the Norns, their weird, fate, Ýt. 23, Fm. 11; skapa-dómr, id. (3. judg- ment, opinion. III. denoting s t a te, condition, age, in words such as heiðin-dómr, Kristin-dómr, the heathen, Christian age, faith; konung- domr, a kingdom; biskups-dómr, a bishopric, etc.; hefja ór heiðnum dómi, to lift out of heathendom, baptize, Sighvat. 2. helgir dómar, relics, Bs., H. F, ., Grág. ii. 165, Fms. i. 230, v. 143, Gpl. 70 :-- but helgidómr, Old Engl. halidom, Germ, heiligthum: leyndr d., mystery, fji\iaTrjpl. ov of the N. T.; leynda donia hirnnarikis, Matth. xiii. ii; þenna leyndan dom, Rom. xi. 25; sjáið, að eg segi yðr leyndan dom, í Cor. xv. 51. 3. in many compds = Engl. -dom, -hood, -head; Guð-dómr, Godhead; mann- dómr, manhood, dóm-rof, n. disregard of judgment, Grág. i. 87, cp. Gþl. 21. dóm-ruðning, f. a challenging of judges, Gnig. i. 27. dóm-seta, u, f. sitting in court, judgment, Sks. 638, 641. dóm-setning, f. opening the court, N. G. L. i. 220. dóm-staðr, m. court, tribunal, Grág. i. 448, ii. 405, Edda 10. dóm-staurr, m. a co urt b a r, properly court rails, but used in N. G. L. i. 220 of select men who stand outside and pronounce an opinion on the case,

102 DÓMSTEFNA -- DRAGA.

dóm-stefna (-stemna), u, f. a citing, summoning, Grág. i. 448. dóm-steinar, m. pl. ' court-stones, ' courí-ring, Sturl. i. 31, vide dómhringr. dóm-stóll, m. the judgment-seal, John xix. 13, Sks. 622, 637, Horn, j 46, Fms. x. 443. I dóm-sæti, n. = dómstóll, Sks. 488, 606. dóm-sætr, adj., in the phrases, vera d., N. G. L. i. 84; eiga domsaett, to be qualified to sit in a court, a lawful judge, Grág. i. 64. dóm-varzla, u, i. guarding a court, Grág. i. 65. dómvörzlu-inaðr, m. a man whoguards the court, a javelin-man, Grág. I. e. DÓNI, a, m. (and compels dóna-legr, -skapr, -h. attr); this is a college word, by which the students of the old colleges at Skalholt and Hólar called outsiders as opposed to collegians, like the Pbilisler of Germ, universities: it is still used: from Span, don, through the E. Engl. done, (' / n þ i dy sc h selte not b i spone, noþer on þe brynke, as -unlernyd done, " -- • einsog ólærðr dóni, as an illiterate clown (used mockingly), Bodl. Ashm. MSS. no. 61, about A. D. 1500, Boke of Curtesy, E. Engl. Text Society, 1868.) dós, f. |"cp. Engl. d os e, Dan. daase] , a small box, snuff-box, (mod. word.) dót, n. [North. E. doit], trumpery, trifles, (cant word.) DÓTTIR, f., gen. dat. acc. dóttur, plur. dœtr, later dætr or dætur: gen. dætra, dat. dætrum; the Icei. keeps a single t throughout in the plur., whereas Swed. and Dan. have döttre; dæitr also occurs in Sks. B. (a Norse MS.), and at least once or twice in poetry, cp. the rhyme, Ægis dættr ok tættu, Edda (Ed. A. M.) i. 324; and Hies dættr, Skálda 198: [Gr. BvyÁrrjp; \J\f. daugbtar; A. S. dogbtor; Engl. daughter; Swed. dotler; Dan. datter; O. H. G. tobtar; Germ, tocbter; the Greek has a short v, and the Goth, has au, answering to Gr. o; the diphthongal 6 and the double t in the Scr. ndin. is only caused by the suppression of the middle consonant g h] :-- a daughter; hann átti dóttur eina er Unnr hét, Nj. i; fjóra dóttir Sigurðar Orms í auga; jborgeiðr dóttir þorsteins ens Rauða, 2; Höskuldr átti sér dótîur er Hallgerðr hét, id.; er iüt at eiga dáðlausa sonu, ok víst aetla ek yðr til þess betr felda at þér værit dætr föðurs yðvars ok værit giptar, Ld. 236; gott skaplyndi hefðit þór þá fengit, ef þtr værit dætr einhvers bónda, 216; nú veit ek at þú ert d. en ekki sonr, er þú þorir eigi at verja frændr þina, Háv. 43. If suffixed to a name, -dóttir denotes a woman, -son a man, e. g. þorsteinn Egils-son, but his sister þorgerðr Egíls-dóttir; Halldórr Ólafs-son, but Halldóra Ólafs-dóttir, vide the Index uf Names to Landn., the Sagas, etc.: this custom, in early times common to all Teut. people, is still in almost exclusive use in IceL, where a lady keeps her name all her life, whether married or not: einga- dóttir, only daughter; sonar-dottir, son's daughter; dóîtur-dóttir, a daughter's daughter, a granddaughter, Grág. i. 171; dóttur-maðr, a so n- in-law, Germ, eidam, Fms. ix. 240, Grág. 1. 175: the waves are poet, called Ranar-dsetr, Hlés-dætr, Ægis-dætr, the daughters of Ran, etc., Edda: the Earth is daughter ofunar, and, on the mother's side, of Night, Edda; the Sun is daughter of Mundil-fari, 7. 2. Dótta is a fern, pr. name in Denmark, prob. akin to daughter, Fms. vi. drabba, að, (drabb, n., drabbari, a, m.), to ' drab, ' to dirty. draf, n. draff, husks, N. G. L. iii. nos. 2, 8, Luke xv. 16. drafa, að, to t a lk thick; það drafaði í honurn, of a drunken person. drafa, þiðr. 116, v. 1., 205, 289, from the M. H. G. drabe or darabe, = thereby, which the Icel. translator did not understand. drafl, n. tattl e, Fas. iii. 423. drafli, a, m. cuddled milk when cooked, Grett. (in a verse); rauð-seyddr d., a red-cooked d., a dainty. drafna, að, d. sundr, to become rotten as draff, Fas. iii. 325, 451. drag, n. [draga], in compds as in drag, a bow-shot, of distance: spec, a soft slope or valley, i hverri laut og dragi, Arm. ii. 94: in pl. drog, the watercourse down a valley, dals-drög, dala-drög; Gljufrár-drög, Pm. 46; Ká!fadals-drög, id.; fjalla-drog. P. sing, the i ro n rim on the keel of a boat or a sledge; the metaph. phrase, leggja drag uridir e-t, to lay the keel under a thing, i. e. to encourage it, Eb. 20. Y- a lining, in erma- drög, Bév. 16 (Fr.) S. Icel. also say, leggja drog fyrir e-t, to lay a drag (net) for a thing, i. e'. to take some preparatory steps for a thing. e. metric, term, a supernumerary, additional line to a stanza, Edda (Ht.) 124, Fms. vi. 347. draga, u, f., vide drögur. DRAGA, pret. dró, pl. drógu; part, dreginn; pres. dreg: pret. subj. drsegi: [Lat. trabere; Ulf. dragon, but only once or twice, = ttnaupfveiv in 2 Tim. iv. 3; Hel. dragon =portare, ferre (freq.); A. S. dragon; Germ, tragen; the Engl. distinguishes between to dra g- and draw, whence the derived words to draggle, trail, drawl; Swed. draga; the Danes have drage, but nearly obliterated except in the special sense to travel, -- otherwise they have trœkke, formed from the mod. Germ. tragen\ :-- to draw, drag, carry, pull. A. ACT., with acc. I. to dra g", carry, pull; hann dró þau oil xit, Nj. 131; djöfla þá er yðr munu d. til eilifra kvala, 273; d. heim við, to drag the logs home, 53; d. sauði, to pick sheep out of a fold, Bs. i. 646, Eb. 106; d. skip fram, to launch a ship; d. upp, to draw her up, dra g' her ashore, Grág. ii. 433; dró fwrgils eptir sér fiskinn, Fs. 129; Egill dró at sór skipit, E. pulled the ship close up to himself, Eg. 221, 306; dró hann þá af grunninu, Fms. vii. 264; hann hafði dregit (pulled) hött síðan yfir hjálm, Eg. 375, cp. Ad. 3; d. föt, skóklæði af e-m, to dr a w off clothes, shoes; þá var dregin af (stripped off) hosa likinu, Fms. viii. 265; dró hann hana á hönd ser, he pulled it on his band, Eg. 378; d. hring á hönd sér, to put a ring on one's band, 306; (hann) tók gullhring, ok dró (pulled) á blóðrefiünn, id.: phrases, er við ramman reip at d., ' ti s t o pwll a rope against the strong man, i. e. to cope with the mighty, Fms. ii. 107, Nj. 10, -- the metaphor from a game; d. árar, to pull the oars, Fms. ii. 180, Grett. 125 A: absol. to pull, ok drógu skjótt eptir, they s oo n pulled up to them, Gullþ. 24, Krók. 52: metaph., um margar íþróttir dró hann fast eptir Ólafi, in many accomplishments he pressed bard upon Olave, Fms. iii. 17: d. boga, to draw the bow, x, 362, but more freq. benda (bend) boga: d., or d. upp segl, to hoist the sails, Eg. 93, Fms. ix. 21, x. 349, Orkn. 260: d. fiska, or simply draga (Luke v. 7), to fish with a book, to pull up fish with a line (hence fisk-dráttr, dráttr, fishing), Fms. iv. 89, Hým. 21, 23, Fs. 129, Landn. 36, Fas. ii. 31: d. drátt, Luke v. 4; d. net, to fish with a drag-net; also absol., draga á (o n or in) á (a river), to drag a river; hence the metaphor, d. langa not at e-u, = Lat. longae ambages, Nj. 139: d. steiria, to grind in a hand-mill, SI. 58, Gs. 15: d. bust or nefi e-m, vide bust: d. anda, to draw breath; d. öndina um barkann, id., (andar-dráttr, drawing breath); d. tönn, to draw a tooth. 2. phrases mostly metaph.; d. seim, prop, to draw wire, metaph. to read or talk with a drawling tone; d. nasir af e-u, to smell a thing, Ísl. ii. 136; d. dam af e-u, to draw flavour from; draga dæmi af e-u, or d. e-t til dæmis, to draw an example from a thing, Stj. 13, cp. Nj, 65; d. þyðu eðr samræði til e-s, to draw towards, feel sympathy for, Sks. 358; d. grun á e-t, to suspect, Sturl.; d. spott, skaup, gys, etc. at e-u, to hold a thing up to ridicule, Bs. i. 647; d. á sik dul ok clramb, to assume the air of..., 655 xi. 3; d. á sik ofbeldi ok dramb, Fms. vii. 20; d. e-n á talar, to deceive one, metaphor from leading into a trap, 2 Cor. xii. 17 î d. vél at e-m, to deceive one, draw a person into wiles, Nj. 280, Skv. i. 33; d. á vetr, t o ^ etone's s heep and c attlethrough the winter; Hrafnkell dró á vetr kálf ok kið hin firstu misseri, Hrafn. 22, cp. Germ. anbinden, and in mod. Icel. usage setja á vetr; d. nafn af e-m, to draw, derive the name from, Eb. 126 (App.) new Ed.; the phrase, (hann skyidi ekki) fleiri ár yfir höfuð d., more years should not pass over his head, be must die, |jórð. II. to draw a picture; kross let hann d. i enni á öllum hjálmum með bleiku, Fms. iv. 96; þa dró Tjörvi líkneski þeirra á kamarsvegg, Landrt. 247; var dregit á skjöldinn leo með gulli, Ld. 78, Pr. 428; í þann tíma sem hann dregr (draws) klæða-föllin (the folds), Mar. (Fr.): d. til stafs (mod.), to draw the letters, of children first trying to write; d. fjöðr yfir e-t, a metaph. phrase, to draw a pen over or through, to hide, cloak a thing: gramm. to mark a vowel with a stroke, -- - a long vowel opp. to a short one is thus called ' dreginn;' hljóðstafir hafa tvenna grein, at þeir sé styttir (short) eða dregnir (drawn, marked with a stroke), ok er því betr dregit yfir þann staf er seint skal at kveða, e. g. ári Ari, ér er-, mínu minni, Skálda 171: to measure, in the phrases, draga kvarða við vaðrnál, Grág. i. 497, 498; draga lérept, N. G. L. i. 323. III. to line clothes, etc.; treyja var dregin utan ok innan við rauðu silki, Flov. 19. IV. metaph. to delay; dró hann svá sitt mál, at..., Sturl. iii. 13; hann dró um þat engan hlut, hemade nosubterfuge, Hkr. ii. 157; Halldórr dró þá heidr fyrir þeim, H. then delayed the time, Ld. 322; vii ek ekki lengr d. þetta fyrir þér, 284; vii ek þessi svör eigi láta d: fyrir mér lengr, Eb. 130. V. with prepp. af, at, a, fram, frá, saman, sundr, etc., answering to the Lat. attrdbere, abstrabere, protra- bere, detraherf, distrahere, contrahere, etc.; d. at lið, to collect troops; d. saman her, id., Eg. 172, 269, Nj. 127; d. at föng, to collect stores, 208, 259: metaph., þá dró at honurn sóttin, the sickness drew nearer to him, be grew worse, Grett. 119; d. af e-m, to take off", to disparage a person, Fms. vi. 287; d. af við e-ri, ok mun liéðan af ekki af dregit við oss, we s hall not be neglected, stinted, Bjarn. 54: mathem. term, to subtract, Rb. 118: d. fram, to bring forward, promote; d. fram þræla, Fms. x. 421, ix. 254, Eg. 354; skil ek þat, at þat man mina kosti her fram d. (it will be my greatest help here), at þú átt ekki vald á mér; d. fram kaupeyri, to make money, Fms. vi. 8; d. saman, to draw together, collect, join, Bs. ii. 18, Nj. 65, 76; d. sundr, to draw asunder, disjoin; d. e-t á, to intimate, (á-dráttr) drag eigi á þat, Sturl. iii. no; d. undan, to escape; kómu segli við ok drógu undan, Fms. iv. 201; mi lægir segl þeirra ok d. þeir mi undan oss, v. 11: metaph. to delay, Uspakr dró þó undan allt til nætr, Nj. 272; hirðin sá þetta at svá mjök var undan dregit, Fms. ix. 251 (undan-drattr, delay); hvi dregr þú undan at bjóða mér til þín, Glúm. 326, Fms. ix. 251, Pass. 16. 13: mathem., d. rot undan, tofxtract a root, Alg. 366; d. upp, to draw a picture (upp-drattr, a drawing), to pull up, Edda I; to pull out of the snow, Eg. 546; d. lit, to extract, draw out, 655 xxxii. 2; d. undir sik, to draw under oneself, to embezzle, Eg. 6l, Fms. vii. 128; d. upp akkeri, to weigh anchor, Jb. 403; d. upp segl, t o hoist sail, vide above; Ijos brann í stofunni ok var dregit upp, Sturl. i. 142; þar brann Ijos ok var dregit upp, en myrkt hit neðra, ii. 230; ok er mönnum var í sæti skipat vóru log upp dregin í stofunni, iii. 182; herbergis sveinarnir drógu upp skriðljósin, Fas. iii. 530, cp. Gísl. 29, 113, -- in the old halls the lamps (torches) were hoisted up and down, in , order to make the light fainter or stronger; d. e-n til e-s, to draw

DRAGA -- DRAUGR. 103

iatvards a thing; mikit dregr mik til þess, Fs. 9; engi ofkæti dregr' mik til þessarar ferðar, i. e. it i s no(by my own choice that í -undertake this journey, Fms. ix. 352; slíkt dró hann til vinsældar, ibis furthered him in popularity, vii. 175, Sks. 443 B; mun hann slikt til d., it will move, influence him, Nj. 210; ef hann drægi ekki til, if he was not concerned, 224. 2. dragatil isusedabsol. or ellipt., denoting the course of fate, and many of the following phrases are almost impers.; nema til verra dragi, unless matters turn out worse, Nj. 175; búð, dragi til þess sem vera vill, Lat. y at a evenient, 185; ef honum vill þetta til dauða d., if ibis draw to his death, prove fatal to him, 103, Grett. 114; þat samband þeirra er þeim dregr báðum til bana, which will be fatal to both of them, Nj. 135; enda varð þat fram at koma sem til dró, Ísl. ii. 263; sagði Kveldúlfr at þá (then) mundi þar ti! draga sem honum hafði fyrir boðat, Eg. 75; dró til vanda með þeim Rúti ok Unni, it was the old story over again, Nj. 12; dró til vanda um tai þeirra, 129; at her mundi til nnkillar ugiptu draga um kaup þessi, that mickle mischief would arise from this bargain, 30; dró þá enn til sundrþykkju með þeim Svíum, the old feud with the Swedes began over again, Fms. x. 161; ok er úvíst til hvers um dregr, Fs. 6; svá er þat, segir Runólfr, ef ekki dregr til, unless some unforeseen things happen, Nj. 75; hón kvað eigi tilikligt at til mikils drsegi um, Ísl. ii. 19; þá dró nú til hvárttveggja. Bret.; hence til-drög. n. pl. cause. B. IMPERS. 1. of clouds, shade, darkness, to be drav-'n before a thing as a veil; dimmu (acc.) þykir á draga ráðit Odds, it looked as if gloom were drawing over Odd's affairs, Band. 10; ok er í lók at draga skurirnar (acc.), it began to draw into showers, i. e. clouds began to gather, Fms. iii. 206: often ellipt., hratt stundum fyrir en stundum dró frá, [clouds] drew sometimes over, sometiin. es off, of the moon wading through them, Grett. 114; dregr fyrir sol, \a veil] draws over (be sun, be is bid in clouds; sky vónarleysu döpur drjugum dró iyrir mína gleði-sól, Bb. 2. 9; dregr á gleði biskups, [clouds'] drew over the bishop's gladness, it was eclipsed, Bs. ii. 79; eclipsis heitir er fyrir dregr sól rðr tungl, it is called an eclipse when [a veif] draws over the sun or moon, 1812. 4; tunglskin var Ijost, en stundum dró fyrir, the moonshine was clear, and in turn [a veil] drew over it, Nj. 118; þá sá lítið af tungli Ijóst ok dró ymist til eor frá, Ísl. ii. 463; þat gerðisk, at á dregr tunglit, ok verðr eclipsis, A]. 54. 2. in various connections; dró yðr (acc.) undir hrakningina, en oss (acc.) undan, you were drawn into a thrashing (i. e. got one] , but we escaped, Nj. 141; hann (acc.) dró undan sem r. auðuligast, he bad a nar- row escape, Fms. ix. 392: absol., a noun or personal pronoun in acc. being understood, lítt dró enn undan við þik, there ivas little power of drawing out of thy reach, i. e. thy blow did its work right well. Nj. 199, 155; hvárki dró sundr nó saman með þeim, of two running a dead heat: metaph. phrases, mun annarsstaðar meira slóða (acc.) draga, there will be elsewhere a greater trial left, i. e. the consequences will be still worse elsewhere, 54; saman dró hugi þeirra, their hearts were drawn together, of a loving pair, Bárð. 271; saman dró kaupmála með þeim, they struck a bargain, literally the bargain was drawn tight, Nj. 49; hann hreinsar þat skjótt þóat nokkut im (acc.) hafi á oss dregit af samneyti (although we have been a little infected by the contact witb) annarlegs siðferðis, Fms. ii. 261; allt slafr (acc.) dro af Hafri, i. e. //. became quite mute, Grett. (in a verse): in a temp, sense, til þess er dró at degi, till the day drew nigh, Fms. x. 138; þá er dró at miðri nótt, Grett. 140; þá er dregr at Joluni, Yule drew nigh, Fbr. 138; dregr at hjaldri, the battle-hour draws nigh, Fms. vi. (in a verse); dró at því (the time drew nigh), at hann var banvænn, Eg. 126: of sickness, hunger, or the like, to sink, be overcome by, svá dregr at mér af elli, svengd ok þorsta, at..., Fms. iii. 96; nú þvkki mér sem fast dragi at þér, th ow art sinking fast, Fas. ii. 221; ok er lokið var kvæðinu dregr at Oddi fast, O. was sinking fast, 321: of other things, tók þá at d. fast at heyjum bans, hi s s to ek was very low, Fms. iii. 208; þoku dregr upp, a fog draws on, rises, 97 (in a verse), but ok taki sú poka (nom.) fyrir at d. norðrljósit, Sks. an (better þá þoku, acc.) C. REFLEX, to draw oneself, move; ef menn dragask til föruneytis þeirra (Join them) úbeðit, Grág. ii. 270; Sigvaldi dregsk út frá flotanum, 8. draws away from the fleet, Fms. xi. 140; ofmjök dragask lendir menn fram, i. e. the barons drew far too forward, vii. 22; hyski drósk á flótta, they drew away to flight, Fms. vi. (in a verse); skeiðr drógusk at vigi, the ship s drewon tobattle, iii. 4 (in a verse); dragask undir -- draga undir sik, to take a thing tooneself, Grág. ii. 150; dragask á hendr e-m, drógusk opt þeir menn á hendr honum er uskilamenn voru, Sturl. i. 136; dragask e-n á heridr, hann kvað þess enga van, at hann drægisk þá á hendr, ii. 120; dragask aptr á leið, to remain behind, Rb. 108; dragask út, to recede, of the tide, 438; dragask saman, to draw back, draw together, be collected, Fms. i. 25, Bs. i. 134; e-m dragask peimingar, Fms. vi. 9; d. undan, to be delayed, x. 251; the phrase, herr, lið dregsk e-m, the troops draw together, of a levy, i. 94, vii. 176, Eg. 277; dragask á legg, t o gro w up, Hkr. iii. 108; sem aldr hans ok vitsmunir drógusk fram, increased, Fms. vi. 7; þegar honum drósk aldr, when he grew up, Fs. 9; dragask á legg, to grow into a man; dragask við e-t, t o become discouraged, Fms. via. 65; d. vel, ilia, to do well, ill, Fs. 146: to be worn out, exhausted, drósk þá liðit mjök af kulda, Stud. üi. 20; drósk hestr hans, ii. 75 •' part, dreginn, drawn, pinched, starved, hestar mjök dregnir, Fms. ix. 276; görðisk fénaðr dreginn mjök, drawn, thin, iii. 208; stóð þar í heykleggi einn ok dregit at o!lu megin, a tapering hayrick, Háv. 53: of sickness, Herra Andrés lagðisk sjúkr, ok er hann var dreginn mjök, Fms. ix. 276. /3. recipr., þau drógusk um einn gullhring, they fought, pulled. Fas. iii. 387. From the reflex, probably originates, by dropping the reflex, suffix, the mod. Swed. and Dan. at draga -- to go, esp. of troops or a body of men; in old writers the active form hardly ever occurs in this sense (the reading drogu in the verse Fms. iii. 4 is no doubt false); and in rrod. usage it is equally unknown in Icel., except maybe in allit. phrases as, e. g. út á djúpið hann Oddr dró, Snot 229 new Ed.; to Icel. ears draga in this sense sounds strange; even the rerlex. form is seldom used in a dignified sense; vide the refer- ences above. draga, u, f., only in pl. drogur, timber carried on horseback and trailing along the ground, Ghun. 368; dragna-hross, a dray-horse, 369: metric, term, a s or t of anadiplosis, when a stanza begins with the last word of the preceding one, Edda (Ht.) 126, Skálda 191. dragi, a, m. a trail or long line of laden horses or c art s, Bjarn. 36: cp. heim-dragi, a loiterer, Lex. Poët. drag-kyrtill, m. a trailing kirlle or gown, Fins, vi. 440, viii. 336. drag-loka, u, f. a bolt; metaph. a loiterer, Finnb. 300. drag-máll, adj. drawling. Fas. i. 382. dragna, að, [Éngl. drain] , intrans. to dra g-, trail along, Fas. iii. 525, Siurl. ii. 49; Skíði d. eptir, Sd. 169; hann dragnar síðan heim at burinu, Húv. 54; hafði losnað annarr þvengrinn, ok dragnaði skúfrinn, Eb, 220: reflex., Fas. ii. 497. drag-nál, f. a bodkin, Fas. iii. 631. drag-net, n. a drag-net, opp. to lag-net, a laying-net. drag-reip, n. a 'draw-rope, ' halyard, Bs. i. 276, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vi. 303- dragsa, að, -- dragna, Karl. 147, 554. drag-síðr, adj. trailing behind, of a gown, Eg. 702. dralla, að, (dralls n.), qs. dragla, to loiter, (slang word.) DRAMB, n. I. prop, a roll of fat on the neck of fat men or beasts, hnakka-dramb, hnakka-drembi, cp. drambr, m. a knot in char- coal or logwood; hence II. metaph. arrogance, Nj. 47; ofbeldi ok dramb, Fms. vii. 20. J3. pomp, Fms. x. 232: drambs-fullr, adj. arrogant, Hoin. 151, Fms. x. 222: drambs-maðr, m. a haughty, pompous person, Fms. x. 254. Hkr. ii. dramba, að, to be haughty, por. -. pom, Flóv. 29, Hom. 135; d. í virðingu, 656 C. II; d. yfir e-m, Greg. 22, Niðrst. 7; d. yfir sér, to boast, Fas. i. 36; d. í móti e-u, Fms. xi. 11. dramb-hosur, f. pl. a sort of' court-breeches, ' Fms, vi. 440. dramb-lauss, adj. (-leysi. n.), unpresuming, Bs. i. 275. dramb-látr, adj. haughty, Greg. 24, Hom. 7, Fas. i. 89, Luke i. 51, Pass. 35. 7. dramb-læti, n. pride, Fas. i. 18, Str. 81. dramb-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.). haughtily, Hkr. iii. 244, Sks. 451. dramb-samr, adj. haughty, Sks. 701, Fas. i. 49, Pass. 21. 7. dramb-semi, f. haughtiness, H. E. i. 519, Al. 153. dramb-vísi, f. = drambsemi, Str. 82. dramb-víss, adj. = drambsanu, Hom. 152, Karl. 135. dramb-yrði, n. pl. haughty language, Sks. 558. DRANGR, m. a lonely up-standing rock, Dipl. v. 23; kletta-drangr, fjall-drangr, etc., freq. in Icel., vide Eggert Itin. 497: many, places take their names from these basalt rocks, Drangar (pl.), Drang-ey, Dranga- vík, Dranga-jökull, etc.; in popular lore these rocks were thought to be giants turned into clones, Ísl. jþjóðs. drang-steinn, m. -drangr, Greg. 62, Bs. i. 346, Mar. 93 (Fr.) drasa, u, f. [dros], prattle; drosu ok lygi. Anecd. 14; drösur (pl.) ok hégómlig orð, 78; hence the mod. drösla or drusla, u, f. a vulgar ditty. drasill, drösull, m., poet, a h or se, cp. Ygg-drasill, vide Lex. Poët. dratta, að, (qs. dragta), to t ra il or walk like a cow, Fas. ii. 128, i. 484: Homer's zlKi-xovs is rendered by drattandi. draug-hentr, n. adj. a sor t of metre, Edda (Ht.) 137; a supernumerary syllable being added to every line, this syllable seems to have been called drangr, a plug or log. DRAUGR, m. [Lat. truncus is perhaps akin]: I. a dry log; Edda (Gl.); this sense, however, only occurs in old poets, in compds such as el-draugr, beu-d., hirði-d., her-d., óðal-d. . jó-d., gervi-d., in poetical circumlocutions of a man, cp. Edda 68, 85. II. metaph. in prose (as it is now used), a ghost, spirit, esp. the dead inhabitant of a cairn was called draugr, Ld. 326, Fms. iii. 200, Bs. i. 256, Stj. 492. í Sam. xxviii. 15, Róm. 186, 217, Orkn. 210 (in a verse), Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 436-438, Hkv. 2. 49, fsl. (Harð. S.) ii. 47 (in a verse); it also occurs in the verse on the Runic stone in Schonen, quoted and explained in Rafn Antiq. Orient. 178, but it is uncertain whether it is here used in the first or second sense. P. a sluggard, a drone who walks about as a ghost; draugs-ligr, adj.; drauga-skapr, m.; draugast, að, to w a lk about like a ghost. -y- metric., vide draughentr above. COMPOS:

104 DRAUGAFE -- DREKKA.

drottinn, m. the lord of ghosts, is one of the names of Odin, Hkr. i. II. drauga-fe, n. boards in cairns or tombs, Fas. ii. 368. drauga- gangr, m. a gang of gbosts. drauga-sögur, f. pl. g h os t stories in nursery tales, for a collection of such, vide Ísl. Jjjóðs. i. 222 -- 354. draum-kona, u, f. a 'dream-woman, ' a spirit in dreams, Gísl. 41, Íþorst. Síðu H. 185. draum-maðr, ni. a man who appears to another in a dream, Fms. ii. 230, viii. 107: a dreamer, Stj. 193. Gen. xxxvii. 19. draum-órar f. pl. (now m. pl.), dream-phantasies, Fas. iii. 79. DRAUMR, m. [A. S. dream; Hel. drorn; Engl. dream; Swed. -Dan. drain; Germ, traum; Matth. i. and ii, and by a singular mishap Matth. xxvii. 19, are lost in Ulf., so that we are unable to say how he rendered the Gr. ôvap'. -- the A. S. uses dream onlv in the sense of jo y, music, and dreamer= a bar per, musician, and expresses draumr, Engl. dream, by sveofnas, -- even the Ormul. has drœm = a sound; so that the Engl. dream seems to have got its present sense from the Scandin. On the other hand, the Scandin. have dream in the proper sense in their earliest poems of the heathen age, ballir draumar, Vtkv. I; Hvat er þat draurna, Em. I; it is used so by Bragi Gamli (gth century), Edda 78 (iu a verse); cp. draum-þing, Hkv. 2. 48, whilst the A. S. sense of song is entirely strange to Icel.: it is true that svefnar (pl.) now and then occurs in old poets = Lat. somnium, but this may be either from A. S. influence or only as a poetical synonyme. Which of the two senses is the primitive and which the metaph. ?] :-- a dream. Many old sayings refer to draumr, -- vakandi d., a day dream, waking dream, like the Gr. virap; von er vakandi draumr, hope is a waking dream, or von er vakanda maims d.; ekki er mark at draumum, dreams are not worth noticing, Sturl. ii. 217; opt er Ijotr d. fyrir litlu, Bs. ii. 225. Icel, say, marka drauma, to believe in dreams, Sturl. ii. 131; seg^a e-m draum, to tell one's dream to another, Nj. 35; ráða dranm, to read (interpret) a dream, Fms. iv. 381, x. 270, xi. 3; draumr raetisk, the dream proves true, or (rarely) draum (acc.) ræsir, id., Bret.; vakna við vándan (eigi góðan) draum, to wake from a bad dream, of a sudden, violent awakening, Fms. iii. 125, ix. 339, Stj. 394. Judg. viii. 21, 22; vakna af draumi, to waken from a dream; dreyma draum, to dream a dream; láta e-n njóta draurns, to let one enjoy his dream, not wake him: gen. draums is used adverb, in the phrase, e-m er draums, one is benumbed, dreamy: stóð hann upp ok fylgði englinum, ok hugði sér draums vera, Post. 656 C; draums kveð ek ber vera, Hkv. Hjorv. 19; þótti honum sjálfum sern draums hefði honum verit, 0. H. L. 81; hence comes the mod. e-m er drums, of stupid insensibility. Passages referring to dreams -- Hkr. Hálfd. S. ch. 7, Am. 14. 25, Edda 36, lb. ch. 4, Nj. ch. 134, Ld. ch. 33, Gunnl. S. ch. 2, 13, Harð. S. ch. 6, Lv. ch. 21 (very interesting), Gísl. ch. 13, 24 sqq., Glúm. ch. 9, 21, þorst. Síðu H., Vápn. 21, Bjarn. 49, Fbr. ch. 16, 37, fiorl. S. ch. 7, Sturl. i. 200, 225, ii. 9, 99, 190, 206-216, iii. 251-254, 272, RafnsS. ch. 7, 14, Laur. S. ch. 2, 65, Sverr. S. ch. I. 2. 5, 42, Fms. vi. 199, 225, 312, 403, 404, vii. 162, Jóinsv. S. ch. 2, etc. etc. COMPDS: drauma-maðr, m. a great dreamer, Gísl. 41. drauma- ráðning, f. the reading of dreams, Anal. 177. drauma-skrimsl, n. a dream monster, phantasm, Fas. ii. 414. drauma-vetr, m., Gísl. 63. draum-skrök, n. a dream phantasm, Ld. 122. draum-spakr, adj. skilled in interpreting dreams, Fms. vi. 361. draum-speki, f. s kill in interpreting dreams, Fms. iv. 30. draum-spekingr, m. a skilful interpreter of dreams, Stj. 491. í Sam. xxviii. 3. draum-stoli, adj. (cp. vit-stola), a -dream-stolen' man, i. e. one ivho never dreams, -- -- the ancients thought this a disease; þat er ekki inanns eðli at hann drcymi aldri, Fms. vi. 199, cp. also Hkr. i. 71. draum-þing, n. dream-meeting, poet, sleep, Hkv. 2. 49. DRÁK, f. (draka, u, f., THom. I. e., mod. rák, f.), a streak; la eptir ein blóð-drák í léreptinu, ... fagra heilsu barnsins ok blóð-drákina, Bs. ii. 170; hafði hann þá blóðrús merkiligasta, at ein draka (drák) gékk af hægra veg hanns kinnis í skakk um þvert andlitið á vinstri kinninni, ok með því sarna marki vitraðist hann síðan mörgum mönnum, THom. 356; ein rauð blóðdrög, MS. Holm. no. 17 (Fr.), vide driig: ruk is at present a very freq. word in Icel., but is hardly found in old writers; the identity of these two words cannot be doubted. dráp, n. [drepa], slaughter, Eg. 222, Fms. v. 235, etc.; mann-dráp, man-slaughter, homicide. DRÁPA, u, f. a heroic, laudatory poem; this word is probably derived from drepa, to strike, i. e. to strike the chords of an instrument, vide drepa A. I, as poems were at early times accompanied by instru- mental music: the drápas were usually composed in the so-called ' drótt- kvæît' metre, q. v., and were much in fashion from the loth to the I2th or even to the i^th century, but esp. flourished at the end of the loth and during the í ith; the earliest poems of this kind on record are of the end of the 9th century: even poems in honour of gods, Christ, the holy cross, saints, etc. are called drapur if composed in the proper metre; but most of them are in honour of kings, earls, princes, or eminent men, vide Skáldatal. A drapa usually consisted of three parts, upp-haf intro- duction, stef or stefjamál the burden or middle part interpolated with artificial burdens, whence the name stefja-drupa, and lastly slaemr or * peroration; according to the length, a drupa is tvitug or a poem of twenty stanzas, sextug or si A ty stanzas, and so on; it is called erfi-drápa if in praise of a deceased man, mansöngs-drápa (Germ, minne-sang) if addressed to a lady-love, etc.; as to metre, we have tog-drápa, hrynhend drápa, etc.; drápa is sometimes distinguished from flokkr, a less lauda- tory and shorter poem without burdens, Fms. vi. 391; hví ortir þú flokk um konunginn, eðr þótti þér hann ekki drápunnar verôr, Ísl. ii. 237, and the classical passage Knytl. S. ch. 19. Passages in the Sagas referring to the delivery of these poems are very numerous, e. g. Gunnl. S. ch. 7-9, Eg. ch. 62, 63 (Höfuð-lausn), 80 (Sonatorek and Arinbjarnar-d.), 81 (Beru- drápa), Ld. ch. 29 (Hús-drápa), Hallfr. S. ch. 6, II, Bjarn. 6, 39, Fms. iii. 65, v. 173-175, Knytl. S. I. e., O. H. L. ch. 60, 61, Har. S. Harð. (Fms. vi.) ch. 24, 66, no (the interesting story of Stuf the Blind), Skáldat. 252, 268, Fb. iii. 241, 242, Hkr. i. 185, 186; the last on record is Sturl. iii. 303-306, referring to A. D. 1263, cp. also Sturl. ii. 56; most of these poems derive their name from the king or person in whose honour they were composed, e. g. Olafs-d., Knuts-d. (king Canute), Eiriks-d., etc., vide Fms. xii, s. v. kvæði, or Jómsvíkiuga-d., Islendinga- d., the name of a laudatory poem addressed to the Icelandic people; or referring to other subjects, as Vell-ekla (want of gold), Hafgerðinga-d., Landn. 106, or Kross-d., Róða-d. (the Holy Rood), etc. Mythical drapas are, e. g. Ragnars-d., Haustlöng, Hús-d. COMPDS: drapu-mal, n. a lawsuit for a d., viz. a love song (mansongs-d.), which songs were forbid- den, Fs. 87. drápu-stúfr, m. a nickname for a poetaster, Landn. 168. dráp-gjarn, adj. blood-thirsty, Sks. 89. dráp-veðr, n. a furious, destructive gale, Lv. 59. DRÁTTR, m., gen. ar, dat. drœtti, pl. drættir, acc. drattu and drætti, [draga, cp. Engl. draught] :-- pulling, Jm. I: metaph. hesitation, Fms. x. 11: a draught, of fishing (fiski-druttr), but esp. of a drag-net, Luke v. 4. DREGG, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. dreggjar, dregs, lees; þeir óguðlegu skulu dreggjarnar af súpa, Ps. Ixxv. 8, Fas. ii. 26: metaph., N. G. L. i. 339. dregill, m., dimin., dat. dregli, a ribbon, Nj. 214, Hkr. i. 320, Edda. 20, O. H. L. 65, H. E. ii. 113; dregla-lið = dreglat lið, soldiery decorated with ribbons, Fb. ii. 337, -- a reference to the custom of neophytes after baptism wearing a white ribbon round their heads. dregla, að, to lace, furnish with a ribbon, Sturl. iii. 218. dreif, f. scattering; á drcif, id.; á víð ok dreif, scattered abroad, Grönd. 166. 2. a chain; haukr bundinn í gull-dreifum, and haukr- inn konist hvergi þvíat dreifarnar héldu honum, El. (Fr.) DREIFA, ð, [Ulf. draibjan; v. drifa], to scatter, disperse, with dat.; dreifðu þeir þá öllu liðinu. Nj. 207, Hkr. i. 250; er þú dreifðir svá mjök frå þOr fjölmenni því er ..., Fms. vii. 182: metaph. to divert, d. hug e-s, Hom. 38: with the notion of violence, to scatter, Post. 656 C. 14: to streiv, tak duft ok dreif á. sárit, Pröver 471: to sprinkle, d. vatni, Fms. i. 262, Ísl. ii. 403. Bad. 185: adding acc. of the person, d. e-n blóði, to bedabble with blood, Am. 19; ok dreifir þá meðr blóðinu, Stj. 78. P. with acc. to disperse, dissolve; dreifðum vér Guðs óvini (acc.), 655 xxxii; vóru dreifð öll bein hans, 623. 33 (very rarely). II. reflex, to be spread out, Eg. 530; of the branches of a tree, Edda 10: orð dreifask (gramm.), words are derived from, Skálda 205. dreifing, f. scattering, diffusing, Stj. 244, H. E. i. 500. dreift, n. adj. ' adrift, ' scattered, in the phrase, fara d., of troops, t o march in loose order, Fms. i. 71, v. 56; dreifara, viii. 213. dreita, tt, [drita], in the phrase, d. e-n inni, to lock one up so that he is forced to do his business within doors (a disgrace), Sturl. i. 198, Ld. 209. DREKI, a, m. [from the Gr. bpaicoiv; Lat. draco; A. S. draca; Germ. drache; Engl. dragon; Swed. drake; Dan. drage] :-- a dragon, Al. 160, 656 A, Gullþ. ch. 4; this word, which undoubtedly is of foreign origin, is however very old; it occurs in Vsp. 65 (there is no reason to suspect the genuineness of this verse); it is most freq. used by poets of the loth and nth centuries, and is especially used of ships of war bear- ing a dragon's head as beaks. Fms. ii. 179, 182, 217, 303, iv. 354, v. 311, vi. 314, 360, vii. 51, 109, 248, x. 36, 77, 204-206, xi. 45, 375. p. the constellation Scorpion, Rb. 408. 2. naut. a s m a ll anchor. COMPDS: dreka-hamr, m. the slough of a dragon, Fas. ii. 378. dreka- höfuð, n. a dragon's bead as a ship's beak, Eg. 42, Hkr. iii. 94. dreka- liki, n. the shape of a dragon, Niðrst. I. dreka-merki, n. the sign of a dragon, Karl. 35 1; the constellation Scorpio is also called Sporð-dreka- merki. The language distinguishes between flug-dreki, the flying dragon of the tales, and sporð-dreki, a tailed dragon, i. e. a scorpion. drekka, u, f. drink, beverage, Edda 48: a banquet, N. G. L. i. 91, Og. 13; cp. Ægis-drekka, the banquet at Ægir, Edda. DREKKA, pret. drakk, pl. drukku; sup. drukkit; pres. drekk; pret. subj. drykki; [Ulf. drigkan; A. S. drinkan; Engl. drink; O. H. G. trinkan; M. H. G. trinken; Dan. drikke; Swed. dricka] :-- to drink, the beverage or feast in acc.; d. mjöð, Hm. 18; mungat, el, Fms. viii. 166, Hm. 82; d. full, minni (a toast), Eg. 552, Fms. vi. 442; d. horn, t o drain, drink off a born, a cup, Hkr. i. 35; síðan tók Kolskeggr justu eina af miði fulla ok drakk, Nj. 43; d. drykk, to drink a draught, Fms. xi. 233; eptir þat tók Jjórir kalkann ok drakk af tvá drykki, Gullþ. 7 ', þú skalt d. af tva drykki, id.; d. brjost (acc.), to suck (v, brjost-drekkr),

DREKKHLAÐINN -- DREPA. 105

Mar. 656 A. 23, cp. Gþl. 504. /3. to hold a feast, the feast in acc.; d. Jól, Fms. vi. 100, Fagrsk. 4 (in the poem of Hornklofi); d. veizlu, Nj. ii; d. brullaup, Fms. xi. 88; d. erfi, Nj. 167. "y- denot- ing the modq of drinking; d. ein-menning, to drink one t o o ne, Eg. 551; d. tvi-menning, to drink twoto two, id.; d. fast, to drink hard, Eb. 184; d. úmælt, to drink without measure (cp. mál-drykkja), Fms. iii. 18; d. til e-s, to drink toa person, Eg. 552, Sturl. iii. 305, Bs. i. 848, 798; d. á e-n, id., Fms. iv. 333, vi. 442 (cp. a-drykkja); d. e-n af stokki, to drinkone under the table, iv. 167; d. frá sér vit, to drink one's wits away, ix. 339, Hm. u; the allit. phrase, d. ok dæma, to drink and chatter, Rm. 29: adding the prepp. af, or, to drink off a cup; å. af dýra hornum, Fms. vi. 442, Eg. 206, 207: absol. to drink, bold a feast, Eg. 43. 8. impers. (vide a-drykkir) of a ship, to ship a sea, metaph., Al. 139. t. recipr., drekkask á, to drink to one another, Hkr. ii. 249, N. G. L. i. 211, Js. 78. 2. part. pass, drukkinn, drunken, tipsy, Eb. 154, Fms. i. 59, Eg. 552. drekk-hlaðinn, part. ' drench-loaden, ' a ship laden till she sinks. drekkja, t and ð, [Ulf. dragkjan; Engl. dren c h], to drown, with dat., Edda (pref.) 144, Fms. iii. 28, Fas. ii. 35: metaph. to swamp, Fms. x. 395: with acc., Hom. 154 (rarely): reflex, to be submerged, Fms. xi. 66. drembi-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), haughtily, Fms. vi. 155, x. 237, Nj. 78, Fas. i. 39; cp. rembiligr. drengi-liga, adv. brave, bravely, Korm. 238, Nj. 180, 258, Ld. 206. drengi-ligr, adj. brave, valiant, Ld. 272, Fms. vii. 105, xi. 57: generous, vi. 96, Nj. 73, Boll. 348. drengja, d, a naut. term, to bind fast, haul taut to a pole (drengr); taka akkeri ok d. við ása, Fms. vii. 54; d. með köðlum, 82. dreng-leysi, n. want of generosity, unmanliness, Stj. 396. dreng-lundaðr and -lyndr, adj. noble-minded, Hkr. i. 327, Nj. 30, Fms. ii. 220; hogvaerr ok drenglyndr, gentle-minded and high-minded, Nj. 30 (ofNjal). dreng-maðr, m. a bachelor, opp. to bóndi, N. G. L. i. 31, 98: a stout doughty man, Lex. Poët. dreng-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), bravely, doughtily, Nj. 78, v. l. dreng-menska, u, f. boldness, Fas. i. 404. DRENGR, m., pl. ir, gen. drengs, pl. drengir, on Runic stones drengjar; this is a most curious word, and exclusively Scandinavian; it occurs in the A. S. poem Byrnoth, but is there undoubtedly borrowed from the Danes, as this poem is not very old. 1. the earliest form was probably drarigr, q. v., a rock or pjllar, which sense still remains in Edda (Gl.) and in the compd as-drengr, cp. Ivar Aasen; it also remains in the verb drengja. 2. it then metaphorically came to denote a young unmarried man, a bachelor, A. S. hagestald, N. H. G. hagestolz; drengir heita ungir menn ok búlausir, Edda 107; ungr d., a youth, 623. 22, Post. 656 C. 32, Edda 35; drengr, a youth, Stj. 409; hverrar ættar ertú d., 465; (hence the mod. Dan. sense of a boy); far-d., a sailor. 3. hence came the usual sense, a bold, valiant, worthy man, and in this sense it is most freq. in all periods of the language. Drengr is a standing word in the Swed. and Dan. Runic monuments, góðr drengr, drengr harða góðr, denoting c. good, brave, gallant man, a bold and gentle heart; lagði þá hverr fram sitt skip sem d. var ok skap hafði til, Fms. vi. 315; drengir heita vaskir menn ok batnandi, Edda 107; hraustr d., a gallant d., Ld. 50; d. fullr, a bluff, out-spoken man, Ísl. ii. 363; göfuligr d., Bær. 12; d. góðr, noble- minded; auðigr at fé ok d. góðr, Fms. vi. 356; hann var enn bezti d. ok hófsmaðr um allt, Ld. loo; drengr góðr ok öriggr í öllu, Nj. 30; ekki þyki mér þú sterkr, en drengr ertú góðr, thou art not strong, but tbou art a good fellow, Lv. 109; drengs dáð, a ' derring do, ' the deed of a drengr, Fbr. 90 (in a verse): also used of a lady, kvennskörungr mikill ok d. góðr ok nokkut skaphörð, Nj. 30 (of Bergthora); allra kvenna grimmust ok skaphörðust ok (but) d. góðr þar sem vel sk)'ldi vera, 147 (of Hildi- gunna): the phrases, litill d., a s mall dreng, or d. at verri, denoting a disgraced man, Nj. 68; at kalla þik ekki at verra dreng, to call thee a dreng none the le ss for that, Ld. 42; drengir en eigi dáðleysingjar, ' drengs' and no lubbers, Sturl. iii. 135; drengr and níðingr are opposed, N. G. L. ii. 420: at Hallgerðr yrði þeim mestr drengr, greatest helper, prop, Nj. 76; at þú mættir drengrinn af verða sem beztr, that thou couldst get the greatest credit from it, Gísl. 48: the phrase, hafa dreng i serk, to have a man (i. e. a stout, bold heart) in one's sark, in one's breast, Fms. ix. 381: in addressing, góðr d., my dear fellow, Eg. 407: cp. ' et quod ipsi in posterurn vocarentur Drenges, ' Du Cange (in a letter of William the Conqueror). COMPDS: drengja-móðir, f. a mother of heroes, a cognom., Hdl. 18. drengja-val, n. chosen, gallant men, Fas. i. 73, 304. drengs-aðal, n. the nature of a d., Km. 23. drengs- bót, f. w hat make s a man the better d., Fms. ii. 276, vi. 107, Karl. 120. drengs-bragð, n. the deed of a d., brave deed, Sturl. ii. 84. dreng-skapr, m., gen. ar, courage, high-mindedness; the phrase, falla með drengskap, to fall sword in hand, Fms. ii. 42; vit ok d., xi. 112; deyja með drengskap, opp. to Ufa með skömm, v. 136; þínum drengskap (manliness) skal ek við bregða, Nj. 13: allit., dáð ok d.; með litlum drengskap, cowardly, Fms. viii. 29; má þat verða til drengskapar, Ísl. ii. 366; drengskapar-raun, trial o/d., Sturl. ii. 62. drep, n. [A. S. drepe; Germ. treff~\, a smart, blow; the legal bearing of this word is defined Grág. Vsl. ch. 10-13; wound and ' drep' are distin- guished -- þat ero sár er þar blæðir sem á kom, en drep ef annars-staðar blæðir, ch. 51, cp. N. G. L. i. og, 164, Eb. ch. 23: trail, vide dögg. 2. slaying, killing, = dráp, Grág. Vsl. ch. in. 3. plague, p es t, = drep- sutt, Stj. 546, Bret. 46, Sks. 731 B: a malignant disease, N. G. L. i. 145; metaph., Al. 86. 4. medic, mortification, gangrene, Fms. iii. 184. ix. 36, Bs. i. 346, Fél. ix. 207. DREPA, pret. drap, 2nd pers. drapt, mod. drapst, pl. drápu; pret. subj. draepi; part, drepit; pres. drep; with the suft". neg. pret. drap-a. Orkn.: [A. S. drepan; Dan. drœbe; Swed. drapa; O. H. G. trefan; mod. Germ. treffen, whence the mod. Dan. treffe, in the sense to hit; Ulf. uses slahan and stautjan, but never dripan; in Engl. the word is lost.] A. WITH ACC., OR ABSOL. högg (a blow) or the like being under- stood, to strike, beat: I. act. of music, to strike the chords, (cp. phrases such as, slá danz, to strike up for a dance; slagr is battle and poem, Trolla-slagr and Gygjar-slagr are names of poems); hann tók hörpu sína ok drap strengi (struck the strings) til slags, Stj. 458 (hence drápa, a so?ig); d. e-n vendi, t o s trike with a rod, Skm. 26: to knock, å. á dyrr, or d. hogg á dyrr, to knock at a door, Nj. 150; síðan gengu þau heim bæði ok drápu á dyrr, 153; cirápu þar á dyrr, Sturl. iii. 154: metaph., d. á e-t, to tou c h slightly on a matter; d. botn or keraldi, to knock the bottom out of a jar, Fms. xi. 34; d. jam, to beat iron (a blacksmith's term) with a sledge-hammer, Grett. 129, cp. drep-sleggja. 2. esp. with the sense of violence, to knock, strike; áfallit hafði drepit hann inn í bátinn, Bs. i. 422; at eigi drepir þú mik í djúp, that thou knockest me not into the deep, Post. 6568. 9; herða klett drep ek þór hálsi af, Ls. 57. p. as a law term, to smite, strike; ef maðr drepr (smites) mann, ok varðar þat skóggang, Grág. ii. 116; eigu menu eigi at standa fyrir þeim inanni er drepit hefir annan, id.; ef maðr drepr mann svá at bein brotna, 14; nú vænisk sá maðr því er drap, at..., 15; þat er drep cf bein brotna, ok verðr sá úæll till dóms er drepit hefir, 16; mi vænisk hinn því, at hann hafi drepit hann, 19. y- tnc phrases, d. e-n til heljar, Grág. ii. 161, or d. til dauðs, to smite todeath; Josua drap til dauða alia þjóð Anakim, Stj. 456; d. í hel, id., Hbl. 27; hence 3. metaph. or ellipt. to kill, pwt todeath, cp. Lat. caedere, Engl. smite; eigi er manni skylt at d. skógarmann, þótt..., Grág. ii. 162; skulu vór mi fara at honum ok d. hann, Nj. 205; þar varð ilia með þeim því at Ásgrímr drap Gaut, 39; til þess at d. Grim, Eg. 114; tóku þeir af eignum jarla konungs en drápu suma, Fms. i. 6; er drepit hafði fóstra hans ..., eigi hæfir at d. svá fríðan svein ..., d. skyldi hvern mann er mann údæmðan vá, 80; konung drápum fyrstan, Am. 97; drap hann (smote with the hammer) hina öldnu jötna systur, ^kv. 32; d. mátti Freyr hann með hendi sinni, Edda 23. p. in a game (of chess), to take a piece; þá drap jarl af honum riddara, Fms. iv. 366; îaflsins er hann hafði drepit, vi. 29; Hvítserkr hélt töfl einni er hann hafði drepit, Fas. i. 285. y. adding prepp. af, niðr, to slaughter, kill off'; þótt hirðmenn þínir so drepnir niðr sem svín, Fms. vii. 243: d. af, to slaughter (cattle); yxni fimm, ok d. af, Ísl. ii. 330; láttu mik d. af þenna lyð, Post. 656 B. 9. 4. metaph. phrases; d. e-m skúta, to taunt, charge one with; áfelli þat er konungr drap oss skvita um, Fms. iv. 310; hjarta drepr stall, the heart knocks as it were against a block of stone from fear, Hkr. ii. 360, Orkn., Fbr. 36 (hence stall-dræpt hjarta, a ' block-beating'faint heart): d. upp eld, to strike fire, Fms. iv. 338: d. sik or droma, to throw off the fetter, Edda 19: d. e-t undir sik, to kn oc k or dra g- down, skahii standa hjá er fjandi sá drepr mik undir sik, Grett. 126, 101 A: d. slóð, to make a slot or sleuth (trail); d. kyrtlarnir slóðina, the cloaks trailed along the ground so as to lea. vea track, Gísl. 154: to trail or w ake a tr ac k of droves or deer, Lex. Poët.: d. e-t út, to divulge a thing (in a bad sense), Fms. vi. 208; d. yfir e-t, to hide, suppress,, dTzp hann brátt yfir (he soo n mastered) harm sinn, Bs. i. 140 (hence yfir-drep, hyp o- c ri s y, i. e. cloaking). II. reflex., drepask, to perish, die, esp. of beasts; fé hans drapsk aldrei af megrð ok drephríðum, Eb. 150; drapsk allt hans folk, Fms. v. 250. 2. recipr. to put one another to death; þá drepask bræðr fyrir ágirni sakar, Edda 40; mi drepask merm (smite one another), eðr særask eðr vegask, Grág. ii. 92; ef menu d. um nætr, Fms. vii. 296; er sjálfir bárusk vápn á ok drápusk, viii. 53; en er bændr fundu at þeir drápusk sjálfir, 68; drepask niðr á ieið fram, Ld. 238; drepask menn fyrir, to killone another's men, Fms. vii. 17?! görðisk af því fjandskapr með þeim Steinólfi svá at þeir drápusk þar (menn ?) fyrir, Gullþ. 14. III. impers., drepr honum aldregi ský (acc.) í augu, hi s eyes never get clouded, of the eagle flying in the face of the sun, Hom. 47; ofrkappit (acc.) drepr fyrir þeim (their high spirits break down) þegar hamingjan brestr, Fms. vi. 155; drap þó heldr í fyrir honum, he rather grew worse, i. e. his eyes . gr ew weaker, Bjarn. 59; nú drcpr ór hljóð (acc.) fyrst or konunginum, the kin g" became silent at once, Fms. xi. 115; stall drepr or hjarta e-s, Fbr. 36 (vide above, I. 4); ofan drap flaugina (acc.), the flaug wa s knocked down, Bs. 1. 422; regn drepr í gögnum e-t, the rain beats through the thatch or cover, Fagrsk. 123 (in a verse). p. in mod. usage, drepa is even used in the sense to drip (= drjupa), e. g. þak, hús drepr, the thatch, house lets water B. WITH DAT,; I. denoting gentle movement; in many cases

10G DREPHRIÐ -- DRÍTA.

the dat. seems to be only instrumental: 1. of the limbs; hendi drap á kampa, be put his hand tohis beard, Hom. 21; d. fæti (fótum), t o stumble, prop, to strike with the foot, Nj. 112, Fas. ii. 558, Bs. i. 742, Hom. 110, Grett. 120; d. fæti í e-t, to stumble against, 103; d. fæti við e-t, id., Fas. ii. 558; d. höfði, to droop, nod with the head; drap í gras höfði, (tliu horse) drooped with the head, let it fall, Gkv. 2. 5; d. niðr höfði, id., Nj. 32; Egill sat svá opt, at hann drap höfðinu niðr í feld sinn (from sorrow), Eg. 322, O. H. L. 45 (tor shame); d. fingri í niunn sér, to put the finger into the mouth, Edda 74! fingri drap í munninn sinn (of a child), the words of a ditty; d. hendi til e-s, or við e-m, to give one a slap with the hand (inst. dat.), Nj. 27; hence metaph., d. hendi við e-u, to wave away -with the hand, to refuse a kind offer, Bs. i. 636; d. hendi við boðuu gulli, Al. 75: the phrase, d. hendi við sóma sínuni, cp. Al. 162. 2. to tuck tip the sleeves or skirts of a garment; d. skautum (upp), Fms. vii. 297; hann hafði drepit upp skautunum, Lv. 85; hann hafði drepit upp fyrir blöðunum undir bellið, Eb. 226: Sigurðr drap blöð- unum undir belli sér, Orkn. 474; d. hári undir belli sér, to titck the hair under the belt (of a lady), hárit tók ofan á bringuna ok drap hon (viz. því) undir belli st-r, Nj. 24; liafði hár svá mikit, at hann drap undir belli MT, 272. II. to dip; d. skcggi í Breiðafjürð niðr, t o dip the beard in the Brcitlafiord, i. e. to be drowned, Lá. 316; d. hendi, or lingri í vatn, to dip the hand, finger into water (vide above); d. barni í vatn, to dip a baby into water, i. e. to baptize, K. Þ. K. 10: the phrase, d. fleski í kál, to dip bacon into kale broth, Fas. iii. 381; nú taka þeir hafrstökur tvær. ok d. þehn í syrukerin, üísl. 7. P. the phrase, d. e-u, of wax, lime, butter, or the like, to daub, plaster, fill up with; Jm skalt taka vax ok d. því í eyru förunauta þinna, Od. xii. 77; síðan drap eg því í eyru á olluni skipverjuni, 177; vaxið er eg hafði drepið i eyru þeim, 200; d. smjöri í iiát, to fill a box -with butter. y. metaph. phrases; d'. dul á e-t, to throw a veil over, Hkr. ii. 140, in mod. usage, draga dulur á e-t: the phrase, d. í skörðin (the tongue understood), to talk indistinctly, from loss ol teeth; d. orði, dóini ú e-t, to talk, reason, judge of a thing, Fms. ix. 500; d. huldu a, to hide, cloak, keep secret, xi. 106: d. e-u a dreif, prop, t o ' throw adrift, ' throw aside, i. e. think littl e of a thing, þessu var á dreif drepit, it was hushed up, Orkn. 248; áðr hafði miök veril;'i dreif drepit urn mal Bjarnar (there had been much mystery about Bjorn), livart hann var lífs eðr eigi, sagði annarr þat logit, en annarr sagði salt, i. e. no one knew anything for certain, Bjarn. 20; en eigi varð vísan á dreif drepin (the song was not thrown aside or kept secret) ok kom til cyrna Birni, 32; drápu öllu á dreif um þessa fyrirætlan, hushed it all up. Eg. 49: d. í egg e-u, prop, to bate the edge of a thing, to turn a deaf ear to, Orkn. 188, metaphor from blunting the edge of a weapon. 8. d. e-u niðr, to suppress a thing (unjustly); d. uiðr konungs rótti, N. G. L. i. 7 5; d. niðr sæind e-s, to pull down a person's reputa- tion, Boll. 346; d. iiiðr illu orði, to keep down a bad report, suppress it, Nj. 21; d. niðr máli, to quash a lawsuit, 33; drepit svá niðr herorinni, Fms. iv. 207. *. d. glaumi, gleði, teiti e-s, t o s poil one's joy, Lex. Pout.; d. kosti e-s, to destroy one's happiness, Am. 69: inipers., drap þú brátt kosti, the cheer was soon gone, Rm. 98. drep-hríð, f. a killing snow storm, Eb. 150. drepill, m., in knatt-drepill, a bat, in the game of cricket. drep-ráð, n. pl. a law term (cp. áljóts-ráð, snr-rúð, bana-ráð, fjür-ráð), an intended affray or assault, Grúg. ii. 116, 117, Vsl. eh. 75. drep-samligr, adj. deadly, destructive, Stj. 71. drep-sleggja, u, f. a sledge-hamnur, Eg. 272. drep-sótt, f. a plague, pest, Yer. 21, Kb. 478. drep-sóttr, part, plague-stricken, Bs. ii. 33. drettingr, in. [dratta], a loiterer, a cognon;., Sturl. i. 89. DREYMA, d and ð, pout, obsol. pret. retlex. dreyindumk; [draumr; A. S. dry man -- psallere; Hel. drornian -- jubilari; Engl. dream; Germ. triiumen; Dan. drömme; Swed. driitnina'] :-- to dream; in Icel. impers. and with a double acc., that of the dreamer and the dream or person appearing; thus, mik dreyindi draum, inik dreymdi mann, etc.; þat dreyindi mik, Nj. 95; hvat hefir þik dreymt, id.; hiiin veg d. mik þó, 53; hann kvað sik dreymt hafa Hákon jarl (acc.), 122; dreymt hefir mik mart í vetr, Ld. 126; enn dreyindi hann enu þriðja draum, Fms. xi. 8; or poet., draum dreymdumk = draum dreymdi mik, I dreamt a dream, Bjarn. 49; or with ' at' with subj., hann (acc.) dreymði þat, at hann væri at logbergi, tb. ch. 4, cp. 385: konung dreyindi aldri, the king never had a dream, Hkr. i. 171; the phrase, at dreyma fyrir daglatununi, esp. of light merry dreams at daybreak, which people in Icel. consider a sign of good health, Fél. ix. P. pers., the appearance in nom., (rare), sú maðr (nom.) dreymir n;ik jafnan, Fs. 98; dreymdi Svein p-órr heldr ófryniligr, Fms. ii. 162; þat er fyrir eldi er jam (nom. pl.) dreyma, Gkv. 2. 38; um vetrinn vóru dreymdir draumar margir, Bs. i. 497; vide draumr. DREYPA, t and ð, [drjtipa, draup], to drop, put a drop of fluid, wine, medicine, etc., into the mouth of one sick, fainting, and the like, the fluid in dat.; d. e-u á e-t, or í munn em; hann dreypir vígðu vatni í munn henni, Bs. i. 199; at hann dreypi vatni á tungu mina, Greg. 23. Luke xvi. 24; d. víni á e-n (of fainting), Fas. iii. 508, 571; hann dreypti á konuna þar til at hon raknaði við, ü. 151: to dip, at hann 'dreypi í vatn enum minsta fingri sinum, Greg. 22. Luke xvi. 24, where the N. T. of !54Osqq. has, at hann ' drepi'hinu fremsta sinsfingrsi vatn. dreyra, ð, to bleed, ooze (of blood from a slight wound), always abscl. or neut.; þótti inér dreyra ór hlutunum, Ld. 126; ok dreyrði ór hlut- unum, Fb. i. 67; eigi dreyrði ór hvirflinum, Ems. ii. 272; hann reist i lota sér krossmark svá at dreyrði, sothat blood flowed, v. 185; ný- dreyrl blóð, new-bled blood, fjiðr. 199. dreyr-blandinn part. W ent, mixed with blood, Lex. Poët. dreyr-fáðr (-far), part, blood-stained, Hkv. Hjörv. 9, Lex. Poët. dreyr-gjarn, adj. blood-thirsty, dreary, Al. 31. DREYRI and drøri, a, in. [as to the root, cp. Goth, drjúsan, pret. draus, = to drop, fall, a verb analogous to frjósa, fraus, and fröri; this strong verb is lost in the Icel., only the weak dreyra is used; A. S. drear = go re; Ü. H. G. t rö r :-- are A. S. dreôrig, Engl. dreary, from the same root, in a metaph. sense?] :-- blood, esp. gore, properly blood oozing oul of the wound; vekja e-m dreyra, to bleed one, Fms. vii. 145; nil vókva þeir sér blóð, ok lála renna saman dreyra sinn. Gísl. 11; manna d., human blood, Fms. xi. 233; the phrase, rauðr sein dreyri, = dreyr- rauðr, red a s blood, i. e. dark red, v. 127; rauðr d., Vsp. 33: allit., er hann etr hold mitt ok drekkr dreyra miun, 625. 195; dreyriun dundi, the blood gushed, Pass. 23. 3: poet, phrases, dais d., jarðar d., the Woo d of the dales, earth, rivers, Lex. Poët.; Kvásis d., the Woo d of K., poetry, Edda. COMPD: dreyra-runninn, part, spattered with blood, Ems. vii. 89. dreyrigr, dreyrugr f drørigr, Ýt. 5, 11), adj. [cp. Engl. dreary, Germ. tra wr i g-| :-- bloody, gory; unconlr., dreyruga, Al. 41; dreyruga hufu, Gísl. 64, 151; dreyrugra benja, Bragi: contr., dreyrgan mæki, Ýt. n; dreyrga steina, Sb. 58; dreyrgra darra, Jd. 9. dreyr-rauðr, adj. blood-red, Eg. 113, Fms. vii. 145. dreyr-stafir, in. pl. dreary, bloody runes, SI. 40. DREYSSA, að, [drussi], d. sik, to vaunt oneself foolishly, Pass. 1. 1 2. DRIF, n. [drifaj, driven snow; hvitt sem d., Fms. iv. 372, v. 1.: the foaming sea, sjór var hvitr fyrir drili, Bs. ii. 116. COMPDS: drifa- stormr, m., drifa-veðr, n. a strong storm. drif-hvítr and drift-hvitr, adj. white as driven snow, Karl. 546: naut., leugja til drifs, to lie adrift. drift, dript, (. a snow-drift; þar var snjar í driptum, Sturl. i. 84; hvitt sem dritt, white as driven snow, 0. H. 170. DRIT, n. (mod. dritr, in.), [Engl. dirt, cp. drita], dirt, esp. of birds, fugla-d., dufna-d., Stj. 620. 2 Kings vi. 25; síðan tekr hann fugla dritið, þiðr. 79, v. 1.: local names, Drit-sker, Eb. ch. 4; Drit-vík, Bárð. ch. 4: nicknames, Dnt-kinn, Gullþ.; Drit-ljóð, Ems. ix; Drit-loki, Sturl. i. 30. DRÍFA, pret. dreif, pl. dritu; pres. drif; pret. subj. drifi; part. drifinn: [Ulf. dreiban = ê/cySáAAttr/; A. S. drlfan; Engl. drive; O. H. G. triban; mod. Germ, treiben; Swed. drifva; Dan. driv e, all in a transitive sense -- to drive.] I. to drive like spray, either pers. or impers., with dat. or even neut.; þá kemr áfall inikit ... ok dreif yfir búlkann, Bs. i. 422; lauðri dreif á lypling útan, the spray drove over the poop, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence metaph. phrases, láta yfir d., to let drift before wind and wave, îsl. ii. 461: or even reflex., lata yfir (fyrir) drifask, to let drive or drift away, let go, give in; ran ok útlegðir þeirra manna er eigi létu fyrir dritask, Fb. i. 70; þat dugir á enga leið, at menu lúti yfir drifask, Bs. ii. 51; ok er þó þat ráð, at láta eigi fyrir drifask, Karl. 386, 452: allit. phrase, drífa á dagana, e. g. fnart hefir drifit á dagana, many things (splashes) have happened; driiinn ddggu, besprent ivith dew, Vtkv. 5: naut., roa drifanda, to pull so thai the spray splashes about, pull hard, Ems. viii. 263, 431: to drift, of a snow storm or the like, tré með drifandum kvistum, a tree with the branches full of snow. Sks. 49; veðr var drifanda, it snowed, Sturl. iii. 50, 0. II. 85; þegar dreif í Loginn krömmu, there fell soft snow in the Lake, i. e. it began to sleet, Fms. v. 196; þá drífr snær ór öllurn áttuni, Edda 40: metaph. of missiles, to shower as flakes of snow, borgarmena láta þegar d. skot á þá, Al. II; lata þeir d. vúpn á pa, Fb. i. 135. II. neut. to crowd, throng; þá drífr ofan inannfjöldi mikill til strandar, a great crowd rushed doiun to the shore, Ld. 76; tókn menu þú at d. brott frá hertoganum, the men began to desert (run away) from the duke, Fms. ix. 531, dreif allt folk ú hans fund, all people rushed to see him, i. 21, iv. 105; d. á dyrr, to rush to the door, Vkv. 19. III. to perform; eiga e-t at d., to have a thing to perform, Gþl. 15, 16; en í annan stað á ek at d. mikinn vanda, / am in a hard strait, Fms. i. 221; d. leik, to play, Fas. i. 37: the sense to drive out, expel, so common in all other Tcut. dialects, hardly occurs in old writers, and sounds foreign even now; the proverb, með íllu skal illt lit drifa; d. sig, to exert oneself, etc., (cant drífa, u, f. a fall of snow, sleet; fjúk ok d., Bs. i. 185; veðr var þykt ! ok d., Fms. v. 341; skotvúpn flugu svá þykt sem d., i. 45; um kveldit görði ú drifu-él blantt, Orkn. 414; kom þá drífu-él mikit, ok var all- myrkt, Fms. ix. 23. dríli, n. a petty heap of peat or the like, hence metaph. drildinn, adj. petty; drfldni, f. pettiness. DRÍTA, pret. dreit, dritu, dritinn, to dirty, cacare; hann sögðu þeir dn'ta;l alla þ;i er við hann áttu af hrópi sinn, Sturl. ii. 39: part. fern, dritin, dirty, Ls. 56.

DRJÖLI -- DE. USSI. 107

drjóli, a, m. a drone, (cant word.) drjóni, a, m. a n ox, Edda (Gl.) II. [Swed. drönare] , a drone. drjúg-deildr, part, substantial, Sturl. i. 166. drjúg-genginn, part, taking long to walk or pass, of a road, Lex. Poët. drjúg-látr, adj. wanton. drjúg-liga, drýg-liga, adv. with an a irof importance; láta d., Fms. ii. 145, Nj. 76. drjúg-ligr, adj. substantial, solid, Sks. 383. drjúg-mæltr, adj. long-winded in speaking, Greg. 39: neut., Vígl. 24. DRJÚGR, adj., compar. drjúgari, superl. drjúgastr; in mod. use more freq. drýgri, drýgstr, so lid, substantial; the phrase, verða drjúgari or drjúg- astr, to get the better or be s t of it, to prove the better (of two champions); varð þórir þeirra drjúgari, Bárð. 170; þú, Kári, munt þeim öllum drjúgari verða, íhou, K., wilt outdo them all, Nj. 171; hvárir þar mundi drjúgari verða, Ld. 222; þótti þeim, sem hann myndi drjúgastr, Bárð. 170; hverr yðar drjúgastr (strongest) er höfðingjanna, Ísl. ii. 165, Grett. 151. p. the neut. drjúgt and drjúgum is used as adv. in great numbers, much; Kolskeggr vá drjúgt menu, Kolskegg slew men in numbers, Nj. 108; þaðan af muntu d. spekjask, 677. 12; vegr Gunnarr drjugum menu, Nj. 96; lá þá drjúgum í fyrir þeim, Hrafn. 27: almost, nearly, drjugum allr, almost all, Fms. ix. 318; drjugum allra manna virðing, Bret. 38; drjugum hverr bóndi, Landn. (Mant.) 330; drjúgum dauðr af kulda, Fms. ix. 467: drjugan (acc. masc.) as adv., id., Fb. i. 304, Karl. 246, 181 (Fr.): the proverb, þat er drjugt sem drypr, i. e. many drops make a flood; þar var drjúgt manna, a good many people, Bs. i. 536. 2. substantial, last- ing, rich, ample, [Swed. dryg, Dan. dröj] , in compds as, drjug-virkr, vinnu-d., one who works slowly but surely; ráða-d., hamingju-d., etc. p. saving, blanda agnar við brauð, ... til þess at þá sé drjúgari fæz'an en áðr, Sks. 321 j til þess at rit verði niinna, ok bókfell drjúgara, i. e. t o s ave parchment, Skálda 168; at jafndrjúg verði sagan ok John, that the story shall last as long as Yule, Fms. vi. 355. DRJÚPA, pret. draup, pl. drupu; subj. drypi; sup. dropit; pres. drýp; [Engl. drip; Germ, traufen; Dan. dryppé] :-- to drip; blóð drypr, Fms. x. 366; drupu þá or bîóðdropar, 625. 98; svá at bráðnaði ok draup, Edda 4: absol., þá sveittisk rúðan helga, svá at draup á altarit ofan, Fms. via. 247; þórólfr kvað d. smjör af hverju strái, Landn. 31. P. to let in rain, of houses or things not water-tight; oil hlaðan draup, Fms. ix. 234; ok tóku húsin at drjúpa, Gísl. 22. drokr, m., one MS. wrongly dirokr, [cp. Dan. d rog, Engl. drudge] , a drudge, Edda (Gl.) drolla, aö, [drjóli], Old Engl. to droil, i. e. loiter, (cant word.) dropi, a, m. [A. S'. dropa; Engl. drop; Swed. droppe; Germ, tropfen; Dan. draabe~\, a drop, Ld. 328, H. E. i. 488. COMPDS: dropa-lauss, adj. water-tight, Gþl. 331. dropa-rúm, n. a dripping-place, from the eaves, Gþl. 433. dropa-tal, n., í dropa-tali, in drops, drop by drop. dros, f. [A. S. dreâs; Ulf. dr ws = TTTÛKJIS; Swed. drosse -- a heap of corn; cp. also the Dan. dry ss e], dross, poet., in the compd álm-dros, the dross of the bow, the arrows, Lex. Poët. dróg, f. (drogi, a, m., Edda (Ub.) 277), = drak, Rb. 478, 480; sásk dróg á himni björt sem tungl, Ann. 1334; blóð-dróg, a streak of blood, THom. (Fr.) 2. a jade. drómi, a, m. [cp. Swed, drum -- thrums] , the fetter by which the Fenrir (Wolf) was fettered, Edda 19; used in the phrase, keyra í droma, t o tie ' ne c k and heels;' Drottinn í droma keyrðr, Pass. 6. 10; keyrði hann saman í dróma, Úlf. 7. 134. drómundr, m. a kind of ship of war (for. word), [Gr. 5pu/j. cuv; mid. Lat. dromon; O. H. G. drahemond] , Orkn. 358 sqq., Fms. vii. 3: a nickname, Grett. drós, f. [cp. Ital. druda -- a sweetheart] , pout, a girl; drósir heita þær er kyrlátar eru, Edda 108, Fas. iii. 618, Al. 70, 152. DRÓTT, f. I. the s ill or beawabove a door, also a door-post (dyra-drott). II. household, people, Vþm. 24, (iun-drótt, sal- drótt, Lex. Poët.); dyggvar dróttir, good, trusty people, Vsp. 63; dverga d., the dwarf-people, 9; d. írskrar þióðar, theIrish people; Engla d., English persons, etc. . Lex. Poët.; oil drótt, all people, Hkv. 2. 48: twenty people make a drott, Edda 108. 2. esp. the king's body- guard; cp. Goth, ga-draubls, by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. arpanUTr] S (drjugan, pret. draub = ffrpar(vdv); A. S. dright; the Scan- dinavian drótt thus answers to the comitatus of Tacitus, Germ. ch. 13, 14, in the Saga time called ' hirð. ' Dr. ótt is obsolete in prose, but occurs in Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20, -- áðr vóru þeir (viz. the kings) dróttnar kallaðir, en konur þeirra dróttningar, en drótt hirðsveitin: poët., víg-drótt, her-d., folk-d., hjalm-d., etc., warriors. III. a fern. pr. name, Yngl. S. ch. 20; cp. drótta, að, d. e-u at e-m, to bring to one's door-post, i. e. impute to one. dróttin-hollr, adj. /a ith/w l t o o n e' s master, Fms. vi. 401. dróttin-lauss, adj. without a master, Fms. iii. 13. dróttin-ligr, adj. lord-like, of the Lord, Bs. i. 171, Stj.; Drottinleg baen, the Lord's Prayer, Mar., Hom. 26; d. dæmi, 656 A. 24. dróttinn, mod. drottinn, but in old poetry always rhymed with an 6, e. g. flóttstyggr -- dróttni, Sighvat; dat. dróttni or drottni, pl. dróttnar or drottnar, etc.; [A. S. drighten; Hel. druhtin -- dominvs~] :-- the master of a ' dr o' tt' or household, a lord, master: the proverb, dýrt er dróttins orð, e. g. strong is the master's word, Bs. i. 484, Al. 128, Ld. 212; þræll eða d., Hom. 29; Josep fékk svá mikla virðing af dróttni sínum, 625. 16, Grág. ii. 86; þrjá dróttna átti hann í þessi herleiðingu, Fms. x. 224; eigi er þrællinn æðri enn dróttininn, Post. 656. 37, cp. John xv. 20; en þó eta hundar af molum þeim sem detta af borðum drottna þeirra, Matth. xv. 27; verit hlýðugir yðrum líkamligum drottnum, Ephes. vi. 5: in mod. usage this sense remains in prose in the compd lánar-dróttinn, q. v. p. old name for a king, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20 (vide drótt). y. as a name of heathen priests; þat eru díarkallaðir eðr dróttnar, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 2. 2. the Lord, which also is the standing phrase in mod. usage, in the Bible, sermons, hymns, ever since the Reformation; lofaðr só Drottinn, Nj. 165; af miskun Drottins, Mar. 656 A. 6; greiðit Dróttins götur, 625. 90; Christr Drottinn, Grág. ii. 167; an gráts var Drottinn fæddr, Rb. 332; Drottinn sagði mínum Drottni, Matth. xxii. 44; elska skaltú Drottinn Guð þinn, 37; Drottinn Guð Abrahams, Luke xx. 37, xxiv. 34; hefi eg eigi séð Drottinn vorn Jesuni Christum, eruð þér ekki mitt verk í Drottni ? i Cor. ix. i, 5, 14, x. 21, 22, 26, 28, 30, xi. 10, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 31, xii. 3, 5, etc1, etc. COMPDS: Drottins-dagr, m. the Lord's day, K. Þ. K. 68, Rb. 112, 655 iii, Sturl. iii. 37, 159, 226, Nj. 165; Drottinsdaga hald, hallowing the Lord's day, Nj. 165; Dróttinsdags nótt, Saturday night, 194; Drottinsdaga veiðr, K. Jj. K. 85. Drottins-kveld, n. Sunday even- ing, Fms. ix. 19. Drottins-myrgin, m. Sunday morning, Sturl. iii. 37. Drottins-nótt, f. Sunday night, Fins, vii. 187. dróttin-svik, n. pl. treason towards a lord or master, Hkr. ii. 132, Sks. 571, Hom. 23 (Judas). dróttin-svikari (-sviki), a, m. a traitor to his master, Nj. 260, K. Á. 60. drótt-kvæðr, adj. (-kvseði, n.), in the heroic metre, the metre used in the drápas (q. v.) or poems which were recited before a king and the king's men (drótt), whence the name probably comes; dróttkvæðr is opp. to kviðu-háttr, the epic, narrative metre, and Ijúða-háttr, the metre of didactic poems or poems in the form of dialogues, Edda (Ht.) drótt-lát, f. adj. beloved by the household, gentle, epithet of a queeiij Am. 10. drótt-megir, m. pl. men, people, Vþm. n, 12. dróttna or drottna, að, [Ulf. drauhtirion -- arpaTfvfaOai] , to rule, govern, hold sway; d. yfir e-m, to rule over one, Stj. 396, Fms. viii. 242: with dat., þó lætr hann þat eigi d. huga sinum, Greg. 33; at oss drottni eigi dauði síðan, Niðrst. 8; fyllit jorðina, stjórnit henni ok drottnið, Stj. 21. dróttnan or drottnan, f. sway, rule, 625. 5, Stj. 20, H. E. i. 502; drottnunar-gjarn, adj. ambitious; drottnunar-girni, f. ambition. dróttnari, a, m. a ruler, Stj. 20. dróttning and drottning, f. a mistress; þræll sá er vegr at drottai (master) sínum eðr dróttningu (mistress), Grág. ii. 86 (vide above); ef þræll verðr sekr skógannaðr urn víg dróttins sins eðr dróttningar, 161; drottning hans girntisk hann, Ver. 16. Gen. xxxix. 7; this sense is quite obsolete except in old law phrases and translations. 2. a queen, common to all Scandinavians, Swed. draining, Dan. dronning, whereas drottinn = king is obsolete, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20, Fms. i. 99, vi. 439, Sks. 468; the instances are endltss. COMPDS: drottningar-efni, n. a future queen, Fas. iii. 456. drottningar-maðr, m. a queen's husband, a prince consort, Nj. 5, v. l. drottningar-nafn, n. the title of queen, Fms. i. 101. drótt-seti, a, m. a ateu/ard at the king's table; this word occurs in various forms throughout the Saxon parts of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Friesland, Brabant, etc. Du Cange records a ' drossardus Brabantiac;' it is in mid. Lat. spelt drossatus, Germ, and Saxon drost, land-drost, reichs- drosf (drozerus regni), Fris. drusta, vide Grimm; the Dutch prefer the form drossardus: in the court of the king of Norway the office of dróttseti is not heard of before the beginning of the í 2th century (the passage Bs. i. 37 is monkish and of late composition), and is there a kind of head-cook or steward at the king's table, who was to be elected from the king's skutilsveinar; d. spurði hvat til matar skyldi bua, the d. asked the king what meat they should dress, Fms. vii. 159 (about A. D. 1125), ix. 249, x. 147; d. ok skenkjari, N. G. L. ii. 413, 415; cp. also Hirðskrá (N. G. L. I. e.) ch. 26, Fms. x. loo refers to the drost of the German emperor. In the i4th century the dróttseti became a high officer in Sweden and Denmark. The derivation from drott and seti (seti can only mean a sitter, not one who makes to sit, cp. land-seti, a land- sitter, a tenant) is dubious; the Norse word may be an etymologising imitation of the mid. Lat. drossatus. drukna, að, [drukkinn, drekka], to be drowned, Nj. 59. druknan, f. being drowned, death by drowning, Ld. 58, Orkn. 246, Ann. 1260, 1026. drumbr, m. a log ol dry or rotten wood, Fms. viii. 184; drumba, u, f. a cognom., Rm. drungi, a, m., medic, heaviness, fulness in the head, drunga-legr. adj. drunur, f. pl. [drynja], a rattling, thundering, Dan. d rö n. drussi, a, m. a drone; þú d. (auppw), í Cor. xv. 36.

108 DRÜPA -- DUGLAUSS.

DRÚPA, t or ð, to droop (from sorrow), different from drjiipa, to di'i['; dnipa is in Icel. an almost obsolete word, in old poets and writers esp. used in a metaph. sense; at the death of a dear person, the country, hills, mountains are said to droop; svá dnipir mi Dan- inurk, sein dauðr sé Kiu'itr sour minn. Fms. i. IlS: svá. þótti drúpa Island eptir íïátal! Gizur. ir biskups, sun Romaborgar riki eptir trafall Gregurii piifa, Bs. i. 71; Ari preslr hinn Króði segir hve müik várt land drúpði eptir fr. ifall Gi/urar biskups. 145; staðrinn í Skálholti dnipti ni'uk eptir fn'tfall bins s;tla þorlúks biskups, 301; dnipir Hiïfði dauðr er þengill, hlæia hliðar við Hallsíeini, Landn. 224 (in a verse): hnípði dn'itt ok dnipði fold, Lex. Poët.: dnipir orn ylir, Gm. io; Vinga inciðr (/be g(dl'nv*) dnipir;'i nesi, Hit.; en Ska-rcið í Skirings-sal of brvnjfilts bi-inum dnipir. "ft. 22; lians nnin drup um drnpa, dynnennis nier kenna, Si^'hvat; kni'ittu livarms af harmi hniipgnipur mer d., my bead drooped fi-'im grief. Eg. (in a verse): drúpðu dólgúrar, the swords drooped (to drink blood), Hkm. 2: in mod. usage drjiipa and drnpa are confounded, avi, live inn eg aumr þræll, angraðr uiðr drjiípa, Pass. 41. 4. drúpr, in. drooping s pirit s, coldness; ok þó at þar liefði orðit nokkurr d. með þeim, þá ..., Fms. xi. 76. drykk-fátt, n. adj. s h or t of drink, llkr. iii. 117. drykkja, u, f. [drukkinn], a drinking-bout, carousal, banquet: sitja við drykkiu, Eg. 88; var vei/la bin be/ta, ok d. mikil inni í stofunni, 205; at þeim vei/. lum er drykkiur vuru, Bs. i. 394; inatmala í milli ef tii^i vóru alþýðu-drvkkjur, a public banquet, I. e.; gora d., to make a banquet, Og. 27; þá var ár mikit ok drykkjur miklar, (). U. 71; bar var oi-il. ok fast drukkit. Kb. 184. cp. Flóain. S. ch. 2; taka til drykkju, to take to drinking. Fms. ii. 266; drvkkja (banquet] skvlili vera at livi'irra- tveggia, (jÍsl. 27; tóku menu til drykkju nm kveklit, 28; hafa sam- d., to have a carouse, (îrett. c!i. 8; Jóla boð ok sain-drvkkjnr, C). H. ch. 95- CP- 33' 34' ï. Vi J'-g- C'K J1i 44! u-drykkia, ij. v., liar. S. Harðr. ch. 2/!, Fms. vii. 203, cp. Orkn. ch. 33, 34, 70, IOI, 104, Sverr. S. ch. 36, 98, 103, 104, Fagrsk. ch. 11, 219. 220: the ancients drank hard, 'diem noctemque continuare potando nulli probrum, ' Tac. Germ. ch. 11: with kim;s ti;e drinking (dag-drykkia, q. v.) began immediately after the dav-nical, vide the rcferenc'. -s above; the words of Tacitus, 'turn (viz. after breakfast) ad nei'otia, nee minus sacpe ad convivia. procedunt arniati, ' I. e., are therefore true enough, Fdda (Gg.) ch. 39, 46; the phrase, þrevta drykkju (cp. kapp-d., a drinking match'). Edda 32. The Icelanders of the Saga time seem to have been of much more abstemious habits than their Norse kinsmen ot the same time, and drinking is scarcely mentioned but at public banquets: the Sturlunga time is worse, but only those who had been abroad are mentioned as strong drinkers (cp. Arons S. ch. 19); cp. also a treatise of the end of the 12th century, named De profectione Daiiorum, ch. II -- 'in cunctis illius regni (i. e. Norway) civi- tatibus nnitormis consuetudo sed vitiosa inolevit, scilicet jugis ebrietas, ' etc. 2. -- -- -beverage = drvkkr (rare), Egill bað fá sér drykkju, Eg. 107. coMi'Ds: drykkju-borð, n. a drinking-table. Fms. xi. 2. drykkju- föng, n. pl. drinkables, Sturl. iii. 289. drykkju-litill, adj. sober, Bs. i. 275. drykkju-maðr, in. a great drinker. Fms. vii. 175, viii. 238, Fdda 32. drykkju-mal, n. drinking at meal time. Anal. 195, Fas. ii. 266. drykkju-ru. tr, m. n drunkard. drykkju-skapr, in. hard drinking, drunkenness, Fms. iii. 191, Ann. 1389. drykkju-skáli, a, in. a banquet ball, Orkn. 244, Fms. i. '299. drykkju-stoi'a, u, f. - drykkjuskali. Fms. vii. 147, Eg. 553. drykkju-stutr, in. a drinking-can, Bs. i. 877. drykkja, ðr, part, drunk, Rb. iii. 384, Karl. drykk-langr, adj., in the phrase, drykklanga stund, ~/'//s t a moment, a measure of time whilst one drinks a draught. drykk-lauss, adj. (-leysi, f.), without drink, Bs. i. 822, Finnb. 234, K. Á. 34. drykkr, jar, in., pl. ir, ("A. S. drinc; Engl. drink; Germ, trunk; Dan. drik j :-- drink, beverage, Fms. xi. 108, 233; eiga drykk ok sess við e-n, Eg. 95: a draught, Fdda 32, 48; hvat hafa Finherjar at drykk? 24; vatns-d., n draught of water, id.; svala-d., þorsta-d., a thirst-draught; niuntu mi eigi sparask til eius drykkiar, one draught more, 32: þrcyta á drvkkinn, to take a deep draught, id.; drekka í tveimr, þrernr ... drykkiuni, to drain in tico, three ... draughts, id.; undarliga inundi nn'-r þykkja ef þvílíkir drykkir væri svá litlir kallaðir, id. P. sour whey, proned. drukkr, KnJk. 64; freq. in western Icel. COMPIIS: drykkjar-bolli, a, in. a drinking-boiul, Mart. J19. drykkjar- long, n. pl. drinkables. drykkjar-horn, n. a drinking-horn, Fr. drykkjar-ker, n. a drinking-cup, Greg. 50, Sks. 725, Stj. 486. drykkjar-kostr, in. drinking cheer, Vm. -^6. drykk-sæll, adi. lucky in drink or brewing, Bs. 108. dryllr, m. a nickname, Fins, i; drylla, u, f., 81161184; also spelt with u, proluvies alvi, (vulgar.) drymba, u, f. a kind of stockings (?), Art. (Parcevals S.) DRYNJA, drundi, pres. dryn, t o roar. This root word is common to Goth., Scandin., Fris., and Dutch; for Ulf. drnnjns -- -(pOoyyos, Róm. x. 18, is a sufficient proof; in Swed. we have druna, and d ro n neut.; Dan. drone and dron; Dutch dreunen; North. E. to drone, as a cow; Fris, drone; the mod. High Germ, dröbnen was, in the i7th century, 'borrowed from Low Germ. In old Icel. no instance happens to be on record, except dryn-rann in Gsp. 23. Fas. i. 480; in mod. usage it is freq. enough, and the absence in old writers seems to be accidental; draugr dinimr og niagr, drundi í björgum undir, 8nót 226, a ditty by Stefan Olafsson; drvnja and dynia are different in sense, drynja denotes roaring, dvnja crushing; þá hevrði hilmir hátt við kletta drafnar drynja dunur þungar, of the roaring surf, Od. (poet.) v. 401. drynr, in. pl. [Dan. and Swed. dron] , roaring; drunur, f. . vide above. dryn-rann, n., poet. ' the roaring inn of drink. ' a drinking-horn, Fas. I. e. drysil-, dusil-, a term of contempt, paltry, in the CO. MPDS drysil- djöfull, in. a petty, paltry devil, devilkin, Fms. iii. 201, in the amusing ghost story, opp. to the big inmates of hell. drysil-hross (spelt dusil-), n. n paltry horse, Ísl. iii. 333. drysil-menni, n. a paltry, petty man, Ediia (Gl.) DRÝGJA, ð, j driugr; A. S. dreógan -- -to endure; North. E. and Scot. to dree -- to endure, suffer] :-- to commit, perpetrate, mostly in a bad sense; d. synd, to commit a sin. K. Á. 202; d. giæp, id.; d. hórdóm, to commit whoredom, Sks. 340; þú skalt ekki hórdóin d., thou shall not commit whoredom; d. misræðu við konu, id., Gn'ig. i. 338; d. hernað, to pirate, ii. 70; d. ilsku, Orkn. 32: it is a standing phrase in eccl. or sacred writers, N. T., Pass., Vidal.: in a good sense only in a few phrases as the allit., d. dúð, Sturl. iii. 7; or in poets or bad old prose; orlog d., A. S. orli'g dreogan (cp. the North. E. to dree one's weird -- to abide one's fate), to try one's luck, Vkv. i, cp. also the Germ, tales, in die ivelt gehen; d. hlyðni, Sks. 675; d. mannliga nattiiru, to pay the debt of nature, 447; d. e-s vilja, to comply li-ith one'swi s he s, Bær. 14, -- -the last three passages are bad prose. p. to make to keep longer, to lengthen, Bs. ii. 173, l!b. 3. 30. drægr, adj. that which can be pulled against. dræmt, n. adj. [from dranmr ?], slowly, Ósv. dræplingr, ni., dimin. [drápa"j, a paltry drápa, Hkr. ii. 82. Fms. xi. 204. dræpr, adj. ivho may be killed with impunity, N. G. L. i. 82, Grág. i. 92, Nj. ill. DRÖFN, f., gen. drafnar, pl. drafnir, [akin to drefiar1, s pot s, s p ra y- like spots; hence dröí'nóttr, adj. spotted; rauð-d., blá-d., etc., red-, blue- spotteil; poet, the foaming sea is called droiii, Fdda. drösla, að, to roam about; cp. drasill, drösall. dubba (dybba), að, (for. word), to dub a knight; mi hefir þn dybbat mik til riddara, B;rr. 5, 18, Fms. x. 109, Karl. 193: to arm, dress, Stj. 464. í Sam. xvii. 38; upp dubbaðr, dressed in full dress, Finnb. 226; d. sik, to t rwz oneself, Fms. vi. 208. dubban, f. dubbing a knight, Karl. 222. dubl (dufl), n. double, Alg. 366 (niathem.) P. gambling, Gþl. 521, Grett. (in a verse). II. naut. a buoy. dubla, dufla, að, [dubla = a co in, Dti Gauge], to gamble, Gþl. 521; dublari, a, m. a gambler, Róm. 161. DUGA, pret. dugði; pres. dugi; sup. dugat; imperat. dugi þú, mod. dugðu; [ A. S. dugan; Scot, and North. E. to dow; O. H. G. tûgan; Germ. taitgen: Dan. due; Swed. ditga; Engl. d o, in phrases such as, that will d o]: -- to help, aid, with dat.; dugi þií mér Hvíta-Kristr, Fs. IOI; d. frændum sinnni, Post. 658 C. 19; ok vill eigi d. heimi, will not support her, Grág. i. 368; haiin ilugði lieiðnurn niönnum, 655 iii. 4: with the notion t o Jo, suffice, þat er JX'T man d., which will do for thee, Nj. 13; heiir oss þ(') dugat þessi útninaðr, thi s- faith has done well for us, Fms. i. 34; nnin þat d. minum hesti, it will do for my horse, Mag.: the proverb, fátt er svá ilk at einu-gi dugi, cp. the Engl. ' 'tis an ill wind that blows nobody good, ' Al. 46, Hni. 134; mun þér eigi þat d. at sofa her, itwill not d o (i s not safe) for thee to sleep here, Fms. v. 307: adding prepp. við, at, til, to succour, lend help, en Gisli for at d. þeirn við, Gísl. 22; d. þeir mi at þeim niönnum er líis var van, Finnb. 316, cp. at-dugnaðr; lión dugir eigi verr til enn einhverr karlmaðr, Fb. i. 533: impers., e-m dugir e-t, it does well, beseems, becomes; hón dugir IIH'T ilia (vcl), Mar. - (Fr.), Hkv. I. 45; þó inyndi mer enn vel d. (it would do well for me), ef ek fengja at drekka, tsl. ii. 369. P. absol. or even neut. to shew prowess, do one's best; dugi þn enn, help! Fms. ii. 75; dugði hverr sem niiitti, every one did his best, viii. 139; dugi mi hverr sem drengr er til; mundi þá eigi nauðsyn at d. sein drengilegast, ix. 509: denoting moral force, vel siðaðir menu ok jafnan vel dugat, honest men and who have ever done well, Eg. 96; cl. í þurft e-s, Hom. 47. y. to suffice, be strong enough; ef þitt æði dugir, if thy wit does suffice, Vþm. 20, 22; ef vitni d., if the witnesses do, i. e. fail not, N. G. L. i. 136; dugði veðr it bezta, the weather did well. dugandi- or dugandis-, as a prefix to nouns, denoting doughty; d. inaðr (dugand-maðr, Fms. viii. 104), a doughty man, Dipl. i. 3, Orkn. 456, Rd. 260, Róm. 137. dugan-ligr, adj. doughty, Ýt. 15. DUGGA, u, f. a ' dogger, ' small (Dutch or Ens\.)jîsbing vessel, Ann. 1413, where it is reported that thirty English ' fiski-duggur' came fishing about Icel. that summer; (hence the Engl. Dogger-bank) :-- duggari, a, in. the crew of n dugga, D. N. ii. 651. 2. a lazy dogged fellow, Edda (GL), Trist. (Fr.) dug-lauas, adj. (-leyai, n.), good for nothing, þórð. 47 (Ed, 1847).

DUGNAÐR -- DVALA. 109

dugnaðr, ar, m. doughtiness, valour, aid, assistance; biðja e-n sér dugnaðar, to a s kone's help, 655 v. I, Ísl. ii. 262, 293; veita e-m dugnað, to give help t o o ne, Fms. v. 259: skyrtunnar d., the virtue of the kirtle, Fas. iii. 441: in pl., Greg. COMPDS: dugnaðar-maðr, m. an aider, "help in need, 656 A, Fms. vi. 118, Fas. iii. 181: a honest hard-working man (mod.) dugnaðar-stigr, m. the path of virtue, Hom. 14. dugr, m. pl. ir, [North. E. d ow], doughtiness, strength of soul and body, Fms. viii. 411; aldri er d. í þér, thou a rt good for nothing, Grett. 24 new Ed. DUL, f. [dylja]. I. prop, concealment, in phrases, með dul, secretly, Bárð. 168; drepa dul á e-t, to conceal, Hkr. ii. 140; and in the COMPDS dular-búnaðr, m. a disgznse, Fms. vi. 61; dular-kufl, m. a c loak used for a disguise, Grett. 139 A. II. metaph. self-conceit, pride, iu phrases as, dul ok vil, pride and wilfulness, Skálda 163, SI. 34; ætla sér þá dul, to be soconceited, Fiimb. 282; ætlask mikla dul, Fas. ii. 521; dul ok dramb, 655 xi. 3; mikinn dul (masc.), jþórð. MS. (wrongly): the phrase, ganga fram í dul, to go forth in one's conceit, Hm. 78, (mod., ganga fram í þeirri dulunni): proverb, maðr verðr dælskr af dul, conceit makes an envious, moody man, Hm. 56; dul þín, Band. (MS.) 13. dula, u, f. a worn strip of cloth. dula, ð, (cp. dylja), a law term, to deny, with gen., N. G. L. i. 93, 94, 330: with subj., Js. 77: absol., 83. dul-eiðr and dular-eiðr, m. [Swed. dwl s- ed], a law term, an oath of denial, Gþl. 199, Js. 58. dul-höttr, m. a disguise-hood, hood used for a disguise, Fms. x. 383; dró ek dulhött (MS. wrongly djarfhött) urn dökkva skor, Ad. 3. dul-klæði, n. disguise, Fas. ii. 441. dul-kofri, a, m. = dulhottr, (v. kofri.) dulnaðr, m. = dul, Fr. dulr, adj. silent, close; the phrase, ganga duls e-s, to be unaware of a thing, Fms. v. 265. dul-remmi, f. stubborn self-conceit, Sks. 5368. dul-ræna, u, f. id., v. 1. dul-samr, adj. self-conceited, Stj. 122. dulsi, a, m., poet, a dwarf, Ýt. 2. dul-vígi, n. a law term, s e c ret manslaughter, = laun-vig, not so strong as murder, Gþl. 150. dumba, u, f. a mist; cp. the mod. dumbungr, m. a dark, misty, gloomy sky. dumbungs-veðr, m. gloomy weather. In the east of Icel. dumba is the bran of oats when ground, Fcl. ii. 155; in Edda (Gl.) it is even mentioned as a sort of seed; hann (the wizard) hristi einn poka, ok þar ór fykr ein dumba svört (black powder like ?nisl) ... bles þar ór vindi miklum mod dumbunni, svá at hon iauk aptr í augu á Gríms mönnum, svá þeir urðu þegar blindir, Fas. iii. 338. dumbr, m. id., also occurs as a name of a giant, the misty; the Polar Sea is called Dumbs-haf = the Misty, Foggy Sea, cp. Bárð. ch. 1; cp. also Gr. rvcþos, Tvíþúv, which probably are kindred words. dumbi, adj. dumb; dauf'ok dumba skurðgoð, Stj. 207, K. Á. 56. dumbóttr, adj. of dark misty colour (of cows). DUMBR, adj. [Ulf. dumb s = Katyós; A. S. dumb; Engl. dumb; O. K. G. tumb; Germ, dum = stupid, whence Dan. dum; Gr. rv(þ\ós and rvtþos are kindred words, the fundamental notion being dusty, clouded^ :-- dumb, 656 C. 34; dumbir ok daufir, 623. 57: gramm. a mute letter, Skálda 176. In Norway dumine or domme means a peg inside doors or gates. dumpa, að, [Ivar Aasen dump = a gust; Dan. ditmpe] , to thump, Lv. 8l (OTT. \fy.) DUNA, að. (cp. dynja), to thunder, give a hollow rushing1 sound; dunar i skóginum, Edda 30; svá skal danzinn duna, Ísl. þjóðs. (nf dancing). duna, esp. pl. dunur, f. a rushing, thundering noise, Eb. 174, Fms. iii. 184; hence the Dan. tor-den, qs. Thor-dön, the din ofThor, i. e. thunder, supposed to be the noise of the god Thor in his wain. dunda, að, to dally, Bb. i. 9. dun-henda, u, f. (-hendr, adj.), a sor t of metre, having four anadi- ploses, Edda (Ht.) 124, 128. dunn m. a band, gang, drove; ganga í e-m duni, to march in one hand, Sturl. iii. 185 C; sauða-dunn, a drove of sheep, Sd. 164: a number of ten is called dunn, Edda 108. dunna, u, f. the wild duck, Edda (Gl.), cp. Engl. dun. DUPT, m., better duft, [it properly means the powder of flowers or the like; so duft in Germ, means a sw eet sme ll as from flowers; in old writers duft is rare, dust (q. v.) freq.; in mod. use dust is almost obso- lete, and as these two words can hardly be distinguished in old MSS. (where ft and s t look like one another), the transcribers have often sub- stituted duft, where the old MS. has dust: again, dufta (a verb) is never used, but only dusta: duft is probably a foreign South-Teutonic word; the Swedish uses only the more homely sounding ånga, vide angi] :-- powder; d. ok aska. Stj. 204, Sks. 2ii, Magn. 448: botan. pollen; dupt- beri, a, m. thestamen of a flower; dupt-knappr, m. the anther; dupt- fcráðr, m. the filament, Hjalt. dura-, v. dyrr. durgr, m. [dvergr], a sulky fellow, durgs-legr, adj. sulky. durna-legr, adj. sulky, rude, durna-skapr, m., etc. durnir, m. a dwr. rf, Ýt. 2: metaph. a sulky man. durtr, m. = durgr. durts-legr, adj. s ulky, rude. dur-vörðr, m. a door-keeper, Eg. 409, Fms. ii. 160. dusil-, v. drysil-. dusla, að, to bustle, be busy, Njarð. 368, (cant word.) DUST, n. [A. S. dwst; Engl. dust], dust, Fms. v. 82, 324, xi. 12, Stj. 336. Num. xxiii. 10, Greg. 98: flowers ground to dust, Pr. 471, 472, 474. 475- dust, n. [Dan. dy s t; Swed. dust] , a tilt; halt eitt d. með mik, Karl, 72; d. ok turniment, Fr. dusta, að, to dwst. dustera, að, to tilt, fight, Bev. (Fr.) dusti, a, m. a grain of dust; engi d. saurs, 656 A. ii. 8. dúða, að, to swatLe (in clothes). dúði, a, m. swaddling clothes. DÚFA, u, f., gen. pl. dúfna; [Goth, dwb o; A. S. duva; Engl. dove; Dan. due; Swed. dufva; O. H. G. tuba; Germ, taube] :-- a dove, Stj. in, Hom. 57, 65, Al. 168: as a term of affection, my dove. 2. poet, a wave, one of the daughters of Ran, P^dda. COMPDS: dúfu-ligr, adj, dove-like, 655 xxxii. 7. dúfu-nef, n. a cognorn. ' dove-neb, ' dove-beak, Landn. dufu-ungi, a, m. the young of a dove, Mar. 656, Stj. 317. dúka, að, t o co ver with a cloth, Fas. iii. 187, 373. dúk-lauss, adj. without a cloth, Pm. 108. DÚKR, m. [Engl. dwck; Swed. duk; Dan. dug; Germ, tu c h] :-- any cloth or texture, Bárð. 160; vaðmáls-d., lín-d., etc., a cloak ofwadmal, linen, etc.: ä carpet, Fms. ix. 219: tapestry in a church, fimm duka ok tvá þar í buna, annarr með rautt silki, Vm. 77, vide altaris-dukr, 20: a neck-kerchief of a lady, dúkr á hálsi, Rm. 16. ft. a table-cloth (borð- dúkr); as to the ancient Scandin. custom of covering the table with a cloth, vide esp. Nj. ch. 117, Bs. i. 475, Guðm. S. ch. 43; and for still earlier times the old heathen poem Rm., where Móðir, the yeoman's good-wife, covers the table with a ' marked' (i. e. stitched) white linen cloth, 28; whilst Edda, the old bondman's good-wife, puts the food on an un- covered table (verse 4); by a mishap the transcriber of Ób. (the only MS. wherein this poem is preserved) has skipped over a verse in the second line of verse 17, so that we are unable to say how Amma, the husbandman's good-wife, dressed her table: the proverb, eptir duk og disk, i. e. post festum. y. a towel; at banquets a servant went round to the guests in turn bearing a basin and a towel on the shoulder, Lv. ch. 13; to be served first was a mark of honour; cp. also Nj. I. e., Har. S. Harðr. ch. 79 (the Danish king and the old woman): a napkin, Blas. 45, 655 xvii. 5: belonging to the priest's vestment, Pm. 133; d. ok corporale, Vm. 154, Stj. Gen. xxiv. 65 (a veil). dúk-slitr, n. r a^ s of a d., Vm. 77. dún-beðr, m. a bed of down-clothes, D. N. (Fr.) dún-grind, f. a frame whereon to clean eider-down. dún-hægindi, n. a pillow or bolster of down, D. N. dún-klæði, n. pl. bedclothes of eider-down, Js. 78, Sturl. iii. 108, Bs. i. 802. DÚNN (dýnn, Mart. 126), m. [Dutch dune; Engl. down: Swed. and Dan. dun; Germ, daun is prob. of Saxon or Dutch origin, as the d remains unchanged] :-- down; taka dun ok dýna, N. G. L. i. 334; esp. used of bedclothes of down; the word occurs in the old heathen poem Gs., soft hann á duni, 5; blautasti d. . Mart. I. e.; á duni ok á guð- vefi, Fms. x. 379; vöttu (pillows) duns fulla, a verse of Hornklofi. In Icel. ' dún' is chiefly used of eider-down, which word is undoubtedly of Icel. origin, Fr. édre-don, Germ, eder-don or eider-daun; the syllable e r is the Icel. gen. æðar-dún, from nom. seðr (the name of the eider duck), acc. æði, gen. æðar. The eider-down, now so important as an article of trade, is never mentioned in old Icel. writers or laws; they only speak of the eggs (egg-ver). The English, during their trade with Icel. in the I5th century, seem first to have brought the name and article into foreign markets. At first it was bought in a rough state; Bogi Bene- diktssun in Feðga-æfi Ii records that a certain Jón í Brokey (born 1584), after having been in England, was the first who taught the Icel. to clean the down -- var hann líka sá fyrsti her vestra sem tók að hreinsa æðar-dún ..., en áðr (i. e. during the English and Hanseatic trade in Icel.) seldist óhreinsaðr dun eptir Búa-lögum. Icel. say, hreinsa dún, hræla dun. The Danes say, have dun på hagen, to h a ve down on the chin. dún-tekja, u, f. gathering eider-down. dúra, að, t o n ap, . Skálda 163. DÚRR, m. a nap, slumber, Hom. 116, O. H. L. 80: in mod. usage in such phrases as, milli dura; sofa góðan, væran, dúr. DÚS (dos, Björn), n. [Norse duus~\, a lull, dead calm, in the proverb, opt kömr æðiregn or dúsi, a lull is often followed by a heavy shower, Eb. (in a verse). dúsa, u, f. a sugar-teat for babies to suck. dúsa, að, prob. to d oz e, Og. 18. dvala, u, f. [Dan. dvale~\, -- dvol, Fr. dvala, að, to delay, with dat.; at dvala ekki förinni, Fms. xi. 2J; ef ér dvalit ferðinni, 115; dvalar hann ekki brotferðinni, Fb. ii. 147;

110 DVALSAMR -- DYMBILDAGAR.

muna nú Helgi hjörþing (hjörþingi or -þingum, better) dvala, Hkv. 1. 49: with infin., Kjartan bað þá ekki dvala, Ld. 176. dval-samr, adj. dilatory, Stj. 122; e-m verðr dvalsamt, one is delayed, Greg. 80, Fbr. 136. DVELJA, dvaldi, dvalði; pres. dvel; part. dvalðr, dvalinn; sup. dvalit: [A. S. dveljan; Engl. dwell; O. H. G. tvelan; Swed. dväljas; Dan. dvæle] :-- to 'dwell,' delay, with acc.; d. för, ferð, to keep back, delay, Grág. ii. 385, Ísl. ii. 266; því dvalða ek dauða þinn, Blas. 47; d. dóm (a law term), to defer judgment, Grág. i. 67; d. ráð fyrir konu, to put off a woman's marriage, 307; at þat dveli garðlagit, ii. 332; gátu þeir hann eptir dvalit, they managed to keep him back, Fms. vii. 169; d. e-n frá e-u. to keep one from doing a thing, Jb. 380; dvelr mik engi hlutr, at ek geng ekki..., i.e. I will go at once, Fms. ii, 37: the proverb, mart um dvelr þann er um morgin sefr, Hm. 58: absol., dvaldi þat fyrir ferð þeirra, that caused delay, Njarð. 374. 2. in neut. sense = dveljask, to tarry, cp. Engl. to dwell on a thing; ok vildu eigi dvelja, ok eigi bíða Ólafs konungs, Fms. iv. 118. 3. with acc. of time, to wait, abide; konungr dvaldi mestan hluta sumars á Hálogalandi, Fms. iv. 233; d. af stundir, to kill time, Band. 8; d. stund e-s, to hold one up, Karl. 62. II. reflex. to stop oneself, i.e. to stay, make a stay; myndi þar dveljask um hríð, Nj. 122; ok er þeir höfðu þar dvalisk til þess er ..., Eg. 28; dvaldisk þar um hríð, 59; ok er konungr hafðr dvalsk þar um hríð, Fms. viii. 428: d. at e-u, to tarry over a thing, D. I. i. 223. 2. the phrase, e-dvelsk, one is kept, loses time by a thing; dvaldisk þeim þar lengi, Eg. 230; dvaldisk þeim þar at því, in (doing) that they lost much time, Nj. 241. 3. with pass. notion; sá dagr mun dveljask, that day will not soon come, will come late, Ld. 174; dveljask munu stundirnar, the hours will be taken up, it will take many hours, it will grow late before all is told, Edda 15; ef þat dvelsk, at ek koma eigi hingat, if I should be hindered from coming, Fms. xi. 51: to tarry, er ek hefi svá lengi dvalisk at sækja yðvarn fund, Ld. 32. DVERGR, m. [A. S. dveorg; Engl. dwarf; Germ. (irreg.) zwerg; Swed. dverg] :-- a dwarf; about the genesis of the dwarfs vide Vsp. 6-16, Edda 9: in mod. Icel. lore dwarfs disappear, but remain in local names, as Dverga-steinn, cp. the Dwarfy Stone in Scott's Pirate, and in several words and phrases: from the belief that the dwarfs lived in rocks, an echo is called dverg-mál, n. (-mali, m.), dwarf-talk, Al. 35, 37, Fas. iii. 369; and dverg-mála, að, to echo: from the skill of the dwarfs in metal-working, a skilful man is called dverg-hagr, adj. (skilled as a dwarf), or dvergr, a dwarf in his art; dverga-smíði, n. dwarf's-work, i.e. all works of rare art, such as the famous or enchanted swords of antiquity, Hervar S. ch. 2, Fas. i. 514, ii. 463-466 (Ásmund. S.), Gísl. 80: crystal and prismatic stones are in Norway called either dwarf's-work or 'dwarfy-stones,' as people believe that they are worked out by the dwarfs in the depths of the earth: botan., dverga-sóleyg, f. ranunculus glacialis, Hjalt. β. from its dwarfed shape, a dog without a tail is in Icel. called dvergr or dverg-hundr, m., Clar.: short pillars which support the beams and rafters in a house are called 'dvergar;' this sense occurs as early as Hom. (St.) 65, and is still in use in some parts of Icel.: the four dwarfs, East, West, North, South, are in the Edda the bearers of heaven, Edda 5. γ. ornaments in a lady's dress worn on the shoulder are called 'dvergar,' Rm. 16; smokkr á bringu, dúkr á hálsi, dvergar á öxlum, prob. a kind of brooch. For COMPDS vide above. DVÍNA or dvina (in old writers even dvena), að, [North. E. dwyne], to dwindle, pine away; þá dvenar tómr maðr, Hom. 26; dvinar allr þroti (of a tumor), Sks. 235; lét hann eigi dvina kveðandina, Fms. v. 174; þaðan í frá sögðu menn at dvinaði liðveizla Sæmundar við Þorgrím, Sturl. i. 171; görir nú eigi at dvina við, it will not do to saunter, Karl. 380; dvina munda ek láta ferðina, I would let the travelling cease, Fs. 172; heit dvinuðu Heina, their bragging dwindled away, Lex. Poët. In early times this word was probably sounded with an i (short), which may be inferred from the form dvena; and the word was rather common, and occurs rarely. In later times it was ennobled by the frequent use made of it in Pass., and with altered inflexion, viz. an í throughout, the pres. indic. either strong, dvin, or weak, dvínar; thus, hér þegar mannlig hjálpin dvín, Pass. 44. 12; görvöll þá heimsins gleðin dvín, 41. 8; þá æfin lífsins dvín, 36. 10; but holds megn og kraptr dvínar, 44. 1; dvínar og dregst í hlé, 47. 4: infin., sjón og heyrn tekr að dvína, 41. 10. dvöl, f., gen. dvalar, old pl. dvalar, mod. dvalir, [cp. 'dwelling' = delay, Engl. Ballads], a short stay, stop; dvalir ok náttstaði, Stj. 294; eiga dvöl, to stop, Nj. 181; afhvarf manna ok dvalar (acc. pl.), Ld. 204; meðan þessi dvöl (pause) var, Fms. xi. 135: delay, iv. 179; bera til dvala, to cause delay, Fas. iii. 543 :-- used once as neut. pl., urðu dvöl dægra, Am. 102. β. gramm. quantity, Skálda 175. dyðrill or dyrðill, m. a nickname, seems to mean a tail, = mod. dindill, Fms. i. 186, ii. 253, 279; cp. daðra, to wheedle. DYGÐ, f. [A. S. duguð = doughtiness, valour; O. H. G. tugad; Germ. tugend; Swed. dygd; Dan. dyd] :-- virtue, probity, only used in a moral metaph. sense; the original sense (from duga, q.v.) of valour, strength, which prevails in the A. S., is quite obsolete; trúa e-m til dygðar um e-t, to trwst in one's integrity, Fs. 121 (of a judge); fyrir sakir þinnar dygðar, probity, Fms. vi. 58; lið ok d. (help and faithful service) góðs drengs, 227; fyrir sína dygð, for his faithfulness, vii. 158. β. in mod. eccl. writers the Lat. virtus is rendered by dygð, Vídal., Pass., etc.; ó-dygð, wickedness, γ. virtue, of an inanimate thing, of a tree, Stj. 256. COMPDS: dygðar-lauss, adj. wicked, K. Á. 230: bad, 24. dygðar-leysi, n. faithlessness, wickedness, Stj. 487, Bs. i. 40. dygðar-maðr, m. a trusty man, Grett. 147 A. dygðar-verk, n. faithful work, Mar.: cp. dugr, dugnaðr. dygðugr, adj. 'doughty,' faithful, trusty; d. þjónusta, Fas. i. 90; d. maðr, Grett. 143 A, Th. 12: efficient, having virtue in them, of inanimate things, Stj. 99, 215. β. in mod. eccl. writers, virtuous, good. dyggiligr, adj. faithful, Stj. 198. dygg-leikr, m. faithfulness, H. E. ii. 66, Fms. viii. 29. dyggliga and dyggiliga, adv. faithfully, trustily, Stj. 9, 152, Fms. iii. 115, 138, Bs. i. 40. dyggr, adj., mostly with v if followed by a vowel, e.g. dyggvar, dyggvan, superl. dyggvastr, compar. dyggvari, but sometimes the v is dropped :-- faithful, trusty; dyggvar dróttir, worthy, good people, Vsp. 63; d. ok trúr, Fms. x. 233; d. ok drengileg meðferð, vi. 96; dyggra ok dugandi manna, Stj. 121; enn dyggvasti hirðmaðr, Magn. 484; reynda ek hann enn dyggvasta í öllum hlutum, Fms. i. 69; dyggvastr ok drottin-hollastr, Hkr. iii. 150; but dyggastr, Fms. vi. 401, l.c.; ú-dyggr, faithless: in mod. usage esp. as epithet of a faithful servant, d. þjón, dygt hjú; ódyggt hjú, a bad servant, etc.: of inanimate things, dyggir ávextir, Stj. 234. DYKR (mod. dynkr, with an inserted n), m. a cracking, snapping noise; varð af því d. mikill, it gave a great crack, Grett. 96 A, cp. new Ed.; heyrðu þeir dyki mikla, Bárð. 32 new Ed.; mikill dykr, Al. 76; dunur ok dynki, Fas. iii. 412 (paper MS.); varð þat svá mikill dykr, sem nauts-búk flegnum væri kastað niðr á gólfit, Eb. 220 (new Ed. 78); dynkr, Grett. 178 new Ed. dyl-dúkr, m. a veil, B. K. 83. dylgjur, f. pl. [dólgr], suppressed enmity, finding vent in menaces, hootings, and the like; vóru þá dylgjur miklar með þeim, Eb. 22; nú eru dylgjur miklar þat er eptir var þingsins, Band. 13; vóru þá dylgjur miklar millum þeirra allra, Sturl. i. 196. DYLJA, pret. duldi and dulði, part. duldr, duliðr, Fms. ii. 97; dulinn, Fb. i. 11 (Hdl. 7), Fs. 97 (MS. Arna-Magn. no. 132); [Swed. dölja; Dan. dölge] :-- to conceal, hide, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing concealed; d. e-s, to disavow, deny, dissemble; ætla ek því alla (þá varla ?) kunna at dylja þessa ráða, they can hardly deny it, Eg. 49; Þórir dylr þess ekki, 173; Eysteinn duldi ok þeirra orða fyrir sik, E. said he had never said such a thing, Fms. ix. 329; þó duldu þeir ekki illvirkja sinna, they denied not their guilt, confessed it, Sks. 583: with following subj., en allir duldu at né eitt vissi til Hrapps, all dissembled, Nj. 133; en ef umboðsmaðr dylr (disavows), at hann hafi við umboði tekið, Gþl. 375. II. reflex. to conceal, hide oneself; ok kendi brátt ... þó at hann dyldisk, Fms. ii. 173; ok fékk hann svá dulzk fyrir honum, at eigi vissi jarl ..., he hid himself (his thoughts) so well, that ..., viii. 16; at þat sé flugumenn, ok vili dyljask (disguise themselves) undir múnka búnaði, vi. 188. 2. metaph., d. við e-t, to conceal for oneself; þurfu vér eigi at dyljask við, at ..., Fms. v. 1; megu þeir þá eigi við dyljask, at ek hefi drepit hann, Grett. 155 A; en Sveinn duldisk við þat, S. shrank from believing it, Orkn. 298; ekki dyljumk ek við (I don't disavow) skuldleika okkra, Ld. 40; en ef goði dylsk við (disavows) þingfesti þess manns, Grág. i. 23; trúit þessu eigi meðan þér megit við dyljask, believe it not as long as you can disavow it, i.e. till you get full evidence, Fms. ix. 477: dyljask í e-u; Eirikr konungr þarf nú ekki at d. í því, at ..., king E. cannot conceal it for himself, that ..., Eg. 424, Þiðr. 118, 191, 196. III. part. pass., the phrase, vera (ganga) duliðr (duldr, dulinn) e-s, or vera d. at e-u, to be unaware, to be kept in ignorance of a thing; hefir hon verið alls þessa duld, Vígl. 33; en at þú gangir lengr duliðr þess er skylt er at vita, than that thou shouldest be longer ignorant of things which all people ought to know, Edda 13; veit engi ætt m/ina, ok ganga þess allir duldir, Fms. viii. 21; dulin ertú Hyndla, H., thou art mistaken, Hdl. 7; ok ertú of mjök dulinn at honum, herra, thou, my lord, art too much mistaken about him, i.e. trustest him too well, Fs. 97, cp. Fms. ii. 57: the phrase, e-t fer, gengr, dult, is hidden, kept secret. dylma, d, [Dan. dulme]; d. yfir e-t, to be careless or indifferent about a thing, Fr.; dylminn, part. careless, indifferent, Stj. 122. dymbil-dagar, m. pl. the 'dumb-bell days,' i.e. the three days before Easter; hence dymbildaga-vika, u, f. [Swed. dymmel-vecka; Dan. dimmel-uge], Passion week, Bs. i. 71, Fms. x. 72, H. E. i. 491, Sturl. i. 25; during the dymbildagar the bells in Icel. were rung with a wooden tongue called dymbill, m.; a dymbill is often mentioned among the inventories of Icel. churches of the 14th century, e.g. kirkja á dymbil, Vm. 47, 51: it is, however, likely that the word dymbill itself is simply derived from the Engl. dumb-bell, as in the Roman church the bells were dumb or muffled in the Passion week: Björn (Lex.) mentions that in the century before his time people used to strike the time to a dance with the dymbill. It was also an old Icel. custom that the father of a house inflicted a general

DYMBILNOTT -- DÝRKA. 111

chastisement on his children and household on Good Friday for the sins of the past year, gently or strongly as they had been obedient or not; hence the popular phrase, líðr að dimbildögum, or koma dymbildagar, = the dimmel-days are nigh, i.e. the day of reckoning will surely come; cp. H. E. iv. 180, 181 (note). dymbil-nótt, f. the three nights next before Easter, Vm. 144. dyn-bjalla, u, f. a tinkling bell, Grett, 129. dyndr, adj. = dunhendr, Bs. ii. 103 (in a verse). DYNGJA, u, f. a lady's bower, in old Icel. dwellings. Eg. 159, Nj. 66, Bjarn. 68, Rd. 270, Korm. 10, Fs. 88, Gísl. 15; in those passages it is different from 'stofa,' and seems to have been a detached apartment: [as to the root, cp. A. S. dyng, O. H. G. tunc, Engl. dungeon;--the common sense prob. being that both the bower and the dungeon were secluded chambers in the inner part of the house or castle] :-- Trolla-dyngjur, a mountain in Icel., a bower of giantesses. 2. a heap, dung, Dan. dynge, (mod.) DYNJA, dundi; pres. dyn, dunið; [cp. A. S. dynnan; Engl. din; the Icel. word is irregular in regard to the interchange of consonants; for the Lat. tonare, Engl. thunder, Germ. donner would properly answer to Icel. þynja, a word which does not exist] :-- to gush, shower, pour, of rain, with the additional notion of sound; dundi ákaft regn ór lopti, Stj. 594. 1 Kings xviii. 45; of blood, blóð er dundi or sárum Drottins, 656 A. I. 31, Pass. 23. 3: dundi þá blóðit um hann allan, Nj. 176: of air quivering and earth quaking, Haustl. 14. Vtkv. 3: of rain and storm, steypi-dögg görði, ok vatnsflóðið kom, og vindar blésu og dundu á húsinu, Matth. vii. 25, 27; dynjandi logi, Ýt. 6, Mar. 2. metaph. to pour, shower, like hail; Otkell lætr þegar d. stefnuna, O. let the summons shower down, Nj. 176: of weapons, dundu á þá vápnin, the weapons showered upon them, Fms. viii. 126; spjótin dundu á þeim, xi. 334: the phrase, dynja á, of misfortune; eigi var mér ván, at skjótara mundi á dynja, vii. 125; hvat sem á dynr, whatever so happens. 3. metaph. also of men, to pour on or march in a body with a din; dundu jarlar undan, Lex. Poët.; dynja í böð, to march to battle, Sighvat; dynja þeir þá fram á þingit, Lv. 31; konungs menn dynja þegar á hæla þeim. Al. 11. dynr, m. pl. ir, [A. S. dyn; Engl. din; Swed. dån; Dan. dön], a din; engi d. verðr af hlaupi kattarins, noiseless are the cat's steps, Edda 19; gnýr eða þrymr, dynr eða dunr, Skálda 169; d. ok brestr, Bær. 15: marching as troops, ríða mikinn dyn, to ride with mickle din (of horsemen galloping), Ísl. ii. 333: the phrase, koma e-m dyn fyrir dyrr, to make a din before one's door, take one by surprise, Fms. viii. 60, 189; gera sem mestan dyn, to make the greatest noise, 403: in pl., heyrði Gangleri dyni mikla, Edda 44. dyn-skot, n. a shot making a din, but harmless, Fms. v. 198. dynta, t, to dint. dyntr, m., dynta, f., dyntill, m. a dint, a cognom., Fms.; vide dyttr. dyrgja, u, f. [durgr], a dwarf woman, a hag, Þjal. Jón. 17. dyrgja, ð, to fish with a dorg, = dorga, Þiðr. 91. dyri-gætt, f. a door-frame, Sd. 158, Odd. 16. dyri-stafr (mod. dyru-), m. a door-post, Stj. 279. Exod. xii. 7, Sd. 153, Grett. 121, Ver. 21, Sturl. ii. 49. DYRR, n. or f. pl., in mod. usage always fem., and often so in old writers; sometimes even in old MSS.: neut. with the article; dyrrin with a double r (or dyrin, Kb. 42 new Ed., Stj. 520, Edda 29, Nj. 198): fem. dyrnar; aðrar dyrr, Fms. iv. 220, 221; dyrr byrgðar, Stj. 40; einar dyr, Sturl. i. 189; dyr opnar, id. (but dyrin, id., one line below, perhaps wrongly by the transcriber): in most cases, however, the gender of the gen. and dat. cannot be discerned: there is hardly any instance of its neuter use if joined to an adjective; thus, in Njala we read, gengu þeir þá inn allir ok skipnðusk í dyrrin (neut.); but only four lines below, ef nokkurar væri laundyrr á: hversu margar dyrr eru á Valhöll eða hversu stórar, Edda 25; but settisk Þórr í dyrrin, 29: in old writers the gen. and dat. are spelt with u, dura, durum, and that they were so pronounced may be seen from Skálda 163--þegar gestrinn kveðr 'dura,' þá skyldi eigi bóndinn 'dúra;' cp. also Grág. ii. 194, Fms. iv. 221, viii. 161, Gm. 23, Sturl. iii. 218, Edda 25, Landn. 231; but dyra, dyrum, Ísl. ii. 342 (rare): in mod. usage y throughout (spelt dyra, dyrum, proncd. as i) :-- [Gr. GREEK; Goth. daur, neut., and dauro, fem.; A. S. duru; Old Engl. dore (now door); Dan. dör; Swed. dörr: Germ. thüre: the root vowel is short in Gr. and Goth. as well as the Scandin.] :-- a door, viz. the opening (hurð is Lat. janua); karl-dyrr, branda-d., úti-d., leyni-d., and-d., eldahús-d., Sturl. iii. 218: synztu-d., id.: úti-dyrr enar syðri, 185; suðr-dyrr, 186; syðri-d., 190; skála-d. nyrðri, 187; kvenna-skála-d., 188; í þeim dyrum er skálar mættusk, 189; and-dyri hit syðra, 218; sund-d. (= suðr-dyr?), ii. 106; stofu-d., 181; dýrshöfuðs-d., i. 106, a door over which a stag's head is placed. COMPDS: dura-dómr, m., vide dómr. dura-gætti = dyrigætti. dura-stafr = dyristafr. dura-stoð, f. a door-post, N. G. L. i. 55. dura-umbuningr, m. a door-frame. Grett. 114 A. dura-veggr, m. a door-jamb, Sturl. i. 178. dura-vörðr, m. a door-keeper, Sks. 289. dyra-drótt, f. a door-sill, vide drótt. dyr-skíð, n. = dyrigætti (?), D. N. DYS, f., gen. sing. nom. pl. dysjar, [Dan. dös and dysse], a cairn, less than haugr, Ld. 152, Eb. 172, 176, Dropl. 9, Fas. i. 438 (in a verse), Hbl. 45, Þórð. 73; kumbl-dys, Gg. 1. dysja, að, [Dan. dysse = to hide], to bury in a cairn, heap stones over a witch, criminal, or the like, never used of a proper burying, Eb. 172, Grett. 112, Fms. v. 222, Landn. 107. dytta, tt, [Engl. dint], to meddle: recipr., þér höfðut til dytzt, Stj. 510: in mod. usage, dytta að e-u, to varnish. dyttr, m. a dint, a nickname, Fms. ii. 67; hnakka-d., a 'neck-dint,' i.e. a shot by a bolt in the nape of the neck, Orkn. 416 (in a verse); the hnakka-dyz of the MS. is = dytts, as vaz = vatns, braz = bratts. DÝ, n. a bog, Sturl. iii. 50, Gþl. 393, Róm. 259. dýbliza, dýfliza, u, f. a dark dungeon, Al. 94, Fms. i. 258, iii. 89, vi. 164, Eluc. 12, 42, Sks. 457, Þiðr. 63, Grett. 158. Fagrsk. 111: [no doubt a foreign word, perhaps from 'diabolus' = the dungeon of hell.] DÝFA, ð, [cp. Goth. daupjan = GREEK; O. H. G. taufjan; Germ. taufen; Dan. döbe; A. S. dyppan, akin to djúpr; cp. also dúfa, a billow; all these words are akin, but the Engl. dive is the same word] :-- to dip, with dat.; d. e-m í vatn, to dip one into water, Hom. 139, K. Á. 6, cp. N. G. L. i. 339; d. sér, to dive: the word is now freq., but rare in old writers, who preferred drepa; in Germ. etc. it is only used in the sense of christening = baptizare, prop. to dip into water, but never so in the Icel., which renders baptize by skira. dýfa, u, f. dipping in. DÝJA (mod. dúa), dúði, to shake, quiver, of spears or the like; d. frökkur, dörr, to shake spears, fight, Rm. 32, Fms. vi. (in a verse); d. skör, to shake the locks, Þkv. 1; hann dúði spjótið inn í dyrnar, Sturl. iii. 218, Ld. 278: in mod. usage, það dúir undir, of boggy ground that shakes under the feet. dýna, u, f. [dúnn]. a down-bed, feather-bed, a pillow or bolster, Fms. iii. 125, vi. 279, ix. 26, x. 186, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. ii. 167, Lex. Poët. 2. boggy ground, Dropl. 26, v.l. dýna, ð, to cover, belay with down, N. G. L. i. 334. dýpi, n. [djúpr; Ulf. diupei; Germ. tiefe], depth. dýpka, að, to become deeper, deepen. dýpt (and dýpð), f. [Goth. djupipa], depth, Clem. 33, Bs. i. 209. DÝR, n. [Gr. GREEK; Ulf. djûs = GREEK, Mark i. 13, 1 Cor. xv. 32; A. S. deôr; Engl. deer; Germ. thier; Swed.-Dan. dyr] :-- an animal, beast: α. excluding birds, dýr ok fuglar, Edda 144 (pref.); fuglar, dýr eðr sækvikindi, Skálda 170; dýrum (wild beasts) eða fuglum, Grág. ii. 89. β. used of wild beasts, as bears, Nj. 35, Grett. 101, Glúm. 330, Fs. 146 (bjarn-dyra): in Icel. esp. the fox, Dropl. 27, Bs. ii. 137, the fox being there the only beast of prey, hence dýr-bit; úarga-dýr, the lion; villi-d., a wild beast. γ. used esp. of hunting deer, the deer of the forest, as in Engl. deer, the hart, etc., Hkv. 2. 36, N. G. L. i. 46, Str. 3, Fas. iii. 4, Þiðr. 228-238; hrein-d., the reindeer; rauð-d., the red deer. COMPDS; dýra-bogi, a, m. a trap to catch foxes. dýra-garðr, m. a yard or inclosure to catch wild beasts, Gþl. 456. dýra-gröf, f. a pit to catch wild beasts, Gþl. 456, 457. dýra-kjöt, n. the flesh of animals, Stj. 8. dýra-rödd, f. the voice of beasts, Skálda 170. dýra-skinn, n. the skin of wild beasts, Fas. iii. 124. dýra-veiðar, f. pl. deer-hunting, Þiðr. l.c., 655 x. 2, Gþl. 447. dýrs-belgr, m. a beast's skin. Fas. ii. 518 (of a bear). dýrs-horn, n. a deer's horn used for a drinking cup, Eg. 306, 307, 551, Edda 82. dýrs-höfuð, n. the head of a deer, Sturl. i. 106. dýr-bit, n. 'deer-bite,' of the worrying of lambs by a fox, Bs. i. 587. DÝRÐ, f. [Engl. dearth], glory; himinríkis d., the glory of heaven, Fms. v. 143, 230, Fær. 137, 625. 163, Fms. v. 216 (a glorious miracle): in pl., 623. 32, Eluc. 47; tóm d., vain-glory, 655 xxvi. 3: in N. T. and eccl. writers since the Reformation this word is much in use; the GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by dýrð. COMPDS: dýrðar-dagr, m. a day of glory, Hom. 90, Fms. ii. 142. dýrðar-fullr, adj. full of glory, Fms. ii. 199, vii. 89. Dýrðar-konungr, m. the King of Glory (Christ), Niðrst. 4. dýrðar-kóróna, u, f. a crown of glory, Magn. 502, Pass. 25. 11. dýrðar-maðr, m. a glorious man, Hkr. iii. 250, Bs. i. 90. dýrðar-samliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. glorious, Stj. 288, 655 xxxii. 17, Fms. iv. 32, Stj. 34. dýrðar-staðr, m. a glorious place, Ver. 3. dýrðar-söngr, m. a song of glory. dýr-gildr, adj. dearly paid for, Fms. vi. 106. dýr-gripr, m. a jewel, treasure, a thing of great value, Eg. 4, 55, 179, Orkn. 354. dýr-hundr, m. a deer-hound, esp. a fox-hound, Eb. 216. dýrka (and dýrðka), að, with acc. to worship, Stj. 103: to glorify, Ver. 6; d. Drottinn Guð þinn, Stj. 4. 58; d. Guðs orð, 655 C. 15; d. kenning postulanna, 14: to celebrate, d. þenna dag. Hom. 8: to exalt, nú er tíð Drottinn, sú er þú d. oss ambáttir þínar, Blas. 47; ek em Guð sá er þik dýrkaða'k, ok mun ek enn d. þik, 50: hann dýrkaði válaðan, Greg. 24; d. e-n með e-u, Fms. x. 315; d. e-n, to pray one reverentially; hón kastar sér fram á gólfit, dýrkaði hann, svá segjandi, Stj. 522. 2 Sam. xiv. 4; hence the common Icel. phrase, vertu ekki að d. hann, don't beg (coax) him. 2. reflex. to magnify oneself; þá mundu Gyðingar dýrkask í sjálfum sér, Stj. 392; hirð eigi þú maðr at d. í krafti þínum, thou man, glory not in thy strength, Hom. 8; sá er dýrkask, kvað Paulus

112 DÝRKAN -- DÆMI.

postuli, dýrkisk hann með Guði, 23: in pass. sense, Fms. xi. 415; dýrkaðisk þolinmæði réttlátra, Hom. 49; verit ér þolinmóðir litla stund, at ér dýrkisk, 623. 32. In N. T. and mod. eccl. writers the Gr. GRREK is sometimes rendered by dýrka, e.g. Matth. v. 16. dýrkan, f. worship, adoration, 623. 11: veita goðum d., 655. 1: in pl., Stj. 54: glorifying, dýrkan andar ok likama. 50; afguða-d., skurðgoða-d., idolatry. dýr-kálfr, m. a deer-calf, Hkv. 2. 36. dýr-kálkr, m. a dub. reading (of a horse), Glúm. 356. dýr-keyptr, part. dearly bought, Fbr. 56 new Ed. dýr-lagðr, part. dearly rated, Ld. 30. dýr-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), dearness, Dipl. ii. 5. dýr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), glorious. Fms. iv. 82, vii. 85, x. 223, xi. 51, Eg. 478; d. veizla, Bs. i. 133: d. matráð, 139. dýrlingr (dýrðlingr, Hom. 115. Bs. i. 202, Fms. i. 227). m. [A. S. deôrling; Engl. darling] :-- a saint, holy man; Guðs d., Ver. 1. Fms. iv. 227, 232, v. 214, Bs. i. (freq.) dýr-menni, n. a glorious man, Lex. Poët. dýr-mætr, adj. precious, Stj. 180, 204, Fas. i. 455, Sks. 183. DÝRR, adj., compar. dýrri, superl. dýrstr, mod. more freq. dýrari, dýrastr; dyröztum, Fb. i. 211: [Ulf. does not use this word, but renders GREEK etc. by reiks or svêrs; A. S. deore; Engl. dear; Dan. and Swed. dyr; O. H. G. tiuri; Germ. theuer] :-- dear: 1. of price, of such and such a price: referring to the weregild, at sá maðr sé vel dýrr, Hrafn. 9; fésætt svá mikla, at engi maðr hafi dýrri verit hér á landi enn Höskuldr, i.e. that there has never before been paid so high a weregild as for Hoskuld, Nj. 189; munu þat margir ætla at hann muni dýrstr gerr af þeim mönnum er hér hafa látizt, 250; dýrr mundi Hafliði allr, Sturl. i. 47: of other things, ek met hana dýrra en aðrar, I put her at a higher price than the rest, Ld. 30; hversu dýr skal sjá kona, how much is she to cost? id.; kaupa dýru verði, to buy dearly, at a high price; þér eruð dýru verði keyptir, 1 Cor. vi. 20. 2. precious, costly; bókina dýru, Fms. vii. 156; skjöldinn þann inn dýra, Eg. 698: enn Dýri dagr, vide dagr, Ann. 1373, Mar. 96; eigi var annarr (gripr) dýrri í Noregi, Fas. ii. 65; því betr sem gull er dýrra en silfr, Ld. 126; dýrar hallir, lordly halls, Rm. 45; enn dýri mjöðr, the nectar, the godly mead, viz. the poetical mead of the gods, Hm. 106; hence dýr-gripr, a jewel. β. as a metrical term; enn Dýri háttr, the artificial metre, Edda 131: hence the phrase, kveða dýrt, to write in an artificial metre; dýrr bragr, bragar-háttr, an artificial air, tune, opp. to a plain one. γ. ó-dýrr, common, Lex. Poët., mod. cheap: fjöl-d., glorious, and many other poët. compds: the proverb, dýrt er drottins orð, vide dróttinn. δ. of high worth, worthy; en dýra drottning María, Mar. 18; Abraham er kallaðr dýrstr (the worthiest) allra höfuðfeðra, Ver. 12; skatna dýrstr, the best of men, Edda, Ht. 82; Jón Loptsson, er dýrstr maðr er á landi þessu, Sturl. i. 105; at því er at gæta við hversu dýran mann (noble, worthy man) þú átt málaferli, 33; af hinum dýrustum höfðingjum, Fb. l.c.: dýrr is not used in Icel. in the exact Engl. sense of beloved. dýr-skinn, n. a deer-skin. N. G. L. iii. ch. 47. dýr-tíð, n. a time of dearth, famine, N. T. dægi-ligr, adj. [Dan. deilig], fair, (mod. and rare.) dægn (dœgn), n. [Swed. dygn; Dan. dögn], = dægr, q.v., N. G. L. i. 335, Skálda 190; this form is very rare. DÆGR (dœgr), n. [dagr; in Dan. dögn means the natural day = 24 hours, and answers to Icel. sólar-hringr, whereas Icel. dægr usually means both night and day, so that one day makes two dægr]: hence dægra-mót or dægra-skipti, n., denotes the twilight in morning and evening, Hom. 41, Sks. 218; í degi dægr tvau, í dægri stundir tólf, in a day two dægr, in a dægr twelve hours, Rb. 6; þau (Day and Night) skulu ríða á hverjum tveim dægrum umhverfis jörðina, Edda 7; tuttugu ok fjórar stundir skulu vera í tveimr dægrum, Sks. 54: hann sigldi á átta dægrum til þess er hann tók Eyjar á Íslandi, and below, ek skildumk fyrir fjórum nóttum (viz. Sunday to Thursday) við Ólaf konung Haraldsson, Fms. iv. 280; þeir vóru þrjú dægr í leitinni, Nj. 265; á hverju dægri, Grág. ii. 169; á dægrinu, 360; tvau dægr, Fb. i. 539; þrjú d., 431; skipti þat mörgum dægrum, id. :-- in all these passages the sense seems clearly to be as above. 2. in some few cases it seems to be used of the astronomical day = 24 hours, or the Danish dögn; such is the case with the interesting passage Landn. 1. ch. 1; the journey between Iceland and Ireland is here reckoned as five dægr, between Norway and Iceland seven, between Iceland and Greenland four, and to the deserts of Greenland (the east coast) one, etc.: sjau dægra sigling, fjögra d. sigling, fimm dægra haf, i.e. a sail of six, four, five dægr, Landn. 25, 26. COMPDS: dægra-far, n. the division of day and night, Sks. 26, Fms. iv. 381. dægra-stytting, f., in the phrase, til dægra styttingar, to shorten the time, of pastime, Fas. iii. 39. dægra-tal, n. 'day-tale,' calculation of time, Rb. 488: sam-dægris (sam-dœgnis, O. H. L. 86), adv. the same day; also sam-dægrs: jafn-dægr or jafn-dægri, equinoctial time. dægr-sigling, f. a day's sail, Landn. 26. dæl (dœl), f. [dalr, dól], a little dale, Nj. 253. Sd. 173, Sturl. ii. 100 C: of fjalldala ok dælar, Greg. 59. dæla, u, f. I. a small dale, Sturl. ii. 100 (Ed.) II. a naut. term, a contrivance to serve the purpose of a ship's pump, Edda (Gl.); hence dælu-austr, m. emptying a ship by a dæla, Fbr. 131, Grett. 95; dælu-ker, n. a kind of bucket: hann hað þrælinn færa sér í d. þat er hann kaliaði sjó, Landu. 251; hence the metaph. phrase, láta dæluna ganga, to pour out incessantly, chatter without ceasing, Grett. 98. The ancients cannot well have known the pump; but as dælu-austr is distinguished from byttu-austr, where the buckets were handed up, so dæla seems to have been a kind of groove through which the bilge water was made to run out into the sea instead of emptying every bucket by handing it overboard: in Norse döla means a groove-formed trough, eaves, a trench, and the like, D. N. iv. 751, Ivar Aasen s.v. dæla, p. 75. dæld, f. = dæl, Fms. x. 319. dæld, f. [a], gentleness, in the COMPD dældar-maðr (deildar-maðr, v.l.), m. a gentle, easy man, Ld. 68, 276. dælir (dæll, sing.), m. pl. dales-men, O. H. L. 23: mostly in compds, as Lax-dælir, Vatns-dælir, Sýr-dælir, Svarf-dælir, Fljóts-dælir, etc., the men from Laxeydale, Waterdale, etc. dæll, adj. gentle, familiar, forbearing; this word is no doubt akin to deila (qs. deill), i.e. one who is easy 'to deal with;' vertu nú dæl (i.e. keep peace, be gentle) meðan ek em brautu, Nj. 52; ekki þótta ek nú dæll heima, I was not good to deal with at home, Fms. xi. 51; ekki d. viðfangs, not easy to deal with, Grett. 127; dæll (easy, affable) öllu lands fólki, Orkn. 184: engum þótti dælt at segja konungi hersögu, Fms. i. 41; þat er eigi svá dælt (easy) at taka Sigurð jarl af lífdögum sem at drepa kið eðr kálf, 53; þótti þeim dælla at taka þat er flaut laust, vi. 262; þótti nú sem dælst mundi til at kalla, er ungr konungr réð fyrir ríki, Eg. 264: the phrases, göra sér dælt við e-n. to put oneself on a free, familiar footing towards one; Þórðr görði sér d. við þau Þorvald ok Guðrúnu, Ld. 134; ek mun nú gera mér dælt um ráðagörð við þik, I will take the liberty to give thee straightforward advice, Nj. 216; hann görði sér við þá dælt, Grett. 144; mun dælt við mik þykja, ef þú ert eigi í för, they will pay me little heed, unless thou art with me, Lv. 37; þótti vera spottsamr ok grár við alla þá er honum þótti sér dælt við, rude and taunting against all whom he thought his match to deal with, Bjarn. 3: proverb, dælt er heima hvat, at home anything will do, Hm. 5. dæl-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), familiarity, often with the notion of over great freedom, easy dealing; mjök kennir nú dælleika af várri hendi ... er svá vándr dúkr er undir diski þínum, Bs. i. 475; fyrir dælleika sakir, Sks. 553; til þeirra dælleika, 482; gör allt í dælleikum við oss, make no ceremony with us (the king's words to his host), Fms. vi. 390; hann (Moses) var svá í dælleikum við Guð, M. was in such familiarity with God, Ver. 23: affability, condescension, mildi ok dælleika, Fms. ix. 535, v.l. (of a duke): ú-dæll, overbearing; inn-dæll, delightful. dællig-leikr (-leiki), m. = dælleikr, Sks. 482, 553, v.l., Sturl. i. 215 C. dæl-ligr, adj. [hence Dan. deilig], genteel, fine to look at, Edda 58. β. = dæll, familiar, Al. 33. dælska, u, f. familiarity. β. idle talk, nonsense, Edda 110, Karl. 437. dælskr, adj. [ó], belonging to a dale, mostly in compds: Breið-dælskr, from Broaddale, Sturl. i. 112 C. β. [Engl. dull], moody, dull; en til dælskr af dul, Hm. 56; d., fólskr, impertinent, foolish. Fms. iv. 205. DÆMA, d or ð, [dómr; Ulf. dômian; A. S. dêman; Engl. deem (as in demster); O. H. G. tomjan; lost in mod. Germ.; Swed. dömma; Dan. dömme] :-- a law term, to give judgment, pass sentence; d. mál, to give judgment in a case, Nj. 56, Eg. 417; hvat sem at dæma er, Þorst. St. 55; lét dæma vörnina, caused judgment to be given on the part of the defence (in relerence to a curious Norse custom, by which both plaintiff and defendant pleaded before different courts, which had finally to adjust the sentence according to rules varying with the circumstances), Nj. 240; d. dóm, to pass sentence, Fms. xi. 246; d. rangan dóm, Sks. 109 B: the fines etc. in acc., d. fé, útlegðir, sekð, to pass sentence to a fine, outlawry, payment, etc., Grág. i. 320; útlegðir þær er á alþingi eru dæmðar, 3; fé þat á dæmask á heimili þess er sóttr er, 320; á þá at dæmask féit þannug, then the money is to pass (by sentence) to them, 378; dæma eindaga á fé, to fix a term for payment, 3; d. lög, to pass a lawful sentence, Fms. xi. 224; d. af, to make void, Sks. 11: d. um e-t, to judge of a thing, 625. 60: with acc. of the person, d. e-n skógarmann, to proclaim one an outlaw, Nj. 240; d. sýknan, sekan, etc.: adding dat. of the person, d. e-m e-t, to adjudge a thing to one; d. e-m fé, or the like; even, dæma e-m dóm, to deal a sentence out to one, Fms. xi. l.c.: adding prep. af, d. fé af e-m, to give judgment against his claim, Bs. ii. 91; but more usually, d. e-n af e-u, to declare one to have forfeited; the instances in Grág., N. G. L., and the Sagas are almost endless. β. to 'deem,' give an opinion, judge. II. to chatter, talk, mostly in poetry; esp. in the allit. phrase, drekka ok d., vide Lex. Poët. and drekka; en er þeir áttu of þessa hluti at d., when they were talking of those things, 623. 55. dæmi, n., usually in pl., [dómr.] 1. an example, case; hörð dæmi, a hard fate, Hkv. 2. 2; úlfa d., the case (doings) of wolves, Hðm. 30; kvenna d., womanish example, behaving like a woman, Þorst. St. 52; at mér verði vargsins d., Band. (MS.) 35: in plur., forn dæmi ok siðu foreldra sinna (cp. the Germ. weisthümer, alterthümer), old tales and

DÆMAFÁTT -- E. 113

customs of their forefathers, Fagrsk. ch. 219; þessi dæmi (i.e. verses) öll eru kveðin um þenna atburð, Mork. 114; þó hafa mörg dæmi orðið í forneskju, many things have happened in olden times, Ó. H. 73 (margs d., Fms. iv. 172, less correctly), cp. dæmi-saga; spekingr at viti ok at öllu fróðr, lögum ok dæmum (old lore, tales), mannfræði ok ættfræði, Fms. vii. 102; Ari prestr hinn Fróði, er mörg d. spakleg hefir saman töld, Bs. i. 145, cp. also Barl. 47, 73, 112; hence fá-dæmi, an unexampled, portentous thing; eins dæmi, in the proverb, eins dæmin eru vest, viz. a singular, unexampled fate is the worst: used even of pictures, a story represented by drawing, Pm. 122: gramm. a citation, proof, nú skal láta heyra dæmin, now let us hear the proofs, Edda 49; þessi dæmi (those references) ok nóg önnur, Anecd. 6, 15, 18, 21; draga dæmi af bókum, Sks. 468. β. example, generally; djarfari en d. eru til, Fms. iv. 311; vita dæmi til e-s, Róm. 234; umfram d., or dæmum, unexampled, portentous, Stj. 143, Fms. i. 214, viii. 52; svá sem til dæmis at taka, to take an example. Mar. 40, Bs. ii. 116; hence the mod. adverb, til dæmis (commonly written short t.d. = e.g.), for example; sem d. finnask, Fagrsk. ch. 9, Barl. 50; meir en til dæma, beyond example, Stj. 87, 167, 179. γ. example for imitation (eptir-dæmi, example); eptir dæmum Kristinna manna, Fms. v. 319; eptir þínum dæmum, Niðrst. 4; d. dæmi af e-u, to take example by it, Greg. 134. 2. judgment, only in compds as, sjálf-dæmi, rétt-dæmi, justice, etc. COMPDS: dæma-fátt, n. adj. almost unexampled. dæma-fróðr, adj. wise in old lore, Fms. iv. 89. dæma-lauss, adj. unexampled, Stj. 391. dæma-maðr, m. a man to be imitated, Greg. 12. dæming, f. judgment, Grág. i. 235, Skálda 211. dæmi-saga, u, f. a fable, parable; in old eccl. translations, the parable of the N. T. is rendered by 'dæmisaga,' Greg. 22; but in mod. versions and writers since 1540 a distinction is made, and dæmisögur are fables, e.g. of Aesop, Reynard, or the like; whereas the parables of the N. T. are called 'eptir-líking;' heyrit mik ok mína dæmisögu, Stj. 399. Judges ix. 7: an old saw, Fms. vii. 102, v.l.: a proverb, Stj. 560. 1 Kings iv. 32, (rare.) dæmi-stóll, m. the judgment seat, 623. 12, 13, 73, 625. 79. dæsa, t, to utter a deep groan, Sturl. ii. 154: reflex. to lose breath from exhaustion, Sks. 231: part. dæstr, exhausted, breathless, Grett. 98. DÖF, f., pl. dafar, the rump, Scot. doup; hér yfir skipunum uppi mættusk döfin ok höfuðit dýrsins (of a bear), Fas. ii. 172, while 510 has dausin; cp. Norse dov = rump, Ivar Aasen. 2. a kind of spear, Edda (Gl.), Akv. 4, 14. II. [cp. dafna, and Swed. däfven = moist], suck (?) and metaph. rest, in the poët. phrase, vær döf, sweet rest; milli Belindar brjósta-kúlna búið hefi eg þér væra döf, Grönd. 67; hreppa væra döf, sweet rest (of one dead), Feðga-æfi, 83 (in a verse). DÖGG, f., old gen. döggvar. Korm., Sks. 606, Fms. ii. 278, mod. daggar; old pl. döggvar, Vsp. 19, Vþm. 45; mod. daggir, Sks. 40; dat. sing. döggu, Vtkv. 5, 656 A. 18: [A. S. deaw; Engl. dew; Germ. thau; Dan. and Swed. dug] :-- dew; nátt-dögg, night-dew; morgun-dögg, morning-dew, Vþm. 45, Hkv. Hjörv. 28. COMPD: (mod. daggar-, old döggvar-), döggvar-drep, n. a dew-track, Fms. ii. l.c. dögg-fall, n. dew-fall, Stj. 17. dögg-litr, adj. dew-besprinkled, Hkv. 2. 41. döggóttr, adj. bedewed, Hkv. 1. 46. dögg-skór, m. [Swed. dopsko], the tip or chape of a sheath, etc., Fas. i. 173, Gullþ. 47, Gísl. 115. dögg-slóð, f. the slot or track left in the dew, Gísl. 67. döggva, að or ð, to bedew; pres. döggvar, Stj. 73, 397; hon döggvaði, fætr Drottins, 655 xxxi. 2; á morni hverjum döggvir hann jörðina af méldropum sínum, Edda 7; döggðu andlit sin í tárum, 623. 58; d. hjörtu manna, Skálda 210, Hom. 45. döggvan, f. bedewing, Stj. 14. Döglingr, m., poët, a king, descendant of king Dag, Edda 105, Hdl. 18. 2. mockingly, a draggle-tail, Sturl. i. 62. dögun, dögurðr, v. dagan, dagverðr. dökk, dökð, f. [dock], a pie, pool, Gþl. 393, Mart. 107. dökk-blár, adj. dark blue, Sturl. ii. 212. dökk-brúnaðr, adj. dark brown, Fas. i. 172. dökk-grænn, adj. dark green, Stj. 62. dökk-hárr, adj. dark haired, Hkr. iii. 281. dökk-jarpr, adj. dark auburn, Ld. 274. dökk-litaðr, adj. dark coloured, Sturl. ii. 212, Fms. vii. 239. dökkna, að, to darken, Fms. i. 216, x. 284, Fas. iii. 12. DÖKKR, adj., acc. dökkvan etc., with v inserted, [Swed.-Dan. dunkel], dark, Rb. 108; ský dökt ok dimt, Fms. xi. 136; dökkvir hjálmar, vi. 150; dökkt yfirbragð, i. 97; d. á har, dark of hair, Nj. 39; dökkvan skima, Sks. 229: compar., dökkvara liós, 203; dökkvir villustigar, Fms. i. 138. dökk-rauðr, adj. dark red, Þiðr. 178. dökkva, ð, to darken; eigi döktusk augu hans, Stj. 348. Deut. xxxiv. 7; þa er dökkvir skilning, 656 C. 33: impers., dökkvir þik, andskoti, art thou in darkness? 623. 31; dag (acc.) dökði, the day darkened, Skálda (in a verse). dökkvi, a, m. a dark spot, Fas. iii. 560. E E (a), the fifth letter, is in the old Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Runes represented by RUNE, being in Anglo-Saxon called 'eoh;' the common Scandinavian Runes have no character for e, but mark it either ia or i, and, still later, RUNE, with a knob in the middle ('stunginn Íss' RUNE). A. PRONUNCIATION, etc. -- The Icel. e is sounded as English a in same, take, and in modern printed books is only used in radical syllables without regard to etymology; but there is sufficient evidence that in early times in Icel. the e had a double sound, one long, like the Italian e or English a (long), the other short, like e in English wet. These two sounds are etymologically different; the first is of comparatively late growth and derived from a by vowel change or otherwise; it is therefore in kindred languages (Swed., Germ.) often spelt ä, so as to indicate its origin from the mother-letter a: the other e is much older, nearly akin to i, being related to that letter as o to u. Grimm suggests that e is derived from i as o from u (only admitting a, i, u as primitive vowels), but in the Icel. at least e and o are in spelling as old as i or u, and seem to be primitive. The Runes in Tune and on the Golden horn have special marks for e and o. At the time of Ari and Thorodd the two seem to have been distinguished in Icel. The latter grammarian uses a special sign for each; he proposes to represent the long sound (Engl. a) by UNCERTAIN (commonly &e-hook;), adding (as he says) the bight of a to the body of e, to express a sound intermediate between ä and e; he therefore would have written UNCERTAIN (I take), UNCERTAIN, UNCERTAIN (to tame), but eðr, en, ef, etc., Skálda 161-163; in the unique vellum MS. (and in Edd.) the characters are not given correctly, as transcriber and editors did not fully understand the bearing of the author's words. About 700 years later, Jacob Grimm (without knowing the Icel. grammarian or the spelling of MSS. not then edited) recalled the old double e sound to life, guided by the analogy of other Teutonic languages. He proposed to represent a (the &e-hook; of Thorodd) by e, and the genuine e by ë. He (Gram. i. 281-284) drew out a list of words founded on the supposed etymology, and kept this distinction wherever he spelt Icel. words. It is curious to observe the difference between Grimm's artificial list of words and the phonetic spelling in some MSS.; there are especially two MSS., both of them Norse, which are remarkable for their distinction of the two sounds, the long e being spelt with æ, the short with e: these MSS. are the O. H. L., published from a vellum MS. Ups. De la Gard. no. 8, written in Norway at the beginning of the 13th century, and edited by C. R. Unger; the second, small fragments of Norse law MSS., published in N. G. L. ii. 501-515 and i. 339 sqq. Some words compiled from them are as follow: I. æ: the verbs, bærja, blækkja, ærja, æggja, færja, hængja, glæðja, hæfja, hærja (to harry), kvæðja, læggja, sægja, sælja, sætja, strængja, væðja (to bail), værja, etc.; bænda, brænna (brændi), bræsta, æfla, æfna (Swed. ämna), fælla (to fell), frægna, gægna, hæmna ( = hæfna), hværfa (to turn), kænna, mætta, næmna (Swed. nämna), rænna (to let run), ræfsa, spænna, stæmna (stafn), tælja, værða (to become), værka, vækra (vakr), þværra: nouns, bæn, a wound (but ben, N. G. L. iii. 388); bær, a berry; bæðr, a bed; bælgr; bærsærkr; bælti, a belt; dæpill; drængr, a man; drægg; ækkja, a widow; ændi, end; ældr, fire; æmni ( = æfni = Swed. ämna); æmbætti (Germ. amt); ældri (in for-ældri, forefathers, Germ. ältern); ælja, a concubine; ærendi, an errand; ærændr, exanimis; ængill, an angel; ærmr, a sleeve (armr); ærvi, ærfingi, ærfð (arfr); ænni, the forehead; ærtog (a coin); æng, a meadow (ang = a sweet smell); Ærlingr (a pr. name); ærki-, Engl. arch- (GREEK); ærveði, toil, and ærveðr, toilsome; ægg, an edge; fæðgar (faðir); fælmtr (falma); færð (fara); frælsi (frjals); hæl, hell; hælviti; hælla, a stone; hællir, a cave; hærra, a lord; hærr, troops; hærbúðir; hærnaðr; hærað, a county (but herað in N. G. L. i. 344 sqq.); hærðar, shoulders; kæfli (Swed. kafle); kær, a jar; kælda (kaldr), a well; kætill, a kettle; fætill; kvæld, evening; kværk, the throat; læggr, a leg; mærki, a mark; mærgð (margr); mægn, mægin, main; mærr, a mare; næf, nose; næss, a ness; ræfill, tapestry; rækkja, a bed; sækt, sake; skægg, beard; skællibrögð; skæpna, a creature (skapa, Dan. skæbne); sværð, a sword; sænna, sound; væfr, weaving; værk (but verk better, N. G. L. i. 339 sqq., cp. virkr): væstr, the west; væl, a trick; vætr, the winter (but vittr or vitr better, N. G. L. ii. 509); vær (in sel-vær); værðr, a meal; þængill, a king; þækja, thatch; þægn, thane; Ængland, England; Ænskr, English; Ænglændingar, the English (Angli); Tæmps, the Thames, etc.: datives, dægi, hændi, vændi, vælli, hætti (höttr), bælki (balkr): adjectives, compar. and superl., fræmri, fræmstr; skæmri, skæmstr; ældri, ælztr; længri, længstr; bætri, bæztr; værri, værstr; hældri, hælztr: sækr, guilty; værðr, due; fæginn; hælgr, holy; bærr, bare; stærkr, stark, etc.: prepositions, hænni, hænnar (hann); tvæggja, duorum; hværr, who; ænginn, none; ækki, nothing (but also engi, which is better), etc.: particles, æftir, after; væl, well; ælligar, or: inflexive syllables, -sæmd (-sanir); -ændi; -spæki, wisdom, etc.: the diphthongs æi and æy = ei and ey, læita, bæita, hæyra, æyra, etc. II. e: the pronouns and particles, eða, or; ek, ego; enn, still; en, but; sem, which; ef, if; með, with; meðan, while; meðal, between; nema, nisi; snemma, early; er,

114 E -- EDDA.

i s, and em, are; em, lam; þessi, thi s; þetta, that; sex, s i x: sek, mek, þek, sometimes instead of sik, mik, þik: nouns, elgr, an elk; sef, s ib; brekka, brink; veðr, weather; nevi, a kinsman (Lat. nepos); nevi, a neave, fist; segl, a sail (cp. segla); vetr, a wight; selr, a se a l; net, a net; nes, a ne ss; el, a gale; messa, a mass (Lat. missa); hestr, a horse; prtstr, a priest; þegn (O. H. L. 47); vegr, a way, honour; sel and setr, shielings; verold, the world; vesold, misery: verbs, gera, to ' gar, ' to do; drepa, to kill; bera, to bear; bresta, to burst; gefa, to give; geta, to get; meta, to measure; kveða, to say; drekka, to drink; stela, to steal; vera, to be; mega, must; nema, to take; eta, to e a t; vega, to weigh; reka, t o drive; skera, to cut: participles and supines from þiggja, liggja, biðja, sitja, þegit, legit, beðit, setið: preterites as, hengu, gengu, fengu (Germ. gingen, fingen); greru, reru, srxeru (from gróa, róa, snúa): e if sounded as é, e. g. hot, blés, let, réttr, léttr; even in the words, her, here; mér, scr, þér, mihi, sibi, tibi; neðan (niðr), hegat ( -- hue); héðan, hence: adjectives, mestr, flestr, þrennr, etc.: inflexions, -legr, - ly; -lega, - ly; -neskja, -neskr (cp. Germ, - i sc h); in the articles or the verbal inflexions, -en, -et, -er, -esk, etc. The e is often used against the etymology, as dreki, dragon; menu, men (from maðr). In some other Norse MSS. the two sounds are marked, but so inaccurately that they are almost useless, e. g. the chief MS. of the Bad. S.; but in other MSS. there is hardly an attempt at distinction. The list above is mainly but not strictly in accordance with the etymology, as phonetical peculiarities come in; yet the etymology is the groundwork, modified by the final consonants: both old spelling and modern pronunciation are of value in finding a word's etymology, e. g. the spelling drsengr indicates that it comes from drangr; hærað and haer, troops (but her, here), shew that hærað (hérað) is to be derived from hærr (herr), exercitus, and not from her (her), etc. The Icel. idiom soon lost the short e sound in radical syllables, and the long e sound (like the Italian e) prevailed throughout; there was then no more need for two signs, and e, prevailed, without regard to ety- mology. Some few MSS., however, are curious for using æ almost throughout in radical syllables, and thus distinguish between the e in roots and the e in inflexions (vide B below); as an example see the Arna- Magn. no. 748, containing an abridgement of the Edda and Skálda and poems published in the edition of 1852, vol. ii. pp. 397-494; cp. also Vegtamskviða, published by Mubius in Sæm. Edda, pp. 255, 256, from the same MS.; this MS. uses æ in radical syllables, but e or i in inflexions. It is clear that when this MS. was written (at the latter part of the i^th century) the Icel. pronunciation was already the same as at present. In some other MSS. e and ce, and e and g now and then appear mixed up, till at last the thing was settled in accordance with the living tongue, so that the spelling and sound went on together, and CE (or g) was only used to mark the diphthong; vide introduction to Æ. B. SPELLING of e and i in inflexions. -- The Germans, Swedes, Danes, English, and Dutch all express the i sound in inflexional syllables by e, not i, as in Engl. y a í her, mother, brother, taken, bidden, hidden, heaven, kettle; or in Germ., e. g. hatte, möchte, sollte, lange, bruder, mutter, soltesf, himmel, etc.: in the earliest times of Icel. literature also it is almost certain that e was used throughout: Ari probably signed his name Are (en ek heitcr Are, tb. fine): Thorodd, too, seems to have followed the same rule, as we may infer from several things in his treatise, e. g. the words framer and frá mér, which would be unintelligible unless we suppose him to have written framer, not framir: even the name of Snorri is twice spelt Snorre in the Reykholts-máldagi, probably written by one of his clerks. Some old vellum fragments may be found with the e only; but even in the oldest extant, i is used now and then. The reason is clear, viz. that the Icel. never admits the long e in inflexive syllables, and in roots it never admits the short e, consequently the same sign would not do both for roots and inflexions; hende, velle, gefe have each two vowel sounds; therefore the short i was admitted in inflexions; yet in most MSS. both e and i are used indiscriminately, a. g. faðir and faðer, tími and time, manni and manne, kominn and komenn, komið and komet, hihidin and hundcn, fjallit and fjallet; even those that use i admit e if following ð or d, é. g. viðe, bæðe, liðe, lande, but fjalli, vatni. As the spelling was partly influenced from abroad, the e even gained ground, and at the time of the Reformation, when printing became common, it was rcassmned throughout, and remained so for nearly 230 years, when (about A. D. 1770-1/80) i was reinstated and e expelled in all inflexions, as being inconsistent with the spelling and ambiguous; but the sound has undoubtedly remained unchanged from the time of Ari up to the present time: the English father, mother, German vater, mutter, and lcd. fadir are, as to the inflexion, sounded exactly alike. C. INTERCHANGE of e and i. -- The adjectival syllable -ligr, -liga, is in MSS. spelt either -ligr or -legr; in modern pronunciation and spelling always -legr, -lega (Engl. -ly). |3. in a few root words e has taken the place of i, as in verðr, qs. virðr (food); brenna, qs. brinna; þremr and þrimr; tvenna and tvinna; ef, efa, efi, = if, ifa, ifi; einbirni and einberni (horn): e has taken the place of a in such words as hnetr (nuts) from hnot, older form hnøtr: so also in eðli and öðli; efri efstr from öfri öfstr: e and the derived ja make different words, as berg and bjarg, fell and fjall, bergr and bjargar, etc. D. DIPHTHONGS: I. ei answers to Goth, ai, A. S. â, Germ. ei, Engl. a (oa or the like); in Danish frequently expressed by ee; in Swedish and Northern English the diphthong is turned into a plain e and a, which, however, represent the same sound: Goth, stains, A. S. stan, Swed. sten, North. E. s to ne. The o sound is English-Saxon; the a sound English- Scandinavian; thus the forms, home, bone, oak, oath, broad, one, own, more, none, no, may be called English-Saxon, from A. S. ham, ban, etc.; the North. E. and Scottish harne, bane, aik, ai/h, braid, ain, mair, /tain, may be called English-Scandinavian: cp. Swed. hem, ben, ek, ed. bred, en; Icel. heimr, bein, eik, eidr, breidr, einn, meir, neinn, nei; cp. also Icel. bleikr, Swed. blek, North. E. blake, etc. The Runic stones mark the ei with a + i or i simply, e. g. sti w or s tain. Old Norse and Icel. MSS. frequently for ei give Æ i. II. ey is in modern usage sounded as ei, and only distinguished in writing; in old times a distinction was made in sound between ei and ey. Norse MSS. almost always spell 'ôy, and in Norway it is to the present time sounded accordingly, e. g. iiyra, -- Icel. eyra, sounded nearly as in English toil: the ey is properly a vowel change of au: ey frequently answers to an English e (ea) sound, as heyra, to hear; eyra, e ar; dreyma, to dream; leysa, to lease. In very old MSS., e. g. Ib. (ai in the Ed. is a wrong reading from aj in the MS.), au and ey are even spelt alike (aj or a;^), though sounded differently. In some MSS. ey is also used where it is not etymological, viz. instead of ø or o, in such words as hreyqva, seyqva, stcyqva, deyqvan, greyri, geyra, seyni, etc., = hrökva, sökva, ... greri or grori, syni, e. g. the Cod. Reg. of S;em. Edda, the Rafns S. Bs. i. 639 E. é is sounded almost as English y e (or y a); it is produced, 1. by an absorption of consonants, in words as réttr, léttr, þéttr, sétti, flétta, n'-tta, cp. Germ, recht, Engl. right; Germ. Icicht, Engl. light: or in fo, kno, tré, hit:, sc (Icel. fe = Engl. / ee, Goth. / aih w, Lat. pe cws), etc. 2. by a lost reduplication in the preterites, fell, grot, réð, h-t, blús, hot, gékk, hékk, Ick, fékk, from falla, grata, etc.; in some old MSS. this é is replaced by ie, e. g. in the Hulda Arna-Magn. no. 66 fol. we read fiell, liet, hiet, griet, gieck, liek, cp. mod. Geim. fíel. hiess, Hess, etc.; perhaps in these cases e was sounded a little differently, almost as a bisyllable. 3. in such words as the pronouns vt'-r, þér or ér (you), niér, sér, þér (tibi): the particles her (here), héðan (hence), hérað, vi'-l, el. 4. t' is also sounded after g and k, and often spelt ie in MSS., gieta, giefa, kier, kierti; this sound is, however, better attributed to g and k being aspirate. In Thorodd and the earliest MSS. é is marked with ' just like the other long or diphthongal vowels; but the accent was subsequently removed, and e and é are undistinguished in most MSS.: again, in the 15th century transcribers began to write ie or ee (mier or meer). In printed books up to about 1770 the ie- prevailed, then e, and lastly (about 1786) (; (cp. the 5th and 6th vols. of Eél.): ë is an innovation of Rask, and is used by many, but máttr, dráttr, and rettr, sléttr, etc. are etymologically iden- tical, though the sound of K is somewhat peculiar: the spelling~/e is also a novelty, and being etymologically wrong (except in 2 above) is not to be recommended. Ebreskr, adj. Hebrew, Skálda 161, 167, Stj. 26. Ebreska, f. the Hebrew tongue, Ver. 11, Ann. (H.) 14. eð, a particle, vide er. eðal-, noble, in compds, borrowed from Germ, and rare. EDDA, u, f. a great-grandmother, Rm. 2. 4; móðir (mother) heitir ok amma (grandmother), þriðja edda (the third is edda), Edda 108: this sense is obsolete. II. metaph. the name of the book Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, and containing old mythological lore and the old artificial rules for verse making. The ancients only applied this name to the work of Snorri; it is uncertain whether he himself called it so; it occurs for the first time in the inscription to one of the MSS. of Edda, vi/, . the Ub., written about fifty or sixty years after Snorri's death: Bók þessi heitir Edda, hann hefir saman setta Snorri Sturlusonr eptir þeim hætti sem her er skipat (vi'/, . consisting of three parts, Gylfagynning, Skáldskaparmál, and Háttatal), Edda ii. 250 (Ed. Arna-Magn.); sva segir i bók þeirri er Edda heitir, at sá maðr sem Ægir hot spurði Braga ... . 532 (MS. of the 14111 century); hann (viz. Snorri) samansetti Eddu, he put together the Edda, Ann. 1241 (in a paper MS., but probably genuine). As the Skáldskaparmál (Ars Poe'tica) forms the chief part of the Edda, teaching the old artificial poetical circumlocutions (kenningar), poetical terms and diction, and the mythical tales on which they were founded, the Edda became a sort of handbook of poets, and therefore' came gradually to mean the ancient artificial poetry as opposed to the modern plain poetry contained in hymns and sacred poems; it, however, never applies to alliteration or other principles of Icel. poetry: reglur Edda, the rules of Edda, Gd. (by Arngrim) verse 2, Lil. 96, Nikulas d. 4; Eddu list, the art of Edda, (id. (by Arni) 79; -- all poems of the 141)1 century. The poets of the 15th century frequently mention the Edda in the intro- duction to their Rimur or Rhapsodies, a favourite kind of poetry of this and the following time, Reinalds R. i. I, Áns R. 7. 2, Sturlaugs R., Sigurðar þögla R. 5. 4, Rimur af 111 Verra og Vest, 4, 3, Jarlmanns R.

EDIK -- EFLA. 115

Í. I, 5i Ir- 3' Dímis R. 2. 4, Konraðs R. 7. 5; -- all these in vellum and the greater part of them belonging to the I5th century. Poets of the j6th century (before 1612), Rollants R. 9. 6, 12. 1, Pontus R. (by Magnus Gamli, died 1591), Valdimars R., Ester R. 2. 2, 6. 3, Sy'raks R. i. 2, 6. 2, Tobias R. I. 2; from the first half of the í yth century, Grett. R., Flores R. 6. 3, 9- 2t Kroka Refs R. I. 7, Lykla Pétrs R. 4. 2, 12. 1, Apollonius R. 1. 5, FloventsR. 6. 3, Sjö MeistaraR. i. 7, 2. 1, 3. 8; -- all in MS. In these and many other references, the poets speak of the art, skill, rules, or, if they are in that mood, the obscure puerilities and empty phr a ses of the Edda, the artificial phraseology as taught and expounded by Snorri; and wherever the name occurs (previous to the year 1643) it only refers to Snorri's book, and such is still the use of the word in Icel.; hence compd words such as Eddu-lauss, adj. void of Eddie art; Eddu-borinn, part. poetry full of Eddie phrases; Eddu-kenningar, f. pl. Eddie circumlo- cutions, Kötlu Draumr 85, e. g. when the head is called the ' sword of Heimdal, ' the sword the 'fire or torch of Odin/ etc.; Eddu-kendr = Edduborinn; Eddu-bagr, adj. a bungler in the Eddie art, etc. The Icel. bishop Brynjolf Sveinsson in the year 1643 discovered the old mythological poems, and, led by a fanciful and erroneous suggestion, he gave to that book the name of Sæmundar Edda, the Edda ofSœmund; hence originate the modern terms the Old or Poetical and New or Prose Edda; in foreign writers Eddie has been ever since used in the sense of plain and artless poetry, such as is contained in these poems, opposed to the artificial, which they call Scaldic (Skald being Icel. for a poet); but this has no foundation in old writers or tradition. Further explanation of this subject may be seen in Ersch and Grubar's Encyclopedia, s. v. Graagaas. EDIK, n. [from Lat. acidum or acetum; A. S. eced; Germ, essig; Dan. í dik] :-- vinegar (qs. acidum vini); the word is modern in Icel., being borrowed from Danish, and probably first used in Matth. xxvii. 34, 48; edik galli blandað, Pass. 33. i, 2. EÐLA (eyola, O. H. L. 27), u, f. [old Swed. ydhl a], a viper, Hkr. i. 103. eðla-, in compds [from Germ, edel-, Dan. Æ del-], noble, Pass. 48. 6, (rare and mod) EÐLI, n., akin to and derived from óðal, q. v.; old MSS. also always use the form øðli (eyðli, D. I. I. e.), Fms. x. 301, Hom. 47, n8, Greg. 48, O. H. L. 86, Eluc. 16, Hkr. i. 225, Hbl. 9, Bs. i. 335, 342; eðli is more modern, but öðli is still preserved: 1. nature; mannligt e., human nature or character, 623. 19, Eb. no, Fms. x. 301; náttúrligt e., human condition, Mag. (Fr.); vera í e. sinu, to be in one's own nature or frame of mind, Fs. 59; eptir e., natural, ordinary, Fms. iii. 118; inoti e., against nature, extraordinary; með likindum ok e., Edda 69; undruðusk er jörðin ok dýrin ok fuglarnir höfðu sarnan e. í sumum hlutum, 144. (prefc); eðli and náttúra (natura) are used synonymously, id.; engla öðli, the nature of angels, Eluc. 16; arnar öðli, the eagle's nature, Hom. 47; allt mann- kyns öðli, Greg. 48; öðrlez (= öðlis) skepna, O. H. L. 86. 2. birth, origin, extraction, in the alliterative phrases, ætt ok öðli, Fms. i. 149; hann var Valskr (H^ el s h) at ætt ok eðli, vii. 56; Danskr at öðli, Danish by origin, Hom. 118; nafn ok öðli, n ame and family, Hbl. 9: the phrase, at alda-öðli, for ever and ever, D. I. i. 266: in mod. usage, frá alda öðli, from the birth of time, from the beginning, only used of ' past time;' the Dan. ' fra Arildstid' is probably a corruption of the same phrase. 3. embryo, Lat. / et ws, Mar. 156. COMPDS: eðlis-fræði, f. physic, (mod.) eðlÍ8-b. ættir, m. pl. constitution, Bb. 2. 14. eðlis-skapan, n. and eðlis-skepna, u, f. o ne's nature, Fms. v. 216, Hom. 123. eðli-borinn, part, noble-born, well-born, Hkr. ii. 135. eðli-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), natural, proper. eðlingr, m. = öðlingr, poët. an ' etheling. ' eðl-vina, adj., probably corrupt, a s a viper (?), Hdl. 45. EÐR or eða, which is the more freq. form in mod. use, conj., [Goth. auþþa; A. S. o'S'o' e; Engl. o r; Germ. O der] :-- o r; joining two nouns, verbs, or adjectives, hold eðr blóð, heitr eða kaldr, illr eða góðr, etc., esp. after the pronouns annaðhvárt, hvárt, either; héraðsektir e. utanferðir, Nj. 189; slíkr vetr eða verri, tsl. ii. 138; kaupmenn e. formenn, Fms. i. II; í Blálandi eðr Arabia, Bb. 468; kirkjum eðr klaustrum, H. E. i. 419; í skógum eðr í öðrum fylsnum, Fms. iv. 384; skjóta e. kasta, e. höggva e. leggja, Sks. 430; fyrr e. síðar, sooner or later, Hkr. ii. 368. P. in comparison of two unlike things, the two things are con- nected with the disjunctive eða instead of the copulative ok, where the Engl. may use a n d, e. g. the proverb, sitt er hvað, gæfa eðr gürfuleiki, there's a difference between luck and wit; er úglíkt at ha fa með sér góða drengi ok hrausta eðr einhleypinga, Ísl. ii. 325; vilikr er þessi eða hinn fyrri, he is unlike and the first one, Mar. (Fr.); mun nokkut allikt, garpskapr Bersa eðr stuldir borarins, i. e. ca none compare the valour ofB. and the thievishness ofThorarinf Komi. 142. -y- aftcr a com- parative, or even, sooner; ek em eigi verri riddari en Salomon konungr, eðr nokkuru betri, 7 a m no worse a knight than king S., nay, rather some- what better, bíðr. 161; eigi síðr, ... eðr nokkrum mun heldr, not les s, but rather a little more. Bad. 97: otherwise, el s e, = ella, lykt skal land- skyld vera fyrir sumarmál, eðr..., N. G. L. ii. 106 (rare): ellipt. = enn, than, meta hvárt þau sé meiri, eðr hennar föng só, Js. 61. 8. denoting a query, exclamation, abrupt sentence, or the like, as Engl. or, what, but; ek heiti Auðgisl, eðr ertú Hallfreðr, my n a me i s A.,or art thou Hallfred? Fms. ii. So; ek heiti onundr, ... eða hvert ætli þit at fara, but whither do you think of going? 81; nú vil ek gera at skapi þínu, eðr hvar skulum vit á leita ? Nj. 3; sagði, at þeir mundi vera menn stórlátir, eðr hvat þeir mundi fyrir ætlask, Eg. 17; eðr með hverjum fórstu norðan ? Finnb. 256; vituð ér enn, eðr hvat? Vsp. 22, 31, 38, 39. eðr, adv. still, yet, older form instead of ' enn, ' only in poetry; eðr of sér, o ne s till ha s to see, i. e. the next thing is ..., Haustl. 14; stóð eðr í hausi, stood, i. e. remains, still in his head, 19. EF, A. neut. subst., older form if, Bad. 114, 124, Hkv. e., Vellekla I. e., Hkv. Hjorv. 33 :-- doubt, used in plur., hver sé if, what doubt can there bet Vellekla: it still remains in the phrase, mér er til efs, 7 doubt; en þar sem ef er á, wherever it is doubtful, K. Á. 28; hvervetna þar sem ef er á nokkuru máli, 204; ekki er til efs, at þeir menn ríða at grindhliði, it cannot be doubted, that..., Lv. 19; sæmilig til efs, dubiously good, rather had, Vm. 55; utan ef, -without doubt, Fms. vii. 37, Stj. 421; fyrir utan allt ef, H. E. i. 519, Bad. I. e. B. conj. [Goth, ibai; A. S. and Scot, gif; Engl. if; O. H. G. ipu; Germ. o&; lost in Swed. and Dan.] :-- if, in case; en ef þit eigit erfingja, Nj. 3; ef eigi (unless) væri jafnhugaðr sem ek em, 264; ef þií átt þrjár orrostur við Magnus konung, Fms. vi. 178; ef hann er varmr, if he is warm, 655 xxx. I: very freq. as a law term -- in c a s e that, Grág., N. G. L.; en ef þeir gjalda eigi, þá, i. 127; en 'ef (MS. en) þeir vilja eigi festa, id. P. in poetry often with subj. (as in Engl.); inn þú bjóð, cf Eirikr sc, if it be Eric, bid him come in, Em. I: nálgastu mik, ef þú megir, if thou may'st, Gm. 53; vega þií gakk, ef þú rtiðr sér, if thou be wroth, Ls. 15; ef Gunnars missi, Akv. ii; ef hann at yðr lygi, Am. 31; ef sér geta maetti, Hm. 4; heilindi sitt ef maðr hafa nái (better than nair), 67: ellipt. passages where 'if is omitted, but the subj. retained, v. Lex. Poët.; skór er skapaðr ilia eðr skapt sé rangt ( -- ef skapt sé rangt), Hm. 127; but indie, sometimes occurs, ef hann freginn erat, 30; ef þitt æði dugir (indie.) ok þú Vafþrúðnir vitir (subj.), Vþm. 20: in prose the subj. is rare, and only in peculiar cases, e. g. nú munu vér á þá hættu leggja, ef (if, i. e. granted, supposed that) ek ráða ok binda ek við hann vináttu, Fms. iv. 82; ok b~ta um þat, ef konunginum hafi yfirgefizt, xi. 283; þat var háttr Erlings, ef úvinir hans kæmi fyrir hann, vii. 319; en skotið á þá, ef þeir faeri nær meginlandi, viii. 419; ef ek lifi ok mega'k ráða, Edda 34. II. if, whether, Germ, o b, with indie, or subj.; sjá nú, ef Jakob leysir hann af þessum böndum, 655 xxx. 3; þá spyrr Frigg, ef sú kona vissi, then Frigg asks, if the woman knew, Edda 37; hann kom opt á mál við konung, ef hann mundi vilja bæta bórólf, Eg. 106; Egill spurði, ef hann vildi upp or gröfinni, 234; at Bölverki þeir spurðu, ef hann væri með böndum kominn, Hm. 109; hitt vil ek fyrst vita, ef þú fróðr sér, Vþm. 6; vittu ef þú hjálpir, see if tboit canst help, Og. 5 :-- this sense is now obsolete, and 'hvárt' (hvort) is used efa, að, in old writers usually spelt with i, ifa; efa occurs in Nj. 207, Hkr. ii. 326, Sks. 153, Stj. 256, Fms. ii. 42, iii. 115, vi. 184, Al. 43, Grett. no A, Bs. ii. 169, etc.; in mod. usage always with e :-- to doubt, with acc.; engi ifar þat, Fms. x. 319: the phrase, efa sik, to hesitate, Grett. 1. c.; skulu þér eigi e. yðr (doubt), at ..., Nj. 307: used as neut. to feel a doubt, ifi þér nokkut, at, Fms. v. 38, Hkr. I. e., 623. 33; ifa (efa) um e-t, to doubt about a thing, Hkr. i. 223, Grág. ii. 47, Fms. ii. 283, v. 37, vi. 184. 2. reflex., efask (ifask) í e-u, to doubt or he s i- tate in a thing; í því má engi maðr ifask, at ..., Sks. 272 B; ekki efumk ek í því, 153, Stj. 1. c.; Freysteinn efaðisk í, hvárt ..., F. was in doubt, whether..., Fms. iii. 115; þér efisk í um þeirra almátt, ü. 42: efask um e-t, to doubt about a thing, x. 392; hvárt ifisk er um ok hræðisk, Niðrst. 2. p. absol. to doubt, hesitate, Sir. 22; statt upp ok ifask alls ekki, Hom. 119. y. with gen., efask e-s, to change one's mind in a matter, Grág. i. 312, 313. efan, ifan, f. (almost always with i; efan, H. E. 1. c.), doubt, hesitation, Barl. 149, H. E. i. 396, Bær. 14, Hom. 23. COMPD: efanar-lauss, adj. undoubted, Stj., 655 xxvii. 2: neut. as adv. undoubtedly, Fms. ix. 347, El. 2, Str. 35, K. Á. 202. efan-laust, n. adj. undoubtedly, Hom. 15 (spelt ifan-). efan-leikr, m. doubtfulness, Skálda 188. efan-ligr (ifan-ligr), adj. doubtful, Skálda 188, Ld. 58, Fms. x. 317, 369 (in the last two passages spelt with i). efi, a, m., in old writers almost always ifi :-- doubt, Greg. 37i Fms. iii. 8, x. 392, Hkr. i. 223; vera ifa, to be in doubt, Mar. 17; enn er eptir ifi í hug minum, 623. 26; an ifa (efa), without doubt, Fms. x. 336, Skálda 210: suspicion, Fms. x. 260. COMPDS: efa-lauss (ifa- lauss), adj. undoubted, clear, Nj. 87: neut. as adv. undoubtedly, Grág. ii. 189. efa-lausligr, adj. id., Bs. i. 263. efa-samr, ifað-samr, efað-samligr, adj. doubtful, Al. 5, Stj. 172. efa-samliga, adv. doubtfully, Bs. ii. 153. efa-semð and efa-semi, f. doubt, Bs. i. 272. efa-sök, f. a doubtful case, Grág. i. 73. EFJA, u, f. [Swed. äfja] , mud, ooze, Fms. vi. 164, Hrafn. 26. EFLA, d, [afl and afli], to strengthen: I. act., a. to make strong, build; efla veggi, to build walls. 655 xxv. i; létu þeir efla at

116 EFLAUSS -- EGG.

nýju Danavirki, they restored the Danish wall, Fms. i. 121. β. to found, raise, endow; efla stað, kirkju, to endow or raise a church, bishopric, Barl. 65, Fms. iv. 110; e. bú, to set up one's house, Band. (MS.) 3: milit., e. her, lið, to raise troops. Fms. v. 279; e. flokk, to raise a party, 140; e. ófrið, to raise a rebellion, make war, xi. 268: e. e-n, to aid, side with one, in a fight or lawsuit; efldi Dofri hann síðan til ríkis í Noregi, Bárð. 164; ok hét honum liðveizlu sinni at hann skyldi e. Steinar, Eg. 722: e. e-n til rangs máls, to help one in a wrong case, Js. 8; Danir höfðu þá herrana eflt upp á Svíaríki, Fms. x. 50; bað liðit e. sik, Fagrsk. ch. 179. γ. to perform solemnly; e. heit, to make a vow, Gísl. 90; e. blót, to perform a sacrifice, Nj. 158; e. at brullaupi, to hold a wedding, Fms. ix. 21: poët., e. dáð (dáð eflir, a hero); e. tafl, to play a game, Orkn. (in a verse), Lex. Poët. δ. neut. to be able; sem vér eflum ok orkum, Stj. 149; sem þú eflir ok orkar, id., 186, (rare.) II. reflex. to grow strong; hversu staðrinn hefir eflzk ok magnask. Bs. i. 59; hann fann at mótstüðumenn hans efldusk, grew strong; eflask at her, liði, to gather, raise troops, Gísl. 7, Fms. i. 199, vii. 23; síðan var efldr (raised) flokkr í móti honum, iv. 140: eflask til ríkis, to win a kingdom, get a kingdom by force of arms, Bárð. 165: erlask við e-n (poët.) = mægjask, to marry into one's family, Hdl. 15. ef-lauss and if-lauss, adj. undoubted, Greg. 25, Mart. 121, Fas. ii. 539. efling, f. growth, increase in strength and wealth, Bret., Greg. 43: strength, help, assistance, Glúm. 346, 347, Ld. 88, Hkr. iii. 185, Mork. 128. eflir, m. a helper, promoter, Lex. Poët. EFNA, d, (að, Nj. 189, Fms. ix. 453, xi. 286), [Swed. ämna; A. S. efnan, æfnan, = to perform] :-- to perform, chiefly to fulfil a vow or the terms agreed upon; e. orð sín, to keep one's word, Fms. i. 4; þat efndi Gunnarr, Nj. 45; þat skal ek e. sem ek hét þar um, Fms. i. 217; e. sætt, to fulfil an agreement, Nj. 258: Ólafr efnir vel við ambáttina, Olave behaved well to the handmaid, Ld. 156. β. reflex. to turn out so and so, come to a certain issue; efndisk þat ok vel, Nj. 72; þat efnask (better efnisk) opt illa, it comes to a bad end, 189. II. efna, að, to prepare for a thing, make arrangements; ekki er þess getið at hann efnaði til um fégjaldit, Fms. xi. 286; hann efnaði þar til vetrsetu, x. 1; þeir efnuðu til vetrsetu í Oslo, ix. 453; þar hafði Ólafr konungr efnat til kaupstaðar, king O. had there founded a town, iv. 93: efnaði Ólafr konungr þá til ágætrar veizlu, king O. made a great feast, ii. 133; þeir Ingjaldr efna þar seið, Ingjald made a great sacrifice, feast, Fs. 19. efnaðr, adj. rich, having ample means. efnd, f. fulfilment of a pledge, promise. Sturl. iii. 170, Fms. vi. 29, vii. 121. EFNI, n. [Swed. ämne = stuff, materia, and Dan. ævne = achievement] :-- a stuff, originally like Lat. materia, timber; and so the stuff or material out of which a thing is wrought; auðskæf mærðar e., Ad. 16; at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, that all things were wrought (created) of some stuff, Edda 147 (pref.); skapa af engu efni, to create from nothing (of God), Fms. i. 304; efni (materials) til garðbóta, Grág. ii. 263, Sks. 287 (of a cloth); ek em görr af ústyrku efni, I am made of frail stuff, 543, Barl. 140, Stj. 17, 67; smíðar-efni, materials; efni-tré, a block, tree; efni í ljá, orf, etc., or of any piece fitted as materials. β. in a personal sense; manns-efni, a promising young man: karls-efni, a thorough man, a nickname, Landn.: the proverb, engi veit hvar sæls manns efni sitr, of youths of whom no one can tell what may be hidden in them; þegns e. = manns-efni, Stor. 11: gott manns-e., gott bónda-e., promising to be an able man; and on the other hand, ónýtt, illt manns-e., in whom there is nothing. γ. merely in temp. sense, applied to persons designate or elect; konungs-e., a crown prince; biskups-e., a bishop-elect; brúðar-e., a bride-elect; konu-e., one's future wife. δ. a subject, of a story, book, or the like, Lat. argumentum, plot; yrkis e., Íd. 11; e. kvæða, a plot, subject for poetry; sögu-e., a subject for tales or history; in old writers it rarely occurs exactly in this sense: the contents of a written thing, bréfs-e., efni í bók; hence efnis-laust, adj. void, empty writing; efnis-leysa, u, f. emptiness in writing; Björn hafði ort flim um Þórð, en þau vóru þar efni í, at ..., but that was the subject of the poem, that ..., Bjarn. 42; þótti mönnum þar mikit um, hversu mikil efni þar vóru til seld, i.e. people thought the tale interesting, Ld. 200; eigi með sönnu efni, falsely, with untrue statements, Sturl. iii. 305: hvárt efni þeir höfðu í um rógit, how they had made (mixed) their lies up, Eg. 59; meir en efni sé til seld, i.e. (related) more than what was true, the tale was overdone, Bs. i. 137; talar af sama efni (subject) sem fyrrum, Fms. ix. 252. 2. metaph. a matter, affair; til sanninda um sagt e., Dipl. i. 8; segir konungi frá öllu þessu e., Sturl. i. 3; er þat merkjanda í þessu e., Rb. 250; fátt er betr látið enn efni eru til (a proverb), few things are reported better than they really are, Band. 2; fyrir hvert efni, for this reason. β. a cause, reason; látask báðir af því e., both died from this cause, Ísl. ii. 197; með hverju e. Sturla hefði þessa för gört, what was the reason of S.'s doing so? Sturl. ii. 132; gleði e., sorgar e., matter of joy, sorrow, etc.: the proverb, en hvert mál, er maðr skal dæma, verðr at líta á tilgörð með efnum (causes), Eg. 417; fyrir þat efni (for that reason) keypti hann landit, Hrafn. 22, H. E. i. 471; en þetta efni (cause) fundu þeir til, Sks. 311. γ. a state, condition, affair; Rútr sagði allt e. sitt, Nj. 4; í úvænt efni, a hopeless state, Band. (MS.) 13, Ísl. ii. 225; ek veit eigi görla efni Gunnlaugs, I know not how Gunlaug's matters stand, 240; Helgi kvað eigi þat efni í, at láta lausan þjóf fjölkunnigan, H. said that it would never do, to let a thief and wizard go, Sturl. i. 62; ef þess eru efni, if that be so, Grág. i. 76; sér, hvers efni í eru, he saw how matters stood, Band. (MS.) 11; sagði hver efni í voru, said how matters stood, Nj. 99; mér þykir sem málum várum sé komið í únýtt efni, ef ..., 150; munu ill efni í, some mischief may have happened, Fs. 144; gott, þungt e., Karl. 402, Bs. i. 815; e-t gengr, kemr svá til efnis, happens so and so, Mar. (Fr.); skipta sitt líf í betra e., to repent, id.; bera til efnis, to happen, Pr. 410. 3. plur. means, ability; minni nytjamenn af meirum efnum en hann, Sturl. i. 126; eptir sínum efnum, to the best of their ability, Hom. 123; ok bjoggusk um eptir þeim efnum sem þeir höfðu til, Orkn. 360; sjái þér nökkuð ráð (possibility) eðr efni vár (means), 358; grunar mik, at Þórólfr muni eigi görr kunna at sjá efni sín, i.e. I fear that Th. will overrate his own means, power, Eg. 76; þá væri þat efni nú í vóru máli, it would be a chance for us, Fms. ix. 239; þar vóru engi efni önnur, there was no other chance, xi. 144; nú eru þess eigi efni, if that be impossible, Grág. ii. 140; hér eru engin efni til þess at ek muna svíkja hann, i.e. I will by no means deceive him, it is out of the question that I should do so, Eg. 60. β. in mod. usage, means, property, riches. COMPDS: efna-fæð, f. want of means, Bs. i. 457. efna-lauss, adj. wanting means. efna-leysi, n. want of means, Hrafn. 5. efna-lítill, adj. poor; vera vel við efni, to be a well-to-do man. efna-skortr, m. shortness of means, Bs. i. 525. efni-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hopeful, promising, e.g. of a youth, Nj. 39, Eg. 147, 599, Fms. i. 17, v. 263, Orkn. 202; efniligt ráð, a wise issue, Fms. xi. 21; sögðu allt hit efniligasta, made a flattering report, ix. 488; ekki efniligt, not advisable, Sturl. i. 186. efni-mark, n. a sign, 732. 17. efning, f. keeping ( = efnd), Grág. i. 316 efni-tré, n. a block, timber, Gísl. 146, Fas. ii. 210, Stj. 618, Mork. 91. EFRI, compar.; EFSTR, superl.; older form öfri, Hkv. 2. 36, Ó. H. ch. 248 (in a verse), Greg. 42, N. G. L. i. 10, 384, Íb. 5, Hom. 116; öfstr, Fms. x. 394, 686 C. 2, Ls. 50, 51, Hbl. 18, Edda 115, 116 (Gl.); compar. and superl. without the positive [as Lat. superior, supremus. Gr. GREEK, but formed from the root syllable 'of-,' cp. ofar, yfir; very old MSS. therefore mostly spell with ö, a vowel change of o; the mod. form, as well as that of most MSS., is with e, efri, efstr, Am. 50, Og. 23: I. the upper, higher; the phrase, bera efra skjöld, to carry the higher shield, i.e. carry the day, Fms. x. 394 (MS. æfra): opp. to neðri = upper, at Mosfelli enu öfra, Íb. 5: the adverb, phrase 'it efra' denoting the upper or inland road, opp. to the shore; allt hit efra suðr, Eg. 58; sumir fóru it efra til Þríhyrnings-hálsa, Nj. 207; hit efra um Upplönd, Fms. i. 22: by land, opp. to the sea, Hkr. ii. 8: of the inner part of a building, opp. to fremri or the part nearest the door, Eg. 43: in the air, opp. to the earth, Sks. 115: superl. efstr, the hindermost, e. liðr, the hindermost joint, 623. 32: neut. efst as adv. highest up, uppermost, efst á stólpanum, 655 xxv. 2. β. metaph. superior, better; er öllum öfri er, Greg. 43. II. the latter, last part: 1. temp., á efra aldri, in the decline of life, Eg. 4; inn öfri, the latter, opp. to fyrri, N. G. L. i. 342; efri hluti sumars, in the decline of summer, Eg. 712; Ólafs-messa hin öfri ( = síðari), the latter (i.e. second) day of St. Olave (viz. Aug. 3), opp. to Ólafs-messa fyrri (July 29), N. G. L. i. 10; efsti dómr, the last judgment, Stj. 58; öfsti dómr, id., 686 l.c.; efsta vika, the last week of Lent = the Passion week, Orkn. 386, Mar. 78; öfsti dagr Paska, the last day in Easter, N. G. L. i. 348; efsta bæn, the last prayer, 623. 50; þeim gef ek erni efstum bráðir, Fas. i. 429 (in a verse); efsta sinni, for the last time, 227; þó vér ritim hana öfri en aðrar, Hom. 116. 2. loc., where aptari and aptastr or eptri and eptstr are the common words; fyrstr and efstr are opposed, foremost and last, in a rank, Ls. l.c.; sá fyrstr er efstr gekk inn, Grág. i. 32. EFSA, t, [cp. Swed. efsing = thrum, stump], to cut; e. e-m skör, to cut one's head off, Sighvat, (GREEK) egðir, m., poët, an eagle. Egðskr, adj. from Agðir, a county in Norway, Fms., Landn. EGG, n. [A. S. äg; Engl. egg; Swed. ägg; Dan. æg; Germ. ei], an egg, Eg. 152, Grág. ii. 346; arnar-e., æðar-e., álptar-e., hrafns-e., dúfu-e., kriu-e., etc., an eagle's egg, eider duck's, swan's, raven's, dove's, etc.; also, höggorms egg, a snake's egg: eggja-hvíta, f. the white of an egg: eggja-rauða, f. or eggja-blómi, m. the yolk; verpa eggjum, to lay eggs; liggja á eggjum, to sit on eggs, brood; koma, skríða ór eggi, of the young, to come out of the egg, Fagrsk. 4 (in a verse): an egg is glænýtt fresh, stropað half-hatched, ungað hatched; vind-egg, a wind-egg, addled egg; fúl-egg, a rotten egg; vera lostinn fúlu eggi, proverb of a sad and sulky looking fellow that looks as if one had pelted him with rotten eggs, Gísl. 39 (in a verse); fullt hús matar og finnast hvergi dyrnar á, a riddle describing an egg; but fullt hús drykkjar og finnast hvergi dyrnar á, the berry: eggja-fata, f. a bucket in which to gather eggs: eggja-kaka, f. an 'egg-cake,' omelet: eggja-leit, f. a gathering of eggs, etc. EGG, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. eggjar, old dat. eggju, mod. egg; [Lat. acies; A. S. ecg; Engl. edge; Hel. eggja; lost in Germ.; Swed.

EGGBITINN -- EIÐSIFJAR. 117

ägg; Dan. æg] :-- an edge, Eg. 181, 183, Nj. 136: the phrase, með oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, i.e. by force of arms, with might and main, Ó. H. ch. 33, Grág. ii. 13, Nj. 149, 625. 34; oddr ok egg, 'cut and thrust,' Hom. 33; drepa í egg, to blunt: as the old swords of the Scandinavians were double-edged (only the sax had a single edge), egg is freq. used in pl.; takattu á eggjum, eitr er í báðum, touch not the edges, poison is in both of them, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse); the phrase, deyfa eggjar, vide deyfa: the sword is in poetry called eggjum-skarpr, m. with sharp edges; and the blade, tongue of the hilt, Lex. Poët.; sverðs-eggjar, sword edges; knífs-egg, öxar-egg, the edge of a knife, axe. 2. metaph., fjalls-egg, the ridge of a mountain, Hkr. ii. 44; reisa á egg, to set (a stone) on its edge, opp. to the flat side, Edda 40: eggja-broddr, m. an edged spike, Fms. x. 355. egg-bitinn, part. bitten, smitten by an edge, Bs. i. 644. egg-dauðr, adj. slain by the edge of the sword, Lex. Poët. egg-elningr, adj. having an ell-long edge (of a scythe), Grág. i. 501. egg-farvegr, m. the print of an edge, Þórð. 54 new Ed. egg-fránn, adj. sharp-edged, Lex. Poët. egg-hvass, adj. sharp, Lex. Poët. egging, f. an egging on; eggingar-fífl, n., v.l. for eggjunar-fífl, Nj. 52. eggja, að, to egg on, incite, goad, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing; (e. e-n e-s), er þá eggjaði hins vesta verks, Nj. 213; allmjök muntu eggjaðr hafa verit þessa verks, Fs. 8; e. lið, a milit. term, to encourage, cheer troops just before battle, Fms. v. 73: proverb, illt er at e. óbilgjarnan, 'tis not good to egg on an overbearing man, Grett. 91; e. e-n á e-t, to egg one on to do a thing, Nj. 21, Pass. 22. 9: absol., er þat gráta á annari stundu er eggja á annari, Þorst. St. 52. 2. reflex., láta at eggjask, to yield to another's egging on; eigi mun konungr láta at eggjask um öll níðingsverk þín, Eg. 415; Haraldr konungr lét at eggjask, Fms. xi. 23; eggjask upp á e-n, to thrust oneself upon one, provoke one, Róm. 120: recipr. to egg one another on in a battle, eggjuðusk nú fast hvárirtveggju, Nj. 245. eggjan (eggjun), f. an egging on, Fms. v. 75, vii. 260, Eg. 473, 623. 29. COMPDS: eggjunar-fífl, n. a fool, a cat's paw, Nj. 52; vide eggingar-fífl. eggjunar-orð, n. pl. egging words, Fms. ii. 290, viii. 219. eggjari, a, m. an egger on, inciter, Barl. 52. egg-leikr, m., poët. the play of edges, battle, Gkv. 2. 31. egg-móðr, adj., poët, epithet of the slain in a battle-field; e. valr, mown by the sword, Hom. 31, Gm. 53; no doubt from má, to mow, not from móðr, weary. egg-skurn, n. (mod. egg-skurmr, m.), an egg-shell, Edda. 12, Stj. 10. egg-sléttr, adj. 'edge-plain,' i.e. quite plain, of a meadow to be mown. egg-steinn, m. an edged, sharp stone, Edda. (Ub.) 290. egg-teinn, m. 'edge-rim,' one of the two rims running along the ancient swords, with a hollow between them; blánaðr 'annarr' eggteinninn, Nj. 203; svá at fal báða eggteina, the blade sank so deep that both edge-rims were hidden, 125, Ísl. ii. 55, Fas. ii. 415; ritað gullstöfum fram eptir eggteinum, of the sword of Charlemagne, Karl. 178. egg-tíð, n. 'egg-tide,' the egg-season (May), Edda 103. egg-ver, n. 'egg-field,' a place where the eggs of wild fowl are gathered in quantities (cp. sel-ver, síld-ver, álpta-ver), Grág. ii. 263, 338, Jb. 217, Eg. 42: gathering eggs = varp, Bs. i. 350; eggvers-hólmi = varphólmi, Jm. 1. egg-völr, m. the slope on the edge (as of scissors), Fbr. 142, Bs. ii. 94. egg-þunnr, adj. thin-edged; e. öx, Ann. 1362. Egipzkr, adj. Egyptian; Egiptaland, n. Egypt, Al., Fms., etc. EGNA, d, [agn], to bait, with dat. of the bait, Edda 154, Hým. 22: the prey for which the bait is set either in acc., e. örriða, to bait for trout, Sighvat; e. veiði, to set bait for the prey, Sturl. i. 18; or in mod. use, e. fyrir fisk: even used, e. neti (better acc.), to cast a net, Fms. ii. 140; e. snörur, gildru, Mar. passim; egnd snara, Grett. (in a verse). 2. metaph. to provoke, Sks. 232, Fas. i. 39; reiði Drottins þá uppegnd er, Pass. 40. 3. egning, f. = eggjan; egningar-kviðr, m. a kind of verdict, v. kviðr. EI and ey (cp. also æ), adv. [cp. Gr. GREEK; Lat. aevum; Goth. aivs = eternity, everlasting time: hence are derived the O. H. G. eva, A. S. æ, Hel. êo, in the metaph. sense of law (the law being symbolical of what is everlasting), which word still remains in the mod. Germ. ehe = marriage; whence the mod. Germ. echt = genuine, mod. Dan. ægte, mod. Icel. ekta, q.v. (Grimm)] :-- ever; the phrase, ei ok ei, or ey ok ey, for ever and ever; gott ey gömlum mönnum, gott ey ungum mönnum, Landn. 45; öllungis muntu hafa þau ei ok ei, Hom. 15, Al. 120; hans ríki stendr ei ok ei, 160; Guðs ei lifanda, Blas. 43: the proverbs, ey sér til gyldis gjöf, Hm. 146; ey getr kvikr kú, 69; ey lýsir mön af mari, Vþm. 12; ey bað hon halda, Hkv. 1. 4; ey var mér týja, Akv. 27; lifa ey, Hm. 15, 34; er ok ey eða ei þat er aldregi þrýtr, Skálda 172; ei at vera, 677. 3; til hins sama var ey at ætla, Bs. i. 108. II. [Dan. ei, Swed. ej], not ever, not, properly a contraction from ei-gi, in the MSS. freq. spelt é or UNCERTAIN; ei is often used in mod. writers, but not in speech; it is also used now and then in Edd. of old writers, though it is doubtful whether it is there genuine. 2. ey in a negative sense; ey manni, no man, Vþm. 55; vide eyvit. EIÐ, n. an isthmus, neck of land; mjótt e., Eg. 129; rastarlangt eið, Fms. ix. 402; hence the names of places, Satíris-eið, the Mull of Cantire, Orkn. 152; Skalp-eið, Scalpa (in Orkney), 244; Eiðar (a farm), Eiða-skógr (in Sweden), Eiða-fjörðr, Eiðs-berg, Eiðs-vágr, Eiðs-völlr (in Norway), Eið = Aith (in Shetland). EIÐA, u, f. [Ulf. aiþei; Finn. aiti], a mother, Edda 108; an obsolete word, which only occurs once or twice in old poetry; perhaps akin to edda, q.v. eið-bróðir, m. an oath-brother, confederate, Fms. ix. 294, Bær. 16: metaph., arnar e., the oath-brother of the eagle, the raven Fagrsk 4 (in a verse). eið-bundinn, part. bound by oath, Hkr. iii. 26. eið-byggjar, m. pl. inhabitants of an isthmus, Fms. viii. 194. eið-fall, n. a law term, failing in one's oath, Grág. ii. 22, Glúm. 387, K. Þ. K. 146. eið-falli, a, m. one who fails in an oath, N. G. L. i. 431. eið-færa, ð, a law term, to charge one with a thing by an oath, Grág. i. 244. 245, Sturl. iii. 98, (in a case of alimentation.) eið-færing and eið-færsla, f. charging by an oath, Grág. i. 235, 244, 245. eið-færr, adj. able, competent to take an oath, Fb. i. 555. eið-hjalp, f. a Norse law term, 'oath-help,' metaph. last help, issue; svá er, segir Þórarinn, ok er þó nokkur í eiðhjálpin, Band. (MS.) 16, H. E. i. 467, v.l. eið-laust, n. adj. without an oath. K. Þ. K. 72. EIÐR, m. [Ulf. aiþs; A. S. að; Engl. oath; North. E. aith; Swed. ed; Dan. eed; Germ. eid] :-- an oath; vinna eið, but also sverja eið, to take an oath, to swear, Glúm. 387, Nj. 36, Grág., Sdm. 23; ganga til eiða, to proceed to the taking an oath, Nj., Grág.; eiðar, orð ok særi, Vsp. 30; fullr e., a full, just oath, Grett. 161; rjúfa eið, to break an oath (eið-rofi); perjury is mein-særi, rarely mein-eiðr (Swed.-Dan. men-ed, Germ. mein-eid); eiðar úsærir, false, equivocal oaths, Sks. 358; hence the proverb, lítið skyldi í eiði úsært, with the notion that few oaths can bear a close scrutiny, Grett. 161; trúnaðar-e., hollustu-e., an oath of fealty, allegiance: cp. the curious passages in Sturl. i. 66 and iii. 2, 3; dýr eiðr, a solemn oath; sáluhjálpar-e., sverja dýran sáluhjálpar-eið, to swear an oath of salvation (i.e. as I wish to be saved). In the Norse law a man was discharged upon the joint oath of himself and a certain number of men (oath-helpers, compurgators, or oath-volunteers); oaths therefore are distinguished by the number of compurgators,--in grave cases of felony (treason etc.), tylptar-e., an oath of twelve; in slighter cases of felony, séttar-e., an oath of six, (in N. G. L. i. 56, ch. 133, 'vj á hvára hönd' is clearly a false reading instead of 'iij,' three on each side, cp. Jb. Þb. ch. 20); grímu-eiðr, a mask oath, a kind of séttar-e.; lýrittar-e., an oath of three; and lastly, ein-eiði or eins-eiði, an oath of one, admissible only in slight cases, e.g. a debt not above an ounce; whence the old law proverb, eigi verðr einn eiðr alla, a single oath is no evidence for all (cases), Sighvat, Fms. iv. 375, v.l., Bjarn. 22, Nj. 13: other kinds of oaths, dular-e., an oath of denial; jafnaðar-e., an oath of equity, for a man in paying his fine had to take an oath that, if he were plaintiff himself, he would think the decision a fair one: vide N. G. L. i. 56, 254-256, 394, Jb. and Js. in many passages. In the Icel. law of the Commonwealth, oaths of compurgators are hardly mentioned, the kviðr or verdict of neighbours taking their place; the passage Glúm. ch. 24, 25 is almost unique and of an extraordinary character, cp. Sir Edmund Head's remarks on these passages in his notes to the Saga, p. 119, cp. also Sturl. iii. 2; but after the union with Norway the Norse procedure was partly introduced into Icel.; yet the Js. ch. 49 tries to guard against the abuse of oaths of compurgators, which led men to swear to a fact they did not know. As to the Icel. Commonwealth, it is chiefly to be noticed that any one who had to perform a public duty (lög-skil) in court or parliament, as judge, pleader, neighbour, witness, etc., had to take an oath that he would perform his duty according to right and law (baug-eiðr ring-oath, bók-eiðr gospel-oath, lög-eiðr lawful-oath), the wording of which oath is preserved in Landn. (Mantissa) 335, cp. Þórð. S. (Ed. 1860) p. 94, Band. (MS.) COMPDS: eiða-brigði, n. breach of oath, Band. 6. eiða-fullting, n. an oath help, Fas. ii. 204. eiða-konur, f. pl. women as compurgators, Grett. 161. eiða-lið, n. men ready to take an oath, Eg. 503, referring to Norway, the men elected to an oath of twelve. eiða-mál, n. an oath affair, Sturl. iii. 2. eiða-sekt, f. a fine for an (unlawful) oath, N. G. L. i. 211. eiða-tak, n. giving security for an oath, bail, N. G. L. i. 314, 321. II. a pr. name, Landn. eið-rof, n. breach of an oath, perjury, K. Á. 148. eið-rofi (eið-rofa), a, m. a perjurer, violater of an oath, Fms. viii. 387, K. Á. 148, N. G. L. i. 152, 429, Edda 43. Eið-sifjar, m. pl. 'Oath-sibs,' the name of a confederation of kinglets in southern Norway: whence the name Eiðsifja-lög, m. pl. a collection of laws in N. G. L. i. The word is differently spelt, Heiðsifjar, Heiðsævi, etc. But the syllable eið- may be derived from eið, an isthmus, because

118 EIÐSPJALL -- EIGA.

their parliament was held on an isthmus, Eid, now called Eidsvold; vide Munch. eið-spjall, n. delivery of an oath, in the Icel. law phrase, hlýða til eiðspjalls e-s, to listen to one's oath, Nj., Grág. i. 39, 76, etc. eið-stafa, að, to say the oath formula for another to repeat, D. N. eið-stafr, m. the form or wording of an oath; sverja með þessum eiðstaf, Gþl. 7, Fms. vi. 53, viii. 150, x. 418. eið-svari, a, m. a confederate, one bound by oath, Nj. 192: a liegeman bound by a hollustu-e., Orkn. 106, Fms. v. 44 (Hkr. ii. 333). eið-særr, adj. such that it may be sworn to, absolutely true, Eg. 347 (in a verse, MS.; Ed. auðsært). eið-unning, f. the taking an oath, Grág. i. 57. eið-vandr, adj. 'oath-fast,' religious as to an oath, Lex. Poët. eið-varr, adj. cautious (conscientious) as to an oath, Ísl. ii. 98. eið-vinning, f. = eiðunning, K. Þ. K. 156. eið-vætti, n. testimony on oath, Jb. 448. EIGA, pret. átti; pret. subj. ætti, pres. eigi; pres. ind. á, 2nd pers. átt (irreg. eigr, Dipl. v. 24), pl. eigum, 3rd pers. pl. old form eigu, mod. eiga; imperat. eig and eigðu; sup. átt; with suffixed neg. pres. ind. 1st pers. á'k-at, 2nd pers. átt-attu; pret. subj. ættim-a: [Gr. GREEK; Goth. aigan; A. S. âgan; Hel. êgan; O. H. G. eigan; Swed. äga; Dan. eje; Engl. to owe and own, of which the former etymologically answers to 'eiga,' the latter to 'eigna'] :-- to have, possess. A. ACT. I. denoting ownership, to possess: 1. in a proper sense; allt þat góz sem þeir eiga eðr eigandi verða, D. N. i. 80; hann eigr hálfa jörðina, Dipl. v. 24; Björn hljóp þá á skútu er hann átti, Eb. 6; Starkaðr átti hest góðan, Nj. 89; þau áttu gnótt í búi, 257; hón á allan arf eptir mik, 3; átti hón auð fjár, Ld. 20; ef annarr maðr ferr með goðorð en sá er á, Grág. i. 159; annat vápnit, ok á þat Þorbjörn, en Þorgautr á þetta, Ísl. ii. 341; eignir þær er faðir hans hafði átt, Eb. 4; í ríki því er Dana konungar höfðu átt þar lengi, Fms. xi. 301, Rb. 494, Eb. 54, 118, 256, 328, Sturl. ii. 60, Eg. 118; e. saman, to own in common, Grág. i. 199; ef tveir menn eigo bú saman, ii. 44; e. skuld (at e-m), to be in debt, Engl. to owe; en ef hann átti engar skuldir, if he owed no debts, i. 128; þar til átti honum (owed him) meistari Þorgeirr ok þá mörk, D. N. iv. 288 (Fr.); e. fé undir e-m, to be one's creditor, Nj. 101; in mod. usage, e. fé hjá e-m, or ellipt., e. hjá e-m. 2. in a special sense; α. eiga konu, to have her to wife; hann átti Gró, Eb. 16; hann átti Ynghvildi, 3; Þorgerðr er (acc.) átti Vigfúss, ... Geirríðr er (acc.) átti Þórólfr, 18; hann gékk at eiga Þóru, he married Thora, id.; Þuríði hafði hann áðr átta, Thorida had been his first wife, 42; enga vil ek þessa e., I will not marry any of these, Nj. 22; Björn átti þá konu er Valgerðr hét, 213, 257; faðir Hróðnýjar er átti Þorsteinn, Landn. 90; Ásdísi átti síðar Skúli, S. was A.'s second husband, 88; Þorgerðr er átti Önundr sjóni, 89; Vigdís er átti Þorbjörn enn digri, 87; Árnþrúðr er átti Þórir hersir, 66; Húngerð er átti Svertingr, 6l, 86, and in numberless passages: old writers hardly ever say that the wife owns her husband--the passages in Edda 109 (vide elja) and Nj. 52 (til lítils kemr mér at eiga hinn vaskasta mann á Islandi) are extraordinary--owing to the primitive notion of the husband's 'jus possessionis' (cp. brúðkaup); but in mod. usage 'eiga' is used indiscriminately of both wife and husband; Icel. even say, in a recipr. sense, eigast, to own one another, to be married: þau áttust, they married; hann vildi ekki at þau ættist, hann bannaði þeim að eigast, he forbade them to marry :-- to the ancients such a phrase was almost unknown, and occurs for the first time in K. Á. 114. β. eiga börn, to have children, of both parents; áttu þau Jófriðr tíu börn, J. and her husband had ten bairns, Eg. 708; hann átti dóttur eina er Unnr hét, Nj. 1; þau Þorsteinn ok Unnr áttu son er Steinn hét, Eb. 10, Nj. 91, 257; áttu þau Þórhildr þrjá sonu, 30; e. móður, föður, to have a mother, father, Eb. 98; vænti ek ok, at þú eigir illan föður, id. γ. the phrase, e. heima, to have a home; þeir áttu heima austr í Mörk, Nj. 55; því at ek tek eigi heim í kveld, þar sem ek á heima út á Íslandi, 275; in mod. usage = to live, abide, in regard to place, cp. the questions put to a stranger, hvað heitir maðrinn? hvar áttu heima? used in a wider sense than búa. δ. eiga sér, to have, cp. 'havde sig' in Dan. ballads; Höskuldr átti sér dóttur er Hallgerðr hét, Nj. 3; ef hann á sér í vá veru, Hm. 25, (freq. in mod. use.) 3. without strict notion of possession; e. vini, óvini, to have friends, enemies, Nj. 101; hverja liðveizlu skal ek þar e. er þú ert, what help can I reckon upon from thee? 100; e. ván e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon, 210; e. til, to have left; ekki eigu it annat til (there is nothing left for you) nema at biðja postulann. Jóh. 623. 22: in mod. usage e. til means to own, to have left; hann á ekkert til, he is void of means, needy; eiga góða kosti fjár, to be in good circumstances, Ísl. ii. 322; e. vald á e-u, to have within one's power, Nj. 265; the phrase, e. hlut at e-u, or e. hlut í e-u, to have a share, be concerned with; eptir þat átti hann hlut at við mótstöðumenn Gunnars, 101, 120; þar er þú ættir hlut at, where thou wast concerned, 119; mik uggir at hér muni eigi gæfu-menn hlut í e., 179: hence ellipt., e. í e-u, to be engaged in, chiefly of strife, adversity, or the like; thus, e. í stríði, fátaekt, baráttu, to live, be deep in struggle, want, battle, etc. II. denoting duty, right, due, obligation: 1. to be bound, etc.; þeir menn er fylgð áttu með konungi, the men who owed following to (i.e. were bound to attend) the king's person, Fms. vii. 240; á ek þar fyrir at sjá, I am bound to see to that, Eg. 318; Tylptar-kviðr átti um at skilja, Eb. 48; þeir spurðu hvárt Njáli þætti nokkut e. at lýsa vígsök Gunnars, Nj. 117; nú áttu, Sigvaldi, now is thy turn, now ought thou, Fms. xi. 109, Fs. 121; menn eigu (men ought) at spyrja at þingfesti, Grág. i. 19; þá á þann kvið einskis meta, that verdict ought to be void, 59; ef sá maðr á (owns) fé út hér er ómagann á (who ought) fram at færa, 270; nú hafa þeir menn jammarga sem þeir eigu, as many as they ought to have, ii. 270; tíunda á maðr fé sitt, ... þá á hann þat at tíunda, ... þá á hann at gefa sálugjafir, i. 202 :-- 'eiga' and 'skal' are often in the law used indiscriminately, but properly 'ought' states the moral, 'shall' the legal obligation,--elska skalt þú föður þinn og móður, þú skalt ekki stela, where 'átt' would be misplaced; sometimes it is merely permissive, gefa á maðr vingjafir at sér lifanda, ef hann vill, a man 'may' whilst in life bequeath to his friends, if he will, id.; maðr á at gefa barni sínu laungetnu tólf aura, ef hann vill, fyrir ráð skaparfa sinna, en eigi meira nema erfingjar lofi, a man 'may' bequeath to the amount of twelve ounces to his illegitimate child without leave of the lawful heir, etc., 203; ef þat á til at vilja, if that is to happen, Fas. i. 11. 2. denoting claim, right, to own, be entitled to, chiefly in law phrases; e. dóm, sakir, to own the case, i.e. be the lawful prosecutor; ok á sá þeirra sakir, er ..., Grág. i. 10; eðr eigu þeir eigi at lögum, or if they be not entitled to it, 94; e. mál á e-m, to have a charge against one, Nj. 105; e. rétt á e-u, to own a right; sá sem rétt á á henni, who has a right to her, K. Á. 16; þeir sögðu at þeim þótti slíkr maðr mikinn rétt á sér e., such a man had a strong personal claim to redress, Nj. 105; hence the phrase, eiga öngan rétt á sér, if one cannot claim redress for personal injury; þá eigu þeir eigi rétt á sér, then they have no claim to redress whatever, Grág. i. 261; e. sök, saka-staði á e-u, to have a charge against; þat er hann átti öngva sök á, Nj. 130; saka-staði þá er hann þótti á eiga, 166; kalla Vermund eigi (not) eiga at selja sik, said V. had no right to sell them, Eb. 116: hence in mod. usage, eiga denotes what is fit and right, þú átt ekki að göra það, you ought not; eg ætti ekki, I ought not: in old writers eiga is seldom strictly used in this sense, but denotes the legal rather than the moral right. β. eiga fé at e-m (mod. e. hjá e-m), to be one's creditor, Grág. i. 90, 405, Band. 1 C: metaph. to deserve from one, ok áttu annat at mér, Nj. 113; e. gjafir at e-m, 213; in a bad sense, kváðusk mikit e. at Þráni, they had much against Thrain, 138. γ. the law phrase, e. útkvæmt, fært, to have the right to return, of a temporary exile, Nj. 251: at hann skyli eigi e. fært út hingat, Grág. i. 119; ok á eigi þingreitt, is not allowed to go to the parliament, ii. 17; e. vígt, Grág., etc. III. denoting dealings or transactions between men (in a meeting, fight, trade, or the like), to keep, hold; þætti mér ráðliga at vér ættim einn fimtardóm, Nj. 150; e. orrustu við e-n, to fight a battle, Fms. i. 5, Eg. 7; e. högg við e-n, to exchange blows, 297; e. vápna-viðskipti, id., Fms. ii. 17; eiga handsöl at e-u, to shake hands, make a bargain, x. 248; e. ráð við e-n, to consult, hold a conference with, Nj. 127; e. tal við e-n, to speak, converse with one, 129; e. mál við e-n, id., Grág. i. 10; e. fund, to hold a meeting, Nj. 158; e. þing, samkvámu, stefnu, to hold a meeting, Eg. 271; þetta haust áttu menn rétt (a kind of meeting) fjölmenna, Eb. 106; e. kaupstefnu, to hold a market, exchange, 56; e. féránsdóm, Grág. i. 94; e. gott saman, to live well together, in peace and goodwill, Ld. 38; e. illt við e-n, to deal ill with, quarrel with, Nj. 98; e. búisifjar, q.v., of intercourse with neighbours, Njarð. 366; e. drykkju við e-n, to be one's 'cup-mate,' Eg. 253; e. við e-n, to deal with one; ekki á ek þetta við þik, this is no business between thee and me, Nj. 93; gott vilda ek við alla menn e., I would live in goodwill with all, 47; e. við e-n, to fight one; eigum vér ekki við þá elligar (in a hostile sense), else let us not provoke them, 42; eðr hvárt vili it Helgi e. við Lýting einn eðr bræðr hans báða, 154; brátt fundu þeir, at þeir áttu þar eigi við sinn maka, Ld. 64; Glúmr kvað hann ekki þurfa at e. við sik, G. said he had no need to meddle with him, Glúm. 338; e. um að vera, to be concerned; ekki er við menn um at e., Nj. 97; þar sem við vini mína er um at e., where my friends are concerned, 52; við færi er þá um at e., ef Kári er einn, there are fewer to deal with, to fight, if K. be alone, 254; við brögðótta áttu nú um, Fms. v. 263; ætla ek at oss mun léttara falla at e. um við Svein einn, iv. 80; Sveinn svarar, at þeir áttu við ofrefli um at e., that they had to deal with odds, 165. β. almost as an auxiliary verb; e. skilt (skilit), to have stipulated; hafa gripina svá sem hann átti skill, Fms. vi. 160; þat átta ek skilit við þik, ii. 93; sem Hrani átti skilt, iv. 31; e. mælt, of oral agreement; sem vit áttum mælt með okkr, xi. 40; þá vil ek þat mælt e., 124: in mod. usage e. skilit means to deserve, eg á ekki þetta skilit af hér, etc. γ. sometimes used much like geta; við því átti Búi eigi gert, B. could not guard against that, Fms. i. 117, cp. xi. 109 :-- also, e. bágt, to be in a strait, poor, sickly; e. heimilt, to have at one's disposal, Eb. 254. IV. to have to do; skal Þorleifr eigi (not) e. at því at spotta, Eb. 224; e. hendr sínar at verja, to have to defend one's own hands, to act in self-defence, Nj. 47; e. e-m varlaunað, to stand in debt to one, 181; e. um vandræði at halda, to be in a strait, Eb. 108; e. erindi, to have an errand to run, 250; en er þeir

EIGA -- EILIGR. 119

áttu um þetta at tala, when they had to talk, were talking, of this, Stj. 391; e. ríkis at gæta, to have the care of the kingdom, Nj. 126; en þó á ek hverki at telja við þik mægðir né frændsemi, i.e. I am no relation to thee, 213; ok ætti þeir við annan at deila fyrst, 111; e. mikið at vinna, to be much engaged, hard at work, 97; e. e-t eptir, to have left a thing undone, 56; e. för, ferð, to have a journey to take, 11, 12; hann átti þar fé at heimta, 261; e. eptir mikit at mæla, 88. 2. metaph. in the phrases, e. mikit (lítið) 'at' ser, or 'undir' sér, to have much (or little) in one's power; margir menn, þeir er mikit þóttusk at sér e., Sturl. i. 64; far þú við marga menn, svá at þú eigir allt undir þér, go with many men, so that thou hast the whole matter in thy hands, Ld. 250; en ávalt átta ek nokkuð undir mér, Vígl. 33; kann vera at hann eigi mikit undir sér, Fas. i. 37; eigum heldr undir oss (better keep it in our own hands), en ganga í greipar þeim mæðginum, Fs. 37; sem þeir, er ekki eigu undir sér, who are helpless and weak, Þorst. St. 55; e. þykisk hann nokkut undir sér, i.e. he bears himself very proudly, Grett. 122; þetta ráð vil ek undir sonum mínum e., I will leave the matter in my sons' hands, Valla L. 202; e. líf sitt undir e-m, to have one's life in another's hands, Grett. 154; mun ek nú senda eptir mönnum, ok e. eigi undir ójöfnuði hans, and trust him not, 110: hence in mod. usage, e. undir e-u, to risk; eg þori ekki að e. undir því, I dare not risk it: e. saman, to have or own in common; the saying, það á ekki saman nema nafnið, it has nothing but the name in common; rautt gull ok bleikt gull á ekki saman nema nafn eitt, Fms. v. 346: the proverb, þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; e. skap saman, to agree well; kemr þú þér því vel við Hallgerði, at it eigit meir skap saman, you are quite of one mind, Nj. 66; eigi veit ek hvárt við eigum heill saman, I know not whether we shall have luck, i.e. whether we shall live happy, together, 3. β. to deal with one another (sam-eign); er vér skulum svá miklu úgæfu saman e., that we are to have so much mischief between us, Nj. 201; e. e-t yfir höfði, to have a thing hanging over one's head, Sks. 742. V. to agree with, to fit, to suit one: 1. with acc., það á ekki við mig, it suits me not, it agrees not with me. 2. with dat., medic. to agree, heal, the sickness in dat., thus the proverb, margt á við mörgu, cp. 'similia similibus curantur,' Vidal. ii. 109. 3. absol. to apply to; at hann skyldi eigi trúa lágum manni rauðskeggjuðum, því at meistarinn átti þetta, the description suited to the master, Fms. xi. 433; þat muntu ætla, at ek muna e. hinn bleika uxann, that the dun ox means me, Vápn. 21. B. REFLEX., in a reciprocal sense, in the phrase, eigask við, to deal with one another, chiefly to fight; en er þeir höfðu langa hríð við átzk, when they had fought a long time, Eb. 238, 74; eigask við deildir, to be engaged in strife, 246; áttusk þeir höggva-viðskipti við, they came to a close fight, Fms. i. 38; áttusk þeir fá högg við, áðr ..., they had a short fight before ..., Eg. 297; fátt áttusk þeir við Þjóstólfr ok Þorvaldr, Thostolf and Thorwald had little to do with one another, kept aloof from each other, Nj. 18; var nú kyrt þann dag, svá at þeir áttusk ekki við, tbat day passed quietly, so that they came not to a quarrel, 222. β. to marry, vide above (A. I. 2). eiga, u, f. ownership, property; þá er af hans e., Grág. ii. 304, Gþl. 312; alla eigu sína (al-eiga), Nj. 11; eiga í eigunni (mod. eigu sinni), to own, possess, Fms. vii. 156, 280; kasta eigu sinni á, to take in possession, Eg. 335. COMPD: eigu-ligr, adj. worth having, precious, Fms. i. 294, v. 260, Sks. 696, Sturl. i. 2. eigandi, pl. eigendr, part. possessor, owner, Grág. i. 419, 420, 623. 21. ei-gi, sometimes (though rarely) egi, or even contracted ei, adv. (vide ei 2, p. 117); [the negative eigi is particular to the Scandin., mod. Dan. ei, Swed. ej] :-- not. Old Icel. writers usually make a distinction between ekki, neut. adj. = nullum, nihil, and eigi, non; but in mod. usage ekki has, as adv., taken the place of eigi (whilst ekkert is used as the neut. adj.), e.g. ekki góðr, ekki vel, where the oldest writers use eigi góðr, eigi vel; this use of ekki is, however, very old and freq. used, e.g. in the Njála, and even in as old a vellum MS. as the Miracle-book (Bs. i); in most cases ekki and eigi are difficult to distinguish, because of the contraction in MSS. (vide ei); editors commonly print eigi :-- that old poets used eigi, not ekki, may be seen from rhymes such as eigi varð ens ýgja, Fms. vi. 420: vide the negative -gi. eigin, n. [Ulf. aigin = GREEK], one's own, of property; sitt eigin, his own, Stj. 448; girnask annars eigins, Hom. 54, Fms. ix. 453, v.l., Grág. ii. 191 (rare), vide eign. II. a seed, Edda (Gl.); cp. the Norse iend or ejende = the first sprouts of corn, Ivar Aasen. eigin-bóndi, m. one's own husband, K. Á. 122, 655 xxxi. 3. eigin-brúðr, f. one's own bride, Lex. Poët. eigin-bygð, f. one's own county, Fms. ii. 185. eigin-dóttir, f. one's own daughter, Stj. 516. eigin-gipt, f. part. one's own wife, H. E. ii. 111. eigin-giptask, dep. to marry, Bs. ii. 167. eigin-girnd and eigin-girni, f. selfishness, Stj. 134, Fas. i. 396. eigin-gjarnligr and eigin-gjarn, adj. selfish, Sks. 528. eigin-húsfrú, f. one's own housewife, Stj. 251. eigin-kona, n, f. one's own wife, Eg. 342, Grág. i. 376, K. Á. 122, Fms. vii. 306, x. 265, Sturl. ii. 197. eigin-kvángaðr and eigin-kvæntr, part. lawfully married, 671 B. 17, Sturl. i. 226. eigin-kyn, n. 'own-kind,' peculiarity, Stj. 22. eigin-leikr (-leiki), m. peculiarity, quality, Skálda 174. eigin-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv. properly), one's own, Fms. v. 232, x. 230, Magn. 496, K. Á. 432: gramm., e. nafn, a proper name, Skálda 185. eigin-maðr, m. one's own wedded husband, K. Á. 136, Titus i. 6. eiginn, adj. [A. S. âgen; Engl. own; North. E. ain; Germ. eigen; Swed.-Dan. egen] :-- own, one's own; this word is in mod. usage indecl. in case and number, only marking the gender, e.g. mín, minnar, mínum eigin ..., but mitt eigið, etc.; old writers use a full declension, til eiginnar konu, K. Á. 110; eigna konu, Str. 20; sínum eignum bróður, Hom. 158; spýju sína eigna, 159; í sínu eignu fóstrlandi, Stj. 103; fyrir sínum eignum sonum, 240; hafa at eignum manni, one's own husband, Fagrsk. 10; eiginnar konu barn, 13. eigin-orð, n. as a law term, ownership, possession, Grág. i. 417, ii. 259, Ó. H. 98; fá at eiginorði, to get into possession, Eg. 511. 2. metaph. a wedding, betrothal, Korm. 74, Grág. i. 162, 174, 310, Vígl. 20. eigin-spúsa, f. = eiginkona, Str., (for. word.) eigin-tunga, u, f. one's own native tongue, Edda 153 (pref.) eign, f. property, possession, patrimony; ríki þessu er ek kalla mína eign, Fms. i. 201; fá til eignar, to get, Stj. 484; kasta sinni eign á e-t, to take into possession, Fms. iv. 238, Eg. 466. β. chiefly in pl. estates, landed property, opp. to lausafé or movable; hann átti eignir í Vík austr, Eg. 466, K. Á. 84: sing., en ef eign (a landed estate) er í þegngildi, Gþl. 131; eignir eða lausafé, N. G. L. i. 121; eignir er hann tekr, 122. COMPDS: eigna-lauss, adj. without estates, Fagrsk. 33. eignar-búr, n. one's own barn, N. G. L. i. 383. eignar-hluti, m. private share, property, Dipl. ii. 6: part of an estate, Bs. i. 762. eignar-jörð, f. a patrimony, landed inheritance, Bs. ii. 11. eignar-kona, f. = eiginkona, Fms. x. 152, K. Á. 136. eignar-lýðr, m. one's own people, Stj. eignar-lýrittr, m., vide lýrittr, Grág. ii. 204. eignar-maðr, m. an owner, possessor, Jb. 371, Dipl. v. 9. eignar-mark, n. a mark of ownership (on cattle), Jb. 121. eignar-nafn, n. a proper name, Stj. 258, Fms. xi. 444. eignar-skipti, n. [mod. Dan. mageskifte], exchange of land, Jb. 192, D. N. eignar-vitni (-vætti), n. a witness of ownership, Jb. 191. eigna, að; e. e-m e-t, to attribute to one, Stj. 25, Grett. 147 A, Fms. v. 277: to dedicate, name after one, mikit hof ok eignat Þór, i. 294; kirkju ok e. hinum helga Kolumba, Landn. 43; eigna daga vitrum mönnum heiðnum, Bs. i. 237; eigna sér, to declare a thing to be one's own property; fé minu ok eignir ykkr Helgu, say that you and Helga are the owners, Nj. 257; e. sér land, to take land into one's own hands, Fms. v. 168: the proverb, sér eignar smalamaðr fé, þó enga eigi hann kindina, the shepherd calls the flock his own, though he owns not a sheep. 2. reflex. to get, become the owner of, Grág. i. 4, Nj. 94, Fms. i. 28, iv. 79, Edda 145 (pref.): part. eignaðr, having possession, Fms. iv. 23, v.l. ei-góðr, adj. 'ever-good,' dear, beloved, a nickname, Fms. eigra, að, to walk heavily, denoting pain from age or debility, Fas. ii. 130 (in a verse), now freq. eigu-ligr (eigur-ligr, Barl. 205), vide eiga. EIK, gen. eikar, pl. eikr, [O. H. G. eik; Germ. eiche; A. S. âc; Engl. oak; North. E. aik; Swed. ek; Dan. eg] :-- an oak, Skálda 151. 2. used in Icel. (where are no trees) in the general sense of tree, Lat. arbor; and wherever found it is a sure test of Icel. authorship; brotna eikrnar fyrir því, Fb. i. 133; í skóg við eik eina, Fs. 69; hann reist á honum kviðinn ok leiddi hann um eik, Nj. 275, Fms. xi. 9, 12 (Jómsv. S.), (an 'oak' with apples); átu hverjar aðrar því eikrnar með skyndi, Núm. 2. 98; 'saepius ventis agitatur ingens pinus' (of Horace) is by Stefan Olafsson rendered, opt vindar 'eik' þjá ef að hún er mjög há, Snót 87: but in the oldest proverbs the sense is probably that of oak, e.g. þat hefir eik er af annari skefr, cp. one man's meat, another man's poison, Hbl. 22, Grett. 53 new Ed.; or, þá verðr eik at fága sem undir skal búa, Eg. 520;--this last proverb seems to refer to an old custom of building houses under an old oak as a holy tree. eiki, n. oak timber, Lex. Poët. eiki-áss, m. an oaken beam, El. 12. eiki-kylfa, f. an oaken club, Lex. Poët. eiki-köstr, m. a pile of oak-wood, Gh. 20. eikinn, adj. savage (of a bull), freq. in mod. use; in Skm. 17, 18 it is used of wild-fire. II. oaken, Edda i. 430 (in a verse). eiki-skógr, m. an oak-shaw, oak-wood, Fms. vi. 426, xi. 224. eiki-stobbi, a, m. the stump of an oak, Flóv. eiki-stokkr, m. an oak-stock, Fms. vii. 37. eiki-súla, u, f. an oaken column, Róm. 148. eiki-tindaðr, part. with oaken pegs, Sks. 418. eiki-viðr, m. an oak-wood, Sks. 415. eiki-vöndr, m. a twig of an oak-tree, Sks. 416. EIKJA, u, f. [eikja, Ivar Aasen], a small ferry-boat, Hbl. 7, Fms. iv 185, viii. 37, N. G. L. i. 239, 243; for Bs. i. 674 vide eykr. ei-ligr, adj. eternal, 677. 2, 3, (rare.)

120 EILIFÐ -- EINGI

ei-lífð, f. everlasting life, eternity, Mar., (freq. in mod. use.) ei-lífi, n. = eilífð, Barl. 76, 93. ei-lífleikr, m. eternity, Stj. 8. ei-lífliga, adv. to eternity, Fms. i. 202, Fb. i, 322, Eluc. 3, Fær. 137, 655 xxxii. 10, N. T. ei-lífligr, adj. everlasting, eternal, N. T. ei-lífr, adj. everlasting, eternal, 625. 188, Fms. i. 75, K. Á. 228, N. T.; at eilífu, for ever and ever, Niðrst. 8, Hkr. i. 19. ei-lítill, adj. 'ever-little,' very little. EIMR, m. and eimi, a, m. [this word may be akin to O. H. G. âtam; Germ. athem; Fris. ethma, adema, omma; A. S. âdm,--a Scandin. contracted form would be sounded eim; Dan. em; Norse æm, Ivar Aasen] :-- reek, vapour, from fire or embers, different to gufa, steam from boiling; eimr ok reykr, Stj. 58; e. ok aldrnari, vapour and fire, Vsp. 57; eim hratt, vapour gushed out, Orkn. (in a verse); eimr skaut hrími, the vapour sent forth soot, Lex. Poët.: when the poets (Edda Gl.) call fire eimr, this can only be in a metaphorical sense; the sword is poët, called eimnir, m. reeking (with blood). β. in mod. usage eimr is also used of sound, a faint sound, tune; fyrir sönglistar sætan eim, Bb. 1. 4. ei-muni (and ey-muni), a, m. an ever-memorable thing; þat er þeim eimuni, they will never forget, Fms. iv. 249; þat man þér eymuni, thou wilt never forget it, Bjarn. 25 (in a verse); eymuni hinn mikli (name of a very severe winter), Ann. 1291. β. nickname of a Dan. king, the everbeloved, Fms. xi; vide ein-muni. eim-yrja, u, f. [Dan. æmmer; Ivar Aasen eimor], embers; in allit. phrases, eldr ok e., Fms. iii. 180, Fas. ii. 75 (in a verse), or eisa ok e.; hann var borinn í eimyrju, Greg. 57; akin to eimr, qs. eim-myrja, a quantity of eimr, q.v. EIN- in compds denoting only, or only one in an intensive sense, vide the following words. ein-angr, m., Lat. angustiae, a narrow passage: metaph. a great strait; the proverb, margr verðr vaskr í einangrinum, þótt lítt sé vaskir þess á milli, many a man is bold in perils, though ..., Eb. 60; útilleitinn (unprovoking) en öruggr i einangri, but bold if put in a strait, Grett. 120. ein-angra, að, to put one in a strait, drive into a corner, Stj. 71. einarð-liga, adv. firmly, Fms. ix. 509, v.l.: heartily, 625. 195; vel ok e., well and heartily, Fms. x. 35; eigi mjök e., not very heartily, 99. einarð-ligr, adj. firm, trusty looking, Fms. ii. 39. ein-arðr (qs. ein-harðr), adj. firm, and metaph. honest, sincere; einörð trú, firm belief, Hom. 38, 159; röskr maðr ok e., a bold and trusty man, Nj. 223; e. ok skelegr, firm and undaunted, Sturl. iii. 217; djarfr ok e., daring and bold. Fms. iv. 204: faithful, trusty, ix. 256, opposed to tvídrægr. II. single; einörð sæng, a single bed, D. N. ii. 94 (Fr.); bæta einörðum rétti, to pay a single fine, N. G. L. i. 69, 71,--this sense is Norse and obsolete and rarely occurs in Icel. writers; einart þak, a single thatch, Ld. 280; en hann slítr af sér böndin eigi seinna en einarðan vef, Stj. 416. Judges xiv. 12 ('like a thread,' A. V.) einart, mod. einatt, or even einlagt, adv. incessantly; gékk annarr maðr út en annarr inn einart, one went out and another in incessantly, Fms. iv. 261; sitja einart við drykk, xi. 366; mærin grét einart, the girl 'grat sore,' kept on weeping, Eg. 481; fylgja e., to follow on one's heels, 371; Ögmundr var e. (always) með Karli, Sd. 171; sóttusk e. í ákafa, Ísl. ii. 268; hann ferr einart (straight, directly) til himna-ríkis, Hom. 159; boginn má eigi e. uppi vera, a bow must not be ever bent, 623. 19; lá þó allr herrinn Dana ok Svía einart í skotmáli, Fms. ii. 313. ein-asta, adv. only, solely, Sks. 439: in mod. usage also adj. indecl. ein-bakaðr, part. once-baked, Stj. 279. ein-bani, a, m., poët, the only, i.e. the great, slayer, Hým. 22, Hkm. 3. ein-baugr, m. a single ring, opp. to tví-baugr, a double ring. ein-beittr, adj. resolute. ein-berni, mod. ein-birni, n. [barn], the only bairn, only heir, Grág. ii. 183, Eg. 25, 83. ein-berr, adj. sheer, pure. ein-beygðr, part. (cp. baugr II. 4), in the phrase, e. kostr, dire necessity, only chance, Hkr. ii. 172, Orkn. 58. ein-bjargi (ein-bjarga), adj. able to help oneself, Bs. i. 328. ein-bregða, brá, to braid a single knot. ein-breiðr, adj. of a single breadth, half a yard broad, of stuff, opp. to tví-breiðr, N. G. L. iii. 114. ein-búi, a, m. a single dweller, Eg. 109. ein-bæli (ein-býli), n. [ból], a single household, opp. to tví-býli, Fms. iv. 93, Fagrsk. 57. ein-daga, að, to fix a day for pay or the like, with acc.; e. fé, þing, brullaup, etc., Grág. i. 102, 266, 391, Gþl. 212. ein-dagi, a, m. a term for pay or any other duty to be done, Grág. i. 3, 383, Fms. v. 278, N. G. L. i. 7, 27, 83. ein-dreginn, part., e. vili, decided, firm will. ein-drægni, f. (ein-drægr, adj.), unanimity, harmony, Ephes. iv. 3. ein-dæll, mod. and more freq. inn-dæll, adj., prop, very easy: metaph. agreeable, Fas. ii. 492; vide inndæll. ein-dæmi, n. a law term, the right to be an absolute, sole umpire or judge in a case, Sturl. ii. 2, Fms. ii. 11, O. H. L. 36; cp. sjálf-dæmi. 2. a single example, Sks. 649: an unexampled thing, cp. the proverb, eindæmin eru verst, Grett. 93 A, vide dæmi; cp. also endemi. ein-eggjaðr, part. one-edged, Stj. 383. ein-eiði, n. (eins-eiðr, m., K. Á. 150, Gþl. 25), a single oath (vide eiðr), Gþl. 196, 361, K. Þ. K. 42, Jb. 119, 120, 123, 126, 443, passim. ein-eigis, adv. with sole ownership, D. N. ein-eign, f. sole ownership, D. N. ein-elti, n. the singling one out. ein-eygðr (ein-eygr), adj. one-eyed, Bárð. 178, Fas. i. 379. ein-falda, að, to 'single,' address with 'thou,' Sks. 303. ein-faldleikr (ein-faldleiki), m. simplicity, Stj. 34, 44, Hom. 67. ein-faldliga, adv. simply, Stj. 60, K. Á. 224: specially, singularly, Skálda 190, Alg. 354. ein-faldligr, adj. simple, singular, Skálda 190. ein-faldr, adj., prop. having 'one fold,' Lat. simplex, simple, single, Vm. 135: metaph. simple, plain, of men or things, Bs. ii. 39, 147, Hom. 49, Hkr. iii. 97, Fas. i. 76: simple, silly, (mod.) ein-farir, f. pl. walking alone, Hkr. ii. 106; fara einförum, with the notion of melancholy, (freq.) ein-feldr, part, [fella], resolute, bent on one thing, Ísl. ii. 36. ein-fyndr, adj. as finder entitled to the whole, N. G. L. ii. 146, l. 9, 13, or belonging only to the finder, id. l. 13, 14. ein-færr, adj. able to do for oneself, Fas. ii. 113, Glúm. 344. ein-fætingr, m. a one-legged man, Rb. 344, cp. Þorf. Karl. 432. ein-fættr, adj. one-legged, Grett. 87. EINGA- [from einigr; Ulf. ainaha; A. S. ânga; Germ. einig], only, single; only used in COMPDS: einga-barn, n. an only bairn, Barl. 174, Þiðr. 130, Sturl. ii. 197, Bær. 14. einga-brúðr, f. the only beloved bride, Lex. Poët, (the Church, the bride of Christ). einga-dóttir, f. an only daughter, Fas. i. (in a verse), Stj. 407. Judges xi. 34, Þiðr. 224, Fas. i. 76. einga-dróttinn, m. the only Lord, Hom. 74. einga-sauðr, m. an only sheep, Stj. 516. 2 Sam. xii. 4. einga-sonr, m. an only son, Mar. 43, Gg. 2, Karl. 209. einga-vinr, m. an only friend, bosom friend, Nj. 77. In mod. usage einka- (q. v.) is used instead of einga-, which is an obsolete form; and even in old MSS. both forms occur, e.g. Stj. (l.c.), v.l.: Þiðr. 130 spells 'einka-,' and it even occurs in old vellums as 623, p. 41; einka-sonr, Luke vii. 12. ein-ganga, u, f. = einfarar, N. G. L. iii. 36: eingöngu, as adv. solely. ein-getinn, part., eccl. only begotten, Clem. 40, Sks. 604 (of Christ). EINGI, einginn, in old writers more freq. spelt 'eng' (which accords with the mod. pronunciation), engi, enginn, qs. einn-gi from einn, one, and the negative suffix -gi :-- none. A. THE FORMS vary greatly: 1. the adjective is declined, and the suffix left indeclinable; obsolete forms are, dat. eino-gi or einu-gi (nulli), ægishjálmr bergr einugi, Fm. 17; einugi feti framar, not a step further, Ls. 1; svá illr at einugi dugi, Hm. 134; in old laws, ef maðr svarar einugi, Grág. (Þ. Þ.) i. 22; acc. sing, engi, engi mann, Hkv. 1. 37; engi frið, Hm. 15; engi jötun (acc.), Vþm. 2; engi eyjarskeggja, Fas. i. 433 (in a verse); also in prose, engi mann, Ó. H. 68; engi hlut, 33, 34: engi liðsamnað, 36, Mork. passim; engi knút fékk hann leyst, ok engi álarendann hreift, Edda 29. 2. the -gi changes into an adjective termination -igr; gen. sing. fem. einigrar, Hom. 22, Post. 645. 73; dat. sing. fem. einigri. Hom. 17; acc. sing. fem. einiga, Fas. i. 284 (in a verse); nom. pl. einigir, Jd. 1; fem. einigar, Grág. i. 354; gen. pl. einigra, Post. 73; dat. einigum: this obsolete declension is chiefly used in the sense of any, vide below. 3. declined as the pronom. adj. hverr or nekverr (= nokkur); dat. sing. fem. engarri; gen. pl. aungvarra, Fms. ix. 46, Stj. 70; dat. sing. fem. aungvarri, Mork. 187; hereto belongs also the mod. neut. sing, ekkert. 4. the word is declined as the adj. þröngr, with a final v; nom. fem. sing, öng sorg (no sorrow), Hm. 94; nom. masc. öngr or aungr, Skv. 2. 26, Nj. 117 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 42 (Sighvat), i. 132 (Vellekla), etc. 5. adding -nn, -n to the negative suffix, thus einginn, fem. eingin, neut. pl. eingin (or enginn, engin); in the other cases this n disappears. Out of these various and fragmentary forms sprung the normal form in old and modern writings, which is chiefly made up of 1, 4, and 5: old writers prefer nom. engi or eingi, but modern only admit einginn or enginn; gen. sing. masc. neut. eingis, einskis or einkis (enskis, Grág. i. 163; einskis, 25 C), engis or eingis, Eg. 74, 714, 655 xxxii. 10; einkis, Fms. x. 409: in mod. usage einskis and einkis are both current, but eingis obsolete: neut. sing, ekki assimilated = eit-ki or eitt-ki, in mod. usage ekkert, a form clearly originating from 3 above, but which, however, never occurs in old MSS.,--Fms. iii. 75, Landn. (Mant.) 329, Gþl. 343 (cp. N. G. L. ii. 110), are all paper MSS.,--nd only now and then in those from the end of the 15th century, but is common ever since that time; the N. T. in the Ed. of 1540 spelt ekkirt: in the nom. sing. old writers mostly use eingi or engi alike for masc. and fem. (eingi maðr, eingi kona), whereas modern writers only use einginn, eingin (einginn maðr, eingin kona); this form also occurs in old MSS., though rarely, e.g. engin hafði þess gáð, Stj. 6; einginn karlmaðr, 206; eingin atkvæði, Fms. v. 318: eingin hey, Ísl. ii. 138; chiefly in MSS. of the 14th or 15th

EINGIRNI -- EINMALL. 121

centuries: acc. sing. masc. engan or öngan is in MSS. much commoner than eingi (engi), see above, e.g. engan háska, Fms. ii. 322; fyrir engan mun, Gþl. 532, etc.: in the other cases the spelling and pronunciation are at variance. Editions and mod. writers usually spell engra, engrar, engri, engum, engu, engan, enga, engir, engar, but these forms are pronounced throughout with ö or au, öngra, öngrar, öngri, öngum or öngvum, öngu or öngvu, öngan or öngvan, önga or öngva, öngir or öngvir, öngar or öngvar; that this is no mod. innovation is amply borne out by some of the best vellum MSS., e.g. Arna-Magn. 468, Ó. H., Fb., Mork.; öngum manni, Nj. 82; öngri munuð, 10; öngvar sakir, 94; önga fárskapi, 52; aungu vætta, Stj. 208; öngvan þef, 7; öngu nýtr, Fb. i. 284, 365; öngvan hlut, 166; öngum, 25; aungum várum bræðra, 63; avngir, Ó. H. 184; öngva, 146; öngu, 184 (freq.); avnga menu, Ísl. ii. 349 (Heið. S. MS. Holm.); öngvir diskar, 337; öngum, Grág. i. 27; avngver menu, Bs. i. 337 (Miracle-book); öngom, 346, 347; önga björg, 349; en sér öngu at una, Hm. 95, Mork. passim, etc.: these forms are clearly derived from 4 above. [The word is exclusively Scandin.; Dan. ingen, neut. intet; Swed. ingen, inga, intet; Ivar Aasen ingjen, neut. inkje.] B. THE SENSE: I. 'not one;' used as adj. with a subst. none, no, not any; þeir vissu sér eingis ótta ván, Eg. 74; man hann einigrar (= ongrar) ömbunar vætta af Guði, Post. 73, and in numberless cases. 2. used absol. (Lat. nemo) as subst. none, naught; ekki er mér at eigna af þessu verki, Fms. ii. 101; enda virðask einkis vætti þau er þeir bera, Grág. i. 25; enginn konungs manna, Fms. i. 104; ok lét þá ekki (naught) hafa af föðurarfi sínum, Eg. 25; eingi þeirra, Skálda 165; fur hann var enskis örvænt, Ísl. ii. 326; en svarar engu, Ld. 202; at öngu, for naught, Fms. iv. 317; öngum þeim er síðarr kemr, Grág. i. 27; þa skal enga veiða, none of them, ii. 338; engi einn, none, Fms. v. 239; sem engin veit fyrri gert hafa verit, K. Á. 28; ekki skorti þá (ekkert, Ed. from paper MS.), Fms. iii. 75. β. neut. ekki with gen. pl. in a personal sense, ekki manna, 'nought of men,' = engir menn or enginn maðr, no man, not a single man, Ó. H.; ekki vætta, nought, Fms. viii. 18; öngu vætta, nought (dat.), xi. 90; ekki skipa, not a single ship, etc. (freq. in old writers): einskis-konar, adv. in nowise, Sks. 713: engan-veginn, adv. noways. 3. neut. ekki is freq. used as adv. = eigi, q.v., Edda 20, Fms. ii. 81, vii. 120, xi. 22, Grág. i. 206, Eg. 523. II. any; this sense is rare and obsolete, and probably also etymologically different from the preceding (cp. A. S. ânig): α. after a negative; á hón eigi at selja fjárheimtingar sínar, né sakar einigar, Grág. i. 354; er eigi saurgisk í einigri líkams úhreinsun, Hom. 17; hvat sem engi segir, Þiðr. 178; aldregi skalt þú þat heyra né engi annarra, 128; aldri fyrr í engri herferð, 29; má eigi þar fyrri undir búa eingi sá er tempraðan bólstað vill hafa, Sks. 45 new Ed.; né önnur eingi, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; því at hanu má hvárki vaxa nó þverra, né á engi veg skapask í sínu at kvæði, 166; eigi skal maðr gildra í mörku annars til einigra dyra, N. G. L. i. 242. β. after a comparative; prettvísari en ekki annat kvikendi, Mar.; þíðari ok fegri en engi maðr annarr, Stj. 524; sæmilegri en engan tíma fyrr hafði hann verit, 196; um þat fram (= framar) en engi hans frænda hefir haft fyr hánum, Fagrsk. 11. ein-girni, n. [garn], single-threaded yarn. ein-hagi and ein-agi, a, m. a piece of ladies' dress, Edda (Gl.), Bjarn. 42 (in a verse). ein-hama and ein-hamr, adj. 'one-shaped,' as equivalent in the phrase eigi e., 'not single-shaped,' a werewolf; it is also used with berserkr, q.v.; sem háttr er þeirra manna sem eigi eru einhamir ... er af þeim gengr berserks-gangrinn, Eb. 136; Þrándr var kallaðr eigi e. (Thrand was thought to be a werewolf), meðan hann var heiðinn, en þá tók af flestum tröllskap er skírðir vóru, 306; þykkir sem hann hati eigi síðan dyggilega e. verit, Fb. i. 260; því at þú ert eigi e., Ísl. ii. 29: without a preceding eigi (less correctly), at hann hafi sterkastr maðr verit ... sá er e. hefir verit, i.e. of those who were not berserkers, Fb. i. 524, Fas. ii. 261; cp. hamr, hamramr, hamremi, hamask, etc. ein-hendis, adv. straight, off-hand, Bs. i. 13 (in a verse). ein-hendr, adj. single-handed, Edda 17, Landn. 186. Ein-herjar, m. pl. the 'only' or great champions, the dead warriors in Valhalla; about this mythological word vide Edda (Gg.) 23-25, Em. 1, Hkm. 16, Gm. 23, Vþm. 40, 41: sing. voc. einheri, thou great champion! (of Thor), Ls. 60: the name Einarr is properly = einheri; cp. einarðr bold, einörð valour, all kindred words. ein-hjal, n. secret gossip, Ó. T. 2. ein-hleypi, n., einhleypis-maðr, m. = einhleypingr, Gþl. 94. ein-hleypingr, m. one who goes alone, hence a vagabond or person without hearth or home (cp. Scot. landlouper), Hrafn. 13; e. félausir, Stj. 398. Judges ix. 4 ('vain and light persons,' A. V.) ein-hleypr, adj. a single man without fixed household, unmarried, K. Á. 126, N. G. L. i. 142; opp. to búandi, 26. ein-hlítr, adj. [hlíta], trusting to oneself alone, self-confident, not needing the help of another; vera sér e. í e-u, Eb. 90, Orkn. 283; láta sér e-t einhlitt, to think it enough, rest satisfied, Fms. iv. 78; þat var mælt at hón léti mik eigi einhlítan, it was said that she was untrue to me (a euphemism), Sturl. i, 44; svá mundi þá, ef hón hefði bónda sinn einhlítan, gjört, Dropl. 9; vera e. um e-t, to have to decide a thing; eigi em ek e. um svör þessa máls, ok vil ek ráðask um við móður hennar, Ísl. ii. 159. ein-hugsa, að, to make up one's mind, Fs. 18. ein-hverfa, ð, to decide upon, determine, with acc., Fms. v. 39. ein-hverfr, adj. determined, Sturl. i. 213. ein-hverr, v. einn. ein-hyrndr, adj. having one born, Stj. 69. ein-hyrningr, m. 'one-horn,' a unicorn, Karl. 386. ein-hæfr, adj. only fit for one thing. einigr, v. eingi. eining, f. unity, Hom. 55, Ver. 46, Fms. i. 281, Sks. 604. EINIR, m. [Swed. en] juniper, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 396, Hjalt. einir-ber, n. berries of the juniper, Hjalt. einir-lauf, n. leaves of the juniper, Björn. ein-járnungr, m. all of one piece of iron, e.g. a knife, Krók. 40. einka, að, to appoint for a peculiar use; hann einkaði til þess eitt hús, Sks. 622; hlutr einkaðr kirkjunni, H. E. i. 258; ok var þar til einkaðr Guðmundr prestr, Bs. i. 452: to dedicate, Karl. 301. EINKA- (rarely einkar-), in COMPDS denoting, I. special, personal, particular: einka-gjöf, f. a special gift, Lex. Poët. einka-grið, n. special truce, N. G. L. i. 417. einka-gripr, m. a special family heir-loom, Glúm. 339; bæði rúnar ok e., runes and tokens, Fms. vi. 274. einka-hlutr, m. a special, particular, personal thing, 625. 195. einka-jartein, f. a special token, Skálda 167. einka-leyfi, n. a law term, an especial leave, Grág. i. 364, ii. 491, 492: (mod.) a privilege. einka-lof, n. id., Grág. i. 6. einka-lækning, f. an especial remedy, Hom. einka-maðr, m. a person of special rank, a dignitary, Sks. 271, N. G. L. i. 4. einka-mál, n. pl. a special, personal agreement, treaty, Eg. 37, Fagrsk. 179, Fms. i. 23, ii. 290; binda sætt eiðum ok einka-málum, vii. 282: a privilege, e. ok réttarbaetr, Bs. i. 699, Js. 47, Játv. 8. einkar-eðli (einka-öðli), n. especial nature, Skálda 171, 677. 3. einkar-nafn, n. a special name, proper name, Edda 108. einka-skriptargangr, m. a special confession, Hom. 74. einka-sæla, u, f. happiness, beatitude, Greg. 18. einka-vinr, m. a particular friend, Bárð. 173, Nj. 77, v.l., Orkn. 448, (vide einga-vinr.) II. only: einka-dóttir, -barn, -sonr, etc., vide einga- above. einkan-liga, adv. especially, particularly, Fms. i. 20, 191, K. Á. 216, 230, Bs. i. 771. einkan-ligr, adj. especial, Stj. 6, H. E. i. 502, 655 xxxii. 8: extraordinary, Bs. ii. 18, 159, 170. ein-kanna, að, = einka, to attribute, N. G. L. ii. ein-kanna- in einkanna-hlutr, m. an especial thing, Fms. vii. 120. einkar- prefixed to adjectives or adverbs = Scot. unco = specially, greatly, very; e. vel, very well, Fms. xi. 18; e. fagr, very fine, beautiful, ii. 300; e. skjótt, with great speed, Eg. 354; e. trauðr, very unwilling, Fms. xi. 98; e. mjök, very much, viii. 186; e. lítill, very small, Fbr. 99 new Ed.: cp. Lex. Poët., (very freq. in mod. use.) ein-kenna, d, to mark, signalise, Stj. Josh. ii. 18, Hkr. iii. 264, v.l. ein-kenniligr, adj. especial, particular, Str. 3, 39. ein-kenning, f. distinction, Karl. 288. ein-kili, m. [cp. Swed. kela; Dan. kjæle = to fondle], a fondling, Edda (Gl.); hence einkilju-legr, adj. fondled, spoilt, Björn. ein-kleyfr, adj. clear, unequivocal, Hkr. iii. 203, v.l. einkum, dat. used as adv. 'unco,' chiefly, especially, Landn. 282, Fms. xi. 25, viii. 102, Fs. 21, K. Þ. K. 162. 2. = einkar, very; e. góð, Hom. 111; e. vel, 655 xxx. 7; e. lítið, Sks. 188; e. bezt, Mork. 79. 3. particularly, Fms. xi. 45, 127. ein-kunn, f. a mark, sign, Grág. i. 414, 415, ii. 303, Hkr. iii. 364. ein-kunna, að, = einkenna, Grág. ii. 345. ein-kynna, t, = einkenna, esp. of marking sheep or cattle, to brand or mark their ears, Grág. i. 414, 415, ii. 303, 348. ein-lagi, adj., vera, gerask e. um e-t, to act alone in a thing, Ld. 266, Fms. iv. 87. ein-lát, n. pl. 'letting alone,' deserting one's wife, Grág. i. 178. ein-leikit, part. neut., in the phrase, það er ekki e., of an uncanny thing, not by fair means. ein-leitr, adj. singular, odd, particular, Mar. ein-litr, adj. of one colour, Stj. 45, H. E. i. 492, Rd. 251. ein-lyndr, adj. odd, strange, stubborn, Nj. 184, Sks. 435. ein-lægni, f. sincerity, earnestness. ein-lægr and einlæg-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sincere. ein-læti, n. = einlát, Hkr. i. 245. ein-man, n. solitude, in the phrase, í einmani; nú ef maðr býr í einmani öðrum mönnum fjarri, in solitude, far from other men, N. G. L. i. 340; nú er maðr staddr í einmani, 343. ein-mani (ein-mana), adj. solitary, alone, lonely; e. svá langt frá öðrum mönnum, Fas. i. 48, iii. 227: with the notion of a helpless, orphan state, þóttisk hann nú mjök e., left alone, Nj. 260; þar þú ert kominn hér e. (single-handed), Fbr. 154; ungr ok e., young and friendless, Fms. viii. 3; hversu e. (how bereft) margir fara, Sl. 48. ein-máll adj, one-sided in speech, Skálda 164.

122 EINMANUÐR -- EINNIG.

ein-mánuðr, m. the 'single month,' i.e. the last month of the winter, thirty days long, beginning on the Tuesday between the 9th and 15th of March (old style), Grág. i. 166, Edda 103, Rb. 516. COMPD: einmánaðar-samkváma, u, f. a meeting held (in northern and eastern Icel.) at the beginning of the Einmanad, mentioned in Sturl. iii. 311, Lv. 65, Vápn. (Ný Fél. xxi. 124), Jb. 301, Fs. 67. ein-menningr, m., drekka e., to toss off a bumper at one draught, Eg. 551. ein-mitt, n. adj. as adv. just, exactly. ein-muna, adj. 'alone remembered,' memorable, always in a good sense; e. blíðr, exceedingly mild; e. veðr, fine weather, cp. eimuni. ein-munaligr, qs. ein-manaligr, adj. lonely. ein-mæli, n. private talk or conference, Eg. 54, 741, Nj. 10, Sks. 363, Fms. i. 204, iv. 123, 303: common talk, var þat allra manna e., Fagrsk. 179. ein-mæling, f. = einmælt, Mar. 155. ein-mælis, adv. once a day, N. G. L. ii. 359. ein-mælt, n. adj. [mál = meal], one meal a day; eta, matask e., Fms. viii. 447; fasta e., K. Þ. K. 102. ein-mæltr, part. spoken by all, Fms. ix. 501, Eg. 514, Eb. 310. EINN, adj., pl. einir, acc. sing, einn, but also einan, esp. in the sense al-einan etc.; [Gr. GREEK; Lat. &u-long;nus, and early Lat. oinos; Ulf. ains; A. S. ân; Engl. one, in E. Engl. proncd. like stone, bone; Scot, ane; Swed. en; Dan. een] :-- one. A. Cardinal number, one; einn, tveir, þrír ..., opp. to báðir, fleiri, etc.; einum eðr fleirum, Grág. i. 108; eina sök eðr fleiri, 78; unnu báðir eins verk, Fas. i. 515; einum ok einum, one by one, ii. 252; tveir menn veðmæltu um einn grip, Grág. i. 412. 2. in old poems it is used as an ordinal number; Urð hétu eina, aðra Verðandi, Vsp. 20; segðu þat it eina ..., opp. to þat it annat, Vþm. 20; hjálp heitir eitt, help ranks first, Hm. 147, Vkv. 2; but this use is quite obsolete. 3. with the notion of sameness, one and the same (unus et idem;) í einu húsi, in the same house, Grág. ii. 42; ein ero lög um, hvárt sem ero naut eðr sauðir, i. 422; allt á eina leið, all one way, Fms. ii. 315; til einnar gistingar báðir, vii. 274; í einu brjósti, Alm. 36; allr einn, the very same, Nj. 213. II. indefinite, a, an, a certain one; einn vetr, a winter, Fms. i. 57; einn dag, x. 11, Fas. i. 514; eitt kveld, Ld. 38; einn hinn versti maðr, Fær. 91; Breiðlingr einn, a man from Broaddale, Sturl. ii. 249; einn vinr Þóris, a certain friend of Thorir, Fms. vi. 277: einn as the indefinite article is hardly found in old writers; and though it is freq. in the Bible, sermons, hymns, etc., since the Reformation, it was no doubt borrowed from the German, and has never been naturalised. β. about, before numbers; ein tvau hundruð vaðmála, about two hundred pieces, Sks. 30; einar fimm þúsudir, about three thousand, Al. 111,--obsolete, in mod. usage hérum-bil or the like. III. alone, Gr. GREEK, Lat. solus, used both in sing. and plur.; Guðrún skyldi ein ráða, Ld. 132; Hallr tók einn upp fang, 38; láta einan, to let alone; láttu mig Drottinn einan ekki, Pass. 34. 11; as a law term, to let one's wife alone, þá lét hann eina Guðrúnu, Fms. x. 324 (cp. einlát); Gunnarr mundi vera einn heima, Nj. 113; sjá einn hlutr, that one thing only, 112; þau ein tíðendi (plur.), only such news, 242. β. if put after the noun, einn denotes, only, but, sheer, and is almost adverb.; segja þetta prett einn, a mere trick, Sturl. ii. 249; raufar einar, all in holes, Nj. 176; urðu borðin í blóði einu, the tables were bedabbled with blood all over, 270, Ó. H. 116; öll orðin at hvölum einum, all turned into whales, Fas. i. 372; gabb eitt ok háð, sheer mockery, Sks. 247; orð ein, mere words, Nj. 123; ígangs-klæði ein, Eg. 75; vin eitt, wine only, Gm. 19; heiptyrði ein, Fm. 9; hamingjur einar, Vþm. 49; ofsamenn einir, Ld. 158; þá nótt eina, for that one night, N. G. L. i. 240: also after an adj., lítið eina, only a little, Stj. 177; þat eina, er hann ætti sjálfr, Eg. 47, Fms. v. 303; nema góðs eina, naught but good, Eg. 63; fátt eitt, few only, but few; vilt eitt, but what is agreeable, Hm. 125; mikit eitt skala manni gefa, a proverb, 'small gifts shew great love,' 51; sá einn, er ..., he only, who ..., 17; satt eitt, sooth only, Fm. 9; the sense differs according as the adj. is placed before or after the noun, einn Guð, the one God; but, Guð einn, God only, none but God. IV. plur. in a distributive sense, single; ein gjöld, a single weregild, opp. to tvenn, þrenn, fern, double, triple, quadruple, Grág. ii. 232; thus Icel. say, einir sokkar, skór, vetlingar, a pair of socks, shoes, gloves; einar brækr, a pair of breeches; also with nouns which have only plur., e.g. ein, tvenn, þrenn Jól, one, two, three Christmasses (Yules); einar (tvennar) dyrr, a single ... door; eina Páska, one Easter. V. gen. pl. einna is used in an intensive sense; einna manna bezt, best of all single men, Fms. ix. 258; í mesta lagi einna manna, foremost of all single men, Bjarn. 65; fátt er svá einna hluta, at örvænt sé at hitti annat slíkt, Ó. H. 75. β. ellipt., manna, hluta, or the like being omitted, einna becomes almost an adverbial phrase, by far, exceedingly; at engi viti einna miklogi görr (= einna manna), that no one (no single man) shall know it much better, Grág. i. 2; einna verst, by far the worst, Orkn. 162, Nj. 38; einna sizt, by far the least, least of all, Fms. i. 37; einna mest verðr, Ld. 8; er einna var ríkastr, who was the mightiest of all, Fms. i. 297; engan rétt einna meir kunnan at göra (= einna rétta meir), Sks. 22; engi er einna hvatastr (= e. manna), there is none so mighty but be may find his match, Hm. 63: in mod. usage einna, joined with a superlative, is used adverbially, e. beztr, e. fljótastr, the best, the fleetest, but in a somewhat depreciatory sense. VI. used adverb.: 1. gen. sing, eins, α. eins ok, as, as if; eins ok væri hann með öllu óttalauss, Hkr. iii. 275; allt eins ok (just as) rakkar metja með tungu, Stj. 392. β. likewise, in the same way; mikill þorri var þat er þær sögðu eins báðar, Landn. (Hb.) 320; this use of eins is very rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. use; in the spoken language at least 'eins' (= as) has almost replaced the old 'sem.' γ. only; er ek hefi áðr spurn til eins, Fms. iv. 139 (rare). δ. at eins, only, but, Grág. i. 235; vel at eins, ironically, well enough, Ld. 248; eigi at eins, not only, Fms. i. 266; með sínum at eins kostnaði, vii. 184; því at eins, only in that case, Nj. 228; þar at eins, Ísl. ii. 400; allt eins, not the less for that, 216: in mod. use, just as (vide allr A. V. 5). 2. dat. at einu = at eins; údauðr at einu, Ld. 242; því at einu = því at eins, Fms. iv. 195; því at einu er rétt ..., Grág. i. 164; svá at einu, id., Nj. 103; sá evkr syndir sínar at einu, he but adds to his sins, Hom. 157; allt at einu, all the same, Ísl. ii. 216, v.l.: af því einu, only because, Mork. 140. B. Joined to another pronominal adj. or adv.: I. einn hverr, adj. pron., in old writers usually in two words and with a double declension (see below), but now and then (and in mod. usage always) in a single word, einn being indecl.; einhverja (acc. f.), Hbl. 30; einhverjum (dat. sing.), Hm. 122, Fms. x. 71; einhverjo héraði, Al. 98, Nj. 2; einhverra (gen.), Fms. iv. 75; einhverir (nom. pl.), viii. 202; einhver, einhverir, etc.: the form eins-hverr is peculiar, keeping the gen. indecl. through all the cases, nom. einshverr, N. G. L. i. 6; acc. einshverja, Stj. 156, 655 xxxii. 18, Gþl. 135; dat. einshverjum, Stj. 22, 442, 448; this form seems to be chiefly Norse, is very rare in old writers, and now quite obsolete; neut. sing, eitthvert, Vm. 73, or eitthvat, Stj. 442, the mod. usage makes a distinction, and uses eitthvert only as adj., eitthvað as subst.: 1. each one, each single one; maðr er einn hverr, Edda 108; þær eru svá margar, at ein hver má vel endask, Eg. 414; ór þeirra fjórðungi sem ór einum hverjum öðrum, Íb. ch. 5; skal einn hverr (each) þeirra nefna sér vátta, Grág. i. 74; jafnmikinn arf sem einn hverr (each) sona hans, Sturl. ii. 77; fátt er svá herra einhverra hluta, of any single thing, Fms. iv. 175. β. joined to a superl. it strengthens the sense; ágætastr maðr einn hverr, one of the very first men, Nj. 282; vinsælastr höfðingi einhverr, highly popular, Fms. vii. 4; einhver drengilegust vörn, ix. 515. 2. in an indefinite sense, some, somebody, a certain one; eitthvert ríki, Sks. 350; eina hverja nótt, some night, 686 B. 4; eitthvert sinn, once, sometime, Sturl. i. 77, Nj. 79; einhverju sinni, id., 2; einhvern dag, some day, Fms. v. 177, Ísl. ii. 212; eina hverja þessa tíð, about this time, N. G. L. i. 355; til einnar hverrar stefnu, to some meeting, Fb. i. 354; eins-hverja hluti, Stj. 156; með eins-hverjum sveini, 442; at ekki sé minna vert, at hlýða prests-messu nývígðs hinni fyrstu, heldr en biskups-messu einhverri, Bs. i. 131. β. used as subst.; einn hverr várr búandanna, Fms. i. 34; einn hvern manna hans, Eg. 258; einhverr í hverjum dal, Ld. 258, Nj. 192. γ. einhver-staðar (eins-hver-staðar, Fms. vii. 84), adv. somewhere, Grett. 130, Fms. iv. 57, Sd. 181. II. einn-saman, adj. 'one together' (vide einsamall), i.e. quite alone; maðrinn lifir ekki af einu-saman brauði, Matth. iv. 4; með einni-saman sinni sýn, með einni-saman sinni þefan, Stj. 93; ef útlegðir fara einar-saman, if it be solely a matter of outlay (fine), Grág. i. 103; ef þat færi eitt-saman, ii. 10: of a woman, vera eigi ein-saman, to be not alone, to be with a child, Fms. iii. 109. III. with other words; einir ... ýmissir, 'one and sundry;' various, mixed, Stj. 88, 204; eina hluti ok ýmissa, Fb. i. 191. β. hverr ok einn, 'each and one,' every one, 677. 1, H. E. i. 393, Rb. 492; fyrir hvern mun ok einn, Fas. i. 396. γ. einn ok sér-hverr, one and all. δ. einn sér, apart, for oneself, alone; Múspells-synir hafa einir sér fylking, Edda 41; einn sér, sole, Fms. ii. 308; sér einir, Sturl. ii. 53: metaph. singular, peculiar, ein var hón sér í lýðsku, Fs. 30. ε. sér-hverr, adj. every one, q.v.: eins-konar, adv. of one kind, Skálda 165; mod. indef. of a certain kind, a kind of: eins-kostar, adv. particularly, Ísl. ii. 322, Mork. 81. ζ. né einn, not one, none; in old writers usually so, but now and then contracted neinn (q. v.), and in mod. usage always so; né eina sekð, Grág. i. 136; né eitt úhreint, Stj. 409; né einu sinni, not once, Fms. xi. 13; né eins, not a single thing, 112; né eina herferð, vii. 28. η. fáir einir, only a few, in mod. usage in one word, nom. fáeinir, dat. fáeinum, gen. fáeinna: ein-stakr, single, q.v.: al-einn, alone, q.v.: ein-mana, q.v. (cp. Gr. GREEK): einum-megin, adv. on one side, Nj. 248 (vide vegr). ein-nefna, d, to appoint specially, Grág. i. 11. einn-ig (einn-eg, einn-og, einn-ug), in mod. pronunciation and in MSS. of the 15th century einninn or einneginn (qs. einn veginn), adv. [from einn and vegr, qs. einn veg; cp. hvernig, how; þannig, thus; hinnig, otherwise] :-- in the same way, likewise, also; the subst. notion is still seen in the phrase, á einneg, in the same manner, 686 B. 12, Hom. (St.) 64; ek vil sjá hvernog þú markar þinn hlut, at eigi markim vit einnog báðir, Hkr. iii. 59; eigi þótti öllum einnug, Ísl. ii. 352; Torfa Svartsson einnig (likewise), Sturl. i. 103; einneginn Ölver, O. likewise, Fas. iii. 470; fylgir honum ok einninn sá kappi, Fas. i. 419; létu þeir einninn syngja í kirkju, Bs. (Laur. S.)

EINNÆTTR-EIRINN. 123

ein-nættr, adj. one night old, Sturl. i. 174, Hm. 85. ein-ráðit, sup., hafa e., to have resolved, made up one's mind, Greg. 60, Eg. 424, Fms. ii. 266, v. 44, Orkn. 34: masc., Mork. 84. ein-ráðr, adj. self-willed, Ld. 314, Fms. xi. 246, Fas. ii. 113, Bjarn. 70. ein-reikull, adj. straying alone, Bs. i. 243. ein-rendr, part. having a single stripe (of cloth), Nj. 96, v.l. Ein-riði, a, m., pr. name, also Eind-riði, mod. Indriði, but freq. in good MSS. spelt ein-, Mork., Ó. H., Orkn.; it properly means the great rider. β. nickname of Thor the god of thunder from his driving in the clouds, Edda (Gl.); cp. reið, thunder. ein-rúm, n. a privy; í einrúmi, privately. ein-ræði, n. self-will, obstinacy, Fms. ii. 254, Ld. 4, 188, Mork. 83. ein-rænligr, adj. singular, strange, odd, Fms. vi. 217. ein-rænn, adj. of singular temper, self-willed, Eg. 573, Fms. ii. 154, iii. 202, Bs. i. 144, in the last passage probably a false reading, = einvænn. ein-samall, adj., einsömul, einsamalt, pl. einsamlir, etc., alone, rarely, in old writers, who use einn saman in two words, and it only occurs in later MSS., Fas. i. 91, iii. 469 (paper MSS.) ein-seta, u, f. hermitage, Hom. 26, Mart. 125. COMPDS: einsetu-kona, u, f. a female anchorite, Bs. i. 478, Ld. 332, Hkr. i. 316. einsetu-líf, n. and einsetu-lifnaðr, m. the life of an anchorite, Bs. i. 204, Stj. 154, 158. einsetu-maðr, m. an anchorite, Fms. i. 145. einsetu-munkr, m. a hermit, Greg. 70, 655 iii. 4. ein-setja, setti; e. sér, to resolve firmly. ein-skapan, f. the right to fix one's own terms, Orkn. 214, Fms. xi. 24. ein-skepta, u, f. stuff woven with a single weft, a kind of flannel. ein-skilt, n. adj. taken aside for a private purpose, (Fr.) ein-skipa, adj. with a single ship, Fms. ii. 5, vii. 214, ix. 499. ein-skírr, adj. quite clear; e. veðr, Njarð. 374. ein-skjaldar, gen. as adv. under one shield, acting together, Fms. ix. 249. ein-skora, að; e. hug sinn, to make one's mind up, Bær. 11. ein-skærligr, adj. pure; e. rödd, a pure voice, Thom. 151. ein-skærr, adj. pure; e. náð, pure grace. ein-sköpuðr, m. a sole judge or umpire, Lex. Poët. eins-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), alone, by oneself, Sks. 2: singly, Fms. i. 139, Stj. 184: especial, Magn. 512: gramm. singular, Skálda 185, 191. ein-staka, adj. single, isolated (with the notion of few, now and then, here and there); e. víg, Fms. xi. 99; e. slög ok skeinur, Háv. 50; e. kossar, Fb. i. 304; e. vísur, extemporised ditties (hence staka, a ditty), Fbr. 69. ein-stakr, adj. = einstaka. β. mod. famous, notorious, chiefly in a bad sense; e. armingi, svíðingr, þjófr, galdramaðr, etc. ein-stapi, a, m. a kind of fern, pteris aquilina, Str. 45. ein-stigi, a, m. a single path, so narrow that only one can pass. Eg. 576, 577, 583, Fær. 267, Rd. 246, 247, Fms. ii. 110, viii. 49. ein-strengja, d, to resolve firmly, Fms. iii. 49: reflex. to grow bold, ix. 50. ein-stæðingr, m. an orphaned (bereft) person, einstæðings-skapr, m. a state of bereavement. ein-stæðr, adj. left alone, bereaved, widowed, Hðm. 5. ein-sýnn, adj. = eineygr, one-eyed, Fas. i. 41, Fms. ii. 138, x. 301. β. at einsýnu, clearly, evidently, Hom. 5. ein-sætt, n. adj. evident, what clearly ought to be done; e-t er e., i.e. that and nothing else is to be done; ok er þér e. at þjóna eigi lengr fjanda, Fms. ii. 39, 124, vi. 154, 242, vii. 19, 25, 27, Boll. 342, Orkn. 408. ein-tal, n. private conversation, Nj. 103, Fms. i. 205, iv. 145, 308, vi. 11, vii. 103, Mork. 176. ein-talat, part., verða e-t um e-t, to speak of nothing but that, Ísl. ii. 245. ein-teiti, adj. quite merry, in high spirits, Eg. 526, Fms. iv. 167. ein-tómi, adj. at one's ease, undisturbed, Orkn. 266. ein-tómis, adv. alone. ein-tómr, adj. sole, alone, sheer. ein-trjánungr, m. made of one piece of wood, Karl. 96, v.l. ein-vala, adj. ind. chosen, excellent (Lat. egregius); e. kappi, a great champion, Stj. 512: e. ker, a chosen vessel, of a saint, Orkn. 226, Bs. ii. 148; e. lið, chosen, picked troops, Fær. 79, Stj. 480; e. maðr, a choice man, Blas. 37; e. riddari, a fine horseman, Stj. 450. ein-vald, n. monarchy, sovereignty, Stj. 499; koma einvaldi á landit, to make the country (i.e. the Icel. Commonwealth) submit to the monarch, Fms. ix. 435; tíundi vetr einvalds hans, the tenth year of his reign, x. 161. COMPDS: einvalds-höfðingi, a, m. a monarch, Ann. 492. einvalds-konungr, m. an absolute king, Fms. i. 4, Eg. 6, 118, 263. einvalds-riki, n. an empire, Stj. 576, Fms. i. 19. ein-valdi, a, m. and ein-valdr, s, m. a monarch, Fms. i. 2, iv. 126, Eg. 6, Fb. i. 40. ein-valinn = einvala, Bs. ii. 70, 183. ein-veldi, n. = einvald. ein-verðugr, adj. = einvirðuligr, (Fr.) ein-vili, a, m. self-will, Fms. x. 418. ein-virðing, f. one's own choice, Bs. ii. 46, H. E. i. 523. ein-virðis, adv. in particular, Mar. 49, 139. ein-virðuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), especially, Lv. 37, H. E. i. 518. ein-virki, also ein-yrki, a, m. [verk]. a single worker, one who works single-handed, a poor husbandman that has no servants; the einyrki is reckoned partly as bóndi, and not cottager; he could serve as a neighbour (búi) in case of his property amounting to two cows' value per head of his household (wife and children), Grág. i. 145, defined in ii. 42, 43: the Norse sense of the word, Gþl. 438, cp. Jb. 184: in N. G. L. i. 199 distinction is made between bændr, einhleypingar, and einyrkjar. ein-vist, f. in the phrase, vera einvistum, to live alone, 625. 88, Bs. n. 45. ein-vígi, n. [A. S. ânvig], a single combat; distinction is made between the hólmganga (q.v.) and einvígi, the rules of einvígi being plain, cp. the curious passage in Korm, 84; Edda 18, Nj. 33, Fms. vii. 229. COMPD: einvígis-maðr, m. one who fights in single combat, Fms. x. 88. ein-voldugr, adj. absolute, Fs. 17. ein-vænn, adj. [ván]: medic., liggja e., to lie in a hopeless state, to be sinking fast, Bs. i. 353; hón hafði aldri orðit einvænni, her life had never been in greater danger, id.; fylgði bæði svefnleysi ok matleysi, ok þótti hann þá einvænn vera, and they thought he was in a hopeless state, 144, (Ed. emrænn, which no doubt is a misspelling in the MS.) ein-vörðum, adv. specially, D. N., Sks. 787. ein-þykkr, adj. (ein-þykkni, f.), stubborn, self-willed, Fb. i. 543. ein-æri, n. [ár]. a termof one year, D. N. ein-ærr, adj. lasting one year, D. N. ein-æti, n. pl.; eta einætum, to eat 'off-hand,' Glúm. 340, cp. Edm. Head's Transl. 24. ein-örð, mod. einurð (Norse form einarð), f. [einarðr], frankness, boldness, fairness; vit ok e., Fms. ix. 333; ef þú vilt heldr trúa lygi ... en e., rather to believe a lie than simple truth, Eg. 63; e. ok vinátta, frankness and friendship, Ísl. ii. 234; þá munu þér ætla, at sá muni eigi e. til hafa við at ganga, that he has not the fairness (boldness) to confess, Ld. 172, Fms. ii. 32; nú vilju vér sýna e. várrar frásagnar, we will shew the fairness of our story, viii. 48. β. faith, fidelity; at engi skjoplisk í einurðinni (fidelity) við annan, Ó. H. 61; að landfólkit mundi snúit frá einörðinni við konung, 177; fáir munu nú vera í Noregi þeir er einörð sinni haldi nú við mik, 194. γ. in mod. usage, einurð means frankness, as opp. to shyness; thus einarðar-lauss, adj. = shy: einarðar-leysi, n. shyness, einarðar-lítill, adj. rather shy, whereas in old writers these words mean faithless or irresolute; verða einarðar fátt, to fail in courage, Nj. 208; einarðar-lauss, wavering, Al. 71, Sks. 357, N. G. L. ii. 420: einarðar-maðr, m. a stedfast, trusty man, Sturl. ii. 64: einarðar-skortr, m. = einurðarleysi, Nj. 208, v.l. EIR, m. [Lat. aes; Goth. aiz; A. S. âr; Engl. ore; O. H. G. er; Hel. erin; Germ. erz] :-- brass, Stj. 340, 656. 7, Greg. 80, Hkr. i. 265, Fms. x. 284. COMPDS denoting brazen, of brass: eir-altari, m. a brazen altar, Stj. eir-baugr, m. a brazen ring, Fb. i. 370. eir-hestr, m. a brazen horse, Merl. eir-hjálmr, n. a brazen helmet, Stj. 461. eir-ketill, m. a brass kettle, Grág. i. 504, Eg. 396. eir-kross, m. a brazen cross, Vm. 49. eir-kyrtill, m. a brazen cloak (used for torment), Blas. 46, 655. 14. eir-lampi, a. m. a brass lamp, Jm. 2. eir-ormr, m. a brazen serpent, Stj. 333. Numb. xxi. 9. eir-penningr, m. a penny of brass, Post. 645. 78. eir-skjöldr, m. a brazen shield, Stj. 461. 1 Sam. xvii. 6. eir-stólpi, a, m. a pillar of brass, Stj. 564. eir-teinn, m. a wire of brass, Fms. ii. 129. eir-uxi, a, m. an ox of brass (image), Stj. 2 Kings, xvi. 17. EIR, f. peace, clemency; this word occurs several times in old poetry (Kormak), but not in prose, cp. Lex. Poët., and in COMPDS: eirar-samr (eir-samr), adj. mild; eirar-lauss and eirar-vanr, adj. merciless, martial. II. one of the heathen goddesses, Edda. eira, ð, [A. S. ârian = parcere], to spare, with dat.; hafa allir hlutir unnit eiða at e. Baldri (not to hurt Balder), Edda 37; hann eirði öngu hvárki í orðum né verkum, he spared naught either in word or work, Nj. 184, Fms. vii. 312; at þeir skyldu e. konum ok kirkjum, spare women and churches, Sturl. iii. 40; e. undan e-u, to yield; höfum vér lengi undan eirt fjandskap yðrum, Ld. 204; kvað hann þá ekki mundu tjá at letja sik, kvaðsk lengi hafa undan eirt, Fms. vii. 244; ok meir þykjumk vér undan eira, Sturl. i. 72; eptir þetta ríða þeir Ögmundr í brott, ok eirir hann undan þá enn fyrst, iii. 103. β. impers., e-m eirir e-t illa, it displeases one, i.e. to feel ill at rest with a thing; illa eirði mér fall þitt, Flóv. 29; Eiríki konungi eirði þetta stórilla, Fms. i. 19; honum eirir illa ef hann hefir eigi sitt mál, Ísl. ii. 236; Bergi eirði hit versta, Fs. 53; eira vel (ironically), to be well pleased, meira efni hefir hann til eldingar en honum megi vel eira inni at vera, 45: to do for one, vitum hve oss eiri öl þat er Bárðr of signdi, let us see how Bard's draught will agree with us, Eg. ch. 44 (in a verse); Egill fann, at honum mundi ekki svá búit eira, E. felt, that this would not do, Eg. 552. In mod. usage, eira means to feel at rest (= una), of a man or beast who is restless or runs from one place to another,--it is said 'hann eirir hvergi,' he can nowhere rest; the other senses are obsolete. eira, u, f. rest, = eirð. eirð, f. clemency, mercy, Fms. ix. 36, v.l, Hkr. iii. 257, Gullþ. 48, O. H. L. 40. 2. mod. rest, quietness; pl. ú-eirðir, uproar, tumult. eirinn, adj. forbearing, Bs. i. 766; ó-eirinn, overbearing, mod. restless.

124 EIRLIGR -- EKKILL.

eir-ligr, adj. brazen, Stj. 377. EISA, u, f. [Swed. ässia; Norse eisa and esja], glowing embers, Edda (Gl.), esp. in the allit. phrase, eisa ok eimyrja. eisa, að, in the phrase, e. eldum, to shower down embers, Fas. ii. 469: poët., ganga eisandi, to go dashing through the waves, of a ship, Hkv. 1. 2; láta skeiðr e., id., Sighvat; vargr hafs eisar, the sea-wolf (the ship) goes dashing, Edda (in a verse); eisandi uðr, foaming waves, Bs. i. 483 (in a verse), vide Lex. Poët. eiskald, n., poët, the heart, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.: in pl., eisköld, Fm. 27. eiskra, að, to roar or foam, rage; gékk hon útar ok innar eptir gólfinu eiskrandi, Ísl. ii. 338; görvir at eiskra, enraged, Hðm. 11; hann eiskraði þá mjök ok hélt við berserksgang, Fas. i. 524; eiskraði sút í berserkjunum, 425: in mod. usage, það ískrar í honum, it roars within him, of suppressed rage. EISTA, n., gen. pl. eistna, a testicle, Sturl. ii. 182, Fas. ii. 342, Bs. i. 615, Fb. ii. 161; sels-eista, a nickname, Fbr. EITILL, m. a nodule in stone, iron, or the like; hence the saying, harðr sem e., 'hard as a flint,' poët. name of a giant, Edda (Gl.) eitla, að, in the phrase, eitla augum, 'to set the face as a flint,' Sks. 230 B. EITR, n., gen. eitrs, [A. S. âtor; O. H. G. eitar; Dan. ædder; Old Engl. atter-cop; the spider is in A. S. âtor-coppa, whence Dan. ædder-kop = cup of poison] :-- poison, Bær. 15, Fms. vi. 166, viii. 303, Edda 155 (pref.), Al. 49, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse). eitra, að, to poison, Ann. 1360: part. eitraðr, empoisoned. eitr-á, f. a poisonous stream, Edda 42. eitr-blandaðr (eitr-blandinn), part. poisoned, Rb. 358. eitr-blástr, m. inflammation from poison, Bs. ii. 95, 157. eitr-bólginn, part. swoln with poison, Greg. 79. eitr-dalr, m. dales with rivers of poison, Vsp. 42. eitr-drep, n. deadly poison, mortification, Stj. 97. eitr-dropi, a, m. a drop of poison, Vsp. 44. eitr-drykkr, m. a poisoned draught, Fas. iii. 392. eitr-eggjaðr, part. having a poisoned edge, Fms. iii. 78. eitr-fár, adj. glittering (of poison), venomous (of snakes), Edda (Gl.) eitr-fluga, f. a venomous insect, Bs. ii. 183. eitr-fullr, adj. full of poison, Magn. 470. eitr-herðr, part. tempered in poison (of steel), Bret. eitr-kaldr, adj. deadly cold, Lex. Poët. eitr-kveisa, f. venomous sore, a nickname, Fms. eitr-kvikendi, n. a poisonous animal, Sks. 88, Stj. 253, Al. i, 623. 26. eitr-kvikja, u, f. poisonous yeast, Edda 3. eitr-ligr, adj. poisonous, Stj. 91. eitr-maðkr, m. a venomous maggot, Stj. 97. eitr-naðra, a, u, f. a poisonous adder. eitr-ormr, m. a viper, Stj. 37, 96, Rb. 344, Fms. vi. 164. eitr-tandraðr, adj. = eitrfár, Al. 168. EK, pers. pron., mod. eg, proncd. ég or jeg; eg occurs as early as in MSS. of the 15th century, Arna-Magn. 556 A; jak, Fms. x. 287, cp. the mod. Swed. form and the mod. Icel. jeg; old poets make it rhyme with ek, as, Halldórr ok ek | höfum engi þrek, Korm. 154 (in a verse), cp. Ld. 108: [Ulf. ïk, but ek on the Golden horn and on the stone in Tune; A. S. ic; Engl. I; Germ. ich; old Swed. jak, mod. jag; Dan. jeg; cp. Lat. ego, Gr. GREEK] :-- I, Nj. 10, 30, 132, etc. 2. in poetry and old prose a pronominal 'k or 'g is suffixed to the verb; em'k búinn annan í at nefna, Grág. i. 103; ek em'k, 623. 56, Blas. 41, Mork. 89, 94, 99, 104, Vþm. 8, Ls. 14, Ad. 1, Post. 645. 33; jók'k, 'I eked' (added), Íb. (pref.); vas'k þar fjórtán vetr, ch. 9; þá er ek var'k á bænum, Blas. 40, Hm. 12; ek bað'k, Post. 645. 54; ek kom'k, Skm. 18; ek sit'k, Mork. 168; ek finn'k, 141; ek nam'k, 73; sá'k, 75; ek sé'k (video), 103, 168, Fms. xi. 110; mun'k-at ek, Mork. 50; svá ek vind'k, Hm. 156; ok rít'k á þessa lund, Skálda (Thorodd) 166; sjá'k (sim), Mork. 183: g before k becomes by assimilation k, e.g. hyk'k = hygg'k, Skm. 5: the pronominal k is inserted between the suffixed negative and the verb, ek skal'k-a, hef'k-a, mon'k-a, sa'k-a, ma'k-a, veit'k-a, or skal'k-a ek, hef'k-a ek, etc.: even a double k after a diphthong, siá'kk (sim), Mork. 89, 134, but chiefly in poetry with the suffixed negative, e.g. ek sé'kk-a: this form is obsolete, whereas the suffixed g (or k) in bisyllables or after a vowel is more freq.; svá at ek fæ'k eigi leyzt mik, Edda 20; er ek vilda'g helzt, Fms. xi. 146; eigi munda'k trúa, Edda 32; ef ek lifi ok mega'k ráða, 34; þá hafða'k bundit með gresjarni, id.; sem önga frægð muna'k af hljóta, 20; sýnda'k bæði þeim ok Sæmundi, Íb. (pref.); þá er ek var heima heyrða'k sagt, Edda 81; er ek aeva kenni'g, Hm. 164; draums ætli'g þér, Hdl. 7; þorða'g, Ad. 1; ræka'g, mætta'g, Stor. 8; sky't ek ok ræ'k (ræ'g, v.l.), Fms. vi. 170 (in a verse); líkara at ek vitja'g hingat þessa heita, Eg. 319; næða'k (or næða'g), if I could reach, Eb. 70 (in a verse); at ek nemni þá menn alla ok beiði'g, Grág. ii. 317; vilja'k, I will, Ht. 1; þvíat ek ætla'g, Ó. H. 59; ok náða'k svá öllu ríki þeirra, 74; þvíat ek trúi'k yðr bezt, 88; ek setta'k, Mork. 62; flytta'k, 94; geri'k, heyrða'k, 36; mæli'g, 39; ek vetti'g, 175; tefli'g, 186; setta'g, lagða'g, id.; vilda'g, 193; vide Lex. Poët. and the word '-at' [p. 2]: sometimes a double pronoun occurs, g and k, mátti'g-a'k, Og. 32; bjargi'g-a'k, Hm. 153; stöðvi'g-a'k, 151; hversu ek má'k, Fms. vi. 102; vide Lex. Poët, and Frump. 228 sqq. B. DAT. AND ACC. are from a different root :-- dat. mér, [Ulf. mis; Germ. mir; lost in Dan.], Nj. 10, etc. etc.; acc. mik, mod. mig, which form occurs even in MSS. at the beginning of the 14th century, e.g. Hauks-bók: mek occurs now and then in MSS., e.g. O. H. L., N. G. L., Sks. B, else it is rare and obsolete, Al. 42, Ó. H. 107, [Ulf. mik; A. S. mec; Engl. me; Germ. mich; Dan. mig.] As the word is so common, we shall only mention the use of mik which is special to the Scandinavian tongue, viz. its use as a verbal suffix. The ancients had a double form for the reflexive; for 1st pers. -mk, i.e. mik suffixed to the plur. of the verb; for the 3rd pers. -sk, i.e. sik suffixed to sing. and plur. alike; thus, ek (vér) þykkjumk, I (we) seem to myself (ourselves); but hann þykkisk, he seems to himself; þeir þykkjask, they seem to themselves: the -mk was later changed into -mz, or -mst of editions and mod. use; but this is a grammatical decay, as if both -mst and -st (þykjumst and þykist) arose from the same reflex. sik. 1. the subject may be another person or thing (plur. or sing.) and the personal pronoun mik suffixed as object to the verb, a kind of middle voice found in very old poems, and where it occurs freq. it is a test of antiquity; in prose it is quite obsolete: jötna vegir stóðum'k yfir ok undir, the ways of giants (i.e. precipices) stood above and beneath me, Hm. 106; er lögðum'k arm yfir, the lass who laid her arms round me, 108; mögr hétum'k fögru, my son promised me fair, Egil; hilmir buðum'k löð (acc.), the king gave me leave, i.e. bade me, sing, Höfuðl. 2; úlfs bagi gáfum'k íþrótt, the wolf's foe (Odin) gave me the art (poetry), Stor. 23; Ragnarr gáfum'k reiðar mána, R. gave me the shield, Bragi; þat erum'k sýnt, it is shewn to me, id.; stöndum'k ilmr fyrir yndi, the lass blights my joy, Kormak; hugr tjáðum'k, courage helped me, Egil; snertum'k harmr við hjarta, grief touches me to the heart, Landn.; stöndum'k til hjarta hjörr, the sword pierces me to the heart, Fm. i; feldr brennum'k, my cloak catches fire, Gm. 1; draum dreymðum'k, I dreamed a dream; grimt várum'k hlið, the gap (breach) was terrible to me, Stor. 6; hálf ván féllum'k, half my hope failed me, Gráfeldar-drápa; heiðnir rekkar hnekðum'k, the heathen men turned me out, Sighvat; dísir hvöttum'k at, the 'dísir' hooted us, Hðm. 29; gumi görðum'k at vigi, the man made us fight, id.; lyst várum'k, it list me, Am. 74: very common is erum'k, 'tis to me (us); erum'k van, I (we) have to expect; mjök erum'k tregt tungu at hræra, 'tis hard for me to move the tongue, i.e. the tongue cleaves to my mouth, Stor. 1, 17, Ad. 16. 2. sometimes oneself is the subject, freq. in prose and poetry, either in deponent verbs or as reflex. or recipr.; at vit skilim'k sáttir, Ó. H. 119; at vér komim'k, that we shall come, 85; finnum'k hér þá, 108; ef vér finnum'k, 111; ek skildum'k við Ólaf konung, 126; ef ek komum'k í braut, 140; sigrom'k, if I gain the victory, 206; æðrom'k, 214; ef ek öndum'k, if I die, Eg. 127; ek berum'k, I bear myself, Grág. ii. 57, Mork. passim; ek þykkjum'k, þóttum'k, ráðum'k, látum'k, setjum'k, bjóðum'k, skildum'k, kveljum'k, etc., = ek þykisk, þóttisk, ræðsk, lætsk, setsk, býðsk, skildisk, kvelsk, etc.: even at the present day the forms eg þykjumst, þóttumst are often used in writing; in other words the suffix -mst (-mk) is almost obsolete. β. the obsolete interjection er mik = I am; vel er mik, well is me (= 'bless me!'), O. H. L. 71; æ er mik, ah me! 64; kendr er mik, I am known, 66: with a reflex. notion, hvat er mik at því, what is that to me? Skv. 1. 28; er mik þat undir frétt þeirri, that is my reason for asking, Grág. i. 19 :-- this 'er mik' is clearly the remains of the old erum'k. C. DUAL AND PLUR. also from a different root: 1. dual vit, mod. við, a Norse form mit also occurs, Al. 170, 171, [cp. mi, Ivar Aasen] :-- we two; gen. and dat. from a different root, okkar and okkr, [cp. Goth. ïggqis; A. S. inc and incer; O. H. G. inch and inchar; Ivar Aasen dikke and dykk] :-- our. 2. plur.: α. nom. vér and vær, the last form now obsolete, [Goth. veis; A. S. and Engl. we; Germ. wir; Dan. vi] :-- we. β. gen. vár, mod. vor, Eg. 524, Fms. viii. 213, 398, etc. γ. dat. and acc. oss, [Goth. uns (acc.), unsis (dat.); A. S. us; Germ. uns; Swed. oss; Dan. os] :-- us: it need only be noticed that in mod. familiar usage the dual--við, okkr, okkar--has taken the place of the plural, vér, oss; but that in written books the forms vér, oss are still in freq. use, except in light or familiar style; old writers, on the other hand, made a clear distinction both in speech and writing. EKJA, u, f. [aka], a carting, carrying in a cart; tóku þá sumir til ekju, en sumir hlóðu heyinu, Eb. 260; cp. Swed. åska, vide áss [p. 46]. COMPD: ekju-vegr, m. a cart-road, D. N. EKKI, a, m. [akin to öngr, Lat. angustus], as a medic, term, a convulsive sobbing, caused by the repression of tears, Fél. ix. 208, Hkv. 2. 43, Skv. 1. 20, Gísl. 64 (in a verse), Rafns S. (in a verse), Am. 44, Hkr. iii. (in a verse of Sighvat), Stor. 2, where we ought to read, því at ekki stendr höfugligr í (not 'ór') hyggju stað, because a heavy sobbing oppresses, stifles my breast; angrs ok ekka, Stj. 428, (freq.) ekki, adv. not, vide eingi. ekkill, m. a widower, akin to the preceding; freq. in mod. use; that no reference from an old writer is on record seems to be a mere

EKKJA -- ELDSGOGN. 125

accident. II. poët. name of a sea-king, Edda (Gl.): botan., Ekkilsjurt, Achillaea L., Bb. 3. 75. ekkja, u, f. [Swed. enka and Dan. enke shew that the root consonants are nk; this word is peculiar to the Scandin. tongue; even Ulf. renders GREEK by vidovo, which is the Lat. vidua] :-- a widow, Grág. i. 108, 306, Blas. 21, Bs. ii. 161, Fas. i. 223. COMPDS: ekkju-búnaðr, m. widow's weeds, Stj. 197. ekkju-dómr, m. widowhood, Stj. 197. ekkju-nafn, n. a widow's name, widowhood, Fas. i. 223, Am. 98 (MS. ekkiunam clearly a false reading = namn). ekkju-skapr, m. widowhood, Fms. x. 433. ekkju-sonr, m. a widow's son, 656 A. ii. In Edda 108 there is a distinction between hæll, a widow whose husband is slain, and ekkja, the widow of one who died a natural death; hæll is merely a poët. word and obsolete, but ekkja is in full use. In old poetry ekkja is used = a lass, girl, cp. Lapp. akka = Lat. mulier; cp. also Lex. Poët. ekla, u, f. dearth, want, Sks. 218, v.l.; Vell-ekla, Dearth of Gold, the name of a poem, Hkr.; suml-e., scarcity of drink, Eg. (in a verse): the word is rare in old writers, but still in use in Icel., e.g. hey-e., scarcity of hay; matar-e., dearth of meat; vinnu-fólks-e., scarcity of servants. ekla, adv. scarcely; þeir Helgi tóku e. til matar um kveldit, konungr spurði hvárt þeir væri sjúkir, Fms. v. 317 (GREEK) EKRA, u, f. [from akr, p. 10], an acre, corn-field, Landn. 125, Al. 52, N. G. L. i. 217, Stj. 400. Judges ix. 32. ektar- and ekta-, [Germ. echt], adj. genuine, mod. (vide ei). β. wedded; taka til ekta, to marry: chiefly used in COMPDS, ekta-maðr, m. a husband; ekta-skapr, m. matrimony, etc.; ektar-kona, u, f. a wedded wife, occurs in D. N. i. 591, (mod.) ÉL, n., spelt iel, Edda (Kb.) 72, Fms. xi. 136; él, Hom. 109; gen. dat. pl. éla, élum; mod. élja; éljum, inserting j; [cp. Dan. iling] :-- a snow-shower; the proverb, öll él linna um síðir, every 'él' comes to an end; él eitt mun vera, ok skyldi langt til annars slíks, Nj. 200; þá görði él mikit ok illviðri, Fms. i. 175; élum ok hreggi, x. 135, xi. 136, 137; drífu-él, Orkn. 414; meðan él dró á, 396; í éli einnar stundar, 656 B. 12; él augna (poët.), tears, Edda 72. β. metaph. a shock, uproar, Hom. 109: a hot fight, ok verðr et harðasta él, Fms. xi. 32. élja-drög, n. pl. (qs. élja-dróg, f. ?), streaks of snow-showers seen far off, etc. elda, d, mod. also að, [eldr], to light, kindle a fire, with dat. of the fuel; e. viði, Grág. ii. 211, 338; ef þeir e. görðum, grindum eðr andvirki, Gþl. 422: absol., at vér eldim úsparliga í Hvammi, Sturl. i. 67: to heat, warm, þá skulu þeir e. hús at manntali, Jb. 225; e. ofn, Hkr. iii. 115: metaph., elda hug e-s, to kindle one's mind, Hom. 107; ek skal yðra húð e. knáliga með klungrum (make you smart), Stj. 395; e. vita, to kindle a beacon, Orkn. 264; en þó eldi hér lengi af með þeim bræðrum, the spark of resentment was long felt among the brothers, Lv. 34; e. járn, to forge iron, Rkv.: the phrase, elda grátt silfr, to be bad friends, is a metaphor taken from smelting drossy silver that cannot stand the fire; þeir Stórólfr eldu löngum grátt silfr, en stundum vóru með þeim blíðskapir, Fb. i. 522. 2. to cook, or gener. to expose to a light fire. II. reflex. to be kindled; má vera at eldisk hér langr óþokki af, it may be that long ill-feeling will be kindled therefrom, Lv. 50. eldask, d, [aldr], to grow old; eldisk árgalinn nú, Fms. vi. 251; er þá tók mjök at eldask, viii. 108; hann tekr nú at eldask (MS. öldask) mjök, xi. 51; ek finn at ek eldumk, en þverr kraptrinn, Orkn. 464; þeir hrymask eigi né eldask, Rb. 346. β. part. eldr, old, worn by age; Gísli kvaðsk eldr vera mjök frá úfriði, Sturl. iii. 10: equivocal is the phrase, eldir at ráðum ok at þrotum komnir (in the dream of king Sverrir), Fms. viii. 108, cp. Orkn. ch. 34. γ. impers. in the phrase, nótt (acc.) eldir, the night grows old (cp. elding); þá er nótt eldir, Fas. i. 147. eld-bakaðr, part. baked on embers, Stj. 595. 1 Kings xix. 6. eld-beri, a, m. a brasier, lantern, H. E. ii. 107, Pm. 26, 73, Jm. 12, Vm. 164; eldbera-ker, id., Pm. 106. eld-borg, f. a volcanic crag, vide borg. eld-bruni, a, m. fire, conflagration, D. N. eld-böllr, m. a fire-ball, Dipl. v. 18. eld-fimr, adj. inflammable, easily catching fire, Sks. 427. eld-fjall, n. a fire-hill, volcano. eld-færi, n. pl. an apparatus, for striking fire, tinder-box, Jb. 145. eld-gamall, adj. [from Dan. ældgammel = Icel. elli-gamall], stone old, (mod. word.) eld-glæringar, f. pl. 'fire-glare,' seen in darkness. eld-gos, n. 'fire-gush,' a volcanic eruption. eld-gróf and eld-gröf, f. a 'fire-groove,' Ísl. ii. 405, 417, Eb. 272, v.l. eld-gýgr, m. a crater. eld-gögn, n. pl. cooking-vessels, D. N. eld-heitr, adj. hot as fire. eld-hraun, n. a 'fire-field,' lava-field. eld-hús (elda-hús, Eg. 397, 603, Sturl. iii. 219, Gþl. 344), n. the 'fire-house,' i.e. the hall or parlour, one of the chief rooms in ancient dwellings, where the fire was kept up, used synonymously with eldaskáli, but opp. to stofa, the ladies' room; stofa, eldhús, búr, Grág. i. 459; stofu-hurð, búr-hurð, eldahús-hurð, Gþl. 344, H. E. i. 495; eldhús eðr stofur, Grág. i. 468; gauga milli stofu ok eldhúss, Fbr. 164; cp. Gísl. 14, 15, 97, (Mant.) 324, Eb. ch. 52, vide new Ed. 98, v.l. 1, 3, 4; gékk Þorgerðr þegar inn í eldahús, Eg. 603; eldhúss dyrr, Lv. 89, Ld. 54, Sturl. iii. 218, 219; eldhúss-skot, n. id., cp. Eg. 397; eldhús-hurð, f. the hurdle of an e., N. G. L. i. 38, Gþl. l.c.; eldhús-fífl, n. a 'fireside fool,' an idiot who sits all day by the fire, Fas. ii. 114; in Sturl. iii. 219 eldahús and skáli seem to be used differently. β. it may also be used of any room having a hearth and fire, eldahús ... var þat brott frá öðrum húsum, Eg. 203; and even of a kitchen, 238, cp. Nj. 75. In mod. usage eldhús only means a kitchen. eldi (elþi, Grág.), n. [ala], feeding, maintenance, Grág. i. ii 7, 143: the person maintained, 236: in mod. usage esp. of keeping another's lambs, sheep, in winter, hence lambs-eldi, 'lambs-keep,' an obligation on every householder to feed a lamb for the priest in winter; elda-skildagi, m. the time when the lambs are sent back (middle of May); the phrase, skila úr eldum, to send back (lambs): eldis-hestr, m. a horse kept in stall, opp. to útigangs-hestr. 2. a thing born; mislit eldi, Stj. 179. Gen. xxxi. 8; e. þat er fram fer af kviði konunnar, 656 B. 7; skaltú þiggja þat at Guði at hann gefi þér gott eldi, Mar. 3, 6, 19; komask frá e. sínu, to be delivered of a child, Fas. iii. 276; cp. upp-eldi, breeding. eldi-brandr, m. fire-wood, fuel, Grág. ii. 261, Fms. ii. 82, viii. 358, v.l., Fbr. 97: a fire-brand, Stj. 402, Fs. 45, Þiðr. 332, Grett. 117: metaph., Post. 645. 84. eldi-ligr, adj. elderly, Fas. i. 120, Mag. 5. elding, f. firing, fuel, Scot. eilding, Grág. ii. 338, 358, Fs. 45; eldingar-steinar, (bituminous?) stones to make a fire, Karl. 18: smelting metals, gull er stenzk e., gold which resists the heat of the crucible, Grág. i. 501; cp. elda grátt silfr. II. lightning, also in plur., Fms. x. 30, xi. 136, Fas. i. 372, Sks. 229, Stj. 300, Al. 41: eldinga-flug, n. a flash of lightning, Rb. 102: eldinga-mánaðr, m. the lightning month, id. elding, f. [aldr], the 'eld' or old age of the night, the last or third part of the night; allt frá eldingu ok til miðs aptans, Hrafn. 7; vakti Þórhildr upp sína menn þegar í elding, Fms. ii. 231; í elding nætr, vii. 214; kómu í elding nætr á Jaðar, Ó. H. 117. The ancients divided the night into three equal parts, of which the last was called either ótta (q.v.) or elding, (þá er þriðjungr lifir nætr, i.e. where the third part of the night is left): the mod. usage is, það er farið að elda aptr, it begins to rekindle; and aptr-elding, rekindling, as though 'daybreak' were from fire 'eldr;' but in old writers 'aptr' is never joined to these words (Anal. 193 is taken from a paper MS., cp. Fb. iii. 405, l. 6); the phrase elding 'nætr' also shews that the word refers not to daylight, but to night, and means the last part of the night, opp. to midnight, mið-nætti. eldi-skíð, m. a log of fire-wood, Fs. 6, Þiðr. 262; loganda e., a fire-brand, Stj. 413. eldi-stokkr, m. a log of fire-wood, Glúm. 338. eldi-torf, n. turf for firing, Ísl. ii. 112, Dipl. v. 23, Bs. ii. 135. eldi-viðr, m. fire-wood, Fms. ii. 82, vii. 97, K. Þ. K. 90: but, as Icel. is barren of trees, eldiviðr means fuel in general, peat, etc., Orkn. 16; torf-skurð svá sem hann þarf til eldividar, digging peat for fuel, Vm. COMPDS: eldiviðar-fátt, n. adj. wanting fuel, Fbr. 97. eldiviðar-lauss, adj. short of fuel. eldiviðar-leysi, n. want of fire-wood (fuel), Fms. vi. 146, Stj. 150. eldiviðar-stika, u, f. a stick of fire-wood, Stj. 268. eld-ker, n. = eldberi, Am. 5. eld-knöttr, m. a fire-ball. eld-kveykja, u, f. kindling fire, Nj. 194: metaph., 625. 74, Mork. 7. eld-ligr (elligr, Al. 65), adv. fiery, of fire, Greg. 19, Niðrst. 6, Fas. iii. 414, Sks. 208, Rb. 442, Stj. 98. eld-neyti, n. fuel, Gþl. 369. eld-næmr, adj. easily catching fire, Sks. 427, Fms. xi. 34, Mork. 7. ELDR, m., gen. ellds, also spelt ellz, [a word that may be taken as a test of Scandin. races; Dan. ild; Swed. äld; for the Teut. nations use the word feuer, fire, which is wanting in Scandin., though used by old Icel. poets, who probably borrowed it from A. S.; on the other hand, Ulf. constantly renders GREEK by fon, Icel. funi, q.v.; in A. S. poetry and in Hel. äled = incendiary occurs a few times, and älan = Lat. urere (Grein and Schmeller); Rask suggests a Finn. origin] :-- fire. In cold climates fire and life go together; hence the proverb, eldr er beztr með ýta sonum, ok sólar sýn, fire is best among the sons of men, and the sight of the sun, Hm. 67: in reference to the healing power of fire, eldr tekr við sóttum, fire consumes (cures) fevers, 138; sá er eldrinn heitastr er á sjálfum brennr, Grett. 136 new Ed.: allit., e. né járn, fire nor iron, Edda 82; hvárki egg né eld, 162; eldr (sparks of fire) hraut or sverðum þeirra, Flóv. 29; e. þótti af hrjóta er vápnin kómu saman, Sturl. iii. 187, vide Fms. i. 292, vi. 153, vii. 338 (MS. ell), viii. 74, 202, x. 29. Nj. 74, Eluc. 19, 625. 178. β. the eruption of a volcano, Bs. i. 803, 804; jarð-eldr, 'earth-fire,' subterranean fire. COMPDS: elds-bruni, a, m. burning of fire, Stj. elds-daunn, m. smell of fire, Finnb. 242. elds-gangr, m. the raging of fire, Fms. i. 128, x. 29, Sturl. iii. 132, Bs. i. 327, Orkn. 368, 458, Sks. 141. elds-glór, n. glare of fire, Fas. iii. 471. elds-gneisti, a, m. a spark of fire, Greg. 74. elds-gólf, n. a hearth-floor, N. G. L. i. 256. elds-gögn, n. pl. materials for firing. Vm.

126 ELDSHITI -- ELLIFU.

177- elds-hiti, a, m. fiery beat, Fms. x. 379. elds-kveykja, f. = eldkveikja, Greg. 77. elds-litr, n. orbs of fire, Nj. 194, Rb. 336. elds-MM, n. a likeness, shape of fire, Clem. 30, Rb. 388. elds-ljós, n. fire-light, Fms. ix. 49. elds-logi, a, m. aflame, Stj. 414. elds- matr, n. /oo d of fire, Th. 19. elds-neyti, n. pl. fuel, Band. 10, Fms. ix. 339, Fas. i. 84. elds-stólpi, a, m. a pillar of fire, Stj. 326. elds- uppkváma, u, f. the eruption of a volcano, Landn. 269, Bs. i. 148, 498. elds-velar, f. pl. ^î re de-vices, Flóv. 43. elds-vimr, m. 'fire-whims, ' flickering fire, of the aurora borealis, fire-gleam, Sks. 203. elds- virki, n. a tinder-box, Fms. vii. 225, Orkn. 208, Band. 30. II. esp. in plur. a fire on the hearth; the proverbs, við eld skal ol drekka, by the fireside sbalt tbou drink ale, Hm. 82; allir eldar brenna út um síðir, all fires (beacons') burn out at last (of the death of an aged man): allit., eldr á ami (vide arinn). In the old halls in Scandinavia an oblong hearth was built in the middle of the hall, and the fires kindled were called langeldar, long fires, with an opening in the thatch called ljuri for a chimney; the benches in the hall were ranged on both sides of the langeldar, vide Edda 82 (the hall of king Adils); hence the phrase, bera ol um eld, to hand the ale round the fire, viz. to one's cup fellow on the opposite bench, Fagrsk. ch. 219, Grett. ch. 10, new Ed. p. 23; elda- skálar vóru stórir á bæjuni, sátu menu við langelda á öptnuin, þá voru borð sett fyrir menn fyrir (inrian MS. Holm.), sváfu menu upp (ut MS. Holm.) frá eldunurn, Kristni S. ch. 2; þá vóru görvir eldar stórir eptir endilonguni skalanum, sem í þann tínia var titt, at drekka öl við eld, Bs. i. 42; cp. Orkn., eldar vóru á gólfinu, on the floor, ch. 18, where the fire seems to have been made in a pit (vide eldgróf) in the middle of the floor, cp. also kipti honum upp at pallinum, vide bakeldr: again, at the evening and morning meals people gathered round the 'meal-fires' (m;d- eldar), hence the phrases, sitja við elda, t o s it at the fire; vóru görrir máleldar hvert kveli] í elda-skúla sern siðr var til, sátu menn löngum við eldana áðr menn gengu til matar, Eb. ch. 52: maleldr, the' meal-fire' or the small fire, is distinguished from laugeldr, the great fire, 276; þat var í þann tíma er þeir Snorri sátu við málelda (yfir málborði, v. 1.), ch. 26; höfðu menn orðit vátir ok vóru görvir máleldar (langeldar, v. 1.), Nj. ch. 8; ok er skálabúinn var mettr sat hann við eld, Fs. 6; snýr at dyruin, er menn sátu við langelda (i n the evening), Korm. ch. 15; um kveldit er menn sátu við elda, Orkn. 448: the phrase, sitja milli elda, to sit between two fires, to be in a strait, vide Gin. COMPDS: elda-hús, n., vide eldhiis. elda-skali, a, m. = eldhús, Eb. 1. c., Grett. 1. c., cp. Eb. 170; einn laugar- aptan sat Helga í elda-skála, Ísl. ii. 274; hafði hann lagzt uiðr í elcla- skála eptir dagverð. Gísl. 97; þrándr hafði látið gora elda mikla í elda- skála, Fzr. 183; ekki lagðisk Ormr í elda-skála, Fb. i. 521, Eg. 238. elda-skára, u, f. (elda-skári, a, m., Lex. Run.), a 'fire-rake, ' poker, Nj. 236. elds-görð, f. making fire, Fs. 45. III. a beacon, bale-fire, Gs. 18. IV. in old poetry the fire of wounds or of Odin = weapons, the fire of the sea = gold; hauga-eldar, magical fire in old cairns; maur-ildi, a glow-worm; hraevar-eldr, a Will o' the wisp, ignis fatuus. V. as a prefix to pr. names, Kld-grinir, Kld-járn, Kld-ríð, etc.: in names of places it denotes volcanic ground, Kld-borg, eld-fjall, eld-gjá, etc. eld-rauðr, adj. fiery-red. eld-sókn, f. fetching fire, Grett. 89. eld-stokkr, m. a burning beam, Nj. 202. eld-stó, f., pl. stóar, a ' fire-stove, ' hearth, Bárð. 2 new Ed., Nj. 236, Fb. iii. 446, Fas. ii. 115, Mork. 9; sitja við eldstó móður sinuar, Fs. 6. eld-súrr, adj. hot as fire, of vinegar or the like. eld-sætr, adj. always sitting b y the fireside, as a spoilt boy; Oddr var eldsætr í æsku ok seinlegr ok kallaðr kolbitr, Landn. 235 (Hb.); Grimr var mikill ok eldsætr, ok þótti vera nær afglapi, Gullþ. 14, Krók. 33 (Kd. eldseti), Fas. ii. 112 (Ed. eldssetirm). eld-tinna, u, f. a flint stone, Fas. i. 447. ELFR, f., gen. elfar, acc. dat. elfi, a pr. name of the three rivers called Elbe, Lat. Albis, viz. Gaut-Elfr, the Elb of the Gants (a Scaiulin. people) = the River Gotha of the present time; Sax-E., the Elb of the Saxons, the Elbe; Raum-E., the Elb of the Rauws (a people in Norway), i. e. the present Glommen and Wormen, Bær. 3, Nj. 42. Fms. i. 6, ii. 1 28, iii. 40, iv. 121, ix. 350, 393, 401, x. 292: Elfar-bakki, the bank of one of these Elbes, Bser. 3, Fms. ix. 269, 274; Elfinar-bakki, Fms. i. 19;, of the river Ochil in Scotland, is a ulse reading = Ekkjals-bakki, vide Orkn. 12. COMPDS: Elfar-grimar, in. pl. dwellers on the banks of the Gotha, Fms. vii. 17, 19, 321. Elfar-kvislir, f. pl. the arms of the Gotha, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, ix. 274; used of the mouths of the Nile, Edda 148 (pret'.) Elfar-sker, n. pl. the Skerries at the mouth of the Gotha, Fms., Fas.; cp. álfr, p. 42. 2. melon, used of any great river, (rare in Icel. but freq. in mod. Dan.) Elfskr, adj. a dweller on one of the Elbe rivers, Landn., Fms. ii. 252. elgja, ð, to bel c h. ELGR, m., gen. elgs or elgjar, [Lat. alces; O. H. G. elah; Engl. elk\, an elk, Gþl. 449, Fms. viii. 31, Fas. i. 54; elgja-gröf, f. an elk pit, a hunt- ing term, D. N.; elgja-veiðr, f. hunting elks, Gþl. 448; elgjar-galgi, a, m., poët. 'elks-gallow, ' the ice, as elks were hunted on the ice, Stor. 15; but some explain the phrase = tree, cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 27. II. deep pools of half-melted ice; akin to ólga, ylgr. elg-skógr, m. a forest with elks, Gþl. 449. eligr, adj. [Swed. elig] , vile, Hom. 151; e, ambátt, a poor handmaid, Stj. 484. r Sam. xxv. 24; afleitt eðr elikt, vile and refuse, 456. í Sam. xv. 9; illr ok e,, Hb. 31: it is probably akin to el-, Germ, elend, vide aulandi, p. 34. Eli-vágar, m. pl. the Ice-waves, a mythol. name, Edda. ELJA, u, f. a concubine, as opp. to a wedded wife; this word is either akin to eljan in the sense of z eal, jealousy, or to the word eligr, as these women were often captives of war and handmaids; cp. the case of Melkorka, Ld., cp. also Gen. xxi. 10 :-- the word is defined in Edda 109, -- þaer konur eru eljur, er einn mann eigu, th os e women are called ' eljur, ' whoare wives of one man; stattú upp ór binginum frá elju minni, Nj. IS3; en elja hennar görði henni jafnan skapraun, Stj. 428. í Sam. i. 6 (' and her adversary also provoked her sore, ' of the two wives of Elkanah); systur konu þinnar skaltú eigi taka til elju hennar, Stj. 320. Lev. xviii. 18: in poetry the earth is called the elja of Rinda, one of Odin's wives, Fms. vi. (in a verse): this word points to the remotest time; the sole passage where it occurs in an Icel. hist, work is Nj. (above), where it is wrongly used, the wedded wife being called the elja by the concubine; cp. arin-elja. ELJAN, f. (in mod. usage elja, u, f.), [Ulf. aljan = ^r)\os; cp. A. S. ellian; Hel. elhui] , endurance, energy; eljun ok styrk annarra manna, Fms. vii. 228; heilsu ok eljun, 277; afl ok eljun, Fas. i. (in a verse); atferð ok eljun, Ld. 318; ok tari þar e. eptir ok (ill tilræði, Fs. 4. COMPDS: eljanar-lauss, adj. [ellennlæss, Ormul.], weak, feeble, Al. 100, Fbr. 157. eljimar-leysi, n. weakness, want of energy, Fms. iv. 163. eljunar-maðr, in. an energetic man, Fms. iv. 163, viii. 447. P. in mod. usage elju-lauss, adj., elju-leysi, n., with the notion of impatience; hann hefir enga elju á e-u, he i s t oo restless to perform anything. eljara-gletta, u, f. [cp. elja], pertness,:auciness, Sky'r. 53 (pref.) Elj-úðnir, in. the hall of Hela, Edda (Gl.) él-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, epithet of a stream, Ýt. 23. ELLA, adv., in Norse laws treq. ellar, and so in Fms. vi. 214, vii. í 7, 115, etc.; in mod. Icel. usage ellegar; elligar, 0. H., Grág., Mork., passim, etc., which seems to be the original form, qs. ell-vegar, 'other- ways, ' cp. þann-ig, hinn-ig, einn-ig; ella, though it is the usual form in the MSS., would be an apocopated form, the r being dropt: [A. S. elle s; Engl. e/s e; Swed. eljest; cp. Lat. alius, Gr. áAAos] :-- else, other- wise; er yðr mí annat-hvárt til at leggja í brott þegar, ella búisk þúr við sem skjótast, Nj-44; en þann þeirra e. er rettari er, Grág. i. 78; en ella jamt skerða sem at skuldadómi, 84; ella liggr á þér víti, Fms. iv. 27; hann hét vináttu sinni ef þessu vildi játa en elligar afarkostum, 0. H. 141; ella man ek láta drepa þik, Nj. 74; eða -- ella, o r -- else, Fms. vi. 196 (in a verse); eða heit hvers manns níðingr ella, o r el s e be called the ' nithing' of every man, Nj. 176; eða drepit hann ella, Fms. xi. 100; eðr stökki hann af eignum sinum ellar, vii. 17. ELLI, f. indecl. [Dan. Æ lde], 'e ld, ' o ld age; the saying, öllum hefir elli á kné komit, o ld age has brought all on their knees, cp. the tale in Edda 33, 34, where the old giantess Elli wrestles with Thor, whence in poetry she is called ' the antagonist of Thor, ' Eg. (in a verse); engi hefir sá orðit..., at eigi korni ellin ollum til falls, Edda 34; fyrir elli sakar, Eg. 107; eigi er þat síðr en elli..., Nj. 171. COMPDS: elli-belgr, m., in the mythol. phrase, kasta e., t o cas t the 'slough of age, ' to be young again, Mag. 3, (freq.) elli-bjúgr, adj. bowed down with age, Mag. elli-dagar, m. pl. o ld days, Stj. 190, Sks. 458. elli- dauðr, adj. de a d (dying] from old age, Nj. 58, Fms. i. 117, Edda 18. elli-dómr, m. o ld age, Stj. 192. elli-gamall, adj. exceeding oltl, Stj. 190, Sks. 92, Al. 3. elli-glöp, n. pl. dotage from old age, Fas. i. 421. elli-hamr -- eliibclgr (of serpents shedding their slough), Stj. 98. elli-hrumr, adj. tottering from old age, Stj. 432. elli-hærur, f. pl. the hoariness of age, Stj. 214. elli-karl, in. an old carle, Barl. 164. elli-lyf, f. medicine to bar old age, elixir vitae, (mythol.). Haustl. 9, cp. Edda 63. elli-móðr, adj. worn, weary from age, Ld. 1 i, Landn. 117. elli-sjukr, adj. sick from age. fjiðr. 30. elli-stoð, f. the stay of old age. elli-tíð, f. time of old age, Mom. 13. elli-vafur, n. pl. wavering from age, decrepitude, Bret. 162 (of king Lear); in Eg1 756 (the verse), the oíd poet said, vals hell'k váfur elli -- elli-vafur; the comparison with the passage in Brtt. is decisive, and the explanation in Lex. Poët. s. v. vafur is undoubtedly wrong. elli-vam, n. the being a dotard, Bret. 1(12. elli-Jiokki, a, in. looking old; hratt hón af st'r clliþokka, Stj. 627. 2 Kings ix. 30 (of the old queen Jezebel). elliði, a, m. a kind of ship with a high poop, Edda (Gl.), Fas. ii. 5; hence Elliða-ey, f. the name of an island, from its resemblance to these old-fashioned ships, Landn., Kb.; Elliði, a, in. a farm, Konn.; Elliða- Grímr, in., pr. name of a man, Landn., Nj. ellifti, mod. ellefti, ord. numb, the eleventh, Landn. 199, Fms. ix. 412. ellifu, niod. ellefu, ore!, iiiinib., the Goth, ainlif; A. S. ellefne; Engl. ^eleven; Germ, eilf; Swed. elfva; Dan. elleve: -- ' lif is an obsolete word.

ÉLLIGR -- EN. 127

denoting ten, so that 'eleven, twelve' are formed just like thirteen, four- teen, etc. él-ligr, adj. [él], stormy, Vápn. 51. ellri (eldri), compar. elder, and ellstr (eldstr), superl, eldest; vide gamall. elma, u, f. [almr], a branch, twig, Mar. 183. -eln, adj. in compds, tví-e., þrí-e., etc., two, three ...ells long. elna, að, [cp. Goth. aljanon; A. S. elnjan -- aemulari] to wax, grow, a medic. term, in the phrases, sótt elnar á hendr e-m, the fever grows upon one's bands, i. e. becomes worse; en sótt elnaðiá hendr Gizuri biskupi, Bs. i. 69; þá enaði sótt á hendr Kveldúlfi, en er dró at því at hann var banvænn, etc., Eg. 126; e-m einar sótt, id.; ok elnar honum sóttin, Band. 14; en Lopthænu einaði sóttin (of a woman in labour), Fas. ii. 162; sótt elnaði við Lopthænu, 504. elptr, f. = álpt, a swan, Str. 52, 62, etc. elrir, m. . and elri, n. the alder-tree, Lat. alnus, A. S. alor, aler, Germ, erle, Edda (Gl.), Ó. H. 250, Fbr. 10. elska, að, to love, love dearly, with acc.; elskaðr sem sá er framast elskaði sannan Guð, Fs. 80; konungr elskaði Hákon meir en nokkurn annan mann, Fms. i. 17; Birkibeinar elskuðu því meir sveininn, sem..., ix. 244; halt vel trú þína ok elska Gnð, ii. 255; Hrafnkell elskaði ekki annat goð meir enn Frey, Hrafn. 4; kona þess hins rika maims elskaði Joseph, Sks. 455: hann sá at Guð elskaði David (acc.), 708; ok er sva auðr svá sem hann er elskaðr til, 442.2. reflex., elskask at e-m, to grow fond of; þorkell var lengi með jarlinum ok elskaðisk at honum, Fms. iv. 217 ('elskaði' at jarli, act., Ó. H. 93, is scarcely right). β. recipr. to love one another; höfðu þau Jón elskask frá barnæsku, Bs. i. 282; þessir ungu menu elskask sin í millum mjök hjartanliga, 655 xxxii. 20. Icel. have a playful rhyme referring to lovers, running thus -- elskar hann (hún) mig, |af öllu hjarta,|ofrheitt UNCERTAIN harla lítið |og ekki neitt, which calls to mind the scene in Göthe's Faust, where Gretchen plucks off the petals of the flower with the words, liebt mich -- nicht -- licbt mich -- nicht. ELSKA, u, f. (ælska, Barl. 6, O. H. L.), [this word is peculiar to the Scandin. races; it is probably derived from él and an inflexive, sk, and properly means storm, whence metaph. passion; the Swedes and Danes have not the single word, but álskog and elskov, qs. elsk- hogr; Icel. elskhugi or elskogi] :-- love; með Guðs elsku ok náungs, Hom. 48; hafa elsku á e-m, to love one, Bs. i. 36; mikla elsku hafði jarl á konungs svni, Fms. ix. 242; vit höfum lengi saman haldit okkarri elsku, vii. 140; svá mikla ást sem þú hefir á hinum digra manni ok elsku við hann lagt, iv. 182. COMPDS: elsku-band, n. a bond of love, Mar. elsku- bragð, n. a deed of love, Mar. 220. elsku-fullr, adj. full of love,ERROR Barl. 179. elsku-geð, n.a loving kindness, Pass. 30. II. elsku- gras, n. love's flower, vide brönugrös s. v. brana, p. 76.elsku- lauss, adj. loveless, and elsku-leysi, n. want of love, Lex. Poët. elsku-merki, n. a love token. elsku-semi, f. lovingness. elsku- vattr, m. a love token. Elska never occurs as a verb or noun in old heathen poets; Arnor is the first poet on record who uses it; old writers prefer using ást; with Christianity, and esp. since the Reformation, it gained ground; GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by elska (to love) and GREEK by elska (love) or kærleiki (chanty); so, mann-elska, humanity, kindness. elskandi, part. a lover, Greg. 30. elskan-liga, adv. lovingly, 655 xxxii. 17. elskan-ligr, adj. beloved, N. T. elskari, a, m. a lover, Barl. 88, 187, Karl. 545, Mar. 197, (rare.) elsk-hugi or elsk-ogi, a, m. [Swed. älskog; Dan. el s kov], love, Edda 21; vináttu ok elskhuga, Stj. 8; ástúð ok e., 130, Bev. 8 (Fr.) ; elskugi (ælskugi), Barl. 6: a sweetheart, minn sæti herra ok á-gætr elskugi (my love), Fb. i. 514. elskr, adj., in the phrase, e. at e-m, fondly attached to one, fond of one, of the attachment of children, or to children; hann var elskr at Agli, he loved the boy Egil, Eg. 187; Egill (the father) mini honum mikit, var Böðvarr (the child) ok e. at honum, 599: also used of animals, ok svá elskir hvarr at öðrum, at hvárr rann eptir öðruiii, two steeds that never left one another, Nj. 81; hann (the ox) er injok elskr at mér, Fms. iii. 132; hence mann-elskr, of pet lambs or tamed animals (but never used of cats, dogs, or animals that are constant companions of man); heima-e., home-loving, one who never leaves the hearth, Fs. 4. elsku-liga, adv. lovingly, heartily, Fms. i. 140. elsku-ligr, adj. loving; e. alvara, warm affection. Fms. iii. 63, K. Á. 22: dear, beloved, þitt e. andlit, 655 xxxii. 7; e. sonr, Th. 7; var henni mjök e., Fms. i. 8l; GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by elskuligr. él-skúr, f. a snow-shower, Sks. 227. ELTA, t, to chase, with acc.; þeir eltu einn hjört, Flóv. 27 ; elta dýr á spori, Barl. 199; e. sauði, to run after sheep, in order to fetch them back, Nj. 27, Korm. 28 (in a verse); eltu þjálfa, Hbl. 39; þeir höfðu elt af skipum Tryggva konung, they had driven king T. from his ships, Fms. i. 37; Styrkárr elti þá suðr í Karmsund, ix. 54; hljópu á land upp ok eltu þá, iv. 304, Gullþ. 21; e. öxn með vendi, to drive cattle with a goad, Karl. 471,β reflex, to pursue one eagerly; eltask eptir e-m, ... Fms. ix. 305: Icel. now say, eltask við e-n, e. g. of catching a horse, sheep, when grazing wild in an open field. II. t o knead, work; elta leir, to mix lime, Stj. 247, cp. Exod. i. 14. 2. a tanner's term; e. skinn, to tan a hide, i. e. rub, scratch it, so as to make it soft; ek skal yðra húð elta með klungrum, Stj. 395. Judges viii. 7; elt skinn, tanned hide; óelt skinn, rough hide, (freq.) 3. = velta, t o overthrow, in the Runic phrase, at rita sa varþi es ailti stain þansi eþa heþan dragi, Rafn 188, 194. elting, f., chiefly in pl. pursuing, chasing, Fms, vii. 128, 294, Fs. 50. II. botan., proncd. elking, [Swed. ältgras] , spearwort, equisetum vulgare, arvense, Björn. eltur, f. pl. pursuing, Fms. vii. 407, viii. 406, Róm. 276. Embla (in Ub. spelt Emla), u, f. a mythol. word, which only occurs in Vsp. 17; and hence in Edda (where it is said that the gods found two lifeless trees, the askr (ash)ERROR and the embla; of the ash they made man, of the embla (woman))ERROR, it is a question what kind of tree the embla was; some suggest a metathesis, qs. emla from ahnr, elm, but the compound emblu-askr, in one of Egil's poems, seems to shew that the embla was in some way related to the ash. embætta, tt, mod. að, to attend, wait upon, with dat.; e. gestum, t o wait upon guests; kann vera at Guð yðvarr sé á málstefnu, eðr eiíi gestum at e., Stj. 593. I Kings xviii. 27; eigi samneytti hon, heldr e. hon, she ate not with the people, but waited on them, 655 xxxi A. 3; e. fé, to serve the cattle, to milk, Ísl. ii. 334, 482.2. eccl. to say mass, to celebrate the eucbarist, D. N. β. in mod. usage since the Reforma- tion, to officiate as a clergyman. embætti (embuð, Anecd. 38), n. [Germ, amt; Dan. embede; as to the root vide ambátt, p. 19], service, office; bjóða. e-m af e., to depose one from office, Bs. i. 550; Guðs e., Hom. 121, 160, Stj. 613. 2 Kings iv. 13; mikit e., hard work, a great task, Hom. 153; veita e-m e. . to serve one, Fms. viii. 332, 406; bindask í e-s e., to enter one's service, Sks. 357; fremja e., to perform a service, Bs. i. 426; Guðligt e., holy service, Fms, ii. 198; heilagt skirnar e., holy baptism, i. 148: officiating at mass, D. N. 2. in mod. use, a. divine service, answering to 'mass' in the Roman church; fyrir, eptir e., before, after service. p. in a secular sense, [Germ, ami, Dan. embede], a public office. COMPDS: embættis-færr, adj. able to perform one's duties, Ann. 1332. em- bættis-görð, f. officiating (of a clergyman), Bs. i. 811. embættis- lauss, adv. holding no office (of a priest), Sturl. ii. 118. embættis-maðr, m. a minister (priest), Hom. 119, Sks. 162, Fms. v. 146: in mod. use, embættismaðr, -lauss, etc. ( -- Germ, beamter, Dan. embedsman) mean an officer, chiefly in a secular sense. emendera, að, to amend (Lat. word), Fb. i. 517. EMJA, að, to h ow l, Fms. vi. 150. x. 383, Fas. i. 213, 656 B. 10, Fagrsk. 8. emjan, f. howling, Fs. 44. EN, disjunctive conj.; in MSS. spelt either en or enn, [a particle peculiar to the Scandin.; in Danish men; in Swedish both men, än, and endast; Norse enn and also men. Ivar Aasen] :-- but; en ef hann hefir, þá..., but if he has, then..., Grág. i. 261; en ef menn gefa þeini mat, id.; en heima mun ek sitja, but í will stay at home, Fms. vi. 100; en fjöldi féll, but a great many fell, Fas. ii. 514; eyrum hlýðir en augum skoðar, Hm. 7; en ekki eigu annarra manna orð, Grág. i. 84, 99, 171; en Skíðblaðnir skipa. en jóa Sleipnir, en hunda garmr, Gin. 44; en ór sveita sjár, en or beinum björg, Vþm. 21; and passim. It is even used with a slight conjunctive sense; þykki mér sem því muni úhægt saman at koma, kappi þinu ok dirfð 'en' skaplyndi konungs, methinks it will be hard to make the two things go together, thy vehemence and rashness 'and' (on the other hand) the temper of the king. Eg. 521; ek kann ráðum Gunnhildar 'en' kappsemd Egils, I know the devices of Gunnhilda ' and' (on the other hand) Egil's eagerness, 257: used in nar- ratives to begin a sentence, merely denoting the progress of the tale, much the same as ' and' cp. the use of auk III, p. 33; thus in Ýt. some verses begin with 'en, ' -- Eu dagskjarr ..., 2, 3, 14, 23; En Gunnlaugr grimman tainði. Hit.; En Hróalds ú höfuðbaðmi, Ad. 19, without any disjunctive notion. EN, temporal adv., better spelt enn, [prob. akin to endr and eðr, q. v.] :-- yet, still; þú hefir enn eigi (not yet) heyrða kenning Drottins, Mar. 656 A. ii. 14; vildi hann enn svá, Fms. i. II; at hann mundi enn svá göra, vi. 100; þá ríkir hann enn fyrir mik, Al. 29; til betri tima en (than) enn (still) er kominn, Sks. 596 B.2. before a comparative; enn síðarr, still later, N. G. L. i. 94; enn betr, still better; enn fyrr, still later; enn verri, still worse; enn æðri, still worthier; enn hærri, still higher; enn firr. still further off; enn nær, still nearer; enn heldr, still more, Sks. 304: separated from the comparative, enn vóru fleiri dætr Haralds, the daughters of H. were still more, i. e. H.had more daughters yet, Fms. i. 5. β. curious is the use of en (usually spelt in or inn) in old poems, viz. before a comparative, where in prose the 'en' can be left out without impairing the sense; thus, hé-lt-a in lengr rúmi, be kept not his place longer, i. e. ran away, Am. 58; ráð en lengr dvelja, to delay no longer, 6I; menu in sælli, a happier man, Skv. 3. 18; né in

128 EN -- ENDA.

mætri mægð, Worthier affinity, id.; inann in harðara = harðara maim, a hardier man, Hbl. 14; nema þú in snotrari scr, unless ibou art wiser, Vþni. 7 í drekka in meira mjöð, to drink more mead; bita en breiðara, to bite broader, i. e. eat with better appetite, Jjkv. 35; þars þætti skáld in verri, where poets were kept in less honour, Jomsv. S. (in a verse); no in heldr, neither; né hests in heldr, neither for his horse, Hrn. 60; no in heldr hugðir sem var Hiigni, neither are ye minded as H., Gh. 3, Sdni. 36, Hkv. I. 12, Skv. I. 21: in prose, eigi in heldr ætla ek, pat..., neither do í think, that..., Nj. 219. 3. to boot, further, moreover; boloxar ok enn amboð nokkur, pole-axes and some tools to boot, Dipl. v. 18; ok þat enn, at, and that still more, that, Rum. 302; Ingibjorg hot enn dóttir Haralds, Ingeburg was further Harold's daughter, Fms. i. 5. EN or enn, conj., written an in very old MSS., e. g. Hom., Greg., Eluc., but in the great bulk of MSS. en is the standing form, both ancient and modern; [formed by anacope, by dropping the initial þ; Ulf. fjanub; A. S. þanne; Engl. than; Hel. than; O. H. G. danna; Germ. dann, but here almost replaced by ' als;' Swed. unn; Dan. end; Norse enn, Ivar Aasen; the anacope is entirely Scandin.] :-- than, Lat. quam; heldr faðir an móðir, more father than mother, Eluc. 5; bjartari an sol, brighter than the sun, Æí, C2; meira an aðrir, more than others. Grep. o t ' ^i*" *' 7 o 51; viðara an áðr, wider than before, id.; betr an þegja, better than being silent, 96; æðri an þetta, Eluc. 51; annat an annat, one thing rather 'ban another, 50; Ijosara an mi, 44; heldr an vér, 17; annat an dauðan, 15; meira an Guð, 13; fyr an, 6; annat an þú ert, 59; framarr an þeir hafa, id.; framar an vesa, 60; heldr an færi eðr fleiri, Hom. 45; heldr an, 63; betra er þagat an mælt, 96; helgari an annarra manna, 126; framar an sin. 135, etc.; cp. Frump. 158-163: 'en' however occurs in Hom. 126. II. the form ' en' (or ' enn') occurs passim, Grág. i. 173, ii. 13, Al. 29, Sks. 596 B, N. G. L. i. 32, etc. etc. &&* The particle en differs in sense when placed before or after the comparative; if before, it means still; if after, than; thus, fyrr enn, áðr enn, before, Lat. prinsqnam, but enn fyrr, still earlier, sooner; enn heldr, still more, but heldr enn, rather than; enn betr, s till better, but betr enn, better than; enn síðar, s till late r, but síðar enn, later than, etc. Again, there is a difference of sense, when neither en is a comparative; en ef, but if; ef enn, if still, etc. EN is now and then in MSS., esp. Norse, used = or, ef, q. v., but this is a mere peculiarity or false spelling: 1. when; mér vórum í hjú en ( -- er) þeir, when they, D. N. i. 271; til þess en = til þess er, 8 t. 2. as a relat. particle, which; sú hin rika frn en (which), Str.; niína clóttur en allra meyja er fegrst, my daughter who is the fairest of all women, þiðr. 249; af því en hann hefir fingit, Al. 145; sá ótti en, 107; en suiigin er, which is sung, Hom. 41; but hvárt en er, whether, N. G. L. i. 349. 3. = ef, if, [cp. Old Engl. an]; sælar yæri súlurnar, en þær vissi, if they knew, Al. 114; en þeir vildi = ef þeir vildi, 118; en ver førirn = ef vór færiin, 120, esp. freq. in D. N. (vide Fr.) Very rare in Icel. writings or good MSS., e. g. en ek hefi með Guðs miskunn (i. e. er ek heti), as 7 have, because í have, Bs. i. 59, Hung. ch. 1; vide er. ENDA, a copul. conj. with a slight notion of cause or even disjunc- tion: [the use of this copulative is commonly regarded as a test word to distinguish the Scandin. and the Saxon-Germ.; the A. S. ende, Engl. and, Hel. end, Germ, imd being represented by Scandin. auk, ok, or og: whereas the disjunctive particle is in Scandin. en, enn, or even enda, answering to the PIngl., A. S., and Germ, aber, but; the Gothic is neutral, unless jab, by which Ulf. renders /ecu, be -- auk, ok :-- this differ- ence, however, is more apparent than real; for the Icel. 'enda' is pro- bably identical with the Germ, and Saxon und, and: in most passages it has a distinct copulative sense, but with something more than this] :-- and, etc. I. with subj., a standing phrase in the law, connecting the latter clause of a conditional premiss, i/so and so, and if..., and again if... ', or it may be rendered, and in c a s e that, and supposing that, or the like. The following references will make it plainer; ef goðitui er um sóttr, enda haft hann öðrum manni í hönd selt..., þá skal 'hann ok sekja ..., ifa suit lies against the priest, ' and'he h as named a proxy, then the suit lies also against him (viz. the proxy), Grág. i. ()=;; ef skip hverfr ok so eigi til spurt á þrim vetrum, enda se spurt ef þeim löndum üllum er vár tunga er á, þá ..., if a ship disappears without being heard of for three years, 'and' inquiry has been made from all the countries where ' our tongue' is spoken, then ..., 218; ef goðinn gerr eigi nemna féránsdórn, enda sé hann at loguni beiddr ..., þá varðar goð- anum fjörbaugsgarð, if the priest name not the court of ftirán, 'and' has been lawfully requested thereto, then he is liable to the lesser outlawry, 94; nu hefir maðr sveinbarn fram fært í æsku, enda verði sá maðr veginn siðan, þá ..., i/- a man has brought a. boy up in his youth, ' and in case that' he (the boy) be slain, then ..., 281; ef maðr færir meybarn fram ..., enda beri svá at..., ok (then) skal sá maðr ..., id.; ef menn selja ómaga sinn af landi héðan, ok eigi við verði, enda verði þeir ómagar færðir út hingat síðan, þá..., 274; hvervctna þess er vegnar sakir standa nbættar á milli manna, enda vili menn sættask á þau mál..., þá ..., ii. 20; ef sá maðr var veginn er á (who has) vist með konu, enda sé þar þingheyandi nokkurr., ., þá ..., 74; þat vóru log, ef þrælar væri drepnir fyrir manni. enda (a?i d in case thai) væri eigi færð þrælsgjöldin fyrir hina þriðju sól, þ;i ..., Eg. 723, cp. Eb. 222; þótt maðr færi fram ellri mann, karl eðr konu, í baniæsku, enda (a;z d in case that) berisk réttartar síðan um þá menn, þá skal..., 281; ef þú þorir, enda sér þú nokkut at manni, if tboti darest, 'and supposing that' thou art something of a man, Fb. i. 170, segja má ek honum tíðendin ef þú vilt, enda vekir þú hann, 'and supposing that' thou wilt awake him, Fms. iv. 170; en þeir eru skilnaðar- menn réttir er með hvárigum fóru heiman visir vitendr, enda (and even) vildi þeir svá skilja þá, Grág. ii. 114; enda fylgi þeir hvárigum í brant (supposing they), id.; hvat til berr er þú veizt úorðna hluti, enda sér þú eigi spámaðr, supposing that thou art a prophet, Fms. i. 333. 2. rarely with indie.; ef kona elr burn með óheimilum manni, enda gelzt þó fé um, hón á eigi..., Eb. 225. II. even, even if, usually with indie.; kona á sakir þær allar ef ruin vill reiðask við, enda komi (even if) eigi fram loforðit, Grág. i. 338: in single sentences, þá skal hann segja búum sinum til, enda á þingi, even in parliament, ii. 351: the phrase, e. svá (even so), eigi þau handsöl hennar at haldask, enda svá þau er, i. 334; enda er þó rétt virðing þeirra, ef..., and their taxation is even (also) lawful, if..., 209: in mod. usage very freq. in this sense (= even). III. denoting that a thing follows from the premiss, and consequently, and of course, and then, or the like, and forsooth, freq. in prose with indie.; man ek eigi optar heiinta þetta fé, enda verða þér aldri at liði síðan, 7 shall not ca ll for this debt any more, ' and also' lend thee help never more, Vápn. iS; ef þeir eru eigi fleiri en fimm, enda eigi fieri, if they are not more than five, and also not less, Gn'ig. i. 38; enda eigu menu þá at taka annan logsogumann ef vilja, and they shall then elect another speaker if they choose, 4; enda skuluni vér þi'v leysa þik, and then of course we shall loose thee, Edda 20; varðar honum skóggang, enda verðr hann þar óheilagr, and of course or and even, and to boot, Grág. ii. 114; skal hann segja til þess;'i nianna- mótum, enda varðar honum þá eigi við log, i. 343; á sá sök er hross ;'i, enda verðr sá jamt sekr um nautnina sem aðrir menu, 432; þá á siik þá. hvárr er vill, enda skal lögsögumaðr ..., 10; enda á hann kost at segja löglcigor á féit, ef hann vill þat heldr, 217; tnii ek honum miklu betr en (than) öðrum, enda skal ek þessu ráða, and besides í will settle this myself, Eg. 731; synisk þat jafnan at ek em fégjarn, enda man svti enn, it is well knoivn that í am a money-loving man, and so it will be too in this case, Nj. 102; beið ek af því þinna atkvæða, enda num öllum þat bezt gegna, 7 waited for thy decision, and (as) that will be the best for all of us, 78; er þat ok likast at þór sækit með kappi, cnd. í munu þeir svá verja, and sowill they do in their turn, 227; Hall- gerðr var fengsöm ok storlyiul, enda (and on the other hand) kallaði hón til alls þess er aðrir áttu í nánd, 18; mikit ma konungs gæfa um slika hluti, enda mun mikill frami fásk í ferðinni ef vel tekst, Fms. iv. í 29; Ölver var málsnjallr ok muldjarfr, e. var hann vitr maðr, 235; ekki mun ek halda til þess at þú brjótir log þín, enda eru þau eigi brotin, ef..., neither are they broken, if..., Fb. i. 173, Mork. 81. 2. with a notion of disjunction, and yet; eigi nenni ek at hafa þat saman, at veita Högna, enda drepa bróður hans, 7 cannot bear to do both, help Hogni and yet kill his brother, Nj. 145; er þér töldut Grænland vera veðrgott land, enda er þat þó fullt af jöklum ok frosti, that you call Greenland a mild climate, and yet it is full of frost and ice, Sks. 209 B. 3. ellipt. in an abrupt sentence, without a preceding premiss; enda tak nu öxi þína, and now take thy axe (implying that í can no longer prevent thee), Nj. 58; enda þarf her mikils við, 94; maðrinn segir, enda fauk hüfuðit af bolnum, the man continued, -- nay, the bead flew off the body, Ld. 290: even in some passages one MS. uses ' enda, ' another ' ok, ' e. g. skorti nu ekki, enda var drengilega eptir soft (ok var drengilega eptir sótt, v. l.), Fms. viii. 357; cp. Fb. iii. 258, 1. 16, and Mork. 7, 1. 15: the law sometimes uses ' ok' exactly in the sense of enda, ef maðr selr ómaga sinn af landi brott, ' ok' verði hinn aptrreki er við tók, þá ..., Grág. i. 275. ENDA, d, (enda, að, Fs. 8, Ld. 50, Bs. i. 865; mod. usage distinguishes between enda að, to end, finish, arid enda t, to fulfil) :-- to end, bring to an end; ok endi þar lit" fitt, Fms. i. 297; af ráðinn ok endaðr, Fs. I. e.; endaðir sínu valdi, Bs. i. 865. 2. ruetaph. to bring to an end, fulfil, perform a promise or the like; þá sy'slu er hann endi eigi, work which he did not perform, Grág. ii. 267; þótti Heinreki biskupi Gizurr eigi enda við konung þat sem hann hafði heitiö, Fms. x. 51; enda þeir þat er Pali postuli mælti, Hom. 135; hefir þú komit ok ent þat er þií lofaðir, Niðrst. 8. II. reflex, to end, come to an end; reiði mannsins cndisk á einu augabragði, 656 A. ii. 17; er svá hefjask upp at eigi endask, 656 B. 3; þá endisk sá enn mikli höfðingskapr Dana konunga, Fms. xi. 205; þær endask ok byrjask jafnfram avail, Rb. 232. 2. to last out; ok endisk þá, allt á sumar fram, Nj. 18; medan mer endask föng til, Eg. 66; en honum endisk eigi til bess Hf, Bs. i. 77; en er veizlor endusk eigi fyrir fjolmennis sakir, Hkr. ii. 92; ok endisk því þetta hóti lengst, Gísl. 50; meðan ek endumk til, as long a s 7 la s t, i. e. live, Fms. iv. 292. 3. to end well, do; enda mun þat fám bóndum vel endask at synja mér maegðar, Ísl. ii. 215; ek veil, at þat niá honum eigi endask, ef..., Rd. 311; ok ónguni skyldi öðruin hans kappa enzk hafa betta nema -ber, Fas. i. 104; sesrir honum eici ella endask

ENDEMI -- ENGLAFYLKI. 129

Fms. iv. 143. III. impers. in the phrase, sögu endar, endar þar sögu frá honum, it ends the tale, i.e. the tale is ended, Ld. 50: in mod. usage Icel. can say, saga endar, sögu endar, and saga endast, here the story ends. endemi and endimi, n. pl. an abomination, scandal, shame, esp. in exclamations; sé undr ok endemi! Niðrst. 6; ok þykir nauðsyn, at eigi verði þau e. í, Fms, xi. 27; nú era slíkt mikil e., vii. 36; heyr á endemi, hear the abomination! for shame! heyra á firn ok e., 21, ii. 14; heyr á e., segir Hallgerðr, þú gerir þik góðan, Nj. 74; vissum vér eigi vánir slíkra véla ok endema, Blas. 46; mörg e. tóku menu þá til önnur, Bs. i. 62; hér lýstr í e., segir hann, Fms. xi. 94. endemismaðr, m. a monster, Fs. 38. The etym. is doubtful, either = ein-dæmi, what is unexampled, or rather from dámr and the prefix and-; endemi is always used in a very bad sense; the passage Fms. v. 206--veiztu ef þau e. (= wonder) eru sönn, at konungrinn sé heilagr hjá okkr--is an exception and perhaps incorrect. ENDI, a, m., and endir, s, m. [Ulf. andeis = GREEK; A. S. ende; Engl. end; O. H. G. enti; Germ. ende; Swed. ände; Dan. ende] :-- the end, conclusion; as in the proverbs, endirinn skyldi í upphafi skoða, Lat. quidquid incipias respice finem; allt er gott ef endirinn er góðr, all's well that ends well; sjá fyrir enda á e-u, to see the end of a thing (how it will end); göra fyrir enda á e-u (a weaver's term), to bring to an end, Grett. 100 new Ed.; leysa e-m illan (góðan) enda (a weaver's term), to bring to an ill (good) end, Korm. 164 (in a verse); mun einn endir leystr vera um þá úgiptu. it will all come to one end, Gisl. 82; binda enda á e-t, to fulfil, finish, Snót 169; göra enda á, to bring to an end, Dipl. i. 6; vera á enda, to be at an end, Fms. xi. 427 (to be at one's wit's end); standask á endum, Nj. 111; allt með endum, adv. from end to end, Lex. Poët.; til annars endans, Nj. 176; öðrum endanum, Eg. 91; dyrr á báðum endum, Fms. iv. 220; at sínum enda hvárir, Grág. ii. 48; til enda jarðar, 656 B. 4; endanum (with the article), 655, xxxii; til enda, to the end of life, Nj. 39; endir líkams, Hom. 103; upphaf ok endir, 146; engi endir, 157; hér skal nú ok endir á verða, it shall come to an end, Nj. 145; sá varð endir a, at ..., that was the end of it, that ..., Fas. ii. 514; annarr endir hersins, Fms. ix. 353; hinn neðri endir, Sks. 167 B. COMPDS: enda-dagr, m. (enda-dægr, n.), the last day, day of death, Fms. viii. 93, x. 388, Sks. 355, Fas. i. 223. enda-fjöl, f. a gable end, Pr. 413. enda-knútr, m. the 'end-knot,' final issue. enda-lauss, adj. endless, Fms. v. 343, Sks. 617, Hom. 87. enda-lok, n. pl. and enda-lykt, f. the end, conclusion, Finnb. 248, Fbr. 29, Hom. 152, Fms. iii. 163, v. 343, Stj. 20, 49. enda-mark, n. the end, limit, H. E. ii. 70, Fms. v. 343. enda-merki, n. id., D. N. enda-mjórr, adj. thin at the end, tapering, in the phrase, láta eigi verða endamjótt við e-n, to treat one well to the end; Icel. say, e-t verðr enda-sleppt, n. adj. it has an abrupt end, etc. enda-þarmr, m. the great gut, Pr. 473. endi-land, n. borders, confines, Stj. 406, 531, 546. endi-langr, adj. 'end-long,' from one end to another; eptir endilangri mörkinni, Eg. 58; með endilöngum bekkjum, along the benches, Nj. 220; útlaga fyrir endilangan Noreg, 368, Fms. iv. 319, Grett. 97: as adverb. phrases, 'endwise,' opp. to 'across,' at endilöngum skipum, Fms. vii. 94; um endilangan, Stj. 290; um endilangt, Bs. i. 644; at endilöngu, El. 32. endi-lauss, adj. endless, Hom. 87. endi-leysa, u, f. nonsense, 'without end or aim,' Fms. vi. 375. endi-liga, adv. finally, Stj. 225, Fms. ix. 355, v.l. endi-ligr, adj. final, Stj. 110, Dipl. ii. 11, Bs. i. 8. endi-lok, n. pl. the end, conclusion, 625. 172. endi-mark, n. esp. pl. a boundary, confine, Grág. ii. 166, Hom. 48, Stj. 275, 345, Sks. 338, Dipl. ii. 4, Pm. 92: a limit, end, Hom. 52, Skálda 206, Gþl. 44, Sks. 272 B, Fms. ii. 89, H. E. i. 466. endi-merki, n. (and endi-mörk, f.) = endimark, Sks. 207, 338 B. ending, f. ending, termination, Fms. v. 225, Vígl. 16. endir, v. endi. end-langr, adj. = endilangr, Grág. ii. 257, Vkv. 7. ENDR, adv. [cp. Lat. ante]. I. in times of yore, erst, formerly, before; very freq. in old poetry, Am. 1, Ad. 3, Ýt. 12, 13, Eg. 751 (in a verse), vide Lex. Poët.; in prose very rare, or only in the phrase, endr fyrir löngu, a long time ago, Fas. iii. 250, 347; cp. eðr. 2. in the phrases, endr annan veg en endr = now one way, now another, 677. 2; endr ok sinnum, mod. endrum og sinnum, from time to time, now and then, Sks. 208; endr ok stundum, id., 703 B. endra-nær and endrar-nær, adv. at other times, otherwise; bæði þá ok endra-nær, Bs. i. 533; sem jafnan endra-nær, as always else, 526, 538; sem ávalt endrar-nær, Fas. ii. 144; at enum sama hætti sem e., Rb. 28; en þat er endra-nær, at ..., but else, that ..., Fms. viii. 410. II. again; svá kom Óðins son endr at hamri, Þkv. 32. Mostly as prefix to nouns and verbs, answering to Lat. re-, chiefly in a biblical and theological sense, esp. after the Reformation. endr-borinn, part. born again, Sæm. 118, Sturl. iii. 269, Fas. iii. 68. endr-bót, f. making good again, repentance, Hom. 41. endr-búa, bjó, to restore, 655 xiii B. 3. endr-bæta, tt, to repair, restore, 671. 3, 655 A. 13: reflex., 625. 69, Fms. ii. 212, Greg. 34, Stj. 53, 228, 632. endr-bæting, f. restitution, restoration, Stj. 52, 632, 625. 69. endr-bætingr, m. a thing repaired, patchwork, N. G. L. i. 75. endr-fórn, f. an offering, presenting again, Stj. 49. endr-fórna, að, to offer, present again, Stj. 49. endr-fæða, dd, to regenerate, Hom. 154, 1 Peter i. 3. endr-fæðing, f. regeneration, Matth. xix. 28. endr-gefendr, part. those who give again, Hm. 40. endr-geta, gat, to bear (give birth to) again; sonu þína sem Heilög Kristni endrgat, 623. 28; endrgetinn fyrir vatn ok Helgan Anda, Hom. 55, Fms. iii. 166; endrgetinn af vatni ok Helgum Anda, Hom. 3: reflex. to be born again, Post. 656 B. 11, Niðrst. 104. endr-getnaðr, m. the being horn again, Niðrst. 104. endr-getning, f. = endrgetnaðr, 655 vi. 2, Titus iii. 5. endr-gjalda, galt, to reward, Mar. 175, Bs. ii. 25, Rom. xii. 19. endr-gjaldari, a, m. a rewarder. Heb. xi. 6. endr-græða, dd, to heal again. Barl. 148. endr-göra, ð, to restore, reconstruct, K. Á. 28. endr-hreinsa, að, to purify again, Hom. (St.) endr-hræra, ð, to move again, Barl. 130. endr-kaupa, t, to redeem, 2 Peter ii. 1. endr-laginn, part. replaced, Skv. 3. 65. endr-lausn, f. redemption, Luke xxi. 28, 1 Cor. i. 30; this and the following two words were scarcely used before the Reformation. Endr-lausnari, a, m. the Redeemer, Job xix. 25, etc. endr-leysa, t, to redeem, Matth. xvi. 26, Luke xxiv. 21. endr-lifna, að, to come to life again, Stj. 221, Greg. 58, Luke xv. 32. endr-lífga, að, to call to life again, Stj. 30. endr-lífgan, f. a refreshing, revival, Acts iii. 19. endr-minnask, t. dep. to remember, call to mind, Stj. 23, 40, 51. endr-minning, f. remembrance, recollection, Hom. 9, Skálda 204. endr-mæðing, f. tribulation, Stj. 49. endr-mæla, t, to repeat, Matth. vii. 2. endr-mæling, n. repetition, Sturl. iii. 71 C. endr-nýja, að, to renew, repeat, Fms. ix. 248, 499, Jb. 156, K. Á. 28: impers., Eb. 278: reflex. to grow again, Str. endr-nýjung, f. renovation, renewing, Titus iii. 5. endr-næra, ð, to refresh, Matth. xi. 28, Rom. xv. 32, 2 Cor. vii. 13. endr-næring, f. refreshing. endr-reisa, t, to raise again, Fms. x. 276. endr-rjóða, adj. ind. downcast, forlorn; Ketill kvað þá mjök e., K. said that they were much cast down, disheartened, Fas. ii. 16, Fspl. 12; it occurs only in these two passages, see a note of Dr. Scheving to Fspl. l.c., where he says that the word still survives in the east of Icel. endr-semja, samði, to recompose, renew, Bs. i. 735. endr-skapa, að, to create anew, Eluc. 52, Str. 52. endr-skikka, að, to restore, Acts iii. 21. endr-taka, tók, to retake, Stj. 29. endr-tryggja, ð, to reconcile, Bs. i. 686. endr-vinda, vatt, to turn back (of things), Orkn. 202. endr-þága, u, f. retribution, Hm. 4. ENG, f., pl. engjar, (spelt æng, O. H. L.), [Dan. eng; Swed. äng; A.S. ing, found in local names in North. E., as Ings, Broad Ing] :-- a meadow; opp. to akr, in the allit. phrase, akr né eng, Grág. i. 407, Hrafn. 21, Gþl. 136, 360, K. Þ. K. 90; í enginni, Stj. 193; veitti hann lækinn á eng sína, Landn. 145; hálfs mánaðar eng, half a month's meadow-land, Dipl. ii. 12: in pl. engjar is in Icel. used of the outlying lands, opp. to tún, the home-field, and hagi, the pasturage, vide Grett. ch. 50; engjar manna, Grág. ii. 264: þótt fé gangi í engjar, 233: used in many COMPDS: engja-brigð, f. the escheatage of an eng, Grág. ii. 277. engja-grasnautn, f. right of grazing, making hay in the eng, Vm. 48. engja-hey, n. hay of the eng, = út-hey, 'out-field hay,' opp. to taða, hay from the well-manured home-field. engja-merki, m. marks, borders of the eng, Grág. ii. 219. engja-skipti, n. division of the eng, Grág. ii. 259. engja-sláttr, m. the time of mowing the eng, in August, opp. to túna-sláttr, mowing of the home-field, in July. engja-vinna, f. and engja-verk, n. making hay in the eng. engja-vöxtr, m. meadow-produce, Jb. 146. engi, n. (= eng), meadow-land, a meadow, Grág. i. 123, ii. 264, Háv. 51. COMPDS: engis-höfn, f. possession of a meadow, Grág. ii. 274. engis-lé, m. a scythe to mow a meadow, Korm. 4 (in a verse), (engissler, MS.); this seems to be the correct reading of the passage. engis-maðr, m. the owner of a meadow, Grág. ii. 289. engi-búi, a, m. a neighbour who has to appear in an engidómr. engi-dalr, m. a meadow-valley, Stj. 163. engi-dómr (or engja-dómr), m. a court to decide the possession of n meadow, sitting on the spot, Grág. (L. Þ. ch. 17) ii. 269 sqq. ENGILL, m. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. eccl. angelus: hence in the Teut. dialects, Goth. aggilus; A. S. and Germ. engel; Engl. angel] :-- an angel, Rb. 78, Nj. 157, 625. 4, N. T., Pass., Vídal., etc.; englar, höfuð-englar, veldis-englar, Hom. 133; engils andlit, 623. 55. COMPDS: engla-fylki, n, a host of angels, Stj., Hom. 133, Fms. v. 340, Mar. 656 A. 8.

130 ENGLALIÐ -- EPTIR.

engla-lið, n. a host of angels, Greg. 37, Hom. 49, 154. engla-líf, n. life of angels, Hom. 16. engla-mjöl, n. 'angel-meal, ' i. e. manna, Stj. 145. engla-sveit, f. a host of angels, Hom. 154. engla- sýn, f. a vision of angels, 625. 84. engil-ligr, adj. angelical, Stj. 4, Niðrst. 4. . Engilskr, adj. English, D. N. (freq. but mod., vide Enskr). engi-mark, n. the boundary of a meadow, Grág. ii. 233, 287. engi-skipti, n. = engja-skipti; engiskiptis-búi, m. = engi-búi, Grág. ii. 276. engi-spretta, u, f. [Swed. grässhoppa; Dan. græshoppe] , a grass- hopper, locust, Matth. iii. 4, Exod. x. engi-teigr, m. a piece of meadow-land, Grág. ii. 259, Eg. 745, Vm. 15. engi-verk, n. meadow work, Eb. 150; = engja-sláttr; um e., during the time of mowing the meadows, Grág. i. 149, K. þ. K. 136. engi-vöxtr, m. meadow-produce, Grág. ii. 287. engja, ð, [Gr. GREEK; Lat. ango; Germ. engen] , to press tight, com- press; engdr (vexed) með ufriði, Str.: with dat., hón engvir honum (makes him anxious, vexes him,) ok angrar, id.: the mod. phrase, engja sig (or engjask), Swed. wrida sig, = to writhe with pain, chiefly used of a worm. engja, u, f. and enging, f. [Germ, enge] , narrowness (rare): medic., garn-engja, constriction of the bowels. eng-liga, adv. narrowly; vera e. staddr, to be in a strait, Str. Englis-maðr(Engils-maðr), m. an Englishman, Fms. v, Fas. iii. 354. ENGR, adj. [Lat. angustus; Goth, aggvus; A. S. enge; Germ, eng] , narrow, close; í engri gæzlu, in close watch, Str.; vide öngr. enn, art. the, = hinn. enn, v. en. enna, adv. [en with a demonstrative -na], in the phrase, eigi enna, not yet or not forsooth ! Glúm. 378, Fms. vi. 360, viii. 119. ENNI, n. [a word peculiar to the Scandin.; Swed. änne, but usually in mod. Ssved. and Dan. panna or pande; root uncertain] :-- the forehead; þó spratt honum sveiti í enni, Nj. 68, Pr. 471; um þvert ennit, Fms. i. 178: also brow, metaph. a steep crag, precipice, Landn., Eb. enni-brattr, adj. having a straight forehead, Sd. 146. enni-breiðr, adj. having a broad forehead. Eg. 304, Fms. v. 238. enni-dúkr, m. a fillet worn round the head by heathen priests at sacri- ficial ceremonies, Lat. vitiae, Kormak (GREEK) enni-leðr, n. the skin of the forehead of animals, Fas. i. 80. enni-snauðr, adj. having a low forehead, Fms. vii. 343. enni-spænir, . m. pl. [cp. Swed. ännespan = bead-wreath, ornament] , carved work, such as dragon-beads on old ships of war, both fore and aft, Fms. v. 304, vi. 120, viii. 197, Orkn. 332, Fas. iii. 113. enni-svell, n. boulders of ice, Sturl. i. 61. Enska, u, f. the English tongue, Skálda 161. ENSKR, adj. English, Grág. i. 504, Eg. 517; Enskir menn, m. Englishmen, Fms., Orkn., Hkr. EPJA, u, f. [apr], chilliness, Björn. EPLI, n. [A. S. œppel; Engl. apple; Swed. äple; Dan. œble; O. H. G. aphol; mod. Germ, apfel]:-- an apple, Fms. xi. 9, Rb. 346; it occurs even in old poems, Skm. 19, 20; cp. Edda 17, the apples of Idunna, of which the gods ate and became young again, cp. also Völs. S. ch. 2; Heljar e., the apple of death, Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse). COMPDS: epla-át, n. eating of an apple, Stj. 40. epla-garðr, m. [Dan. abildgaard] , an 'apple- yard, ' orchard, Gþl. 144, Vígl. 17. epla-kyn, n. 'apple-kind, ' Stj. 175. epla-stöng, f. an apple-stalk, a cognom., Fms. viii. epli-berandi, part, apple-bearing, Stj. 14. eplóttr, adj. = apal-grár, q. v., Karl. 306, 334. EPTIR, better spelt eftir, in common pronunciation ettir, a prep, with dat. and acc. and also used as adv. or ellipt. without a case: an older form ept or eft only occurs in poetry, Skin. 39, 41, Ýt. 2, Edda 91 (in a verse); ept vig, Hkr. i. 349 (in a verse), iii. 50 (Arnór); [cp. Goth, afar; Runic stone in Tune, after; A. S. œft; Engl. after, aft; Swed. -Dan. efter]:-- after. A. WITH DAT., LOC.; with verbs denoting following, pursuing, or the like; hann reið e. þeim, Eg. 149; hann bar merkit eptir honum, he bore the standard after him, 297; róa e. þeim, to pull after them, Ld. 118; þegar e. Kara, on the heels of Kari, Nj. 202; varð ekki e. honum gengit, none went after him, 270. β. with the notion to fetch; senda e. e-m, to send after one, Eb. 22, Nj. 78, Fms. i. 2; ríða í Hornafjörð e. fé yðru, ride to H. after your things, Nj. 63. γ. ellipt., viljum vér eigi e. fara, we will not follow after them. Eb. 242; ek mun hlaupa þegar e., Nj. 202. 2. metaph., α. with verbs denoting to look, stara, líta, sjá, gá, horfa, mæna, etc. e. e-u, to stare, look after a thing while departing, Ísl. ii. 261: leita, spyrja, frétta etc. e. e-u, to ask, ' speer, ' seek after a thing, Nj. 75, Eg. 155, 686, Fms. i. 71, x. 148, etc. β. segja e. e-m, to tell tales, report behind one's back in a bad sense, 623. 62; þó at ek segða eigi óhapp eptir tengda-mönnum mínum, Sturl. i. 66; sjá e. e-u, to look after, miss a thing, Nj. 75; leggja hug e. e-u, to mind a thing, Ísl. ii. 426; taka e., to mind, mark a thing; ganga e. e-u, to retain a thing, Fms. x. 5. γ. verbs denoting to expect; bíða, vænta e. e-u, to expect, wait for a thing; vaka e. e-m, to sit -up waiting for one, but vaka yfir e-m, to sit up nursing or watching one, cp. Fas. ii. 535. . II. denoting along, in the direction of a track, road, or the like; niðr e. hálsinum, down the bill, Fms. iii. 192; út e. firði, stood out along the firth, i. 37; innar e. höllinni, Nj. 270; upp e. dal, Eb. 232; ofan e. dalnum, Nj. 34; ofan e. eyrunum, 143; upp e. eyrunum, 85; innar e. búðinni, 165; út e. þvertrénu, 202; ofan e. reykinum, Eb. 230; inn e. Skeiðum, 224; inn e. Álptafirði, id.; innar e. ísum, 236; inn e. ísum, 316; út e. ísnum, 236; út e. Hafsbotnum, Orkn. I; e. endilöngu, from one end to another, Fms. x. 16; e. miðju, along the middle, vii. 89. 2. metaph. after, according to; e. því sem vera ætti. Ld. 66; e. sið þeirra ok lögum. Fms. i. 81; e. þínum fortölum, ii. 32; hann leiddisk e. for- tölum hennar, he was led by her persuasion, v. 30; gékk allt e. því sem Hallr hafði sagt, Nj. 256; gékk al!t e. því sem honum hafði vitrað verit, all turned out as he had dreamed, Fms. ii. 231; e. minni vísan, i. 71. β. denoting proportion, comparison; þó eigi e. því sem faðir hans var, yet not like his father, Eg. 702; fátt manna e. því sem hann var vanr, few men in comparison to what he used to have, Sturl. ii. 253; þat var orð á, at þar færi aðrar e., people said that the rest was of one piece, Ld. 168.γ with verbs denoting imitation, indulgence, longing after, etc.; lifa e. holdi sínu, to live after the flesh, Hom. 25; lifa e. Guði, 73; lifit e. mér, follow after me, Blas. 45; láta e. e-m, to indulge one; mæla e. e-m, to take one's part, Nj. 26: breyta e. e-m, to imitate; dæma e. e-m, to give a sentence for one, 150; fylgja e. e-m, to follow after one, N. T.; herma e. e-m, to mimic one's voice and gesture, as a juggler; mun ek þar e. gera sem þér gerit fyrir, 7 will do after just as you do before, Nj. 90; hann mælti e. (he repeated the words) ok stefndi rangt, 35; leika e. e-m, to follow one's lead; telja e., to grudge; langa e., to long after, Luke xxii. 15. 8. kalla, heita e. e-m, to name a child after one; kallaði Hákon eptir föður sínum Húkoni, Fms. i. 14; kallaðr e. Mýrkjartani móður-föður sínum, Ld. 108: lcel. now make a distinction, heita í höfuðit á e-m, of a living person, and heita e. e-m, of one deceased. III. denoting behind; fundusk e. þeim Írskar bækr, Irish books were found which they had left behind, Landn. (pref.), Fms. xi. 410; draga þik blindan e. sér, vi. 323; bera e-t e. sér, to drag behind one; hann leiddi e. sér hestinn, he led the horse after him, Eg. 766. β. as an adv., þá er eigi hins verra e. ván er slíkt ferr fyrir, what worse can come after, when such things went before? Nj. 34. 2. but chiefly ellipt. or adverb.; láta e., to leave behind, Sturl. i. 60; sitja e., to sit, stay behind, Fms. i. 66; bíða e., to stay behind; vera e., Grett. 36 new Ed., Bs. i. 21; standa e., to stay behind, remain, be left, Fms. ii. 231, vi. 248; dveljask e. , to delay, stop, Sturl. ii. 253; leggja e., to lay behind, but liggja e., to lie behind, i. e. be left, Karl. 439; eiga e., to have to do, Nj. 56; ef ekki verðr e., if naught remain behind, Rb. 126; skammt get ek e., þinnar æfi, I guess that little is left of thy life, Nj. 182; þau bjoggu þar e., they remained, stayed there. 25. B. WITH ACC., TEMP, after; vetri e. fall Ólafs, Eb. (fine); sextán vetrum e. dráp Eadmundar konungs ..., vetrum e. andlát Gregorii, ... e. burð Christi, Íb. 18; e. fall jarls, Eg. 297; e. verk þessi, Nj. 85: esp. immediately after, var kom e. vetr, spring came after winter, Eg. 260; hvern dag e. annan, one day after another, Hom. 158; ár e. ár, year after year, Rb. 292; dag e. dag, day after day, Fms. ii. 231; e. þat, or e. þetta, after that, Lat. deinde, deinceps, Nj. 151, Eb. 58, Bs. i. 5, etc. etc.; e. þingit, after the meeting, Eb. 108; e. sætt Kyrbyggja, 252. 2. denoting succession, inheritance, remembrance, etc.; eptir in this sense is frequent on the Runic stones, to the memory of, after; hón á arf allan e. mik, Nj. 3; tekit í arf e. föður þinn, inherited after thy father, Fms. i. 256; ef skapbætendr eru eigi til e. bauga, i. e. to receive the weregild, Grág. ii. 184; þeir er sektar-fé eiga at taka e. þik, Nj. 230; tók konung- dóm e. föður sinn, took the kingdom after his father, Fms. i. 2; þorkell tók lögsögu e. þôrarinn, Thorkel took the speakership after Thorarin, Íb. ch. 5, cp. ch. 8, 10: metaph., vita þá skömm e. sik, to know that shame [will be] after one, i.e. leave such a bad report, Ld. 222; skaði mikill er e. menn slíka, there is a great loss in such men, Eg. 93; hann fastaði karföstu e. son sinn, he fasted the lenten fast after his son's death, Sturl. ii. 231; sonr ... e. genginn guma, a son to succeed his deceased father, Hm. 71; mæla e. en, or eiga vígsmál (eptir-mál) e. e-n, to conduct the suit after one if slain, Nj. 254 (freq.), hence eptir-mál; eptir víg Arnkels vóru konur til erfðar ok aðildar, Eb. 194; í hefnd e. e-n, to revenge one's death, Nj. 118; heimta gjöld e. menn sína, to claim weregild, Fms. viii. 199. β. the phrase, vera e. sig, to be weary after great exertion. II. used as Adv. after; síðan e. á öðrum degi. on the second day thereafter, Hom. 116: síðan e., Lat. deinceps, Fms. x. 210; um várit e. . the spring after, Eb.125 new Ed.; annat sumar e., the second summer after. Nj. 14; annat haust e., Eb. 184; annan dag e., the second day after. Nj. 3; um daginn e., the day after, Fms. vii. 153, Bs. i. 21; næsta mánuð e., Rb. 126. β. by placing the adverb, prep, at the beginning the sense becomes, different, later; e. um várit. later during the spring, Eb. 98. III. used adverb. with the relat. particles er, at; e. er, Lat. postquam, Grág. i. 10; e. at, id., K. þ. K. 32. p. eptir á, afterward; the proverb, eptir (mod. eptir á) koma ósvinnum ráð í hug, the fool is wise too late, Vápn.

EPTIBBATR -- ER. 131

17, Fas. i. 98; eptir á, kvað hinn..., 'after a bit,' quoth the..., (a proverb.) eptir-bátr, m. an 'after-boat,' ship's boat, Eg. 374, Fms. vii. 195, 214, Orkn. 420: metaph. a laggard, Fær. 49, Ísl. i. 236. eptir-bið, f. waiting for. eptir-breytni, f. imitation, following, (eccl.) eptir-bræðrasynir, m. pl. second cousins (Norse), N. G. L. i. 189. eptir-burðr, m. second birth, Stj. Gen. xxxviii. 29. eptir-drag, n. a trail, track; hafa í eptirdragi. eptir-dæmi, n. example, Stj. 132, Fms. i. 141, Fær. 137, Bs. i. 263. eptir-farandi, part. following, Stj. 10, Bs. i. 263. eptir-ferð, f. pursuit, Eb. 296, Orkn. 442. eptir-frétt, f. asking after, inquiry, Sks. 52, Bs. i. 632. eptir-fylgð, f. following after one. eptir-færilegr, adj. = Lat. investigabilis, Hom. 16. eptir-för, f. pursuit, Eg. 593. eptir-ganga, u, f. a going after, following, attendance, Eb. 112, Sturl. i. 14, iii. 10: prosecution of a thing, Fms. vii. 358. eptirgöngu-maðr, m. a follower, Eb. 112. eptir-gangr, m. = eptirganga. COMPDS: eptirgangs-munir, m. pl. importunity. eptirgangs-samr, adj. pressing-one's claims, importunate. eptirgangs-semi, f. insisting upon a claim. eptir-gengi, n. id., Bs. i. 852. eptir-glíkjari, a, m. an imitator, follower, Bs. i. 90. eptir-grenzlan, f. investigation. eptir-görð, f. 'after-making,' i. e. funeral-honours, esp. gifts for the soul of the dead, Fms. x. 103, 234, Gþl. 61. eptir-hermur, f. pl. mimicking one's voice and gesture. eptir-hreyta, u, f. the 'after-milk,' Grönd. 182. eptir-komandi, part. following, future, Edda 150 (pref.): a successor, Fms. ix. 328, v. l., Dipl. i. 2: in pl. offspring, Landn. 254, Stj. 386. eptir-kæra, u, f. prosecution, Rd. 275. eptir-köst, n. pl. after-whims. eptir-látligr, adj. pleasing, Bs. i. 636. eptir-látr, adj. buxom, complaisant, obedient, Nj. 68, Fms. xi. 71, Fas. iii. 196, Stj. 71, Fs. 80. eptirlát-samr, adj. id., Stj. 11. eptir-leiðis, adv. for the future. eptir-leifar, f. pl. remains, Stj. 543. eptir-leikr, m. after-play; in the proverb, óvandari er eptirleikrinn. eptir-leit, f. search, pursuit, Nj. 133, Eb. 218, Fms. xi. 240. eptir-leitan, f. searching for, pursuing, Fms. i. 68, vii. 106, x. 268 : metaph. request, Sturl. ii. 80, Sks. 234. eptir-lit, n. looking after a thing. eptirlits-samr, adj. (eptirlits-semi, f.), careful, attentive. eptir-lífi, n. indulgence, Stj. 155, Rb. 384, Sks. 619. eptir-lífr, adj. indulgent, Mar. eptir-líking (-glíking), f. imitation, 623. 26, Hom. 44, Fms. vi. 28, Stj. 51, Bs. ii. 157. 2. a parable, N. T. eptir-líkjandi, part, imitator, Hom. 48, 51. eptir-læti, n. enjoyment, Stj. 31, 51, 144, 509, Nj. 13. 2. fond indulgence (esp. foi a child), Ld. 88, Gísl. 85, Gþl. 64. COMPDS: eptirlætis-barn, n. a pet child, spoilt child. eptirlætis-líf, n. a life of indulgence, Ver. 28, 625. 28. eptirlætis-þjónusta, u, f. an act of indulgence, Stj. 78. eptir-löngun, f. a longing after, desire for. eptir-mál, n. an 'after-suit,' i. e. prosecution undertaken after a person is slain, properly by the next heir (aðili, q. v.), Nj. 120, 128, 166, Fms. i. 224. COMPDS: eptirmáls-maðr, m. a prosecutor, Bárð. 171. eptirmála-staðr, m. = eptirmál, Háv. 55. eptir-máli, a, m. an epilogue, (mod.) eptir-máll, adj. indulgent, consenting, Nj. 13. eptir-mjölt, f. = eptirhreyta. eptir-mynd, f. a copy, drawing, (mod.) eptir-mælandi, part. the prosecutor in an eptirmál, Js. 40, Nj. 175. eptir-mæli, n. fond indulgence. Fms. x. 375, Nj. 26. 2. = eptirmál. Nj. 176. 3. good report, Mar., Róm. 289. eptir-rás, f. a running after, pursuit, Grág. i. 440, Js. 39. eptir-reið, f. pursuit on horseback, Nj. 254, Landn. 152. eptir-rekstr, m. a driving one to go on. eptir-rit, n. an after-writ, copy (mod.), opp. to frumrit. eptir-róðr, m. the rowing in pursuit of one, Hkr. iii. 94. eptir-rýning, f. the prying into a thing, Eb. 54. COMPDS: eptirrýninga-maðr, m. a prying, inquisitive person. eptirrýninga-samr, adj. a prying man, Eb. 54, v. 1. eptir-seta, u, f. sitting back, i. e. remaining behind, N. G. L. i. 156. eptir-sjá (-sjón), f. the looking with desire after a lost thing, hence loss, grief, Fms. i. 258, vii. 104, Ld. 194: attending to, 298, Sturl. i. 27. eptir-skoðun, f. a looking after, 655 xxxii. 13. eptir-sókn, f. a seeking after, pursuing, Blas. 38, Fms. i. 222. eptir-spurn, f. speering after, inquiring for. eptir-staða, u, f. (-stöðvar, f. pl.), remains, arrears, B. K. 118. eptir-staðsi, adj. remaining behind, Fms. xi. 1. eptir-sýn, f. looking after one, Ó. T. eptirsýnar-maðr, m. = eptirmálsmaðr, N. G. L. i. 170. eptir-takanlegr, adj. (-liga, adv.), perceptible. eptir-tekja, u, f. produce, revenue. eptir-tekt, f. attention: eptirtektar-samr, adj. mindful. eptir-tölur, f. pl. an 'after-counting,' grudging. eptir-vænting, f. expectation, N. T. eptir-þörf, f., in the phrase, koma ekki í e., to be not amiss. eptir-ætlandi, part, one who intends to prosecute, N. G. L. i. 165. EPTRI, compar., and EPTSTR or epztr, superl. (also sometimes aptari, aptastr), the aftermost, hinder, hindmost: 1. loc., eptra fæti, the hind leg, Edda 28; báða fætr hina eptri, Vígl. 21 (aptr-fætr, hind leg's); til hins eptra austr-rúms, the hindmost, opp. to fremri, Fms. viii. 139; framstafninn ok hinn eptri (viz. stafn), ii. 304; eptra (aptara) hjalt (of a sword), Fas. iii. 244; at aptara stafni, 429; eigi vil ek vera aptastr allra minna manna, I will not be the hindmost of all my men, Fms. ii. 307; er raddar-staf hefir eptra í nafninu, Skálda 165. 2. temp. later, last; en eftri burðar-tíð en hin fyrri, Hom. 56; hina eftri hingatkomu Krists, 106; þá eru þeir skrökváttar er eftri báru, that last bore witness, N. G. L. i. 32; vide efri and aptr. ER, old form es, mod. sometimes eð, but usually 'er;' indecl. Particle used as relat. pron. or as relat. adv.; in very old MSS. always es, and rhymed so by old poets; in the 12th century it changed into er. In poems and in law phrases the particle 'es' is suffixed to the pronoun or adverb, as s or z, e. g. thus: as pron., sá's = sá es (so in 'people's Engl.' he as, him as, for he who, etc.), Hkr. iii. 11 (Sighvat); dat. þeim's = þeim es, illi qui, Hm. 3, Fms. vi. 38 (Sighvat); acc. masc. þann'z or þann's = þann es, illum qui, Vsp. 45 (MS.), Od. i, Hm. 44, 120, Hým. 39, Am. 90; neut. þatz = þat es, illud quod, Hm. 39, Am. 37, Hkv. Hjörv. 3, Fms. iii. 9 (Hallfred): as conj. or adv., hvárt'z ... eða = hvárt es ... eða, utrum ... an, Grág. (Ed. 1853); hvárt'z hann vill at reiða eða ..., i. 25, 145, 152, 155, 156, 161, 233, ii. 50: as adv., þegar's = þegar es, as soon as, Grág. (Ed. 1853) i. 94, Am. 30; síðan's = síðan es, since (Old Engl. sithens, sithence), 78; even sem's = sem es, Am. 103; hvar's = hvar es, wherever, 47, Mork. 138, Hm. 138; hve's = hve es, however, 140 (MS. hvers), Skálda 190 (in a verse); þar's = þar es, there where, i. e. where, Grág. i. 46, 153, Hm. 66, Hbl. 60, Gm. 8, Ls. 50, Mork. 18, 34, 37, 62, 170, Skálda 189 (Bragi), Edda (Ht.) 124, where this anastrophe is called bragar-mál, poetical diction; hvarge's = hvarge es, wherever, Grág. ii. 44. The Icel. has no relat. pron. but only the relat. particles er and sem, both of them indecl. in gender, case, and number; in simple sentences the sense (gender etc.) is clear from the context; and the language has certain expedients to meet the deficiency. A. Used as relat. pron. which, who, that: I. used alone, where there is perhaps an ellipse of the demonstrative, er = er hann (þeir, þær, þeim, etc.); GREEK. nom., á þeim bæ, er Abia heitir, 625. 83; Mórðr hét maðr, er kallaðr var Gigja, Nj. 1; hann átti dóttur eina, er Unnr hét, id.; þá skulu þeir, er fær eru (who are) saman, Grág. i. 9; maðr, er þessa þurfi, id.; at þeim svörum, er verða, 19; lið þat, er þeim hafðI þangat fylgt, Fms. i. 62; konur þær, er völfur vóru kallaðar, iii. 212; þeim unga manni, er þar sitr hjá þér, id. GREEK. acc., þingfesti manna þeirra, er (quos) menn vilja sækja, Grág. i. 19; sakar þeirrar, er (quam) ek hefi höfðað, id. GREEK. gen., aðra hluti þá, er (quorum) menn viidu vísir verða, Fms. iii. 212. GREEK. dat., þann einn, er (cui) hann ann lítið, Fms. i. 86. GREEK. joined to a demonstrative; allir Þrændir, þeir er..., all the Th., who..., Fms. i. 62. II. with a prep., which, as often in Engl., is placed at the end of the sentence; er hann kom til, whom he came to; land, er hann kom frá, the land he came from; so Lat. quocum venit = er hann kom með sub quibus = er ... undir; in quibus = er ... i, etc.: the prep, may also be a penultimate, e. g. the phrase, er mér er á ván, wlich I have a hope of; or, er hann var yfir settr, whom he was set over, etc.; this use of the pronoun is undoubtedly elliptical, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun being left out, although the ellipse is not felt; þvengrinn sá er muðrinn Loka var saman rifjaðr með (Kb. omits the prep.), the lace that the mouth of Loki was stitched with, Edda 71; öðrum höfðingjum, þeim er honum þótti liðs at ván (that is to say, þeim, er honum þótti liðs van at þeim), at whose hands, i. e. from whom he thought help likely to come, Fms. i; þeir er ek mæli þetta til ( = er ek mæli þetta til þeirra), those to whom I speak, xi. 12; er engi hefir áðr til orðit, Nj. 190; in stórúðgi jötunn, er ór steini var höfuðit á ( = er ór steini var höfuðit á honum), whose head was of stone. Hbl. 15; því er vér urðum á sáttir, Fms. xi. 34; við glugg þann í loptinu, er fuglinn hafðI áðr við setið. the window close to which the bird sat. Eg.: nokkurum þeim höfðingja, er mér sé eigandi vinátta við (viz. þá). Ö. H. 78: þá sjón, er mér þykir mikils um vert (viz. hana), 74; er mér þat at sýn orðit, er ek hefi opt heyrt frá sagt (= frá því sagt), 57; til vatns þess, er Á en Helga fellr ór, 163: til kirkju þeirra, es bein eru færð til, Grág. i. 13 new Ed. 2.ellipt. the prep, being understood, esp. to avoid the repetition of it; ekirinn sá er brendr vár Ásgarðr (viz. með), Edda (pref.); hann gékk

132 ER -- ERFI.

til herbergis þess, er konungr var inni (viz. í), he went to the house that the king was in, Ó. H. 160, Fb. iii. 251; dyrr þær, er ganga mátti upp á húsit (viz. gegnum, through), the doors through which one could walk up to the house, Eg. 421; ór þeim ættum er mér þóttu fuglarnir fljúga (viz. ór), the airt (quarter) that I thought the birds flew from, Ísl. ii. 196; yfir þeim manni, er Mörðr hafði sök sína fram sagt (viz. yfir), the man over whose head (to whom) Mord had pleaded his suit, Nj. 242; þrjú þing, þau er menn ætluðu (viz. á), three parliaments, in (during) which men thought ..., 71; nær borg þeirri, er konungr sat (viz. í), near the town the king resided in, Eg. 287; Montakassin, er dyrkast Benedictus, Monte Cassino, where B. is worshipped, Fms. xi. 415; þeir hafa nú látið lif sitt fyrir skömmu, er mér þykir eigi vert at lifa (viz. eptir), they, whom methinks it is not worth while to outlive, 150; fara eptir með hunda, er þeir vóru vanir at spyrja þá upp (viz. með), er undan hljópusk, they pursued with hounds, that they were wont to pick up fugitives with, i.e. with bloodbounds, v. 145; þat er í þrem stöðum, er dauðum má sök gefa (viz. í), it is in three places that a man can be slain with impunity, N. G. L. i. 62; þat er í einum stað, er maðr hittir (viz. í), it is in one place that ..., id. III. a demonstrative pron. may be added to the relat. particle, e.g. er þeirra = quorum, er þeim = quibus, er hans, er hennar = cujus; but this is chiefly used in old translations from Lat., being rarely found in original writings; þann konung, er undir honum eru skatt-konungar, that king under whom vassals serve, Edda 93; ekkja heitir sú, er búandi hennar (whose husband) varð sótt-dauðr; hæll er sú kona kölluð er búandi hennar er veginn, 108; sú sam-stafa, er raddar-stafr hennar er náttúrlega skammr, that syllable, the vowel of which is naturally short, Skálda 179; sá maðr, er hann vill, that man who wishes, Grág. i. 19; sá maðr, er hann skal fasta, 36; nema ein Guðrún, er hón æva grét, G. that never wailed, Gh. 40; þess manns, er hann girnisk, Hom. 54; sæl er sú bygghlaða ... er ór þeirri ..., felix est illud horreum ... unde ..., Hom. 15; engi er hærri speki en sú, er í þeirri ..., nulla melior est sapientia quam ea, qua ..., 28; varðveita boðorð hans, fyrir þann er vér erum skapaðir, ejusque mandata custodire, per quem creati sumus, 28; harða göfugr er háttr hófsemi, fyrir þá er saman stendr ..., nobilis virtus est valde temperantia, per quam ..., id.; elskendum Guð þann er svá mælti, Deum diligentibus qui ait, id.; skírn Græðara várs, er í þeirri, 56; er á þeim = in quibus, 52: rare in mod. writers, enginn kann að játa eðr iðrast réttilega þeirrar syndar, er hann þekkir ekki stærð hennar og ílsku, Vídal. i. 226. IV. in the 14th century, the relat. pron. hverr was admitted, but by adding the particle er; yet it has never prevailed, and no relative pronoun is used in Icel. (except that this pronoun occurs in the N. T. and sermons, e.g. Luke xi. 1, whose blood Pilate had mingled, is rendered hverra blóði Pilatus hafði blandað; an old translator would have said, er P. hafði blandað blóði þeirra): hvern er þeir erfðu, M. K. 156; hverjar er hón lauk mér, id.; af hverju er hann megi marka, Stj. 114; hvat er tákna mundi, Fms. xi. 12. V. the few following instances are rare and curious, er þú, er ek, er mér, er hón; and are analogous to the Germ. der ich, der du, I that, thou that; in Hm. l. c. 'er' is almost a superfluous enclitic, eyvitar fyrna er maðr annan skal, Hm. 93; sáttir þínar er ek vil snemma hafa, Alm. 7; ójafnt skipta er þú mundir, Hbl. 25; þrár hafðar er ek hefi, Fsm. 50; auði frá er mér ætluð var, sandi orpin sæng, Sl. 49; lauga-vatn er mér leiðast var eitt allra hluta, 50; ærr ertu Loki, er þú yðra telr, Ls. 29, cp. 21, Og. 12, Hkv. 2. 32; tröll, er þik bíta eigi járn, Ísl. ii. 364. This want of a proper relat. pron. has probably preserved Icel. prose from foreign influences; in rendering Lat. or mod. Germ. into Icel. almost every sentence must be altered and broken up in order to make it vernacular. B. Conj. and adv. joined with a demonstrative particle, where, when: 1. loc., þar er, there where = ubi; þar er hvárki sé akr né eng, Grág. i. 123; hvervetna þess, er, N. G. L. passim. 2. temp. when; ok er, and when; en er, but when: þá er, then when; þar til er, until, etc., passim; annan dag, er menn gengu, Nj. 3; brá þeim mjök við, er þan sá hann, 68; sjaldan fór þá svá, er vel vildi, Ld. 290; ok í því er Þórgils, and in the nick of time when Th., id.: þá lét í hamrinum sem er (as when) reið gengr, Ísl. ii. 434; næst er vér kómum, next when we came, Eg. 287; þá er vér, when we, id. II. conj. that (vide 'at' II, p. 29); þat er (is) mitt ráð er (that) þú kallir til tals, Eg. 540; ok þat, er hann ætlar, Nj. 7: ok fansk þat á öllu, er (that) hon þóttisk vargefin, 17; en þessi er (is) frásögn til þess, er (that) þeir vóru Heljar-skinn kallaðir, Sturl. i. 1; ok finna honum þá sök, er (en MS.) hann hafði verit, that he had been, Fms. vii. 331; af hverju er hann megi marka, from which he may infer, Stj. 135; hvárt er (en MS.) er (is) ungr eða gamall, either that he is young or old, N. G. L. i. 349; spurði hann at, hvárt er, asked him whether, Barl. 92; mikill skaði, er slíkr maðr, that such a man, Fms. vi. 15; hlægligt mér þat þykkir, er (that) þú þinn harm tínir, Am. 53; er þér gengsk illa, that it goes ill with thee, 53, 89; hins viltú geta, er (that) vit Hrungnir deildum, Hbl. 15. 2. denoting cause; er dóttir mín er hörð í skapi, for that my daughter is hard of heart, Nj. 17. β. er þó, although, Skálda 164. 3. þegar er, as soon as, when, Fms. iv. 95, cp. þegar's above: alls er þú ert, for that thou art, i. 305; síðan er, since, after that, Grág. i. 135; en siðan er Freyr hafði heygðr verít, Hkr. (pref.); but without 'er,' N. G. L. i. 342. In the earliest and best MSS. distinction is made between eptir er (postquam), þegar er (quum), meðan er (dum), síðan er (postquam), and on the other hand eptir (post), þegar (jam), meðan (interdum), síðan (post, deinde); cp. meðan's, síðan's, þegar's, above; but in most old MSS. and writers the particle is left out, often, no doubt, merely from inaccuracy in the MSS., or even in the editions, (in MSS. 'er' is almost always spelt UNCERTAIN and easily overlooked): again, in mod. usage the particle 'at, að,' is often used as equivalent to 'er,' meðan að, whilst; síðan að, since that; þegar að, postquam, (vide 'at' V, p. 29.) ER, 3rd pers. pres. is, vide vera. ÉR, pl., and it, dual, spelt ier, Ó. H. 147 (twice), 205, 216 (twice), 227; [Goth. jus = GREEK; A. S. ge; Engl. ye, you; Germ. ihr; Swed.-Dan. I) :-- ye, you. That ér and not þér is the old form is clear from the alliteration of old poems and the spelling of old MSS.: allit., ér munuð allir eiða vinna, Skv. 1. 37; it (GREEK) munut alla eiða vinna, 31; hlaðit ér jarlar eiki-köstinn, Gh. 20; lífit einir ér þátta ættar minnar, Hðm. 4; æðra óðal en ér hafit, Rm. 45 (MS. wrongly þér); ér sjáið undir stórar yðvars Græðara blæða, Lb. 44 (a poem of the beginning of the 13th century). It is often spelt so in Kb. of Sæm.; hvers bíðit ér, Hkv. 2. 4; þó þykkisk ér, Skv. 3. 36; börðusk ér bræðr ungir, Am. 93; urðu-a it glíkir, Gh. 3; ef it, id.; en ér heyrt hafit, Hým. 38; þá er (when) ér, ye, Ls. 51; er it heim komit, Skv. 1. 42: ér knáttuð, Edda 103 (in a verse): in very old MSS. (12th century) no other form was ever used, e.g. er it, 623. 24: þat er ér (that which ye) heyrit, 656 A. 2. 15; ér bræðr ..., mínnisk ér, ye brethren, remember ye, 7; treystisk ér, 623. 32; hræðisk eigi ér, 48. In MSS. of the middle of the 13th century the old form still occurs, e.g. Ó. H., ér hafit, 52; ér skolu, 216; þegar er ér komit, so soon as ye come, 67; sem ér mynit, 119; ér hafit, 141; til hvers er ér erot, that ye are, 151; ef ér vilit heldr, 166; ér erot allir, ye are all, 193; sem ér kunnut, 196; sem ier vilit, 205; sem ér vitoð, as ye know, 165; ef ér vilit, 208; þeim er ér sendoð, those that ye sent, 211: the Heiðarv. S. (MS. of the same time)--unz ér, (Ísl. ii.) 333: ef ér þurfut, 345; er it farit, 346 (twice); allz ér erut, id.; er ér komið, as ye come, id.; en ér sex, but ye six, 347; ok ér, and ye, 361; ér hafit þrásamliga, 363; eða it feðgar, 364: Jómsvík. S.--ef ér, (Fms. xi.) 115, 123: Mork. 9, 63, 70, 98, 103, 106, passim. It even occurs now and then in Njála (Arna-Magn. 468)--ér erut, ye are, 223; hverrar liðveizlu ér þykkisk mest þurfa, 227: ér ertuð hann, Skálda 171; Farið-a ér, fare ye not, Hkr. i. (in a verse). It is still more freq. after a dental ð, t, þ; in old MSS. that give þ for ð it runs thus -- vitoþ ér, hafiþ ér, skoluþ ér, meguþ er, lifiþ ér, etc., wot ye, have ye, shall ye, may ye, live ye, etc.; hence originates by way of diæresis the regular Icel. form þér, common both to old and mod. writers; vide þú, where the other forms will be explained. ERÐI, n. [akin to arðr], a heavy balk of timber, Grett. 125; hence the phrase, þungt sem erði, heary as a balk. erenda, d, to perform an errand. Vígl. 29. erendi, etc., v. eyrendi. erfa, ð, with acc. to honour with a funeral feast, cp. the Irish phrase to 'wake' him, Eg. 606; síðan lét Egill e. sonu sína eptir fornri síðvenju, 644, Fms. i. 161, xi. 67. 2. to inherit, N. T. and mod. writers. β. metaph. in the phrase, e. e-t við e-n, to bear long malice, to grumble. ERFÐ, f. [(Germ. erbe], inheritance; for the etymology vide arfr; the law distinguishes between frænd-erfð, family inheritance, and út-erfð, alien inheritance, N. G. L. ii. 146; within the frænd-erfð the law records thirteen degrees of kin, Gþl. 232-242, N. G. L. i. 49, Jb. 128 sqq., Grág. i. 170. sqq.: special kinds of 'út-erfð' are, brand-erfð (q.v.). gest-erfd, skip-erfð, gjaf-erfð, land-erfð, félaga-erfð, litla-erfð, leysings-erfð, N. G. L. i. 50: again, in mod. usage erfð implies the notion of a family, and út-erfð, út-arfar are used of distant kinsfolk, inheritance in a different line, or the like; vide Grág., Nj., and the Sagas freq. β. inheriting, succession, Gþl. 48-55. COMPDS: erfða-bálkr, m. the section of law treating of inheritance. Ann. 1273. erfða-einkunn, f. an hereditary mark (on cattle), Grág. ii. 304. erfða-fé, n. an heirloom, inheritance, Grág. i. 206. erfða-goðorð, n. hereditary priesthood, Sturl. i. 198. erfðá-land, n. patrimony, land of inheritance, Stj. 50, 66, Orkn. 126, Fms. iv. 224, vi. 20. erfða-maðr, m. an heir, Js. 38. erfða-mark, n. = erfða-einkunn, Grág. i. 422, 423. erfða-mál, n. a lawsuit as to inheritance, Nj. 6, 92. erfða-partr, m. share of inheritance, Stj. 110. erfða-skipan, f. a law, ordinance of inheritance, N. G. L. i. 49. erfða-staðr, m. hereditary estates, used in a special sense of church demesnes held by lay impropriators, vide Arna S., Bs. i. 794. erfða-tal, n. the section of law respecting inheritance, Gþl. 55. erfða-úmagi, a, m. an 'úmagi' having an inherited right to support, Grág. i. 134, 237. erfða-öldr, n. [Dan. arveöl], a funeral feast, N. G. L. i. 432. erfi, n. a wake, funeral feast, Nj. 167, Fms. i. 161, xi. 68, Ld. 16, Gþl. 275, Rb. 344, N. G. L. i. 391, Am. 83, Gh. 8. For the sumptuous funeral feasts of antiquity, vide esp. Landn. 3. 10, where the guests were more than fourteen hundred, Ld. ch. 26, 27; var nú drukkit allt saman, brullaup Ólafs ok erfi Unnar, ch. 7, Flóam. S. ch. 2, Jómsv. S. ch. 21,

ERFISDRYKKJA -- ERTR. 133

37. COMPDS: erfis-drykkja, u, f. a funeral feast, Pass. 49. 16. erfis-görð, f. = erfi, Fms. xi. 69. erfiða or erviða, að, [Goth. arbaidjan = GREEK; early Germ. erbeiten; mod. Germ. arbeiten; mod. Dan. arbeide is borrowed from Germ.] :-- to toil, labour, Edda 149 (pref.), 677. 11; allir þér sem erviðið og þunga eruð hlaðnir, Matth. xi. 28: metaph., e. e-m, to cause one toil and trouble, Bs. i. 726: trans., e. jörðina, to till the earth, Stj. 30: impers., sóttar-far hans erfiðaði, his illness grew worse, Fms. x. 147. In the Icel. N. T. it is sometimes used in the same passages which have arbaidjan in Ulf., e.g. heldr hefi eg miklu meir erfiðað en allir þeir aðrir, 1 Cor. xv. 10; öllum þeim sem styrkja til og erfiða, xvi. 16; að eg hafi til einskis erfiðað hjá yðr, Gal. iv. 11; heldr erfiði og afli með höndum, Ephes. iv. 28; hvar fyrir eg erfiða og stríði, Col. i. 29; þá sem erfiða meðal yðar, 1 Thess. v. 12; því at til þess hins sama erfiðum vér einnig, 1 Tim. iv. 10; in 2 Tim. ii. 6 the Icel. text has 'sá sem akrinn erjar.' erfið-drægr, adj. difficult, Sturl. iii. 271. erfiði or erviði (ærfaði, N. G. L. i. 391; ærfuð, id. I. 10), n. [Ulf. arbaiþs = GREEK; A. S. earfoð; O. H. G. arapeit; mod. Germ. arbeit, which shews that mod. Dan. arbeide and Swed. arbete are borrowed from the Germ.; lost in Engl. The etymology of this word is uncertain; the Icel. notion is to derive it from er- priv. and viða = vinna, to work, but it is scarcely right; Grimm, s.v. arbeit, suggests it to be akin to Lat. labor; Max Müller refers it to the root AR, to plough, Science of Language, p. 258, 3rd Ed.; but arfiði (Björn, p. 41) instead of erviði is a fictitious form, and the statement that in old Norse or Icel. it means ploughing rests only on a fancy of old Björn (Dict. l.c.), to which he was probably led by the similarity between Lat. arvum to Germ. and mod. Dan. arbeit, arbeide: in fact the Icel., ancient or modern, conveys no such notion; even in the old heathen poems the word is used exactly in the present sense, which again is the same as in Ulf.] :-- toil, labour, and metaph. toil, trouble; in the allit. phrase, e. en eigi eyrendi, toil but no errand, i.e. lost labour, Þkv. 10, 11, Hkv. Hjörv. 5; víl ok e., toil and trouble (of travelling), Hbl. 58, Skálda 163; kváðusk hafa haft mikit e. ok öngu á leið komið, Fms. v. 21, Post. 645. 58, Sks. 235, v.l., N. G. L. l.c. 2. metaph. distress, suffering; drýgja e., to 'dree' distress, Gm. 35 (heathen poem),--in N. G. L. i. 391 this phrase is used of a priest officiating; hungr, þorsti, e., Hom. 160: in pl., meðr mörgum erfiðum er á hana leggjask, Stj. 51: an old poet (Arnor) calls the heaven the erfiði of the dwarfs, vide dvergr. In the Icel. N. T. erfiði is often used in the very same passages as in Ulf., thus--yðvart e. er eigi ónýtt í Drottni, 1 Cor. xv. 58; í erfiði, í vökum, í föstu, 2 Cor. vi. 5; og hrósum oss eigi tram yfir mælingu í annarlegu erfiði, x. 15; og vort e. yrði til ónýtis, 1 Thess. iii. 5, cp. Ulf. l.c. β. medic. asthma, difficulty in breathing; brjóst-erfiði, heavy breathing. COMPDS: erfiðis-dauði, a, m. a painful, hard death, 655 xxxii. 17. erfiðis-laun, n. pl. a recompense for labour or suffering, Niðrst. 5, Fms. vi. 149, Barl. 95. erfiðis-léttir, m. a reliever of labour, Stj. 19. erfiðis-munir, m. pl. toils, exertion, Bárð. 180, Fas. i. 402, Fb. i. 280. erfiðis-nauð, f. servitude, grinding labour, Stj. 247, 265. erfiðis-samr, adj. toilsome, Stj. 32. erfiðis-semi, f. toil. erviðis-verk, n. hard work, Stj. 263, 264. erfið-leiki, m. hardship, difficulty. erfið-liga, adv. with pain and toil; er hann sótti e. til hans, he strove hard to get up to him, Edda 60; e-t horfir e., looks hard, Nj. 139; búa e. við e-n, to treat one harshly, Fas. ii. 96; at skipi þessu farisk e., that his ship will fare ill, make a bad voyage, vi. 376; varð mér þar erviðligast um, there I met with the greatest difficulties, Nj. 163. erfið-ligr, adj. toilsome, difficult, adverse; margir hlutir e. ok þungligir, adverse and heavy, Fms. viii. 31, Sks. 235. erfið-lífi, n. a life of toil, 655 viii. 2. erfiðr, adj. toilsome, hard, difficult; ok var af því honum erfitt búit, a heavy, troublesome household, Bs. i. 63; erfiða ferð hafa þeir fengit oss, they have made a hard journey for us, Fms. v. 22; Guðrún var erfið á gripa-kaupum, G. was troublesome (extravagant) in buying finery, Ld. 134; e-m verðr e-t erfitt, one has a difficulty about the thing, Fms. vi. 54. β. hard, unyielding; var Flosi erfiðr, en aðrir þó erfiðri miklu, F. was hard, but others much harder, Nj. 186, 187; jarl var lengi erfiðr, the earl long remained inexorable, 271: ek var yðr þá erfiðr, 229. γ. hard breathing; ok er hann vaknaði var honum erfitt orðit, when he awoke he drew a deep breath, after a bad dream, Ísl. ii. 194; hvíldisk Helgi, því at honum var orðit erfitt, H. rested, because he was exhausted (from walking), Dropl. 22; þó honum væri málið erfitt, though he spoke with difficulty (of a sick person), Bs. i. 110. δ. var þess erfiðar (the more difficult) sem..., Fas. i. 81: so in the phrase, e-m veitir erfitt, one has hard work, Bs. i. 555, Nj. 117; erfitt mun þeim veita at ganga í móti giptu þinni, 171. erfi-drápa, u, f. a funeral poem, Fbr. 16, Fms. vi. 198, v. 64. erfið-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), toilsome, hard, 677. 10. erfið-vinnr, adj. hard to work, Grett. 114 A. erfi-flokkr, m. a short funeral poem, Fms. vi. 117. erfi-kvæði, n. a funeral poem, = erfidrápa. Eg. 605. erfingi, ja, m., (arfingi, Fms. ix. 328, Gþl. 287), pl. erfingjar, [arbingjas (pl.), Runic stone in Tune; Ulf. renders GREEK by arbja or arbinumja; Dan. arving; Swed. arfvinge] :-- an heir, Grág. i. 217, Eg. 25, Nj. 3, 656 C. 36, Fms. l.c., etc. etc. erfingja-lauss, adj. without heirs, Fms. v. 298, x. 307. erfi-veizla, u, f. a funeral banquet, Bs. i. 837. erfi-vörðr, m. [A. S. erfeveord], an heir, poët., Gh. 14, Akv. 12, cp. the emendation of Bugge to Skv. 3. 60. erfi-öl, n. [Dan. arveöl], a wake, funeral feast, N. G. L. i. 14. ERG, n., Gael. word, answering to the Scot. shiel or shieling; upp um dalinn þar sem var erg nokkut, þat köllu vér setr = der som vaar noget erg, det kalde vi. sætter (in the Danish transl.), Orkn. 448 (Addit.), cp. local names in Caithness, e.g. Ásgríms-erg, Orkn. 458. ERGI, f. [argr], lewdness, lust; ergi, æði ok óþola, Skm. 36, Fas. iii. 390; e. keisara dóttur, Bær. 15, El. 10; ílsku ok e. ok hórdóm, Barl. 138: wickedness, með e. ok skelmisskap, Gísl, 31, Yngl. S. ch. 7: in mod. usage ergja, f., means greediness for money or the like; the rare sense of moodiness is quite mod., and borrowed from Germ. through Dan. ergjask, ð, dep. to become a coward, only in the proverb, svá ergisk hverr sem eldisk, Hrafn. 25, Fms. iii. 192, iv. 346. erill, m. [erja], a fuss, bustle. ERJA, arði, pres. er, sup. arit: mod. pres. erjar, erjaði, 2 Tim. ii. 6; [A. S. erjan; Old Engl. to ear; cp. Lat. arar, Gr. GREEK] :-- to plough; prælarnir skyldi erja, Landn. 35, v.l., cp. Fms. i. 240; eitt nes þat fyrírbauð hann at e., löngum tíma eptir örðu menn hlut af nesinu, Bs. i. 293; þér hafit arit með minni kvígu, Stj. 412: in the saying, seint sá man erja, he will be slow to put his hand to the plough, will be good for nothing, Glúm. 341. β. metaph. to scratch; hann lætr e. skóinn um legginn útan, O. H. L. 45; kom blóðrefillinn í enni Ketils ok arði niðr um nefit, Fas. ii. 126. erjur, f. pl. brawl, fuss, quarrels. ERKI-, [Gr. GREEK; Engl. arch-, etc.] I. eccl. arch-, in COMPDS: erki-biskup, m. an archbishop, Gþl. 263, Fms. i. 106, N. G. L. i. 166. erkibiskups-dæmi and erkibiskups-ríki, n. archbishopric, Fms. xi. 392, vii. 300, x. 88, 155; e. stóll. an archiepiscopal seat, Rb. 422. erki-biskupligr, adj. archiepiscopal, Bs. Laur. S., Th. 12. erki-djákn, m. an archdeacon, Fms. ix. 325. xi. 416, 625. 45, Stj. 299. erki-prestr, m. an archpriest, Bs. i. 173, Stj. 299. erki-stóll, m. an archiepiscopal seat. Symb. 28, Fms. iv. 155. II. = great, portentous; erki-býsn, f. portent, Bs. i. 423. erlendask, d, to go into exile, Stj. 111, but in 162 spelt ör-. erlending, f. [Germ. elende], an exile, Stj. 223. erlendis, adv. abroad, in a foreign land, Grág. i. 167. Gþl. 148, K. Þ. K. 158; e. drep, committing manslaughter in a foreign land, Grág. ii. 142; e. víg, a manslaughter committed abroad, i. 183. ERLENDR, adj., ör-lendr, Gþl. 148, [Hel. elilendi = a foreigner; Germ. elende], foreign, Grág. i. 217, Sks. 462; the spelling with er- and ör- is less correct than el- or ell-, cp. aulandi, p. 34. II. m. a pr. name, Orkn. Erlingr, m. a pr. name; prop. a dimin. of jarl, an earl. erm-lauss, adj. arm-less, sleeve-less, Fms. vii. 21, Sturl. iii. 219. ERMR, f., mod. ermi, dat. and acc. ermi, pl. ermar, [armr], an arm, sleeve, Fms. v. 207, vi. 349, xi. 332, Nj. 35, Clem. 54, Landn. 147: so in the saying, lofa upp í ermina á sér, to make promises in one's sleeve, i.e. to promise without meaning to keep one's word. COMPDS: erma-drög, n. pl. sleeve-linings, Bret. erma-kápa, u, f. a cape with sleeves, Band. 5. erma-kjós, f. the armpit, 656 C. 28. erma-langr, adj. with long sleeves, Fas. ii. 343. erma-lauss, adj. sleeve-less, Fms. xi. 272, Sks. 406. erma-stuttr, adj. with short sleeves. erma-víðr, adj. with wide sleeves. erma-þröngr, adj. with tight sleeves. Ermskr, adj. Armenian, K. Þ. K. 74, Íb. 13, Fas. iii. 326. erm-stúka, u, f. a short sleeve, Karl. ERN, adj. brisk, vigorous, Bs. i. 655, Fms. v. 300; hence Erna, u, f. a pr. name, Rm. 36, Bs. i. 32, v.l. ern-ligr, adj. of brisk, stout appearance, Nj. 183, Eb. erpi, n. a sort of wood, Al. 165. erri-ligr, adj. = ernligr, Fms. iii. 222, Eb. 94 new Ed. erring, f. a brisk, hard struggle, Fbr. (in a verse). errinn, adj. = ern, Lex. Poët.; fjöl-e., very brisk and bold, Hallfred. ERTA, t, to taunt, tease, with acc., Rd. 302, Hkr. iii. 130, Skálda 171, Fms. vi. 323; er eigi gott at e. íllt skap, a saying, Mirm.: reflex., ertask við e-n, to tease one, Fms. ix. 506. erting, f. teasing, provoking, Lv. 26; engi ertinga-maðr, a man who stands no nonsense, Eg. 417. ertinn, adj. taunting; ertni, f. a taunting temper. ERTLA, u, f., proncd. erla or atla, [arta], the wagtail, motacilla alba, now called Máríatla or lín-erla. ERTR, f. pl. [early Germ. arbeiz; mod. Germ. erbse; Dutch erwt or ert; Dan. ært; Swed. ärter] :-- peas; the Scandin. word is probably borrowed from Dutch or Fris. and occurs in the 13th century; in old writers the r is kept throughout, ertr, ertrnar, Stj. 161; ertrum (dat.), 655 xxxiii. 4; ertra (gen.), Gþl. 544; ertra-akr, a pea-field, id.; ertra-

134 ES--EYÐISKER.

reitr, a bed of peas, N. G. L. ii. 172; ertra-vellingr, Stj. 160, 161, Gen. xxv. 29: in mod. usage it is declined erta, u, f., gen. pl. ertna, ertum, etc. es, older form of er. ESJA, u, f. a kind of clay, freq. in Norway in that sense, vide Ivar Aasen; the name of the mountain Esja in Icel. no doubt derives its name from this clay, which is here found in abundance, Eggert Itin. ch. 21; hence Esju-berg, n. name of a farm, Landn., [eisa, and even Germ. esse, Dan. esse, Swed. ässa are kindred words.] Esk-hyltingr, m. one from the farm Eskiholt, Sturl. ii. 145. eski, n. [askr], an ashen box, Edda 17, 21, Fms. ii. 254, Fas. i. 237, Ísl. ii. 79; mod. spelt askja, and used of any small box. eski-mær, f. a lady's maid, Gm. (pref.) eskingr, m. [aska], ashes or fine snow driven by a gale, Bárð. 20 new Ed. eski-stöng, f. an ashen pole, Róm. 232. ESPA, að, to exasperate, irritate, probably = to make one shake like an aspen, Vídal. espi, n. aspen wood (vide ösp), hence Espi-hóll, m. a farm, Landn.: Esphælingar, m. the men from E., id. espingr, m. [Swed. esping], a ship's boat, Fr. ess, n. [for. word; old Swed. örs], a steed, Fms. x. 139, Fas. iii. 471, 582, much used in romances. ETA, proncd. éta; pret. át, pl. átu; pres. et, proncd. iet, Greg. 82; part. etið; pret. subj. æti; imperat. et; [Lat. &e-short;dere; Gr. GREEK; Ulf. ïtan; A. S. and Hel. etan; Engl. eat; O. H. G. ezan; mod. Germ. essen; Swed. äta; Dan. æde] :-- to eat, Grág. ii. 347; sem þú mátt vel e., Nj. 75; e. dagverð, Ld. 10; þar's ek hafða eitt etið, Hm. 66; e. kjöt, Greg. l.c.; at engi er hér sá inni er skjótara skal eta mat sinn en ek, Edda 31 (hence fljót-ætinn, sein-ætinn, rash or slow eating); át hvárrtveggi sem tíðast, id.; Logi hafði ok etið slátr allt, id.; et mat þinn, tröll. Fas. iii. 179. 2. metaph. to eat, consume; eigu at eta alla aura ómagans sem hann sjálfr, Grág. i. 288; eyddir ok etnir, Fms. xi. 423; sorg etr hjarta, sorrow eats the heart, Hm. 122; etandi öfund, consuming envy, Str.; Gyðingar átusk innan er þeir heyrðu þetta, the Jews fretted inwardly on hearing this, 656 C. 17. β. medic., 655 xxx. 8. γ. the phrase, eta orð sín, to eat one's own words, Karl. 478; or, eta ofan í sig aptr, id., of liars or slanderers. δ. the dubious proverb, úlfar eta annars eyrendi, wolves eat one another's fare or prey, Ld. 92; and recipr., etask af úlfs munni, to tear one another as wolves, Ísl. ii. 165; ok hefir mér farit sem varginum, þeir eta þar (etask?) til er at halanum kemr ok finna eigi fyrr. Band. 12, where MS.--þat ætla ek at mér verði vargsins dæmi, þeir finnask eigi fyrr at en þeir hafa etisk ok þeir koma at halanum, 26: as to this proverb cp. also the allusion, Hðm. 30: the mod. turn is--úlfr rekr annars erindi, so used by Hallgr.--annars erindi rekr úlfr og löngum sannast það--and so in paper MSS. of Ld. l.c., but prob. a corruption. eta, u, f., mod. jata, a crib, manger, Hom. 36, 127, Mar. 26; in the proverb, standa öllum fótum í etu, to stand with all feet in the crib, to live at rack and manger. Gísl. 46. etu-stallr, m. a crib, manger, Orkn. 218. II. medic. cancer, Magn. 480: mod. áta or átu-mein. etall, adj. eating, consuming, Lat. edax, 655 xxix. 6. ETJA, atti; pres. et; part. att; but etjað, Andr. 625. 73; [it means probably 'to make bite,' a causal of eta] :-- to make fight, with dat., esp. etja hestum, of horse fights, a favourite sport of the ancients; for a graphic description of this fight see Bs. i. 633. Arons S. ch. 18, Glúm. ch. 18, Rd. ch. 12, Nj. ch. 58, 59, Vígl. ch. 7, N. G. L. ii. 126; vide hesta-þing, hesta-at, víg-hestr, etc. 2. gener. to goad on to fight; atta ek jöfrum en aldri sætta'k, Hbl. 24. β. etja hamingju við e-n, to match one's luck with another, Fms. iv. 147; e. kappi við e-n, to match one's force against one, Ld. 64, Eg. 82; e. vandræðum við e-n, 458; e. saman manndrápum, to incite two parties to manslaughter, Anecd. 14: in a good sense, to exhort, ok etjað þá þolinmæði, Andr. l.c. (rare). γ. ellipt., etja við e-t, to contend against; e. við aflamun, to fight against odds, Al. 110; e. við liðsmun, id., Fms. i. 42, ix. 39, Fs. 122; e. við ofrefli, id., Fms. iii. 9; e. við reiði e-s, Fb. i. 240. 3. to stretch forth, put forth; hann etr fram berum skallanum, he put forth his bare skull to meet the blows, Fms. xi. 132; (Icel. now use ota, að, in this sense.) II. reflex., lét eigi sama at etjask við kennimenn gamla, said it was unseemly to hoot old clergymen, Sturl. i. 104; er ofstopi etsk í gegn ofstopa, if violence is put against violence, 655 xxi. 3. 2. recipr. to contend mutually; ef menn etjask vitnum á, if men contend (plead) with witnesses, N. G. L. i. 247; ok ef þeir vilja andvitnum á etjask, Gþl. 298. III. the phrase, ettja heyvi (spelt with tt), to fodder (cattle) upon hay, Grág. ii. 278, 340; ettja andvirki, to fodder upon a hayrick, Gþl. 357. etja, u, f. fighting, biting. COMPDS: etju-hundr, m. a deer-hound, fox-hound, Sturl. ii. 179. etju-kostr, m. a beastly choice, Ísl. ii. 89, Fms. viii. 24, v.l. etju-tík, f. = etju-hundr; bóndi átti e. stóra, Fb. ii. 332, Bárð. 32 new Ed. expens, n. (for. word), expences, Stj. 127, Bs. i. 742. EY, gen. eyjar; dat. eyju and ey, with the article eyinni and eyjunni; acc. ey; pl. eyjar, gen. eyja, dat. eyjum; in Norway spelt and proncd. öy; [Dan. öe; Swed. ö; Ivar Aasen öy; Germ. aue; cp. Engl. eyot, leas-ow, A. S. êg-land, Engl. is-land; in Engl. local names -ea or -ey, e.g. Chels-ea, Batters-ea, Cherts-ey, Thorn-ey, Osn-ey, Aldern-ey, Orkn-ey, etc.] :-- an island, Fas. ii. 299, Skálda 172, Eg. 218, Grág. ii. 131, Eb. 12; eyjar nef, the 'neb' or projection of an island, Fb. iii. 316. 2. in various compds; varp-ey, an island where wild birds lay eggs; eyði-ey, a deserted island; heima-ey, a home island; bæjar-ey, an inhabited island; út-eyjar, islands far out at sea; land-eyjar, an island in an inlet, Landn.: a small island close to a larger one is called a calf (eyjar-kálfr), the larger island being regarded as the cow, (so the southernmost part of the Isle of Man is called the Calf of Man): it is curious that 'islanders' are usually not called eyja-menn (islandmen), but eyjar-skeggjar, m. pl. 'island-beards;' this was doubtless originally meant as a nickname to denote the strange habits of islanders, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse), Fær. 151, 656 C. 22, Fms. ii. 169, viii. 283, Grett. 47 new Ed.; but eyja-menn, m. pl., Valla L. 228, Eb. 316 (and in mod. usage), cp. also Götu-skeggjar, the men of Gata, a family, Landn.; eyja-sund, n. a sound or narrow strait between two islands, Eg. 93, Fms. ii. 64, 298. 3. in local names: from the shape, Lang-ey, Flat-ey, Há-ey, Drang-ey: from cattle, birds, beasts, Fær-eyjar, Lamb-ey, Sauð-ey, Hrút-ey, Yxn-ey, Hafr-ey, Svín-ey, Kið-ey, Fugl-ey, Arn-ey, Æð-ey, Má-ey, Þern-ey, Úlf-ey, Bjarn-ey: from vegetation, Eng-ey, Akr-ey, Við-ey, Brok-ey, Mos-ey: from the quarters of heaven, Austr-ey, Norðr-ey, Vestr-ey, Suðr-ey (Engl. Sudor): an island at ebb time connected with the main land is called Örfiris-ey, mod. Öffurs-ey (cp. Orfir in the Orkneys): from other things, Fagr-ey, Sand-ey, Straum-ey, Vé-ey (Temple Isle), Eyin Helga, the Holy Isle (cp. Enhallow in the Orkneys). Eyjar is often used GREEK of the Western Isles, Orkneys, Shetland, and Sudor, hence Eyja-jarl, earl of the Isles (i.e. Orkneys), Orkn. (freq.); in southern Icel. it is sometimes used of the Vestmanna eyjar. β. in old poets ey is a favourite word in circumlocutions of women, vide Lex. Poët.; and in poetical diction ey is personified as a goddess, the sea being her girdle, the glaciers her head-gear; hence the Icel. poetical compd ey-kona. For tales of wandering islands, and giants removing islands from one place to another, vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 209. 4. in female pr. names, Þór-ey, Bjarg-ey, Landn.: but if prefixed--as in Eyj-úlfr, Ey-steinn, Ey-mundr, Ey-vindr, Ey-dís, Ey-fríðr, Ey-vör, Ey-þjófr, etc.--ey belongs to a different root. COMPD: eyja-klasi, a, m. a cluster of islands. ey-, a prefix, ever-, vide ei-. ey-búi, a, m. an islander, Lex. Poët. EYÐA, dd, [auðr; A. S. éðan; Dan. öde; Germ. öden; Swed. öda], to waste: I. with dat. denoting to waste, destroy, of men or things; hann eyddi (slew) öllum fjölkunnigum mönnum, Stj. 491, Fms. ii. 41, vii. 8; ekki muntu með þessu e. öllum sonum Haralds konungs, i. 16. β. of money; eyða fé, etc., to spend money, Eg. 70, Grág. i. 327, Nj. 29, Fms. i. 118: to squander, 655 iii. 1, Nj. 18, Fms. xi. 423, Fs. 79: reflex., hann átti land gott en eyddusk lausafé, but his loose cash went, Fms. vi. 102. II. with acc. to lay waste, desolate, or the like; upp eyða (lay waste) alla þeirra bygð, Fms. v. 161; þá vóru eydd skip Svía-konungs átjan, eighteen of the Swedish king's ships were made void of men, x. 353; hann eyddi bygðina, iv. 44. 2. to desert, leave; en skyldi út bera ok e. skemmuna, Fms. v. 262; féllu sumir en sumir eyddu (deserted from) hálfrýmin (in a battle), viii. 226; skip brotið eða eytt, a ship wrecked or abandoned, Grág. i. 91; en hón er nú eydd af mönnum, forlorn or deserted of men, Al. 1. β. impers., eða héruð eyði, if counties be laid waste, K. Þ. K. 38; hence eyði-hús, etc. (below). 3. as a law term, of a meeting, to terminate, dissolve; ef þeir eru eigi samþinga, eðr vár-þing eru eydd, or if it be past the várþing, Grág. ii. 271; en er sá dagr kom er veizluna skyldi eyða, when men were to depart, break up the feast, Fms. xi. 331. 4. a law term, eyða mál, sókn, vörn, to make a suit void by counter-pleading; e. dæmð mál, Grág. ii. 23; munu vér e. málit með öxar-hömrum, Fs. 61; ok eyðir málit fyrir Birni, 125; eyddi Broddhelgi þá enn málit, Vápn. 13; at hann vildi í því hans sök e., ef hann vildi hans mál í því e., of unlawful pleading, Grág. i. 121; vera má at Eysteinn konungr hafi þetta mál eytt með lögkrókum sínum, Fms. vii. 142; eyddusk sóknir ok varnir, Nj. 149: with dat., eytt vígsmálum, 244; hélt þá Snorri fram málinu ok eyddi bjargkviðnum, Eb. 160, Arnkels (but no doubt less correct). eyði, n. [auðr, Germ. öde], waste, desert; leggja í e., to leave in the lurch, desert, Jb. 277; jörðin var e. og tóm, Gen. i. 2; yðart hús skal yðr í e. látið verða, Matth. xxiii. 38: in COMPDS, desert, forlorn, wild; eyði-borg, f. a deserted town (castle), Stj. 284. eyði-bygð, f. a desert country, Fs. 19. eyði-dalr, m. a wild, desolate vale, Hrafn. 1. eyði-ey, f. a desert island, Fms. x. 154. eyði-fjall, n. a wild fell, Sks. 1. eyði-fjörðr, m. a desert firth county, Fs. 24. eyði-haf, n. the wild sea, Stj. 636. eyði-hús, n. deserted dwellings, Hkr. ii. 379. eyði-jörð, f. a deserted household or farm, Dipl. iii. 13, Jb. 183. eyði-kot, n. a deserted cottage, Vm. 61. eyði-land, n. desert land, Hkr. i. 96. eyði-mörk, f. a desert, wilderness, Fms. i. 118, iv. 336, v. 130, Fær. 62, Stj. 141, 283. eyði-rjóðr, n. a desert plain, Stj. 527, 2 Sam. xv. 28. eyði-skemma, u, f. a desert barn, Hkr. ii. 383. eyði-sker,

EYÐISKOGR -- EYRENDL 135

n. a wild rock, skerry, Fs. 18. eyði-skógr, m. a wild 'shaw' (wood), Stj. 485. eyði-staðr, m. a barren place, 655 xiii B, Bs. i. 204. eyði- tröð, f. a desolate lane. Sturl. ii. 209, cp. auða tröð, Hkm. 20. eyði- veggr, m. a deserted building, ruin, Karl. 2. eyði-legging, f. desolation, Matth. xxiv. 15. eyði-leggja, lagði, to lay waste, N. T. eyði-liga, adv. in a forlorn state, Stj. 113. eyði-ligr, adj. empty, in metaph. sense, sad, cheerless; veikligr ok e., weakly and cheerless, Fas. ii. 30; e. veraldar riki, v. 343; ýmislegt né e., 677. 2: medic., e-m er eyðiligt, one feels empty (hollow) and uneasy: also in the phrase, e-t er eyðiligt, strange, unpleasant. eyðsla, u, f. waste, squandering. COMPDS: eyðslu-maðr, m. a spendthrift, þorst. hv. 35. eyðslu-semi, f. extravagance. Ey-firzkr, adj., Ey-firðingar, m. pl. men from Eyjafirth in Icel., Landn. eygir, m. one who frightens, a terror, Lex. Poët. eygja, ð, to furnish with a loop or eye, Fins. xi. 304. β. [Dan. öjne], to see, esp. to see far off, Clar. 176. ey-gló, f. the ever-glowing, poët, the sun, Alm. 17. ey-góðr, adj. [Dan. ejegod], 'ever-good,' cognom. of a Danish king, Fms. xi. EYGR, later form eygðr, which, however, is freq. in MSS. of the 14th century, adj. [auga]:-- having eyes of a certain kind; vel e., with fine eyes, Stj. 460. I Sam. xvi. 12, Nj. 39: e. manna bezt, Ísl. ii. 190, Fms. vi. 438, xi. 79; mjök eygðr, large-eyed, Þorf. Karl. 422; eigi vel eyg, not good looking, Fms, iii. 216; e. mjök ok vel, with large and fine eyes, Eb. 30, Fb. i.545; e. forkunnar vel, with eyes exceeding fine, Fms. iv. 38; esp. freq. in compds: in the Sagas a man is seldom described without marking the colour, shape, or expression ol his eyes, fagr-e., bjart-e., dökk-e., svart-e., blá-e., grá-e., mó-e.; the shape also, opin-e., út-e., inn-e., smá-e., stór-e., etc.; the lustre of the eye, snar-e., fast-e., hvass-e., frán-e., dapr-e., etc.; expressing disease, vát-e., rauð-e., ein-e.; ex- pressing something wrong in the eye, hjá-e., til-e., rang-e., etc., Fél.ix.192. eyj-óttr, adj. full of islands, Fb. i. 541. eyk-hestr, m. a cart-horse, Eg. 149, Fb. ii. 332. eyki, n. a vehicle; hestr ok e., Dropl. 26. EYKR, m., pl. eykir, gen. eykia, [Swed. ök Dan. ög: akin to ok, a yoke]:-- a beast of draught; úlfalda ok eyki, Stj. 393; hross eðr eyk, Grág. i. 434; þat er einn e. má draga, ii. 362; þeir hvildu sik þar ok eyki sína, Eg. 586 (travelling in a sledge); eykja fóðr, fodder for eykr, N.G.L. i. 38: eykr includes oxen, horses, etc.,-- eykjum, hestum ok uxum, cattle, whether horses or oxen, Fms. v. 249; eyk, uxa eðr hross, Jb. 52; uxa ok asna, þá sömu eyki ... , Mar.; hefi ek öngva frétt af at nokkurr þeirra hafi leitt eyki Þórs (of Thor in his wain with the he- goats), Fb. i. 321: metaph., Bs. i. 294. II. the passage Bs. i. 674 --þar er þeir höfðu eykinn búit -- ought to be read 'eikjuna,' vide eikja. eykja-gerfi, n. the harness of an eykr, Ýt. 10; jötuns-e., the giants' e., i. e. a wild ox, poët., 14: in poetry ships are called the eykir of the sea- kings and the sea. eyk-reiði, n. the harness of an eykr, Gþl. 358. EYKT, eykð, f. three or half-past three o'clock P. M.; many commen- taries have been written upon this word, as by Pal Vidalin Skýr., Finn Johnson in H.E. i. 153 sqq. note 6, and in Horologium, etc. The time of eykð is clearly defined in K.Þ.K. 92 as the time when the sun has past two parts of the 'útsuðr' (q.v.) and has one part left, that is to say, half-past three o'clock P.M.: it thus nearly coincides with the eccl. Lat. nona (three o'clock P. M.); and both eykt and nona are therefore used indiscrimi- nately in some passages. Sunset at the time of 'eykð' is opposed to sun- rise at the time of 'dagmál,' q.v. In Norway 'ykt' means a luncheon taken about half-past three o'clock. But the passage in Edda--that autumn ends and winter begins at sunset at the time of eykt--con- founded the commentators, who believed it to refer to the conventional Icel.winter, which (in the old style) begins with the middle of October, and lasts six months. In the latitude of Reykholt--the residence of Snorri-- the sun at this time sets about half-past four. Upon this statement the commentators have based their reasoning both in regard to dagmál and eykt, placing the eykt at half-past four P.M. and dagmál at half-past seven A.M., although this contradicts the definition of these terms in the law. The passage in Edda probably came from a foreign source, and refers not to the Icel. winter but to the astronomical winter, viz. the winter solstice or the shortest day; for sunset at half-past three is suited not to Icel., but to the latitude of Scotland and the southern parts of Scandinavia. The word is also curious from its bearing upon the discovery of America by the ancients, vide Fb. 1. c. This sense (half-past three) is now obsolete in Icel., but eykt is in freq. use in the sense of trihorium, a time of three hours; whereas in the oldest Sagas no passage has been found bearing this sense, -- the Bs. i. 385, 446, and Hem. l.c. are of the 13th and 14th centuries. In Norway ykt is freq. used metaph. of all the four meal times in the day, morning-ykt, midday-ykt, afternoon-ykt (or ykt proper), and even-ykt. In old MSS. (Grág., K.Þ.K., Hem., Heið.S.) this word is always spelt eykð or eykþ, shewing the root to be 'auk' with the fem, inflex. added; it probably first meant the eke-meal, answering to Engl. lunch, and thence came to mean the time of day at which this meal was taken. The eccl. law dilates upon the word, as the Sabbath was to begin at 'hora nona;' hence the phrase, eykt-helgr dagr (vide below). The word can have no relation to átta, eight, or átt, plaga coeli. At present Icel. say, at eykta-mótum, adv. at great intervals, once an eykt, once in three hours. I. half-past three; þá er eykð er útsuðrs-átt er deild í þriðjunga, ok hefir sól gengna tvá hluti en einn ógenginn, K.Þ.K. 92; net skal öll upp taka fyrir eykð, 90; helgan dag eptir eykð, 88; ef þeir hafa unnit á eykð, 94; enda skal hann undan honum hafa boðit fyrir miðjan dag en hinn skal hafa kosit at eykþ, Grág. i. 198; ok á maðr kost at stefna fyrir eykþ ef vill, 395; í þat mund dags er tók út eyktina, Fms. xi. 136; eptir eykt dags, rendering of the Lat. 'vix decima parte diei reliqua,' Róm. 313; þeir gengu til eyktar, ok höfðu farit árla morguns, en er nón var dags, etc., Fs. 176; at eykð dags þá kómu heim húskarlar Barða. Ísl. ii. 329; nú vættir mik at þar komi þér nær eykð dags, 345; var þat nær eykð dags, 349; var hón at veraldligu verki þangat til er kom eykð, þá fór hón til bænar sinnar at nóni, . Hom. (St.) 59. COMPDS: eykðar-helgr, adj. = eykthelgr, Hom. (St.) 13. eyktar-staðr, m. the place of the sun at half-past three P. M.; meira var þar jafndægri en á Grænlandi eðr Íslandi, sól hafði þar eyktar-stað ok dagmála-stað um skamdegi, Fb. i. 539, -- this passage refers to the discovery of America; but in A.A. l.c. it is wrongly explained as denot- ing the shortest day nine hours long, instead of seven; it follows that the latitude fixed by the editors of A.A. is too far to the south; frá jafn- dægri er haust til þess er sól setzk í eykðarstað, þá er vetr til jafndægris, Edda 103. eykðar-tíð, n. the hour of eykð,=Lat. nona, Hom. (St.) 1.c. II. trihorium; en er liðin var nær ein eykt dags, Bs. i. 446; at þat mundi verit hafa meir en hálf eykt, er hann vissi ekki til sín, 385; þessi flaug vanst um eina eykð dags, Hem. (Hb.) eykt-heilagr, adj. a day to be kept holy from the hour of eykt, or half- past three P.M., e.g. Saturday, Grág. i. 395. ey-kyndill, m. 'isle-candle,' cognom. of a fair lady, Bjarn. ey-land, n. an island, Fms. i. 233, xi. 230, Eb. 316. β. the island Öland in Sweden, A.A. 290. ey-lífr, v. eilífr. EYMA, d, [aumr], to feel sore; in the phrase, e. sik, to wail, Hom. 155: reflex., eymask, id., Post.(Fr.) β. impers., in the metaph. phrase, það eymir af e-u, one feels sore, of after-pains, Fas. iii. 222: in mod. usage also of other things, whatever can still be smelt or felt, as if it came from eimr, q.v. eymd (eymð), f. misery, Fms. i. 223, ii. 126, vi. 334, viii. 242: in pl., Stj. 38; af lítilli e., Fas. i. 215. COMPDS: eymðar-skapr and eymdar-háttr, m. wretchedness. eymðar-tíð, f. and eymðar- tími, a, m. time of misery, 655 xxxii. 2. Stj. 404, Karl. 248. eymðar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), pitiful, piteous, Post. eymstr, n., medic. a sore, sore place. EYRA, n., pl. eyru, gen. eyrna, [Lat. auris; Goth, ausô: A. S. eâre; Engl. ear; O.H.G. ôra; Germ, ohr; Swed. öra, öron; Dan. öre, ören]: --an ear; eyrum hlýðir, en augum skoðar, he listens with his ears, but looks with his eyes, Hm. 7:--proverbs, mörg eru konungs eyru, many are the king's ears, Orkn. 252; þar eru eyru sæmst sem óxu, the ears fit best where they grow, i.e. a place for everything and everything in its place, Nj. 80; láta inn um eitt eyrat en út um hitt, to let a thing in at one ear and out at the other; láta e-t sem vind um eyrun þjóta, to let a thing blow like the wind about one's ears, i.e. heed it not; Grími var sem við annat eyrat gengi út þat er Þorsteinn mælti, Brand. 60; svá var sem Kálfi færi um annat eyrat út þótt hann heyrði slíkt talað, Fms. xi. 46; skjóta skolla-eyrum við e-u, to turn a fox's ear (a deaf ear) to a thing; þar er mér úlfs ván er ek eyru sé'k, I can guess the wolf when I see his ears, Fm. 35, Finnb. 244; við eyra e-m, under one's nose, Ld. 100; mæla í e. e-m, to speak into one's ear, Fg. 549; hafa nef í eyra e-m, to put one's nose in one's ear, i.e. to be a tell-tale, Lv. 57; leiða e-n af eyrum, to get rid of one, Ísl. ii. 65; setja e-n við eyra e-m, to place a person at one's ear, of an unpleasant neighbour, Ld. 100; UNCERTAIN (hnefann) við eyra Hými, gave Hymir a box on the ear, Edda 36; e-m loðir e-t í eyrum, it cleaves to one's ears, i. e. one remembers, Bs. i. 163; reisa, sperra eyrun, to prick up the ears, etc.; koma til eyrna e-m, to come to one's ears, Nj. 64; roðna út undir bæði eyru, to blush from ear to ear. COMPDS: eyrna-blað, n. (Sks. 288, v.l.), eyrna-blaðkr, m., eyrna-snepill, m. (Korm. 86, H. E. i. 492), the lobe of the ear. eyrna-búnaðr, m. (Stj. 396), eyrna-gull, n. (Stj. 311, 396), eyrna-hringr, m. ear-rings. eyrna- lof, n. 'ear-praise,' vain praise, Barl. 63. eyrna-mark, n. ear-crop- ping, of animals, Grág. ii. 308, cp. 309, Jb. 291. eyra-runa, u, f. a rowning of secrets in one's ear, poët, a wife, Vsp. 45, Hm. 116. eyrna-skefill, m. an ear-pick. II. some part of a ship, Edda (Gl.) β. a handle, e.g. on a pot. γ. anatom., óhljóðs-eyru, the auricles of the heart. δ. hunds-eyru, dogs-ears (in a book). eyra-rós, f., botan. a flower, epilobium montanum, Hjalt. EYRENDI or öreneji, erendi, n. [A. S. ærend = mandatum; Engl. errand; Hel. arundi; O.H.G. arunti; Swed. ärende; Dan. œrende; akin to árr, a messenger, vide p. 45, and not, as some suggest, from

136 ERINDISLAUSS -- EYÞOLINN.

ör-andi; the reference Edda l.c. is quite isolated; there is, however, some slight irregularity in the vowel] :-- an errand, message, business, mission; eiga e. við e-n, to have business with one, Eg. 260; reka eyrendi, to do an errand, message (hence erind-reki), 15; þess eyrendis, to that errand or purpose, Stj. 115, 193; hann sendi menn sína með þessháttar erendum, Fms. i. 15; báru þeir fram sín erindi, 2, Íb. 11; hón svaraði þeirra erindum, Fms. i. 3; ok láti yðr fram koma sínu eyrendi, 127; koma brátt þessi örendi (news) fyrir jarlinn, xi. 83; hann sagdi eyrendi sín þeim af hljóði, Nj. 5; mun annat vera erindit, 69; gagna at leita eðr annarra eyrenda, 235; tók Þorgils þeim eyrendum vel, Sturl. iii. 170; síns örendis, for one's own purpose, Grág. i. 434; ek á leynt e. (a secret errand) við þik, Fs. 9; erviði ok ekkí örendi, Þkv. (vide erfiði); hafa þeir hingat sótt skapnaðar-erindi, a suitable errand or end, Þiðr. 202; ef eyrindit evðisk, if my errand turns to naught, Bs. ii. 132; ek em ósæmiligr slíks erendis, unwortby of such an errand, Sturl. i. 45; þannog var þá mikit eyrendi margra manna, many people flocked to that place, Bs. i. 164. β. the phrase, ganga örna sinna, to go to do one's business, cacare, Eb. 20, Landn. 98, Stj. 383 (where eyrna), Judges iii. 24, Bs. i. 189, Fs. 75 (spelt erinda); setjask niðr at eyrindi, id., Bs. ii. 24; stíga af baki örna sinna, Sturl. 172. 2. a message, speech; talði hann mörg örendi með mikilli snild, Fms. x. 274; Snorri Goði stóð þá upp ok talaði langt eyrindi ok snjallt, then Snorri Godi stood up and made a long and fine speech (in parliament), Nj. 250; en er Sigurðr jarl hafði heyrt svá langt ok snjallt eyrendi, Orkn. 34; konungr talaði snjallt eyrindi yfir greptinum, of a funeral sermon, Fms. x. 151, v.l.; þá mælti Gizurr Hallsson langt erendi ok fagrt, Bs. i. 299; ok áðr hann væri smurðr mælti hann mjök langt örindi, 296; allir rómuðu þetta eyrendi vel, all cheered this speech, Sturl. ii. 217; talaði Hafliði langt e. um málit, i. 35; langt e. ok snjallt, id.; skaut konungr á eyrindi, the king made a speech, Fms. i. 215; en er þing var sett stóð Sigmundr upp ok skaut á löngu eyrendi, Fær. 140. 3. a strophe in a secular poem, vers (a verse) being used of a hymn or psalm; ok jók nokkurum erendum eðr vísum, Hkr. ii. 297; hversu mörg vísu-orð (lines) standa í einu eyrendi, Edda (Ht.) 120; eptir þessi sögu orti Jórunn Skáldmær nokkur erendi í Sendibít, Hkr. i. 117; gef ek þér þat ráð at snúum sumum örendum ok fellum ór sum, O. H. L. 46; allt stafrofið er svo læst | í erindin þessi lítil tvö, a ditty. 4. the breath; en er hann þraut eyrendit ok hann laut ór horninu, when the breath left him and he 'louted' from the drinking horn, removed his lips from the horn, of Thor's draught by Útgarða-Loki, Edda 32. COMPDS: erindis-lauss, n. adj. going in vain; fara at erindislausu, to go in vain. Fs. 5. eyrindis-leysa, u, f. the failure of one's errand, Hg. 21. eyrindis-lok, n. pl. the result of one's errand, Fms. xi. 69. eyrend-laust, n. adj. purpose-less; fara e., to go in vain, Fms. vi. 248, Glúm. 351, Th. 18, Al. 34. eyrend-reki (örend-reki and erind-reki), a, m. [A. S. ærend-raca], a messenger, Post. 645. 27, Gþl. 12, 42, Greg. 44, Stj. 524, Barl. 52. eyri-lauss, adj. penniless, N. G. L. i. 52. EYRIR, m., gen. eyris, dat. and acc. eyri; pl. aurar, gen. aura, dat. aurum; a word prob. of foreign origin, from Lat. aurum, Fr. or, Engl. ore; (A. S. ora is, however, prob. Danish.) The first coins known in Scandinavia were Roman or Byzantine, then Saxon or English; as the old word baugr (q.v.) denoted unwrought, uncoined gold and silver, so eyrir prob. originally meant a certain coin: I. an ounce of silver or its amount in money, the eighth part of a mark; an eyrir is = sixty pennies (penningar) = three ertog; tuttugu penningar vegnir í örtug, þrír örtugar í eyri. átta aurar í mörk, 732. 16; silfr svá slegit at sextigir penninga görði eyri veginn, Grág. i. 500; penning, þat skal hinn tíundi (prob. a false reading, x instead of lx) hlutr eyris, 357; hálfs eyris met ek hverjan, I value each at a half eyrir, Glúm, (in a verse); leigja skip þrem aurum, to hire a boat for three aurar, Korm.; einn eyrir þess fjár heitir alaðsfestr, Grág. i. 88: the phrase, goldinn liverr eyrir, every ounce paid; galt Guðmundr hvern eyri þá þegar, Sturl. i. 141; gjalda tvá aura fyrir einn, to pay two for one, Grág. i. 396, ii. 234; verðr þá at hálfri mörk vaðmála eyrir, then the eyrir amounts to half a mark in wadmal, i. 500; brent silfr, ok er eyririnn at mörk lögaura, pure silver, the ounce of which amounts to a mark in lögaurar, 392; hring er stendr sex aura, a ring worth or weighing six aurar, Fms. ii. 246; hence baugr tví-eyringr, tvítug-eyringr, a ring weighing two or twenty aurar, Eb., Glúm. β. as a weight of other things beside silver; hagl hvert vá eyri, every hail-stone weighed an ounce, Fms. i. 175; stæltr lé ok vegi áttjan aura, eggelningr, þeir skulu þrír fyrir tvá aura, a scythe of wrought steel and weighing eighteen aurar, an ell-long edge, three such cost two aurar (in silver), the proportion between the weight in wrought iron and the worth in silver being 1:28, Grág. i. 501. γ. the amount of an ounce, without any notion of the medium of payment, hence such phrases as, tólf aura silfrs, twelve aurar to be paid in silver, Nj. 54; eyrir brendr, burnt eyrir, i.e. an eyrir sterling, pure silver, D. N. II. money in general; skal þar sinn eyri hverjum dæma, to every one his due, his share, Grág. i. 125; in proverbs, ljósir aurar verða at löngum trega, bright silver brings long woe, Sl. 34; margr verðr af aurum api, Hm. 74; illr af aurum, a miser, Jd. 36; vára aura, our money, Vkv. 13; leggja aura, to lay up money, Eg. (in a verse); gefin til aura (= til fjár), wedded to money, Ísl. ii. 254 (in a verse); telja e-m aura, to tell out money to one, Skv. 3. 37, cp. 39: the phrase, hann veit ekki aura sinna tal, he knows not the tale of his aurar, of boundless wealth. Mar. 88: the allit. phrase, lönd (land, estate) ok lausir aurar (movables, cp. Dan. lösöre, Swed. lösören), Eg. 2; hafa fyrirgört löndum ok lausum eyri, K. Á. 94. 2. money or specie; the allit. phrase, aurar ok óðal, money and estates, N. G. L. i. 48; ef hann vill taka við aurum slíkum (such payment) sem váttar vitu at hann reiddi honum, 93; þeim aurum öllum (all valuables) sem til bús þeirra vóru keyptir, Grág. i. 412; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, F. asked in what money he wished to he paid, Nj. 259; lögaurar, such money as is legal tender; þú skalt gjalda mér vaðmál, ok skilrað hann frá aðra aura, other kinds of payment, Grág. i. 392; útborinn eyrir, in the phrase, mér er það enginn utborinn (or útburðar-) eyrir, I do not want to part with it, offer it for sale; eyrir vaðmála, payment in wadmal (stuff), 300, Bs. i. 639: for the double standard, the one woollen (ells), the other metal (rings or coin), and the confusion between them, see Dasent's Burnt Njal, vol. ii. p. 397 sqq.: at different times and places the ell standard varied much, and we hear of three, six, nine, twelve ell standards (vide alin, p. 13): in such phrases as 'mörk sex álna aura,' the word 'mörk' denotes the amount, 'sex álna' the standard, and 'aura' the payment = payment of 'a mark of six ells,' cp. a pound sterling, K. Þ. K. 172; hundrað (the amount) þriggja álna (the standard) aura, Sturl. i. 141, 163, Boll. 362, Ísl. ii. 28; mörk sex álna eyris, Fsk. 10, N. G. L. i. 65, 101, 389, 390; þrem mörkum níu álna eyris, 387-389; sex merkr tólf álna eyrir, 81. β. in various compds, etc.; land-aurar, land tax, Jb. ch. i, Ó. H. 54; öfundar-eyrir, money which brings envy, Fs. 12; sak-metinn e., sak-eyrir, sakar-eyrir, money payable in fines, Fms. vii. 300; ómaga-eyrir, the money of an orphan, K. Þ. K. 158, Grág. ii. 288; liksöngs-eyrir, a 'lyke-fee,' burial fee (to the clergyman); vísa-eyrir, a tax: góðr e., good payment, D. N.; verð-aurar, articles used for payment, id.; forn-gildr e., standard, sterling payment, id.; færi-eyrir = lausir aurar, Skv. 3. 50; flytjandi e., id., Fr.; kaupmanna e., trade money; búmanna e., D. N.; Norrænn e., Norse money, Lv. 25; Hjaltenzkr e., Shetland money, D. N. (vide Fritzner s.v.); fríðr e., 'kind,' i.e. sheep and cattle, Grág. COMPDS: I. pl., aura-dagr, m. pay-day, D. N. aura-lag, n. the standard of money, Fms. vii. 300, 304. aura-lán, n. worldly luck, 656 i. 3. aura-lógan, f. the squandering of money, 655 iii. 1. aura-lykt, n. payment, D. N. aura-skortr, m. scarcity of money, D. N. aura-taka, u, f. receipt of money, N. G. L. i. 93, Gþl. 298. II. sing., eyris-bót, f. fine of an eyrir, Grág. i. 158. eyris-kaup, n. a bargain to the amount of an eyrir, Gþl. 511. eyris-land, n. land giving the rent of an eyrir, Fms. x. 146. eyris-skaði, a, m. loss to the amount of an eyrir, Jb. 166. eyris-tíund, f. tithe of an eyrir, K. Þ. K. 148. eyris-tollr, m. toll of an eyrir, H. E. ii. 95. EYRR, f., mod. eyri, gen. eyrar, dat. and acc. eyri, pl. eyrar, [aurr; Dan. öre; Swed. ör: it remains also in Scandin. local names, as Eyrar-sund, the Sound; Helsing-ör, Elsinore, qs. Helsingja-eyrr] :-- a gravelly bank, either of the banks of a river (ár-eyrar, dals-cyrar) or of small tongues of land running into the sea, Fms. v. 19, Eg. 196, Nj. 85, Grág. ii. 355, N. G. L. i. 242, and passim in local names, esp. in Icel., vide Landn.: eyrar-oddi and eyrar-tangi, a, m. the point or tongue of an eyrr, Gísl. 93, Grág. ii. 354, Jb. 314, Háv. 47; Eyrar-maðr, m. a man from the place E., Sturl. iii. 11, Band. 9; Eyr-byggjar, m. pl. id., hence Eyrbyggja Saga, the history of that name, Landn., Eb., Bs. i. 409. A great meeting used to be held at Haleyr, now Copenhagen (P. A. Munch), Fær. ch. 2, hence Eyrar-floti, a, m. the fleet at Eyrar, Eg. 78. Another meeting was held in Drondheim (Niðarós) on the gravel banks of the river Nid, hence Eyrar-þing, n., Fms. vi. 24, viii. 49, ix. 91, 449, etc. II. duels usually took place on a gravel bank or on an island, hence the phrase, ganga út á eyri, to go to fight, Ísl. ii. 256 (in a verse); mér hefir stillir stökt til eyrar, the king has challenged me to fight a duel, Hkv. Hjörv. 33. β. in poetry used in circumlocutions of a woman, Lex. Poët. eyr-silfr, n. 'ore-silver,' mercury, 655 xxx. 7; mod. kvika-silfr. eyrskr, adj. a dub. GREEK, in the phrase, jó eyrskan, a shod (?) horse, Akv. 32; vide aurskór. eysill, m., dimin. [ausa], little ladle, a nickname, Fms. xii. eystri, [austr], compar. the more eastern; austastr, superl. the most eastern, Nj. 8, 281, Hkr. i. 137, Eg. 100, Fms. i. 252, vii. 259, xi. 414. Eystra-salt, n. the Baltic, Fms. i. 100, Fær. 10, etc. Ey-verskr, adj. from the Orkneys, Landn. 27, B. K. 29, Lex. Poët. ey-vit or ey-fit, ey-fvit, ey-vitar, adv. [ey = not, and vit = wight], naught; used as subst. eyvitar, gen., Hm. 93; eyvitu, dat., 27; but else used as adv., blandask eyvitar (blend not) við aðra ísa, Sks. 40 new Ed.: the proverb, eyfit týr (it boots not) þótt skyndi seinn, Mkv.; eyfit hef ek fé, I have no money, Fbr. 49 new Ed.; en biskup hafði þó eyfvit at sök við þenna mann, the bishop could do nothing with this man, Bs. i. 170; hón matti eyfit mæla eðr sofa, she could neither speak nor sleep, 180; hón mátti ok eyfit sofa, 195. eyx, vide öx. ey-þolinn, m. the rivet in a clasp knife, now called þolin-móðr, Edda (Gl.)

137 F -- FÖÐURHENDR.

F F (eff), the sixth letter, was in the Gothic Runes, on the Bracteats, and on the stone in Tune, marked RUNE, a form evidently derived from the Greek and Latin; hence also comes the Anglo-Saxon RUNE called feoh, and in the Scandinavian Runes RUNE called fé (=fee, money), fé veldr frænda rógi, Rkv. I. The Runic alphabet makes f the first letter, whence this alphabet is sometimes by modern writers called Fuþork. The first six letters are called Freys-ætt, the family of Frey; perhaps the Goths called this Rune Frauja = Freyr, the lord. Only in very early Icel. MSS. is the old Latin form of f used: at the beginning of the 13th century the Anglo-Saxon form RUNE (derived from the Rune) prevailed; and it was employed in printed Icel. books till about A. D. 1770, when the Latin f came into use. In very early MSS. ff and ft are very difficult to distinguish from ff and ft. Emendations may sometimes be made by bearing this in mind, e. g. hóstú, Am. 95, should clearly be read hóftú = hóft þú, from hefja, -- proving that this poem was in writing not later than about A. D. 1200, when the Anglo-Saxon letter was introduced. A. PRONUNCIATION. -- At the beginning of a syllable always sounded as Engl. f; but as a medial and final, it is often pronounced and sometimes spelt v, especially after a vowel, so that in af, ef, lauf, gefa, hafa, grafa, lifa, líf, gröf, f is pronounced like the v, as in Engl. grave. Foreign proper names, Stefan (Stephen), etc., are exceptions, where f not initial has an aspirate sound. For the exceptional spelling of f as b vide introduction to B, (pp. 48, 49.) The Icel. dislike a double f sound, which is only found in a verv few modern foreign words, such as kaffe, coffee; straff, Germ, strafe, punishment; koffort, a box (from French or Germ.); offur, an offer; skoffin, a monster; skeffa, a 'skep' or bushel; skúffa, a drawer; eff, the name of the letter itself, cp. Skálda 166. B. SPELLING: I. as an initial the spelling never changes; as medial and final the form f is usually retained, as in álfr, kálfr, sjálfr, silfr, arfr, orf, úlfr, etc., af, gaf, haf, etc., although the sound is soft in all these syllables. Some MSS. used to spell fu, especially after an l, sialfuan (ipsum), halfuan (dimidium), etc.; in the 14th century this was common, but did not continue; in Swedish it prevailed, hence the mod. Swed. forms gifva, drifva, etc. II. the spelling with f is against the true etymology in many cases, and here also the spelling differs; this is especially the case with the final radical v or u (after a vowel or after l or r), which, being in some cases suppressed or obsolete, reappears and is differently spelt; thus, örfar, arrows (from ör); snjófar (nives), snow, and snjófa, to snow (from snjór); háfan (acc.), high (from hár); mjófan, thin (from mjór); sæfar (gen.), the sea (from sær): the partly obsolete dat. forms ölvi, mjölvi, Mávi, bölvi, heyvi, hörvi, smjörvi, lævi from öl (ale), mjöl (meal), hey (hay), etc. are also spelt ölfi ... heyfi, cp. e. g. Eb. 94 new Ed. note 8: so also adjectives, as örfan (acc. from örr), liberal: nouns, as völfa or völva, a prophetess. III. the spelling with pt in such words as, aptan, evening; aptr, after; leiptr, lightning; dript, drift; dupt, Germ. duft; heipt, cp. Germ. heftig; kraptr, Germ. kraft;; aptari, eptri, = aftari, eftri, aft, behind; eptir, after; skipta, to shift; lopt, Germ. luft; kjöptr, Germ. UNCERTAIN; opt, often; nipt (from nefi), a sister; hapt, a haft, hepta, to haft; gipta, a gift; raptr, a rafter; tópt, cp. Engl. toft, Dan. toft; skapt, Engl. shaft, Dan. skaft; þopta, Dan. tofte, -- is against the sense and etymology and is an imitation of Latin MSS. The earliest MSS. and almost all Norse MSS. use ft, and so also many Icel. MSS., e. g. the Flateyjar-bók, Hauks-bók, etc.; pt, however, is the regular spelling, and hence it came into print. The present rule appears to be to use pt wherever both consonants are radicals, but ft if the t be inflexive -- thus haft, part. from hafa, líft from lifa, hlíft from hlífa; but in speaking pt and ft are both sounded alike, regardless of etymology, viz. both as ft or vt with a soft f sound; hence phonetic spelling now and then occurs in MSS., e. g. draft -- drapt, from drepa, Fb. i. 149; efðe = æpði = æpti, from æpa, to weep, Bs. i. 342; keyfti, from kaupa, Greg. 50; steyfti, from steypa. β. a digraph fp or pf occurs a few times in MSS., efptir, 673 A. 2; lopfti = lopti, Greg. 72 (vide Frump. 100), but it never came into use; it reminds one of the pf which in modern German is so frequent: fm -- f or m, e. g. nafm -- nafn or namn, Mork. 60 and N. G. L. passim; fft=ft also occurs in old MSS. C. CHANGES. -- The final soft Icel. f answers to Engl. f, ve, e. g. Icel. líf = Engl. life, but Icel. lifa = Engl. to live; gefa, to give; hafa, to have; leifa, to leave. Again, the spurious Icel. f (B. II) usually answers to Engl. w or the like, e. g. örfar = Engl. arrow; snjófar = Engl. snow; már náfi, cp. Engl. mew; Icel. nær (the v is here suppressed), cp. Engl. narrow; Icel. lævi, cp. Engl. lewd, etc. etc. In Danish the soft f is usually spelt with v, e. g. halv, kalv, hav, give, love, sove, -- Icel. hálfr, kálfr, haf, gefa, lofa, sofa, whereas the Swedes frequently keep the f. In German a final b answers to Icel. f; Germ. geben = Icel. gefa, Engl. give; Germ. kalb, erbe, = Icel. kalfr, arfi, etc., see introduction to B. Again, in German a final f or ff answers to Icel. and Engl. p, e. g. Germ. lauf =Icel. hlaup, Engl. leap; Germ. kauf = Icel. kaup, Engl. cheap; Germ. schiff = Icel. skip, Engl. ship, also skiff; Germ. treff = Icel. drep; Germ. tief = Icel. djúpr, Engl. deep; Germ. haufen = Icel. hópr, Engl. heap; Germ. rufen = Icel.hrópa; Germ. schaffen = Icel. skapa, Engl. shape; Germ. saufen = Icel. súpa, Engl. to sup; Germ. UNCERTAIN = Icel. huppr, Engl. hip; Germ. greifen = Icel. grípa, Engl. to grapple, grip; Germ. gaffen = Icel. gapa, Engl. gape; Germ. offen = Icel. opinn, Engl. open; Germ. affe = Icel. api, Engl. ape; Germ. triefen = Icel. drjúpa, Engl. drip; Germ. tropfen = Icel. dropi, Engl. drop. As to the use of the initial f, the Engl., Icel., Swed., and Dan. all agree; the High Germ. spelling is confused, using either f or v, but both of them are sounded alike, thus voll = Engl. full, Icel. fullr; vier = Engl. four, Icel. fjórir; vater = Engl. father, Icel. faðir, etc.: but fisch = Engl. fish, Icel. fiskr; fest = Engl. fast, Icel. fastr. This German v, however, seems to be dying out (Grimm, introduction to F). 2. for the change of fn and mn, see introduction to B: f changes to m in a few Icel. words, as himin, qs. hiffin, cp. Engl. heaven; helmingr, a half, from halfr, half. D. INTERCHANGE. -- The Greek and Latin p answers to Teutonic and Icel. f; thus, pater, paucus, piscis, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, pecu, pellis, GREEK, pinguis, plecto, pes, GREEK, pallor, etc., cp. Icel. faðir, fár, fiskr, fimm, furr, foli, fé, fell (feldr), feitr, flétta, fet and fótr, fólr, etc.; Lat. portare = færa, Engl. to ford; se-pelio = fela; GREEK = fjóðr and fiðr; GREEK and GREEK, cp. fnasa; Lat. per, pro, GREEK cp. fyrir; Lat. pl&e-long;nus, pleo, GREEK, GREEK, cp. fullr; GREEK = fley; Lat. prior, GREEK, cp. fyrir, fyrstr: Lat. primus, cp. frum-; Lat. pl&u-long;res, pl&e-long;rique, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK = fjöl-, fjöd, fleiri, flestr; Lat. plicare = falda; Lat. pr&e-long;tium, cp. friðr, fríðendi, etc. (vide Grimm). Again, where no interchange has taken place the word is usually borrowed from the Greek or Latin, e. g. forkr, Engl. fork = Lat. furca; Icel. fals, falskr = Lat. falsus; Icel. fálki = Lat. falco, etc. faðerni, n. fatherhood, paternity, Fms. vii. 164; at f. eðr móðerni, on father's or mother's side, Eg. 267, Fms. ix. 251; verða sekr um f., to be convicted of fatherhood, Grág. i. 86; ganga við f., to acknowledge one's fatherhood, Fms. i. 257, ii. 19, iii. 130; faðerni opp. to móðerni, vi. 223. β. patrimony, Skv. 3. 67. γ. a parent, the father; ekki var breytt um f. Kolla, Bjarn. 45 MS. (Ed. wrongly föðurinn); hann var ljóss ok fagr eptir f. sínu, as his father, Edda 7. δ. eccl. = Lat. paternitas, Bs. ii. 14, 80, 151, Th. 12, Mar., etc. FAÐIR, m., gen. dat. and acc. föður: pl. nom. and acc. feðr, gen. feðra, dat. feðrum; there also occurs a monosyllabic nom. föðr or feðr, gen. föðrs or feðrs, dat. and acc. föðr or feðr, the pl. as in faðir; this form occurs passim in MSS. and editions, but is less correct and quite obsolete, Eg. 178, Fms. i. 6, N. G. L. i. 52, Stj. 130: in mod. usage in gen. both föður and föðurs, better föðrs: feðr nd veðr are rhymed, Edda 95; cp. also the compds all-föðr (of Odin), but Al-faðir of God in mod. usage: [Goth, fadar; A. S. fader; Early Engl. fader, mod. father; O. H. G. fatar, mod. vater; Swed.-Dan. fader; Lat. p&a-long;ter; Gr. GREEK all of them bisyllabic] :-- a father, N. G. L. i. 30, Grág. i. 170, Stj. 71, Hom. 47, passim :-- in eccl. sense, Lat. pater, a father of the church, Stj. 126; speki feðra, Eluc. 2, K. Á. 30; faðir ok forstjóri, father and ruler, Mar. :-- God, heavenly Father, N. T.; Foðir Vor, Our Father (i. e. the Lord's Prayer, Lat. Pater Noster). Proverb or saying, fleygir fúsum til föður húsa, swift is the ride towards a father's house. COMPDS: föður-afi, u, m. a grandfather on the father's side. föður-arfr, m. inheritance after a father, Eg. 470, Rd. 282, Fb. ii. 172. föður-bani, a, m. slayer of another man's father, Nj. 120, Landn. 286, Fms. vi. 367, vii. 220, Fb. i. 555. Föður-betringr, m. better than one's father, Grett. 110. föður-bróðir, m. a father's brother, uncle, Grág;. i. 171, ii. 185, Nj. 4: föðurbróður-sonr, a father's brother's son, Fms. x. 390. föður-bætr, f. pl. weregild for a father, Fms. ii. 109, Hkr. iii. 387. föður-dauði, a, m. a father's death, Ísl. ii. 116, Fas. i. 34. föður-dráp, n. a father's slaughter, Ísl. l. c., v. l. föður-erfð, f. = föðurarfr, Landn. 214, v. l. föður-faðir, m. a father's father, Grág. i. 171, ii. 185, Jb. 14, Fms. i. 67, vii. 16. föður-frændi, a, m. a kinsman on the father's side, Gþl. 261, Ld. 24. föður-garðr, m. a father's house, Fas. iii. 250, cp. K. Á. 58. föður-gjöld, n. pl. weregild for one's father, Edda 48, Ísl. ii. 216. föður-hefndir, f. pl. revenge for one's father if slain, Ld. 260, Rd. 305, Vd. 94, Al. 7; as to this heathen custom, vide Sdm. 35, Skv. 3. 12, Nj. ch. 120 (en þó er þér meiri nauðsyná at hefna föður þíns), Heiðarv. S. (the revenge of Gest), Fms. vi, Har. S. harðr. 103 (the taunts of Halli), Ld. ch. 60, cp. also Eb. ch. 38, etc. föður-hús, n. a father's house, Stj. 398, 463. föður-kyn, n. father's kin, Eg. 266. föður-land, n. [Germ. vaterland, Dan. fædreland], fatherland, Bær. 17, a rare word, sounding even now affected and mod.; Icel. prefer saying ætt-jörð, fóstr-jörð, or the like. föður-lauss, adj. fatherless, H. E. i. 237. föður-leifð (föður-leif, Bær. 5, Fms. x. 386), f. a patrimony, viz. land and estates, Fms. i. 52, v. 117, vii. 176, Ld. 104. föður-liga, adv. and föður-ligr, adj. fatherly, Stj. 63, Fms. vi. 70, Finnb. 226. föður-móðir, f. a father's mother, Nj. 25, Grág. i. 171. föður-systir, [whence Dan. faster], f. a father's sister, Grág. i. 171, Fms. iv. 24; füðursystur-dóttir, the daughter of a father's sister, a niece, Hkr. iii. 170. föður-verringr, m. a degenerate son, Mag. föður-ætt (or -átt), f. kinsfolk on the father's side, Grág. i. 171, Nj. 25, Gþl. 158. II. in many COMPDS used as adj., e. g. föður-ást, f. and föður-elska, u, f. fatherly love; föður-hendr, f, pl. fatherly

138 FOÐURHIRTING -- FALDA.

föður-hirting, f. fatherly punishment; föður-hjarta, n. fatherly heart. 2. guð-faðir, a god-father; tengda-faðir, a father-in-law; stjúp-faðir, a step-father; fóstr-faðir, a foster-father; al-faðir, all-father. faðma, að, to embrace, Stj. 185, Barl. 29, Gg. 3: recipr. to embrace one another. Sks. 572: metaph. to grasp with the arms, Sturl. i. 169, Al. 86. faðman, f. embracing, Str. faðm-byggvir, m., poët, a dweller in one's arms, husband, Lex. Poët. faðm-lag, n., esp. in pl. embraces, Ísl. ii. 269, Fms. iii. 129, Bret. 24: metaph., Sks. 550, Mar. 119. FAÐMR m. [cp. Goth. faþa = GREEK A. S. fœðem; Engl. fathom; O. H. G.fadam; Germ. faden or fadem = Lat. filum; Dan. favn; Swed. famn; the root is akin to that of Gr. GREEK, cp. Lat. patere, pandere, prop. to stretch out]:-- a fathom: 1. a measure = two passus, Hb. 732. 5, Grág. ii. 262, 336, Landn. 35, 131, Fms. viii. 416, Eluc. 43, Gísl. 14; very freq. used in measuring depths or heights; thus fertugt djúp, þrítugr hamarr, etc. invariably means forty fathoms deep, thirty fathoms high; whereas roads are measured by 'fet', stuffs, etc. by 'ells'. 2. the arms; brjóst ok f., Fms. v. 344, Sturl. i. 214, Rm. 16, Th. 9, Am. 73; sofa í faðmi e-m, to sleep in one's arms, Hm. 114; hafa barn í faðmi, Fms. vii. 31: the bosom, Stj. 260. Exod. iv. 6: often in the phrase, fallask í faðma, to square one thing with another, set off against, Landn. 307, Orkn. 224, Glúm. 396, Bs. i. 696, Fs. 139, Gullþ. 19. FAGNA, að, [Ulf. faginon = GREEK; A. S. fægnian; Hel. faganon; cp. Engl. fain, Icel. feginn]:-- to be fain, to rejoice, Greg. 20, 40, Sks. 631; fagnið þer og verið glaðir. Matth. v. 12, John xvi. 20; fagnið með fagnendum, Rom. xii. 15: with dat., fagna e-u, to rejoice in a thing; allir munu því fagna, 623. 43, Nj. 25, Ld. 62. 2. fagna e-m, to welcome one, receive with good cheer, Nj. 4; var honum þar vel tagnað, 25, Eg. 36, Fms. iv. 131, ironic, vii. 249, x. 19. β. with prep., fagna í e-u, to rejoice in a thing, Th. 76; fagna af e-u, id., Stj. 142, Th. 76. γ. the phrase, fagna vetri (Jólum, sumri), to rejoice, make a feast at the beginning of winter (Yule, summer); þat var þá margra manna siðr at f. vetri ... ok hafa þá veizlur ok vetrnátta-blót, Gísl. 18; ef ek mætta þar í veita í haust vinum mínum ok f. svá heimkomu minni, Fms. i. 290; þat er siðr þeirra at hafa blót á haust ok f. þá vetri, Ó. H. 104. fagnaðr and fögnuðr, m., gen. fagnaðar, pl. ir, [Goth. faheds = GREEK], joy, Greg. 68, Hom. 85; gaudium er fögnuðr, Bs. i. 801; eilífr f., Hom. 42, Stj. 44; himinríkis f., heavenly joy, Fms. x. 274; óvina-fögnuðr, triumph, joy for one's foes, Nj. 112. β. metaph. welcome, good cheer, Hkr. i. 50, Eg. 535, Fms. i. 72, iv. 82; görðu henni fagnað þá viku alla, 625. 86: the phrase, kunna sér þann fagnað, to be so sensible, so clever, Band. 9, Hkr. ii. 85, v. l.; öl ok annarr fagnaðr, ale and other good cheer, Grett. 98 A. In the N. T. GREEK is often rendered by fögnuðr, Mark iv. 16, Luke i. 14, ii. 10, viii. 13, x. 17, xv. 7, 10, John iii. 29, xv. 11, xvi. 21, 22, 24, xvii. 13, Rom. xiv. 17, xv. 13, 2 Cor. ii. 2, etc., in the same passages in which Ulf uses faheds; fögnuðr is stronger than gleði. COMPDS: fagnaðar-atburðr, m. a joyful event, Barl. 88. fagnaðar-boðskapr, m. glad tidings. fagnaðar-dagr, m. the day of rejoicing, Fms. x. 226. fagnaðar-eyrendi, n. a joyful message, Bs. fagnaðar-eyru, n. pl., heyra f., to hear with joyful ears, Hom. 143. fagnaðar-fullr, adj. joyful, Bs. i. 201, Fms. i. 244. fagnaðar-fundr, m. a joyful meeting, Fms. x. 405, xi. 438. fagnaðar-grátr, m. weeping for joy, 655 xxvii. 9. fagnaðar-heit, n. a joyful promise, Th. 9. fagnaðar-kenning, f. joyful teaching. fagnaðar-krás, f. a dainty, Stj. 443. fagnaðar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.). joyless, Bs. i. 462, 801: wretched, poor, 464, Fms. xi. 445. fagnaðar-lúðr, m. a trumpet of joy, Stj. 631. fagnaðar-mark, n. a sign of joy, Hom. 104. fagnaðar-óp, n. a shout of joy, Al. 13, Róm. 214. fagnaðar-raust, f. a voice of joy, Stj. 434. fagnaðar-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), joyful, Hom. 140, Stj. 148. fagnaðar-skrúð, n. raiment of joy, Eluc. 46. fagnaðar-staðr, m. a place of joy, Hom. 147. fagnaðar-sæll, adj. delightful, Fms. vi. 441, Pass. xxvii. 12. fagnaðar-söngr, m. a song of joy, Hom. 140, Sks. 754, Stj. 434. fagnaðar-tíð, f. and fagnaðar-tími, a, m. a time of joy, Stj. 141, Bs. i. 131, Fms. ii. 196. fagnaðar-tíðindi, n. pl. joyful, glad tidings, Hom. 88, Fms. ii. 253, iv. 250. fagnaðar-veizla, u, f. a feast of joy, Stj. fagnaðar-vist, f. an abode of joy, 625. 6. fagnaðar-öl, n. a joyful banquet, merry feast, Al. 150, Hkr. ii. 31. fagna-fundr, m. a joyful meeting (of friends); varð þar f., there was great joy, good cheer, Eg. 130, 180, 198, 515, Ísl. ii. 387, Fms. iv. 305, v. 41, x. 405, Stj. 478. β. a happy discovery, Stor. 2 (MS.), of the poetical mead; the edition wrongly þagna-fundr. FAGR, adj., fem, fögr, neut. fagrt; compar. fagrari or better fegri, superl. fagrastr or better fegrstr; mod. fegurri, fegurstr; [Ulf. fagrs = GREEK; A. S. fœger; Engl. fair; O. H. G.fagar; Dan. favre, in Dan. ballads favre mö = fair maid; Swed. fager]:-- -fair; used very freq. and almost as in Engl., except that the Icel. does not use it in a moral sense, like Engl. fair, unfair: 1. of persons, the body, etc.; fögr mær, a fair maid, Nj. 2, Vkv. 2; fagr sýnum, fair to see, Fms. i. 116; f. álitum, id., Edda 5, Skv. 1. 27; fögr hönd, a fair hand (hand-fögr), Fms. ix. 283; fógr augu, fair eyes (fagr-eygr); fagrt hár, fair hair, Ísl. ii; fagrar brúðir, fair brides, Sdm. 28; mær undarliga fögr, a wonderfully fair maid, Hkr. i. 40; fegra mann (a fairer man) eðr tígurlegra, Fms. vi. 438. 2. of places; fögr er Hlíðin svá at mér hefir hón aldri jafnfögr sýnzk, Nj. 112; fagra túna (gen.), a fair abode ('toun'), þkv. 3; salr sólu fegri, Vsp. 63; fagrar lendur,fair fields, Ld. 96: freq. in local names, Fagra-brekka, Fagr-ey, Fagri-dalr, Fagra-nes, Fagri-skógr, etc., = Fair-brink, -isle, -dale, -ness, -wood, etc., Landn. 3. of light, wind, weather, etc.; fagrt ljós, a bright light, Hom. 111, Fms. i. 230; skína fagrt, to shine brightly (of the sun); fagr byrr, a fair wind, Fms. ii. 182, Orkn. 356; fagrt veðr, fair weather, Ó H. 216. 4. as an epithet of tears; in the phrase, gráta fögrum tárum, cp. Homer's GREEK GREEK; hence grát-fagr, beautiful in tears, Edda 63. 5. of the voice; fögr rödd, a sweet voice; fagr söngr, a sweet song, Bs. i. 168; fögr orð, a fine speech, Mork. 6. of other things; fagrt skip, a fine ship, Eg. 173; fagr borði, Nj. 24; fagrt kvæði, a fine poem, Ísl. ii. 237. II. metaph., fagrt líf, a fair, goodly life, Mork. 72; lifa fagrt, to live a happy life, Hm. 53; fagrir siðir, fine manners, Sks. 279. β. as an epithet of victory; fagr sigr, með fögrum sigri (freq.) γ. mæla (tala) fagrt, to speak fair, Hm. 91, Ísl. ii. 339; talaði fagrt, en hugði flátt, spoke fair, but thought false, Fms. ii. 91; heita fögru, to promise fair, Hm. 131, Eg. (in a verse); lota öllu fögrv, cp. the Dan. 'love guld og grönne skove'; biðja fagrt, to bid fair (with false intention), Am. 37. B. In COMPDS, with nouns, adjectives, fair, fine, gracious: I. prefixed, e. g. munn-fagr, fine-mouthed; augna-fagr, fair eyed; hand-fagr, fair-handed; gang-fagr, with a fair, gracious gait; lit-fagr, of fair hue; hár-fagr, fair-haired, etc. II. suffixed, e. g. fagra-hvel, n. the fair wheel or disk, the sun (poët.), Alm. 17. fagra-ræfr, n. the fair roof, the sky (poët.), Alm. 13. fagr-bláinn, m. fair blue, a shield (poët.), Lex. Poët. fagr-blár, adj. light-blue. fagr-blóm, n., botan. trientalis, Hjalt. fagr-búinn, part. 'fair-boun', bright-dressed, chiefly as an epithet of a lady, Eg. 77, Hkr. iii. 290, Hom. 120, Am. 29: of a ship, Hkv. 1. 31. fagr-bygg, n. the fair 'bigg', gold (poët.), Lex. Poët., cp. Edda 83. fagr-dæll, adj. a man from Fair&dash-uncertain;ale, Sturl. iii. 181, Landn. fagr-eygr (-eygðr), adj. fair-eyed, Bs. i. 127, 178, Hkr. ii. 2, Fms. xi. 205. fagr-ferðugr, adj. graceful, virtuous, Stj. 136, v. l. fagr-flekkóttr, adj. fair-flecked (of a snake), Stj. 97. fagr-gali, a, m. a fair, enticing song, enchantment, flattery. fagr-gim, n. the fair gem, the sun (poët.), Lv. 2. fagr-glóa, adj. fair-glowing, bright (poët.), Alm. 5 (the Sun as bride). fagr-grænn, adj. light-green, Fms. xi. 335, Hkr. i. 71 (of a field or tree). fagr-gulr, adj. light-yellow. fagr-hárr (-hærðr), adj. fair-haired, Nj. 16, Fms. xi. 205. fagr-hljóðr (-hljóðandi, -hljóðaðr), adj. sweet-voiced, Grett. 159, Fms. ii. 199. fagr-kinn, f. (fögrum-kinni, m., Fms. xi), fair-cheek, soubriquet of a lady, Sd. fagr-klæddr, part. fair-clad, Greg. 24, Dropl. 25. fagr-kolla, u, f., botan. hieracium, hawkweed, Hjalt. fagr-limi, a, m. 'fair-branch', a wood (poët.), Alm. 29. fagr-læti, n. blandishment, Barl. 119. fagr-máll, adj. fair-spoken, Fms. vi. 52. fagr-mæli, n. fair language, Barl. 24, 117, Nj. 167. Fms. i. 74. fagr-mæltr, part. bland, Fms. vi. 52, v. 1. fagr-orðr (-yrðr), adj. fair-spoken, bland, Sks. 370, 432, Sturl. ii. 133. fagr-raddaðr, part, sweet-voiced. fagr-rauðr, adj. light-red (opp. to dökk-rauðr or dumb-rauðr, dark-red), þiðr. 181, Fas. i. 172, Vsp. 34. fagr-rendr, part. painted with fine stripes (of a shield), Hornklofi. fagr-skapaðr, part. fair-shapen, Sks. 627. fagr-skrifaðr, part. finely drawn, painted in bright colours, Greg. 26. fagr-skygðr, part. transparent as crystal (of a shield), Lex. Poët. fagr-strykvinn, part. painted with fair streaks (of a ship), Lex. Poët. fagr-varinn, part. wearing fine clothes (of a lady), Vkv. 37. fagr-vaxinn, part. of fair stature (of a lady), Band. (in a verse). fagr-yrði, n. pl. fair words, Fms. x. 104. fagrendi, n. pl. costly, fair things, Barl. 176. fagr-leikr, m. beauty, Fms. v. 281, xi. 428. fagr-leitr, adj. of fair complexion, beautiful, Fms. vii. 321, Gísl. 71. fagr-liga (fagrla, 0. H. in a verse), mod. fallega, adv. fairly, beautifully. Fms. i. 141, vii. 147, x. 243, Fs. 145. fagr-ligr, adj., mod. contracted fallegr (cp. fallega above), which word is at the present time in Icel. used very much as fine, nice are in Engl., that is to say, of almost everything, whereas this form is hardly found in old writers:-- fair, fine, Vtkv. 6; f. penningar, fine money, Fs. 6; f. skrúði, a fine dress, Stj. 142; f. sigr, Fms. x. 231; f. hljóðan, sweet tunes, Bs. i. 155. FALA, að, [falr], to demand for purchase, with acc., Fms. i. 135, iii. 159, Ld. 28, Eg. 714; f. e-t af e-m (better f. e-t at e-m), Fms. iii. 208, x. 4, Nj. 73, Ld. 144. FALDA, in old writers this word (if used in sense II) always follows the strong form and is declined like halda, viz. pret. félt, Landn. 166, vide Lex. Poët, passim, pl. féldu; pres. sing. feld; imperat. falt; pret. subj. féldi, Orkn. (in a verse); part, faldinn; but in signf. I (to fold) it is weak (faldar, faldaði), though it seldom occurs in old writers in this sense: in mod. usage the weak form only is used: [Ulf. falþan=GREEK in Luke

FALDA -- FALLA. 139

iv. 20. to fold or cl os e the book; A. S. fealdan; Engl. to fold; Germ. fallen; Dan. /o lde; Swed. falla; Fr. fonder; cp. Lat. plicare] :-- to fold, with acc.: I. gener. to fold; ek skal f. hana saman, / shall fold her up, Str. 9; tok hón þá skyrtuna ok faldaði saman, id.; sem hón hafði saman faldat, id.; f. fald eptir, to unfold a fold, id.; at engi mundi þann fald aptr f., id.; ef hón gseti aptr faldat skyrtu þína, 13. 0. to hem; falda dúk, khit, etc., to hem a towel, kerchief, or the like; cp. faldaðr, ófaldaðr. II. esp. to hood or cover the head, chiefly used of ladies wearing the fald, q. v.: a. with acc. of the person, dat. of the dress; ek mun falda þik með höfuðdúki, Nj. 201; at hón hefði nú faldit sik við motrinum, Ld. 2IO; Brandr var faldinn, B. was hooded as a lady, Fs. 109; Hildr Eyvindar-dottir felt honum, //. hooded him, 194 (Ed. fylgði wrongly); at hón hefði nú faldit (Ed. wrongly faldat) sik við motrinum, th a t she h a d hooded herself with the motr, Ld. 210; mundi Guðrún ekki þurfa at falda sik motri til þess, at sama betr en allar konur aorar, id.; hennar höfut er faldit þremr skautum, her head i s hooded in three sheets (hence skauta-faldr), Mar. 48 (Fr.) p. with dat. of the person; þá segir Hrefna, at hón vill falda sér við motrinn (better motrinum), Ld. 192; ef maðr feldr sér til vélar við konu, eðr ferr hann í kvennklæði, if a man hoods his head wilily mocking a woman, Grág. i. 338 (liable to the lesser outlawry); f. þér við höfuðdúki, Nj. I. e., v. 1.; aldri hefi ek frétt at konur féldi höfuðdúkum, Orkn. (in a verse); ek félt hjálmi, / covered my head in a helmet, Sighvat. y. the phiases, falda sitt, to hood the head so thai the eyes and face cannot be seen; far á meðal kvenna, ok fait þér sítt, at ekki verðir þii kend, Post. 656 B. 11; brúðirnar falda sítt, svá at úgerla má sjá þeirra yfirlit, Fms. xi. 106; enn fyrsta aptan hafa brüðirnar síð-faldit, Jv. 29 (Ed. 1824); sú (kona) hafði sítt faldit, Fms. vii. 161, cp. Gen. xxxviii. 14; falda hátt, to wear a tall fald, cp. Eb. 136 (in a verse); falda blá, or svortu, to h oo d the head in black, to mourn, Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse): the metaph. phrase, f. rauðu, to h oo d the head in red, to die a bloody death, Landn. 1. c. 2. part, faldinn, used as adj. hooded, mod. faldaðr, hooded, bordered, hemmed, etc., in compds, eld-faldinn, hooded with flames, poet, epithet of the foaming waves, Lex. Poët.; hjálmi faldinn, hooded with a helmet (poet.), Hkv. 47; járn-faldinn, iron-hooded, helmed, Eb. 208 (in a verse): hag-faldin, hooded with hedges, poet, epithet of the goddess Earth, Fms. vi. 140 (in a verse); hvit-faldin, wbite-booded, of glaciers or foaming waves, Snot 12, falda, u, f. -- faldr, Korm. 240 (in a verse). fald-laus, f. adj. hoodless, having her fald pulled off, Sd. 181. FALDR, m. [A. S. / ea/ d; Engl. fold; Germ, falte; O. H. G. fald; Dan. fold; Ital. / alda, and/ aldetta (in Malta); Fi. fauvetta zndfaudage] :-- a fold, of a garment, Str. 9, 13, 1. 19, 21, where it is even spelt foldr; in Icel. hardly ever used in this sense. |3. thehem of a garment; ïiún gékk á bak til ok snart fald hans klaeða, Luke viii. 44; og fald sinna klæða stækka þeir, Matth. xxiii. 5; og báðu hann, að þeir mætti snerta að eins fald hans fata, Mark vi. 56; kyrtill hlaðbúinn í fald niðr, a kirtle laced down to the hems, Fms. iv. 337; allt í fald niðr, Mag. (Fr.) 63; klæða-faldr, Pass. 36. 9. II. awhite linen hood, the stately national head-gear worn by ladies in Icel., of which drawings are given by Eggert Itin. pp. 24, 27, Sir Joseph Banks in Hooker's Travels, the account of the French expedition of the year 1836 sq., and in almost all books of travels in Iceland. In old Sagas or poems the fald is chiefly recorded in Ld. ch. 33 (the dreams of Guðrún Osvifs datter), cp. Sd. ch. 25; in the Orkn. S. ch. 58 the two sisters Frakök and Helga, daughters of the Gaelic Moddan, wore a fald (þá hnyktu þar af sér faldinum, ok reyttu sik), 182. 'In the Rm. (a poem probably composed in the Western Isles. Orkneys) all the three women, Edda, Amma, and Móðir, wore the fald; the words in Jjkv. 16, 19 -- ok haglega uni höfuð typpum, and let us cleverly put a topping on his head, of Thor in bridal disguise -- seem to refer to the fald. Bishop Bjarni, a native of the Orkneys (died A. D. 1222), gives the name of' fald' to the helmet; Kormak, in the loth century, speaks of the 'old falda/ In Normandy and Brittany a kind of'fald' is still in use; it may be that it came to Icel. through Great Britain, and is of Breton origin; a French fald (Franseiskr, i. e. Britain?) is mentioned, D. N. *v- 359- 1" Ice'- ^e fald was. up to the end of the last century, worn by every lady, -- áðr sérhver fald bar frú | falleg þótti venja sú, a ditty. The ladies tried to outdo each other in wearing a tall fald; keisti faldr, the fald rose hi g" h, Km. 26; falda hatt, Eb. (the verse); hence the sarcastic name stiku-faldr, a ' yard-long fald;' stifan teygja stiku-fald, þagnarmál 53, a poem of 1728; í Tim. ii. 9 is in the Icel. version rendered, eigi með földum (ir\t-f/Mffi) eðr gulli eðr perlum, -- since with ancient women, and in Icel. up to a late time, braiding of the hair was almost unknown. In mod. poetry, Iceland with her glaciers is repre- sented as a woman with her fald on; minn hefir faldr fengið fjúka-ryk og kám, Eggert: the sails are called faldar mastra, h oo ds o// he masts, faldar mastra blöktu stilt, Úlf. 3. 14; hestar hies hvíta skóku falda trés, id., 10; faldr skyja, the folds of the clouds, poet., Num. I. n; faldr af degi, of the daybreak, 4. 86; vide krok-faldr, sveigr, a crooked fald. falda-feykir, m. a magical dance in which the falds flew off'the ladies' heads, Fas. iii; cp. Percy's Fryar and Boy, also the Wonderful Flute in Popular Tales. Fal-hófnir, m. barrel-hoof, bollow-hoof, a mythol. horse, Edda. FALL, n., pl. foil, [common to all Teut. idioms except Goth.], a fall: -- defined in law, þat er fall ef maðr styðr niðr kné eðr hendi, Grág. ii. 8, Ísl. ii. 246, Al. 76, Sd. 143: the proverb, fall er farar heill, a fall bodes a lucky journey, Fms. vi. 414 (of king Harold at Stamford-bridge), viii. 85, 403, Sverr. S.; sá er annan orðs-kviðr at fall er farar heill, ok festir þú mi fætr í landi, Fb. i. 231, cp. Caesar's ' teneo te, Africa;' falls er van að fornu tré, Stj. 539; stirð eru gamalla manna foil; flas er falli næst, flurry is nigh falling: foil berask á e-n, one begins to reel, stagger. Fas. iii. 429; koma e-m til falls, to cause one to fall, Edda 34; reiddi hann til falls, he reeled, Eb. 220. 2. a fall, death in battle, Lat. caedes, Fms. 1. ii, 43, 89, Nj. 280, Eg. 37, 106, 0. H. 219, passim; the proverb, i flotta er fall vest, Fms. viii. 117; val-fall, Lat. strages; mann-fall, l oss of men in battle. ft. the 'fall, ' a plague in cattle or beasts, murrain, 655. 2. Bs. i. 97, 245, 456. Y. the carcase of a slaughtered animal; baulu- fall, sauðar-fall, nauts-fall, hrúts-fall, Stj. 483. 3. medic, in compds, brot-fall, the falling sickness, epilepsy; blóð-fall, klæða-föll, bloody flux; lima-fall, paresis. ft. childbirth, in the phrase, vera komin að falli, t o be in an advanced state, (komin að burði is used of sheep, cows.) 4. the fall or rush of water; vatns-fall, a waterfall, large river; sjávar-föll, tides; að-fall, flood-tide; nt-fall, ebb-tide; boða-fall, a breaker, cp. Bs. ii. 51. 5. in gramm. a case, Lat. casus, Skálda 180, 206: quantity, 159, 160, FJdda 126: a metric, fault, a defective verse, dropping of syllables, Fb. iii. 426. II. metaph. downfall, ruin, decay; fall engla, the fall of the angels, Rb. 80; til falls ok upprisu margra í Israel, Luke ii. 34; hafa sér e-t til falls, to run risk of ruin, Hrafn. 30; gozin eru at falli komin, the estates are dilapidated, Mar.; a-fall, a shock; frá- fall, death; o-fall, mishap; jarð-fall, an earth-slip. 2. eccl. a sin, transgression, Bs. i. 686, Mar. 77 (Fr.) 3. a law term, breach, failure, non-fulfilment, in eið-fall, vegar-fall, Gþl. 416; messu-fall, orð- fall, veizlu-fall. 4. mod. a c a s e, occasion. FALLA, pret. fell, 2nd pers. féllt, mod. fellst, pl. féllu; pres. fell, pl. folium; part, fallinn; reflex, fóllsk, fallisk, etc., with the neg. suffix fel!r-at, fell-at, fellsk-at, Am. 6, vide Lex. Poët. [Common to all Teut. languages except Goth. (Ulf. renders mtrreiv by drjusan); A. S. feallan; Engl. . / all; Germ. fallen; Dan. / alde; Swed. / al/ a.] A. to fall; as in Engl. so in Icei. falla is the general word, used in the broadest sense; in the N. T. it is therefore used much in the same passages as in the Engl. V., e. g. Matth. v. 14, vii. 25, 27, x. 29, xii. II, xiii. 4, xxi. 44, Luke xiv. 5, John xii. 24, Róm. xi. ii, xiv. 4, I Cor. x. 12, í Tim. vi. 9, Rev. viii. 10: blómstrið fellr, James i. II: again, the verbs hrynja and hrapa denote ruin or sudden fall, detta a light fall, hrasa stumbling; thus in the N. T. hrynja is used, Luke xxiii. 30, Rev. vi. 16; hrapa, Luke x. 18, xi. 17, xiii. 4, Matth. xxiv. 29; hrasa, Luke x. 30; detta, xvi. 21: the proverb, eigi fellr tré viô hit fyrsta högg, a tree falls not by the first stroke, Nj. 163, 224; hann fell fall mikit, Bs. i. 343; hón fell geigvænliga, id.; falla af baki, to fall from horseback, 344; f. afram, to fall forwards, Nj. 165; f. á bak aptr, to fall on the back, 9; f. um húls e-m, to fall on one's neck, Luke xv. 20; f. til jarðar, to fall to the ground, fall prostrate, Fms. vii. 13, Pass. 5. 4: to fall on one's face, Stj. 422. Ruth ii. 10; f. fram, to fall down, Matth. iv. 9; f. dauðr ofan, to fall down dead, Fær. 31; ok jafnsnart fell á hann dimma og myrkr, Acts xiii. II; hlutr fellr, the lot fell (vide hlut-fall), i. 26. 2. to fall dead, fall in battle, Lat. cadere, Nj. 31, Eg. 7, 495, Dropl. 25, 36, Hm. 159, Fms. i. 8, n, 24, 38, 95- 173' i??. ï/S, n. 318, 324, 329", iii. 5, iv. 'i4, v. 55, 59, 78, 85, vi. 406-421, vii-xi, passim. 3. of cattle, to die of plague or famine, Ann. 1341. 4. medic., falla í brot, to fall in a fit, Bs. i. 335; f. í óvit, to swoon, Nj. 210: the phrase, f. frá, to fall, die (frá-fall, death), Grág. i. 139, 401, Fms. iv. 230, vii. 275; f. í svefn, to fall asleep, Acts xx. 9. II. loflo^v, run, of water, stream, tide, etc.: of the tide, særinn fell út frá landi, ebbed, Clem. 47; fell þar sær fyrir hellis- munnann, the s e a r os e higher than the cave's mouth, Orkn. 428; síðan fell sjor at, the tide r os e, Ld. 58; ok þá er ut fell sjórinn, Jjorf. Karl. 420; sjórinn fell svá skjótt á land, at skipin voru oil á floti, Fms. iv. 65: also used of snow, rain, dew, Vsp. 19; snjo-fall, a fall of snow: of the ashes of a volcano, cp. ösku-fall, s. v. aska: of a breaker, to d a sh, menn undruðusk er boði fell í logni, þar sem engi maðr vissi van til at fyrri hefði fallit, Orkn. 164: of a river, nema þar falli á sú er eigi gengr fé yfir, Grág. ii. 256; vötn þau er ór joklum höfðu fallit, Eg. 133; a, fell (flowed) við skála Ásólfs, Landn. 50, A. A. 285; þeir sá þá ós (fors, Hb.) mikinn falla í sjóinn, Landn. 29, v. 1., cp. Fms. i. 236; Markar-fljót féll í millum höfuð-ísa, Nj. 142; á fellr austan, Vsp. 42; falla forsar, 58; læk er féll meðal landa þeirra, Landn. 145: of sea water, sjár kolblár fellr at þeim, the ship took in water, Ld. IT8, Mar. 98; svá at inn fell um söxin, that the tea rushed in at the stern, Sturl. iii. 66. 2. to stream, of hair; hárit silki-bleikt er fell (streamed) á herðar honum aptr, Fms. vii. 155. ft. of clothes, drapery, Edda (Ht. 2) 121. III. to fall, of the wind; fell veðrit ok görði logri, the wind fell, Eg. 372; þá fell byrrinn, Eb. 8; ok fellr veðrit er þeir koma út at eyjum, Ld. 116; hón kvaðsk mundu ráða at veðrit félli eigi,

140 FALLA -- FALTRASK.

Gullþ. 30; í því bili fellr andviðrit, Fbr. 67; þá féll af byrrinn, Fms. vi. 17. 2. falla niðr, to fall, drop; mitt kvæði mun skjótt niðr f., my poem will soon be forgotten, Fms. vi. 198; mun þat (in the poem) aldri niðr f. meðan Norðrlönd eru bygð, 372; féll svá þeirra tal, their speech dropped, they left off talking, Fas. iii. 579; as a law term, to let a thing drop, lát niðr f., Fs. 182; féllu hálfar bætr niðr fyrir sakastaði þá er hann þótti á eiga, Nj. 166, 250, Band. 18; þat eitt fellr niðr, Grág. i. 398, Fms. vii. 137; falla í verði, to fall in price, etc. IV. to fail, be foiled, a law term; sá (viz. eiðr) fellr honum til útlegðar, i.e. if he fails in taking the oath he shall be liable to outlawry, N. G. L. i. 84 (eið-fall); en ef eiðr fellr, þá fari hann útlægr, K. Á. 214; fellr aldri sekt handa á milli, the fine is never cancelled, N. G. L. i. 345; f. á verkum sínum, to have been caught red-handed, to be justly slain, Eg. 736; vera fallinn at sókn, to fail in one's suit, N. G. L. i. 166; hence metaph. fallin at frændum, failing, bereft of friends, Hðm. 5; fallinn frá minu máli, having given my case up, Sks. 554, 747; því dæmi ek fyrir dráp hans fallnar eignir ykkar, I sentence your estates to lie forfeited for his slaughter, Fs. 122; f. í konungs garð, to forfeit to the king's treasury. Fms. iv. 227; reflex., ef honum fellsk þessor brigð, if his right of reclamation fails, Gþl. 300; ef menn fallask at því, if men fail in that, N. G. L. ii. 345; ef gerð fellsk, if the reparation comes to naught, id.; ef gerðar-menn láta fallask, if they fail to do their duty, id., cp. i. 133, 415; to fail, falter, in the phrase, e-m fallask hendr, the hands fail one; bliknaði hann ok féllusk honum hendr, Ó. H. 70; þá féllusk öllum Ásum orðtök ok svá hendr, their voice and hands alike failed them, Edda 37; en bóndum féllusk hendr, því á þeir höfðu þá engan foringja, Fms. vi. 281; féllusk þeim allar kveðjur er fyrir vóru, their greeting faltered, i.e. the greeting died on their lips, Nj. 140; vill sá eigi fallask fáta andsvör, he would not fail or falter in replying, Hkr. i. 260; féllskat saðr sviðri, her judgment did not fail, Am. 6. V. metaph., falla í villu, to fall into heresy, Ver. 47; f. í hórdóm, to fall into whoredom, Sks. 588; f. í vald e-s. to fall into one's power, Ld. 166; f. í fullsælu, to drop (come suddenly) into great wealth, Band. 31; f. í fullting við e-n, to fall a-helping one, to take one's part, Grág. i. 24; lyktir falla á e-t, to come to a close, issue, Fms. ix. 292. xi. 326; f. á, to fall on, of misfortune, vide á-fall. 2. falla undir e-n, to full to one's lot, of inheritance, obligation; arfr fellr undir e-n. devolves upon one, Gþl. 215; f. frjáls á jörð to be free born, N. G. L. i. 32; f. ánanðigr á jörð, to be born a bondsman, Grág. ii. 192. 3. falla við árar, to fall to at the oars, Fms. xi. 73, 103; Þorgeirr féll þá svá fast á árar (pulled, so bard), at af gengu báðir háirnir, Grett. 125 A; f. fram við árar, id., Fas. ii. 495 (in a verse). VI. to fall out, befall; ef auðna fellr til, if it so falls out by luck, Fms. iv. 148; ef auðna vildi til f. með þeim, xi. 267; litlu siðar fellr til fagrt leiði, a fair wind befell them, 426; alla hluti þá er til kunni f., Nj. 224; öll þingvíti er til f., all the fines that may fall in, be due, Gþl. 21; nema þörf falli til, unless a mishap befalls him, i.e. unless he be in a strait, 76; mér féll svá gæfusamliga, it befell me so luckily, Barl. 114; verðuliga er fallit á mik þetta tilfelli, this accident has justly befallen me, 115; sem sakir f. til, as the case falls, Eg. 89. 2. to fall, be produced; þat (the iron) fellr í firði þeim er Ger heitir, Fas. iii. 240; þar fellr hveiti ok vín, 360. VII. impers. in the phrases, e-m fellr e-t þungt, létt, etc., a thing falls lightly, heavily upon, esp. of feeling; þetta mun yðr þungt f., it will fall heavily on you, Band. 18; felir þá keisaranum þyngra bardaginn, the battle fell out ill to (turned against) the emperor, Fms. xi. 32; at oss mundi þungt f. þessi mál, Nj. 191. 2. the phrases, e-m fellr e-t nær, it falls nigh to one, touches one nearly; svá fellr mér þetta nær um trega, Nj. 170; sjá einn var svá hlutr, at Njáli féll svá nær, at hana mátti aldri óklökvandi um tala, this one thing touched Njal so nearly, that he could never speak of it without tears, 171; mér fellr eigi firr en honum, it touches me no less than him, Blas. 41; henni féll meinit svá, nær, at ..., the illness fell on her so sore, that ..., Bs. i. 178; féll henni nær allt saman, she was much vexed by it all (of illness), 351; e-t fellr bágliga, hörmuliga etc. fyrir e-m, things fall out sadly for one. Vígl. 30, El. 15. B. Metaph. to fall in with, agree, fit, suit, Germ. gefallen: I. to please, suit; kvað sér þat vel falla til aftekta, said that it suited him well for drawing taxes from, Fb. ii. 122: en allt þat, er hann heyrði frá himnaguði, féll honum harla vel, pleased him very well, Fms. i. 133; honum féll vel í eyru lofsorð konungs, the king's praise suited his ears well, tickled, pleased his fancy, Bret. 16: reflex., þat lof fellsk honum í eyru, 4; jarli fellsk þat vel í eyru, the earl was well pleased to hear it, Bjarn. 7. β. falla saman, to fall in with, comply, agree; en þó at eigi félli allt saman með þeim, though they did not agree in all, Bs. i. 723. γ. féllsk vel á með þeim, they loved one another, Fas. i. 49; féll vel á með þeim Styrkári, i.e. he and S. were on good terms, Fms. iii. 120. δ. honum féllsk þat vel í skap, it suited his mind well, pleased him, Fas. i. 364; féllsk hvárt öðru vel í geð, they agreed well, liked one another well, Band. 9; fallask á e-t, to like a thing; brátt kvartar að mér fellst ei á, Bb. 3. 23. 2. to beseem, befit; heldr fellr þeim (it befits them), at sýna öðrum með góðvilja, Str. 2. 3. falla at e-u, to apply to, refer to; þetta eitt orð er at fellr eiðstafnum, Band. MS. 15 (Ed. 18 wrongly eiðrinn instead of eiðnum). 4. the phrase 'falla við' in Luke vi. 36 (bótin af því hinu nýja fellr eigi við hið gamla) means to agree with; hence also viðfeldinn, agreeable :-- but in the two passages to be cited falla við seems to be intended for falda við, to enfold; hvergi nema þar sem falli við akr eða eng, unless field or meadow be increased or improved, N. G. L. ii. 116; ekki má falla (qs. falda) við hamingju-leysi mitt, 'tis impossible to add a fold to my bad luck, it cannot be worse than it is, Al. 110. II. part. fallinn; svá f., such-like, so framed; eitt lítið dýr er svá fallið, at ..., a small animal is so framed, that ..., Stj. 77; hví man hinn sami maðr svá fallinn, how can the same man be so framed? Fms. xi. 429 :-- in law phrases, such-like, as follows, svá fallinn vitnisburð, testimony as follows, Vm. 47; svo fallinn órskurð, dóm, etc., a decision, sentence ... as follows, a standing phrase; þá leið fallinn, such, such-like (Germ. beschaffen), Stj. 154. 2. fallinn vel, illa, etc., well, ill-disposed; hann var vænn maðr ok vel fallinn, Fms. xi. 422; þau vóru tröll bæði ok at öllu illa fallin, Bárð. 165; fitted, worthy, bezt til konungs fallinn, Fms. i. 58; ok er hann bezt til þess f. af þessum þremr, vi. 386; at hann væri betr til fallinn at deyja fyrir þá sök en faðir hans, that he more deserved to die than his father did, x. 3; Ólafr er betr til yfirmanns f. enn mínir synir, Ld. 84; margir eru betr til fallnir fararinnar, Ísl. ii. 327; Hallgerðr kvað hann sér vel fallinn til verkstjóra, Nj. 57; sá er til þess er f., Sks. 299; 'worthy,' 1 Cor. vi. 2. 3. neut. fit; ok hætti þá er honum þótti fallit, when he thought fit, Fms. vi. 364; slík reip sem f. þykir, as seems needful, Sks. 420; væri þat vel fallit, at ..., it would do well, to ..., Fms. ii. 115; þat mun nú vel fallit, that will be right, that will do well, Nj. 145; kallaði vel til fallit, said it was quite right, Fms. xi. 321. 4. of a thing, with dat. suited to one; eigi þyki mér þér sú ferð vel fallin, i.e. this journey will not do for thee, will not do thee good, Fms. vi. 200; cp. ó-fallit, unfit. fallegr, adj. fair. falliga, adv., vide fagrligr. fallerask, að, dep. [for. word, Lat. fallere], to prove false, Stj. 4, K. Á. 224; to fall, of a woman, H. E. ii. 190. fall-hætt, n. adj. staggering, in danger of falling, Eb. 240. fall-jökull, m. or fall-jaki, a, m. an ice-berg, Sks. 176. fall-sótt, f. a murrain, plague, Grág. i. 458. fall-staðr, m. a falling place, Fms. viii. 435. fall-valtr, adj. reeling, metaph. in eccl. writers, faltering, changeable, uncertain, of worldly things, opp. to heavenly; f. heimr, f. líf. Post. 656 B. 11, Magn. 504; f. hlutir, opp. to eilífr hlutir, Hom. 42; f. fagnaðr þessa lífs, Fms. i. 225; fallvaltan rikdóm, 1 Tim. vi. 17. FALR, m. [fal, Ivar Aasen], the socket of a spear's head in which the handle is put, often richly ornamented (spjóts-falr), Fas. iii. 388, Stj. 461, Eg. 285, 726, Edda 83, Ld. 98, Nj. 108, K. Þ. K. 96, Fms. iv. 278, 338, Fs. 127; vide Worsaae 344 sqq., 498. FALR, adj. [A. S. fæle; O. H. G. fali; Germ. feil; Swed. and Dan. fal] :-- venal, to be sold, Fms. i. 185, Sd. 188, Ld. 146; e-m er e-t falt, or eiga (láta) e-t falt, to have a thing for sale, Grág. ii. 243, N. G. L. i. 237, Fms. vii. 20, Nj. 32; gjaf-falr, Fms. vii. 124; metaph., er mér eru falastir til þungs hlutar, i.e. I should not mind if they fared ill, Lv. 105, Mag. 59, Trist. 8, 11 (Fr.) FALS, n. [for. word, Lat. falsum], a fraud, cheat, deceit, imposture, Fms. viii. 265; f. ok svik, ix. 283; illusion, in a dream, xi. 371; adulteration, ii. 129, Gþl. 490-493. fals, adj. = falskr, false, Barl. 134, 144, 149, 152, Fms. ii. 210. fals-, in compds, false, fraudulent, forged: fals-blandaðr, part. blended with fraud, Stj. 142; fals-bréf, n. a forged deed, Bs. i. 819; fals-guð, n. a false god, Fms. i. 304, Sks. 308; fals-heit, n. pl. false promises, Art.; fals-kona, u, f. a false woman, harlot, Korm. 76; fals-konungr, m. a false king, pretender, Bær. 15, Fms. ix. 433, Gþl. 35; fals-kristr, m. a false Christ, Matth. xxiv. 24; fals-penningr, m. false money, Karl.; fals-postuli, a, m. a false apostle, 1 Cor. xi. 15; fals-silfr, n. bad silver, Fær. 217; fals-spámenn, m. false prophets, Matth. vii. 15, xxiv. 24; fals-trú, f. false doctrine, heresy, Barl.; fals-vitni, n. a false witness, H. E. i. 522, Barl. 142. falsa, að, to defraud, impose upon, Nj. 106, Fms. ii. 129; to cheat, Hkr. i. 8; f. e-t af e-m, to cheat one of a thing, Fms. viii. 295; to spoil, El. 12; brynjan falsaðisk, the coat of mail proved false. Fas. i. 507. 2. to falsify, forge; f. bréf, K. Á. 222; neut., f. ok hégóma, to use false and vain language. Stj. 131; part. falsaðr, false, Fms. i. 139, Stj. 58. 592. falsari, a, m. an impostor, deceiver, Fms. viii. 295. ix. 261, 262, El. 31. falskr, adj. [for. word, Germ. falsch], false; f. bræðr, 1 Cor. xi. 26; it occurs first in the 15th century. fals-lauss, adj. guileless, Edda 20; f. máli. good money, Fms. vi. 245; f. kaup, a bargain in good faith, Bs. i. 719. falslaus-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sincere, in good faith, Stj. 149. fals-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), crafty, vile, Flóv. 43; false, Fms. v. 242. fals-óttr, adj. deceitful, Stj. 144. fals-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), false, crafty, Sks. 404. fals-vitr, adj. crafty, cunning, Stj. 144 (MS. 227). faltrask, að, dep. to be cumbered; f. við e-t, to be puzzled about a thing, Fær. 174; cp. fatrask.

FALVIGR -- FARA. 141

fal-vigr, f. a spear with an ornamented socket, Mork. 200. FAMBI, a, m. a simpleton, Hm. 103. FANG, n. [for the root vide fá], a catching, fetching: 1. catching fish, fishing, Eb. 26, Am. 32; halda til fangs, to go a-fishing, La. 38: a take offish, stores offish, hunn baö þú, láta laust fangit allt, þat er þeir höfðu fangit, Fms. iv. 331; at" öHu því fangi er þeir hljóta af dauðum hvolum, Am. 36; f. þat er beir áttu báðir, cp. veiði-fang, her-fang, prey. 2. inplur., a. baggage, luggage, Nj. 112; föng ok fargögn, luggage and carriage, 266; ok er þeir höfðu upp borit fungin, carriage, Orkn. 324: stores, torn korn ok önnur fong, Fms. iv. 254. P. provisions, esp. at a feast; oil vóru fong hin beztu, Fms. iv. 102; kostnaðar-mikit ok þurfti föng mikil, Eg. 39; jiórólfr sópask nijok urn föng, 42; veizla var hin prúðlegsta ok oil fong hin beztu, 44; hann leitaði alls-konar fanga til bus sins, 68, Fs. 19, 218; hence, borð með hinum beztum fonguin, board with good cheer, Fms. i. 66; búa ferð hennar sæmiliga með hinum beztum fonguin, x. 102. y. metaph. means, opportunity; því at eins at eugi so önnur lung, Fms. iv. 176; meðan svá góð föng eru á sem nil, 209; hafa fong;l e-u, or til e-s, to be enabled to do a thing, viii. 143. x. 388, Eb. 114, Gullþ. 30, Eg. 81, Ld. 150, Odd. 18; urðu þá engi föng ünnur, there was no help (issue) for it (but that...), Fms. vii. 311; af (eptir) föngum, to the best of one's power, x. 355; af beztu fongum bvr hón nímið, Bb. 3. 24; at-fong, q. v.; bii-föng (bú-f;mg), q. v.; öl-töng, vín-íong, s t or e of ale, wine. 3. the phrase, fá konn fangi, to wed a woman, N. G. L. i. 350: fangs-tíð, n. wedding season, 343; hence kvun-fang, ver-fang. marriage. II. an embryo, fetus, in sheep or kine; ef graðungr eltir fang ór kú, Jb. 303: the phrase, láta fangi, to 'go back, ' of a cow. p. a metric, fault, opp. to fall, Fb. iii. 426 (in a verse). III. that with which one clasps or embraces, (be breast and arms; kom spjótið í tang honum, the spear pierced his breast, Gnllþ. 23, Fms. ii. ill; reka í fang e-m, to throw in one's face, Nj. 176; hafa e-t í fangi SI'T, to bold in one's arms, Bdl. 344; lino lion aptr í i. honum, Ísl. ii. 275; taka si'r í fang, to take into one's arms, Mark x. 16; cp. hals-fang, embraces. 2. an apron. Edda (()].) 3. færask e-t i fang, to have in one's grip, metaph. to undertake a thing. Fms. vii. 136; iærask e-t or fangi, to throw off, refuse, Sturl. iii. -254: the phrase, hafa fullt í fangi, to have one's hands full. 4. wrestling, grappling with, Ísl. ii-445, 446, 457; taka fang við e-n, Edda 33; ganga til tangs, Gþl. 163: the saying, fangs er van at frekum nlii, there will be a grapple with a greedy wolf, Eb. 250, Ld. 66, Fms. v. 294, Skv. 2. 13. p. the phrases, ganga á fang við e-n, to grapple with one, provoke one, Ld. 206; ganga í fang e-m, id., Band. 31; slika menu sem hann heiir í fangi, such men as he has to grapple with, H;'iv. 36; fá faiis^ ú e-m, or fá fang af e-m, to get hold of one; fékk engi þeirra fang á nu'r, Nj. 185, Fms. x. 159; s;i þeir, at þeir fengu ekki i'. af Erlingi, they saw that they could not catch E., vii. 300, xi. 96. 5. an armful; skíða-fang, viðar-fang, an armful of fuel: Icel. call small hay-cock^ fang or fong, hence fanga hey upp, to put the hay into cocks: fanga-hnappr, in. a bundle of hay, armful. IV. in the compds vet-fangr, hjör-fangr, etc. the~/ is = i/, qs. vet-vangr, hjör-vangr, vide vangr. COMPDS: fanga- brekka, u, f. a wrestling ground, Glúm. 354. fanga-fátt, n. adj. falling short of provisions, Fms. viii. 367. fanga-hella, u, f. = fanghella. fanga-kviðr, m. a law term, a body of jurymen taken at random, opp. to búa-kviðr, defined Grdg. ii. 99, 140. fanga-lauss, adj. void of means, of provisions, Ems. viii. 419. fanga-leysi, n. want of stores, Róm. 263. fanga-litill, adj. vile, not worth fetching, Yin. 119. fanga-mark, n. mark (, f ownership, a monogram. fanga-ráð, n. a device, stratagem, a wrestling term, Nj. 253, Lv. ^2, Orkn. 50. fanga- stakkr, in. a wrestling jerkin, Ísl. ii. 443. 'fanga-váttr, in. a law term, a witness fetched (summoned) at random, Gþl. 547-549. fanga, að, [Germ, fangen -- to fetch, whence Y);\\\. fange~\, to fetch, cap- ture, Stj. 122, Vígl. 29, Bs. i. 881, ii. Il8, Fb. i. 240; áðr en hann var fangaðr, Ísl. (Harð. S.) ii. 105; f. dauða, to catch one's death, to die, Or. 39: this word is rare and borrowed from Germ., it scarcelv occurs before the end of the 13th century; part, fanginn vide s. v. fa and below. fangaðr, part, having means (fong)~/br doing a thing, K. Á. 118, Ann. J425- fangari, a, m. a wrestler, Sd. 142, Barl. 148: a gaoler, (mod.) fang-brögð, n. pl. wrestling, Fs. 131. fang-elsi, n. \~Da. n. fængsel; S\vcd. fïingeké~\, a prison, gaol, Fms. iv. 167, xi. 240, (a rare and unclass. word); cp. dýflissa, myrkva-stofa. fang-hella, n, f. a stone set on edge in the arena, fsl. ii. 446. fangi, a, in. a prisoner, Mar., (rare and unclass.); cp. Y)m. fange. fanginn, part, captured, Stj. 71, Ann. í 299, Bs. i. 698: metaph. enticed, Fas. i. 60; cp. ast-fanginn, captured by love, in love. fang-lítill, ;\d\. yielding little produce, Bs. i. 335. fang-remi, f. a deadly struggle, Konn. (in a verse). fang-staðr, in. something to grasp or lay hold of, in the phrases, fá f. a e-m, to catch hold of one, Vápn. 14, Th. 14; Ijá fangstaðar;'i ser, to lei oneself be caught, Fms. iv. 282. fang-sæll, adj. having a good grasp, F, b. 250: lucky, Vellekla. fang-taka. u. f. (akin? hold, in wrcstlintr. Barl. 8. fang-vinr, m. and fang-vina, u, f. an antagonist in wrestling, Grett. 124 (in a verse), Eg. 103 (in a verse). FANIR, f. pl. [Swed. / a w, - Engl. / a w; cp. Gcim. fabne, GoUi. fana] , a fan, in tálkn-fanir, the gill-fiaps (. fa whale. fann-fergja, u, f. heavy snow-drifts. fann-hvítr, adj. white as driven snow (fonn), Sti. 206. fann-koma, u, f. a fall of snow. fann-mikill, adj. snowy, Grett. 112. FANTR, m. [Ital. / anti = rt servant; Germ. fanz; Dan. fjante -- an oaf; the Norwegians call the gipsies ' fantc-folk, ' and use fante-kjæring for a hag, fille-fant for the Gcim. firle-fanz, a ragamuffin, etc.: the word is traced by Diez to the Lat. infans, whence Ital. and Span, infanteria, Fr. infanterie, mod. Engl. infantry, etc., -- in almost all mod. European languages the milit. term (or foot-soldiers. In Norse and Icel. the word came into use at the end ol the 12th century; the notion of a footman is perceivable in the verse in Fms. viii. 172 (of A. 1). 1182) -- fant so ek hvern á hesti en lendir menu ganga, 7 behold every fant seated on horse- back whilst the noblemen walk :-- hence it came to mean] a landlouper, vagabond, freq. in Karl., Str., El., Flóv.; fantar ok glópar, Mar.; hversu vegsamligr var konungrinn af Israel í dag, hver eð afklæddist fyrir am- báttnm þénara sinna, og lék nakinn sem fantar, and danced naked like a buffoon, Vidal. i. 220, cp. 2 Sam. vi. 20. fanz, m. a gang, tribe; Odd s;'i þekti allr fans, Stef. Ól.; þræla-fanz, a gang of thralls. P. lumber, Ulf. 8. 64; akin to fantr. FAR, n. I. motion, travel; rare in this sense, as the fern, for and ferð, q. v., are used instead. p. of the clouds, in the phrase, far ú lopti, drift in the sky. II. a means of passage, a ship; far er skip, Edda no, Skulda 163: the allit. phrase, hvert fljutaiiila far, every floating vessel. Fms. xi. 125, F:cr. 260; at bjarga fari ú tloti, Ilm. 15 v 2. in compds, a trading vessel; islands-tar, an Iceland- trader, Fms. vi. 370. yu- 32 í F-nglands-far, an English-trader, ix. 41; Dvrlinnar-tar, a Dublin sbif, Eb. 254; fiiigra-, tveggja-, sex-manna-far, a four-, two-, six-oared boat. 3. passage, in the phrases, taka SIT (e-m) fari, fa sér tari, ráða st'-r fari, usually so in dat., but in mod. usage acc. (taka, ráða sér far), to take a passage in a ship, Gþl. 516, Grúg. ii. 400, 406 (acc.), Ld. 50, Landn. 307, Eg. 288, Nj. in, 112, Ísl. ii. 199, Eb. 194; bciðask fars, id., Grúg. i. 90, Fms. vi. 239; banna e-m far, to forbid one a passage, stop one (far-bann), Landn. 307; synja e-m fars, t o deny one a passage (far-synjan), Hbl. 54; at þeir hafi allir far, Jb. 393. III. a trace, track, print, Hom. 120; Sveinki rak lonib sin til tjiJru í forin, at eigi inátti sja tveggja manna for, Njarð. 3/6; nú villask hundarnir farsins, the hounds lost the track, Fms. v. 147, cp. O. H. L. 83: metaph., of et sama far, on the same subject, of . 1 book, íb. (pref.): in many compds, a print, mark of anv kind, fóta-för, /oo t- prints; skafla-fiir, the print of a sharp-shod horse; núlar-far, a stitch; iingra- för, a finger-print; tanna-för, a bite; nagla-för, the marks of nails, John xx. 25; knifs-far, a knife's mark; eggjar-far, the mark of the edge, in a cut; jarna-far, the print of the shackles; kjal-far, the keel's track, wake of a ship; mil-far, a turn, round; saum-far, a rim on a ship's side. IV. metaph. life. conduct, behaviour; hugar-far, geðs-far, lundar-far, disposition, character; ættar-far, a family mark, peculiarity; dag-tar, daily life, con- duct of life; í góðra manna fari okvúndra, 677. 3; hvat þess inundi vera i fari konungsins, in the king's character, Fms. v. 327; ek vissa þá tnarga hluti í fari Kmits konungs, at hann inætti heilagr vera, xi. 287; nokkut af fyrnsku eptir í fari hans, iii. 131. 2. estate, condition; ok gcfa þeir eigi gaum um hennar far, N. G. L. i. 226; sem hann hafði skirt far sitt, made known his state, how he fared, 34; aldar-far, Lat. genius sec ul i; dicgra-far, q. v.: sara-iar, the -s tate of the wounds; viga-far, q. v.; lieilindis-far. health. Mar. 124; far veðrauna, the course of the winds, F, b. 218. 3. the phrase, at to run fari, of yore, of old, Gþl. 85, 86, F^g. 711; at fornu fari ok ny'ju, of yore and of late, D. N.; at rettu fari, justly. P. the phrase, giira srr far um e-t, to take pains about a thing. B. = fur, q. v., bale, ill-fate (rare); far er reiði, far er skip, Fdda 110; at hann mundi fara þat far sem hans formaor, th a t he would fare as ill as his predecessor, Bs. i. 758: cp. the dubious phrase, niuna yðvart far allt i sundi þótt ek hafa iindu liitið, y o?/r ill-fate will not all be afloat, i. e. cleared ojf, though í am dead, Skv. 3. 51; vera í illu fari, to fare ill, be in a strait, Orkn. 480; ok voru í illu fari her um, Stj. 394. Judges viii. I, ' and thev did chide with him sharply/ A. V.; at hann skvldi í engu fari nióti þeini vera, that he should not be plotting (brooding mischief) against them, Sturl. iii. í 21 FARA, pret. fora, 2nd pers. fort, mod. fórst, pl. fóru; pres. ferr, 2nd pers. ferr, in mod. pronunciation ferð; pret. subj. færa; imperat. far and rarðn (= far þií); sup. farit; part, farinn; with the suffixed neg. for-a, Am. 45; farið-a (depart not), Hkr. i. 115 MS. (in a verse). [In the Icel. scarcelv any other verb is in so ireq. use as fara, as it denotes any motion; not so in other Tent, idioms; in 1, 'li. y aran is only used once, vi/. . Luke x. 7; Goth, far/an means t o s ail, and this seems to be the original sense of fara (vide tar); A. S. faran; the Germ. y ahren and Engl. fare are used in a limited sense; in the Engl. Bible this word never occurs f CrudeiO: Swed. fara; Dan. fare. l

142 FARA.

A. NEUT. to go, fare, travel, in the widest sense; gékk hann hvargi sem hann fór, he walked wherever he went, Hkr. i. 100; né ek flý þó ek ferr, I fly not though I fare, Edda (in a verse); létt er lauss at fara (a proverb), Sl. 37: the saying, verðr hverr með sjálfum sér lengst at fara, Gísl. 25; cp. 'dass von sich selbst der Mensch nicht scheiden kann' (Göthe's Tasso), or the Lat. 'patriae quis exul se quoque fugit?' usually in the sense to go, to depart, heill þú farir, heill þú aptr komir, Vþm. 4; but also to come, far þú hingat til mín, come here, Nj. 2. 2. to travel, go forth or through, pass, or the like; þú skalt fara í Kirkjubæ, Nj. 74; fara ór landi, to fare forth from one's country, Fms. v. 24; kjóll ferr austan, Vsp. 51; Surtr ferr sunnan, 52; snjór var mikill, ok íllt at fara, and ill to pass, Fms. ix. 491; fóru þeir út eptir ánni, Eg. 81; siðan fór Egill fram með skóginum, 531; þeim sem hann vildi at færi ... Njáll hét at fara, Nj. 49; fara munu vér, Eg. 579; Egill fór til þess er hann kom til Álfs. 577, Fms. xi. 122; fara þeir nú af melinum á sléttuna. Eg. 747; fara heiman, to fare forth from one's home, K. Þ. K. 6; alls mik fara tíðir, Vþm. 1; fjölð ek fór, far I fared, i.e. travelled far, 3: the phrase, fara utan, to fare outwards, go abroad (from Iceland), passim; fara vestr um haf, to fare westward over the sea, i.e. to the British Isles, Hkr. i. 101; fara á fund e-s, to visit one, Ld. 62; fara at heimboði, to go to a feast, id.; fara fæti, to fare a-foot, go walking, Hkr.; absol. fara, to travel, beg, hence föru-maðr, a vagrant, beggar; in olden times the poor went their rounds from house to house within a certain district, cp. Grág. i. 85; ómagar er þar eigu at fara í því þingi eðr um þau þing, id.; ómagar skolu fara, 119; omegð þá er þar ferr, 296: in mod. usage, fara um and um-ferð, begging, going round. β. with prep.: fara at e-m, to make an inroad upon one, Nj. 93, 94, 102 (cp. at-för); fara á e-n, to mount, e.g. fara á bak, to mount on horseback; metaph., dauðinn fór á, death seized him, Fms. xi. 150; f. saman, to go together, Edda 121, Grág. ii. 256; f. saman also means to shudder. Germ. zusammenfahren, Hým. 24: metaph. to concur, agree, hversu má þat saman f., Nj. 192; þeim þótti þat mjök saman f., Fms. iv. 382; fara á hæl, or á hæli, to go a-heel, i.e. step back. retreat, xi. 278, Eg. 296; fara undan, metaph. to excuse oneself, refuse (v. undan), Nj. 23, Fms. x. 227; fara fyrir, to proceed; fara eptir, to follow. 3. with ferð, leið or the like added, in acc. or gen. to go one's way; fara leiðar sinnar, to proceed on one's journey, Eg. 81, 477, Fms. i. 10, Grág. ii. 119; fara ferðar sinnar, or ferða sinna, id.. Eg. 180, Fms. iv. 125; fara derð sina, id.. Eg. 568; fara förum sínum, or för sinní, id., K. Þ. K. 80, 90; fara dagfari ok náttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 203; fara fullum dagleiðum, to go full days-journeys, Grág. i. 91; or in a more special sense, fara þessa ferð, to make this journey, Fas. ii. 117; f. stefnu-för, to go a-summoning; f. bónorðs-för, to go a-courting, Nj. 148; f. sigr-för, to go on the way of victory, to triumph, Eg. 21; fara sendi-för, to go on a message, 540. β. in a metaph. sense; fara hneykju-för, to be shamefully beaten, Hrafn. 19 (MS.); fara ósigr, to be defeated, Eg. 287; fara mikinn skaða, to 'fare' (i.e. suffer) great damage, Karl. 43; fara því verrum förum, fara skömm, hneykju, erendleysu, úsæmð, to get the worst of it, Fms. viii. 125. 4. with the road in acc.; hann fór Vánar-skarð, Landn. 226; f. sjó-veg, land-veg, K. Þ. K. 24; fór mörg lönd ok stórar merkr, Fas. ii. 540; fara sömu leið, Fms. i. 70; f. sama veg, Luke x. 31; f. fjöll ok dala, Barl. 104; fara út-leið, þjóð-leið, Fms. iv. 260; also, fara um veg, fara um fjall, to cross a fell, Hm. 3; fara liði, to march, Fms. i. 110. II. in a more indefinite sense, to go; fara búðum, bygðum, vistum, to move, change one's abode, Ld. 56, Hkr. ii. 177, Nj. 151, Vigl. 30; fara búferla, to more one's household, Grág. ii. 409; fara vöflunarförum, to go a-begging, i. 163, 294, ii. 482. 2. the phrases, fara eldi ok arni, a law term, to move one's hearth and fire. Grág. ii. 253; fara eldi um land, a heathen rite for taking possession of land, defined in Landn. 276. cp. Eb. 8, Landn. 189, 284. 3. fara einn-saman, to be alone. Grág. ii. 9; the phrase, f. eigi einn-saman, to be not alone, i.e. with child, Fms. iii. 109; or, fór hón með svein þann, Bs. i. 437; cp. ganga með barni. 4. adding an adj., to denote gait, pace, or the like; fara snúðigt, to stride haughtily, Nj. 100; fara mikinn, to rush on, 143; fara flatt, to fall flat, tumble, Bárð. 177; fara hægt, to walk slowly. β. fara til svefns, to go to sleep, Nj. 35; f. í sæti sitt, to go to one's seat, 129; f. í sess, Vþm. 9; f. á bekk, 19; fara á sæng, to go to bed, N. G. L. i. 30; fara í rúmið, id. (mod.); fara í mannjöfnuð, Ísl. ii. 214; fara í lag, to be put straight, Eg. 306; fara í vöxt, to wax, increase, Fms. ix. 430, Al. 141; fara í þurð, to wane, Ld. 122, l. 1 (MS.); fara í úefni, to go to the wrong side, Sturl. iii. 210; fara at skakka, to be odd (not even). Sturl. ii. 258; fara at sölum, to be put out for sale, Grág. ii. 204. 5. fara at fuglum, to go a-fowling, Orkn. (in a verse); fara at fugla-veiðum, id., Bb. 3. 36; fara í hernað, í víking, to go a-freebooting, Fms. i. 33, Landn. 31; fara at fé, to watch sheep, Ld. 240; fara at fé-föngum, to go a-fetching booty, Fms. vii. 78. β. with infin., denoting one's 'doing' or 'being;' fara sofa, to go to sleep, Eg. 377; fara vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 54, Gm. 23; fara at róa, Vígl. 22; fara leita, to go seeking, Fms. x. 240; fara að búa, to set up a household, Bb. 2. 6; fara að hátta, to go to bed. γ. akin to this is the mod. use of fara with an infin. following in the sense to begin, as in the East Angl. counties of Engl. it 'fares' to ..., i.e. it begins, is likely to be or to do so and so; það fer að birta, það er farit að dimma, it 'fares' to grow dark; það fer að hvessa, it 'fares' to blow; fer að rigna, it 'fares' to rain. etc. :-- no instance of this usage is recorded in old Icel., but the Engl. usage shews that it must be old. δ. with an adj. etc.; fara villr, to go astray, Sks. 565; fara haltr, to go lame, Fms. x. 420; fara vanstiltr, to go out of one's mind, 264; fara hjá sér, to be beside oneself, Eb. 270; fara apr, to feel chilly, Fms. vi. 237 (in a verse); fara duldr e-s, to be unaware of, Skálda 187 (in a verse); fara andvígr e-m, to give battle, Stor. 8; fara leyniliga, to go secretly, be kept hidden, Nj. 49. 6. to pass; fór sú skipan til Íslands, Fms. x. 23; fara þessi mál til þings, Nj. 100; hversu orð fóru með þeim, how words passed between them, 90; fóru þau orð um, the runner went abroad, Fms. i. 12; ferr orð er um munn líðr (a saying), iv. 279; þá fór ferligt úorðan, a bad report went abroad, Hom. 115. 7. fara fram, to go on, take place; ferr þetta fram, Ld. 258; ef eigi ferr gjald fram, if no payment takes place, K. Þ. K. 64; ferr svá fram, and so things went on without a break, Nj. 11, Eg. 711; veizlan ferr vel fram, the feast went on well, Nj. 11, 51; spyrr hvat þar færi fram, he asked what there was going on. Band. 17; fór allt á sömu leið sem fyrr, it went on all the same as before, Fms. iv. 112; fara fram ráðum e-s, to follow one's advice, Nj. 5, 66, Fms. vii. 318; allt mun þat sínu fram f., it will take its own course, Nj. 259; nú er því ferr fram um hríð, it went on so for a while, Fms. xi. 108; a law term, to be produced, gögn fara fram til varnar, Grág. i. 65; dómar fara út, the court is set (vide dómr), Grág., Nj., passim. 8. borð fara upp brott, the tables are removed (vide borð), Eg. 247, 551; eigi má þetta svá f., this cannot go on in that way, Nj. 87; fjarri ferr þat, far from it, by no means, 134; fór þat fjarri at ek vilda, Ld. 12; fór þat ok svá til, and so if came to pass, Fms. x. 212. 9. to turn out, end; hversu ætlar þú fara hesta-atið, Nj. 90; fór þat sem likligt var, it turned out as was likely (i.e. ended ill). Eg. 46; svá fór, at ..., the end was, that ..., Grett. 81 new Ed.; ef svá ferr sem ek get til, if it turns out as I guess, Dropl. 30, Vígl. 21; ef svá ferr sem mín orð horfa til, Fms. v. 24; ef svá ferr sem mik varir, if it comes to pass as it seems to me, vi. 350; svá fór um sjóferð þá, Bjarni 202; á sömu leið fór um aðra sendi-menn, Eg. 537; to depart, die, þar fór nýtr maðr, Fs. 39; fara danða-yrði, to pass the death-weird, to die, Ýt. 8. 10. to fare well, ill, in addressing; fari þér vel, fare ye well, Nj. 7; biðja e-n vel fara, to bid one farewell, Eg. 22, Ld. 62; far heill ok sæll, Fms. vii. 197: in a bad sense, far þú nú þar, ill betide thee! Hbl. 60; far (impers.) manna armastr, Eg. 553; Jökull bað hann fara bræla armastan, Finnb. 306; fari þér í svá gramendr allir, Dropl. 23. 11. fara í fat, í brynju (acc.), etc., to dress, undress; but fara ór fötum (dat.), to undress, Fms. x. 16, xi. 132, vii. 202, Nj. 143, Gh. 16, etc. III. metaph., 1. to suit, fit, esp. of clothes, hair, or the like; ekki þykkir mér kyrtill þinn fara betr en stakkr minn, Fas. ii. 343; hárið fór vel, Nj. 30; jarpr á hár ok fór vel hárit, Fms. ii. 7; gult hár sem silki ok fór fagrliga, vi. 438, Fs. 88; klæði sem bezt farandi, Eb. 256; var sú konan bezt f., the most graceful, lady-like, Ísl. ii. 438; fór ílla á hestinum, it sat ill on the horse, Bs. i. 712. 2. impers. it goes so and so with one, i.e. one behaves so and so: e-m ferr vel, ílla, etc., one behaves well, ill, etc.; honum hafa öll málin verst farit, he has behaved worst in the whole matter, Nj. 210; bezta ferr þér, Fms. vii. 33; vel mun þér fara, Nj. 55; at honum fari vel, 64; þer hefir vel farit til mín, Finnb. 238; e-m ferr vinveittliga, one behaves in a friendly way, Nj. 217; ferr þér þá bezt jafnan ok höfðinglegast er mest liggr við, 228; mun honum nokkurn veg vel f., Hrafn. 10; údrengiliga hefir þér farit til vár, Ld. 48; ferr þér illa, Nj. 57; hversu Gunnari fór, how (well) G. behaved, 119. 3. fara at e-u, to deal with a thing (i.e. proceed) so and so; svá skal at sókn fara, thus is the pleading to be proceeded with, Grág. i. 323; svá skal at því f. at beiða ..., 7; fara at lögum, or úlögum at e-u, to proceed lawfully or unlawfully, 126; hversu at skyldi f., how they were to proceed, Nj. 114; fara mjúklega at, to proceed gently, Fms. vii. 18; hér skulu vér f. at með ráðum, to act with deliberation, Eg. 582; Flosi fór at öngu óðara (took matters calmly), en hann væri heima, Nj. 220. β. impers. with dat., to do, behave; ílla hefir mér at farit, I have done my business badly, Hrafn. 8; veit Guð hversu hverjum manni mun at f., Fms. x. 212: in mod. phrases, to become, ironically, þér ferr það, or þér ferst það, it becomes thee, i.e. 'tis too bad of thee. γ. hví ferr konungrinn nú svá (viz. at), Fms. i. 35; er slíkt úsæmiliga farit, so shamefully done, Nj. 82; hér ferr vænt at, here things go merrily, 232; karlmannliga er farit, manfully done, 144. δ. to mind, care about; ekki ferr ek at, þótt þú hafir svelt þik til fjár, it does not matter to me, I do not care, though ..., Nj. 18; ekki munu vit at því fara (never mind that), segir Helgi, 133. ε. fara eptir, to be in proportion; hér eptir fór vöxtr ok afl, his strength and stature were in proportion, Clar. 4. fara með e-t, to wield, handle, manage; fór Hroptr með Gungni, H. wielded Gungni (the spear), Kormak; f. með Gríðar-völ, to wield the staff G., Þd. 9: as a law term, to wield, possess; fara með goðorð, to keep a goðorð, esp. during the session of parliament, Dropl. 8, Grág. and Nj. passim; fara með sök, to manage a lawsuit, Grág., Nj.; or, fara við sök, id., Nj. 86. β. metaph. to practise, deal in; fara með rán, to deal in robbing, Nj. 73; fara með spott ok háð, to go

FARA -- FARDAGAR. 143

sporting and mocking, 66; f. með fals ok dár, Pass. 16. 5; fara með galdra ok fjölkyngi, K. Þ. K. 76; f. með hindr-vitni, Grett. 111; cp. the phrase, farðu ekki með það, don't talk such nonsense. γ. to deal with, treat, handle; þú munt bezt ok hógligast með hann fara, thou wilt deal with him most kindly and most gently, Nj. 219; fara af hljóði með e-t, to keep matters secret, id.; Ingimundr fór vel með sögum (better than sögur, acc.), Ing. dealt well with stories, was a good historian. Stud. i. 9. δ. with dat.; fara með e-u, to do so and so with a thing, manage it; hversu þeir skyldi fara með vápnum sínum, how they were to do with their weapons, Fms. ix. 509; sá maðr er með arfinum ferr, who manages the arfr, Grág. i. 217; ef þeir fara annan veg með því fé, 216; fara með málum sínum, to manage one's case, 46; meðan hann ferr svá með sem mælt er, 93; Gunnarr fór með öllu (acted in all) sem honum var ráð til kennt, Nj. 100; ef svá er með farit, Ld. 152; f. vel með sínum háttum, to bear oneself well, behave well, Eg. 65; Hrafn fór með sér vel, H. bore himself well, Fms. vi. 109; undarliga fara munkar þessir með sér, they behave strangely, 188; við förum kynlega með okkrum málum, Nj. 130; vant þyki mér með slíku at fara, difficult matters to have to do with, 75; f. málum á hendr e-m, to bring an action against one, Ld. 138; fara sókn (to proceed) sem at þingadómi, Grág. i. 463; fara svá öllu máli um sem ..., 40, ii. 348; fara með hlátri ok gapi, to go laughing and scoffing, Nj. 220; cp. β above. IV. fara um, yfir e-t, to pass over slightly; nú er yfir farit um landnám, shortly told, touched upon, Landn. 320; skjótt yfir at f., to be brief, 656 A. 12; fara myrkt um e-t, to mystify a thing, Ld. 322; fara mörgum orðum um e-t, to dilate upon a subject, Fbr. 124, Nj. 248, Fms. ix. 264. β. in the phrase, fara höndum um e-t, to go with the hands about a thing, to touch it, Germ. befühlen, esp. medic. of a healing touch; jafnan fengu menn heilsubót af handlögum hans, af því er hann fór höndum um þá er sjúkir vóru, Játv. 24; ok pá fór hann höndum um hann, Bs. i. 644; þá lét Arnoddr fara aðra höndina um hann, ok fann at hann var berfættr ok í línklæðum. Dropl. 30; cp. fóru hendr hvítar hennar um þessar görvar, Fas. i. 248 (in a verse): note the curious mod. phrase, það fer að fara um mig, I began to feel uneasy, as from a cold touch or the like. γ. impers. with dat.; eigi ferr þér nær Gunnari, en Merði mundi við þik, thou camest not nearer to G. than Mord would to thee, i.e. tbou art just as far from being a match for G. as Mord is to thee, Nj. 37; þá ferr honum sem öðrum, it came to pass with him as with others, 172; þá mun mér first um fara, I shall fall much short of that, Fms. vi. 362; því betr er þeim ferr öllum verr at, the worse they fare the better I am pleased, Nj. 217. V. reflex., esp. of a journey, to fare well; fórsk þeim vel, they fared well, Eg. 392, Fms. xi. 22; honum fersk vel vegrinn, he proceeded well on his journey, ii. 81; hafði allt farizt vel at, all had fared well, they had had a prosperous journey, Íb. 10; fórsk þeim þá seint um daginn, they proceeded slowly, Eg. 544; mönnum fórsk eigi vel um fenit, Fms. vii. 149; hversu þeim hafði farizk, Nj. 90; at þeim færisk vel, Ísl. ii. 343, 208, v.l.: the phrase, hamri fórsk í hægri hönd, he grasped the hammer in his right hand, Bragi; farask lönd undir, to subdue lands, Hkr. i. 134, v.l. (in a verse). 2. recipr., farask hjá, to go beside one another, miss one another, pass without meeting, Nj. 9; farask á mis, id., farask í móti, to march against one another, of two hosts; þat bar svá til at hvárigir vissu til annarra ok fórusk þó í móti, Fms. viii. 63, x. 46, Fas. ii. 515. VI. part., 1. act., koma farandi, to come of a sudden or by chance; þá kómu hjarðsveinar þar at farandi, some shepherds just came, Eg. 380; Moses kom farandi til fólksins, Sks. 574; koma inn farandi, 369, Fbr. 25. 2. pass. farinn, in the phrase, á förnum vegi, on 'wayfaring,' i.e. in travelling, passing by; finna e-n á förnum vegi, Nj. 258, K. Þ. K. 6; kveðja fjárins á förnum vegi, Grág. i. 403; also, fara um farinn veg, to pass on one's journey; of the sun. sól var skamt farin, the sun was little advanced, i.e. early in the morning, Fms. xi. 267, viii. 146; þá var dagr alljós ok sól farin, broad day and sun high in the sky, Eg. 219; also impers., sól (dat.) var skamt farit, Úlf. 4. 10: the phrase, aldri farinn, stricken in years, Sturl. i. 212; vel farinn í andliti, well-favoured, Ld. 274; vel at orði farinn, well spoken, eloquent, Fms. xi. 193; mod., vel orði, máli farinn, and so Ld. 122; gone, þar eru baugar farnir, Grág. ii. 172; þó fætrnir sé farnir, Fas. iii. 308. β. impers. in the phrase, e-m er þannig farit, one is so and so; veðri var þannig farit, at ..., the winter was such, that ..., Fms. xi. 34; veðri var svá farit at myrkt var um at litask, i.e. the weather was gloomy, Grett. 111; hversu landinu er farit, what is the condition of the country, Sks. 181; henni er þannig farit, at hón er mikil ey, löng ..., (the island) is so shapen, that it is large and long, Hkr. ii. 188; er eigi einn veg farit úgæfu okkari, our ill-luck is not of one piece, Nj. 183: metaph. of state, disposition, character, er hánum vel farit, he is a well-favoured man, 15; undarliga er yðr farit, ye are strange men, 154; honum var svá farit, at hann var vesal-menni, Boll. 352: adding the prepp. at, til, þeim var úlíkt farit at í mörgu, they were at variance in many respects, Hkr. iii. 97; nú er annan veg til farit, now matters are altered, Nj. 226; nú er svá til farit, at ek vil ..., now the case is, that I wish ..., Eg. 714; hér er þannig til farit, ... at leiðin, 582; þar var þannig til farit, Fms. xi. 34. UNCERTAIN Hence comes the mod. form varið (v instead of f), which also occurs in MSS. of the 15th century--veðri var svá varit, Sd. 181; ér honum vel varið, Lv. 80, Ld. 266, v.l.; svá er til varið, Sks. 223, 224,--all of them paper MSS. The phrase, e-m er nær farit, one is pressed; svá var honum nær farit af öllu samt, vökum ok föstu, he was nearly overcome from want of sleep and fasting. B. TRANS. I. with acc.: 1. to visit; fara land herskildi, brandi, etc., to visit a land with 'war-shield,' fire, etc., i.e. devastate it; gékk siðan á land upp með liði sínu, ok fór allt herskildi, Fms. i. 131; land þetta mundi herskildi farit, ok leggjask undir útlenda höfðingja, iv. 357; (hann) lét Halland farit brandi, vii. 4 (in a verse); hann fór lvist eldi, 41 (in a verse); hann hefir farit öll eylönd brandi, 46 (in a verse); fara hungri hörund, to emaciate the body, of an ascetic, Sl. 71. 2. to overtake, with acc.; hann gat ekki farit hann, he could not overtake (catch) him, 623. 17; tunglit ferr sólina, the moon overtakes the sun, Rb. 116; áðr hana Fenrir fari, before Fenrir overtakes her, Vþm. 46, 47; knegut oss fálur fara, ye witches cannot take us, Hkv. Hjörv. 13; hann gat farit fjóra menn af liði Steinólfs, ok drap þá alla, ... hann gat farit þá hjá Steinólfsdal, Gullþ. 29; hann reið eptir þeim, ok gat farit þá út hjá Svelgsá, milli ok Hóla, Eb. 180; Án hrísmagi var þeirra skjótastr ok getr farit sveininn, Ld. 242; viku þeir þá enn undan sem skjótast svá at Danir gátu eigi farit þá, Fms. (Knytl. S.) xi. 377 (MS., in the Ed. wrongly altered to náð þeim); hérinn hljóp undan, ok gátu hundarnir ekki farit hann (Ed. fráit wrongly), Fas. iii. 374; ok renna allir eptir þeim manni er víg vakti, ... ok verðr hann farinn, Gþl. 146: cp. the phrase, vera farinn, to dwell, live, to be found here and there; þótt hann sé firr um farinn, Hm. 33. II. with dat. to destroy, make to perish; f. sér, to make away with oneself; kona hans fór sér í dísar-sal, she killed herself, Fas. i. 527; hón varð stygg ok vildi fara sér, Landn. (Hb.) 55; ef þér gangit fyrir hamra ofan ok farit yðr sjálfir, Fms. viii. 53; hví ætla menn at hann mundi vilja f. sér sjálfr, iii. 59; fara lífi, fjörvi, öndu, id.; skal hann heldr eta, en fara öndu sinni, than starve oneself to death, K. Þ. K. 130; ok verðr þá þínu fjörvi um farit, Lv. 57, Ýt. 20, Fas. i. 426 (in a verse), cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 13; mínu fjörvi at fara, Fm. 5; þú hefir sigr vegit, ok Fáfni (dat.) um farit, 23; farit hafði hann allri ætt Geirmímis, Hkv. 1. 14; ok létu hans fjörvi farit, Sól. 22; hann hafði farit mörgum manni, O. H. L. 11. β. to forfeit; fara sýknu sinni, Grág. i. 98; fara löndum ok lausafé, ii. 167. 2. reflex. to perish (but esp. freq. in the sense to be drowned, perish in the sea); farask af sulti, to die of hunger, Fms. ii. 226; fellr fjöldi manns í díkit ok farask þar, v. 281; fórusk sex hundruð Vinda skipa, xi. 369; alls fórusk níu menn, Ísl. ii. 385; mun heimr farask, Eluc. 43; þá er himin ok jörð hefir farisk, Edda 12; farask af hita, mæði, Fms. ix. 47; fórsk þar byrðingrinn, 307; hvar þess er menn farask, Grág. i. 219; heldr enn at fólk Guðs farisk af mínum völdum, Sks. 732: of cattle, ef fé hins hefir troðisk eðr farisk á þá lund sem nú var tínt, Grág. ii. 286. β. metaph., fersk nú vinátta ykkur, your friendship is done with, Band. 12. γ. the phrase, farask fyrir, to come to naught, Nj. 131; at síðr mun fyrir farask nokkut stórræði, Ísl. ii. 340; en fyrir fórusk málagjöldin af konungi, the payment never took place, Fms. v. 278; lét ek þetta verk fyrir farask, vii. 158; þá mun þat fyrir farask, Fs. 20; en fyrir fórsk þat þó þau misseri, Sd. 150: in mod. usage (N. T.), to perish. δ. in act. rarely, and perhaps only a misspelling: frá því er féit fór (fórsk better), K. Þ. K. 132; fóru (better fórusk, were drowned) margir Íslenzkir menn, Bs. i. 436. 3. part. farinn, as adj. gone, undone; nú eru vér farnir, nema ..., Lv. 83; hans tafl var mjök svá farit, his game was almost lost, Fas. i. 523; þá er farnir vóru forstöðumenn Tróju, when the defenders of Troy were dead and gone, Ver. 36; tungl farit, a 'dead moon,' i.e. new moon, Rb. 34; farinn af sulti ok mæði, Fms. viii. 53; farinn at e-u, ruined in a thing, having lost it; farnir at hamingju, luckless, iv. 73; f. at vistum, xi. 33; f. at lausa-fé;. iii. 117: in some cases uncertain whether the participle does not belong to A. far-ald, n. [A. S. fareld], a journey, only in the phrase, hverju faraldi, how, by what means, expressing wonder at one's appearance, escape, or the like; mátti þat engi maðr vita hverju f. þangat mundi farit hafa, Bs. i. 338, Rd. 235, Sturl. iii. 219, Fs. 147 (where wrongly fem.), Mar. 98. far-aldr, m. (neut. Fb. l.c.), medic. pestilence, cp. Bs. i. 662 (the verse), Fb. i. 583 (the verse): in mod. usage plague, among animals. farand-kona, u, f. a beggar-woman, Nj. 66; vide fara A. I. 2. far-angr, m., gen. rs, luggage, Ísl. ii. 362, Fbr. 140. farar-, vide för, a journey. far-bann, n. a stopping of trade, an embargo, Eg. 403, Fms. vii. 285, ii. 127, Ann. 1243, Bs. i. 510. far-bauti, a, m. a 'ship-beater,' destroyer, an ogre, Fms. xi. 146: mythol. a giant, the father of Loki, Edda. far-beini, a, m. furthering one's journey, Eg. 482, v.l.; better forbeini. far-borði, a, m. a ship's board or bulwark above water when loaded, cp. Grág. ii. 399; hence the metaph. phrase, sjá (or leita) sér farborða, to take precautions, so as to get safe and sound out of a danger, Fms. vi. 430, vii. 142, v.l. far-búinn, part. 'boun' to sail (or depart), Hkr. iii. 193. far-búnaðr, m. equipment of a ship, 673. 61. far-dagar, m. pl. flitting days, four successive days in spring, at the end of May (old style), in which householders in Icel. changed their abode;

141 FARÐI -- FASTORÐR.

this use is very old, cp. Glúm. ch. 26, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 56, Edda 103, Bs. i. 450, the Sagas and laws passim; hence fardaga-helgi, f. the Sunday in fardagar, Grág. ii. 12; fardaga-leiti and fardaga-skeið, n. the time of fardagar, Ísl. ii. 26. FARÐI, a, m. [Fr. fard; Old Engl. fard. farding; Norse fare, Ivar Aasen], scum (in milk, curds), and farða, að, to have scum formed on it. far-drengr, m. a sea-faring man, Edda 107, Fms. ii. 23, Þorf. Karl. 402. FARFI, a, m. [Germ. farbe], colour, (modern and scarcely used.) far-flótti, adj. fugitive, exiled, Hkr. i. 252: with gen., Fas. iii. 103. far-fúss, adj. eager for departing, Bs. ii. 35, 130. far-fýsi, f. eagerness to depart or travel, Fms. iii. 45, Fs. 46. FARG, n. [cp. Ulf. fairguni--a mountain], a press, press-weight; vera undir fargi, to be under a press, Bjarni 132. farga, að, I. with acc. to press, Hom. 152, Bs. ii. 118. II. with dat. to destroy, make away with, Bb. 1. 7. farga, u, f. [for. word, cp. farga. Du Cange], a sort of stuff, Pm. 6. far-gögn, n. pl. luggage, Nj. 266: sing., Stj. 367. far-görvi, n. travelling gear, Eg. 727, Edda 110. far-hirðir, m. a ferryman, Gþl. 415, Hbl. 52 (fé-hírðir MS.) fari, m. a sea-farer, in compds, Dyflinnar-fari, a Dublin trader; Englands-fari, an English seaman, Baut. 387, Rafn 217, Fms. vi. 240; Hlymreks-fari, a Limerick seaman, Landn.; Hallands-fari; Hólmgards-fari, one who trades to Holmgard; Jórsala-fari (a traveller to Jerusalem). Fms., Ann. far-kona, u, f. a beggar-woman, Sturl. ii. 108. farkonu-sótt, f., medic. erysipelas (?), Ann. 1240. far-kostr, m. [Swed.-Norse farkost; Scot. farcost], a ferry-boat, a ship, Fms. vi. 219, Edda 48, Grág. ii. 130, Fb. i. 546, Ver. 8, Thom. 29. far-lami, adj. lame and unable to go, Bs. i. 303. far-land, n., poët. the land of ships, the sea, Lex. Poët., cp. Og. 31. far-leiga, u, f. passage-money, Gþl. 415. far-lengd, f. travels, journey, Bs. i. 450, 758. Fms. v. 273. Thom. 173. far-ligr, adj. comfortable: farlig sæng, a soft bed, Vellekla. far-ljós, f. adj. light enough for travelling, of the night, Eg. 88, Fbr. 97 new Ed. far-lög, n. pl. nautical law, Grág. ii. 399. far-maðr, m. a seaman, sea-faring man, Landn. 180, Bs. i. 66, Nj. 61, Eg. 154, Fms. i. 11, iv. 124, 174. Þorst. hv. 44, Grág. i. 190. COMPDS: farmanna-búðir, f. pl. merchant booths. K. Þ. K. 34. farmanna-lög, n. pl. = farlög, Jb. 7. far-móðr, adj. weary from travelling, Fms. ix. 233, v. 288. FARMR, m. a fare, freight, cargo, Jb. 411, Eg. 129, Band. 5, Fms. iv. 259, Grág. ii. 395: metaph. a load in general, vide Lex. Poët.: in the Edda, Odin is Farma-guð and Farma-týr, m. the god and helper of loads,--he also was invoked bv sailors; skips-f., a ship's freight: viðar-f., timbr-f., korn-f., hey-f., etc., a load of wood, timber, corn, hay, etc. farnaðr and förnuðr, m., gen. ar, furtherance, speed; tíl farnaðar mér ok til ferðar, Grág. ii. 21, Skv. 1. 8, Fms, viii. 31; ú-farnaðr, bad speed; þar til hon kynni sér f., till she knew how to speed in the world, Ld. 116. far-nagli, a, m. the water-peg in a ship's bottom, in mod. usage negla, Edda (Gl.); cp. var-nagli. farnask, að, dep. to speed well, Fms. iv. 56. far-nest, n. viands. Eb. 196, Skálda 173. farning, f. a ferrying over, passage; veita e-m f., Pd. 16, K. Þ. K. 24, Glúm. 371, Fbr. 158, Sturl. i. 18. Ísl. ii. 386, Grág. i. 98. far-rek, n. shipwreck, in a metaph. sense; þat hafði Þórði orðit til farreks, at hestar hans báðir vóru í brottu, i.e. Th. was wrecked, in that he had lost both his ponies, Ísl. ii. 318; skulu vér frændr þínir veita þér styrk til þess at þú komir aldri síðan í slíkt f., in such a strait, Fms. iv. 270. FARRI, a, m. [A. S. fearr; Germ. farre = a bullock], a bullock, Ýt. 14, Edda (Gl.) β. [farri, Ivar Aasen], a landlouper, vagrant, Clar. (Fr.) COMPD: farra-fleinn, m. prop. a landlouper; Alm. 5 spells fjarra-fleinn, N. G. L. ii. 154, v.l. fira-fleinn, both wrongly as it seems, cp. farra-trjóna, f. 'bullock-snout,' Ýt. l.c., cp. also Germ. farren-schwanz and farren-kope (Grimm); the verse in Alm. 5 is probably addressed to the dwarf, not (as in the Edd.) the dwarf's own words. far-serkr, m. travelling sark or jacket, a nickname, Landn. far-skip, n. a ferry-boat, Gþl. 416. far-snilli, f. nautical art, Fb. iii. 385. far-sumar, n. the season for sea-faring, Ann. far-synjan, f. refusing to ferry one, Hbl. 59. far-sæla, u, f., prop. good speed (in travelling); but only used metaph. good speed, prosperity, happiness, freq. in that use, esp. in eccl. sense, 623. 52. Stj. 327; f. þessa heims, Hom. 29, 76. Fms. i. 104, vi. 155, x. 276, 409. far-sælask, d, dep. to speed, have luck, Fs. 34. far-sæld, f. = farsæla; friðr ok f., peace and happiness, Fms. xi. 438, Barl. 62: in pl., 655 xxxii. 9; ó-farsæld, misfortune. far-sæll, adj. speeding well in voyages; svá f. at hann kaus sér jafnan höfn, Korm. 140; þat er mælt at þú sért maðr farsælli en aðrir menn flestir, Fb. iii. 385: farsælli en aðrir menn, Band. 5, Barl. 195: of a ship, farsælla en hvert annarra, Fs. 27 (obsolete). 2. metaph. prosperous, very freq., esp. in eccl. sense: ó-farsæll, unhappy. far-sælligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), prosperous. Fms. ii. 36, v. 37. far-tálmi, a, m. hinderance in one's journey, Gþl. 417, Al. 61. far-tekja, u, f. taking a passage in a ship, Jb. 377, N. G. L. i. 58. far-tíðr, m. a ferry-boat, Germ. fahrzeug (poët.), Edda (Gl.) far-vegr, m. a track, Fms. v. 225, ix. 366, xi. 316; manna f., a track of men, Gþl. 538, Stj. 71: metaph., Sks. 565 B. 2. a 'fair way,' a channel, bed of a river, Landn. 65, Grág. ii. 281, Stj. 230, Fms. iv. 360 (freq.) 3. a road, journey; langr f., Fms. xi. 16, v. 225. far-viðr, m. [farvid, Ivar Aasen], faggots, Björn. far-þegi, a, m. [þiggja], a passenger, Finnb. 278, Ann. 1425, Ld. 86, 112, Bs. ii. 47, Fas. ii. 171. FAS, n. gait, bearing; Icel. say, vera hægr, stilltr í fasi, or fas-góðr, fas-prúðr, adj. of gentle gait and bearing; fas-mikill, adj. rushing: this word, though in freq. use at the present time, seems never to occur in old writers, unless it be in arga-fas, q.v.: the etymology is uncertain, perhaps from Engl. fashion, face; it seems at all events to be of foreign origin; at the time of Pal Vídalín it was in full use, cp. Skýr. 90. fasi, a, m. a nickname, Fms. x. 27. FASTA, u, f. [Ulf. fastubni; O. H. G. fastá; Germ. faste; Swed. fasta; Dan. faste; a word introduced along with Christianity; the old Scandinavians could have no such word, as voluntary fasting was unknown in the heathen rites, and at the first introduction of Christianity the practice was sorely complained of, cp. Hkr. Hák. S. Góða, ch. 17] :-- a fast, fasting, Hom. 73, K. Þ. K. 122, Rb. 82; the word therefore occurs first in poets of the beginning of the 11th century, e.g. Fms. vi. 86, cp. boð-f., lög-f., etc. COMPDS: föstu-afbrigð, f. breaking the fast, K. Á. 192. föstu-bindandi, f. abstinence in fasting, Stj. 147. föstu-dagr, m. a fast-day, K. Á. 186, 187, Nj. 165; the Icel. name of Friday, Rb. 112, Grág. i. 146; Föstudagr Langi, Good Friday, Nj. 158. Föstudags-nótt, f. Friday night, K. Þ. K. 122. Föstu-kveld, n. Friday evening, Fms. vii. 159, Nj. 187. föstu-matr, m. fast-day food, Sturl. i. 139, Fms. iv. 283, v.l. Föstu-morgin, m. Friday morning, Orkn. 370. Föstu-nátt, f. Friday night, Nj. 186: fast-nights, K. Þ. K. 122. föstu-tíð, f. fast-time, Fms. v. 199, K. Þ. K. 134, Am. 37. föstu-tími, a, m. fast-time, Stj. 148. II. Lent, Fms. viii. 28, Ld. 320, N. G. L. i. 12; distinction is made between the Easter Lent, (sjö-vikna Fasta, seven weeks Lent, also called langa F., the long Fast, K. Þ. K. 122, Bs. i. 801, and passim; níu-vikna F., the nine weeks Lent, K. Þ. K. 122, Grág. i. 325), and Jóla-f., (the Yule Lent, the time from Advent to Yule, Grág. l.c., Rb. 46, K. Þ. K. 124.) Föstu-gangr or Föstu-ígangr and -inngangr, m. beginning of these seasons, esp. Lent; fimm eru föstu-ígangar, Clem. 58, Sturl. iii. 81, Rb. 4 (v.l.), 48, 76. Föstu-prédikan, f. a Lenten sermon. Föstu-tjald, n. hangings used in churches during Lent, Vm. 52, 109. fasta, að, to fast: 1. eccl., Hom. 71, 73, Ld. 200, K. Á. 160, Bs. passim, Fms. ii. 250, N. G. L. i. 141, 144. 2. secular; af fastanda manns munni, Sks. 450, Lækn. 471. fasta, adv. = fastlega, Lex. Poët. fasta-eign, mod. fast-eign, f. landed property, Stj. 224, H. E. ii. 85, 223. fasta-far, n., í fastafari, eagerly, Th. 76, Stj. 287, 291. fasta-land, n. the mainland (Germ. festes land), opp. to ey-land. fast-aldi, a, m. a cognom., Landn., prop. of a bear. fastendi (fastyndi), n. pl. surety, N. G. L. i. 449, H. E. i. 247. fast-eygr, adj. firm-eyed, Sturl. ii. 133, Bs. i. 127. fast-garðr, m. a fastness, stronghold, Fas. i. 266. fast-haldr, adj. fast-holding, tenacious, saving, Fms. x. 409. β. as subst. a key, Edda (Gl.): a shackle, Fastaldr var á Fenri lagðr, Mkv. fast-heitinn, adj. true to one's word, Sturl. iii. 122. fast-heldi, f. tenacity, perseverance, Stj. 155, Fb. ii. 14. fast-hendr, adj. close-fisted, Sks. 440. FASTI, a, m., poët. fire, Lex. Poët., root uncertain: the phrase, færa e-n í fasta, to bring one into a strait, 'between two fires,' Þd. fast-liga, adv. firmly, strongly, Sks. 374. β. metaph., Hom. 114, Fms. v. 217, Fas. i. 4; trúa f., to believe firmly, Fms. v. 242; bjóða f., Stj. 54: e-t horfir f., it looks hard, unyielding, difficult, Lv. 94; vera f. kominn, to be fast shut up, Eg. 519, Ld. 52. fast-ligr, adj. fast, firm, strong, Stj. 26, Sturl. iii. 140, Bs. i. 517. fast-lyndr, adj. strong-minded, Finnb. 210. fast-máll, adj. trusty. fast-mæli, n. a fast engagement, Fms. i. 206, iii. 85, vii. 164, Bjarn. 58. fast-mæltr, adj. hard-speaking. fastna, að, to pledge; f. lögbót, K. Þ. K. 24. β. esp. to betroth, to give the bride away at the betrothal, Grág. i. 302 sqq.; fastnaði Mörðr Rúti dóttur sína, Nj. 3, 51, Band. 3, Ísl. ii. 8, 163, 206, Ld. 22. γ. reflex. to be betrothed, given awav. Fms. x. 284. fastnaðr, m. betrothal, H. E. i. 246, 247; vide festar. fastnandi, part. a betrother, one who gives a bride away, Grág. i. 305. fast-næmr, adj. fast, firm, trusty, Dropl. 6, Valla L. 208, Fs. 13. fast-ofinn, part. stout, of stuff, Lex. Poët. fast-orðr, adj. true to one's word, Fms. vi. 52, vii. 120.

FASTR -- FÁ. 145

FASTR, adj. [wanting in Ulf., who renders GREEK etc. by tulgus; but common to all other Teut. idioms; A. S. fæst; Engl. fast; O. H. G. fasti; Germ. fest; Swed.-Dan. fast] :-- fast, firm, esp. with the notion of sticking fast to the spot; hrútr f. (held fast, entangled) á meðal viða, 655 vii. 2; fastr á velli, standing fast, e.g. in a battle, Fms. xi. 246; vera, standa f. fyrir, to stand fast, Þorst. St. 53; f. á fótum, of a bondsman whose feet are bound fast to the soil, Grág. ii. 192, Nj. 27: grið-fastr, home-bound, of a servant: the phrase, e-t er fast fyrir, a thing is hard to win, difficult, Lv. 94, Fms. xi. 32, Ld. 154. β. fast, close; f. í verkum, hard at work, Grág. i. 135 (Ed. 1853); þeir menn allir er í dómi sitja eðr í gögnum eru fastir, engaged, 488; fastr ok fégjarn, close and covetous, Fms. x. 420; f. af drykk, Sturl. iii. 125. γ. of a meeting; þá er sóknar-þing er fast, i.e. during the session, Grág. i. 422: sam-fastr, fast together, continuous, 156; á-fastr, q.v. δ. firm; metaph., fast heit, loforð, etc., a fast, faithful promise, word, Eg. 29; föst trú, fast faith, cp. stað-f., steadfast; geð-f., trú-f., vin-f., etc. ε. bound to pay; at aurum eigi meirum en hann var fastr, to the amount of his debt, N. G. L. i. 36. ζ. gramm., fast atkvæði, a hard syllable ending in a double consonant, Skálda 171. 2. neut. in various phrases; sitja fast, to sit fast, Sks. 372; standa fast, to stand fast, Edda 33; halda f., to hold fast, Fms. i. 159; binda fast, to bind fast, Ísl. ii. 103, Fas. i. 530; liggja fast, to be fast set, steadfast, of the eyes, Sturl. ii. 189; drekka fast, to drink hard, Fms. ii. 259; sofa fast, to be fast asleep, i. 9; þegja fast, to be dumb, not say a word, 655 xxxi A. 4; leita fast eptir, to urge, press hard, Ld. 322; fylgja fast, to follow fast, Dropl. 26, Fas. ii. 505; eldask fast, to age fast, Eb. 150; ryðjask um fast, to make a hard onslaught, Nj. 9; leggja fast at, to close with one in a sea-fight, Fms. ii. 312, hence fastr bardagi, a close engagement, Róm. 272; telja fast á e-n, to give one a severe lesson, Fms. ii. 119. β. as adv., hyrndr fast, very much horned, Lv. 69. γ. the phrase, til fasta, fast, firmly; ráða, mæla, heita til f., to make a firm agreement, Bjarn. 61, Band. 20, Fms. ii. 125; cp. the mod. phrase, fyrir fullt ok fast, definitively. FASTR, n. the prey of a bear which he drags into his lair; cp. Ivar Aasen s.v. fastra, of a bear, to drag a carcase into his lair (Norse); hence the phrase, liggja á fasti, of a wild beast devouring its prey, Landn. 235 (of a white bear). Icel. now say, liggja á pasti, and in metaph. sense pastr, vigour, energy; pastrs-lauss, weak, feeble, etc. fast-ráðinn, part. determined, Eg. 9. 19, Fms. ix. 252. fast-ríki, n. a strong, fast rule, Ver. 54. fast-tekið, part. n. resolved, Fms. ii. 265. fast-tækr, adj. headstrong, stubborn, Fms. ii. 220, Glúm. 323. fast-úðigr, adj. staunch, firm, Fms. vii. 102, viii. 447, v.l. fastúð-ligr, adj. = fastúðigr, Hkr. iii. 252. fast-vingr, adj. a fast friend, Þiðr. 20, = vinfastr. FAT, n., pl. föt, [as to the root, cp. Germ. fassen = to compass, which word is unknown to Icel.; A. S. fæt; Old Engl. fat, mod. vat; O. H. G. faz; Germ. fass; Dan. fad; Swed. fat] :-- a vat; kona vildi bera vatn, en hafði ekki fatið, Bs. ii. 24: eitt fat (basket) með vínberjum, G. H. M. iii. 98; vín ok hunang í fötum fullum, N. G. L. iii. 122. β. luggage, baggage; bera föt sín á skip, Jb. 406; bera föt á land, Eg. 393; elti Hákon á land ok tók hvert fat þeirra, Fms. vii. 215; hafa hvert fat á skipi, vi. 37, Grág. ii. 59; fyrr en hann fari á brot ór vist með föt sín frá bóanda, i. 300. 2. in pl. clothes, dress; hann hafði föt sín í fangi sér, en sjálfr var hann naktr, Lv. 60, Bs. ii. 47, Hrafn. 23: metaph., falla ór fötum, to be stripped, forgotten, 655 xxxi. 1. COMPDS: fata-búningr, m. apparel, 656 C. 24. fata-búr, n. [Swed. fata-bur; Dan. fade-bur], wardrobe, Stj. 205, Grett. 160, 44 new Ed., Bs. i. 840. fata-görvi, n. luggage, gear, Eg. 727. fata-hestr, m. a pack-horse, Flór. 77. fata-hirzla, u, f. wardrobe, Grág. fata-hrúga, u, f. a heap of clothes, Landn. 179, Grett. 176 new Ed. fata-kista, u, f. a clothes-chest, Rd. 314, Sturl. i. 10. fats-töturr, m. tatters, Bs. i. 506. fata, u, f. a pail, bucket, Fb. i. 258, Bs. ii. 24, N. G. L. i. 30, Stj. 394; vatns-fata, a pail of water, freq. in western Icel.; in the east of Icel. usually skjóla, q.v. fötu-barmr, m. the rim of a pail, etc. fata, að, to clothe (mod.): to step = feta, Bs. i. 291. fat-kanna, u, f. a vat, Dipl. v. 18. fatlaðr, part. impeded; fjötri fatlaðr, fettered, Bkv. 16: in mod. usage, impeded as to the limbs, e.g. lame. fat-lauss, adj. without luggage, Fas. iii. 537. β. without clothes, Karl. 534. fatl-byrðr, f. [fetill], a burden fastened with straps, N. G. L. i. 380. fatli, a, m., bera hönd í fatla, to have one's arm tied up, vide fetill. fatnaðr, m. clothing, Fms. x. 379, 655 x. 2. fat-prúðr, adj. dressy, Hom. 97, 656 C. 24. fat-prýði, f. dressiness, Greg. 24. fatr, n. impediment, delay, Mork. 109; cp. fjöturr. fatrask, að, dep. to be entangled and puzzled, Mork. 106. FATTR, adj. bowed backward; standa fattr, opp. to lútr. β. slender, of the fingers; fatta hafði hann fingr og smá, Snót 202; fingr fattir ok at öllu vel vaxnir, Þiðr. 6, v.l., freq. in mod. usage; cp. fetta. fatt-skolptaðr, part. with upturned snout, of the hippopotamus, Stj. 78. FAUSKR, m. (fouski, a, m., Hom. 152), a rotten dry log, esp. dug out of the earth; fausk ok fúka, Bad. 206; f. ok stofna, Grág. ii. 297, Jb. 239, Bs. ii. 183, Barl. 134; fauska-gröptr, m. digging dry logs out of the earth for fuel, Landn. 303. II. metaph. of an old man, ertú náliga f. einn, Róm. 195; sem fúinn f., Karl. 361. Hom. l.c.; karl-fauskr, an old man. FAUTI, a, m. a headstrong man, hence fauta-legr, adj. frantic, headstrong; fauta-skapr, m. frenzy. FAX, n. [A. S. feax], a mane, Edda 7, Sks. 100, El. 29: poët., vallar-fax, the field's mane, the wood, Alm. 29. faxaðr, part. = fextr, matted, Al. 168. faxi, a, m., freq. name of a horse, cp. Sturl. iii. 155; Skin-faxi, Hrím-faxi, Edda; Frey-faxi, Hrafn.; Gló-faxi, etc. FÁ, pret. sing. fékk, sometimes spelt feck or fieck, pl. fengu; pres. fæ, 2nd pers. fær, mod. færð, pl. fám, mod. fáum; pret. subj. fengja, mod. fengi; pres. fá, mod. fái; imperat. fá; sup. fengit; part. fenginn: the forms fingit, finginn, and pret. fingu (cp. Germ. fingen) are obsolete, but occur in some MSS. (e.g. Arna-Magn. 132 and 122 A): the poets rhyme -- Erlingr var þar finginn; with the neg. suff., fær-at, fékk-at, Lex. Poët.: [Goth. fahan and gafahan = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. fón; Hel. fâhan; Germ. fahen, whence fahig = capax; in the Germ., however, the nasal form fangen prevailed, but in the Scandin., Swed., and Dan. få or faae; the Dan. fange is mod. and borrowed from Germ.; Icel. fanga is rare and unclass. and only used in the sense to capture, whereas fá is a standing word; the ng reappears in pl. pret. and part. pass. fengu, fengit, vide above; cp. Old Engl. fet, mod. fetch] :-- to fetch, get, etc. 1. to fetch, catch, seize; fengu þeir Gunnar, they fetched, caught G., Akv. 18; Hildibrandr gat fengit kirkju-stoðina, Sturl. i. 169; hón hefir fengit einn stein, she has fetched a stone, Ísl. ii. 394; fá á e-u, to get hold of, grasp with the hand, faðir Móða fékk á þremi, Hým. 34. β. also, fá í e-t, to grasp; fengu í snæri, they grasped the bow-strings, bent the bow, Am. 42; hann fékk í öxl konungi, he seized the king's shoulder, Fms. viii. 75. γ. to take, capture, but rare except in part.; hafði greifi Heinrekr fengit Valdimar, Fms. ix. 324; verða fanginn, to be taken, Germ. gefangen werden, i. 258, Stj. 396. 2. to get, gain, win, with acc. of the thing; sá fær er frjár, he who wooes will win (a proverb), Hm. 91; hann skal fá af Svart-álfum, he shall get, obtain from S., Edda 69; fá brauð, mat, drykk, Fms. x. 18; þat fékk hann eigi af föður sínum, xi. 14; bað konunnar ok fékk heitið hennar, he wooed the woman and got her hand, Edda 23; fá sitt eyrindi, to get one's errand done, Fms. i. 75; fa fljóðs ást, to win a woman's love, Hm. 91; fá hærra hlut, to get the better, 40; ek ætla at fá at vera yðvarr farþegi, Ld. 112; hence fá, or fá leyfi, to get leave to do a thing: eg fæ það, fékk það ekki, fá að fara, etc.: Icel. also say, eg fæ það ekki af mér, I cannot bring myself to do it. β. to suffer, endure; fá úsigr, to get the worst of it, Fms. iv. 218; sumir fengu þetta (were befallen) hvern sjaunda vetr, Sks. 113; fá skaða, to suffer a loss, Hkr. ii. 177; fá úvit, to fall senseless, Nj. 195; fá líflát, to fall lifeless, Grág. i. 190; fá bana, to come by one's death, Nj. 110. γ. fá góðar viðtökur, to get a good reception, Eg. 460, 478, Fms. iv. 219; sá mun sæll er þann átrúnað fær, blessed is he that gets hold of that faith, Nj. 156; hann hafði fingit úgrynni fjár, Fms. xi. 40; fá skilning á e-u, to get the knowledge of a thing, i. 97. 3. to get, procure; þá fékk konungr sveitar-höfðingja þá er honum sýndisk, Eg. 272; ek skal fá mann til at biðja hennar, Fs. 88; þeir fengu menn til at ryðja skip, they got men to clear the ship, Nj. 163; mun ek fá til annann mann at göra þetta, I will get another man to do it, 53; fá sér bjargkvið, Grág. i. 252; hann fékk sér gott kván-fang, Fms. i. 11; fám oss ölteiti nökkura, let us get some sport, vii. 119; fá sér (e-m) fari, to take a passage, vide far; fengu þeir ekki af mönnum, they could fetch no men, ix. 473; þeir hugðusk hafa fengit (reached) megin-land, vii. 113. 4. fá at veizlu, blóti, to get provisions for a feast, etc.; hann fékk at blóti miklu, Landn. 28; lét Þorri fá at blóti, Orkn. 3; Þórólfr Mostrar-skegg fékk at blóti miklu, Eb. 8; er fengit at mikilli veizlu, Fas. i. 242; var síðan at samkundu fingit, a meeting was brought about, 623. 52; sá dagr er at Jólum skal fá, the day when preparations are to be made for Yule, K. Þ. K. 110, hence atfanga-dagr, the day before a feast, q.v.; þá var fengit at seið, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 17. II. to give, deliver to one, put into one's hands; hér er eitt sverð, er ek vil fá þér, Ísl. ii. 44; fá mér (fetch me, give me) leppa tvá ór hári þínu, Nj. 116; þá er keisarinn hafði fingit honum til föru-neytis, Fms. xi. 40; konungr fær honum veizlur, Eg. 27; horn þat er Bárðr hafði fingit Ölvi, 207; fáit nú konungi festu (give the king bail) þá er honum líki, Fms. iv. 268; fá e-m sök, to charge one, Sks. 708; var sá sveinn fenginn í hendr okkr, delivered into our hands, Fms. i. 113; fékk hann búit í hendr Valgerði, iii. 24, Nj. 4; honum fékk hverr maðr penning til, Íb. 5; hon fékk biskupinum tuttugu mánaða mataból, B. K. 125; fá e-m e-t at geyma, to give a thing into one's charge, Stj. 177; fá þá sonum þínum í hendr til geymslu, id. III. metaph. with a following pass. part. or sup. to be able to do; hón fær með engu móti vakit þá, she could by no means awaken them, Fms. i. 9; þú fékkt ekki leikit þat er mjúkleikr var í, vii. 119; þeir munu mik aldri fá sótt, they will never be able to overcome me, Nj. 116; ok fáit þér hann eigi

146 FÁ -- FÁMENNI.

veiddan, if you cannot catch him, 102; hann fékk engi knút leyst, Edda 29; fengu þeir honum ekki náð, they could not catch him, Fagrsk. 167; at Vagn mun fá yfir-kominn Sigvalda, that V. will overcome S., Fms. xi. 96: skulu vér þá freista at vér fáim drepit þá, i. 9; skaltú hvergi fá undan hokat, thou shalt have no chance of sneaking away, xi. 61; fá gaum gefinn at e-u, to take heed to a thing. Fas. ii. 517; menn fingu hvergi rétt hann né hafit, Eg. 396; at þeir mundu komit fá til lands hvalnum, Grág. ii. 381; en fékk þó eigi víss orðit ..., but he could not make out for certain ..., Fms. x. 170. β. to grow, get, become; Hjörleif rak vestr fyrir land, ok fékk hann vatnfátt, he became short of water, Landn. 34: of travellers, to fall in with, etc., þar fengu þeir keldur blautar mjök, they got into bogs, Eb. 266; þeir fengu hvergi blautt um Valbjarnar-völlu, Sturl. ii. 50; fengu þeir veðr stór, they met with foul weather, Eg. 160. IV. with gen., 1. to take, gain, earn, win; renna þeir á land upp, ok fá mikils fjár, Fms. v. 164; þeir fengu fjár mikils, they took a rich booty, Nj. 137; gáðu þeir eigi fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, ok dó allt kvikfé þeirra um vetrinu, Landn. 30; vel er þess fengit, it is well earned, well done, 7; nú mun ek fara þessa ferð ef þú vill; hann segir, vel er þess fengit, well done, said he, Fas. ii. 517; hann var eigi skáld, ok hann hafði eigi þeirrar listar fengit, he had not got that gift, Fb. i. 214; at þá mundi þykkja fengit betr, people would think that it suited better, Nj. 75; fá verðar, to take a meal, Hm. 33; hann fékk sér sveitar (raised a band) ok görðisk illvirki, 623. 15: but chiefly in the phrase, fá konu, to get a wife, marry; Haraldr fékk þeirrar konu, Fms. i. 4; at ek munda fá þín, that I should get thy hand, Nj. 24; betr er þá séð fyrir kosti systur minnar at þú fáir hennar (gen., i.e. that thou marry her), en víkingar fái hana (acc., i.e. to fetch, capture her) at herfangi, Fs. 8; hón var átján vetra er Þorsteinn fékk hennar, Ísl. ii. 191. 2. to conceive, of sheep, cattle; fá burðar, Stj. 97; er hann (sauðrinn) fær lambs, Skálda 162: absol., við þeim hafði hón (the mare) fengit, Landn. 195; at eigi fái ær við, Grág. i. 418, (cp. fang, fetus.) 3. denoting to affect, touch, etc.; þat fékk mikils hinum hertekna menni, it touched much the captive, Orkn. 368: svá fékk honum mikils, at hans augu vóru full af tárum, Fms. i. 139; henni fékk þetta mikillar áhyggju, it caused her great care, iv. 181; fær honum þat mikillar áhyggju ok reiði. Nj. 174; nú fær mér ekka (gen.) orð þat þú mælir, Skv. 1. 20; fá e-m hlægis, to make one a laughing-stock, Hm. 19: even with acc. or an adv., þá fær Þorbirni svá mjök (Th. was so much moved) at hann grætr, Hrafn. 13. β. fá á e-n, to affect, chiefly of intoxicating liquors; er drykkr fékk á Hákon jarl, when the drink told on earl Hacon, Magn. 508; fær á þá mjök drykkrinn, Fms. xi. 108; aldregi drakk ek vín eðr annan drykk svá at á mik megi fá, Stj. 428; en er á leið daginn ok drykkr fékk á menn, Fms. vii. 154; drykkr hefir fengit yðr í höfuð, Fas. i. 318; á-fengr or á-fenginn, q.v. γ. opt fá á (entice) horskan, er á heimskan né fá, lostfagrir lítir, Hm. 92. V. impers. to be got, to be had, cp. Germ. es giebt; vápn svá góð, at eigi fær önnur slík (acc.), so good, that the like are not to be got, Nj. 44; at varla fái vitrara mann, a wiser man is hardly to be found, Sks. 13; eigi fær þat ritað, it cannot be recorded, viz. being so voluminous, Fms. viii. 406; þat skip fær vel varit eldi, that ship can well be guarded against fire, ix. 368; svá mikill herr at varla fékk talit, a host so great that it could hardly be numbered, xi. 261 (Ed. fékst wrongly). VI. reflex. in the phrase, fásk í e-u, to be busy, exert oneself in a matter; drottningin mátti þar ekki í fásk, Fms. x. 102; Helgi leitaði þá ef Sigurðr vildi í fásk við Þorvald, if S. would try with Th., Fb. i. 379; vildir þú fásk í því sem þér er ekki lánat, 215; segir hana ljúga ok fásk í rógi, (and deal in slander) fyrir höfðingjum, Karl. 552. β. fásk við e-n, to struggle against; ef nokkut væri þat er hann mætti við fásk, which he could try, Grett. 74 new Ed.: to wrestle with, skaltú fásk við blámann várn, Ísl. ii. 444; um fangit er þú fékksk við Elli, when thou strugglest against Elli, Edda 34; at Þorleikr ætti lítt við elli at fásk, Ld. 160; fámsk vér eigi við skrafkarl þenna, let us have naught to do with this landlouper, Háv. 52; ok fásk eigi við fjánda þenna lengr, Ísl. ii. 45; fást um e-t, to make a fuss about a thing: the passage, Hrólfi fékksk hugr, Fas. iii. 203, is prob. an error for Hrólfi gékksk hugr, H. was moved: the phrase, fásk þú at virði vel, take thou a good meal, Hm. 117. 2. as a pass., esp. in the sense to be gotten; sumt lausa-féit hafði fengisk (had been gotten) í hernaði, Fms. i. 25; at honum fengisk engi fararbeini, that no means of conveyance could be got, Grág. i. 298; eigu þeir þat allt er á (aðilðunum) fæsk, all the fines that accrue from the aðilð, 281; fékksk þat, it was obtained, Jb. 17; er hljóð fékksk, when silence was obtained, so that he could speak, Fms. i. 34: ef þeir fásk eigi, if they cannot be taken, Odd. 12 (very rare); sem úviða muni þinn jafningi fásk, thy match is not easily to be got, Nj. 46. VII. part. fenginn as adj. given to, fit to; ok er hann vel til þess fenginn, Fms. vi. 389; Jón var mjök fenginn (given) fyrir kvenna ást, Bs. i. 282; fæsk eigi því níta, it cannot be denied, Am. 32. 2. again, fanginn denotes captured, hence taken by passion; fanginn í ílsku, Fb. i. 280. FÁ, ð, part. fát, fáð or fáið, cp. fáinn or fánn; a contracted verb = fága :-- to draw, paint, Fms. v. 345; gulli fáðr, gilded, Gísl. 21; fá rúnar, to draw runes, magic characters, Hm. 143; vér höfum fáða unga brúði á vegg, we have painted the young bride on the wall, Landn. 248 (from a verse about the middle of the 10th century): of precious stuffs, fáð ript, Skv. 3. 63. fáan-ligr, adj. to be gotten. fá-bjáni, a, m. an idiot. fá-bygðr, part. few, i.e. thinly, peopled, Glúm. 359. fá-dæmi, n. pl. monstrosities,, portents, 623. 39, Fms. v. 206: með fádæmum, ofdirfð ok níðingskap, vii. 18; vera með fádæmum, to be portentous, viii. 52, v.l., Sturl. iii. 274; heyrit f., shame! Háv. 45: joined to an adj. or adv., fá-dæma-, portentous; f. mikill, f. stór, f. vel, etc., Þiðr. 187, Krók. 49. fá-dæmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), portentous, Fms. iii. 167. fá-einn, adj., chiefly in pl. only a few, Eg. 573, Sturl. iii. 3; vide einn. fá-fengiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), vain, empty. fá-fengr, adj. empty, Luke i. 53. fá-fróðr, adj. 'few-knowing,' ignorant, Fms. viii. 447, Barl. 13, 17. fá-fræði, f. want of knowledge, Fms. vi. 265, Gþl. 266, Bs. i. 137, 280. fága, að, to polish, clean; f. saltkatla, Fas. ii. 499, Eg. 520 (vide eik); f. hest, to curry a horse, Sks. 374; öll fáguð (painted) með brögðum, Fms. v. 345. 2. metaph. to cultivate; fága jörðina, to till the earth, 549 B; f. akr, Mar. 188: of arts, science, sem hann fágaði þá iðn lengr, Lv. 115. β. to worship; f. heiðin guð, Stj. 576; f. heiðin sið, Lex. Poët.; f. helga menn, H. E. i. 243. fágan, f., Lat. cultus, worship, Stj. 577, Fms. v. 163, Barl. 138. fágandi, part. a tiller; víngarðs f., Greg. 48. fágari, a, m. a tiller, cultivator, Magn. 474. fá-glýjaðr, part. sad, of little glee, Hkr. i. 167 (in a verse). fágu-ligr, adj. neatly polished, Róm. 302. fá-gætr, adj. 'few to get,' rare, Nj. 209, Fms. i. 99, vi. 142. fá-heyrðr, part. unheard, Finnb. 248, Sks. 74, Fms. v. 224, 264, xi. 247. fá-heyriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unheard, Fms. viii. 279. v.l., Barl. 65, Mar. 234. fá-hjúaðr, part. few in family, Fas. iii. 209. fá-hæfr, adj. of little use, valueless, Vm. 9, Pm. 55. fái, a, m. a painted figure, vide mann-fái. fáinn and fánn, [faaen = pale, Ivar Aasen], pale, white; fánn hrosti, the pale brewing, of the good ale of the giant Egir, Stor. 18; fán (MS. fanz) fleski, light-coloured hams, bacon, Rm. 29. fá-kátr, adj. sad, gloomy. Fas. i. 50. fák-hestr, m. = fákr, Karl. fá-klæddr, part. thinly clad, Grett. 141. FÁKR, m. [Dan. fag]. a horse 'uno testiculo,' a jade, in prose, Sturl. i. 40; it occurs in Kormak, and is often used in poetry of any horse. fá-kunnandi, f. ignorance, Fms. iv. 318: as part. ignorant. fá-kunnasta, u, f. id., Fr. fá-kunnigr, adj. 'few-knowing,' ignorant, Barl. 62, Jb. 4. fá-kunnligr, adj. unusual, rare, Bs. i. 348, 355. fá-kynstr, n. a shocking accident, Gísl. 34. FÁLA, u, f. a giantess, Edda (Gl.): a romping lass, Fas. iii. 521; cp. flagð, flenna, skass, skersa, all of them names of giantesses, but also used of hoydenish women. fá-látr, adj. silent, cold, Fs. 23, Nj. 177, Fms. i. 19, ix. 246. fá-leikr, m. coldness, melancholy, Nj. 14, Fms. vi. 147, vii. 103. fá-liðr (fáliða, fáliðaðr, Fb. ii. 285), adj. with few followers, Sturl. ii. 5 C, Ld. 242, Fms. iv. 370, ix. 43, xi. 358, Bs. i. 763. fá-liga, adv. coldly, Fms. i. 237, iii. 79, vii. 113, Bs. ii. 27. fá-ligr, adj. cold, reserved, Fms. iii. 116, iv. 301, v. 306. FÁLKI, a, m. [from Lat. falco], a falcon, Jb., Árna S., Hák. S. (Fms. x). COMPDS: fálka-kaup, n. buying falcons, Bs. i. 738. fálka-veiðr, f. catching falcons, Bs. i. 720, 737. This foreign word came into use as a trade term, and only occurs in the 13th century. The white falcon ('falco Islandicus') was during the Middle Ages much sought for, and sometimes the king or bishops claimed the exclusive right of exporting these birds: they were sent to England even as late as A.D. 1602, and sought for by English noblemen of that time; cp. the anecdote told in Feðga-æfi 10. FÁLMA, að, [Dan. famle; Swed. famla], to fumble, grope about, as in blindman's-buff: Hrappr vildi f. til mín, Ld. 98; hann fálmaði til Egils (of the blind giant), Fas. iii. 385; fálma höndum, to fumble with the hands, Fms. iii. 125; or with a weapon, þá f. jötuninn til agn-saxinu, Edda 36. 2. metaph. to flinch; láta geð f., to flinch or falter (Eyvind); f. ok skjálfa, Niðrst. 107; f. af hræðslu, 5; flýja eðr f., Fms. vii. 260, 297, vide Lex. Poët. fá-lyndi, n. coldness, reserved manners, Bjarn. 50. fá-lyndr, adj. cold, reserved, Fms. iv. 109, v. 240; eigi fályndr, i.e. gay, merry, Lv. 75. fá-læti, n. = fáleikr, melancholy. fá-máligr, adi. 'few-speaking,' silent, Fms. i. 155, iv. 76, xi. 78; hljótt ok fámálugt, Bjarn. 54. fá-menni, n. few men, a little host, Nj. 93, Fms. x. 407.

FÁMENNR -- FJÁRHEIMTUR. 147

fá-mennr, older form fá-meðr, mod. fá-menntr, adj. having few men, few followers, Fas. i. 25, Fs. 71, Nj. 95, Fms. vii. 250: compar., fámennari, iii. 18; fámeðri, Hkr. ii. 22. β. neut., fámennt, thinly peopled, solitary; f. og danfligt, Lv. 22: cp. the Icel. phrase, hér er fámennt og góðmennt, here are few but good people. fá-mæltr, part. few-speaking, Ó. H. 94, Fms. x. 39: melancholy, vii. 162. fá-nefndr, part. seldom named, having a strange name, Fbr. 93. FÁNI, a, m. [Ulf. fana; A. S. fana; Hel. and O. H. G. fano; Germ. fahne; Lat. pannus] :-- a standard, gunn-fáni, Hbl. 40, etc.; else it is rare and hardly used in old prose; even in old poetry vé is the usual word :-- metaph. a buoyant, high-flying person is now called fáni; so, fána-ligr, adj. buoyant; fána-skapr, m. buoyancy in mind or temper. fá-nýtr (fá-neytr), adj. worn, of little use or value, Vm. 98, B. K. 83, Pm. 18, 19, 22, Sks. 244. fá-orðr, adj. of few words, Sturl. iii. 80. FÁR, f. [Dan. faar], a sheep, D. N. ii. 312, Boldt 165; vide fær. FÁR, n. [A. S. fær; Hel. fâr = dolus; Germ. fahr = treason, gefahr = danger; Engl. fear = terror; cp. also Germ. furcht :-- but in the old Scandin. languages the word does not rightly mean either fear or danger; the mod. Dan. fare and Swed. fara are borrowed from Germ.] :-- evil passion, bale, harm, mischief; fár ok fjandskapr, Gísl. 125; eigi standa orð þín af litlu fári, baleful words, Fas. i. 195; lesa fár um e-n, to speak foul calumnies of one, Hm. 23; af fári, from evil passion, Og. 12. Hm. 151; er þú felldir mér fár af höndum, that thou brakest my spell, Og. 10; flytjandi fárs, bringing mischief, Am. 4; ef ek vissa þat fár fyrir, if I could foresee that bale, Skv. 2. 7; halda kvið til fárs e-m, to withhold the verdict to the injury of the other party, Grág. i. 58; verða e-m at fári, to be one's bale, Korm. 12 (in a verse); full skal signa ok við fári sjá, i.e. make a sign over the cup to prevent harm in it, Sdm. 8; þat er fár mikit ('tis a bad omen), ef þú fæti drepr, Skv. 2. 24; þá er hann réttlauss ef hann þiggr fár á sér, if he receives bodily harm, N. G. L. i. 255. 2. plague, esp. of animals; hunda-fár, sickness among dogs; kúa-fár, nauta-fár, cattle plague, cp. heljar-fár, morð-fár, murderous pestilence; urðar-fár, a weird plague, Sturl. ii. 213 (in a verse); feikna-fár, deadly pain, Pass. 2. 11; vera í fári, to be in an extremity; í dauðans fári, in the death-agony, etc. β. of men, a dangerous illness; lá hann í þessu fári nær viku, Bs. i. 761; cp. fár-veikr, dangerously ill; fár er nokkurs-konar nauð, Edda 110, cp. far B. γ. wrath; fár er reiði, Edda 110; vera í íllu fári (vide far B), to be bent on doing mischief. 3. as a law term, fraud, such as selling sand or dirt instead of flour or butter, defined N. G. L. i. 24; kaupa fals, flærð eða fár, 324. COMPDS: fár-hugr, m. wrath, Am. 86. fár-leikr, m. disaster, Greg. 40, where it is opp. to friðr. fár-liga, adv. wrathfully, Fms. xi. 94, Bs. i. 813, Pass. 4. 13. fár-ligr, adj. disastrous, Fms. xi. 433, Fas. i. 394. fár-ramr, adj. awfully strong, Fs. 7. fár-reiðr, adj. wroth, fierce. fár-skapr, m. fierceness, Nj. 54. fár-sótt, f. pestilence, Bs. i. 325, N. G. L. i. 29. fár-sumar, n. the plague summer, Ann. fár-veikr, adj. very ill. fár-verkr, m. a severe pain, Bs. i. 339. fár-viðri, n. a hurricane, tempest, Bjarn. 34, Gullþ. 6, Gísl. 106. fár-yrði, n. pl. foul language, Nj. 50, 185. fárs-kona, u, f. a hag, violent woman, Gísl. 52. fárs-maðr, m. an abusive man, Þorst. Síðu H. 175. fárs-sótt, f. dangerous illness. FÁR, fem. fá, neut. fátt; dat. fám; acc. fá (paucos and paucam); fán (paucum); fár (paucae and paucas), but in mod. usage dissyllabic, fáum, fáa, fáan, fáar: gen. pl. fára, mod. fárra :-- compar. færi, mod. færri with a double r; superl. fæstr, in books of last century sometimes spelt færstr,--a form warranted neither by etymology nor pronunciation: færst, however, occurs in the old MSS. Arna-Magn. 132. Ld. 210: [Lat. paucus; Ulf. faus; A. S. feá Engl. few; Hel. fáh; O. H. G. foh; lost in mod. Germ.; Dan. and Swed. få or faa] :-- few; Margr við Mývatn, en Fár í Fiskilækjar-hverfi (a pun), Rd. 311, Glúm. 361; með fá liði, with few men, Eg. 51; færa sauðfé, fewer sheep, Grág. (Kb.) 159; færi sauði, i. 423; í fám orðum, in few words, Stj. 29; við fá menn, Fms. i. 35; við fára manna vitni, Ld. 260; færi öfundarmenn, 204; fleiri ... færi, Grág. i. 38; fáir einir, only a few; fá eina menn, Sturl. iii. 3; hjón fá ein, Eg. 573, vide einn. 2. used as noun, few, in the sense of few or none, none at all; fáir hafa af því sigrask, Nj. 103; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa fyrir honum, 263. β. esp. in old sayings; e.g. fár er fagr ef grætr, Fb. i. 566; fár veit hverju fagna skal, Kvöldv. i. 47; fár bregðr hinu betra ef hann veit hit verra, Nj. 227: fár er hvatr er hrörask tekr ef í bernsku er blauðr, Fm. 6; fár er full-rýninn, Am. 11; fár hyggr þegjanda þörf, Sl. 28; fás er fróðum vant, Hm. 107; fátt er of vandlega hugat. Kvöldv. ii. 198; fátt veit sá er sefr, Mork. 36; fátt er svo fyrir öllu íllt að ekki boði nokkuð gott; fátt segir af einum, Volks. 62; fátt er ramara en forneskjan, Grett. 144; fátt er sköpum ríkra, Fs. 23; fár gengr of sköp norna, Km. 24; fátt er betr látið en efni eru til, Band. 2; fár er vamma vanr, Mirm. 68; fátt veit fyrr en reynt er, Fms. vi. 155; fátt gat ek þegjandi þar, Hm. 104. Many of these sayings are household words, and this use of the word is typical of the dry northern humour. II. metaph. dismal, cold, reserved; Sigurðr konungr hafði verit nokkut fár (dismal, in low spirits) öndverðan vetr, en nú var hann glaðr ok spurall, Fms. iv. 82; varð hann fyrst fár ok úkátr, 192; vóru menn allir fáir við þá, v. 307; Vigdis varð fá um, Vigdis became silent about it, i.e. disliked it much, Sturl. iii. 180; var þá Gunnarr við hana lengi fár, for a long time G. was cold to her, Nj. 59. 2. neut. fátt, coldness, coolness; fátt var með þeim Rúti um samfarar, there was coolness between R. and his wife, Nj. 11; var fátt um með þeim bræðrum, 2, Eg. 199; var et fæsta með þeim, Ld. 234; verið hefir fátt með okkr, Gísl. 100: fátt kom á með þeim Gretti, Grett. 99. III. neut., konungr svarar fá (dat.), Ó. H. 94; Guðrún talaði hér fæst um, Ld. 210; var eigi boðit færa en hundraði, not fewer than a hundred, Nj. 17; fátt af þeirra mönnum, only a few of their men, Fms. v. 290; fátt eina, only a few, Ld. 328: with gen., fátt manna, few men, Nj. 130; fátt góðs, but little good, Hom. 38; fátt einna hverra hluta, few of things, i.e. few things, Fms. iv. 175: þeir ugðu fátt at sér, they heeded them but little, Fms. vii. 201; hlutask til fás, Hrafn. 17. β. as adv., in the phrases, sofa fátt, to sleep but little, be wakeful; leika fátt, to play but little, i.e. be in a dismal humour; tala fátt, to speak but little; syrgja fátt, to sorrow but little, i.e. to be gay, cp. Lex. Poët. γ. with numerals, less than, short of, minus, save; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, i.e. forty years save one, i.e. thirty-nine, Fms. x. 2, v.l.; tveimr ertogum fátt í átta merkr, eight marks less two ortogs, B. K. 84; lítið fátt í fimm tigi vetra, little short of fifty years, Fms. iii. 60; hálfum eyri fátt á átta merkr, eight marks less half an ounce; þremr mörkum fátt á laup, a bushel less three marks, B. K. 84, 11: at fæstu, the fewest, least, the minimum; tveir et fæsta, two at least, Grág. i. 9; sex menn et fæsta, 378; cp. the neut. afl-fátt, svefn-fátt, dag-fátt, q.v. fárast, að, dep., in the phrase, f. um e-ð. to make a fuss about a thing. fá-ráðr, adj. little-prudent, helpless, Fms. ii. 96. fá-ræðinn, adj. 'few-talking,' silent, Fms. ii. 144, iv. 218, Fas. iii. 654. fá-rætt, part. n. little spoken of, Bjarn. 34, Fms. ii. 154. fá-sénn (fá-séðr), part. seldom seen, costly, Ld. 84, Fms. x. 260, xi. 428. fá-sinna, u, f., Lat. amentia, want of reason, melancholy, (mod.) fá-sinni, n. loneliness, isolation, Nj. 185, Fb. i. 543. fá-skiptinn, adj. little meddling, quiet, Ld. 94, Finnb. 336, Fas. iii. 529. fá-staðar, adv. in few places, Fms. vii. 90. FÁT, n. fumbling; göra e-t í fáti, to fumble about a thing; fát kemr á e-n, to be confounded. fáta, að, to fumble. fá-talaðr, part. 'few-speaking,' silent, Fms. ii. 76, ix. 52, Sks. 474: gramm., sem þessi er tungan fátalaðri, as this language has fewer vowels, Skálda 161. fá-tíðindi, n. pl. rare, strange tidings, Bs. i. 148. fá-tíðligr, adj. rare, strange, Hom. 114. fá-tíðliga, adv., Bs. ii. 110. fá-tíðr, adj. id., Fms. v. 211, Hom. 108, Fas. i. 183. fá-tækdómr, m. [Dan. fattigdom], poverty, Stj. 212, Mar. fá-tæki, n. [taka], want, poverty, Stj. passim, Al. 61; ganga á f., to go a-begging, Jb. 174, 655 xxxii. COMPDS: fátækis-fólk, n. poor folk, Stj. 652, Fms. v. 95. fátækis-land, n. land of affliction, Stj. 212, Gen. xli. 52. fátækis-lið, n. poor people, Bs. i. 332. fátækis-maðr, m. a poor man, 655 xxxii. 24. fátæk-leikr, m. poverty, Skálda 211. fá-tækliga, adv. poorly, Stj. 423, Fms. i. 70. fá-tækligr, adj. poorly, Fms. i. 69, v. 194. fá-tækr, adj. [Swed.-Dan. fattig], poor, Nj. 196, Fs. 84, Fms. i. 33, 197, Edda 81, Bs. i. 81, 104, 110, 139, 840, 850 (passim), Sl. 70, K. Þ. K. (passim): fátækr is the standing Icel. word, answering to Lat. pauper. fá-tækt, f. poverty, Barl. 8, Stj. 212, 421; old writers prefer fátæki, which is now obsolete, but in mod. usage fátækt is a standing word; snauðr, q.v., is only used in a peculiar sense; fátækt (from fár and taka) properly means 'few-taking,' having little between the hands, hence poverty, want; it occurs in many compds. fá-vingat, part. n. having few friends, Fms. iii. 144. fá-vitr, adj. 'few-wise,' little-wise, Stj. 558, v.l. fá-vizkr, adj. id., id. fá-vizka, u, f. folly, Fms. i. 104, vi. 211, Fb. i. 379. fá-víss, adj. little-wise, Ld. 268, Fms. viii. 31 (v.l., = barbarous). fá-þykkja, u, f. coldness. FÉ, n., irreg. gen. fjár, dat. fé; pl. gen. fjá, dat. fjám; with the article, féit, féinu, féin, mod. féð, fénu, fén: [Lat. pecu; Goth. faihu; A. S. feoh; Engl. fee; Hel. fehu; O. H. G. fehu; Germ. vieh; Dan. fæ; Swed. få] :-- cattle, in Icel. chiefly sheep; fé né menn, Grett. 101; fjölda fjár, Ld. 210; gæta fjár, to mind sheep, 232; en ef þeir brenna húsin þó at fé manna sé inni, Grág. ii. 164; þeir ráku féit (the sheep) upp á geilarnar, Ni. 119; kvik-fé, live-stock, q.v.: ganganda fé, id., opp. to dautt fé, dead property, Grág. passim. COMPDS: fjár-beit, f. pasture for sheep, Vm. 130. fjár-borg, f. a 'burrow' or shieling in which sheep are kept in the east of Icel., vide Eggert Itin. ch. 816. fjár-breiða, u, f. a flock of white sheep. fjár-dauði, a, m. cattle-plague, Ann. 1284. fjár-fellir, m. falling of cattle, from plague or starvation, Ann. 1341, Bs. i. 548. fjár-fóðr, n. fodder, Bs. i. 477. fjár-fæði, n. = fjárfóðr. Vápn. 30. fjár-fæling, f. [fóli], stealing cattle, Gþl. 395. fjár-ganga, u, f. and fjár-gangr, m. a sheep-walk, Grág. ii. 304. Jb. 287 A, Ld. 54. fjár-geymsla, u, f. keeping sheep and cattle, Krók. 37. fjár-gæzla, u, f. id., Grett. 111 C, Eg. 741. fjár-hagi, a, m. pasture-land, Grett. 115. fjár-heimtur, f. pl. sheep returning from the mountain pastures. fjár-

148 FJÁRHNAPPR -- FÉSAMR.

hirðir, m. a shepherd. fjár-knappr and fjár-hópr, m. a flock. fjár-hundr, m. a shepherd's dog. fjár-hús, n. a shed or shieling for sheep. fjár-kaup, n. pl. purchase of sheep. fjár-kláði, a, m. the scab on sheep. fjár-nyt, f. sheeps'-milk, Grág. i. 428, 431. fjár-pest, f. the cattle-plague. fjár-rekstr, m. a drove of sheep, Grág. ii. 228, Sd. 149. fjár-réttr, m. the driving of sheep from the mountain pastures in the autumn, Eg. 741; grazing, Grág. (Kb.) 200. fjár-sauðr, m. = færsauðr, sheep, Tristr. (Fr.) II. property, money; hvárt sem fé þat er land eðr annat fé, Grág. ii. 237: the allit. phrase, fé ok fjörvi, Sl. 1; hafa fyrir gört fé ok fjörvi, to forfeit property and life, Nj. 191: the proverbs, fé er fjörvi firr, life is dearer than money, 124; fé veldr frænda rógi, money makes foes of kinsmen, Mkv. 1. Common sayings, hafa fullar hendr fjár; afla fjár ok frægðar, to gain wealth and fame, Fms. i. 23 (a standing phrase); afla fjár ok frama, Fs. 7, fjár ok virðingar, id.; seint munu þín augu fylld verða á fénu, Gullþ. 7; þú munt ærit mjök elska féit áðr lýkr, id.; lát mík sjá hvárt fé þetta er svá mikit ok frítt, Gísl. 62; at Þorgils tæki við fjám sínum, Fs. 154; fagrt fé, fine money; at þeir næði féinu, Fms. x. 23; þegn af fé, liberal, Ísl. ii. 344; Auðr tekr nú féit, A. took the money, Gísl. 62; hér er fé þat (the money) er Gunnarr greiddi mér, Nj. 55; fé þat allt er hann átti, Eg. 98; alvæpni en ekki fé annat, Fms. i. 47: skemman var full af varningi, þetta fé ..., v. 255; Höskuldr færði fé allt til skips, Nj. 4; hversu mikit fé er þetta, id.; heimta fé sín, Grág. i. 87; þiggit þat herra, fé er í því, there is value in it, Fms. vii. 197. COMPDS: fjár-afhlutr, m. a share of money, Fas. iii. 198. fjár-aflan, f. making money, Fms. x. 305. fjár-afli, a, m. stock, Eg. 137, Ld. 88, Fms. xi. 422. fjár-auðn, f. losing all one's money, Stj. 570, Fms. v. 270. fjár-agirnd (-girni), f. greed for money, Nj. 15, Bs. ii. 159, Rb. 424. fjár-bón, f. begging, Nj. 141. fjár-burðr, m. bribery, Fms. vi. 12. fjár-dráttr, m. (unfairly) making money, Eg. 71, Fms. vi. 191. fjár-efni, n. means, Grett. 31 C. fjár-eigandi, part. owner of means, Fbr. 19 new Ed. fjár-eign, f. wealth, property, Fms. vii. 33, Ísl. ii. 216. fjár-eyðsla, u, f. spending money. fjáreyðslu-maðr, m. a spendthrift, Fms. iii. 83. fjár-fang, n. booty, plunder, Sks. 183, Anecd. 30, Fms. ii. 2. fjár-far, n. money affairs, Nj. 40, Fms. ii. 12. fjár-forráð, n. administration, management of one's money, Nj. 98, Bs. i. 128, 129. fjár-framlag, n. laying out contributions of money, Band. 1. fjár-fundr, m. a 'find' of money, Fms. vi. 272, Fas. i. 20. fjár-gjald, n. payment, Fms. v. 162. fjár-gjöf, f. a gift of money, Fms. v. 175, v.l. fjár-gróði, a, m. making money, Stj. 176, v.l. fjár-gæzla (fjár-geymsla), u, f. hoarding money. fjárgæzlu-maðr, m., mikill f., a thrifty man, Sturl. i. 225. fjár-hagr, m. money-matters, Nj. 10, Sd. 176, Bs. i. 854, Sturl. ii. 195. fjárhaga-maðr, m., góðr, lítill f., a good, bad, manager, Fms. v. 321. fjár-hald, n. money affairs, Edda 48; withholding one's money, Sturl. ii. 22, iii. 292; administration of one's money, esp. of a minor, Gþl. 222, 259; hence, fjárhalds-maðr, m. a guardian, 260. fjár-heimt (-heimta and -heimting), f. a claim for money owing one, Eg. 519, Nj. 15, Grág. i. 280 (and Kb. 158). fjár-hirðsla, u, f. a money-chest, Fas. iii. 395, Sks. 229, Acts viii. 27. fjár-hlutr, m. a lot, share of money, Eg. 182, Sks. 668, Landn. 226, Fms. v. 216, vii. 152, xi. 116. fjár-kaup, n. a bargain, Gþl. 211, v.l. fjár-kostnaðr, m. expenses, Bs. i. 686. fjár-kostr, m. means, Sturl. fjár-krafa, u, f. pecuniary claim, N. G. L. i. 21. fjár-lag, n. the fixed value of property, D. I. i. 316; a money contract, Grág. i. 226; partnership = fé-lag, Gþl. 257. fjár-lán, n. a loan of money, Ísl. ii. 223. fjár-lát, n. loss of money, Ísl. ii. 359. fjár-leiga, u, f. rent, N. G. L. i. 25, Fms. i. 256. fjár-megin, m. amount of stock, Gþl. 257, N. G. L. i. 4, K. Á. 82. fjár-met, n. valuation of property, Grág. i. 452. fjár-missa, u, f. (fjár-missir, m.), loss of money, Hom. 111, H. E. i. 561, Grett. 136. fjár-munir, m. pl. property, valuables, Fms. xi. 321, Hkr. iii. 114, Hom. 111. fjár-nám, n. seizure of money, plunder, Hkv. 1. 11, D. N. fjárorku-maðr, m. a wealthy man, Fas. iii. 30. fjár-pína, fjár-pind, f. extortion, H. E. i. 391, Bs. i. 720. fjár-rán, f. robbery, cheating for money, Grág., Kb. 224, Ld. 140. fjár-reiða, u, f. money-matters, used chiefly in pl., Glúm. 364, Grág. i. 332, 334, 383, Bjarn. 39, 40, Ld. 212. fjár-reita, u, f. cheating, plunder, Bjarn. 17. fjár-saknaðr, m. = fjárauðn, Grett. 159 C. fjár-sekt, f. a fine in money, Lv. 94. fjár-sjóðr, m. a treasure, Fas. i. 20. fjár-skaði, a, m. loss in money, Bs. i. 146, Grág. ii. 195. fjár-skakki, a, m. an unjust sharing, Fms. ii. 201. fjár-skilorð, n. conditions (as to payment), N. G. L. i. 75. fjár-skipti, n. division of property, heirship, Nj. 22, Sturl. ii. 77. fjár-skuld, f. debt, N. G. L. i. 332. fjár-sóan, f. expenditure, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) fjár-sókn, f. a lawsuit or money claim, Gþl. 475, N. G. L. i. 143, K. Á. 182, cp. N. G. L. i. 14. fjár-staðr, m. a place for money, i.e. an investment, Band. 11, Vápn. 13. fjár-tak, n. (fjár-taka or fjár-tekja, u, f.), seizure of money, confiscation, Fas. ii. 350, Fms. vii. 209, Grág. i. 188, Sturl. i. 76. fjár-tal, n. and fjár-tala, u, f. payment to the full amount or to a certain proportion, Bs. i. 287, Grág. i. 335, ii. 250. fjár-tapan, f. loss of money, N. G. L. i. 321. fjár-tilkall, n. a claim for money, Eg. 341. fjár-tillag, n. and -tillaga, u, f. a contribution, Fms. xi. 79. fjár-tjón, n. loss of money, Fms. iii. 12, Sks. 352. fjár-upptak, n., -upptaka, u, f., and -upptekt, f. seizure of one's property, Band. 10, Fms. xi. 153, Ísl. ii. 146, Sturl. i. 13, Fas. ii. 468. fjár-útlát, n. pl. outlay, Fms. xi. 430. fjár-varðveizla, u, f. management, administration of another's property, Grág. i. 410, Nj. 4, Landn. 304, Grett. 111. fjárvarðveizlu-maðr, m. a trustee, Grág. i. 282. fjár-ván, f. expectancy of money, by inheritance or the like, Grág. i. 410. fjár-verðr, adj. valuable, Fms. x. 417. fjár-viðtaka, u, f. receipt of money,, Ísl. ii. 146. fjár-vöxtr, n. increase of rent or money, Dipl. iii. 14. fjár-þarfnaðr, m. and fjár-þurft, f. need of money, H. E. i. 562, Fms. xi. 299, Hkr. iii. 429. fjár-þurð, f. an emptying of one's purse, H. E. i. 563. fjár-þurfi, adj. wanting money, El. 22. B. Fé- in COMPDS, usually in sense II, sometimes in sense I: fé-auðna, u, f. money luck. féauðnu-maðr, m. a man lucky in making money, Band. 4. fé-boð, n. an offer of money, Lv. 62, Fms. v. 26, 369, 656 A. 17; a bribe, Grág. i. 72. fébóta-laust, n. adj. without compensation, Glúm. 358. fé-brögð, n. pl. devices for making money, Fms. xi. 423, 623. 21. fé-bætr, f. pl. payments in compensation, esp. of weregild, opp. to mann-hefndir, Nj. 165, Eg. 106, Fs. 53, 74, Ísl. ii. 386. fé-bættr, part. paid for weregild, Gullþ. 12. fé-drengr, m. an open-handed man, Nj. 177. fé-drjúgr, adj. having a deep purse, Ld. 46. fé-fastr, adj. close-fisted, Ísl. ii. 392, Bs. i. 74. fé-fátt, n. adj. in want of money, Eg. 394, Fms. iii. 180, Hkr. iii. 422. fé-fellir, m. losing one's sheep, Lv. 91. fé-festi, f. close-fistedness, Grett. 155 C. fé-fletta, tt, to strip one of money, cheat one, Fas. iii. 103, v.l. fé-frekr, adj. greedy for money, Rd. 314. fé-föng, n. pl. booty, plunder, spoil, Fms. iii. 18, vii. 78, Eg. 57, 236, Gullþ. 5, Sks. 183 B. fé-gefinn, part. given for (and to) gain, Band. 4, Valla L. 201. fé-girnd, f. avarice, Hom. 86, Al. 4, Pass. 16. 7, 10. fé-girni, f. = fégirnd, Sks. 358, Band. 11, Sturl. i. 47 C. fégjafa-guð, m. the god of wealth, Edda 55. fé-gjald, n. a payment, fine, Nj. 111, 120, Band. 11, Fms. vii. 248. fé-gjarn, adj. greedy, avaricious, Eg. 336, Fs. 133, Nj. 102, Fms. i. 52, vii. 238. fé-gjöf, f. a gift of money, Fs. 11, 21, Fms. i. 53, xi. 325, Ld. 52. fé-glöggr, f. close-handed, Eb. 158. fé-góðr, adj. good, i.e. current, money, D. N. fé-grið, n. pl. security for property, Grág. ii. 21. fé-gyrðill, m. [early Dan. fägürthil], a money bag, purse, worn on the belt, Gísl. 20, Fbr. 66, Þiðr. 35. fé-gætni, f. saving habits, Glúm. 358. fé-göfugr, adj. blessed with wealth, Ísl. ii. 322. fé-hirðir, m. a shepherd, Fas. i. 518, Fms. viii. 342, Gþl. 501: a treasurer, Hkr. i. 36, Eg. 202, Fms. x. 157, vi. 372, viii. 372. fé-hirzla, u, f. a treasury, Fms. vi. 171, vii. 174, Eg. 237, Hom. 9. féhirzlu-hús, n. a treasure-house, Stj. 154. féhirzlu-maðr, m. a treasurer, Karl. 498. fé-hús, n. = fjós, a stall, D. N. (Fr.): a treasury, Róm. 299. fé-kaup, n. a bargain, N. G. L. i. 9. fé-kátr, adj. proud of one's wealth, Róm. 126. fé-kostnaðr, m. expenditure, expense, Stj. 512, Fms. iv. 215, xi. 202, Hkr. i. 148. fé-kostr, m. = fékostnaðr, Orkn. 40. fé-krókar, m. pl. money-angles, wrinkles about the eyes marking a greedy man (vide auga), Fms. ii. 84. fé-kvörn, f. a small gland in the maw of sheep, in popular superstition regarded, when found, as a talisman of wealth, vide Eggert Itin. ch. 323. fé-lag, n. fellowship, and fé-lagi, a, m. a fellow, vide p. 151. fé-lauss, adj. penniless, Fms. vi. 272, Fs. 79, Gullþ. 5, Landn. 324 (Mant.) fé-lát, n. loss of money, Landn. 195. fé-leysi, n. want of money, Fms. viii. 20. fé-ligr, adj. valuable, handsome, Fms. viii. 206. fé-lítill, adj. short of money, Eg. 691, Sturl. i. 127 C, Fms. v. 182, vi. 271: of little value, Vm. 74, Jm. 13; fé-minstr, yielding the least income, Bs. i. 432. fé-maðr, m. a monied man, Sturl. i. 171, iii. 97, Dropl. 3. fé-mál, n. money affairs, Nj. 5; a suit for money, Fms. viii. 130, Nj. 15, Grág. i. 83. fé-mikill, adj. rich, monied, Sks. 252, Sturl. i. 171 C: costly, Fms. v. 257, xi. 85, Bs. i. 295, Hkr. iii. 247, Eb. 256: expensive, Korm. 224 (in a verse). fé-mildr, adj. open-handed, Nj. 30. fé-missa, u, f. and fé-missir, m. loss of cattle, Jb. 362: loss of money, Grett. 150 C. fé-munir, m. pl. valuables, Hkr. i. 312, Grág. i. 172, Hrafn. 19, 21, Fms. vi. 298, viii. 342. fé-múta, u, f. a bribe in money, Nj. 215, 251, Gullþ. 7, Fms. v. 312, Bs. i. 839, Thom. 72. fé-mætr, adj. 'money-worth,' valuable, Fms. i. 105, Ísl. ii. 154, Orkn. 386. fé-neytr (fé-nýtr), adj. money-worth, Fms. iv. 340, cp. Hkr. ii. 253. fé-nýta, tt, to turn to account, make use of, Bs. i. 760, Grág. ii. 155. fé-penningr, m. a penny-worth, Bs. i. 757. fé-pína, u, f. a fine, H. E. i. 511. fé-prettr, m. a money trick, N. G. L. i. 123. fé-pynd, f. extortion, Bs. i. 757. fé-ráð, n. pl. advice in money-matters, 656 C. 16. fé-rán, n. plunder, Fs. 9, Fms. vi. 263, Fb. i. 215 (in a verse) :-- execution, confiscation, in the law phrase, féráns-dómr, m. a court of execution or confiscation to be held within a fortnight after the sentence at the house of a person convicted in one of the two degrees of outlawry, vide Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 29-33, and the Sagas passim, esp. Hrafn. 21, Sturl. i. 135; cp. also Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal. fé-ríkr, adj. rich, wealthy, Fms. ix. 272, Gullþ. 7, Ld. 102, Skálda 203. fé-samr, adj. lucrative, Sturl. i. 68 C. fé-

FÉSEKR -- FEILA. 149

sátt (fé-sætt), f. an agreement as to payment, of weregild or the like, Grág. i. 136, Nj. 189, Ld. 308. fé-sekr, adj. fined, sentenced to a fine, Grág. i. 393. fé-sekt, f. a fine, Nj. 189, Finnb. 276. fé-sinki, f. niggardliness, Sks. 421, 699. fé-sinkr, adj. niggardly, Sturl. i. 162. fé-sjóðr, m., prop. a bag of money, Band. 6, Fbr. 35 new Ed., Nj. 55, Fas. iii. 194: mod. esp. in pl. a treasury, treasure, in Matth. vi. 20, Col. ii. 3, Heb. xi. 26. fé-skaði, a, m. loss in money, Bs. i, Fs. 4, Fms. iv. 327. fé-skipti, n. a sharing or division of property, Nj. 118, Ld. 134. fé-skjálgr, adj., féskjálg augu, eyes squinting for money, Band. 6. fé-skortr, m. shortness of money, Rd. 284. fé-skuld, f. a money debt, Finnb. 350. fé-skurðr, m. detriment, Ld. 44. fé-skygn, adj. covetous, Fms. v. 263. fé-skylft (fé-skylmt), n. adj., in the phrase, e-n er f., one has many expenses to defray, Grett. 89, 159, Eb. 98. fé-snauðr, adj. poor in money, penniless, Bs. i. 335. fé-sníkja, u, f. (fé-sníkni), begging, intruding as a parasite, Sks. 669, 451, 585. fé-snúðr, m. lucre, Band. 5, 655 xi. 4. fé-sparr, adj. sparing, close-handed, Band. 6, Fms. iii. 190. fé-spjöll, n. pl. an GREEK in Vsp. 23, fee-spells, i.e. spells wherewith to conjure hidden treasures out of the earth, where we propose to read, -- valði hón (MS. henne, dat.) Herföðr (dat.) ... f. spakleg, she (the Vala) endowed the father of hosts (Odin) with wise fee-spells; the passage in Yngl. S. ch. 7 -- Óðinn vissi of allt jarðfé hvar fólgit var -- refers to this very word; Odin is truly represented as a pupil of the old Vala, receiving from her his supernatural gifts. fé-sterkr, adj. wealthy, Fms. iv. 231, Sks. 274. fé-stofn, m. stock. fé-sæla, u, f. wealth, Hkr. i. 15, Edda 16. fé-sæll, adj. wealthy, Edda 15. fé-sök, f. a suit, action for money, Nj. 15, Grág. i. 138. fé-útlega, u, f. a fine, outlay, N. G. L. i. 85. fé-vani, adj. short of money, Fms. iv. 27. fé-ván, f. expectancy of money, Gullþ. 7, Eg. 241, Fms. iv. 27, Orkn. 208. fé-veizla, u, f. contributions, help, Sks. 261, v.l. fé-vél, n. a trick, device against one's property, N. G. L. i. 34. fé-víti, n. mulct, Grág. fé-vænliga, adv. in a manner promising profit, Fms. v. 257. fé-vænligr, adj. promising profit, profitable, Sturl. i. 138, Fms. v. 257. fé-vænn, adj. = févænligr, Sturl. i. 138. fé-vöxtr, m. increase in property, gain, Eg. 730. fé-þurfi, adj. in need of money, Eb. 164, Fms. ii. 80, Lv. 108, Fas. i. 392. fé-þúfa, u, f. a 'money-mound,' used in the Tales like Fortunatus' purse; in the phrase, hafa e-n fyrir féþúfu, to use one as a milch cow, to squeeze money out of one. fé-þyrfi and fé-þörf, f. need of money, poverty, Rd. 236. feðgar, m. pl. [faðir], father and son (or sons), Eg. 18; Kveldúlfr ok þeir feðgar, Kveldulf himself and his son, 84; við feðgar, we, father and son, Nj. 8, Stj. 190; þeim feðgum, Fms. vii. 65, Fbr. 22; vin þeirra Sturlu feðga, a friend of Sturla and his father, Sturl. ii. 111; lang-feðgar, q.v., lineage of agnates. FEÐGIN, n. pl. parents, (in Icel. the neut. is the collective gender for male and female); in old writers only in this sense, but about the time of the Reformation it was replaced by foreldrar, Germ. vorältern, which word in old writers means forefathers, whereas feðgin is the word for parents only; várra fyrstu feðgina, of our first parents (Adam and Eve), Stj. 39; feðgin vár, Lil. 18; hans feðginum, Stj. 127; einberni sinna feðgina, Mar.; börn ok þeirra feðgin, K. Á. 146; frænda eðr feðgina, Bad. 122; feðginum eða ná-frændum, parents or near kinsfolk, Fms. ii. 227; feðgrina barnsins, N. G. L. i. 392; hjá feðginum sínum ok forellris-mönnum, by his parents and forefathers, Stj. 190; sing., hvárttveggja feðginit, 97: this sense still remains in guð-feðgin, q.v., god-parents; and it has slipped into two passages of the Icel. N. T., viz. þetta sögðu hans feðgin, John ix. 22; fyrir því sögðu hans feðgin, 23; (for in all the other passages foreldrar or foreldri is used.) II. mod. father and daughter, cp. mæðgin, mother and son; systkin, brother and sister, all of them neut. feðma, d, [faðmr], to span or encompass with the arms, Fas. ii. 149. feðra, að, to father. fegin-grátr, m. tears of joy, Pass. 31. 17. fegin-leikr, m. joyfulness, Lv. 54, Fms. x. 231, Bs. ii. 172. FEGINN, adj. [fagna; A. S. fægen; Engl. fain; Hel. fagin], glad, joyful; verða feginn, to rejoice, Eg. 567; fegnari en frá megi segja, exceeding happy, Th. 9: with dat. to rejoice in a thing, Bs. i. 133; verða eyrindi feginn, to enjoy one's errand, bring it to a happy end, Ísl. ii. 340; urðu menn þeim fegnir, people were fain to see them again, Nj. 47; ok er fegit orðit hjarta mitt tilkvámu þinni, 175; Ingi konungr varð honum hinn fegnasti, i.e. king Inge was fain at his coming, Fms. vii. 247; íllu feginn ver þú aldregi, never rejoice in mischief, Hm. 129; glaðr ertú nú Sigurðr, ok gagni feginn, rejoiced at thy victory, Fm. 25: with subj., feginn létsk þó Hjalli at hann fjör þægi, H. would fain save his life, Am. 59 (rare). β. freq. with infin. or absol. and almost adverb, as in Engl., e.g. eg vil feginn gera það, I will fain do that; það vil eg feginn, or eg varð feginn að sleppa, I was fain to escape. II. the phrases, á fegins-degi, on the day of joy, the day of resurrection, re-meeting, Fms. viii. 98, Sl. 82; taka fegins-hendi við e-u, to receive with glad hand, with heart and hand, Fms. iii. 98, Fb. i. 257, Nj. 106; á fegins-lúðri, on the mill of joy (poët.), Gs. 5. COMPDS: fegin-saga, u, f. joyful news, 623. 40, Hkr. i. 73, Bs. i. 134. fegins-morgun, m. a morning of joy, Fms. vii. 86 (in a verse). fegin-samliga, adv. joyfully, Eg. 149, 169, Bs. i. 76, Fms. iii. 228, iv. 207. fegin-samligr, adj. joyful, Greg. 27. fegra, að and ð, fegrðe, Ó. T. 1, and fegrir (pres.), Skálda 180, Eluc. 4, Hom. 149, Mork. (in a verse), cp. Fms. vi. 336: but fegraði, Fms. x. 320; fegrað (sup.), Bs. ii. 165, and in mod. usage always so, [fagr] :-- to adorn, beautify, make fair; at kanna siðu manna ok fegra, to improve, better, Bs. i. 521; ekki þarf þat orðum at fegra, nothing is gained by extenuating it, Nj. 175; fegra um e-t, to mend, polish, Bs. i. 60. FEGRÐ, mod. fegurð, f. beauty, fairness, of a woman; fegrð hennar, Fms. vi. 71, Stj. 548; fegrð sólarinnar, 26; fegrð Baldrs, Edda 15; fegrð ok prýði (pomp), Fms. vii. 157: in pl., 677. 10, Sks. 228; freq. in mod. use. fegrðar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), void of beauty, Stj. 16. fegringr, m. a cock (poët.), Edda (Gl.) fegrir, m. an adorner, Lex. Poët. feigð, f. [A. S. fægð], 'feyness,' approach or foreboding of death: in proverbs, koma mun til mín feigðin hvar sem ek em staddr, Nj. 103; ferr hverr er feigðin kallar, Fas. i. 420; ætla ek þetta munu vera fyrir feigð yðvarri, a foreboding that you are 'fey,' Fms. v. 66; því at hón feigð fíra fjöl-margra sá, Gs. 20; þú sátt þegar í dag feigðina á honum, thou sawest the 'fey-tokens' on him to-day, Fms. xi. 154; þær (the Valkyrjur) kjósa feigð á menn ok ráða sigri, Edda 22: cp. the phrase, feigð kallar að e-m, the 'feigð' (death) calls upon him, one behaves as a 'fey' man. feigðar-orð, n. or feigðar-yrðr, f. the death-weird, Ýt. 1. feig-ligr, adj. looking 'feylike,' Al. 30. FEIGR, adj., [this interesting word still remains in the Dutch a veeg man and in the Scot. fey; cp. A. S. fæge, early Germ. veige; in mod. Germ. feig, but in an altered sense, viz. coward, craven, whence mod. Dan. feig] :-- in popular language a man is said to be 'fey' when he acts in an unusual or strange manner, as when a miser suddenly becomes open-handed, Icel. say, eg held hann sé feigr, I hold that he is 'fey;' cp. feigð; or when a man acts as if blinded or spell-bound as to what is to come, and cannot see what all other people see, as is noticed by Scott in a note to the Pirate, ch. 5; again, the Scottish notion of wild spirits as foreboding death is almost strange to the Icel., but seems to occur now and then in old poetry, viz. mad, frantic, evil; svá ferr hann sem f. maðr, he fares, goes on like a 'fey' (mad) man, Fagrsk. 47 (in a verse); alfeig augu = the eyes as of a 'fey' man, Eg. (in a verse); feigr (mad, frantic) and framliðinn (dead) are opposed, Skm. 12; feikna fæðir, hygg ek at feig sér, breeder of evil, I ween thou art 'fey,' Skv. 3. 31, and perhaps in Vsp. 33, where the words feigir menn evidently mean evil men, inmates of hell; cp. also Hbl. 12, where feigr seems to mean mad, frantic, out of one's mind :-- cp. Scott's striking picture of Kennedy in Guy Mannering. II. death-bound, fated to die, without any bad sense, Hðm. 10; the word is found in many sayings -- fé er bezt eptir feigan, Gísl. 62; skilr feigan ok úfeigan, Bs. i. 139, Fb. iii. 409; ekki má feigum forða, Ísl. ii. 103, Fms. vi. 417, viii. 117; ekki kemr úfeigum í hel, 117; ekki má úfeigum bella, Gísl. 148; allt er feigs forað, Fm. 11; fram eru feigs götur, Sl. 36; verðr hverr at fara er hann er feigr, Grett. 138; þá mun hverr deyja er feigr er, Rd. 248; bergr hverjum nokkut er ekki er feigr, Fbr. 171, Sturl. iii. 220, all denoting the spell of death and fate; it is even used of man and beast in the highly interesting record in Landn. 5. 5; cp. also the saying, fiplar hönd á feigu tafli (of chess), the hand fumbles with a 'fey' (lost) game, also used of children fumbling with things and breaking them: the phrases, standa, ganga feigum fótum, with 'fey' feet, i.e. treading on the verge of ruin, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); mæla feigum munni, to talk with a 'fey' mouth, of a frantic and evil tongue, Nj. 9, Vþm. 55; göra e-t feigum hondum, with 'fey' hands, of an evil doer causing his own fate, Lv. 111; fjör og blær úr feigum nösum líðr, Snót 129: of appearances denoting 'feigð,' vide Nj. ch. 41, Glúm. ch. 19, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. (the prose), Am. 26, Heiðarv. S. ch. 26, Nj. ch. 128, the last two passages strongly resembling Homer's Od. xx. (in fine), Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 551, 552; gerum vér sem faðir vár vill, þat mun oss bezt gegna; eigi veit ek þat víst, segir Skaphéðinn, því at hann er nú feigr, Nj. 199; en fyrir þá sök at Þormóðr var eigi f., slitnaði ..., Fbr. 160; en fyrir gný ok elds-gangi, ok þat þeir vóru eigi feigir, þá kómusk þeir undan, Fs. 84; ætla ek at ek sé eigi þar feigari en hér ..., þat er hugboð mitt at þeir muni allir feigir er kallaðir vóru, Nj. 212; þat hefir Finni sét á þér, at sá mundi feigr, er þú segðir drauminn, Lv. 70, Fms. iii. 212; vilja e-n feigan, to wish one's death, Nj. 269, Fms. iii. 70, 190. feikinn, feikn (feikr, Lil. 9), adj. awful, monstrous, Hdl. 39. FEIKN, f. [A. S. fæcen], portent, Skv. 3. 31, Landn. 153 (in a verse); in compds feikna- denotes portentous, immense. COMPDS: feikna-lið, n. an immense host, Hkv. i. 32. feikna-mikill, adj. immense. feikna-veðr, n. a hurricane, Fas. ii. 117. feikn-ligr, adj. terrible, Nj. 185, v.l. feikn-stafir, m. pl. [A. S. fácen-stafas], banes, evils, Gm. 12, Fas. i. (in a verse): baleful runes, Sl. 60. FEILA, að, [early Germ. feilen, mod. fehlen, usually derived from Lat. fallere], to falter, be shy; Sinfjötli lét sér ekki feilask, Fas, (Völs. S.) i.

150 FEILINN -- FELJOTTR.

133; mod., feila sér, id. This word hardly occurs before the 14th century; cp. however fól, fælinn, fæla, which are all of Teut. origin. feilinn, adj. faltering, shy, vide ú-feilinn. feima, u, f. [prob. of Gaelic origin, fjamh = fear, Armstrong], poët. a bashful girl, a young lass, in Edda 108, Gl., Rm. 22, Fms. xi. (in a verse of the year 994). feiminn, adj. bashful, and feimni, f. shyness, bashfulness. feita, tt, to fatten, K. Þ. K. 130, Hm. 82, Hom. 72, Greg. 44. feiti, f. fatness, Stj. 106, 309. feiting, f. fattening, Eb. 316. feit-laginn, part. disposed to grow fat. feit-leikr, m. fatness, ubertas, Stj. 167. feit-meti, n. fat meat, butter, etc. FEITR, adj. [Lat. pinguis; Gr. GREEK; A. S. fætt; Engl. fat; Hel. feit; early High Germ. feiss; mod. but Low Germ. form fett; Dan. feed; Swed. fet] :-- fat, Nj. 52, Eg. 137, Fbr. 19, Lv. 18, Fms. i. 36, v. 93, x. 303, Stj. 42; vide fita. feit-æti, n. = feitmeti; feit-ætr, adj. liking fat. FEL, f. [fill or fela = a maw, Ivar Aasen], the rough inside of an animal's maw. β. metaph. a ragged coat: hann lagði í felina (acc. sing. with the article), he pierced the rags of the cloak, Lv. 85. FELA, pret. fal, 2nd pers. falt, pl. fálu; pres. fel; pret. subj. fæli; part. fólginn: in mod. usage, pret. faldi, part. falinn, and sup. falið, with weak declension, if in the sense to hide; but fól, pl. fólu, part. fólginn, if in the sense to commend; thus, undir trjánum sig faldi, Pass. 33. 6; einn fyrir engum faldist, 33. 7; but, þá Frelsarinn í Föðurs hönd fól nú blessaðr sína önd, 45. 1; fól and falinn, however, never occur in old MSS. :-- [Ulf. filhan = GREEK, GREEK; Hel. bi-felhan; O. H. G. felahan; Germ. be-fehlen and emp-fehlen; Lat. se-p&e-long;lio contains the same root, properly meaning to hide, shut up: cp. Engl. bury, which really means to hide.] I. to hide, conceal; allt veit ek Óðin, hvar þú auga falt, Vsp. 22; þú falt fé þitt í svá mikilli þoku, Band. 12; hrís-kjarrit þat er Vaði risi fal sverðit, Þiðr. 69, Gm. 37; fálu þeir gullit í Rín, Edda 76; tóku likit ok fálu þar, Ó. H. 225 (fólu, Hkr. ii. 380, wrongly); ek mun fela yðr her í gamma mínum, Fms. i. 9: barnit var fólgit, Fs. 60, Gullþ. 26; fel sverð þitt, sheathe thy sword, Fms. xi. 348; felðu (= fel þú) sverð þitt í umgörð, 656 C. 4; þær austr ok vestr enda fálu, Hkv. 1. 2; fólgit, hidden, preserved, Vsp. 31; fólginn, hid, Þkv. 7, 8; örlög fólgin e-m, fate hidden, in store for one, Vsp. 36, Akv. 16; fólginn endi lífs, poët. the hidden thrum of life, i.e. death, Ýt. 17. β. to bury, Ýt. 24; liggja fulginn, to lie buried (in a cairn), on a Runic stone, Rath 178. 2. metaph., hefir þú fólgit nafn hennar í vísu þessi, Eg. 325; fólgit í rúnum, Edda 47; yrkja fólgit, to use obscure phrases (in poetry), 110. 3. impers., fal þá sýn (acc.) milli þeirra, they lost sight of one another, with the notion of a hill or object coming between, Ó. H. 182; þegar er sýn fal í milli þeirra Egils, Eg. 545. 4. the phrase, fela e-n á brott (= in mod. usage koma e-m fyrir), to put one out (for alimentation), of one sick or old, a child, etc., Grág. i. 155; or, fela e-n inni, id.; sá bóandi er hann felr sik inni, the husbandman with whom he boards and lodges, 158; ef sá maðr andask er fólginn var inni, 155: of cattle, to put out to keep, nú felr maðr búfé inni at manni at fúlgu-mála réttum, N. G. L. i. 25; hence fúlga, q.v. = meðgjöf. II. to give into one's keeping, entrust; hann fal Óðni allan þann val, he gave all the slain to Odin, Fas. i. 454; mey frumunga fal hann (entrusted to) megi Gjúka, Skv. 3. 4: to invest, auð hefi ek minn ílla fólginn, Fms. vii. 49 (in a verse). β. in the phrase, fela e-m e-t á hendi (mod. á hendr); þér fel ek á hendi, Skarphéðinn, at hefna bróður þíns, Nj. 154; fal hón sik ok allt sitt föruneyti á hendr lifanda Guði, Fms. i. 226; Kristi á hendi fólgin, 655 xxiii; fel'k þér á hendi ábyrgð hans at öllu, Grág. i. 245; fálu sik ok sálur sínar Guði Almáttkum á hendi, Bs. i. 139; at Jón Loptsson fæli Petri postula á hendi þá hjörð ... en Jesus Kristr fal sína hjörð á hendr Föður sínum, 145; fela undir e-m, to put under one's charge; er und einum mér öll um fólgin hodd Niflunga, i.e. all the hoard of Niflung is kept by me only, Akv. 26; fela ván sína alla undir Guði, 686 B. 2; mun hér öll vár vinátta undir felask, all our friendship will depend upon this, Eb. 130: a law term, skulu þeir fela undir eið sinn, they shall avouch it on their oath, Grág. i. 9; fela undir þegnskap sinn, to vouch upon one's honour; þó rangt sé undir þegnskap fólgit, 33. III. reflex. to hide oneself; ek mun felask, Fs. 48: hann falsk í Kröflu-helli, Landn. 183; mörg leyni þau er felask mátti í, Fms. x. 218; í skógi þar er þeir höfðu fólgizk, Ó. H. 152; en fálusk at degi, id.; felask í faðmi e-m, to be shut in one's arms, Hkv. 2. 27. 2. felask á hendi e-m, to put oneself in another's hands, enter his service; Kolskeggr falsk á hendi Sveini Dana-konungi, Nj. 121. FÉ-LAG, n. [this word and the following are of Scandin. origin, and found neither in early A. S. nor South-Teut. dialects; the Germans use genosse and genossenschaft; the E. Engl. felaw (mod. fellow) is a northern word] :-- prop. a laying one's fee together, i.e. fellowship, partnership, Grág. i. 330, ii. 72, 73 (passim); eiga félag saman, Fbr. 102; nú leggja menn félag sitt saman, ok verja ór einum sjóð, Jb. 406; skipta til félags, to share in partnership, Sks. 32; eiga félag við e-n, to be in partnership with one, Eg. 76; leggja félag við e-n, to enter into partnership with one, Fms. iv. 124; hafa félag við e-n, id., 296: Hallr fór milli landa, ok hafði félag Ólafs ens Helga konungs, Hall traded in divers countries, and was in partnership with king Olave, Ó. H. (pref.), Fb. iii. 239; leggja til félags, to contribute to a common fund, Fms. vi. 183, viii. 20: in the law even matrimony is a félag or partnership (between man and wife),--in respect to the common fund of mundr and heiman-fylgja, vide the Grág.--In COMPDS, denoting common: félags-bú, n. household in common, Sturl. i. 180; félags-fé, n. a common fund, Landn. 33; félags-görð, f. entrance in partnership, Grág. i. 331, Sks. 33, 632: a contract, nema annan veg hafi mælt verít í f. þeirra, Grág. i. 331; félags-hross, n. a horse owned in partnership with others, Grág. i. 436; félags-lagning, f. a 'laying' of, or entering into, partnership, Grág. i. 331; félags-maðr, m. a partner, Hkr. ii. 157, Sks. 32; félags-vætti, n. a witness in matters of félag, Grág. i. 330, v.l. II. a society, association; mann-félag, an association of men; mannlegt félag, etc.; vísinda-f., etc., literary society, is a modern turn of the word, and scarcely occurs earlier than the 17th or 18th century. It is now used in a great many compds: the passage in Sd. ch. 5, p. 123, where it means agreement, is a sure proof that these chapters are spurious. fé-lagi, a, m. [E. Engl. felaw, vide félag] :-- prop, a 'fee-layer,' i.e. a partner, shareholder of any kind, esp. in trade, Fbr. 74 new Ed., cp. konungs-félagi, a king's partner, for the kings of old carried on trade, Fbr., Fb. iii. l.c.; sailors who had food in common were félagar; the law provides that even a poor man, if he contributes all that he has, is a lawful félagi, Grág. ii. 72; enda á hann hvárki félaga né mötu-naut, er einn í mötu-neyti ok á engan félaga, 73, passim in the Grág.: félaga-erfð, f. a partner's inheritance, N. G. L. i. 50. β. in the law it is also used of married people (vide félag), a partner, mate, consort; hvat segir þú mér frá Hrúti félaga þínum, Nj. 12; ef því hjóna batnar heilsa er vitfirring hafði, þá skal þat hverfa aptr til félaga síns ok hjúskapar, Grág. i. 287; ek vil skilja við félaga minn, I wish to part with my mate, a formulary in pleading before a court of divorce, 326. 2. metaph. a fellow, mate, comrade; this sense of the word occurs as early as the old Hm. 51,--með hálfum hleif ok með höllu keri fékk ek mér félaga, where it however has some slight notion of partnership, with half a loaf and a half-drained cup I got me fellows; félagi is a frequent word in Icel., both ancient and modern, and used just as in English; gamansamr félagi, a merry fellow, Sks. 634; félagi minn ok frændi, my fellow and kinsman, Fms. x. 88; góðr félagi, a good fellow, Sks. 432: in addressing one, hverr ertu, f., who art thou, fellow? Fb. iii. 239: a dear fellow, þér mun ek þykkja úlíklega spyrja, f., Ld. 268; hversu hefir í dag at farit, f., Vápn. 4. β. in a pun, Fms. xi. 150. 3. mod. a fellow, member of a society. félag-ligr, adj. 'fellowlike,' kind, H. E. i. 470. félag-skapr, m. fellowship, partnership. Eg. 1. β. metaph. fellowship, friendship, Eg. 27; görðisk þar brátt f. góðr, they soon became intimate friends, Fms. iv. 127; binda saman lag sitt ok félagskap, to bind their fellowship together, enter into close alliance, 295; var þeirra f. at öllu merkilegr, Fs. 15; görðisk með þeim öllum enn mesti f., 29; þykki mér þú hafa lýst í því við mik mikinn félagskap, Boll. 346. II. association, mod. in many compds. feld-kápa, u, f. = feldr, Ld. 274, v.l.; vide fellikápa. FELDR, m., gen. feldar, pl. feldir, a cloak worn by the ancients, esp. one lined with fur; hvítr-f., a white cloak, Fbr. 145 sqq.; rauð-f., a red cloak, Landn. (a nickname); grá-f., a grey cloak, Hkr. i. 176; skinn-f., a skin cloak, Orkn. 326 (in a verse); bjarn-f., q.v., a bear-skin cloak; röggvar-f., a woollen cloak, Grett. 114; varar-f., a common cloak; loð-f., a shaggy cloak, a fur cloak, = loði; blá-f., a blue cloak, N. G. L. i. 74; feldr fimm alna í skaut, a cloak measuring five ells square, Korm. 86; a feld four ells long and two ells broad, Grág. i. 500, was in trade the usual size, but here the ell is a 'thumb ell,' measuring only about sixteen inches; stutt-f., a short cloak, Fms. vii. 152 (a nickname); feldr, kápa, and skikkja seem to be synonymous, cp. Ls. ch. 14, 15, Glúm. ch. 3, 8, Grett. ch. 23, Lv. ch. 17. Tac. Germ. ch. 17 -- 'tegumen omnibus sagum, fibulâ, aut, si desit, spinâ consertum;' the cloaks were often made of (or lined with) costly furs, Glúm. ch. 6; breiða feld á höfuð sér, to wrap the head in a cloak, Nj. 164, Kristni S. ch. 11, Fms. vi. 43 (Sighvat), as a token of deep thinking: feldar-dálkr, m. a cloak-pin, Hkr., vide dálkr; feldar-röggvar, f. pl. the patches or 'ragged' hairs on the outside of a cloak, Lv. 55, cp. Grág. i. 500; feldar-skaut, n. (-blað, n., Finnb. 342), a cloak's skirt, Fb. i. 416; feldar-slítr, n. pl. the tatters of a cloak, Grett. The etymology of feldr is uncertain, scarcely from Lat. pellis, but rather from falda, to fold, wrap; even Tacitus, l.c., makes a distinction between the 'sagulum' (= feldr) and 'ferarum pelles,' the latter being a mark of more savage habits, such as that of the berserkers; feldr is never used of a woman's cloak (möttull, skikkja); the passage Fm. 43 is corrupt: the phrase, það er ekki með feldi, it is not right, something is wrong, is a corrupt form instead of með felldu, part. from fella, q.v. feljóttr, adj. [filled, Ivar Aasen], shabby; f. sem laki, rough as a sheep's maw, Fbr. 156.

FELL -- FERGIR. 151

FELL, n. a fell, wild hill, Hrafn. 4, Ísl. ii. 76, passim: freq. in local names; Helga-fell, Mos-fell, Mið-fell, Meðal-fell, Þórólfs-fell, and Fell alone, vide Landn. In Icel. fell is a single hill, and in pl. a range of hills; fjall (= Lat. mons) is a general name. FELLA, d, a weak causal verb, answering to the strong neuter form falla; [absent in Goth.; A. S. fellan; Engl. fell; Germ. fällen; O. H. G. fallian; Swed. fälla; Dan. fælde.] A. [Answering to falla A], to fell, make fall; fella við, to fell timber, Fms. ii. 84; fella mann, to fell a man, defined in the law, Grág. Vsl. ch. 3, cp. ch. 31; fella tár, to let tears fall, Sighvat; fella mel-dropa, to let the drops fall, Vþm. 14; fella segl, to take down sails, Bárð. 14; fella jörð undir e-m, to make the earth slip under one (by means of sorcery), Bs. i. 12; fella vatn í fornan farveg, to make the stream flow in its old bed, Grág. ii. 281. 2. to fell or slay, in battle, Eg. 80, 296, 495; Bróðir felldi Brján, Nj. 275; fella e-n frá landi, to slay or dethrone a king; hann hafði fellt hinn helga Ólaf konung frá landi, Orkn. 82; var felldr frá landi Haraldr Gráfeldr, H. Graycloak was slain, Fær. 38; síðan felldu þeir frá landi Hákon bróður minn, Fms. viii. 241, v. l.; fella her, val, etc., to make havoc, slaughter, (val-fall, strages), Lex. Poët. β. to lose sheep or cattle from cold or hunger (v. fellir); var vetr mikill ok felldu menn mjök fé sitt, Sturl. iii. 297. II. to make to cease, abolish; hann felldi blót ok blótdrykkjur, Fms. x. 393; f. niðr, to drop, put an end to, abandon; var hans villa svá niðr felld, Anecd. 98; þat felldi hann allt niðr, Fms. vii. 158; ef þú fellir niðr (gives up) þann átrúnað, ii. 88: to drop a prosecution, a law term, at konungr mundi þetta mál ekki niðr fella, vii. 127 (cp. niðr-fall at sökum); fella ræðu sína, to close one's speech, ix. 331; þar skal niðr f. þrjá-tigi nátta, there shall [they] let drop thirty nights, i.e. thirty nights shall not be counted, Rb. 57; fella boð, f. herör, to drop the message, not let the arrow pass, N. G. L. i. 55, Gþl. 83 (vide boð, p. 71); fella skjót, to fail in supplying a vehicle, K. Á. 22. 2. to lower, diminish; fella rétt manns, fella konungs sakar-eyri, Gþl. 185; hann skal fella hálfri mörk, [they] shall lower it, i.e. the value shall be lowered by half a mark, Grág. ii. 180. 3. the phrases, fella heitstrenging (eið) á sik, to bring down on one's head the curse for a breach of faith (vow, oath, etc.), Hrafn. 8. 4. fella hold af, to starve so that the flesh falls away, K. Á. 200, K. Þ. K. 130; hence fella af, absol. ellipt. to become lean, starved; cp. af-feldr: the phrase, f. blótspán, q.v., p. 71; fella dóm, to pass sentence, is mod., borrowed from Germ. B. [Answering to falla B], to join, fit: I. a joiner's term, to frame, tongue and groove; fella innan kofann allan ok þilja, Bs. i. 194; felld súð, a framed board, wainscot, Fms. vi. (in a verse), hence fellisúð; fella stokk á horn, to put a board on the horns of a savage bull, Eb. 324; eru fastir viðir saman negldir, þó eigi sé vel felldir, the boards are fast when nailed together, they are not tongued and grooved, Skálda 192 (felling); fella stein í skörð, to fit a stone to the crevice, Róm. 247: metaph., fella lok á e-t, to bring to an end, prop. to fit a cover to it, Grág. i. 67: also a blacksmith's term, fella járn, to work iron into bars, Þiðr. 79. II. metaph. in the phrases, fella ást, hug, skilning, etc., til e-s, to turn one's love, mind, etc., towards one; fellim várn skilning til einskis af öllum þeim, Stj. 4; Geirmundr felldi hug til Þuríðar, G. fell in love with Th., Ld. 114; Þórðr bar eigi auðnu til at fellasvá mikla ást til Helgu, sem vera átti, i.e. they did not agree, Sturl. i. 194; fella bæn at e-m, to apply prayer to one, beg of him, Ísl. ii. 481; fella sik við e-t, to fit oneself to a thing; ek hefi byrjað þitt erindi, ok allan mik við fellt, and have done my best, 655 xxxii. 13; felldi Þorkell sik mjök við umræðuna, Th. took a warm part in the debate, Ld. 322; hence such phrases as, fella sig (eigi) við e-t, to take pleasure (or not) in a thing; fella saman orð sín, to make one's words agree, Grág. i. 53: to appropriate, fellir hann með því dalinn sér til vistar, Sd. 137. III. part. felldr, as adj. = fallinn; svá felldr, so fitted, such; með svá felldum máta, in such a way, Rb. 248; vera vel (illa etc.) felldr til e-s, to be well (ill) fitted for a thing, Fms. xi. 76; gamall ok þó ekki til felldr, Bs. i. 472, Fms. iii. 70; Hallgerðr kvað hann sér vel felldan til verkstjóra, H. said he was well fitted to be her steward, Nj. 57, v.l.: neut., þér er ekki fellt (it is not fit for thee) at ganga á greipr mönnum Haralds, Fms. vi. 210; svá lízt oss sem slíkum málum sé vel fellt at svara, such cases are well worth consideration, Ld. 90; ekki héldu þeir vel lög þau nema þat er þeim þótti fellt, they observed not the rules except what seemed them fit, Hkr. i. 169; þeirrar stundar er honum þótti til fellt, the time that seemed him fit, Bs. i. 161: in many compds, geð-felldr, skap-f., hug-f., pleasant, agreeable; hag-felldr, practical; sí-felldr, continuous. fella, u, f. [Engl. falling], framework, a framed board, Fas. i. 393. felli-, in compds: I. a falling off; felli-sótt, f. sudden illness, Fær. 190; felli-vetr, m. a hard winter when the cattle die, Sturl. i. 127, Ld. 120. II. a joining, framing; felli-hurð, f. a wainscotted door, Art. (Fr.); felli-kápa, u, f. a plaid, Ld. 274; felli-stokkr, m. a kind of plane Pm. 13, 112, 124; felli-súð, f. a kind of frame or wainscot, opp. to skar-súð. felling, f. I. a felling, knocking down, Grág. ii. 133. II. a joining, framing, Skálda 192, Fas. i. 229. β. the folds of a garment. fellir, m. death, esp. of cattle, Ann. 1377, 1380; vide mann-fellir. fellu-járn, n. wrought iron, Grág. i. 501. felmta, t, mod. felmtra, að,--en hjartað mitt á flótta fer | felmtrað í brjósti lyptir sér, Snót 128. [fálma] :-- Lat. trepidare, to be in a state of fright and alarm; fari menn stilliliga ok felmti eigi, Fms. vii. 262; sá maðr felmti mjök, Bret. 90; felmtandi maðr, a man who has lost his head, Sks. 383. FELMTR, m. [fálma], alarm, fear; f. eða flótti, Fms. i. 45, viii. 226. felms-fullr (or felmts-fullr), adj. alarmed, frightened, Fms. i. 217, Orkn. 16, Grett. 124. felmtr, part. frightened; fara f., Njarð. 370: cp. the phrase, e-m verðr felmt, to be terrified, panic-stricken, Nj. 105, Fms. viii. 189, v.l. felur, f. pl. a lurking-place; hlaupa í felur, to run and hide oneself. FEN, n., gen. pl. fenja, dat. fenjum, [Ulf. fani = GREEK; A. S. fenn; Engl. fen; O. H. G. fenna; Dutch venn; a word common to all Teut. idioms] :-- a fen, quagmire, Symb. 26 (of the Pontine marshes); mýrar ok fen, Hkr. iii. 227; fen eðr forað, Gþl. 383; kelda eðr fen, Ld. 204; fórsk þeim seint um fenin, the bogs, Fms. vii. 69; djúpt fen ok breitt fullt af vatni, a deep pool and broad, full of water, vi. 406, vii. 70, Orkn. 444, Eg. 577, 582, 767, Nj. 21, Eb. 326, Þorst. Síðu H. 186. féna, að, to gain, profit; heldr fénar nú, Fms. vi. 349; fénaði þér nú, i. 167: reflex., Fas. iii. 4. fénaðr, m. pl. ir, [answers to Lat. pecunia as fé to pecus], sheep, cattle, Nj. 119, Fms. ii. 92, xi. 33, Bárð. 170, Eg. 219, Ísl. ii. 155, Gþl. 119; menn ok f., man and beast, Grág. ii. 164, Fms. i. 266. fengari, a, m. [Byzant. GREEK], the moon, an GREEK, Edda (Gl.) fengi-ligr, adj. (fengi-liga, adv.), promising. a good haul, Bs. ii. 133. feng-lítill, adj. of little value, Sturl. ii. 182, 238, Fms. vi. 367. FENGR, m., gen. jar, pl. ir, (fengi, n., Fms. vii. 213, xi. 83, Hom. 130), [fá, fanga], a haul, take, of fish, K. Á. 90: gain, booty, Fær. 70, Fms. v. 287, Hkr. ii. 73: a store, supply, Ísl. ii. 138. fen-grani, a, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.) feng-samr, adj. making large provision, Nj. 18, Bs. i. 652. feng-semi, f. being fengsamr, Bs. ii. 88. feng-sæll, adj. making a good haul, Sturl. i. 77. fenjóttr, adj. fenny, boggy, Fms. x. 261. FENNA, t, to be covered with snow (fönn); fennt yfir ofan, Bs. i. 196: impers., fennti fé (acc.), the sheep perished in the snow, Ann. 1380. FENRIR, m. the monster wolf of heathen mythology, Edda, Vþm., Ls. FER-, in compds, in fours: fer-elingr, m. four ells long, of a fish, Finnb. 220. fer-falda, að, to make fourfold, Stj. 148. fer-faldr, adj. fourfold, Rb. 334, El. 13, Fas. ii. 215, 343, Sturl. iii. 206, 656 A. 33. fer-fætingr, m. a quadruped, 656 C. 8. fer-fættr, adj. four-footed, Stj. 56, Sks. 628, Fas. iii. 272, N. G. L. i. 82; fjór-f., id., Sks. 628 B. fer-hyrndr, part. four-cornered, square, Stj. 57, 171, 205, Al. 109. fer-hyrningr, n. a square. fer-menningr, m. a fourth cousin, vide fjór-menningr. fer-nættingr, m. a period of four nights, K. Á. 182. fer-skepta, u, f. a stuff with fourfold warp, Vm. 52, 93, 115, Am. 50, 90, Jm. 9. fer-skeyta, tt, to square, 415. 18. fer-skeyttr, part. 'four-sheeted,' square, Edda, 623. 24: mathem., ferskeytt tala, a square number, Alg. 366; ferskeytt vísa, a quatrain, like the common ballad metre, as in the ditty -- yrkja kvæði ólán bjó | eptir flestra sögu | en gaman er að geta þó | gert ferskeytta bögu. fer-skiptr, part. divided into four parts, Stj. 148, v.l. fer-strendr, adj. four-edged, Eg. 285, Sturl. ii. 134, Magn. 450. fer-söngr, m. a quartett, Bb. 2. 11. fer-tugandi, fer-tugasti, adj. fortieth, Fms. x. 73, v.l. fertug-faldr, adj. fortyfold, Stj. 147. fer-tugr (-tögr), adj. forty years old, Stj. 624, N. G. L. i. 106, Fms. iii. 26 :-- measuring forty (ells, fathoms, etc.). Fas. i. 298, Stj. 563; fertug drápa, a poem of forty verses, Fms. iii. 93; f. at rúma-tali. numbering forty 'rooms,' Fb. ii. 277. fer-ærðr, adj. four-oared, Ísl. ii. 74. fer-æringr, m. a four-oared boat. fer-ærr, adj. four years old, Dipl. ii. 16. FERÐ, f. (farðir, pl. exploits, Haustl.), travel, journey, Fms. i. 3, iv. 3, Nj. 7, Ísl. ii. 126, Ann. 1242, Sturl. iii. 38, Ld. 96, Dipl. v. 18; ekki verða allar ferðir til fjár (a saying); um-f., a round, circuit; vel-f., welfare. COMPDS: ferða-bók, f. a book of travels, Dipl. v. 18. ferða-lag, n. travelling, Þórð. 64. ferða-maðr, m. a traveller, Stj. 400. Sturl. i. 89. ferðar-broddr, m. the van, Fms. viii. 400, Fas. ii. 178, Ld. 96. ferðar-leyfi, n. leave to travel, Stj. 406. ferðar-mót, n. a meeting, Hkr. ii. 194: ferð is very freq. in compds, whereas för (q.v.) is more obsolete. II. á-ferð, the texture of cloth. ferðask, að, dep. to travel, 655 xxxii. 20, Sturl. i. 24, Fms. ii. 136, Ísl. ii. 359. ferð-búinn, part. (ferðar-búinn, Fms. vii. 3, Boll. 356, Finnb. 248), boun, i.e. ready, for a journey, Þórð. 69, Boll. 356. ferð-lúinn, adj. weary from travelling, Bárð. 181. ferð-ugr, adj. [borrowed from Germ. fertig], well-doing; vin sæl ok vel ferðug, Bs. i. 264: fit, belgir með ferðugum skinnum, Vm. 177. fergin, n., botan. veronica, Hjalt. fergir, m. [farg], poët, an oppressor, enemy, Lex. Poët.

152 FERILL -- FETA.

FERILL, m., dat. ferli, a track, trace, Eg. 579, Gþl. 448; kross-f., Pass. 11. 3; lífs-f., the course of life; blóð-f., q.v. β. the phrase, vera á ferli, to be on one's legs, rise, be out of bed, Nj. 55, Grett. 145 (Ed. felli); vera snemma á ferli, to rise early. II. of persons, a traveller, esp. in pl. and in the compds, Róm-ferlar, pilgrims to Rome; veg-ferill, q.v., a way-farer. ferja, u, f. a ferry, Bs. i. 355, D. I. i. 319, 320, Ld. 56, 324. COMPDS: ferju-ár, f. a ferryman's oar, Sturl. ii. 70. ferju-búi, a, m. one who lives near a ferry, Grág. ii. 267. ferju-hald, n. charge of a ferry, Grág. ii. 266. ferju-karl, n. a ferry carle, ferryman, Sæm. 62. ferju-land, n. land belonging to a ferry, D. I. i. 319. ferju-maðr, m. a ferryman, Vm. 16: the inmate of a ferry-house, Sd. 226. ferju-máldagi, a, m. a ferry contract, D. I. i. 320. ferju-skattr, m. a ferry-toll, Þiðr. ferju-skip, n. a ferry-boat, Bs. i. 354. ferju-smíði, n. building a ferry, Þórð. 62. ferju-staðr, m. a ferry place, Vm. 15. ferju-stútr, m. the post to which a ferry-boat is fastened, Fbr. ferju-tollr, m. a ferry-toll, Þiðr. ferja, old form farði, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Vellekla; pl. förðu, Grág. i. 274; part. farðr, K. Þ. K. 24, Blas. 5, Grág. ii. 267; acc. förðan, i. 273 (Kb., Ed. Arna-Magn. færðan wrongly); pres. ferr, Grág. i. 272; imperat. fer, Hbl. 3; mod. pret. ferjaði, Fms. v. 182, K. Á. 12: [Engl. ferry, cp. Germ. färge] :-- to transport, carry by sea, and esp. to ferry over a river or strait; ferja e-n af landi, to carry one abroad, Grág. i. 145; eigi skal þá ferja yfir vötn eðr reiða, K. Þ. K. 82; ferja e-n aptr, to carry one back, 24: as a law phrase, ú-ferjandi, outlawed, Germ. vogelfrei, Grág., Nj. passim. fer-liga, adv. monstrously, Lv. 78, Rd. 273, Karl. 476, Stj. 3, Bs. i. 349. The syllable fer- in this and the four following words denotes anything monstrous, and seems akin to firn and firin, q.v. ferlig-leikr, m. abnormity, monstrosity, Barl. fer-ligr, adj. [cp. Scot. ferlie], monstrous, Fms. iv. 175, vii. 156, 162, Nj. 185, Orkn. 218, Bs. i. 802, Fas. i. 194: metaph. monstrous, Orkn. 164, Ld. 86, Hom. 115, Fms. v. 150. fer-líkan, n., prop. a monstrous shape: medic. an abnormity, monster, Fas. iii. 654, Bs. ii. 33. fer-líki, n. = ferlíkan, Fas. i. 244, Al. 95, Greg. 52, Barl. 87, Karl. 157. ferma, d, [farmr], to load, Ld. 32, 86, Sturl. iii. 33. II. [Lat. firmare is from a different root], eccl. to confirm, K. Á. 148, N. G. L. i. 350. fermi-dregill, m. a ribbon worn at confirmation, N. G. L. i. 16. ferming, f. confirmation, K. Á. 20. fern, adj. distrib. esp. in pl. = Lat. quaterni, in sets of four, Fb. i. 521, Nj. 150, K. Þ. K. 86, Grág. i. 4; vide einn. FERSKR, adj. [O. H. G. frisc; Germ. fersch; Engl. fresh], fresh, of food, meat, fish, fruit, etc.; ferskr fiskr, N. G. L. iii. 193; fersk grös, fresh herbs, Bs. i. 258; fersk lykt, a fresh smell, Clar. 85; ferskar gjafir, Stj. 109: scarcely used in a metaph. sense as in Engl. FESTA, t, [fastr], to fasten; lím er festir allart vegginn, Rb. 390. 2. to fasten with a cord, to fasten a thing afloat; festa skip, to make a ship fast, moor it, Eg. 161, Fms. vii. 314; þeir festu sik aptr við lyptingina, they made the ship fast, ii. 327; festa hval, Grág. ii. 337; festa við, of drift-timber, id. β. to hang up; festa út til þerris, to hang out for drying, Ld. 290; ef maðr festir upp vápn sitt þar er sjálft fellr ofan, Grág. ii. 65; festa á gálga, to hang on the gallows, Am. 55, Hðm. 22, Fms. i. 89; festa upp, to hang up, Nj. 9, Fær. 188, Fms. vi. 273, ix. 410; festa í stagl, to make fast to the rack, 656 C. 38; cp. stagl-festa, 623. 51. II. metaph. in many phrases; festa trúnað, to fix one's faith on, to believe in, Eg. 59, Fms. i. 100; festa yndi, to feel happy in a place, 135; festa hug við e-t, to fix the mind upon a thing, hence hug-fastr; festa bygð, stað, to fix one's abode (stað-fastr, steadfast); festa ráð, to make one's mind up, iv. 149; festa e-t í minni, to fix in the memory, Edda (pref.), Fms. iv. 116, hence minnis-fast; also absol., festa kvæði, to fix a poem in the memory, learn it by heart; Síðan orti Egill alla drápuna, ok hafði fest, svá at hann mátti kveða um morguninn, Eg. 421. 2. in law phrases, to settle, stipulate; festa mál, sáttmál, to make a settled agreement, Eg. 34, Fms. x. 355; festa grið, to make a truce, Grág. ii. 194; festa kaup, verð, to wake a bargain, 399; festa fé, to give bail, Gþl. 482, N. G. L. i. 23, Fms. vii. 290; festa eið, to pledge oneself to take an oath, Gþl. 539; festa járn, to pledge oneself to the ordeal of red-hot iron, Fms. vii. 230; festa dóm e-s, or f. e-m dóm, iv. 227, vii. 311, Hkr. i. 168, N. G. L. i. 23; festa eindæmi, q.v., Sturl. ii. 22; festa e-t í dóm e-s, id., Fms. vii. 302; festa e-t á dóm e-s, id., iv. 327; festa lög fyrir e-t (= lög-festa), to claim a thing as one's lawful property, and thus forbid another any use of it, K. Á. 184, N. G. L. i. 154, Gþl. 333, Jb. 151-249 (passim), cp. Vídal. Skýr. s.v. festa: absol. to pledge oneself, Eysteinn konungr festi at gjalda hálfan fimta tög marka gulls, Fms. vii. 290. β. to bind in wedlock; Ásgrímr festi Helga dóttur sína, Asgrim (the father) bound his daughter in wedlock to Helgi (dat.), betrothed her to him, Nj. 40; létu þeir nú sem fyrr, at hón festi sik sjálf, she should bind herself, 49: also of the bridegroom, the bride in acc. as the bargain stipulated, festi Þorvaldr Hallgerði, 17; nú festir maðr sér konu, N. G. L. i. 350, Glúm. 351, cp, Grág. F. Þ. passim. III. impers. in a pass. sense, to cleave, stick fast to; spjótið (acc.) festi í skildinum, Nj. 43, 262; kemr í skjöldinn svá at festi, 70; rekr hann (acc.) ofan á vaðit ok festi þar á steini, stuck fast on a stone, of a thing floating, 108; við eðr hval festir í vatns-bökkum, timber or whales aground in the shoals, Grág. ii. 355; ef við rekr at ám ofan, ok festir í eyrum, and sticks on the gravel banks, id.; nema festi í miðju vatninu, id.; eld festir, the fire catches, takes hold, Fms. i. 128. β. medic., bein (acc.) festir, a bone joins (after a fracture); fót festir, the leg grows firm, Bs. i. 743, cp. Eb. 316 and Bs. 5. 424. IV. reflex. to grow to, stick fast to; nafnið festisk við hann, Ld. 52, Fas. i. 86; ryðr festisk, rust sticks to it, it grows rusty, 519; festask í landi, ríki, absol. to get a fast footing in the land, Fms. i. 32, xi. 343: the milit. phrase, bardagi, orrosta festisk, the battle closes up fast, when all the ranks are engaged, Sturl. iii. 63, Fms. ii. 313. festa, u, f. a bail, pledge; svardagi ok f., Nj. 164, 240, Fms. iv. 268, 285, ix. 432, Eg. 227, Js. 40. COMPD: festu-maðr, m. a bail, surety, Fms. vii. 39. festi-band, n. a cord, string, Sks. 627 B. festi-liga, adv. firmly, Eg. 711, Bs. Laur. S. festing, f. a fixing, fastening, Gþl. 462; festingar-hvalr, m. a whale driven ashore and secured, Jb. 320. 2. the firmament, Stj. 12, Fas. iii. 664; festingar-himin, m. id., Rb. 78, 110, Fas. l.c., 655 xvii. 3. = festar, betrothals (rare), K. Á. 112, Jb. 131, Gþl. 236; festingar-fé, n. = festarfé, Stj. 468; festingar-stefna, u, f. a betrothal-meeting, N. G. L. i. 382; festingar-váttr, m. = festarváttr, Jb. 162 A. festív-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), festive (Lat. word), Bs. i. 791, Stj. 51. festr (mod. festi), f., dat. and acc. festi, gen. festar, pl. festar :-- prop. that by which a thing is fastened, a rope, cord, Grett. ch. 68, 69, vide Guðm. S. ch. 54, Bs. ii. 111, Fms. ix. 3, 219, Eg. 324, Sks. 419, Ísl. ii. 49 :-- the cable to moor a ship to the shore, Eg. 195, Jb. 314, 319, Grág. ii. 354; cp. skut-festar, land-f., stafn-f., bjarg-f. :-- a trap (rare), Hrafn. 27. COMPDS: festar-auga, n. the loop or eye at the end of a rope, Grett. 141, Fas. ii. 369. festar-garmr (and -hundr), m. nickname of a sailor, Ld. festar-hald, n. holding the rope, Grett. 96, 141. festar-hæll, m. a fastening pin, put in the eye of the rope to secure it, Edda 20, Grág. i. 150, Grett. 141. festar-lauss, adj. without a festr, Vm. 29, 56. festar-stúfr, m. the stump of a rope, a rope's end, Grág. ii. 361. festar-vörðr, m. watcher of the moorings, Jb. 407: a chain, gull-f., silfr-f.; ketil-f., a kettle-chain, whereon to hang the kettle in cooking, = hadda. II. metaph. and as a law phrase, bail; festar-penningr, m. a pledge, bail, Fms. x. 199, Stj. Gen. xxxviii. 17, Fas. iii. 548. III. esp. in pl. festar, betrothals; respecting this matter see the first eight chapters of the Festa-þáttr, in Grág. i. 305-319, and the Sagas passim, Ld. ch. 9, 23, 34, 43, 68, Nj. ch. 9, 13, 33, Gunnl. S. ch. 4, Band. 3, Lv. ch. 12, Hænsa Þ. ch. 11, Harð. S. ch. 3, Sturl. passim; festar fara fram, the betrothal is performed, Fb. ii. 196, Ld. 92, 186; sitja í festum is said of a bride between betrothal and wedding, Nj. 4. COMPDS: festar-fé, n. a dowry, Fms. x. 284, Stj. 468. 1 Sam. xviii. 25. festar-gjöf, f. id., D. N. festar-gull, n. a bridal ring, D. N. (does not occur in old writers). festar-kona, u, f. a betrothed woman, = Germ. braut, viz. from the betrothal to the wedding, Ísl. ii. 217. Fms. ii. 9, Grág. i. 355. festar-maðr, m. a betrothed man, Grág. i. 355, Gþl. 212. festar-mál, n. pl. betrothal, affiance, Lv. 33, Fms. vi. 395, x. 393. festar-mær (mod. festar-mey), f. a betrothed maid, = festarkona, Fms. iv. 164, v. 33, Þórð. 67, Fas. i. 412. festar-orð, n. = festarmál, Mar. festar-váttr, m. a witness at betrothals, Grág. i. 335. festar-öl, n. betrothal-ale, Fas. iii. 62. festa-váttorð and festar-vætti, n. a witness or evidence to a betrothal, Grág. i. 313, 330. Festa-þáttr, m. the section in the Icelandic law treating of betrothal, Grág. l.c. FET, n. [Swed. fjät = a track; it answers to Lat. p&e-short;d-is, fótr to Gr. GREEK] :-- a pace, step; ganga, stíga, feti framar, to go a step forward, Lv. 59, Skm. 40; ekki fet, not a step; hann gékk fram þrjú fet, Karl. 438; ganga níu fet, Vsp. 56; ok bar níu fet, Fms. i. 129; Jón gékk fet frá kirkjunni, ok féll þá niðr, Sturl. ii. 119; ganga, fara fullum fetum, to go at full pace, Fms. iv. 299, also used metaph. to proceed in one's own course; með linlegum fetum, with slow steps, Sks. 629; fetum (dat.) as adv. at a pace, Akv. 13. 2. as a measure, a foot, and so in mod. usage, three palm breadths make a 'fet,' Hb. 732. 5; a wall five 'fet' thick, Grág. ii. 262; 'fet' is called a subdivision of 'passus,' Rb. 482; a tombstone fourteen 'fet' long, Hkr. i. 122; it may, however, mean a pace in Korm. 86, K. Þ. K. 98, and Karl. 396. feta, in old writers strong, pret. fat, pl. fátu; in mod. usage weak, fetaði, and so in paper MSS., Fas. iii. 492; fötuðu, Bs. i. 291, is undoubtedly an error for fátu: I. to step, with the notion to find one's way, of one walking in a fog or darkness, α. act. with acc.; feta braut, Eb. 208 (in a verse); feta leið (acc.), Grág. ii. 44; feta veg sinn, Bs. l.c.; menn fátu trautt leið sína í sumum stöðum, Ann. 1300, cp. Bs. i. 804. β. absol., feta burt ór völundar húsi, to find the way out of a labyrinth, Lil. 91; en svá fjarri ferr at ek feta (subj.) þangat, Fas. ii. 284; blindr ok fat eigi til dyranna, Orkn. 192; var ok svá at hann fat af því heim, Grett. 46 new Ed.; fátu þeir eigi heim, Fb. i. 97; ætlaði at hann mundi feta til síðarr, Landn. 146; ok fátu hvergi, and could not find the way, Fas. iii. 401. II.

FETI -- FINGRBRJOTR. 153

as an auxiliary verb with an infin.; hve ek yrkja fat, how I did make my poem, Höfuðl. 19; hve ek þylja fat, how I did speak, 3; faztú at árna, thou didst earn, Sighvat; ek fet smíða, I do (can) work, Fms. vi. 170; hann fat gerða, he did gird, Fagrsk. 48; ek fat kjósa, I did choose, Edda 229 (App.); ek fet inna, I do record, Rekst. 29, v.l.; this use, however, although freq. in the poets of the 10th century, became obsolete, and is never met with in prose. β. in mod. usage, to step, esp. in the phrase, feta í fótspor e-s, to step in one's foot-prints; þó eg feginn feta vildi fótspor þín, Pass. 30. 10. feti, a, m. a stepper, pacer, in compds, há-feti, létt-feti, mál-feti, a high-stepper, light-stepper, etc., poët. names of a race-horse. feti, a, m. [fete, Ivar Aasen], the blade of an axe, Nj. 27, 209. 2. a strand in the thread of the warp. fetill, m., dat. fetli, pl. fetlar; an older dat. form fatli (cp. katli) seems to be left in the phrase, bera hönd í fatla (qs. fatli), to carry the arm in a sling: [Germ. fessel] :-- the strap by which a bag is hung on the shoulder, N. G. L. i. 349: the strap or belt of a shield or sword (skjaldar-fetill, sverds-f., Gr. GREEK), umgörð ok fetlar, Fas. i. 414, El. 22, 33, Edda 123, N. G. L. ii. 422; hence the sword is in poetry called fetil-stingi, a, m. a 'belt-pin,' etc. fetla-byrðr, f. a burthen carried by straps, N. G. L. i. 143. fet-mál, n. a measured step, pace. fetta, tt, [fattr], to bend back; fetta fingr, to bend the fingers back; fetta fingr úti e-t, to criticise (unfairly); vide fingr. fettr, adj. slender, = fattr. fettur, f. pl. mimics, in the phrase, fettur og brettur. FEYJA, ð, in mod. usage inserting g, feygja, [cp. fúinn], to let decay, go to ruin; hann feyr (mod. feygir) hús niðr fyrir óræktar sakir, he lets the house decay, Gþl. 332. FEYKJA, t, [fjúka], to blow, drive away, with dat., Ps. i. 4, Rd. 272: absol., Fas. ii. 238: metaph., feykja at e-m, to rush at one, Al. 40; hann feykir (rushes) inn í húsit sem kólfi skyti, Fms. vii. 342. feyra, u, f. mites in cheese, etc.; feyrðr, part. mity. feyskinn, adj. [fauskr], rotten, esp. of timber. FIÐLA, u, f. [A. S. fidele; Germ. fiedel], a fiddle, Fms. vii. 97, xi. 353 (in a verse); fiðlu-sláttr, playing on a fiddle, Hom. 106. fiðlari, a, m. a fiddler, Hkr. i. 30. fiðra, að, to touch or tickle with a feather; fiðringr, m. the effect of being tickled; fiðraðr, part. feathered, of arrows, Fas. ii. 173. FIÐRI, mod. fiðr, n. feathers (vide fjöðr), Edda 46, Stj. 83, Fms. vi. 85 (in a verse); sængr-f., the feathers of a bed; álptar-f., swan feathers; gæsar-f., goose feathers; again, a quill is fjöðr. fiðrildi, n. a butterfly, vide fífrildi. fiðr-varinn, part. wearing feathers, of a bird, Fas. i. 477 (in a verse). fika, að, in the phrase, fika sig upp, to climb nimbly as a spider. fikta, að, to fumble, grope with a thing, as a child, (mod.) fila, u, f. [vide fjöl], a deal, thin board, N. G. L. i. 75. FILLA, u, f. the greasy fat flesh, e.g. of a halibut; esp. the thick film of the head, in vanga-filla, kinn-f., haus-f., hnakka-f. filungr, m. one who cuts deals, N. G. L. i. 101, Gpl. 80. II. a bird, procellaria maxima. fimask, að, dep. to hasten, Karl. 382, (rare.) FIMBUL-, [cp. Germ. fimmel = an iron wedge; Bohem. fimol; Swed. fimmel-stång = the handle of a sledge-hammer; in Icel. obsolete, and only used in four or five compds in old poetry], mighty, great, viz. fimbul-fambi, a, m. a mighty fool, Hm. 103; fimbul-ljóð, n. pl. mighty songs, Hm. 141; fimbul-týr, m. the mighty god, great helper, Vsp. 59; fimbul-vetr, m. the great and awful winter preceding the end of the world, Vþm. 44; fimbul-þul, f. the roaring of a river, Gm. 27, Edda (Gl.); fimbul-þulr, m. the great wise man, Hm. 143. fimi, mod. fimni, f. nimbleness; vide vápn-fimi. fim-leikr (-leiki), m. nimbleness, agility, Fms. ii. 5, 170, vi. 5, 225. fimleika-maðr, m. a nimble man, Ísl. ii. 191. fim-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), nimbly, Fms. ii. 268, Bær. 19. FIMM, a cardinal numb. [Lat. quinque; Gr. GREEK; Goth. fimf; A. S. fif; Engl. five; Germ. fünf; Swed.-Dan. fem] :-- five, passim; fimm sinnum, five times, passim. COMPDS: fimm-deila, u, f. the fifth part, Ám. 111. fimm-deila, d, to divide into five shares, Ám. 84. fimm-faldr, adj. fivefold, Sks. 416. fimm-nættungr, m. a law phrase, a summons with five nights' notice, N. G. L. i. 124, K. Á. 182, v.l. fimm-tíu, indecl., old fimm-tigir, m. pl. fifty. fimm-tugandi, mod. fimm-tugasti, the fiftieth, 686 C. 1, Stj. 110, Orkn. 360, Greg. 73. fimm-tögr or fimm-tugr, adj. fifty years old, Fms. xi. 75 :-- measuring fifty (ells, fathoms, or the like), cp. áttræðr. fimmta, að, to summon (v. fimt), Gþl. 423. fimm-tán, a cardinal numb. fifteen, passim, fimmtán-sessa, u, f. a ship with fifteen seats, Hkr. i. 215. fimm-tándi, an ordinal numb, the fifteenth, passim. fimmti, an ordinal numb, the fifth, passim. fimmti-dagr, mod. fimtu-dagr, m. the fifth day, Thursday (vide dagr), 415. 8, Bs. i. 237, Rb. 112, Fms. v. 97; Nj. 274. fimmtungr, m. the fifth part, Eg. 266, Fms. i. 23, Rb. 136, N. G. L. i. 79, Gþl. 283. FIMR, adj. nimble, agile, in bodily exercise; fimr við leika, Fms. ii. 91; fimr ok hverjum manni görvari at sér um alla hluti, viii. 343; sterkr ok fimr, Hkr. i. 290; fimr ok skjótr, Fms. x. 314; fimr í orrostum, ii. 106 :-- neut. as adv. dexterously, speedily, bændum fór eigi fimt at reka flóttann, viii. 407; nú lát við fimt at leita duranna, Hom. 120; víg-fimr, skilled in fight; orð-fimr, mál-fimr, quick of tongue, eloquent: the prop. noun Fima-fengr prob. means nimble-fingered, Ls. FIMT or fimmt, f. a number of five: fimtar-tala, u, f. a set of five or multiple of five (as fifteen, fifty, etc.), Bs. i. 190. 2. [Swed. femt = a kind of court], a law phrase, a summoning before a court with a notice of five days: a standing phrase in the Norse law, so that the verb fimta means to summon: so, fimtar-grið, n. pl. a truce during a fimt, N. G. L. i. 342, 351; fimmtar-nafn, n. a citation with a fimt's notice, 86; fimmtar-stefna, u, f. a citation before a court with a fimt's notice, K. Á. 184: the phrase gera e-m fimt simply means to summon, N. G. L. i. 346, passim; one fimt is the shortest notice for summoning, five fimts the longest, -- fimm fimtum hit lengsta, ef hann veit nær þing skal vera, 21 :-- the law provides that no summoning shall take place on Tuesday, because in that case the court-day would fall on Sunday, the day of summoning not being counted, N. G. L., Jb., and K. Á. passim. -- This law term is very curious, and seems to be a remnant of the old heathen division of time into fimts (pentads), each month consisting of six such weeks; the old heathen year would then have consisted of seventy-two fimts, a holy number, as composed of 2 × 36 and 6 × 12. With the introduction of the names of the planetary days (vide dagr) and the Christian week, the old fimt only remained in law and common sayings; thus in Hm. 73, -- 'there are many turns of the weather in five days (viz. a fimt), but more in a month,' which would be unintelligible unless we bear in mind that a fimt just answered to our week; or verse 50, -- 'among bad friends love flames high for five days, but is slaked when the sixth comes;' in a few cases, esp. in ecclesiastical law, sjaund (hebdomad) is substituted for the older fimt, N. G. L. passim; it is curious that in Icel. law (Grág.) the fimt scarcely occurs, as in Icel. the modern week seems to have superseded the old at an early time. COMPDS: Fimtar-dómr, m. the Fifth High Court in the Icel. Commonwealth, vide dómr, Grág. Þ. Þ., etc.; the form of the word is irregular, as it means the Fifth Court (added to the four Quarter Courts) = dómr hinn fimmti, as it is also called in Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 24 sqq.; the old Scandin. law term fimt seems to have floated before the mind of the founders, as fimtar-dómr etymologically answers to Swed. femt, i.e. a court before which one has to appear a 'fimt' from the citation. Fimtardóms-eiðr, m. the oath to be taken in the Fifth Court, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 26. 27, Nj. 241; in Sturl. ii. 128 used of an oath worded as the oath in the Fifth Court. Fimtardóms-lög, n. pl. the institution of F., Íb. 13, Nj. 166. Fimtardóms-mal, n. an action before the Fifth Court, Nj. 231. Fimtardoms-stefna, u, f. a citation before the Fifth Court, Nj. 168. Fimtardóms-sök, f. a case to be brought before the Fifth Court, Grág. i. 360, Nj. 244. fimtar-þing, n. a (Norse) meeting called so, Js. 41. FINGR, m., gen. fingrar, mod. fingrs; dat. fingri; pl. fingr; a neut. fingr occurs in O. H. L. 73, 74, which gender is still found in Swed. dialects; the acc. pl. is in conversation used as fem., an Icel. says allar fingr, not alla fingr: [Goth. figgrs; A. S. finger, etc.; whereas Lat. digitus and Gr. GREEK etymologically answer to Icel. tá, Engl. toe, Germ. zehe, a finger of the foot] :-- a finger, Grág. i. 498, Hkr. ii. 380, 384, Magn. 518, passim: the names of the fingers -- þumal-fingr, the thumb; vísi-f., the index finger, also called sleiki-f., lick-finger; langa-töng, long-prong; græði-f., leech-finger, also, but rarely, called baug-f., digitus annuli; litli-f., the little finger. Sayings or phrases :-- playing with one's fingers is a mark of joy or happiness -- leika fingrum (Rm. 24), or leika við fingr sér (sína), Fms. iv. 167, 172, vii. 172, Orkn. 324, mod. leika við hvern sinn fingr; also spila fingra, id., Fbr. 198; vita e-ð upp á sinar tíu fingr, to know a thing on one's ten fingers, i.e. have at one's fingers' ends; fetta fingr útí e-t, to find fault with; rétta e-m fingr, digito monstrare, Grett. 117; sjá ekki fingra sinna skil, not to be able to distinguish one's fingers, of blindness, Bs. i. 118: other phrases are rare and of foreign origin, e.g. sjá í gegnum fingr við e-n, to shut one's eyes to a thing, etc.; fingr digrir, thick fingers, of a clown, Rm. 8; but mjó-fingraðr, taper-fingered, epithet of a lady, 36; fingra-mjúkr, nimble-fingered; fingrar-þykkr, a finger thick, Al. 165; fingrar gómr, a finger's end, Fs. 62; fingra staðr, the print of the fingers, Symb. 59; fingrar breidd, a finger's breadth. In the Norse law (N. G. L. i. 172) the fingers are taxed, from the thumb at twelve ounces, to the little finger at one ounce -- not so in the curious lawsuit recorded in Sturl. i. ch. 18-27. Also a measure, a finger's breadth, Nj. 27, cp. MS. 732. 5: arithm. any number under ten, Alg. 362: botan., skolla-fingr, a kind of fern, lycopodium. fingra-járn, n. a 'finger-iron,' a thimble (?), Dipl. v. 18. fingr-hæð, f. a finger's height, as measure. fingr-björg, f. [Swed. finger-borg], a 'finger-shield,' a thimble. fingr-brjótr, m. a 'finger-breaker,' a false move in chess, but uncertain which, Fms. iv. 366.

154 FINGRGULL -- FISKA.

fingr-gull, n. a 'finger-gold', a ring, Nj. 16, Boll. 356, Bs. i. 641, Fms. iv. 130, Worsaae 243-246, 381-383, 433 sqq. fingr-höggva, hjó, to hew one's finger off, Ann. 1342. fingrungr, m. a finger-ring, Stj. 191. FINNA, pret. fann, 2nd pers. fannt, mod. fanst; pl. fundu; pres. finn and finnr; in old MSS. and poetry freq. fiðr, Hm. 23, but finnr 63; pret. subj. fynda; part. fundinn; sup. fundit; the forms funnu and funnit may be found in MSS., but were probably never so pronounced; for even in Haustl. hund and fundu rhyme together; with the neg. suff. fannka, Hm. 38: [Ulf. finþan; A. S. findan; Engl. find; Germ. finden; Swed. finna; Dan. finde] :-- to find; Finnar kómu aptr ok höfðu fundit hlutinn, Landn. 174; hann leitar ok fiðr, Ísl. ii. 321; Knútr hinn Fundni, Canute the Foundling, Fms. i. 112; hann herjaði á Ísland ok fann þar jarðhús mikit, Landn. 32; fundu þeir Hjörleif dauðan, 35; þar fundusk undir bein, Ld. 328. 2. to meet one; hversu opt hann fyndi smala-mann Þórðar, Ld. 138; ok vildi eigi finna Hákon konung, Fms. x. 3. β. to visit; en þó gakk þú at finna konung, Nj. 7; veiztu ef þú vin átt ... far þú at finna opt, Hm. 120. 3. to find out, invent, discover: Þorsteinn er fann sumar-auka, Landn. 131, Ld. 12; Nói fann vín at göra, Al. 64, Stj. 191; rúnar munt þú finna, Hm. 143: hann fann margar listir, þær sem áðr höfðu eigi fundnar verit, Edda (pref.) β. to discover a country; leita lands þess er Hrafna-Flóki hafði fundit, Fms. i. 238: þá er Ísland fannsk ok bygðisk, Landn. 24; þá rak vestr í haf ok fundu þar land mikit, 26; land þat er kallat er Grænaland fannsk ok bygðisk af Íslandi, Íb. 9; í þann tíma fannsk Ísland, Eg. 15. γ. metaph. finna e-n at e-u, a law phrase, to bring a charge home to one, Fms. xi. 75; hence also, vera fundinn að e-n, to be guilty of a thing; vera ekki at því fundinn, to be not guilty of a thing; cp. the Engl. to 'find' guilty. II. metaph. 1. to find, perceive, notice, feel; þú fannt at ek lauss lifi, Fm. 8; Gunnhildr finnr þat, Nj. 9; fundu þeir þá brátt, at þangat var skotið öllum málum, Eb. 330; hitki hann fiðr þótt þen um hann fár lesi, Hm. 23; þá þat finnr er at þingi kemr, 24, 63; þeir fundu eigi fyrr en fjölmenni dreif at þeim, Fms. i. 136, Nj. 79. β. impers. fann þat á, it could be perceived, Eg. 51; fann þó mjök á Dofra, er þeir skildu, i.e. D. felt much at their parting, Fms. x. 175; fann litt á honum, hvárt honum þótti vel eðr illa, it was little to be seen, whether ..., Eb. 42. γ. finna til, to feel hurt, feel a sore pang, is a freq. mod. phrase, but rarely occurs in old writers: finnr þú nökkut til hverr fjándskapr, etc., Anal. 175; en Aldrían fann ekkí til þessa sjálfr, áðr einn riddari tók brandinn af honum, Þiðr. 358; hence tilfinning, feeling. 2. to find, bring forward; finna e-t til, in support of a charge; ok finna þat til foráttu, at ..., Nj. 15; hvat finnr þú helzt til þess, how dost thou make that out? 49; hann fann þó þat til, at ..., Fms. vii. 258; Eyólfr fann þat til, at ..., Nj. 244; hvat finnr þú til þess, what givest thou as the reason? Eb. 184; finna e-t við, to make objection to; hvártz hinn fiðr við, at hann sé eigi þar í þingi, Grág, i. 22; þá fundu þeir þat við, um gjaforð þetta, Fms. x. 87, v.l. 3. as a law phrase, to find money, to pay, lay out; hann skal eigi finna meira af fé því, en kaupa leg, Grág. i. 207; allra aura þeirra er úmaginn skal finna með sér, 206; ok slíka aura f. honum, ii. 210; á hann enga heimting til þess er hann fann við, Jb. 421 (MS.); ef maðr selr úmaga til frafærslu ok finnr fé með, Grág. i. 266; þeim þræli er hann hefir fulla verðaura fyrir fundit, 358; hence in the old oath, ek hefka fé boðit í dóm þenna, hefka ek fundit, ok monka finna, hvárki til laga né úlaga (where bjóða and finna are opposed, i.e. bjóða to offer, finna to pay actually], 75: hence is derived the law phrase, at finna sjálfan sik fyrir, to pay with one's self, according to the law maxim, that 'he that cannot pay with his purse shall pay with his body,' used metaph. to pay dear, to feel sorely; kvað makligt at hann fyndi sik fyrir, Sturl. iii. 213, Eb. 154; skaltú sjálfan þik fyrir finna, Fms. iii. 110, xi. 256, Þorst. Síðu H. 9; the pun in Anal. 177 is a mere play of words. 4. finna at e-u, to censure, Fbr. 112, Edda (pref.), very freq. in mod. usage, hence að-finnsla and að-fyndni, censure; nearly akin is the phrase, þat eitt finn ek Gunnlaugi, at mér þykir hann vera úráðinn, that is the only fault I find with Gunlaug, Ísl. ii. 217; ef nokkut væri þat er at mætti finna, if there was anything to blame, Sks. 69 new Ed. III. reflex., 1. recipr. to meet with one another, Fms. i. 19, Nj. 8, 48; eigi kemr mér þat á úvart þótt vit finnimk á Islandi, Fs. 20. 2. for some instances where the sense seems purely passive, see above. 3. freq. in a half passive reflex. sense, to be found, to occur; finnask dæmi til, examples occur, Gþl. 45; þat finnsk ritað, it is found written, occurs in books, Fms. ii. 153; finnsk í kvæðum þeim er ..., Eg. 589. β. metaph. to be perceived, fannsk þat mjök í ræðu Erlings, Fms. vii. 258: adding á, fannsk þat opt á jarli, Nj. 46; fannsk þat á öllu, at, it was easy to see, that ..., 17, 90; þat fannsk á Arnkatli goða, at ..., Eb. 178. γ. finnask til e-s, to be pleased with a thing: impers., fannsk Grími fátt til hans, Grim was little pleased with him, Eg. 190; ekki fannsk Eiríki til þessa verks, Eric was not much pleased with it, Fs. 149; fannsk mér fleira til hans en annarra, I liked him better than the rest, Fms. i. 141; e-m finnst til e-s, to value; honum finnsk ekki til, he thinks naught of it, thinks it worthless; Fas. i. 317, freq. in mod. usage: finnask at e-u, to admire, Sighvat (obsol.): so in the phrase, láta sér lítið um finnask, to pay little heed to, rather dislike, Hkr. iii. 244; konungr lét sér ekki um þat finnask, Fms. iv. 195; lét hann sér fátt um finnask, vii. 29; Dagr lét sér ekki um finnask eðr fátt, iv. 382; Ölvi fannsk mikit um hann, O. admired him much, Nj. 41; fannsk mönnum mikit um tal þeirra, 18; honum fannsk um mikit, he was much surprised, Hkr. iii. 355: e-m finnsk, one thinks, it seems to one; mér finnsk sem hann hafi önga verki, methinks he feels no pain, Barl. 101: finnsk mér svá, at engi maðr, methinks that no man, 15: very freq. in conversation, with infin. it seems to me, methinks. IV. part. finnandi, a finder, 655 xii. 2; finnanda-spik, n. blubber which is the perquisite of the finder of a whale, Grág. ii. 383: part. pass. fundit, beseeming, nú mun ok vel fundit, at ..., Anal. 173. FINNAR, m. the Finns and Lapps; Finnr, m. a Finn; Finna and Finn-kona, u, f. a Finn woman, Fms. x. 378; Finn-mörk, f. Finmark, Fms. passim; Finnland, n. Finland; Finnlendingar, m. pl. the Finns; the name Lapps only occurs in Orkn. ch. 1. and Ann. of the 14th century; Finn-ferð or Finn-för, f. or Finn-kaup, n. travelling or trading with the Finns or Lapps, Fms. vii, Eg. 25, Hkr. ii. 162; Finn-skattr, m. tribute paid by the Finns, Eg. 53, Fms. vi. 377; Finn-skref, n. cargo in a Finn merchant ship, Fas. ii. 515. 516; Finnskr, adj. Finnic, Lapp, etc., vide Fms, passim. The trade with the Finns or Lapps was in old times regarded as a royal monopoly, cp. esp. Eg. ch. 10, 14. Ó. H. ch. 122, Har. S. harðr. ch. 104, 106. and the deeds and laws passim. II. again the Finns or Lapps were in old times notorious for sorcery, hence the very names Finn and sorcerer became synonymous, cp. Vd. ch. 12, Landn. 3. 2, Har. S. hárf. ch. 25, 34, Hkr. Ól. S. Tr. ch. 36; the law forbids to believe in Finns or witchcraft (trúa á Finn eðr fordæður), N. G. L. i. 389, 403 :-- often in the phrase, Finn-ferð, f. going to the Finns; fara Finn-farar, f. pl. (N. G. L. i. 350) and fara á Finn-mörk at spyrja spá (352) are used like Germ. 'to go to the Blocksberg;' Finn-vitka, að, to 'Finn-witch,' i.e. bewitch like a Finn, Fb. ii. 78; Finn-bólur, f. pl. or Finnar, m. pl., medic. 'Finn-pox,' pustules in the face, Fél. ix. 209; Finn-brækr, f. pl. 'Finn-breeks,' wizard-breeks, concerning which see Maurer's Volkssagen. finnerni, mod. firnindi, n. pl. a wilderness, desert, in the phrase, fjöll ok f., Fms. viii. 432. finn-gálkn, n. (finn-galp, Fas. iii. 473, wrongly), a fabulous monster, half man, half beast, Nj. 183, Landn. 317. v.l., Fms. v. 246: the word centaur is rendered by finngálkn, 673. 2, Rb. (1812. 17); hence finn-gálknað, part. n. a gramm. term to express incongruous metaphors and the like, cp. Horace's 'desinit in piscem ...,' Skálda 187, 204. finnungr, m., botan. juncus squarrosus; sinu-f., töðu-f., nardus stricta, Norse Finna-skæg = Finn's beard. FIPA, að, fipa fyrir e-m, to disturb, confuse one in reading or speaking: reflex., e-m fipast, one is confounded, in reading or talking. fipla, að, to touch, finger, Grett. 203 A: for the proverb vide feigr. fipling, vide fífling. firin-verk, n. pl. lechery, Hkv. 1. 40. firn, n. pl. (mod. firni), [Ulf. fairina = GREEK], an abomination, shocking thing; mæltu margir at slíkt væri mikil firn, Nj. 156, Fs. 62, Sturl. i. 12, Fms. vi. 38, Gullþ. 13; svá miklum firnum, Eg. 765; f. ok endemi, or heyr á firn, what a monstrous thing! Fms. vii. 21, 25: the saying, firnum nýtr þess er firnum fær, cp. the Lat. 'male parta male dilabuntur,' Fbr. 28, Grett. 16 new Ed.: gen. pl. firna-, used as a prefix to adjectives and nouns, shockingly. COMPDS: firna-djarfr, adj. mad, Fms. vii. 65, xi. 54. firna-frost, n. an awful frost, Hom. 87. firna-fullr, adj. awful, Fas. i. 24. firna-harðr, adj. violent, Fms. viii. 225. II. in mod. usage, firni = a great deal, a lot; firnin o:ll, a vast lot. firna, að, [Ulf. fairinon = GREEK], to blame, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing, Hm. 92, 93; firnattu mik, blame not me, Korm. 100 (in a verse); firna e-n um e-t, id., Mork. 36. firnari, compar. one degree farther, of odd degrees of cousinship. e.g. three on one side and four on the other, Grág. i. 50. 171, passim: cp. D. l. i. 385. FIRRA, ð, [fjarri], to deprive one of a thing, with dat. of the thing, acc. of the person; þegar er hann firði Þórð augum, whenever he lost sight of Thord, Fms. vi. 201; firðr ríki ok fóstrlandi, bereft of kingdom and 'fosterland,' iii. 6; firra e-n festar-konu sinni, Grág. i. 314; firra konu ráði lögráðanda, 343, cp. Kb. ii. 50. β. to save, defend; viðr því firri (defend) oss Guðs son, Stj. 152; firra e-n ámæli, Fms. v. 307; firra e-n úhæfu. vi. 383; úhöppum, Lv. 94 (Ed. fríum). 2. reflex. to shun; firrask fund e-s, Eg. 70: hann vildi f. alþýðu þys, Fms. i. 272; firsk þú eigi gæfu þína, don't shirk thy good luck, Glúm. 382; firrask e-n eðr flýja, Grág. i. 233; ef kona firrisk bónda sinn, if a wife elopes from her husband, 353, cp. Hm. 163; heilsa firrisk e-n, health departs from one, Sturl. ii. 114 C. II. part. firðr or firrðr, as adj. bereft of, void of, Skv. 2. 7, 3. 13, 24; vammi firð, faultless, holy, Stor. 23. firri, adj. compar. farther, Nj. 124, (vide fjarr.) firring, f. a shunning, removal, Bs. i. 740. firtur, f. pl. fretfulness; firtinn, adj. fretful; firtast, t, dep. to fret. firzkr, adj. from fjörðr, q.v., in a great many compds, Breið-firzkr, Ey-firzkr, Skag-firzkr, etc., Landn., Sagas, passim. fiska,, að, to fish, vide fiskja.

FISKBEIN -- FÍKTRE. 155

fisk-bein, n. a fish-bone, Blas. 40, Bs. i. 368. fisk-bleikr, adj. pale as a fish, Fms. vii. 269. fisk-gengd, f. a shoal of fish, Grág. ii. 350. fisk-hryggr, m. a fish-spine, Fms. viii. 221. fiski, f., irreg. gen. fiskjar (as if from fiskr), fishing, Grág. ii. 383, Gþl. 422, Bs. i. 360; leysa net til fiskjar, 656 C. 2; róa, fara til fiskjar, to go a-fishing, Edda 35, Bs. i. 654, Fas. ii. 113; fara í fiski, Grág. i. 150; róa á fiski, Gullþ. 5, Fbr. 158; róa at fiski, Bs. i. 654; öll fiski í Laxá, Am. 91. COMPDS: fiski-afli, a, m. fishing stores. fiski-á, f. a fish-river, Jb. 305. fiski-bátr, m. a fishing-boat, 625. 63. fiski-bekkr, m. a brook full of fish, Fr. fiski-brögð, n. pl. fishing, fiski-búð, f. a fishing-booth, Grág. i. 471. fiski-dráttr, m. catching fish. fiski-dugga, u, f., vide dugga. fiski-fang, n. a catch of fish, Eg. 130, Fms. xi. 225; in pl. stores of fish, Bjarn. 34. fiski-fýla, u, f. 'fish-fouler,' a nickname of one who returns without having caught any fish, fara fýlu, Finnb. 352. fiski-færi, n. fishing-gear. fiski-för, f. a fishing expedition, Gþl. 425. fiski-gangr, m., -ganga, u, f., and -gengd, f. a shoal of fish, Vigl. 22. fiski-garðr, m. a fish-pond, B. K. 119. fiski-gjöf, f. a contribution in fish, N. G. L. i. 257. fiski-gögn, n. pl. fishing-tackle, Gþl. 424. fiski-hylr, m. a fish-pond, Fr. fiski-karl, m. a fisherman, Fas. i. 6: metaph. a spider = dordingull, q.v. fiski-kufl, m. a fishing-jacket with a cowl or hood, Fms. vi. 388. fiski-ligt, n. adj. fit for fishing, Bs. ii. 141. fiski-lækr, m. a brook full of fish, Glúm., Karl. 486. fiski-maðr, m. a fisherman, Bs. i. 360, Blas. 38, Fms. vii. 121, 122. fiski-mál, n. the range within which fishing is carried on, Gþl. 461. fiski-mið, n. the place where the fish-shoals are. fiski-net, n. a fishing-net. fiski-róðr, m. rowing out for fish in an open boat, Eb. 26, 28, Bárð. 169. fiski-saga, u, f. fish-news, viz. of shoals of fish, in the saying, flýgr fiskisaga, Þjal. 35. fiski-setr, n. a fishing-place, Boldt. fiski-skáli, a, m. a fisherman's hut, Fms. v. 305, Grág. i. 471. fiski-skip, n. a fishing-boat, 656 C. 2, Bs. i. 326. fiski-stöð, f. a fishing-place, N. G. L. i. 257. fiski-stöng, f. a fishing-spear, Gísl. 21. fiski-tollr, m. fish-toll, Vm. 149. fiski-vatn, n. a lake full of fish, Gþl. 455, Stj. 91; in pl. as local name, Ld. fiski-veiðr, f. a catching of fish, Fms. v. 232, Grág. ii. 337, Vm. 158, 170. fiski-vél, f. a fishing device, D. N. fiski-ver, n. a fishing-place, fishing, Fms. xi. 225, Pm. 74, Band. 4, Hkr. ii. 272. fiski-vist, f. a fisherman's abode, Vm. 155. fiskinn, adj. good at fishing. fiskja, t; pret. pl. fisktu, Landn. 271; fiskþi, Grág. Kb. i. 132; fiskja, N. G. L. i. 139, Bs. i. 326; pres. fiskir, Grág. i. 470, 471; fiscar, Kb. i. 132, is undoubtedly wrong; fiskt (sup.), 656 C. 2: in mod. usage always að, and so in MSS. of the 15th century; pres. fiskar, Gþl. 427; pret. fiskaði, Bs. i. 360; pl. fiskaðu, Fas. ii. 111, B. K. 120 :-- to fish; fiskja síld, Fms. x. 22. fisk-laust, n. adj. 'fish-less;' and fisk-leysi, n. bad fishing. fisk-lýsi, n. fish-oil. FISKR, m. [Lat. piscis; Ulf. fisks; A. S. fisc; Engl. fish; Germ. fisch; Swed.-Dan. fisk] :-- a fish, of both sea and fresh-water fish, esp. cod, trout, salmon are often GREEK called 'fish,' Sks. 180, Hkr. ii. 385; var þar undir f. nógr, Bárð. 169; at miði því er þik man aldri fisk bresta, id.; þar var hvert vatn fullt af fiskum, Eg. 134; fugla ok fiska, Grág. ii. 345, Sturl. ii. 165, passim; of the zodiacal fishes, 1812. 17 :-- different kind of fish, heilagr fiskr (mod. heilag-fiski), halibut, Þorf. Karl., Bs. i. 365; flatr f., id., Edda 35; hval-f., a 'whale fish;' beit-f. (q.v.), bait fish; ill-fiskar, ill or evil fishes, sharks; skel-f., shell fish; blautr f., fresh fish, N. G. L. iii. ch. 2, 5; skarpr f., dried fish, Bs. i. 209, 365, 367, in mod. usage harðr fiskr; freð-f. = frer-f., frozen fish, preserved by being frozen: as to fishing vide Hým. 17 sqq., Bs. ii. ch. 2, 87, Guðm. S. ch. 87, Nj. ch. 11, Edda l.c., Eb. ch. 11, Fbr. ch. 40, Landn. 2. 5, Ld. ch. 12, 58, Bárð. ch. 9, Rafn S. ch. 10, D. I. and Bs. passim in the Miracle-books: the section of law regarding this important branch of livelihood in Iceland is wanting in the present Grágás, proving that this collection is not complete, but in a fragmentary state. β. the flesh of a fish, for in Icel. the word flesh can only be used of a land-animal; thus, hvítr á fiskinn, having white flesh. II. metaph., kinn-fiskar, the flesh on the cheeks (of a man); kinnfiska-soginn, with sunken cheeks: the phrase, e-m vex fiskr um hrygg, one's back gains muscle, i.e. one gains strength: fjör-fiskr, live fish, a phrase for spasms of the muscles, the 'growing pains' common in children, -- the fjör-fiskr is said to bound or leap (sprikla), which is regarded as a sign of good health and growth. III. fish were used as units of value, each = half an ell's worth (vide alin), esp. in southern and Western Icel., cp. fiskvirði; hence the standing phrase in the title-page of books of later times, 'charge so many fishes.' COMPDS: fiska-á, f. = fiskiá, Jb. 305. fiska-ferð, f. = fiskigangr, B. K. 119. fiska-kaup, n. the purchase of (dried) fish, Bjarn. 34. fiska-kyn, n. a kind of fish, Stj. 18. fiska-merki, n. the zodiac, Rb. 104. fiska-pollr, m. a fish-pool, Bret. fiska-skip, n. a fishing-vessel, Fms. v. 101. fiska-stöð, f. = fiskistöð, Ld. 4. fiska-stöng, f. = fiskistöng, Gísl. 104. fiska-tíund, f. fish-tithe, Vm. 173. fiska-tollr, fiska-ver, vide fiski-, Am. 3, Fms. iv. 330, and endless other compds. fisk-reki, a, m. 'fish-driver,' a kind of whale, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 125; as a nickname, Eb., Landn.: fish drifted ashore, Vm. 18. fisk-veiðr, fisk-ver, etc., vide fiski-. fisk-virði, n. the value of a fish, about two-pence Engl.; cp. fiskr III. fisk-æti, n. fish-meat. FIT, f., pl. fitjar, gen. fitja, dat. fitjum, the webbed foot of water-birds, (hence fit-fuglar opposed to kló-fuglar), Grág. i. 416, Sks. 169: also of a seal, 179. fitja-skamr, adj. havinga short f. (of a seal), Ld. 56. 2. the web or skin of the feet of animals, flá fit af fremra fæti, ok göra af skó, N. G. L. i. 31, Fas. iii. 386, Fms. iv. 336. II. metaph. meadow land on the banks of a firth, lake, or river, Fms. iv. 41, Vm. 168; á fitjum ár þeirrar er fellr millum húsa, Krók. 38, Eg. 132; Agnafit (in Sweden), very freq. in Icel. names of places, vide Landn. 2. the edge or hem of a sock, knitted things, etc., hence fitja upp, to begin knitting a piece; dúkr fitja-lagðr, a hemmed kerchief, Pm. 99. fita, u, f. [feitr], fat, grease, Fms. iii. 186; in many compds. fit-fugl, n. a web-footed bird, water-bird, Sks. 169. fitja, að, [cp. A. S. fettan, Engl. to fit], to web, knit; hann lét fitja saman fingrna, he webbed the fingers together, like the foot of a duck or seal, in order to swim better, Grett. 148. β. fitja upp sokk, etc., to 'cast on' a sock or the like, i.e. make the first stitches in knitting it: metaph., fitja upp á nef sér, to knit or screw up the nose in anger, Dan. 'slaa kröller paa næsen;' so in Engl. 'to knit the brows.' fitla, að, to finger, to fidget; f. með fingrinum, Clar.; and fitl, n. fidgeting. fitna, að, to become fat, Karl. 448. fit-skór, m. a shoe made of fit (I. 2 = hemingr), Fms. vii. 297. FÍFA, u, f. [Gr. GREEK], cotton grass, eriophorum, Stj. 40; Icel. say, léttr sem fifa, light as f.; fífu-kveykr, m. a wick of f. β. metaph. and poët. an arrow, Edda (Gl.): the name of a ship, from her swiftness, Orkn. fífil-bleikr, adj. dandelion-yellow, used only of a horse, Vígl. 20, Finnb. 278. FÍFILL, m., dat. fífli, pl. fíflar, a dandelion; the withered fífill is called bifu-kolla, q.v.: used in compds of divers wild flowers of similar kind, unda-fífill or skari-fífill, hawk-weed; Jakobs-f., Jacob's staff; fjalla-f., common avens or herb bennet, geum; heiða-f., liver-wort, hepatica alba; tún-f. = common fífill, Björn, Hjalt.: metaph. a flower, blossom; renna upp sem fífill í brekku, to run up like a weed on a bank (of youth); fegri man eg fífil minn, I mind when my bloom was fairer, i.e. remember happier days, Eggert. FÍFL, m. [A. S. fifal = monster], a fool, clown, boor, Gísl. 46 sqq., Korm. 76, Sd. 176, Fms. vi. 217; fífl ok afglapi, ii. 156: the proverb, því er fífl að fátt er kennt, no wonder one is a fool, if one has never been taught; dala-fífl, a 'dale-fool,' one born and bred in a low dale, Gautr. S. (Fas. iii), ch. 1 sqq., Parcevals S.; for popular tales respecting such characters vide Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 505 sqq.; eldhús-fífl = Germ. asch-brödel; skáld-fífl, a poëtaster, Edda. fífls-ligr, adj. foolish; f. hjal, foolish talk, Flóv. 43. fífla, u, f. a girl, Grett. fífla, d, [fivle, Ivar Aasen], with acc. to fool one, Skálda 168. 2. to beguile a woman, Glúm. 377, Fs. 60, Nj. 107: reflex., fíflask at konu, id., Rd. 318, Bs. i. 663: of a woman, to fall into illicit love, Stj. 321, Bs. i. 653. fíflingar, f. pl. beguilement, Lv. 5, Fs. 138, Eb. 142, Bs. i. 447. fífl-megir, m. pl. an GREEK, Vsp. 51, 'monster-men,' fiends; cp. A. S. fifal = monster. fífl-ræða, u, f. foolish talk, nonsense, Mag. 6. fíflska, u, f. foolishness, folly, Eg. 729; fíflsku-fullr, adj. full of folly, Hkr. iii. 274. fífl-skapr, m. folly, 625. 192; hence the phrase, hafa e-t í fiflskaparmálum, to speak vainly of a thing (viz. sacred things). fíflskr, adj. foolish, Landn.; a nickname. fífl-yrði, n. pl. foolish, foul language, Gísl. 53. FÍFRILDI, mod. fiðrildi through a false etymology, as if it were from fiðri, [O. H. G. viveltre; A. S. fifalde; provinc. Germ. feifalter; Swed. fjäril; Norse fivreld or fibrelde; Lat. p&a-long;pilio] :-- a butterfly, Flor. 18. fígúra, u, f. [Lat. word], a metaphor, Skálda 160, Alg. 356: a figure of speech, Skálda 183, 211, Stj. 524. fíkinn, adj. [Dan. figen; Swed. fiken; wanting in Germ., Engl., and A. S.] :-- greedy, eager; freq. in poët. compds, böð-f., gunn-f., morð-f., sigr-f., etc., warlike, valiant, Lex. Poët. FÍKJA, u, f. [Lat. ficus; Germ. feige], a fig, Stj. 331. COMPDS: fíkju-kjarni, a, m. the kernels or seeds of a fig, Stj. 645. fíkju-tré, n. = fík-tré, N. T. fíkjask, t, dep. to desire eagerly; f. á fé, Sl. 34; f. eptir e-u, id. fíkjum, dat. used as adv. eagerly, very, freq. in the Jd.; fikjum grimm, 12; fíkjum íllt, 26; fíkjum haukligt, 41; fíkjum hátt, exceeding high, Hom. (St.) 58. fíkni, f. eagerness. fíkr, adj. eager, greedy, Fms. vi. 404 (in a verse). fík-tré, n. a fig-tree, Stj. 36, 325, 399, 403, Mar. 32.

156 FÍKULA -- FJARRI.

fíkula, adv. greedily, Fms. vi. (in a verse). FÍLL, m. [early Swed. and Dan. fil], an elephant; this interesting word, which is still in exclusive use in Icel., was borrowed from the Persian fil, and came to Scandinavia in early times, probably by the eastern road of trade through Russia and Constantinople; it occurs in a verse of the 10th century (Fb. i. 209), the genuineness of which may be doubtful, but at all events the word is old; freq. in Al., Stj., Flóv., and romances. But úlfaldi, Goth. ulbandus, A. S. olfend or olvend, a corruption of the Gr. GREEK, means camel. COMPDS: fíls-bein or fíla-bein, n. ivory, Al., Edda (pref.), Str. fíls-tönn, f. ivory, Mar. FÍNN, adj. [Ital. fine and fino = perfect, from Lat. finis; Engl. fine; Germ. fein] :-- fine; it occurs in the Icel. poems Nikulas-drápa and Skíða-rima, and prob. came to Icel. along with the English trade at the beginning of the 15th century; sax fínt sem spegill, Fas. iii. 543 (MS. 15th century): in a good sense, girníst þú barn mitt blezan fá, björg lífs og gæfu fína, fine luck, happiness, Pass. 37. 4. β. of clothes, 'fínn' is opp. to 'coarse,' but the use of the word is rare in Icel. FÍRAR, m. pl. [A. S. firas], poët. men, people, Ls. 25, Hm. 25, Edda (Gl.); fjölð er þat er fíra tregr (a saying), Sdm. 30, passim. físa, a strong verb, pret. feis, [Swed. fisa; Dan. fise; akin to Lat.], pedere, Hbl. 26; en hann feis við, Ísl. ii. 177. físi-belgr, m. small bellows. físi-sveppr, m. a kind of fungus, = gor-kúla. fítón-, in compds; hence the mod. fítungr, m. frenzy; [from the Gr. GREEK; mid. Lat. phitones = wizards, Du Cange; phitoness = GREEK, a witch, Chaucer.] COMPDS: fítóns-andi, a, m. magic, Fms. i. 76, x. 223, Fas. iii. 457: mod. frenzy. fítóns-kona, u, f. a sorceress, Stj. 491. fítóns-list, f. magical art, Edda (pref.) fítóns-maðr, m. a sorcerer, Stj. 647, 651. fjaðra-, vide fjöðr, a feather. fjaðr-hamr, m. a 'feather ham,' winged haunch (in northern tales), like that of Icarus in the Greek legend, Þkv. 3, 5, 9, Þiðr. 92, 93, Al. 72. fjaðr-klæði, n. pl. a feather-bed used as a coverlet, Js. 78. fjaðr-lauss, adj. featherless, Edda 77. fjaðr-sárr, adj. feather-wounded, of a bird changing feathers, K. Þ. K. 112, K. Á. 164. fjaðr-spjót, n. a kind of spear, Grett. 121, Fs. 64. fjaðr-stafr, m. the barrel of a quill, Stj. 79. fjala-, vide fjöl, a deal, plank, board. fjal-högg, n. a chopping block, Vápn. 24, Bs. i. 696. FJALL, n., pl. fjöll, [a Scandin. word, Swed. fjäll, Dan. fjæld, but wanting in the Germ. and Saxon, not even used in the Ormul., but freq. in North. E. and Scot., where it is of Dan. origin] :-- a fell, mountain, Nj. 25, Hkr. i. 228, Grett. 149, in endless instances: in the phrase, það gengr fjöllunum hæra, it mounts higher than the fells, cries to heaven, of injustice: in allit. phrases, fjöll og firnindi, fells and deserts (vide finnerni); fjall eðr fjörðr, fells or firths, Hm. 117, N. G. L. i. 117: the pl. fjöll is used of a mountain with many peaks, Eyja-fjöll, Vaðla-fjöll, Hafnar-fjöll, Fbr.; but Akra-fjall, Fagraskógar-fjall, of a single mountain: the pl. is also used of a chain of mountains, thus, Alpa-fjöll, the Alps; Pyrenea-fjöll, the Pyrenees; but Dofra-fjall, the Dofra range in Norway: in biblical names it is usually prefixed, e.g. fjallið Sinaí, fjallið Horeb, etc.; but also Gilboa-fjöll, Sam. Sálm. 2. 1, prob. for the sake of euphony: fjall is also used GREEK, and as a pr. noun, of the Alps, in the phrase, fyrir norðan fjall, i.e. Germany north of the Alps; sunnan um fjall, i.e. Italy; the German emperor is called keisari fyrir norðan fjall, Fms. ix. 229, x. 101, Landn. 24, Fas. i. 223; Norway is also divided into sunnan fjall (i.e. Dofre) and norðan fjall; in mod. Norse, Norden-fjælds og Sönden-fjælds, Fms. x. 3. COMPDS: fjalla-bak, n. the back of a fell, the sun sinks að fjalla baki, behind the fells. fjalla-dalr, m. a valley, 673. 53. fjalla-fé, n. sheep on the fells or hill-pastures. fjalla-gol, n. a light breeze from the fells, Fær. 203, opp. to haf-gola, a breeze off the sea. fjalla-grös, n. pl., botan. lichen Islandicus. fjalla-klofi, a, m. a cleft or pass between fells, Stj. 87, Al. 26. fjalla-læða, u, f. 'fell-sneaker,' a mist leaving the fells clear, but covering the low land. fjalla-sýn, f. mountain-view, Bs. ii. 179, freq. in names of places, vide Landn. fjalla-tindr, m. a peak. fjalls-brún, f. the brow, edge of a fell, Stj. 402, D. I. i. 471. fjalls-hlíð, f. a fell-side, Fms. i. 211, ix. 527. fjalls-hyrna or fjalls-gnípa, u, f. the horn of a fell, a sharp peak. fjalls-hæðir, f. pl. summits, Stj. 59, 607. fjalls-múli, a, m. a 'mull' or crag projecting between two valleys, Landn. 313. fjalls-rætr, f. pl. the roots of a f., i.e. the foot of a mountain; the fells are metaph. regarded as trees rooted in the earth, but cp. the mythical tale in Edda 19 and 221 (App.) fjalls-öxl, f. the shoulder of a fell, Stj. 529, Fas. i. 53. fjall, n. a fell, skin, Lat. pellis, vide berfjall, (rare.) fjalla, að, to clothe with a fell, cover with fur; fjalla um þik með góðum klæðum, Clar.: metaph. to treat; hence comes the part. fjallaðr, adj. tinted, coloured; blá-fjallaðr, black, etc.; gull-fjallaðr, gilt, Fas. ii. 173. fjall-berg, n. a crag, precipice, Fms. ii. 277. fjall-borg, f. a hill-fort, Stj. 380. fjall-bygð, f. a county among fells, 625. 87, Eg. 58, Hkr. ii. 65. fjall-dalr, m. a dale in the fells, Eg. 137, Hkr. i. 47. fjall-dýr, n. a beast of the fells, wild beast, Bs. ii. 137 (of a fox). fjall-ferð, f. a 'fell-trip,' mountain excursion, Fs. 71. fjall-ganga, u, f. going into the fell-pastures to gather sheep, Jb. 284, Vápn. 22. fjallgöngu-maðr, m. men searching the fells for sheep. fjall-garðr, m. a wall of fells, range of hills, Hkr. i. 8, A. A. 287 (of the Alps), Sks. 143. fjall-gola, u, f. a breeze from the fells. fjall-hagi, a, m. a fell-pasture, Eb. 54, Jb. 243. fjall-hola, u, f. a 'fell-hole,' cavern, Sks. 714. fjalligr, adj. hilly, mountainous, Sks. 42, (rare.) fjall-kona, u, f. 'fell-queen,' a giantess, Bs. ii. 26, (rare.) fjall-maðr, m. = fjallgöngumaðr, Sd. 156. fjall-nár, m. a law term, a man put to death by being exposed on a fell, opp. to gálg-nár hanged, sæ-nár drowned, vide Grág. Vsl. ch. 90, cp. Rd. ch. 21, 22. fjall-rapi, mod. fjall-drapi, a, m. a kind of dwarf birch, Bs. i. 7, Edda (Gl.), Hjalt., Björn. fjall-rota, u, f. [Norse rutte], a kind of wild partridge, Edda (Gl.) fjall-rænn, adj. blowing from the fells, Kristni S. (in a verse). fjall-skarð, n. a gap in the fell, mountain-pass, Krók. 64. fjall-skerða, ð, a pun, Krók. l.c., = gilja, to beguile, (fjallskarð = gil.) fjall-skora, u, f. a 'fell-scaur,' Hkr. iii. 323, v.l. fjall-skógr, m. a mountain forest, Stj. 256, 644. fjall-slétta, u, f. a mountain plain, table land, Flor. fjall-stöng, f. a fellsman's staff, Eb. 106. fjall-tindr, m. a mountain peak, = fjalla-tindr, Edda (pref.) fjall-vegr, m. a mountain road, Stj. 352, v.l., Ísl. ii. 349, Fms. viii. 50. fjall-viðr, m. timber from the fells, Gþl. 455. fjall-vindr, m. a land wind, opp. to hafvindr, Eg. 370. fjall-þoka, u, f. fog from the fells. fjalms-fullr, adj. = felmsfullr, O. H. L. 27. FJARA, u, f., gen. fjöru, [a Scandin. word, which remains in Orphir in the Orkneys, vide ey] :-- the ebb-tide, ebb, 415. 10, Edda 32-34, Fms. xi. 6, Fs. 157, Grág. ii. 352-366, passim. 2. [cp. fore- in the Engl. fore-shore], the fore-shore, beach, sea-board, Edda l.c., Grág. i. 91, Fas. ii. 148, Nj. 19, Eb. 292, Grett. 89, Orkn. 336, passim: the allit. saying, milli fjalls ok fjöru, between fell and fore-shore; var þá skógr milli fjalls ok fjöru, at that time it was forest between fell and fore-shore, i.e. all over the low land, Landn. 28, Íb. ch. 1; þar sem mætisk gras eðr f., where the grass and sea-beach join, Dipl. iii. 11. COMPDS: fjöru-borð, n. the sea-board, the breadth of the fjara, metaph. from a cup, cp. the mythical tale in Edda l.c. fjöru-grjót, n. the gravel on the beach, Fms. ii. 93, Fas. ii. 112. fjöru-grös, n. pl., botan. a kind of sea-weed, opp. to fjallagrös. fjöru-kóngr (fjöru-kúfungr), m. a kind of snail. fjöru-maðkr, m. a kind of worm used for bait. fjöru-maðr, m. the owner of the shore, Grág. ii. 367, Jb. 318. fjöru-mark, n. the land-marks on the shore, Jb. 320, Dipl. ii. 5, Grág. ii. 361. fjöru-mál, n. the rim of the shore between the flood line and the ebb, more usually flæðarmál, Sturl. ii. 35, v.l. fjöru-nytjar, f. pl. used of drift-timber, dead whales, sea-weed, or the like, Engl. jetsum, Vm. 75, 80. fjöru-steinn, m. shingle on the beach, Bs. i. 506 :-- mark stones, shewing the tide is so far out as to leave a way along the beach, 656 C. 31. fjöru-stúfr, m. a piece of strand or strand right belonging to a farm, Dipl. iii. 11. fjara, að, (but fjarði, Korm. 118), to ebb; er fjarði, fjarar (pres.), Vm. 96, Korm. l.c.; fjara uppi, of a ship, to be aground, Hkr. i. 152; so, fjaraði um nótt út undan skipinu, the ship was left on dry land, Fms. xi. 241; fjarar nú undan skipinu, Ld. 56: metaph. to be upset, Str. 32 (badly): impers., skip (acc.) hans fjaraði uppi, his ship ran aground, Fms. iv. 65; sum skipin vóru þá uppi fjöruð, Hkr. i. 152. fjarðar-, vide fjörðr, a firth. fjarg-hús, n. pl. [farg, fergja, fjörgyn], huge, big houses, Akv. 39, 42. fjarg-vefjask, dep. to groan and lament, Bjarn. 69 (in a verse), (MS. fiargvefiar, r = z = sk; the explanation given in Lex. Poët, cannot be right. Ls. 19 is corrupt, so that there is no evidence for the word fjörg = gods.) fjarg-viðrask, að, dep. to groan as under a weight; f. dýrin sein og þung, Bb. 3. 35: the phrase, f. um e-t, to groan, make a fuss about nothing. fjar-lægð, f. distance, Rb. 476, passim. fjar-lægjask, ð, to leave far behind, A. R. ii. 151, Stat. 282. fjar-lægr, adj. 'far-lying,' distant, Fms. i. 289, x. 227, Mar. 207. fjarr, adj. being far off, an obsolete word; as to the dubious passage Alm. 5 vide farri. fjarran, adv. [A. S. feorran; Old Engl. ferne; Germ. fern; Swed. fjärran; Dan. fjern], far off, Hkr. ii. 37, D. N. v. 24, = fjarri. fjarri, compar. firr, mod. fjær, superl. first or firrst, mod. fjærst; [Gr. GREEK; Goth. fairra, which is also used to transl. GREEK: A. S. feor; Engl. far; Hel. and O. H. G. fer] :-- far off; því at útlendir höfðingjar vóru þeim jafnan fjarri, Ó. H. 34; svá at fjarri flugu brotin, flew far off, Edda 19; vide Ísl. ii. 483, passim; skattlöndin þau er fjarri lágu, the provinces that were at a distance (fjar-lægr), Eg. 536: with dat.,

FJARSKI -- FJÚKA. 157

sólu fjarri, Vsp. 44; hvárt sem eru nær kirkju eða fjarri kirkju-garði, far from the churchyard, K. Þ. K. 28; standa f. e-m, to stand far from one; hamingjan stóð honum eigi fjarri, Al. 82; stóðtu mér þá fjarri, Nj. 19; útibúr þat er first var húsum, farthest from the houses, 168; hvar fjarri öðrum mönnum, quite far from other men, Grett. 127; þeim mönnum er first bygðu megin-héruðum, who lived farthest from the chief counties, Fms. iv. 144; í þat horn lands síns er first er lýrittar-vörn hans, Grág. ii. 224; þóttusk þeir bazt hafa er first vóru þeirra samgangi, the farther off the better, Glúm. 380; svá hátt at þó mátti heyra gerla þótt þeir væri firr, Nj. 118; þó at skip leggi firr búð (dat.) en svá, Grág. i. 91; eigi firr garði en í örskots-helgi, 82; far þú firr sundi, begone from the sound, Hbl. 54; farit firr húsi, Am. 37; the phrase, ganga e-m hendi firr, to go out of one's hand, be lost, Rd. 283, Grett. (in a verse); þykki mér hann jafnan betri firr mér en nær, Fms. iv. 330; hvárt þat er nær honum eða firr, Rb. 38, (mod., nær eða fjær); með hramminum þeim er firr var berginu, Grett. 101; firr meir, farther aloof; bónda-múgrinn sat firr meir, Fms. i. 280; ok því firr meir, at ..., and so much more aloof, in order that ..., Sks. 365: in the proverb, allt er fjörvi firr, all is farther than life, i.e. life is the nearest, dearest thing,, Ld. 266, (or, fé er fjörvi firr); at firr, much less, Eg. ch. 14; þótt hann sé firr farinn, though be be far away, Hm. 33. II. metaph., taka e-u fjarri, to take a thing far, i.e. to take it coolly, deny it flatly; Ormr tók því ekki fjarri, Fms. i. 209; þeir tóku því ekki fjarri, 229; ek ætla þat nú eigi fjarri, well, I think it's not far wrong, Nj. 248: with dat., ok er þat ekki fjarri hennar skapi, 'tis not far from her mind, 49; þat er fjarri skapi föður míns, Lv. 87; þú talar þat eigi fjarri réttu, thou sayest what is not far from right, Fms. ii. 14; eigi fjarri því at lengd, i.e. about so long a time, Bs. i. 61; ferr eigi fjarri getu minni, Fms. iv. 312, vi. 104; the phrase, fjarri fer því, it 'fares' far from that, i.e. far from it, by no means; ok er því fjarri orðit er ek vilda at væri, it is far from what I had wished for, Valla L. 221; nú sé ek eigi at mér mætti firr um fara en þér, now I see not how I can fare worse than thou, Grett. 150. β. far from, bereft of; fjarri feðr-munum, bereft of my patrimony, Fm. 8; fjarri vinum, friendless, Sighvat; fjarri augum sem menjum, bereft of eyes and treasures, i.e. losing both life and money, Akv. 27. fjarski, a, m. a far distance; vera, liggja, í fjarska, to be afar off, Fms. xi. 57, Sks. 183, Fas. iii. 459 :-- metaph. in mod. usage immensity, and in many COMPDS: fjarska-legr, adj. immense. fjarska-liga, adv. immensely, fjarska-mikill, fjarska-stór, adj. immensely big, etc. fjar-stæðr, adj. 'far-standing,' far from; fjarstætt er um afl várt, there is a long way between our strength, i.e. no comparison, Fms. iii. 187. fjar-sýnis, adv. far off, out of sight, Mar. fjar-tæki, n. [taka fjarri], a flat refusal, Fas. iii. 527. fjar-vist, f. living far off, Sks. 190. FJÁ, ð, [Goth. finan = GREEK; A. S. feon or fjan], to hate; an obsolete word, but occurs in Hým. 22, Ls. 35: reflex., fjásk e-n, to hate one, Skm. 33. Its participle however remains in all Teut. dialects, vide fjándi below. fjáðr, part. [fé], monied, Bjarn. 18. fjálbr or fjálfr, n. a dubious word, [akin to fela (?)], the deep, an abyss, Haustl. 18; undir-f., the lower deep, the abyss, Þd. 19. fjálg-leikr, m. [felegbed = security, Dan. ballads], trust, faith, Hom. 122. fjálgr, adj. [feleg = safe in Dan. ballads; fjelg = comfortable, Ivar Aasen; prob. from fela] :-- safe, well kept, only in compds, glóð-fjálgr, hid in embers, of a fire, Ýt. 21; inn-f., stifled, of tears, Hkv. 2. 43. fjánd-flokkr, m. a host of enemies, N. G. L. i. 34. fjándi, a, m., mod. fjandi, pl. fjándr, mod. also féndr; dat. fjándum, mod. fjöndum; [Ulf. fiands = GREEK; A. S. feond; Engl. fiend; Germ. feind; Swed. fiende; Dan. fjende; the nd indicates the part.; whereas, Engl. foe seems to be formed from the infin.] :-- prop. a hater. 1. an enemy, Hkv. 2. 30, 35, Rb. 380; freq. in old poetry, vide Lex. Poët.: in the allit. phrase, sem frændr, en eigi fjándr, as friends, not foes, Ísl. ii. 380: the heathen maxim, gefat þínum fjándum frið, give no truce to thy foes, Hm. 128. 2. [Dan. fanden; Swed. fan], after the introduction of Christianity fjándi came to mean a fiend, the fiend, Bs. i. 452, Niðrst. 4; fjándr en eigi menn, fiends and no men, Fas. ii. 535: Satan, K. Á. 74, Fms. i. 202, Stj. 40; ber þú sjálfr fjánda þinn, carry thy fiend thyself (of a bewitched banner), Nj. 274; fjánda-kraptr, fiendish power, Fms. vii. 295; fjánda-limr, a devil's limb, viii. 221; fjánda-sonr, a fiend's son, 656 C. 14; fjánda-villa, a fiendish heresy, Post. 645. 99: in mod. usage fjándi means a fiend. fjánda-fæla, u, f., botan. fuga daemonum, angelica, Germ. engel-kraut. fjánd-ligr, adj. (fjánd-liga, adv.), fiendish, fiendishly, Fms. v. 162, Bær. 10, Þorst. hv. 44, Fas. ii. 150. fjánd-maðr, m. a foe-man, Lv. 106, Fms. v. 273, Orkn. 224. fjánd-mæli, n. the words of a foe, invectives, Lv. 39. fjánds-boð or fjánd-boð, n. a law term, a foe's bidding, a sham bidding at an auction; ok sé eigi fjándsboð, eigi skal hann at fjándsboði annars hafa, N. G. L. i. 117, cp. Gpl. 292. fjánd-semi, f. enmity, Stud. iii. 13. fjánd-skapaðr, part. hostile, Fms. xi. 261. fjánd-skapask, að, dep. to shew hostility towards, Sks. 337, Orkn. 226. fjánd-skapr, m. hostility, Fms. i. 37, iv. 270, ix. 268, Nj. 49, Hom. 86, 196, Bret. 22. fjándskapar-fullr, adj. hostile, Sturl. iii. 223. fjár-, vide fé, money. fjárungr, m. gryllus, a locust, Fél. x. 226. fjóla, u, f. a violet, Hjalt. (mod.) fjón, f. [fjá], hatred; an obsolete word, occurs in old prose in the phrase, reka e-n fjónum, to persecute, Ver. 29, Rb. 388; or else in poetry, leggja fjón á e-n, to hate one, Hallfred: in pl., konungs f., the king's wrath, Ad. 11; vekja f., to stir up quarrels, Sl. 76, vide Lex. Poët.; guð-fjón, an abomination, that which drives the gods away, Fbr. (in a verse): mod. poets use a verb fjóna, að, to hate (Bjarn. 67, 122), probably misled by the corrupt passage in Sl. 27. FJÓR-, in many compds = fer-, q.v.: fjór-fættr, adj. four-footed; fjor-menningr, m. a fourth cousin, Js. 71, 96, Fms. i. 285, Gþl. 145; fjor-mynntr, part. 'four-cloven,' Sks. 394; fjór-nættingr, m., fjór-skeyttr, adj., vide fer-; fjór-skiptr, part. quartered, Stj. 148. fjórði, adj. [Germ. vierte; Dan. fjærde], the fourth, Fms. i. 67 (passim). fjórðungr, m., generally the fourth part, quarter, D. I. i. 470, Grág. i. 144; f. héraðsmanna, N. G. L. i. 352; f. rastar, the fourth part of a mile, Fms. viii. 63; fjórðungr vísu, the fourth part of a verse-system or stanza, = two lines, Edda (Ht.); hence fjórðunga-lok, n. the last quarter of a verse, Fms. vi. 387: a coin (cp. Engl. farthing), N. G. L. iii. ch. 13. 2. a liquid-measure = ten pots or twenty 'merkr;' fjórðungs-fata, a vat holding a quarter. 3. a weight = ten pounds or twenty 'merkr,' Jb. 375, Grág. Kb. 232, Dipl. iii. 4, Grág. ii. 362: the law allows a person to bequeath the fourth part of his property, this is called fjórðungs-gjöf, f., Gþl. 270, cp. Jb., Dipl. v. 1. 4. the Icel. tithe (tíund) was divided into four shares, each of them called 'fjórðungr,' -- to the poor, bishop, church, and priest, Grág., Tl., passim. II. in Norway counties were divided into fjórðungar quarters (þriðjungar ridings, sextungar sextants, áttungar octants, etc.), vide D. N.; hence fjórðungs-kirkja, a quarter church, parish church, N. G. L.; fjórðungs-maðr, a man from the same quarter or parish; fjórðungs-prestr, the priest of a fjórðungs-kirkja; fjórðungs-þing, the meeting of a f.; fjórðungs-korn, corn due to the priest, D. N., N. G. L., the statutes passim; fjórðungs-ból, a farm yielding a certain rent, and many others. Again, in Icel. the whole land was politically divided into quarters or fjórðungar (this division seems to have taken place A. D. 964, and exists up to the present time), thus, Austfirðinga-, Vestfirðinga-, Norðlendinga-, Sunnlendinga-fjórðungr, or east-, west-, north-, and south quarters; each of the quarters had three or four shires or þing, and each had a parliament called Fjórðungs-þing or Fjórðunga-þing, and a court called Fjórðungs-dómar, Quarter-courts, Eb. ch. 10, Landn. 2. 12; (it is uncertain whether the writer Eb. l.c. intended to make a distinction between Fjórðunga-þing and Fjórðungs-þing, denoting by the latter a 'general quarter parliament,' cp. also Landn. 150.) COMPDS: fjórðunga-mót, n. pl. the borders of the f., Grág. ii. 323, Landn. 251 (v.l.), 237. fjórðunga-skipti, n. a division into quarters. fjórðungs-höfðingi, a, m. a Tetrarch, N. T. fjórðungs-menn, m. pl. the inhabitants of a fjórðungr, Grág. Þ. Þ., Landn. 98, Nj. 100. fjórðungs-sekt, f. outlawry, exile from one of the quarters, Bs. ii. 75. fjórðungs-úmagi, a, m. a pauper charged to a f., Grág. i. 445. fjórir, num. adj., fem. fjórar, neut. fjögur (fjugur); gen. fjogurra or fjögurra (fjugurra, N. G. L. i. 77, Sks. 173 B), mod. fjögra; dat. fjórum; acc. masc. fjóra, fem. fjórar, neut. fjögur: [Goth. fidvar; A. S. feover; Engl. four; Hel. fivar; O. H. G. fior; Germ. vier; Swed. fyra; Dan. fire; cp. also Lat. quatuor, Gr. GREEK, Aeol. GREEK] :-- four (passim). fjögra-manna-far, n. a four-oared boat. fjór-tán, card. numb., [older form fjögr-tán or fjugr-tán, B. K. 9, 60, 62, 125, Sks. 179 B] :-- fourteen (passim). fjórtán-sessa, u, f. a ship with fourteen oars, Fms. ix. 408, v.l. fjór-tándi, ord. numb., [older form fjögr-tándi or fjugr-tándi, N. G. L. i. 49, 348, 350; fjogr-tándi, Fms. x. 398] :-- fourteenth. fjór-tugti, the fortieth, Dipl. ii. 15. FJÓS, n., contr. form = fé-hús = 'cow-house,' [Norse fjös; the contracted form is usual even in the earliest writers] :-- a cow-house, byre, stall, Ld. 98, Gísl. 28 sqq., Dropl. 28, Njarð. 368, Sturl. ii. 43, iii. 54, Fms. ix. 508; vera í fjósi, or fara í fjós, to attend to the cows. COMPDS: fjós-dyr, fjós-haugr, fjós-hlaða, fjós-hurð, fjós-reka, fjós-veggr, etc., the door, mound, barn, hurdle, spade, wall, etc. of a fjós. fjós-gata, u, f. the byre-path, Landn. 51. Fjósa-karlar, m. pl. the 'byre-carles,' the three stars in the sword of Orion. fjósa-kona, u, f. a byre-maid, Landn. (Hb.) 51: fjósa-konur, the 'byre-maids,' the three stars in the belt of Orion, because the dairy-work is in the winter months (Dec., Jan.) fixed by the rising of these stars. fjósa-verk, n. 'byre work,' attendance on the cows, Nj. 185, v.l. FJÓS, mod. þjós, f. the carcase of a whale, Grág. ii. 360, 372, Jb. 310 B (passim). fjúk, n. [cp. Engl. fog], a snow-storm: allit., frost ok fjúk, Fbr. 23; fjúk ok drifa, Bs. i. 158; fjúk var úti, 672; í fjúki, Landn. 235; stormr með fjúki, Fas. ii. 74: in swearing, fái þat fjúk, a 'fjúk' upon it. FJÚKA, pret. fauk, 2nd pers. faukt, mod. faukst, pl. fuku; pres. fýk,

158 FJÚKRENNINGR -- FJÖRÐR.

pl. fjúkum; pret. subj. fyki; part. fokinn; sup. fokit: [Swed. fyka; Dan. fyga] :-- to be driven on, tossed by the wind, of snow, dust, spray, or the like: allit., fjúka sem fys, as chaff; mold er fýkr, 623. 25; axhelmur þær sem fjúka ... ef nokkut fýkr frá oss, Stj. 422: of snow, tók þá at f., it began to snow, Grett. 111; var fjúkanda veðr, there was a snow-storm, 144: hafði fokit yfir öndverðan vetr, they had been buried (had perished) in the snow, Glúm. 341; hence the metaph. phrase, nú er fokið í flest skjól, now all places of shelter are filled with snow, no refuge left, Gísl. 63, Nj. 258; útvegar Háreks eru foknir, all H.'s outgoings are stopped, Fms. xi. 423; sýndisk þeim sem eldr fyki um alla gluggana, of embers, Bs. i. 7; fauk svá sandrinn, at ..., of the ashes from a volcano, 804, (sand-fok, a drift of sand or ashes.) 2. metaph. to fly off; fauk af höfuðit, Nj. 97, Ld. 291; fuku tennrnar ór Búa. Fms. xi. 139; láta fjúka í kveðlingum, to reply with sarcastic, extemporised ditties, Grett. 94. fjúk-renningr, n. a snow-drift, Sturl. i. 155 C. fjúk-viðri, n. a snow-storm, Sturl. ii. 31. fjær, and compds, vide fjarri, farther off. FJÖÐR, gen. fjaðrar; old pl. fjaðrar, later fjaðrir; dat. fjöðrum: [A. S. feðer; Engl. feather; Germ. feder; Gr. GREEK] :-- a feather, it may be used of either the plume or the quill, but usually a distinction is made between fiðri or fiðr, plumage, and fjaðrar, quills; væng-fjöðr, a wing-feather; stél-fjöðr, a tail-feather; dynja hana fjaðrar, Bm. 1; hár ok fjaðrar, Edda (pref.); plokkaði af fjaðrarnar, 77: phrases and sayings, það er ekki fjöðr af fati þínu, 'tis no feather of thy gear, thou needst not be proud of it, cp. Aesop's fable; verðr hverr að fljúga sem hann er fjaðraðr, every one must fly as he is feathered; draga fjöðr um e-t, to slur over a thing (vide draga), Fms. vii. 20: cp. the proverb in Rafns S. Bs. i. 647, -- lítið er nef várt, en breiðar fjaðrar, our neb is small, but the feathers large, perhaps somewhat corrupt in the text, being taken from some fable about birds; the sense seems to be something like the Fr. 'l'homme propose, Dieu dispose.' 2. metaph. of feather-formed things, α. the blade of a spear, Eg. 285, Stj. 461, Ld. 244, Grett. 121, Sturl. ii. 60, Fas. ii. 209, Fb. 111. 409. β. the fin of a fish, Fas. ii. 131; fiskr niðr frá beltis-stað ok fjöðr á, Fms. iv. 56 (rare). COMPDS: fjaðra-broddr, m. a feathered, i.e. double-edged, spike, Bárð. 170. fjaðra-lauss, adj. featherless, Fas. ii. 378; in the riddle, fuglinn flaug fjaðra-lauss, elti fuglinn fóta-lauss. fjaðra-sárr, adj. = fjaðr-sárr. fjaðra-spjót, n. a kind of sword-spear to thrust with, = fjaðr-spjót. FJÖL, f., gen. fjalar, old pl. fjalar, later fjalir, a deal, thin board, Fms. vi. 15, 281, x. 404: metaph. of snow shoes, Sks. 81 B: so in the proverb, það er ekki við eina fjöl fellt, 'tis not joined with a single deal, 'tis no plain matter, Mag. 86; or, hann er ekki við eina fjöl felldr, i.e. fit for many things; fóta-fjöl, a foot-board; höfða-fjöl, the head-board of a bed; rúm-fjöl, the side-board of a bed; gafl-fjöl, the barge-board in a gable, etc. COMPDS: fjala-brú, f. a bridge of planks, Fms. xi. 280. fjala-hlass, n. a load of deals, N. G. L. i. 142. fjala-köttr, m. a mouse-trap, Fms. iii. 74. fjala-stóll, m. a deal stool, Pm. 90, etc. FJÖL-, [akin to Gr. GREEK; Ulf. filu = GREEK; A. S. fela; O. H. G. filu; Germ. viel; lost in Engl. and mod. Dan.; in Icel. freq., esp. as a prefix in poetry, but never used as an independent adj.] :-- much, manifold. I. in a bad sense: fjöl-beiðni, f. begging, intruding, Al. 91. fjöl-breytinn, adj. false, whimsical, Edda 18. fjöl-kunnigr (fjöl-kundr, Barl. passim), adj. [kunna], skilled in the black art, Grett. 150, 153, Eg. 119, 179, Nj. 17, 272, Fms. i. 18, ii. 134, Hm. 114, passim. fjöl-kyngi (fjöl-kyndi, Barl. passim), f. the black art, witchcraft, Fms. i. 10, Korm. 222, Landn. 84, Grett. 151, Rb. 408, Stj. 647; galdrar ok fjölkyngi, K. Þ. K. 76, Grett. 155, etc., passim; fjölkyngis-bækr, f. pl. magical books, Post. 645. 61; fjölkyngis-fólk, n. wizard-folk, Hkr. i. 267; fjölkyngis-íþrótt, f. magic art, 623. 31, Fms. x. 307; fjölkyngis-kona, u, f. a sorceress, Fas. ii. 273; fjölkyngis-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with sorcery, Gísl. 31; fjölkyngis-list, f. magic art, Stj. 73; fjölkyngis-veðr, n. a gale produced by sorcery, Fms. iv. 44. fjöl-lyndi, f. looseness, Lv. 78. fjöl-lyndr, adj. fickle, loose, Sturl. i. 225. fjöl-máligr, adj. tattling, Karl. 439, 686 B. 2. fjöl-mæli, n. tittle-tattle, slander, Fms. ix. 250, Hkr. ii. 35, Gþl. 195, N. G. L. i. 57, H. E. i. 479. fjölmælis-maðr, m. a tatler, slanderer, Gþl. 197. fjöl-orðr, adj. = fjölmáligr, Fs. 36, Fms. ix. 277, v.l. fjöl-ráðr, adj. fickle, loose, Fb. ii. 701. fjöl-ræði, n. fickleness, looseness, 655 ix. C. 2. fjöl-ræðinn, adj. too intimate, Fms. vi. 109. fjöl-skrúðigr, adj. dressy, showy, Eb. 256. II. in the simple sense of many: fjöl-auðigr, adj. very rich, wealthy, Landn. 79. fjöl-bygðr, part. thickly peopled, Landn. 168, 270, 321 (App.) fjöl-menna, t, to crowd, meet in crowds, Nj. 75: become peopled, Rb. 392, Edda (pref.) fjöl-menni, n. many people, a crowd, Nj. 2, Eg. 38, 271, Fms. i. 54, ii. 152, passim: the common people, bændr ok f.. Anecd. 6, Sks. 5. fjöl-mennr, older form fjöl-meðr, adj. with many people, Fms. i. 37; rikr ok f., Bs. i. 651; riðu menn fjölmennir til þings, Ísl. ii. 254; far sem fjölmennastr, Fms. vii. 221: peopled, fjölmennt þing, veizla, etc., Nj. 167; gildi f., Eg. 22, 46, Ísl. ii. 259, Fms. vii. 265: neut., vera, hafa fjölmennt, Eg. 5, Sturl. ii. 245; fjölmennt ok góðmennt, many people and good, Eg. 201. fjöl-skylda and fjöl-skyld, f., Rd. 293; fjöl-skyldi, n., N. G. L. ii. 9, Fms. xi. 68, Hom. i, Grág. i. 225: much business, many duties, with a notion of toil and trouble, Fms. i. 53, iv. 179, vi. 60, xi. 68, 429, Hom. 135, Bs. i. 90, 686 (of debt); mæðing ok f., Sks. 569; álög né f. (duties), Fms. xi. 224; annask um f., to be very busy, Rd. l.c.; eiga f. um at vera, id., N. G. L. l.c.: in Hom. 1. Lat. occupatio is rendered by fjölskyldi; hvárki fé né fjölskyldi, neither in money nor in work, Grág. i. 225 :-- in mod. usage, encumbrance with many people (children), a large family, household, but this scarcely occurs in old writers. fjöl-skyldr (-skyldugr, Mar. 232), adj. busy; f. embætti, Sks. 38, 257 B. III. poët. as a prefix to adj. as an ornamental epithet, e.g. fjöl-blíðr, -dyggr, -dýrr, -errinn, -gegn, -góðr, -kostigr, -kænn, -mætf, -nenninn, -snerrinn, -sviðr, -varr, -vitr, denoting exceeding good, wise, valiant, etc. fjöl-höfðaðr, adj. many-headed, Vþm. fjöl-margr, adj. very many, Gs. 20; vide Lex. Poët. fjölð, f. = fjöldi, a multitude, Fms. ii. 199, Róm. 383: esp. in poetry, with gen. a plenty of, Höfuðl. 16, Am. 8. 92, Gs. 5, Þkv. 23, Skv. 3. 2, Gh. 18: used as adv. [Germ. viel], much, Vþm. 3, passim, Hm. 17, 73, Sdm. 30. fjöldi and fjölði, a, m. multitude, Fms. i. 37, Eg. 74, 79, Nj. 8; fjöldi manna = fjölmenni, N. G. L. i. 30. fjölga, að, to make to increase, Sturl. iii. 242: impers., Fas. i. 73. 2. to become numerous, Edda (pref.) β. reflex., Fas. iii. 10, Stj. 21. fjölgan, f. increase in number, Fms. v. 276. fjöllóttr, adj. mountainous, Fb. i. 431, Stj. 94. fjöl-móði, a, m. the sea-snipe, tringa maritima, so called from its wailing note, Edda (Gl.); hence fjölmóða-víl, n. pitiful wailing, vide Ísl. Þjóðs. pref. p. xi. FJÖR, n., dat. fjörvi, mod. fjöri, [Ulf. renders GREEK by fairvus; A. S. feorh, pl. feoru = life; Hel. firah; obsolete in Engl., Germ., Swed., and Dan.] :-- life, Vsp. 33; með fjörvi, 623. 49: esp. freq. in allit. phrases, eiga fótum fjör at launa; fjör ok fé, Fms. iv. 77, Grág. ii. 21, Sl. 1; frekr er hver til fjörsins, Þorst. St. 54, Nj. 124; allt er fjörvi firr, Ld. 266. 2. in poetry it seems to be used of the vital parts, the body; fleinn hitti fjör, Höfuðl. 9, Hm. 7, Vellekla Hkr. i. 175, Gh. 18, Skm. 20; cp. Germ. leib, leben, and the Goth. and A. S. sense of this word. 3. in mod. usage freq. in the sense of vitality, vigour, energy, spirits; thus, fjör-fiskr, m., vide fiskr: fjör-kálfr, m. one bounding with life as a young calf, -- hann er mesti fjörkálfr; vera með fullu fjöri, to be in the full vigour of life; fjör-lauss, adj. life-less, listless: fjör-maðr, m. a vigorous man: fjör-mikill, adj. full of life. II. in poetry fjör is used in a great many compds, chiefly those denoting loss of life, death, e.g. fjör-bann, -grand, -lag, -lát, -lot, -nám, -rán, -spell, -tál: the heart is fjör-segi, a, m. the 'life-clod,' Fm. 32. fjör-baugr, m. 'life-money,' a law term, a fee amounting to a mark, to be paid by a convict of the lesser degree to the executive court (féránsdómr); and if this was not paid, the convict was henceforth a full outlaw: :-- hence the convict is called fjörbaugs-maðr and the lesser outlawry or conviction fjörbaugs-garðr, m., because within a fixed space (garðr), the convict was safe, having paid the life-money, vide esp. Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 32 sqq., ch. 40, Nj. 240, and the Sagas and laws passim. In two passages, viz. Flóam. S. ch. 10 and Glúma ch. 24, fjörbaugsgarðr is used in the same sense as þing-helgi, q.v., viz. of the sacred boundary of a meeting, regarded by the heathens as a sanctuary, cp. Eb. ch. 4 fine; in the Edit. of Flóam. S. the passage 'til Lóns' is false, the probable reading being 'til Lopz,' i.e. Lopts; in the old MS. Vatnshyrna the shank of the p was prob. obliterated so as to make it look like n, and so one transcriber read 'Lóns,' another 'Jóns;' the reading ' Lopts' is born out bv the historical context, cp. also Landn. 5, ch. 8; the word fjörbaugr is diffusely commented on in H. E. i. 137 sqq. COMPDS: fjörbaugs-sekt, f. penalty of f., = fjörbaugs-garðr, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 40. fjörbaugs-sök, f. a case liable to fjörbaugr, Eg. 723, Nj. 164, Grág. i. 90. fjör-brosa, n, f. a lovely smile; sumir menn mæla at móðir þín sé engi f., some people say that thy mother is no f., Mirm. 69. fjör-brot, n. pl. the death-struggle, esp. of wild beasts, Fær. 49, Fm. 21, Bs. i. 345: Norse, a taking of life, manslaughter, N. G. L. i. 156. FJÖRÐ or fjorð, adv. [early Germ. fert, used by Luther, but obsolete in mod. Germ.; Swed. and Dan. fjord; cp. Sansk. parut] :-- the past year; in Icel. this word is obsolete, and scarcely ever occurs in old prose writers; but the mod. 'í fyrra' is derived or corrupted from an older phrase 'í fjörð,' which is still used all over the Scandin. continent; in D. N. 'í fjörð' repeatedly occurs, cp. Fr.; the 'fjörð' in the following passages -- Hkr. i. 186, Fms. ii. 328, vi. 88, Fs. 95 (Hallfred), all of them poems of the 10th and 11th centuries -- is doubtless to be taken in this sense; and the explanation given in Lex. Pool., s. v. fjörð and following, cannot be right. fjörð-gamall, adj. a year old, D. N. fjörðingi, a, m. one who has dwelt for a year in a place, N. G. L. i. 201. FJÖRÐR, m., gen. fjarðar; dat. firði; pl. firðir, gen. fjarða: acc. fjörðu, mod. firði: [Swed.-Dan. fjord; North. E. and Scot. firth, frith; Engl. ford is a kindred word, but not identical] :-- a firth, bay, a Scandin. word; but a small crescent-formed inlet or creek is called vík, and is less than fjörðr, hence the saying, fjörðr milli frænda, en vík milli vina, let there be a firth between kinsmen, but a creek between friends, denoting that

FJÖRGAMALL -- FLEINN. 159

kinship is not always so trustworthy as friendship: the allit. phrase, fjall ok fjörðr, vide fjall; freq. in Icel. and Scandin. local names combined with some other word expressing the shape, etc., Breiði-f., Mjófi-f., Djúpi-f., Grunni-f., Eyja-f., Lima-f. or Eylíma-f., Arnar-f., Alpta-f., Vatns-f., etc. In Icel. and old Scandin. countries the shore districts are freq. divided into counties, bearing the name of the firth, just as the inland is divided into dales; thus Eyja-f. and Skaga-f. denote both the firth and the county bordering on the firth. The western and eastern parts of Icel. are called Vest-firðir and Aust-firðir; in Norway a county is called Firðir; cp. Rb. 324 sqq., where over a hundred names of Icel. fjords are recorded, Landn. (Index), and the Sagas: fjarða-gol, n. a breeze blowing off a fjord, Fær. 203, Fms. iv. 302; fjarðar-botn, m. the bottom or head of a fjord, Eb. 188; fjarðar-horn, n. the creek at the head of a fjord, Gísl. 55, also freq. as a local name; fjarðar-íss, m. fjord-ice, Eb. 242, Bs. i. 327; fjarðar-kjöptr or fjarðar-minni, n. the mouth (opening) of a fjord, Sturl. i. 121, Hkr. iii. 118; fjarðar-menn, m. pl. the inhabitants of a fjord county, Sturl. ii. 199. fjör-gamall, adj. stone-old, (mod.); cp. fjörðgamall. fjör-gjafi, a, m. one who saves another's life, = lífgjafi, Al. 98, Mork. 109. fjör-grið, n. pl. truce for one's life, Grág. ii. 21. Fjörgyn, f. [Goth. fairguni = a mountain], Mother-earth, Edda. fjör-löstr, m. loss of life, Grág. i. 187, Fms. xi. 135; used in the phrase, verða e-m að fjörlesti, to cause one's death, Gísl. 62. fjörr, m. a kind of tree, the fir (?), Edda (Gl.) fjör-ráð, n. a law term, a plotting against one's life (cp. Germ. verrathen), Grág. ii. 116, Al. 127. COMPDS: fjörráða-sök, f. a case of fjörráð, Sturl. ii. 152. fjörráðs-maðr (fjörs-maðr, Fagrsk. 181), m. a traitor against one's life. fjörráðs-mál, n. a suit for fjörráð, Eb. 129. fjörræði, n. = fjörráð, Matth. x. 21. fjör-sjúkr, adj. sick unto death, Og. 9. fjör-skaði, a, m. 'life-scathe,' injury to one's life, N. G. L. i. 169. fjörsungr, m. [Norse fjærsing], a fish, draco marinus, Edda (Gl.); arfr fjörsunga, the heirloom of dragons, a hoard, cp. Fáfnis arfr, Hkv. 2. 23. fjör-vél, f. a plot against one's life, N. G. L. i. 34. fjötra, að, to fetter, Eg. 239, Nj. 136, Fms. iv. 264, vi. 378; fjötra hest, to hobble a horse, Glúm. 378, = mod. hepta (q.v.) fjötur-lauss, adj. unfettered, Fms. xi. 226. fjötur-láss, m. a fetter lock (for a door), Fms. viii. 341, v.l. FJÖTURR, m., dat. fjötri, pl. fjötrar; [A. S. fetor; Engl. fetter; Germ. fesser; cp. Lat. com-ped-is] :-- a fetter of iron, a shackle; sprettr mér af fótum fjöturr en af höndum hapt, Hm. 150; fjöturr á fótum, Fms. iv. 15; fjötur allsterkan, annan fjötur, Edda 19; fjöturr af hinu sterkasta stáli, Fms. x. 172, Hom. 118, 119; sitja í fjötri, Fms. ii. 12; sitja í fjötrum, id.; þeir brutu af sér fjötrana, Nj. 136. β. metaph., sleða-fjötrar, the straps of a sledge, Sdm. 15: the straps on a smith's bellows, Vkv. 22, 32. COMPDS: fjötra-brot, n. pl. the fragments of a fetter, Fms. xi. 290. fjötrar-rauf, f. the holes in a sledge through which the straps go, Eb. 190. FLAÐR, n. low flattery, fawning. flaðra, að, to fawn; f. at e-m, to fawn on one, Fas. iii. 282 (mod. flaðra upp á e-n). flaðrari, a, m. a fawner, [cp. Germ. and Engl. flatter.] FLAG, n. [Engl. flaw], the spot where a turf has been cut out; mó-flag, moldar-flag, freq. :-- so also flaga, n, f. a flag or slab of stone. Bs. i. 609, cp. Fms. viii. 320. In the East Angl. counties of Engl. flag is still used of turf as well as stone. flagari, a, m. a loose person, an impostor. flag-brjóska, n. the cartilage of the breast-bone, Edda 76, Bs. i. 378. FLAGÐ, n., pl. flögð, an ogre, giantess, Fas. i. 59. Fms. iii. 122, 125, 133, xi. 136, Bs. i. 468: the saying, opt eru flögð í fögru skinni, oft is a witch under a fair skin, Eb. 46: demons = tröll, Hkr. iii. 299 (in a verse), Fas. iii. 35 (in a verse). COMPDS: flagða-háttr, m. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 34. flagða-lag, id., Ht. R. 32. flagð-kona, u, f. a giantess, Fas. ii. 518, iii. 560, Gullþ. 20. flagna, að, to flake off, as skin or slough. Bs. i. 618. flag-spilda, u, f. a slice, cut, Ísl. ii. 32. FLAK, n. the hood of a cap; ok saumat flökin at höfði hennar, Sturl. ii. 77 C, (Ed. flókinn); hence flaka-ólpa, u, f. a cap with a hood or flap, Sturl. l.c. β. the flapper or fin, e.g. of a halibut. flaka, ð, to gape, esp. of wounds; f. sundr af sárum, Fas. iii. 485; flakti frá síðan, ii. 139. β. to flap, be loose, of garments etc. flaki and fleki, a, m. a 'flake,' esp. a hurdle or shield wicker-work, used for defence in battle, Fms. ix. 30 (v.l.), 421, Hkr. ii. 11, Sks. 416 B. flakk, n. a roving, roaming about. flakka, að, to rove about as a beggar, Fas. ii. 228, Fms. viii. 240, Sturl. i. 70 (MS.): metaph., Vápn. 4. flakna, að, to flake off, split, Fms. viii. 380, v.l. FLAN, n. a rushing; feigðar-flan, 'mad-rush' (a saying). flana, að, to rush heedlessly. flangi, a, m. a coaxer, fawner; hence flangsast, dep. to fawn and coax. flann-fluga, u, f. an adulteress, one who runs away from her wedded husband, a law term, N. G. L. i. 28. flanni, a, m. a giddy person. FLAS, n. and flas-fengni, f. a headlong rushing. flasa, að, to rush, cp. Germ. flatschen. flaska, að, to split, in the popular phrase, flaska á skeri, to split on a skerry or rock, of a ship, cp. Grett. 148 (in a verse). flaska, u, f. [a word prob. of Byzantine origin, from Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Dan. and Swed. flaska or flaske; Germ. flasche; Engl. flask; Ital. fiasco; Span. flasco; Fr. flacon; cp. Du Cange s. v. flasco and flasca] :-- a flask; but it must be old, as flösku-skegg, n. bottle-beard, occurs in Landn. as a nickname of an uncle of the old Njal.; flösku-bakr, m. bottle-back, which occurs as a nickname in Grett., cp. Landn. flaski, a, m. a flaw in timber or the like. flat-bytna, u, f. a flat-bottomed boat, a barge, Jm. 1. flat-ligr, adj. flat; flat-liga, adv. flatly, Bs. ii. 129. flat-maga, að, to bask in the sun, lie as a dog, (cant.) flat-nefr, adj. flat-nebbed, Lat. simus, a nickname, Landn. flatneskja, u, f. a plain, Lat. planities; cp. Engl. flats, as in the Essex flats etc. flatningr, m. a flat fish, Mk. 53. FLATR, adj., fem. flöt, neut. flatt; [Engl. and Swed. flat; Dan. flad; Germ. platt] :-- flat, level, of land; slétta dala ok flata völlu, Sks. 629: of other things, flatt skjaldþili, Eg. 233; flattr fiskr, a flat fish, Edda 35, Fs. 129, Bs. ii. 179. β. flat; falla flatr, Sturl. i. 85, Hkr. i. 38; draga e-n flatan, to drag one flat on the ground, Nj. 247; kasfa sér flötum niðr, to throw oneself down flat, Fas. i. 53. γ. or the flank of a thing, the phrases, stýra á flatt, to steer on the flank (side) of another ship, Korm. 230, Fas. ii. 523; bregða flötu sverði, to deal a blow with the flat of a blade, Fms. vii. 157; öxin snerisk flöt, the axe turned so as to strike flat, Grett. 151; bregða við flötum skildi, Nj. 262: metaph., fara flatt fyrir e-m, to fare ill, be worsted, metaphor from a ship, Sturl. iii. 233, Fms. vi. 379; koma flatt upp á e-n, to come 'flat' on one, take one by surprise. flata-fold, f. a flat-field, Bs. ii. 69. flat-sigling, f. sailing with a side wind. flat-skjöldr, m. = Lat. pelta, Stj. 572. 1 Kings x. 16, 17. flat-smíði, n. things wrought flat with a plane or hammer, Grág. i. 504. flat-streymi, n. an eddy coming on the side of a ship. flat-sæng, f. a bed made on the floor, Fær. 259. flat-særi (proncd. flassæri), n. a flat wound, as from a blister. flat-vegr, m. the flat, broad side, Grett. 151; opp. to an edge. flat-viðr, m. flat timber, planks, boards, Gþl. 455. FLAUG, f. [fljúga], flying, flight, Sks. 114 B; fugla f., 655 B. 3; fugl á flaug (mod. fugl á flugi), Sks. 81; þessi f., Hem. 40; hefja flaug, Hom. 142: metaph., Am. 23, Sks. 423 B: the phrase, vera á för ok flaugum, to be unsteady and fluttering, Nj. 196. II. [Dan. flöj], a vane, Bs. i. 422, ii. 50, Edda (Gl.); hence flaugar-skegg, n. the edge or tail of the vane. flaum-ósi (mod. flumósa), adj. rushing heedlessly on, metaph. from the sudden swelling of a torrent, Gísl. 30, Fs. 30. FLAUMR, m. [Norse flom; A. S. fleam; Dutch. fleem] :-- an eddy, Bs. ii. 5: poët. the din of battle, hildar f., göndlar f., Lex. Poët. 2. metaph. a bevy, crowd; kvenna f., a bevy of ladies, Fs. (Hallfred): in the phrase, nema e-n flaumi, to bereave one of company and glee, Jd. 5, Ísl. ii. 252 (in a verse); flaums felli-dómr, the hasty judgment of a crowd, (Sighvat). COMPDS: flaum-semi, f. flimsiness, Mar. flaum-slit, n. pl. a forsaking one, abandonment, Hm. 122. FLAUST, n. [akin to fley], poët. a ship, Lex. Poët, passim. flaustr, n. fluster, hurry; flaustra, að, with dat. to be flustered. FLAUTIR, f. pl. [A. S. flet; Dan. flöde = cream], a kind of whipped milk, Sturl. iii. 16, 31. flá, f. the float or quill of a net, Jb. 317, Grág. ii. 358: metaph. strips of meadow land = fit, Róm. 310. FLÁ, pres. flæ,; pret. fló, pl. flógu or flóu; part. fleginn; [akin to flag]: -- to flay, Finnb. 250; ok flóu af skinn, Sd. 154; áðr enn flái húð af, Gþl. 502; öll húð af honum sem flegin væri, Fms. vii. 227, Edda 72; flegnir, 28; flá e-n kvikan, Fms. viii. 227: the saying, þar er ekki feitan gölt að flá: metaph. to strip, flá e-n at gripum, to strip one for one's money, Bjarn. 16: síðan flógu þeir hann ór klæðum, stripped him, Fms. vii. 352; þá flógu þeir þá ór fötum, 623. 33: also with acc. of the thing, hann fló af sér yfir-klæði sitt, stripped his over-garment off him, Sturl. ii. 231 C: reflex., flæzk hann ór kyrtlinum, he pulled the cloak off, Bs. i. 442. fláki, a, m. flat moors, moor-land; fúa-f., móa-f., etc. FLÁR, fem. flá, neut. flátt, compar. flári, superl. flástr, prop. gaping; flár saumr, a loose ill-stitched seam. 2. metaph. in the saving, mæla fagrt, en hyggja flátt, to speak fair, but think false, Fms. ii. 91, Hm. 90, Bjarn. 21, Al. 102. flá-ráð and flá-ræði, n. falsehood, Boll. 348, Fms. x. 390. Sks. 618. flá-ráðr, adj. false, deceitful, Fas. i. 23, Hm. 119. fleða, u, f. a sleek, bland person. fleðu-ligr, adj. bland. flegða, u, f. = flagð, a giantess. FLEINN, m. [A. S. flán], a bayonet-like pike, Fms. iii. 224, Sks. 394, cp. Grett. 141. β. the fluke of an anchor, Nj. 42, Orkn. 362; vide akkeris-fleinn. 2. a kind of shaft, a dart, = A. S. flán, Höfuðl. 10.

160 FLEIPR -- FLISSA.

13, Rm. 32, Fms. i. 45, cp. Hkr. i. 159, Hm. 85, 151; hence poët. flein-drífa, u, f. a drift or shower of shafts; flein-stökkvandi and flein-varpaðr, m. epithets of archers. 3. a pr. name, Landn.; hence Fleins-háttr, m. a metre attributed to an old poet of that name, Edda (Ht.) FLEIPR, n. babble, tattle, Mag. 56. fleipra or fleipa, að, to babble, prattle, Gísl. 98, Ísl. ii. 151, Grett. 148 B, Fas. ii. 507. FLEIRI, compar., and FLESTR, superl., (fleirstr is a bad form, freq. in books of the 18th century), [cp. Lat. plerique, pl&u-long;res; Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Dan. flere, flest; Ulf. uses managistr = GREEK and managiza = GREEK; vide margr] :-- more, most; sex dómendr eða fleiri, Grág. i. 37; eru þeir fleiri er þat sanna, Fms. x. 275; hinir vóru þó miklu fleiri (more numerous), Ld. 170; ef hann þarf fleiri bjargkviðu, Grág. i. 55; á því vígi eigi fleirum mönnum á hendr at lýsa, ii. 34; vil ek heyra fleiri manna órskurð, Fms. i. 42: neut. fleira, more, féll miklu fleira lið hans, 121: with gen., hafði hann nokkuru fleira manna, Eg. 77, Bs. ii. 167; fleira barna, Fs. 75; ekki sagði hann þessum manni fleira, Fms. i. 145. β. metaph. more communicative, hearty, cp. fár and margr; er nú fleira í frændsemi með þeim, Band. 20 new Ed.; hann görðisk við hann fleiri ok fleiri, more and more intimate, Finnb. ch. 7; fannsk mér þá ok æ síðan fleira til hans, i.e. I liked him then and better ever since, Fms. i. 141: in the sense of more, er fleira drekkr, the more he drinks, Hm. 12; fleiri vásbúð hafði hann, en vér höfum haft, Fb. i, Ó. T. ch. 26. II. superl., forsjálir um flest, Eg. 73; þér erut um flest einráðir Íslendingar, Ld. 314; flest allt, almost all (vide allr), Fs. 174; flest allt stórmenni, Landn. 39, v.l.; flest öll hof, Sks. 234; þeir eru hér flestir menn at mikils munu virða mín orð, Ld. 184; flestir allir nema fáir menn, Niðrst. 7; flest lið, the greater part of the people or troops, Korm. 236, Eg. 92. β. with the notion of all; flestr maðr, most people, Höfuðl. 3; þat tel ek fyrst er flestr um veit, Ad. 17; reyndr var flestr í fastri fleindrífu, Fbr. (in a verse); flestan dag, all day long, Gm. 15; flestan aldr, all ages, for ever, Arnór; dag-lengis flestan, all day long, Kormak; því at ek brúðar á flest um ráð sem faðir, Alm. 5, Lex. Poët.: the saying, flestir kjósa fyrðar líf, all men cling to life, Kvöldv. i. 194, as motto to the fable of Death and the Old Man with the Sack. fleka, að, with acc. to deceive, beguile. fleki, a, m. = flaki, Fms. v. 167, viii. 429, ix. 30, 421, v.l., Sks. 417. FLEKKA, að, to fleck, stain, pollute, 655 xxxii. 4, Magn. 474: reflex., H. E. i. 476, Stj. 142. flekka, u, f. a kind of chequered jacket, Sturl. ii. 218: a fleck, spot, in flekku-sótt f. scarlet fever, Fél. ix. flekkan, f. pollution, 655 xxxii. 3, Stj. flekkja, að, to rake the hay into rows for drying. flekk-lauss, adj. unspotted, eccl., 625. 70, 183, Stj. 49. flekk-óttr, adj. flecked, spotted, of sheep, dogs, cattle (skjóttr, of horses), Stj. 98, 177, 178, Rb. 354; flekkótt hekla, Landn. 319, v.l.; rauð-f., svart-f., blá-f., etc., red-, black-, blue-flecked, etc. FLEKKR, m., pl. flekkir, gen. flekkja, a fleck, spot, Stj. 124, Fms. x. 332, Nj. 68, Fb. i. 258: metaph. a blot, stain, Þorst. St. 51, H. E. i. 505; blóð-f., q.v.; án flekk, sine contaminatione, Mar. 2. a row of hay spread out for drying. flenging, f. whipping, Grett. 135. flengja, d, to whip, Fas. iii. 312: to ride furiously, (mod.) flenna, t, to put wide open (cant word), Eg. 305, v.l., Fb. iii. 335, 427. flenna, u, f. [flanni], a gadding, giddy woman. flenn-eygr, adj. having wide-staring eyes, Fb. i. 276. flens, n. kissing, licking, coaxing; kossa-flens, kissing and coaxing. flensa, að, [Germ. flansen], to kiss, lick (cant word), Fms. vi. 359, cp. Mork. 75, where it is spelt flenssa: of an ox, Fas. iii. 500. fleppinn, adj. [Scot. flypin], crest-fallen. FLES, f., pl. flesjar, [cp. flas, flaska], a green spot among bare fells and mountains, Edda 52 (in a verse), Þd. 12. FLESK (fleski, Rm. l.c.), n. [A. S. flæsc; Engl. flesh; Germ. fleisch; not in Ulf.; in Icel. and all northern languages kjöt (Swed. kött, Dan. kjöd) is the common word, and flesk is only used of pork or bacon; Dan. flæsk; Swed. fläsk] :-- pork, esp. ham and bacon, often used in pl.; fán fleski, Rm. 29; fleska bezt, Gm. 18; forn fleski, Snót 226; brauð ok lítið fleski, Bs. i. 819; galtar flesk, Edda 23; hveiti ok flesk, Fms. vi. 263: a dish of kale and bacon was a dainty, hence the saving, drepa fleski í kál, to dip bacon into kale, Fas. iii. 381; e-m fellr flesk í kál, the bacon drops into one's kale, cp. the Engl. 'roasted larks flying into one's mouth;' honum þótti, ef þetta prófaðisk satt, náliga flesk fallit í kál sitt, Bs. i. 717; feitt flesk féll þér í kál (Ed. ketil wrongly), ef þú kannt at súpa, Fms. xi. 348. COMPD: fleski-sneið, n. a cut or slice of bacon, Finnb. 212, v.l., Fms. iii. 112. FLET, n. [cp. Scot. and Engl. flat = a story of a house; Dan. fled in fled-föring; A. S. flett = aula; O. H. G. flazi; Hel. fletti = coenaculum, domus; mod. provinc. Germ. fletz] :-- a set of rooms or benches, and hence metaph. the house itself; often in pl., chiefly used in poetry and in law. 1. rooms; flet fagrlig, Vtkv. 6; sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1; ef lengi sitr annars fletjum á, 34; flets strá, rooms strewed with straw, Ls. 46; setjask miðra fletja, to be seated in the middle, Rm. 4; vaxa upp á fletjum, 34; láttu á flet vaða gull-skálir, let the golden goblets go round the benches (as the Engl. loving cup), Akv. 10; stýra fletjum, to dwell, keep house, Helr. 10; bera hrör af fletjum, Scot. to lift and carry a body out of the house, to bury, Stor. 4; um flet ok um bekki, Fas. ii. 164. 2. in law phrases, a house; setja hann niðr bundinn á flet sýslu-manns, to place him bound in the bailiff's house, Gþl. 147, cp. 534; þá skulu þeir hafa vitni til, ok setja þann mann bundinn á flet hans, N. G. L. i. 162, of compulsory alimentation, cp. Dan. fled-föring; er dóttir hans á fleti, if he has a daughter in the house, 341; ganga á flet ok á borð e-s, to board and lodge with one, D. N. ii. 442. 3. a couch, in the phrase, rísa ór fleti, to rise up from bed, of a lazy fellow, Gullþ. 14; the word agrees with the mod. use of flet, a flat bed on the floor, = flat-sæng. COMPDS; flet-björn and flet-vargr, m., poët. = a house. flet-genginn, part. a law phrase = arfsals-maðr, q.v., Dan. fled-föring. fletja, flatti; pres. flet; part. flattr :-- to cut open; þorskr flattr, dried cod, stock fish, Grág. ii. 354 B, Jb. 317: reflex. to stretch oneself, Fas. ii. 147: impers., skip (acc.) fletr, to drift aside (with the current). flet-roð, n. a 'clearing the flats,' of a furious onslaught in battle, Jómsv. 39. fletta, tt, to strip; fletta klæðum, Nj. 209, Fms. viii. 77, 264; fletta e-n af brynju, vii. 227, viii. 121; fletta e-u af e-m, to strip (the clothes) off, iii. 125, Al. 89: metaph., Th. 24. β. to strip, plunder, Sturl. ii. 208, Fms. ix. 383, Stj. 282; cp. fé-fletta. 2. the phrase, fletta bók (dat.), to turn the leaves of a book, (mod.) FLÉTTA, tt or að, [Lat. plectere; Ulf. flehtan; Germ. flechten; Dan. flette; the word is scarcely borrowed from the Germ.] :-- to plait; hár fléttað, Karl. 335: reflex., hárið fléttask niðr á bringu, the hair fell down in braids on the breast, 226. flétta, u, f. a braid, string; hár-f., plaited hair. COMPDS: fléttu-band, n. plaited string, cord. fléttu-grjót, n. sling-stones, Sks. 422, Ó. H. 185 (in a verse). fléttu-skepta, u, f. a kind of shaft, hasta amentata, = skepti-flétta, q.v. fletting, f. a stripping, plunder, Ann. 1242. fléttingr, m. braids, knots, Karl. 299, 335, Mag. 33, El. 27, 29. flettu-selr, m, a kind of seal, Sks. 177. FLEY, n. a kind of swift ship (= snekkja, q.v.); only found in poets, as Thiodolf calls the sea fleyja flatvöllr, the flat-field of the fleys, cp. Hkv. 2. 4; fley ok fagrar árar, a fley and beautiful oars, Egill; used by poets also in many compds, as fley-braut, fley-vangr, the road-field of the fleys, etc.; never in prose, except in pr. names, as Gesta-fley, Fms. viii, Sverr. S.; but fley-skip occurs not only in verse, Fb. i. 528, but also in a deed of the year 1315, N. G. L. iii. 112 :-- also used of merchant ships, Ann. The Span. flibóte, Engl. fly-boat (Johnson) point to a form fley-bátr = fley-skip, though that form has not been found; from the Span. flibóte prob. came the Ital. flibustiero, Anglo-American filibuster: perh. also the Germ. freibeuter, Engl. freebooter, Dutch vrijbuiter represent the same word, altered so as to give an intelligible sense in the respective languages. fleyðr, n. a scratch. fleygi-ferð, f. flying speed. fleygi-gaflok, n. a javelin, Sks. 386, 387. fleygi-kvittr, m. a loose rumour, Fagrsk. ch. 277. FLEYGJA, fleygði, [fliúga, flaug], to 'let fly,' throw, with dat., Fms. ii. 17, v. 223, xi. 72, Ld. 166, Bs. ii. 87, Rm. 32 (where read fleini): absol., Vsp. 28, Fms. vi. 137; fleygja af hendi, 623. 31. β. impers., mönnum ok fénaði fleygði (were thrown) til jarðar, Ann. 1339. fleygr, adj. able to fly, Grág. ii. 346, Hom. 89. fleygr, m. a wedge. fleymingr, m. [flaumr], jest, sport, in the phrase, hafa e-t í fleymingi, to make sport of, 655 xxxii. 15, Hkr. ii. 187, Grett. 95 A, Sturl. passim; sometimes spelt flymingi or flæmingi, but less correct. fley-skip, n. a 'fly-ship,' Fb. i. 528 (in a verse), N. G. L. iii. 112, where it is opp. to langskip: cp. fley. FLEYTA, tt, [fljóta, flaut], to float, launch, with dat.; fleyta skipum, Hkr. iii. 433, Eg. 359. β. to lift slightly from the ground, Fms. iii. 211: reflex. fleytask, metaph. to pass, go through, but with the notion of a narrow escape, as a boat in shallow water, Band. 7 (v.l.) new Ed. FLIKKI, n. a flitch of bacon, Fms. x. 204, Fas. ii. 473, Dipl. iii. 4. COMPD: flikkis-sneið, n. a cut or slice of bacon, Fms. iii. 112. FLIM and flimt, n., esp. as a law phrase, a lampoon, libel (in verses), Nj. 70, Bjarn. 42. flim-beri, a, m. a flouter, Fb. iii. 242. flimska, u, f. mockery, Hb. 14. flimta, að and t, to flout, lampoon; ef þú flimtar mik, Fms. ii. 9; flimtaði, Fs. 89; but þeir flimtu Þorgrím, Fms. vi. 31 (flimtuðu, v.l.); flimtaði (subj.), Fs. 89. flimtan, f. a lampooning, quizzing, satire, Nj. 50, Eg. 209, Fms. vi. 193, Sturl. ii. 57, iii. 80; vide danz. FLIPI, a, m. a horse's lip; (granir, of a cow; vör, of a man.) FLISSA, að (and fliss, n.), [Swed. fliss], to titter.

l^LÍK -- FLÖÐ. 161

FLÍK, f., pl. fiíkr (l, ut flíkar, Jjorf. I. e.), [Germ, flick and flicksn] , a 'flitch, ' taller, rag, flap, [jorf. Karl. 436, Pass. 24. J, 2. flírur, f. pl. ca m-i es; fliru-ligr, adj. bland; flíru-læti, n. pl. FLÍS, f. \Gcn\\. fiieic; Swed. ^ isa; Dan. y lis t], a splinter, N. G. L. i. 38, Fms. x. 30: a sli c e, Mar. (Fr.) flísask, að, dep. to be split into slices, be splintered, Stj. 64!. FLJÓÐ, n. o woman, only used in poctr v. l 1:11. 78, 0, 1, 101, Aim.:;, Rm. 2 2, Edda loS; etyni. uncertain. II. in pl.,;i local name in Norway, Fnis. xii. FLJÓT, n. [A. fi. fleôt -- ostium; cp. /At1 i'Vcf/ River in London, whence F leet Street, Nortli/ leet and Soutli/ftíí in Kent; Germ, fliess, usually fluss, whence Dan. ~/?o d] :-- in old writers scarcely used except as a pr. name of a river, viz. Markar-iljot (and simply Fljot) in the south of Icel., whence Fljóts-hlíð, f. the county, Lancln. ar. d Nj. passim; and the county Fljót (pl.) in the north of Icel., whence Fljóta-menn, m. pl. (be men from Fljót, Sturl. i. 138: in mod. usage it may be used as an appell. a river, as in Dan. and Germ., but scarcely except in poetry, e. g. Num. 7. I. 2. á. fljóti, afloat, Fms. iv. 6;; better a iloti, vide Hot. FLJÓTA, pret. flaut, 2nd pers. flauzt; flautt scarcely occurs, pl. flutu; pres. fly't, pl. fljotum, pret. subj. flyti; part, flotinn; sup. flotið: [A. S. fleôían; Eug\. float; O. H. G. fliozan; Gwm. fliessen; Dan. yTy de; Swed. flyta] : 1. to float on the water; s:l þar rljóta langskip tjaldat, Kg. 88; þar sem þat ílaut í höfninni, 359; láta þeir f. skipit, Fms. x. 347; par sú þeir f. fyrir skip þorvalds, Korin. 234; hverir hit a íljóta iley við bakka, Hkv. 2. 4; íly'tr meðan liiir cn só'kkr þegar dautt er, Rb. 352: in the saying, fiýtr meðan ekki sökkr, a phrase answering to the Engl. sink or swim; fugla er f. á vatni, ~/ozf l s that swim, Gnlg. ii. 346; þá flytr harm til lands, floats ashore, Sks. 94; séðú live flotinn flýtr, Skálda 163. j3. metaph. to float about, spread, of news, Us. ii. 143; láta orð t., Mar. 14; þat hefir flotið um þrjá baîi eðr fjóra, N. G. L. i. 141, Hom. 45. -y. reflex., lata fliotask, to drift, Sks. 133. 2. to run, stream, of running waier; svá sem rennandi vötn f. at y'missum uppsprettum, Fms. ii. 89: to form a pool, vötnin flutu fjórtún filna djiip, Stj. 58; með fljotandum tárnm, with gushing tears, Mar. p. intrans. to be flooded; flaut hann allr í ti'irtim, he was in floods of tears, Fms. x. 24; flutu í vatni augun kh'ir, Pass. 2. 11; flaut í blóði gólf allt, the floor was flooded with blood, Eg. 217; jörðin flaut af huiiaugi, Stj. 453; ketillinn ily'tr með feiti, Us. ii. 135"; il-iut allt land af monnum, Fms. viii. 400. fljót-endi, n. the float or cork of a net, Gþl. 428. fljót-fanga, adj., Bs. i. 360, read fljót fanga-rúðs. fljót-leikr (-leiki), m. fleetness, speed. Fms. x. 344. xi. 428, Sks. 82. fljót-liga, adv. fleetly, swiftly, Fms. i. 69: metaph. promptly, iv. 295. fljót-ligr, Adj. fleet, Ld. 232: metaph. speeding, Bs. i. 423. fljót-mæltr, part, talking quickly, opp. to sein-mæltr. fljótr, ad] , fleet, swift, of a horse, Flóv. 30: of a ship, Fs. 28, Fms. vi. 262. P. metaph. ready, speedy; Olafr var þess ekki flji'itr, ok fi'ir þó at bæn Holla, Ld. 186. II. neut. used adverb. ~/? eetl y, su-iftly; mi lát við fljótt ok leita dyra, Fms. v. 147; svá fljott, so soo n, 168; sem fljótast, the soonest, at once, Fb. i. 539; þat fljótast sem þú getr, as soon as thou canst, Fms. iii. 94; fljótara, sooner, Dipl. v. 5. 2. im-tuph. promptly; hann tckr honum eigi íljótí, be received him coolly, Sd. 139; þeir tóku eigi fljótt undir þat, Fms. ii. 32. fljót-ráðr, adj. r a s h, Hkr. iii. 87, v. 1. fljót-rœði, n. rashness. fljót-tækr, adj. quick at, faking in or apprehending, Ems. xi. 427. fljót-virki, f. quickness in working. Fms. xi. 431, Th. 79. fljót-virkni (fljót-virkt, Bs. ii. 96), f. hurried wor!:. fljót-virkr, adj. r/w ick in working, Mar.; but also opp. to góðvirkr, working hastily, ' scamping' the work. FLJÚGA, pres. fiy'g, pl. fljugum; pret. flaug, 2nd pers. flaugt, mod. flaugst, pl. fluguin; anotb. er old pret. fio, llaustl. 2, 8, þkv. 5, 9, Gh. 17, it. 14, and prose passim; the form flaug is very rare, in old poets; fló is HOW quite obsolete, flaug, pl. flugu, being the current form: part. flogimi; sup. flogit; pret. subj. 1st pers. flygia, 3rd pers. ilygi; with the neg. suf. flygrat, Hni. 151: [not on record in Goth., as the Apocal. is lost inUlf.; A. . S. fleugan; Engl. yfy; O. Ii. (l. fliôgan; (jcmi. fliegen; Dutch vliegen; Swed. flyga; Dan. flyve: cp. ilug] :-- to fly, Lat. volare, of birds; in the allit. phrase, i'uglitm fljii;-andi; v:;!r Hygr, Grág. ii. 170; fly sá hrafn aptr um stafn, Landn. 29; ilo hann þ. mgat til, Niðrst. 4; a* ^jug"1 eigi upp fyrr, Fdda 60; Johannes fkug upp til himins, Mom. 47- 2. metaph., tljiiga á e-n (;i-flog, q. v.), to fly at one another, in a fight, Nj. 32: recipr., fljúgask á, to join in- a fight, N. G. L. i. 46, Nj. 56. P. of weapons, sparks, rumour, and the like; spjótið fló yfir hann fram, Nj. 58: kcsjan flaug í vollhm, Eg. 379; gncistarnir (the sparks') fliigu, Fms. viii. 8; at vúpn skyli falla at manni eðr f. at honum, Grág. Kb. 108; fljiigandi fleinn, IIm. 85, 151; lleinn llogin'n, llofuol. 12: urn konu þá fló út ferlcgt úorðan, Hom. 115; sá kvittr iló í bygðinni, Fms. ix. 237: flaug þat sem sinu-eldr, i. 21. -y. of shooting pains (vide flog); þaðan af fló á hann mein þat, Bs. i. 446. II. in old poetry and on Runic stones, used -- flyja (q. v.), to flee, La. t. fngcre; sá er eigi fló at Uppsiilum, who fled not at Upsala, Baut. 1169; en bínir fjúndr ilugu, Hkm. 12; fló or landi, fled from the land, Ýt. 14. flog, n. [fljuga], a flying, flight, old form = flug, Rarl. 56: medic, a shooting pain, verkjar-i'. og, or flog-verkr, m., and flog-kvoisa, u, f. rheumatism, Fúl. ix. flogall, adj. volatile, Lat. volatilis, Hb. FLOKKR, m. akin to folk, [A. S. floc; Eng\. flock; Dan. flok; Swed. flock] :-- a body of men; in law live men make a flokkr; fiokkr eru iinnn menu, ïMda 108; þat heitir i. er iinnn menu eru saman, N. G. L. i. 61: -- a company, host, party, þeir gengu allir í einum flokki, Nj. 100; cngla flokkar, a host of angels, Greg. 34; niarga flokka, Th. 3; hlaupa í gegn ór öðrum flokki, Grug. ii. 10: adverb., flokkuin, in crowds, 656. 18; flokkum þeir fóru, SI. 63 :-- a troop, band, hefja flokk, to raise a band, to rebel, Fms. viii. 273, ix. 4; ofriki ilokkanna, vii. 293; fara með flokk, to roam about, 318 :-- a tribe, company, in a good sense, Stj. 321, 322, passim, and so in mod. usage. coMpns: flokka-atvigi, n. an attack in bands, uproar, N. G. L. i. 165. flokka-íerð, f. a marching in troops, Grelt. 124 B. fiokks-formgi, a, m. ac(TiV(røî, /í ad(?r, I'br. flokks-liöfðingi, a, in. a head, chief, Stj. 322. flokks-maðr, in. a man belonging to a L, Fms. vii. 252, Sturl. iii. 242. flokks-vig, n. a law term, man- slaughter in a faction flght or mclre, N. G. L. i. 64. II. a short poem, [••]. ii. 237, Fms. v. 227, vi. 391, xi. 203, 204: as the name of poems, Brands-flokkr, Sturl. iii. 90; Tryggva-f., Fms. iii. 54, í J 6; Kalfs-f., 123; Yalþjóís-f., vi. 426; cp. esp. Gunnl. S. and Knytl. S. I. e., vide drápa. 2. in mod. usage an epic poem consisting of several cantos is called ilokkr or rimna-ilokkr; thus Ülfars-rínuir, Núnia-rimur, þrymlur, etc. are each of them a flokkr, but the Skíða-ríma or Olafs-rima, being single rhapsodies, are not so called. flokk-stjóri, a, m. a captain or leader of a f., Ld. 268. florin, in. (for. word), a florin, Bs. ii. 43. FLOS, n. the 'floss' or pile of velvet. flosa, u, f. a splinter, = flis, Bev. flosi, a, m. a pr. name, Landn., Nj. P. [ Norse flits'] , a fop. COMPOS: flosa-hattr, m. flutter. flosa-legr, adj.; cp. flysjungr. flosna, að, to hang loose, prop, of threads: to wither, þar flosna aldregi blomar, lib. 6. p. metaph., flosna upp, to break tip one's household, be bankrupt. FLOT, n. [flji'ita], the fat, grease, esp. from cooked meat, Fms. i. 36, Sd. 163, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18: in the phrase, sjaldan hefi eg flotinu neitað, Ísl. Jjjóðs. i. 437- II- afloat, only in the phrases, á flot, with the sense of motion, 'setting' afloat, Fms. vi. 249; á floti, 'being' afloat; vera á tloti, Hni. 155, Fms. vii. 287, Gn'ig. ii. 357, N. G. L. i. 45. flota, að, to float, launch, with dat., Ficr. 162, Fms. ii. 107, ix. 447. flota-hólmr, m. an islet, = um-flotiu ey, Sks. 93. flot-brúsi, a. m. a floating jar, poet, a boat, Hým. 26. flot-bytta, u, f. a grease-tub, a coguom., Fms. flot-fundinn, part, found afloat, of a whale, Grug. ii. 383. floti, a, in. [(lerm. y/oss; l~)zn. flaade] , afloat, raft, Lat. ratis, Sknlda 163, Gþl. 411, Fms. viii. 3:. 2. a fleet, Lat. classis, Hkv. i. 27, 35, 2. 18, Fms. i. 169, viii. 222, passim. II. = flet, a movable seat, bench, Fms. v. 332, v. l., perhaps a misspelling. flotna, að, to come afloat, Fms. viii. 380, Stj. 123: metaph., flotna upp, to float up, come to the surface, Bs. i. 724. flotnar, in. pl., poet, seamen, freebooters, Edda 107, Lex. Poët. flot-rennr, adj. passable by afloat or raft, of a river, Gþl. 414. FLÓ, f., pl. flær, a layer, stratum, Edda 83. II. [A. S. ^ eá; Fngl. y?6'a; Germ. floh] , a flea, Fas. i. 394: the saying, vera eins og fló á skinni, i. e. never at rest; mar-flu [Germ. ~;? oh- krebs], cancerpidex. flóa- bit, \\. flea-bite. FLÓA, að, to boil milk or fluids; hence, flóuð nijólk, boiled milk; óflóuð nijólk, unboiled milk; sólin heitir ok flerar alla veröld, Mar. 56; hón flóar ok heitir kólnuð hjörtu. 60. II. to flood; Logrinn gengr svá upp á löndin at víða ílóar, Ó. H. 17; af hans sánnn flóaði svá niikit blóð, Mar. (Fr.): in mod. usage always declined with ð, flóir and flóði, if in this sense. FLÓÐ, n. [Ulf. fli', cins•-= -- -vorajjios, Luke vi. 49; A. S. flvd; Engl. flood; Swed. -Dan. flod; Germ. flntb~] :-- a flood, inundation, deluge, Rb. 336; flóðií mikla, Ann. 1199, Fms. xi. 393; vatns-flóð, water- flood. 2. of the tide, ~y?oo d=-= ilæðr, Fms. vii. 272, Eg. 195; þá er ilc'ið, er tungl er í vestri ok í austri, 415. 10; flóð eðr fjara, Gullþ. 13; at tlóði, Fms. viii. 389, Orkn. 428, v. l., Landn. 57: in the west of Icel. always fiæðr, q. v. 3. a flood, river or sea, only in old poetry; the allit. phrase, fiskr í flóði, ~/îs h in flood, esp. of salmon, Gm. 2t; hvat er ]iat fiska er renn flóði i, Skv. 2. I, Fas. i. 483 (in a verse); fold skal við flóôi taka (a saying), Hin. 138; cp. meðan jíirð heldr flóði, vide Lex. Poi'-t. 4. a snow-slip, avalanche, Gísl. 33; snæ-flóð or snjó-flóð (freq.) II. metaph. tumult, uproar; en hinn vegni yrði fyrir því fh'iði, that the slain should be swept away in that flood, Grug. ii. 140; var Pall í því flóði, Paid perished in the tninnlt, Sturl. iii. 83 C; í þessn flóði urðu þeir llringr, Fms. v. 268; veit ek hverir lu'-r munu andask, ok monat þií í því flóði verða, thowfhalt not perish along with them, Greg. 75; í því flóði urðu fjórir ligir riddara, Blas. 38: in a good sense, í því llóði græddi hann konu þá er Sintica heitir, Post. 656 B. 11: in the mod. phrase, vera í ílóði e-s, to be in one's train, wider one's protection.

162 FLÖÐSKITR -- FLÝJA.

flóð-skítr, m. a duck, podiceps cornutus, Edda (Gl.), = flóa-skítr. FLÓI, a, m. [Norse flaa-vand, flaa-bygd; cp. the Kelpie's flow in Scott's Bride of Lammermoor; also the ice-floe of Arctic navigators] : -- a marshy moor, Ísl. ii. 345, Fms. iv. 359, Jb. ii. 280; fúa-flói, a rotten fen; flóa-barð, n. the edge of a f.; flóa-skítr, m. = flóð-skítr; flóa-sund, n. a strip of moor; and many other compds. β. a district in the south of Icel., hence Flóa-menn, m. pl. the men of F., and Flóa-manna Saga, u, f. the name of a Saga. II. a bay or large firth, Þórð. 7 new Ed.: freq. in local names, Stranda-flói, Grett. 13 new Ed.; Húna-flói, Sturl. iii. 58 sqq.; Faxa-f. (old Faxa-óss). Flóa-fundr, m. the battle in F., Sturl., Ann. -- Deep water in a bay is also called flói, opp. to the shallow water near the coast, Bjarneyja-flói. FLÓKI, a, m. 'flock,' felt, hair, wool, etc.; ullar-flóki, Edda 237, Fas. ii. 207 (freq.): of a goat's beard, Eb. 92. COMVDS: flóka-hattr, m. and -hetta, u, f. a felt-hat, Hkr. ii. 202, Eb. 240. flóka-ólpa, u, f. a jacket with a felt cowl, Sturl. flóka-stakkr, m. id., Fas. ii. 242. flóka-trippi, n. a foal with a shaggy skin, Fas. i. 9. 2. metaph. of dense black clouds, Vígl. 22; ský-flóki, Eb. 260. II. [A. S. flôc], a kind of halibut, passer, solea, Edda (Gl.) III. a pr. name, Landn.; hence in names of places, Flóka-dalr, etc., Landn. flókinn, part. clotted, entangled, Fms. x. 192: of a cloud, Sks. 226. FLÓN, m. an oaf, fool; flónska, u. f. foolishness; flóns-háttr, m. id.; no example has been found in old writers. flóna, að, to become warm; þá tók at flóna líkit, Stj. 615, 2 Kings iv. 34; þá flóna þeir til ástar við Guð, Mar. 99. FLÓR, m. [for. word; A. S. flôr; Engl. floor; O. H. G. fluor; Germ. flur; Dutch vloer] :-- a floor, pavement, in Icel. only used of the floor of a cow-stall, Bjarn. 32; moka flór, to clean the floor. Fas. ii. 341: in Norway = cow-stall, Bk. 98, D. N. i. 233. flór-fili, n. floor-deals, N. G. L. i. 38. FLÓTTI, a, m. [Engl. flight; Germ. flucht, whence Dan. flugt; cp. flýja] :-- flight = Lat. fuga (never = volatus): kom flótti í lið Eireks-sona, Fms. i. 38, Al. 142, passim; snúa á flótta, Eg. 290; flótti brestr, Fms. passim, vide bresta. β. a flying host; reka flótta, to pursue the flying host, Eg. 290, 299, Fms. passim. COMPDS: flótta-gjarn, adj. craven, Stj. 263. flótta-menn, m. pl. a flying host, Fms. i. 45, Orkn. 106. flótta-rekstr, m. pursuit of the flying host, Stj. 483, Fms. vi. 323. flótta-stigr, m. a path of flight, Sks. 728. Poët. compds: flótt-skjarr, flótt-styggr, adj. 'flight-shy,' i.e. valiant, Lex. Poët. flótt-reka, rak, to put to flight, Bs. ii. 82, (rare.) FLUG, n., but in old writers usually, if not always, flugr, m. [cp. fljúga I] :-- flight, Lat. volatus; fuglanna flug (acc.), Stj. 17; þá beinir hann fluginn, Edda 60; (hann) dró arnsúg í flugnum, 46; í sínum flug, Stj. 270: the phrase, á flugi, in the flight; fugl á flugi, a bird of flight, Od. xii. 62; mætir hón hamrinun á flugi, Edda 58; á ferð ok flugi, 'faring and flying,' all in motion, Fas. i. 6, Núm. 2. 99: metaph., var hón öll á flugi, she was all in a flutter, Fb. ii. 335. II. = flótti, Lat. fuga, flight, only in poetry; trauðr flugar, unwilling to flee, bold, Hkv. 1. 52, Fms. xi. 186 (in a verse); flugar-trauðr, adj. bold, Hkv. 1. 54; cp. flug-skjarr, flug-styggr, flug-trauðr, flug-varr, adj., flug-þverrir, m. firm in battle, unflinching, all epithets of heroes, Lex. Poët. III. neut. a sheer precipice; hann er svá hár, ok þat flug fyrir ofan at ..., Fas. ii. 231; hence fluga-björg, n. pl. and fluga-hamarr (mod. flug-hamarr), m. precipices, Bs. i. 330, Fms. viii. 18. 49, Fb. iii. 408, Fas. ii. 231: also of a current, fluga-fors, m., Mag.; fluga-straumr, m. a rapid vortex, eddy, Edda 67 (in a verse) :-- other compds in mod. use, flug-beittr, adj. keen-edged, as a razor; flug-gáfaðr, flug-næmr, flug-skarpr, adj. keen, acute, quick to learn; flug-háll, adj. (flug-hálka, u, f.), very slippery; flug-ríkr, adj. immensely rich. fluga, u. f., gen. pl. flugna, a fly, gnat, moth, Stj. 23, 91, Pr. 474, Edda 70, Ver. 20; gesta-fluga, a moth; mý-f., a gnat; bý-f., a bee; randa-f., a wasp; hunangs-f., a honey-fly, a kind of Icel. bee; mel-f., a clothes-moth; þev-f., a kind of tipula: myki-f., a dung-fly: maðka-f., a maggot-fly, all three musca, etc., vide Eggert Itin. ch. 688: the phrase, eins og fluga, swift as a fly. Wizards were said to bewitch flies and send them to kill their enemies (vide galdra-fluga, gand-fluga), hence the phrase, gína við flugu, or taka flugu, to swallow the fly or to carry the fly, i.e. to be the tool of another man, esp. in a wicked and fatal business, Eb. 164; ef Hallgerðr kemr annarri flugu í munn þér, if H. puts another fly in thy mouth, i.e. makes thee to carry another lie, Nj. 64; þeir gina við þessi flugu, Al. 9; era mínligt flugu at gína, 'tis not 'mine-like' to open the mouth for flies, i.e. lies and slander, Kristni S. (in a verse of the year 998); hann fær komit þeirri flugu í munn eins skiptings, Fms. xi. 445. COMPDS: flugu-maðr, m. 'a man of flies,' a wizard, occurs in this sense in the old Swed. law (Verel.): hence metaph. a hired bandit, an assassin, Landn. 181, N. G. L. ii. 51, Fms. v. 45, 190, vi. 188, Glúm. 361, Rd. 307, Lv. 57. flugu-mannligr, adj. looking assassin-like, Fs. 65. flugði, a pret. of a lost verb flygja, to shudder; hón flugði öll, she shuddered all over (from horror), Eb. 318. flug-dreki, a, m. a flying dragon, a mythic monster, Nj. 183, Bjarn. 12, Gullþ., Al., Sks. 79; cp. dreki fljúgandi, Vsp. flug-dýr, n. a flying insect, Pr. 476. flug-ormr, m. a flying snake, winged serpent, mythol., Pr. flug-sjór, m. the giddy deep, Fas. ii. 231, v.l. flug-skjótr, adj. swift as one winged, Fas. iii. 455. flug-snarr, adj. = flugskjótr, Art. 149. flug-stigr, m. a path of flight, poët., Hkv. 2. 47: the popular phrase, eg var kominn á flugstig að fara, I was just about to go (or do a thing), but always with the notion that one is prevented at the last moment. flutning, f., used as masc. (flutningr) in Norse writers, Gþl. 432, in mod. usage masc. throughout, [flytja] :-- transport, carriage of goods; flutning hálfa, Pm. 122; f. öll, Vm. 150; allar flutningar, Grág. ii. 357, 359, Fms. iv. 121, viii. 179, Band. 2 :-- conveyance of persons, Eg. 75, 477: in mod. usage also = farmr. 2. masc. in the metaph. sense, help, negotiation, intervention, Hrafn. 14, Fms. vii. 17, ix. 295; mála-f., pleading, Hrafn. 17 :-- report, var þat þeirra flutningr, they reported, Fms. x. 97, Bs. i. 702, 775; but fem., 701. COMPDS: 1. fem., flutningar-maðr, m. a carrier of goods, Grág. ii. 383, Glúm. 393, Vm. 16. flutninga-skip, n. a ferry-boat, Vm. 15. 2. masc., flutnings-maðr, m. a pleader, Eg. 172, 467, Hkr. iii. 27, Sturl. ii. 17. FLÚÐ, f. low skerries or reefs flooded by the sea; á flúð eða skeri, Mar.; flúð ok fall, Bs. ii. 51. FLÚR, n. [for. word; Lat. flos], a flower, blossom, Fms. v. 345, Barl., Flor., Stj., Bs. ii, freq. in old translations, but now obsolete, except in a metaph. sense, a flowery style of writing. II. flour, Fms. viii. 250, v.l., Bs. i. 707, 713. COMPDS: flúr-brauð, n. flour-bread, Stj. 121, Fms. ix. 241. flúr-hleifr, m. a flour-loaf, El. 21. flúraðr, part. flowery, esp. in a bad sense, of an affected style, etc. FLYÐRA, u, f. a flounder, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 179. flygill, m. [Germ. flügel], a wing, Þiðr. 92, where it seems borrowed from German ballads. flyka (and flyksa), u, f. a flake, rag, metaph. a phantom, Grett. 111. flykkjask, t, dep. [flokkr], to crowd, Fms. viii. 81, 411, Hom. 65, Fas. ii. 80, Orkn. 372 (in a verse). flysja, að, [flos], to split or cut into slices, Háv. 31 new Ed.; cp. flís. flysjungr, m. a fop, charlatan. FLYTJA, pres. flyt: pret. flutti; sup. flutt :-- to cause to flit, carry, Gísl. 133; flytja vöru til skips, Nj. 4, Skálda 163, Eg. 125, 194: of trade, to export or import, þenna fjárhlut f. menn þaðan, Sks. 184; kaupmenn er mest gæði flytja landi þessu, Fms. vii. 122; frillu þá er þú hefir flutt af Noregi, Ld. 34. 2. metaph., flytja fórn, to bring an offering, Sks. 781. β. to perform; flytja skírslu, járnburð, Ld. 58, Fms. viii. 149, Hkr. ii. 229. γ. to proclaim, preach; hvaða skiru hann flytti, 625. 90: pass., Fms. x. 161: to recite, deliver a poem, speech, etc., flytja kvæði, Ísl. ii. 222; flytja ræðu, to deliver a sermon (mod.): metaph., var sú vísa mjök flutt, the verse was much repeated, went abroad, Fms. i. 48: pass. to be told, Stj. 59, K. Á. 200. δ. to help, plead, intercede; flytja eyrindi, Fms. x. 44, v.l.; göfgir menn fluttu þetta mál með honum, Fms. i. 13; nú hefi ek flutt sem ek mun at sinni, Hrafn. 17; cp. af-flytja, to disparage: pass., Sks. 185 B. ε. to entertain, support; flytja úmegð, Mar. (Fr.): pass. to support oneself, Bs. i. 705. II. reflex. to flit, migrate; hann fluttisk til fjalls upp, Fms. x. 411; fluttisk þá herrinn, ix. 353; fluttusk þeir upp í árós einn, Landn. 57: láta skjóta báti ok fluttisk út á skipit, Nj. 133, Fms. xi. 143; flytjask þeir Ólafr þangat ok kasta akkerum, Ld. 76: ef þér flytisk eigi ór höfninni, Ísl. ii. 127; flytjask fram, to pass, succeed tolerably, Helgi kvað sér við slíkt hafa fram flutzk nokkura stund, Fms. v. 257: þó at nú flytisk fram búið er þú ert við, Band. 2. III. part. flytjandi, in the phrase, f. eyrir, movables, money, Grett. 90, Ám. 3, Pm. 22, Dipl. iii. 6. β. a conveyer, Grág. ii. 358: metaph. a promoter, Ó. H. 126, Glúm. 349. flytjan, f. a helping, promoting, Stj. 111. flyxa, v. flyka. FLÝJA, pres. flý; pret. flýði; sup. flýð; part. flýiðr: mod. flúa, pret. flúði, part. flúinn, pres. flý; an older form with œ -- flœja, pres. flœ, pret. flœði -- occurs in poetry and old prose; skœðr and flœði rhyme even in Pd. 47 (of the 12th century): this older form is rightly formed from the part. fló; sup. flýit, Fms. i. 26; flœr (pres.), 623. 26; flœðu (pret.), Bret. 74; but flýðu, 40; flyiðr (part.), Edda 154 (pref.): flœja (inf.), Sdm. 21, 677. 10, 655 xiv. A. 1, 623. 16; fleoði -- flœði, Hom. (St.) 3; pret. indin. flœðu (fugisse), Ód. 9; pret. subj. flœðim (fugeremus) Fms. ii. 181 (in a verse): [cp. Ulf. þljûhan; A. S. fleon; O. H. G. fliûhan, mod. fliehen; Engl. flee; no strong verb corresponding to this occurs in the Scandin., except fljúga, which in very old times served for both fugere and volare, vide s. v.] :-- to flee, Lat. fugere; þeir flýðu til Upplanda, Fms. i. 19; víst vil ek eigi flýja, x. 348; Kjötvi hinn auðgi flyði, Eg. 33, Sks. 716 B; þá er Eirekr hafði brott flýit, Fms. i. 26: landsmenn féllu ok flýðu, Bret. 40; Tyrkir vóru flyðir í borgina, 88; flýja undan, to flee from one pursuing, Eg. 269; or, flyja undan e-m, 623. 16; flýja undan banvænligu höggi, Edda 154. 2. adding acc., flýja land, to flee the land, Fms. i. 1, Ld. 4; flýðu margir göfgir menn óðul sín, Eb. 3, Fs. 123: to flee from, shun, úhægt mun forlögin at flýja, to shun fate, 20; flýja hvárki eld né járn, Edda 82; ek flýða banann, I shunned death, Bret. 90; þá er sá bani, er þing flýr, one who shuns the meeting, i.e. appears not, N. G. L. i. 62.

FLÝTA -- FORÐA. 163

FLÝTA, tt, [hence fljótr], to hasten, make haste, with dat.; flýta ferðinni, to hasten on one's journey, Grett. 99, Bs. i. 130; flýta sér, to hasten, speed oneself, Stj. 221, Þórð. 69. flýtir, m. fleetness, speed, Stj. 172, Lv. 41, Fas. iii. 219. flýtis-verk, n. hurried work. II. of a person, an instigator, Lex. Poët. flæða, dd, [flóð], to flood over, Stj. 56, 284, Ann. 1345: to flow, of the tide, Fms. vi. 163, ix. 44, x. 98: impers., fé ok skip (acc.) flæðir, the flood-tide overtakes sheep and boats, i.e. they are lost by the tide, (mod.) flæði-, in COMPDS: flæði-bakki, a, m. 'flood-tide-banks,' banks covered at high water, Gísl. 138, cp. 52. flæði-sker, n. a skerry which is flooded at high water, Fms. ii. 142: the phrase, hann er ekki á flæði-skeri staddr, he is not on a fl., i.e. is in safety. FLÆÐR, f., gen. flæðar, acc. and dat. flæði, pl. flæðar, flood-tide, high water, a word used in western Icel. instead of flóð, which is used in the south, north, and east; þá var flæðrin síð dags, Eg. 600; flæðr sævar, Sturl. ii. 70; í sandi þar er flæðr gékk yfir (í flæðar-máli, Landn. l.c.), Fms. i. 248; biðu þeir flæðar, Eg. 129; af nálægð tunglsins vaxa flæðar, Rb. 478; fyrir flæðarinnar skyld, Stj. 57; at flæðum, Orkn. 428; at flæði sævar, 422; stórstraums-f., hábakka-f., smástraums-f. COMPDS: flæðar-bakki, a, m. = flæðibakki, Gísl. 52. flæðar-mál, n. flood-mark, i.e. the space between low and high water, N. G. L. i. 13, Landn. 117. flæðar-mús, f. 'flood-mouse,' a fabulous animal in nursery tales, vide Ísl. Þjóðs. and Maurer's Volksagen; the word is, however, probably only a corruption from Germ. 'fleder-maus,' the bat. flæðar-pyttr, m. a pit on the beach, Fs. 158. flæðar-sker, n. = flæðisker, Edda 48. flæðar-tími, a, m. flood-time, high water, Stj. 57. flæðar-urð, f. rocks reached by high water, Grett. 99. The word flæðr may be used as a test, to shew whether a MS. was written in the west of Icel. or not; but for authorship it is not sufficient, as copyists were apt to alter such things; thus the Gullþ. S. (a western Saga) uses flóð not flæðr; at the present day an Icel. from the west is ridiculed in other counties of Icel. for his flæðr. flækingr, m. vagrancy, also a stroller. flækja, t, [flóki], to entangle: reflex., flækja fyrir e-m, to cross one's path, Fas. iii. 380, Grett. 134. flækja, u, f. entanglement. FLÆMA, d, to drive away ignominiously, Mart. 119, Fms. v. 304, x. 262, Fær. 133: = slæma, q.v., Nj. 262, a bad reading: reflex. to roam about, rove, (mod.) flæmi, n. a waste, open place. flæmingr, m. a stroller, landlouper, (mod.) Flæmska, n, f. the Flemish language. Flæmskr, adj., and Flæmingi, a, m. Flemish, Fas. iii. 262, Bs. Laur. S., Vm. 62. FLÆRÐ, f. [flár II], falsehood, deceit, Gþl. 492, Stj. 169, 631, Hom. 86, 158, Fms. i. 74. β. with the notion of blandness, (mod.) COMPDS: flærðar-fullr, adj. full of deceit, Stj. 78, Fms. x. 221. flærðar-lauss, adj. sincere, Sks. 20, 632, Bret. 82. flærðar-orð, n. false (but fair) language, Fas. i. 193. flærðar-samligr and flærðar-samr, adj. false, 625. 65, Sks. 308. Flærðar-senna, u, f. Siren-song, name of a poem, cp. Loka-senna. flærðari, a, m. an impostor, Fms. viii. 235. flærð-lauss, adj. = flærðarlauss, Stj. 554, Fms. viii. 239, Hom. 150. flærðr, part. blended with falsehood, Fas. i. 142. flærð-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), false, Stj. 554, Fms. i. 59, x. 260. flærð-samr, adj. = flærðarsamr, Sks. 308 B. flögra, að, to flutter, flap, Grett. 111. flökr, n. a roving, roaming about, = mod. flakk, Bs. i. 97. flökra, að, = flökta; fljúga ok f., Barl. 137. flökrt, n. adj. a 'fluttering' feeling, nausea; mér er flökurt, I am like to be sick; flökr-leiki, a, m. a feeling rather sick, Fél. flökta, t, to flutter and fly about, Fas. i. 393, Greg. 79, Fms. vi. 62, x. 139. flösur, f. pl. flaws in iron, Eg. 184 (in a verse). FLÖT, f., pl. flatir, a plain, freq. in mod. use. Flötr, f. pl. a local name, Eb. 15 new Ed., Bs. i. 629. FNASA, að, [mid. H. G. phnasen], to sneeze, snort, Lat. fremere, metaph. to snort in rage, Þkv. 13, Korm. 220 (in a verse). fnasan and fnösun, f. a sneezing, snorting, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse). fnauði, a, m. a craven, Edda (Gl.), Fms. xi. 141, Mork. 148, used only in poetry. FNJÓSKR, mod. hnjóskr, m. [Swed. fnöske, cp. Swed. fnas = husk] :-- touchwood, Fms. vii. 225: metaph., synda-f., Mar. 23; fnjóskr eðr kveyking, id.; hence local names in Icel., as Fnjóska-dalr, Fnjósk-á, Landn., Eggert Itin. fnjósk-þurr, adj. dry as touchwood. FNYKR, m., also spelt nykr, [cp. Dan. fnug == an atom, a light substance; Swed. fnugg] :-- a stench, Bs. ii. 5 (spelt snykr); þá slöri illum fnyk (MS. fnycc) af líkamanum, Fms. x. 379 (Ágrip); fnykr ok fýla, 213; nykr ok fýla, Bs. i. 199; þar til er út ferr fnykr (MS. frykr) um nasar yðrar, Stj. 323, Numb. xi. 20, Barl. 86, v.l. fnýsa (and older form fnœsa, Fm. 18, Gkv. 1. 27; fnœstu, Þd. 5), t, [Swed. fnysa; Dan. fnyse] :-- to sneeze, Lat. fremere: with dat., fnýsa eitri, to blow out poison, Fms. i. 160, Fm., Gkv., Þd. l.c.; fnýsa blóði, Hkr. i. 86 (in a verse). fogl, m. a fowl, vide fugl. FOK, n. [fjúka], spray, any light thing tossed about by the wind; hey-fok, fjaðra-fok, hay, feathers tossed about :-- a snow-drift = fjúk, Bjarn. 51. COMPDS: fok-reiðr, adj. wroth, frantic. fok-sandr, m. drift-sand. folald, n. a young foal, Lv. 93, Sturl. i. 144. FOLD, f. [A. S. folde; cp. Engl. field, Germ. feld], a field of soft grass; flata-foldir, fields, Bs. ii. 79; hence fyldinn, adj., q.v. Foldir, f. pl. local name of a grassy oasis in western Icel.; rare in prose, but freq. in poetry: -- generally the earth, Alm. 11, Vsp. 57, Hým. 24, Haustl. 5, Edda 97 (in a verse); á foldu, on earth, Hyndl. 40. II. the name of a fjord and county in Norway, the modern Christjania-fjord; Vest-fold, West-fold, a county; perhaps 'fold' is to be taken in this sense, viz. = fjörðr in Hm. 138. fold-vegr, m. = fold, Vtkv. 3. FOLI, a, m. [A. S. fola; Germ. füllen; Dan. fole; Swed. fåle] :-- a foal, freq.: in a phrase, Gísl. 27: of a camel, Stj. 183; asna-foli, Sams. 15. fola-fótr, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. 51. FONTR, m. [for. word; Lat. fons], a font, Vm. 6, 52, K. Á. 20, H. E. i. 480, Stj. 289, Pm. 126. COMPDS: font-klæði, n. a font-cover, Vm. 4, B. K. 83. font-kross, m. the cross on a font, Vm. 103, 117. FOR, f., pl. forar, a drain, sewer; í forum þeim er hann grefr, Grág. Kb. ch. 187; stíflur (dikes) eða forar (drains, ditches) er hann hefir görvar með vatns-veitingum, Grág. ii. 289: in mod. usage, a cess-pit, bæjar-for, hland-for; for og bleyta, mud and dirt. FORAÐ, n., in pl. foruð or foröð, mod. foræði, a dangerous place, precipice, abyss, pit; allt er feigs forað, Sl.; elta e-n á forað, Grág. ii. 117, 120, 157, Bs. i. 200, Gg. 15, Gþl. 393, 411, N. G. L. i. 342, Vápn. 8, Blas. 46, Thom. 256, Fsm. 9, 40; fallanda f. (stumbling-block) þresköldr hennar, Edda (Gl.): freq. in mod. usage, a bog, quagmire, morass, esp. in the allit. phrase, fen og foræði, fens and bogs. β. metaph. a dangerous situation; vera í foraði, Fms. ix. 517; kom hann sér í mikit forað, 623. 15; in Post. Luke xvi. 26 is rendered by forað (N. T. djúp). γ. a bugbear, ogre, monster; hann er et mesta forað, Edda 42; Mystus heitir forað, Pr. 472; þú ert et mesta forað, Nj. 176: cp. the saying, foruðin sjásk bezt við, cp. also the Germ. 'ein fuchs riecht den andern,' Orkn. 308: in COMPDS, horribly, awfully; foraðs-hár, adj. terribly tall, Fms. iii. 124. foraðs-íllr, adj. abominable, Ísl. ii. 162. foraðs-ligr, adj. awful, Thom. 256. foraðs-veðr, n. abominable weather. Sturl. ii. 50, Bjarn. 54, 56, Post. 656 B. 12. forað-skapr, m. abominable nature, Stj. 483. 1 Sam. xxv. 25. for-akt, n. (for. word), intention; með vilja eðr f., H. E. i. 561. β. in mod. usage = Germ. veracht, contempt. for-akta, að, [Germ. verachten], to despise, scorn, (mod. word.) forátta, u, f., an older form forurtir, contr. foróttir, f. pl. occurs, -- forutta-laust, Grág. i. 329, 377 (Kb. ii. 42 forótta-laust), 468; forátta-laust, Kb. i. 133, 136; but forátta, Nj. 15, Eb. 40: [the etymology of the word seems to be 'for' in a privative sense, and 'verk,' cp. A. S. forwyrht = peccatum; in the Icel. it is used as a law term] :-- a cause of forfeiture, an act whereby the other party has 'forfeited' his right, but it is not used in a criminal sense = Germ. verbrechen; ef honum þykkja forurtir til þess, Grág. l.c.: the phrase, forótta-laust or forurta-laust (foryfta-laust, N. G. L. i. 29, is a false reading), sine causa legali, Grág. l.c.: chiefly in divorce cases, the phrase, finna til foráttu, to plead as an excuse, Nj., Eb. l.c. II. in mod. usage = forað; foráttu-brim, foráttu-veðr, n. a heavy surf, strong gale, etc. for-beini, a, m. furtherance, Eg. 162, 163, 568, Hkr. i. 189, Bs. ii. 80. for-bending, f. a foreboding, Stj. 81. for-berg, n. a projecting rock, Grett. 141, Fas. iii. 257. for-bergis, adv. down-hill, Hkv. 1. 41. for-blindaðr, part. blinded, Pass. 34. 3. for-boð, n. a foreboding, Fms. vii. 157. II. eccl. an interdict, the Germ. verbot, K. Á. 46, 62, 226, H. E. ii. 75. for-boða, að, to forbid, Germ. verbieten, esp. eccl. to put under an interdict, K. Á. 44, 108, Bs. i. 141, Sturl. i. 123, ii. 4, H. E. i. 466. for-boðan, f. an interdict, H. E. i. 419. for-brekkis, adv. down-hill, Grett. 134. for-brekkt, n. adj. down-hill, Fms. ii. 98, Lv. 112. for-brjóta, brant, to transgress, Vidal. for-bænir, f. pl. imprecations, Ísl. ii. 220, Fas. iii. 205. FORÐA, að, prop. to 'forth' oneself, help oneself forth or forward, esp. to save one's life, escape danger, with dat.; forða sér, Orkn. 556, Fms. i. 72, v. 87, Eg. 70, Finnb. 320, Magn. 458; haltú undan ok f. þér, Fb. iii. 407; forða fjörvi, lífi, to save one's life, Hbl. 12, Fms. vi. 46, Grág. ii. 13: with a double dat., to be ware of a thing, sál mín þér fári f., Pass. 11. 9, 16. 10; but usually, forða sér fyrir e-u, or við e-u. β. hví forðar þú enni hægri hendinni, why withholdest than thy right hand? 623. 17. II. reflex. to shun, escape, avoid, the thing avoided in acc., Fs. 180; forðask fund e-s, to shun one, Eb. 92, Fms. ii. 136; forðask forlögin, Fs. 24; ekki má f. þá (nothing can escape them) hvárki menn né dýr, Fms. i. 9: in pass. sense, Sks. 331 B: absol. to escape, Edda 21, Nj. 43, Fms. x. 290.

164 FORÐI -- FORLYTA.

forði, a, m. respite; skammr f., a short respite, Fms. viii. 154, v.l.: in mod. usage, stores, viands; lífs f., what supports life, a livelihood, -- this sense seems not to occur in old writers; hence forða-búr, n. a store-house. for-djarfa, að, [Germ. verderben], to disgrace, Art. 73, Fas. iii. 289: reflex. to disgrace oneself, Stj. 144, H. E. i. 514: mod. to spoil, destroy. for-djörfun, f. destruction. for-drífa, dreif, [Germ. vertreiben], to drive away, Clar. 19, Fb. i. 402. forðum, adv. [akin to fjörð, q.v.], aforetime, formerly, once, erst, Stj. 121, Fms. x. 413, Sks. 108; forðum daga, in former days, Fms. i. 141, ii. 183, vi. 38; ungr var ek forðum, young was I once, Hm. 46: freq. in mod. usage, but esp. in the sense of yore, in days of old; the saying, þrysvar varð allt forðum, Sturl. iii. 253; cp. 'all good things come in threes.' for-dúkr, m. a curtain, Vm. 10, 22, 29. for-dyktr, adj. equipt, Fms. x. 139, (for. word.) for-dyld, f. [dul], conceit, vanity, show, Pass. 32. 3. for-dyri, n. a 'fore-door,' vestibule, Fms. viii. 14, Orkn. 368 old Ed. for-dæða, u, f. [for- negative and dáð = an 'evil-doer,' cp. Germ. 'missethat;' the etym. given in Js. (Gl.) is inadmissible; only used as a law term] :-- a witch, sorceress, in the worst sense, N. G. L. i. 70, 342, 351, Ls. 32, Korm. (in a verse), Grett. 108 new Ed.; bölvuð f., accursed witch! Fms. xi. 435. COMPDS: fordæðu-maðr, m. an execrable man, Fms. xi. 432. fordæðu-skapr, m. witchcraft, sorcery, Hom. 86, Bs. ii. 97, N. G. L. i. 182, defined K. Þ. K. 76 :-- objects used for sorcery, N. G. L. i. 351. fordæðu-verk, n. an execrable crime (slaying a man asleep), Vígl. 86 new Ed. for-dæma, d, to condemn, Germ. verdammen, Rb. 338, K. Á. 224, Bs. ii. 159: eccl., Stj. 151, N. T. passim. for-dæming, f., esp. eccl. damnation, Germ. verdammung, Stj. 151, Anecd. 28. for-ellri or foreldri, n., later forellrar, mod. foreldrar, m. pl. (inserting d); masc. foreldrar occurs Nj. 224; forellar (eliding the r), Fms. x. (Ágrip), 410, 413, 418; [Germ. vorältern] :-- forefathers, elders, ancestors, in old writers always in this sense; feðr ok forellri. Stj. 240, Fms. i. 34; úlikir sínu forellri, 195; um þat bregðr mér til forellris míns, vii. 64; enir fyrri forellrar várir, Ó. H. 69; frændr ok forellrar, id.; frænda ok forellra, Fms. i. 33; sumir hans forellrar, viii. 101; faðir ok forellar, x. 418 :-- eccl. predecessors, H. E. i. 512. forellris-menn, m. pl. forefathers, Fms. ix. 334, Fas. i. 351, Stj. 63, 139, Barl. passim. II. in mod. usage, parents, and only in masc. pl. foreldrar; this sense occurs as early as the N. T. (vide feðgin), but is unknown to older writers. for-eyðsla, u, f. desolation, N. T. for-faðir, m. a forefather, Stj. 124; chiefly in pl., Edda (pref.), Stj. 128, freq. in mod. use :-- eccl. a predecessor, H. E. i. 514, 655 xxxii. 2. for-fall, n. a let, hindrance, esp. in pl. as a law phrase, Gþl. 102, H. E. ii. 82: a drawback, Fas. ii. 466. forfalla-laust, n. adj. and adv. = in case that there be no let or hindrance, Jb. 222, Gþl. 13, K. Á. 22, H. E. i. 516: in N. G. L. i. 351 it is used = without legal cause = foráttu-laust. II. sing, a bed-curtain, Edda (Gl.), Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 494; hann brá upp forfalli, ok sá at þar lá madr, Mag. 1: used as masc. (for-fallinn), El. 24. for-fágaðr, part. painted, whitewashed, Gr. GREEK, Matth. xxiii. 27. for-feðgin, n. pl. 'fore-parents,' Stj. 134. for-fjöl, f. a side-board, Str. for-flótti, adj. exiled, fugitive, Fms. i. 212, Eg. 284: a landlouper, Stj. 43: flight, Bs. ii. 66; far-flótti, q.v., is not so good a reading. for-ganga, gékk, [Germ. vergeben], to perish, Ann. 1368, 1412, N. T. for-ganga, u, f. [A. S. fore-gengd], a 'going before,' help, Hkr. ii. 122. forgöngu-kona, u, f., Mar., Stj. forgöngu-maðr, m. a guide (either man or woman), leader, Hkr. iii. 103, Th. 15. for-gangr, m. = forganga, Háv. 57. forgangs-maðr, m. a leader, Hkr. i. 274, Fms. i. 299, vii. 138. for-garðr, m. a 'fore-yard,' the fore-court of a house, Fsm. 2, 3: the metaph. phrase, vera á forgörðum (mod. fara að forgörðum), of stores, to go out of doors, i.e. to be wasted and squandered, Fas. iii. 51. for-gefins, adv. [Germ. vergebens], in vain, (mod.) for-gildi, n. an GREEK = Lat. praefatio, a preamble, 625. 90. for-gildra, að, to lay a trap for, Thom. 159. for-gipt, f. payment for alimentation, = mod. meðgjöf, Sd. 149, Fms. vi. 298, vii. 112, Fas. ii. 438, Fs. 29, 64. forgiptar-laust, adj. without costs, 655 xx. 4. II. [Germ. vergift], poison, Bb. 3. 68, but in this sense it can scarcely be called an Icel. word. for-gísl, m. a hostage, Karl. 79. for-gísla, að, to give as hostage, Karl. 57, O. H. L. 65. for-góðr, adj. exceeding good, Safn i. 92. for-grípa, greip, [A. S. forgrípan; Germ. vergreifen], to do amiss. for-gyltr, part. (Germ. word), gilded, Vm. 21, 39, Pm. 120, Dipl. iii. 4. for-hagr, adj. skilful in handicraft, Stj. 22. for-harðnaðr and for-hertr, part. hardened. for-hellir, m. the fore part of a cave, Sams. 19. for-herða, t, to harden, the Bible passim, [cp. A. S. for-heard, very hard.] for-herðing, f. hardness of heart, Bible. for-hleypi, n. a 'fore-leaping,' in the phrase, hafa e-n at forhleypi, or at forhleypis-manni, to use one as a 'fore-leaper,' i.e. as a cat's paw, Nj. 224, Sturl. i. 181. for-hraustr, adj. exceeding valiant, Lex. Poët. for-hugsan, f. forethought, Bs. ii. 40, 76. for-hugsaðr, part. musing. for-hús, n. a porch, Eb. 220, Fms. viii. 360, v.l., H. E. i. 510. fori, a, m. a bell-wether, Bb. 3. 55; eins og forinn feitr, a ditty. foringi, a, m., gen. ja, pl. jar, a leader, captain, Fær. 106, Hom. 111, Fs. 57, Vápn. 25, Bs. i. 48, Fms. iv. 147, v. 295; hers-f., liðs-f., a captain of troops; skips-f., a ship's captain. forka, að, to 'fork' or punt a ship, push it on with a pole, Nj. 273, Fas. ii. 360. for-kast, n. throwing (hay) before cattle, Ísl. ii. 141. for-kirkja, u, f. a church-porch, Stj. 562, Sturl. ii. 59. for-kláraðr, part. (Germ. word), glorified, Rb. 312. for-kláran, f. transfiguration. for-klárast, að, dep., in the Icel. N. T. to be transfigured, Mark ix. 1. for-kostuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), very finely, Grett. 154 new Ed. for-kólfr, m. a 'fore-bolt,' metaph. a head, chief, Al. 127; the reading gjörkólfr in Eb. 86 is prob. false. FORKR, m. [for. word; Lat. furca], a fork, pole, Landn. 154: a punting pole, Eg. 220, Fms. vii. 195, viii. 337, ix. 24, 257, passim, Ld. 56, it occurs even in a verse of the 10th century in Landn. 3. 14 (if the verse be genuine): a fork to eat with is in Icel. called gaffall, a mod. word borrowed from Germ. gabel, Dan. gaffel. for-kuðr, f. [kunna], eagerness to learn, curiosity; var mönnum nú f. á skemtan, Ísl. ii. 326; þá hluti er þeim er f. á at vita, Orkn. 100 old Ed., 138 new Ed. reads forvitni: gen. forkunnar- in compds means remarkably, exceedingly; f. margir, Ísl. ii. 226; f. mjök, Orkn. 332; f. vel, Eg. 253, Nj. 230, v.l.; f. væn, Fms. i. 70; f. fagr, Edda 46: with a subst., forkunnar orð, eloquent words, Hom. (St.) for-kunna, adj. eager to learn; vóru allir f. at heyra orð hans, Clem. 52. for-kunnliga, adv., prop, remarkably, exceedingly; f. væn, Rb. 404, Joh. 623. 15; f. fríðr, Fms. i. 212; f. fljótr, viii. 382; f. vel, Grett. 154 new Ed.; sverð búit f., Eb. 226; biðja f., to beg ardently, Sks. 616. for-kunnligr, adj. remarkable, beautiful, Hkr. ii. 73, Fms. x. 319. for-lag, n. what is 'laid' up: I. esp. in sing, provision for living, a livelihood, Bs. i. 137, Fms. vi. 304; urðu þaðan í frá góð forlög manna, Bs. i: metaph. of marriage, Ísl. ii. 416, 453: fate in store for one = forlög, Lv. 33, Glúm. 333. forlags-eyrir, m. livelihood, Gþl. 259, 442, N. G. L. i. 52: means, Jb. 166. II. in pl. for-lög, n., properly 'fore-law;' hence law or fate, destiny, cp. ör-lög and lög; the word is not very freq. in old writers, and chiefly occurs in Sagas such as Vd., Flóam. S., in old poetry only in Km. 23, but rare in genuine heathen Sagas; the very word conveys some Christian notion; örlög and sköp are solely heathen, e.g. Hm. 55; this distinction is rightly marked in a ditty of Pal Vídalín -- forlög koma ofan að | örlög kringum sveima | álögin úr ymsum stað | en ólög fæðast heima; in mod. usage forlög is current, but orlög, sköp, obsolete; þetta mun vera forlög hennar, Glúm. 333; Hákon kvaðsk þá heyra vilja forlög sin, ... ef þú vilt vita forlög þín, Orkn. 140, Fs. 19; úhægt mun forlögin at flýja, 20; eigi mundi tjóa at brjótask við forlögunum, id.; ok mætti þit njóta lengri forlaga, that ye might enjoy a longer life, 84; honum var annarra forlaga auðit, 6; verðr hverr eptir sínum forlögum at leita, 11; torsótt er at forðask forlögin, 24; forlög ekki forðumst ill | fram kemr það hamingjan vill, Úlf. 3. 69; má vera at hér sé hennar forlög (destiny), Fs. for-lagðr, part. done with, forlorn, Þorst. St. 51. for-lát, n. forgiveness, Karl. 552, Pass. 31. 16. for-láta, lét, to forgive, with dat. II. to forsake, [A. S. forlætan], with acc., N. T., Pass. for-leiga, u, f. rent paid in advance, N. G. L. i. 241. for-leistr, m. the fore part of a sock, N. G. L. iii. for-lendi, n. 'fore-land,' the land between sea and hills, Finnb. 242, Bs. ii. 25, Orkn. 324; now undir-lendi. for-liði, a, m. a leader, Nj. 192, v.l., = fyrir-liði. for-liga, adv. vehemently; f. reiðr, Thom. 204; vide forr. for-líkan, f. reconciliation (the Gr. GREEK), Rom. v. 11. for-líkast, að, dep. [cp. Germ. vergleichen], to come to terms, Sturl. iii. 232: in mod. Icel. law, in all but criminal cases, the litigants have to appear (in person or by delegates) before two or more 'peace-makers' or umpires called forlíkunar-menn, -- usually the parson and one or more of the chief men of the parish; the office of the peace-makers is to try to bring about a friendly settlement called forlíkan, and this meeting is often repeated; only after a forlíkan has been tried in vain, can the case be taken before a law-court; by this judicious proceeding more than half the quarrels are nipped in the bud; there seems to be nothing like this in the old law, and the custom was probably borrowed from Denmark. There is a saying, 'a lean forlíkan is better than a fat lawsuit.' for-lítill, adj. exceeding small, Mar. 195. for-ljótr, adj. exceeding ugly, Bs. i. 802. for-lýta, tt, to blame, Fms. viii. 4.

FORLÖG -- FORRÆÐA. 165

for-lög, n. pl. fate, vide forlag II. FORM, n. [Lat. forma], form, shape, 655 xxxii. 17, 18, xxv. 1, Rb. 360, Fms. xi. 436, (rare.) for-maðr, m. a 'fore-man,' captain, Fms. vii. 246. ix. 348, xi. 243, 402, Nj. 43, Magn. 486 :-- a master, ruler, Edda (pref.); formaðr konunga, the foremost among kings, Fms. ii. 292; f. annars fólks, the foremost man of other folk, vi. 38. COMPDS: formanns-lauss, adj. without a leader, H. E. i. 562. formanns-skapr, m. leadership, Stj. 50. II. mod. the foreman or captain in a fishing vessel or boat; in many compds, e.g. formanns-hlutr, m. the captains share (of the fish caught). formann-ligr, adj. leader-like, Fms. vii. 63, Valla L. 203. for-mál, n. a preface, preamble, 625. 90. for-máli, a, m. a preamble, Eg. 389, 390, 552; konungr skipaðisk eigi við slíkan formála; Fms. vii. 65; á hverjum gistingar-stað hafði hann (the bishop) formála sjálfr, i.e. saying grace, prayers, or the like, Bs. i. 140: a stipulation, condition, með þvílíkum formála sem ..., Fms. i. 90, Str. 55: a preface, rendering of the mid. Lat. praefatio; in mod. usage, the preface to a book = Germ. vorwort, vorrede. for-megan, f. [Germ. vermögen], means, wealth, (mod.) for-meistari, a, m. a head-master, Edda (pref.) for-menntr, part. well-trained, highly skilled, Finnb. 290; f. á járnsmíð, Fms. xi. 427, Bs. i. 681, 850, ii. 32. formera, að, mod. forma, vide áforma, (Lat. word), to form, Stj. 14, 20, Bs. ii. and Mar. passim, Magn. 478, Dipl. iii. 5. formeran, f. form, shape, Stj. 5, 12. for-merking, f. a symbol, Stj. 281. for-merkja, t, [Germ. vermerken], to perceive, N. T., Pass. 12. for-messa, u, f. 'fore-mass,' matins, Fms. vii. 145, viii. 174, ix. 48, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. formi a, m. (Lat. word), the case in which the chalice is kept, Vm. 29, Pm. 71. forma-dúkr, m. id., Pm. 40. for-mikill, adj. exceeding great, Bs. ii. UNCERTAIN. for-móðir, f. a 'fore-mother,' ancestress, Stj. 141. for-myndari, a, m. [Germ. vormund], a ward, of a minor. for-myrkvast, að, dep. to be eclipsed, for-myrkvan, f. an eclipse. for-mæla, t, to appoint, El. 21. II. to curse, with dat., N. T. for-mælandi, part. a spokesman, Hm. 24, 62, Stj. 157, Fms. ii. 45. for-mælari, a, m. id., Fms. v. 241. for-mæli, n. pleading, Stj. 603, Fms. vii. 39, Sd. 155, Bs. i. 168: a prescribed form, formula, Grág. ii. 249, Stj. 342 :-- eccl. saying pravers, tíðir ok f., Bs. i. 167; in Vm. 6 it seems to mean the mass or liturgy, = formæla-bók, f. a book of f., Vm. 21. for-mæling, f. an imprecation; f. íllan finnr stað, Pass. 28. 9. FORN, adj. [Ulf. fairnis = GREEK; A. S. fyrn; Hel. furn; Swed. forn; lost in Engl.] :-- old; forn vinátta, Eg. 729; forn fjándskapr, old enmity, Nj. 49; forn rök, Ls. 25; fornt vín, old wine, Pr. 472; en forna fold, the old earth, Hým. 24; forn timbr, the old timbers, Akv. 42: inn forni fjándi, the old fiend, Satan, 686 C. 2; forn jötunn, the old giant, Hým. 13; fornar tóptir, old abodes. Gm. 11: stores preserved from the past year are called forn, forn mjöðr, old mead, Skm. 37; fornari hey, K. Þ. K. 163. 2. with the notion of old, worn, rotten, or the like; byrðings-segl várt hið forna, Fms. iv. 259; forn mörr, Bjarn. 29 (in a verse). 3. old, in temp, sense; in the Icel. Commonwealth the old priesthoods were called forn goðorð and forn goðorðsmaðr, an old priest, opp. to the priesthoods instituted along with the Fifth Court, which were termed 'new.' 4. time-honoured, old; forn lög, forn lands-siðr, Bs. i. 682. 5. at fornu, formerly, in times past, Eg. 767, K. Á. 152, D. I. i. 635; til forna, id., cp. Dan. til forn. 6. in old writers forn is often used of the heathen times with the old mythical lore; forn siðr, the old (heathen) rite, Fb. i. 215; fornir menn, the men of old, Eb. 132; á fornum skjöldum, on shields of old, Edda 87; fornar frásagnir, old tales, Hkr. pref.; forn-menn, forn-tíðindi, forn-sögur, the men, lore, or saws of the olden age, (forn-fræði, id.; forn-spjöll); forn átrúnaðr, forn trúa, the old creed, heathenism; forn-kveðit mál or hið forn-kveðna is a standing phrase for an 'old saw,' proverb, the Sagas passim, and vide below. β. metaph. old, i.e. versed in old lore or witchcraft; hann var forn mjök (he was a great wizard) ok hafði jafnan úti setið, Orkn. 234; fróð ok forn í skapi, Ísl. ii. 332, Fb. i. 250 (forneskja). fornaðr, m., in the phrase, at fornaði, furthermore, Fms. ix. 27, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 85, 145, where Sb. umfram. fornaðr, part. worn; f. búnaðr, Hkr. i. 90. for-nafn, n., gramm. a pronoun, Skálda 178, 180, Edda 108, 121. for-nám, n. an obstacle, Bs. ii. 106, 179 :-- the haft on the hilt (nema fyrir), Stj. 383. Judges iii. 16, 22. forn-bréf, n. an old deed. for-nema, nam, to perceive, (the Germ. vernehmen), scarcely in use. for-nes, n. a promontory, (cp. Furness in Lancashire), Orkn. 442. forneskja, u, f. the old heathen time, 'heathenesse;' ágætis-mönnum þeim er verit hafa í forneskju, Fms. viii. 6; f. klæða-búnaðr, old-fashioned gear, vii. 321. forneskju-legr, adj. antique looking. II. old lore, witchcraft, Grett. 144, Ísl. ii. 391, Nj. 273; f. ok fjölkyngi, Fms. ii. 134; fremja forneskju, Grett. 150; fara með f., Orkn. 136. forneskju-maðr, m. a sorcerer, Orkn. 136. forn-fáguligr, mod. forn-fáligr, adj. old and worn out, Fms. iii. 166. forn-fróðr, adj. skilled in old lore, in a bad sense, of sorcery, Fbr. 163: mod. learned in old things. forn-fræði, f. old lore (of witchcraft), Fms. iii. 90. β. archæology, (mod.) forn-fræðingr, m. an antiquarian, a scholar in old lore, (mod.) forn-gildr, adj. of old standard value, Dipl. v. 20, Ann. 1392. forn-gripr, m. pl. antiquities. forngripa-safn, n. a collection of antiquities, (mod.) forn-haldinn, part. time-honoured, Hallfred. for-njósn, f. looking ahead, Sdm. 27. forn-konungr, m. an ancient king, Fms. ii. 138, ix. 455, Fs. 21, Skálda 194. forn-kveðit, n. part. said of old, epithet of old saws, Eg. 520; satt er hit fornkveðna, svá ergisk hverr sem eldisk, Fær. 218, passim; það finnst á mér sem fornkveðit er, að fátt segir af einum, a ditty. forn-kvæði, n. an old poem, Edda 135. β. a ballad, vide danz. forn-leifar, f. pl. old relics, antiquities, (mod.) forn-ligr, adj. old, with the notion of worn out, decayed, Fær. 186, Pm., Fms. ii. 142, Fas. ii. 300; fræði f., old lore, Fms. iii. 90. forn-maðr, m. a man of the olden time: forn-menn, m. pl. the ancients, in many compds: the old biographies of the kings of Norway edited 1825 sqq. are by the editors (less correctly) called Fornmanna-sögur, instead of the true old name Konunga-sögur or Konunga-æfi. forn-menjar, f. pl. old relics, antiquities, (mod.) forn-menni, n. a man of the olden time, Fms. ii. 59. forn-mæli, n. an old saw, Fas. iii. 365. forn-mæltr, part. = fornkveðit, Fms. vi. 4. forn-orðr, adj. using old phrases, (mod.) II. swearing, Bs. i. 712. forn-ortr, part. composed in olden time, Þiðr. 2. forn-rit, n. pl. old writings, (mod.) forn-saga, u, f. an old tale, esp. of the mythical age, Fas. i. 417 (v.l.), Eg. 698: mod. forn-sögur, old legends. forn-skáld, n. an ancient scald or poët, Edda 124, 135, Al. 48. forn-skrá, f. an old scroll, Vm. 122. forn-skræða, u, f. = fornskrá, Fas. iii. 237, v.l. forn-spekingr, m. an old wise-man, Stj. 377. forn-spjöll, n. pl. old spells, old lore, Vsp. 1. forn-spurðr, part., in the phrase, göra e-n fornspurðan at e-u, or göra e-t at e-m fornspurðum, to do a thing without asking one's leave, Fas. i. 48. forn-söngr, m. an old song, Þiðr. 181. forn-tíðindi, n. pl. old tales, Hkr. i. 269, Fms. vii. 97, Ht. R. 2. forn-troðinn, part.; stígr f., an old trodden path, Fas. iii. 279. forn-vinr, m. an old friend, Fas. ii. 422. forn-yrði, n. old words or saws: fornyrðis-lag or fornyrða-lag, n. a kind of old metre: this word is an GREEK in Edda lit., whence it has spread into mod. use, but it is better called kviðu-háttr: mod. an archaism. forn-yrtr, part. archaizing. for-næmi, n. a law phrase, plundering another's properly; the law distinguishes between rán (by personal violence) and fornæmi, plunder before the owner's eyes, but without the use of force, Jb. 426, cp. also Gþl. 402, 416, N. G. L. i. 227. forn-öld, f. the olden time, mythical age: Fornaldar-sögur, f. pl. mythical stories, (mod.) for-prís, m. (for. word), great praise, honour, Mar. (Fr.), Pass. 35. 3. for-prísa, að, to praise, H. E. i. 404, Stj. 9. for-prísan, f. glory, Stj. 7, 109, 161. FORR, adj. forward; of sljór eðr of forr, too slow or too forward, Thom. 279 :-- haughty, forr ok framhvass, 180; harðla forr, ef nökkut reis við, id. :-- as adv. quickly, vinna fort, to work eagerly, Bs. ii. 93; snúast fort, to whirl (as a wheel or a spindle), 443 (in a verse): the mod. phrase, fara fort (of fort) í e-t, to go too far (too keenly) into a thing. for-ráð, n. management, superintendance; með forráði ok umsýslu e-s, Rb. 400: the phrase, kunna ekki fótum sínum forráð, Stj. 558 :-- administration, stewardship, hann hafði f. með Auði, Landn. 109; hann tók þar við forráðum öllum, Eg. 36, 84; staðar-forráð, the management of church domain-land, Bs. i. 479; til eignar ok forráða, Ld. 14; forráð sakar, the leading of a suit, Grág. i. 489 :-- as a law term, the holding a goðorð (q.v.) of the heathen time, manna-forráð, Hrafn. 14, Nj. 149, v.l.; hence rule, sway, Fms. vii. 209, xi. 201, Eg. 50, 401. COMPD: forráða-maðr and forráðs-maðr, m. a manager, warden, Grág. ii. 405, Vm. 108; f. kristninnar, the leaders of the church, 656 C. 17, Hom. 95; f. ok höfðingi, Ver. 18, Hkr. i. 83; f. á skipi, the captain of a ship, Landn. 56. for-ráða, réð, [Germ. verrathen], to betray, Bev. 10 (Fr.), N. T., Pass. 5. 1. for-ráðandi, part. an overseer, manager, Fms. x. 330; f. skips, Bjarn. 15, Fms. ii. 63 :-- a law term, a guardian, réttr f. fjár hennar, Grág. i. 377; frænda eðr f., 343. for-rennari, a, m. a forerunner, Stj. 204: a predecessor, 118. for-ríkr, adj. exceeding rich, Bs. i. 852, Fb. ii. 187. for-ræða, u, f, .[Germ. vorrede], a preface, Str. 1, (rare.)

166 FORRÆÐI -- FORVEÐJA.

for-ræði, n. I. = forráð, management; f. fjár, Gþl. 217: rule, sway, Fms. i. 4, vii. 105, x. 231, xi. 326: esp. as a law term, keeping a goðorð (priesthood); manna-f., Hrafn. 19, Grág., and the Sagas passim, forræðis-maðr, m. = forráðamaðr, N. G. L. i. 151, 152, Barl. passim. II. [Germ. verrath], treason, mod. and rare. Pass. 16. 6. FORS, n. wrath, rage, ire; snúa fors í frið, grimd í grið, 655 xxxii. 24, Bs. ii. 97; með forsi, haughtily, Sturl. iii. 144, Pass. 13. 2; ferr erkibiskup í fors mikit, he fell into great wrath, Fms. xi. 441; fors ok atköst, Fas. iii. 91; fors ok ílska, Stat. 398. COMPDS: fors-fullr, adj. wrathful, insolent, Grett. 106 A. fors-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), insolent, Bs. ii. 66. fors-maðr, m. an angry man, Korm. 80. FORS, mod. foss, m., prob. akin to the preceding word and forr, [Swed.-Dan. foss, North. E. force; a test word of Scandin. language and origin; cp. the curious passage in Constant. Porph. De Admin. Imperii, ch. 9, where the Byzantine author gives some names of waterfalls in Russia in two languages, GREEK and GREEK (Russian and Slavonic), with a Greek translation; GREEK, a waterfall, being called GREEK or GREEK (e.g. GREEK = Icel. Hólm-fors, GREEK = Icel. Báru-fors), whereas GREEK it is called GREEK, i.e. porog or prag: Constantine in another passage states that the Russians were Teutonic or 'Franks:' the Garðar (Russia Minor) of that time was in fact a Scandin. country; even the name Russia is by some (P. A. Munch) explained as Scandin., afterwards adopted for the whole empire; it was still regarded so by the Byzantine authors of the 10th century, as opposed to Slavonic] :-- a 'force,' waterfall, Landn. 291, 292; fors mikill er Sarpr heitir, Ó. H. 49, Landn. 277, v.l.: in many local names, Skóga-f. in southern Icel.; Gýgjar-f. in the north (Goða-f. is a corrupt form, cp. Þorláks-kver, p. 288, and Grett. ch. 68, 69, whence the name); Gull-f., Gold-force, a freq. name in western Icel. 2. a brook, stream; this sense is curious, and peculiar to the Stj. (by bishop Brand, a native of south-eastern Icel.); it is well suited to the district of Skaptafells-sýsla, where all brooks are torrents rushing from glaciers into the ocean; til forsins Bison, Stj. 387. Judges iv. 13; hann grípr einn stein upp ór forsinum, 227; Davíð tók fimm steina ór einum forsi, 464. 1 Sam. xvii. 40; við forsinn Besor, 490. 1 Sam. xxx. 9; yfir fors Cedron, 527. 2 Sam. xv. 23; af forsi drakk hann á götu, 656 C. 2: in the old poem Vsp. fors is evidently used in the same sense; á sér hón ansask aurgum forsi, 31; falla forsar, 58. This idiom perhaps gives a hint as to the native place of this poem; falla forsum, to fall in torrents, Fas. ii. (in a verse). fors-fall, n. a 'forcefall,' torrent, Stj. 32, Ó. H. 17, Fms. iv. 361. forsa, að, to stream in torrents: to be enraged, Mar. for-sala, u, f. a law term, a mortgage, Gþl. 304. COMPDS: forsölu-jörð, f. a mortgaged estate, N. G. L. i. 214. forsölu-máli, a, m. a mortgage contract, Gþl. 304. for-samliga, adv. unduly, cp. forsóma, Bs. i. 733. for-sát, f. an ambush, Bs. i. 289, ii. 70, 97. for-senda, u, f. a part of an angler's line, Od. xii. 253. for-sending, f. a sending one to certain death, a dangerous mission, Eg. 540, Fms. iii. 68, Hkr. ii. 76, iii. 104 (where forsenda). for-seti, a, m. the myth. name of a heathen god, Edda, where it however seems to mean an umpire or peace-maker, cp. Gm. 15. II. in mod. usage a 'fore-sitter,' president, chairman; but in 1793 (Fél. vol. xiii), the chairman is called for-maðr or forstöðu-maðr, as forseti was not then an established word. for-sjá and for-sjó, f., gen. as nom. foresight, prevision, Nj. 210, Sks. 224 B, Fær. 79, Fms. v. 284, vii. 134, x. 9. COMPDS: forsjá-lauss, adj. helpless, Njarð. 380. forsjá-leysi, n. want of foresight, Bret. 38, Grett. 95, Fms. viii. 364. forsjá-maðr, m. a warden, overseer, Stj. 243, Fms. i. 290, x. 421, Sturl. i. 198. II. Providence, Sks. 559 B. for-sjáll, adj. foresighted, prudent, Nj. 222, Fms. v. 150, Sks. 436, Al. 8, Eg. 73. for-sjálliga, adv. prudently, Bs. i. 742, Fms. vi. 325, Fas. ii. 245. for-sjálligr, adj. prudent, Greg. 32, Fas. ii. 469, Sturl. i. 113. for-sjálni, f. prudence. for-sjón, f. = forsjá; eccl. since the Reformation, Providence, in hymns, sermons, etc. forsjónar-maðr, m. = forsjámaðr, Karl. 500. for-skáli, a, m. an ante-chamber, lobby, Dropl. 28, Bs. i. 451, Sturl. ii. 173, iii. 193. for-skepti, n. the 'fore-haft' of a hammer, Edda 70, Fb. iii. 427. for-skot, n. a vestibule, porch, Stj. 562. 1 Kings vi. 3. for-sköp, n. pl. bad times, ill fate, Hkv. 2. 32. fors-lægja, ð, to lower one's pride, Stj. 621. for-smá, ð, [Germ. verschmähen], to despise, Stj. 142, 621 (v.l.), Sturl. ii. 15, Fms. iii. 89, (now freq.) for-smán, f. disgrace, H. E. i. 497, Ann. 1394, (now freq.) for-smiðr, m. a 'fore-smith,' chief builder, Edda (pref.), Bret. for-snjallr, adj. exceeding wise, Vellekla. for-sorga, að, [Dan. forsörge; Germ. versorgen], to provide for; for-sorgan, f. provision. for-sóma, að, [Germ. versäumen], to neglect, (mod. word.) for-sóman, f. neglect, (mod. word.) for-spá, f. a 'fore-spaeing' (Scot.), prophecy, Fms. i. 88, 96, 263, ii. 79, x. 275, Bret. 62, Stj, 202, Bs. ii. 7. for-spár, adj., often used in the description of the wise men of antiquity, such as Njál, Snorri :-- 'fore-spaeing' (Scot.), prophecying, Eb. 42, Nj. 30, Fms. iv. 24, 87, Eg. 20, Fs. 54; of Odin, Yngl. S. ch. 5. for-spell, n. a heavy loss, Gkv. 1. 3, Fagrsk. 173 (in a verse). for-spjall, n. a 'fore-spell, ' preamble. Forspjalls-ljóð, n. name of a poem. for-sprakari, a, m. [for. word; Germ. sprechen], a 'for-speaker' spokesman, Sti. 266; hence the mod. for-sprakki, a, m. a ringleader. for-staða, u, f. standing up for one, shielding one, Gþl. 265, Ld. 180, Lv. 4, Orkn. 40; mæla e-m forstöðu, to say a good word for one, Hkr. ii. 147. COMPD: forstöðu-maðr, m. a manager, Ver. 36, Rb. 404. for-stand, n. [the Germ. verstand], understanding in household matters, forstanda-kona, u, f. (-maðr, m.), a good house-keeper. for-standa, stóð, (for-stá is freq. in poetry of the 16th century), [for. word: Germ. verstehen] :-- to understand, Bs. i. 802. for-stjóri, a, m. a 'fore-steerer' foreman, overseer, leader, Eg. 52, 201, 646, K. Á. 34, 224, Fms. i. 2, v. 72, vii. 238, 265, x. 311, Skálda 202. for-stjórn, f. rule, management, Fms. viii. 5. forstjórnar-maðr, m. a manager, Glúm. 360. for-stoð, f. = forstaða, N. G. L. i. 60, 68, Fms. iv. 216. for-stofa, u, f. = forskáli, Eb. 136, Fms. vi. 34, Ó. H. 116, Eg. 216, v.l. for-stórr, adj. exceeding tall, Vígl. 20. for-streymis, adj. down stream, opp. to andstreymis, Edda 60, Sturl. iii. 163, Fms. vii. 253, Ó. H. 20, Bs. ii. 175. for-stöndugr, adj. [Germ. verständig], clever in household matters. for-svar, n. [Dan. forsvar], defence, (mod. word.) for-svara, að, [from Dan. forsvare, cp. Germ. verantworten], to answer for one, defend. for-svaranligr, adj. justifiable, Bs. i. 733, but prob. wrongly; forsamliga (in the MS.), q.v. for-syma, ð, = forsóma, Boldt and D. N. for-sýn, f. foresight, foreboding, Bs. ii. 38. for-sýnn, adj. gifted with foresight, Fms. xi. 423, cp. Bs. ii. 81. for-sæla, u, f. [sól], a shade from the sun, Bb. 3. 85, Fas. i. 467 (freq.) COMPD: Forsælu-dalr, in. name of a valley, Landn. for-sæti, n. 'fore-seats,' front benches, Nj. 220, Fms. v. 332, v.l. for-sögn, f. order, superintendance, Fms. i. 290, x. 433, Orkn. 286, Sturl. i. 46 C. β. prophecy, Stj. 114. γ. a law term, previous declaration, N. G. L. i. 88, 89. forsagnar-vitni, n. a witness to a declaration, N. G. L. i. 32, Gþl. 475. for-söngvari, a, m. a precentor in a church. for-tak, n. denial, protest, Dipl. i. 7. COMPDS: fortaks-laust, n. adj., in the phrase, segja, lofa f., to state, promise without reserve, positively, fortaks-orð, f. words of contradiction, Bs. ii. 23. for-taka, tók, to deny positively, Bs. ii. 31. for-tapaðr, part. forlorn, Matth. x. 6: for-tapan, f. damnation, N. T. for-tíða, dd, to forsake; hann fortíddi Guð, Bret. (Verel.) for-tjald, n. a curtain, Ld. 29: a bed-curtain, Fms. iii. 196, Fas. iii. 391, Háv. 54, Sams. 11: the veil of the Temple, Stj. 321, Pass., N. T. for-tölur, f. pl. persuasions, Nj. 200, Eg. 9, Hom. 108, Fb. ii. 56, 85. for-urtir, f. pl., vide forátta. forusta, vide forysta. for-vað, n. shoal water between the cliffs and the flowing tide: hence the phrase, í síðustu forvöð, to pass the last shoal water before the tide cuts the passage off, also metaph. to delay till the last moment; göra flekann allan, ok halda upp forvöðunum þar í hjá, D. N. vi. 167, where it seems to mean a ford. for-vaði, a, m. a cliff projecting into the forvað, where the rider has to wade through water, Fbr. 45, Vm. 107. for-vara, að, [Germ. verwahren], to keep, Matth. xvi. 25. FORVE, n. an GREEK. in the eccl. law of the county Víkin or Borgarþing, a coast district in the south of Norway, N. G. L. i. 339, 363, where the law orders that a monster child (i.e. an abortion, a birth without human shape) shall be brought to a place 'forve,' and buried where neither man nor beast comes by; þat skal á forve (forre, v.l.) fœra ok röyra (put in a cairn) þar er hvárki gengr yfir menn né fénaðr, þat er forve (forfue, v.l.) hins ílla. In N. G. L. i. 13 it is ordered that felons (e.g. traitors, murderers, self-murderers, etc.) were not to be buried in consecrated soil, but in the 'flood-mark where sea and green turf meet;' cp. the curious story in Landn. 2. 19, where the Christian lady Auda ordered herself to be buried between high and low water mark (í flæðarmáli), as she would not rest in heathen earth; so, on the other hand, a monster child must not rest in Christian earth. Thus forve is probably derived from fyrva, q.v., to ebb, and denotes the flood-mark or beach in which the grave was to be dug; the concluding words, þat er forve hins ílla, probably mean this place is the forve of the evil one, i.e. an unhallowed place. The etymology given in H. E. i. 75 cannot be right. for-veðja or for-veði, adj. a law term, forfeitable or forfeited, Vm. 16, Grág. ii. 234, N. G. L. i. 27 (Js. 124), 391.

FORVEÐJAÐR -- FÓRN. 167

for-veðjaðr, part. forfeited, Bs. i. 227. for-vegr, m. a trace, foot-print, N. G. L. i. 83, Str. 78, Barl. 10, 142. for-verari, a, m. a predecessor, Dipl. i. 4, ii. 11, (mod.) for-verð, n. price, worth, Dipl. iii. 10. for-verk (for-virki, Hrafn. 5), n., prop. humble work, farm work; ef maðr kaupir mann til forverks sér, Grág. i. 272; várt f., our task, Hom. (St.); of gamall til þræls, ok þótti ekki forverk í honum, too old for a thrall, and unfit for work, Hkr. i. 199, Fms. i. 77; þetta sumar var lítið forverk í Krossavík, Vápn. 29; ok var lítið forverk orðit, en hann átti ómegð, Sturl. i. 137; þarf eigí meira forvirki en þetta lið orkar, Hrafn. 5; forverk heys, carting hay, K. Þ. K. 100; skal hverr búandi fara er forverk á sér, N. G. L. i. 128: þú munt fá föður mínum forverk ef ek ferr frá, Þorst. St. 53: forverks-lítill, adj. one who is able to do but little f., Fas. iii. 158: forverks-maðr, m. a labourer, workman, Gþl. 6, Eb. 150: forverks-tíð, f. work-time, Hom. (St.): þér skal fá þræla til forverks, Þorst. St. 55. II. metaph. [cp. A. S. for-wyrht = peccatum], in the phrase, göra ekki forverkum við e-n, to treat one well, not meanly, not like a drudge; er þat líkast at aldri sé forverkum við þik gört, Band. 10; skal aldri forverkum við þik göra meðan við lifum báðir, 54; ekki skal forverkum við þik göra þat sem vel er, Fas. ii. 238; vér munum þetta eigi forverkum göra, we shall do no hireling's work, i. 100; at þeir görði lítt forverkum (that they did it thoroughly) at hefna þeim Dönum spottsins, Mork. 51, 153. for-viða, adj. ind. [qs. forveðja, q.v.], upset in a fight, Nj. 228. 246; Gestr varð allr f. fyrir, Bárð. 43 new Ed., Róm. 150 :-- in mod. usage, amazed, greatly surprised. for-viðris, adv. before the wind, Rd. 276, Sturl. iii. 198, Róm. 369, Bs. ii. 5. for-vindis, adv. before the wind, Fms. iii. 235. for-vista, n, f. = forysta (forvist, Fms. vii. 25). Eb. 142, Fms. x. 273. for-vitinn, adj. curious, chiefly in a bad sense. Greg. 27, Sturl. i. 216. for-vitligr, adj. curious, Mag. 8. for-vitna, að, to pry into, enquire; f. e-t, Sks. 183 B; f. um e-t, to enquire about, 6, 182 B. 2. reflex., forvitnask e-t, to enquire, Bret. 94, Fms. i. 147, 252, vii. 258, Eg. 764, Ld. 268: absol., Lv. 15; f. til e-s, id., Fær. 53; f. um e-t, id., Landn. 51, Grett. 96, 160. 3. impers., e-n forvitnar e-t, or with infin., it makes one curious to know, Fær. 54, Sks. 182 B, Fas. i. 22. for-vitni, f. curiosity (often in a bad sense), Fas. i. 71, Sks. 183, 553, Fms. i. 145, 260, Glúm. 327, Johann. 625. 89; fáa leiðir gott af forvitninni (a saying), Vídal. i. 58. for-vitri, adj. (-vitra, Fms. vi. 56, 428), very wise, deep, Fms. iv. 24, 239, vi. 56, xi. 79, Band. 3, Eg. 3, Bs. i. 66 (forvitr). for-vitringr, m. a wise man, Matth. xi. 25. for-vígi, n. an outwork. forvígis-maðr, m. a head champion, defender. for-yflask, d, dep. (foriflask, Al. 110 and 655 xxix; for-œfask, Hom. 151), in the phrase, f. e-s, only used with neg., to shrink from nothing; Lucinia foryfldisk eigi íllra ráða, Bær. 14; Halli foryfldisk eigi at mæla þat er honum sýndisk, Fms. vi. 360 (foryfildiz, Mork. 93); at þeir muni foriflaz at etja við afla-muninn, Al. l.c.; þú foræfisk (foryflisk?) eigi eiða, thou shrinkest not from perjury, Hom. l.c. for-ynja, u, f. an appearance or foreboding: hygg ek at þetta sé f. þín, Fb. i. 67; nú hygg ek at þetta beri þína forynju, ok sér þú svikinn, Ó. T. 3; f. eðr fyrirfari hinnar fremri tignar, Bs. i. 682. β. a spectre, Germ. scheusal; þegi þú yfir þeim, f. (thou monster!), Ld. 326, v.l.; and so in mod. usage. for-ysta, u, f. (forosta, Fms. ii. 88, Fs. 8, Grág. i. 503, Ísl. ii. 87, 330), mod. forusta [qs. forvista, vi = y] :-- headship, leadership, and even used personally a captain, 623. 56, Fms. ii. 88, v. 273, vii. 326, Hkr. ii. 202, v.l., Sturl. i. 759, Mork. 137, 140 (cp. Fms. vii. 25, Hkr. iii. 206), Glúm. 340. COMPDS: forustu-geldingr, m. a bell-wether, Grág. i. 503, Ísl. ii. 330. forystu-lauss, adj. without a leader or protector, Fs. 8, Ld. 260, Bær. 17, Dropl. 32. forustu-sauðr, m. = forustugeldingr, Ísl. ii. 87, Bs. i. 138. for-þénusta, u, f. [Germ. verdienst], merit, mod. eccl., N. T., Vídal. for-þokki, a, m. dislike, Þórð. 22 new Ed. for-þóttr, m. = forþokki, Bs. ii. 37. for-þykkja, þótti, to dislike, Sturl. iii. 231, Thom. 300, (rare.) FOX, n. [A. S. and Engl. fox; Dutch vos; Germ. fuchs; this word occurs in the old northern tongues only in a metaph. sense, and even then rare and obsolete] :-- a fraud in selling, adulteration; fox er íllt í exi, Eg. 184 (in a verse); otherwise only in the phrase, selja e-m fox né flærð, Gþl. 492; kaup-fox, veð-fox (q.v.), fraud in sale or bailing, Gþl. FÓA, u, f. a fox; this curious word, which answers to Goth. fauhô, O. H. G. foha, only occurs in Edda (Gl.), unless the present Icel. tóa (the common name for a fox) be a corruption of fóa; if not, the etym. of tóa is quite uncertain. It is a common superstition not to call the fox by his right name, whence the variety of names in different languages, and number of synonymes in the same language. fóarn, n. the crop or maw of a bird, Fbr. 12. FÓÐR, n. [Engl. fodder; Germ. futter; Dan. and Swed. foder], fodder for cattle, (but fæði or fæða of human food), Ísl. ii. 138, Gþl. 503, Fbr. 156: a certain quantity of fodder or hay, a stack thus contains so many kýr-fóðr or lambs-fóðr :-- a foddering of lambs for the parson in the winter, hence a parish has so and so many lambs-fóðr; skila úr fóðrum, to return lambs in the spring. fóðr-birgðir, f. pl. (-birgr, adj.), stores of hay. fóðr, n. [Germ. futter; Engl. fur], lining. fóðra, að, to fodder, Fms. i. 272, Ísl. ii. 132: reflex., Sks. 185. fóðra, að, to fur or line a garment, Fms. vi. 422, Bs. i. 636; hence in mid. Lat. cappa forata. fóðr-lauss, adj. unlined, Vm. 29, Pm. 37. fó-erla, u, f. a duck. fógeti, a, m. [low Lat. vocatus; Germ. vogt], a kind of bailiff, D. N. from the 14th century :-- the bailiff of Reykjavík in Icel. is called fógeti. FÓL, n. a fool: allit., fífl ok fól, 656 B. 7; fól, however, has often the notion of rage and foul language; fífl that of pranks or silliness; fól (madman) væri Sverrir þá, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 242; bað taka fól þetta, Ísl. ii. 220 (one who had used bad language); hann þótti þar fól eitt (idiot), Glúm. 336. COMPDS: fóls-liga, adv. foolishly, like a madman, Sturl. i. 4, Fms. xi. 280. fóls-ligr, adj. foolish, mad, Fms. viii. 242 (of foul language). fóli, a, m. = fól, Gísl. 50, Sd. 178; fóli þinn, thou fool! Ld. 220. FÓLI, a, m. [cp. Fr. voler, early Fr. foler, cp. also low Lat. felo, Engl. felony; but is prob. a Teut. word from fela, fólginn ] :-- stolen goods, esp. hidden, a law term; skal binda fóla á bak honum, N. G. L. i. 83, Js. 129; finna þeir fóla (hidden theft) meðal skjaldbálka, N. G. L. i. 84, passim; finna fóla, Grág. i. 195: bera inn fóla á hendr mönnum, id. fóla-gjald, n. damages, compensation, in a case of theft, Grág. i. 84. FÓLK, n., prop. folk with a short vowel, cp. fylki; [A. S. folc; Engl. folk; Germ. volk: Dan. and Swed. folk] :-- folk, people: skjótt fjölgaðisk fólkit, Grett. 88 :-- people indefinitely, til at hræða fólk, to frighten folk, Bs. i. 764: curiously Icel. say, kvenn-fólk (as in Engl.). woman-folk; but karl-fólk never, only karl-menn. 2. in Icel. chiefly the people of a household, community, or the like; kirkju-fólk, the church-folk, i.e. people assembled in church; boðs-fólk, the guests at a banquet; sóknar-fólk, the parish folk; heimilis-fólk, house-folk, the people of a household; allt fólkið á bænum, all the folk; vinnu-fólk, servant-folk; grasa-fólk, people gathering fell-moss; meðal annars fólksins, Nj. 66, v.l.; Njáll gékk inn ok mælti víð fólkit, 200; mik ok fólk mitt skortir aldri mat, Band. 13; hott, hott og hæt hér sé Guð í bæ, sælt fólkið allt, Stef. Ól.; fæddi varla búféit fólkit, Ísl. ii. 68; var eigi fólk upp staðit, Hrafn. 20; this sense is to the present day very common in Icel.; while the Germ. sense of people, nation (Dan. folket) is strange to Icel.; even lands-fólk is rare, better lands-menn. 3. kinsfolk; hans fólk ok foreldismenn, his 'folk' and forefathers, Stj. 139; allt yðart f., Karl. 328: so Icel. say, vera af góðu fólki kominn, to come of good folk, be well born. II. a host = fylking, and hence battle, but only in old poets, cp. Edda 108; fjórtán fólk, fourteen divisions, troops, Hkv. 1. 49; ok í fólk um skaut, Vsp. 28; ef ek sék flein í fólki vaða, Hm. 151; þótt í fólk komi, 159; í fólk, in battle, Ýt. 10; fara með fólkum, to wage war, Gm. 48; öndvert fólk, the van of the host, Fas. i. 46 (in a verse); and in many compds: adj. a valiant man ii called fólk-bráðr, -djarfr, -eflandi, -glaðr, -harðr, -prúðr, -rakkr, -reifr, -skár, -snarr, -sterkr, -þorinn, etc.: weapons, folk-hamla, -naðra, -skíð, -svell, -vápn, -vöndr: armour, fólk-tjald, -veggr: a warrior, fólk-baldr, -mýgir, -nárungar, -rögnir, -stjóri, -stuðill, -stýrir, -valdr, -vörðr: the battle, fólk-roð, -víg, Vsp. 28: in prose rarely, and only in poët. phrases, fólk-bardagi, a, m. a great battle, battle of hosts; and fólk-orrusta, f. id., Flov. 40, Orkn. 94; fólk-land, n. = fylki, Hkr. i. 209, paraphrase from the Vellekla; fólk-vápn, n. pl. (vide above), weapons, N. G. L. i. 101: metaph., Fms. iii. 167. fólska, u, f. foolishness, often with the notion of madness, impudence, Fms. iii. 167, ix. 405, Sks. 623, Ísl. ii. 84. COMPDS: fólsku-för (fólsku-ferð), f. a mad expedition, Sturl. ii. 97. fólsku-orð, n. foolish (foul) words, Fms. vii. 118. fólsku-verk, n. a foolish (mad) act, Edda 57: a foul act, Pass. 36. 7. fólskr, adj. foolish, impudent, Hkr. ii. 138. FÓRA, u, f. (a for. word), armour, harness; her-fóra, armour, Stj. 287, Mag., Karl. passim; hence the mod. phrase, hafa e-ð í fórum sínum, to keep a thing hidden under one's harness. FÓRN (fórur, f. pl., Ver. 6), f. offering, [prob. a word of Lat. and eccl. origin, derived from Lat. offerre; after the introduction of Christianity the old heathen word blót (q.v.) became odious, as denoting heathen sacrifice, and is consequently never used in connection with Christian worship; its place being taken by the word fórn] :-- a sacrifice in the Jewish sense, and in the Christian sense an offering to God; but it is scarcely ever used in a heathen sense -- the passage Fær. 103 is quite peculiar: the phrase, færa fórn, to bring an offering, Stj. passim; Gúð mun sér sjá fórn til handa, 131, passim; brenni-fórn, a burnt offering; dreypi-fórn, a drink offering; synda-fórn, a sin offering, Bible, Vídal. passim: fórnar-blöð, n, the sacrificial blood, Stj. 305, 318; fórnar-

168 FÓRNA -- FÓTSTIRÐR.

brauð, n. and fórnar-hleifr, m. the shew-bread, Stj. 474, 565 (panis propositionis, Vulg.); fórnar-kvikindi, n. a victim, Stj. 430; fórnar-skrín, n. a shrine in which the wafer is kept, Vm. 55; fórnar-söngr, m. the offertory in the Roman Catholic service, 625. 190. 2. metaph. chiefly in pl. offerings, presents; in this sense it occurs in Am. 5 (a poem not too old for such a word), Fms. ix. 416; ríkar ok fagrar fórnir, Str. 34; fórnar-lauss, adj. not bringing an offering, Al. 172: sing., aldri ætla ek óþarfari fórn færða Sveini konungi, en þetta it vánda höfuð, Mork. 87. fórna, að, to offer, with acc. of the offering, dat. of the person; fórna mér reykelsi, Stj. 431; mörr er fórnaðr, 430. 1 Sam. ii. 16; þá hluti er hann vildi fórna, 410; fórna þik Guði, offer thee to God, 407: to offer as a present, Fms. ix. 450, Al. 96: in mod. usage, with dat. of the offering and the Deity, e.g. fórna Guði bænum sínum. 2. the phrase, fórna höndum, to lift the hands to heaven as in prayer, or to wring the hands as in agony; that this phrase was also known to the ancients may be inferred from the compd, fórnar-hendr, f. pl. offering hands, uplifted hands, Magn. 514. fórn-færa, ð, = fórna, to bring an offering, sacrifice, with acc. of the offering, Fms. ii. 41, Stj. passim: mod. with dat. of the offering. fórn-færing, f. an offering, sacrifice, Stj. 17, 248, 276. fóst-bróðir, m. a foster-brother: 1. prop. of men brought up together, brothers in arms, and the like; Arinbjörn hersir var f. Eireks konungs, Eg. 401, Fs. 121, 139, Fms. x. 226, Ísl. ii. 219; frændr ok fóstbræðr, Fs. 120, 122; þeir vóru vænligir menn ok görðusk fóstbræðr (brothers in arms) Ingimundar, 13, 15, 16, 19, 24, passim. 2. a sworn brother, = eiðbróðir, pledged by the rite of blending blood together (vide bróðir), Gísl., Fbr., passim: hence Fóstbræðra-saga, u, f. the name of the history (but the name is mod.); fóstbræðra-lag, n. a foster-brotherhood, Eg. 116. 165, Fms. vii. 25, passim :-- sworn brotherhood, sverjask í f., Fms. iii. 213, cp. esp. Gísl., Fbr. FÓSTR, n. [a Scandin. word; Swed.-Dan. and North. E. foster; but neither in Goth., A. S., nor Germ.] :-- the fostering of a child, Fms. i. 1, Eg. 119, Nj. 40, Grág. i. 276, 277, Gþl. 531, Fs. 12, Ld. passim; for this see barn-fóstr, but cp. also Grág. Ó. Þ. ch. 21: the savings, fjórðungi bregðr til fóstrs, Nj. (vide bregda), and fé er fóstri líkt; ást-fóstr, q.v. fóstra, u, f. a foster-mother; fóstra sú er hann hefir fæddan lögfóstri, Grág. ii. 60, Fms. iii. 71, vii. 275 :-- a wet-nurse, Fs. 148. 2. a foster-daughter; fóstra sú er maðr hefir fædda, Grág. l.c., Eg. 169, Str. 63. fóstra, að, to foster, also to nurse, Ld. 108, Fms. i. 16, Nj. 59. fóstr-dóttir, f. a foster-daughter. fóstr-faðir, m. a foster-father, Eg. 117, Ísl. ii. 139 (v.l.), Fms. ix. 361. fóstr-foreldrar, m. pl. foster-parents, (mod.) fóstri, a, m. a foster-father, Íb. 14, Eg. 117, Fs. 13, 19, Lv. 50, Bs. i. 154. 425, Fms. v. 126, Grág. i. 226; freq. in Icel. in addressing, fóstri minn, fóstra min! 2. a foster-son, Nj. 149. 3. a pet, of a favourite horse, Sturl. i. 40, Hrafn. 8. 4. a foster-brother, Fms. vii. 316, xi. 155, (rare.) 5. in pl., collect. the foster-father and his son (or sons), Fms. xi. 59. fóstr-jörð, f. a native country, Nj. 45, Fms. i. 76, Hom. 140. fóstr-land, n. id., Barl. 99, 156, Stj. 50, Fms. x. 340, 343, Bret. 100. fóstr-laun, n. pl. reward for fostering one, Ld. 232, Grág. i. 280. fóstr-man, n. a nurse (bondwoman), Skv. 3. 67 (poët.) fóstr-meistari, a, m. a tutor, Karl. 32. fóstr-móðir, f. a foster-mother, Stj. 83, 548. fóstr-mær, f. a foster-daughter, Fas. ii. 293. fóstr-neyti, n., collect. foster-parents, Fms. vii. 237. fóstr-son, m. a foster-son, Fms. i. 85, Eg. 524, Ísl. ii. 145. fóstr-systir, f. (sometimes in MSS. spelt fósystir, Mar. 14, 15, Stj. 407, Bs. i. 460), a foster-sister, Fs. 139, Fb. ii. 4. fóstr-systkin, n. pl., collect. foster-brothers and sisters, Fas. ii. 64. fót-borð, n. a foot-board, Gísl. 31, Vígl. 17, O. H. L. 36. fót-brot, n. a fracture of the leg, Bs. i. 431. fót-brotinn, part. broken-legged, Bs. i. 423, Stj. 279, Eb. 316. fót-fara, fór, to pace, measure, Ann. Oldk. 1845, p. 164. fót-festi, f. a foot-hold, in climbing. fót-fimr, adj. nimble-footed, Róm. 310. fót-fljótr, adj. swift-fooled, Barl. 103, (rare.) fót-fúinn, part. 'foot-rotten' i.e. reeling on one's legs, a wrestling term. fót-ganga, u, f., in fótgöngu-lið, n. host of footmen, Stj. 450, Fms. x. 139; fótgöngu-herr, m. id., Hkr. i. 216, Stj. 456; fótgöngu-menn, m. pl. id., Fms. vi. 413, Stj. 285. fót-gangandi, part. walking on foot, Bs. i. 535; f. menn, footmen, Fms. x. 139, Stj. 512. fót-hár, adj. long-legged, high-stepping. Eg. 710. fót-heill, adj. 'hale-legged,' sound-legged, Gþl. 87. fót-hrumr, adj. weak-legged (from age), Fms. vii. 9, Bs. ii. 24. fót-hvatr, adj. swift-footed, Nj. 38, Edda 31, Ó. H. 71. fót-högg, n. hewing off one's feet, Eb. 246, Sturl. ii. 90. fót-höggva, hjó, to hew one's feet off, Fms. viii. 167, ix. 19, Sturl. ii, 66. fót-kaldr, adj. having cold feet. fót-lami, adj. lame of foot, Nj. 219, Stj. 501. fót-langr, adj. long-legged, Fms. x. 151, v.l. fót-laug, n. a foot-bath, Hkv. 2. 37. fót-lauss, adj. foot-less, without feet, Al. 134. fót-lágr, adj. low-legged, short-legged, Þjal. 29. fót-leggr, m. the leg, Fb. ii. 387, Bárð. 14 new Ed., Fms. viii. 162, 447, ix. 528, Magn. 524, Fas. i. 27, Stj. 96. fót-mál, n. a step, Stj. 129. fót-mikill, adj. big-footed, Mag. 1. fót-mjúkr, adj. nimble-footed, a wrestling term, Sturl. i. 14. fót-pallr, m. a foot-board, Fms. x. 186, Hkr. i. 81. FÓTR, m., gen. fótar, dat. fæti; pl. fætr, gen. fóta, dat. fótum; in mod. conversation and even in writing the acc. pl. is used as fem., thus 'allar fætr,' not 'alla fætr,' and with the article 'fætrnar,' which form was already used by poets of the 17th century, Pass. 33. 4, Snót 156: [Goth. fôtus; A. S. fôt; Engl. foot; Germ. fuss; Swed. fot; Dan. fod; Gr. GREEK-, Lat. p&e-short;d-, with a short vowel; but with a long vowel in all Teutonic languages; fit, q.v., also seems to be a kindred word] :-- a foot; and as in some other languages either the foot only or the foot and leg. Icel. distinguish between various animals, and use fótr (foot) of men, horses, cattle, sheep, etc.; hrammr (paw) of beasts of prey, as bears, lions; löpp (also paw) of cats, dogs, mice; klær (claws) of birds of prey, as the raven, eagle; hreifi (fins) of a seal: Edda 110, Fms. i. 182, xi. 145, Anecd. 6, Nj. 219, 264, Landn. 180: the allit. phrase, fótr ok lit (q.v.); þá var uppi f. og fit, i.e. all (men and beast) were about or all was bustle; standa báðum fótum, einum fæti, öllum fótum, to stand (rest) on both ... feet, Fms. viii. 41, Gísl. 46; spretta (stökkva) á fætr, to start to one's feet, Eg. 495; vera á fótum, to be a-foot, to be out of bed, Fms. vi. 201, x. 147, Glúm. 368, Eg. 586; vera snemma á fótum, to be early a-foot, Valla L. 223: metaph. to be alive, Ld. 230; fara á fætr, to rise; skjóta (kasta) fótum undir sik, to take to his heels, Fms. viii. 358, Þórð. 43 new Ed.; hlaupa sem fætr toga, to run as fast as feet can go, Gísl. 61. Fas. i. 434; taka til fóta, to take to one's heels, Grett. 101, Bs. i. 804; eiga fótum fjör at launa, to owe one's life to the feet, i.e. to run for one's life, O. H. L. 8; leggja land undir fót, to take a long stride, Bs. ii. 124, Fkv. ii. 2: phrases denoting the delight of getting on shore, hafa land undir fæti, to feel the ground wider one's feet, 'O quam securum, quamque jucundum in solo,' fastr er á foldu fótr, Profectio in Terr. Sanct. 159; falla til fóta e-m, to fall at another's feet, 623. 27. 2. phrases, kominn af fotum fram, off one's feet, bedridden, Fms. xi. 155, Fb. i. 201; þótt ek bera þaðan hvárigan fót heilan þá skal ek þó fara, Fs. 9; hverr á fætr öðrum, one on the heels of another, Eg. 132; Hákon drepr yðr á fætr oss, H. slays you on your feet, Fms. x. 386; miklu er fyrir fætr þér kastað, many things are cast before thy feet, many obstacles, Korm. 176. β. metaph. phrases, standa á mörgum fótum, to rest on many feet, have many resources; stóð á mörgum fótum fjárarli Skallagríms, Eg. 137, Fms. xi. 423; standa á tré-fótum, to stand on wooden legs, be in a tottering state: það er enginn fótr fyrir því, 'it has not a foot to stand on,' i.e. is not true: tún-fótr, the outskirt of a home-field, metaphor from a skin stretched out. II. a measure, Al. 163, Karl. 438, 481, 509, 525. Ísl. ii. 402, Landn. 335, Fs. 26; fet is more usual. COMPDS: fóta-afl, n. the strength of the feet, Fms. viii. 410. fóta-brík, f. the foot-board of a bed, Sturl. iii. 177. fóta-burðr, m. the bearing of the feet, gait, Bs. i. 670. fóta-búnaðr, m. foot-gear, Stj. 366. fóta-ferð, f. a rising from bed; fótaferðar-tími, a, m. the time of rising. fóta-festi, f. = fótfesti, Barl. 56. fóta-fjöl, f. = fótabrík, Fms. v. 340: a foot-board, iv. 277. fóta-gangr, m. trampling, din, Finnb. 246. fóta-grýta, u, f. a pan with feet, Fr. fóta-hlutr, m. the nether part of the body, opp. to höfða-hlutr, Eb. 326, Eg. 398, Fms. xi. 277. fóta-kefli, n. a stumbling-block. fóta-klæði, n., eccl., Lat. pedale, Ám. 90, Jm. 10, 36. fóta-læti, n. pl. 'foot-pranks' (of one hanged), Fms. vii. 13. fótar-bragð, n. 'foot-braid,' a wrestling term, vide bragð. Fas. ii. 370. fótar-mein, n. a sore leg, Nj. 219, Bs. i. 815, Sturl. i. 64. fótar-sár, n. a foot-wound, Fms. viii. 141. fótar-verkr, m. = fótverkr, Hkr. i. 63, Fas. ii. 106. fóta-saurr, m. the foot-dirt, Post. to Matth. x. 14. fóta-skinn, n. a 'foot-skin,' carpet, Rd. 272, Ám. 6. fóta-skortr, m. missing the feet; e-m verðr f., to slip, stumble. fóta-spyrning, f. a spurning with the feet, Fas. iii. 355. fóta-stapp, n. a stamping with the feet, Skálda 174. fóta-stokkr, m. a shackle; berja fótastokk, to dangle the legs in riding. fóta-þil, n. the foot-board of a bed, Fms. ii. 84. fóta-þváttr, m. foot-washing, Bs. i. 105. fót-sárr, adj. foot-sore, Lv. 59 (of a horse). fót-síðr, adj. reaching down to the leg, of a garment, Finnb. 310, Stj. 520. fót-skemill, m. (-skefill, Bs. i. 155), a foot-board, Fms. v. 301, Sturl. iii. 131, Sks. 292, O. H. L. 26. fót-skriða, u, f., in the phrase, renna fótskriðu, to run and slide on ice, Nj. 145, Valla L. 220, Rd. 278. fót-skör, f. a foot-board, Bs. i. 220, Fms. ii. 132, Sturl. iii. 131, v.l. fót-spor, n. pl. foot-prints, 623. 36, Fms. i. 280; stíga í e-s fótspor, to step in one's foot-prints, Fs. 4, Sks. 13, Vígl. 20. fót-stallr, m. a pedestal, Fms. ii. 108, Fær. 103 (v.l.), 655 xxxii. 10. fót-stirðr, adj. stiff-legged, Eg. 754.

FÓTTROÐ -- FRAM. 169

fót-troð, n. treading underfoot, Bs. ii. 57, Thom. 104. fót-troða, trað, to tread upon, Stj. 42, Fms. ii. 172, iii. 165, H. E. i. 506. fót-veill, adj. with a bad leg, Bs. i. 344, Thom. fót-verkr, m. 'foot-warke,' gout, Ýt. 26. fót-viss, adj. sure-footed, a wrestling term. FRAKKA, u, f. [A. S. franca], a kind of spear; Grimm thinks that the framea of Tacitus is merely a corruption of franca, a suggestion which seems to be almost certain; in northern poems and writers this word only occurs in Rm. 32, whence it was probably taken into Edda (Gl.); on the other hand, we have an Icel. frakki, a, m. a kind of weapon, in the compd hræ-f., a 'carrion-fluke,' i.e. the blade of a sword, Gísl. 7 (in a verse); and akkeris-frakki, a, m. an 'anchor-fluke (?),' in a verse of 996, Fs. 92: again, the frakka of the Rm. was probably borrowed from A. S. 2. Frakki, a, m. a proper name, cp. Gullþ.; Frakka-nes, n. a farm. Frakkar, m. pl. the Franks, mod. the French; perhaps derived from the national weapon franca, as that of Saxons from seax, sax = gladius; Frakkland, n. the land of the Franks, as fixed by the peace of Verdun in 843, Íb. ch. 9 and Fms. i. ii, and in old poets (Hallfred) :-- in mod. language used for France. frakki, a, m. [Fr. fraque], a frock, coat, mod. word, borrowed from Dan. frak. frakkr, adj. [Engl. and Germ. frank], this word never occurs in old writers, and in mod. usage only in the sense impertinent, intrusive. FRAM, adv. -- the Icel. has a triple adverbial form, fram, denoting the going to a place (ad locum); frammi, the being in a place (in loco); framan, the going from a place (a loco) -- compar. framarr (mod. framar) or fremr, = Goth. framis; superl. framast (framarst) or fremst: proncd. with a double m = framm; and that such was the case in olden times may be seen from Fms. vi. 385 and Skálda 168, 171. This adv. with its compds and derivatives may be said to have been lost in Germ. as well as Engl., and at a very early time. Even Ulf. uses fram as a prep. in the sense of GREEK, like the A. S. and Engl. from, Swed. från: only in two passages Ulf. uses fram as adv., viz. Rom. xiii. 12, where he renders 'the night is far spent' (nóttin er um liðin of the Icel. N. T.) by framis galeiþan, which recalls to mind the Icel. fram-liðinn = deceased, past; and Mark i. 19, where GREEK is rendered by gaggan framis = Icel. ganga framarr or ganga fram; cp. also the Goth. compds fram-gahts = progress, Philipp. i. 25; fram-aldrs = stricken in years; fram-vigis = Icel. fram-vegis; fram-vairþis = further: in O. H. G. vram = ultra still occurs, but is now lost in Germ. as well as in Engl.: the Icel., on the other hand, makes a clear distinction between the prep. frá (from) and fram, on, forward, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. porro, pro-; in some compds the sense from appears, e.g. framandi, a stranger, -- Ulf. framaþeis, prop. one who is far off or from far off; so also fram-liðinn, gone, past; ganga fram, to die. A. fram, forward, (opp. to aptr, backward); aðra leið aptr en fram, 655 xxxii. 18; hann féll fram á fætr konungi, he fell forward on his face at the king's feet, Eg. 92; stefna fram (to go on) hina neðri leið, 582; brautin liggr þar fram í milli, id.; cf þeir vilja fram, or, fram á leið, forward, Sks. 483; fram rétt, straight on, Fms. ii. 273, v.l.; fram, fram! on, on! a war cry, Ó. H. 215: koma fram, to reappear, arrive, after being long unheard of; hann kom fram í Danmörku, Fms. i. 62; hann kom fram í kaupstað þeim er ..., Ísl. ii. 332; ok kómu þar fram, er Kirjálar vóru á fjalli, Eg. 58: the phrase, fram í ættir, in a far or distant degree (of relationship), 343: people in Icel. in the 14th century used to say, fram til Noregs, up to Norway (cp. up to London), Dipl. ii. 15, 16. II. fram is generally applied to any motion outwards or towards the open, opp. to inn, innar; thus fram denotes the outer point of a ness, fram á nes; Icel. also say, fram á sjó, towards the high sea, (but upp or inn at landi, landwards); also, towards the verge of a cliff or the like, fram á hamarinn (bergit), Eg. 583: when used of a house fram means towards the door, thus, fara fram í dyr (eldhús), but inn or innar í baðstofu (hence fram-bær), var hón ávalt borin fram ok innar, she was borne in a litter out and in, Bs. i. 343: of a bed or chair fram denotes the outside, the side farthest from the wall, horfir hón til þils, en bóndi fram, she turned her face to the wall, but her husband away from it, Vígl. 31. β. again, Icel. say, fram á dal, up dale, opp. to ofan dalinn, down dale. III. without motion, the fore part, opp. to aptr, hinder part (cp. fram-fætr); aptr krókr en fram sem sporðr, Fms. ii. 179; maðr fram en dýr aptr (of a centaur), 673. 2, Sks. 179; aptr ok fram, fore and aft, of a ship, Fms. ix. 310. IV. joined with prepp. or particles, Lat. usque; bíða fram á dag, fram á nótt, fram í myrkr, to wait far into the day, night, darkness, Bs. ii. 145; bíða fram yfir, er fram um Jól, etc., to bide till after Yule; um fram, past over; sitja um þat fram er markaðrinn stóð, to stay till the fair is past, Fb. i. 124; fram um hamarinn (bergit), to pass the cliff, Eg. 582; ríða um fram, to ride past or to miss, Nj. 264, mod. fram hjá, cp. Germ. vorbei :-- metaph., vera um fram e-n, above, surpassingly; um fram aðra menn, Fb. i. 91, Fms. vi. 58, passim; um alla hluti fram, above all things: yfir alla hluti fram, id., Stj. 7: besides, Sks. 41 new Ed.: fyrir lög fram, in spite of the law, Fms. iii. 157; fyrir rétt fram, 655 xx. 4; fyrir lof fram, without leave, Grág. i. 326; fyrir þat fram, but for that, ii. 99: the phrase, fyrir alla hluti fram, above all things, 623. 19. β. temp., fyrir fram means beforehand, Germ. voraus; vita, segja fyrir fram, to know, tell beforehand, Germ. voraus-sagen. γ. fram undan, projecting, stretching forward; fram undan eyjunni, Fms. ii. 305. δ. the phrase, fram, or more usually fram-orðit, of time, hvað er fram-orðit, how late is it? i.e. what is the time? Ld. 224; þá var fram-orðit, it was late in the day, Clem. 51; þá er fram var orðit, 623. 30: dropping 'orðit,' þeir vissu eigi hvat fram var (qs. fram orðit), they did not know the time of day, K. Þ. K. 90: with gen., fram-orðit dags, late in the day, Fms. xi. 10, Ld. 174; áfram, on forward, q.v. V. with verbs, α. denoting motion, like pro- in Latin, thus, ganga, koma, sækja, falla, fljóta, renna, líða, fara ... fram, to go, come, flow, fare ... forward, Eg. 136, Fms. ii. 56, Jb. 75, passim: of time, líða fram, Bs. ii. 152 (fram-liðinn). β. rétta, halda fram, to stretch, hold forth, Nj. 3; flytja, bera, draga, leiða, færa, selja, setja fram, to bring ... forward, Sks. 567; leggja fram, to 'lay forth,' discharge, Fms. v. 293, Nj. 3, 11; bjóða fram, to offer; eggja, hvetja fram, to egg on; segja fram, to pronounce; standa, lúta fram, etc. γ. sjá, horfa, stökkva ... fram fyrir sik, to look, jump forward, opp. to aptr fyrir sik, Nj. 29 :-- impers., e-m fer fram, to grow, make progress; skara fram úr, to stand out. B. frammi, (for the pronunciation with a double m vide Skálda 169,) denotes in or on a place, without motion, and is formed in the same way as uppi from upp, niðri from niðr; Icel. thus say, ganga fram, niðr, upp, to go on, go down, go up; but vera frammi, niðri, uppi, to be in, etc.; if followed by a vowel, the final i may be dropt, thus, vera frammi á dal, or framm' á dal, Hrafn. 6; sitja framm' fyrir hásæti (= frammi fyrir), Ó. H. 5; just as one may say, vera niðr' á (qs. niðri á) engjum, upp' á ( = uppi á) fjalli: as to direction, all that is said of fram also applies to frammi, only that frammi can but denote the being in a place; Icel. thus say, frammi á dal in a dale, frammi í dyrum in-doors, frammi á fjalli on a fell, frammi á gólfi on the floor, frammi á sjó, etc.; þeir Leitr sitja frammi í húsum, Fær. 181, cp. also Hrafn. 1; sitja (standa) frammi fyrir e-m, to sit (stand) before one's face, Hkr. ii. 8l. II. metaph. the phrase, hafa e-t frammi, to perform a thing, Nj. 232, Sks. 161: to use, shew, in a bad sense, of an insult, threatening, or the like; hafa þeir f. mikil-mæli ok heita afarkostum, Hkr. i. 191: the particle í is freq. prefixed, hafa í frammi, (not á frammi as áfram, q.v.); svá fremi skaltú rógit í frammi hafa, Nj. 166; þarftú þá fleira í frammi at hafa en stóryrði ein ok dramblæti, Fas. i. 37; hafðú í frammi kúgan við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215: to exercise, Bs. i. 852; hafa f. ípróttir, Fms. ix. 8 (rare); láta, leggja f., to contribute, produce, Fas. iii. 118, Fms. vi. 211. C. framan, from the front side; framan at borðinu, to the front of the table, Fb. ii. 302; framan at e-u, in the face or front of (opp. to aptan að, from behind); skaltú róa at framan borðum skútunnar, thou shall row towards the boards of the boat, of one boat trying to reach another, Háv. 46; taka framan af e-u, to take (cut) from the fore part, Od. xiv. 474; framan á skipinu, the fore part of the ship, Fms. ii. 179; framan um stafninn, vi. 78. β. temp., framan af sumri, vetri, hausti, váti, the beginning, first part of summer ...; also simply framan af, in the beginning. γ. of the fore part of the body; nokkut hafit upp framan nefit, Ld. 272; réttnefjaðr ok hafit upp í framan-vert, a straight nose and prominent at the tip, Nj. 29; framan á brjóstið, on the breast; framan í andlitið, in the face; framan á knén, í stálhúfuna framan, Fms. viii. 337; framan á þjóhnappana, Sturl. i. 14 (better aptan á). δ. with the prep. í preceding; í framan, adv. in the face; rjóðr í framan, red in the face; fölr í framan, pale-faced, etc., freq. in mod. use. 2. fyrir framan, before, in front of, with acc. (opp. to fyrir aptan, behind); fyrir framan slána, Nj. 45; fyrir framan hendr honum, 60; fyrir framan hamarinn, Eg. 583; fyrir framan merki, Fms. i. 27, ii. 84: as adv., menn stóðu með vápnum fyrir framan þar sem Flosi sat, before F. 's seat, Nj. 220; þá var skotið aptr lokhvílunni ok sett á hespa fyrir framan, Fms. ii. 84: að framan, above. 3. as framan is prop. an adv. from the place, Icel. also say, koma framan af dal, framan af nesi, framan ór dyrum, etc., to come down the dale, etc., vide fram above. 4. 'framan til' in a temp. sense, up to, until; nú líðr til þings framan, it drew near to the time of parliament, Nj. 12; líðr nú til þings framan, Ld. 88; leið nú framan til Jóla, Ísl. ii. 42; framan til Páska, Stj. 148; framan til vetrnátta, D. N.; framan til þess er hann átti við Glám, Grett. 155; framan til Leiðar, Anal. 172; frá upphafi heims framan, from the beginning of the world, Ver. 1; in mod. usage simply fram in all such instances. D. Compar. framarr, farther on; superl. framast, fremst, farthest on: 1. loc., feti framarr, a step farther on, Lv. 59; þar er þeir koma framast, the farthest point they can reach, Grág. i. 111; þar sem hann kömr framast, 497; hvar hann kom framarst, Fms. xi. 416; svá kómu þeir fremst at þeir unnu þá borg, i. 114; þeir eru mest til þess nefndir at framast (foremost) hafi verit, Ísl. ii. 368; þeir er fremst vóru, Fms. v. 78. 2. temp. farthest back; er ek fremst um man, Vsp. 1; hvat þú fyrst um mant eða fremst um veizt, Vþm. 34; frá því ek má fremst muna, Dipl. v. 25. II. metaph. farther, more, superl. farthest, most; erat hann framarr skyldr sakráða við menn, Grág. i. 11; nema vér reynim oss framarr, Fær. 75; meta, hvárra þörf oss litisk framarr ganga, whose claim appeared

170 FRAMA -- FRAMR.

to us the strongest, Dipl. ii. 5. β. with dat., venju framarr, more than usual; því framarr sem, all the more, Fms. i. 184. γ. with 'en' following; framar en, farther than, more than; mun hér því (therefore) framarr leitað en hvarvetna annars-staðar, Fms. i. 213; at ganga framarr á hendr Þorleiki en mitt leyfi er til, Ld. 154; hversu Þorólfr var framarr en ek, Eg. 112; framarr er hann en ek, he is better than I, Nj. 3; sókn framarr (rather) en vörn, 236; framarr en (farther than) nú er skilt, Js. 48; því at hann væri framarr en aðrir menn at sér, better than other men, Mar. 25. 2. superl., svá sem sá er framast (foremost) elskaði, Fs. 80; svá sem framast má, 655 xi. 2; sem Guð lér honum framast vit til, Js. 5: with gen., konungr virði hann framast allra sona sinna, Fms. i. 6; at Haraldr væri framast þeirra bræðra, 59; framast þeirra at allri sæmd, viii. 272. frama, að, [A. S. fremman; Dan. fremme], to further; frama sik, to distinguish oneself, Fms. v. 282: with dat. to further, promote a thing, hvárir-tveggju hafa svá mjök framat kvöð sinni, at ..., proceeded so far with their suit, that ..., Grág. ii. 50: of a pregnant woman, ek veit at þú ert með barni, ok mjök framat, and far advanced, Finnb. 212, Ld. 142. fram-altari, a, m. a side-altar, opp. to the high altar, Vm. 77. framan, vide fram C. framandi, part. a man of distinction, Bs. i. 797, 805, Orkn. 358. II. [Ulf. framaþeis; Germ. fremder], a stranger, Pass. 30. 6, (mod.) framan-verðr, adj. [cp. Ulf. fram-vairþjis], 'fore-ward,' in the front; á framanverðri brekkunni, Fms. vii. 298; nesinu, Eg. 399; framanverðar fylkingar, Fms. vi. 69; um hökuna framanverða, Orkn. 288; í framanvert nefit, Nj. 29. framar-liga, contracted framarla, adv. 'forwardly,' in front; þá má hverr vera svá framarla sem hann vill (of ranks in battle), Fms. viii. 403, v.l.; lagði konungr framarla skip sitt, Eg. 33; þeir kómu svá f. í landit, went so far, Fms. xi. 360: Icel. say, framarliga í dalnum, nesinu, far off in the dale, etc., where old writers would prefer í framanverðum dalnum, nesi: f. á sjötta hundraði, high up in the sixth hundred, Sturl. iii. 84. 2. metaph. fully, highly, much; treysta f., to trust fully, Fms. v. 236, vi. 151; svá framarla, so far, to that point, x. 7, Hom. 40; svá f. sem, so far as, 87; sjá f. við e-u, to be fully ware of, Sks. 358; hann man f. á horfa um kvánfangit, he will look high, i.e. make great pretensions, Ld. 88. fram-boðligr, adj. that can be offered, Fms. iii. 180. fram-bógr, m. the shoulder of an animal, Hkr. iii. 283. fram-bryggja, u, f. the gangway leading to the bow of a ship, Eg. 121. fram-burðr, m. delivery, esp. of a speech: með snjöllum framburði, Fms. ii. 199, Stj. 151, 260, 261: specially a law term, pleading, delivery, Grág. i. 42; f. um kviðinn, delivery of the verdict, Nj. 87: in mod. usage a gramm. term, pronunciation. fram-búð, f. lasting for the time to come: in the phrase, vera til lítillar frambuðar, to be of little lasting use, Barl. 63. fram-byggjar, -byggvar, m. pl. 'bow-sitters' the men placed on the bow of a ship of war, Fms. ii. 312, Eg. 32, Hkr. i. 86, Orkn. 230. fram-bær, m. the front or fore part of a house. fram-dráttr, m. carrying, launching a ship, Grág. ii. 399: metaph. support, maintenance, Fms. v. 23. framdráttar-samr, adj. putting oneself forward, Sturl. ii. 227. fram-eggjan, f. an egging on, Nj. 61, Fms. viii. 118, xi. 261. fram-fall, n. a falling on one's face, Karl. 552. fram-farinn, part. departed, Fær. 264; fram-farandi, part. act. departing, K. Á. 20. fram-ferð, f. procedure, course of procedure, Bs. i. 840, Fms. i. 126, vii. 296: conduct, Stj. 141. fram-ferði, n. = framferð, Fms. ii. 37: conduct, 655 xxxii. 2, Stj. 8, 142, Bs. i. 840, Fms. vi. 133: freq. in mod. use, N. T., Vídal. fram-ferðugr, adj.; f. maðr, a ready man, Ann. 1348, (rare.) fram-flutning, f. maintenance, Eg. 77, Fms. i. 222, xi. 234: gramm. pronunciation, Skálda 175, 181. fram-flutningr, m. pleading, Bs. i. 769. fram-fótr, m. the fore leg (of a quadruped), Fas. iii. 295. fram-fúss, adj. eager, forward, willing, Bs. i. 238. fram-færa, ð, to maintain, Grág. passim, (better as two words.) fram-færi, n. furtherance, Sturl. i. 72; koma e-u á f., to further it. fram-færing, f. pronunciation, Skálda 179; Lat. translatio, 194. fram-færinn, adj. (fram-færni, f.), a putting oneself forward; úframfærinn, shy; óframfærni, shyness. fram-færsla, u, f. a 'bringing forward,' bringing up, maintenance, Dipl. iv. 8, Grág. i. 62, 454, Jb. passim. COMPDS: Framfærslu-bálkr, m. the section in the Jb. treating of alimentation. framfærslu-kerling, f. an old pauper woman, Fbr. 95. framfærslu-lauss, adj. without means of support, Grág. i. 454, Jb. 179. framfærslu-maðr, m. a pauper. Jb. 181, Þorst. St. 55; = mod. sveitar-ómagi. fram-för, f. advancing, Fms. iv. 270, Hom. 181: departing from life, Fms. ii. 164, Bs. i. 742, Post. 686 C. 2. 2. metaph. progress, freq. in mod. usage. fram-ganga, u, f. a 'going forth,' proceeding, Sks. 520, 563: a going towards the door from the inner rooms (vide fram), Fs. 140 :-- advancing, in battle, and metaph. valour, exploits, Ó. H. 216 sqq., Eg. 33, Nj. 127, Fms. xi. 131, Lv. 89, Ísl. ii. 368, Grett. 159. framgöngu-maðr, m. a forward, valiant man, Glúm. 331. fram-gangr, m. a 'going forward,' advancing, in battle, Fms. viii. 117: metaph. success, vi. 133, vii. 280, ix. 508, Eg. 20 (advancement): aggression, ofsi ok f., Fms. xi. 93, K. Á. 232. fram-genginn, part. performed, Sks. 32, 560. 2. of persons, departed, deceased, Sks. 12. fram-gengt, part. n. (fem., Fms. x. 401), brought about, successful; in the phrase, verða f., to succeed, come to pass. Ld. 238, Fms. i. 277, vii. 5, 183, Sks. 32, 560, Ýt. 1. fram-girnd, f. = framgirni, Barl. 62. fram-girni, f. forwardness, Fms. v. 246, Fbr. 121. fram-gjarn, adj. striving forward, H. E. i. 250, Thom. 28. fram-hald, n. continuation, (mod.) fram-heit, n. pl. fair promises for the future, Sturl. iii. 232, 255. fram-hleypi (fram-hleypni), f. forwardness, Thom. 175. fram-hleypiligr, adj. forward, Stj. (pref.) fram-hleypinn, adj. leaping forward, intruding. fram-hlutr, m. the fore part, Fms. vi. 351. fram-hrapan, f. a rushing on, H. E. i. 501. fram-hús, n. a 'fore-house,' porch, entry, Njarð. 376, Fs. 149. fram-hvass, adj. forward, sharp, Fms. ii. 45, Thom. 46, 180. fram-hvöt, f. encouragement, Ld. 260, Sturl. iii. 6, Bs. ii. 72. frami, a, m. advancement, but esp. distinction, renown, fame, Sl. 70, Vþm. 11, Hm. 104, Eg. 19, 106, Nj. 38, Fms. i. 287, vi. 133, vii. 149, viii. 336: forwardness, vi. 303; lang-frami, lasting fame, Orkn. 466. COMPDS: frama-ferð, f. a feat, famous exploit, Fs. 4. frama-leysi, n. obscurity, Al. 118. frama-maðr, m. a man of distinction, Bs. i. Laur. S. frama-raun, f. a trial of fame, dangerous exploit, Fas. iii. 43. frama-skortr, m. listlessness, Fms. v. 338. frama-verk, n. a 'forward-work,' exploit, feat, Fms. iii. 97, Fs. 4, Orkn. 80. fram-játan, f. a promise, 655 xxxii. 21, Th. 24. fram-kast, n. a forecast, empty words, Eb. 46, Mar. (Fr.) fram-kirkja, u, f. the 'fore-church,' nave, opp. to the choir or chancel, Vm. 26, Jm. 13, Bs. i. 829. fram-kváma, u, f. 'coming forward,' fulfilment, Greg. 32, Hom. 51. fram-kvæma, d, to fulfil, bring about, Ó. H. 62, Bs. i. 133, ii. 147. fram-kvæmd, f. fulfilment, success, prowess; vit ok f., Fms. i. 195, ii. 119, vii. 280, 300, ix. 7, 625. 175, Sks. 609. COMPDS: framkvæmdar-lauss, adj. listless. framkvæmdar-leysi, n. listlessness, Fær. 246. framkvæmdar-maðr, m. a man of prowess, Nj. 181, Fms. i. 15, xi. 232. framkvæmdar-mikill, adj., full of prowess, Fms. vii. 431. fram-lag, n. a 'laying forth,' an outlay, Fms. iv. 33, Sks. 27, Grág. i. 478: contribution, Fær. 69, Fms. vi. 307, xi. 320, 428. 2. display, Fms. ix. 495, v.l. fram-laga, u, f. an advancing, in battle, Hkr. iii. 122. fram-leiðis, adv. [Dan. fremdeles], further, in future, K. Á. 20, Jb. 406, Sturl. iii. 269. fram-leiðsla, u, f. a 'leading on,' conduct; f. lífdaga, Fms. iii. 89. fram-leistr, m. the fore part of a sock, N. G. L. iii. 13. fram-ligr, adj.; f. maðr, a fine man, Sturl. ii. 134 C, Fms. xi. 56. fram-lundaðr and fram-lyndr, adj. courageous, Lex. Poët. fram-lútr, adj. 'louting forward,' prone, 655 xxxii. 3, Bs. ii. 20. fram-löpp, f. a fore-paw. frammi, vide fram B. frammi-staða, u, f. a 'standing forth,' behaviour, feat, Karl. 149, but only used in peculiar phrases; in Dipl. v. 18 the missal is called frammistöðu-bók, f., from being read by the priest while standing, frammistöðu-maðr, m. a steward at a wedding or feast. fram-mynntr, adj. with a projecting mouth, Sturl. ii. 133 B. framning, f. performance, Magn. 480, Hom. 26, 655 xxxii. 3. framr, adj., compar. fremri or framari, Stj. 127; superl. fremstr or framastr, Fas. i. 320; [A. S. freme, fram = bonus; cp. Germ. fromm] :-- forward; in the positive, used almost always in a bad sense, impertinently forward, intrusive (but ó-framr, shy); this distinction is old. e.g. mjök eru þeir menn framer, er eigi skammask at taka mína konu frá mér, says the old Thorodd, Skálda 163 :-- in a good sense, prominent, Bs. ii. 70, 155; framr ok góðr klerkr, i. 824; framr spámaðr, Stj. 33. β. neut. framt as adv. so far, to such an extent, Stj. 254; ganga framt at, to deal harshly, Dipl. ii. 19; treysta framt á, to put full trust in, Fms. iii. 184: svá framt sem ..., in case that ..., Dipl. ii. 13, -- better svá framarlega, as soon as, Stj. 287; svá framt sem hann hefir lukt, as soon as he has paid, Dipl. iii. 9. II. compar. the foremost (of two); til hins fremra austrrúms, to the fore-pumping room, Fms. viii. 139; enum fremrum fótum, with the fore-feet (mod. fram-fótum), 1812. 16. β. neut., hit fremra, the place nearest the door, Eg. 43: of a road, the 'fore-road,' the road along the coast, (opp. to 'the in-road,' across the inland), Nj. 207, Orkn. 6. 2. metaph. superior, with dat.; öllum fremri, Fas. i. 205; fremri í öllum hlutum, Fær. 47; göfgari maðr né fremri, Þórð. 9 new Ed. III. superl. fremstr, foremost, Fms. i. 176, ii. 317, Al. 90, Ó. H. 121: metaph. the best, foremost, Stj. 93; fremstr at allri sæmd, Fms. viii. 272; jafn

FRAMRAS -- FRÁSKILI. 171

himum fremstum í öllum mannraunum, Eg. 21; allra þeirra bræðra framastr, Fas. i. 320. 2. temp. farthest back; sem ek fremst um man; better to be taken as adverb, cp. p. 169, col. 2, l. 5 from bottom. fram-rás, f. a 'running forward,' the course of time or tide, Th. 78. fram-reið, f. a riding on, Fms. xi. 256, Ísl. ii. 169, Karl. 350, Al. 76. fram-reitr, m. the 'fore-beds' in a garden: metaph., hafa e-t á framreitum, to display, make a show of, Ld. 318. fram-saga, u, f. a 'saying forth,' as a law phrase, pleading, delivery, Nj. 36, 110, Grág. i. 37. fram-sala, u, f. a giving up, extradition, Grág. ii. 13. fram-setning, f. the launching a ship, Grág. ii. 403. fram-skapan, f. rendering of Lat. transformatio, Skálda 188. fram-snoðinn, adj. bald on the forehead, Fms. x. 35, Fas. ii. 149. fram-sókn, f. prosecution of a case, Fs. 74. fram-staða, u, f. = frammistaða, exertion, 655 xxxii. 3. fram-stafn, m. the stem, bow, Jb. 383, Eg. 123, Fms. vii. 260, Fb. i. 431. fram-sýni, f. foresight, Fms. x. 392, Stj. 444. fram-sýniligr, adj. foreseeing, Fms. i. 263. fram-sýnn, adj. foreseeing, prophetic, Landn. 27, Nj. 194, Háv. 41, Fs. 54, 74, Fms. i. 76, Stj. 126. fram-sögn, f. assertion, esp. of a witness, Dipl. i. 3. fram-tönn, f. a front tooth, Gþl. 167. fram-úrskarandi, part. standing out, prominent, excellent. fram-vegis, adv. 'fore-ways,' further, for the future, Magn. 474, H. E. i. 394, Bs. i. 302. fram-vísi, f. 'fore-wit,' a prophetic gift, Fas. i. 122. fram-víss, adj. 'fore-wise,' prophetic, Fms. xi. 411, Vápn. 20, Gs. 13. Frankis-menn, m. pl. the French, Bær., Flóv., El. passim; Frankis-mál, n. the Frankish (French) tongue, Flóv. 22; Frankis-riddari, a, m. a French knight, Str. 39; Franz, f. France; Franziska, u, f. the French tongue, Bs. i. 799; Franzeis, m. [Fr. Français], a Frenchman, Bs. i. 239, in the romances passim. frata, að, = freta, Ls. 32. FRAUÐ, n. the froth as of roasted meat or of a roasted apple; frauðit ór hjartanu, Edda 74: in mod. usage frauð (or frauðr, m.) is the dry, withered marrow of lean and half-starved animals; þeir reikna það gras sem auki frauð, Bb. 3. 47. FRAUKR, m. [Germ. frosch, etc.], a frog; kom hagl svá mikit sem frauka rigndi, Al. 169; the reading frauða-fætr in N. G. L. i. 351 ought to be frauka-fætr (frauþa = frauka), m. pl. frogs' legs, aricles used in witchcraft; if nails (ungues), frogs' legs, and the like were found in 'bed or bolster,' it made a person liable to outlawry, as being tokens of sorcery; cp. Shakespeare's Macbeth, 'toe of frog, wool of bat, and tongue of dog.' FRÁ, prep. with dat., sometimes with í or á prefixed, ífrá, áfrá, cp. Swed. ifrån; áfra, Fms. vi. 326, 439, viii. 25, ix. 508, x. 408; í frá, xi. 16, 137, 508, Grág. ii. 30, Nj. 83, 108, passim: [Goth. fram; A. S. fram, from; Engl. from; O. H. G. fram; again in the Scandin., Swed. från; Dan. fra; Ormul. fra; so also Engl. fro (in to and fro and froward) is a Dan. form, but from a Saxon] :-- from, vide af, p. 3, col. 2; ganga frá lögbergi, Nj. 87; frá landi, Ld. 118; ofan frá fjöllum, Ísl. ii. 195; frá læknum, 339: with adv. denoting direction, skamt frá ánni, Nj. 94; skamt frá landi, Ld.; upp frá bæ Una, Fs. 33, Ld. 206; niðr frá Mælifells-gili, Landn. 71; ofan frá Merki-á, Eg. 100; ut frá Unadal, Fs. 31; norðr frá garði, Nj. 153; norðr frá dyrum, Fms. viii. 25; austr frá, ix. 402; suðr frá Noregi, x. 271; skamt frá vatninu, Ld. 268; allt frá (all the way from) Gnúpu-skörðum, 124: ellipt., inn frá, útar frá, Nj. 50: with the indecl. particle er, vetfang þeim er frá (from which) var kvatt, Grág. (Kb.) β. with names of hills, rivers, or the like, from, but 'at' is more freq., vide p. 26; frá Ósi, Eirekr frá Ósi, Þórð. 8 new Ed.; Þórðr frá Höfða, Ld. 188, 200; frá Mosfelli, frá Hlíðarenda, Landn., Nj. passim. 2. denoting aloof; brott frá öðrum húsum, aloof from other houses, Eg. 203; nökkut frá (aloof from) öðrum mönnum, Fas. i. 241; út í frá öðrum mönnum, aloof from other men, Hkr. i. 223. 3. with adverbs denoting direction; Varbelgir eru hér upp frá yðr, Fms. ix. 512; stóðu spjót þeirra ofan frá þeim, Nj. 253; þangat frá garði, er ..., in such a direction from the farm, that ..., Grág. i. 82. 4. with verbs, as vita, horfa, snúa frá, to look away from, Skálda 242; stafnar horfa frá landi, Fms. xi. 101; þat er frá vissi berginu, viii. 428. 5. with gen. ellipt. cp. 'at' A. II. 7; frá riks manns, from a rich man's [house], Hom. 117; frá Arnórs, Bjarn. 35; frá frú Kristínar, Fms. ix. 407; frá bóanda þess, Grág. i. 300; frá Heljar, Edda (Ub.) 292; frá Bjarnar, Hkr. i. 190. 6. temp., fjórtán nætr frá alþingi, Grág. i. 122; frá þessu, from that time, since; upp frá þessu, id., Ld. 50, Fms. xi. 334; frá hinni fyrstu stund, Sks. 559; allt frá eldingu, all along from daybreak, Hrafn. 7; frá öndverðu, from the beginning, Sks. 564; frá fornu ok nýju, of old and new, Dipl. iv. 14: adding upp, upp frá því, ever since, Bs. ii. 37. 7. denoting succession; stund frá stund, from time to time, 656 A. i. 36; ár frá ári, year after year, Stj. 17; dag frá degi, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, one day after another, viii. 182; hvárt sumar frá öðru, one summer after another, Grág. i. 92; annan dag frá öðrum, Eg. 277: in other relations, maðr frá manni, man after man, Finnb. 228. II. metaph., 1. from among, above, beyond, surpassingly; göra sik auðkenndan frá öðrum mönnum, to distinguish oneself from (above) other men, Fms. vii. 73, Fb. ii. 73: adding sem, frá því sem ..., beyond that what ...; frá því harðfengir ok íllir viðreignar sem aðrir, Fms. i. 171; herðibreiðr, svá at þat bar frá því sem aðrir menn vóru, Eg. 305; nú er þat annathvárt at þú ert frá því þróttigr ok þolinn sem aðrir menn, Fms. ii. 69: cp. frá-görðamaðr, frá-bær. 2. with verbs denoting deprivation, taking away, forsaking, or the like; taka e-t frá e-m, to take a thing from one, Nj. 253; renna frá e-m, 264; deyja frá úmögum, to 'die from orphans,' i.e. leave orphans behind one, Grág. i. 249; segja sik ór þingi frá e-m, to secede from one, Nj. 166; liggja frá verkum, to be bedridden 'from work,' i.e. so as to be unable to work, Grág. i. 474; seljask arfsali frá úmögum, i.e. to shift one's property from the minors, i.e. to cut them off from inheritance, 278. 3. against; þvert frá mínu skapi, Fms. vii. 258, Hom. 158; frá líkindum, against likelihood, Eg. 769. 4. denoting derivation from a person; í mikilli sæmd frá konungi, Ísl. ii. 394; njóta skaltu hans frá oss, Fbr. 58 new Ed.; -- so also, kominn frá e-m, come of, descended from one, Eb. sub fin., Landn. passim. 5. of, about, concerning; segja frá e-u, to tell of a thing, Fms. xi. 16, 137, Nj. 100, (frá-saga, frá-sögn, a story); verða víss frá e-m, to be informed about one, Fms. iv. 184; er mér svá frá sagt konungi, I am told so of the king, Eg. 20; lýgi hann mestan hlut frá, he lies for the most part, Ísl. ii. 145, cp. Nj. 32. III. adverb. or ellipt. away, off; hverfa frá, to turn away, Landn. 84; snúa í frá, Nj. 108; stukku menn frá, Eg. 289; hnekkjask Írar nú frá, Ld. 78; ok frá höndina, and the hand off, Nj. 160; falla frá, to fall off, to die (fráfall), Fms. x. 408; til ok frá, to and fro, Eg. 293, Fms. ix. 422, Pass. 3. 2; héðan í frá, hence 'fro,' Nj. 83; þaðan í frá, thence, Grág. ii. 30: þar ut í frá, secondly, next, Fms. vi. 326; outermost, 439 :-- temp., þaðan, héðan frá, thence, Grág. i. 204, ii. 30, Fms. ii. 231, Nj. 83, Vápn. 30: cp. the phrases, af og frá, by no means! vera frá, to be gone, done with, dead. frá-beranligr, adj. excellent, Th. 10. frá-brugðinn, part. different, apart. Sks. 245, v.l. frá-bæriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), and frá-bærligr, adj. surpassing, Fas. iii. 364, Th. 10, Magn. 512. frá-bærr, adj. surpassing, Fms. xi. 428, Fas. i. 88, iii. 627, Th. 22. frá-dragning, f. subtraction, (mod.) frá-dráttr, m. diminution, Sks. 491, 800, Anecd. 60. frá-fall, n. decease, death, Ísl. ii. 276, B. K. 126 (spelt franfall). frá-ferð, f. = fráfall, Eluc. 48. frá-fælast, d, dep. to shirk, shun. frá-færsla, u, f. removal, B. K. 108: the weaning of lambs, Dipl. v. 10. frá-færur, f. pl. the weaning of lambs (in June). COMPDS: fráfæru-lamb, n. a weaned lamb. fráfæru-tími, a, m., and fráfæru-leiti, n. the season for weaning lambs, (freq.) frá-ganga, u, f. a going away, departure, Grág. ii. 13. frá-gangr, m. a leaving one's work well or ill done; íllr f., work badly done, frágangs-sök, f. a thing which makes an agreement impossible. frá-görðir, f. pl. surpassing feats; var þat at frágerðum, it was extraordinary, Ísl. ii. 83. COMPDS, with gen. pl. surpassing, choice: frágörða-lið, n. choice troops, Lv. 93. frágörða-maðr, m. a remarkable man, Fs. 3, Fær. 52, Fms. iii. 114, x. 192. frágörða-mikill, adj. exceeding great, Fms. x. 172. frá-hverfr, adj. 'froward,' averse. frá-laga, u, f. retreat (in a sea-fight, leggja frá), Sturl. iii. 68. frá-lauss, adj. free, detached, Grág. i. 494, ii. 190. frá-leikr, m. (-leiki), swiftness, Fms. vi. 211, Glúm. 342, Rd. 212. frá-leitr, fráleit-ligr, adj. (fráleit-liga, adv.), 'froward,' averse: fráleitt sinni, a reprobate mind, Rom. i. 28. frá-liga, adv. swiftly, Th. 79. frá-ligr, adj. quick, swift, Lv. 73, Fbr. 27, 136, 155, Ld. 38, Háv. 39. FRÁNN, adj. gleaming, flashing, acc. fránan, Fm. 32: the word seems akin to frár; only used in poetry as an epithet of serpents, and metaph. of swords and sharp weapons; fránn naðr, Vsp. 65; f. ormr, Vkv. 16; fránn dreki, frán egg, Lex. Poët, passim: of the eyes, flashing, id. Eggert uses it of a cloud gilded by the sun, sólin brauzt fram ór fránu skýi, Bb. 2. 33. POËT. COMPDS: frán-eygr, adj. with flashing eyes, Fm. 5. frán-leitr, frán-lyndr, adj. id. :-- hence as a subst. fránn, m., Edda (Gl.), Merl. 2. 17, or fræningr, m., Edda (Gl.), a serpent, (cp. Gr. GREEK from GREEK.) FRÁR, adj., neut. frátt, compar. superl, frári, frástr, but older form frávari, frávastr, hence fráfæri, Eluc. 48; fráostr, Krók. 37; frávastu (acc.), Stj 480: [a word not found in Germ. or Engl., unless O. H. G. frô, frawer, Germ. froh = joyful, be a kindred word; but in Icel., old as well as mod., frár only conveys the notion of swiftness] :-- swift, light-footed, Fms. iii. 178, Nj 258, Finnb. 236, Bs. ii. 87, Fb. i. 394. frá-saga, u, f. a story, narrative, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. iv. 348, Eg. fine, Ld. 58. frásögu-ligr, adj. interesting, Hkr. ii. 135. frá-skili (frá-skila, frá-skilinn), adj. separated, isolated, astray, with dat., fráskili e-m, Fas. iii. 130, Stj. 26, 655 xi. 1, Fb. i. 540: rejected, Fs. 128.

172 FRÁSKILLIGR -- FRER.

frá-skilligr, adj. = fráskila, 655 xxxii. 27. frá-skilliga, adv. privately, Thom. 153. frá-skilnaðr, m. separation, Stj. 195. frá-snúinn, part. froward, averse. frá-sögn, f. = frásaga, 625. 83, Stud. i. 1, Hkr. i. 1, Skálda 159; vera til frásagnar um e-t, to regret a thing, Ísl. ii. 267, Nj. 97, Orkn. 202. COMPDS: frásagna-maðr, m. an historian, 732. 15 (better sagna-maðr). frásagnar-verðr, adj. worth relating, Eg. 425. frá-vera, u, f. absence, Fms. iii. 164, Fb. i. 512, Bs. ii. 45. frá-verandi, part. absent, Skálda. frá-vist, f. = frávera, D. N. frá-vita, adj. insane. freðinn, part. frozen; freð-jaki, a, m., and freð-fiskr, m., vide frjósa. freð-stertr or fret-stertr, m., and freðsterts-mát or fretstertu-mát, n., Mag. 23: [Chaucer calls the queen in chess fers, which is derived from her Persian name ferz or ferzan = a king's captain; the Icel. word is no doubt of the same origin] :-- check-mate with the queen's pawn: other check-mates used in Icel. are heima-stertr, peð-rífr, gleiðar-mál, níumanna-mát, and many more. fregn, f. news, intelligence, Fas. ii. 368, Fms. ix. 483; flugu-fregn, gossip, a 'canard.' FREGNA, pret. frá, 2nd pers. frátt, fráttu, pl. frágum; pres. fregn; pret. subj. frægi, frægim, Am. 99; part. freginn; sup. fregit; with the neg. suf. fráat, Ýt. 10: in mod. usage weak fregna, að, pres. fregna, sup. fregnað: in old writers a form fregna, d, occurs early, thus, pres. fregnir, Fms. xi. 42, Jómsv. S. 2; pret. fregndi, 14; pres. subj. fregnisk ( = fregnsk), Sighvat, Fms. vi. 41; pres. fregnar, Glúm. 374; sup. fregnt ( = fregit), Ld. 4, is scarcely a correct form; pret. pl. fregnuðum, Dipl. v. 16, in a deed of the 14th century; -- by that time the word had got its present form: [Goth. fraihnan = GREEK; A. S. frignan; old Sax. gifrægnan; cp. Germ. fragen] :-- to hear, be informed; er þú fregn andlát mitt, Blas. 43; er hann slíkt um fregn, Vsp. 30; Þrándr frá andlát föður síns, Landn. 214; ok frágu þau tíðendi at ..., Ó. H. 106; enda fregn sakar-aðili vígit á þingi, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 107, (fregni, subj., Sb. i. 105); er hann fregn dauða hins, Kb. i. 154; eða fregn hann eigi hvar féráns-dómr átli at vera, Grág. i. 95, ok er hann fregnar (sic Ed.), safnar hann liði, Glúm. l.c.; þá frá hann til öndvegis-súlna sinna, Landn. 250; síðan frá engi maðr til hans, Str. 74; frá hann, at Haraldr ..., Fms. vi. 256; eptir því vér fregnuðum af oss ellrum mönnum, Dipl. l.c.; síðan fregnir hann safnaðinn, Fms. xi. 42; nú sem þessi tíðendi vóru fregin um allt landit, Str. 54; þeir þóttusk þaðan mart fýsiligt fregit (Ed. frengt) hafa, Ld. 4; sann-fregit = sann-spurt, Hallfred. II. to ask, only in very old poetry; fregna e-n e-s; hvers fregnit mik, Vsp. 22; ok ek þess opt fróða menn fregit hafði, Ýt. 6; fregna ok segja, to ask and say, ask and answer, Hm. 27; ef hann freginn er-at, 29; fregna ok segja skal fróðra hverr, 61, Skv. 1. 19, Fsm. 8; fregna e-n ráðs, to ask one's advice, Hm. 109: fregna at e-u (as spyrja), 32. fregn-víss, adj. curious, in the saying, fróðr er hverr f., Art. 90. FREISTA, að, [Ulf. frajsan = GREEK, A. S. frasjan, Hel. and O. H. G. fresan, old Frank. frasan, -- all of them without t; Dan. friste; Swed. fresta] :-- to try, with gen.; freista má ek þess, Eg. 606; freista sín, to try one's prowess, Edda 31; freista sunds, Ld. 166; hafa ymiss við freistað, Ó. H. 34; freista þessar íþróttar, Edda 31; freista þessa, id. :-- with um or inf., freista um fleiri leiki, 32; at hann mun f. at renna skeið, 31 :-- absol., bað þá f. ef ..., Eg. 174, 279; freista hvé þat hlýddi, to try how, Íb. 7; freista at vér fáim drepit þá, Fms. i. 9. β. to tempt, make trial of, with gen., which sense occurs in Vsp. 22; freistum þeirra, Fms. vii. 193; ef hans f. fírar, Hm. 25 :-- esp. in the religious sense, to tempt, Rb. 82, Symb. 31, Stj. 145 passim, N. T., Pass., Vídal. freistan, f. temptation, Hom. 37, 97, Greg. 18; freistnan, f. id., Stj. 145, 147, 295. freistari, a, m. a tempter, Hom. 45, Stj. 144, 146. freisti and freistni, f. temptation, Hom. 17, 82; freistni, 17, 26, Sks. 185 B, 450 B, 623. 26, Stj. passim, Magn. 488, N. T., Pass., Vídal., and all mod. writers insert the n. freisting, f. = freistni, (mod. freq.) freistinn, adj. daring, tempting, Sks. 98 B. freka (mod. frekja), u, f. hardship, Fms. x. 402, v.l., xi. 99: in the phrase, með freku, harshly, with great hardship, Eb. 128, Ó. H. 92; með svá mikilli freku at, Fms. i. 34, iv. 85, viii. 64, 135, x. 401, xi. 268; með meiri freku en fyrr var vandi til, Bs. i. 706; ánauð ok íllar frekur, Fms. vii. 75, v.l. frek-efldr, part. forcible, Fms. x. 418. freki, a, m., poët. a wolf, Vsp. 51, Gm. 19, frek-leikr, m. greediness; frekleikr eðr ætni, 655 xxxi. A. 3. frek-liga, adv. harshly, Ísl. ii. 385, Fms. ii. 66. frek-ligr, adj. harsh, exorbitant, Fms. vii. 293, Lv. 54. freknóttr, adj. freckly, Ld. 274, Sturl. ii. 133, Grett. 90. FREKNUR, f. pl. [Dan. fregner; Swed. fräknar], freckles, Fél. ix. FREKR, adj. [Ulf. -friks, in faihu-friks = GREEK; A. S. fræc; Germ. frech (bold, impudent), whence Dan. fræk; cp. Engl. freak] :-- greedy; frekr til fjár, Sd. 140; frekr er hverr til fjörsins, a saying, Njarð. 374; frekir konungar, Fms. x. 416: voracious, hungry, fangs er ván at frekum úlfi, Eb. 250; svá f. at torsótt sé at fylla þik, Fs. 72: metaph. exorbitant, frek fégjöld, Gþl. 169; frek lög, harsh, unfair law, Hkr. ii. 384; frekr harðsteinn, a rough whetstone, Fms. xi. 223; frekr get ek at þeim þykki lokarr minn til frégjalda, I guess they will find my plane rough (cutting thick chips) as to the bargain, ii. 65; bora frekan atsúg at e-u, Orkn. 144; frekust orð ok umkvæði, Ísl. ii. 149: neut. frekt, as adv., frekt eru þá tekin orð mín, Fms. ii. 260; ganga frekt at e-u, Fs. 32; leita frekara eptir, Fms. x. 227. FRELSA, t, mod. að, to free; frelstr, Fms. i. 79; pret. frelsti, 225. 70, Sks. 660, Gullþ. 4; frelstisk, Fms. vii. 59, x. 404, 413; frelstusk, Sks. 587 (frjalsti B); pres. frelsir, 655 xxxii. 4; imperat. frels, Hom. 159; part. frelst, Stud. iii. 139: in mod. usage always frelsa, að, e.g. heldr frelsa (imperat.) oss frá íllu, in the Lord's Prayer; this form occurs even in MSS. of the 14th century, e.g. frelsaði, Bs. i. 269 (MS. Arna-Magn. 482); but frelsi, l.c., in the older recension, Bs. i. 95: an older form frjálsa, að (frealsa), freq. occurs in old MSS.; pres. frjálsar, Gþl. 91; frjálsaði, Dipl. i. 11; infin. frjálsa, Sks. 349, 594 B; subj. frjálsisk, 349 B; frealsaðisk, Stj. 26: [Dan. frelse; Swed. frälsa] :-- to free, deliver, rescue, passim: the law phrase, frelsa e-m e-t, to rescue a thing for one; til at f. honum sína föðurleifð, Fms. ix. 329; Egill kvaðsk frelst hafa Þórði manna-forráð, Sturl. iii. 139; frelsa þeim jörð er á, Gþl. l.c.; ok frjálsaði jörðina honum til æfinlegrar eignar, Dipl. l.c.; hann frelsaði sér þann hlut frá, er eptir var, til forráða, Bs. i. 269; ok frelsti hón sveininum (veiðina), Gullþ. 4; frelsa þræl, to set a bondsman free, N. G. L. passim. II. reflex. to save oneself, escape, Fms. vii. 59 passim: as a law term, to get freedom, from bondage, N. G. L. i. 33: in a pass. sense, Sks. 587 passim. frelsari, a, m. (older obsolete form frjalsari), a saviour, Stj. passim, 655 xiii. 4: the Saviour, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim. frels-borinn, part. (and frjáls-borinn, Eg. 284, Grág. passim), free-born, Hom. 152. frelsi, f. (older form frjálsi, Sks. 622 B), freedom, esp. of a bondsman set free, or generally, N. G. L. i. 32, Grág. i. 357, Fms. i. 33, 222, ix. 352, Fs. 70, 126, in the laws and Sagas passim :-- metaph. freedom, leisure, Fms. x. 147, v.l., Bs. i. 518, Sks. 504; náðir ok f., rest and leisure, Háv. 57: freedom, privilege, immunity, e.g. of the church, Fms. x. 14; frelsi kirkjunnar, Bs. i. 720 and passim. COMPDS: frelsis-bréf, n. a charter of privilege, H. E. i. 386, v.l. frelsis-giöf, f. a gift of freedom to a bondsman, Fs. 126, N. G. L. i. 33. frelsis-öl, n. 'freedom-ale,' a carouse on occasion of a bondsman being set free, N. G. L. i. 29, 32, 33. frelsingi, a, m. (frelsingr, 677. i), a freedman, Eg. 42, 67, Landn. 123. fremd, f. [frami], furtherance, honour, Hkr. iii. 99, Rd. 310, Eg. 279, Fms. viii. 321, v.l. COMPDS: fremdar-lauss, adj. inglorious, Fas. i. 33. fremdar-verk, n. a feat, Fms. x. 230, Fas. i. 162, Stj. 509. fremi adv. (often, esp. in the Grág., spelt fremmi), only in the phrase, svá fremi, only so far, only in that case: temp., seg þú svá fremi frá því er þessi dagr er allr, i.e. wait just till this day is past, Nj. 96, Al. 118; jarl hafði svá fremi frétt til Erlings, er hann var nær kominn, he only heard of Erling when he was close up to him, Fms. vii. 296; skildisk Hákon konungr svá fremi við er hverr maðr var drepinn, king H. left [pursuing] only when every man was slain, Hkr. i. 151; svá f. munt þú þetta hafa upp kveðit, er ekki mun tjóa letja þik, Ó. H. 32; en svá f. vil ek at vér berim þetta fyrir alþýðu, er ek sé, 33; svá f. er unnin væri borgin, Róm. 358; svá f. at ..., id., Pr. 406; svá fremi ef, in case that, Nj. 260; þá skulu þeir at dómi kveðja, ok svá f. er til varnar er boðit áðr, but only when they have called on them for the defence, i.e. not before they have, Grág. i. 256; þat er jamrétt at stefna svá fremmi hánum er hann missir hans þá er kviðarins þarf, it is equally lawful to summon a neighbour-juror in case he does not appear to deliver a verdict, 48: so far, svá fremi er upp komit, at ..., Finnb. 226. FREMJA, pret. framði, pres. frem, part. framiðr, framdr, mod. also framinn; [A. S. fremman; Dan. fremme] :-- to further, promote; fremja Kristni, to further Christianity, Fms. x. 416; fremja sik, to distinguish oneself, Nj. 254; fremja sik á e-u, Sks. 25 B; þóttú þykisk hafa framit þik utan-lendis, Glúm. 342; sá er framiðr er framarr er settr, Edda 127. 2. to perform, exercise, Fms. i. 260, vii. 164, 625. 60, 656 A. 2. 18, Hom. 52, 655 xi. 4, Og. 146, Nj. 10; fremja seið, heiðni, N. G. L. i. 19, Hkr. i. 19; fremja munaðlífi, 625. 41; fremja sund, to swim, Rm. 32. β. in mod. usage often in a bad sense, to commit, e.g. fremja glæp, löst, etc. II. reflex. to advance oneself; hann hafði mikit framisk í utan-ferð sinni, Fms. iii. 122, v. 345. 2. in a pass. sense (rarely), Hom. 72. III. part. fremjandi, a performer, Edda 68. fremr and fremst, vide fram. FRENJA, u, f., poët. a cow, Edda (Gl.), Bb. 3. 41. COMPDS: frenju-ligr, adj. hoydenish; and frenju-skapr, m. FRER, n.pl., also spelt freyr or better frör, (in mod. usage freðar, m. pl.), [Ulf. frius, 2 Cor. xi. 27; Old Engl. frore as an adj. or adv.] :-- frost, frosty soil; fara at freyrum, to travel when it begins to freeze; bíða fröra, to wait for frost, Ó. H. 17; at frerum, 198; en er konungi þótti ván fröra, 122; frer ok snjóva, Bs. i. 872: in sing., frer var hart úti, a hard frost, ii.

FRERJAKI -- FRIÐSTOLL. 173

22. COMPDS: frer-jaki, a, m. a piece of ice, Bárð. 9 new Ed. frer-mánuðr, m. the frost month, answering to December, Edda. frerinn and frörinn, part. of frjósa, = frozen, mod. freðinn. FRESS, m. a tom-cat, Edda 63, Grág. i. 501; also called fress-köttr, m., and steggr, q.v. :-- a bear, Edda (Gl.), Korm. (in a verse). FREST, usually n. pl., but also f. sing, (in mod. usage frestr, m.), delay; löng frest, Fms. ii. 216: ok væri þar lögð frest á, Hkr. i. 292; þessi frest, Stj. 446; þó at frestin væri löng, Fms. v. 72; biðja sér fresta, ii. 114, Rb. 364; ljá e-m fresta um e-t, Fms. iv. 225, Hom. 33; Uni kvað sér ílla líka öll frestin, Fs. 32: the saying, frest eru ílls bezt, Fms. v. 294, -- mod., frestr er á illu bestr: the phrase, selja á frest, to sell on credit, Vápn. 7, Sturl. 91, Gísl. 12; hence frest-skuld, f. credit, Snót 62. fresta, að, to defer, put up, with dat., Ld. 322, Ó. H. 95. Orkn. 48, Fms. viii. 327, Fb. iii. 408: absol. to delay, tarry, Lv. 52, Fms. ix. 355: reflex. to be delayed, upset, Fær. 93, Fs. 74, Korm. 134, Fbr. 185, Fms. v. 318. frestan, f. delay, Fb. ii. 42, better frestin. FRETA, pret. frat, mod. að, to fart, Lat. pedere, Dropl. 31, Lv. 54. fret-karl, m. a 'fart-churl,' vagabond, Lv. 59, Fs. 160, Ísl. ii. 483. fretr, m. a fart, Fms. vi. 280. FRÉTT, f. [akin to fregn, but contracted], news, intelligence, Fms. xi. 101, Nj. 175, Bs. i. 735, Grett. 122, Fs. 15, 27; very freq. in mod. usage, esp. in pl. fréttir, news; hvat er í fréttum, what news? in compds, frétta-blað, a newspaper; fregn and tíðindi (q.v.) are only used in a peculiar sense. 2. enquiry, Grág. i. 35, obsolete. β. in a religious sense, enquiring of gods or men about the future, Nj. 273: the phrase, ganga til fréttar við e-n; Sigurðr gékk til fréttar við móður sína, hón var margkunnig, Orkn. 28; þangat géngu menn til frétta, Fs. 19; gékk hann þá til sónarblóts til fréttar, Hkr. i. 24; biskup gékk til fréttar við Guð, 686 B. 13. frétta, tt, to hear, get intelligence, Korm. 160, Am. 1, Nj. 5, Eg. 123, Ísl. ii. 164; very freq., whereas fregna is obsolete. 2. to ask, enquire, Korm. 216, Pass. 11. 4, 21. 8; frétta tíðenda, to ask for news, Fms. i. 101; frétta e-n upp, to find one out, Edda (pref.); frétta at mönnum, Nj. 34. II. reflex. to get about, be reported, of news; þetta fréttisk um héraðit, Korm. 198; fréttisk alls ekki til hans, nothing was heard of him, Ísl. ii. 168; frettisk mér svá til, I am told, Boll. 338, Fms. iv. 231. β. recipr. to ask one another for news; fréttusk þeir tíðenda, Boll. 336; fréttask fyrir, to enquire, Fs. 78. fréttinn, adj. curious, eager for news, Fms. i. 184, v. 299, Bs. i. 776. FREYÐA, dd, [frauð], to froth; með freyðanda munni, Al. 168: of roasting, Fas. i. 163: of matter, freyddi ór upp blóð ok vágr, Ísl. ii. 218. freyja, u, f. a lady, in hús-freyja, q.v.; prop. the goddess Freyja, Edda. FREYR, m. [Goth. frauja = Gr. GREEK; A. S. freâ; Hel. frô = a lord], is in the Scandin. only used as the pr. name of the god Freyr, Edda, Vsp., etc.; for the worship of Frey cp., besides the Edda, Gísl. ch. 15, Hrafn. ch. 2, Glúm. ch. 9, the talc of Gunnar Helming in Fms. ii. ch. 173, 174, Vd. ch. 10, also Landn. 174, Fms. v. 239. COMPDS: Freys-goði, a, m. the priest of Frey, a nickname, Hrafn. Freys-gyðlingar, m. pl. priests or worshippers of Frey, the name of a family in the south-east of Icel., Landn. Freys-tafl, n. the game of Frey, probably what is now called goða-tafl, Flóv. friða, að, [cp. A. S. freodian], to pacify, restore to peace; friða ok frelsa, Fms. i. 110; friða ok frelsa land, Ó. H. 189; friða fyrir e-m, to make peace for one, to reconcile; friða fyrir kaupmönnum, Fms. vii. 16; friða fyrir þeim bræðrum við Kolbein, to intercede for them with K., Sturl. iii. 4; friða fyrir önduðum, to make peace for the dead, intercede for them, by singing masses, Bs. i. 65; hann friðaði vel fyrir landi sínu, he pacified the land, Fms. vii. 16 :-- in mod. usage esp. to protect by law (birds or other animals), friða fugl, varp, to protect eider-ducks. II. reflex., friðask við e-n, to seek for reconciliation or to reconcile oneself to another, Fms. iii. 155, v. 202, Al. 85: in a pass. sense, Fms. viii. 152. friðan, f. pacifying, Fb. ii. 339: mod. protection. frið-benda, d, to furnish with friðbönd, Krók. 40. frið-bót, f. peace-making, O. H. L. 10. frið-brot, n. a breach of the peace, Eg. 24, Gþl. 21, Ó. H. 190, Eb. 24. friðbrots-maðr, m. a peace-breaker, Sturl. iii. 161. frið-bönd, n. pl. 'peace-bonds,' straps wound round the sheath and fastened to a ring in the hilt when the weapon was not in use; hence the phrase, spretta friðböndunum, to untie the 'peace-straps,' before drawing the sword, Sturl. iii. 186, Gísl. 55; the use of the word in Krók. 40 is undoubtedly wrong: cp. the drawings in old MSS. friðgin, n. pl.; this curious word is analogous to systkin, feðgin, mæðgin, and seems to mean lovers; it only occurs twice, viz. in Clem., þá varð hvárt þeirra friðgina öðru fegit, 37; and in the poem Pd. 53, but here the verse is in a fragmentary state. frið-gælur, f. pl. enticements of peace, in the phrase, bera friðgælur á e-n, to make overtures for peace to one, Bjarn. 55. frið-görð, f. 'peace-making,' truce, treaty, Fms. vi. 63, x. 155, Stj. 566, 650; a part of the Ó. H. is called Friðgörðar-saga, u, f., referring to the negotiation for peace between Sweden and Norway, A.D. 1018. frið-heilagr, adj. inviolate, Gþl. 129, N. G. L. i. 4, K. Á. 30, Fs. 150. frið-helga, að, to proclaim inviolate, Nj. 101, Lv. 7. frið-helgi, f. inviolability, protection by law, Landn. 97, Fms. i. 80, friðill, m. a lover, gallant, poët., Vkv. 27; cp. friðgin. frið-kastali, a, m. a 'castle of peace,' asylum, Fas. iii. 248. frið-kaup, n. purchase of peace, Gþl. 142, Fbr. 18 new Ed., Fms. v. 327. frið-kaupa, keypti, to purchase peace, Ísl. ii. 442. frið-kolla, u, f. the nickname of a lady, Fms. vii. 63. FRIÐLA, u, f., usually contr. frilla, [Dan. frille], prop. = Lat. amica, a fem. answering to friðill, q.v.; en fríða frilla, the fair mistress, Hým. 30; but in prose in a bad sense a harlot, concubine, Fms. i. 2, viii. 63, Sturl. ii. 73, Sks. 693. COMPDS: frillu-barn, m. a bastard child, Landn. 174, Fms. xi. 212. frillu-borinn, part. bastard-born, Fas. i. 354. frillu-dóttir, f. an illegitimate daughter, Gþl. 238, 239. frillu-lifnaðr, m. fornication, whoredom, Jb. 137. frillu-lífi, n. id., K. Á. 218, H. E. i. 477; in the N. T. = the Gr. GREEK. frillu-maðr, m. an adulterer, = Gr. GREEK, N. T.; in pl., Bs. i. 684. frillu-sonr, m. an illegitimate son, Gþl. 237, 238, Hkr. i. 100, 198, Landn. 260. frillu-tak, n., in the phrase, taka frillutaki, to take as concubine, Eg. 343, Fms. ii. 291, vii. 110, Sturl. iii. 270. frið-land, n. a 'peace-land' or friendly country, Fms. ii. 132, Hkr. i. 295: used in the laws of old freebooters (víkingar), who made a compact not to plunder a country, on condition of having there a free asylum and free market; -- such a country was called friðland, Eg. 245, Fms. xi. 62, Ísl. ii. 334. frið-lauss, adj. outlawed, Fms. vii. 204, N. G. L. i. 15, K. Á. 142. frið-leggja, lagði, to make peace, Fms. iii. 73. frið-liga, adv. peaceably, Fms. ii. 124. frið-ligr, adj. peaceable, Hom. 143, Fms. v. 248, Nj. 88, Eb. 266. frið-mark, n. a token of peace, Fms. x. 347. frið-mál, n. pl. words of peace, Fms. vii. 23. frið-menn, m. pl. men of peace, friends, Ld. 76, Lv. 102, Stj. 213, Fms. vi. 28, x. 244, H. E. i. 243; friðmenn konungs, the king's friends or allies, id. frið-mælask, t, to sue for peace, Krók. 62; f. við e-n, id., Stj. 398. FRIÐR, m., gen. friðar, dat. friði, [Ulf. renders GREEK by gavairþi, but uses the verb gafriþon = GREEK, and gafriþons = GREEK; A. S. frið and freoðo; mod. Germ. friede; Dan. and Swed. fred; lost in Engl., and replaced from the Lat.] :-- peace, but also personal security, inviolability: in the phrases, fyrirgöra fé ok friði, to forfeit property and peace, i.e. be outlawed, Gþl. 160; setja grið ok frið, to 'set,' i.e. make, truce and peace, Grág. ii. 167: til árs ok friðar, Hkr. i. 16; friðr ok farsæla, Bs. i. 724; vera í friði, to be in safe keeping, Al. 17; biðja e-n friðar, to sue for peace, Hbl. 28; about the peace of Fróði cp. Edda 78-81, it is also mentioned in Hkv. 1. 13, and Vellekla. 2. peace, sacredness of a season or term, cp. Jóla-f., Páska-f., the peace (truce) of Yule, Easter; ann-friðr, q.v. 3. peace, rest, tranquillity; gefa e-m frið, to give peace, rest; gefat þínum fjándum frið, Hm. 128. 4. with the notion of love, peace, friendship; friðr kvenna, Hm. 89; frið at kaupa, to purchase love, Skm. 19; eldi heitari brennr með íllum vinum friðr fimm daga, Hm. 50; friðs vætla ok mér, I hoped for a friendly reception, Sighvat, Ó. H. 81; allr friðr (all joy) glepsk, Hallfred; connected with this sense are friðiil, friðla, friðgin, -- this seems to he the original notion of the word, and that of peace metaph.: from the N. T. the word obtained a more sacred sense, GREEK being always rendered by friðr, John xvi. 33, -- friðr sé með yðr, peace be with you. COMPDS: friðar-andi, a, m. spirit of peace, Pass. 21. 13. friðar-band, n. a bond of peace, H. E. i. 470. friðar-boð, n. an offer of peace. friðar-boðorð, n. a proclamation of peace, 656 C. 30. friðar-bréf, n. a letter of peace, Fms. x. 133. friðar-fundr, m. a peaceful meeting, Fms. x. 38. friðar-görð, f. = friðgörð, Sks. 45, 655 xxxii. 24. friðar-koss, m. a kiss of peace, osculum pacis, Magn. 478, Bs. i. 175. friðar-mark, n. = friðmark, Þorf. Karl. 422, 625. 9. friðar-menn, m. = friðmenn, Lv. 96. friðar-skjöldr, m. = friðskjöldr, Fas. i. 462. friðar-stefna, u, f. a peace meeting, Fms. vi. 27. friðar-stilli, n. a peace settlement, Pass. 21. 8, cp. Luke xxiii. 12. friðar-tákn, n. a token of peace, Al. 59. friðar-tími, a, m. a time of peace, Bret. 50. II. as a prefix in prop. names, Frið-björn, -geirr, -gerðr, -leifr, -mundr; but it is rarely used in olden times; Friðrik, Germ. Friedrich, is of quite mod. date in Icel. frið-samliga, adv. peaceably, Fms. vii. 312, Hkr. ii. 282, Stj. 183. frið-samligr, adj. peaceable, Fms. i. 25, Stj. 301, 505, 558. frið-samr, adj. peaceful, Stj. 187: a name of the mythical king Fróði, Fb. i. 27: also Frið-Fróði, id. frið-semd, f. peacefulness, Fms. vi. 441. frið-semi, f. = friðsemd, Grág. pref. p. 168. frið-semja, samdi, to make peace, Fr. frið-skjöldr, m. a 'peace-shield,' a shield being used as a sign of truce, answering to the mod. flag of truce; in the phrase, bregða upp friðskildi, Fas. ii. 534, Orkn. 432, Hkr. iii. 205: the truce-shield was white and opp. to the red 'war-shield,' Hkv. 1. 33. frið-spilli, n. a breach of the peace, Fb. ii. 56. frið-staðr, m. an asylum, sacred place in a temple, Eb. 6 new Ed. frið-stefna, u, f. = friðarstefna, Edda 47. frið-stilla, t, to settle, atone, Pass. 3. 14. frið-stóll, m. a chair of peace, Sturl. i. 155 C.

174 FRIÐSÆLA -- FROST.

frið-sæla, u, f. the bliss of peace, Bs. i. 723. frið-sæll, adj. blessed with peace, Hkr. i. 17. frið-vænligr, adj. promising peace, Fms. i. 26, 132. frið-vænn., adj. promising peace, safe, Fms. ix. 5. frið-þæging, f. propitiation, Vídal. frið-þægja, ð, to propitiate, of Christ, Vídal. FRIGG, f. a pr. name, gen. friggjar, [cp. A. S. frigu = love], the heathen goddess Frigg, Edda, Vsp. COMPDS: Friggjar-elda, u, f. a bird, prob. = mod. Máriatla, the wagtail, motacilla alba Linn., Edda (Gl.) Friggjar-gras, n. 'Frigg's herb,' the mandrake, Hjalt. Friggjar-stjarna, u, f., astron. 'Frigg's star,' Venus, Clem. 26. frilla, v. friðla. fritt, n. adj. peaceful, Eg. 572, Stj. 471, 475; in the phrase, e-m er fritt (or eiga fritt), one's person being safe; hversu vel mun honum fritt at koma á yðvarn fund, how safe will it be for him to come to you? Fms. vii. 167; Högni spurði, hvárt þeim skyldi fritt vera, Sturl. ii. 144 C; eiga í flestum stöðum ílla fritt, Fbr. 48 new Ed.; ef eigi væri allt fritt (safe) af Steingríms hendi, Rd. 277; þá var ílla fritt, things were ill at ease, uneasy, Bs. i. 363; hvárt skal mér fritt at ganga á fund yðvarn, Fb. iii. 453. FRÍ, adj. = fráls, free, released, vacant, used in a less noble sense than frjáls, q.v.; frí is foreign, but freq. in mod. writers :-- used as adv. freely, truly, in mod. poets, Pass. 7. 12, 18. 9, 19. 8, 38. 5. FRÍ, m. [Dan. frier = a wooer, cp. frjá], a lover, = friðill, an GREEK, Hým. 9, cp. friðla; Höfuðl. 15 is dubious. frí, n. a mod. college term, vacation, probably from Lat. feria. fría, að, to deliver, Lv. 94 better firrum: reflex. to free oneself, Fms. xi. 424. frían, f. (in Ó. H. 206 frion), remission, an GREEK, Fms. v. 55, Pass. 13. 13. fríða, að, to adorn, Fms. vii. 276, Fas. ii. 196, Ld. 198. fríðendi, n. pl. good things; heita e-m fríðendum, to make fair promises, Gísl. 70, Fms. v. 157, Niðrst. 6; allir kostir ok öll f., Clem. 29; er nökkut þat er til fríðenda sé um mik, is there anything good in me? Fms. vi. 207; revenue, reki með öllum fríðendum, Ám. 12, 15; heimaland með öllum fríðendum, 52. fríðka and fríkka, að, to grow fine and handsome. fríð-leikr (-leiki), m. personal beauty, Eg. 29, Fms. x. 234; fríðleikr, afl, ok fræknleikr, Hkr. i. 302; fríðleikinum samir hinn bezti búnaðr, iii. 264. 2. fríðendi; svá mikla penninga at vexti ok fríðleik, Dipl. i. 11; fimmtán kúgildi með þvílíkum fríðleik sem ..., ii. 12, Vm. 74; með þeim fríðleika sem fyrr segir, Jm. 31. FRÍÐR, adj., neut. frítt, compar. fríðari, superl. fríðastr, [a Scandin. word, not found either in A. S. or Germ.] :-- fair, beautiful, handsome, chiefly of the face; fríðr sýnum, Eg. 22. 23, Nj. 2, Fas. i. 387, Fms. i. 2, 17: fine, lið mikit ok frítt, 32, vii. 231; mikit skip ok frítt, Fagrsk.; fríð veizla, Fb. ii. 120; með friðu föruneyti, Ld. 22: metaph. specious, unfair, Fms. x. 252. II. paid in kind; tólf hundruð fríð, twelve hundred head of cattle in payment, Finnb. 226; tólf álnum fríðum, Dipl. ii. 20; hve margir aurar skulu í gripum (in valuables), eða hve margir fríðir (in cattle), Grág. i. 136; arfi ens fríða en eigi ens ófríða, he inherits the cattle but not the other property, 221; fjóra tigi marka silfrs fríðs, forty marks of silver paid in cattle, Eg. 526, v.l. Icel. at present call all payment in kind 'í fríðu,' opp. to cash; í fríðu ok úfríðu, H. E. i. 561. III. as noun in fem. pr. names, Hólm-fríðr, Hall-fríðr, etc., Landn.; and Fríða, u, f. as a term of endearment for these pr. names. FRÍSIR, m. pl. the Frisians, Fms., Eg. passim. Frís-land, n. Frisia. Frískr, adj. Frisian, Fms. vi. 362. FRÍSKR, adj. [O. H. G. frisc; mod. Germ. frisch], frisky, brisk, vigorous, (mod. word); frísk-leiki, a, m. friskiness, briskness, vigour; frísk-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), friskily, briskly. frjá, f. a sweetheart, Skv. 3. 8, and perh. in Fsm. 5 for fán of the MS. FRJÁ, ð, [Ulf. renders GREEK and GREEK by frijon, and GREEK by frjaþva; akin to friðr, friðill; in Icel. this word has almost entirely disappeared, except in the part. frændi, which is found also in Engl. friend, Germ. freund: frjá has thus met with the same fate as its antagonist fjá (to hate); both have been lost as verbs, while the participles of each, fjándi and frændi, fiend and friend, remain :-- vrijen, to woo, still remains in Dutch; and the mod. High Germ. freien and Dan. frie are borrowed from Low Germ.] :-- to pet, an GREEK in Mkv. 5, -- annars barn er sem úlf at frjá, to pet another man's bairn is like petting a wolf, i.e. he will never return your love. The passage Ls. 19 is obscure and probably corrupt. FRJÁ-, in the COMPDS: Frjá-aptan, m. Friday evening, Sturl. ii. 216. Frjá-dagr, m. Friday, Rb. 112, 572, Jb. 200; langi F., Good Friday, K. Á. 68 passim: Frjádags-aptan, m. Friday evening, Sturl. ii. 210 C: Frjádags-kveld, n. id., Sturl. ii. 211 C: Frjádags-nótt, f. Friday night, Fms. viii. 35 (v.l.), Nj. 186: Frjádags-þing, n. a Friday meeting, Rb. 332: Frjádaga-fasta, u, f. a Friday fast, Fms. x. 381. Frjá-kveld, n. = frjáaptan, Hkr. iii. 277, Sturl. ii. 211 C. Frjá-morginn, m. Friday morning, Fms. viii. 35, Orkn. (in a verse, App.) Frjá-nótt, f. = frjádagsnótt, Fms. viii. 35. It is remarked above, s.v. dagr, that this 'frjá' is derived from the A. S. form Freâ, answering to the northern Freyr, Goth. Frauja, and is a rendering of the eccl. Lat. dies Veneris, as in eccl. legends the Venus of the Lat. is usually rendered by Freâ (Freyja) of the Teutonic. This word is now obsolete in Icel., as Friday is now called Föstudagr, vide fasta. FRJÁLS, adj., dat. and gen. sing. fem. and gen. pl. frjálsi, frjálsar, and frjálsa in old writers, but mod. frjálsri, frjálsrar, frjálsra, inserting r, [a contracted form from fri-hals; Ulf. freihals; O. H. G. frihals; the A. S. freols is prob. Scandin., as it is not used in old poetry: frjáls therefore properly means 'free-necked,' a ring round the neck being a badge of servitude; but the Icel. uses the word fri only in the compound frjáls, which is lost in Dan., though it remains in Swed. frälse and ufrälse man; the mod. Dan. and Swed. fri is borrowed from the Germ. frei, and so is the Icel. frí :-- Ulf. renders GREEK by freihals, but GREEK by freis] :-- free, opp. to bondsman; frjáls er hverr er frelsi er gefit, N. G. L. i. 32; ef þræll getr barn við frjálsi konu, Grág. (Kb.) i. 224; skal þik bæta sem frjálsan mann, Nj. 57: metaph. free, unhindered, láta e-n fara frjálsan, Fms. i. 15: of property, frjálst forræði, eign, yfirráð, free, full possession, D. N. passim; skógar frjálsir af ágangi konunnga ok íllræðis-manna, Fs. 20: neut., eiga ... at frjálsu, to possess freely, without restraint, Fms. xi. 211, Jb. 187, Ó. H. 92; með frjálsu, unhindered, Hrafn. 24. frjálsa, að, to free, vide frelsa, Stj., Barl., D. N., Sks., Karl., passim. frjálsan, f. rescue, Stj. 50. frjálsari, a, m. = frelsari, Stj. 51. frjáls-borinn, part. freeborn, vide frelsborinn. frjáls-gjafa (-gefa), u, f. a freed-woman, N. G. L. i. 327, 358. frjáls-gjafi, a, m. a 'free-given' man, freed-man, in the Norse law distinguished from and lower than a leysingi, q.v., N. G. L. i. 345, 347. II. one that gives freedom, Grág. i. 227. frjálsi, f. freedom, an unusual form, = frelsi, cp. Ulf. freihals. frjálsing, f. deliverance, Karl. frjáls-leikr (-leiki), m. liberty, 655 xxxii. 4: metaph. liberality, frankness, Fms. xi. 422, Stj. 201. frjáls-lendingr, m. a free tenant, franklin, Karl. frjáls-liga, adv. freely, frankly, Hkr. i. 138, Fms. v. 194, Sks. 619, Stj. 154. frjáls-ligr, adj. free, frank, independent, Sks. 171, 523, 546. frjálsmann-ligr, adj. like a free man. Grett. 109. FRJÓ, n. (and freo), dat. freovi, = fræ, seed, Th. 23, Stj. 97, 196, H. E. i. 513. COMPDS: frjó-korn, n. = frækorn, Gþl. 351 A. frjó-laun, n. pl. reward for the seed sown, N. G. L. i. 240. frjó-lauss, adj. seedless, barren, Magn. 494. frjó-leikr (-leiki), m. fertility, Stj. 56, 202, 398. frjó-ligr, adj. fruitful, Stj. 76, Fb. ii. 24. frjór,, adj. fertile, Stj. 75, passim. FRJÓSA, pret. fraus, pl. frusu; pres. frýss, mod. frýs; pret. subj. frysi, but freri, Gísl. 32; part. frosinn, sup. frosit; an older declension analogous to gróa, gröri, is, pret. fröri or freri, part. frörinn or frerinn, mod. freðinn, altering the r into ð, whereto frer (q.v.) belongs: [O. H. G. friosan; mod. Germ. frieren; A. S. freosan; Engl. freeze; Dan. fryse; Swed. frysa] :-- to freeze; often used impers. it freezes them (of earth, water, etc.), i.e. they are frozen, ice-bound, stiff with ice; þar fraus þá (acc.) um naetr, A. A. 272; fraus um hann klæðin (acc.), the clothes froze about his body, Fs. 52; aldrei skal hér frjósa korn (acc.), Fms. v. 23; hann (acc., viz. the well) frýss svá, at ..., Stj. 96; þeir ætluðu at bíða þess at skip (acc.) Ólafs konungs freri þar í höfninni, until king Olave's ship should be ice-bound, Fms. v. 167 :-- of the weather, absol., veðr var kalt ok frjósanda, cold and frosty, Grett. 134; vindr var á norðan ok frjósandi, Sturl. i. 83; aldrei festi snjó útan ok sunnan á hangi Þorgríms ok ekki fraus, ... at hann mundi ekki vilja at freri á milli þeirra, Gísl. 32; but frysi, l.c., 116; áðr en frjósa tók, Fms. v. 167; þótt bæði frjósi fyrir ofan ok neðan, 23: the metaph. phrase, e-m frýs hugr við, one feels horror at a thing, iii. 187; perh. better hrjósa, q.v. II. part., frerin jörð, Grett. 111; frerin þekja, 85 new Ed.; tá frerin, Edda 59; vátir ok frernir, wet and frozen, Bjarn. 53; skipit sollit ok frörit, Bs. i. 355; but frosit, l.c., 330; frörnar grasrætr, Sks. 48 new Ed.; skór frosnir ok snæugir, Gísl. 31; flestir menn vóru nokkut frosnir, Fms. ix. 353, where = kalnir. frjóva, að, and frjóa, mod. frjófga or frjóvga, to fertilise, Stj. 69, 73; frjóvandi, part. blossoming, Sks. 630, 632 :-- reflex. to multiply, be fertile, Fms. i. 159, Fas. i. 177, Stj. 61. frjóvan, f. fertilising, Stj. 13: mod. frjófgan, Pass. 32. 2. frjóv-samr, adj. fertile (ófrjósamr, barren), Sturl. 101. frjóv-semi, mod. frjóf-semi, f. fertility. FROÐA, u, f. (cp. frauð), froth, e.g. on milk, Fas. i. 425, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: froðu-fall, n. a frothing or foaming at the mouth. froðu-fella, d, to foam. frosk-hleypa, t, to let (a horse) leap like a frog, Gþl. 412. FROSKR, m., in olden times prob. proncd. fröskr, cp. the rhyme, öðlingr skyli einkar röskr | æpa kann í mörum fröskr, Mkv.; [A. S. frox, cp. Engl. frog; O. H. G. frosc; mod. Germ. frosch; Dan. frö] :-- a frog, Hkr. i. 102, Stj. 23, 269, Fms. x. 380. 656 A. 2. 11. FROST, n. [frjósa; A. S. fyrst; Engl., Germ., Dan., and Swed. frost] :-- frost: allit., frost ok funi, Sl. 18, Fas. iii. 613; frost veðrs, Fms. ix. 241: often used in pl., frost mikil ok kuldar, ii. 29; frosta vetr, a frosty

FROSTATÓL -- FRÝJA. 175

winter, Ann. 1348; frost ok snjóar, frost and snow; hörku-f., a sharp frost. frosta-tól, n. 'frosty tools' i.e. frail tools or implements that crack as if frost-bitten. frosta = frysta, to freeze, Fær. 56. FROSTA, n. the name of a county in Norway where a parliament, Frosta-þing, was held; hence Frostaþings-lög, n. pl. the laws of the county Frosta, N. G. L. Frostaþings-bók, f. the code of this law, N. G. L. i. 126, Fms. passim. frost-bólga, u, f. 'frost-swelling,' of hands swoln by frost. frost-brestir, m. pl. 'frost-cracks' in ice, such as are heard during a strong frost. frosti, a, m. the name of a horse, freq. in Icel. frost-mikill, adj. very frosty, Sks. 227 B. frost-rósir, f. pl. 'frost-roses,' frost work. frost-vetr, m. a frosty winter, Ann. 1047. frost-viðri, n. frosty weather, Fms. ii. 195, Sturl. iii. 198 C. FROTTA, tt, [akin to frata], to sputter; með frottandi vörum, with sputtering lips, Sks. 228 B. FRÓ, f. relief, esp. from pain, Hkr. i. 6, Mar., 656 A. 25, Sks. 107 B, Bs. i. 181. 299; hug-fró, geð-fró, mind's comfort: allit. phrase, friðr og fró, peace and relief, Bb. 3. 3. fróa, að, to relieve, with acc., þá er þér vilit fróa manninn, Þorst. St. 55: mod. with dat., chiefly used impers., e-m fróar, one feels relief. fróan, f., and frói, a, m. relief, = fró, Bs. i. 312, Fas. iii. 388. fróð-leikr, m. knowledge, 625. 50, Landn. 89, Grág. i. 3, Skálda 160, Sks. 626; til fróðleiks ok skemtunar, for information and pleasure, Edda (pref.): with a notion of sorcery, Þorf. Karl. 374, Fs. 131. COMPDS: fróðleiks-ást, f. love of knowledge, Skálda. fróðleiks-bækr, f. pl. books of information, Rb. 342. fróðleiks-epli, f. the apple of knowledge, Sks. 503. fróðleiks-tré, n. the tree of knowledge, 625. 3. fróð-liga, adv. cleverly, Fms. iii. 163; eigi er nú f. spurt, Edda 8. fróð-ligr, adj. clever, Sks. 553: mod. curious. FRÓÐR, adj. [Ulf. frôþs = GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK; Hel. frôd; A. S. frôd] :-- knowing, learned, well-instructed; fróðr, er margkunnigr er, Fms. xi. 413; hón var fróð at mörgu, Nj. 194; þat er sögn fróðra manna, Ísl. ii. 206; verða fróðari um e-t, Sks. 37; at Finnum tveim er hér eru fróðastir (greatest wizards), Fms. i. 8; fás er fróðum vant, little is lacking to the knowing, cp. the Engl. 'knowledge is power,' Hm. 107: of books, containing much information, instructive, bækr beztar ok fróðastar, Bs. i. 429. β. in some passages in Hm. fróðr seems to mean clever, Hm. 7, 27, 30, 6l, 107; þá nam ek at frævask ok fróðr vera, 142; fróðir menn, knowing men, Ýt. 6; fróð regin, the wise powers, Vþm. 26; enn fróði jötunn, 30, 33, 35 :-- in some few poët. compds (in which it seems to be used almost = prúðr, brave, valiant, as böð-f., eljun-f.) the true meaning is skilled in war (cp. the Gr. GREEK); sann-f., truly informed; óljúgfróð, Íb. 4; ú-fróðr, ignorant, = Goth. unfróþs, which Ulf. uses to translate GREEK, GREEK; sögu-fróðr, skilled in old lore. As fróðr chiefly refers to historical knowledge, 'hinn Fróði' was an appellation given to the old Icel. chroniclers -- Ari Fróði, Brandr Fróði, Sæmundr Fróði, Kolskeggr Fróði, who lived between 1050 and 1150 A.D. But the historians of the next age were seldom called by this name: Odd Munk (of the end of the 12th century) is only once called so, (Ing. S. fine); Snorri (of the 13th) twice, viz. Ann. 1241 in a single MS., and Sturl. iii. 98, but in a part of the Saga probably not written by Sturla himself; Sturla (who died in 1284) is never called by that name; and the only real exception is Styrmir 'Fróði' (who died in 1245), though he least deserved the name. Of foreign writers the Icel. gave the name Fróði to Bede (Landn. pref.), whom they held in great honour. FRÓMR, adj., akin to framr, prob. borrowed from Germ. fromm, Low Germ. from; it seems to have come to Icel. with the Hanseatic trade at the end of the 15th century, and is found in the Rímur of that time, e.g. Skáld-Helga R. 3. 22; from Luther's Bible and the Reformation it became more freq. in the sense of righteous, pious, with the notion of guileless, frómr og meinlaus, and often occurs in the N. T. and hymns, e.g. Pass. 22. 2, 24. 9: it has however not been truly naturalized, except in the sense of honest, i.e. not thievish, and ófrómr, dishonest, thievish, (a euphemism); umtals-f., not slandering, speaking fair of other people. COMPDS: fróm-leiki, a, m. guilelessness, Pass. 16. 8. fróm-lyndi, f. id. FRÓN, n. a poët. word = land, country, Lex. Poët, passim; scarcely akin to the Germ. frohn = demesne; in mod. poets and in patriotic songs frón is the pet name for Icel. itself, Núm. 1. 10, 8. 9, 12. 4. Snót 16; Icel. students in Copenhagen about 1763 were the first who used the word in this sense. FRUM- [cp. Lat. primus; Goth. frums = GREEK, fruma = GREEK; A. S. frum-] :-- the first, but only in COMPDS: frum-bréf, n. an original deed. frum-burðr, m. the first-born, Ver. 5, Stj. 42, 161, 304, 306, Exod. passim. frum-býlingr, m. one who has newly set up in life. frum-ferill, m. the first traveller (visitor) to a place, Nj. 89. frum-fórn, f. first-fruit, Stj. passim, H. E. i. 468. frum-getinn, part. first-begotten, Stj. 65, 160, passim. frum-getnaðr, m. = frumburðr, 656 A. i. 24, Stj. 161. frum-getningr, m. id., Stj. 304. frum-gjöf, f. the first gift, 677. 4. frum-gögn, n. pl. the primal, principal proofs, a law term, Nj. 234, Grág. i. 56. frum-hending, f. the foremost rhyming syllable in a verse, a metrical term, Edda (Ht.) 121. frum-hlaup, n. a personal assault, a law term, Grág., Nj. passim. frumhlaups-maðr, m. an assailant, Grág. ii. 13. frum-höfundr, m. the original author or writer. frum-kveði, a, m., frum-kveðill, mod. frum-kvöðull, m. an originator, Edda 18, Ed. Arna-Magn. i. 104. frum-kviðr, m. the first verdict, Grág. i. 34. frum-kvæði, n. the original poem. frum-lína, u, f., mathem. a base-line, Björn Gunnl. frum-mál, n. in the original tongue, opp. to translation, bók rituð á frummáli. frum-rit, n. the original writing, of MSS., (mod.) frum-ritaðr (and of poems frum-kveðinn, frum-ortr), part. originally written (composed) in this or that language. frum-smiðr, m. the first workman, Edda (in a verse). frum-smíð, f. the first attempt of a beginner in any art, in the saying, flest frumsmíð stendr til bóta, Edda 126. frum-sök, f. the original cause, a law term, Nj. 235, Grág. i. 48 passim. frum-tign, f. the first, highest dignity, Bs. i. 37, Magn. 512. frum-tón, m. a musical term, the tonic, Icel. Choral-book (pref.) frum-tunga, u, f. original tongue. frum-varp, n. a parliamentary term, a bill under debate, (mod.) frum-vaxti and frum-vaxta (frum-vaxinn, Nj. 147, v.l.), adj. 'first-grown,' in one's prime, Nj. 112, Fs. 31, Fms. i. 157, xi. 3, Ísl. ii. 203; dóttir f., Eg. 247, Grett. 97. frum-váttr, m. the first, original witness, Grág. i. 46, Gþl. 477: eccl. the proto-martyr, Hom. 42, 109, Stj. 51. frum-verr, m. the first husband, Hallfred, who calls Odin the fr. of Frigg, Fs. 94, Skv. 3. 59. frum-vöxtr, m. the first growth, first-fruits, Stj. 305: cp. brum. frums- (= frum-) exists in a few COMPDS: frumsar-brauð, n. bread of the first-fruits, Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 42: frums- or frumsa- is in Icel. and in Norse popular tales esp. used of animals that are first-born through two or more generations; such animals are thought to have a wonder-power, cp. Ivar Aasen; hence frumsa-kálfr, m. a 'frumsa' calf; the word still represents the Gothic form frums, vide above. frumsa-frum (or frumsa-brum), n., botan. pollen, Björn. In Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 530. v.l., frumsa, n., is said to mean a lump on the forehead of new-born foals, Gr. GREEK, which was used as a love-spell, cp. Virg. Aeneid. iv. 515, 516. frunti, a, m. [prob. from the Fr. effronté, cp. Scot. frunty], a rude, obtrusive boor; frunta-ligr, adj.; frunta-skapr, m. FRÚ, f., an older nom. sing. frauva, u, f., occurs Fms. x. 421, (Ágrip); frouva, Stj. 47; frou, id.; frú is prop. a later contracted form from freyja; therefore the gen. in old writers is always frú (qs. frúvu); and the word is in the sing. indecl., thus, frú-innar, Fms. ix. 292; hann fékk frú Ceciliu, x. 3; móðir frú Ingigerðar, Landn. 240; frú Kristínar, Fms. ix. 8; slíkrar frou (sic) sem ek em, Str. 40, 47: in mod. usage gen. frúar, if used by itself or put after one's name, but indecl. if put before it in addressing any one, thus, Frú Kristínar, but Kristínar frúar; the gen. frúar occurs Fas. iii. 586, in a MS. of the 15th century; pl. frúr, but older form fruvur or frovur, e.g. frovor, Edda (Arna-Magn.) i. 96 (Kb.); but Ob. frúr, Hkr. i. 16: [freyja was origin. fem. of freyr, and prop. meant Lat. domina; Germ. frau; Dan. frue; no Goth. fraujô is found] :-- a lady; in Icel. at present only used of the wives of men of rank or title, e.g. biskups-frú, amtmanns-frú; wives of priests are not called so: again, húsfreyja is more homely, Germ. hausfrau, Engl. housewife, always of a married woman, vide e.g. the Þjóðólfr (Icel. newspaper): in the 14th century in Icel. frú was used of abbesses and wives of knights, but was little used before the 13th century: af hennar (the goddess Freyja) nafni skyldi kalla allar konur tignar (noble woman), svá sem nú heita fruvor, Hkr. l.c.; af hennar nafni er þat tignar-nafn er ríkis-konur (women of rank) eru kallaðar fruvor, Edda l.c.; Kolr hafði talat margt við frú eina ríka (of a foreign lady in Wales), Nj. 280: again, good housewives, such as Bergthora in Njála, are called hús-freyjur, but never frúr; thus, kemsk þó at seinna fari, húsfreyja, Nj. 69; gakk þú út, húsfreyja, þvíat ek vil þik fyrir öngan mun inni brenna, 200; búandi ok húsfreyja, Grág. i. 157; góð húsfreyja, Nj. 51; gild húsfreyja, Glúm. 349, Bs. i. 535 :-- the Virgin Mary is in legends called vár frú, our Lady; cp. jungfrú (pronounced jómfrú). FRYGÐ, f., and fryktr, m., Stj. 26, 56, 77, [an unclass. word formed from Lat. fructus], blossoming; fegrð ok f., Stj. 14, 142; frygð ok feiti, 154; frygð ok ávöxtr, 15. frygðar-fullr and -samligr, adj. fruitful, Stj. 27. II. in the Rímur of the 15th century frygð is used of love, Lat. amores, Skáld-H. 5. 38, passim; and frygðugr, adj. amorous, Skáld-H. It is a bad word and quite out of use, and seems to have no connection with Germ. freude, which is a good Teut. word; the mod. frukt, n. humble compliments, and frukta, að, to make such compliments, in a bad sense, are perhaps akin, but they are slang words. frysta, t, [frost], to freeze, Sturl. iii. 20, Fms. viii. 431, v.l. frý-girni, f. [frýja], a provoking, taunting temper, Hom. 86. frý-gjarn, adj. provoking, censorious, Ísl. Heiðarv. S. in the extracts of Jon Olafsson, (not frígjarn.) FRÝJA, pres. frýr, pret. frýði, pres. with the neg. suf. frýr-at, Lex. Poët., to defy, challenge, question, taunt, with dat. of the person; hón fryði honum með mörgum orðum, Fas. i. 142: with gen. of the thing, to

176 FKýJA -- FRÆNDATJÓN.

challenge, question; frýja e-m hugar, to question one's courage, Nj. 60, Ísl. ii. 102; meir frýr þú mér grimmleiks en aðrir menn, Eg. 255; þessi klæði frýja ykkr föður-hefnda, those clothes challenge you to revenge your father, Ld. 260; er hvárigum sóknar at f., neither needed to be spurred on, Fms. xi. 131; konungr kvað öngan þess mundu f. honum, the king said that no one would challenge, question him as to that, v. 337; hvárki frý ek mér skygnleiks eðr áræðis (the words of a bravo), Nj. 258; engan heyri ek efndanna f., Fms. vii. 121; enginn frýr þér vits, en meir ertu grunaðr um gæzku, no one questions thy wit (head), but thy godliness (heart) is more questioned, Sturl. i. 135; frýr nú skutrinn (better skutnum) skriðar, a pun, now the stern hangs, the stern-rowers pull feebly, Grett. 113 new Ed. II. frýja á e-t, a law phrase, to complain of, protest; cp. áfrýja, ef annarr hvárr frýr á hlut sinn, Gþl. 23; frýja á mál, N. G. L. i. 26; buðu þeir biskupi þann kost fyrir þat sem á var frýð, Bs. i. 754: to egg on, ekki skaltú hér enn þurfa mjök á at f., Nj. 58; þyrfti þat þeim at bæta sem brotið var á, en eigi hinum, er á frýðu (who provoked), Sturl. iii. 162. frýja, u, f. a defiance, challenge, question, taunt, Fs. 8, Bs. i. 734, Ld. 236; verja sik frýju, to clear oneself of all question, i.e. do a thing blamelessly, Sturl. iii. 68; ek varða mik kvenna frýju, I cleared myself from the taunts of woman, Eb. (in a verse): frýju-laust, n. adj. blamelessly; berjask f., to fight hard, Glúm. 381; þeir sækja bardagann f., Fms. xi. 136; hann kvað Einar mundu elt hafa f., Sturl. i. 68: frýju-orð, n. taunting words, Fms. vii. 272, xi. 374, Nj. 108. frýjan, f. = frýja, Fms. v. 55. FRÝNN or frýniligr, adj.; this word is never used but as compounded with the prefix ú- (except Fas. ii. 351 in a bad and late Saga), viz. ú-frýnn or ú-frýniligr = frowning. The sense as well as the etymology of frýnn is somewhat dubious; there is the Germ. fron or frohn or fran; but that word seems purely German and is by Grimm supposed to be qs. fro min = my lord (vide Hel.); neither does Icel. frýnn or Germ. frohn correspond properly as to the root vowel (cp. e.g. Germ. lohn = Icel. laun): on the other hand there is the Engl. frown, which in form answers to the simple frýnn, but in sense to the compd ú-frýnn; as no similar word is found in A. S. (nor in Germ. nor in Hel.), frown is most likely a Scandin. word; and we suppose that the Icel. prefix syllable ú- is not in this instance = un-, that is to say, negative, but = of-, that is to say, intensive ( = too, very, greatly); the original forms of-frýnn, of-frýniligr were contr. and assimilated into ófrýnn, ófrýniligr, meaning very frowning, and these compds then superseded the primitive simple word: this is confirmed by the freq. spelling in MSS. with 'of-' e.g. ofrynn, Ó. H. 144; all-ofrynn, Eg. Cod. Wolph.; heldr ofrynn, Ó. H. 167; but yet more freq. with 'ú-' e.g. Orkn. 440, Boll. 358, Fær. 50, Fms. i. 40, Fb. i. 73; the ekki frýnn, Fas. l.c., is again a variation of úfrýnn: the statement by Björn that frýnn is = bland, affable, is a mere guess by inference from the compd. frýs, n. the snorting of a horse. FRÝSA, t, (hon frýsti ferliga, Sams. 9), mod. að, to snort, whinny, of a horse, Greg. 49, Karl. 3, 4, Fas. i. 60 (where better fnýsa, q.v.); akin are fryssa, að, and frussa, to sport. frýsing, f. = frýs, Fas. iii. 441. FRÆ, n. (not frœ, as even Eyvind Skaldaspillir rhymes frævi and ævi), sometimes in old MSS. spelt freo or frjó (q.v.), but less rightly; old dat. frævi, mod. fræi; [Ulf. fraiv = GREEK; Swed. and Dan. frö; not found in Germ., Saxon, or Engl.; it is therefore a Gothic-Scandinavian word] :-- seed, 677. 11, Rb. 78, 655 xxx. 2; chiefly used of vegetables, sæði of animal seed; varpa síðan fræi í fold fyrirmyndan um sjálfs míns hold, Bb. 3. 54; very freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: fræ-korn, n. a grain of seed, 673 A. 2, Gþl. 351, Fms. i. 92. fræ-mælir, m. a measure of seed, N.G. L. i. 39, Gþl. 343. fræ-vænligr, adj. promising fruit, Sks. 630, v.l. fræða, dd, [Ulf. fraþvjan = GREEK], to instruct, teach, Str. 1, 68: reflex. to learn, be instructed, H. E. i. 473. FRÆÐI, f. and n. [fróðr; qs. Ulf. fraþi, n. = GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, and froþei, f. = GREEK, GREEK, GREEK]: I. fem. knowledge, learning, lore; sannindi fræðinnar, Fms. iv. 4, Magn. 430; margháttuð f., Rb. (pref.); mann-fræði, personal history, genealogy, Bs. i. 91, Bárð. 24 new Ed., Fms. viii. 102; landnáma-sögur ok forn fræði, old lore, Ísl. ii. 189; forna fræði, Fb. i. 397; hann lærði Ara prest, og marga fræði sagði hann honum, þá er Ari ritaði síðan; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði. Ó. H. (pref.): in mod. usage as compd in many words, as, guð-fræði, theology; mál-f., philology; eðlis-f., or náttúru-f., physiology, etc.; -- hence are formed, guð-fræðingr, a theologian; mál-fræðingr, a philologer; náttúru-fræðingr, a naturalist, etc.; -- these words are now common, but are of late growth, even in the Nucl. Latin, of 1738 they are unknown, vide the Latin headings antiquarius, theologicus, etc. II. neut., esp. in pl. records; hin spaklegu fræði er Ari Þorgilsson hefir á bækr sett, Skálda 161 (Thorodd); hvatki er missagt es í fræðum þessum, Íb. 3; í sumum fræðum, in some old records, Edda 7: Fræði (pl.) with the earliest Christians was the lore to be learnt by neophytes, as the Lat. Credo and Pater Noster, cp. the curious story in Hallfr. S. Fs. 93; since the Reformation the same name was given to Luther's short Catechism (to be learnt by heart next after the Lord's Prayer), læra Fræðin; það stendr í Fræðunum; Fræða-kver, n. Luther's Catechism, (kver, = quire, means in Icel. a little book.) 2. with the notion of witchcraft; þau kváðu þar fræði sín, en þat vóru galdrar, Ld. 142: of a poem, hafa kátir menn sett f. þat er, Grett. 119 new Ed. COMPDS: fræði-bækr, f. pl. books of knowledge, learned work, Skálda 159. fræði-maðr (fræða-maðr, Edda pref.), m. a learned man, scholar, Skálda 159; f. á kvæði, Fms. vi. 391: an historian, eptir sögn Ara prests ok annarra fræðimanna, iv. 5 (v.l.), xi. 64, Ó. H. pref. 3, Sturl. i. 9, Ísl. ii. 189. fræði-nám, n. learning, studying, Bs. i. 240. fræði-næmi, n. id., Bs. i. 241. FRÆGÐ, f. [fragu, vide fregna], good report, fame, renown; til frægðar skal konung hafa, a saying, Fms. vii. 73, -- cp. fylki skal til frægðar hafa, Mkv. 6, Fms. i. 99, v. 300; með frægð ok fagnaði, 655 xiii. B. 4. COMPDS: frægðar-ferð (-för), f. an exploit, Sturl. i. 4, Eg. 279. frægðar-fullr, adj. famous, Magn. 432. frægðar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), inglorious, H. E. i. 516. frægðar-maðr, m. a famous man, Fms. ii. 271, Grett. 196 new Ed. frægðar-mark, n. a badge of glory, Fas. i. 257. frægðar-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), Stj. frægðar-skot, n. a famous shot, Fas. ii. 338, Fms. ii. 271. frægðar-verk, n. a feat, Fms. i. 146, Hkr. iii. 96. frægi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), famous, Fas. iii. 424, Stj. 69, 78, 141. frægja, ð, to make famous, Fms. xi. 436, Stj. 66, Skálda 208; við-f., to extol far and wide; ú-frægja, to deprecate. frægr, adj., frægri, frægstr, or mod. frægari, frægastr, famous; frægr konungr, Fms. i. 114; frægri en aðrir menn, Fas. iii. 278; frægstr allra landnáms-manna, Landn. 316, v.l.; var sú för hin frægjasta, Fms. vii. 66; varð þetta frægt víða um lönd, i. 164; þat mun vera frægt, v. 344; víð-frægr, widely famous; ú-frægr, inglorious. fræjandi, part. bearing seed, Sks. 630 B, 632 B. FRÆKN (i.e. frœkn) and frækinn, adj., compar. fræknari, superl. fræknastr, valiant, stout, esp. of bodily exercise, Fms. i. 161, 258, vi. 150 (v.l.), 315, Háv. 55, Bær. 15, Nj. 15, Hkr. i. 301, Gm. 17. frækn-leikr (less correct fræk-leikr), m. feat, valour, Fms. ii. 48, vii. 165, Bær. 19, Fær. 132, Valla L. 214, Grett. 171 new Ed. frækn-liga (less correct fræk-liga, fræki-liga), adv. valiantly, Fms. viii. 289 (v.l.), ix. 509, Ísl. ii. 267, Hkv. Hjörv. 12, Nj. 116. frækn-ligr (less correct fræk-ligr, fræki-ligr), adj. valiant, bold looking, 655 xxix. 2, Rd. 244, Sturl. iii. 245, Fas. i. 72, iii. 153, Fms. i. 25, ii. 106, passim. frænd-afli, a, m. strength in kinsmen, Orkn. 230, v.l. frænd-bálkr, m. a 'balk or fence of friends,' a body of kinsmen, great family, Orkn. 470, Eb. 20, Fms. i. 288. frænd-bætr, f. pl. fines, weregild for a kinsman, N. G. L. i. 75. frænd-erfð, f. family inheritance, N. G. L. i. 49. frænd-garðr, m. = frændbálkr, poët. a stronghold of kinsmen. frænd-göfugr, adi. having distinguished kinsmen, Sturl. i. 30. frænd-hagi, a, m. a native place, = átthagi, q.v., Fms. vii. 136, 270. frænd-hollr, adj. faithful to one's kinsmen, pious. Fms. vi. 35. FRÆNDI, an irreg. part. of the obsolete frjá, pl. frændr. gen. frænda, dat. frændum, [Ulf. renders GREEK by frijonds; A. S. freond; Engl. friend; Hel. friund; O. H. G. friunt; Germ. freund; all of them meaning friend = Lat. amicus; whereas in the Scandin. languages, Icel. as well as mod. Swed. and Dan., it is only used in a metaph. sense; Dan. frænde; Swed. frände] :-- a kinsman; not a single instance is on record of the word having ever been used in another sense, unless an exception be allowed in the allit. phrase, sem frændr en eigi sem fjándr, in the old Griðamál, Grág. (Kb.) i. 170 :-- the same usage prevails in the oldest poems, e.g. Hm., -- deyr fé, deyja frændr, 75; sumr er af senum sæll sumr af frændum, 68; and Dags frændr, the kinsmen (great grandsons) of Dag, Ýt. 10. This change in the sense of the word is very curious and characteristic of the Scandinavians, with whom the bonds of kinship and brotherhood were strong, and each family formed a kind of confederacy or fellowship equally bound in rights and in duties; cp. such phrases as, frænd-bálkr, frænd-garðr: frændr often denotes kinsmen in a narrower sense = brethren; yet sons and frændr are distinguished in Hm. 68; but generally frændr is a collective word, Nj. 4; of a brother, Fs. 57; frændi, my son, Nj. 143, cp. Fms. vii. 22, 315, the laws and Sagas passim; ná-frændi, a near kinsman. COMPDS: frænda-afli, a, m. = frændafli, Valla L. 213. frænda-bálkr, m. = frændbálkr, Ld. 102, Fms. xi. 338, Orkn. 272. frænda-gengi, n. = frændlið, Fms. x. 406. frænda-gipta, n, f. the luck or good genius of a family, Fs. 15. frænda-lát, n. the loss, death of f., Nj. 222, Sks. 726. frænda-lið, n. = frændlið, Rb. 370. frænda-ráð, n. consent of one's kinsmen, Gþl. 271, cp. Nj. 38. frænda-róg, n. strife among kinsmen, deadly strife, Fms. v. 347; cp. the saying, fé veldr frænda rógi, Mkv. frænda-skömm, f. a shame to (or within) one's family; kallaði slíka menn helzt mega heita f., Sturl. i. 13; því at Kristnin var þá kölluð f., Bs. i. 11, -- in the last interesting passage it seems to mean such a disgrace that one was thereby expelled out of the family, cp. Fms. i. 285. frænda-styrkr, m. strength (backing) of kinsmen, Hkr. ii. 397, Eg. 474. frænda-tjón, n. loss in f., N. G. L. i. 121.

FRÆNDKONA -- FULLTEKINN. 177

frænd-kona, u. f. (contr. frænka), a kinswoman, 655. 88, Eg. 200, Nj. 31, N. G. L. i. 350; cp. frændleif. frænd-lauss, adi. (frænd-leysi, n.), kin-less, without kinsmen, 623. 14, 51, Rd. 265, Grág. i. 188. frænd-leif, f. one's kinsman's widow, N. G. L. i. 304, 350, a Norse law term; the eccl. law forbade a man to marry a 'frændkona' within the fifth degree, or a 'frændleif' whose late husband was within the same degree. frænd-leifð, f. patrimony, inheritance, Fms. iv. 79, Stj. 600. frænd-lið, n. a host of kinsmen, a family, Ld. 6, Eg. 137, Hkr. ii. 343. frændlingr, m. = frændi, Fms. iv. 320. frænd-margr, m. having many kinsmen, Fms. i. 53, iii. 16, Hkr. i. 170. frænd-mær, f. a maiden kinswoman, Bs. i. 203. frænd-ríkr, adj. rich in kinsmen, Sturl. ii. 189. frænd-rækinn, adj. attached to one's kinsmen, Bs. i. 72, Fas. i. 130. frænd-rækni, f. piety, (mod.) frænd-samliga, adv. kinsmanlike, kindly, Sturl. ii. 79, Fms. xi. 93. frænd-semd, f. = frændsemi, Bs. ii. 106. frænd-semi (-symi, Stj. passim, Nj. 42, 213), f. kinship, brotherhood, Fms. xi. 7, Ld. 158, Grág. ii. 72, N. G. L. i. 187, the laws and Sagas passim; ganga við f. e-s, to acknowledge one as kinsman (e.g. as a son), Fms. ix. 418 :-- metaph. the kindness of a kinsman, var góð f. með þeim, there was good fellowship between them, Sturl. iii. 176, Fs. 45. COMPDS: frændsemis-lögmál, n. the law, rules of kinship, Stj. 425. frændsemis-spell, n. breach of kinship, incest, Grág. i. 341, Gþl. 242. frændsemis-tala, u, f. the tracing of kinship, lineage, Grág;, i. 28; vera í frændsemis-tölu við e-n, to be of kin to one, Eg. 72, Fms. i. 14. frænd-skarð, n. the 'scar,' i.e. loss, of a kinsman, Sturl. iii. 240. frænd-stórr, adj. having great kinsmen, Fms. iii. 16, vii. 233. frænd-stúlka, u, f. a 'kin-girl,' a niece or the like. frænd-sveinn, m. a 'kin-boy,' a nephew or the like, Ld. 232. frænd-sveit, f. a body of kinsmen, Fms. vi. 347. frænd-víg, n. slaughter of a kinsman, parricide, etc., Ó. H. 184. frær (frœr), adj. yielding fruit. Rb. 354: ú-frær, barren, Glúm. 340. fræs (frœs), f., Lat. fremitus, Fm. 19; vide frýsa. frævan, fruitfulness, Rb. 102, 104. frör-ligr, adj. frosty, chilly, Sks. 228 B. fuð, f. [Germ. fud or fotze], cunnus. COMPDS: fuð-flogi, a, m. a law term, a runaway from his betrothed bride, N. G. L. i. 28. fuð-hundr, m. a nickname. Fms., cp. Germ. hunds-vott. fuðra, að, to flame, blaze, akin to funi. fuð-ryskill, m. a kind of cod-fish, cottus alepidotus, Edda (Gl.) FUGL, m., an older form fogl is usual in early MSS.: fugls, Hm. 13; both forms foglar and fuglar in Mork. 7, but in old poets fogl is required by the rhyme, -- smoglir ástar foglar, Sighvat: [Ulf. fugls = GREEK: A. S. fugol; Engl. fowl; Germ. vogel; Swed. fogel; Dan. fugl] :-- a fowl, bird; hart sem fugl flygi, Nj. 144, passim; cp. the saying, skjóta verðr til fugls áðr fái, Orkn. 346, Mirm. 31: a nautical term, hafa fugl af landi, to 'have fowl off land' to stand in within range of water-fowl, i.e. be from fifty to seventy miles off land; þeir höfðn fogl af Írlandi, Bs. i. 656: collect. fowl, síðan samnaðisk fogl í evna, 350; geir-fugl, the awk, alca impennis; æðar-f., the eider-duck: hræ-f., a bird of prey: fit-f., q.v.; smá-fuglar, small fowl, little birds, Mork. 7: söng-f., singing birds; snæ-f., snow-fowl; bjarg-f., cliff-fowl, sea gulls, etc. COMPDS: fugla-dráp, n. bird-catching, Grág. ii. 348. fugla-kippa, u, f. a bundle of fowls, Fas. ii. 425. fugla-kliðr, m., fugla-kvak, n., fugla-net, n. a fowling net, Safn i. 61. fugla-söngr, m. the song (screeching) of birds, Fas. ii. 175, Karl. 203. fugla-tekja, u, f. bird-taking. fugla-veiðr, f. bird-catching, O. H. L. 45. fugls-rödd, f., mod. fugla-mál, n. a bird's voice, in tales, Edda, Fms. vi. 445: metaph., karl-fuglinn, poor churl! II. a pr. name, Orkn. fuglari, a, m. a fowler, Bs. ii. 111, Fagrsk. 109. fugl-berg, n. a fowling cliff; for this sort of fowling vide Guðm. S. ch. 54, Bs. ii. 111, Grett. 144, Bs. i. 360, Eggert Itin. fugl-stapi, a, m. = fuglberg, D. I. i. 576. fugl-veiðr, f. fowling, Grág. ii. 337, Js. 94, Pm. 7. fugl-ver, n. a place for fowling. Fms. iv. 330. fugl-verð, n. the price of fowl, Jb. 309. fugl-þúfa, u, f. a 'fowl-bank,' bank on which birds sit, Bs. i. 388. FULL, n. [A. S. ful; Hel. full]. a goblet full of drink, esp. a toast at a heathen feast, cp. esp. Hák. S. Góða ch. 16 -- skyldi full of eld bera, and signa full; Óðins-f,, Njarðar-f., Freys-f., the toast of Odin, Njord, and Frey; Bragar-full (q.v.), Sdm. 8, Eg. 552, Orkn. 198: poët., Yggs-full, Viðris-full, the toast of Odin, poetry, Al. 6, 14; Dvalins-full, Billings-full, the toast of the dwarfs, poetry, Lex. Poët. FULL-, in COMPDS, fully, quite, enough; it may be used with almost any adjective or adverb, e.g. full-afla, adj. fully able to, Gþl. 265, 371. full-afli, a, m. a full mighty man, Lex. Poët. full-bakaðr, part. full-baked, Orkn. 112, Fas. i. 85. full-boðit, part. n. good enough for, fully a match for, Bjarn. 8. full-borða, adj. a 'full-boarded' ship, with bulwarks of full height, Fms. ii. 218. full-býli, n. full provisions for a house, Bs. ii. 145. full-djarfliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full courage, Fms. viii. 138. full-drengiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), full bold, Eg. 29, Lex. Poët. full-drukkinn, part. quite drunk, Edda, Fms. i. 291, Ó. H. 72. full-dýrr, adj. full dear, N. G. L. i. 37. full-elda, adj. full hot, Fas. ii. 361. full-eltr, part. pursued enough, Ísl. ii. 361. full-féa, adj. = fullfjáðr. full-fengi, n. a sufficient haul, Gullþ. 9, Bs. ii. 42. full-fengiligr, adj. quite good, Stj. 201. full-ferma, d, to load full, Ísl. ii. 77. full-fimr, adj. quite alert, Fas. iii. 485. full-fjáðr, part. full monied, Gþl. 514. full-frægt, n. adj. famous enough, Fs. 17. full-fúss, adj. quite ready, Fms. x. 402, Grett. 159. full-færa, ð, to prove fully, Stat. 296. full-gamall, adj. full old, Fas. i. 376, Orkn. 112. full-gildi, n. a full prize, Thom. 18. full-glaðr, adj. full glad, Fms. iii. 52. full-goldit, part. fully paid, Þorst. St. 54. full-góðr, adj. good enough, Fms. i. 289, vii. 272, Ó. H. 115, Sks. 219. full-göra, ð, to fulfil, complete, perform, Stj. 391, Hkr. ii. 396, Fms. i. 189, Fs. 42, Bjarn. 25: reflex., K. Á. 108, Str. 2. full-görð, performance, D. N. full-görla (full-görva, Ls. 30), adv. full clearly, Stj. 608, Hom. 159, Fms. i. 215. full-görliga, adv. fully, Str. 19. full-görr, part. fully done, Bárð. 165, Stj. 166 (ripe): metaph. full, perfect, f. at afli, Fms. vi. 30. full-hefnt, part. fully avenged, Fas. ii. 410, Al. 34. full-heilagr, adj. full holy, Hom. 156. full-hugðr, part. full-bold, dauntless, El. 6; cp. Gh. 15, where full-hugða seems to be a verb pret. and to mean to love. full-hugi, a, m. a full gallant man, a hero without fear or blame, Eg. 505, Fms. ii. 120, vii. 150, viii. 158, Rd. 223, Ísl. ii. 360. full-indi, n. abundance, Fas. ii. 502. full-ílla, adv. (full-íllr, adj.), full ill, badly enough, Fas. i. 222, Am. 83. full-kaupa, adj. bought full dearly, Ó. H. 114. full-kátr, adj. gleeful, Fms. viii. 101. full-keyptr, part. bought full dearly, Nj. 75, Þórð. 65. full-koma, mod. full-komna, að, to fulfil, complete, Stj. 51, Bs. i. 694, K. Á. 22. full-kominn, part. perfect; f. at aldri, afli, etc., full-grown, Fms. vii. 199, xi. 182, Nj. 38, Eg. 146, 256; f. vin, 28, 64; f. (ready) at göra e-t, Hkr. i. 330: freq. in mod. usage, perfect, N. T. full-komleikr (-leiki), m. perfectibility, Barl. fullkom-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), perfectly, Barl. full-kosta, adj. full-matched (of a wedding), Nj. 16, Fms. iii. 108, Fs. 31. full-kvæni, adj. well married, Skv. 1. 34. full-langt, n. adj. full long. full-launaðr, part. fully rewarded, Grett. 123. full-leiksa, adj. having a hard game (hard job), Bjarn. 66. full-lengi, adv. full long, Fms. vi. 18, Sturl. i. 149. full-liða, adj. having men (troops) enough, Ísl. ii. 347: quite able, Gþl. 265, v.l. full-liga, adv. fully, Fms. v. 226, ix. 257, Greg. 58. full-malit, part. having ground enough, Gs. 16. full-mikill, adj. full great, Fs. 16. full-mæli, n. a final, full agreement, Gþl. 211, v.l. full-mælt, part. spoken enough (too much), Hkr. i. 232. full-mætr, adj. 'full-meet,' valid, Dipl. ii. 2. full-numi, full-numa (full-nomsi, Barl. 73), adj.; f. í e-u, or f. e-s, having learnt a thing fully, an adept in a thing, Bárð. 181, Fas. ii. 241, Sturl. iii. 173, Karl. 385. full-nægja, ð, to suffice, Fb. ii. 324; mod. Germ. genug-thun = to alone for. full-nægja, u, f. [Germ. genug-thuung], atonement. full-ofinn, part. full-woven, finished, El. 27. full-orðinn, part. full-grown, of age, Grett. 87 A. full-ráða, adj. fully resolved, Fms. viii. 422. full-reyndr, part. fully tried, Rd. 194, Fms. vii. 170. full-rétti, n. a law term, a gross insult for which full atonement is due, chiefly in the law of personal offence: phrases, mæla fullrétti við mann, of an affront in words, Grág. i. 156, ii. 144; göra fullrétti við e-n, to commit f. against one, i. 157; opp. to hálfrétti, a half, slight offence: fullrétti was liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. l.c. fullréttis-orð, n. a verbal affront, defined as a gross insult in N. G. L. i. 70, but in a lighter sense in Grág. ii. 144, cp. Gþl. 195. fullréttis-skaði, a, m. scathe resulting from f., Gþl. 520, Jb. 411. fullréttis-verk, n. a deed of f., Gþl. 178. full-ríkr, adj. full rich, Fms. v. 273, viii. 361, Fas. iii. 552. full-roskinn, adj. full-grown, Magn. 448, Grett. 87. full-rýninn, adj. fully wise, Am. 11. full-ræði, n. full efficiency, Valla L. 202: full match = fullkosta, Fms. i. 3; fullræði fjár, efficient means, Ó. H. 134, cp. Fb. ii. 278: fullræða-samr, adj. efficient, active, Bs. i. 76. full-rætt, part. enough spoken of, Gh. 45. full-röskr, adj. in full strength, Vígl. 26, Grett. 107 A, 126. full-sekta, að, to make one a full outlaw, Ísl. ii. 166. full-skipat, part. n. fully engaged, taken up, Fas. iii. 542. full-skipta, t, to share out fully, Fms. xi. 442. full-skjótt, n. adj. full swiftly, Fms. viii. 210. full-snúit, part. n. fully, quite turned, Fms. viii. 222. full-sofit, sup. having slept enough, Dropl. 30. full-spakr, adj. full wise, Gs. 8; a pr. name, Landn. full-staðit, part. n. having stood full long, Gs. 23. full-steiktr, part. fully roasted, Fs. 24. full-strangr, adj. full strong, Mkv. full-svefta (full-sæfti, v.l.), adj. having slept enough, Sks. 496, Finnb. 346. full-sæfðr, part. quite dead, put to rest, Al. 41. full-sæla, u, f. wealth, bliss; f. fjár, great wealth, Fms. vii. 74, xi. 422, Fas. iii. 100, Band. 25; eilíf f., eternal bliss, 655 xiii. A. 2. full-sæll, adj. blissful, Fms. viii. 251, Band. 7. full-sæmdr, part. fully honoured, Fas. iii. 289. full-sæmiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full honour, Fas. iii. 124. full-sætti, n. full agreement, full settlement, Grág. ii. 183. full-tekinn, part.; f. karl, a full champion (ironic.), Grett. 208 A. new Ed. (slang). full-

178 FULLTÍÐI -- FÚSS.

tíða (full-tíði), adj. full-grown, of full age, Eg. 185, Js. 63, 73, Grág. ii. 112, Landn. 44 (v.l.), Gþl. 307, 434, K. Á. 58, Vígl. 18, Ísl. ii. 336: gen. pl. fulltíðra, Grág. ii. 113. full-trúi, a, m. a trustee, one in whom one puts full confidence, also a patron, Fms. iii. 100, xi. 134, Rd. 248, in all these passages used of a heathen god; frændi ok f., Bs. i. 117: vinr ok f., Fms. v. 20 :-- in mod. usage, a representative, e.g. in parliament, a trustee, commissary, or the like. full-tryggvi, f. full trust, Grett. 97 new Ed. full-týja, ð, to help, = fulltingja, Fm. 6. full-vandliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full care, Fas. iii. 237. full-váxinn, part. full-grown, 655 xxx. 5, Al. 18, Stj. 255, Sks. 35. full-vaxta, adj. = fullvaxinn, Nj. 259 (v.l.), Sks. 35 (increased). full-veðja, adj. one who is a full bail or security, H. E. i. 529, N. G. L. i. 215; in mod. usage, one who is fully able to act for oneself. full-vegit, part. n. having slain enough, Am. 50. full-vel, adv. full well, Skálda 161, Fms. viii. 162, Fas. i. 104. full-velgdr, part. quite warm, fully cooked, Fas. iii. 389. full-virði, n. a full prize, Grág. ii. 216. full-víss, adj. full wise, quite certain, Hom. 160. full-þroskaðr, part. full-grown, full strong, Fær. 97, Valla L. 196. full-þurr, adj. full dry, Eb. 260, Grett. 109. full-öruggr, adj. fully trusting. fullna, að, to fulfil, Fms. xi. 219, 686 C. 2; fullna orðtak, to finish a sentence, Edda 130: reflex. in the law phrase, e-m fullnask vitni, one can produce full (lawful) witnesses, N. G. L. i. 21, Js. 119, Gþl. 264, 298, 301, passim in the Norse law. fullnaðr, m., gen. ar, fulfilment, Stj. 523, Fms. ii. 150: the law phrase, halda til fullnaðar, to stand on one's full right, Grág. i. 109; hafa fullnað ór máli, to carry out one's full claim, in a suit, Finnb. 284; með fullnaði, completely, H. E. ii. 75. COMPDS: fullnaðar-borgan, f. full atonement, Pass. fullnaðar-vitni, n. a full (decisive) witness, Vm. 131. FULLR, adj., compar. and superl. sometimes in old writers fullari, fullastr, in mod. fyllri, fyllztr, fullast, Fms. i. 162; fullara, Sighvat: [Ulf. fulls: A. S. and Engl. full; Germ. voll; Swed. full; Dan. fuld; cp. Lat. pl&e-long;nus, Gr. GREEK]: I. of bags or vessels, full, either with gen., fullr e-s, or with a prep., af e-u; fullr af silfri, full of silver, Eg. 310; fullr af fiskum, full of fishes, Landn. 51 (with v.l. fullr með fiskum less correct); fullr mjaðar, Ls. 53. 2. metaph., eitri f., fraught with poison, Bær. 15; full of poison, Fms. ii. 139; fullr lausungar, fullr öfundar, full of looseness, full of envy, Hom. 151: fullr upp úlbúðar, full of savageness, Eg. 114; hafa fullara hlut, to have the better of, Ísl. ii. 386; fullr fjandskapr, Fms. ii. 256; full skynsemd, i. 138; fullasta gipt, Greg. 37. II. full, complete, entire; fullt tungl, full moon, Rb. passim. 2. fullt goðorð, a full priesthood, that is to say, complete, lawful, Grág. Þ. Þ. passim; fullir baugar, fullr höfuðbaugr, full payment, Grág. ii. 181, 182; aura fulla, full (good) money, i. 84; með fé fullu, ii. 69. 3. the phrase, halda til fulls við e-n, to stand on one's full right against one (as a rival), Ó. H. 111; halda fullara, to engage in a sharper contest, Sighvat, metaphor from a lawsuit. III. law phrases, fullr dómr, a full court, Grág. Þ. Þ., Nj. passim; til fullra laga, to the full extent of law, Hrafn. 18; fulln ok föstu lýritti, with full protest, Nj. 87; í fullu umboði e-s, Dipl. v. 28: lawful, þar er maðr tekr sókn eða vörn fyrir annan, ok verðr þó fullt (lawful), þótt ..., Grág. i. 141 (cp. Engl. lawful); sverja mun ek þat, ef yðr þykkir þá fullara, more lawful (valid), Ísl. ii. 98; ef yðr þykir hitt fullara, þá vil ek bera járn, Fb. ii. 244; þat er jafnfullt, equally lawful, N. G. L. i. 34. IV. adv., at fullu, fully, Edda 20, Fms. i. 53; til fulls, fully, thoroughly: in law, eiga setur ... til fulls, to sit duly (in parliament), Grág. i. 7; cp. fylla lög, to make laws. fullting, n. (mod. fulltingi, and so in paper MSS.: it occurs also as masc., gen. fulltingjar, Ísl. ii. 74; þinn fullting (acc.), Fb. ii. 327); [A. S. fultum] :-- help, assistance, Eg. 7, 331, 485, Greg. 40, K. Á. 122; falla í f. með e-m, to side with one, Grág. i. 1, ii. 343, Gísl. 43, (Ed. nokkurn fullting, masc.), passim. COMPDS: fulltings-maðr, m. a helper, Bret. 78, Sks. 611, Sd. 170, Rd. 254, Bs. i. 683, passim. fulltings-steinn, m. 'help-stone,' translation of 'Ebenezer,' Stj. 1 Sam. iv. 1. fulltingja, d, [A. S. fultum], to lend help, assist, with dat.; Guð mun f. þér, Fms. v. 193, viii. 26; fulltingja enum sára manni, Grág. ii. 27; fulltingja rétt biskups-stólsins, Fb. iii: to back a thing, Ó. H. 43, 75. fulltingjandi, part.; fulltingjari, a, m. a supporter, Greg. 24, Stj. 33. fullu-liga, adv. fully, Barl. 3, 198; fullu-ligr, adj. full, Stj. 84. FUM, n. [from Lat. fumare, through Engl. fume = hurry] :-- confused hurry, (mod.) fuma, að, to hurry confusedly. fundera, að, (Lat. word), to found, 655 xxxii. 21, (rare.) funding, f. (fundning, Bs. i. 255, Karl. 548), finding, Fms. vi. 271. FUNDR, m. (fyndr, N. G. L. i. 46, 58), gen. fundar, pl. fundir. [cp. Engl. find; Germ., Swed., and Dan. fund, from finna, q.v.] :-- finding, discovery; fundr fjárins, Fms. vi. 271, v.l.; fundr Íslands, the discovery of Iceland, Landn. 2. a thing found, N. G. L. i. 63, l.c.: fundar-laun, n. pl. reward for finding a thing. II. a meeting, Edda 108; koma, fara á fund e-s, or til fundar við e-n, to go to visit one, Eg. 39, Nj. 4, Grág. i. 374, Fms. vii. 244, passim; mann-f., a congregation; héraðs-f., a county meeting; biskupa-f., a council, 625. 54; félags-f., the meeting of a society, and of any meeting. 2. a conflict, fight, battle, Nj. 86, Eg. 572, Fms. iii. 9, Fs. 17: in names of battles, Brúar-f., the fight at the Bridge, Ann. 1242; Flóa-f., Þverár-f., the fight in F. and Th., Sturl. iii. 76. fund-víss, adj. quick to find, Mar. fun-heitr, adj. warm, of blood heat, e.g. mér er funheitt á höndum, but never of a feverish heat. FUNI, a, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK by fon; Germ. funke is perhaps of the same root; otherwise this word is lost in all Teut. languages] :-- a flame; kyuda funa, Hkv. 2. 37, Gm. 1, 42; funi kveykisk af funa, a saying, Hm. 56: metaph. lust, Fms. ii. 369. II. metaph. a hot-tempered man; hann er mesti funi = einsog funi, (mod.) fun-ristir, m. flame-shaker, a name of Thor, Þd. fun-rögnir, m., poët., fens f., a lord of the fire of fens, a prince, (gold is the fire of water), Kormak. FURA, u, f. [Engl. fir; Germ. föhre; mod. Norse furu; Dan. för]: -- fir, Lat. pinus, Edda (Gl.); fura vex, wide as the fir grows, Grág. ii. 170, Vkv. 9; ships were built of fir-timber, hence the allit. phrase, á fljótandi furu, on a floating fir, on hoard ship, Grág. i. 46: in poetry freq. = a ship, like Lat. abies, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: furu-kvistr, m. a fir bough, Fas. iii. 34. furu-stöng, f. a fir staff, Str. 10. furask, að, [cp. A. S. fur or furh; Engl. furrow; Dan. fure], to be furrowed, Edda Ht. 4. FURÐA, u, f. a spectre, ominous appearance; víst man þetta f. þín vera, Ísl. ii. 351, Eb. 262; góðs furða (góð f.), a good omen, Fs. 172, Fms. viii. 91; ílls f., a bad omen, Sturl. iii. 59, Ísl. ii. 10. 2. metaph. a strange, wonderful thing; nú er furða mikil um Egil, Eg. 345; ekki er þetta f. nein, ... at þat væri nein f., 'tis nothing strange, Ísl. ii. 337; þótti öllum mönnum er sá, mikil furða, Fms. vi. 183; orrosta svá hörð at f. var at, x. 359; mesta f., Sks. 207, Fas. i. 260, Ó. H. 115, Gísl. 71: in COMPDS furðu-, wonderfully, very; furðu-djarfr, adj. very insolent, Fms. i. 3; furðu-góðr, adj. very good, Ó. H. 115; furðu-hár, adj. exceeding high; furðu-heimskr, adj. very foolish, Eg. 218; furðu-sterkr, adj. very stark or strong, Edda; furðu-vel, adv. wonderfully well, Nj. 230: freq. in mod. usage in this sense, but obsolete in the former sense. A local name, Furðu-strandir, f. pl. Wonder-shore, the ancient name of Labrador. A. A. furðu-verk, n. pl. wonderful works, miracles. furða, að, to forebode, with dat.; íllu mun f., ef ..., it will bode ill if ..., Fms. ii. 194: mod. impers., e-n furðar á e-u, one wonders at a thing, Safn i. 55; furðar mig á fréttum þeim, a ditty. furðan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wonderful, remarkable, Rb. 360. furðu-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), id. fussa, að, to say fie to a thing, with dat. FUSSUM, interj. fie, Fas. ii. 425: with dat., Grett. 176 new Ed. fustan, n. (for. word), fustian, Vm., B. K. passim, Fms. viii. 95, Eg. 602. FÚI, a, m. rottenness, freq.: medic. putrefaction; hold-f., mortification. fúinn, part. adj. of a lost strong verb analogous to búinn, hence feyja (q.v.), rotten, esp. of a tree, also of clothes, but without the notion of stinking, Jón. 19; graut-fúinn, mauk-f., fót-f., ú-fúinn, al-fúinn. fúki, a, m. [from Lat. fucus], rotten sea-weed or the like, cp. fúka-te, n. stale or bad tea, Eggert. FÚLGA, u, f. [formed from the part. of fela, q.v.], the fee paid for alimentation, esp. of a minor, or one given into another's charge, = mod. meðgjöf, Jb. 168, Grág. passim: so in the phrases, inna, meta ... fúlgu: of hay, fodder, Fb. i. 521; hence in mod. usage, hey-f., a little hay-rick. COMPDS: fúlgu-fall, n. failing to pay the f., Sd. 144. fúlgu-fé, n. sheep or cattle put out to fodder, Jb. 222, Grág. ch. 224. fúlgu-fénaðr, m. id., Grág. i. 431. fúlgu-kona, u, f. a woman-boarder, D. I. i. 303. fúlgu-maðr, m. a boarder, Grág. ii. 43. fúlgu-máli, a, m. terms or contract for a f., Gþl. 501, Grág. ii. 161. fúlgu-naut, n. a bullock put out to keep, Gþl. 503. FÚLL, adj. [Ulf. fûls, John xi. 39; A. S., Dan., and Swed. ful; Germ. faul; Engl. foul] :-- foul, stinking; fúlt ok kalt, Grett. 158, Fms. vi. 164, Gísl. 39, Fs. 141; and-fúll, of foul breath. II. metaph. foul, mean, Stj. 77, 78 :-- as a law term in an ordeal, foul, verða fúll af járni, to befoul (opp. to skírr, pure), N. G. L. i. 342, 351. fúl-leitr, adj. of foul appearance, Fas. ii. 149. fúl-lifnaðr, m. and fúl-lífi, n. lewdness, lechery, Stj. 58, 116, passim. fúl-liga, adv. meanly, Fas. iii. 664. fúl-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mean, paltry, Fas. iii. 502. fúl-mennska, u, f. paltriness, baseness, Nj. 185. fúlna, að, to become stinking, 655 iv. 2. fúls-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), basely, Stj. 186, Barl. 134. fúl-yrði, n. foul language, Barl. 118, N. G. L. ii. 418. fúna, að, to rot, decay, 623. 61, K. Á. 28, Fms. xi. 12, 280, Edda (pref.): in a pun, Nj. 263. FÚRR, m. (not furr, but with the vowel long, cp. fúrs, skúrum, Vellekla), [A. S. f&y-circ;re; Engl. fire; O. H. G. fiûr; Germ. feuer; Gr. GREEK] :-- fire, only in poetry and poët. compds, never in prose, Lex. Poët.; vide eldr, p. 125. fús-liga, adv. willingly, Eg. 96. FÚSS, adj. [O. H. G. funs; A. S. contr. fûs; lost in most Teut. languages except Icel. and in provincial Norse; in Icel. it is a very com-

FYGLA -- FYLLING. 179

mon word] :-- willing, wishing for; in the sayings, fús er hönd á venju and þangað er klárinn fúsastr sem hann er kvaldastr: with gen. of the thing, fúss e-s, or fúss á e-t, or til e-s; or with infin., þess fús sem Guð er fúss, Skálda 169, Eg. 521; jarl var þess fúsari, the earl was minded for that, was not unwilling, Orkn. 396; þess var ek fúsastr at drepa þá alla, Fms. vi. 213; svá sem hann hafði áðr verit fúsastr til, iii. 49; görði hann fúsan at fara til Finnlands, Hkr. i. 19; Þorgils kveðsk fúsari at ríða fyrir innan, Korm. 68: absol., fúss (willingly) vil ek mína hamingju til leggja, Fms. v. 236; kveðsk hann munu eigi svá miklu fúsari undan at ríða en þeir, Ísl. ii. 361: sagði eigi þá menn er hann væri fúsari við at kaupa en þá, Nj. 40; fúst ok falt, N. G. L. i. 237; ú-fúss, unwilling: in poët. compds, víg-fúss, böð-f., her-f., warlike, martial; sig-fúss, victorious; böl-f., baleful, malignant; hel-f., murderous. FYGLA, d, [fugl], to catch fowl, Grág. ch. 240, Js. 107. fygling, f. fowling, Thom. 20, Vm. 148. fyglingar-maðr, m. a fowler, Am. 33. FYL, n. a foal or filly (cp. fylja), Grág. ii. 89, 326, Edda 27: in a pun, Fms. x. 220, Gísl.; fyljum, dat. pl. the foal of an ass, Stj. 183. fyldingr, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.); also spelt fylvingr. fyldinn, adj. [fold], soft, of greensward, fleece, or the like. fylgð, f. a following, backing up, help, guidance; Gamli bauð honum menn til fylgðar, Grett. 109; fékk hann þeim mann til fylgðar, þann er vel kunni vegu alla, Fms. i. 72; í samsæti eðr fylgð, Sks. 370 B: fylgðar-lauss, adj. without help, alone, Fms. ii. 280; fylgðar-maðr, m. a follower, attendant, guide, Nj. 142, Ld. 48, Sturl. ii. 249 C. 2. party, followers; þeir feðgar völdu menn mjök at afli til fylgðar við sik, Eg. 84; vera í fylgð með e-m, Nj. 62: veita e-m styrk ok fylgð, Fms. i. 20; eigi verri til fylgðar en röskr maðr, Nj. 106; fór þat lið heim er honum þótti minni fylgð (less support, use) í, Fms. iv. 350; fylgð ok þjónusta, Eg. 474: of the body-guard of kings or princes, like the comitatus of Tacitus, vide esp. N. G. L. ii. Hirðskrá ch. 32; fylgð forn ok ný, the old and new body-guard, id.; halda f., to wait upon the king, Fms. viii. 166: fylgðar-hald, n. attendance upon the king, N. G. L. l.c.; fylgðar-horn, n. a horn to call the king's men together, N. G. L. ii; fylgðar-menn, m. pl. men attending upon the king, id. passim. fylgi, n. = fylgð, help, support; vinátta ok fylgi, Ísl. ii. 125; varð Þorsteinn frægr af þessu f., Grett. 109 A; auka sér f., to win followers, Bs. i. 721; beiðslur eða f. partizanship, 869; heldr vilda ek hans f. hafa en tíu annarra, Nj. 183: mod. with the notion of energy, zeal, in backing a case. COMPDS: fylgi-kona, u, f. (fylgi-mær, Str. 6), a concubine, e.g. the mistresses of the clergy before the Reformation were called so, Sturl. i. 56, ii. 169, iii. 139. fylgi-lag, n. concubinage, Bárð. 167. fylgi-samr and fylgju-samr, adj. a faithful follower, Fms. i. 104, v. 316, vi. 211, Ld. 190, Eg. 167, 199, Lv. 26. fylginn, adj. adherent, attached to, Fms. vi. 240, Sturl. fylgja, n, f. = fylgð, Grág. i. 343; bjóða e-m fylgju sína, ii. 56, v.l., Ísl. ii. 340; í förum ok fylgju með e-m, Stj. 135, 222; koma í fylgju með e-m, Rb. 356. II. metaph. a fetch, a female guardian spirit of the heathen age, whose appearance foreboded one's death, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. (the prose); þú munt vera feigr maðr ok muntú séð hafa fylgju þína, Nj. 62, Hallfr. S. ch. 11: also whole families had a fylgja (kyn-f., ættar-f.), get ek at þetta hafi engar konur verit aðrar en fylgjur yðrar frænda, Fms. ii. 195; eigi fara litlar fylgjur fyrir þér, x. 262, Vd. ch. 36; nú sækja at fylgjur Úsvífs, Nj. 20; manna-fylgjur, Bjarn. 48, Lv. 69; fuglar þeir munu vera manna-fylgjur, Ísl. ii. 196; marr (a horse) er manns fylgja, Fs. 68; liggja fylgjur þínar til Íslands, thy guardian angels, good angels, point to Iceland, i.e. thou wilt go thither, Orkn. 14; þínar fylgjur mega eigi standask hans fylgjur, Gullþ. 11, Lv. 104; hafa þeir bræðr rammar fylgjur, Fs. 50 :-- in mod. lore (as also sometimes in the Sagas, e.g. Nj. l.c.) fylgja means a 'fetch,' an appearance in the shape of an animal, a crescent, or the like going before a person, only a 'fey' man's fylgja follows after him. 2. = Lat. secundinae, a baby's caul, cp. Germ. glückshaube; barns-f., Bs. ii. 168, freq. in mod. usage, cp. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 354. III. in pl. a law phrase, kvenna-fylgjur, abduction or elopement, Grág. i. 342 (cp. fylgja l. 4. below). COMPDS: fylgju-engill, m. a guardian angel, Nj. 157. fylgju-kona, u, f. ( = fylgja II. above), a female guardian, Fs. 114. FYLGJA, ð or d, [A. S. folgjan; Engl. follow; Germ. folgen; Swed. följa; Dan. fölge] :-- to follow, and metaph. to back, help, side with, with dat., Dropl. 26; landvættir allar fylgðu Hafr-Birni til þings, Landn. 271, Grág. i. 46; ek man fylgja Búa bróður mínum, Fms. xi. 111; ok er úfallit at f. Þjórólfi um þetta mál, Boll. 342; fylgja málum e-s, Fms. i. 86; fylgja e-m at, to side with, take one's part. xi. 111; man Björn þeim at f., Bjarn. 7 :-- also of things, láta sverðit hendi f., let it follow the hand, remain in it, Eg. 505. 2. to lead, guide one; yðr var fylgt í kornhlöðu eina, Eg. 49; fylgja e-m á brott, Ld. 44; vilda ek at þú fylgdir mér til frænda minna, Nj. 45. 3. to pursue a flying host, Fms. i. 45, ix. 409. 4. a law term, fylgja konu, to elope with a woman, Grág. i. 342, 343; an offence liable to the lesser outlawry, even in the case of accomplices. 5. to be about one; konungr lét sveininn f. móður sinni, meðan hann var allungr, Fms. i. 14: tungl fylgir sólmerkjum, Rb. 108; meðan svörðr ok hold fylgði, Eg. 770 :-- to follow one as one's mistress, Fms. xi. 160, Sturl. i. 97; cp. Fms. x. 322, Sturl. i. 94, Orkn. II. metaph. to follow, observe, Róm. 87; fylgja e-s ráðum, Bs. i. 720; fylgja hirðsiðum, Fms. vi. 240. 2. to follow as an encumbrance; Margrét fylgi Loptstaða-eign, D. N. i. 82; so in the saying, vandi fylgir vegsemd hverri :-- to follow as a quality or the like; þat segi þér at mér fylgi engi hugr, ... you say that there is no courage in me, Fms. vii. 297; svá mikill kraptr fylgði þessum mönnum, Edda (pref.); þar fylgði sætr ilmr, Bs. i. 454; upphaf allra frásagna þeirra er (dat.) sannindi f., true records, Fms. xi. 412; hvat fylgir engli þeim, what is the quality of this angel? Nj. 157. 3. to belong to; himin ok jörð ok alla hluti sem þeim f., Edda (pref.); nú fylgir skógr landi, a forest belongs to the land, Grág. i. 200; segl ok reiða er fylgðu skipinu, Hkr. i. 277; aðrar eignir þær er þar f., Ld. 96; sök þá er tylptar-kviðr á at fylgja, a case that falls under the verdict of twelve, Grág. i. 41. 4. causal, to let a thing follow, to add; þat lét hann f., at ..., he added, that ..., Fms. vii. 227; þar lét hann ok f. grávöru mikla, Eg. 69; hann lét þat f. boði, Fb. ii. 187; þat fylgði ok þeirri sögn, 184. 5. fylgja (sér) at e-u, to work hard, push on with one's work (cp. fylgi, at-fylgi), Bs. i. 793; fylgja e-u at, to pursue, press on with a thing, Ó. H. 41. 6. with acc., but only as a Latinism in translation, H. E. i. 514. III. reflex. to follow one another, metaph. to side with one another, hang together; hann bað sína menn fylgjask vel, he bade them hold well together, Eg. 288; þeir fylgðusk at hverju máli, Nj. 72: in a pass. sense rare and unclass., Sks. 347. IV. part. fylgendr, pl. followers, Bs. i. 705, Barl. 53. fylgjari, a, m. a follower, Sks. 524, Þórð. 72, Barl. 171. FYLGSNI, n. pl., often spelt fylksni, fylskni, or fylsni, Gísl. 60, 67; [Goth. fulhsni = GREEK; from fólginn or fulginn the part. of fela] :-- a hiding-place, lurking-place, cavern, Grág. i. 436, Nj. 133, 267, Fms. i. 210, iv. 170, Blas. 42, Niðrst. 6; ór fylgsnum ok ór hellum, id.; helvítis-fylgsni, Sks. 605 B; var hann í fylgsnum allt haustið, Hkr. iii. 323; liggja í fylgsnum, Fms. vii. 275; leiðir allar ok f. á skóginum, i. 71, Stor. 1. fylgsnis-lauss, adj. without a hiding-place, Ísl. ii. 411. fyl-hross, n. a mare with a foal, Jb. 348. fylja, u, f. a filly (cp. fyl), in the pun, ek vil fá þér þar fylju er þú fær mér fola, I will give thee a filly for a foal, from a box on the ear being called 'cheek-horse' (kinn-hestr), Gísl. 27, 111. FYLKI, n. [from folk], a county or shire; in Norway the land was divided into fylki, each of them ruled by a fylkir; átta fylkja þing, Fms. v. 4, Hkr. i. 62, passim; esp. with regard to the levy, as from each fylki twelve ships of war were to be levied; þat er fylki kallat er göra má at tólf skip, Fms. x. 306; þat kalla Norðmenn fylki sem eru tólf skip skipað með vápnum ok mönnum, ok á einu skipi nær sextigi manna eðr sjautigi, Ó. T. 35. COMPDS: fylkis-kirkja, u, f. the principal church in a county, the 'shire-kirk.' fylkis-konungr, m. the king or chief of a shire, Fms. iv. 140, x. 272, passim. fylkis-maðr, m. an inhabitant of a shire, N. G. L. i. 343, Boldt 169. fylkis-prestr, m. a priest of a shire-kirk, B. K. 119, N. G. L. i. 135. fylkis-þing, n. a county meeting, shire-mote, D. N. II. poët. a host in battle, Edda 108. fylking, f. battle array, the ranks, Hkr. ii. 371, Eg. 268, 286, Nj. 274, Fms. i. 45, vi. passim; the Lat. legio is rendered by fylking, Róm. 260, 298. COMPDS: fylkingar-armr, m. the wing of an army, Nj. 274, Hkr. i. 236, Fms. vii. 277, Orkn. 474. fylkingar-broddr, m. the vanguard of a host, Fb. ii. 351. fylkinga-skipan, f. battle array. fylkir, m., poët. a king, Lex. Poët. fylkja, t, to draw up (a milit. term), absol. or with dat., Eg. 284, Fms. i. 19, viii. 407, passim. FYLLA, t, [fullr], to fill, pour full, Sks. 416, Stj. 319. β. impers., esp. as a naut. term, skip (acc.) fyllir, the ship makes water, i.e. fills with water, Eg. 386; fylldi þegar flotað var, Fms. ix. 447; þá fylldi gröfina vatns, the hole was filled with water, Greg. 62; mik fyllir harms, I am filled with grief, Karl. 321. II. metaph., Hom. 108 :-- to fill, complete, make up, Hkr. iii. 98, Anecd. 92, Sturl. iii. 244, Fms. vi. 90, Fbr. 217, Grág. ii. 301. 2. to fulfil, 625. 92, Anecd. 50, Blas. 50, Hom. 51, Fms. x. 230, Rb. 80. 3. a parliamentary phrase, fylla lög ok lof, to make laws, Grág. i. 7; cp. the Engl. lawful. 4. the phrase, fylla flokk e-s, to fill one's host, side with one, Þórð., Hkr. i. (in a verse). III. reflex. to be filled, to grow full, with gen.; fyllask áhyggju ok hræðslu (reiði), to be filled with cares and fears (anger), Blas. 46, Fms. i. 216; fylldisk hann upp fjándskapar, viii. 391. 2. to be fulfilled, Hom. 51, 105, Blas. 42. IV. part. fyllendr, pl. fulfillers, Hom. 133. fylli, f., older and better form fyllr, fulness, 655 xxvii. 18, Edda 52. 2. of food, one's fill; vilit þér gefa mér fylli mína (my fill) af oxanum, Edda 45, 48, Karl. 321; fyllr matar eðr drykkjar, 54. 3. medic. hydatides. fylli-liga, adv. fully, Fms. xi. 231, Stj. 29. fylling, f. filling, fulness, 655 xxvii. 19, Stj. 292: of the moon, 686 C. 2. II. metaph. fulness: fylling tímans, fulness of time, N. T. passim: fulfilment, fylling Guðs boðorða, Stj. passim; fylling laga, Hom. 135; fylling várra bæna, 625. 175.

180 FYLMERR -- FYRIR.

fyl-merr, f. = fylhross, Grág. i. 504. fylvingar, f. pl. nuts, Edda (Gl.), Gísl. 109 (in a verse), Þd. 14. fyndinn, adj. [finna], funny, facetious: fyndni, f. facetiousness, wit. fyrðar, m. pl. [A.S. fyrð = troops], poët, men, warriors, Lex. Poët. FYRIR, prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usually abbreviated either F UNCERTAIN (i. e. firir), or F, UNCERTAIN fur, UNCERTAIN fvr UNCERTAIN (i. e. fyrir); in some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, fir, UNCERTAIN e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.); and even in the old Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ifir is written for yfir (over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i. 475, Mork. passim; in Kb. (Sæm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr norðan, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8; in other places as a dissyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19 (quoted from Bugge's edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one another in the same relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of (super) to yfir: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in the compds, where 'for-' is more common than 'fyrir-;' in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-dæming and fyrir-dæming; in others only one, but without any fixed rule: again, the forms fyri, fyre, or fire, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong, as if one were to say epti, undi, yfi; yet this spelling is found now and then in MSS., as, fyre, Ó. H. (facsimile); fire, Grág. Sb. ii. 288 (also facsimile): the particles í and á are sometimes added, í fur, Fms. iv. 137; í fyrir, passim; á fur, Haustl. 1. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. für and vor; Dan. for; Swed. för; Gr. GREEK; Lat. pro, prae.] WITH DAT., chiefly without the notion of movement. A. LOCAL: I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before the doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69, Edda 130; niðr f. smiðju-dyrum, Eg. 142 :--ahead, úti fyrir búðinni, Nj. 181; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit f. þeim, ahead of them, 27; vóru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne before him, 274; göra orð fyrir sér, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (Ó. H. 201, l. c., frá sér) :--also denoting direction, niðri í eldinum f. sér, beneath in the fire before them, Nj. 204; þeir sá f. sér bæ mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they came to a great house, Eg. 546; öðrum f. sér (in front) en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5. 2. before one, before one's face, in one's presence; úhelgaða ek Otkel f. búum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lýsi ek f. búum fimm, 218; lýsa e-u (to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi boð öll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hón nefndisk f. þeim Gunnhildr, told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kæra e-t f. e-m, Ó. H. 60; slíkar fortölur hafði hann f. þeim, Nj. 200; the saying, því læra börnin málið að það er f. þeim haft, bairns learn to speak because it is done before them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (íllt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad) example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel f. Guði, to live well before God, 623. 29; stór ábyrgðar-hluti f. Guði, Nj. 199; sem þeir sjá réttast f. Guði, Grág. i. (pref.); fyrir öllum þeim, Hom. 89; á laun f. öðrum mönnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grág. i. 337, Jb. 378; nú skaltú vera vin minn mikill f. húsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir Drottni, before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78. 3. denoting reception of guests, visitors; hann lét ryðja f. þeim búðina, he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valhöll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, i. e. to clear Valhalla for slain folk, Em. I; ryðja vígvöll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljúka upp f. e-m, to open the door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rýma pallinn f. þeim, Eg. 304; hann lét göra eld f. þeim, he had a fire made for them, 204; þeir görðu eld. f. sér, Fms. xi. 63; ... veizlur þar sem fyrir honum var búit, banquets that were ready for him, Eg. 45. II. before one, in one's way; þar er díki varð f. þeim, Eg. 530; á (fjörðr) varð f. þeim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. they came to it, 133, 161; at verða eigi f. liði yðru, 51; maðr sá varð f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr. iii. 363; þeirra manna er f. honum urðu, Eg. 92. 2. sitja f. e-m, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; lá f. henni í skóginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-sát). 3. ellipt., menn urðu at gæta sín er f. urðu, Nj. 100; Egill var þar f. í runninum, E. was before (them), lay in ambush, Eg. 378; hafði sá bana er f. varð, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8. 4. verða f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann verðr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grág. ii. 19; verða f. áverka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; verða f. reiði konungs, to fall into disgrace with the king, Eg. 226; verða f. ósköpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130; sitja f. hvers manns ámæli, to be the object of all men's blame, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. sönnu hafðr, to be unjustly charged with a thing, to be innocent. III. a naut. term, before, off; liggja f. bryggjum, to lie off the pier, Ld. 166; skip fljóta f. strengjum, Sks. 116; þeir lágu f. bænum, they lay off the town, Bs. i. 18; liggja úti f. Jótlands-síðu, off Jutland, Eg. 261; hann druknaði f. Jaðri, off the J., Fms. i. II; þeir kómu at honum f. Sjólandi, off Zealand, x. 394; hafa úti leiðangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-minni, off the Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ness, Vellekla; fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spáni, off Spain, Orkn. 356. IV. before, at the head of, denoting leadership; smalamaðr f. búi föður síns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f. liði, to be over the troops, Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. máli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjóri f. búi, to be steward over the household, Eg. 52; ráða f. landi, ríki, UNCERTAIN etc., to rule, govern, Ó H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f. eldinum réði, who was the ringleader of the fire, Eg. 239; ráða f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing, passim: the phrase, sitja f. svörum, to respond on one's behalf, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svör f. e-m, to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26. V. special usages; friða f. e-m, to make peace for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i. 65; bæta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; túlka, vera túlkr, flytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii. 33, Nj. 128,--also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one, Eg. 255; haga, ætla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 356; rífka UNCERTAIN ráð f. e-m, to better one's condition, Nj. 21; ráða heiman-fylgju ok tilgjöf f. frændkonu sinni, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him and his enemy, Eg. 357, Grág. ii. 13; vera skjöldr f. e-m, 655 xxxii. 4; hafa kostnað f. e-u, to have the expences for a thing, Ld. 14; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one's work, Sks. 251; starfa f. fé sínu, UNCERTAIN to manage one's money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u, to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109; hyggja f. sér, Fs. 5; hafa forsjá f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sjá f. e-u, to see after, Eg. 118, Landn, 152; sjá þú nokkut ráð f. mér, Nj. 20: ironic. UNCERTAIN to put at rest, Háv. 40: ellipt., sjá vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102. B. TEMP. ago; fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ago, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skömmu, a sbort while ago; fyrir löngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir öndverðu, from the beginning, Grág. i. 80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir þeim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57. 2. the phrase, vera f. e-u, to forebode; vera f. stórfundum, Nj. 107, 277; þat hygg ek vera munu f. siða-skipti, Fms. xi. 12; þessi draumr mun vera f. kvámu nökkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir tiðendum, ii. 65 :--spá f. e-m, to 'spae' before, prophecy to one, Nj. 171. C. METAPH.: I. before, above; þóttu þeir þar f. öllum ungum mönnum, Dropl. 7; þykkisk hann mjök f. öðrum mönnum, Ld. 38; ver f. hirðmönnum, be first among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hálfdan svarti var f. þeim bræðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; þorgrímr var f. sonum Önundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f. þeim at virðingu, Fms. i. 47. II. denoting help, assistance; haun skal rétta vættið f. þeim, Grág. i. 45 (vide above A. IV and V). 2. the following seem to be Latinisms, láta lífit f. heilagri Kristni, to give up one's life for holy Christianity, = Lat. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir píslir fyrir Guðs nafni, Blas. 38; gjalda önd mína f. önd þinni, Johann. 17; gefa gjöf f. sál sinni (pro animâ suâ), H. E. i. 466; fyrir mér ok minni sál, Dipl. iv. 8; færa Guði fórnir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, biðja f. e-m, to make a vow, pray for one (orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; biðja f. mönnum, to intercede for, 19, Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, biðja f. stað sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Latinism), x. 127. III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; únýtir hann þá málit fyrir sér, then he ruins his own case, Grág. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Man&dash-uncertain;verjar rufu safnaðinn f. Þorkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom upp grátr f. henni, she burst into tears, 477; taka fé f. öðrum, to take another's money, N. G. L. i. 20; knörr þann er konungr lét taka fyrir Þórólfi, Landn. 56; ef hross verðr tekit f. honum, if a horse of his be taken, Grág. i. 436; hann tók upp fé fyrir öllum, he seized property for them all, Ó. H. 60; e-t ferr ílla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; svá fór f. Ólófu, so it came to pass for O., Vígl. 18; loka dyrr f. e-m, to lock the door in one's face, Edda 21: þeir hafa eigi þessa menn f. yðr drepit, heldr f. yðrar sakir þessi víg vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slaying those men, Fbr. 33; tók at eyðask f. henni lausa-fé, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak á f. þeim storma ok stríðviðri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, Vígl. 27; Víglundr rak út knöttinn f. Jökli, V. drove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; sá er skar tygil f. Þóri, he who cut Thor's line, Bragi; sverð brast f. mér, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brjóta e-t f. e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167; árin brotnaði f. honum, his oar broke; allar kýrnar drápust fyrir honum, all his cows died. 2. denoting difficulty, hindrance; sitja f. sæmd e-s, to sit between oneself and one's honour, i. e. to hinder one's doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit göri þér mér f. þessu máli, you make this case sore for me, Eb. 124; þér er mikit f. máli, thy case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Guði f. því, it is easy for God to do, 656 B. 9; varð honum lítið f. því, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett. III; mér er minna f. því, it is easier for me, Am. 60; þykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a thing, do it unwillingly, Nj. 77; Icel. also say, þykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displeased :--ellipt., er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnburð þenna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, Ó. H. 140; sem sér muni lítið f. at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-fixed before (one), hard to move, Ld. 154; Ásgrími þótti þungt f., A. thought that things looked sad (heavy), Nj. 185; hann var lengi f., he was long about it, Fms. x. 205; hann var

FYRIR. 181

lengi f. ok kvað eigi nei við, he was cross and said not downright no, Þorf. Karl. 388. IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per, pro; sofa ek né mákat fugls jarmi fyrir, I cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a verse); hon undi sér hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir gráti, tárum, = Lat. prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorrow; f. hlátri, for laughter, as in Engl.; þeir æddust f. einni konu, they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sól. 11; ílla fært f. ísum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. xi. 360; hætt var at sitja útar f. Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35; hann var lítt gengr f. sárinu, he could hardly walk for the wound, Fbr. 178; fyrir hræðslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegrinn f. þeim meinvættum sem ..., Fs. 4; gáðu þeir eigi f. veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing they took no care to make hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king's power, Eg. 67, 117; fyrir ofríki manna, Grág. i. 68; fyrir hví, for why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hví þeir væri þar, Eg. 375; fyrir því, at ..., for that, because, Edda 35, Fms. i. 22, vii. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir því nú at, now since, Skálda 171; nú fyrir því at, id., 169: the phrase, fyrir sökum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sök. V. by, by the force of; öxlin gékk ór liði fyrir högginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke, Háv. 52. 2. denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall before one, i.e. fighting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196; verða halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in fighting one, Ld. 146; látask f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34; hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one, Nj. 43; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa f. honum, 263; mæddisk hann f. þeim, he lost his breath in fighting them, Eg. 192; láta ríki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before another, i.e. so that the latter gains it, 264; láta lausar eignir mínar f. þér, 505; láta hlut sinn f. e-m, Fs. 47; standask f. e-m, to stand one's ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugðisk hann falla mundu f. sjóninni einni saman, that he would sink before his glance, 28, Hým. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54; halda frið ok frelsi f. várum óvinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek hefi áðr ætlað f. þínum draum (thy dream notwithstanding), Ld. 216; þér farit hvárt er þér vilit f. mér, you go wherever you like for me, so far as I am concerted, Fær. 37; halda vöku f. sér, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216. β. with verbs, flýja, hlaupa, renna, stökkva f. e-m, to fly, leap, run before one, i.e. to be pursued, Bs. i. 774, Grág. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. þrælum hans, Ld. 64; fyrir þessum úfriði stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, 180; skyldi hann ganga ór á f. Hofsmönnum, Landn. 178; ganga f. e-u, to give way before, yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; vægja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld. 234. VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dönum ok öðrum víkingum, Fms. i. 23; til landvarnar f. víkingum, Eg. 260; landvarnar-maðr f. Norðmönnum, Fms. vi. 295; gæta brúarinnar f. bergrisum, Edda 17; gæt þín vel f. konungi ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men, Eg. 113; góð aðstoð f. tröllum ok dvergum, Bárð. 163; beiða Baldri griða f. allskonar háska, Edda 36; auðskæðr f. höggum, Eg. 770. VII. in the sense of being driven before; fyrir straumi, veðri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather (forstreymis, forvindis), Grág. ii. 384, Fms. vii. 262; halda f. veðri, to stand before the wind, Róm. 211. 2. rýrt mun verða f. honum smá-mennit, he will have an easy game with the small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafði sá bana er f. varð, 8; sprakk f., 16, 91. VIII. fyrir sér, of oneself, esp. of physical power; mikill f. sér, strong, powerful; lítill f. sér, weak, feeble, Nj. 20, Ísl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; þér munuð kalla mik lítinn mann f. mér, Edda 33; minnstr f. sér, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr maðr f. sér, Ísl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herðimaðr mikiil f. sér, a hardy man, Nj. 270; hvat ert þú f. þér, what kind of fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sér, to be a strange fellow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, göra mikið (lítið) f. sér, to make oneself big (little). β. sjóða e-t f. sér, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mæla f. munni, to talk between one's teeth, to mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249. IX. denoting manner or quality; hvítr f. hærum, white with hoary hairs, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; gráir fyrir járnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjölt hvít f. silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb. 226. X. as adverb or ellipt., 1. ahead, in front, = á undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; þá var eigi hins verra eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, as this came first, preceded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go home first (to spy), Eg. 580; Egill fór f., E. went in before, id.; at vér ríðim þegar f. í nótt, 283. β. first; hann stefndi f. málinu, en hann mælti eptir, one pronounced the words first, but the other repeated after him, Nj. 35; mun ek þar eptir göra sem þér gerit f., I shall do to you according as you do first, 90 :-- temp., sjau nóttum f., seven nights before, Grág. ii. 217. 2. to the fore, at hand, present; þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of guests was already to the fore, i.e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj. 11; úvíst er at vita hvar úvinir sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1; skal þá lögmaðr þar f. vera, he shall be there present, Js. 3; heima í túni fyrir, Fær. 50; þar vóru fyrir Hildiríðar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt kunnigt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; þeim ómögum, sem f. eru, who are there already, i.e. in his charge, Grág. i. 286: of things, föng þau er f. vóru, stores that were to the fore, at hand, Eg. 134. 3. fore, opp. to 'back,' of clothes; slæður settar f. allt gullknöppum, Eg. 516; bak ok fyrir, back and front, = bak ok brjóst, Mar. XI. in the phrase, e-m verðr e-t fyrir, a thing is before one, i.e. one takes that and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; nú verðr öðrum þeirra þat f., at hann kveðr, now if the other part alleges, that ..., Grág. i. 362; Kolbeini varð ekki f., K. had no resource, i.e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285 :-- the phrase, e-t mælisk vel (ílla) fyrir, a thing is well (ill) reported of; víg Gunnars spurðisk ok mæltisk ílla fyrir um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun þat vel f. mælask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, Þórð. 55 new Ed.; ílla mun þat f. mælask at ganga á sættir við frændr sína, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mæltisk kvæðit vel f., the people praised the poem, Fms. vii. 113. XII. in special senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja leið f. skipi, to pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i. 774, Fms. x. 480; mæla f. e-u, to dictate, Grág. ii. 266; mæla f. minni, to bring out a toast, vide minni; mæla f. sætt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f., to arrange, put right; ætla f. e-u, to make allowance for; trúa e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; það fer mikið f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky; hafa f. e-u, to have trouble with a thing; leita f. sér, to enquire; biðjask f., to say one's prayers, vide biðja; mæla fyrir, segja f., etc., to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mælti svá f., at ..., Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 333; búask f., to prepare, make arrangement, Landn. 35, Sks. 551; skipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194; spá fyrir, to 'spae' before, foretell; þeir menn er spá f. úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretell, 76, Bb. 332; Njáll hefir ok sagt f. um æfi hans, Nj. 102; vita e-t f., to 'wit' beforehand, know the future, 98; sjá e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef þat er ætlat f., fore-ordained, id. WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement. A. LOCAL: I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; láta síga brýnn f. brár, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; halda f. augu sér, to hold (one's hands) before one's eyes, Nj. 132; leggja sverði fyrir brjóst e-m, to thrust a sword into his breast, 162, Fs. 39. 2. before one, before a court; stefna e-m f. dómstól, Fms. xi. 444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come before one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu e-s, before one's eyes, Stj. 611. 3. before, so as to shield; hann kom skildinum f. sik, he put the shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold one's shield, Ísl. ii. 257. 4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, út, inn, ofan, niðr, austr, vestr, suðr, norðr, all denoting direction; fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi öxina fram f. sik, a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hljóp eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; þótti honum hann skjóta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask út f. dyrr, to go outside the door, Eg. 206 :-- draga ofan f. brekku, to drag over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust one over the gravel bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. björg, to leap over a precipice, Eb. 62, Landn. 36; elta e-n f. björg, Grág. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. borð, to leap (throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii. 391, Ld. 226; síga (to be hauled) niðr f. borgar-vegg, 656 C. 13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa niðr f. stafn, Eg. 142; niðr f. skaflinn, Dropl. 25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glúm. 395 (in a verse). II. in one's way, crossing one's way; þeir stefndu f. þá, Fms. ix. 475; ríða á leið f. þá, to ride in their way, so as to meet them, Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. þá, Nj. 153; vóru allt komin f. hann bréf, letters were come before him, in his way, Fms. vii. 207; þeir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled trees before him, so as to stop him, viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166. III. round, off a point; fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; út f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vii. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on the shore, sigla f. England, Norðyrnbraland, Þrasnes, Spán, to sail by the coast of, stand off England, Northumberland, ... Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Yrjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse); fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse); er hann kom f. Elfina, when be came off the Gotha, Eg. 80; leggja land f. skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i.e. to pass it, Edda l.c.; göra frið f. land sitt, to pacify the land from one end to another, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu árinnar, to come to (round) the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir garðs-enda, Grág. ii. 263; girða f. nes, to make a wall across the ness, block it up, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grág. ii. 263; so also binda f. op, poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaða f. gat, holu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stúfinn, the stump (of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjóta slagbrandi f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; láta loku (lás) f. hurð, to lock a door, Gísl. 28; setja innsigli f. bréf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt., setr hón þar lás fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512. 2. along, all along; f. endilanga Danmörk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along Denmark, Norway, from one end to the other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97 :-- öx álnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276; draga ör f. ödd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer's term, Fms. ii. 321. IV. with verbs, fyrir ván komit, one is come past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f. munn e-m, to stop one's mouth; taka f. háls, kverkar, e-m, to seize one by the throat, etc.; taka mál f. munn e-m, 'verba alicujus praeripere,' to take the word out of one's mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr e-m, to seize one's hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka fram f. hendrnar á e-m.

182 FYRIR -- FYRIRHÖFN.

B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. miðjan dag, Ld. 14; f. sól, before sunrise, 268; f. sólar-lag, before sunset; f. miðjan aptan, Nj. 192; f. náttmál, 197; f. óttu, Sighvat; f. þinglausnir, Ölk. 37; f. Jól, Nj. 269; f. fardaga, Grág. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f. vetr, Eg. 159; f. vetrnætr, Grág. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before one's memory, Íb. 16. C. METAPH.: I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir aðra konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372. II. for, on behalf of; vil ek bjóða at fara f. þik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga í skuld f. e-n, Grág. i. 283; Egill drakk ... ok svá f. Ölvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjöld f. e-n, Grág. i. 173; verja, sækja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvárr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sættisk á öll mál f. Björn, Nj. 266; tók sættir f. Björn, Eg. 168; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik, láta lýrit, lög-vörn koma f.; færa vörn f. sik, etc.; verja, sækja sakir f. sik, and many similar law phrases, Grág. passim; biðja konu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my behalf, for my part, Gs. 16; lögvörn f. mál, a lawful defence for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f. sök, to defend a case, Grág. i. 61; halda skiladómi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa lög f. e-t, vide festa. III. in a distributive sense; penning f. mann, a penny per man, K. Þ. K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = per head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, Ó. H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how many men, Grág. i. 296; fyrir hverja stiku, for each yard, 497. IV. for, for the benefit of; brjóta brauð f. hungraða, Hom. 75; þeir skáru f. þá melinn, they cut the straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostnað f. e-n, to defray one's costs, Grág. i. 341. V. for, instead of; hann setti sik f. Guð, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Guð (Lat. pro Deo), Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, fá, kveðja mann f. sik, to get a man as one's delegate or substitute, Grág. i. 48 passim; þeir höfðu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-höfuð vóru f. kljána, Nj. 275; gagl f. gás ok grís f. gamalt svín, Ó. H. 86; rif stór f. hlunna, Háv. 48; buðkr er f. húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tönn f. tönn, Exod. xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, Þkv. 32. VI. because of, for; vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi, not without ground, i. 302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi Gunnarr þeim til úhelgi? Nj. 101; ok urðu f. þat sekir, Landn. 323; hafa ámæli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim. 2. in a good sense, for one's sake, for one; fyrir þín orð, for thy words, intercession, Ísl. ii. 217; vil ek göra f. þín orð, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sína vinsæld, by his popularity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sök, for one's sake, vide sök: in swearing, a Latinism, fyrir trú mína, by my faith! (so in Old Engl. 'fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir þitt líf, Stj. 514; ek særi þik f. alla krapta Krists ok manndóm þinn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir þrjár merkr, for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti út f. þrjú hundruð marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundrað, to pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316 :-- also of the thing bought, þú skalt reiða f. hana þrjár merkr, thou shall pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir þik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj. 57; bætr f. víg, Ísl. ii. 274; bætr f. mann, Eg. 259, passim; fyrir áverka Þorgeirs kom legorðs-sökin, Nj. 101 :-- so in the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir öngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157, Gþl. 531 :-- hafði hverr þeirra mann f. sik, eða tvá ..., each slew a man or more for himself, i.e. they sold their lives dearly, Ó. H. 217. 2. ellipt., í staðinn f., instead of, Grág. i. 61; hér vil ek bjóða f. góð boð, Nj. 77; taka umbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slíku f. sem ..., Boll. 350; þér skulut öngu f. týna nema lífinu, you shall lose nothing less than your head, Nj. 7. VIII. by means of, by, through; fyrir þat sama orð, Stj.; fyrir sína náttúru, Fms. v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir þinn krapt ok frelsis-hönd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63, -- this use of fyrir seems to be a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vídal.; fyrir munn Davíðs, through the mouth of David, etc. :-- in good old historical writings such instances are few; þeir hlutuðu f. kast (by dice), Sturl. ii. 159. IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i. 151; fyrir vitorð eðr vilja e-s, against one's will or knowledge, Grág. ii. 348; kvángask (giptask) f. ráð e-s, i. 177, 178, Þiðr. 190; nú fara menn f. bann (in spite of an embargo) landa á milli, Gþl. 517; hann gaf henni líf f. framkvæmd farar, i.e. although she had not fulfilled her journey (her vow), Fms. v. 223; fyrir várt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt þat, in spite of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir ráð fram, heedlessly; fyrir lög fram, vide fram. X. denoting capacity, in the same sense as 'at,' C. II, p. 27, col. 1; scarcely found in old writers (who use 'at'), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have one for a friend, in old writers 'at vin;' hafa e-n f. fífl, fól, to make sport of one. 2. in old writers some phrases come near to this, e.g. vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi, id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma f. eitt, to come (turn) all to one, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215; fyrir hitt mun ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann er einskis örvænt orðs né verks, from him everything may be expected, Ísl. ii. 326; hafa e-s víti f. varnað, to have another's faults for warning, Sól. 19. XI. joined with adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, útan, innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan, either with a following acc. denoting. direction, thus, fyrir austan, sunnan ... fjall, east, south of the fell, i.e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir neðan brú, below the bridge; fyrir útan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir innan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan á, beyond the river; fyrir innan garð, inside the yard; fyrir ofan garð, above, beyond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs :-- used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir norðan, in the north; fyrir austan, in the east, -- current phrases in Icel. to mark the quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp. Árb. year 1530; but not freq. in old writers, who simply say, norðr, suðr ..., cp. Kristni S. ch. 1: absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the other side :-- fyrir útan e-t, except, save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8; fyrir fram, vide fram. UNCERTAIN For- and fyrir- as prefixes, vide pp. 163-167 and below: I. fore-, for-, meaning before, above, in the widest sense, local, temp., and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-ellri, for-beini, etc. β. before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis, -vindis, -viðris, etc. 2. in an intens. sense = before others, very, but not freq.; for-dyld, -góðr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, -kuðr, -lítill, -ljótr, -prís, -ríkr, -snjallr. II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e.g. for-að, -átta, -dæða, -nám, -næmi, -sending, -sköp, -verk, -veðja, -viða, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and vernacular: at a later time more words of the same kind crept in: 1. as early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, e.g. for-boð, -bænir, -djarfa, -dæma (fyrir-dæma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -þóttr; fyrir-bjóða, -fara, -göra, -koma, -kunna, -líta, -muna, -mæla, -vega, -verða. 2. introduced in some words at the time of the Reformation through Luther's Bible and German hymns, and still later in many more through Danish, e.g. for-brjóta, -drífa, -láta, -líkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sóma, -standa, -svara, -þénusta, and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalised, being chiefly used in eccl. writings :-- it is curious that if the pronoun be placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in Icel.) the sense is in many cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can only mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mæla, to curse, and mæla fyrir, to speak for; for-bænir, but biðja fyrir e-m, etc.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former bad and negative; this seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to foreign influence. fyrir-banna, að, to forbid, Skm. 34. fyrir-benda, d, to forebode, Stj. 87. fyrir-bending, f. foreboding, Bs. i. 45. fyrir-birting, f. revelation, Barl. passim. fyrir-bjóða, bauð, to forbid, Bs. i. 682, 683, N. G. L. i. 351, Gþl. 276, K. Á. 54, 110. fyrir-boða, að, to forebode; part., Greg. 16. fyrir-boðan, f. foreboding, Magn. 488, Fms. viii. 3, Eb. 28. fyrir-boðning, f. forbidding, Edda 120. fyrir-boðsmaðr, m. a bidder to a feast, Fms. v. 332. fyrir-bón, f., in pl. curses = forbænir, Sturl. iii. 45: in a good sense, begging, pleading, (mod.) fyrir-burðr, m. an appearance, vision, spectre, Nj. 118, Fms. vi. 63, 229, 404, xi. 289, Bs. i. 184, Eb. 28, 218, 272, Sd. 174, passim. fyrir-búa, bjó, to prepare, Greg. 18, Fms. i. 138, N. T. passim. fyrir-búnaðr, m. preparation, Stj. 127, Fms. vii. 87, x. 236. fyrir-búningr, m. id., Hkr. iii. 240. fyrir-drífa, dreif, to drive away, Th. 16 (fordrífa). fyrir-dæma, d, to condemn, K. Á. 220, Hom. 126, Rb. 338, Fms. i. 219. fyrir-dæmiligr, adj. damnable, H. E. i. 514. fyrir-dæming, f. damnation, Greg. 17, H. E. i. 514, Stj. 21. fyrir-fara, fór, to destroy, N. G. L. i. 340: to forfeit, K. Á. 128: reflex. to perish, Post. 59, N. T. passim. fyrir-farandi, part. preceding, Vm. 12, Bs. i. 682, 720. fyrir-fari, a, m. a foreboding, Bs. i. 682. fyrir-feðr, m. pl. forefathers, Barl. 206. fyrir-ferð, f. a going before, Stj. 353 :-- bulk, fyrirferðar-mikill, adj. bulky. fyrir-fólk, n. great folk, persons of distinction, Hkr. ii. 381. fyrir-furða, u, f. a foreboding, sign, mark, Fs. 125. fyrir-ganga, u, f. a walking ahead, leading, Fms. ii. 75, v. 72. fyrir-gefa, gaf, to forgive, Nj. 170, Hom. 44, Sks. 579, N. T. passim. fyrir-gefning, f. forgiveness, Rb. 336, Th. 78, Fms. viii. 442, Stj. 110, N. T. passim. fyrir-gengiligr, adj. pinched, worn out. fyrir-gleyma, d, to forget, Barl. (rare.) fyrir-gleyming, f. forgetfulness, Sks. 607, (rare.) fyrir-göra, ð, to forfeit, N. G. L. i. 341, Eg. 495, K. Á. 70, Nj. 191. fyrir-heit, n. a promise, Fms. i. 217: esp. in a sacred sense, Stj., Rb. 336, N. T. passim: a presage, Fms. vi. 63, v.l. fyrir-huga, ð, to premeditate. fyrir-hugsan, f. forethought, Stj. 10, Barl. 127. fyrir-hyggja, u, f. (-hygsla, N. G. L. i. 215), forethought, prevision, Fms. ii. 121, Ld. 186, Hkr. ii. 102, H. E. i. 387, v.l. (freq.) fyrir-höfn, f. trouble, toil.

FYRIRKOMA -- FYRRI. 183

fyrir-koma, kom, to destroy, put to death, with dat., Al. 132, Vígl. 22, Fms. i. 9: to prevent, avert, Korm. 208, Sks. 706; þá var svá fyrirkomít magni þeirra (cp. Germ. vorkommen), Fms. viii. 53. fyrirkomu-lag, n. arrangement. fyrir-kona, u, f. a woman of distinction, a lady, Fms. ii. 22. fyrir-konungr, m. a distinguished king, Fas. iii. 188. fyrir-kunna, kunni; f. e-n e-s, to blame one for a thing, to take a thing amiss, Eg. 254; eigi vil ek fyrirkunna þik þessa orða, Ó. H. 57, Stj. passim: with dat. of the thing, to be displeased at, Str. 9. fyrir-kveða, kvað, to refuse, Fms. x. 382. Sturl. i. 37, Thom. 21, 23: reflex., en fyrirkveðask eigi at taka sættir, Fb. iii. 451. fyrir-láta, lét, with acc., to let go, give up, Fms. i. 1, 156, viii. 251, x. 379: to forsake, i. 129, Mar. passim, Rb. 412. 2. with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing, to forgive, Fms. ix. 383, 410, Dipl. iv. 8 :-- in eccl. sense, H. E. i. 499, Gþl. 41, K. Á. 206; cp. forláta, which is more freq. in mod. usage. fyrir-látning, f. forgiveness. fyrir-látr, adj. forgiving, mild, Fms. xi. 429. fyrirlát-samr, adj. (-semi, f.); ekki f., stubborn, Bs. i. 683. fyrir-leggja, lagði, to lay aside, forsake, Stj. 148: reflex., fyrirleggjask um e-t, to leave a thing alone, Bs. i. 194: part. fyrir-lagðr, forsaken, 823. fyrir-leitinn, adj. circumspect, Ó. H. 145; eigi f. (and in mod. usage ófyrirleitinn), not circumspect, i.e. violent, Grett. 24 new Ed. fyrir-leitni, f. circumspection, Fas. iii. 175; úfyrirleitni, rashness. fyrir-liggja, lá; f. sér, to fall (of a woman), N. G. L. i. 213, 233. fyrir-litligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), contemptible, Stj. 244. fyrir-litning, f. contempt, Sturl. i. 64, 655 xxvii. 2. fyrir-líta, leit, to look down on, despise, Lat. despicere (cp. the preceding words), Greg. 39, Blas. 44, Lv. 95, Sks. 270, Magn. 442, Fms. vi. 286, viii. 24, x. 256, Hkr. i. 104, N. T., freq. in mod. usage :-- to forsake, Fms. vii. 174 (rare), vide forláta. fyrir-ljúga, laug, to forswear by lies, Fms. viii. 293: f. trú sinni, to forswear one's faith, Karl. 38: with acc. to slander, Fas. iii. 307. fyrir-maðr, m. a foreman, chief, Fms. ix. 341, 483, Ld. 106, Nj. 106: one's better, one who excels others, Fms. xi. 326: a predecessor, Bs. i. 733: in mod. usage in pl. fyrir-menn, people of distinction. fyrir-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), like a distinguished man, Fms. xi. 231, Ld. 90. fyrir-muna, pres. -man, pret. -mundi, in mod. usage -að, (-munar, -munaði, -munað) :-- to grudge one a thing; f. e-m e-s, eigi er þat satt, at ek fyrirmuna þér viðarins, Ld. 318; ek fyrirman ekki Þorgilsi þessarar ferðar, 258, Fms. vi. 59, x. 110, Grett. 159 new Ed., Fas. i. 205, Orkn. 24, Fs. 68, Ó. H. 61: with infin., Sks. 554. fyrir-mynd, fyrir-myndan, f. [Germ. vorbild], a prototype, example. fyrir-mæla, t, to swear, Grett. 94 new Ed., Bs. ii. 60, Gþl. 218. fyrir-nema, nam, with acc., f. e-t, to withhold, N. G. L. i. 4, cp. mod. fortaka; f. e-m mál, to deprive one of speech, make one silent, Ls. 57 :-- chiefly reflex., fyrirnemask e-t, to forbear, N. G. L. i. 579, Gþl. 58, Sturl. i. 2. fyrir-rásari, a, m. a forerunner, Sks. 43. fyrir-rennari, a, m. id., Hom. 105, Stj. 441. fyrir-rúm, n. the first room or chief cabin in old ships of war, in the after part of the ship next the lypting, as is clear from passages such as, þá hljóp Ólafr konungr ór lyptingunni ok í fyrirrúmit, Fms. x. 360; hann sat aptr i fyrirrúminu, vii. 185, viii. 223, x. 360, 362, Hkr. i. 302, Orkn. 148 :-- but Grett. 113 (new Ed.), speaking of a boat pulled by three men, distinguishes between háls, fyrirrúm, skutr, bow, midship (mod. Icel. miðskipa), and stern, fyrirrúms-menn, m. pl. one placed in the f., cp. Engl. midshipman, Fms. vii. 223, viii. 224 :-- metaph. phrase, hafa e-ð í fyrirrúmi, to keep a thing in the fore-hold, i.e. to give preference to it. fyrir-rægja, ð, to 'foredo' one by lies and slander, N. G. L. i. 57. fyrir-sát, f. (less correct fyrir-sátr, n., Fms. x. 341), an ambush, Nj. 93, 160, Ld. 220, Fms. ii. 296, Fs. 33, Valla L. 225. fyrir-segja, sagði, to foretell, Fms. i. 141. fyrir-setning, f., gramm. a preposition, Skálda 180. fyrir-sjón, f. a laughing-stock, Bs. i. 155. fyrir-skipa, að, to order, prescribe, Barl. 69, 72. fyrir-skipan, f. an ordinance, Stj. 621. fyrir-skjóta, skaut, to make void, N. G. L. i. 52, 53, Gþl. 268. fyrir-skyrta, u, f. a 'fore-shirt,' apron, Hdl. 46, Þorst. Síðu H. 178. fyrir-smá, ð, to despise, Thom. 23. fyrir-spá, f. 'fore-spaeing,' prophecy, Sturl. i. 115 C. fyrir-staða, u, f. a standing before one, Grág. ii. 14: mod. obstacle. fyrir-standa, stóð, to understand, Fas. ii. 298, Fms. viii. 54, v.l. fyrir-stela, stal, to forfeit by stealing, Jb. 417, Js. 129. fyrir-stjórnari, a, m. an overseer, Sturl. i. 1. fyrir-svara, að, to answer for, Band. 22 new Ed. fyrir-sverja, sór, to forswear, renounce by oath, Fms. x. 396, 419: reflex. to forswear oneself, Hom. 151. fyrir-sæti, n. a fore-seat, Sturl. i. 21. fyrir-sögn, f. 'fore-saying' i.e. dictation, instruction, Fms. vii. 226, Grág. i. 7, Bs. i. 133, Fs. 21, Stj. 190, 355: style, Rb. 2: prophecy, 655 xxxi. fyrir-söngr, m. the 'fore-song' or prelude in a service, Fms. vii. 198. fyrir-tak, n. prominence; fyrirtaks-gáfur, f. pl. prominent gifts, and in many other compds. fyrir-taka, tók, to deny, refuse, Bs. i. 758, Fms. ii. 65, Jómsv. 50, Ld. 186: to forbid, H. E. i. 456. fyrir-tekt, f. waywardness, caprice. fyrir-tæki, n. what is taken in hand, a task. fyrir-tölur, f. pl. persuasion, Fms. ix. 52, x. 301, xi. 11, Hom. 52. fyrir-vaf, n. the weft. fyrir-vari, a, m. precaution, Fs. 65. fyrir-varp, n. a 'fore-warp,' dam, Bs. i. 315. fyrir-vega, vá, to forfeit by manslaughter, N. G. L. i. 64, Fms. v. 101. fyrir-verða, varð, to vanish, collapse; þá féll ok fyrirvarð allt sem mold, 656 A. 2. 5, Sl. 27; svá sem augu firverða sem eigi taka læknis lyf, 656 B. 12 :-- so also, fyrirverða sik, to be destroyed, Stj. 25; also to be ashamed, Clem. 34, freq. in mod. usage in this last sense, otherwise obsolete :-- and reflex. to perish, collapse, Stj. 91, 118, 149, Str. 66. fyrir-vinna, u, f. = forverk. fyrir-vinnask, vannsk, dep. to forbear doing a thing, Bs. i. 341, Þiðr. 140, Grett. 78 new Ed. fyrir-vinnendr, part. = fyriryrkjendr, Hm. fyrir-vissa, u, f. a foreboding, Stj. 81. fyrir-vist, f. = forysta, q.v., Sturl. iii. 270, Eb. 126. fyrir-yrkjendr, part. pl. (forverk), workmen, labourers, N. G. L. i. 98. fyrir-ætlan, f. a design, Nj. 9, Eg. 467, Bs. i. 404, Ísl. ii. 355, Skálda 170. FYRNASK, d, [forn], to get old, to decay, N. G. L. i. 37: as a law term, of a claim, to be lost by lapse of time, þá fyrnisk sú skuld, 24; legorðs-sök engi fyrnisk, Grág. i. 349; sú sök fyrnisk aldregi, 361 :-- to be forgotten, hans nafn mun aldri fyrnask, Fas. i. 43 :-- with dat. of the person, with the notion of past evils, henni fyrndisk aldri fall Ólafs konungs, she never forgot king Olave's death, Fms. v. 126; þótti honum sér þá skjótara fyrnask líflát Droplaugar, Dropl. 9; allítt fyrnisk mér þat enn, Korm. 172; henni mátti eigi fyrnask við Svía konung, at ..., Ó. H. 51: the saying, fyrnisk vinskapr sem fundir (mod. svo fyrnask ástir sem fundir), Fms. ii. 62: part. decayed, fallinn ok fyrndr, Stj.; kirkja fyrnd ok fölnuð, Bs. i. 198; fölnar fold, fyrnist allt og mæðist (a ballad). II. mod. in act. to lay up stores; fyrna hey, etc. fyrnd, f. age, antiquity, Dipl. ii. 5, Sks. 517; esp. in the phrase, í fyrndinni, in times of yore, 625. 170, Fas. i. 513, Sks. 67 :-- decay, dilapidation, Pm. 122, Bs. i. 293 :-- a law term, loss of a claim by lapse of time. Thom. 76. fyrning, f. decay, Grág. ii. 267: pl. fyrningar, old stores left from last year, hey-f., matar-f., etc., (mod.) fyrnska, u, f., prop. age; slitin, fúinn af f., worn, rotten from age, Stj. 366: decay, Grág. ii. 268: at fyrnsku. from olden times, N. G. L. i. 45; í fyrnskunni, in days of yore, Str. 1 :-- a law term = fyrnd, skal þar eigi f. fyrir ganga, N. G. L. i. 249 :-- old lore, witchcraft, Fb. i. 231, Fs. 131. fyrnsku-háttr, m. old fashion, Fms. xi. 430. FYRR, compar. adv. sooner; FYRST, superl. first, soonest: [cp. Goth. faurþis = GREEK, GREEK, and faurþizei = GREEK; Engl. for-mer; Swed. -Dan. för, först; Lat. prius.] I. compar. sooner, before; því betr þykki mér er vér skiljum fyrr, the sooner we part the better, Fas. ii. 535; at vér bræðr myndim þetta fyrr gört hafa, Nj. 61; veitti Eirekr fyrr, Landn. 216: fyrr enn, before that, Lat. priusquam, enginn veit sína æfina fyrr en öll er (a saying); fyrr enn ek hefir eignask allan Noreg, Fms. i. 3, Nj. 5, Stj. 135, Ld. 176. 2. before; ekki hefi ek þar fyrr verit, er ..., Eb. 224; sem engi veit fyrr gört hafa verit, K. Á. 28; svá sem fyrr sögðum vér, Fms. x. 366. II. superl. first; fyrst sinna kynsmanna, Ld. 162; þá sök fyrst er fyrst er fram sögð, Grág. i. 79; sá fyrst (first) er hánum var first (last) boðit, N. G. L. i. 14: first, in the beginning, foremost, opp. to síðarr or síðast, Eirekr veitti fyrst vel ok ríkmannliga en Hallsteinn síðarr, Landn. 216, v.l.; gékk Hrútr fyrst, foremost, Nj. 6; hreppsóknar-menn eru fyrst aðiljar at þessum sökum, Grág. i. 295; at eigi sé fyrst (for a while) samlendir, Ísl. ii. 386. β. sem fyrst, as soon as possible, Nj. 4, Eg. 602. 2. for that, because, as, very freq. in mod. usage, but hardly ever found in old writers; and the following passages -- fyrst þín bón kemr þar til, Bárð. 171; fyrst hestunum mátti eigi við koma, Sturl. i. 19; fyrst hón er karls dóttir, Fas. i. 22 -- are all taken from paper MSS.; Bárð. new Ed. 20 has 'síðan þú leggr þat til,' and Sturl. MS. Brit. Mus. the proper word 'er.' III. as imitations of Latin supradictus or praedictns are the following -- á fyrr-greindum árum (jörðum), aforesaid, Vm. 44, Dipl. ii. 4; fyrr nefndr, afore-named, Stj., Bs. passim, but never in old vernacular writings. fyrr-meir, adv. 'fore-more,' i.e. formerly, in former times, Ísl. ii. 365, Finnb. 212, Lv. 64, H. E. i. 434. fyrra, u, f., the phrase, í fyrrunni, formerly, Stj. 10. FYRRI, compar. adj. former; FYRSTR, superl. the first, foremost: I. compar., yðra fyrri frændr, Fms. i. 282; fyrra sumar, the former summer, before the last, Grág. i. 38; enn fyrra hlut vetrar, in the former part of winter, Eg. 713; spurðisk eigi til þeirra heldr en til enna fyrri, Ó. H. 129; Drottins dag (annan dag viku) inn fyrra í þingi. Grág. i. 49 (the parliament lasted about a fortnight); enn fyrra sunnudag, N. G. L. i. 348; í fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í fyrra sumar, the summer before last, id.; með hinum fyrrum fótum, with the fore feet (mod. með

184 FYRRUM -- FÆRA.

fram-fótunum), Bær. 9; ætla ek á engan mann at leita fyrri, Fms. vi. 109; vera e-m fyrri at e-u, to get the start of one, Hm. 122; usually verða f. til e-s, verða fyrri til höggs, Úlf. 7. 56. II. superl. the first; þær sakar skal allar fyrstar segja fram, Grág. i. 38; ef sá verðr eigi búinn til er fyrstr hefir hlotið, id.; enn fyrsta aptan er þeir koma til þings, 100; eigi fellr tré við hit fyrsta högg (a saying), Nj. 224. fyrrum, adv. formerly, before, Fms. i. 268, ix. 422, Hkr. i. 80. FYRSA, t, [fors], to gush, stream in torrents, Stj. 414. fyrsi, n. gushing in torrents; hvít-fyrsi, Thom. 21. fyrsta, u, f., in the phrase, í fyrstunni or í fyrstu, in the beginning, at first, Stj. 293, Fms. x. 265; í fyrstu, first, i. 2. FYRVA, ð, [forve], to ebb; þaðan ór fjöru er fyrvir útast, Grág. i. 356, 380: metaph. to fall short, to lack, ok skal telja þann dag með er á fyrvir, the lacking day shall be counted with the rest, Rb. 1812. 72; gjalda þat er á furði (afurði MS.), Grág. ii. 180. FYS, n., better fis, [Germ. fese; O. H. G. fesa; Gr. GREEK], prop. of the husks of beans, any small light substance; sem fys, Ps. i. 4. fysa, að, in the phrase, e-m er ekki fysað saman, a thing not put slightly together, well knit, Fms. iii. 590. FÝ, interj. fye! skalf á hnakka hý | hverr maðr kvað fý, Sturl. i. 22. fýla, u, f. [fúll], foulness, stink, Fas. iii. 171, Fms. x. 213: of a person, a dirty, paltry fellow, Sturl. ii. 135; fýlur enn ekki dugandi menn, Fbr. 211; helvítis-fýlur, Niðrst. 107; fiski-fýla, q.v. fýls-enni, a nickname, prob. Gaelic, Landn. fýri, n. fir, = fura. fýri-skógr, m. fir-wood, Karl. 326, Fms. vii. 236. fýri, n. fire, Lex. Poët.; vide fúrr. FÝSA, t, [fúss], to exhort; fýsa e-n e-s, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing, Fms. xi. 22; auðheyrt er þat hvers þú fýsir, Ld. 266: with infin., Nj. 47, Fb. ii. 13: absol., Eg. 242. 2. impers., mik fýsir, I wish, Fms. vi. 238, viii. 412; hverr hafi þat er hann mest fýsir til, Nj. 197; svá skjótt sem hann fýsir til, Fms. xi. 437; fýsir konung til á sund at fara, Al. 22; þik fýsi at kanna annarra manna siðu, Ld. 164: in the reflex. form the impers. usage disappears, ek fýsumk aptr at hverfa, Sks. 3, Fms. vi. 398; fýstisk Ástríðr þá at fara þangat, i. 77: fýsask himneskra hluta, to wish for heavenly things, Greg. 31; hann kvaðsk eigi fýsask til Íslands at svá búnu, Nj. 123. 3. part. fýsendr, exhorters; margir vóru þess fýsendr, Sturl. ii. 175. fýsari, a, m. a persuader, 655 ii. 8. fýsi, f. a wish, desire, Fms. i. 184, vi. 57, vii. 281, ix. 277, Landn. 201, Fs. 23, Stj. 42, 145, Bs. i. 167, Hom. 47. fýsi-liga, adv. willingly, Fms. ii. 239: desirably, viii. 47. fýsi-ligr, adj. agreeable, 656 B. 5, Sks. 29: winning, winsome, attractive, Eg. 30, 116, Nj. 131, Eluc. 51, Sks. 2, v.l. fýsing, f. exhortation, Fas. i. 225. fýst, mod. fýsn, f. = fýsi, Fms. i. 117, xi. 244, Fs. 22. Magn. 468, Str. 66; frá þessa heims fýstum ok girndum. Stj. 148; rangar fýstir, Fms. v. 217, Stj. 149: in eccl. sense the Gr. GREEK is sometimes rendered by fýsn (e.g. fýsn holdsins, f. augnanna, 1 John ii. 16; heimrinn og hans f., 17), though more freq. by girnd (lust): fýsn is used much like Germ. neigung = impulse, inclination: it occurs in a great many compds, as fróðleiks-fýsn, lestrar-f., lærdóms-f., náms-f., desire for knowledge, learning; andleg f., holdleg f., spiritual, carnal desire; kærleiks f.; mannlegar fýsnir, human affections. FÆÐ, f. [fár, adj.], fewness, scantiness, Fms. i. 291. II. coldness, cold intercourse, cp. fár, Þórð. 65; fað hefir verit á með þeim, Glúm. 373; hann görði fæð á við Kálf, Fms. v. 126, vi. 30, 110, 243, xi. 327, passim: melancholy, en er dró at Jólum tók Eirekr fæð mikla ok var úglaðari en hann átti vana til, Þorf. Karl. 404. FÆÐA, dd, [i.e. fœða; cp. Goth. fôdian; A. S. fêdan; Engl. feed; Germ. füttern; Swed. föda; Dan. föde] :-- to feed, give food to, Symb. 28, Rb. 82, Fms. ix. 490, Nj. 236, Grág. i. 43, K. Þ. K. 50; fæða barn á brjósti, to feed a bairn at the breast, Bs. i. 666 :-- to feed, of sheep, Dropl. 14. 2. to rear, bring up, N. G. L. i. 239, 351; ef maðr fæðir barn öðrum manni, Grág. i. 276; hann fæddi Helga (dat.) barn, Dropl. 14; fóstra sú er maðr hefir fædda, Grág. ii. 60; Teit faddi Hallr í Haukadali, Íb. 14; mik fæddi Gamaliel, 655 xvi. B. 3. II. to give birth to; faddi Bergljót sveinbarn, Fms. i. 31, Ó. H. 122; til barn er fætt, N. G. L. i. 340; litlu síðar fæddi hon barn, Ó. H. 144. III. reflex. to feed, live on a thing; við hvat fæddisk kýrin, Edda 4, Stj. 16: metaph., Bs. i. 166 :-- to be brought up, þat vóru náfrændr Bjarnar ok höfðu með honum fæðzk, Eg. 253: esp. adding upp, fæddusk þar upp synir Hildiríðar, 25, Fms. i. 4, 187, Edda 18 :-- to be born, freq. in mod. usage; fæddr, part. born, 625. 93; þar var Kristr fæddr, Symb. 29. fæða, u, f. food, Stj. 19, 29, 149, Fms. ii. 139. fæði, n. food, Fms. vi. 164, Stj. 22. fæðing, f. birth, delivery, Stj. 198, 248, passim. fæðingi, a, m. a native, Fms. i. 130, x. 225, Ld. 24, Þiðr. 123, Karl. 434, Róm. 184. fæðir, m., poët, a feeder, breeder, Lex. Poët. fæðsla and fæzla, u, f. food, 625. 91, Fms. iii. 136, viii. 31, x. 367, Greg. 64, Sks, 20, 784, Sturl. i. 20 (Ed. fetlima, qs. fetzluna), Stj. 29, 52, 61. COMPDS: fæðslu-lauss, adj. without food, Hom. 101. fæðslu-leysi, n. want of food, Fas. iii. 8. fægi-ligr, adj. [fága], neat, polished, Stj. 22, 42, Bret. 24. FÆGJA, ð, [Germ. fegen], to cleanse, polish, Sks. 43, 234, Fms. viii. 416: medic., fægja sár, to cleanse a wound, Rd. 283, Glúm. 383, Fbr. 209; eldr var á gólfi ok velgdi hón vatn til at fægja sár, Ó. H. 222, Hom. 70. fækka, v. fætta. FÆLA, d, [fála], to frighten, drive away by fright. Grág. ii. 110; ok f. þá í braut, Nj. 104: reflex. to be frightened, of horses or the like; svá at landvættir fældisk við, Landn. 258; ef menn skaka eðr skella at hrossum svá at þau fælisk við, Grág. ii. 234, Fms. vi. 335; fældusk hestar Grikkja, Al. 142, Bs. i. 8; þetta fælask Skrælingjar, Þorf. Karl. 424. FÆLA, ð, [i.e. fœla from fúl], to fool, mock, Clem. 44; þeir mundu skjótt hafa fælt þik ok svá verit, El. 14, 18; lesi hann, fyrr en fæli, librum Machabaeorum, Al. 22. fæling, f. a frightening, Fms. xi. 160. fælinn, adj. shy, of a horse, Grett. 25 new Ed.; myrk-f., afraid of the dark. fælni, f. shyness, fright, of a horse: myrk-f. fear of darkness, of children. FÆR, f. a sheep; in Swed.-Dan. faar and fär are the usual words for sheep; but in Icel. it is almost unknown; it occurs in Skálda 162; also now and then in the compd fær-sauðr, m., spelt fjar-sauðr, Tistr. 4 (prop. a 'sheep-sheep,' sauðr being the common Icel. word for sheep), Stj. 45, 177, 235, N. G. L. i. 75, K. Þ. K. 130; from fær is also derived the name Fær-eyjar, f. pl. the Faroe Islands (Sheep-islands); Fær-eyskr, adj., and Fær-eyingar, m. pl. the Faroe Islanders; described by Dicuil as plenae innumerabilibus ovibus, p. 30 (Ed. 1807): fær is a South-Scandin. word, and seems to be formed from the gen. of fé (fjár). FÆRA, ð, [from fár, n., different from the following word, having á as root vowel], to slight, taunt one, with dat.; ok færa þeim eigi í orðum né verkum, offend them not in words nor acts, Hom. 57: mod., færa at e-m, id. FÆRA, ð, [i.e. fœra, a trans. verb formed from the pret. of fara, fór; not in Ulf.; A. S. fergan or ferjan; Engl. to ferry; Germ. führen; Dan. före; Swed. föra] :-- to bring; a very freq. word, as the Germ. and Saxon 'bring' was unknown in the old Scandin., as in mod. Icel.; the Dan. bringe and Swed. bringa are mod. and borrowed from Germ.; færa fé til skips, Nj. 4; færa barn til skírnar, K. Þ. K. 2 passim; ef Þorvaldr væri færandi þangat, if Th. could be carried thither, Sturl. i. 157. 2. to bring, present; hafði Þórólfr heim marga dýrgripi ok færði föður sínum ok móður, Eg. 4; þér munut f. mér höfuð hans, 86; færa e-m höfuð sitt, to surrender to one, Fms. x. 261; færa fórn, to bring offerings, Stj. passim; færa tak, to offer, give bail, Gþl. 122: the phrase, koma færandi hendi, to come with bringing hand, i.e. to bring gifts. 3. phrases, færa ómaga á hendr e-m, of forced alimentation, Grág. Ó. Þ. passim; færa til þýfðar, to bring an action for theft, Grág. i. 429; færa e-t til sanns vegar, to make a thing right, assert the truth of it, 655 xxviii. 2; færa alla hluti til betra vegar, to turn all things to the best account; þat er gjörtæki, ok færir til meira máls, and leads to a more serious case, Grág. i. 429, v.l.; færa til bana, to put to death, Rb. 398; færa í hljóðmæli, to hush up, Nj. 51; færa í útlegð, to bring to outlawry, banish, Rb. 414; færa til Kristni, to bring to Christ, convert, Fms. xi. 408; færa sik í ætt, to vindicate one's kinship (by a gallant deed), Sturl. ii. 197; er þú færðir þik með skörungskap í þína ætt, shewed thee to be worthy of thy friends, Glúm. 338. 4. special usages; færa frá, to wean lambs in the spring, Vm. 13, hence frá-færur, q.v.; færa e-n af baki, to throw one, of a horse, Grág. ii. 95: færa niðr korn, sæði, to put down corn, seed, i.e. to sow, Nj. 169; tiu sáld niðr færð, Vm. 55; sálds sæði niðr fært, D. I. i. 476, Orkn. 462; færa e-n niðr, to keep one under, in swimming, Ld. 168; færa upp, to lift up, Nj. 19: færa upp, a cooking term, to take out the meat (of the kettle), 247; færa í sundr, to split asunder, Grett. 151 (of logs); færa til, to adduce as a reason; færa við bakið (síðuna, etc.), to present the back (side, etc.) to a blow, Fms. vi. 15, Korm. 6; færa e-n fram, to maintain, feed, Grág. passim; færa fram, to utter, pronounce, Skálda 178; as a law term, to produce (færa fram sókn, vörn), Grág. passim; færa fé á vetr, to bring sheep to winter, i.e. keep them in fold, Grág. ch. 224; færa e-t á hendr e-m, to charge one with a thing, 656 A. 1. 3; færa skömm at e-m, to sneer at one, Eg. 210; færa á e-n, to mock one, Fms. v. 90, but see færa (from fár); færa e-t saman, to bring a thing about, Sturl. i. 139 C; færa kvæði, to deliver a poem, Ld. 114, Landn. 197, 199. 5. to remove, change; færa kirkju, to remove a church, in rebuilding it, K. Þ. K. 38, cp. Eb. fine; færa bein, Bjarn. 19, Lat. translatio; færa mark, to change the mark on cattle, Grág. i. 416; færa landsmerki, to remove the landmarks, ii. 219: metaph., færa til rétts máls, to turn into plain language, viz. into prose, Edda 126; færa heimili sitt, to change one's abode, Grág. i. 146; færa út búðarveggi, to enlarge the walls, Ísl. ii. 293. II. reflex. to bring, carry oneself; hann gat færsk þar at, he dragged himself thither, Fms. vi. 15; færask við, to strain, exert oneself, Eg. 233; færask í aukana, to strive with might and main, vide auki; færask at, to bestir oneself, Fms. vii. 243; mega ekki at færask, to be unable to do anything, 220, 265; svá hræddir, at þeir máttu ekki at f., so frightened that they could do nothing, 655 xxvii. 22; færask e-t ór fangi, to withhold from, vide fang; færask undan, to withhold; færa undan sökum, to plead not guilty, Fms. xi. 251; bera járn

FÆRÐ -- FÖXOTTR. 185

at færask undan, to carry iron (as an ordeal) in order to quit oneself, v. 307; færask á fætr, to grow up, Ld. 54; aldr færisk (passes) e-n, one grows up, Fs. 3, Rb. 346; tvímælit færisk af, is removed, Lv. 52. færð, f. the condition of a road, passage, from snow, rain, etc.; íll f., Sturl. iii. 22; þung f., Fms. ii. 75, freq. færi, n. a being within reach; and as a shooting term, a range, Fms. i. 12, viii. 49, Nj. 63, Eg. 115, Ver. 26: a match for one, Ld. 116, Fms. ii. 27; ekki barna f., no match for bairns, Háv. 52: in pl. allit., fé eðr f., money or means, Grág. i. 62, 252: the phrase, vera í færum til e-s (mod. um e-t), to be able to do a thing, Grett. 110 C, Fms. xi. 265; með-fari, e.g. það er ekki mitt með-færi, it is no match for me :-- söng-færi, hljóð-f., a musical instrument; veiðar-f., fishing gear; verk-f., tools; mál-f., organs of speech; tæki-f., occasion. COMPDS: færi-leysi, n. want of means, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 12. færi-vandr, adj. cautious, Rd. 294. færi-ván, f. opportunity, Gísl. (in a verse). færi-veðr, n. weather fit for a journey, Eb. 482, 485, Fms. xi. 374. færi, n. a fishing-line, Vígl. 46, freq. in mod. usage. færi-kvíar, f. pl. movable pens (of sheep). færi-ligr and fær-ligr, adj. practicable, easy to do, Fms. vii. 335, viii. 33 :-- færiligr hestr, a strong, serviceable horse, Ld. 276. færing, f. a freight, Jb. 393. 2. translation, 415. 14. 3. = færi, Anal. 201: better farning, q.v., Bjarn. 73, Sturl. i. 74, bad readings. fær-leikr, m. ability, strength, esp. in bodily exercise, Fs. 3, Finnb. 242, Orkn. 114, Grett. 149 C, Fas. i. 331. fær-leikr, m. a horse, freq. in mod. usage, akin to fær (?). færr, adj. able, capable; færr til e-s. capable of, or with infin., able to do a thing, Nj. 215, Fms. i. 284, v. 71, xi. 24; vel færr, doing well, strong, Ísl. ii. 357; hress ok vel f., Eg. 84 :-- able, strong, in travelling, manna bezt færir bæði á fæti ok á skíðum, 73; færr hvert er þú vilt, Ld. 44; Sigmundr görisk færr (able-bodied) maðr mjök, Fær. 77; færr hestr, a strong, serviceable horse, Grág. i. 46, 328; búfé fært at mat sér, Gþl. 502. 2. of things, fit for use, safe; of a ship, sea-worthy, opp. to úfært, Eg. 114: of weather, fært (úfært) veðr, weather fit (unfit) for travelling, Gþl. 31, freq.; þegar fært var landa milli, when the passage was open from one land to another (of the sea), Fms. ii. 232: of roads, rivers, sea, etc., safe, passable, Petlands-fjörðr var eigi f., i. 200; vegir færir at renna ok ríða, Gþl. 411; al-f., ú-fært, íll-f., etc.: the law phrase 'eiga eigi fært út hingað,' not to have leave to return hither (i.e. to Icel.), is the third degree of outlawry, Grág. i. 119, Þ. Þ. ch. 60 :-- neut. with dat. denoting safe, unsafe, er þér at síðr fært með þessi orðsending, at ek hygg ..., it is so far from safe for thee to go with this errand, that ..., Fms. iv. 131; freq. in mod. usage, þat er ekki fært (ófært); mér er ekki fært (ófært): in many compds, þing-f., able to go to parliament, Grág. i. 46: Icel. also say in neut., þing-fært, messu-fært, when so many people are gathered together that a meeting or service can be held; bænabókar-fær, able to read one's prayer-book, i.e. not quite ólæs. FÆTA, tt, a dubious word, in the phrase, eiga um vandræði at f., to have to grapple with hardships, Glúm. 374; er hann svá í öllu sínu athæfi at trautt megu menn um hann fæta, such in all his doings that people could hardly manage him, Fb. i. 167; menn megu trautt heima um þik fæta, 173, (tæla, Fms. xi. 78, 92): Icel. now say, það verðr ekki við hann tætt, there are no ways with him, of an unruly person. fætlingar, m. pl. [fótr], the ends formed by the feet, in a skin. FÆTTA, mod. fækka, which form occurs in MSS. of the 14th century, also fætka; but in a poem of 1246 tí-rætt and fætta are made to rhyme: [fár] :-- to make few, reduce in number, in old writers with acc., in mod. with dat.; at fætta skyldi húskarla, Ó. H. 113 (Fms. iv. 255).; Hkr. ii. 183 fækka less correct; ok fætta svá lið þeirra, Fbr. 74 new Ed., but fæcka in Fb. ii. 164, l.c.: reflex. to grow fewer, less, en er Hákon jarl sá fættask liðit á skipum sínum, Fms. i. 174; þegar grjótið fættisk, xi. 95; þá er fattask tóku föng, Sturl. i. 135; at eldiviðrinn tæki at fættask, Orkn. 112; fækkuðusk skotvápnin, Eb. 248. 2. to grow cold, unfriendly, (fár II); heldr tók at fækkask með þeim, Vápn. 9, Fs. 149. fögnuðr, v. fagnaðr. föl, n. [fölr], a thin covering of snow, Fb. ii. 149, 154, Fbr. 31 new Ed. föl-leitr, adj. looking pale, Nj. 39, Fb. i. 545, Vápn. 29. föl-litaðr, part. pale, Nj. 183. fölna, að, to grow pale, Edda 36, Ld. 224, Fas. i. 189, Sks. 466 B; prop. to wither, of grass, gras fellr allt ok fölnar, Edda (pref.); fölnanda lauf, Sks. 608 B; eidr fölnaðr (of fire), Eb. 100 new Ed., v.l. :-- rarely, and less correctly, of other things, kirkja fyrnd ok fölnuð, decayed, Bs. i. 198; dúkr fölnaðr, a faded cloth, Ann. 1344: reflex., Stj. 142, (badly.) fölnan, f. a withering, fading away, Fms. vii. 91. FÖLR, adj., old forms fölvan, fölvir, etc.; in mod. usage the v is left out, fölan, fölir, etc.; [A. S. fealo; O. H. G. falo; Old Engl. fallow; Dutch vaal; Germ. fahl and falb; cp. Lat. pallidus, Gr. GREEK] :-- pale; fölr sem grass, pale as grass, Nj. 177; hann görði fölvan í andliti, Glúm. 342; fölr sem nár, pale as a corpse, Fb. ii. 136; fölr sem aska, pale as ashes, Þiðr. 171, 177: poët., fölvir oddar, the pale sword's point, Hkv. 1. 52; fölr hestr, a pale horse (but rare), 2. 47; net-fölr, pale-nebbed, Am.; fölr um nasar, id., Alm. 2; ná-fölr, pale as a corpse. fölskaðr, part. pale, burnt out, of fire, Fs. 6, Eb. 100 new Ed., Ísl. ii. 135. fölski, a, m. [O. H. G. falavizga: mid. H. G. valwische; Swed. falaska; the word is composed from fölr and aska] :-- the pale, white ash spread over burning embers; so Icel. call the ashes while they still keep their shape before crumbling in pieces; þeir sá á eldinum fölskann er netið hafði brunnit, Edda 39; fölski var fallinn á eldinn, Fas. ii. 388; fölskar, Stj. 58, Mar. (Fr.): metaph. in mod. usage, fölska-lauss, adj. without f., sincere, real, e.g. fölskalaus elska, sincere love. föngu-ligr, adj. [fang], stout-looking, in good condition, Sturl. i. 159 C. FÖNN, f., gen. fannar, pl. fannir, [cp. Gæl. feonn = white], snow, esp. a heap of snow, Landn. 154, Fms. iii. 93, Sturl. ii. 118, Sd. 164, Karl. 441, 501, N. G. L. i. 291; fannir, heaps of snow, Grett. 111 C, cp. fenna, fann-. In Norway Folge-fonn is the name of a glacier. FÖR, f., gen. farar; old pl. farar, later and mod. farir; the acc. with the article is in old writers often contracted, förna = förina; [fara, cp. far, ferð] :-- a 'fare,' journey, Nj. 11; er þeir váru komnir á för, when they had started, 655 iii. 3; vera heim á för, to be on the road home, Ísl. ii. 362; vera í för með e-m, to be in company with one. Eg. 340; var brúðrin í för með þeim, Nj. 50: a procession, Lex. Poët.; bál-för, lík-f., funerals; brúð-f., a bridal procession. 2. chiefly in pl. journeys; hvat til tíðinda hafði orðit í förum hans, what had happened in his journeys, Eg. 81 :-- of trading voyages (far-maðr), vera í fo:;rum, to be on one's travels, Ld. 248, Nj. 22; eiga skip í förum, to own a trading ship, Fb. i. 430, (cp. fara milli landa, to fare between countries, i.e. to trade, Hkr. pref.): fara frjáls manns förum, to fare (live) about free, to live as a free man, N. G. L. i. 32; svefn-farar, sleep, Gísl.; að-farir, treatment. 3. in law, of vagrants (vide fara A. I. 2); dæma för úmögum, Grág. i. 87; dæma e-m för, 86; dæma úmaga (acc.) á för, to declare one a pauper, order him to 'fare' forth, 93, passim in the law (förumaðr). 4. a hasty movement, a rush; þá syndusk þar miklir hundar ok görðu för at Petro, 656 C. 29; var för (MS. for) í sortanum, the cloud was drifting swiftly, Fms. vii. 163, cp. far :-- the phrases, vér munum fara allir sömu förina, all the same way, in a bad sense, xi. 154; munt þú hafa farar Hákonar jarls, x. 322; vera á föru (mod. förum), to be on the wane; lausafé hans er mér sagt heldr á förum, Þorf. Karl. 366; þá var nokkut á föru (förum, pl.) virkit Bersa, there was something wrong with B.'s castle, it was going into ruin, Korm. 148. 5. an expedition, in compds, Vatns-dals-för, Apavatns-för, Grímseyjar-för, Reykhóla-för, Kleifa-för, the expedition to Vatnsdale, Apavatn, etc., Sturl., Ann. COMPDS: fara-bók, f. an itinerary, a book of travels, Clem. 38. farar-bann, n. = farbann, Fas. ii. 494. farar-beini, a, m. furthering one's journey, Eg. 482 (v.l.), Grág. i. 298: metaph., Fms. i. 226. farar-blómi, a, m. travelling with pomp, Orkn. 370, Fms. xi. 438, Fas. iii. 376. farar-broddr, m. the front of a host, Al. 56, Hkv. 2. 17. farar-búinn, part. = farbúinn, Fms. i. 3. farar-dvöl, f. delay, Grág. i. 441, 436. farar-efni, n. pl. outfittings, Eg. 169, 194, Ísl. ii. 204, Lv. 23. farar-eyrir, m. money for travelling, Gþl. 8. farar-fé, n. id. farar-gögn, n. pl. necessaries for a journey, Nj. 259, v.l. farar-greiði, a, m. a conveyance, K. Á. 70, Fms. ii. 234, Fs. 24, Eg. 541, Gþl. 369. farar-hapt, n. a hindrance, stoppage, 625. 184. farar-hestr, m. a nag, (Fr.) farar-hlass, n. a wagon-load, N. G. L. i. 240. farar-kaup, n. on board-wages, N. G. L. i. 98. farar-leyfi, n. leave to go, Eg. 424, Fbr. 91 new Ed., Hom. 141. farar-maðr, m. = farmaðr, N. G. L. i. 199. farar-mungát, n. a bout before going, Eg. 88, Fas. i. 396. farar-nautr, m. = förunautr, O. H. L. 78. farar-orlof, n. = fararleyfi, Bs. (Laur.) farar-skjótr, m. (-skjóti, a, m.), a means of travelling, esp. a horse (or ass), Stj. 610, Fas. i. 126, Fms. iv. 38; hest, hinn bezta fararskjóta, Sturl. ii. 145 C. fararskjóta-laust, n. adj. without a horse, Fms. viii. 31, Bs. i. 349. farar-stafr, m. a walking-stick, 656 B. 1. farar-tálmi, a, m. hindrance, Jb. 283, 400, Orkn. 396. förla, að, to grow faint, weak; ef hann of förlar, if he fails, (the passage is dubious, and something seems left out), K. Þ. K. 42: reflex. to fall into ruin, ef förlask reiðir, svá at um bæta þarf, Gþl. 77; þá mun brátt f. afl ráða-görðar, Sks. 331 :-- impers., e-m förlask, one grows weak, esp. from age, Krók. 40; in mod. usage, finn eg að augum förlast sýn, I feel my eyes grow dim, Hallgr. förnuðr, v. farnaðr. föru-kona, u, f. a vagrant woman, Þiðr. 226. förull, adj, rambling, strolling about, Nj. 131; víð-f., wide-travelling. föru-maðr, m. a vagrant man, a pauper, Gþl. 432. Jb. 183. föru-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), beggarly, Vígl. 60 new Ed. föru-nautr, m. [Germ. fahr-genosse], a companion, fellow-traveller, Ísl. ii. 336, Sturl. i. 116, ii. 21, Fms. ii. 8, Nj. 14, Vápn. 29, passim. föru-neyti, n. a company of travellers. Clem. 32 (spelt förunauti), Edda 108, Jb. 380, Eg. 23: a retinue, Fms. iv. 82, x. 102, Nj. 37: a company, 280, Sks. 579, Grett. 139 C. FÖSULL, m., pl. föslar. [Germ. fasel; O. H. G. fasal; A. S. fæsel] :-- a brood; gljúfra f., the brood of the chasms, a dragon, poët., Nj. 109 (in a verse), an GREEK. föxóttr, adj. [fax], a horse with mane differing in colour from the body, Landn. 195, Fas. ii. 168, Rd. 299, Karl. 151, 350; gló-f., Bs. ii. 261.

186 G -- GAGL.

G (gé) is the seventh letter. In the old Gothic Runic alphabet (Golden horn) it is represented by RUNE, which was probably taken from the Greek χ. The later common Runic alphabet had no g, and made the tenuis k (RUNE, called Kaun) serve for both; still later, g was distinguished simply by a dot or stroke, RUNE or RUNE, and this character was called 'Stunginn Kaun,' i.e. dotted or cut Kaun, just as the name of Stunginn Týr was given to cut or dotted t. A. In Scandinavia the letter g begins many fewer words than in German or Saxon, mainly because the prefixed particle ge- is absent. In the fragments of Ulf., although so little is left, ga- is prefixed to about three hundred words, mostly verbs and nouns; in the Anglo-Saxon at least three or four thousand such words are recorded, and in modern German still more: indeed the number is so to say endless, as it can be put to almost any verb. In Icel. the only traces of this prefix are, I. in a few words retaining g before the liquids l and n (gl and gn): α. gl in the word glíkr, similis (and derivatives); glíkr is now obsolete, and even in very old MSS. of the 13th or even the 12th century both forms, glíkr and líkr, glíkendi and líkendi, glíkjast and líkjast, occur indiscriminately; but in older poems gl is the only form. β. gn in gnadd, gnaga, gnauða, gnegg, gneisti, gnípa, gnísta, gnolla, gnógr, gnúa, gnúpr, gnyðr, gnæðingr, gnöllra, gnötra (q.v.), and some poët. words, as gnat, etc. But in mod. usage, in gn and gl, the g is dropped both in spelling and pronunciation, nadd, naga, nauða, hnegg, neisti, nípa ... núpr, nyðr or niðr, næðingr, nöllra, nötra; the gn in these words is almost constantly used in very old MSS., but even at the end of the 13th and in the 14th century the MSS., e.g. Hb., begin to drop the g, vide p. 206 sqq.: the exceptions are few, e.g. Icel. never say nýja tor gnýja, but the word itself, although known, is almost obsolete: so also in modern writers gnótt and gnægtir (abundance) often occur: but the sound gn may be said to be almost extinct. The Danes, Swedes, and Norse still keep the g before n, e.g. Dan. gnave, Swed. gnaga; whereas in glíkr the g has been dropped, and the word has become in Swed. lik, etc.; in Dan. lig, lige, ligning, etc. II. in two Icel. words the prefixed g has hardened into a radical consonant, so that its proper sound is no longer perceived, viz. granni (and compds), a neighbour, prop. one of the next house, Goth. garazna = GREEK, qs. g-ranni, from rann, domus; and greiða, explicare, = Goth. garaidian. The Scandinavian tongues have furthermore done away with the Saxon and German prefix to passive participles, and no trace of them remains even in the earliest writers or poems. The modern English has followed the same law as the Scandinavian in gn, for though it still appears in Engl. words (as gnaw, gnash), it is hardly sounded. The participial prefix remained long in southern England (see Morris's Specimens), but weakened into y or i till at last it dropped altogether. B. PRONUNCIATION. -- It is sounded hard, soft, or aspirate; hard, as in Engl. gate, gold; soft, as in Swed. dag, Germ. tag, or mod. Gr. γ, but lost in Engl.; aspirate also lost in Engl. I. hard, 1. as initial before a hard vowel, garðr, gull, gott, etc.; and before a consonant, glaðr, gráta; but the prefixed g, in the instances A. 1. above, was prob. always sounded soft. 2. as final after consonants, as sorg, belg, ung, höfgi, or if double, as in egg. II. soft, never as initial (unlike mod. Greek, in which γ is sounded soft throughout), but only as final or sometimes as medial: 1. if single after a vowel, as dag, hug, log, veg, stig. 2. between two vowels if the latter is hard, lega, ligum, vega, vegum, dögum; but in case both the vowels, or even only the last, are soft (an i vowel) the g sound is lost, and it is eliminated altogether or assimilated to the preceding vowel, which thus becomes a diphthong; the same is the case if j follows g; thus syllables and words such as bagi and bæi, dagi and dæi, degi and deigi, eygja and eyja or eya, lagi and lægi or læi are all sounded alike; in olden times there must have been a difference of sound, as old MSS. never confound the spelling in words like those above, whereas in modern letters written by uneducated people, nothing is more frequent than to see, um dæinn for um daginn, or á deíinum for á deginum, and the like; the poets also rhyme accordingly, e.g. segi -- hneigi, Pass. 38. 13; segja -- deyja, 25; segja -- beygja, 25. 12; drýgja -- nýja, 30. 3; eigið -- dregið, 7. 10; deyja -- teygja, 16. 13, etc.; even MSS. of the end of the 15th century frequently give seigia for segja (to say), e.g. Arna-Magn. 556 A, see the pref. to Ísl. ii. p. vi: as a medial, before d the g is sounded hard almost all over Icel., and the d soft (sagði); yet in the peninsula of Snæfells Sýsla many people still reverse this rule, and say sagdi, lagdi, bygdi, bygd, sounding the g soft but the d hard; in the east of Icel. people say bregða, sagði, pronouncing gð both soft; this is no doubt the best pronunciation, and accords well with the modern English said, laid, and the like. III. the aspirate g is sounded, 1. as initial before a soft vowel or j, gefa, gæta, geyma, geir, gjöld. 2. as final, a double g (gg) or g after a consonant is sounded as aspirate in all instances where a single g is lost (vide above), thus laggir, leggja, byggja, byggi, veggir, or margir, helgir, göfgi, engi, mergjar, elgjar, engja. Between two consonants the g is not pronounced, thus fylgdi, morgna, fylgsni, bólgna are sounded as fyldi, morna, fylsni, bólnar. C. SPELLING. -- Here is little to notice: I. in old MSS. the aspirate g as initial is frequently marked by the insertion of i after it, thus giæta, giefa, = gæta, gefa, but this is not now used. II. in old Norse MSS., -- and, by way of imitation, in some Icel., -- the soft g before a vowel is frequently marked by inserting h after it, thus dagh, deghi, vegha, sagha; in the Middle Ages many foreign MSS. expressed soft sounds in this way, and so they wrote dh = ð, gh = soft g, th = þ, whence comes the th in modern English; we also find gh in words such as Helghi, Fb. pref.; probably the g was in olden times sounded soft in rg, lg, which agrees with the change in English into holy, sorrow, etc.; ngh = ng also occurs, e.g. erlinghi, Eb. i. 537, denoting a soft sound of ng as in modern Danish and Swedish. In MSS. we now and then find a spurious g before j and a vowel, e.g. deygja, meygja, for deyja, meyja, because the sound was the same in both cases. D. CHANGES. -- The hard and aspirate g, especially as initial, usually remains in modern foreign languages, gate, ghost, give, get, except in Engl. yard, yarn (Icel. garð, garn), etc., where the Anglo-Saxon had a soft g sound. Again, 1. the soft g after a vowel takes a vowel sound, and is in English marked by w, y, or the like, day, say, saw, law, bow, way, low, = Icel. dag, segja, sög, lög, bogi, veg, lág, etc.: and even a double g, as in lay, buy, = Icel. leggja or liggja, byggja. 2. so also before or after a consonant, thus, Engl. said, rain, gain, sail, tail, bail, fowl, etc., = Icel. sagði, regn, gagn, segl, tagl, hagl, fugl; Engl. sorrow, follow, fellow, worry, borrow, belly, = Icel. sorg, fylgja, félagi, vargr, byrgi, belgr. In Dan. lov, skov, vej answer to Icel. lög, skóg, veg, whereas Sweden and Norway have kept the g, Swed. lag, skog, väg. E. INTERCHANGE. -- Lat. h and Gr. χ answer to Icel. and Teut. g, but the instances of such interchange are few, e.g. Lat. hostis, hortus, homo, hoedus, heri, = Icel. gestr, garðr, gumi, geit, gær; Lat. hio, Gr. GREEK, cp. Icel. gjá, gína; Gr. GREEK = gær, GREEK = gáss, GREEK = gall, etc. GABB, n. mocking, mockery, Fms. vii. 17, 59, ix. 385, Sturl. i. 155, Sks. 247, Karl. 474, Grett. 101. gabba, að, [Scot. gab], to mock, make game of one, Fms. i. 72, ii. 67, vi. 112, ix. 385, Stj. 609, Mag. 68, Ísl. ii. 165, Fs. 159; gabb ok gaman, Ó. H. 78: reflex., Bs. i. 319. gadda, að, to goad, spike, Str. 25, Karl. 172: gaddaðr, part., Sams. 13. gaddan, n. a kind of head-gear, an GREEK, Orkn. 304; perh. Gaelic. GADDR, m. [Ulf. gads = GREEK, 1 Cor. xv. 55, 56; A. S. gadu; Engl. gad, goad; Swed. gadd] :-- a goad, spike, Str. 77, Gísl. 159 (on a sword's hilt); gadda-kylfa, u, f. a 'gad-club,' club with spikes, Fms. iii. 329; gadd-hjalt, n. a 'gad-hilt,' hilt studded with nails, Eb. 36 new Ed., Gísl. 159, Fas. iii. 288, cp. Worsaae 494, 495, as compared with 330: metaph. phrase, var mjök í gadda slegit, 'twas all but fixed with nails, i.e. settled, Nj. 280. II. a sting, Al. 168; (cp. Engl. gad-fly.) III. perhaps a different root, hard snow, also spelt galdr (Fms. viii. 413, v.l., cp. gald, Ivar Aasen); the phrase, troða gadd, to tread the snow down hard, Fms. vii. 324, viii. 413, ix. 364, 490; en er Birkibeinar vóru komnir upp á galdinn hjá þeim, Fb. ii. 688: even used as neut., gaddit, Fms. viii. l.c. (in a vellum MS.); gaddit. id. (also vellum MS.); hence gadd-frosinn, part. hard-frozen; gadd-hestr, m. a jade turned out in the snow. IV. a 'gad-tooth,' a disease in cattle, one or more grinders growing out so as to prevent the animal from feeding, described in Fél. xiv. note 250; gadd-jaxl, m. a 'gad-grinder.' gaffall, m. [Germ. gabel], a fork to eat with, (mod.) GAFI, a, m. [A. S. geaf = funny], a gaff; fregna eigum langt til gafa, Mkv.: a saying, cp. spyrja er bezt til váligra þegna. GAFL, m. [Ulf. gibla = GREEK, Luke iv. 9; Engl. gable; Germ. giebel; Dan. gavl; Swed. gafvel] :-- a gable-end, gable, Sturl. ii. 50, Nj. 209, Ísl. ii. 74. gafl-hlað (gaflað, Nj. 203, 209, Orkn. 244). n. a gable-end, Gísl. 88: in pl. gaflhlöð, Orkn. 470; eystra g., 244; at húsendanum við gaflhlaðit, 450; gaflhlaðit hvárt-tveggja, Ísl. ii. 352; selit var gört um einn ás ok lá hann á gaflhlöðum, Ld. 280. gafl-stokkr, m. a gable-beam, Eg. 90. gafl-veggr, m. a gable-end, Nj. 197. gaga, að, to throw the neck back, Flor. 18. gagarr, m. a dog; gagarr er skaptr því at geyja skal, a dog is so made as to bark, Mkv. 4: used as a nickname, Landn. 145: in a verse in Eg. a shell is called 'the ever mute surf-dog' (síþögull brimróta gagarr), prob. from a custom of Icel. children, who in play make shells represent flocks and herds, kú-skeljar (cow-shells), gymbr-skeljar (lamb-shells), and put one shell for a dog. gagara-ljóð, n. pl. 'dog-song' (?), a kind of metre in Rímur. GAGG, n., onomatop. the fox's cry. gagga, að, to howl (of a fox), metaph. to mock at one, 689. 66. gag-háls, adj. [gagr], with neck thrown back, epithet of a stag, Gm. 33. GAGL, n. [Ivar Aasen gagl = wild goose, cp. the Scot. a gale of geese = a flock of geese] :-- a wild goose, Edda (Gl.); gagl fyrir gás, a saying, Ó. H. 87: in poetry, of any bird, hræ-g., blóð-g., etc., a carrion-crow; the

GAGLBJARTR -- GALLI. 187

word is not used in Icel. except in the saying above; the goshawk is called gagl-fár, n. and gagl-hati, a, m. goose-destroyer. gagl-bjartr, adj. bright as a goose, an epithet of a lady, Akv. 39; the wild goose is here made to serve for a swan! gagl-viðr, m. an GREEK, Vsp. 34; explained by the commentators, a forest where there are wild geese, but perhaps better as the name of a plant, the sweet gale or bog-myrtle. GAGN, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Saxon nor Germ.; only Ulf. has the root verb gageigan = GREEK; Swed. gagn; Dan. gavn; Engl. gain is prob. borrowed from the Scandin.]: 1. sing, gain, advantage, use, avail; hluti þá er ek veit at honum má gagn at verða, things that can be of use to him, Nj. 258; er oss varð at mestu gagni, Ísl. ii. 175; er eigi mun vera gagn í, that will be of no use, Fms. iii. 175; það er að litlu gagni, of little avail, etc., passim. 2. gain, victory; sigr ok gagn, Orkn. 38; hafa gagn, to gain the day, Rb. 398, Hom. 131, Fms. vii. 261; fá gagn, id., Fas. i. 294, freq. in poetry; gagni feginn, triumphant, Fm. 25; gagni lítt feginn, i.e. worsted, Hbl. 29. 3. produce, revenue, chiefly of land; jarðir at byggja ok vinna ok allra gagna af at neyta, Eg. 352; hence the law phrase, to sell an estate 'með öllum gögnum ok gæðum.' 4. goods, such as luggage, utensils, or the like; síðan fór hann norðr á Strandir með gagn sitt, Sturl. i. 10; ker ok svá annat gagn sitt, Grág. ii. 339; bæta garð aptr ok öll gögn ok spellvirki, Gþl. 421; þeir héldu öllum farmi ok öllu gagni (luggage), því er á skipinu var, Bs. i. 326. β. in mod. usage almost always in pl. gögn = household implements, esp. tubs, pots, etc.; bú-gögn, heimilis-gögn, household jars; far-g., farar-g., q.v. 5. in pl. a law term, proofs, evidence produced in court; at eigi dveli það gögn fyrir mönnum, Grág. i. 25; nefna vátta at öllum gögnum þeim er fram vóru komin, Nj. 87; eptir gögnum ok vitnum skal hvert mál dæma, a law phrase, upon evidence and witnesses shall every case be tried, Gþl. 475; öll gögn þau er þeir skulu hafa at dómi, Grág. ii. 270; þeir menn allir er í dómi sitja eðr í gögnum eru fastir, i. 105, 488, and passim; gagna-gögn, vide below. COMPDS: gagna-höld, n. pl. a holding back of proofs, evidence, Grág. ii. 273. gagn-auðgan, f. wealth, Fms. ii. 215. gagn-auðigr, adj. wealthy, well stored, Stj. 361, Ld. 38, Bs. i. 643. gagn-ligr, adj. useful. gagn-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), profitable, Bs. i. 690, 770. gagn-samr, adj. useful, profitable, Sturl. i. 74, Hrafn. 23, Landn. 83, Ísl. ii. 62, Stj. 92. gagn-semd and -semi, f. usefulness, profitableness, Hrafn. 24. gagns-lauss, adj. useless. gagns-lítill, adj. of little use. gagns-mikill, adj. of great use. gagns-munir, m. pl. useful things, Fbr. 22; veita e-m g., to help one, Hkr. ii. 251: mod. gain, profit, eigin g., Pass. 28. 6. GAGN-, an adverbial prefix: A. [Cp. the adv. gegn], gain- (in gainsay), counter, esp. in law terms :-- hence gagna-gögn, n. pl. counter-proofs, Grág. i. 106. gagn-augu, n. pl. 'counter-eyes,' temples. gagn-dyrt, n. adj. with doors opposite one another, Fas. ii. 181. gagn-gjald, n., prop. a 'countergild,' antidote, a Norse law term, which seems identical with mundr or tilgjöf, opp. to heiman-fylgja, dowry, which in case of the husband's death or divorce was to be the wife's property; gjöf and gagngjald are distinguished, N. G. L. i. 29; þá skal hon þarnast gagngjalds ok gjafar, 51. gagn-görð, f. transgression, 15. 1 (MS.) gagn-hollr, adj. kind to one another, Hm. 31. gagn-kvöð, f. a counter-summons, Grág. ii. 102. gagn-mælendr, part. pl. gain-sayers, opponents, Mart. 114. gagn-mæli, n. gain-saying, contradiction, Fms. x. 403, Stj. 331. gagn-nefna, u, f. a mutual nomination, of arbitrators, Grág. i. 495. gagn-staða, u, f. 'gain-staying,' resistance, Fms. x. 387, Hom. (St.) 43. gagnstöðu-flokkr, m. the opposite party, Fms. viii. 323: gagnstöðu-maðr, m. an opponent, adversary, 623. 12, 655 xvi. B. 3: gagn-staðleikr (-leiki), m. the contradictory, reverse, Stj. 263. gagn-staðligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), contrary, opposed to, Fms. i. 263, viii. 326, x. 233, Stj. 29, 73, Ó. H. 195, Sks. 576. gagn-staðr, adj. id., Stj. 163, Fms. viii. 323. gagn-stæðligr and gagn-stæðiligr, adj. = gagnstaðligr, Fms. ix. 528, Sks. 111, 130, 337, Stj. 335, Fs. 172. gagn-sök, f. a counter-action, counter-charge, a law term, -- the defendant brought forth counter-charges, to be set off against those of the prosecutor, vide Nj. passim, Grág. i. 294, K. Þ. K. 160, Fs. 74, 125, Grett. 151, Valla L. 204, Rd. 300. gagn-tak, n. a 'holder against,' the strap to which the girth is attached, Fms. vii. 170, Sturl. iii. 114, Glúm. 393, Hkr. iii. 283, Karl. 458, Flor. 78; also called mót-tak. gagn-vert and gagn-vart, n. adj., used as prep. and adv., over against, with dat., Eg. 206, Fms. vi. 32, vii. 253. xi. 34, Nj. 34, Sd. 163; sitja g. e-m, Fs. 148; g. sólunni, 1812. 133; g. dyrum, Gullþ. 26, Fbr. 37, 64, passim :-- as adv., Landn. 62, Fms. ii. 27, xi. 125. B. [Cp. gegnum and the adj. gegn], through, right through, straight; and so thorough, thoroughly, very (in which sense gay or gey is still used in Scot. and North. E., Jamieson Suppl. s.v.) :-- hence gagn-drepa, adj. wet through. gagn-færiligr and gagn-færr, adj. through-going, used as transl. of the Lat. penetrans, Stj. 89, 656 A. i. 34, 655 xxxii. 19. gagn-gört, n. adj. straight, Fb. iii. 296, Gísl. 38. gagn-hræddr, adj. 'gay' (i.e. very) frightened, Fms. iv. 147, 625. 18. gagn-kunnigr, adj. knowing thoroughly. gagn-leiði, n. the 'ganest' (i.e. shortest) way, Al. 92. gagn-orðr, adj. 'gane-worded,' speaking shortly, to the point, Nj. 38; (opp. to marg-orðr or lang-orðr.) gagn-skeytiligr, adj. to be shot through, Sks. 398 B. gagn-skorinn, part. scored through, i.e. cut through by fjords, rivers, etc., Fas. iii. 511: also thoroughly scored, i.e. carved all over, Vígl. 48 new Ed. gagn-stígr, m. a 'gane' way, short cut, Al. 109, Sks. 2, Fms. vii. 82 (in a verse). gagn-sæll, adj. through-seeing, penetrating, Sks. 208, (rare.) gagn-sær, adj. transparent, Rb. 354; gagnsætt gler, Hom. 128. gagn-vátr, adj. wet through. gagn-vegr, m. [Swed. genväg] = gagnstígr, Hm. 33. gagn-þurr, adj. dry all through, quite dry. gagna, að, to help, be of use to one, Bs. i. 799; ok lætr sér vel gagna, 655 xxxii: reflex. to avail, be of use, Bs. ii. 141, 143, Vígl. 30, Dipl. i. 6, Jm. 20. gagn-dagr, gagn-fasta, vide gangdagr, gangfasta. GAGR, adj. bowed back; this obsolete word is still used in Norway, e.g. gag ljaa, of a scythe; gagt menneska, a conceited man; cp. gaga, to throw the head back: in compds as gag-háls, q.v. People in Icel. say, hnakka-kertr, one who throws the neck back, but keikr of bending the backbone back; e.g. standa keikr, where the Norse say standa gag. The explanation in Lex. Poët, is guess-work, as the word is not in use in Icel., vide remarks on the word by Bugge in Oldn. Tidsskrift. gag-vígr, adj. an GREEK; g. bardagi, wanton strife, Fb. (Sverr. S.) ii. 553. gal, n. crowing; hana-gal, cock-crowing. GALA, pres. gelr, Hm. 28, 150, Vsp. 35; pret. gól, pl. gólu; pret. subj. gœli, Haustl. 20; in mod. usage, pres. galar, áðr en haninn galar, Matth. xxvi. 34, 74, 75, Mark xiv. 30, cp. Pass. 12. 7; but fyrr en haninn gelr, Luke xxii. 61; in pret. the old form is preserved, ok jafnsnart gól haninn, Matth. xxvi. 74; þá gól nú haninn fyrst, Pass. 11. 5; gól haninn annað sinn, 11. 8, Luke xxii. 60; og strax gól haninn, John xviii. 27; but elsewhere in mod. usage weak, galaði: [not recorded in Goth., as Ulf. renders GREEK l.c. by hrukjan; A. S. galan; Old Engl. and Scot. to gale = to cry; Dan. gale; Swed. gala] :-- to crow; hún heyrir hana gala, Stj. 208; gól um Ásum Gullinkambi, Vsp. 35; en annarr gelr, sótrauðr hani, id.: of a crow, Hm. 84. II. metaph. to chant, sing, used trans.; gala sér úgott, Hm. 28, Ls. 31; afl gól hann Ásum, Hm. 161; þann kann ek galdr at gala, I can chant that song, with the notion of spell, Hm. 153; svá ek gel, 150; hón (the sibyll) gól galdra sína yfir Þór, Edda 58: ironic., gólu þeir eptir á staðnum, O. H. L. 17; gala at um e-t, to beg blandly, Fms. xi. 113; Herodias gól at um líflát Johannes, 625. 96 :-- with acc. to gladden, cheer, Sl. 26. galarr, m. an enchanter, the name of a dwarf, Vsp. gald, n. hard snow, = gaddr, q.v. galdr or galðr, m., gen. galdrs, pl. galdrar, [from gala; A. S. gealdor = cantus, sonitus] :-- prop. a song, hence in names of old poems, Heimdalar-galdr, Edda 17; but almost always with the notion of a charm or spell, vide gala II above; hón kvað þar yfir galdra, Grett. 151, Hkr. i. 8; kveða helgaldra, Fbr. 24; gala galdra, Edda 58, Hm. 153; með rúnum ok ljóðum þeim er galdrar heita, Hkr. i. 11; galdr ok kvæði, Stj. 492: hence II. witchcraft, sorcery, esp. in pl.; galdrar ok fjölkyngi, Fb. i. 214, K. Þ. K. 76, Grett. 155; galdrar ok gjörningar, Anal. 244; galdrar ok forneskja, Gísl. 41, Grett. 155; með göldrum, 180 (in a verse); sjá við göldrum, Hom. 86, Ísl. ii. 77: a fiend (= Icel. sending), reka þann galdr út til Íslands at Þorleifi ynni at fullu, Fb. i. 213, (rare.) COMPDS: galdra-bók, f. a book of magic, 655 xiii, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 514. galdra-fluga, u, f. a 'witch-fly,' a kind of fly, tipula nigra subhirta, Eggert Itin. 604; cp. flugu-maðr. galdra-fullr, adj. full of sorcery, Fas. i. 108. galdra-hríð, f. a magic storm, hurricane raised by spells, Fas. i. 108. galdra-kind, f. a foul witch, Fas. i. 97: galdra-kinn, f. a 'spell-cheek,' a nickname, Eb. galdra-kona, u, f. a witch, sorceress, Ísl. ii. 73, Stj. 491, v.l. galdra-ligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91. galdra-list, f. magic art, Stj. 100, Fas. iii. 237. galdra-læti, n. pl. magical mummeries, Fas. ii. 373. galdra-maðr, m. a wizard, Fms. xi. 435, Fas. i. 5, Barl. 102, 149. galdra-meistari, a, m. a magician, Stj. 437. galdra-raumr, m. a great sorcerer, Fas. ii. 375. galdra-samligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91. galdra-smiðr, m. a 'spellsmith,' sorcerer, magician, Hkr. i. 10. galdra-snapr, m. a wizard-impostor, galdra-stafir, m. pl. magical characters. galdra-sögur, f. pl. tales of witches. galdra-vél, f. a magical device, Post. 80. GALEIÐ, f. [a for. word; galea, galio, galeida, Du Gauge], a galiot, Fms. vi. 134, 168, vii. 78, 179, Ísl. ii. 394. gal-gopi, a, m. a coxcomb. galinn, prop. a part. from gala, enchanted, but used in the sense of mad, Fms. i. 44, vii. 187: frantic, Gísl. 138: voluptuous, sensual, Stj. 55; þú er galin í girnd sem svín, Úlf. 3. 57. GALL, n. [A. S. gealla; Engl. gall; Germ. galle; Dan. galde; Gr. GREEK] :-- gall, bile, Pr. 472-474, Fbr. 137: metaph. an acid drink, Anecd. 10; edik galli blandað, GREEK, Matth. xxvii. 34. gall-harðr, adj. hard as cinders, qs. gjall-harðr, Bs. ii. 65, freq. GALLI, a, m. [cp. Swed. gall = barren], a fault, flaw, drawback, Hm. 134, freq. in mod. usage (ár-galli, q.v.); hence galla-lauss, adj. faultless,

188 GALLOPNIR -- GANGA.

Hom. (St.) 64, 72: gallaðr, part. vicious, guileful. II. a nickname, Bs. i. Laur. S. gall-opnir, m., poët. a cock, Lex. Poët. gall-sótt, f., medic. atra bilis. gall-súrr, adj. sour or hot as gall. GALM, f. or galmr, m., only in local names, Galmar-strönd, [cp. A. S. gealm = din], prob. called so from the roaring of the surf. galpín, mod. galapín, n. [for. word; Scot. galopin = lackey], a merry fellow; þú ert mesta galapín! -- a nickname, Sturl. iii. 209 C. galsi, a, m. wild joy; galsa-ligr, adj. frolicsome. galti, a, m. (vide göltr), a boar, bog, Fms. iv. 58, Fas. i. 88, Gullþ. 15, Fs. 71, 141; Galt-nes, n. 'Hog's-ness,' a local name; Galt-nesingr, m. a man from G., Sturl. gal-tómr, adj. quite empty, of a tub. Gal-verskr, adj. from Galilee, Mar. gamal-dags, as adv. old-fashioned, (mod.) gamal-karl, m. an old man, Fms. ii. 182. GAMALL, contr. forms, gamlan, gamla, gamlir, gamlar, gömlum, etc., fem. sing. and neut. pl. gömul; neut. sing, gamalt; the compar. and superl. from a different root, viz. compar. ellri, superl. ellztr, mod. eldri eldstr or elztr: [not recorded in Ulf., who renders GREEK by alþeis; but in A. S. gamol and gomel occur, although rarely even in Beowulf; in mod. Engl. and Germ. it is lost, but is in full use in all Scandin. dialects; Swed. gammal; Dan. gammel; Norse gamal, fem. gomol, Ivar Aasen]: I. old, Lat. senex; in the sayings, þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; opt er gott þat er gamlir kveða, Hm. 134, Fb. i. 212; íllt að kenna gömlum hundi að sitja; gamlir eru elztir, old are the eldest, i.e. the most cunning, clever; tvisvar verðr gamall maðr barn; engi verðr eldri en gamall; en þótt konungr þessi sé góðr maðr ... þá mun hann þó eigi verða ellri en gamall, Fms. iv. 282; faðir minn var gamall, Nj. 31; g. spámaðr, an old spae-man, 656 B. 12; hence gamals-aldr, m. old age, Ld. 4, Fms. ii. 71: compds, af-garnall, fjör-g., eld-g., q.v.; cp. also ör-gemlir = Germ. uralt, a giant in Edda. 2. grown up, old, of animals; arðr-uxi gamall, Grág. i. 502; gamlir sauðir, old rams; gjalda grís fyrir gamalt svín, Ó. H. 86; fyrr á gömlum uxanum at bæsa en kálfinum, a pun, Fms. vi. 28. 3. old, of things, freq. in mod. usage, but the ancients use gamall of persons or living things, and distinguish between gamall and forn (q.v.); a man is 'gamall,' but he wears 'forn' klæði (old clothes), thus in the verse Fms. xi. 43 gamall prob. refers to Gorm and not to land; Merl. 1. 61 is corrupt; vide gjallr (below); gamall siðr, Anal. 187, does not appear in Fb. iii. 401 (the original of the mod. text in Anal.) II. old, aged, of a certain age; nokkurra vetra gamall, some years old, Fms. xi. 78; fjögurra vetra gömul, Þiðr. 221; hve gamall maðr ertu, how old art thou? Ísl. ii. 220; tólf vetra gamall, 204; fimm, sex, vetra gamall, Grág. i. 502; vetr-gamall, a winter old; árs-gamall, a year old; misseris-gamall, half a year old; nætr-g., a night old, etc. III. in pr. names, hinn Gamli is added as a soubriquet, like 'major' in Lat., to distinguish an older man from a younger man of the same name; hinn gamli and hinn ungi also often answer to the Engl. 'father and son;' thus, Hákon Gamli and Hákon Ungi, old and young H., Fms.; also, Jörundr Gamli, Ketilbjörn Gamli, Örlygr Gamli, Bragi Gamli, Ingimundr hinn Gamli, etc., vide Landn.; Ari hinn Gamli, Bs. i. 26, to distinguish him from his grandson Ari Sterki; cp. the Lat. Cato Major: in some of the instances above it only means the old = Lat. priscus. B. The compar. is ellri and superl. ellztr; eigi ellra en einnar nætr, 1812. 57; fjórtan vetra gamall eðr ellri, K. Á. 190; enir ellri synir Brjáns, Nj. 269; inn ellzti, 38; ellztr bræðranna, Grág. i. 307; hann var ellztr, Eg. 27, Fms. i. 20, gamal-ligr, adj. elderly, Fms. ii. 59. gamal-menni, n. an aged person, Eg. 89, Orkn. 78, Rd. 302. gamal-órar, f. pl. dotage from age, Eb. 318. gamal-ærr, adj. in dotage, Nj. 194, Eb. 322, Grett. 116, Fas. ii. 93. GAMAN, n., dat. gamni, (gafni, Fas. i. 176, Fms. x. 328, Bær. 9); [A. S. gomen, gamen; Engl. game; O. H. G. gaman; mid. H. G. gamen; Dan. gammen] :-- game, sport, pleasure, amusement; in the sayings, lítið er ungs manns gaman; maðr er manns gaman, Hm. 46; and in the phrases, göra e-t að gamni sínu, or, sér til gamans, to do a thing for amusement; mart er sér til gamans gert, Tíma R.; jötni at gamni, Þkv. 23; var þá mest g. Egils at ræða við hana, Eg. 764; þykja g. at e-u, to make game of; þá mun Rútr hlæja ok þykja g. at, Rut will then laugh and be amused by it, Nj. 33: gaman þykir kerlingunni at móður várri, 68; henda g. at e-u, to make game of, Bs. i. 790, Þiðr. 226, Grett. 142 new Ed., Fms. xi. 109. β. in proverbial sayings; kalt er kattar gamanið, cold is the cat's play, i.e. she scratches; þá ferr að grána gamanið, the game begins to be rather rude; or, það fer að fara af gamanið, the game fares to be serious :-- love, pleasure, poët., in the allit. phrase, hafa geð ok gaman konu, Hbl. 18, Hm. 98, 162; gamni mær undi, Hbl. 30; unna e-m gamans, Skm. 39, Fsm. 43, 51: coitus, er hann hafði-t gýgjar g., Vþm. 32. gaman-ferð, f. a pleasure-trip, Fas. ii. 77. gaman-fundr, m. a merry-making, Nj. 113. gaman-leikr, m, a game, Grett. 107, Mag. 30. gaman-mál, n. merry folk, joking, Fms. xi. 151, Ld. 306, Karl. 532. gaman-rúnar, f. pl. merry talk, Hm. 122, 132. gaman-ræða, u, f. merry talk, Sks. 165, Fs. 72. gaman-samligr, adj. amusing, Sks. 118, 621, Fas. i. 332, ii. 459. gaman-samr, adj. gamesome, merry, Fms. ix. 249, Sks. 634. gaman-vísa, u, f. a comic ditty, Hkr. iii. 71. gaman-yrði, n. playful words, fun, Sks. 433. gaman-þing, n. a meeting of lovers, Lex. Poët. gamban-, a dubious word, perh. costly; in A. S. poetry gamban occurs twice or thrice in an allit. phrase, gamban gyldan = to pay a fee (Grein): gamban-reiði, f. splendid gear (?), Skm. 33; gamban-sumbl, n. a sumptuous banquet, Ls. 8; gamban-teinn, m. a staff, Skm. 32. These poems seem to be by one hand, and the word occurs nowhere else in the northern languages. gambr, m. = gammr, Barl. 39, Þiðr. 92, D. N. ii. 255, iv. 457: gambrs-kló, f. a griffin's claw, used as a pedestal for a drinking-horn, D. N. gambr, n. wanton talk, boasting. gambra, að, to brag, bluster, Glúm. 332, Al. 138, 655 xiii. A. B, Grett. 134 A, Fms. xi. 147 :-- to prate, Stj. 401. Judges ix. 38; við höfum tíðum gambrað Geir, um götu kræktir saman, Sig. Pét. Ný Fél. vii. 194. gambrari, a, m. a bragger, blusterer. gambr-mosi, a, m. a kind of moss, Hjalt. gamlaðr, part. very aged, Hkr. i. 148, Fas. i. 372, Ver. 15, Ld. 250. gamli, a, m., poët, an eagle, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn. gammi, a, m. (a Fin. word), the dwelling of a Finn, Fms. i. 8, x. 379, Fas. ii. 174: of a dwarf's abode, Þiðr. 21; dwarfs were often confounded with Finns. gammi, a, m. the gamut in music, Skálda. GAMMR, m. a vulture, Fms. iii. 207, Nj. 123, Fas. ii. 151, 231, iii. 210, 366, 612, Karl. 527, 544. gamna, að, with dat. to amuse, divert, Fms. viii. 4. GAN, n. frenzy, frantic gestures; fara með hlátri ok gani, Nj. 220; hon hljóp með ópi miklu ok gani, Fas. iii. 177. gana, ð, mod. að, to rush, run frantically; hann spurði hví hann gandi svá, Sturl. ii. 177; ganaði hann langt undan hernum, Fas. iii. 422; ganir at honum ok höggr, Jómsv. 49; þótt þú ganir galinn, Skáld H. 2. 57: of wildfire, Skálda 202 (in a verse); in Fbr. 162 (in a verse) it has the notion to glare in one's face; akin is góna (q.v.), to stare. GANDR, m. :-- the exact sense of this word is somewhat dubious; it is mostly used in poetry and in compds, and denotes anything enchanted or an object used by sorcerers, almost like zauber in Germ., and hence a monster, fiend; thus the Leviathan of northern mythology is called Jörmun-gandr, the great 'gand;' or Storðar-gandr, the 'gand' of the earth: a snake or serpent is by Kormak called gandr or gandir, Korm. ch. 8: wildfire is hallar g., a worrier of halls, and selju g., a willow-worrier, Lex. Poët.: the wolf Fenrir is called Vonar-gandr, the monster of the river Von, vide Edda. COMPDS: Gand-álfr, in. a pr. name, a wizard, bewitched demon. gand-fluga, u, f. = galdrafluga, a 'gand' fly, gad-fly, a kind of tipula, Eggert Itin. 604. gand-rekr, m. a gale brought about by witchcraft, Bs. i. 647 (in a verse), Edda (Gl.) Gand-vík, f. 'Gand' bay, i.e. Magic bay, the old name of the White Sea, for the Lapps were famous sorcerers. gand-reið, f. the 'witches' ride;' in nursery tales a witch is said to ride on a broomstick, Germ. besenstiel; in old lore they were said to ride by night on wolves, which are hence in poetry called 'the steeds of witches;' fá þú mér út krókstaf minn ok bandvetlinga því at ek vil á gandreið fara, Fms. iii. 176; ekki skorti gandreiðir í eynni um nóttina, Fas. ii. 131; hann kvað hann séð hafa gandreið, ok er þat jafnan fyrir stórtíðindum, Nj. 195; cp. also on this subject Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 440 sqq.; renna göndum, to slide on 'gands,' ride a witch-ride; víða hefi ek göndum rennt í nótt, of a witch in Fbr. 124; víta ganda, to bewitch 'gands,' i.e. to deal in sorcery, Vsp. 25, cp. the passage in Þiðr. S., fór Ostracia út ok rœrði gand sinn, then O. (a witch) went out (cp. útiseta) and reared her 'gands,' i.e. raised ghosts, or gener. exercised her black art, -- the MSS. have here even neut. gannd (gönd) sín. The compd spá-gandar in Vsp. seems to mean 'spae-ghosts' or spirits of divination. UNCERTAIN Some commentators render gandr bv wolf, others by broom; but the sense no doubt lies deeper. Gunnar Pálsson (died 1793) says that gandr is used in Icel. of the helm of a ship; but no such word is known, at least in the west of Icel. GANGA, pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gékst; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl. göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with the neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e.g. in Germ. compds.]

GANGA. 189

A. To go: I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr gékk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, passim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one's way, Fms. x. 290, Krók. 26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Háv. 39; also g. (to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks; hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q.v. β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr). II. adding adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like, α. an adverb denoting direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33; g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, í gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one; g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on passim; g. í sæti, to go to one's seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one's work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore. β. with infin., in old poems often dropping 'at;' ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga konu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318. γ. with an adj.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688. 2. in a more special sense; g. til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. á hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g. til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be married, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one's party, side with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g. ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í félag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. á vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of ..., 118, Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316. B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense :-- g. af, to depart from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr. 32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér (rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sér, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay: to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one's wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs boðorðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K. Þ. K. 92 :-- g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491 :-- g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at máli, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þá sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc. :-- g. á e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er ólofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. á bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to go on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið gengr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left :-- g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir stráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þó gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er mér bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211 :-- g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar gékk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvikfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass, skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422 :-- g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to make bad work; það er ílla frá því gengið, it is badly done :-- g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki gékk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortülum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N. G. L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nema nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyrir, Gþl. 12 :-- g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old writers it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr í gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í gegn gékk (who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðraðisk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at hann hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584, -- this agrees with the parallel phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id. :-- g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. vi. 168 :-- g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. með mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv. 2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); but dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með burði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular :-- g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga) :-- g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600 :-- g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250; saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259 :-- g. sundr, to go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim :-- g. til, to step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend; en þat gékk mér til þess (that was my reason) at ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum gékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; gékk Flosa þat til, at ..., Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til, at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælgi gengr mér til, 'tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, intention) :-- g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan gengr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775 :-- g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238 :-- g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (in a verse): to go into one's possession, power, Fms. vii. 207; -- g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest gékk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gékk ór garðinum upp (was rent loose) garðtorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höfuðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp (swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134 :-- g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above) :-- g. yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms. x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau léti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one another for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyldi g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the saying, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða

190 GANGA.

at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, Fms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili þeim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru ójafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllum mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þegar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonished; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished. C. Used singly, of various things: 1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrinn óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Grág. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda fé, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401. 2. of shoals of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, -gengd); vötn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðnar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór álum, Bb. 3. 52. 3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólar-gangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i. 24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb. passim :-- of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-duna með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174 :-- of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above, eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K. Þ. K. 78. 4. of a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; létu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. suðr allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó. H. 149; réru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit brátt út á haf, Ó. H. 136. β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat sumar, Ld. 18. II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir stórir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Baltic) í Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: frá Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A. A. 289; Europa gengr allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp (extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forskáli, Dropl. 28. 2. to spread, branch out; en af því tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær þegar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, þá þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i.e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81. III. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter (i.e. after the Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem Dönsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179 :-- of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þá gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar en þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð gékk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir því sem gengr (the course) flestra manna í millum, Gþl. 352 :-- of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sín lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti lög í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó. H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir) :-- of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, þá gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hallæri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir fólkið, 486, v.l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan land; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403. IV. to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst síðan bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers., hefir þessu gengit (it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk því um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr þessu þar til er ..., Fb. i. 258. V. denoting violence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261; létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til vápna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it rain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hróp ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out bad language, vide dæla. VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, they stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þá nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e.g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v.l. VII. with adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt, seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú málaferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast gengit, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó. H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above) :-- to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því sem Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. (it seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g. andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go amiss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false (crooked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269. VIII. of a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar á hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530. IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; láta vátta g., to take evidence, D. N. X. to be gone, be lost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; afli genginn, gone from strength, i.e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13. β. gone, past; gengið er nú það görðist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for me is the world's wheel (luck), a ditty. XI. used as transit. with acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear's back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok brýtr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530. 2. medic. with dat. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok gékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47. D. REFLEX.: I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng ævi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó. H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráða um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380 :-- láta gangask, to let pass. waive; lét Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr höfðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú lætr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61. 2. e-m gengsk hugr við e-t, to change one's mind, i.e. to be moved to compassion, yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gékksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hugr við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendimaðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó. H. 194; við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24. II. with prepp. (cp. B. above); gangask at, to 'go at it,' engage in a fight; nú gangask þeir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), Glúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248 :-- gangask fyrir, vide B. above :-- gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i.e. the extreme on each side), Íb. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar, hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i.e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15 :-- g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240 :-- gangask á, to dash against one another, to split; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þeirra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annars getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i.e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255 :-- gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við gengisk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef þat er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162; hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi láta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þetta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gékksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvindr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr þeirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7 :-- gangask ór stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107. III. in the phrase, e-m gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema ..., the evil will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless ..., 65. ganga, u, f. a walking, Bs. i. 225, Vþm. 8; tóku heyrn daufir, göngu haltir, 625. 82, cp. Matth. xv. 31; nema sýn eðr göngu frá mönnum, Post. 645. 70: the act of walking, Korm. 182, Fms. vi. 325; ganga göngu, to take a walk, Korm. (in a verse) :-- a course, ganga tungls, the course of the moon, Edda 7; hvata göngunni, id.; ganga vinds, the course of the wind, 15, Rb. 112, 476 :-- a procession, Fms. x. 15, Fs. 85, Ísl. ii. 251; vera sarnan í göngu, to march together, Band, 11; lögbergis-g., the procession to the hill of laws, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 5, Eg. 703; kirkju-g., a going

GÖNGUDRYKKJA -- GARÐR. 191

to church; her-g., a war-march; hólm-g., a duel, q.v.; fjall-g., a walk to the fell (to fetch sheep) :-- of animals, hrossa-g., grazing, pasture for horses, Dipl. v. 14; sauð-g., sheep-pasture: esp. in pl. fetching sheep from the fell-pastures in autumn (fjall-ganga), Grág. ii. 310, cp. Korm. ch. 3, Vd. ch. 44, Vápn. 22; ó-göngur, straits. COMPDS: göngu-drykkja, u, f. a drinking-bout, Fms. viii. 209. göngu-færi, n. = gangfæri, Fms. viii. 400. göngu-kona, u, f. a vagrant woman, Grág. i. 340, Nj. 142, Bs. i. 494. göngu-lag, n. gait. göngu-lið, n., collect. footmen, Bær. 17. göngu-maðr (pl. -menn), m. a vagrant, beggar, Grág. i. 163, 295, 341, K. Þ. K. 34, 80, Gísl. 54-56, 141. göngumanna-erfð, n. taking the inheritance of a vagrant, Grág. i. 190. göngumann-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), beggarlike, beggarly, Fms. iii. 209, Fas. iii. 202. göngu-móðr, adj. weary from walking. göngu-stafr, m. a walking-stick. göngu-sveinn, m. a beggar-boy, Korm. 192. gangari, a, m. [Dan. and Scot. ganger, a transl. of the mid. Lat. ambulator]: -- an ambling nag, a palfrey, Sturl. iii. 117; spelt gangvari in Þiðr. 16, 23; passim in the romances. Gang-dagr, freq. spelt by metath. Gagn-dagr, m. [A. S. Gang-däg], the Rogation-days, called 'Ganging days' from the practice of going in procession round the boundaries on those days, K. Þ. K., Rb., N. G. L. passim: the 25th of April is called Gangdagrinn eini, the minor Rogation-day, K. Þ. K. 106, Rb. 46, 544; in pl., Grág. i. 325, Fms. vii. 228, N. G. L. i. 24, 348, K. Þ. K. 102, vide Bs. ii. 247. COMPDS: Gangdaga-helgr, f. Rogation-holidays, N. G. L. i. 10. Gangdaga-vika, u, f. Rogation-week, K. Þ. K. 100, 102, Rb. 544, 558. Gangdaga-þing, n. a meeting during Rogation-week, Fms. vii. 217, 347. In all these compds spelt variously 'gagn-' or 'gang-.' The word Gangdagar is undoubtedly borrowed from the A. S. gang-fagr, adj. with a graceful gait, Eb. (in a verse). Gang-fasta (Gagn-f.), u, f. the Rogation-fast, in the Rogation-week, Vm. 94, N. G. L. i. 17. gang-færi, n. [Dan. före or gangföre], the condition of a road; íllt (gott) g., bad (good) walking, Fms. viii. 400. gang-færr, adj. able to walk, Hom. 152. gang-lati, a, m. a 'lazy goer,' an idler; and gang-löt, f. id., pr. names of the servants in the hall of Hela, Edda. gang-leri, a, m. obsolete, except as a pr. name of the mythical wanderer Edda; in Scot. still found as an appell. in the true sense, a gangrel = stroller, vagabond. gang-limir, m. pl. 'gang-limbs,' shanks. gang-mikit, n. adj. a great crowd, tumult. gang-prúðr, adj. with stately gait, Sks. 291. gangr, m. [A. S. gong; Scot. gang = a walk, journey; Dan. gang; Swed. gång; cp. Germ. gehen] :-- a going, walking, Sks. 370; vera á gangi, to be walking to and fro, Grett. 153: metaph., röng eru mál á gangi, bad reports are going about, Bs. i. (in a verse); vápn á gangi, weapons clashing (vide II. 2. below), Grág. ii. 8; þá var hvert járn á gangi, Fb. i. 212 :-- gefit mér gang, give me way, passage, let me go, Fms. xi. 275, 347 :-- pace, a horseman's term, engan (hest) hafa þeir slíkan séð bæði sakir gangs ok vaxtar, Róm. 422: Icel. say, það er enginn g. í honum, he has no pacing or ambling in him; or gang-lauss, adj. not pacing :-- grazing, úti-g., útigangs-hestr, opp. to a stall-fed horse :-- course, of the sun, stars, moon, gangr himin-tungla, Edda (pref.), hence sólar-g., the course of the sun above the horizon = day; stuttr, lítill, langr sólar-g., a short, long day :-- course, of money. II. metaph., 1. a going onward, prevailing, being in vogue; hafa mikinn gang, to be much in vogue, Al. 87; heldr er vaxandi g. at þeim, they were rather on the increase, Gísl. 66; þótti þeim hann hafa ofmikinn gang (favour) af konungi, Fms. ii. 54; með-g., good luck; mót-g., adversity; upp-g., thrift; á-gangr, inroad; yfir-g., tyranny. 2. rapid or furious going; þá var svá mikill gangr at um aptr-göngur Þórólfs, at ..., the huntings of Th. (a ghost) went so far, that ..., Eb. 314; ok nú görisk svá mikill g. at, Gísl. 151; svá görðisk mikill g. at þessu, Eb. 174; svá mikill g. var orðinn at eldinum, the fire had got to such a height, Bs. i. 445; elds-g., fire; vápna-g., a clash of weapons; vatna-g., a rush, flood of water; öldu-g., sjáfar-g., high waves; brim-g., furious surf; skriðu-g., desolation from earth-slips; berserks-g., berserker fury :-- trampling, horns g. ok hófs, Grág. ii. 122. 3. law term, a process; laga-g., Skálda 201, rare in old writers, but freq. in mod., Dan. rettergang. 4. medic. a discharge, esp. from the stomach; vall-gangr, excrement; þarfa-g., urine; þeir vóru sumir er drukku gang sinn, Al. 168; niðr-g., diarrhoea; upp-g., expectoration :-- a privy, ganga til gangs, Grág. ii. 119; þeir skyldu hafa búðar-tópt Skútu fyrir gang, Rd. 305; nú er hundr bundinn í gangi, Grág. l.c. III. collective, a gang, as in Engl.; drauga-g., a gang of ghosts; músa-g., a gang of mice; gaura-g., a gang of roughs; trolla-g., a gang of trolls (giants); þjófa-g., a gang of thieves. -- Vide göng, n. pl. a lobby. gang-rúm, n. a passage-room, lobby, Grett. 99 B. gang-silfr, n. current money, Sturl. iii. 307, Fms. ix. 470, Jb. 157, Grág., N. G. L. passim. gang-skör, f., in the phrase, göra g. at e-u, to make steps in a thing. gang-stigr, m. a footpath, Sks. 4, Greg. 59. gang-tamr, adj. pacing (of a horse), Hðm. 3. gang-vari, a, m. (gang-ari, gang-verja, u, f.), collect. a suit of clothes, Grág. i. 299, Sks. 288, Bs. i. 876, Ann. 1330. gang-verja, u, f. = gangvari, Stj. 367, 616. GAP, n. [A. S. geap; Engl. gap; Dan. gab; cp. gapa], prop. a gap, empty space, whence Ginnunga-gap, the Chaos of the Scandin. mythol., Edda, Vsp. 2. metaph. gab, gibes; óp ok gap, háreysti ok gap, Fb. iii. 425, cp. Nj. 220. gaps-maðr, m. a gaping fool, a gaby, Fbr. 12. gapa, pret. gapði, Edda 20, Mart. 118; and gapti, pres. gapi, Bs. i. 647; sup. gapat, imperat. gapi, Skm. 28: [Dan. gabe; Germ. gaffen] :-- to gape, open the mouth wide, Edda l.c.; með gapanda munn, of a wolf, 41, Fms. iv. 57; með gapandi höfðum, Þórð. 94 new Ed. gapaldr, m. a Runic character used as a spell, Ísl. Þjóðs. gapi, a, m. a rash, reckless man, freq.; Icel. say, angr-gapi (q.v.), sólar-gapi, hann er mesti sólargapi, perhaps with reference to the Wolf and the Sun, Edda 7. COMPDS: gapa-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), hare-brained. gapa-muðr, m. a gaping, heedless fellow, a nickname, Fms. gapa-skapr, m. recklessness. gapa-stokkr, m. the stocks or pillory. gap-uxi, a, m. a blusterer, a bully, Fs. 71. gap-lyndi, n. bluster, Karl. 493. gap-ripur, f. pl., or gap-riplar, m. pl. an GREEK, for the reading vide Johnson. Nj. Lat. l.c., gaping, staring with open mouth, Nj. (in a verse). gap-þrosnir, m. = gapi, Edda (Gl.), an GREEK. garð-bót, f. reparation of a fence, Grág. ii. 263 sqq., Gþl. 454. garð-brjótr, m. (-brytill, Gþl. 388), a fence-breaker, N. G. L. i. 41. garð-brot (garða-brot), n. breach of a fence, Gþl. 350, 391. garð-fóðr, n. hay for fodder in a farm-yard, N. G. L. i. 38. garð-hlið, n. a gate, Fms. ix. 414. garð-hús, n. a privy, Fms. iv. 169, vi. 15, Stj. 629. garð-hverfa, u, f. a fence, pinfold, Bs. i. 46. garði, a, m. the wall in a stall supporting the manger (in western Icel.) garð-lag, n. the laying of a fence, Grág. ii. 262 sqq., Sd. 180: a pound, Vm. 87. garðlags-önn, f. the work (season) for fencing, Grág. ii. 261. garð-lauss, adj. fenceless, N. G. L. i. 8. garð-leiga, u, f. house-rent, Gþl. 93. GARÐR, m. [Ulf. gards = GREEK; A. S. geard; Engl. yard, garth, garden; O. H. G. gart; Germ. garten; Dan.-Swed. gård; Lat. hortus]: I. a yard (an enclosed space), esp. in compds, as kirkju-g., a church-yard; vín-g., a vineyard; stakk-g., a stack-yard; hey-g., a hay-yard; kál-g., a kale-yard; urta-g., a kitchen-garden; aldin-g. and gras-g., a garden; dýra-g., a 'deer-yard,' a park :-- garðr, alone, is a hay-yard (round the hay-ricks); hence garðs-seti or garð-seti, q.v. 2. a court-yard, court and premises; þeir ganga út í garðinn ok berjask, Edda 25, a paraphrase from 'túnum' in Gm. 41; þeir Grímr hittu menn at máli úti í garðinum, Eg. 109; þá sá hann at öðrum-megin í garðinum brunaði fram merkit, Ó. H. 31; ganga til garðs, 71; mikill kamarr (privy) var í garðinun, id.; en er þeir Hrærekr sátu í garðinum, 72; fóru þegar þangat í garðinn sem líkin vóru, id.; er hann kom heim í þorpit ok gékk um garðinn, Fms. x. 218; gengið hef eg um garðinn móð, gleðistundir dvína, a ditty; innan stokks (within doors) eða í garði úti, Gþl. 136; eigi nenni ek at hann deyi undir görðum mínum, Lv. 59 :-- a fishyard, Vm. 14. 3. esp. in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, a house or building in a town or village, [Dan. gaard = Icel. bær]; hann var í Hróiskeldu ok átti þar garð, Bjarn. 6; Egill spurði hvar g. sá væri í borginni (in York) er Arinbjörn setti, Eg. 407; hann var í garði þeim er Hallvarðs-g. var kallaðr, Bs. i. 634; í garð Arons, 636; konungs-g., the king's yard, Fms. passim and in records referring to Norway. garða-leiga, u, f. house-rent, H. E. i. 394. garða-sól, f., botan. the orach, Hjalt. garðs-bóndi, a, m. a house-owner, Grett. 103, Jb. 157. garðs-horn, n. a 'yard-nook,' cottage, Fas. iii. 648: esp. in tales, in the phrase, kongur og drottning í ríki sínu og karl og kerling í Garðshorni, Ísl. Þjóðs. passim: the saying, það er ekki krókr að koma í Garðshorn. garðs-húsfreyja, u, f. a town-lady, Grett. 158 A: in Icel., where the whole population are country-folk, this sense of garðr is only used in metaph. phrases, saws, = home, house; kemr engi sá til garðs (to the house) at viti hvat í sé, Band. 13; fátækum manni er til garðs kemr, Dipl. ii. 14; hyggjum ver at í yðvarn garð hafi runnit, into your hands, your possession, Ld. 206; helmingr skal falla í minn garð, the half shall fall into my share, Fær. 117; skal aukask þriðjungi í þínum garði, in thy keeping, Nj. 3; þótt nökkut komi þat ór várum garði, 54; leggja málaferli í garð e-s, to bring a case home to one, Sturl. ii. 27; þess alls ens ílla sem þá var honum í garð borit, all the evil that was brought to his door, Hom. 119; Guð í garði ok góð Jól, a greeting, Grett. 99 (MS.); líðr vetr ór garði, the winter passed by, Nj. 112; ríða í garð, to arrive (of a rider), Sturl. iii. 185; ríða ór garði, to depart, Ld. 96; ríða um garð, to pass by; vísa gestum á garð várn, Fas. iii. 5; göra e-n af garði (mod. ór garði), to equip one when departing, e.g. a son, a friend, or the like; eigi ertú svá af garði görr sem ek vilda (a mother to a departing son), Grett. 94; hversu herralega keisarinn görði hann af garði, Karl.

192 GARÐSENDI -- GAUPN.

148; ok hefða ek gört þik af garði með gleði ok fagnaði, Stj. 181; but esp. to endow a daughter when married, göra dóttur sína vel (ílla) ór garði, etc.; búa í garð, to prepare; hann hefir svá í garðinn búit, he has made his bed so: the phrase, það er allt um garð gengið, all past, done, bygone; föður-g., father house, paternal house; bú-garðr, an estate: also in poets, í Eyjafirði upp á Grund á þann garðinn fríða, a ditty :-- a local name of several farms in Icel., Garðr, sing., or more usually Garðar, Landn., prob. from corn-fields: the saying, víðar er Guð enn í Görðum, addressed to presumptuous people who think God is God only for themselves. 4. denoting a stronghold; tann-g., the 'tooth-wall,' the teeth and gums, Gr. GREEK; Ás-garðr, the hold of the gods, Edda; Mið-garðr, Middle-hold, i.e. the earth; Út-garðar, Outer-hold, where the giants dwell, Edda: the phrase, ráðast á garðinn þar sem hann er laegstr, to assault the weakest part, to encroach upon the weak and helpless. 5. in western Icel. a heavy snow-storm is called garðr. II. in Icel. sense a fence of any kind; garðr of þjóðbraut þvera, Grág. ii. 264: in the law phrase, garðr er granna sættir, a fence (yard) is a settler among neighbours (i.e. forms the landmark), Gþl., Jb. 258; leggja garða, to make fences, Rm. 12, Landn. App. 325; þeir biðu hjá garði nokkurum, Nj. 170: esp. the fence around the homefield, also called tún-g., Grág. i. 82, 453, Nj. 83, 114, Eg. 766, Ld. 148. Ísl. ii. 357, passim; skíð-g., a rail fence; grjót-g., a stone fence; torf-g., a turf fence; haga-g., the hedge of a pasture, Eb. 132; tún-g., a 'tún' fence; virkis-g., a castle wall, Fb. ii. 73 (in a verse); stíflu-g., a ditch: rif-g., a swathe. COMPDS: garðs-endi, a, m. the end of a fence, Grág. ii. 263. garðs-hlið, n. a gate, = garðhlið, Eg. 713, Fms. vii. 245, viii. 170, N. G. L. i. 290. garðs-krókr, m. a nook of a fence, Sturl. i. 178. garðs-rúst, f. the ruin of a fence, Sturl. ii. 227. garðs-önn, f. = garðönn. III. Garðar, m. pl. (í Görðum), Garða-ríki or Garða-veldi, n. the empire of Gardar, is the old Scandin. name of the Scandinavian-Russian kingdom of the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of which were Hólm-garðar, Kænu-garðar, Nov-gorod, etc.; the name being derived from the castles or strongholds (gardar) which the Scandinavians erected among the Slavonic people, and the word tells the same tale as the Roman 'castle' in England; cp. the interesting passage in Ó. H. ch. 65 -- ok má enn sjá þær jarðborgir (earth-works, castles) ok önnur stórvirki þau er hann görði, -- K. Þ. K. 158, Fms., Ó. H. passim, (cp. Munch Det Norske Folks Hist. i. 39 sqq.); the mod. Russ. gorod and grad are the remains of the old Scandin. garðr = a castle; cp. Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, i.e. Russian, β. Mikli-garðr -- the 'Muckle-yard' the Great town, i.e. Constantinople, passim. COMPDS: Garðaríkis-menn, m. pl. the men from G., Russians, Fas. iii. 314. Garðs-konungr, m. the Greek emperor, Fms. vi. 167, Fas. iii. 671, Mar. 141. garð-rúm, n. a court-yard, D. N. garð-saurr, m. sewage, N. G. L. iii. 14. garð-seti, a, m. a 'yard-sitter' the end of a hay-rick, Eb. 190. garð-skipti, n. partition by a fence, Js. 100. garð-smugall, adj. creeping through a fence, N. G. L. i. 41. garð-staðr, m., mod. garð-stæði, n. the place of a fence or hay-yard, Dipl. iv. 9, v. 16. garð-staurr, n. a stake for fencing, 623. 58, Eg. 80, Fms. ix. 56: the phrase, enginn skal öðrum at garðstauri standa, no one is bound to stand up as a rail stake for another, i.e. an inroad into an unfenced field is no trespass, the owner must fence it himself, N. G. L. i. 40. garð-sveinn, m. a 'yard-boy,' valet, hence Fr. garçon, Þiðr. 230. garð-torfa, u, f. a slice of turf, a sod, Eb. 190. garð-virki, n. fencing materials, Grág. ii. 263. garð-vörðr, m. a 'court-warder,' overseer, Karl. 10. garð-önn, f. the season of fence-work, Grág. ii. 261. GARG, n. a shrieking, bawling; and garga, að, [from Gr. GREEK through Ital. gargagliare, Engl. gargle], to shriek with a coarse voice. gargan, n. a serpent, Edda (Gl.); a nickname, Sturl. ii. 142. garland, n. (for. word), a garland, Fms. x. 149. GARMR, m. the name of a dog in the mythol. Edda, Vsp. 2. a tatter, rag, pl. garmar. rags; so also fata-garmar, hence metaph. in addressing any one, garmrinn, poor wretch! cp. tetrið! ræfillinn! GARN, n. [A. S. gearn; Engl. yarn; Dan.-Swed. garn]; spinna gam, to spin yarn, Eb. 92; ek hefi spunnit tólf álna gam, I have spun yarn for a twelve ells web, Ld. 224; lín ok gam, Js. 78; silki-garn, silk yarn; tvinna-garn, twine yarn, twisted yarn; opp. to ein-gerni, q. v. II. the warp, opp. to vipt, the weft, Nj. 275. garn-dúkr, m. a cloth of yarn, D. N. garnir, f. pl. guts, vide görn; garn-engja, u, f. constriction of the bowels; garn-mörr, m. suet. garn-vinda, n, f. a skein of yarn. garp-ligr, adj. martial, Eg. 16, Ld. 274, Hom. 143. garp-menni, n. a martial man, Ld. 42, Fms. iii. 83. GARPR, m. a warlike man, but often with the notion of a bravo, Grett. 155; g. eða afreksmaðr, Nj. 261; mikilúðligr ok g. enn mesti, Fms. xi. 78; garpar miklir ok afætor, 111, Fb. ii. 72, Vápn. 19, Bjarn. 34: even of a woman (virago), hón var væn kona ok g. mikill í skapi, Sturl. i. 148. β. the name of an ox, Gullþ. 23, whence Garps-dalr, m. the name of a farm, Landn.: of a horse, hvat mun garprinn vilja er hann er heim kominn, Hrafn. 8. γ. the Hanseatic traders in Sweden and Norway were in the Middle Ages called Garpar, D. N., Boldt, Verel.; hence Garpa-skuld, n. a debt due to the Garps, D. N. garp-skapr, m. bravery, Korm. 142, Fms. xi. 151, Grett. 131, Þórð. 36. garri, a, m. in compds. garra-legr, adj. [from Ital. garrulo], garrulous. gaskóna-háttr, m. (for. word), gasconade. gaspr, n. gossip, prating. gaspra, að. to gossip, a mod. word, prob. from the Engl. gassi, a, m. a gander: metaph. a noisy fellow, a 'goose,' Gísl. 10. Band. 8 (in a verse), Karl. 474; g. ok glópr, El. 15. COMPDS: gassa-glæpr, m. a law term, a 'goose's crime,' such as hitting one person when one has thrown at another, N. G. L. i. 72. gassa-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), boisterous, waggish. gassa-skapr, m. waggery. GAT, n., pl. göt, [A. S. geat and Engl. gate = entrance; Hel. gat = foramen], a hole, Fms. iii. 217, Fas. iii. 486; skrár-gat, a key-hole; lúku-gat, a trap-door; cp. the following word. GATA, u, f. [Ulf. gatva = GREEK; Old Engl. and Scot. gate = way; O. H. G. gaza, mod. gasse; Swed. gata; Dan. gade] :-- prop. a thoroughfare (cp. gat above), but generally a way, path, road, Nj. 75, Grág. i. 89, 93, Fms. ix. 519, Ld. 44, Ver. 21, passim; á götu e-s, in one's way, Blas. 40; þótt slíkir sveinar væri á götu minni, Nj. 182; alla götu, as adv. 'algates,' always; ek hefi verit alla götu (throughout) lítill skörungr, Bs. i. 297, Stj. 119, 164, 188, 194, 252; götur Guðs, the ways of God, Post. 656 C. 14; gata til Guðs, 655 iv. 1; ryðja götu fyrir e-m, to clear the road for one, Hom. 146; búa götu e-s, 625. 96. Mark i. 2: the name of a farm, Fær.; Götu-skeggjar, m. pl. the name of a family in the Faroes, Ld., Fær.; reið-gata, a riding road; skeið-gata, a race-course; hlemmi-gata, a broad open road; fjár-götur, a sheep path; snið-gata, a zigzag path; kross-götur, four cross roads, for popular tales about them vide Ísl. Þjóðs. COMPDS: gatna-mót, n. pl. junction of roads, Grág. ii. 161, Landn. 306, Stj. 197, Fms. viii. 171, Karl. 456, Finnb. 328. götu-breidd, f. the breadth of a road, Eg. 582. götu-garðr, m. a road fence, D. N. götu-nisti, n. the Lat. viaticum, Bs. i. 249. götu-skarð, n. a slip in a road, Fs. 90. götu-stigr, m. a foot-path, Fas. iii. 279. götu-þjófr, m. a law term, a thief who has to run the gauntlet through a defile, Swed. gatu-lopp, N. G. L. i. 334. GAUÐ, f. [geyja], a barking, Rb. 346; hunda-gauð né ulfa-þytr, Post. 645. 73. II. neut. a poltroon, Bb. 3. 47. gauða, að, to bark at, scold one; út-gauða e-m, to out-scold one. gauð-rif, n. abuse, barking, Sks. 435. GAUFA, að, (and gauf, n., gaufari, a, m.), to saunter, be sluggish, freq. akin to gafi, cp. Goth. gepanta in a reference by Jornandes -- nam lingua eorum 'pigra' gepanta dicitur, whence 'Gepidi,' the name of an ancient Teut. people. GAUKR, m. [A. S. geâc; Scot. gowk], a cuckoo, Edda 79, Gs. 7; hrossa-g., the horse cuckoo, a name given to the green sand-piper, because of its neighing cry. COMPDS: gauk-mánuðr, m. cuckoo-month, the first summer month, about the middle of April to the middle of May, Edda 103. gauk-messa, u, f. cuckoo-mass, = the 1st of May, D. N., N. G. L. gauk-þjór, m. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.) GAUL, n. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. iii. 201, passim :-- medic., garnagaul, 'stomachus latrans.' II. fem. a river in Norway, hence Gaular-dalr, m. the name of a county; Gaul-verjar, m. pl. the men from G.; Gaulverja-bær, m. a farm in Icel.; Gaul-verskr, adj., Landn. gaula, að, to low, bellow, Ó. T. 70, Bev. 22, Fms. iii. 201, Hom. 69. gaulan, f. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. v. 90, Ó. H. 135, 222, Barl. 3, Róm. 234. gaum-gæfa, ð, to observe, give heed to, Str. 37, Rb. 4. gaum-gæfð, f. attention, heed, 625. 166, Str. 24. gaum-gæfi, mod. gaum-gæfni, f. a heeding, attention, Barl. 75, 100. gaumgæfis-leysi, n. heedlessness, Anecd. 18. gaumgæfi-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), carefully. GAUMR, m.; fem. gaum also occurs, góða, litla gaum, Hom. 33. 69, and so sometimes in mod. writers; [A. S. geâme and gymen, Ormul. gom] :-- heed, attention; only used in the phrase, gefa gaum at e-u, to give heed to a thing, Nj. 57, Eg. 551, Fms. viii. 18, Hom. 69; var engi gaumr gefinn at því, Ó. H. 71, 116; gefa góða, litla (fem.) g. at e-u, Hom. l.c. GAUPA, u, f. the lynx, Al. 167, 168, 173, N. G. L. iii. 47, Þd. 5, Merl. 2. 61; vide hergaupa. GAUPN, f. [Scot. goupen or goupin; O. H. G. coufan; mid. H. G. goufen; Swed. göpen], prop. both bands held together in the form of a bowl; in the phrases, sjá, horfa, líta, lúta í gaupnir sér, to look, lout (i. e. bend down) into one's goupen, to cover one's face with the palms, as a token of sorrow, prayer, thought, or the like, Sturl. iii. 113, Orkn. 170, Al. 115, O. H. L. 13; hón sá í gaupnir sér ok grét, she covered her face and wept, Vápn. 21, cp. Grett. 129; þá laut hón fram í gaupnir sér á borðit, Greg. 65; ilja gaupnir, poët. the hollows in the soles of the feet, Þd. 3; hafa e-n í gaupnum sér (better reading greipum), to have a person in one's clutch, O. H. L. l.c. 2. as a measure, as much as can be taken in the hands

GAUPNASYN -- GEFA. 193

held together, as in Scot. 'gowd in goupins;' gaupnir silfrs, goupens of silver, Fas. ii. 176; gaupnir moldar, goupens of earth, id. gaupna-sýn, f. a looking into one's palms, covering one's face, O. H. L. l.c. GAURR, m. [Ulf. gaurs = sad], a rough, a 'sad fellow,' used in Kormak 240, but esp. freq. in old romances translated from French; seldom used in genuine old writers; in exclamations, gaurr! vándr g! etc., Flóv., Art., Str. passim, Fas. iii. 6. gaura-gangr, m. a gang of ruffians, Gísl. 53. gauta, að, to prate, brag, Fas. i. 485; still used in the east of Icel. gautan, f. prating, Lv. 53, Gd. 16. GAUTAR, m. pl. a Scandin. people in western Sweden, called in A. S. Geâtes, and to be distinguished from Gotar, Goths; hence Gaut-land, n. the land of the Gauts; Gaut-Elfr, f. the river Gotha, the 'Elbe of the Gauts;' Gauta-sker, n. pl. the Skerries of the north-western coast of Sweden; cp. also the mod. Göteborg, Ó. H., Fms., passim. Gautr, m., a poët. name of Odin, Vtkv., Edda; it seems to mean father, vide gjóta: poët. a man, sá ógæfunnar gautr, that hapless man, Hallgr.; váða-gautslegr, adj. miscreant-like. Gautskr, adj. from Gautland, Fms. passim. GÁ, ð, pres. gái, part. gáð; pret. subj. gæði, Am. 70: [cp. Lat. caveo] :-- to heed, mark, with infin. or gen., Landn. 30, Fb. i. 210; jarl gáði varla at lúka málum sínum fyrir tali þeirra, Orkn. 300: with gen., er miklu meiri hans ofsi, en hann muni nú þess gá eðr geyma, Ísl. ii. 239, Sks. 446, Hm. 115; Guðs hann gáði, he gave heed to God, Sl. 4; gá sín, to take heed to oneself :-- gá til e-s, to mark, Fb. ii. 193 :-- in mod. usage, gá að e-u, to heed, observe; gef mér Jesu að gá að því, Pass. 1. 27; freq. in phrases such as, gáðu að þér, take heed! beware! gáðu að Guði, take heed to God! take care what thou art doing! with infin., eigi mun gáð hafa verit at setja fyrir lokurnar, they have not taken care to lock the door, Lv. 60, Fms. vi. 368: without the mark of infin., glýja þú né gáðir, thou didst not care to be gleeful, thou wast sorrowful, Hðm. 7. GÁ, f. barking; hund-gá, Lv. 60; goð-gá (q.v.), blasphemy. gáði, a, m. a scoffer, mocker, Edda (Gl.), Korm. 172 (in a verse). GÁFA, u, f. [from Germ. gabe], a gift in a spiritual sense; skáldskapar-gáfa, a poetical gift: esp. in pl. gifts, wit. gáfaðr, part. gifted; flug-g., vel-g., clever; ílla-g., treg-g., dull-witted. gála, u, f. a lively girl, Lex. Poët. gálast, að, dep. to make jokes. gá-lausliga, adv. heedlessly, Grett. 93 A. gá-lausligr, adj. heedless, wanton, Fms. viii. 4, Hom. 57. gá-lauss, adj. wanton, careless, Hom. 73, Eluc. 28, Sks. 301. gá-leysi, n. heedlessness, Gþl. 162, Bs. ii. 172. GÁLGI, a, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK by galga; A. S. gealga; Engl. gallows; Hel. galgo; Germ. galgen; Dan.-Swed. galge] :-- the gallows; in olden times they were worked by a lever, and the culprit was hauled up (spyrna gálga), Fms. vii. 13; hence also the phrase, hengja á hæsta gálga, festa upp, and the like, vide Gautr. S. ch. 7; an old Swed. allit. law phrase, á gálga ok gren, on gallows and green tree (Fr.), as trees were used for gallows (cp. the Engl. 'gallows-tree'); reisa, höggva gálga, Orkn. 436, Ó. H. 46, Am. 37, 55, Grett. 128: in poetry (vide Lex. Poët.) the gallows are called the horse of Sigar, from the love tale of the Danish hero of that name: the cross is now and then called gálgi, e.g. Mar. S., and even in mod. eccl. writers (Vidal.), but very rarely, and only in rhetorical phrases. COMPDS: gálga-farmr, m. load of the gallows, referring to the myth told in Hm. 139 sqq., of Odin hanging in the tree Vinga-meid or Ygg-drasil. gálga-gramr, -valdr, m. the king, ruler of the gallows, poët. names of Odin, Lex. Poët. gálga-tré, n. a gallows-tree, Fms. vii. 13, viii. 261, Fas. i. 215. A hook is poët. called agn-gálgi, 'bait-gallows,' Lex. Poët. gálg-nár, n. 'gallows-carrion,' the corpse of one hung in chains, a law phrase, Grág. ii. 131. GÁLI, a, m. a wag. COMPDS: gála-ligr, gála-samligr, adj. waggish, Fas. iii. 399. gála-skapr, m. waggery. GÁLKN, n. [prob. a Fin. word; Lap. galco = a beast], a monster; in old poetry weapons are called hlífa-g.; randar-gálkn, the beast of shield and armour, Lex. Poët.; else in prose, finn-gálkn, q.v.; hrein-gálkn, a dub. word, Hým. 24. gáll, m. a fit of gaiety; það er gállinn á honum núna. gá-mikill, adj. waggish, noisy, Grett. 128 A. gámr, m. a kind of cod-fish. gáningr, m. attention; ó-gáningr, heedlessness. GÁR, n. buffoonery, Sturl. i. 24. gáraðr, part. full of chinks or sparks; sól-g., a poët. epithet of waves tipped by the sun, Vígl. (in a verse). gár-fenginn, adj. given to buffoonery, Bs. i. 646. GÁRI, a, m. the chinks in a tree; gára-lauss, adj. chinkless; gáróttr, adj. wood full of chinks. gárungr, m. a buffoon, Grett. 144 A, Sturl. i. 172, Stj. 424. Ruth iii. 10 (young men); gárungs-háttr, m. buffoonery, Bb. 3. 49. GÁS, f., gen. gásar, nom. pl. gæss, acc. gæs, mod. nom. gæs, gæsar, pl. gæsir, gæsa, gæsum, keeping the æ through all cases: [Dan. gaas, pl. gjæs; A. S. gôs, pl. gês or gees; Engl. goose, pl. geese; O. H. G. ganzo; Germ. gans, pl. gänse; cp. Lat. anser, dropping the initial; Gr. GREEK] :-- a goose, Grág. ii. 346, 347, N. G. L. i. 211 (Js. 78), Korm, 206, Ó. H. 86, Gkv. 1. 16; heim-g., a tame goose; grá-g., a 'grey goose,' wild goose; brand-g., q.v. COMPDS: gása-fiðri, n. a goose feather, D. N.; mod. gæsa-fjaðrir, etc. 2. gás, cunnus, Fms. xi. 52. II. Gásir, f. pl. the local name of a harbour in Icel., Landn. gá-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), attentive, Hom. (St.) 62. gás-haukr, m. a gos-hawk, Edda (Gl.), N. G. L. i. 242, Str., Karl., passim. gáski, a, m. wild joy. gás-veiðr, f. goose catching, Vm. 140. GÁT, f. [gá, gæta], heed, attention, Pass. 21. 4; í ógáti, inadvertently. gát, n. [geta], a dainty, Lex. Poët.; mun-gát, q.v., Dan. mundgodt. GÁTA, u, f. [geta; Dan. gaade; Swed. gåta], a guessing; til-gáta, a suggestion; get-gáta, guess-work, but in old writers scarcely used in this sense. II. a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464 sqq.; Icel. bera upp gátu, to ask a riddle; ráða gátu, to read a riddle; hence the saying, myrk er óráðin gáta, mirk (dark) is an unread riddle, cp. Bs. i. 226; koll-gáta, in the phrase, eiga kollgátuna, to guess the riddle; cp. geta í kollinn. GÁTT, f. [gaatt, Ivar Aasen], the rabbet of a door-sill, against which the door shuts; hann gengr þá útar frá konungi til gáttar, to the door-sill, Jómsv. 12; hence such phrases as, hurð hnigin á gátt, a door shut but not locked, Gísl. 29, Fas. ii. 345; sá gægðisk út hjá gáttinni, Bárð. 171; cp. gætti; hurð á hálfa gátt, a door half open, = á klofa in old writers; innan-gátta, in-doors, Eb. 302; utan-gátta, out-of-doors, Stj. 436. gáttar-tré, n. a door-post, Gþl. 345. II. in pl. the door-way, the place nearest to the door, Hm. 1; hón lauk upp hurðinni ok stóð í gáttum stund þá, Fb. i. 547. -- Gátt is now in Icel. esp. used of the space (esp. in stalls) between the door-post and the wall, hence troða upp í gáttina, to fill up the 'gatt.' GEÐ, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Ulf., Saxon, nor Germ.; lost in mod. Dan. and Swed.; gje, Ivar Aasen] :-- mind, mood; the old Hm. often uses the word almost = wits, senses; hann stelr geði guma, he steals the wits of men, steeps them in lethargy, 12; vita til síns geðs, to be in one's senses, 11, 19; heimta aptr sitt geð, of a drunkard, to come to one's senses again, to awake, 13; vera gætinn at geði, to be on one's guard, 6; cp. gá (geyma) síns geðs, Fms. vii. 133, x. 10: in pl., lítil eru geð guma, many men have little sense, Hm. 52 :-- this meaning is obsolete. 2. spirits; uppi er þá geð guma, then folk are in high spirits, Hm. 16. 3. mind; hverju geði styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17; ok þér er grunr at hans geði, and thou trustest not his mind towards thee, 45. 4. in prose, favour, liking; at Þorgilsi var eigi geð á, whom Th. liked not, Ld. 286; féllsk hvárt öðru vel í geð, they liked one another well, Band. 3, 9; ok þat geð at ek görða mér vísa fjándr at vilöndum, and such grace (engaging mind) that I made open foes into well-wishers, Stor. 23; blanda geði við e-n, to blend souls with one, Hm. 43; hann var vel í geði til Freysteins, he was well disposed to Fr., Fb. i. 255 :-- ó-geð, dislike :-- in mod. usage also vigour of mind; Icel. say of a boy, það er ekkert geð í honum, there is no 'go' in him, he is a tame, spiritless boy. COMPDS: 1. denoting character, temper, or the like; geð-fastr, adj. firm of mind; geð-góðr, adj. gentle of mood; geð-íllr, adj. ill-tempered; geð-lauss, adj. spiritless, tame, Rd. 241, Stj. 424, v. l.; geð-leysi, n. fickleness, Hom. 24; geð-mikill and geð-ríkr, adj. choleric; geð-stirðr, adj. stiff of temper; geð-styggr, adj. hot-tempered; geð-veykr, adj. brain-sick, of unsound mind; and geð-veyki, f. hypochondria; geðs-lag, n., and geðs-munir, m. pl. temper: or adjectives in inverse order, bráð-geðja, fljót-geðja, of hasty temper; harð-geðja, hardy; laus-geðja, fickle; lin-geðja, weak-minded, crazy; stór-geðja. proud; þung-geðja, hypochondriac. 2. denoting grace, pleasure; geð-feldr, adj. pleasant; ó-geðfeldr, unpleasant: geð-ligr or geðs-ligr, adj. engaging, Sks. 407, Fas. i. 233: geð-þekkni, f. good-will, content: geð-þekkr, adj. beloved, dear to one: geð-þokki, a, m. loveliness, engaging manners. 3. rarely of wit; geð-spakr, adj. witty (better get-spakr). 4. in many poët. compd adjectives, geð-bjartr, -framr, -frækn, -horskr, -hraustr, -rakkr, -skjótr, -snjallr, -strangr, -svinnr, bold, valiant, and the like, Lex. Poët. GEDDA, u, f. [cp. gaddr; Swed. gädda; Dan. gjæde], a pike, Edda Gl.), Fas. i. 152, 489, Sæm. geð-fró, f. heartsease, Sks. 114: the name of an Icel. poem. geðjask, að, dep. to be pleased with, like, Fms. iii. 97; e-m g. vel at e-u, to be well pleased with, Vígl. 25. GEFA, pret. gaf, 2nd pers. gaft, mod. gafst, pl. gáfu; pres. gef; pret. subj. gæfi; part. gefinn; with neg. suff. gef-at, gaft-attu, Fm. 7; mid. form gáfumk (dabat or dabant mihi, nobis), Stor. 23, Bragi, Edda: [Goth. giban = GREEK; A. S. gifan; Engl. give; Dutch geven; O. H. G. gepan; Germ. geben; Swed. gifva; Dan. give.] A. To give, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person; g. gjafar, to give gifts, Fm. 7, Fms. vii. 40, Nj. 29, Hm. 48; mikit eitt skala manni gefa, 51; hann kvaðsk eingin yxn eiga þau áðr at honum þætti honum

194 GEFA -- GEGN.

gefandi (gerundial, worth giving to him), Rd. 256; hann gaf stórgjafir öllu stórmenni, Ld. 114; hann gaf þeim góðar gjafir at skilnaði, Gísl. 9; Rútr gaf henni hundrað álna, Nj. 7; viltú g. mér þá, 73, 75, 281, passim. II. to give in payment, to pay; gefa vildim vit þér fé til, we will give thee money for it, Nj. 75; yðr væri mikit gefanda (gerundial) til, at þér hefðit ekki íllt átt við Gunnar, you would have given a great deal not to have provoked Gunnar, 98; ek mun g. þér til Guðrúnu dóttur mína ok féit allt, id.: to lay out, hann gaf sumt verðit þegar í hönd, Gísl. 12; gefa e-t við e-u, to pay for a thing; at þér gefit mjök margra Kristinna manna líf við yðvarri þrályndi, that you will cause the loss of many Christian lives with your stubbornness, Fms. iv. 195; þat er líkara at ek gefa mikit við, Nj. 53; gefa sik við e-u, to give oneself to a thing, attend to, be busy about, mod.: gefa í milli, to discount; hygg at hvat þú gefr í milli tveggja systra, Fms. iv. 195 (hence milli-gjöf, discount). III. in special sense, to give in matrimony; Njáll bað konu til handa Högna ok var hon honum gefin, Nj. 120; Vígdís var meir gefin til fjár en brautargengis, V. had been more wedded to the money than to her advancement, Ld. 26; segir at dóttir þeirra muni eigi betr verða gefin, 114 :-- gefa saman, to betroth, Fms. x. 381 :-- in mod. sense to marry, of the clergyman. 2. to give as a dowry, portion; búum þeim er Sveinn hafði gefit til hennar, Fms. x. 310 (hence til-gjöf, dowry); eigi skal ok í klæðum meira heiman gefask með konu en þriðjungr (hence heiman-gjöf, dowry), Gþl. 212 :-- so also, gefa í erfðir, to give as inheritance, Bs. i. 285 :-- gefa ölmusu, to give alms, Bs. passim; gefa fátækum, to give to the poor, passim. IV. to give, grant; hann gaf honum vald yfir öllu landi, Fms. i. 18; gefa heimleyfi, to grant 'home-leave,' furlough, ix. 474; gefa orlof, ii. 64; gefa grið, to grant a truce to one, pardon, Nj. 165, Fms. ix. 479; gefa e-m líf, to grant one his life, 470. V. in various phrases; gefa e-m nafn, to give one a name, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 23, Grág. ii. 146; gefa þakkir, to give thanks, Fms. i. 231; gefa e-m tillæti, to indulge one, Nj. 169; gefa e-m rúm, to give place to one, Fms. ii. 254, vi. 195; gefa ráð, to give counsel, advice, Nj. 75, 78; gefa góð orð, to give good words, answer gently; gefa e-m stór orð, to give one big words, Fms. v. 158; gefa slög, to deal blows, ix. 313; gefa gaum at, to give heed to, Nj. 57, Eg. 551; gefa hljóð, to give a hearing, in public speaking, Nj. 230; gefa tóm, to give time, leisure, 98; gefa ró reiði, to calm one's wrath, 175 :-- gefa e-m sök, to bring a charge against, complain of, 82; ok gaf ek þó hjálminum enga sök á því, I did not like the helmet less for that, Ld. 128; at eigi sé mælt, at þú gefir dauðum sök, that thou bringest a charge against a dead man (which was unlawful), Nj. 82; en hvártki okkat gefr þat öðru at sök, neither of us likes the other the less for that, 52; ekki gef ek þér þat at sök þótt þú sér engi bleyðimaðr, 54; engi þorði þó sakir á at gefa, none durst complain, Al. 123; Sigurðr jarl bað konung eigi gefa Þrændum þetta at sök, Fms. i. 57; gefa kæru upp á e-n, to give in a complaint against one, Dipl. ii. 13. 2. gefa sér um ..., to give oneself trouble about, take interest in, mostly followed by a noun; gefa sér fátt um e-t, to take coolly; gefa sér mikit um, to take great interest in; Þorfinnr lét gefa honum mat, en gaf sér lítið at honum, but else took little notice of him, Grett. 96; ekki er þess getið, at hann gæfi sér mikit um, that he shewed great interest, Fms. i. 289; mun ek mér ok ekki um þetta gefa, I will let this pass, not take offence at it, Boll. 354; en ef til mín kæmi tveir eða þrír, þá, gaf ek mér ekki um, then I took no notice of it, Fms. ii. 151; konungr gaf sér fátt um þat, Fb. i. 261; hann þóttisk vita hvat keisaranum mislíkaði ok gaf sér þó ekki um at sinni, Fms. vi. 71; ok gáfu sér ekki um viðbúnaðinn, vii. 87; so also, Skúli gaf sér litið at hvat biskup sagði, S. troubled himself little at what the bishop said, Bs. i. 873 :-- akin is the mod. phrase, eg gef ekki um það, I do not want it; gefðu ekki um það, do not care for it, mind it not; eg gaf ekki um að sjá það, I did not want to see it, etc. 3. gefa staðar, to stop; lét hann þá staðar gefa róðrinn, he stopped rowing, Fms. vi. 384; konungr gaf staðar ok hlýddi til frásagnar þeirra, viii. 400; ok þá er sá íss gaf staðar ok rann eigi, Edda 3; ok þeir gefa eigi stað ferðinni fyrr en þeir kómu norðr, 151 (pref.); svá at staðar gaf (MS. naf) höndin við sporðinn, 40. VI. to give out, deal out; hón bað gefa sér drekka, bade give him to drink, Eg. 604: to give a dose, gefa e-m eitr, Al. 156 :-- absol. to give fodder to cattle, gefa göltum, Hkv. 2. 37; gefa nautum, kúm, hestum, Sturl. ii. 42, Gísl. 28 :-- gefa á, to dash over, of sea-water, cp. ágjöf: to pour water on, var gluggr á ofninum syá at útan mátti á gefa, Eb. 134; síðan lét hann gefa útan á baðit í glugg, 136; gefa á ker, to fill a goblet, Clar.: metaph. to press on, gefr Ormr þá á, Fb. i. 530 (in wrestling). VII. with prepp., fyrir-gefa, to forgive, freq. in mod. usage, but scarcely found in old writers; so also gefa til, cp. Dan. tilgive, D. N., vide Safn i. 96, (rare and obsolete) :-- gefa upp, to give up; gefa upp gamalmenni, to give old people up, let them starve, Fms. ii. 225; gefa upp föður eða móður, 227; bændr báðu hann gefa upp eyna, Grett. 145: to remit, en þó vil ek nú upp gefa þér alla leiguna, Nj. 128; gaf honum upp reiði sína, Fms. x. 3, 6; ok gefit oss upp stórsakir, ii. 33; Brján konungr gaf upp þrysvar útlögum sínum inar sömu sakir, Nj. 269: absol., hvárt vilit þér gefa honum upp, pardon him, 205; gefa upp alla mótstöðu, to give up all resistance, Fms. ix. 322; gefa sik upp, to give oneself up, surrender, i. 198; þá gefum vér upp várn stað, 104; gefa upp ríki, konungdóm, to give up the kingdom, abdicate, resign, x. 4, xi. 392: to give up, hand over to one, Magnús konungr gaf honum upp Finnferðina með slíkum skildaga, vii. 135; ek vil gefa ykkr upp búit at Varmalæk, Nj. 25; allir hafa þat skaplyndi at gefa þat fyrst upp er stolit er, 76: to give up, leave off, gefa upp leik, to give up playing, Fas. iii. 530; gefa upp horn, Fms. vi. 241: to exhaust, empty, upp ætlu vér nú gefnar gersimar yðrar, vii. 197. B. IMPERS., a naut. term; e-m gefr byri, byr (acc. pl. or sing.), one gets a fair wind; gaf þeim byr ok sigla þeir í haf, Nj. 4; gaf þeim vel byri, 138; er þeir vóru búnir ok byr gaf, Eg. 99: so also absol. with or without dat. of the person, gaf kaupmönnum burt af Grænlandi, the sailors got a wind off Greenland, so as to sail from it, Fb. iii. 454; því at eigi gaf suðr lengra, Fms. ii. 185; gaf þeim vel, ix. 268; gaf honum ílla, x. 4; gaf honum eigi austan, Nj. 63: so in the saying, svo gefr hverjum sem hann er góðr. 2. in other phrases, to get a chance; ef færi (acc.) gefr á, if you get a chance, Nj. 266; halda njósnum, nær bezt gæfi færi á honum, to keep a look-out, when there was best chance to get at him, 113; til þess gefr nú vel ok hógliga, 'tis a fair and easy opportunity for that, Al. 156; mæltu menn at honum hafði vel gefit til (had good luck) um hefndina, Fms. vii. 230; ef yðr (dat.) gefr eigi missýni í þessu máli, if you are not mistaken in this matter, Fbr. 32; gaf þeim glámsýni (q.v.) er til vóru komnir, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401; þá gaf mér sýn, then I beheld (in a vision), Fms. vii. 163; þat gaf öllum vel skilja, it was clear for all to understand, it lay open to all, vi. 70; e-m gefr á að líta, one can see, i.e. it is open and evident. C. REFLEX., gefask vel (ílla), to shew oneself, prove good (bad); það sé ván at þú gefisk honum eigi vel, er þú gefsk öllum öðrum mönnum ílla, Nj. 32; eigi deilir litr kosti ef þú gefsk vel, 78; hversu gafsk Björn þér, Kári, 265; opt hafa mér vel gefisk yður ráð, your counsels have often proved good to me, Ld. 252; hefir þeim þat ok aldri vel gefisk (it has never turned out well) í þessu landi, Fms. vii. 22; ílla gefask ílls ráð, a saying, Nj. 20; hétu allir góðu um at gefask vel (i.e. to fight manfully), Fms. vii. 262 :-- to happen, turn out, come to pass, sem síðan gafsk, x. 416; svá honum gafsk, so it turned out for him, Sl. 20; ok svá gæfisk, ef eigi hefði Guð þá sína miskun til sent, and so it would have come to pass, unless ..., Fms. x. 395 :-- gefsk mér svá, it seems to me so, methinks it is so, Karl. 290, 308 (vide A. V. 2. above); þat allsheri at undri gefsk, to all people it is a wonder, Ad. 18; e-m er e-t svá gefit, to be so and so disposed, to think so and so of a thing; ef þér er þetta svá gefit sem þú segir, Fms. v. 236; svá er mér gefit, son minn, at ek em þér fegin orðin, Ó. H. 33; sagði hann at svá mundi jarli gefit, Fms. ix. 244; en svá ætla ek flestum lendum mönnum gefit, at eigi munu skiljask frá Skúla jarli, 429, v.l.; þyki mér ok sem svá muni flestum gefit, at fé sé fjörvi firr, Ld. 266; en þat mun þó mestu um stýra hversu Þórdísi er um gefit, 302; síðan talaði konungr þetta mál við systur sína, ok spurði hversu henni væri um þetta gefit, Fms. ii. 221: of the gifts of nature, mikill máttr er gefinn goðum várum, Nj. 132; ok er þat mál manna, at henni hafi allt verit ílla gefit þat er henni var sjálfrátt, i.e. that she was a bad woman in everything of her own making (but well gifted by nature), 268; ok svá er sagt at honum hafi flestir hlutir höfðinglegast gefnir verit, 254. 2. with prepp., gefask upp, to give up, give in, surrender, Nj. 64, 124, Eg. 79: mod. to lose one's breath: upp gefinn, upset; eigi þykjumk ek upp gefinn þó at ek sjá smávofur, Grett. 112; eigi þyki mér vit upp gefnir, ef vit veitumk at, 131; en þó at þeir feðgar sé ríkir menn, þá eru vér þó ekki upp gefnir fyrir þeim, Fb. ii. 195: in mod. usage, exhausted, having lost one's breath, eg er uppgefinn; also of a horse, hann gafsk upp, harm er stað-uppgefinn :-- e-m gefsk yfir, to do wrong, commit a fault, fail; þat mæla menn at þessi hlutr hafi konunginum yfir gefisk helzt, Fms. xi. 283; ef göfgum mönnum gáfusk stórir hlutir yfir, if the noble gave gross offence, did evil things, Bs. i. 107; engi er svá vitr at eigi gefisk yfir nokkut sinn, Karl. 451 :-- to give oneself to one, gefask Kristi, N. G. L. i. 339; gefsk þú hánum þá í dag með Guði, Nj. 157; gefask á vald e-s, to give oneself into another's power, Fms. ix. 479. II. recipr. to give to one another; gefask gjöfum, Bret. 48; gáfusk þeir gjöfum áðr þeir skildu, Bs. i. 274. III. part. gefinn, given to a thing, in a spiritual sense, devout; g. fyrir bækr, lestr, smíðar, etc., given to books, reading, workmanship, etc. gefendr, part. pl. givers, Hm. 2, Grág. ii. 169. gefins, adv. gratis, (mod.) gefja, u, f. [Gael. gwayw], a missile, Edda (Gl.) Gefjon, f. the name of the goddess, Yngl. S. ch. 1, Edda ch. 1; in the Middle Ages the Icel. used to render Diana by Gefjon, e.g. mikil er G. gyðja, great is the goddess Diana, 655 xvi. B, Acts xix. 28; hof Gefjonar = Lat. templum Dianas, Bret. 20 note, passim: rarely = Venus, Stj. 90, or = Minerva, Bret. 20 :-- name of a woman, Dropl. 36. Gefn, f., poët. name of the goddess Freyja, Edda 21; prop. a giver, in poët. periphr. descriptions of women, Lex. Poët. gefna-geð, n. even temper, good temper, Sks. passim. geggjast, að, dep. to get out of joint; geggjaðr, part. disordered. GEGN, adv., old form gögn, with dat. [not found in Ulf., who uses and and viþra; A. S. gegn in compds; Engl. gain- (in gain-say), a-gain; Germ. gegen; Dan. igjen; Swed. gen: cp. the adj. gegn] :-- against, right

GEGN -- GEIMI. 195

opposite; í gegn vindi sem forvindis, Bs. i. 22; gegn veðri, Bjarn. 52; sjá í gegn sólu, to look straight at the sun, Fms. viii. 114; þeir áttu at vega í gegn jelinu, xi. 136. 2. metaph. against, contrary to; Örn var til móts, en mestr hluti manna honum í gegn, voted against him, Ld. 74; rísa í gegn e-m, Fms. i. 221; í gegn slíku ofrefli, viii. 29; í gegn eðli, against nature, Bs. i. 335; þat eitt er eigi mæli því í gegn, which is not contrary to it, Grág. i. 7; ok mælti því manngi í gegn, Íb. 17, Anecd. 72: in medic. sense, þar eru alls-kyns tré ok aldin í gegn (against) meinum manna, Eluc. 24, (rare.) β. absol. or ellipt., svá bjartr at þeir þorðu eigi í gegn at vega, Fms. v. 161; þó vörðusk þeir eigi né í gegn hjöggu, 655 xi. 1: so the law phrase, ganga í gegn e-u, to avow or meet a charge; mod. to gainsay, deny, vide ganga. γ. þar er vígt í gegn þeim öllum, Grág. ii. 9; skalat húsum skipta í gegn land, i.e. land shall not be exchanged against houses, 256. 3. [Engl. again], in turn; hann sendi rit Drottni ok tók við í gegn af honum, 623. 52; en þeir hétu honum gulli í gegn, Sl. 21; þar í gegn (again, Germ. dagegen), Stj. 76; grát at gamni skaltú í gögn hafa (in turn), Skm. 30. GEGN, adj. [North. E. and Scot. gone; Swed. gen; Dan. gjen :-- akin to the adv. gegn; cp. gagn-, gegnt, gegnum] :-- prop. 'gane,' short; hinn gegnsta veg, Mar. 545; a 'gane' way, the 'ganest' road are found in Old Engl. and Scot., and still remain in the northern provinces; cp. the prefix gagn- signf. B, and gegnt. II. metaph. 'gane,' i.e. ready, serviceable, kindly, a usage also found in old North. E. and Scot., vide Jamieson; gegn ok sannorðr, Band. 10; gegn ok öruggr, 'gane' and steady, Fs. 129; gegn ok vitr, Fms. v. 194; gegn ok úskapbráðr, 'gane' and good-tempered, Sturl. iii. 126; gegn ok gæfr, 'gane' and gentle, Grett. 90; gegn ok góðfengr, 92: in poët. compds, bráð-gegn, fjöl-g., frið-g., hvar-g., hyggju-g., ráð-g., i.e. good, wise, gentle, Lex. Poët.; ó-gegn, 'ungainly,' ungentle. gegna, d, [Germ. begegnen, cp. gegn, the adv.], to go against, meet, encounter; hann hafði þar mikit lið ok skyldi g. Birkibeinum, Fms. vii. 324; g. þeim er á sund hlaupa, ix. 22; skyldu þeir g. um njósnir ok annask vegu alla, Sturl. iii. 236. II. metaph., 1. to meet an engagement, to pay, discharge; ef hann á bú, þótt hann gegni eigi tillögum, though he pays no rates, Grág. i. 160; þá á hón at g. þriðjungi (take the third part of the charges) fyrir ómaga þeirra, 337; ok skal hann þá g. (account, redress) við hinn ef landsleigur væri minni en verðit, ii. 239: as a law term, of a duty, to meet, discharge; but also of rights, to be entitled to; þá g. börn beggja arfi, N. G. L. i. 33; ok g. réttum öllum, 55; g. kostnaði, Fms. viii. 371: to pay, g. þingfarar-kaupi, Grág. passim, Ísl. ii. 344, Íb. ch. 10; g. skyldu sinni, to do one's duty :-- g. líkum, ok syngja sálu-messu, to meet the bodies, of the officiating clergyman, N. G. L. i. 390. 2. to suit one, be meet for one; velit þat er yðr gegnir, choose what best suits you, 623. 30; leyfi þér honum at fara sem honum gegnir bezt, Nj. 10, Fms. viii. 102; þat man bezt g. (be meetest) at þín ráð sé höfð, Nj. 24, Fs. 155; kjöri hann þat af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202; mun þat betr g., it will do better, iv. 209; ok mun mér þat allvel g., 237; hve ílla mönnum gegndi (how ill it suited men) at fara, Íb. 8; þann kost er þér gegnir verr, Fs. 134; þá gegnir þat, it is fit, Sks. 433. 3. to signify, mean, matter; ok spurði, ef hann vissi nökkut hverju gegndi, if he knew what was the matter, Eg. 53; spurðu hverju at gegndi um ferðir hans, Rd. 237; spurði, hverju gegndi úgleði sú er hann hafði, asked, what his sadness meant, Eg. 518; spyrr, hverju gegndi þyss sjá eða kliðr, Gísl. 56; sumir maeltu í móti, ok kváðu öngu g., some denied it, and said it went for nothing, Nj. 25; Háls kvað þat mundu öngu g., Rd. 237; það gegnir furðu, it means a wonder, it is astonishing; hví gegnir (what means?) þetta atkvæði? 656 B. 5; er helzt sá at ráði gegndi, i.e. where he saw that there was reason in it, Fms. vii. 257; g. tíðendum, to be of importance, of great consequence; séð hefi ek þat er ek ætla tíðendum muni g., Ld. 272; meir en hófi gegnir, more than is due, above measure, Fms. vii. 132; er viti gegnir, which has sense or meaning, Al. 6; um hluti þá er íþróttum gegndi, which imply or can be called art, Ó. H. 102 :-- of numbers, to amount to, svá at mörgum hundruðum gegndi, so that it amounted to several hundreds, by many hundreds, Fas. iii. 356; svá náttum gegndi, i.e. several nights, Ld. 304, v.l.; at degi einum vas fleira en heilum vikum gegndi í tveim misserum, i.e. that in a year there is one day over the complete number of weeks, Íb. 7: with gen. (rare), mér þyki tvennra vandræða g., it is a double difficulty, i.e. on both sides, Grett. 143 A. 4. to answer, reply, freq. in mod. usage, with dat. of the person and the reply; hann gegnir öngu, he gives no reply; hann gegnir mér ekki, he does not answer me. β. to yield, be obedient; hann gegnir öngum, he obeys none, is cross and disobedient, freq. in mod. usage. gegnd, f. moderation, reason; það er engi gegnd í því, 'tis unreasonable; ó-gegnd, excess; í ó-gegnd, excessively; það er mesta ó-gegnd, id.: gegndar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), = gegniligr; gegndar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), unreasonable, exorbitant. gegn-görð, f. a Norse law term, 'harbouring the king,' a tax, D. N. gegni-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), 'gainly,' meet, due, Vígl. 32, Sturl. ii. 63; vide the adj. gegn. gegning f. = gegnd, Band. 3, Fms. ii. 88. gegn-ligr, adj. straight, Sks. 4: metaph. = the adj. gegn II, Hom. 69. gegnt, adv.: I. almost like a prep. with dat. opposite to, = gagnvart, q.v.; Laugabær stendr gegnt Tungu, Ld. 122; í öndvegi gegnt konungi, Eg. 304; yfir gegnt þeim á brekkunni, Ísl. ii. 200; gegnt rekkju þeirri er Kjartan var vanr at liggja í, Ld. 202; í öðru öndvegi g. honum, Ó. H. 43; gegnt Hofi, Sd. 142: vóru þá komnir mjök svá þar gegnt, Nj. 247. II. really as adv. straight; svá gegnt (so straight, with so good an aim) at í sitt auga kom hver örin, Fas. i. 271. 2. compar. gegnra or gegnara, more straight; gegnra skauztu í sumar, Fms. viii. 140; hann mun miklu lengra skjóta ok gegnara, ii. 266. 3. superl. gegnst, [Swed. genast = at once; Dan. gjennest], the 'ganest,' shortest way; hann stefnir þegar et gegnsta, the 'ganest' way, Ld. 240; ok it gegnsta reið hann til Þyrils, Ísl. ii. 109; ok skal gerða it gegnsta þar, Grág. ii. 264; for Öngull þar á land sem honum þótti gegnast ('ganest,' shortest), Grett. 155 A. β. metaph. meetest, most right or just; spyrja vitrir menn hvat gegnast muni í þessu máli, Ld. 80: cp. the adj. gegn. GEGNUM, adv., old form gögnum rhyming to Rögn, Orkn. 80: [this word seems not to be found in Germ. and Saxon, but Dan. igjennem, Swed. genom; cp. gagn-, gegn] :-- through, with acc.; laust gögnum súluna, gögnum Geirröð ok gögnum vegginn, Edda 61; holtriða hver í gegnum, Hým. 27; súlur í gögnum, 29; hann hljóp báðum fótum gögnum skipit, Edda 36; gögnum hellu mikla, 20; ok renndi svá í g. hann, El. 15; Gerzkan mann skýtr hann í gegnum með gafloki, Al. 40; ef þú leggr í gögnum báða skjölduna, El. 12; flaug skotið í gögnum hann, Edda 37; brjóta nýja ósa í gögnum fjöru manns, Grág. ii. 354; í gegnum skjöldinn, Nj. 84; en ek þykjumk sjá allt í gegnum þá er ek kem í land, 134; ok gókk þegar í gegnum, 262; í gegnum eyjarnar, Eg. 251; út í g. vegginn, 398; ef hval rekr í g. merkiósa, Grág. ii. 353, Fms. i. 217; ganga gegnum fylkingar, to go right through the ranks, Fms. xi. 131; í g. Danmörk, through Denmark, A. A. 288; settar gullknöppum í gegnum niðr, all through, Eg. 516; ek vil ísinn láta höggva í g. út, all along, all through, Fms. viii. 416; hence adverb., út í gegn, all through, from beginning to end. II. temp., allan dag í gegnum, all the day long, Fms. xi. 27; allan vetr í gögnum, all the winter long, Orkn. 80; haustnótt gögnum, all through the autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse). GEIFLA, að, [cp. A. S. geaflas = grinders], to mumble with the lips; gömlum kennu vér nú Goðanum at g. á saltinu, see how we teach the old Godi to mumble the salt, Bs. i. 25; -- it was usual to put salt into the mouth of neophytes when baptized as a symbol of the words (Matth. v. 13) 'ye are the salt of the earth,' vide Bingham's Origg. iv. 39 :-- metaph. to mutter, þótt þú geiflir slíkt, Grett. 116 (MS.) :-- geifla sig, to make a wry mouth as if about to cry. geiga, að, to take a wrong direction, to rove at random, of a bolt or the like; ok geigaði á fluginu, Grett. 124; hann skaut tveimr örum eðr þremr ok geigaði þat allt, Sturl. ii. 135; eigi veit hvar óskytja ör geigar, none can tell where a shaft ill-shot may stray to, Fms. vii. 262, Fas. ii. 358, (a saying.) 2. láta augun g., to look askance, Hom. (St.) geig-orðr, adj. caustic, sarcastic, Nj. 38, v.l. GEIGR, m. a scathe, serious hurt; ef þeir fá geig af vápnum sínum, Nj. 115; vinna, veita, göra e-m geig, to hurt one, 253, Fms. xi. 119; at óstyrk kona skyldi geig göra mega svá miklum sel, that she should have been able to cause death to so big a seal, Bs. i. 335; eigi vilda ek þér geig hafa gört, Njarð. 378; en þess varð aldregi víst, hverr honum hafði geig veittan, who had slain him, Orkn. 376, Fbr. (in a verse); ef kirkju verðr geigr af eldi, K. Þ. K. 48. 2. danger; er þat enn mesti geigr, Ld. 238, Fms. vii. 270; en mér þótti þú stýra oss til ens mesta geigs, Hkr. ii. 222; at eigi veitti hann þau áhlaup í bræði sinni er geig setti, 686 B. 1; sagði at þá væri búit við geig mikinn með þeim feðgum, Eg. 158. 3. a squint, a leer; geigr er þér í augum, Nj. in a ditty. COMPDS: geigr-ligr, adj., poët. dangerous, Lex. Poët. geigr-skot, better geig-skot, n. a deadly shot; in the phrase, at skjóta g. í móti e-m, to shoot the death bolt against one, i.e. to seek to take one's life, Fb. ii. 353, Fms. v. 76. geigr-þing, n. a dangerous meeting, battle, Hallfred; better in two words. geig-vænliga, adv. dangerously, Bs. i. 343. geig-vænligr, adj. dangerous, fatal, Fas. iii. 123, Hom. 39, Fms. xi. 132, Finnb. 346. GEIL, f. [cp. gil, a chasm] :-- a narrow glen; geilar þær sem ganga fyrir framan Titlingshól, Vm. 156, Fms. viii. 409, Nj. 114, Gísl. 136; geilar þreyngar at ríða at bænum, Orkn. 450; gras-geilar, grassy 'gills,' Hrafn. 20; Hrossa-geilar, id. II. any narrow passage, e.g. a shaft through a hay-rick or the narrow lane between hay-ricks or houses. COMPDS: geila-garðr, m. a 'glen-formed' fence, a walk, id.; geilagarðs-hlið, n. a gate in a fence, Sturl. ii. 247; skal geilar göra af mönnum (defile of men) heim at kirkjugarðs-hliði, Bs. i. 291: göra e-m geilar, a law phrase, to let (a thief) run the gauntlet, N. G. L. i. 253, passim; hafs-geil, the sea-lane, through which the host of Pharaoh passed, Stj. 287, cp. Exod. xiv. 23. GEIMI, a, m., mod. geimr, m., poët. the main, the sea, Edda (Gl.); skaut jörð ór geima, Edda Ht. 13: in mod. usage geimr means a vast empty space; himin-geimr, the universe, the air, ether; háfa skilr hnetti

196 GEIP -- GENGR.

himingeimr, Jónas 167: the popular phrase, spyrja e-n útí alla heima og geima, to speer (ask) freely about everything. GEIP, n. idle talk, nonsense, in mod. usage esp. foolish exaggeration, Nj. 214, Fms. ii. 286, Karl. 478. geipa, að, to talk nonsense, Fms. v. 333, 341, Sturl. i. 206, Gísl. 99. geipan, f. brag, nonsense, Sturl. i. 207, Lv. 60, Glúm. 342. geir-fálki, a, m. [a for. word; mid. Lat. gyrfalco], a gerfalcon, H. E. i. 391, N. G. L. ii. 471. geir-fugl, m. alca impennis, Edda (Gl.); hence Geirfugla-sker, n. a local name in Icel. geir-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.) GEIRI, a, m. [Engl. goar or gore; Germ. gebre], a goar or triangular strip, Orkn. 374 (in a verse), freq.; land-g., a goar of land; gras-geirar, grass strips among rocks; set-g., a goar let into breeches. II. a pr. name, Landn. III. fire, poët., Edda (Gl.) geir-laukr, m. garlic, Edda (Gl.), Gkv. 1. 18. geir-nagli, a, m. the nail fastening a spear's head to the shaft, Grett. 123, Gþl. 105, Fas. i. 239, Gísl. 11. geir-nefr, m., and geir-nyt, f. a fish, chimaera monstrosa Linn.: a sea-rat, Eggert Itin. 598. GEIRR, m. [A. S. gâr; Hel. gêr; O. H. G. keir, whence kesja, q.v.; cp. also Lat. gaesum, a Teut.-Lat. word] :-- a spear, Edda 41, Fms. i. 177, Hm. 15, 37, Hkv. 1. 15, Hbl. 40; Odin is represented wielding a geir, called Gungnir, as are also the Valkyrjur; marka sik geirs-oddi, to mark oneself in the breast with a spear's point, so as to make blood flow, was a heathen rite whereby warriors on their death-bed devoted themselves to Odin; it was the common belief that a man who died a natural death was not admitted into Valhalla after death; this rite is only mentioned in mythical Sagas such as Yngl. S. ch. 10; cp. also Gautr. S. ch. 7. -- þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi ok mælti, nú gef ek þik Óðni: the origin of this rite is in Hm., where Odin himself is represented as hanging on the tree Yggdrasil 'wounded with a spear and given to Odin, myself to myself;' some trace it to a Christian origin, which is not very likely. Again, the cruel blóðörn (q.v.) is no doubt connected with this kind of sacrifice to Odin. II. a pr. name, and also in many compds, Sig-geirr, Þór-geirr, Ás-geirr, Vé-geirr (the holy spear), and Geir-hildr, Geir-ríðr, Geir-mundr, Geir-laug, Geir-röðr, and many others, vide Landn. Geira, u, f. a pr. name, Landn. geir-síl, n. a kind of herring, Edda (Gl.) geir-skaft, n. a spear-shaft, N. G. L. i. 144. geir-varta, u, f. the nipple, of a man, Rb. 346, Sturl. i. 41, Ld. 136, 140, Fs. 145: of a woman, less correctly, Mar. 603. geis, n. [M. H. G. gis = yeast], boasting, Fbr. 99 new Ed. GEISA, að, [Ulf. gaisjan or usgaisjan means to be alarmed, astonished; mid. Germ. gise and Swed. gäsa = to ferment; cp. Engl. yeast] :-- to chafe, rage, of fire, Vsp. 57; láta gráðugan loga geisa, Mar. 530; hón (an excited lady) geisaði mjök, Nj. 57; látum Gamminn geisa, of a ship under sail, 135 (in a ditty); þeirra ofsi geisar hátt, their insolence runs high, Edda 146 (pref.); hversu sunnarlega geisar ríki föður þíns, Bær. 13; ofarr lét Grettir g. saxit í fyrra, Grett. 99 new Ed. Cod. Ups. II. to be panic-stricken, a notion which only appears in the word geiski: cp. geysask. geisan, f. impetuosity, Band. 9. geiski, a, m. panic, fear, Fas. i. 193, where spelt gyzki. geiska-fullr, adj. frightened, of a hunted deer, Hkv. 2. 35. GEISL, m. (gísli, Fb. ii. 273, less correctly), [cp. O. H. G. geisila, mid. and mod. Germ. geissel, a scourge] :-- the staff used by men sliding in snow shoes, O. H. L. 153. 2. the short ribs, costae, Björn. geisla, að, to shed rays, Sks. 206, Fms. iii. 51, v. 341, Sl. 42; geislaði af meyjunni, it beamed from the maid, she shed rays of light, Mar. 618: metaph. to shed, Magn. 428. GEISLI, a, m. 1. prop. a beam, staff, = geisl; but only used, 2. metaph. a beam, ray, of the sun, Rb. 472, Fas. i. 516, Hkv. 1. 15, Hom. 128; sólar-g., a sun-beam; ár-g., morning-beam, poët.: the eye is called brá-geisli, brow-beam, Korm. Geisla-dagr, m. 'Beam-day;' it is prob. a rendering of Epiphany, though it is not used of that very day, which is called Þrettándi, but of the seventh day after, viz. the 13th of January. geislung, f. = gísling, Fas. i. 5 (badly). GEISPA, að, [Engl. to gasp; Dan. gispe; Swed. gäspa], to yawn, Nj. 20, Fas. i. 11, Fms. x. 204, Fb. i. 259. geispi, a, m. a yawn, Fms. vi. 199. GEIT, f., gen. geitar, pl. geitr, [Goth. gaitei; A. S. gât; Engl. goat; Germ. geiz; Swed. get; Dan. geed; Lat. hoedus] :-- a she-goat (the he-goat is hafr), Grág. i. 418, 503, Hkv. 1. 42, 2. 35, Skm. 35, Rm. 12, Gm. 25, Edda 24, 46, passim; stein-geit, the steinbock or wild goat. 2. metaph. a coward (cp. Engl. hare); hann er mesta geit, he is a 'frightened hare,' cp. Grett. ch. 8, Valla L. 212 :-- this metaphor is taken from the skógar-geit or roebuck, Fms. ii. 309, Hkv. 2. 35. COMPDS: geitar-hár, n. goat's hair, Stj. 306. geitar-horn, n. a goat's horn, Fms. vii. 156. geitar-hugr, m. a she-goat's courage, cowardice, Fms. x. 351. geita-hús, n. a goat's fold, Ó. H. 15, Njarð. 374, Grett. 150 A. geita-kúgildi, n. a cow's value paid in goats, Am. 50. geitar-skegg, n. a goat's beard, Fms. iii. 94. geita-sveinn, m. a goat-boy, goat-herd, Fas. i. 139. geit-belgr, m. a goat-skin (blown up), Rd. 245 (a nickname), geit-bjálfi, a, m. a goat-skin coat, Fas. iii. 621. geit-fé, n. collective noun, like Lat. pecus, Fas. iii. 383. geit-héðinn, m. a goat-skin jacket, Nj. 211; a pr. name, Bs. i. geit-sauðr, m. much the same as geitfé, Grág. i. 503; gener. she-goats, Stj. 45. geit-skinn, n. a goat-skin, Stj. 470: goat-skins were used by sorcerers, Nj. 20; hence the phrase, vefja geitskinni at höfði e-m, to hoodwink one. geit-staka, u, f. a goat-skin, Fas. iii. 502. II. botan., geitna-njóli, a, m. aegopodium. geitna-skóf, n. lichen proboscideus, Hjalt. geit-skór, m. 'goat-shoe,' the willow-weed, epilobium, Ivar Aasen: a nickname, Íb. ch. 2. III. medic. geitr, only in pl., scurvy in the head from vermin, Fas. i. 9. geitir, m., poët. a giant: a pr. name, Landn. geitla, u, f. angelica sylvestris, Hjalt. geitungr, m. [Swed. geting; Dan. geding], a wasp; in Edda (Gl.) wrongly rendered as a bird. GELDA, d, mod. t, [root in Goth. gilþa = a sickle], to geld, Grág. i. 301, Edda 149 (pref.), Sturl. ii. 69, 181, Fms. vii. 185, Hkv. 1. 39. II. part. geldr (geltr), Hkv. Hjörv. 20. geldask, t, dep. to become barren, yield no milk. geld-fé, n. a barren sheep (cp. geldær), Grág. i. 416, 421, Eg. 740, Vm. 87. COMPDS: geldfjár-afréttr, -hagar, m., -höfn, f. pasture for geldfé, Vm. 60, 80, Grág. ii. 326. geldfjár-kúgildi, n. a cow's value paid in geldfé, Vm. 34, Jb. 361. geldfjár-rekstr, m. = geldfjárhöfn, Grág. ii. 327, Jb. 284, Dipl. iv. 9. geldfjár-samnaðr, m. a flock of geldfé, Grág. i. 416. geld-fénaðr, m. = geldfé, Dipl. v. 7. geld-hestr, m. a gelded horse, gelding, Vm. 18. gelding, f. a gelding, Grág. i. 419. geldinga-maðr, m. = geldir. geldingr, m. a wether, Grág. i. 502, 503, Nj. 26, Ísl. ii. 330, Vm. 58-60, Sturl. i. 81, Band. 4, Rd. 299, Þorst. Stang. 51, passim; also in local names, Landn., Bs. geldinga-hús, n. a fold for wethers, Rd. 235. II. an eunuch, K. Á. 120, Al. 57, Stj. 195. geldir, m. a gelder; hesta-g., a nickname, Landn. geld-mjólk, f. adj.; g. kýr, a barren cow (Swed. gall-ko), Grág. i. 502. geld-neyti, n. barren neat (cattle), Ld. 98, Vm. passim. GELDR, adj. [Swed. gall], barren, yielding no milk, Grág. i. 502, 503, Vm. 33. geld-ær, f. a barren ewe (Scot. gelt gimmer, Jamieson), Vm. 168. GELGJA, u, f. [akin to gálgi], the cheek bones of a fish; gelgju-bein, n. the small bones in the gelgja; hence gelgju-legr or gelgju-leitr, adj. haggard-looking, pinched in the face. II. mythol. the name of the tack or pin belonging to the chain whereby the wolf Fenrir was fastened, F. Edda 221, cp. 20. GELLA, d, [A. S. gellan], to yell, esp. of wild beasts, Hkr. i. 229, Ísl. ii. 170, Karl. 140, Bs. ii. 10. gellini, a, m. a nickname, Ó. H. gellir, m. a yeller, a nickname, Landn.: a bull, Edda (Gl.) gellungr, m. = geldingr, D. I. i. 257. gelt, n. barking. GELTA, t, (cp. gella), to yell; prop. of dogs, to bark; þeir gjölltu sem hundar, Fas. iii. 623: gelta and gelt are now the current words in Icel., but scarcely occur in old writers, as Hm. 86 is a mod. interpolation. GEMLA, u, f. a stump, worn out tooth, in the mouth of old people, Bjarn. 186; but also of teeth in the mouth of new-born babes, called skálda-gemlur, 'poet-grinders,' from the old saying that a child born with teeth will become a poët. Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 5. gemlingr, m. (dimin. gemsi, a, m.), a year old (gamal) sheep, Sd. 154. gemlir, m., poët. the old, an eagle, Lex. Poët.: in mythol. names as Ör-g., cp. Germ. ur-alt, Edda, Lex. Poët. GEMS, n. a gibe, scoff, Fbr. 169, Sturl. iii. 80, Bs. i. 649, Band. (MS.) 19, where masc. gemsa, að, to gibe, scoff. gemsan, f. gibing, Bs. i. 649. gems-mikill, adj., full of gibes, Sturl. iii. 69. gemsungr, m. a giber, Sturl. iii. 262. GENGI, n. [ganga], good luck, success; in the saying, án er ílls gengis (íllt gengi) nema heiman hafi, ill luck is homebred, is one's own making, Nj. 27, Dropl. 23, Ísl. ii. 144, Gísl. 63; or, áni er ílls gengis, áni used substantively (vide 'an,' p. 43); ok várt g. vaxa, and promote our success, Þórð. 64 :-- help, support, várt g. eðr liðsinni, Fb. ii. 126, 131; afla sér gengis, to gather troops, Fms. x. 394; g. Þrænzkra drengja, g. goða, g. Norðmanna, Hallfred, Hkm. 3, 10; vígs-gengi, helping sword in hand, Ld. 224; heita e-m gengi sínu, Fms. viii. 151: victory = gagn, Lex. Poët.: the saying, vex (göfgask) hverr af gengi, good luck makes a man's fame, Edda Ht. 26, Mkv. 12: Icel. also say, vera í góðu (miklu) gengi, to enjoy fame, popularity; vera í litlu g., to be of small reputation. gengi-legr, adj. passable, Vellekla. gengr, adj. able to walk, Grág. ii. 33, Fms. vii. 208, Landn. 226 :-- passable, fit to walk, Bs. i. 322; ó-gengr, unfit to walk or impassable; íll-g.,

GENJA -- GETA. 107

bad to pass, of ice, crags, or the like :-- the phrase, eiga heiman-gengt, to be able to go from home, i.e. to have leisure, Fbr. 17 new Ed.; eg á ekki heiman-gengt, ílla heiman-gengt, etc. :-- of money, good, D. N. genja, u, f. [gana], an GREEK: poët. an axe, Edda (Gl.): the name of a ship, Branda-genja, Sturl. ii. 166: the nickname of a woman, id. GENTA, u, f. a girl; a special Norse word not used in Icel. and not found in old writers earlier than the 14th or 15th century, unless 'getta' in the verse in Hálfs S. be the same or kindred word; hvað líðr nú grautnum, genta, Fas. iii. 382, 389, 393 (Eg. Einh. S.), is the only passage where it is used in Icel. writers. In many languages the equivalents are curious, Engl. girl, Swed. flicka, Norse genta (proncd. yenta, vide Asbjörnsen's Tales), Icel. stúlka, Dan. pige, -- all words that baffle etymologers. The Germans seem to have no such word, as mädchen and mädel are plain enough. The Lapps have ganda = a girl, which may be the origin of genta. gepill, m. a little ill-shaped spoon, spón-gepill; akin to geifla. GER, n. [Dan. gjær], yeast, vide gör. ger-, in compds, vide gör-, görsemi, etc. GERA, ð, to do, vide göra. gerð, gerningr, etc., vide görð, görningr, doing. GERÐ (and görð less correctly), f. yeast, ferment; ok kom þó ekki gerð í mungát, Bs. i. 339; þá kom þegar görþ í keren gnóg ok góð, id.; þat öl brásk alldregi þá er gerðar beiddi, 394; ok lét í kerinu sem þá er gerð væri í, Mirm. β. medic., í-gerð, suppuration in a wound, (mod.) GERÐ, f., used to rhyme with e (verðung -- gerðar), Fms. vi. 448 :-- gear, harness, and in pl. esp. armour; sú gerð (fashion) var mönnum mjök tíð, iv. 110; klæði með slíkri gerð, sem ..., Al. 121 :-- armour, vápn ok allar gerðar, Skáld H. R. 5. 43; gerðar hans er hann hafði, feld ok spjót, Glúm. 344; Hárs gerðar, war-gear, Fms. l.c.; gerðar várar, our armour, Hkm. 33. II. girth; digrask í gerðum, to become stout in the waist, euphon. of a woman, to be with child; Icel. now say, hón er farin að þykkna undir belti. gerða, ð, [garðr], to gird with a fence, hedge, Lex. Poët. GERÐI, n. [cp. garðr], a place girded round, a hedged or fenced field, garth; hann ferr til gerðisins ok sár niðr korninu, Nj. 170; ok snúa upp í gerði þat er heitir á Örlygsstöðum, sauða-hús stóð í gerðinu, Sturl. ii. 218; Finnbogi kvaðsk eiga gerði eitt, bað hann þangat fara ok leggja þar garð um, Finnb. 336: a pinfold, láta srnala sinn í gerði, Gþl. 406: akr-gerði, a field. COMPDS: gerðis-beiti, n. the 'bite' or pasture in a garth, Gþl. 406. gerðis-tún, n. a garden, Matth. xxvi. 36. gerðis-vöndr, m. fence-faggots, Gþl. 379. gerðing, f. a girding, fencing, N. G. L. i. 41, Fb. ii. 7. Gerðr, f. a pr. name of a goddess, Edda; also of a woman, Eb., Landn.; and in many compds, Ás-gerðr, Hall-g., Ingi-g., Val-g., Þor-g., etc., Landn. geri, a, m. [gerr], 'ravener,' the mythol. wolf of Odin, Gm., Edda. ger-járn, n. a gridiron, Fas. iii. 240, an GREEK. gerp-ligr, gerpi-legr, m. [garpr], martial, Nj. 72, Fb. ii. 204; g. ráð, good circumstances, Þorst. Síðu H. 178. GERR, adj. [akin to gjarn, q.v.], greedy; eigi ofdrykkju-maðr né ákafliga gerr, 686 B. 2, 1 Tim. iii. 8: gluttonous, opp. to neyzlu-grannr, freq. in mod. usage. gerr, adj. = perfect, vide görr, göra. gersemi, vide görsemi. GERSTA or gesta, t, [A. S. gæstan], to annoy; g. hug e-s, to tease one, Greg. 64, Pr. 442, 623. 54; vér skulum g. hug hans, eigi sem þeir gerstu forðum á eyðimörkinni er Moysi fylgdu, Mart. 132: this word is quite obsolete, and chiefly used in old translations of legends. II. part. gerstr, [Germ. garstig = hideous; O. H. G. garst = sour, harsh; cp. Engl. ghastly, agast], sour, dismal; gerstan dag, Skm. 30, Rm. 9 :-- sulky, hann leit gerstr við mér, he looked sulkily on me, Sighvat, Ó. H. 81 (Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 196). gervi, n. gear, vide görvi. Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, Nj. 46, Fms. passim. II. = Girkskr, Greek, Al. 26, 40. gest-beinliga, adv. hospitably, Vápn. 23. gest-erfð, f. inheritance after a stranger (guest) who dies in one's house, N. G. L. i. 51. gest-feðri and gest-feðrungr, m. a law term, defined in N. G. L. i. 209, ch. 5; a man who dies leaving no heirs and whose property lapses partly to the king and partly to the owner or landlord of the house in which he dies (or to the captain if he dies on board ship), N. G. L. i. 208, 209, Js. 74. gest-félagi, a, m. a guest-friend, rendering of Gr. GREEK. gest-gjafi, a, m. a host; góðr g., a good host, Gísl. 47. gest-kominn, part. come as a guest, a stranger, Stj. 152: a guest, Matth. xxv. 38. gest-kvæmt, n. adj. much visited by strangers. GESTR, m., gen. gests; pl. gestir, acc. gesti; [Ulf. gasts = GREEK; A. S. gest; Engl. guest; Germ. gast; Dan. gjæst; Swed. gäst; Lat. hostis]: I. a guest; the original meaning of this word is a stranger, alien, cp. Lat. hostis. β. the Guests, one division of the king's men; the Guests were a kind of policemen, and had not the full privileges of the king's guardsmen or hirðmenn, although they were in the king's pay; they had their own seats in the king's hall, the guests' bench, gesta-bekkr, m., Fb. i. 347; their own chief, gesta-höfðingi, a, m., Nj. 7, Hkr. ii. 69, Fms. vii. 35; their own banner, gesta-merki, n., Fms. ix. 489; their own meeting, gesta-stefna, u, f., Fms. viii. 250; they formed a separate body, gesta-sveit, f., Fas. i. 318; skulu þar fylgja hirðmenn ok gestir, Ó. H. 204, in the battle at Stiklastað: a guests' hall, gesta-skáli, a, m., is mentioned in Eg. 28, Fas. ii. 93: a ship, gesta-skip (gesta-fley), n., Fms. viii. 139; cp. the Sagas passim, esp. the Konunga Sögur, Fms. x. 147, Hkr. passim, but esp. N. G. L. in the section Hirðs-skrá, or the law (rules) for the king's men, and Sks. 257 sqq. As the gestir were lower in rank than the hirðmenn, a recruit had often to serve his apprenticeship among them, e.g. var hann í gestasæti, he was seated among the guests, i.e. was held in small repute, Fas. i. 51. II. a stranger, guest, Lat. hospes, but keeping the old notion of a stranger, prop. an accidental guest, chance comer, and is distinguished from boðs-maðr, an invited guest, or the like; hence the allit. phrase, gestr ok gangandi, a guest and ganger, since with the ancients the poor had to go from house to house (cp. gangleri); this is to be borne in mind, if one would understand old sayings such as, Guð elr gesti, God feeds guests, Bs. i. 247; or many passages in the old heathen poem Hávamál, e.g. órir gestr við gest, guest quarrels with guest, Hm. 31; gestr at gest hæðinn, guest mocking guest, 30, which reminds one of Hom. Od. xviii. 1-33; gest þú né geyja né á grind hrekir (scoff not at a guest, nor drive him to the door), get þú váluðum vel, Hm. 136, where gestr (a guest) and válaðr (a vagrant) are used synonymously; ganga skal, skala gestr vera æ í einum stað, 34. In olden times there were no public hostelries, and all entertainment was (as it still is in Icel.) private bounty; a fine instance of a munificent hostess of the heathen age is recorded in Landn., -- Geirríðr sparði ekki mat við menn, ok lét göra skála sinn of þjóðbraut þvera, hón sat á stóli ok laðaði úti gesti, en borð stóð inni jafnan ok matr á, 2. 13. After the introduction of Christianity, when churches were built and endowments given, the donors often imposed the duty of 'feeding guest and ganger for a night' (ala gest ok ganganda), Dipl. i. 169, 174; or, þar er ekki gesta eldi skylt (it is not required to feed guests), ala hvern at ósekju er vill, 200; ala þurfa-menn ok þá er fara skylda-erinda, 201, cp. 273 passim :-- gener. a visitor, guest: gesta-eldi, n. shelter for guests, D. I. (vide above): gesta-fluga, u, f. a guest-fly, a moth, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558: gesta-herbergi, n. a 'guest-harbour,' hostel, inn, Gr. GREEK, Luke ii. 7: gesta-hús, n. a guest-room, Sturl. i. 216, ii. 191: gesta-koma, u, f., gesta-nauð, n. a coming, crowding of guests: gesta-maðr, m. a guest-man (bishops had a special servant so called), Bs. i. 850, 876: gesta-rúm, n. a guest-bed: gesta-skáli, a, m. a guest-chamber, Hom. 36: gesta-spjót, n. pl., a cat is said to raise the 'guest-spears' when it lies on its back and cleans itself with its hind legs, which is a token that a stranger is at hand, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 558. III. as pr. names, Landn., freq.; also in compds, Þor-gestr, Heim-gestr, Goð-gestr, Hleva-gastir on the Golden horn (Bugge's reading), and Gr. GREEK, GREEK. Gestr is a name of Odin = the Traveller, Edda, Vþm., Gm., Hervar. S. ch. 15 (Gestum-blindi). It is curious to notice that whereas with the Romans hostis came to mean a foe, with the Teutons (as with the Gr. GREEK) the equivalent word became a term of friendship, used of a friend staying at one's house. gest-risinn, adj. hospitable, Greg. 32, Bs. i. 101, 1 Tim. iii. 2, Tit. i. 8, 1 Pet. iv. 9, passim. gest-risni, f. hospitality, 655 v. 2, Bs. i. 81, 830, Rom. xii. 13, Heb. xiii. 2, passim. gest-vænliga, adv. hospitably, Vápn. 23, (prob. a false reading.) GETA, pret. gat, 2nd pers. gazt, pl. gátu; pres. get; pret. subj. gætí; sup. getið, but getað in the mod. sense of could; part. getinn; reflex. pres. and pret. getsk or gezk, gatsk or gazk, mod. gezst and gazst; with the neg. suff. gátu-ð, Korm. 224, Sighvat; gat-at, Lex. Poët. WITH ACC. A. [Ulf. begitan = GREEK; A. S. getan; Engl. get; O. H. G. gezan] :-- to get; this use of the word, which is so common in Engl., is dying out in Icel.; it is found in the old poems, esp. in the old Hm.; it is used in law phrases, but is rare in common prose, even in the oldest Sagas; geta þögn, to get silence, a hearing, Höfuðl. 3, Hm. 8; geta orðstír, to get fame; en orðstír deyr aldrigi hveim sér góðan getr, 75; orðstír of gat, Eirekr at þat, Höfuðl.; ey getr kvikr kú, Hm. 69; sjaldan liggjandi úlfr lær um getr, né sofandi maðr sigr, 57; ef hann sylg um getr, 17; né þat máttu ... geta hvergi, they could nowhere get it, Hým. 4; gambantein at geta, gambantein ek gat, Skm. 34; hvar gaztú vára aura, Vkv. 12; geta gjaforð, to marry, Alm. 6: geta sér, to get for oneself; hættr er heimis-kviðr nema sér góðan geti, Sdm. 25; sá er sæll er sér um getr lof ok líknstafi, Hm. 8; er sér getr slíkan sefa, Hkm. 19; góðs um æðis, ef sér geta mætti, if he could get it, Hm. 4; geta gjöld, laun e-s, 64, 124, Gm. 3; geta gott af e-m, to get good of one, Hm. 43, 44 :-- in law, nema hann getí þann kvið, at ..., unless he can get that verdict, that ..., Grág. i. 17; goðinn seksk ef

198 GETA -- GEYMA.

hann getr engi (acc.) til at nefna féránsdóm, 95; ella skal hverr þeirra geta mann fyrir sik, 26 :-- in common prose, biðja konu þeirrar er honum væri sómi í, ef hann gæti, Fms. xi. 47; veit ek eigi hvar sú kona sitr er mér sé mikit happ í at geta, Ld. 88: to get, earn, svá at hann megi sér mat geta af sínu fé eðr verkum, Grág. i. 293 :-- to get, learn, fátt gat ek þegjandi þar, Hm. 104; lengi man þat er ungr getr, an old saying, Ísl. ii. 248; þá skal hann eiga stefnu við fimm lögmenn, þá er hann má helzt geta af (five lawyers of whom he can best learn, i.e. five of the wisest men of law) áðr hann segi hvern þátt upp, Grág. i. 3. 2. with dat. of the person added, mostly in reference to feeding or entertaining; get þér vel at borði þínu, keep a good table, Sks. 20; get þú váluðum vel, entertain well the poor, Hm. 136; nú er honum vel getið (he has good cheer) af gnógum mat ok góðum drykk, Str. 7; geta e-m sumbl, to give a feast to one, Ls. 8; geta e-m fótlaug, to get him a foot-bath, Hkv. 2. 37; geta e-m drápu, to entertain one with a poem, Sighvat: the phrase, geta sér (e-m) vel, ílla, to do, cause good or evil to one; ofrmælgi hygg ek at ílla geti hveim er ..., a loose tongue will bring evil to any one that ..., Vþm. 10; en ef hann forðask minn fund þá mun hann sér ílla geta í því, if he shuns me he will do worse to himself, Orkn. 252 (in a verse). II. joined to an infinitive, a participle, or a supine, to get to do (fá, q.v., is used in a similar sense), -- hence to be able: 1. almost like an auxil. verb, α. with infin. but without 'at;' ek gat'k unna Gunnari, I got to love G., Óg. 21; en sá gat taka við syndum, Sl. 6; ek gat líta, I got to see, beheld, Korm. 14 (in a verse); ek gat blóta, Hallfred (Fs. 94); getum hræra, we do rear, Edda; geta sjá, to get to see, Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse); hann gat teygja at sér, he did draw to himself, Edda 65 (in a verse); geta fæða, to give birth to, Am. 103; ef hann eignask getr, Hm. 78; hveim er eiga getr, Hkv. Hjörv. 9 :-- with 'at,' esp. in the phrase, geta at sjá, líta; þá geta þeir Hákon jarl at líta, earl H. got to see, behold, Fms. xi. 131; þá gátu menn at sjá land fyrir stafu fram, 656 C. 22; Sölvi gat at líta hvar þeir flýðu, Nj. 247; Enok gat at eiga þann son, Stj. 45; gat at heita, Rm. 42. β. with part. acc., with a notion of being able, Lat. posse; Gyðingar gátu enga sök sannaða, the Jews could not prove any of their charges, 656 C. 19; því mér lízt svá, sem vér munim þá aldri sótta geta, Nj. 197; ef vér getum Harald Gráfeld af lífi tekinn, Fms. xi. 21; ok geta rétta fylking sína, 131; mikinn fisk ok fagran ok gátu eigi veiddan, iv. 89. γ. so also with sup.; gátu þeir ekki at gört, Nj. 115; ok hætta á hvárt ek geta keypt (kaup, v.l.) fyrir yðr. if I can get a bargain for you, 157; Björn gat séð (beheld) manna-reiðina, 260; ef ek gæta vel fyrir mér séð, 22; sem mest gat hann flutt eptir sér, Ó. H. 85; eigi at heldr gat hann veitt þann íkorna, id.; ef ek get eigi fylgt yðr, Fms. vi. 211. 2. absol. in old writers geta seems never to occur in the sense of to be able, but only periphrastically as above; but in mod. usage geta has almost displaced the old verb kunna in this sense, e.g. eg get það ekki, I cannot; getr-ðú komið, canst thou come? ef hann hefði getað, if he could have; ekki þurfti, eg gat, I could, and endless other instances. III. impers. there is got, there is, cp. Germ. es giebt; eigi getr slíkan (there is none such) í konungs herbergjum, Fms. vii. 148; þar getr stein (acc.) er asbestos heitir, there is got the stone asbestos, xi. 415; eigi getr vitrara mann, no wiser man is to be got; slíka menn getr varla til vitrleiks, Lv. 54; þar getr reykelsi, Hb, 8. IV. reflex., in the phrase, e-m getsk at e-u, one is pleased at a thing, one likes it; því at mér gezk vel at þér, because I like thee well, Fms. i. 66; ok mun mér ekki at getask, nema hann sé sæmilega af höndum leystr, and I shall not be pleased, unless ..., Ld. 298; at þú fengir mér konu þá er mér gætisk at, Fms. i. 289; honum gatsk ílla at þessu, Ld. 104; eru þeir nokkurir hér at þér getisk eigi at, Fms. vii. 104; konungr sagði at honum gatsk eigi at þeirri sætt svá búit, ix. 486; haf þökk fyrir, ok getsk mér nú vel at, vi. 372; segir, at henni getsk eigi at þessi ætlan, Finnb. 312; Þorgrímr bað hann til hætta hve honum gætisk at, 336; svá hefir þeim at getisk vápnum Franceisa, so they have tasted thus far the weapons of the French, Karl. 184: with sup., láta sér getið at e-u, to take interest in, be pleased with; eigi læt ek mér at einu getið, 'tis not my taste to have always the same, I want some change, something new, Grett. 149 new Ed.; lát þér at góðu getið, rejoice in the good, Hm. 129. B. To get, beget, engender, used alike of both parents, severally or jointly; fótr gat son við fæti, Vþm. 33: hve sá börn gat, 32; þá ek mög gat, Ls. 35; við systur þinni gaztu slíkan mög, 36; hann gat son er Guðröðr hét, Fms. i. 11; þat barn er þau geta, Grág. i. 178; ef austmaðr getr barn með konu, ef skógarmaðr getr launbarn með konu, 352; svein þann sem hón hafði getið með Abram, Stj. 114; dróttning gat son við Ívari, Fms. vii. 230; sonu marga Öndurdís við Óðni gat, Ht.; þau gátu sér son er Mörðr hét, Nj. 38; fíllinn getr eigi optarr en um sinn, Stj. 70; þegar sem þeir geta burð saman, 97; hann var getinn (born) austr, Landn. 148; throughout Matth. i. the Icel. text renders begat by gat, cp. Mar. S. 19, Luke i. 35 :-- to conceive, þú munt verða getandi í kviði, Stj. 409. Judges xiii. 5; fyrir sinn erfingja getinn ok ógetinn, Grág. ii. 170; þú munt son geta ok fæða, Mar. 18; gefr hann son at geta þann er hon fæðir síðan, Mar.: reflex. to be engendered, þaðan getsk löngunin, 656 B. 7: to be born, Mar. 19. WITH GEN., of the same form throughout, though different in construction and sense. A. [Engl. guess (from the Scandin.?); Swed. gissa; Dan. gjætte; not in Germ. nor Saxon] :-- to guess; geta gátu, to guess a riddle, Fas. i. 465; in the saying, opt verðr villr sá er geta skal, Fb. iii. 384; hvárt getr þú þessa, eðr veiztú með sannindum, Fms. ii. 260; ef þik hefði svá dreymt sem áðr gat ek, xi. 7; ok gat þess til, at þú mundir, Nj. 90; þess munda ek geta, at ..., Lv. 104; þá fór sem hann gat, at ..., Fms. xi. 22; ek get verit munu hafa Gunnar á Hlíðarenda, Nj. 35; sendimenn sögðu at hann gat rétt, Eg. 541; ef ek skal geta til, þá ætla ek ..., Nj. 134; eptir því sem Halldórr gat til, Ld. 324; sem Ólafr konungr gat til, Fms. vii. 104, x. 354; get þú til (guess!) segir Stúfr, rétt getr þú (thou guessest right) segir Stúfr, vi. 390; gat síns hverr til hvat skipum vera mundi, viii. 213; nú geta menn þess til at Gísli muni druknaðr vera, Gísl. 46, (tilgáta); þá get ek at á sína hönd mér setisk hvárr þeirra, Ld. 324: so in the phrase, geta til launanna í knefa e-m, to guess for the reward into another's nieve (closed hand), Sturl. iii. 151; geta í kollinn, to guess, guess right, passim. 2. to think, mean, almost like the American I guess; ekki get ek at hón sálug sé mjök djarftæk, I guess that she, poor thing, will ..., Stj. 422; ek get hann eigi þessa eina hjálp okkr veita, 423, passim: recipr. getask, proncd. getrast. B. [Found neither in Engl., Saxon, nor Germ.; lost in mod. Swed. and Dan.] :-- to speak of, mention; þess er getið sem gört er, Grett.; gettu eigi vafurleysu þeirrar, Band. 28; öngra manna gat Kári jafnopt sem Njáls, Nj. 211; konungr þagnar hvert sinn er Þórólfs er getið, Eg. 54; þá þarf þess eigi at geta ef sættask skal, Fms. iv. 130; so also, geta um e-t, to speak about; Guanarr reið heim ok gat fyrir öngum manni um, Nj. 82; ok gátu fyrir henni um bónorðit, Fms. xi. 22; ok er ekki getið um ferð þeirra fyrr en þeir kómu til hirðar Rögnvalds jarls, iv. 130. 2. to tell of (in records etc.); þess getr Glúmr Geirason í Gráfeldar drápu, Fms. i. 25, 30, 38, 50, 55, 65, 91, iv. 62, 63, passim; en í annarri sögu er þess getið, at ..., xi. 14; enn getr Einarr hversu Hákon jarl hefndi föður síns, i. 56; sem síðarr mun getið verða, as will be told later (i.e. below), 230; sem fyrr var getið, as is told above, v. 24: impers., e-s getr, it is told, recorded (in books, poems); þess getr í Hrunhendu, at ..., opt skal góðs geta, a saying, the good shall be often spoken of, Hm. 102. geta, u, f. a guess, mostly in pl.; leiða getum um e-t, Nj. 14, 205; margar getur, guess-work, Fms. iv. 288, vi. 400, xi. 244, Eg. 766: rarely in sing., getu verðir eða frásagnar, worth mentioning, Sks. 180; ætla ek eigi þat til getu, at hann sé þar, it is not likely that he is there, Fms. ii. 110; vandast oss nú getan, Mork. 167: cp. the saying, spá er spaks geta, the spae (prophecy) is the wise man's guess, Fms. xi. 154. getu-mál, n. a doubtful case, Fs. 59. getara, u, f. one who gives birth to, Mar. passim, get-gangr, m. guessing, Fb. iii. 385. get-gáta, u, f. guess-work. getnaðr, m., gen. ar, conception, Mar. 33, K. Á. 104, passim: birth, foetus, vera með getnaði, Sks. 689, Stj. 159. Gen. xxv. 24. COMPDS: getnaðar-frjó, n. seed, Stj. 80. getnaðar-liðr (-limr), m. genitalia, Bs. i. 310, 644, Stj. 63, 80, 326, Fms. ix. 414. getnaðar-tími, a, m. (-tíð, f.), the time of conception, K. Á. 18, Mar. 345. getning, f. = getnaðr, Str. 52. getrask, að, dep. to play at guessing with small shells in the hands, a favourite Icel. child's play. get-sakir (proncd. gessakir), f. pl. 'guess-charges,' i.e. imputations, insinuations without evidence, in the phrases, fyrir getsakir, Fms. vi. 383; sækja getsakir, to prosecute one upon loose imputations, Gísl. 123: the mod. phrase, gera e-m getsakir, to make insinuations; gerðu mér engar getsakir, make no insinuations to me. get-spakr, adj. wise at guessing, prophetic. get-speki, f. 'guess-wisdom,' gift of prophecy, Rb. 394, Pr. 83. GEYJA, pret. gó, Orkn. 114, 150, Nj. 74, Rd. 302, Fas. ii. 33; 3rd pers. pl. gó, Fms. xi. 12; pret. subj. gœi, 10; pres. indic. geyr (spelt gœr), Clem. 44: [Dan. gjö; Swed. gö] :-- to bark; er vér heyrðum hvelpana g., Fms. xi. 12, passim (above) :-- metaph. to scoff at, blaspheme, with acc., vil ek eigi goð geyja, Bs. i. 17: in a ditty of the year 999 A.D., hann gœr Gefjon (acc.), Clem. l.c.; g. gest, Hm. 136; also, g. á e-n, to abuse one (á-gauð); geyr hón á þá, Gísl. 139: geyja at e-m, to bark at one, Nj. 106: reflex. recipr. geyjask, to abuse one another, N. G. L. i. 333. This word is now obsolete in Icel. and replaced by gelta, q.v. GEYMA, d, [Ulf. gaumjan = GREEK, GREEK, etc.; A. S. gyman; lost in Germ., but gaume = to keep house, in the Zürich idiom, De Herr Professer by August Corrodi; Dan. gjemme; Swed. gömma] :-- to keep, watch, heed, mind; and with gen. to take care of; at allir geymi þín sem bezt, Nj. 14; ok g. eigna várra, Fms. i. 156; hann hafði geymt hlutverka (not hlut verks) sinna, he had minded his work, Gísl. 29; g. tungu sinnar, to keep a guard on one's tongue, Th. 78; göra hark, svá at lögréttu-menn mega eigi g. dóma sinna, to make a noise (in court) so that the judges cannot mind their duty, Gþl. 16; g. þess (to watch) at enginn komizt í braut, Nj. 198, Fms. vi. 390; g. at e-u, id.; nú geymir Björn

GEYMARI -- GILDI. 199

eigi, B. heeded not, iv. no; geyma til, id.; geymit þé"r til vel (mark' well) ef þér verðit við nokkura nybreytni varir, i. 71. P. with dat., g. sauðum, to watch sheep, Stj. 177; þú skalt g. mínum skilmála, 115, and geymirþeimsíðan, 81, 99. "Y- abso'-' Fms. i. 126; hanngeymdi eigi hvat tré' þat var, Grett. 151 A, Stj. 365, 486. 8. with acc., hvart hann vildi heldr g. (watch) bæinn eðr ganga at jarli, Grett. 85 A; g. heilræðit, Fms. xi. 433, both of them late MSS.; bað hann þá hlífa sér ok g. skot- vápn oil, Fb. ii. 43; but gætum vápna várra, Ó. H. I. e.; cp. Stj. 231, where dat. in text, but acc. in v. 1.; þó treystisk hann eigi at g. þá, Sd. l6o (paper MS.), Bev. 16. The acc. seems not to occur in very old MSS., but in mod. usage it is very freq., although the gen. is not quite obsolete:: Icel. still say, geyma Guðs boðorð, to keep God's commandments, N. T., Pass., Vidal. passim :-- to keep a thing for another, eg skal g. bukina fyrir þig á meðan, geymdu það fyrir mig: reflex, to be observed, of law, H. E. i. 509, N. G. L. i. II. part, geymdr, observed, retained, Rb. 202. geymari, a, m. a keeper, Fms. iii. 158, Stj. 9. geymd, f., only in pl., gefa geymdir at e-u ( -- gefa gaum at e-u), Lv. 44, Hom. 160, Sks. 564 B; hafit g. á hvar þessi hinn vándi inaðr er, Stj. (MS.) geymiliga, adv. beedfully, Grett. 150, Stj. 150. geyminn, adj. heedful, Bs. i. 48, Fms. v. 240. geymsla, u, f. guardianship, watch, Stj. 8, 177, Fms. vii. 25, Sd. 160, Grett. 112 (vigilance); fjar-g., f beep-keeping. COMPDS: geymslu- engill, m. a guardian angel, Stj. 8. geymslu-lauss, adj. unguarded, Fas. ii. 138, Karl. 161. geymslu-leysi, n. carelessness. geymslu- maðr, m. a keeper, Stj. 42. geypna, að, [gaupn], to encompass, Geisli 16, Us. 29, Lb. 25. GEYSA, t, [from gjosa, q. v., and different to geisa] :-- to rush furiously, gush, =- Lat. grassari, of fire, the sea, etc.; hann Isetr g. eld ok jam, Fms. xi. 42 :-- usually dep., geysask votii at þeim með forsfalli, O. 'H. 164; þá geysisk hafit á londin, Edda 41; gcystisk at því allr lands-mugr, O. H. 34; múgrinn flotans geystisk inn á síórskipin, Fms. viii. 227: pai't- geystr, gushing, rushing forth, Nj. 247, Fms. vii. 326, Fb. i. 253: metaph. enraged, Fms. vii. 230, viii. 202, Hkr. ii. 356: big, enormous, Fms. vii. 99 :-- neut. geyst, as adv. furiously, violently, i. 165, Finnb. 35~- geysi-, a prefix, exceedingly, greatly; geysi-ujafnt, Edda 11; geysi- glaðr, exceeding glad, Stj. 478; geysi-morg, very many, Edda 14; þat er þeim geysi-haglig geit, what a wonderful goat, 24; geysi-illa, very badly, Fms. ii. 295; g. kalli, piercing cold, viii. 306; g. feginn, uncommonly glad, Barl. 85; g. mjök, very much, Fb. i. 210; g. inikill, very muckle, 481; g. fagr, wonderfully fair, Olf. 3. 41, and many others :-- with nouns, geysi-fúl, a big fool, Flov. geysiliga, adv. enormously, Fas. i. 64. geysiligr, adj. enormous, Fas. ii. 243, Mar. 166, 423. geysingr, in. impetuosity, Finnb. 354, Fas. i. 157, Ísl. 11. 347, F"15- xi. Si. Geysir, in. the name of a famous hot spring in Iceland. Foreign writers often use geysir as an appellative; but the only Icel. words for hot springs are hver (a cauldron, hot ivell) and laug (a hot ba/h). The pre- sent Geysir is never mentioned in old writers, and it seems from a record in the led. Annals that the great hot wells in the neighbourhood of llauka- dale were due to the volcanic eruptions of 1294, when old hot springs disappeared and those now existing came up, -- hjá Haukadal kóniu upp hverir stórir en sumir hurfu þeir er áðr höfðu verit; unfortunately the end of Arua S. (the bishop), the sole historical work of that time, is lost. The word geysir = a gusher must be old, as the iuilexive - i r is hardly used but in obsolete words (læknir a leach, hellir a cave, etc., are exceptional'); it was probably borrowed from some older hot spring. A pretty legend, referring to the 'moving' of springs when defiled with innocent blood, is recorded in Ísl. þjóðs. ii. 112, 113; this tale could not have sprung up unless a change in the place of the hot springs had been observed. geytlan, f. gluttony, Rum. 306, (an air. A. e*y.) -GI (or -ki after i or s), a particle suffixed to nouns and adverbs. A. In a positive sense [Lat. -que] , ever, Lat. -que, -cimqite: 1. with the pronoun hverr (quis) through all cases, answering to the Lat. qnis-quc: out of the Laws we can nearly make a full paradigm :-- noin. hverr-gi or hver-gi, Lat. qids-que, qui-cunque, Grág. Kb. i. 14, 31, 45, 85, 171 (twice), 183, 195, 221, ii. 7, 23, 82, ioi: nom. and acc. neut. hvat-ki (quod-quc). i. 34, 155, 162, 183, 244, ii. 77, 140, 154, Jómsv. 15, Ib. 3; also hvurt- ki, id., Grág. Kb. i. 61 (twice): gen. hvers-kis (cujits-que), 238: dat. hverjun-gi (ctti-que), 31, 156: acc. inasc. hvern-gi (quem-que), 147, 155, 221, 22=;, 245, ii. 47, 66: abl. hve-gi or hvi-gi, however, \. 147, 195, ii. 64, ioi, 128, 151, joinsv. 14 :-- plur. acc. neut. hver-gi (quae-que): dual dat. sing, hvarnn-gi megin, on both sides (of a river), Grug. Kb. ii. 93: -- even in historical prose, því at hit næsta surnar gat hvergi ber á íslaiuii, the following:. ummer every nian gathered berries in Iceland (to make some kind ot wine), Bs. 1. 135, (or are we to read hvar-gi, everywhere ?). 2. with adverbs; hvert-ki (quociin-que modo), Grág. ii. 50; nivr-gi. when- ever (ubi-cunyue), i. 191; hvar-gi, wherever, 25, 166, 240, ii. 128, 212. B. In a negative sense, with a few pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and rarely in old poems with substantives: 1. witli nouns, in the pr. name Lopt-ki, an air. Aey., Ls. 19: with appellatives, þürf-gi, no need, an arr. \ey., Hkv. Hjörv. 39; freq. in mann-gi, no man, cp. Lat. nêmo, íb. (which is even used in mod. writers and poets; væt-ki, naught; vettu-gi (dat.) and vettcr-gis (gen.), Vsp.: with adjectives, ein-gi (q. v.), none, a common word; otherwise rare, sjálf-gi, 'self-not, ' i. e. not oneself, Ls. 29, an air. \fy.: with a dat. case of langr, þá löngu-gi, then not for a long time, Konr. (MS.): with pronouns, in the dual, hvarr-gi, neither, Lat. neuter, Grág. Kb. i. 46, ii. 93, 151; gen. hvárs-kis (netitrius), freq.; dat. hvarun- gi (jieulri), i. 215; hvarum-gi, ii. 63: neut. hvaru-gi, 216; hitt-ki, ne illud quidem. Urn. 21, 23; þat-ki, Hbl. 6; þat-ki at ek fá (not even that I get) mala minu falslausan, Mork. 83. 2. with adverbs, only in poetry or laws or very old prose; sva-gi. not so, Grág. Kb. ii. 99, Mork. 83; þá-gi, then not; þey-gi, though not, qs. þó-gi; æva-gi, never: again, hver-gi (q. v.), nowhere; ei-gi (q. v.), not; aldri-gi (q. v.), never; hvar-ki (q. v.), neither, are common words in prose and in speech. The negative -gi can never be suffixed to verbs (vide '-at, ' p. 2); therefore býð-gi, non jubeo (in Islands-vaka 61, a poem of the last century. Fél. i. 236), is a spurious imitation of the old idiom; neither can -at be put to nouns; ráð-at hann kuiini, Jónas 105, ought therefore to be ráð hann kunni-t, issue be knew not. C. In an indefinite sense; in a few instances -gi seems to be used almost like Latin quidem with a preceding negative: eigi miklo-gi miuiia, ne multo quidem minus, Ileiðar. S., Ísl. ii. 360; eigi storu-gi meiri, ne multo quidem majora, 386; engi miklo-gi görr... . nemo multo quidem plus ..., Grág. i. 209; cp. also the adverbs iillun-gis or oldun-gis, quite, altogether (allr, -gi); einun-gis, only, solely (einn, -gi). both formed from dat. sing.: the obsolete vil-gi (qs. vel-gi) is ambiguous, being used both in a nt-g. sense -- -not well, and posit. =-well, bene quidem, cp. Bs. i. 393, note; Hrn. 66, malun-gi, is doubtful; -- prob. þyrftig-at múlun-gi mat should be read, -at being taken not as a prep, but as a negative verbal suffix, and -gi as a positive suffix; Icel. now say, hann á ekki málungi matar, he does not know where to look for his next meal. igsf The negative -gi is peculiar to Scandin., and no traces of it are found in any Saxon nor German idioms; whereas, as a positive suffix, it is common to all Teutonic tongues, and remains in the Engl. many and any; ' many' being qs. man-y -- man-ever, ' homo-cunque, ' Goth, tnanags, and 'any' qs. ane-y = every-one; so also is the cf;' in Icel. margr and hvárigr, which are remnants -- the former of the positive, the latter of the negative -gi. gift, gifta, u, f. gift, vide gipt, gipta. GIKKR, m., pl. ir, [Dan. gjcek -- -jester] , a pert, rude person. COMPDS: gikks-hattr, m. pert manner. gikks-ligr, adj. pert, rude; the say- ing, hver sem glettist við gikkinn fær af honum hnykkinn, who meddles with a ' gik' will get a kick. GIL, n., gen. pl. gilja, dat. giljum, [Ghyll or Gill in North. E. and Scot., local names] :-- a deep narrow glen with a stream at bottom, like the Gr. ^apáSpa; brooks and tributary streams flowing through clefts in the fell side to the main river at the bottom of a vale are in Icel. called gil; very freq. in local names, Isfírðinga-gil, Branda-gil, Hauka-gil, Hrafna-gil, Hellra-gil, Gilj-á, þver-gil, vide Landn.; (a chasm without water or with stagnant water is not gil, but gja; also gljiifr, a deep chasm forming the bi. il of a river), Valla L. 223, Hrafn. 7, Eg. 766, Ld. 218, Krók. 64, Fms. vii. 149, passim. COMPDS: Gils-bakki, a, in., prop. Gill-bank, a local name, Landn., whence Gils-bekkingar, in. pl. the name of a family, Landn. gils-botn, m. n gill bottom, Sturl. i. 82, 84. gils- gjá, f. a chasm with a gill (rare), Grett. III. gils-bröm, f. the edge of a gill, Ld. 2r8, Dropl. 23, Grett. in. gilda, t, to be worth so and so. only in mod. usage, esp. in metaph. and impers. phrases, mig gildir cinu, / d') not mind: láttu þig einu g., never mind: hvað sem gildir, n t any price; hirt aldrei hvaö sem gildir, at hætta á, ósatt null, Pass. 13. 2. GILDI, n. [gjalda; UÍf. gild -- tribute, Luke xx. 22, Mark xii. 14; A. S. gilt!; Hei. geld; Frank, chalta; Germ, geld -- money; it remains in Old Fngl. weregild :-- payment, tribute; this sense is very rare, as gjald (q. v.) is the common word; chiefly used in compels, as nef-giltli, head-tax; baug-gildi, q. v.; skatt-gildi, a tax; skuld:i-giidi, / ay 7/itvi t of debts, Gr;ig. i. 302. 2. recompense; in the saying, æ sér til gildis gjof (mod. a: sor gjiit til gjalda), Hom. 146. 3. value; al-gildi, full-g. Vhalf-g., whole, full, half value; ið-gilði or i-gildi, equivalence; hon er karlmanus-igikli. J3. worth, value, esteem; the phrase, vera í !niklu, litlu, engu gildi, to be in great, small, no repute; án Drottins ráða er aðstoð maims í cngu ininsta gildi, Pass. i). 2: lYeq. in mod. usage, but rare in old writers, þegar ér komiy. t i giUii við hiifdingja eðr kierleika, Finnb. 266. II. a banquet, feast, [cp. Dan. gilde; so called from the fee paid?], Eg. 20 sqq., Edda 45' 57' ^'- '• 3^3' ^Þ'- J 7^' ^rcíl- 'u "'^ poems; the poetical mead is called Gauta g., Konnak; or gildi Grjótaldar, the cheer of the Giants; gefa lilfum gildi, to feast the wolves. Lex. Poët.; to this seems to belong the passage in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldi Æsir al'rað gjalda eðr skyldi goðin oil gikli eiga, where the eiga gildi means to hold a feast, with the notion of making a league or peaceful agreement, as opp. to gjalda afrað (q. v.), to pay tribute as a badge of submission. III. in a technical sense, a guild, throughout England and Scandinavia during the Middle Ages; the first guilds in Norway were instituted by king Olave (1066-1093),

200 GILDINGR -- GIRNA.

Ólafr konungr lét setja Mikla-gildi í Níðarósi, ok mörg önnur í kaupstöðum, en áðr vóru hvirfings-drykkjur (but before there were drinking-bouts), Fms. vi. 440: the guilds were secular brotherhoods or trades' unions (and often became political clubs); they assumed the names of saints or sacred things, as Kross-g., Cross-guild; Ólafs-g., St. Olave's guild (in Norway); Knuts-g., St. Canute's guild (in Denmark), and so on: in Icel. this sense rarely occurs, mælti at einhverr vildis-manna ætti at hefja gildit, Sturl. i. 20; ok var gildit at Ólafs messu hvert sumar, 23; cp. also gildis-fundr, m. a guild-meeting, mentioned in Sturl. i. 58; and gildis-bændr, m. pl. guild-franklins, guild-brothers, 23, (about the middle of the 12th century); but guilds never took root in Icel.: gildis-skáli, a, m. a guild-hall, Fms. viii. 160, ix. 22, D.N. passim: gildis-tíð, n. a guild-term, Fms. viii. 151. gildingr, m. a thing rated at its full worth, fully measured, Grág. ii. 357, 380: pride, pretension, án gildings, 655 xxvii. 2. gildir, m., in poetry a payer, contributor, Lex. Poët.: a feaster, poët. the wolf that feasts in blood: a guild-brother, öld Ólafs gilda (gen. pl.), the host of St. Olave's guild-brothers, Geisli 10; Hropts gildar, the champions of Odin, Hd. gild-leiki, a, m. strength, full size, Grett. 148: mod. stoutness. gild-liga, adv. stoutly, metaph. with a grand air, Korm. 60. gildna, að, to become stout. GILDR, adj., neut. gilt, [cp. gildi, gjalda; Swed., Dan., and Norse gild] :-- of full worth, full: 1. a trade term, of full measure, size, quality, and the like; gillt fé, Grág. i. 503; gildr skal tréskjöldr, ef, Gþl. 105, cp. 104; bolöxar gildar, N.G.L. i. 126; þeim manni er bæði hefir gildar (full-measured) álnar ok faðma, Grág. ii. 262; gild dagleið, Bs. ii. 2. valued at, with dat., gildr tveim mörkum, Grág. ii. 86; g. átta aurum, id.; svá gildr, id.; hversu þau sár eru gild, at how much those wounds are rated, N.G.L. i. 172; tví-gildr, hálf-g., al-g., of double, half, full worth. II. metaph. complete, absolute, great; g. konungr, Fms. ix. 69; g. höfðingi, xi. 18; gild húsfreyja, Glúm. 349; gildr maðr, Eg. 182; flestir enir gildari menn (honoratiores), Ld. 106; Hallfreyðr var þá sem gildastr, H. was then at his best, Fs. 100; á gildasta aldri, id., Stj. 230: so of things, honum var þat gildr þykkr, a great shock, Ísl. ii. 321; með gildum sóma, with great fame, Fms. xi. 18; gild hefnd, Ísl. ii. 116; gild ferð, a famous journey, Fas. ii. 513. III. in mod. usage, stout, brawny, cp. Grett. 148; Icel. now say gildr of a man, digr of things; but in compds, mittis-digr, not mittis-gildr; to use digr and digrask (q.v.) for gildr and gildna is now thought rude; but in olden times only digr was used in that sense, e.g. Ólafr Digri, Þorbjörg Digra (a lady); the passage referred to, Grett. 148, comes near the mod. sense of that word, but is not to be so understood. GILDRA, u, f. a trap, Gþl. 445. Niðrst. 3; sem melrakki í gildru, 4; vide knatt-gildra: gildru-merki, n. a trap mark, Gþl. 444: metaph., Fms. i. 221, ii. 48, vi. 145, Mar. 506. gildra, að, to trap, Gþl. 444: metaph. to contrive, g. til e-s, ef maðr gildrar til þess at vápn skuli sjálf falla á menn, Grág. ii. 117, Fms. ii. 294, vii. 202; g. til veiða, viii. 63, 80; g. svá til, at..., to contrive so, that..., Stj. 451, Þiðr. 242, Róm. 257. gildri, n. the laying a trap, N.G.L. i. 341, 379. gildri, n. = gildi, [Ulf. gilstr, Róm. xiii. 6; O.H.G. gelstar] , payment, Grág. Kb. ii. 204. gilja, að, [Ulf. gailjan = GREEK; Swed. gilja], to beguile a woman, Grett. 161, Krók. 64 (a pun), Bs. i. 238. Gilli, a, m. [Gael. gillie = a servant], only in Irish pr. names, Fms., Landn. gil-maðr, m. a libertine, Blanda. GIM, n. [in A.S. gim is masc., and so it seems to be used in Vkv. 5; A.S. gim from Lat. gemma] :-- in poetry a gem, a jewel; the sun is called fagr-gim, the fair gem; gims gerðr, a lady, Lex. Poët. 2. in poets metaph. fire, Edda (Gl.): never used in prose. Gimli, a heavenly abode, sal sá hón standa sólu fegra gulli þakðan á Gimli, Vsp. 63; it occurs only there, whence it came into Edda 12; even the gender is uncertain, whether n. or perhaps better dat. of a masc. gimill = himill = himin, n. heaven. gim-steinn, m. a 'gem-stone,' a jewel, Edda 147, Greg. 27, Fms. i. 15, vi. 3, Stj. 191, 254; a name of a poem: gim-steinaðr, part. set with gems, Karl. 284. GIN, n. [A.S. gin], the mouth (Germ. rachen) of beasts, Edda 42, Al. 37, Fms. vi. 165; ulfs-gin, Bs. i. (in a verse), passim. COMPDS: gin-faxi, a, m. a magical character, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446. gin-fjara, u, f. a very low ebb. gin-kefli, a, m. a mouth-piece, a gag, put in the mouth of animals, Fas. iii. 314. gin-keyptr, adj., in the phrase, vera ginkeyptr eptir e-u, to be eager for a thing, prop, open-mouthed as a fish for bait. gin-klofi, a, m., medic. spasmus cynicus, Fél. gin-ljótr, adj. with a hideous mouth. gingi-brauð, n. ginger-bread, H.E. ii. 91. gin-hafri, a, m. a kind of oats, Edda (Gl.) ginn, ginnr, or ginnir, m. a juggler, jester, Fms. vi. 295, viii. 307 (in a verse). II. a magical character, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446. GINN-, or perhaps better gínn-, [cp. A.S. gin or ginn = vast, wide; it seems however better to derive it from the verb beginnan, Engl. begin, a word used in all Teutonic languages, except the old Scandinavian tongue, where it is unknown, unless in this mythological prefix] :-- only used as a prefix: I. in old mythol. words, great, holy: ginn-heilög (adj. pl.) goð, the most holy gods, the supreme gods, as opposed to Asir and Vanir, the lower gods, Vsp. passim: ginn-regin, n. pl. 'magna numina,' Hm. 143, Haustl. 13, in the same sense as ginnheilög goð in Vsp.; in Hým. 4 opp. to tívar (dii); in Alm. goð and ginnregin are distinguished, cp. also Hm. 79: ginnungar, m. pl., seems used in the same sense as ginnregin, whence Ginnunga-gap, n. chaos, the formless void, in which abode the supreme powers, before the creation, Edda, Vsp.: later, in the 11th century, the sea between Greenland and America was called Ginnunga-gap, A.A. 295: Ginnunga-himin, m. of the heavenly vault of Ginnunga-gap, Edda 5: Ginnunga-vé, n. pl. the holy places of the Ginnungar, the universe, Haustl. 15: Ginnarr (Ginnir), m., is a name of Odin, prop. = aetherius, and also used of the eagle, the falcon. II. in an intensive sense only in poets; ginn-viti, a, m. a large fire, Sighvat; perhaps also we may read, Vkv. 5, ginn-fasti, a, m. a great fire in a smithy, for gim fasti. GINNA, t, to dupe, fool one, Nj. 225, 263, Band. 5, 27, 69, Fms. vi. 205, Edda 36; g. e-t af e-m, Fms. iii. 98; g. e-n at sér, to fall out with one, Vápn. 7 :-- to intoxicate, lát af at drekka vín, svá at þú gerir þik ginnta, Stj. 428; ferr þessi maðr í tavernis hús, ok ferr eigi fyrr burt en hann er ginntr, Mar.; drykkja var þar óstjórnleg, svá at þeir urðu allir ginntir, Bárð. 26 new Ed.: intoxicating, of liquor, hennar vatn er svá ginnt ok galit, Stj. 84. ginning, f. imposture, fraud, Fms. vi. 205, Ld. 322, Stj. 267: ginningar-fífl, m. a fool, one who runs a fool's errand, Nj. 160; Gylfa-ginning, the Fooling of Gylfi, a part of the Edda, vide Edda Ub. the beginning. ginnungr, m. a juggler, jester, Fs. 87, Edda (Gl.) GIPT, gift, f. [gefa], a gift, 656 C. 12, Greg. 37, Hom. 62; Heilags Anda gipt, 625. 30, 655 A. 13. 3: a gift of nature, endowment, Fms. x. 314, Eluc. 27, Edda 144 (pref.): income, N.G.L. i. 345, 347: a wedding, A.S. gifta, giptar-gáfa, u, f. a wedding gift, D.N.: giptar-jörð, f. a dowry farm, N.G.L. i. 356: giptar-kveld, n. a wedding eve, cp. brúðgjöf and bekkiargjöf, N.G.L. i. 356: giptar-mál, n. [Dan. givtermaal], a marriage, D.N.: giptar-orð, n. marriage, El. 10: giptar-vitni, n. a wedding witness, N.G.L. i. 356. gipta, u, f. [A.S. gifeðe = fatum, Beowulf], good luck, Ld. 104, Nj. 17, Fms. vi. 299, Fs. 27, 97, Stj. 198, passim; cp. auðna, hamingja. COMPDS: giptu-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 142. giptu-fátt, n. adj. luckless, Fær. 154. giptu-liga, adv. happily, boding good luck, Fms. iii. 174, Fas. ii. 429. giptu-ligr, adj. lucky, auspicious, Fms. vi. 9. giptu-maðr, m. a lucky man, Grett. 163, Fms. vi. 274, Fs. 43, 80. giptu-munr, m. the turn of the scale, the crisis of one's luck, Fas. iii. 312. giptu-ráð, n. a good, auspicious match, Vigl. 23. giptu-samliga, adv. auspiciously, Fms. i. 214, Sturl. ii. 78. giptu-samligr, adj. = giptuligr, Fms. x. 31. giptu-skortr, m. bad luck, Fær. 265. giptu-tómr, adj. luckless, Al. 95. giptu-vænligr, adj. promising good luck, auspicious, of a man, Njarð. 344, Fs. 10. II. marriage (rare); giptu-mál, n. a marriage, Landn. 110 (v.l. in the MS. Melabók). gipta, t, to give a woman in marriage; fyrr skulu grónir grautar&dash-uncertain;dílarnir á hálsi þér, en ek muna gipta þér systur mína, Eb. 210; gipti Höskuldr Gró systur sina, Ld. 24, Nj. 17, Eg. 5, Rm. 20, 37, passim. II. reflex, to marry, of both man and wife; in old writers the man 'kvángask,' i.e. takes a wife, the woman is 'gipt,' i.e. given away, Fms. ix. 269, Ld. 128 passim; in the course of time the primitive sense of the word was lost, and it came to mean to marry: the saying, það grær áðr en þú giptist, i.e. never mind, it will be healed before thou marriest, addressed to a boy or girl about to cry for a slight hurt. gipting, f. marriage, in old writers only of a woman, Js. 63, Fms. ix. 269. COMPDS: giptingar-dagr, m. a wedding day, Gþl. 221. giptingar-maðr, m. one who gives away (parent, warder), Gþl. 212, 215, 229. giptingar-orð, n. = gjaforð, marriage, Fms. x. 87. giptingar-veð, n. wedding-security, i.e. for the dowry, N.G.L. ii. 304. giptingar-vitni, n. a wedding witness, N.G.L. ii. 305. II. in mod. usage marriage, applying both to man and wife, passim, and in many compds. GIRÐA, ð, mod. t, older form gerða, [Ulf. gairdan = GREEK] :-- to fence, Fms. x. 211, Grett. 168, Grág. ii. 263; cp. gyrða, which means to tie up, gird. girði, n. materials for fencing, Jb. 100: wood for making hoops. girðing, f. fencing, Fms. x. 212: mod. fences. Girkir, m. pl. the Greeks; Girkland, n. Greece, mod. Grikkir, Grikkland. GIRNA, d, [Ulf. gairnjan = GREEK; A.S. girnan; Engl. to yearn], to desire, in act. used impers., e-n (acc.) girnir til e-s, 655 xxxviii. 11; cp. fýsa. II. reflex. girnask, to desire (personally), Stj. passim, Sks. 105, 623. 21. Fs. 4: absol., Fms. i. 262, Sks, 152, Band. 3, Bs. 1. 691, v.l.

GIRND -- GJALL. 201

girnd, f. desire, lust, Fms. ii. 238, x. 373, passim. COMPDS: girndar- augu, n. pl. eyes of lust, 623. 23, 811. 54, 125. girndar-bruni, -eldr, -logi, a, m. the burning (fire, flame) of lust, i. e. ardent hist, Greg. 60, Vígl. 22. girndar-grafar, f. pl., Stj. 324, rendering of ' Kibroth- hattaavah, 'Numb, xi-34. girndar-hugr, m. amour, Stj. 7. girndar- ráð, n. a (/oo li s h) love match, Ld. 128, Fms. iv. 194; veil ek at báðurn er þetta girndarráð, ye are both mad with love, Nj. 49; vide fy'sn. girni, f. = girnd, [Ulf. gairnei] , yearning, desire, esp. in compds, met- orða-g., drottnunar-g., ambition; fe-g., avarice; heipt-g., spite; a-girni, q. v.; sin-g., selfishness; eigin-g., id. girni-liga, adv. desirably, Th. 75. girni-ligr, adj. desirable, to be coveted, Sks. 499; girnilegt til fróð- leiks, Gen. iii. 6, passim, Fms. v. 259 (pleasant, engaging). Girskr, adj. Greek, Skálda 160, Greg. 75, K. þ. K. 74, Fms. vi. passim; mod. Griskr: Girska, u, f. the Greek language, Stj. 70, Fms. vii. 96, Skálda 160 passim. II. = Gerzkr, i. e. from Garðar, Russian, passim. GISINN, part. [Swed. gisten; Scot, and North. E. geizened~\, leaky, of tubs, wooden vessels, freq. in mod. usage. gisna, að, [Swed. gistna] , to become leaky (gisinn). GISTA, t, [gestr], to pass the night; g. at e-s (etc.), Eb. 222, Nj. 15, 74, Ld. 130, Al. 40, Fs. 138: with acc. of the host, g. e-n, to spend a night with one, N. G. L. i. 51, 623. 14. gis-tenntr, part, with teeth far apart, not closed. gisting, f. a passing the night as a guest at a place, or the place in which one stays, night quarters, Eg. 37, Nj. 258, Ld. 46, F. b. 266, Sturl. i. 74, Grdg. i. 91, Ísl. ii. lo, Grett. 149 new Ed., Fbr. 14, Lv. 92, passim. COMPDS: gistingar-ból, n. = gistingarstaðr, Fbr. 55 new Ed. gist- îngar-staðr, m. night quarters, Ísl. ii. 23, 25, 343, Bs. i. 140, Fms. viii. 66, passim. gizka, að, to guess; g. á e-ð, to guess at a thing; a-gizkan, a guess. gizki, a, m. a kind of kerchief (of goal-skin 9); hón horfði upp í fjallit ok veifði gi/, ka eðr dúki, Fs. 59; síðau veifði hann gizka til fjalls ok tók þá af veðrit, 78 :-- mod. a scarecrow. II. an island in Nor- way, Fms. GÍFR, n. pl. [A. S. gîfre = rapacious, used as an epithet of the devil, wildfire, etc., and as noun, a glutton, vide Grein] :-- witches, fiends, -- Germ, unhold, Vsp. 52, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; freq. in poetry, al-gifri, pande- monium, Rragi; gifrs grand, ' witch-bane' = the god Thor, Eb. (in a verse); wolves are gifrs hestar, 'witch-horses, ' Jd., and hræ-gífr, carrion beasts, Gkv. 2. 29, Lex. Poët.: the simple word is never used in prose, but in compds; it however remains in prose in the following adv. gífr-liga, adv. savagely; láta gifrliga, Sturl. ii. 238, Fas. ii. 424 (of a dog): mod. exorbitantly. gífr-ligr, adj., prop, savage: mod. immoderate, exorbitant. GÍGJA, u, f. [Germ, geige; mid. H. G. gtge; old Fr. gigue; and t o jig in Scot, means to play the fiddle, while in Engl. a jig is a lively d a n c e] :-- a fiddle, Stj. 181, Hkr. ii. 136, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 25, Fms. vii. 97 (in a verse); this instrument was known at an early age, as a lawyer in Icel. in the first part of the loth century was called gigja, prob. because of his eloquent pleading or his clear voice, Nj., Landn. gígjari, a, m. a fiddler, Hkr. i. 30. gíma, u, f. a vast opening, F'b. i. 210; in mod. usage also gimald, n. id. GÍNA., pret. gein, pl. ginu; pres. gin (Edda 101); sup. ginit; in old poems a weak pret. gínði also occurs, Amur, Orkn. 90; pl. gindu, Geisli 29, Fms. iii. 4 (in a verse); [A. S. gînan; Engl. to yawn; Germ. tfä hníw; Or. x*"'"w] :-- to gape, yawn, esp. of wild beasts; ginandi lilfr, Hrn. 84; hann brá líndúk um hödduna ok gein yfir, Fms. i. 36: of wounds, en er gína tóku súr hans, Bjarn. 10; gína við agni, to snap at the bait, Hyni'. 22; gína við fiugu, to snap at a fly; þóttisk Sigmundr mi yfir flugu ginit hafa, Ísl. ii. 25; Miðgorðs-ormr gein yfir oxa-hüfuðit, Edda 36; vide fluga. GÍSL, m. [A. S. gîsel; lost in Engl.; Germ, geissel; Swed. gislan; Dan. gidsel; to be distinguished from geisl; mod. Germ, and Dan. con- found the two forms, one of which has ei and the other î as root vowel; mid. H. G. retained a distinction] :-- a hostage, Ls. 39, Fms. v. 171, ix. 359, passim. II. a king's officer, a bailiff; gisl keisarans, Fms. i. 151, cp. Bs. i. 9, i. e. of the German emperor :-- a warder, watchman, þeir höfðu sett til gisla at gæta hans (of a prisoner), Fms. viii. 23; konungr lagði íe til höfuðs honum ok setti hvervetna fyrir hann gisla (viz. to catch him) hvar sem hann kynni fram at koma, vi. 16 :-- this sense is very rare, and in Icel. never occurs except in metaph. phrases. III. a pr. name, Gisl and Gisli; in many compds, þor-gísl, Spá-gísl, Auð-gísl, Her-gísl, but usually by metathesis -gils, e. g. þor-gils, etc. gísla, að, to give as hostage, Fxlda 15, Fms. ix. 447, N. G. L. i. 103; menn höfðu gíslat Kniiti konungi sonu sína, Hkr. ii. 385; haim hafði verit gíslaðr (taken as hostage) af Skota-konungi, Orkn. 418 old Ed.; gilstir*=gíslaðir, N. G. L. i. 103; gisla ser land, to take possession of the land as a hostage, Fagrsk. 158. gíslar, f. pl. sur eties, securities; hann tók gislar af honum ok bondum, Eg- 589; hann tók gislir (v. 1. gislar, gisla) af bóndum, Fms. ix. 313, 409, passim; gisla (tlje persons) and gislar (the things) are often used indiscriminately. II. metaph. security, guafd, in the phrase, setja gislar fyrir, to guard, secure (vide gisl II); Hjalti bað hann gæta sin, ok setja þær gislar fyrir sem honum þætti vænst at þeim mundi duga, Sturl. iii. 7; þá var svá gislum skipat fyrir at á Heiðmörk vóru áttján skip í Mjörs, Fms. viii. 45. gísling, f. hostage, Gþl. 81, Fms. ii. 43, vi. 240, ix. 447, passim: guard, setja gislingar fyrir = to guard (vide gislar); setti þórir þá gíslingar fyrir Gretti (an outlaw) hvar hann kæmi fram, Grett. 139 C: in the old Swed. law gislunga-lagh = the section of law respecting bail and mainprise, Vercl. gjafar-, vide gjöf. gjafari, a, m. a giver, K. Á. 76. gjaf-erfð, f. a bequest, Fms. vii. 124, N. G. L. i. 50. gjaf-falr, adj. to be had for a trifle, Fms. vii. 124. gjaf-göltr, m. a fat bog, Gþl. 396. gjaf-laust, n. adj. 'gift-less, ' without gift, Sturl. ii. 145, Fms. vii. 106. gjaf-lendingar, m. pl. feudatories, Fms. viii. 244. gjaf-lyndi, n. open-handedness, Fms. v. 188. gjaf-mildi, f. liberality, THom. 6 (Ed.) gjaf-mildr, adj. open-handed, Karl. 170. gjaf-orð, n. a match, of a woman to be married, Fr. parlie, Eg. 36, 598, Nj. 38, Fms. i. 298, Lv. 38, Aim. 6, passim. gjaf-stóll, n., poet, a throne, Lex. Poët., cp. A. S. gifstol. gjaf-vaxta, adj. (a maid) grown up, of marriageable age to be given away, Grett. 118. gjaf-vinr, m. an open-handed friend, benefactor, Fbr. 204, Sturl. i. 89. gjald, n. [vide gildi]: I. sing, tribute, payment; því er gjöf gj:ildi betri, at..., N. G. L. i. 54; gjatd þat er Finnar skyldu reiða, Eg. 67; seint gengr gjaldit, Fms. iv. 329; þá héldu bændr gjaldinu, they kept back the payment, vii. 302; beiddi nokkurra fresta um gjaldit, viii. 174; hann lagði gjald á borgina, Ó. H. 22. II. usually in pl.; hann tók stór gjold af sumum, Fms. i. 28; til gjaida ok til lit- göngu, payment, Grág. i. 184; ly'sti hann til gjalda ok útgrcizlu, Nj. 15; stefna til tveðra gjalda, double payment, i. e. double the value, Grág. ii. 188; gjalda einum gjoldum, the actualvalue, 132; fullum gjöldum, 0. H. 86: a fine, maðr á at taka gjold um konu, Grág. i. 278; manu-gjold, were- gild. 2. metaph. retribution; Drottinn syndi liver gjold koma munu fyrir ofstopa, 655 xxi. 3: rarely in sing., ella mun þér gjald at verða, tbou shalt pay dear for it, Nj. 126 :-- freq. in eccl. use, synda-gjold, ill- verka-gjold, Pass. 32. 11: so in the phrase, góðra gjalda vert, ef..., i. e. one must even be thankful, if not, . .; ok góðra gjalda vert ef ekki eru drepnir sumir, Sturl. iii. 266 :-- reward, compensation, in a good sense, æ sér gjöf til gjalda, gift calls for gift, Gísl. GJALDA, pret. gait, 2nd pers. gait, mod. galzt; pl. guldu; pres, geld: pret. subj. gyldi; imperat. gjalt or gjald þú; sup. pret. goldit, goldinn; with neg. suff. gjald-attu; [Ulf. us-gildan = åiroSidóvai; A. S. gyldan; Engl. yield; O. H. G. geltan; old Fr. ielda; Germ, gelten; Dan. gjelde; Swed. gälld] :-- to pay money, pay a fee, duty, or the like, the person in dat., the money in acc., Grág. i. 87, 408, passim, Fær. 120, Fms. iv. 346, xi. 81, Nj. 58, K. Þ. K. 162, passim :-- to yield, repay, re- turn, g. gjüf við gjöf, Hm. 42j gjaldið engum íllt móti illu, Róm. xii. I 7; sakir þær er ek á at g. Olafi, 0. H. 213; sögðu, at þeim var sin óhamingja miklu illu goldin, 232; skal ek g. þeim svá útrúleik sinn, 58 :-- þér eigit at g. aptr (to restore) sendimenn hans manngjoldum, Eg. 575: -- g. leiðangr, to yield a levy, Fms. viii. 173. II. metaph. to yield or yield up, deliver; pa guldu þeir Guði andir sínar, thevyielded up their souls to God, Blas. 36; gjalt mik lærifcðrum inínum, 656 B. 5; væri hann þá andaðr goldinn sínum borgar-münnum, 10. p. so in the phrases, g. skynsemi við e-u, to give (yield) reason for, Skálda 205, Sks. 787, Johann. 28; g. samkvæði, to yield, give consent to, Fms. v. 70, Nj. 233; also to vote for, Grág. i. 2, 43; g. varúð, varhuga, við e-n, t o be on one's guard against, beware of, Ísl. ii. 369, Fms. ii. 166, vi. 42, Hkr. i. 50; g. e-m fjandskap, to shew ill-will towards, Ld. 134; g. öfund, Ls. 12. 2. with gen. ellipt., the fine being understood, to pay for, suffer on account of; ok munu margir þess g., Nj. 2: njóta e-s denotes to profit, gjalda e-s to suffer on account of another; þar munuð þit min gjalda, Vígl. 28; sú harnia-bylgjan djúpa, gékk yfir þig þá galztu mín, Pass. 41. 4; svá mun ok vera, segir Njáll, ef þú geldr eigi annarra at, Nj. 147; Helga (gen.) hefir þú goldit at í þessu, Fas. i. 28; hugði, at hann mundi þess viðar koma at hann mundi njóta föður sins en gjalda, Gísl. 73; heldr geldr Leifr fm'mdar en nytr frá mér, Fms. ii. 116; gcldr at nybreytni (gen.) konungs ok þessa ens nyja siðar, i. e. it is a just punishment for the innovation of the king and the new creed, Ld. 168; konungr sagði, at lion skyldi eigi gjalda frá honum tiltækja föður sins, Fms. ix. 477: part, gjaldandi, a payer, Grág. i. 394. gjald-dagi, a, m. pay-day, Grág. i. 199, ii. 235. gjald-fang, n. payments, equivalents, Sturl. i. 182. gjald-gengr, adj. taken in payment, Grág. i. 502, Fms. v. 346. gjald-keri or gjald-kyri, a, m. the king's rent-master or steward, N. G. L. i. 311, 335, Fms. vi. 12, Grett. 158 A, Jb. 173, Orkn. 204 :-- mod. a treasurer: the word is prob. of foreign origin. GJALL, n, cinders from a smith's furnacc.

202 GJALLA -- GLAÐLIGR.

GJALLA, pret. gall, pl. gullu; pres. gell, pl. gjalla; pret. subj. gylli; sup. gollit; mod. infin. gella; [A. S. giellan; Engl. yell; Dan. gjalde; Swed. gälla] :-- to yell :-- of birds of prey, to scream, shriek, hrafnar tveir ok gullu hátt, Fms. i. 131; ernir gjalla hátt, Sighvat; fuglar sýngja, gjalla eðr klaka, Skálda 170: of a bull, to bellow, Fb. i. 545: of things, as of a bow-string, to twang, strengr gellr, Fbr. 206; strengir gullu, Arnór; gjallandi geir, Eg. (in a verse): of a man, to yell, shout, hann stökk þá upp ok gall við, Fms. vii. 171: mod. to shout out (in reply), hún er gipt dóna fyrir austan, gall einhver við af Neðri-bekkingum, Piltr og Stúlka, p. 73: of an echo, to ring, svá gall í hverjum hamri, Fms. ix. 513, v.l.; so of a blacksmith's hammer, Eg. (in a verse). gjallr, adj., also spelt gallr, ringing, poët. epithet of gold, a shield, weapon, horn, Fs. 111 (in a verse), Vsp. 42, Haustl. 1, Fm. 9, 20; gallir geirar, Ó. H. 23: of a person weeping, Skv. 3. 33: as the word is rare and obsolete, esp. in the form gallr, transcribers and editors have in some passages wrongly put the well-known gamlir (old) where that word yields no sense, as in Vsp. l.c., Ó. H. l.c. 2. as subst., the sea, a sword, shield are called gjallr, the resounding, Edda (Gl.) gjalti, vide göltr. gjarða, u, f. a hood, Edda (Gl.) gjarðari, a, m. a cooper, N. G. L. iii. 2, 10. GJARN, adj., compar. gjarnari; superl. gjarnastr; [Ulf. gairns, only once; A. S. georn; Germ. gern; lost as adj. both in Dan. and Swed.; cp. gerr above, which is only used in a limited sense] :-- eager, willing, Fms. iv. 81, Dropl. 19; a saying, gjörn er hönd á venju, Grett. 130: with gen., gjarn e-s, 656 C. 24, passim; used in a great many poët. compds, but also freq. in prose, as in góð-g., gentle; íll-g., malevolent; öfund-g., envious; metorða-g., ambitions; væru-g., loving rest; á-gjarn, avaricious; fé-gjarn, covetous; sín-g. and eigin-g., selfish; óbil-g., unyielding; nám-g., eager for learning; háð-g., scoffing; ó-gjarn, unwilling; sátt-gjarn, peaceful; vide Lex. Poët. p. 246. gjarna, mod. gjarnan, adv. willingly, Nj. 57, Lv. 20, Eg. 234, Fms. i. 79, Ísl. ii. 441, Bret. 34, Sks. 241, Orkn. 158. gjarnliga, adv. willingly, Bs. i. 355. gjarn-samliga, adv. = gjarnliga, Sks. 221. GJÁ, f., gen. gjár, acc. and dat. gjá; pl. gjár, gen. gjá, dat. gjám, mod. gjáar; [a Scandin. word, akin to gína; found in the north of Scotland in the form geo, geow: cp. Gr. GREEK] :-- a chasm, rift, in fells or crags; hrinda þeim fyrir björg eðr í gjár, Fms. ii. 238; til þess er hann kemr at gjá einni, en sú gjá gengr um eyna þvera, fyrir annan enda gjárinnar, hinu-megin gjárinnar, yfir gjána, etc., Fær. 170, 171; kasta hringinum í gjár eða vötn, Bs. i. 329; milli gjá ok gljúfra, Stj. 90; at enni efri gjánni, Nj. 224: also freq. in local names, Ahnanna-gjá, the famous rift in Thingvalla, Nj. 113, 246, 247, Sturl. i. 206, Landn. 312, v.l.; Hrafna-gjá, Brímils-gjá, Kötlu-gjá; it often denotes a rift with a tarn or pool at bottom, whereas gil is a rift with running water. COMPDS: gjár-bakki, a, m. a rift brink (that of the Almanna-gjá), Nj. 224. gjár-barmr, m. the edge of a geow, Fas. iii. 414. gjár-munni, a, m. the mouth of a geow, Fas. iii. 415. gjár-skúti, a, m. a geow-nook, Bárð. 166. gjá-hamarr, m. the upper wall of the Almanna-gjá, Grág. i. 26. GJÁLFR, m., gen. rs, poët. the din of the sea, the swelling waves, Sks. 148 :-- the sea, freq. in poëtry and in poët. compds, vide Lex. Poët.; in prose Icel. say, orða-gjálfr, 'word-din' empty sounding wards, flood of phrases. gjálfr-ligr, gjálfr-samr, gjálfrugr, adj. noisy, roaring, Sks. 192. Ships are gjálfr-dýr, gjálfr-marar, gjálfr-stóð, steeds of the sea, Lex. Poët. gjálfra, að, to roar, of the sea: to chatter. gjálgrun, f. [cp. gjelg = din, Ivar Aasen], idle talk, prating, Ísl. ii. 139. gjá-lífi, n. = gjólífi. Gjálp, f. [A. S. gealp; Hel. gelp; Engl. yelp], Yelper, name of a giantess, Edda; from gjálpa, að, to yelp. gjár, yesterday, vide gær. GJÓ, f. [cp. Engl. gay], enjoyment, esp. in a bad sense, sensuality, Sks. 435. COMPDS: gjó-lífi, n. a 'gay,' i.e. vain, life; g. eðr ofdrykkjur, Fms. viii. 106 (v.l.), Stj. 161. gjólífis-menn, m. pl. vain persons, Fms. viii. 238, v.l. gjó-menn, n. pl. id., Sks. 366; in mod. usage gjá-lífi, n. (and gjá-lífr, adj.), a life of pleasure, a gay, idle life, Vídal., Pass. 4. 10. GJÓÐR, m. [gjo, Ivar Aasen], (a bird, falco haliaetus, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 316, Róm. 382, Þiðr. 93. gjóla, u, f. a gust of wind. GJÓSA, pret. gauss, mod. gaus, pl. gusu; pres. gýss, mod. gýs; pret. subj. gysi; part. gosinn: [a Scandin. word not found in Saxon nor Germ., cp. Engl. gush] :-- to gush, break out, of a furnace, volcano, or the like; þar gauss upp stundum eldr, Nj. 204; hann sá eld mikinn g. upp, Grett. 96; gauss ór honum spýja (a vomit) mikil, Eg. 216; froða gaus ór kjapti þeim, Fas. i. 425; svá sem þar gjósi upp svartr reykr, Sks. 203; gaus upp grátr, Róm. 234. gjósta, u, f. a gust, Edda 99, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse). gjós-æðr, f. a 'gush-vein,' an artery, Sturl. iii. 97. GJÓTA, pret, gaut, pl. gutu; pres. gýtr; pret. subj. gyti; part. gotinn;, [Ulf. gjutan; A. S. geôtan; O. H. G. giuzan; Germ. giessen; Dan. gyde; Swed. giuta = to cast (of metal), but this sense is not found in the Icel.] :-- to drop, throw, cast one's young, with dat.; Icel. say kefla or kelfa (kálfr), of a cow, whale, deer; kasta, of a mare; kæpa, of a seal (kópr, a young seal;) hrygna, of a fish; gjóta, of a cat, dog, fox, mouse, and of a fish, to spawn; whence gota, spawn; got-rauf, q.v.; þá gjóta þeir hrognum sínum, Sks. 46; nýgotinn hvolpr, a new-dropped cub (dog, kitten). 2. in the phrase, gjóta augum, to twinkle, Fas. iii. 497; gjóta hornauga, to look askant. -- That gjóta was originally used in a nobler sense maybe inferred from the fact that the names of two Teutonic people, the Gautar (Gauts) and Gotar (Goths, = the born, Lat. nati) are in all likelihood derived from the same root. gjóta, u, f. [Dan. gyde], a narrow lane. GJÖF, f., gen. gjafar, pl. gjafar, later gjafir; dat. gjöfum: [Ulf. giba; A. S. gifu, geofu; Engl. gift; Germ. gabe, whence mod. Swed. gåfua, Dan. gave, and Icel. gáfa] :-- a gift, Nj. 7, 163, Eg. 33, Fms. i. 296, iv. 105, x. 47, Bs. i. 76, 143, N. G. L. i. 8, passim: in mod. usage Icel. distinguish between gjöf and gáfa, using the latter of the gifts of nature, gifts of mind, cleverness, but gjöf in a material sense. The ancients were fond of exchanging gifts, which were either a part of hospitality or tokens of friendship; the former were munificent, the latter might be small, Hm. 51: at a feast (wedding, funeral, or the like) the host used to make gifts to all his more honoured guests at departure; the technical phrase for this was, leysa menn út með gjöfum, to dismiss with gifts; vóru allir menn með gjöfum brott leystir; hence útlausnir, departure from a feast, Sturl. iii. 268: a departing friend or visitor had to be dismissed with a gift (kynnis-gjöf, Fms. vi. 358). The gifts consisted chiefly of weapons and costly clothes; but favourite gifts were a steed (Bjarn. 55, 58) or oxen of a fine breed (Sturl. i. 106), hawks, tents, sails, white bears (Ó. H. ch. 114, Fms. vi. ch. 72-75, 100, Hung. ch. 2), in short anything that was rare and costly, görsimi, metfé. Again, friends had to exchange gifts, so as to cement their friendship, cp. Hávamál passim, -- vápnum ok váðum skulu vinir gleðjask; gefendr ok endrgefendr erusk lengst vinir, 40; gjalda gjöf við gjöf, 41; geði skaltú við hann (viz. the friend) blanda ok gjöfum skipta, 43; glík skulu gjöld gjöfum, 45; sýtir æ glöggr við gjöfum, 47. Gifts were obligatory, and were a token of grace and goodwill on the part of giver and receiver. A gift when received was called the 'nautr' of the giver, e.g. a ring or sword presented by a king was konungs-nautr. The instances in the Sagas are very many, e.g. Eg. ch. 36, 81, Ld. ch. 7, 27, 43, 45, Sturl. passim, Glúm. ch. 6, 25, Vápn. p. 19, Hrafn. 23, Lv. ch. 14, 15, Ó. H. ch. 114, Har. S. Gilla ch. 16, Hung. ch. 13, 17, Páls. S. ch. 16, and last, not least, the curious Gautr. S.; the remark of Tacit. Germ. ch. 21, gaudent muneribus, sed nec data imputant nec acceptis obligantur, is only partly true; ást-gjafar, love-gifts; vin-gjafar, friend-gifts, cp. Gr. GREEK, Ó. H. 125; hefndar-gjöf, a fatal gift; Jóla-gjöf, a Yule present, Eg. ch. 70; sumar-gjafir, summer-gifts, on the day when summer begins. COMPDS: gjafa-laust, n. adj. dismissed without gifts, Nj. 167, Fms. vii. 106, Sturl. iii. 268. gjafa-leysi, n. scanty gifts, Fms. v. 188. gjafa-skipti and gjafa-víxl, n. exchange of gifts, Gísl. 13, 96, Bs. i. 82 :-- in a technical sense, brúð-gjöf (q.v.), bekkjar-gjöf (q.v.), morgun-gjöf, a bride-gift, bench-gift, morning-gift, cp. N. G. L. i. 27, 29, 51, passim: til-gjöf, a dowry, -- all referring to a wedding: með-gjöf -- fúlga, q.v.; á-gjöf, q.v.; milli-gjöf, discount; líf-gjöf, pardon; ofaní-gjöf, rebuke: Icel. also give the name to foddering, setja á gjöf, hence gjafar-mál, n. foddering hour, Gþl. 442. gjöfull, adj., pl. gjöflir, munificent, Eg. 42, Fms. v. 240, Bs. i. 61: with gen., g. síns fjár, Hm. 38; stór-gjöfull, q.v. GJÖGR, f. a cleft, rift; gljúfr ok gjögrar, Bs. i. 200; rare, but still existing as the local name of a fishing-place in north-western Icel., (Gjögr, or á Gjögri), used as neut. gjögra, að, to reel, stagger (now skjögra), Fas. ii. 550 (in a verse). GJÖLL, f. [vide gjalla], din, alarum (poët.) COMPDS: Gjallar-brú, n. the bridge leading to Hel, vide Edda. Gjallar-horn, n. the horn of Heimdal, Edda, Vsp. GJÖLNAR, f. pl. [Engl. gills; Dan. gjæller; Swed. gäl] :-- the gills of a fish, Edda (Gl.); elsewhere rare, tálkn (q.v.) being the common word. gjölnir, in. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.) GJÖRÐ, f., pl. gjarðar, mod. gjarðir, [Ulf. gairda = GREEK; Engl. girth, girdle; Dan. gjord] :-- a girdle, Ísl. ii. 340, Sks. 403, freq.; söðul-g., a saddle-girth; megin-g., main girdle, the belt of Thor, vide Edda: poët. the sea is called jarðar-g., earth-girdle :-- a hoop on tubs, botn-g., a bottom hoop :-- a kind of lady's head-gear, in western Icel. a kerchief wrapped round the head. glaða, að, = gleðja, to gladden, but only in pres., Hkv. 1. 44, Höfuðl. 17, Fsm. 48: in prose, Fas. i. 221, Barl. 60. glaðel, n. [from Lat. gladiolus], a kind of sword, Ld. 330, Þiðr. glað-látr, adj. cheerful, Grett. 140 A, Fas. iii. 219. glaðliga, adv. gladly, friendly, Nj. 177, Fms. xi. 376: gladly, willingly, i. 102, ix. 254, Fas. i. 218. glaðligr, adj. glad, bright, cheerful, Fms. vi. 357.

GLAÐMÆLTR -- GLER. 203

glað-mæltr, adj. talking cheerfully, Fms. i. 19, ii. 109. glaðna, að, to be gladdened: esp. of the sky, to brighten, clear up, það glaðnar til; and of a face, það glaðnar yfir honum, his face brightens. glaðning, f., gladdening, Mar.: good cheer. GLAÐR, adj., fem, glöð, neut. glatt, compar. glaðari, superl. glaðastr; [A. S., Engl., Swed., and Dan. glad; it does not occur in Ulf. nor in Germ.; in Hel. gladmod = glad-mood (twice), vide Schmeller; cp. also Lat. laetus] :-- glad, gladsome; glaðr ok reifr skyli gumna hverr unz sinn bíðr bana, Hm. 14; ek væra glaðari ef þú værir með hundrað manns, Lv. 80; snotrs manns hjarta verðr sjaldan glatt, Hm. 54; Gunnarr varð g. við þat, Nj. 42; Flosi var allra manna glaðastr ok beztr heim at sækja, most cheerful of all men and the best to visit, 254, cp. Eb. 88, Fms. i. 31; glaðr í máli, vi. 59; hraustr ok g., x. 420; glaðr ok spurall, iv. 82; glaðr, heilhugaðr, vitr, Fagrsk. 14; glöð trú, cheerful faith, Lex. Poët.; drekka glaðr inn góða mjöð, Gm. 13; drekka glöð ór gullnum kerum, 7; ok þótti glaðara (pleasanter) at tala við Helgu en vera í starfi með kaupmönnum, Ísl. ii. 212: acc. adverb., taka glaðan á e-u, to take it gladly, Fms. xi. 112; ó-glaðr, sad, moody. II. glad, bright, of the sky, weather; tunglið skein glatt, Fas. iii. 622; veðr glatt, Þjal. 47; þat ljós gaf glaðan veg, Bs. ii. 109; eldarnir vóru sumir sem glaðastir, Gísl. 126: of gold, Bs. ii. 142: freq. in mod. usage, glaða sólskin, glad sunshine; glaða túnglskin, bright moonshine; loga glatt, to blaze merrily; eldrinn logar þess glaðar, Vídal. i. 145: the phrase, sjá aldregi glaðan dag, never to see a sunny day, be dull and downcast; Glöð, f., pr. name of a bell (cp. Engl. a merry peal), Fms. vi. GLAÐR, m., poët. a horse, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 30, vide Lex. Poët. glað-væri, mod. glað-værð, f. gladness, Stud. i. 206, ii. 125. glað-værr, adj. gladsome, cheerful, Bs. ii. 89, Magn. 474. GLAM, mod. glamr, m. [cp. glaumr], a tinkling sound, Finnb. 348, Fms. xi. 129: noise, Hom. 34; gný ok glamm, a clash of weapons, Fms. vi. 156; ára-glam, a dash of oars; orða-glamr, tinkling words; Skála-glam, a nickname, 'Tinkling-scale,' xi. 128, 129. Glammaðr or Glömmuðr, m. a nickname, Tinkler, Landn. glama, ð, to twaddle, talk idly, Hm. 30. glampi (or glanpi?), a, m. a ray of light; akin to glenr. glanni, a, m. a reckless jester, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: glanna-legr, adj. hoydenish. glanna-skapr, m. glansi, a, m. [mod. from Germ. glanz], glitter. GLAP, n. hallucination, seems only to be used in pl. glöp, as elli-glöp, dotage: a law term, flaws in law proceedings, Grág. i. 10. glap-máll, adj. speaking vainly of, Ad. 1. glapna, að, to grow blunt or dim; glapnaði honum heyrn ok sýn, Eg. 754; hversu honum glapnaði sona-eignin, Fms. iv. 321. glapp, n., pl. glöpp, only in the phrase, höppum og glöppum, by 'haps and gaps,' by haphazard; and in compds, glappa-skot, n. as a law term, a chance shot, a mishap (shooting one inadvertently), N. G. L. i. 157, cp. § 27 :-- in mod. usage, a blunder, slip: glappa-verk, n. accidental mischief done, Fs. 160. glappast, dep. to blunder. glap-ræði, n. a blunder, Band. 4. glap-skuld, f. a fool's fine for pranks or foolish acts, Hallfr. glap-stígr, m. a fool's path, a stray path, cp. the Dan. saying, gjensti bliver ofte glapsti. glap-víg, n. accidental manslaughter, Landn. 180. GLAS, n. glass, vide gler. glas-ker, n. a glass vessel; glaskeri ber eg minn fésjóð í, Pass. 1. 27, cp. 2 Cor. iv. 7. Glasir, m. the Glassy, name of a grove with golden leaves, Edda. GLATA, að, (the old pres. glatir, K. Þ. K. 66, Sks. 700; mod. glatar), with dat. to destroy, slay; at glata manndráps-mönnum, Hom. 43, Stj. 643; ella mun ek g. þér, 656 B. 4: with acc. a Latinism, 673. 55, Mar. passim: to ruin, esp. in mod. sense, glata önd ok líkama, Blas. 48: to lose, til þeirra óðala er nú glatar hann, Sks. 512; þá glatisk þau auðæfi fyrir honum, 700; hverfr fé þat eðr glatizt á annan veg, K. Þ. K. 66; ef maðr finnr fjárhlut manns ok hefir eigandi glatað, Gþl. 546; görla þú nem ok glata (imperat.) eigi, Sl. 32. glatan and glötun, f. perdition, esp. in eccl. sense, 671. 1, 625. 75, Sks. 654, 661, freq. in N. T., Vídal., Pass. GLAUMR, m. [glam, cp. Scot. glamer = noise], a merry noise, esp. at a banquet; var þar inn at heyra glaumr mikill, Ld. 170; glaum ok hornaskol, Eb. 28; sat við drykkju, þar var g. mikill, Eg. 303; glaumr mikill ok fjölmenni, Fms. xi. 108; g. ok gleði, Stud. i. 23, 24, Fms. iv. 48; gný ok glaum herliðsins, Hkr. iii. 65: freq. in mod. usage, g. heimsins, g. veraldar, the noise and bustle of the world, Vídal. 2. in old poetry joy, merriment; glaums andvana, cheerless, Gkv. 2. 41; bella glaumi, 29; manna g., joy (society) of men, Skm. 34; glaumr þverr, the cheer (the heart) sinks, Glúm. 339 (in a verse). β. a lusty crowd of men; val-glaumr, a host of warriors, Gm. 21. GLÁMR, m. a poët. name of the moon, Edda (Gl.) :-- the name of a ghost in Grett. S., see the famous ghost story in that Saga, ch. 34-37; the word is interesting on account of its identity with Scot. glamour, which shews that the tale of Glam was common to Scotland and Iceland, and thus much older than Grettir (of the year 1014, cp. glam = a ghastly-looking man, Ivar Aasen). glám-sýni, f. (in mod. usage also glám-skygni, f. and glám-skygn, adj.), 'glam-sight,' glamour, illusion, Grett. 115 A, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401. Judges ix. 36, Ölk. 36 (blunder), Þorst. Síðu H. 178: Icel. also say, glám-bekkr, m., in the phrase, að fleygja e-u á glámbekk, to throw a thing on the 'glamour-bench,' i.e. to fling it carelessly about where it can be taken by any one, or lost. glám-blesóttr, adj. a horse with a moon-shaped blaze on the forehead. Gláma, u, f. the name of a glacier. glápa, t, to stare vacantly; gláp, n. a stare. GLEÐA, u, f. [A. S. glida; Engl. glead; Scot. gled], a kite, Brest. 50. GLEÐI, f. [glaðr; Swed.-Dan. glæde], gladness, merriment, good cheer; in old writers esp. of enjoyment at a festival, story-telling, music, sport of any kind; leikar ok allskyns gleði, Fs. 25; gleði ok gamanræður, 72; g. ok góð fylgd, 130; lítil var gleði manna at boðinu, Ísl. ii. 251; var þar þá gleði mikil, Nj. 254; eptir þat fór fram g. ok skemtan, Ld. 202; kvaðsk mundu undir standa með þeim um hverja gleði er þeir vildi fram hafa, Sturl. i. 20; tóku þeir þar veizlu góða ok höfðu gleði mikla, Eg. 371; gleði ok góð Jól, Grett.; þar var gleði mikil, leikar ok fjölmenni, Sturl. iii. 258; görði hann sik léttan við alþýðu ok átti alþýðugleði, Bs. i. 680; görðisk þá gleði mikil í hallinni, Fms. i. 162; drukku með mikilli gleði ok skemtan, iv. 82; glaumr ok g. (vide above); vilda ek nú til þess mæla at ér tækit upp nokkura gleði nýja til skemtunar mönnum, xi. 109; eptir þetta vóru leikar upp teknir, gengu Fossverjar fyrir gleðinni, Vígl. 24: in the Middle Ages the wakes were often called gleðir (pl.), Jóla-gleði, Christmas games, etc. COMPDS: gleði-bragð, n. merry looking, Nj. 118. gleði-búnaðr, m. festival gear, Stj. 52, Sks. 39. gleði-dagar, m. pl. days of merriment, happiness, Grett. 151 A. gleði-fullr, adj. joyful, Fb. ii. 331. gleði-hljómr, m. a merry peal. gleði-kendr, part. merry, i.e. tipsy. Stj. 424. gleði-ligr, adj. happy, Stj. 33. gleði-maðr, m. a cheery man; Ingimundr var hinn mesti g. ok fékk sér allt til skemtunar, Sturl. i. 19, Eg. 3, 146, Lv. 74. gleði-mót, n. = gleðibragð, Nj. 118. gleði-orð, n. words of joy, Vígl. 89 new Ed. gleði-raust, f. a merry voice. gleði-spell, n. a kill-joy, Mag. gleði-stundir, f. pl. merry, happy hours, Vígl. 23. gleði-söngvar, m. pl. glad songs, hymns, Stj. 50. gleði-vist, f. a merry sojourn, Lv. 75. -- Gleði in the sense of Lat. gaudium is freq. in mod. use, but old writers prefer fögnuðr in the abstract sense; ó-gleði, sadness, despondency, Lv. 75: medic. ailment, cp. the phrase e-m er óglatt, one is ailing. gleðill, m. a nickname, Landn. gleðja, pret. gladdi; pres. gleðr; part. gladdr; sup. glatt :-- to gladden, enliven, make glad, Hom. 18, 159, Fms. v. 49, Fas. i. 122: reflex. to be glad, rejoice, Eg. 55, Ísl. ii. 360, Fms. i. 261, vi. 60, Sks. 551, Fb. i. 405: to brighten, sem dagrinn gladdisk, Verel. gleiðr, adj., neut. gleitt, [glíða, qs. líða, cp. gliðna], standing astraddle, with one's legs wide apart. Sturl. ii. 106, freq. in mod. usage. Gleipnir, m. the Lissom, name of the mythol. fetter in Edda 19. glenna, t, to open wide the mouth, fingers, or the like (a slang word); greipa-glennir, a nickname, Ísl. Þjóðs. glenna, u, f. mummery, N. G. L. ii. 424: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 192. Glenr, m., mythol. the husband of the Sun, Edda. GLENS, n. gibing, fun, a gibe, jest, Fms. ii. 279, Ld. 220, Ísl. ii. 393. COMPDS: glens-ligr, adj. gibing, Fms. ii. 182. glens-mikill, adj. full of gibes, Háv. 4. glens-yrði, n. pl. (and orða-glens), gibes, fun, Fms. iii. 80. glensa, að, to jest, gibe, 655 xxxii. 2, Sturl. iii. 170. glensan, f. gibing, Sturl. iii. 265. GLEPJA, pret. glapði; sup. glapið or glapt; pres. glep; [glap] :-- to confuse one in reading, speaking, or the like, Nj. 33: as a law term, to confound, glepja sókn, vörn, görð, Grág. i. 60, 382; g. þingför, þingreið, ii. 78; ok varðar þeiin fjörbaugs-garð ef þeir göra eigi ok hvegi er þeir glepja, i. 485: to beguile, Fms. i. 7, ii. 7, vi. 163, vii. 113, viii. 391, Eg. 587, Ls. 20, Eb. 252. 2. reflex. to be confounded; hugði hann at glepjask mundi þerririnn (of weather), Eb. 152; hversu honum glapðisk sona-eignin, Ld. 236, Ó. H. 145 (vide glapna). glepsa, að, an iterat. to snap, bite, 655 xxxi. 7, Al. 144. GLER, n. [A. S. glæs; Engl. glass; Germ. glass; early Dan. glar; the mod. Dan. and Swed. glas seem to be borrowed from Germ.; Icel. distinguish between gler (glass) and glas (a small glass bottle); but s seems to be the original consonant, and the word is akin to Glasir, glys, glæsa, q.v.] :-- the word originally meant amber, 'succinum' quod ipsi (viz. the Germans) glaesum vocant, Tacit. Germ. ch. 45; glass beads for ornament are of early use; quantities are found in the great deposits (in cairns and fens) of the earliest Iron Age, but only in a single instance in a deposit of the Brass Age (which ends about the beginning of our era), vide Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 118; and such is the sense of the word in the three places that it occurs in old heathen poems: magical Runes were written on glass, Sdm. 17: metaph., nú er grjót þat at gleri orðit, now those stones are turned into gler, of an altar 'glassed' with sacrificial blood, Hdl, 5; cp. also the curious reading,

204 GLERAUGU -- GLÍKR,

bresta í gleri, to be shivered, to break into shivers, Hým. 29, -- the reading of Kb., 'í tvau,' is a gloss on the obsolete phrase :-- glæs also occurs twice or thrice in A. S. poetry, but not in the oldest, as Beowulf, vide Grein. For window-panes glass is of much later date, and came into use with the building of cathedrals: a Danish cathedral with glass panes is mentioned in Knytl. S. ch. 58 (year 1085); in Icel. the first panes brought into the country were probably those presented by bishop Paul to the cathedral at Skalholt in the year 1195; the ancient halls and dwellings had no windows in the walls, but were lighted by louvres and by round openings (gluggr) in the roof, covered with the caul (of a new-born calf, called skjall or líkna-belgr) stretched on a frame or a hoop and called skjár: these are still used in Icel. farms; and Icel. distinguish between the round small caul windows (skjár or skjá-gluggar) and glass windows (gler-gluggar) :-- háll sem gler, slippery as glass, of ice, Nj. 144: in eccl. and later writings, Hom. 127, Sks. 424, Vm. 21, Fas. iii. 393: in the saying, sjaldan brýtr gæfu-maðr gler. COMPDS: gler-augu, n. pl. 'glass-eyes,' spectacles. gler-gluggr, m., vide above, Fms. iii. 187, xi. 271-276, Bs. i. 131, B. K. 98, Vm., Pm. passim. gler-hallr, m. a glass stone, agate. gler-hálka, u, f. (gler-háll, adj.), slippery as glass, of ice. gler-himinn, m. a sky-light, Hom. 130, Mag. 5. gler-kaleikr, m. a glass chalice, Hom. 138. gler-ker, n. a glass vessel, Mar. 603, Am. 58. gler-lampr, m. a glass lamp, Vm. 129, 162. gler-pottr, m. a glass pot, Þiðr. 164. gler-steinar, m. pl. glass stones, agates, Edda 68. gler-tölur, f. pl. glass beads, Þorf. Karl. 374, belonging to the gear of a heathen prophetess. There is a curious Icel. local name Gler-á, f. Glass Water, Eb., -- perhaps from the Gaelic glas, dark-gray. gletta, u, f. banter, Fms. iii. 9, x. 141, Sturl. i. 69. gletta, u, f., or glettun, f. banter, raillery, Fms. ii. 9, Sturl. i. 69. glettu-atsókn, f. a feint or ruse to provoke the enemy to attack, Fms. x. 141. glettask, tt, dep. to banter, rail against one; g. við e-n, Fms. ii. 180, Fær. 51, Grett. 101 A: milit. to taunt, provoke the enemy, Fms. vi. 151, viii. 49, 405. glettiliga, adv. tauntingly, Fms. ii. 13. gletting, f. banter, raillery, Fær. 109: gen. as adv. glettingar-bára, u, f. a splashing (no trifling) wave. glettinn, adj. (glettni, glettun), bantering, Sturl. i. 69 C. gletunar-maðr, m., engi g., not a man to be trifled with, Nj. 105. GLETTR, m. banter, raillery, taunting; and as a milit. term, a feint or ruse to irritate or provoke the enemy; þeir létu vakka við skipin ok höfðu nokkut svá í glett, Fms. viii. 289; munum vér ganga í glett við borgamenn, ok vita ef vér getum ginnt þá frá borginni, Stj. 364. Josh. viii. 5; ekki mun ek eggja þik at fara í glett við þá Svía, to provoke the Swedes, Fær. 88; eigi leiðisk þeim enn at vit eigimk við glettur, Sturl. i. 69; ríð ekki í glett við oss, því at úsýnt er hvárt vér þolum þér þat, ii. 52. GLEYMA, d, [glaumr, q.v.; Swed. glömma; Dan. glemme; but unknown to Germ. and Saxon] :-- prop. to make a merry noise; this sense is almost obsolete, but occurs in Bret., þeir gleymdu þar yfir, they held a bout around the horse, 94: reflex. to be merry, Merl. 1. 52. II. metaph. to forget, with dat.; at hann gleymi öllum Guðs boðorðum, Fms. v. 217, xi. 235, Barl. 7, 56, Al. 12, Sks. 743, passim: absol., Edda 154 (pref.), Sks. 238: with acc., Karl. 524 (rare): with infin., freq. in mod. usage, eg gleymdi að taka það: with gen., a Latinism, Stj. 78. 2. in a pass. sense, to be forgotten, Th. 79. gleyming, f. forgetfulness, Stj. 212, Hom. 125, Barl. 130. gleymr, m. pranks, jollity, Bjarn. (in a verse); vide glaumr. gleym-samligr, adj. forgetful, Sks. 451 B. gleymska, u, f. forgetfulness, H. E. 494, Stj., N. T., Vídal., Pass. GLEYPA, ð and t, [cp. Dan. glube, glubsk = voracious], to gulp down, swallow, Stj. 193, Barl. 56, Edda 8, Fms. iii. 216, Eluc. 10. gleyping, f. a gulping down, swallowing, Stj. 236. gleypi-næmr, adj. quick at learning (of children); hann er g. gliðna, að, to fall asunder, go to pieces; því at bótin gliðnar frú fatinu aptr, Matth. ix. 16. GLINGR, m. [A. S. gleng = showy things], a toy, Fas. iii. 219; barna-glingr, a child's toy, freq. glingra, að, to toy, trifle with. GLISSA, t, [Norse glisa], to grin, Hm. 30, but obsolete in Icel. GLIT, n. 'glitter,' used of brocades or rich tissues; ofit í glit af gulli, Gísl. 21; dúkr hálfr með sprang, hálfr með glit, Pm. 123. COMPDS: glit-ábreiða, u, f. a brocaded cover. glit-dúkr, m. a brocaded stuff. glit-ofinn, part. brocaded. glit-vefnaðr, m. brocade weaving. glita, að, [Ulf. glitmunjan = GREEK, Mark ix. 3; Hel. glitan; O. H. G. glizan] :-- to glitter, Fms. viii. 350 (v.l.), ix. 301, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse); glitar á vápnin, Karl. 254. glitaðr, part. tissued, Vm. 5. Glitnir, m. a mythical name of the Golden Hall in heaven, Gm. 15. glitra, að, = glita, Barl. 74, Karl. 358, Fms. viii. 350. glit-rauðr, adj. gleaming red, Fas. iii, 491. glitsamligr, adj. glittering, Sks. 530. glitta, tt, = glita; það glittir í e-ð, a thing glitters far away. glíka and líka, adv. also, freq. in mod. usage and always without the g. glíkindi and líkindi, n. pl. likelihood; skaði meiri en ek mætta at glíkindum ráða, Ld. 126, Band. 10; ef at glíkindum færi, Bs. i. 338; but, at líkindum, 337, 529; Halli þóttisk sjá at glíkindum, at ..., Glúm. 378; þótti honum frá líkindum (beyond likelihood, extraordinary) hversu þungr hann var, Eg. 769; ok er þat at líkendum, it is as could be expected, Nj. 187; eptir líkindum, Fms. x. 208; glíkindi, Gísl. 137; engi líkindi til, Fms. viii. 147; meiri, minni, engin líkindi, more, less, no probability, id., passim; ef þetta mætti verða með nokkrum líkendum, Sks. 149; allt er með líkindum ferr ok eðli, Edda 69; þeir sögðu Jakob þess líkindi at ..., Ver. 16; þeir görðusk nú mannvænligir sem líkindi er á, Sturl. i. 3; hégómlig líkendi, vain forecast, Stj. 142; til líkinda við, in comparison with, Barl. 55 :-- as a law term, fara þangat er hann veit mest líkendi á, N. G. L. i. 255; gefa sök þeim er í líkindum þykkja vera, bring a charge against those who are likely to have done it, 351, 362; at þeir mætti því heldr kenndir verða at líkendum, from likeness, appearance (of detecting criminals), Gþl. 18. II. semblance, remains; svá at um morguninn eptir sá menn engin líkendi Dana-virkis nema grjótið, so that the morning after one saw not a remnant of the Danish wall but a heap of stones, Fms. i. 128; snúask í kvikindis líkindi, Barl. 135; ólíkindalæti, feint, dissimulation. glíking and líking, f. likeness, image; glíking Guðs, Eluc. 18; glíking góðs verks, 655 xxvi. 4: liking, imitation, í líking Tróju, Bret. 98; líking djöfuls, Best. 54; til þeirrar sömu líkingar, Fms. ii. 89; ok af þeirra líkingu mun hann fremjast, v. 345; gerðú þó í líking annarra manna, after the liking of other people, Edda 37; svá sem með nokkurri skynsemdar líking, with some shade of reason, Stj. 143 :-- eptir-líking, a parable. glíkja and líkja, ð and t, to make like; Clemens glíkði atferð sína eptir Petro postula, Clem. 39; glíkir sik gömlum karli, Stj. 475: to imitate, with acc., a Latinism, Hom. 57; g. eptir, to imitate; er öllum sé gott eptir at glíkja, Bs. i. 140; þat skyldi eptir öðru líkja er goðin ætti rammari, Fms. v. 319; hinna höfðingja dæmi, er betra er eptir at líkja, vii. 296, Magn. 504; kölluðusk þat allt líkja eptir biskupi, Sturl. ii. 12, (likea, Bs. i. 500, l.c.); líkja alla sína dóma eptir Guðligum daemum, Sks. 599. II. reflex. to belike, resemble; mun ek glíkjask foglum þeim er ..., 623. 53; nú glíkðusk menn Guði, Greg. 21; líkjask í ætt e-s, Ld. 24; at þú skyldir nú meir líkjask í ætt Haralds ens Hárfagra um skaplyndi en Rana Mjónef móður-föður þínum eðr Nereið jarli enum Gamla, Ó. H. 31; Haraldr líktisk í móður-ætt sína, Fas. (Hb.) i. 356; nú líkisk barn þat honum, N. G. L. i. 30; at líkjask þeim, Sks. 18, Magn. 466. glíkleikr, m. (glíkleiki, a, m.), likelihood, Sks. 195, 565. glíkliga and líkliga, adv. favourably, esp. in the phrase, taka líkliga á e-u, to give a favourable answer to; því máli var vel tekit ok svarat líkliga, Eg. 26; Tryggvi tók því vel ok líkliga, Fms. i. 59, iii. 78; for þá allt tal þeirra líkliga ok sáttgjarnliga, ii. 36, x. 132; skiljask þau nú drottning ok konungr heldr líkliga, they parted on friendly terms, Fas. i. 33: in mod. usage, probably; -- the spelling with g scarcely ever occurs. glíkligr and líkligr, adj.; in old poets with gl, geta þykkjat mér gotnar | glíkligs, Hallfred; but usually with l only, e.g. Nj. 49, Fms. xi. 87, Hkr. i. 261, where Mork. gl :-- likely, probable, þótti mönnum glíkligast at stolit mundi vera, Bs. i. 348; gör af drauminum slíkt er þér sýnisk líkligast, Ísl. ii. 196; at honum þætti Rauðs-synir líkligstir til at valda, Fms. iv. 380, Hom. 115 :-- fit, promising, nú þykkir Eyjúlfi þetta et glíkligsta, Gísl. 148; göra sik líkligan til e-s, to shew oneself inclined to, countenance, Fms. x. 334. GLÍKR, adj., mod. líkr; in old poems in alliteration the g is always sounded, e.g. glíkr er geira sækir | gunnsterkr ..., Bjarn. 33; urðu-a it glíkir | þeim Gunnari, Gh. 3; glík skulu gjöld gjöfum, Hm. 45; Baldri glíkan bur, Ls.; but the vellum MSS. use both forms, though glík is more freq. in the older, líkr in the later; sometimes false readings arose, e.g. ólíkt (unlike) hafa gört þeir menn, Bs. i. 140, where the sense requires glíkt, but the lower part of the g having been obliterated, the transcriber read it as o; or Fs. 22, where ugglikt (suspicious) yields no meaning, and is to be read úglíkt (different, quite another thing): [Ulf. galeiks = GREEK: A. S. gelîc; Engl. alike, like; O. H. G. glîk; mod. Germ. gleich; Swed. lik; Dan. lig] :-- like, alike; with dat., sonr er feðr glíkari en dóttir, Eluc. 10; annarr atburðr varð enn þessum glíkr, Bs. i. 346; ekki því grjóti glíkt öðru er þar er, Eg. 142; því glíkt, as adv. such-like, in like manner, Post. 686 C. 2; lifði því líkara sem hann væri ílldýri, Ísl. ii. 481; fríðr sýnum ok mjök líkr föður sínum, Fms. i. 14, x. 265; ok er Kári öngum manni líkr, K. has no match, Nj. 265; skal ek eigi göra þik þeim líkastan er þú vill líkastr vera en þat er Óðinn, Sturl. i. 101; þat þótti mér líkara harmi en skaða, Ld. 126; landi líkari en fiski, Sks. 139; þá munu þit verða Guði lík, 503; svá sem þeir menn verða líkastir er tvíburar eru, Rb. 100; hnot eða myl, eða líkt, or the like, Edda 109; líkt ok ekki, like nothing, Gullþ. 54; er ok eigi líkt (i.e. it is beyond comparison) hvárt sannari er sú saga, eðr hin, Fms. viii. 1; cp. ok er þat úglíkt hvárt þú ferr í lofi mínu, eðr ...,

GLÍMA -- GLYS. 205

Fs. 22 (vide above) :-- at glíku (líku), adv. all the same, nevertheless; því at jarl hefir at líku líf várt, ef hann vill eptir því leita, Nj. 267; þykki mér þat at glíku, it seems to me all the same, Ísl. ii. 483: so in the phrase, leggja til líka, to settle; at þeir vildi allt til líka leggja með góðra manna ráði, Dipl. ii. 11; því-líkr, 'that-like,' such; ú-líkr, unlike; slíkr, qs. svá-líkr, such, Germ. solch = so like. II. metaph. likely, probable, Fs. 4; en þó er þat líkast at hann snúisk til várrar ættar, Nj. 38; þat er líkara at fyrir öðru þurfi ráð at göra, 261; þat er ok líkast at þeir komist þar at keyptu, Eg. 64; Björn segir þat líkast at hann mundi fara af landi á brott, 156; þat var líkara, Ísl. ii. 141: neut. líkt, likely; ok líkt at þér fylgi gipta, Fms. vi. 8; hann kallaði þá líkasta til slíkra íllbragða, 379; ok líkara at hann mundi koma í Þórarinsdal, Bjarn. 6l; þá þyki mér þat líkt, at ..., Sks. 52. 2. likely, promising, to the purpose; taka oss þar fari hverr sem líkast þykkir, Nj. 259; nær líkast væri til at veita atför jarli, Fms. i. 54; þá leituðusk þeir um hvar líkast var út at komask, Eg. 233; mér þykir eigi til líkt (it looks not well) um ferð þeirra bræðra, Vígl. 25; sá hann eigi annan líkara útveg, Bs. i. 690; því at þeir sá þá sinn kost engan annan líkara, Fb. i. 405; kann vera at endirinn verði líkari (better) en upphafit, Bs. ii. 64; at þat væri líkast til heilla sátta, Fms. iv. 139; til þeirrar stundar sem mér þyki nokkuru líkast at fram megi komask þetta eyrendi, 133. GLÍMA, u, f. [this word occurs neither in Germ. nor in Saxon, nor yet in the mod. Scandin. tongues (of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark), and the origin is not known] :-- wrestling, a favourite national sport with the Icel. people, in old as well as in modern times, answering to the Gr. GREEK: glímu-brögð, n. pl. wrestling-tricks, vide bragð II. 2: to the technical terms there mentioned, add, hnykkr, hælkrókr, sveifla, etc.: glímu-félagi, a, m. a wrestling-match, Háv. 41: glímu-færr, adj. able-bodied as a wrestler, Finnb. 328: glímu-galdr, m. a 'wrestler-spell,' to charm one's legs and make them steady, Ísl. Þjóðs. i: glímu-maðr, m. a wrestler: glímumann-liga, adv. like a good wrestler, nimbly, Fas. iii. 502: glímu-völlr, m. the wrestling-ring. The earliest match recorded is that of Thor and the giantess Elli (Age), -- for the tale vide Edda 33; freq. in the Sagas, Sturl. iii. 20, 268; glenz ok glímur, Fms. i. 149 sqq., 182, iii. 187, 188, Grett. and Finnb., Kjaln. passim, Eg. ch. 40; leikr (sport) and glíma are often used synonymously, as Ld. ch. 45. The glíma was a popular game at any meeting or festival, where many young and active men met together: thus at the banquet in Reykhólar (1119) the guests amused themselves by dancing, glímur, and story-telling, Sturl. i. 23; at the parliament (alþing) there was a palaestra, Fanga-brekka ('wrestling-brink'); in Glúm. ch. 13 a fight is recorded between the Northerners and Westerners assembled there; as also in Grett. ch. 75 (in the parliament at Hegranes); in Gunnl. ch. 11 the crew of the ships in harbour made up a glíma. The mod. Icel. bænda-glíma is just the same, as it was practiced in the college at Hólar, and later in the school at Bessastaðir, as also at fishing-stations and wherever young men came together; the young men are divided by lot into two parties, which are then drawn up in a row, each having their leader or 'bóndi' (whence the name); the bændr pair off their men against one another to wrestle in the arena or defile between the two ranks, one after another; if the one side was weaker in number, or the one bóndi had lost all his men, he might challenge his antagonist, and their match decided the game, Eggert Itin. ch. 518. The bænda-glíma at college and school was by far the best-played, and much stress was laid on nimble and graceful movements. UNCERTAIN In Hom. 24 scurrilitas is rendered by glíma. glíma, d, to wrestle, Landn. 185, Fms. iii. 187, Sturl. iii. 268, Finnb. 222. glíminn, adj. able or alert as a wrestler. glíra, u, f. [cp. glire = to blink witb the eyes, Ivar Aasen], in a nickname in Vápn., Glíru-Halli. gljá, ð, to glitter, Lat. nitere; það gljáir á það. gljá, f. a spot glittering against the sun: the name of a river. GLJÚFR, n. almost only in pl. [A. S. glôf = cliff], an abrupt descent or chasm, esp. in the bed of a river, ár-gljúfr; hvar hin litla áin féll ór gljúfrum, Eg. 134; eru gljúfr mikil upp með ánni, Fær. 62, Landn. 251, Glúm. 362, Al. 92, Fms. viii. 51, Gullþ. 8; en tveim-megin gengu at g. há ok hin brattastu björg, Stj. 452. 1. Sam. xiv. 4: sing., Grett. 142 (in a verse): so the mod. phrases, -- glæfra-ferð, f. a neck-breaking, dangerous exploit (as among precipices); glæfra-göng, n. pl. straits, Broddi er kominn í g., a ditty of Pal Vídalín; glæfra-ligr, adj. dangerous, horrible, -- are all derived from gljúfr. gloppa, u, f. a big hole, a nickname, Fms. x. 142; gloppu-gat, id. glopra, að, with dat. to drop, lose a thing heedlessly. glor-hungraðr, part. very hungry. glossi, a, m. [glousse = a spark, De Professer], a blaze. glott, n. a grin; draga glott at, Ó. H. 151, Bs. i. 647. GLOTTA, tt, to grin: absol., g. at e-u, to grin at a thing, Fbr. 160, 162 (in a verse); hón (the witch) glotti við sólunni, Fas. ii. 127; so also, g. við, Nj. 27; g. við tönn, to smile scornfully, sarcastically, so as to shew the teeth, Edda 30, Nj. 182 (of Skarpheðinn), and passim; Erlingr sá til hans, ok glotti við tönn, ok mælti, Ó. H. 114. GLÓA, að, [A. S. glowan; Engl. glow; Germ. glühen; etc.], to shine, glitter (of metals or bright things); er vápnin glóðu, Fagrsk. 138, Bs. i. 348, Rb. 358; hón glóaði af gulli, Stj. 206, Fas. i. 333; hann glóar sem eldr, Hb. 544. 39: red-hot, járn-sía glóandi, a red-hot iron, Edda 61, Fms. viii. 8; glóandi hiti = Germ. glühend, Greg. 36: scalding hot, of broth or the like. gló-barr, n. the glowing bud; poët. the gold of the tree Glasir, Bm. gló-bjartr, adj. light blond, of hair. GLÓÐ, f., pl. glæðr (glóðir, Post. 656 C. 5), [A. S. glêd; Germ. gluth; Dan. glöd] :-- red-hot embers; taka glóð af eldi, Eb. 278; þeir höfðu reykelsi á glóð, burning incense (at mass), Bs. i. 22; hann lét glóð undir fætr sér, Fs. 176; hafði glóð í hendi, Hom. 156: esp. in pl., hón tók glæðr af arni, Sturl. ii. 101, Fas. ii. 182; sitja við glæðr, to sit at the fireside; Pétr sat við glæðr ok vermdi sik, Post. 656 C. 4, Clem. 25; ganga yfir glæðr, Hom. 17; munnlaug full af glóðum, Fms. ii. 167, v. 324: the metaph. phrase, vera (ganga) á glóðum, to be as on glowing coals. COMPDS: glóðar-auga, n. a black eye. glóðar-járn, n. an iron plate for baking, a girdle (griddle), Am. 92, Vm. 65. glóðar-ker (glóð-ker), n. a fire-pot, Fms. v. 106, Vm. 21, 83, Stj. 316, 319. glóð-rauðr, adj. red as embers, Fm. 9. glóð-volgr, glóð-heitr, adj. ember-hot. GLÓFI, a, m. [A. S. glôf occurs as early as Beowulf], a glove, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 246, Dipl. v. 18, Bs. i. 342, Gullþ. 6, 8, Fb. i. 529. glófaðr, part. gloved, Karl. 288. The word is no doubt borrowed from the English, and is used in the Sagas chiefly of costly embroidered gloves; another word is handski = 'hand-shoe,' prob. from the Germ. handschuhe; the popular words are vöttr and vetlingr. gló-föxóttr, adj. light-maned, of a horse, Bs. ii. 261. glói, a, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp.: in mod. usage freq. the name of a light-coloured dog. glópaldi, a, m. an idiot, Glúm. 342. GLÓPR, m. an idiot, baboon, Glúm. 358, Finnb. 298, Háv. 41, Bær. 5. Gísl. 53. glópska, u, f. foolishness. glóra, ð, [glüürle, De Professer], to gleam, glare like a cat's eyes; það glórir í e-ð. glósa, u, f. (for. word), a gloss, explanation, Sks. 552, Bs. i. 737: a banter, taunt (Dan. glose), mod. glósa (glósera), að, to explain by a gloss, Bs. i. 737, Sks. 7: to chatter, Fas. ii. 110. gluggaðr, part. with windows, Ísl. ii. 402. GLUGGR, m., and gluggi, a, m., Stj. 171, 207, Fms. ix. 427, and so always in mod. use; (glyggr, m., pl. ir, Sks. 427 B, rare) :-- a window, Nj. 114, Eg. 420, 421, vide gler above; according to Nj. ch. 78 the windows were placed above the wall plate in the roof; gler-gluggi, skjá-g., baðstofu-g., skemmu-g., stofu-g., búr-g., eldhús-g;. COMPDS: glugga-grind, f., and glugga-kista, u, f. a window-frame, (mod.) glugga-tjald, n. window-curtains. glugga-tópt, f. a window-sash. II. prop. an opening, a hole, Ó. H. 152; inn um þann glugg er hann hafði rofit, Fbr. 66 new Ed.; einn laup ok skar allan gluggum, he took a box and cut holes in it all over, Fms. viii. 342; var gluggr yfir ofninum, Eb. 136; létta steini af brunnsins glugga, Stj. 171. Gen. xxix. 10 ('the well's mouth'); marga glyggi (acc. pl.) ok smá, Sks. l.c.; höfðu þeir brotið á stóran glugg, Bárð. 180: metaph., glugga-þykn, n. dense clouds with openings in them, Grett. 114 A. glugg-stúka, u, f. a window-sash, Bev. glumra, að, to rattle, Fas. i. 91, ii. 492, Hkm. 5, Sks. 229. glumra, u, f. a masc. nickname, Landn. glumra-gangr, m. rattling. glundra, að, to turn topsy-turvy, glundroði, a, m. topsy-turvy. glutra, að, (glytra, Fms. xi. 439), to squander, Þiðr. 143, Th. 6. glutran, f. (glutr, n., Fms. xi. 439, Bs. i. 907), squandering, extravagance. COMPDS: glutr-maðr, m. a spendthrift, Bs. i. 581. glutr-samligr, glutrunar-samr, adj. dissolute, Al. 6. glutr-samliga, adv., Mar. glúmr, m. a bear, poët., Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn. GLÚPNA, að, [a Scandin. word found in Ormul. forr-gloppnedd, and Scot. and North. E. gloppen] :-- the radical sense was prob. to become soft, but in usage to look downcast, let the countenance fall, as one about to cry, Fm. 31, Am. 73, Gísl. (in a verse), Eb. 60, Ó. H. 63. glúpr or gljúpr, adj. soft, porous, esp. of sponge or sponge-like things. glyðra, u, f. a harlot, Edda (Gl.) glygg, n., dat. glyggvi, the opening of a visor. Al. 39, Karl. 473: poët. wind, gale, Lex. Poët. GLYMJA, glumdi, pres. glym, to rattle, clash, plash, Str. 46: freq. in poetry of the sea or waves, vide Lex. Poët.: in prose esp. of an echo, það glumdi í klettunum, það glymr undir, or the like. glymr, m. a clash, plashing, Edda 110, Skálda 169: freq. in poët. compds, esp. of wind or waves, Lex. Poët. glypsa, að, vide glepsa, to snap, Sturl. i. 128 C. glyrnur, f. pl. [glóra], cat's eyes glittering in the dark, Fas. iii. 385: in mod. usage as a cant name for eyes red or blood-shot. GLYS, n. finery, and as a trade term millinery, Fms. vi. 263, x. 30, Barl. 6, Al. 34, Stj. 78, 188, passim; gull ok glys, Edda 220; kaupa glys, Fb. iii, 175; glys fjandans, Greg. 15; glys heimsins, Hallgr., Vídal.

206 GLYSGJARN -- GNÍSTA.

COMPDS: glys-gjarn, adj. fond of finery, Eb. 256 (of a lady), Fas. ii. 182. glys-ligr, adj. showy, specious, Fms. i. 74, ii. 135. glys-mang, n. millinery, N. G. L. iii. 159. glys-mangari, a, m. a 'finery-monger' milliner, N. G. L. ii. 246. glys-mál (glys-mæli), n. pl. specious, vain words, Bjarn. 19. glys-máll, adj. flattering in one's speech. glys-samligr, adj. specious, vain, Sks. 528. GLÝ, n. [A. S. gleow; Engl. glee], glee, gladness, poët., Edda (Gl.) glýja, u, f. dazzling from whiteness. glýju-skin, n. dazzling light. glýja, að, to be gleeful, Hðm. 7. glýjaðr, part. gleeful, Vsp. 39; fá-glyjaðr, dismal, Eyvind. glýjari, a, m. a 'gleeman,' jester, Str. 68, Barl. 4. glýra, u, f. glitter, Sks. 229. glý-stamr, adj. an GREEK, glee-steaming, epithet of tears, Hðm. 1, cp. Homer's GREEK. GLÆÐA, dd, [glóð], to sparkle; sá þeir at glæddi ór forsinum, Gullþ. 9: in mod. trans., esp. in eccl. writers, to kindle. glæja, dd, to glow; glæjanda frost, a sharp frost, Sks. 229. glæ-napask (qs. glæ-gnapast), að, to go thinly clad in blast or cold. glæ-nýr, adj. clear, opp. to clouded, of eggs. glæpask, t, dep. to transgress, do foolishly, Stj. 454, 577, Greg. 38: the phrase, g. á e-u, to do amiss in a thing, Stj. 469: mod. to make a foolish bargain, buy a pig in a poke. glæpi-liga, adv. wickedly, Fas. iii. 664, Fb. i. 206. glæpi-ligr, adj. wicked, Fms. x. 334, Stj. 584, Mar. passim. GLÆPR, m., gen. s, pl. ir, [glópr], crime, wickedness, Fs. 178, 180, Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Stj., Sks. passim, and freq. in mod. usage, Vídal., Pass. COMPDS: glæpa-fullr, adj. full of wickedness, ungodly, Stj. 457, Mar. 449, Barl. 107. glæpa-maðr, m. a miscreant, Fms. ii. 85, Skálda 204. glæpamann-ligr, adj. ruffianly, ill-looking, Band. 7. glæpa-verk, n. a crime, Stj. 91. It is worth notice that in the heathen morals (as in the Old Test.) 'foolish' and 'wicked' are kindred words: glæpr, the derivative with changed vowel, means an evil deed, the primitive word glópr a fool; cp. also glap, glepja, which are from the same root. glæpska, u, f. a foolish, evil act, Fms. iii. 112, Hkr. ii. 395, Stj. 622. glæp-varr, adj. righteous (sceleris purus), Fms. v. 240, Sks. 355. glæp-yrði, n. pl. foul language, Þorst. Síðu H. 177. GLÆR, m., poët. the 'glaring,' i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët.: in prose in the phrase, kasta á glæ, to throw into the sea, squander, Bjarn. 57, Ó. H. 38, Finnb. 250, Fms. vii. 62 (in a verse), cp. Ad. 13; hlaupa á glæ, to run in vain, Al. 181. glær, adj. clear, e.g. of a fresh egg, = glænýr, q.v. glæra, u, f., in regn-g., drops of rain, Sks. 227; vide eld-glæringar. glæ-ræði, n. = glapræði, a job, Band. (MS.) 9. GLÆSA, t, to make shining, embellish, Fms. iv. 247, Bs. ii. 10: part. glæstr, splendid, embellished; gulli g., embellished with gold, gilded; halli g., painted, etc., vide Lex. Poët. glæsi-ligr, adj. shining, splendid, Fms. ii. 300, Ó. H. 161, passim; g. orð, specious words, Fb. i. 76, 374. glæsi-maðr, m. a bright, illustrious man, Edda (Gl.) Glæsir, m. a pr. name; of an ox (because of the horns), Eb. Glæsis-vellir, m. pl. a mythical local name, Hervar. S. ch. 1, Fms. iii. 183 sqq. glæsur, f. pl., in orða-glæsur, fine phrases, Thom. 297. glögg-leikr, adj. sharpness of sight, acuteness, Stj. 12. glögg-liga, adv. [cp. Ulf. glaggvuba = GREEK, GREEK], clearly, distinctly, Eg. 54, Fms. ii. 102, vi. 36; spyrja g. at, Fb. i. 253. GLÖGGR, adj. (also spelt gleggr and gleyggr), acc. glöggvan with a final v in the weak cases; compar. glöggra and glöggvari; superl. glöggstr and glöggvastr; [the prob. Goth. form is glaggvus; A. S. gleaw; Hel. glau; Scot. gleg = quick, clever; O. H. G. glaw] :-- clear-sighted, and in metaph. sense clever, of things clear, distinct; ok hafa þat allt er hitsug leifir eðr glöggra er, Grág. i. 7; glöggt er gests augat, sharp (prying) is the stranger's eye, a saying; skýring eðr glöggvari greining, a clearer distinction, Skálda 205; Stjörnu-Oddi er gleyggstr var í allri tölu ok himintungla-gangi, Rb. 90; glöggr til brjósts ok bækr, Thom. 12 :-- neut., skýra glöggt frá e-u, to expound distinctly, Hom. 47; eigi þarf glöggra at skýra, 52; eigi er mér þat glöggt, 'tis not clear to me, Grett. 108; vera glöggrar greinar, to distinguish sharply, Bs. ii. 11; hón kenndi hann glöggt, she knew him well, Fms. iv. 131; Þorgnýr föður-faðir minn mundi glöggt (remembered clearly) Eirík Uppsala-konung, 162; mun ek glöggt vita hvárt rétt er ráðit eðr eigi, vii. 107; víðast af löndum spurði hann um siðu manna þá menn er glöggst vissu, Hkr. ii. 61; vita gleygt, id., 625. 96. 2. metaph. stingy; sýtir æ glöggr við gjöfum, a saying, Hm. 47; glöggr við gesti, a stingy host, Hym. 9; glöggr flugar, poët. unflinching, Skv. 1. 7; fé-glöggr, stingy of money; matar-g., stingy of meat; hugar-g., mean, Fbr. 162 (in a verse). glögg-rýnn, adj. 'clear-rouning,' Fas. i. 212. glögg-skygn, adj. (glögg-skygni, f.), sharp-sighted, Nj. 77, Stj. 228. glögg-sýniliga, adv. distinctly, Str. glögg-sýnn, adj., Stj. 228, v.l.: sharp-witted, Bs. i. 272, Eluc. 16. glögg-sær, adj. clear-sighted, Bs. i. 808, v.l.: manifest, Þorf. Karl. 380. glöggvingr, m. a stingy man, Edda (Gl.), Ad. 1. glögg-þekkinn, adj. clear-sighted, quick to know or discern, Ísl. ii. 341, Vápn. 24, Ld. 274, Fb. ii. 288. glögg-þekkni, f. a clear sight, Sks. 559 B. glögg-þekkr, adj. = glöggþekkinn, Barl. passim. glömmungr, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.) glöp, n. pl. blunders, as a law term. Grág. i. 10; vide glap, elli-glöp. GNADD, n. a grumbling, muttering, Bjarn. 18, Fms. x. 342, Stj. 322, 326, 330, 453, Fbr. 27 new Ed. gnadda, að, to murmur, Stj. 327, Grett. 98 A (where nödduðu stands): to vex, hón gnaddar hit sama bæði dag ok dægr, 'she pressed him daily with her words,' Stj. 417. Judges xvi. 16. GNAGA, að, mod. naga, but in allit. and old writers with g, as ok um grjót gnaga, Hm. 106: it was originally a strong verb, pret. gnóg, as ala ól, and is still used so in some provincial dialects of Norway, vide Ivar Aasen; hence part. gnagit, Barl. 56 (Norse); in old Icel. writers it only remains in poetry, viz. pres. gnegr, Fms. vi. 310 (in a verse of the 11th century); gengr, i.e. gnegr, Edda (A. M.) i. 68, note 12: [Engl. gnaw; Swed. gnaga; Dan. gnave] :-- to gnaw; en Níðhöggr gnagar neðan rótina, Edda 10, Gm. 33; hestar gnöguðu beizlin, Karl. 376; þeir gnöguðu skjaldar-rendr, Fas. i. 425; mýss tvær gnagaðu um rætr trésins, Barl. 56. gnap, n., poët. high places, the high sea, Edda (Gl.): in poët. compds, gnap-hjarl, -salr, -stóll, -turn, Lex. Poët. GNAPA, t, to jut out, stoop forward; hann (the ghost) gnapti innar yfir dyrnar, Grett. 114 A; fjallit sýnisk mjök yfir gnapa öðrum fjöllum, Fms. x. 313; ef hón sæi háska eðr skaða yfir gnapa (impendere) sínu ríki, 223: to droop with the head, snapa ok gnapa, to be snubbed and droop the head, Hm. 62; gnapir grár jór yfir gram dauðum, Bkv. 6; sköltar gnöpðu, Fms. ii. 259 (in a verse); hann gnapir með hettu, Fas. iii. 494 (in a verse). gnarr, n., poët. the sea, Edda (Gl.); prop. the 'gnarrer,' murmurer. gnastan, f. a gnashing, Hom. 70. gnat, n. a clash (of weapons), Höfuðl.; the Engl. gnat is so called from the sound of its wings. gnata, að, to clash, Vsp. 51. gnauð (gnauðan, Bs. i. 206), f. a rustling noise, Fas. iii. 129, Ór. 56; metaph. a murmur, Grett. 98. GNAUÐA, að, mod. nauða, to rustle, ring; hann lætr g. broddinn í jöklinum, of the sound of a mountaineer's staff, Bárð. 171; gnauðaði svá at skjálfa þóttu húsin, of troops riding over the ice, Sturl. iii. 147; hence mod. nauða á e-m, to din in one's ear. gnaust, n., and gnaustan, f. a clash, tinkling, Hallfred, Lex. Poët. Gná, f. the name of a goddess, Edda: freq. in poetry, of women. gnegg, n., mod. hnegg, neighing, Hrafn. 7, Al. 67, Karl. 282. GNEGGJA, að, mod. hneggja, to neigh, Hrafn. 8, Rd. 267, Stj. 78, Karl. 376, Hkv. Hjörv. 20. gneista, að, [mid. H. Germ. ganeiste], to emit sparks, Fms. viii. 8. GNEISTI, a, m., mod. neisti, [mid. H. Germ. ganeist; Dan. gnist; Swed. gnista; cp. the mineral gneiss, so called from its sparkling particles]: -- a spark, Edda 4, Fms. iii. 193, v. 175, Sks. 204, Skálda 175: metaph., g. lífsins, Fms. x. 368. gneista-flaug, f. a shower of sparks, Bs. i. 44, Fms. iii. 180. gnella, gnall, gnullu, to scream; haukar þeirra gnullu leiðiliga, Karl. 376. GNERR, m. [Chaucer's gnarr], a knot or knob: metaph., stóð við þann gnerr nokkra daga, it stopped at that 'gnarr,' i.e. it lasted, for some days, Fms. viii. 263, v.l. GNESTA, pret. gnast, pl. gnustu, [A. S. gnæstan], to crack; hlíf gnast við hlíf, Skálda (in a verse); viðir brotna eðr gnesta, 169; málmar gnustu, Hallfred; gnestr hann (the sword) hátt í þeirra hausum, Fas. i. 102: the phrase, g. í eyrum e-s, to tinkle in one's ears; múgrinn æpti svá at gnast í eyrum borgar-manna, Stj. 360, 647. 2 Kings xxi. 12; þessi ódæmi sem öllum mönnum gnestr í eyrum, Mar.; gnustu þá saman vápnin, Sturl. iii. 174; ok gnestr í steininum, Bs. i. 601; gnast í brynjunni, Karl. 175. gneypr, adj. jutting, bent forward; stóð höfuðit gneypt af bolnum, Eb. 244; Egill sat uppréttr ok var gneypr mjök, Eg. 304, Fas. iii. 117. gniða or niða, að, [Dan. gnide], to rub; þat var sem sviðit ok gniðat öðru-megin, hón lét telgja á lítinn flatveg þar sem gniðat var, Grett. 177 new Ed. gnissa, u, f. a spectre, Edda (Gl.); cp. Dan. nisse = a hobgoblin. gnit, f., mod. nitr, f. pl. [Dan. gnid; Ivar Aasen gnit], a nit, Lat. lens. GNÍPA, u, f., not gnýpa, (ríp í bratta gnípu, Rekstefja 28), a peak, Fms. ii. 154, Sks. 171 C, Greg. 62, Bs. i. 360, Róm. 352. gníst, n. a gnashing, Nikulás-d. 56. GNÍSTA, t, mod. also nista, to gnash the teeth; g. tönnum, Mar. freq., Greg. 55, Mart. 118, Fas. iii. 629 (where nísta, paper MS.); ok þeir nístu tönnum yfir honum, Acts vii. 54 :-- trans. to tease, mundu þér eigi gníst hafa yðvarn biskup með svá skarpri meingörðar ör, Mar. 457. 2. to snarl as a dog; þeir ýldu ok gnístu, Fms. vii. 192; við þetta spratt hundrinn upp gnístandi, iii. 13; hans hundar hversu þeir gnístu, Þíðr. 368; gnístandi frost, a biting frost, Fms. ii. 225. UNCERTAIN Nesta or nísta (q.v.), to pin, is a different word.

GNÍSTAN -- GOÐ. 207

gnístan, f. gnashng of teeth, in the phrase, óp ok tanna g., Post. 656 C. 30; spelt gnístran, Matth. viii. 12, xiii. 42, 50, xxii. 13, xxiv. 51, xxv. 30, Luke xiii. 28. gnístingr, m. a creaking, Stj. 71. gnjóðr, m. a kind of seed, Edda (Gl.) gnjóstr, m., Tann-g., Teeth-gnasher, one of Thor's he-goats, Edda. gnolla, d, to shiver; impers., tekr þeim at gnolla, Fms. xi. 136. Gnóð or Gnoð, f., poët. name of a ship, Edda (Gl.); properly a mythical ship like the Greek Argo, Fas. iii. 406, 407, (Eg. S. Einh. fine.) gnóg-leikr, m. abundance, Magn. 450, Rb. 110. gnóg-liga, adv. (mod. nóg-liga, and so Stj. 30, Fms. vi. 15, MSS. of the 14th century), abundantly, Edda 9, Fms. i. 77, Hom. 37, Stj. 414. gnóg-ligr, adj. (mod. nóg-ligr, and so Fms. ii. 228, Sks. 134 B. new Ed., MSS. of the 13th century), abundant, Stj. 428, Mar. 474. GNÓGR, adj.; in old alliterative poets gn, þess var grams und gömlum | gnóg rausn, Arnór, and so in very old MSS.; but even vellum MSS. as old as Hb., Stj., Arna-Magn. 66 (vide below), begin to drop the g, which was either lost or replaced by í (í-nógr) as in Engl. e-nough: the declension also is interesting; in old writers it has regular neut. gnógt or nógt, but later the t was dropped; an Icel. says, það er nóg rúm (room enow), the old form being gnógt rúm; the gen. has also been dropped, and so the word has become an irregular though not indeclinable adjective: again, an indeclinable nógu has been formed, nógu margr, mikill, etc., answering to Engl. enough after an adjective: [Ulf. ganôhs, -- GREEK; A. S. genôh; Engl. enough and enow; O. H. G. ganah; Germ. genug and genung; Dan. nok; Swed. nog and noga] :-- enough, sufficient, plentiful, of stores; þar er sæmðar ván er gnóg er til, Nj. 21; selveiðar gnógar ok fiski-fang mikit, Eg. 130; mundu þar fá gnógt lið, Fms. vii. 276; ok svá nógt er í fjöllum þeim gull sem grjót, Pr. 400; þat it fjórða er nógt var, which was enough by itself, Bret. (Hb.) 66; þeim með er hann hefir gnógastan til, Sks. 229 B; hafa gnógan liðs kost, Fms. viii. 220; því at þar var nógt búfé Dana til strandhöggva, i. 128; gaf hann öllum nóga skotpenninga, xi. 202; honum mun gefast svo hann gnóg hafi, Matth. xiii. 12; skógar-dýr er jafnan vóru gnóg, Stj. 560 (nóg and í nóg, v.l.); með svá nógum gný (so great a din) ok vápna-braki, at ..., Stj. (MSS.) 127 :-- of persons (rare), nú var hann nógr orðinn um kvikfé, now he was well stocked with cattle, Bjarn. 39; nú muntú ok vera þér nógr einn (= einhlítr, q.v.) um þetta mál, Band. 6. II. adverbial use; at nógu, sufficiently, plentifully; þat sem at nógu döggvir allan aldin-viðinn, Stj. 68; ok vinnsk oss þat at nógu, it is enough for us, Fms. v. 48 (but at gnógu, Ó. H. 202, l.c., and so Fb. ii. 329); í-nóg, enough; hann (the cypress) er þar í-nóg, Stj. 88, Al. 171; þar til er þeir allir hafa drukkit í-nóg, Stj. 136; fóðr höfum vér í-nóg, id.; allt var í-nóg þat er hafa þurfti, 203; biskup sagði at þeir hefði í-nóg at geyma, Bs. i. 866 :-- nógu, indecl. enough, only in the later Sagas, þreif Öngull til saxins, ok kvað hann nógu lengi (long enough) borit hafa, Grett. 154; því at nógu margir munu vera mótstöðu-menn þínir, 156; nógu mikit, mickle enough, Bs. i. 909 (Laur. S.) gnótt, f. [A. S. geniht], abundance, plenty; ærin gnótt vista, Fms. xi. 36; gnótt fjár, Band. 9; aura gnótt, plenty of money, Greg. 39; gnótt grunnýðgi (gen.), Am. 1; þau áttu gnótt í búi, Nj. 257; en svá mikil gnótt at sólunni um sumarit, so great plenty of sun during the summer, Sks. 71; hljóta sumir mikla gnótt af þessum gjöfum, 561; hann mun gefa þér gnótt allra hluta, Blas. 43; þar vóru gnóttir hvers-vetna, Fs. 65; en at ek gera gnótt spurning þinni, that I give sufficient answer to thy question, Fas. iii. 665. COMPDS: gnótta-brunnr, m. the well of abundance, Stj. 164. Gen. xxvi. 22. gnótta-maðr, m. a wealthy man, Grett. 127 (MS. A. nótta-maðr). GNÚA, mod. núa, pres. gný; pret. gneri, gnöri, or neri; part. gnúit; [cp. Dan. gnide] :-- to rub; hann tók til orða, ok gneri nefit, and rubbed his nose, Orkn. 394; gnera ek vátum höndum um augu mér, Ó. H. 224; gnera (gnöra, v.l.) ek í sundr öll málmhlið sterkra borga, Sks. 631 B, Mirm. 31: with dat., hón rakaði af honum allt hárit ok neri (paper MS.) í tjöru (dat.), and rubbed it with tar, Fas. i. 18; hann gnýr þar við bakinu þar til er boga-strengrinn skarsk, ii. 547; þó at þér sveinar haeði at því, at þú sitir mjótt ok gnúir saman lærum þínum, Band. 13, Mar. 539; nokkurrir fiskar gnúa sér svá fast við kviðinn, at ..., Stj. 77. gnúfa, ð, (qs. gnúpa), to droop, stoop; skalf hón öll af hræðslu ok gnúfði hón með höfði sínu, Str. 76. gnúfa, adj. drooping, stooping; hann sat gnúfa hryggr ... lypti upp höfði sínu, Str. 73. gnúpa, u, f. = gnúfa, a nickname, Landn. gnúp-leitr, adj. = gnúfa, Edda 19. GNÚPR, m. a peak ( = gnípa); þá gékk maðr út ór gnúpinum, Nj. 211; undir gnúpinum, Landn. 277, v.l.: freq. in local names, Lóma-g., Rita-g.; Gnúpar, pl., and Gnúpr, names of farms, Landn.: a pr. name, Bs. GNYÐJA, gnuddi, to mutter, grumble; herrinn gnuddi nú ílla, Fms. vi. 156 (nuddi, v.l.); en þó gnuddi þetta mest á Sturlu, they grumbled most against Sturla, Sturl. 157: to scream, grunt, gnyðja mundu nú grísir ef þeir vissi hvat hinn gamli þyldi, Fas. i. 282. gnyðr, m., pl. ir, mod. nyðr, or even spelt niðr, a murmur; þykki mér íllt at heyra gnyð ykkar yfir mér, Fas. iii. 194; görðisk þá mikill gnýr ok gnyðr af ópi ok hlaupum, Stj. 452, v.l. II. in mod. usage freq. the murmur of a river or brook, ár-niðr, lækjar-niðr. gný-fari, a, m., poët. the wind, Edda (Gl.) GNÝJA, pres. gnýr, pret. gnúði, to sound, of wind and sea; derived from gnúa, with the notion of a grating sound, as of a stream over pebbles, the tide against the beach, etc.; brím gnýr Kormak, vide Lex. Poët.; breki gnúði á stafni, Höfuðl. 11; gnýr allr Jötun-heimr, Vsp. 53; gnýjanda gjálfr, Sks.; útan gnýr á eyri Ýmis blóð, Edda (in a verse); vindar eru þá úkyrrir ok gnýja héðan ok handan, Edda 8; þar megu vér nú heyra gnýja bana Þorkels frænda, Ld. 326; gnúði á hallæri mikit ok veðrátta köld, Bs. i. 171; þá gnú/ði á hin snarpasta hríð, Fms. ii. 225; þótti honum görask mikit vandkvæði í þessu er á gnúði, iv. 145; hvat sem á gnýr, Thom. 114. gný-mikit, n. adj. stormy, windy, Grett. 111 A. gnýpr, m., mod. nýpr, = gnúpr, a local word. gnýr, m. a clash, din, as of wind, waves, weapons, etc., Nj. 272, Edda 41, Mag. 6, Skálda 169, Fms. vi. 156, x. 264, Sl. 57: esp. freq. in poët. compds referring to the din of war, Lex. Poët.: metaph., gnýr ok ótti, alarm and fright, Niðrst. 5. gnæða, dd, mod. næða, to feel a draught, það næðir um þig. gnæðingr, m., mod. næðingr, a gust of wind, Bárð. 171. GNÆFA, ð and að, to project, Lat. eminere; af Gnár nafni er svá kallat, at þat gnæfi sem hátt ferr, Edda. 22; merki mörg óðfluga ok gnæfðu fyrir ofan brekkuna, Hkr. i. 150; engi sá fyrr en þar gnæfaði merki yfir þeim, Fms. viii. 62; en er bændr sá þat í móti dags-brúninni at merki konungs gnævaði hátt, 126; ok gnæfar yfir liðinu sem einn hár turn, Al. 141; hans bust næfði (sic) náliga við limar uppi, Fb. ii. 27; g. við himin, Fas. i. 185 (in a verse); hann gnæfði ofarliga við ráfrinu, Grett.: metaph., Lat. impendere, hvílíkr háski at yfir gnæfir þeirra sálum, H. E. i. 514 :-- very freq. in mod. usage. gnæfr (gnæpr, Fb. i. 258), adj. floating high, of a banner, Hd. 40. GNÆGJA, ð, [gnógr], to endow, bestow upon; gnægð með góðum hlutum, Stj. 421; hve hann yrþjóð (acc.) auði gnegir, how he endows men with bliss, Ad. 18; and gnegðr at fjárafli, endowed with wealth, id. In mod. usage nægja, það nægir, 'tis enough, e.g. sá hefir nóg sér nægja lætr, a saying, freq. gnægr, adj., mod. nægr, = gnógr; þú hefir þat gnægara, er meira þarf við, Lv. 43; því at lands-folkit var gnægt til, i.e. populous, Hkr. i. 45; hann á nægri börn en kýr, he is better stocked with bairns than kine, Bs. ii. 141; skaupi gnegr, full of contempt, scoffing, Ad. 2. gnægt, f. (nægt, nægð, Stj. 235, freq. in mod. usage), = gnótt, abundance: esp. in pl., eiga alls nægtir, to have one's fill of all good things, freq. gnægta, t, = gnægja; Dróttinn mun þik g. öllum góðum hlutum, Stj. 421. GNÖLLRA, að, (nöllra, Karl. l.c.; hence the mod. nöldra to grumble, nöldr grumbling) :-- to howl, bark; hundrinn hljóp upp gnöllrandi, Fas. iii. 545; haukar þeirra gnöllraðu, Karl. 376, v.l.; við þessi orð spratt hundrinn upp ok gnöllraði hátt, Fms. iii. 13; hjarta hans gnöllraði í honum innan-brjósts eins og greyhundr, rendering of Od. xx. 13, 14; þar eru tveir hundar ok nöllra þeir ok grenja, Þiðr. 245. gnöllran, f. howling, Mar. GNÖTRA, að, [gnat], to clatter, rattle; gnötrar (gnottir, Verel.) sverðit hvárt yfir annat, Bret. 55; menn þóttusk heyra at beinin gnötruðu við hræringarnar, his bones clattered, Bs. i. 69: esp. of the teeth, skelfr hann svá mjök at gnötrar í honum hver tönn, Háv. 54; tennr hans nötruðu, Fbr. 149: metaph., þar hlaut at nötra um, Sd. 169 :-- in mod. usage freq. to shiver, shake, as with cold. GOÐ, n. pl. [all the Teutonic languages have this word in common; Ulf. guþa, n. pl., Gal. iv. 8; guda, id., John x. 34, 35; and Guþ, m.; A. S. godu, n. pl., and God, m.; O. H. G. Cot: in mod. languages masc.; Engl. God; Germ. Gott; Dan.-Swed. Gud]. A. HISTORICAL REMARKS. -- In heathen times this word was neuter, and was used almost exclusively in plur., as were also other words denoting Godhead, e.g. regin or rögn = numina, q.v.; and bönd, höpt, prop. = bonds, and metaph. gods :-- this plur. usage seems not to refer to a plurality of gods, but rather, as the Hebrew HEBREW, to the majesty and mystery of the Godhead; it points to an earlier and purer faith than that which was current in the later ages of the Scandinavian heathendom; thus the old religious poem Völuspá distinguishes a twofold order of gods, -- the heavenly powers (regin or ginn-heilög goð) who had no special names or attributes, and who ruled the world, like the GREEK or GREEK of Gr. mythology; -- and the common gods who were divided into two tribes, Æsir (Ases) and Vanir, whose conflict and league are recorded in Vsp. 27, 28, and Edda 47. II. after the introduction of Christianity, the masculine gender (as in Greek and Latin) superseded the neuter in all Teutonic languages, first in Gothic, then in Old High German and Anglo-Saxon, and lastly in the Scandinavian languages; but neither in Gothic nor in Icel. did the word ever take the masc. inflexive r or s, so that it remains almost unique in form. 2. in Scandinavian the root vowel was altered from o to u (goð to guð), [Swed.-Dan. gud], yet in old poems of the Christian age

208 GOÐ -- GOÐI.

it is still made to rhyme with o, Goðs, boðnum; Goð, roðnar, Sighvat; as also in the oldest MSS. of the 12th century; sometimes however it is written &g-long;þ, in which case the root vowel cannot be discerned. 3. in Icel. the pronunciation also underwent a change, and the g in Guð (God) is now pronounced gw (Gwuð), both in the single word and in those proper names which have become Christian, e.g. Guðmundr pronounced Gwuðmundr, whence the abbreviated form Gvendr or Gvöndr. The old form with o is still retained in obsolete words, as goði, goðorð, vide below, and in local names from the heathen age, as Goð-dalir; so also Gormr (q.v.), which is contracted from Goð-ormr not Guð-ormr. On the other hand, the Saxon and German have kept the root vowel o. III. in old poems of heathen times it was almost always used without the article; gremdu eigi goð at þér, Ls.; áðr vér heilög goð blótim, Fas. i. (in a verse); ginnheilög Goð, Vsp. passim; goðum ek þat þakka, Am. 53; með goðum, Alm.; in prose, en goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132. 2. with the article goð-in, Vsp. 27: freq. in prose, um hvat reiddusk goðin þá er hér brann hraunit er nú stöndu vér á, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 22; eigi eru undr at goðin reiðisk tölum slíkum, id.; Hallfreðr lastaði eigi goðin, þó aðrir menn hallmælti þeim, Fms. ii. 52; allmikin hug leggr þú á goðin, Fs. 94; eigi munu goðin þessu valda, Nj. 132, passim. 3. very seldom in sing., and only if applied to a single goddess or the like, as Öndor-goðs (gen.), Haustl. 7; Vana-goð, of Freyja, Edda; enu skírleita goði, of the Sun, Gm. 39. IV. after the introduction of Christianity, the neut. was only used of false gods in sing. as well as in pl., Sólar-goð = Apollo, Orrostu-goð = Mars, Drauma-goð = Morpheus, Bret. (Verel.); and was held up for execration by the missionaries; gör þik eigi svá djarfa, at þú kallir goð hinn hæsta konung er ek trúi á, Fb. i. 371. Yet so strongly did the neut. gender cleave to the popular mind that it remains (Grág. Kb. i. 192) in the oath formula, goð gramt = Goð gramr; and Icel. still say, í Guðanna (pl.) bænum. 2. guðír, masc. pl., as in A. S. gudas, is freq. in eccl. writers, but borrowed from the eccl. Lat. B. IN COMPDS: I. with nouns, goða-blót, n. sacrifice to the gods, Fb. i. 35. goða-gremi, f. a term in the heathen oath, wrath of the gods, Eg. 352. goða-heill, f. favour of the gods, Þorst. Síðu H. 9. goða-hús, n. a house of gods, temple, Dropl. 11, Nj. 131, Fb. i. 337. goða-stallar, m. pl. the altar in temples, Fas. i. 454. goða-stúka, u, f. the sanctuary in heathen temples, answering to the choir or sanctuary in churches, Landn. 335 (App.) goða-tala, u, f. in the phrase, í goðatölu, in the tale (list) of gods, 625. 41. goð-borinn, part. GREEK, god-born, Hkv. 1. 29. goð-brúðr, f. bride of the gods (the goddess Skaði), Edda (in a verse). Goð-dalir, m. pl. a local name, hence Goð-dælir, m. pl. a family, Landn. goð-gá, f. blasphemy against the gods, Nj. 163, Ld. 180. goð-heimr, m. the home of the gods, Stor. 20, cp. Ýt. goð-konungr, m. (cp. Gr. GREEK), a king, -- kings being deemed the offspring of gods, Ýt. goð-kunnigr and goð-kyndr, adj. of the kith of gods, Edda 6, 11, 13. goð-lauss, adj. godless, a nickname, Landn. goð-lax, m. a kind of salmon, Edda (Gl.) goð-leiðr, adj. loathed by the gods, Korm. goð-máligr, adj. skilled in the lore of the gods, Hým. 38. goð-mögn, n. pl. divine powers, deities, Edda 1; biðja til þinna goðmagna, Bret. (Verel.) goð-reið, f. 'a ride of gods' through the air, a meteor, thought to forebode great events, Glúm. (in a verse), cp. the Swed. åska. goð-rifi, n. scorn of the gods, Sks. 435. goð-rækr, adj. 'god-forsaken,' wicked, 623. 30. goðum-leiðr, adj. = goðleiðr, Landn. (in a verse). goð-vargr, m. a 'god-worrier,' sacrilegus, 'lupus in sanctis,' Bs. i. 13 (in a verse). goð-vefr, vide guðvefr. goð-vegr, m. the way of the gods, the heaven, the sky, Hdl. 5. Goð-þjóð, f. the abode of the gods, Vsp. :-- but Goth. Gut-þjuda = the land of the Goths, by assimilation Goð-þjóð, passim in old poems and the Sagas. II. with pr. names, originally Goð-, later and mod. Guð-; of men, Guð-brandr, Guð-laugr, Guð-leifr, Guð-mundr, Guð-röðr, Guð-ormr or Gutt-ormr, etc.; of women, Guð-björg, Guð-finna, Guð-laug, Guð-leif, Guð-ný, Guð-ríðr, Guð-rún, etc.; cp. the interesting statement in Eb. (App.) 126 new Ed. (from the Hauks-bók), that men of the olden time used to call their sons and daughters after the gods (Goð-, Þór-, Frey-, Ás-); and it was thought that a double (i. e. a compound) name gave luck and long life, esp. those compounded with the names of gods; menn höfðu mjök þá tvau nöfn, þótti þat likast til langlífis ok heilla, þótt nokkurir fyrirmælti þeim við goðin, þá mundi þat ekki saka, ef þeir ætti eitt nafn, though any one cursed them by the gods it would not hurt if they had 'one' name, i.e. if they were the namesakes of the gods, Eb. l. c.; -- we read 'eitt nafn' for 'eitt annat nafn' of the Ed. and MS. In Fb. i. 23, the mythical king Raum is said to have had three sons, Alf, Björn, and Brand; the first was reared by the Finns, and called Finn-Alf; Björn by his mother (a giantess), and called Jötun-Björn; and Brand was given to the gods, and called Goð-Brand (Guð-brandr, whence Guðbrands-dalir, a county in Norway); cp. also Eb. ch. 7. UNKNOWN For the Christian sense of God and its compds vide s. v. Guð. goddi, a, m. [cp. Germ. götze] a nickname, Ld. GOÐI, a, m. [Ulf, renders GREEK by gudja (ufar-gudja, ahumista-gudja, etc.), GREEK by gudjinassus, GREEK by gudjinôn; an Icel. gyði, gen. gyðja, would answer better to the Goth. form, but it never occurs, except that the fem. gyðja = goddess and priestess points not to goði, but to a masc. with a suppressed final i, gyði; a word coting occurs in O. H. G. glossaries, prob. meaning the same; and the form guþi twice occurs on Danish-Runic stones in Nura-guþi and Saulva-guþi, explained as goði by P. G. Thorsen, Danske Runem.; (Rafn's explanation and reading of Nura-guþi qs. norðr á Gauði, is scarcely right): with this exception this word is nowhere recorded till it appears in Icel., where it got a wide historical bearing] :-- prop. a priest, sacerdos, and hence a liege-lord or chief of the Icel. Commonwealth. A. HISTORICAL REMARKS. -- The Norse chiefs who settled in Icel., finding the country uninhabited, solemnly took possession of the land (land-nám, q.v.); and in order to found a community they built a temple, and called themselves by the name of goði or hof-goði, 'temple-priest;' and thus the temple became the nucleus of the new community, which was called goðorð, n. :-- hence hof-goði, temple-priest, and höfðingi, chief, became synonymous, vide Eb. passim. Many independent goðar and goðorð sprang up all through the country, until about the year 930 the alþingi (q.v.) was erected, where all the petty sovereign chiefs (goðar) entered into a kind of league, and laid the foundation of a general government for the whole island. In 964 A.D. the constitution was finally settled, the number of goðorð being fixed at three in each þing (shire), and three þing in each of the three other quarters, (but four in the north); thus the number of goðar came to be nominally thirty-nine, really thirty-six, as the four in the north were only reckoned as three, vide Íb. ch. 5. On the introduction of Christianity the goðar lost their priestly character, but kept the name; and the new bishops obtained seats in the Lögrétta (vide biskup). About the year 1004 there were created new goðar (and goðorð), who had to elect judges to the Fifth Court, but they had no seats in the Lögrétta, and since that time the law distinguishes between forn (old) and ný (new) goðorð; -- in Glúm. ch. 1 the word forn is an anachronism. It is curious that, especially in the 12th century, the goðar used to take the lesser Orders from political reasons, in order to resist the Romish clergy, who claimed the right of forbidding laymen to be lords of churches or to deal with church matters; thus the great chief Jón Loptsson was a sub-deacon; at last, about 1185, the archbishop of Norway forbade the bishops of Icel. to ordain any holder of a goðorð, unless they first gave up the goðorð, fyrir því bjóðum vér biskupum at vígja eigi þá menn er goðorð hafa, D. I. i. 291. In the middle of the 13th century the king of Norway induced the goðar to hand their power over to him, and thus the union with Norway was finally brought about in the year 1262; since that time, by the introduction of new codes (1272 and 1281), the name and dignity of goðar and goðorð disappeared altogether, so that the name begins and ends with the Commonwealth. B. DUTIES. -- In the alþingi the goðar were invested with the Lögrettu-skipan (q.v.), that is to say, they composed the Lögrétta (the Legislative consisting of forty-eight members -- on the irregularity of the number vide Jb. ch. 5), and were the lawgivers of the country; secondly, they had the dómnefna (q.v.), or right of naming the men who were to sit in the courts, vide dómr :-- as to their duties in the quarter-parliaments (vár-þing) vide Grág. Þ. Þ. and the Sagas. The authority of the goðar over their liegemen at home was in olden times somewhat patriarchal, vide e.g. the curious passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 2; though no section of law relating to this interesting part of the old history is on record, we can glean much information from the Sagas. It is to be borne in mind that the goðar of the Saga time (10th century) and those of the Grágás and Sturlunga time (12th and 13th centuries) were very different; the former were a kind of sovereign chiefs, who of free will entered into a league; the latter had become officials, who for neglecting their duties in parliament might be fined, and even forfeit the goðorð to their liegemen, vide Grág. Þ. Þ. Neither þing (q.v.) nor goðorð was ever strictly geographical (such is the opinion of Konrad Maurer), but changed from time to time; the very word goðorð is defined as 'power' (veldi), and was not subject to the payment of tithe, K. Þ. K. 142. The goðorð could be parcelled out by inheritance or by sale; or they might, as was the case in the latter years of the Commonwealth, accumulate in one hand, vide esp. Sturl. passim, and Grág. The liegemen (þingmenn) were fully free to change their lords (ganga í lög með goða, ganga ór lögum); every franklin (þingmaðr) had in parliament to declare his þingfesti, i.e. to name his liegeship, and say to what goði and þing he belonged, and the goði had to acknowledge him; so that a powerful or skilful chief might have liegemen scattered all over the country. But the nomination to the courts and the right of sitting in the legislative body were always bound to the old names, as fixed by the settlement of the year 964; and any one who sought the name or influence of a goði had first (by purchase, inheritance, or otherwise) to become possessor of a share of one of the old traditionary goðorð; see the interesting chapter in Nj. The three goðar in one þing (shire) were called sam-goða, joint-goðar; for the sense of allsherjar-goði vide p. 17.

GOÐAKVIÐR -- GÓÐR 209

C. NAMES. -- Sometimes a chief's name referred to the god whom he especially worshipped, as Freys-Goði, Hrafn., Gísl., whence Freys-gyðlingar, q.v.; (the ör-goði is dubious); more frequently the name referred to the liegemen or county, e.g. Ljósvetninga-Goði, Tungu-Goði, etc.; but in the Saga time, goði was often added to the name almost as a cognomen, and with some, as Snorri, it became a part of their name (as Cato Censor in Latin); hann varðveitti þá hof, var hann þá kallaðr Snorri Goði, Eb. 42; seg, at sá sendi, er meiri vin var húsfreyjunnar at Fróðá en Goðans at Helgafelli, 332. Names on record in the Sagas :-- men living from A.D. 874 to 964, Hallsteinn Goði, Landn., Eb.; Sturla Goði, Landn. 65; Jörundr Goði and Hróarr Tungu-Goði, id.; Ljótólfr Goði, Sd.; Hrafnkell Freys-Goði, Hrafn.; Oddr Tungu-Goði, Landn.; Þormóðr Karnár-Goði, Vd.; Áskell Goði, Rd.; Úlfr Ör-goði, Landn.; Grímkell Goði, Harð. S.; Þorgrímr Freys-goði, Gísl. 100, 110: -- 964 to 1030, Arnkell Goði, Landn., Eb.; Þorgrímr Goði, Eb.; Geirr Goði, Landn., Nj.; Runólfr Goði, id.; Þóroddr Goði, Kristni S.; Þormóðr Allsherjar-Goði, Landn.; Þorgeirr Goði, or Ljósvetninga-Goði, Nj., Landn.; (Þorkell Krafla) Vatnsdæla-Goði, Vd.; Helgi Hofgarða-Goði, Landn., Eb.; Snorri Hlíðarmanna-Goði, Lv.; Þórarinn Langdæla-Goði, Heiðarv. S.; and last, not least, Snorri Goði :-- in the following period goði appears, though very rarely, as an appellative, e.g. Þormóðr Skeiðar-Goði (about 1100) :-- of the new goðar of 1004, Höskuldr Hvítaness-Goði, Nj. :-- used ironically, Ingjaldr Sauðeyja-Goði, Ld. 2. goðorð mentioned by name, -- in the south, Allsherjar-goðorð, Landn. (App.) 336; Dalverja-goðorð, Sturl. ii. 48; Lundarmanna-goðorð, i. 223; Reykhyltinga-goðorð, 104, iii. 166, 169; Bryndæla-goðorð, Kjaln. S. 402: in the north, Ljósvetninga-goðorð, Lv. ch. 30; Möðruvellinga-goðorð, Bs. i. 488; Vatnsdæla-goðorð, Fs. 68; Fljótamanna-goðorð, Sturl. i. 138: in the west, Snorrunga-goðorð, 55; Jöklamanna-goðorð, iii. 166; Rauðmelinga-goðorð, Eb. 288; Reyknesinga-goðorð, Sturl. i. 9, 19; Þórsnesinga-goðorð, 198: the new godords of the Fifth Court, Laufæsinga-goðorð, Nj. 151; Melamanna-goðorð, id., Band., Sturl. i. 227. Passages in the Sagas and Laws referring to goðar and goðorð are very numerous, e.g. Íb. ch. 5, Nj. ch. 98, Grág., Lögréttu-þáttr, and Þ. Þ. passim, esp. ch. 1-5, 17, 35, 37, 39, 44, 58, 60, 61, Lv. ch. 4 (interesting), Vd. ch. 27, 41 (in fine), and 42, Vápn., Hrafn. ch. 2, Eb. ch. 10, 56, Sturl. iii. 98, 104, passim; for the accumulation of godords, see i. 227 (3, 22), Bs. i. 54; for the handing over the godords to the king of Norway, D. I. i; and esp. article 3 of the Sáttmáli, D. I. i. 631, 632. The godords were tithe-free, ef maðr á goðorð, ok þarf eigi þat til tíundar at telja, vald er þat en eigi fé:, K. Þ. K. 142. COMPDS: goða-kviðr, m. a law term, the verdict of a jury composed of twelve goðar, commonly called tylftar-kviðr, a 'twelver-verdict,' fixed for some special cases, defined in Grág.; the goða-kviðr was opposed to the búa-kviðr, vide búi, Grág. i. 168, passim. goða-lýrittr, m. a law term, a protest or interdict, Grág. i. 112, ii. 97, passim; but it is uncertain whether it is derived from goði, i.e. the protest of a goði, or from goð, i.e. the great ban, a protest in the holy name of the gods. goða-þáttr, m. a section of law about the goðar, Grág. i. 73. II. = goð, i.e. good genius, in the Icel. game at dice called goða-tafl, with the formula, heima ræð eg goða minn bæði vel og lengi, ... og kasta eg svo fyrir þig, cp. also ást-goði. goð-orð, n. (seldom spelt guðorð, as in Grág. ii. 154); hann var maðr félítill en átti staðfestu góða í Skálholti ok goðorð, Bs. i. 54; for this word vide goði. COMPDS: goðorðs-lauss, adj. without a godord, Nj. 149, Band. 2. goðorðs-maðr, m. a 'godord-man,' = a goði, Hrafn. 13, 14, Fs. 67, Glúm. 324, Sturl., passim. goðorðs-mál, n. an action concerning a godord, Sturl. ii. 89. goðorðs-tilkall, n. a claim to a godord, Sturl. ii. 88: erfða-goðorð (q.v.), Sturl. i. 198; fornt goðorð, vide above: forráðs-goðorð = manna-forrað, a godord to which forráð (power) is attached, an GREEK in Ísl. ii. 173 (Hænsa Þ. S.) goggr, m. a gag or hook: brýna gogginn, to whet the beak, of a raven: a term of abuse, Edda (Gl.) gogli, a, m. ooze, mud, Mork. 13; cp. blóð-gögl, blood-ooze, Björn. GOL, n,, mod. gola, u, f. a breeze: metaph., Al. 99; fjalla-g., q.v. gol-grænn, adj. yellow-green, epithet of the sea. gollr, m. [Old Engl. goll], the talon or claw of a hawk, esp. of artificial kind; in N. G. L. i. 242 a man has to return to the owner a goshawk if found astray with the goll fastened to him, but he may claim landnám, i.e. compensation for damages done on the land. gollungr, m. [gollr], poët. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.) gollurr, in. the pericardium, Edda (Gl.) gollur-hús, n. id., Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 579; hence gollor-heimr, m., poët. the breast. gol-mórauðr, adj. yellow-brown. golsi, a, m., golsóttr, adj. a sheep with a dark yellow belly. gol-þorskr, m. 'yellow-cod,' a cod-fish so called from its colour. gopi, a, m. a vain person, Edda (Gl.) goppa, að, [Dan. gumpe; Engl. jump], to skip, (rare.) GOR, n. [A. S. gor; Engl. gore; Swed. går], whence Gor-mánuðr, m. Gore-month, the first winter month, about the middle of October to the middle of November, so called from the slaughtering of beasts for winter Store, Edda 103; vetr ok g. kemr laugardag, Rb. II. the cud in animals, but also used of chyme in men, e.g. spúa græmi gorinu, to vomit the green g., of one far gone in sea-sickness. COMPDS: gor-blautr, adj. clammy, of the hide of a fresh slaughtered animal. gor-geir, m. impudence. gor-kúla, u, f. a fungus, lypoperdon. gor-vargr, m. a law term, [early Dan. and Swed. gornithing; Ivar Aasen gortjuv], a 'gore-worrier,' one who feloniously destroys another man's cattle, liable to outlawry, defined in N. G. L. ii. 523. gor-vömb, f. the first stomach, Ísl. ii. 375. GORMR, m. ooze, mud, grounds in coffee and the like :-- a local name of a muddy creek at the bottom of Gils-fjörðr in the west of Icel. II. name of an old Danish king, prob. contracted from Goð-ormr, cp. Guthrum in the Saxon Chronicle. gort, n. bragging, fanfaronade, and gorta, að, to brag. gosi, a, m. [Swed. gossa = a boy], the knave in cards. got, n. spawning. gota, u, f. spawn. Goti, a, m., pl. Gotnar, the Goths; hence Gotland, n. Gotland; Gotneskr, adj. Gothic, Lex. Poët.; Gota-veldi, n. the Gothic empire, (of the island Gotland, A.D. 1319.) The name of the Goths with compds occurs freq. in Scandin. history, esp. in Sagas referring to the mythical age; and distinction is made between Ey-Gotar, the Island-Goths, i.e. the inhabitants of the Danish Isles, and Reið-Gotar or Hreð-Gotar in the south of Sweden. According to Jornandes and the late Norwegian historian P. A. Munch, a race of Gothic origin, speaking a dialect closely akin to that of Ulfilas, lived in parts of Scandinavia during the 3rd and 4th centuries of our era; Munch even supposes that Ermanarik (Jörmunrekr) was a Scandinavian-Gothic king, and lived in the 4th century, and that the Runic monuments on the Golden horn, the stone in Tune, the Bracteats, etc., are of this and the subsequent period; on this interesting question see Munch's Norske Folk's Hist., vol. i, and several essays by the same. II. poët. a horse, Lex. Poët. got-rauf, f. the spawn hole in female cod-fish or salmon. gotungr, m. young fish, fry. góð-brjóstaðr, part. kind-hearted, Glúm. 308. góð-fengr, adj. good-natured, Grett. 92 A, 107, Fms. iii. 107. góð-frægr, adj. of good repute, famous. góð-fúsliga, adv. willingly, Fms. ii. 204, Stj. góð-fúss, adj. benevolent, 655 xxx. 10, Fms. ii. 238, Th. 12, Stj. 154. góð-fýsi, f. goodness, Sks. 12, Fms. i. 304, v. 239, xi. 297, Mar. góð-fýst, f. good-will, Fms. ii. 225. góð-gengr, adj. going well, smooth-going, of a horse, opp. to harð-gengr. góð-girnd and góð-girni, f. goodness, kindness, Fms. x. 368, Nj. 250, Grett. 106 A, Clem. 51, Fs. 29, 38. góð-gjarn, adj. benevolent, kind, Nj. 30, Fms. i. 76, ii. 19, Bs. i. 61, 66. góð-gjarnliga, adv. kindly, Fms. iii. 48, vii. 148. góð-gjarnligr, adj. kind, kindly, Nj. 255, Fms. viii. 101. góð-granni, a, m. a good neighbour, Sks. 226. góð-gripr, m. a costly thing, Fms. ii. 61, iii. 134, Fas. i. 394, Thom. góð-gæfiliga, adv. gently, quietly, Str. góð-gæt, f. good cheer, good fare, cp. Dan. mundgodt, Str. 21. góð-görð, f. charity, Barl. 60, 71: mod. in pl. good cheer, hospitality. góðgörða-samr, adj. charitable; góðgörða-semi, f. charitableness. góð-görning, f. = góðgörningr, Hom. 128. góð-görningr, m. a good deed, charity, 655 xxiii. 1, Fms. i. 142, vi. 272, Hom. 70, Stj. 25, 399, Bs. i. 109. góð-háttaðr, part. well-mannered, Bs. i. 38. góði, a, m. a boon, Fms. xi. 72. góðindi, n. pl. boons, good things, Barl. 6, 190, 193, Stat. 289. góð-kunningi, a, m. a good acquaintance. góð-kunnugr, adj. on good terms. góð-kvendi, n. collect. a good, gentle woman. góð-kvennska, u, f. goodly womanhood, Jb. 64. góð-látr, adj. good-natured, gentle, Pr. 429. góðlat-samr (góðlát-semi, f.), adj. id. góð-leikr, m. (góð-leiki, a, m.), goodness, Fms. i. 141, 258, ii. 152, vii. 118, Stj. 374. góð-lifnaðr, m. a good life, Stj. 120, Bs. i. 46. góð-lífi, n. a good life, 625. 183, Bs. i. 109. góð-lyndi, n. good nature, Str. 21. góð-lyndr, adj. good-natured, Str. 21, Fas. i. 3. góð-mannliga, adv. like a good man, Fms. vi. 304, Bs., passim. góð-mannligr, adj. gentle, Bs. i. 874. góð-málugr, adj. = góðorðr, Hým., or better goð-málugr (?). góð-menni, n. a good, gentle man, Sturl. i. 211, Fms. viii. 136. góð-mennska, u, f. goodness, gentleness, Barl. 60 (freq.) góð-mennt, n. adj. good people, Eg. 201, Fms. ix. 293; vide fámennt. góð-mótliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), kindly, gently, Sturl. 14. góð-orðr, adj. gentle in one's words, Nj. 147. GÓÐR, adj., neut. gott with a short vowel; but that the ancients, at least in early times, said gótt is clear from the analogy with óðr neut. ótt, fróðr neut. frótt, and from rhymes such as gótt, dróttni; [Ulf. usually renders GREEK by gôþs, but GREEK by þiuþigs; A. S. gôd; Engl. good;

210 GÓÐRAÐR-GRAFJURR.

O.H.G. got; Germ. gut; Dutch goed; Swed.-Dan. god] : 1. good, righteous; góða frá íllum, Eluc. 37; góðan mann ok réttlátan, Ver. 7; góðr ok réttlátr konungr, Fms. vii. 263; góðir ok ágætir, Alex. 65; góðr maðr, Sks. 456; góð kona, 457; er hón góð kona, er þú hefir svo lofat hana? Bs. i. 799; góð verk, Hom. 97; góðr vili, good-will : allit., Góðr Guð; biðja Góðan Guð; Guð minn Góðr! and the like : also as a term of endearment, my dear! Elskan mín góð! barnið gott, good child! M. N. minn góðr! 2. good, honest; drengr góðr, passim; góðir vinir, good friends, Ísl. ii. 393; góðir menn, good men, Grág. i. 301; aðrir góðir menn, Fms. ix. 268; Guði ok góðum mönnum, Grág. ii. 168; góðr vili, good will, honest intention, Bs. i. 746 : in addressing one, góðr maðr! Sks. 303, passim; góðir hálsar! 3. kind; góð orð, good, kind words, Fms. vii. 40; vera í góðu skapi, to be in good spirits, Sturl. ii. 178 : with dat. kind towards one, þá er þú vart honum íllr þá var hann þér góðr, 655 xiii. A. 4. 4. good, gifted; gott skáld, a good poet, Nj. 38; góðr riddari, a good knight, Fms. vii. 56; góðr þrautar, enduring, Sks. 383 :-- good, favourable, göra góðan róm at e-u, to applaud; gott svar, and many like phrases. II. good, fine, goodly, rich; góð klæði, Fms. v. 273; góðar gjafir, vii. 40; góðr mjöðr, Gm. 13; góða hluti, good things, Nj. 258; góðr hestr, a fine horse, 90; hafr forkunnar góðan, Fms. x. 224; af góðu brauði, Sks. 321; gott veðr, fine weather, Fms. v. 260; góðan kost skipa, a goodly host of ships, vii. 40; með góðu föruneyti, with a goodly suite, x. 224; fá góða höfn, to make a good harbour, Ísl. ii. 398; mikil ey ok góð, a muckle island and a good, Eg. 25; í góðri virðingu, in good renown, Fms. vi. 141; góðr sómi, Ísl. ii. 393; góð borg, a fine town, Symb. 21; góðr beini, good cheer, Fms. i. 69; góðr fengr, a good (rich) haul, Ísl. ii. 138; gott ár, a good year, good season, Eg. 39; góðir penningar, good money, Fms. vii. 319; góðr kaupeyrir, good articles of trade, vi. 356 :-- wholesome, medic., hvat er manni gott (bezt)? Fas. ii. 33; úgott, unwholesome. 2. the phrases, göra sik góðan, to make oneself good, to dissemble; heyr á endemi, þú görir þik góðan, Nj. 74. β. in the phrase, góðr af e-u, good, liberal with a thing; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 71; góðr af tíðindum, good at news, communicative, Grett. 98 A; at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that thou wast willing to part with (lend) the horse, Nj. 90 (cp. af C. VII. 2); góðr af fé, open-handed, Band. 2 : with gen., góðr matar, good in meat, a good host, Hm. 38. III. neut. as subst.; hvárki at íllu né góðu, neither for evil nor good, Sks. 356; eiga gott við e-n, to deal well with one, stand on good terms with, Stor. 21; færa til góðs eðr ílls, to turn to good or bad account, Grág. ii. 144; fátt góðs, little of good, Hom. 38; fara með góðu, to bring good, Ísl. ii. 136; enda mundi eigi gott í móti koma, Ld. 150; gott gengr þér til, thou meanest it well, dost it for good, Nj. 260; gott var í frændsemi þeirra, good was in their kinship, i.e. they were on good terms, Hrafn. 2; vilja e-m gott, to wish one well, Fms. ix. 282; vilja hverjum manni gott, i. 21 : with the notion of plenty, bountifulness, in the phrase, verða gott til e-s, to get plenty of; var þá bæði gott til fjár ok mannvirðingar, there was ample wealth and fame to earn, Eg. 4; ok varð ekki gott til fjár, they got scant booty, 78; var þar gott til sterkra manna, there was plenty of able-bodied men, 187; ok er gott um at velja, plenty to choose from, Nj. 3 : the phrase, verða gott við e-t, to be well pleased with a thing, Al. 109; verði þér að góðu, be it well with thee! IV. compds, ey- góðr, ever good; hjarta-góðr, kind-hearted; skap-góðr, geð-góðr, good- tempered; skyn-góðr, clever; svip-góðr, engaging, well-looking; sið- góðr, moral, virtuous; hug-góðr, bold, fearless; lið-góðr, a good helper, good hand; vinnu-góðr, a good workman; sér-góðr, odd, selfish : as a surname, Hinn Góði, the Good, esp. of kings, Fms. UNCERTAIN For compar. betri and superl. beztr, vide pp. 6l, 62. góð-ráðr, adj. giving good counsel, Landn. 239, Fms. iv. 82, x. 266. góð-ræði, n. goodness, Lv. 108, Fms. ii. 150. góðs and góz, n. goods; prop. a gen. from góðr, hvat góðs, quid boni? Nj. 236; allt þat góðs sem hann átti, 267, Hrafn. 29; sá er síns góðs misti optliga, Thom. 2 (Ed.) : esp. freq. in later writers, Ann. 1332, 1346, Stj. 135, Bs. passim, H.E. i. 432; cp. Dan. gods = property. góð-verðr, adj. worthy of good, Rd. 242. góð-viðri, n. good, fine weather, 623. 21. góð-vild, f. = góðvili, Nj. 15, Fms. i. 159, x. 234. góð-vili, a, m. good-will, Eg. 411, Fms. i. 74, 281, Sturl. i. 210; friðr á jörðu og mönnum góðvili, Luke ii. 14, in the text of 1540, but góðr vili (in two words) in the later texts. COMPDS: góðvilja-fullr, adj. benevolent, kind, Fms. i. 219. góðvilja-maðr, m. a benevolent man, Sturl. ii. 14, Orkn. 50. góðvilja-mikill, adj. full of good-will, Gísl. 87. góð-viljaðr, part. benevolent, Barl. 200 : willing, Fms. ii. 37. góð-viljugliga, adv. willingly. góð-viljugr, adj. kind, Magn. 474, Fs. 9 : willing, ready, Anecd. 96. góð-virki, n. good work, Anecd. 96. góð-virkr (góð-yrkr), adj. painstaking, making good work, Nj. 55. góð-vænligr, adj. promising good, Band. 5. góð-vættliga, adv. amicably, Sturl. i. 14. góð-ættaðr, adj. of good family, Grett. 93 A. GÓI, f. indecl., always so in old writers, (gœ, i.e. góe, Bs. i. 9, v. 1.), mod. góa, u, f.; the month Gói has thirty days, from the middle of February to the middle of March; for the mythical origin of this word vide Fb. i. 22, Edda 103, Landn. 154, 225, Rb. 48, 50, Ann. 1276, 1340, Bs. i. 9, Ó.H. 64 :-- in Icel. the names of the winter months Þorri and Góa are still very common. COMPDS: Gói-beytlar, m. pl., botan. equisetum vernum hyemale, Landn. 222. Gói-blót, n. a sacrifice in the month Góa, Fb. 1. c. Gói-mánaðr, m. the month Gói, Landn. 256, Rb. 516. Gói-þræll, m. the last day of the month Góa, see the Icel. almanack. GÓLF, n. [Dan. gulv; Swed. golf], a floor, Vþm. 9, 11, 13, Nj. 2, Eg. 217, Fms. vi. 365, passim; stein-gólf, a stone floor; fjala-gólf, a deal floor : gólf-stokkar, m. pl. floor beams, Eg. 90; gólf-þili, n. floor deals, Eg. 236, Hkr. i. 17, Hom. 95. 2. an apartment, Edda 2, Stj. 56, Dipl. v. 18, Gm. 24, Clar. 134, Mar.; this sense, which is more rare, is preserved in the Icel. staf-gólf, a room formed by a partition, an apart- ment; a room is divided into two, three, or more stafgólf. gó-ligr, adj. gay, joyful, Eluc. 35, Hom. 50, 152, Fms. viii. 23; gólig föng, good cheer, Lex. Poët. GÓMR, m. [A.S. gôma, whence Engl. gums; O.H.G. guoma; Germ. gaumen; Dan. gane], the palate, Edda 20, Sks. 178 : in the phrase, e-m berr mart á góma, to talk freely of many things, Fms. vi. 208, Grett. 148. COMPDS: góm-bein, n. os palati, Fas. iii. góm-sparri, a, m. a gag, Edda 20. góma-spjót, n. pl., metaph. the tongue, Anal. 177. GÓMR, m. a finger's point, Edda 110 : freq. fingrar-gómr, a finger's end, Fs. 62. GÓNA, d, to stare sillily. graðall, m., Bk. 83, Vm. 6; or grallari, a, m., Am. 10, 40, Dipl. v. 18 (gradlari), Pm. 24, 80, Jm. 8, passim, which also is the mod. form, a gradual, a choral book. graddi or griddi, a, m. a bull, Fas. iii. 212, 499. GRAÐR, adj. entire, of cattle, Grág. i. 502, Gþl. 392, Lv. 18, Nj. 187. COMPDS: grað-fé, n. entire cattle, Grág. i. 426, Fb. i. 545. grað-hafr, m. a he-goat, Grág. i. 503. grað-hestr, m. an entire horse, a stallion. grað-rót, f., botan. mandrake, Hjalt. grað- smali, a, m. = graðfé, Jb. 431. grað-uxi, a, m. a bull, Boldt. 168. grað-ungr, mod. and less correct grið-ungr (both forms occur e.g. in Stj.), m. a bull, Grág. i. 426, ii. 122, Landn. 245, Eg. 506, Jb. 276, Bret. 8, Edda 148 (pref.), Stj. passim. GRAFA, pret. gróf; pres. gref; part. grafinn, with neg. suffix gróf-at, Fas. i. 436 (in a verse) : [Ulf. graban = GREEK ; A.S. grafan; North.E. to grave; Germ. graben; Swed. grafva; Dan. grave] :-- to dig; grafa engi sitt, to drain one's field, Grág. ii. 181; jörðin var grafin í hám fjallatindum, Edda 144; en er vatnit gróf tvá vega þá féllu bakkarnir, Ó.H. 18; grafa til vatns, id.; grafa út ósinn, Bs. i. 331; þá er þeir höfðu út grafit fitna (dug through it), Ó.H. 18; g. gröf, to dig a grave, 623. 28, Eg. 300; grafa niðr, to dig down, Grág. ii. 351; hann (the horse) var svá kyrr, sem hann væri grafinn niðr, as if he had been rooted in the ground, Hrafn. 7; g. torf, to dig peat, Njarð. 370, Rm. 12; g. upp, to dig up; þeir grófu upp líkamina, Nj. 86; g. upp bein, K.Þ.K. 40, N.G.L. i. 44; grafa alone, Fms. iv. 110 : reflex, to bury (hide) oneself, hanu grófsk í brúkit, he hid himself in the seaweed, Njarð. 380; var grafinn lykill (the key was hid) í dyra-gætti, Störnu-Odd. 20. 2. to earth, bury (Old Engl. en-grave); vóru þá allir ríkis-menn í hauga lagðir en öll alþýða grafin í jörð, Ó.H. (pref.); var hann grafinn (buried) hjá leiði Kols biskups, Bs. i. 64, passim; grafa lík, g. niðr, etc., Bjarn. 19, Eb. 338, K.Þ.K. passim. 3. to carve, engrave; grafa innsigli, Mar., Sturl. ii. 222; krismu-ker grafit með tönn, Vm. 117; g. fílsbein í eik, Edda 151 (pref.); Margret gróf ok tönn til ágæta-vel, Bs. i. 143; grafa, steinsetja ok amalera, Fms. xi. 427. II metaph. to enquire, dive deep into, Hom. 84 : to unearth, find out the sense, kveða má svá, at vísan sé fegri þá grafin er, Grett. 94 A; nú festir maðr sér konu, ok grefsk upp skylda með þeim, and relationship is found out afterwards, N.G.L. i. 350; þá grófsk Þórir eptir (Th. enquired) en Úlfr segir at lyktum, Gullþ. 5; gróf hann vandlega eptir (he made a close enquiry) þess manns atferð, Fms. viii. 15; gróf hann svá undir þeim (he sounded them so), at hann varð margra hluta víss, 16; hann gróf at vandlega, ok bað hana segja sér, Dropl. 4; g. um e-t, id., Hom. 43; en grafa eigi um þat er vér megum eigi skilja, Greg. 75 : g. upp, to unearth, make out; gátu menn þá upp grafit, at..., Grett. 162; grafask upp, to come to the light, Orkn. (in a verse). III. medic. to suppurate; impers., lærit (acc.) tók at grafa bæði uppi ok niðri, ... var lærit allt grafit upp at smá-þörmum, Grett. 153, 154. grafar-, vide gröf, a grave. grafgangs-maðr, m. a Norse law term; if freed slaves married against their master's will, and became paupers, the master might put them into an open grave till one died, when the survivor was taken out. The tale of Svaði digging a grave for the poor, Fms. ii. 222, refers no doubt to this cruel law, which is described in N.G.L. i. 33, but not recorded else- where. II. generally a proletarian, N.G.L. i. 97. graf-götur, f. pl., in the phrase, ganga í grafgötur um e-t, to make a close enquiry about. grafjurr, m. an engraver, Stj. 158.

GRAFKYRR -- GRAUTR. 211

graf-kyrr, adj. quiet as if rooted to the spot. graf-letr, n. an epitaph. grafningr, m. or f. expounding, Stj. 412. II. a local name, Graveling, in Flanders, Thom. graf-silfr, n. a buried treasure, Landn. 146, 243. graf-skript, f. an epitaph, (mod.) graf-svín, m. a battering swine = a battering ram, Sks. 412. graf-tól, n. pl. digging tools, Eg. 398, Eb. 176, Bs. i. 331, Fms. vi. 271. graf-vitnir, m., poët. a serpent, Lex. Poët. gram-fullr, adj. dire, Art. 109. gram-ligr, adj. vexatious, Hom. 143. GRAMR, adj. [mid. H.G. gram; Dan. gram; gramr and grimmr (q.v.) are kindred words from a lost strong verb, grimman, gramm] :-- wrath, esp. of the gods, in the heathen oath formula, sé mér goð holl ef ek satt segi, gröm ef ek lýg, whence the Christian, Guð sé mér hollr ef ek satt segi, gramr ef ek lýg, N.G.L. ii. 397, 398, (cp. the Engl. so help me God); goð gramt, Grág. i. 357 : esp. in poetry, gramr er yðr Óðinn, Fas. i. 501; mér skyli Freyr gramr, Fs. 95; Dönum vóru goð gröm, Fms. vi. 385. II. gramir or gröm, n. pl. used as subst., fiends, demons; deili gröm við þik, Hkv. Hund. 1. 40; taki nú allir (allar MS.) gramir við honum! (a curse), Fs. 147; gramir munu taka þik, segir hann, er þú gengr til banans, Mork. 43; farþú nú, þars þik hafi allan gramir, Hbl. (fine); mik taki hár gálgi ok allir gramir ef ek lýg, Fas. i. 214; hence gramendr, f. pl., qs. grama hendr : farið ér í svá gramendr allir! Dropl. 23, (vide tröll, tröllendr); glama með grömum, Hm. 30. III. in poetry, gramr means a king, warrior, Edda 104, Hkr. i. 25, Lex. Poët. : name of a mythical sword, Edda. GRAN, n. a pine-tree, Lex. Poët.; but better fem. grön, q.v. gran-bein, n. the bone of a fish's gills, Bs. i. 365. gran-bragð, n. grinning, moving the lips with pain, N.G.L. i. 67 : granbragðs-eyrir, m. a law term, a fine for an injury causing the pain of granbragð, 172. GRAND, n. a grain, Thom.; ekki grand, not a grain. II. metaph. (prop. a mote?), a hurt, injury, Fms. iii. 80, viii. 112, xi. 228, 277, N.G.L. i. 74 (freq.) 2. in poetry freq. that which causes evil, ruin, Lex. Poët. 3. evil doing, guile, Symb. 19, Skv. 3. 5 : granda- lauss, adj. guileless, Lex. Poët. 4. medic. mortification, Al. 120. granda, að, to hurt, damage, with dat., Fms. i. 31, Sks. 69, Fas. iii. 250, Bs. ii. III (freq.) grand-gæfiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), minute, (mod.) grandi, a, m. an isthmus, a strip of beach above the water at ebb tides, or on the edge of the snow, Gþl. 419, Stj. 14, Mar. grand-lauss (mod. grann-laus), adj. guileless, Bær. 21, Al. 106 : esp. suspecting no evil, single-minded, eg var grannlaus, etc.; hence grann-leysi, n. singleness of heart, eg gerði það í grannleysi. grand-ligr, adj. dangerous, Grett. 145. grandvar-liga, adv. without guile, Hom. 141. grand-varr, adj. guileless, 656 C. 30, Pr. 133, Mar. 291. grand-veri, f. guilelessness, Róm. 332, Bs. ii. 40, Stj. 302, Hom. 17. granna, u, f. a female neighbour, Str. 16, 23. grann-fengr, adj. slender, tiny, Korm. (in a verse). grann-hygginn, adj. silly, of weak understanding. GRANNI, a, m. [for etym. see p. 186 A. II], a neighbour, N.G.L. i. 11, 341; granna-stefna, a meeting of neighbours, Gþl. 383; granna sætt, 380 : the saying, garðr er granna sættir, N.G.L. i. 40, cp. Jb. 258, (freq.) grann-kona, u, f. = granna, N.G.L. i. 340. grann-leikr (-leiki), m. slenderness, Bs. ii. 164. grann-leitr, adj. thin looking, Ld. 274, Fms. i. 185. grann-liga, adv. tenderly, Skálda 198. grann-ligr, adj. slender of build, Edda 81, Ld. 274, Eg. 486, Eb. 42. GRANNR, adj., compar. grennri and grannari, [as to etym., grannr is prob. akin to grein, a branch, hence the long vowel (vide II); but both are different from grœenn, green, which is from gróa] :-- thin, slender, very freq. in mod. usage, = Lat. gracilis, epithet of a lady, Edda 85 (in a verse); mittis-grannr, thin in the waist : in gramm. single, of vowels, opp. to digr, of diphthongs; þat hljóð er grannara, Skálda 177 : neut. grannt, adv. nicely; ör-grannt, id. II. it appears with a long vowel in grón (or gr&aolig-acute;n UNCERTAIN, qs. grönn) ván, thin, slender hope, Gísl. 66 (in a verse); friðv&aolig-acute;n UNCERTAIN segi gr&aolig-acute;na UNCERTAIN (granna), Sturl. iii. 216 (in a verse); and perhaps also in grón lind, a thin, slender shield, Edda 106 (in a verse). grann-vaxinn, part. slender of stature, Fms. vii. 175, Bs. ii. 164. grann-vitr, adj. thin-witted, silly. gran-rauðr, adj. [grön], red bearded, a nickname = Barbarossa. Fms. xii. gran-selr, m. a kind of seal, Sks., Fms. ii. 270. gran-síðr, adj. long bearded, Akv. 34. gran-sprettingr, m. [cp. Dan. grönskolling], =Lat. puber, Róm. 304. gran-stæði, n. the lips, where the beard grows, Eg. 304. GRAS, n. [Ulf. gras = GREEK ; A.S. græ and gærs; Engl. grass; Germ, gras; Swed. and Dan. gras] :-- grass, herbage, opp. to wood, trees, Vsp. 3, Fm. 25, Hm. 20; hrísi ok grasi, 120; grös ok viðu, Rb. 78; fölr sem gras, Nj. 177; góðir landa-kostir at grösum ok skógum, Fs. 26; svá er sagt, at á Grænlandi eru grös góð, good pastures, Sks. 44 new Ed.; reyta gras, to pick grass, Nj. 118; þar var náliga til grass at ganga (better görs), Ld. 96; bíta gras, to graze, Grág. ii. 299; gras grær, grass grows, Edda 145 (pref.); tak af reiðinginn ok fær hestinn á gras, Sturl. iii. 114; þú ætlaðir mik þat lítilmenni at ek munda hirða hvar hestar þínir bitu gras, Fs. 57; þar þótti Grelöðu hunangs-ilmr ór grasi, Landn. 140 : vegetation, in such phrases as, þar sem mætist gras ok fjara, grass and beach, Dipl. iii. 11 : the grassy earth, opp. to a wilderness or the sea, þat var í ofanverðum grösum, high up, near the wilderness, Dropl. 33; allt austr undir jökla sem grös eru vaxin, Landn. 65 :-- phrases, hníga í gras, to bite the dust, Ísl. ii. 366; mun ek hafa mann fyrir mik áðr ek hníga at grasi, Njarð. 378; lúta í gras, id., Fbr. 90 new Ed.; heyra gras gróa, to hear the grass grow (of the god Heimdal), cp. Edda 17 : sugared language is said to make the grass grow, við hvert orð þótti grös gróa, Clar.; þau vóru orðin, at gróa þóttu grösin við, Mirm. : ganga eptir e-m með grasið í skónum, to go after one with grass in one's shoes, i.e. to beg hard, intercede meekly with one who is cross and angry. 2. a herb, a kind of grass; ek hefi þat eitt gras, etc., Fms. ix. 282; af grasi því er vér köllum hvann-njóla, x. 336 : esp. in plur. herbs with healing powers, þau grös sem mandragore heita, Stj. 175; afl dauðfærandi grasa, Johann. 26; með góðum grösum, Blas. 43; ilmuð grös, sweet herbs, Bb. 2. 20; tína grös, to clean grass, pick the moss clean : -- botan. in plur., Iceland moss, Jb. 310; and in composition, brönu-grös, mandrake; esp. of lichens, fjalla-grös, fell lichen, Lichen Islandicus; fjöru-grös, seaweeds, sea-wrack; Gvendar-grös, id.; Mariu-grös, lichen nivalis; Munda-grös, lichen coacervatus edilis; trölla-grös, lichen albus. COMPDS: grasa-fjall, n., in the phrase, fara á grasafjall, to go gathering moss. grasa-fó1k, n. folk gathering moss. grasa-grautr, m. a porridge of Iceland moss. grasa-leit, f. herb-gathering, Pm. 7. grasa-mjólk, f. milk cooked with Iceland moss. grasa-poki, a, m. a grass-poke, of Iceland moss. UNCERTAIN In derivative compds, blá-gresi, geranium; star-gresi, sedge; íll-gresi, evil grass, weeds; blóm-gresi, flowers, etc. grasa, að, to collect moss. grasaðr, part. prepared with herbs (of mead), Ó.H. 71, Barl. 136. gras-bítr, m. a 'grass-biter,' a beast, brute, Nj. (in a verse), freq. gras-blettr, m. a grass-plot. gras-dalr, m. a grassy dale, Karl. 14. gras-garðr, m. a garden, Hkr. i. 71, Gþl. 178, Fas. i. 530 : hortus, þat köllum vér g., Stj. 68, Bs. i. 698, N.T., Pass. (Gethsemane). gras- garðs-maðr, m. a gardener, D.N. gras-gefinn, part. grassy, fertile. gras-geilar, f. pl. grassy lanes, Hrafn. 20. gras-geiri, a, m. a grass goar, strip of grass. gras-gott, n. adj. a good crop of grass, Fb. i. 522. gras-grænn, adj. grass-green, Sks. 49. gras-hagi, a, m. a grass pasture. gras-kyn, n. grass kind, the species 'grass,' Stj. 389. gras-laukr, m. a kind of leek, garlic, Hom. 150. gras-laust, adj. without grass, barren. gras-leysa (-lausa), u, f. 'grasslessness,' barren ground; í graslausu, Grág. i. 383, Sturl. i. 121, 127, ii. 128, Ann. 1181. gras-leysi, n. barrenness, Sturl. gras-ligr, adj. grassy, Hom. 37. gras-loðinn, adj. rich in grass, Ld. 156, Fas. iii. 276; mýrar víðar ok grasloðnar, Bs. i. 118; but gras-loðnur, f. pl. a rich crop, 306, l.c. gras-lægr, adj. lying in the grass, touching the grass, Hkr. i. 293, (of a ship's keel); a scythe is called graslægr, if it cuts too close. gras-maðkr, m. a grass maggot. gras-mikill, adj. rich in grass, Konr. 56. gras-nautn, f. the use of grass (grazing), Grág. ii. 222, Jb. 215, Vm. 48, 79. gras-rán, n. grass-stealing, N.G.L. i. 40. grasráns-baugr, m. a law term, a fine payable for grazing one's cattle in another's field, N.G.L. i. 40, Js. 99. gras-rætr, f. pl. roots of herbs or grass, Bs. ii. 81, Sks. 48. gras-setr, n. 'grass-farming,' opp. to sowing and tilling; þrjú ár seri hann jörðina ok fjórða sat hann gras-setri, D.N. ii. 248. gras-skaði, a, m. loss in crop, D.N. gras-sótt, f. grass-fever, in a pun, Fb. ii. 365. gras-svörðr, m. greensward. gras-toppr, m. grass-top, Bb. 2. 23. gras-tó, f. a strip of grass among rocks or in a wilderness, Fbr. 156. gras-vaxinn, part. grown with grass, Str. 4, Gþl. 405. gras-verð, n. a fine for grazing, = grasránsbaugr, Gþl. 405. gras-víðir, m. a kind of willow, salix herbacea, Hjalt. gras-völlr, m. a grassy plain, Str. 4, Art. gras-vöxtr, m. growth of grass, crop. graut-nefr, m. a nickname, porridge nose, Sturl. GRAUTR, m., gen. grautar, [A.S. grut, gryt; Engl. groats; Dan. gröd; Swed. gröt; Ivar Aasen graut; hence Germ. grütze] :-- porridge, a favourite mess with Scandin. peasants, see the tale of Grautar-Halli,

212 GRAUTARKETILL -- GREFTRA.

answering to Germ. Hanswurst, N.G.L. i. 349, Korm. 150, Eb. ch. 13, 39, Fas. iii, Eg. S. Einh. ch. 5, Fms. vi. 363 sqq. (porridge eaten with butter) : a pudding, Fms. ii. 163 : the phrase, gera graut, to make porridge, Eb.; hefja graut, to lift (i.e. to eat) graut, Fms. vi. l.c. : a nickname, Dropl. 3. COMPDS: grautar-ketill, m. a porridge-pot, Fbr. 209. grautar-sótt, f. porridge fever, a pun, Fms. v. 93. grautar- trog, n. and grautar-trygill, m. a porridge trough, mash trough, Fms. vi. 364, Eb. 36. grautar-þvara, u, f. a ladle to stir the porridge in cooking, Eb. 198 : töðugjalda-grautr, a harvest porridge, supper of porridge. grá-bakr, m. 'grey-back,' poët. a dragon, Edda. grá-barði, a, m. grey-beard, a cognom., Fms. ix. grá-beinn, adj. [graabein in the Norse tales], 'grey-leg,' i.e. the wolf, D.N. i. 199. grá-bíldóttr, adj. with grey-spotted cheeks, of a sheep, Rd. 240. grá-björn, m. a grey bear, opp. to white bear, Fb. i. 257, Fas. i. 51. gráða, u, f. [Lat. gradus], a step, Stj. passim, Fms. vi. 267, vii. 97, Skálda 209 : in mod. usage esp. the steps round the altar in a church : metaph. degree, Stj. 8 : mathem. a degree, Rb. 458, 460; í gráðu eru sextigi minuta, Hb. 732. 7. gráði, a, m. [grár; Ivar Aasen graae], a breeze curling the waves, Edda (Gl.) : in mod. usage fem. gráð, það er gráð á sjónum :-- bad grey butter is called gráði, borinn var innar bruðningr og gráði, Snót 216. GRÁÐR, m. [Ulf. grêdus = GREEK ; Engl. greed], prop. hunger, freq. in Lex. Poët.; úlfa gráðr = úlfa sultr : greed, gluttony, Bs. ii. 137, Róm. 184, Sks. 113 B (gráði); hel-gráðr, voracity presaging death; ok er nú kominn á þik helgráðr er þú hyggsk öll ríki munu undir þik leggja (of insatiable ambition as presaging downfall), Fas. i. 372; cp. hel-fíkr, id., 385; (these passages are paraphrases from old lost poems.) gráðugr, adj. [Ulf. grêdags; A.S. grædig; Engl. greedy; O.H.G. grâtag] :-- greedy; g. logi, Stj. 385; g. elska, Hom. 84; g. ágirni, id.; g. halr, a glutton, Hm. 19; g. búkr, a gluttonous belly, Bb. I. 5; g. vargar, Bs. ii. 134. gráðu-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), greedily, Mar., Magn. 420. grá-eygr, adj. grey-eyed, Grett. III A. grá-feldr, m. a grey furred cloak, Hkr. i. 176 : a nickname, id., whence Gráfeldar drápa, name of a poem, id. grá-fygli, n. and grá-fygla, u, f. = grágás II. 2. grágás, f. a 'grey goose,' a wild goose, Edda (Gl.), Þiðr. 347. II. metaph. the name of a Norse code of laws in Drontheim (Frostaþingslög), prob. from the grey binding or from being written with a goose quill, Fms. viii. 277 (Sverr. S.), Hkr. iii. 23; cp. Gullfjöðr, gold feather, gold quill, name of an eccl. code; or Hryggjar-stykki, a kind of duck, but also the name of a book. 2. in later times (in the 16th century) the name Grágás was misapplied to an old MS. of Icel. laws of the Commonwealth time, the present Cod. Arna-Magn. 134 folio, or Sb., and has since been made to serve as a collective name for all Icel. laws framed before the union with Norway, sometimes including, sometimes excluding the eccl. law (Kristinna-laga þáttr = K.Þ.K.); the whole matter is fully treated by Maurer, s.v. 'Graagaas,' in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopedia; he makes out that the Icel. of the Commonwealth, although they had written laws, had no code, and that the passage in Íb. ch. 10 does not refer to codification, but to the committal of oral laws to writing; the two vellum MSS., the Kb. and Sb., are merely private collections of the 13th century, and differ very much one from the other. Upon the union with Norway, Iceland was for the first time blessed with a code, which they called Ironside (Js.); and a second code, the Jon's Book, was introduced A.D. 1281. grá-hærðr, adj. hoary, with grey hairs. grá-jurt, f. gnaphalium montanum, Björn. grá-klæddr, part. grey-clad, Sturl. ii. 190. grá-kollóttr, adj. grey and 'humble' (i.e. without horns), of sheep, Gullþ. 19. grá-kolla, u, f. a grey humble ewe. grá-kufl, m. a grey cowl, Fb. ii. 333. grá-leikr, m. malice, trickery, Bs. i. 809, Fb. i. 408, Barl. 117. grá-leitr, adj. pale-looking, pinched, Bs. i. 797. grá-liga, adv. spitefully, with malice, Nj. 71, Mar. grá-ligr, adj. malicious, cruel; g. leikr, rude play, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 16, Fms. x. 445. grá-lyndr and grá-lundaðr, adj. pettish, malicious, Bs. i. 646, Valla L. 205, Nj. 38. grá-magi, a, m. 'grey-maw,' a stone grig, cyclopterus, Bjarn. 42, 43. grá-munkr, m. a grey friar, Fms. ix. 377, x. 127, 128, Sturl. iii. 209. grána, að, to become grey, metaph. to be coarse and spiteful; tekr at grána gamanit, the play began to be coarse, Sturl. i. 21, (græðna, v.l.) Grána, u, f. a grey mare. Gráni, a, m. a grey horse : the mythol. horse of Sigurð Fáfnis-bani is prob. to be proncd. thus, not Grani. GRÁP, n. a storm, sleet; grund var grápi hrundin, Haustl. 15; Egils hryn-gráp, the hail of Egil, poët. arrows; Egil, brother of Völund, is the Tell of the northern mythology, vide Lex. Poët.; in prose this word seems not to occur, whereas krap, n. sleet (q.v.), and krapi, a, m. id., are common words; cp, the mod. grape-shot. grápa, að, [grípa], to pilfer, Stj. 78, 154, 167. grá-peningr, m. a 'grey penny,' a false coin, Karl. 247. GRÁR, adj., contr. acc. grán, dat. grám, etc. [A.S. græg; Engl. gray or grey; O.H.G. graw; Germ. grau; Dan. graa; Swed. grå] :-- grey; grám vaðmálum, Fms. i. 118; í grám kyrtli, Ísl. ii. 218; gjalda rauðan belg fyrir grán, Nj. 141; grár fyrir hærum, grey, hoary, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 557; grár fyrir járnum, mailed in grey steel, of armour, Mag. 98 : grá þoka, grey fog : of silver, grátt silfr, grey, false silver, opp. to skírt (true) silver, whence the phrase, elda grátt silfr, to play bad tricks. II. metaph. spiteful, Bjarn. 3; þó at í brjósti grátt búi, although bearing malice in the heart, Str.; cp. grá-lyndr, as also grá-beinn, grá-dýri, of the wolf : neut. grátt, basely, Ísl. ii. 467. grá-rendr, part. grey-striped, Gísl. 156. grá-silfr, n. grey (bad) silver, brass; bera af e-m sem gull af grásilfri. Gkv. 2. 2; cp. the mod. phrase, sem gull af eiri, -- the old language has no special word for brass, eir being derived from Latin. grá-síða, u, f, name of a spear, grey steel, Gísl. grá-skinn, n. grey fur, Fms. vii. 74, Grett. 61, Jb. 187. grá-skinnaðr, part. lined with grey fur, Sks. 228. grá-skýjaðr, part. covered with grey clouds, Sks. 228. grá-slappi or gró-slappi, a, m., mod. grá-sleppa, u, f. a female stone grig, cyclopterus : a nickname, Ld. grá-steinn, m. grey-stone, Bjarn. 64 : a kind of stone, Ivar Aasen. GRÁTA, grét, grátið, pres. græt, with neg. suff. grátt-at-tu, weep not thou, Hkv. Hjörv. 41; [Ulf. grêtan; A.S. grætan; Hel. greotan; lost in mod. Engl., but used in North. E. and Scot, to greit or greet = weep; Swed. gråta; Dan. græde; Ivar Aasen graata] :-- to greit, weep; grét Þórir, en Sigmundr mælti, grátum eigi, frændi, munum lengr, Fær. 33; Freyja grætr eptir, en tár hennar eru gull rautt, Edda 21; hón tók at gráta ok svaraði engu, Nj. 11; hvárt grætr þú nú Skarphéðinn, 202; hón greiddi hárit frá augum sér ok grét; Flosi mælti, skapþungt er þér nú, frændkona, er þú grætr, 176, cp. Edda 38, 39; fár er fagr ef grætr, Fb. i. 566; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróður-dauðann, grætr hón mjök? Gísl. 24, 62; gráta sáran, to 'greit sore,' Ísl. ii. 103; gráta hástöfum, to weep aloud; hón mátti eigi stilla sik ok grét hástöfum, Nj. 27; gráta beiskliga, to weep bitterly, N.T.; gráta fögrum tárum, to weep fair tears (cp. GREEK), to 'greit sore;' gráta fegins-tárum, to weep tears of joy. II. trans. to bewail, weep for one, 677. 1; þó er þat vel er þú grætr góðan mann, Nj. 176; gráta Baldr ór Helju, Edda 39; ef allir hlutir í heiminum kykvir ok dauðir gráta hann, 38 : the saying, sé gret aldrei fyrir gull sem ekki átti það, he never wept for gold who had it not, Vídal. i. 286, ii. 84. III. part. grátinn, bathed in tears, Stj. 385, Am. 94; hón var löngum grátin, Bs. i. 193; hón var grátin mjök, Vígl. 28. grát-bæna, d, to implore, beg with tears. grát-fagr, adj. beautiful in tears (epithet of Freyja), Edda 63. grát-feginn, adj. weeping for joy, Ld. 82, Fms. vi. 235, Bs. ii. 132. grát-gjarn, adj. prone to weeping. grátinn, part., vide gráta III. grá-titlingr, m. 'grey-titling,' a kind of sparrow. grát-kjökr, n. sobbing, choked tears. grát-liga, adv. piteously. grát-ligr, adj. pitiable, Hom. 11 : piteous, Fms. ii. 223. grátr, m. [Dan. graad; Swed. gråt], 'greiting,' weeping, Edda 37, Fms. i. 138, Rb. 332, Bret. 68, Mar. gráta-guð, n. the weeping goddess, Freyja, Edda. grát-raust, n. a weeping voice, Nj. 82, Fms. vii. 38. grát-samligr, adj. piteous, Mar. 12. grát-stafir, m. pl. weeping, crying aloud. grát-stokkinn, part. bathed in tears; g. augu, Bs. ii. 28. grát-sök, f. a cause of tears, Mar. 28. grát-þurfa, adj. needing tears, needing repentance by tears, Hom. 38. grá-valr, m. a grey falcon, H.E. i. 391, Art. grá-vara, u, f. grey fur, Eg. 69, 575, Ó.H. 134. grá-víðir, m. 'grey-withy,' a kind of willow. greðgi = reður(?), Sturl. ii. 39. grefill, m. a little hoe, Landn. 293, v.l. grefja, u, f. a kind of bier(?), Sturl. ii. 223. gref-leysingr, m. a law term, a kind of freedman, intermediate between a freedman and a slave, a freedman, but whose freedom is not published from the thingvold and who has not been 'leiddr í lög,' defined in Grág. i. 358. grefr, m., grefi, acc. pl., Róm. 167, [grafa], 'a digger,' a hoe, Landn. 141, 293, Vm. 87, Stj. 451, N.G.L. iii. 2, 10, Bk. 83 : the phrase, hafa e-n í grefi fyrir sik, cp. hafa e-n fyrir grjótpál, to have another for one's hoe, use him as a tool, Róm. l.c. : in mod. usage called járn-karl or páll. grefsi, m. = grefill, Landn. 293, v.l. grefta, t, [gröftr, grafa], to earth, bury, Fms. i. 241, Karl. 551, Trist. 14 : part. greftr, Bs. i. 426. Stj. 112, 228. greftr, m. = gröftr, burial, Karl. 263. greftra, að, = grefta, Fms. x. 208, Fær. 187, Sturl. i. 112; part. greftraðr, buried, Mar. passim.

GREFTRAN -- GREINARMAL. 213

greftran, f. burial, freq. in mod. usage, Pass. 50. GREIÐA, dd, [Ulf. garaidjan = oia. ra. Tr(iv, i Cor. xvi. i, Tit. i. 5, and wporiOtcOai, Ephes. i. 9; A. S. gercedan; North. E. (see Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary) to graitb -- tofurnish or equip; in Icel. greiða and reíða seem to be only a double form of the same word, the former having kept the prefixed g; in sense they are akin, cp. Dan. rede, Swed. reda, and see greiðr] :-- to arrange, disentangle; greiða hár, to comb or dres s the bair; Hildigunnr greiddi hárit frá augum sér, H. combed or stroked back (be bair from her eyes, Nj. 176; þá tók konungr þar laugar, ok let greiða (comb) hár sitt, Fms. i. 189; en hón hafði hendr at, ok greiddj lokka bans, Karl. 532; sem fyrst er hann var greiddr (combed), Mar. 161; ógreitt hex, unkempt bair; greiða ull, to comb or cardwool, Bret. 30, 32. 2. to make or get ready; greiða segl, to make the s ail ready, Sturl. i. 118; g. vað, to make the fishing-line ready, Edda 36; g. net, a fishing term :-- also intrans. to get ready, g. til um e-t, to get ready for a thing, i. e. get í t ready; g. til um vápn sin, to get the weapons ready, Eg. 2 20; sagði at bann skyldi til g. at verðir væri Öruggir, that he should take it in charge, that..., Fms. ix. 22; g. til frasagnar, to m a ke ready for the story, 655 xxvii. 6. 3. to speed, further; g. ferð e-s, Fms. ii. 16; greiðit Drottins götur, make straight the way of the Lord, 625. 90. Luke iii. 4: reflex., greiddisk honum vel, it speeds well with him, he speeds well, Eg. 180; honum greiddisk vel ferðin, Ísl. ii. 393; greiddisk ferð hans vel, Eg. 140; ef henni greiðisk seint, if she speeds slowly, Fms. iv. 28. II. [Ulf. garapjan^apiofitiv, Matth. x. 30; Dan. r í de, itdrede] , to pay; hann skal honum greiða í sliku fc sem hann hefir til, Gþl. 305; mi vil ek at þú greiðir öxar-verðit, Fs. 68; fc þetta skyldi greiðask á þremr várum, Fms. ii. 114; hann skyldi heimta land- skyldir ok sjá yfir at allt greiddisk vel, x. 227; Mörðr greiðir fram (pa id out) heimanfylgju dóttur sinnar, Nj. 11; g. aptr, to pay back, H. E. 1. 460: to discharge, annan dag eptir greiðir þórólfr skattinn af hendi, Eg. 64; þeir leggja féð fram þóat ek greiða af hendi, they find the money although í pay it, Fms. v. 293. 2. to discharge, perform; greiða vörð, to keep watch, Fms. ix. 23; g. útvörð, hestvörð, viii. 90, Sturl. iii. 241; g. róðr, to pull, Fms. ii. 178; g. atróðr, to attack (in a sea-fight), vii. 264; g. til atlögu, id., 290: merely circumlocutory, g. rás, to run, Rb. 210; g. göngu, to proceed, walk, Stj. 566; g. skirslu af höndum, to perform the ordeal, Fms. vii. 230; g. ok gjalda leiðangr, to perform (of personal duty) and pay the levy, 173. III. metaph. to interpret, make out; at þeir gangi í lögréttu ok í setur sínar, at greiða lögmál þetta, to expound the law, Grág. i. 7; en þat eru stór- sögur, ef þær eru greiddar út í gegnum, if they are told to the end, Al. 36; hann raeddi um við Árna at hann skyldi greiða (settle) mál hans búandans, Orkn. 336; bað þorstein eiga í allan hlut at þetta mál greiddisk, Boll. 352; hvi gengr eigi fram málit? Guðmundr kvað brátt greiðask munu, Fs. 74; greiða fyrir e-m, to entertain one, or the like. greiða, u, f. a comb; hár-greiða, a hair comb. greið-fara, adj. walking with speed, fsl. ii. 469. greið-færr, adj. speeding well: neut. passable, of a road, Ísl. ii. 410, Eg, 239: e a sy, Fms. ii. 84. greið-gengr, adj. = greiðfærr, Eg. 239. greiði, a, m. [Ulf. garaideins = Ôiaraf^, navíiv, ffi6ypa] , disentangle- ment, arrangement, ordering; mun hann ekki fýsa Onund at göra greiða á málinu, to pwt the ca s eri^ ht, Eg. 366; þau tóku lítið af hans máli til greiða, Fms. viii. 17; skipaðisk lítt til greiða með þeim, nothing was settled between them, Bs. i. 752, Sturl. i. 239 C; ok er honum þótti ráð hennar nijök seinkask til greiða, th er e was no change for the better in her state, Bs. i. 158; fara at greiða, to goonwell, N. G. L. i. 137; þrándr segir at þat var skylt ok heimilt, at hann gerði þann greiða á fyrir konungs or& sem hann mátti, that he discharged it for the king's sake as well as be could, Fms. iv. 344; bændr gerðu þar engan greiða á, vi. 333; Leifr spurði hverr greiði á mundi verða um silfr þat, L. asked if the money would be paid, Faer. 215. 2. entertainment; vera má at þer þyki alkeypt, at þú vildir engan greiða göra oss, that tbou wouldest give us no entertain- ment, Eb. 266; þar höfðu þeir greiða-dvöl, they baited there, waited for refreshment, Eg. 564, v. 1.; |jorkell fagnar þeim vel, ok by'ðr þeim greiða, Fbr. 97 new Ed.; þeir heilsuðu iþorgilsi, en bjóða honum engan greiða, Sturl. iii. 140; bað hann göra góðan greiða Gauti, Fb. i. 505, A6m. 210; Starkaðr for inn ok kvaddi sér greiða, Bs. i. 544. greiðir, m. = greiði, N. G. L. ii. 431: afurtberer. Lex. Poët. greið-liga (greiðu-liga, B. K. 118), adv. readily, promptly, North. E. 'gradely, ' Sturl. i. 155, Fms. v. 306, Hkr. iii. 6: quite, downright, actu- olly, þeir eru eptir tveir menn þeir er g. (actually) vóru at viginu, Bjarn. ?2 • g. berr, quite stripped off, Fb. ii. 139; þó at engir menn bæri vápn * mik g. (downright), Bs. i. 580; ekki vigi ek vötnin g. (really), 575; CIgi er ek g. í heyþroti, / a m not actually without bay, fsh ii. 137. greið-ligr, adj. ready, prompt; var songriirn eigi g., the song did not go smoothly, Fms. vii. 152; greiðlig kaupstefna, þorf. Karl. 402; ok er tniklu greioligra, at..., more to the purpose, that.. ., Nj. 92, v. 1.; görit greiðligt fyrir mér (speak out plain to one) hvat yðr byr í skapi, Grett. 146; göra e-m greiðlig orð, to make plain words of it, Fb. i. 64. greið-mæltr, part, of ready speech, j?iðr. 175, ( greiðr, adj. [cp. North. E. gradely] , ready, free; visa e-m á greiSa götu, to lead one in the straight path, Fms. i. 304; la honum þat greitt fyrir, it was ready at hand, Fær. 257; verða má, at leiðin verði eigi svá greið sem þeir ætla, that the passage will not be so free as they think, Sturl. i. 18: as adv., skip þat for greitt, th a t sh ip speedetb well, Clem. 38; it greizta, 45; hit greiðasta, straight, with good speed, Fms. i, 292; hann er góðr ok greiðr (expedite) við alla sína nágranna, Band. 3; g. ok góðviljugr, D. N. i. 88; úgreiðr, unready, entangled. greið-skapr, m. readiness, promptness, Nj. 18, Fms. ii, 287, Jb. í a; entertainment, Korm. 68, Fms. iii. 61. greiðsla (greizla), u, f. payment, discharge, Sturl. ii. 203, iii. 265, Am. 40; ef þat væri til greiðslu með þeim, if that could do them good, Sturl. ii. 239. greið-talaðr, part. = greiðmæltr, Stj. 253. greið-ugr, adj. = greiðvikinn. greið-vikinn, adj. serving, obliging; greið-vikni, f. greifi, a, m. [A. S. gerêfa; Engl. reeve (shire-reeve = sheriff); Germ. graf; the word is not Scandin., and for the etym. see Grimm's Rechts-alterth. 752 sqq. J :-- an earl, count; Edda 93 states that gerêfas in Saxony (i. e. Germany), barons in England (after the Conquest), and lendir menn in Norway are all synonymous; Nj. 157, Fms. vii. 59, 60, Mar. passim: Stj., Al., and Róm. render Lat. praefectus by greifi: as a nickname, Bs. i. 555. greifa-dómr, m. an earldom, county, Ann. 216, Stj. GREIN, f., pl. ar and ir; the mod. pl. greinar means branches, in other senses greinir: [Dan. green; Swed. gren; not found in Germ., Saxon, nor Engl.]: I. prop, a branch of a tree, 'lim' is the foliage; af hverri grein draup hunang sætt, Pass. 32. 4; vínviðar-greinir, vine branches, Stj, 200; pálma-viðar-g., a palm branch; kvíslask með stórum greinum, spread with large branches, Sks. 441, 443; þar vex fyrst upp einn bulr af rotunum, ok kvíslast síðan með mörgum greinum ok limum, 555. II. metaph. a branch, arm: 1. hafs grein, an arm of the sea, Stj. 287; í sjau staöi er skipat þessarar listar greinum, Alg.; visinda grein, branch of science (Germ, fach); lærdóms-grein, branch of doctrine; sundr-skiptingar grein, subdivision, Stj. 287; tvifaldleg grein, double kind, N. G. L. ii. 352; þessi er grein (particulars) á kaupeyris tiund, id.; sannkenningar hafa þrenna grein, Edda 122; Guð er einn í Guðdómi en þrennr í grein (of the Trinity), Fas. iii. 662; einkanligr i grein, Bs. ii. 21; allar greinir loptsins ok jarðarinnar, Edda 144 (pref.); hann greindi í tvær greinir ok tuttugu, Rb. 78; í þessi grein, o n thi s head, in thi s cas e, Band. 11. p. denoting cause, reason; fyrir þá grein, therefore, Stj. 124; fyrir sagða grein, for the said reason, Mar., Sks. 682; fyrir þá (þessa) grein, Stj. 22, 23, 167, passim; finnr hann til þess þrjár greinir, Grett. 208 new Ed.; at þér upp lúkit nokkurri grein fyrir mer, at þat megi skilja, Sks. 660. y. a point, bead, part; meðr samri grein, under the same head, Dipl. i. 521; í annari grein, in the second place, iv. 7, Grett. 156, Fb. i. 216; með slíkri grein sem her segir, K. Á. 82; í öllum greinum, Mk. 9; sagða grein, the said point, bead, Dipl. iii. 13; i nokkurum greinum, in some points, i. 3; hverja grein, in every point, Gþl. 177; fyrir allar greinir, in all respects, Mar. 616; en er biskup vissi þessar greinir, the points, particulars (of the case), Bs. i. 727- 2. denot- ing distinction, discernment, division; höggva svá títt at varla mátti grein sja, Bret. 64; sjá grein handa, to discern one's hands, Bs. ii. 5; fyrir utan alla grein, without exception, i. 281; hver er grein setningar háttanna, dis- posi t ion of the metres, Edda 120; hljóðs grein, distinction of sound, accent, id., Skálda 182; göra grein góðs ok ills, Eluc. 20; setja glögga grein, t o make a clear distinction, 677. 5; fyrir greinar sakir (for the sake ofdis- tïhction) er diphthongus fundinn í norraenu, Skálda 178; sundr-grein ok saman-setning, 177; ok veil ek þó grein allra stunda, Fms. v. 335; litlar greinir ok tengingar höfum ver konungs-málanna ór flokki yðrum, i. e. you take little notice of the king's errand, Mork. 138; bera grein á e-t, to discern a thing, Mar.; þar kann ek at göra grein á, I can explain that, Fb. i. 419. P. understanding; þau (the idols) hafa enga grein, Fms. x. 232; vitr ok frábærrar greinar, xi. 429; glöggrar greinar, sharp- witted, Bs. ii. II; sumum gefsk anda-grein, spiritual discernment, Greg. 20. Y- a record; þessa grein konungsdóms hans ritaði fyrst Ari, thi s record of the king's reign was first written by Are, Ó. H. 188; i greinum ok bóklegu námi, Mar. 8. a part, bead, paragraph, in a book (mod.); ritningar-grein, a quotation from Scripture. 3. denoting diversity, difference; en þó er her, herra, grein i, Fb. ii. 78; en þó er þar grein á, hvárt..., K. Á. 124; ok voldi því grein tungna þeirra er hann var konungr yfir, Sks. 458; at grein var á trú þeirri er hvárt þeirra hafði til Guðs, 470; sú er grein á syslu biskups ok konungs, at..., 803. P. dissent; brátt görðusk greinir í um samþykki konuug- anna, Fms. vi. 185; varð mart til greina með þeim, 195; greinir ok sundrþykki, ix. 428; var þá grein mikil með fólki um konungs-tekjuna, x. 41; vald fyrir utan alla grein, power without dissent, i. e. absolute, undisputed power, Bs. i. 281; grein eða áskilnaðr, Stj. 298; en ef verri menn gengu á milli þá vóru jafnan greinir talaðar, Fb. ii. 411; urðu margar greinir með þeim Kolbeini Tumasyni, Sturl. ii. I. COMPOS: greinar-laust, n. adj. indiscriminately, Bs. ii. 96, Stj. 7 * '• uncondition- ally, Bs. i. 736, 767. greinar-mal, m. a reasonable case, Bs. ii.

214 GREINARMIKILL -- GRID.

greinar-mikill, adj. discerning, clever, Stj. 95. greinar-munr, m. discrimination, di s tin c tion; göra g. góðs ok ills, to knmvgood and evil, Gen. iii. 5. greina-vænn, adj. likely toca ws e a difference, Fms. x. 107. GREINA, d, to branch: I. to divide into branches; verohlin var greind í þrjár hálfur, Edda (pref.); sá er greinir ok sundr skilr, Stj. 95; greina í sundr dag ok nátt; greina tima, daga, 15; skaltú hana (the ark) með gólfum greina^ 56; hann greindi skepnuna í tvær greinir, Rb. 78; var þá engi skepna greind önnur frá annarri, Ver. i; hanu greindi (s et apart) þá tíð (viz. Lent) meirr til meinlæta en aðrar, 625. 93; heimrinn allr grcindr í þrjá þriðjunga (of a map), Al. 117. 2. t o discern, distinguish; máttir þú greina þann Guð, er á himnum er, frá þeim guðum, er..., 625. 65; ef greina má þeirra bein frá annarra manna beinum, N. G. L. ii. 351; þá skilr hann ok greinir alla hluti görr, Skálda 169; at greina hvern lim eða kvist þeirrar ræðu, Sks. 568; greina gang himintungla, Fms. v. 334; hljóð þat sem eyru megu greina, Skálda 173; grein þér vitrlega hversu ..., discern wisely for thyself how ..., Mar.; til þess er konungr ok erkibiskup greina (discern, settle) allt þat er milli manna stóð, Bs. i. 727. 3. to expound, tell, record; sem áðr er greint, as is told above, Fms. ii. 168; þó at ek greina þat eigi at sinni, i. 223; til greindrar bænar, Magn. 532; epîir greinda sýn, Mar. 471? í greindri sæmd, 617; áðr greindum mönnum, Dipl. ii. 19: impers., sem fyrr greinir, a s above mentioned, Rb. 232; at hann skyldi svá greina frásögu (tell his story) um atburð þenna, Ld. 58; greindi Örnúlfr þessi landa-merki, Dipl. iv. 17; vitnin kunnu eigi at greina með hverjum hætti, the witnesses could not tell how ..., Mk. 79; nú skal greina framkvæmd þessa hluiar, Bs. ii. 163. II. reflex. to branch out; svá sem tungurnar greindusk, Edda 145; en af því at tungurnar era þegar úlikar, þær þegar er or einni ok enni sömu tungu hafa gengið eða greinzk, Skálda 160; hennar efni leiðisk ok greinisk af fyrir-farandi frásögn, Stj. 246; hanga sumar limarnar niðr en sumar greinask (br a nch) útí frá tveim-megin, Rum. 148; sumar (arms of water) greinask ok renna mjök grunnt, Bar). 72. 2. to be separated; ok greindusk ser hvar skipin, Fms. vii. 289; síðan greinisk tign ok vald með þeim, Sks. 249. 3. to differ, disagree; menn greinask at því, hvárt..., ö. H. 219, cp. Fms. v. 83; greinask menu at (there are dif- ferent records) hvárr fyrri áverki varð, Sturl. iii. 249; greinask menn á fyrir því hvárt tíguligra þótti, Fms. xi. 316. P. to disagree, fall out, become enemies; var þá skipuliga með þeim í fyrstu en greindisk hratt, Sturl. ii. I; en þá meirr tók at greinask með þeim kompámim, Bs. i. 620; var þá sæmiliga með þeim í fyrstu, en þó greindisk (MS. grênðisk) brátt, 489; friðr grenisk (i. e. greinisk), the peace is broken, Sturl. i. 458 (in a verse); vanir grenask, the hope i s broken up, Hkv. 2. 49; (the explanation of this passage given in Aarböger for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 384, where it is derived from grár, ^ rey, qs. græ-na, does not hold good either in sense or form, as the inflex. inchoative -na causes no umlaut, and grár, grey, when metaph. only denotes spite.) III. impers. to fall on. ', discord; spurði Helgi at kistlinum en Geitir í mot at hringnum, ok greindi þá (acc.) sy'nt um, Vápn. 9; en ef nokkura menn greindi á (quarrelled), bá þótti engi maðr skjótlegri til stórræða en Ögnumdr, Fms. ii. 68; þat höfum vit ætlat at láta okkr (acc.) ekki á greina, Nj. greind, f. discernment, freq. greindar-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), cleverly. greini-liga, adv. distinctly, Eg. 55, 271, Nj. 235, Fms. i. 300, Fb. i. 503: quite, sheer, Stj. IO. greini-ligr, adj. distinct, articulate, Skálda 174 (of sound). grein-ing, f. distinction; gloggvari g. = -- epexegesis, Skulda 205; grein- ingar-vit, the senses, Bs. i. 785; að-greining, distinction. GREIP, f., pl. grcipr, [A. S. ^ni p], the space between the thumb and the other fingers, a grip, grasp, Edda no; at hin hægri greip spenni um hhr. i vinstra nlflið, Sks. 291; ok rann upp á greipina, Fms. v. 85; þrekligar greipr, Sd. 147; því næst brestr fram or bjarginu greip eigi smáleit, Bs. ii. Hi: metaph., ganga í greipr e-m, to fall into one's clutches, Fs. 37, Fms. vi. 210; meir fyrir þat at vér vórum þá komnir í greipr honum, Orkn. 88; ganga or greipum e-s, to slip from one's grasp; spcnna grcipr, t o c la s p the hands: the phrase, láta greipr sópa, um e-î, to make a clean sweep, Grett. 127: the name of a giantess, Edda. (J^jij Icel. distinguish between greip and neip (qs. gneip, the interval between the otherfingers). greipa, að or t, to grasp, comprehend, Edda (in a verse): metaph., g. glaep, to commit, Am. 82. gréla, u, f. a r us ty, blunt knife, Snot 70. gre-ligr, adj. = greiðligr, Sks. 407 B. grell-skapr, m. [Germ, groll~\, spite, Edda no. gremi, f. [gramr], wrath, anger; gremi Óðins, Hkv. 1. 11: esp. of the gods, in the allit. phrase, goða gremi legg ek við, lögbrot ok goða gremi ok griða rof, Eg. 352; hann skal hafa goða gremi ok' griðníðings-nafn, Fs. 54; gremi Guðs, Ísl. ii. 382; Guð Drottins gremi, Grág. ii. 382, 383. GREMJA, gramði, [vide gramr; Ulf. gramjan = Trapopyifav; A. S. and Hel. gramian; Dan. grœmme; Swed. grama = to grieve] :-- to anger, provoke, esp. the wrath of the gods (God), to offend the gods (by perjury or wickedness); greniðu eigi goð at þér, Ls. 12; sá gremr Guð at sér, Hom. 86, 159; þú hefir gramit at þér Maumet, Karl. 434; ok gremja svá Guð at sér ok alla góða menn, Fms. xi. 364; þú ert her kominn at óleyfi bræðra minna ok gremr svá goð at þér, Fas. ii. 69, else rare • gremr hann konunginn at ser (vexes the king) með vápna-gangi, Al. 42; hvat gremr þik líf þitt, quid le offendit vita tua, Hom. 12; göra lítið úr gáfum hans, gremja svo mildi skaparans, Bb. I. 8. II. reflex, t o get angry, be grieved; en ef þit vildut þat göra, þá munda ek ekki gremjask ykkr, Fms. v. 238; fagna þeirra fagnaði er fógnuð göra Guði, en grata hina er við hann gremjask (those who provoke him), D. i. 363 (to render the Lat. ~/? ere cum flentibus): mod., mér gremsk að sjá það, it grieves me to see it, gremja, u, f. fretting, annoyance, gremju-verðr, adj. annoying. GREN, n., gen. pl. grenja, a lair; gren eðr holur (of a snake), Stj. 93; varga gren, haföi úlfrinn dregit eitt lik inn í grenit (lair, of a wolf), Mirm. 36: in Icel. only of a fox's lair, sem melrakki í greni, Nj. 198, Karl. 144, Sturl. i. 88; hann mun bíta knnna nær greninu, Ld. 278. COMPDS: grenja-leit, f. seeking a fox's lair. gren-smogin, part.; tóa grensmogin, a fox with cubs. greni, n. [gron], pine timber, greni-borð, n. a pine-wood board. grenja, að, to h ow l, bellow, Eg. 486, Bs. i. 42, ii. 49, Fms. iii. 179, vi. 150, Konn. 82, Fas. ii. 484, Edda 20, Mar. 116. grenjan, f. bellowing, Fas. ii. 481; g. inna úörgu dýra, Post. 645. 73. gren-lægja, u, f. =:grenskolli. grenna, d, [grannr], to make thin, slender: reflex, to become thin. grennd, f. [granni], vicinity, Gþl. 393, Js. 98, 100. grenndar-far, n. = lnisifjar, q. v., N. G. L. i. 40. grenni, n., in na-grenni, neighbourhood, D. N.: the phrase, svá er mal með grenni (mod. svo er mál með vexti), Fas. iii. 59. gren-skolli, a, m. a fox in its earth, Fs. 48. grenslan, f. enquiry; eptir-grenslan, investigation. grenslask, að, dep. [granni], to pry int o, enquire, Grett. in. greppi-liga, adv. = greypiliga, Fb. i. 530. grepp-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), frowning, ugly, Faer. 9, Fs. 142. GREPPR, m. [perhaps akin to garprl, a poet; g. cnn ungi, the young bard, Lex. Poët.; biðjandi hjartans grepp ininn góðan, göra fyrir mig drápu-korn, Jón fjorl.; skald heita greppar, ok rétt er í skúldskap at kenna svá hvern matin, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 528. greppa-minni, n. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.); a kind of memorial verses, the questions in the first half stanza, the responses in the second, Edda (Ht.) 40. II. a strange creature, a monster; sér hann þá hvar gengr grcppr mikill (of a giant), þykist hann þá kenna Dofra troll, Fb. i. 565; þá sá þeir ekki lítinn grepp (of a ghost) suðr við garðinn, ok var þar Klaufi ok hafði höfuöit í hendi sér, Sd. 160. grér, m. [gróa (?)], a twig(?), only used in mod. poet, circumlocution ot a man; geira grór, iirva grt'r, etc. gresja, að, [gras; Dan. grcesse~] , to graze: in the saying, þar er ekki um auðugan garð að gresja, i. e. there is little to be had. gres-járn, n. a kind of iron, Edda 34, Fas. iii. 240. GRETTA, tt, esp. reflex, grettask, to frown, make a wry face; hann skaut niarga vega augunum ok gretti sik, Fb. i. 541: to frown, Fas. iii. 355' Stj. 459 (of a lion), Bárð. 35 new Ed.; g. um tennr, to grin, El. grettinn, adj. making wry faces, freq. in mod. usage. grettir, in., poiit. a 'frowner, ' dragon, Edda: pr. name, Landn., whence Grettis-færsla, u, f. name of a poem; Grettis-h. af, n. Grettir's lift, is in Icel. the popular name for giant boulders. grettur, f. pl. wry faces: metaph., bna-grettnr, quarrels among neigh- bours (cp. mod. biia kritr), 655 xxi. 3; vina-grcltur, quarrels among friends, Frump. GREY, n., pl. grey í a, a greyhound; grcyjum sinum gullbond sncri, ]pkv. 6, Hm. joo (of a lap dog); grey (a bitch) þykki im'r Freyja, Jb. ch. IO: mciaph. a paltry jelh. iv, coward; grey þitt, Gísl. 68; grey eðr bleyöim:. ðr, Fagrsk.; grey eðr ættar-skönun, Mirm.; greyja atgangr, a dog-flght, Fms. viii. 308. grey-baka, u, f. a bitch, jbiðr. 106. GREYFA, ð, [grúfa], to grovel, bow down will) the face to the earth, Fms. viii. 333 C: reflex., Eg. 508, Fms. iii. 127, Fas. ii. 251. grey-hundr, m. a greyhound, Fms. xi. IO. grey-karl, m. a dogged churl, Bær. 2. grey-liga, adv. meanly, poorly, El. 101. grey-ligr, adj. paltry. grey-mennska, u, f. and grey-skapr, m. paltriness, Fas. iii. 64. GREYPA, t, t o g r oo ve, Fb. i. 258, (si. ii. 462. greypi-liga, adv. fiercely, Fms. vi. 367, vii. 134, Sturl. i. 44 G, Vígl. 26, Fas. iii. 123. greyping, f. a groove, N. G. L. ii. 110 (freq.) greyp-leikr, m. fierceness, Rum. 298. greyp-ligr, adj. fierce, fearful; g. langraeki, Hom. 143, Stj. 144; g- s(ir, fearfnl wounds, Fas. iii. 126. GREYPR, adj. fierce, cruel, Róm. 333, 346, Fms. x. 380, 385, Eg. 304; g. glaepr, a fearful crime, Bs. ii. 117; g. úhly'ðni, 112. grey-skapr, m. paltriness, Fms. ii. 61, Fs. 99, El. 580. i, Al. 46. grey-stóð, n. a couple of hounds, Akv. ii. GRIÐ, n. [a Scandin. word, found in the Saxon Chron. year ion, and

GRIÐFANG -- GRÍÐ. 215

in the A. S. poem Byrnoth, but in both passages it is a Danish, not a gaxon word]. A. Prop. a domicile, home, with the notion of service; segja mann af griði, to give one notice to leave, Grág. i. 146; fá e-m grið, to get one a situation, id.; ef maðr hefir sér eigi grið (if a man has no home, no livelihood), ok varðar þat útlegð, id.; koma til griðs, to come to (take up) service, 147; þiggja grið með e-m, to lodge with one, 160; taka grið með e-m, id., 149; vera í griði með e-m, to be in lodgings with one, N. G. L. i, 210; lög-grið, a lawful home, id.; búi sínu eðr griði, one's household or abode, Grág. i. 163; fara ór griði, to leave service, ii. 144. COMPDS: grið-fang, n. the taking a dwelling, Grág. i. 20. griðfanga-dagr, m. = skildagi, Grág. ii. 468. grið-fastr, adj. having a home, Lex. Poët. griðka, u, f. = griðkona, Grett. 148 A. grið-kona, a, f. a housemaid, Nj. 118, Fms. viii. 243, Fs. 51, Grett. 148 A, Hrafn. 25, Grág. passim. grið-lauss, adj. homeless. grið-maðr, m. a 'house-man,' servant, lodger, Grág. i. 35, 242, ii. 143. grið-taka, u, f. a hiring of servants, Grág. i. 153. grið-vist, f. lodging, Njarð. 366. B. In pl., metaph. a truce, peace, pardon; friðr is the general word, grið the special, deriving its name from being limited in time or space (asylum); rjúfa grið, spilla griðum, to break truce; setja grið, to make truce; halda grið, to keep truce; mæla fyrir griðum, to say the truce formula, etc., Grág. ii. 165 sqq.: the phrase, grið ok frið, fé-grið ok fjör-grið, truce for money and life, 168; segja í sundr griðum, to declare the truce to be at an end, Sturl. iii. 317; lífs grið ok lima, safety for life and limbs, Eb. 310; biðja griða, to sue for quarter (in battle), Nj. 45; beiða griða Baldri fyrir allskonar háska, Edda 36; gefa e-m grið, to give one quarter (after a battle), Nj. 265; ganga til griða, to sue for (take) pardon, Fms. vii. 245; þeir beiddu griða (truce) einn dag til heimreiðar, Eg. 279; kom hann þá griðum á ok því næst sættum, Fms. i. 81: a sanctuary, asylum, þeim er á grið kirkjunnar flýr, K. Á. 34. COMPDS: griða-beiðandi, part. one who sues for peace, Grág. ii. 23. griða-brek, n. pl. breach of truce, Grág. ii. 22. griða-gjöf, f. a granting truce (life), Orkn. 456, Fms. ix. 524. griða-lauss, adj. truceless, Germ. vogelfrei, Edda 40, Fas. iii. 391: neut., er allt var griðalaust (truceless) með mönnum, Eb. 234. griða-mark, n. a sign of truce, Edda 47. griða-mál, n. pl. truce formularies, Ísl. ii. 379. Grág. ii. 165 sqq., Fms. vii. 62, griða-rof, n. pl. breach of truce, Grág. ii. 22, Eg. 352, Fas. i. 72. griða-sala, u, f. a granting truce, N. G. L. i. 177, Eg. 232. griða-setning and grið-setning, f. truce-making, Sturl. ii. 159, Grett. ch. 77. griða-staðr, m. a sanctuary, asylum, Edda 37, Gþl. 179, Fas. ii. 63. griða-stund, f. a term of truce, Bret. griða-tíð, f. id., v.l. grið-bítr, m. a truce-breaker, Grág. ii. 166, O. H. L. 75. grið-níðingr, m. a law term, a truce-breaker, Grág. ii. 167, Nj. 102, Orkn. 430. grið-samr, adj. peaceful, merciful, Fms. viii. 234. grið-spell, n. pl. breach of truce, N. G. L. i. 254. griði, a, m. a horseman, servant, Fb. ii. 335. grið-mál, grið-sala, grið-setning, etc., vide griða- above. Grikkir, m. pl. Greeks; Grík-land, mod. Grikk-land, n. Greece; Grikkja-konungr, m. the Greek king; Grikklands-eyjar, f. pl. the Grecian Isles, 625. 64; Grikklands-haf, n. the Grecian Archipelago, Fms. passim. grikkr, m. [prob. from Engl. grig, cp. Johnson on this word], a juggle (mod. word); göra e-m grikk, to play one a trick. Grikskr, adj. Greek, passim; Gríska, u, f. the Greek tongue; in old writers usually by metathesis, girskr, etc. grimd, f. grimness, fierceness; sakir grimðar eðr íllvilja, Fms. i. 71; en eigi skorti hann spekt né grimd, 117; grimdar-andi, breathing wrath, Stj. 288; grimdar-mála dagar, days of wrath, Stj. 642. 2 Kings xix. 3; grimdar-náttúra, savage disposition, Mar. 604: grimdar-fullr, adj. savage, Fms. i. 207, Stj. 469: grimdar-hugr, m. fiery mood, Fms. v. 271. II. metaph. a biting frost; var grimd svá mikil at klæði þeirra freri, Fas. ii. 427: grimdar-frost, n. id., Bs. i. 381. grimmask, d, (and að, Háv. 39), dep. to chafe, be furious; g. móti Guði, Fms. viii. 240; g. upp á heilaga kirkju, Thom. 6 (Ed.); hann byrsti sik ok grimmisk mjök (of a wild bear), Finnb. 248, Mar. 563; útan Þorbjörn, hann grimmask við hann fyrir allt saman, Háv. l.c.; hvárt mun þín reiði grimmask í gegn öllum mönnum, Stj. 329; grimmask á e-n, to rage against one, Pr. 402. grimm-eygr, adj. fierce-eyed, Fms. ii. 20; better grunneygr, q.v. grimm-hugaðr, adj. in a grim, fierce humour, Fas. i. 178, Stj. 187. grimm-leikr (-leiki), m. savageness, cruelty, Eg. 255, Nj. 176, Fms. x. 380, Hom. 42, Sks. 496, Stj. 256, Mar. passim. grimm-leitr, adj. grim, stern-looking. grimm-liga, adv. grimly, fiercely, sternly, esp. in the phrase, hefna g., to take a fearful revenge, Fms. i. 266, vii. 157, x. 221, Fas. i. 13; g. reiðr, fearfully angry, Anal. 240; gráta g., to 'greit' sorely, Skv. 3. 25. grimm-ligr, adj. 'grim-like,' fierce, Eg. 305, Nj. 104, Hkr. i. 10, Fms. ii. 100, vi. 131: savage, Edda 19; g. atganga, a furious onslaught, Mar. 575; g. orrosta, Bret.; g. dómr, Fms. ii. 223: fearful, Fs. 17; g. gnýr, a fearful crash, Sl. 57. grimm-lundaðr, adj. of grim temper, Fagrsk. 24. GRIMMR, adj. [A. S., Engl., and Hel. grim; Dan. grim = ugly; in old Icel. writers this word implies the notion of ferocity, sternness, wrath, but not of wanton cruelty, and seldom of ugliness as in Engl., Dan., etc.] :-- grim, stern, horrible, dire, sore; grimmt er fall frænda at telja, 'tis grim to tell of a kinsman's death, Stor. 10; grimt várumk hlið, a sore gap it was to me, 6; gráta grimmum tárum, to weep grim, bitter tears, Hkv. 2. 43; fimm grimmar nætr five grim, miserable nights, Korm. 184 (in a verse); grimm orð, lamentation, Gh. 1; hugðak mér grimt í svefni, I had a fearful dream, Bkv. 16. 2. stern, savage, Lat. ferox; hón var allra kvenna grimmust ok skaphörðust, Nj. 147; ákafa-maðr mikill í skapi, grimmr, úþýðr ok fátálr, Fms. i. 19; glaðmælt, undirhyggju-maðr mikill, ok hin grimmasta, 20; fyllask ens grimmasta hugar, to be filled with rage, 623. 25; g. híðbjörn, a grim bear, Grett. 100. 3. with dat. wroth; svá var hón orðin grimm Brjáni konungi, at ..., she hated him so much, that ..., Nj. 269; hence in poët. phrases, baugum, vellum grimmr, fé-grimmr, hodd-g., hating, wasting gold, munificent, Lex. Poët.: neut., með grimmü, grimly, Fms. ii. 9; gjalda e-t grimmu, to take grim revenge, 223. II. metaph., 1. with the notion of ugly, hideous; ljótt andlit ok grimmt ok andstygt mannligu kyni, Sks. 539, (rare.) 2. piercing, of cold; svá sem kalt stóð af Niflheimi ok allir hlutir grimmir, Edda 4. grimm-úð, f. ferocity; grimm-uðigr, adj. furious, Fas. i. 32, Am. 55. GRIND, f., pl. grindr, a lattice door, gate; lék þar grind á járnum, Fms. v. 331; eru garðar hennar forkunnar háfir ok grindr stórar, Edda 18; forn er sú grind, en þat fáir vitu hve hón er í lás um lokin, Gm. 22; gest þú né geyja né á grind hrekir, Hm. 136, Am. 36, Fsm. 9; láta hlið á ok grind fyrir eðr hurð, Grág. ii. 228; nú ganga menn í gegnum garðs-hlið þá skal sá ábyrgjask er upp lýkr grindum, N. G. L. i. 41; hestrinn hljóp svá hart yfir grindina, at hann kom hvergi niðr, id.; var grind fyrir borghliðinu ok lokin aptr, Þórr gékk á grindina ok fékk eigi upp lokit, þá smugu þeir milli spalanna, 30; Hel-grindr, the gates of Hel, Edda 38; Ás-grindr, the gates of the Ases, id.; ná-grindr, the gates of death, Skm. COMPDS: grindar-hlið, n. a gate with a lattice, Fms. ii. 148. grindar-hæll, m. a peg to keep the gate fast, Gþl. 383. grinda-sög, f. a saw (in a frame). grind-garðr, m. a lattice fence, Fs. 183. grind-hlið, n. = grindarhlið, Lv. 19. II. an enclosure, α. for ships, docks; liggja (of ships) í grindum, Hkv. 1. 49: pens for catching whales, hence the Dan. grinde-hval, grinde-fangst, of catching whales by penning them in; esp. veiða elgi (to catch elks) í görðum eða grindum, Gþl. 449: of store-houses, folds, fullar grindir, full-stocked folds, Hm. 77; fé byrgt í grindum, sheep penned, Eg. 375; honum var sagt at fé allt væri heilt í grindum ok úsakat, Fas. i. 71: lattice work, fjórar grindr lætr hann göra með fjórum hornum, ok níu reita rístr Þrándr alla vega út frá grindunum, Fær. 183, 184; lét göra grind um útan um legsteininn, Fms. viii. 237: in compds, beina-grind, a skeleton; dún-grind, q.v.: a gridiron, grinda-brauð, n. bread baked on a gridiron, Dipl., Vm. grip, n. a grip, grasp; upp-grip, plenty to take, abundance; á-grip, q.v.; yfir-grip, compass: medic. spots on the skin, believed to be the finger-prints or marks of goblins or demons, Fél. grip-deildir, f. pl. rapine, robbery, N. G. L. i. 20, Gþl. 473, Fms. i. 221, vi. 218. gripla, að, to grope; fara griplandi hendi eptir, Gþl. 46. griplur, f. pl. groping; henda griplur til e-s, to grope after, Eluc. 22; griplur er sem hendi þá, Mkv. 2: gloves without fingers, mittens. II. name of an epic Rímur in parchment, a dimin. = Rímur af Hrómundi Gripssyni. GRIPR, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, [akin to grípa, to hold, seize, cp. A. S. gripe = manipulus] :-- prop. anything possessed; nú hafa tveir menn veðmæltan einn grip báðir,, Grág. i. 412; hross eðr skip eðr aðra gripi, 437; alla þá gripi er menn eiga saman, hvárt sem þat er akr eða eng eða aðra hluti, Gþl. 505. 2. value, money's worth; hann kvað þó verra grip í (of less worth) enn hann ætlaði, Nj. 73; yðr er ekki happ at drepa hann, ok engi gripr at hafa hann brott, not worth one's while to drive him away, Fms. vii. 218; enn þriðja hlut á hann þann er mikill gripr er í, Edda 15; epli þau er henni munu gripir í þykkja, 46; í gripum sæmiligum ok löndum, ... í þeim gripum er engi væri minna en tíu aura verðr, Sturl. iii. 293: gripa-tak, n. seizure of property, Grág. ii. 196, Gullþ. 19. 3. esp. in pl. costly things, pretiosa; klæðnaðr Þóru ok gripir, Eg. 158; hann skyldi ok kaupa gripi til handa henni svá at engi jafnfjáð kona ætti betri gripi, Ld. 132; klæði, vápn, ok annars-konar gripi, Fms. vi. 182; hann gaf sinn grip hverjum þeirra, Gullþ. 9, 19; húsbúnað ok klæðnað ok góða gripi, Fb. ii. 186; kost-gripr and kjör-gripr, a costly thing, Fs. 43; dýr-gripr, a jewel; spilla gripum sínum, to spoil one's own things, 51: gripa-kista, u, f. a jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108 C: grip-auðigr, adj. rich in precious things, Ld. 154. II. in mod. usage esp. of cattle, stock; gangandi gripir, live stock, Bjarn. 22; stór-gripr, great cattle (cows, horses), opp. to smali, small cattle (sheep). III. a pr. name, Landn. gripr, m. [Germ. griff], a vulture, Þiðr. 92. GRÍÐ, f. frantic eagerness; í gríð, eagerly: gríðar-liga (gríðu-

216 GRÍMA -- GRÓA.

liga, Mag. 99, Ed.), adv. eagerly: gríðar-ligr, adj. eager. II. mythol. Gríðr, f. a giantess; Gríðar-völr, m., Edda 60. GRÍMA, u, f. [A. S. grîma; Dan. grime = a horse's halter], a kind of hood or cowl covering the upper part of the face, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 304, Þórð. 30; ríðr Barði at Snorra Goða ok hefir grímu á höfði sér, Ísl. ii. 378, Mirm. 58. β. armour covering a horse's breast, a poitrail; en utan yfir beisli ok um allt höfuð hestsins ok um háls framan ok til söðuls þá skal vera g. gör á panzara lund, Sks. 405: the beak on a ship, gyldar grímur, Gkv. 2. 16: grímu-eiðr, m. a Norse law term, a kind of oath taken by six compurgators, an GREEK, N. G. L. i. 56 (vide eiðr); the origin of the name is uncertain, perhaps the compurgators had to appear in court in cowls: grímu-maðr, m. a cowled man, a man in disguise, Fb. i. 509, Fas. iii. 321, N. G. L. i. 175. II. metaph. the night, poët., Alm. 31, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.; óróar gríma, a night of woe, Stor. 18; so in the saying, hverf er haust-gríma, shifty is the autumn night, Hm. 73: curious is the phrase, það renna á e-n tvær grímur, one wavers, is uncertain, það runnu á mig tvær grímur; the metaphor is either derived from a horse's halter or hood = doubly hoodwinked or from the night = in double darkness. UNCERTAIN Grímr and Grímnir are names of Odin from his travelling in disguise, Edda: Grímr also is freq. a masc. pr. name, and in compds, Þor-grímr, Ás-grímr, Stein-grímr, Hall-grímr, etc.; and of women Gríma, Hall-gríma, etc.; prefixed in Grím-kell, Grím-úlfr, etc.: a serpent is in poetry called grímr. GRÍPA, greip, gripu, gripit, [Ulf. greipan = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. grîpan; Engl. grip, gripe, grapple; O. H. G. grîfan; Germ. greifen; Swed. gripa; Dan. gribe] :-- to grasp, seize: 1. with the notion of suddenness or violence; hann greip skjöld sinn ok sverð, Ó. H. 117; konungr greip til sverðs þess er stóð hjá honum, Fms. i. 16, vi. 159; Egill kastaði þegar niðr horninu, en greip sverðit ok brá, Eg. 215; Egill greip þá skjótt meðalkafla sverðsins, 379; síðan greip hann til Egils, 192; hann greip upp Þórð ok keyrði niðr, id.; Ormr grípr þá í móti fleininum, Fb. i. 530; hann greip upp beiti-ásinn ok barði með, 491; hann greip til hans (the dog snaps at him) um sinn ok reif kviðinn, Fms. ii. 174; hann grípr nárann, Anal. 122. 2. to capture, seize; gripinn, and gripinn höndum, captured, Hom. 131, Pass. 6. 12, 9. 1, 11. 1. β. to seize upon, rob; þat er mér sagt at þú farir heldr óspaklega ok grípir fyrir mönnum góðs sitt, Grett. 130 (grip-deildir). γ. to grasp; hann greip á stafni, Hým. 27. 3. phrases, grípa gulli á við e-n, to coax one; at svá þykki (lest it shall seem) at ek grípa gulli á við þá, Nj. 6; ok gríp nú gulli á við konunginn, ok lát sem þú þykisk þar allt eiga er konungrinn er, Fms. xi. 112; grípa á kýlinu, to touch upon the sore place; Eysteinn konungr svarar, nú greiptu á kýlinu því er ek hugða at fyrir löngu myndi springa, vii. 121: grípa í tómt, to grasp the air (cp. when the bird is flown): grípa á e-u, to decide; hann kvaðsk ekki mundu svá skjótt grípa á slíku, he said he would take time to consider, xi. 362. 4. medic. of fits or sickness, to seize upon; þitt geð grípi, seize thy senses (of insanity)! Skm.; þá var hann gripinn af æði mikilli, 623. 12. II. metaph. to understand, very rare and borrowed from Lat. comprehendere, Sks. 559 C, Eluc. 21: in mod. usage, to grasp, encompass with the mind; but nema, to learn. III. reflex., grípask þeir þá til (they grasped at one another) ok glíma lengi, Fb. i. 530. GRÍSS, m., pl. ir, gen. ar, Odd. 28, [Swed.-Dan. gris; Scot. grice], a young pig; gyltar gríss, a sucking pig, Fs. 107; gyltr ok gríss, Gullþ. 60, Fs. Vd. ch. 44, Grág. i. 504, Jb. 287, Sd. 163: the saying, grísir gjalda þess er gömul svín valda, cp. quidquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi, Stj. 63; gnyðja mundu grísir ef þeir vissi hvat hinn gamli þyldi (ef galtar böl vissi, v.l.), Fas. i. 282: of a young wild pig, Fb. ii. 25: grísa-gyltr, f. a sow with pigs, Vm. 85; grísar-höfuð, n. a pig's head, Odd. 28. 2. a pr. name, Landn.; cp. Grísar-tunga, name of a farm, 71. II. [as in Norse, vide Ivar Aasen], gener. a pig; er gamlir grísir (old swine) skyldi halda mér at höfuðbeinum, Grett. (in a verse); as also the Icel. grís-efldr, adj. strong as a grís (a hog ?), i.e. prodigiously strong, of great muscular strength; this word however, which is freq. in mod. usage, is not recorded in old writers, but it occurs in Lex. Run. GRJÓN, n. pl. [Swed.-Dan. gryn], groats, Edda (Gl.), Gþl. 524: grjóna-grautr, m. a porridge of groats. grjón-bakr, m. 'groat-back,' a nickname, Fms. GRJÓT, n. [A. S. greôt; Engl. grit; Hel. griot; O. H. G. grioz; Low Germ. grott = gravel; Germ. greis, meaning gravel, shingle, pebbles, or the like; cp. also Engl. to grout = to build a wall of rubble with liquid mortar poured in; the Icel. grautr (q.v.) and grútr (q.v.) are also kindred] :-- stones, but chiefly with the notion of rough stones or rubble in a building, etc.; grjót, like Engl. grit, is a collective word, and is consequently never used in plur.; a single stone is called steinn, not grjót; velta grjóti, to roll stones, Gs. 12; nú er grjót þat at gleri orðit, Hdl. 10; grjót (quarry) þat er til kirkna þarf at hafa, N. G. L. i. 240; hann lét ok göra há-altarit með grjót, Bs. i. 830; telgt grjót, cut stones, Stj. 564; rata munn létumk grjót gnaga, Hm. 106; hljóp ofan skriða mikil með grjóti, Anal. 64; verða at grjóti, to be turned into stones, Edda 89; þeir báru grjót á rótina, Gullþ. 50; torf eða grjót, Grág. ii. 262; þeir ruddu hitt ok báru þar í grjót (sinking a ship), Eg. 125; dys ór grjóti, Ld. 152; berja grjóti, to stone, Gísl. 34; vóru þau barin grjóti í hel, id.; sá engin líkindi Dana-virkis, nema grjótið, but the heaps of stones, Fms. i. 28; konungr hugði at grjótinu ok sá þar rautt allt, xi. 239; svá at þess mætti eigi sjá merki, nema þat eina er grjótið var rautt eptir, 241 (of the shingle on the beach); hvárt sem vill, af heitu grjóti eðr köldu, Sks. 421; límsett grjót, lime-set stones in a wall, Orkn. 352 (in a verse); lét jarl bera vatn í at kæla grjótið þat er brunnit var, id., (in a siege in order to make the walls crack, see Notes and Queries, Nov. 21, 1868); berjask með skotum ok grjóti (in a battle), Fs. 14; grjót ok skot, stones and missiles, Fms. vii. 82; þeir höfðu borið at sér grjót ok báru á þá, bíða þess er grjótið eyddisk, Sturl. ii. 59: of bricks, Stj. 264: in poetry, ölna grjót, the stones of the wrist, = jewels; skýja-grjót, 'cloud-stones,' hail; grjót orða, munns, the stones of words, of the mouth, i.e. the teeth: giants are called grjót-niðaðr, grjót-móði, grjót-öld, the stone people, people of the Stone Age, Lex. Poët.; Grjót-unn, name of a giantess (cp. Steinunn, a female name), whence Grjótunnar-garðar, a giant's castle, Edda: collectively in compds, -grýti, blá-grýti, stór-grýti, rough stones; hraun-grýti, lava. COMPDS: grjót-berg, n. quarry, Fms. viii. 278, Bs. i. 890. grjót-björg, n. pl. rocks, Vsp. 52. grjót-björn, m. a pun, = Arinbjörn, Ad. grjót-brot, n. a stone hoe, Vm. 92, 117. grjót-burðr, m. throwing showers of stones (in a fight), Sturl. ii. 136. grjót-fall, n. raining stones, Ann. 1362. grjót-flaug, f. a stone shower (in a fight), Fms. vi. 156, x. 361, Fas. ii. 449, Fs. 17, Al. 46, Bs. i. 412. grjót-flutning, f. carrying stones, Fms. viii. 279. grjót-garðr, m. a stone fence, Grág. ii. 282, Jb. 242: a pr. name, Fms. grjót-hagl, n. stone-hail, Stj. 369. grjót-haugr, m. a heap of stones, a cairn, Stj. 364. Josh. vii. 26, 655 xiv. B. 2. grjót-hlað, n. a stone pavement, Hkr. ii. 5. grjót-hlass, n. a load of stones, N. G. L. i. 415. grjót-hóll, m. a stone mound, stone heap, Hrafn. 21, Finnb. 314. grjót-hríð, f. a shower of stones (in battle), Fms. ix. 514, xi. 95. grjót-hörgr, m. a stone altar (heathen, vide hörgr): a stone heap = grjóthaugr, Sturl. ii. 223 C, where Ed. grjóthaugr. grjót-kast, n. throwing stones, Fas. iii. 243, Bs. i. 412. grjót-klettr, m. a boulder, Bs. ii. 134. grjót-ligr, adj. stony, flinty, Fms. x. 445, Mar. 609. grjót-meistari, a, m. a stone-mason, B. K. 124. grjót-möl, f. 'stone-grit,' gravel, pebbles, Stj. 67. grjót-páll, m. a stone hoe: metaph., vera e-s g., to break stones for one, do a stone-breaker's work; þeir vóru knáligir menn ok vóru mjök grjótpálar fyrir búi Ósvífrs, Ld. 122; en Halli var grjótpáll fyrir málum hans, Valla L. 205. grjót-skriða, u, f. a stone slip, Ann. 1337. grjót-smiðr, m. a stone-mason, B. K. 124, Bs. i. 830. grjót-smíð, f. stone masonry. grjót-starf, n. stone work, Stj. 562. grjót-sveinn, m. a stone-mason's lad, D. N. grjót-sýsla, u, f. = grjótstarf, D. N. grjótrugr, adj. stony, Barl. 18. grjót-varði, a, m. a stone pile, obelisk, Dropl. 23. grjót-varp, n. = grjóthríð, Lex. Poët. grjúpan, n. a sausage, Orkn. (in a verse), still in use in the east of Icel., [cp. grupa = to hatch or grind, Ivar Aasen.] grobba, að, (grobb, n.), to boast: grobbari, a, m. a boaster. Grotti, a, m. the mythical mill in Edda; whence Grotta-söngr, m. name of a poem; also in local names Grotti, a current near to Reykjavík; akin to Engl. grit, groats, cp. also Ivar Aasen s. v. grötte (the nave in a mill-stone); the tale of the enchanted mill grinding gold and salt etc. at the bottom of the sea is common to all Teutons (vide Edda), and survives in popular tales of Germany, Norway, and Iceland: the sea is called Skerja-grotti, Skerry-grinder, Edda (in a verse). GRÓA, greri, gróinn, pres. græ (grœ), [A. S. growan; Engl. grow; Swed. gro; Dan. groe; cp. Lat. cre-scere, crev-i] :-- to grow: I. of grass, trees, vegetation; þá var grund gróin grœnum lauki, Vsp. 4; viði gróin, grown with wood (of the earth), Edda 65 (in a verse); jörð grær, the earth grows, Eg. (in a verse), Ísl. ii. 381; gras grær, grass grows; gróandi grös, Sks. 728 B; þá grær gras á þeirri moldu er efst er á jörðunni, Edda 145 (pref.); gróa ok ávaxtask (of the earth), Stj. 38: absol. to grow, þann vetr var veðrátta góð, ok greyri snemma um várit, the winter was mild, and early crops in the spring, Fms. ii. 244; er íllu korni niðr sáð, enda mun íllt af gróa, Nj. 174. II. to grow together, to close; var einart þak á húsinu ok ekki gróit, a fresh thatch (of turf) and not yet set, Ld. 280; en um morguninn var hann gróinn aptr sem áðr, the opening (in a cairn) had grown together as before, Bárð. 180; ok æ sem annarr grær (unites, joins to) við meginland, þá kemr annarr hólmi í, Sks. 94; höfuð konungsins var gróit við bolinn, Nj. 275. 2. to be healed, of wounds; sár hans gréru seint, Korm. 130; tóku sár Þórólfs at gróa, Eg. 34; þat sár greri svá, at ..., Fs. 153; en hann lá lengi í sárum ok greri seint, ok rifnuðu aptr þá er gróin vóru, Gullþ. 31: cp. the saying, betra heilt en gróit, better hale than healed: absol., ok greyri þegar fyrir stúfinn, Nj. 275; grær fyrir tungu-stúfinn, Fms. v. 152; Íngólfr lá í sárum vetr þenna, ok greri yfir at kalla, Ingolf's wounds were outwardly healed, Fs. 67: mod. gen., gróinn sára sinna, healed of one's wounds, Fms. iv. 164, Grett, 82: the phrase, gróa um heilt, to be quite healed; þá skera þeir af grandit allt at um heilt megi gróa, Al. 120: metaph. to be reconciled, at um heilt mætti gróa með þeim, Fms. xi. 57; héðan frá greri aldrei um heilt með þeim Glúmi ok Esphælingum, Glúm. 348.

GRÓA -- GRÚFA. 217

Gróa or Gró, f. a pr. name, Landn., cp. Edda 58 (the giantess mother of Örvandil, Orion); cp. Swed. groda, Norse gro = a toad, paddock, gró-andi, f. the growing one, poët. the earth, Alm. 11. gróði, a, m. 1. = gróðr; þess vondr skyldi gróða taka, Post. 686 B. 13. 2. increase; þá skal gróði (swell, flood) koma bæði í sjó ok vötn (vatna-vöxtr), Rb. 104: mod. usage distinguishes between gróðr, growth, and gróði, gain, increase of wealth. gróða-maðr, m. a prosperous, wealthy man. gróðr, m., gen. gróðrar, [Dan. afgröde; Swed. gröda = crop], growth, a crop; þá fundu þeir Góibeytla ok annan gróðr (vegetation), Landn. 226; hverr maðr á gróðr á sínu landi, Grág. ii. 291, cp. Jb. 248 C. (Ed. vöxt); en at miðjum vetri blóta til gróðrar, Hkr. i. 13; gróðrum ok grænum grösum, Stj. 276: metaph., andlegs gróðrar, Hom. 45: summer, Edda (Gl.) gróðr-samr (gróðrsam-ligr, Barl. 10), adj. fertile, Sks. 40, Ver. 2. gróðr-setja, tt, to plant; g. víngarð, Stj. 344, Greg. 10, Mar. 12. gróðr-vænligr, adj. healable, Fas. iii. 139. GRÓF, f. [grafa; Ulf. grôba; Germ. grube], a pit, Nj. 153, Grett. 94; eld-gróf, an ash-pit, Eb. 99 (v.l.) new Ed.; hnakka-gróf, the pit in the nape of the neck; hljóp hann síðan með reykinum í gróf (gröf?) nokkura ok hvíldi sik, ok er þat síðan köllut Kára-gróf, Nj. 202. grófr, adj. [from Germ. grob], coarse, of clothes, linen, (mod. and rare.) GRÓMR, m. (mod. gróm, n.), grime, dirt; metaph. a blot, dirty spot; þá er menn hugðu at eið þeim, þótti sem g. (blot) hefði í verit, Grett. 161 A. COMPDS: gróm-lauss, adj. spotless, single-hearted, Greg. 19; heyrit ér hvat karlinn segir, eigi er hann grómlauss, he suspects something, Nj. 143. gróm-tekinn, part. soiled with dirt, of linen or the like. gróna, að, to become green, Bb. 1. 21. gróp, f. a groove. GRÓPA, að, to groove, a joiner's term. gróska, u, f. [Germ. grüsch], a kind of barley, Edda (Gl.) grufl, n. grovelling. GRUFLA, að, (grœfla, Mar.), to grovel on all fours; Jónathas gruflaði heldr en gékk, Stj. 452. 1 Sam. xiv. 13; gruflar hón af læknum, Ísl. ii. 340, Bs. i. 331, Pr. 412; Grímr gruflar eptir knettinum, Fas. iii. 530: ganga gruflandi að e-u, to go grovelling, groping after a thing. grugg, n. mud, dregs. grugg-óttr, adj. muddy, Fas. i. 142. GRUNA, að, to suspect; þá mun Hrútr hlæja, ok mun hann þá ekki gruna þik, Nj. 33; vera grunaðr um svik, Fms. i. 59; engi maðr frýr þér vits en meirr ertú grunaðr um græsku, Sturl. i. 105; grunaðr var hann um þat at hann mundi blóta mönnum, Fs. 28; Grettir grunaði hann, G. trusted him not, Grett. 138 A; ætla ek at þeir hafi grunat mik, Lv. 8l; eigi skulu þér gruna oss, 656 C. 39; þá var móðir grunað, Hom. 56; nú grunar hann þat at þeir vili eigi heilar sáttir við hann, Grág. ii. 21; en eigi gruna ek þat, þótt ..., Ísl. ii. 183; ætla ek at þeir hafi grunat mik, Lv. 81; sem þú skalt eigi g., as thou shall not doubt, Fb. i. 34; ekki grunum vér (we doubt not) íllvilja yðvarn, 412: en til þess at þú megir eigi gruna sögn mína hér um, Fms. i. 192; Þorkell trefill grunar nokkuð hvárt þannig mun farit hafa, Ld. 58. 2. impers., grunar mik enn sem fyrr, at ..., Eg. 76; nú em ek at raun komin um þat er mik hefir lengi grunat, Nj. 17; en hann grunaði þó, at ..., Ld. 306: with gen. of the thing, slíks grunaði mik, I suspected that, Lv. 81: with acc. of the thing, hvat grunar þik (what thinkest thou), hverr skóp Adam? Mirm.; grunar mik um (I doubt) hversu heilla-drjúgr hann verðr, Grett. 72 new Ed. grunan, f. suspecting one, Lv. 21; (grununa, qs. grununina.) grun-brusligr, adj. suspicious looking, ill-favoured, Finnb. 338 C. GRUND, f. [prob. to be derived from gróa, qs. gróandi, and different in etymology from grunn and Engl. ground, etc.] :-- a green field, grassy plain; á grundunni, Sd. 165; þar heitir Haugsnes er bardaginn var ofan frá á grundinni, Sturl. iii. 84, Clar. 134; nú setjask þeir niðr á grundina, Gísl. 107: poët. the earth, the green earth, grund gróin grænum lauki, Vsp. 4, Vþm. 16, Haustl. 15: the name of a farm, Grenfield, Sturl., Landn. grunda, að, = gruna, to suspect, Gísl. 133. 2. [Germ. ergründen], to meditate, (rare and mod. in that sense.) grundan, f. meditation. Fas. iii. 247. grundr, n. = grunr; in the phrase, grafa grund at e-u, to enquire into a thing; því gref ek svá mikinn grund hverr þú ert, Konr. (Fr.); hann lét mjök grund at grafa (Ed. gefa) um eptirleitina, Fas. iii. 300. grund-valla, að, to found, Fms. i. 139, Mar. 12, Stj. 26, Fb. i. 513. grund-völlr, m. [cp. Goth. grunduvaddjus = GREEK; mid. H. G. gruntwal; Dan. grundvold]: 1. prop. ground marked out for a building, marka grundvöll til húss (kirkju), Ld. 298, Fms. i. 203, Korm. 8, Sks. 110, Orkn. 286, Stj. 134. 2. metaph. ground-plan, Mar. 12; setja grundvöll Kristni sinnar, Hom. 147; tólf postular eru grundvöllr undir várri trú, Mar. 12; er lítillæti sannr grundvöllr undir öllum mannkostum, id.; Kristiliga trú vera grundvöll ok upphaf góðra verka, Gþl. viii. (pref.); þann grundvöll, er upphaf er allrar speki, Sks. 4; af þessum grundvöllum timbrask enar mestu höfuð-úgæfur, 26; orð eðr erendi, er tekin eru af mannvits grundvelli, which are founded on good sense, 438; reisa hús af grundvelli, to raise a building from the ground, Fms. vi. 440. grundvallar-maðr, m. a founder, Anecd. 66. grun-lauss, adj. unsuspecting; grunlaust æði, a guileless mind, Ad. 2; eigi er mér þat grunlaust, I am not without misgivings, Grett. 159 A, Fas. i. 129; trúa Guði grunlaust, to put one's trust in God, Ó. T. 37; vera grunlauss af e-u, to be unsuspected, above suspicion, Mar. GRUNN, n. [A. S. grund; Engl. ground; Germ. grund, whence mod. Swed.-Dan. grund] :-- a shallow, shoal; á grunn, aground; en er þeir Erlendr vóru mjök svá komnir at landi, þá réru þeir á grunn, Fms. i. 212; skip Gregorii sveif upp á grunn; hann kom akkeri í skip þeirra ok dró þá af grunninu, vii. 264, 265; gengu skipin mikinn út yfir grunnit, Ó. H. 17; ok er þeir komu út yfir grunn öll, undu þeir segl, Grett. 94 A; standa grunn, to be aground, Stj. 59, Grág. ii. 358; ganga á grunn, to come to an end (metaph.), Fms. xi. 439; silfr þat gekk aldri á grunn, Fær.; fundning þessi reis af gömlu grunni villunnar, Karl. 548. grunn-eygr, adj. goggle-eyed: mod. úteygðr, 'out-eyed,' opp. to inneygðr, 'in-eyed,' Fms. ii. 20. grunn-fall, n. a breaker on a shoal, Nj. 267, Eg. 405, Bs. i. 453, ii. 50. grunn-fastr, adj. fast aground, Bs. ii. 48. grunn-firi, n. shoals left by the ebb tide, Nj. 124 (Lat. Ed.), v.l. grunn-færi, n. pl. anchor-tackle, a cable; draga upp g., to weigh anchor, Fms. ii. 17; þurfti hit mikla skip góðra grunnfæra, vi. 310; skip þau er fest vóru með grunnfaerum, x. 68. grunn-hygginn, adj. shallow-minded, silly, Fas. ii. 337. grunn-hyggni, f. silliness, Fas. ii. 354. grunn-lauss, adj. boundless; grunnlaust grepps æði, a boundless poetical mind, (or grunlaust, q.v.), Ad. 2. grunn-lendi, n. a thin or shallow soil, Barl. 18. grunn-mál, n. shallow soundings in the sea. grunn-mið, n. pl. fish marks upon shoal places or near the shore. GRUNNR, m. [the Goth. form would be grundus; Ulf. afgrundiþa = GREEK; akin to grunn, n.] :-- the bottom of sea or water; draga e-n til grunns, to drag one to the bottom, Al. 174; fór öngullinn til grunns, Edda 36; langskipin sukku í grunn niðr, Anal. 203: plur., síðan fór hann niðr til grunna, then he sank down to the bottom, Bs. i. 355; en jafnskjótt er hann kom til grunna, id.; niðr á grunnum í sjálfu sjávar-djúpinu, Stj. 288; hann kafaði niðr til grunna, Eg. 142; sökkva til grunna (metaph.), to come to naught, Symb. 19; segja menn at hann lysti af honum höfuðit við grunninum, Edda (Arna-Magn.) i. 170, is a false reading instead of við hrönnunum (Ub.), cp. hlusta grunn við hrönnum, Hd. (Edda 54), of which poem the prose is a paraphrase. grunnr, adj., compar. grynnri (gryðri), superl. grynnstr, [Swed.-Dan. grund], shallow; vaðil-sund nokkut grunnt, Eg. 362; sögðu hafit baeði grunnt ok myrkt, Al. 170; gryðra, shallower, Bs. i. 342; vatnföll tvau hvártki gryðra en tók í miðja síðu, 349: metaph., standa grunnt, to be shallow; vinátta okkur stendr grunnt, Eg. 520; grunuðu at vinátta þeirra mundi vera heldr grunn, Fms. xi. 108: in local names, Grunna-vík, f. whence Grunn-víkingr, m. a man from G., Landn. grunn-slóðir, f. shoals. grunn-stiglaðr, part. hard frozen, Fbr. 36: mod. botn-frosinn. grunn-sæliga, adv. foolishly, Fms. vi. 295. grunn-sæligr, adj. shallow-sighted, foolish, Hkr. iii. 112. grunn-sær, adj. shallow-witted, foolish, Bjarn. 39; opp. to djúpsær. grunn-sævi, n. shallow water, Fas. ii. 316, Nj. 124, Fb. i. 539, 541. grunnungr, m. [Germ. gründling; Ivar Aasen grunnung; from grunnr] :-- a groundling, a fish that lives in shoal water, Edda (Gl.); in mod. usage called þara-fiskr. grunn-úðigr, adj. shallow-minded, Ísl. ii. 339. grunn-úðligr, adj. thin-witted, Niðrst. 7. grunn-ýðgi, f. shallowness, credulity, Fas. ii. 354, Am. 70. GRUNR, m., pl. ir, [the forms grundr (q.v.) and grunda (q.v.) seem to indicate a double final, viz. grunnr and grunna; as to the sense, suspicion may be metaph. derived from a shoal or ground, and grunr may be akin to grunn, grunnr; else phrases such as grafa grun could scarcely be explained: no special word answering to grunr appears in the Saxon or Germ.] :-- suspicion, Grág. i. 263, Ld. 262, Lv. 21, Fms. i. 58, ii. 87, x. 335, Hkr. ii. 267: the phrase, grafa grun á um e-t, to 'dig the ground' for a thing, to suspect, Bs. i. 871. grun-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), suspicious looking, Fms. ii. 84, vii. 2; g. meðferð, Mar. 34. grun-samr, adj. suspected; hafa e-n grunsaman, Fms. vi. 20. grun-semð (-semi), f. suspicion, H. E. i. 506, Magn. 484, Orkn. 162, Bs. i. 871, Str. 8, 13. grunsemðar-lauss, adj. free from suspicion, H. E. ii. 111. grúa, ð, to swarm; in the phrase, það úir af grúir af e-u, it swarms and crowds. GRÚFA, ð, [Swed. grufva; Ivar Aasen gruva; and metaph. the Dan. gru = horror, cp. Germ. gräulich = shocking] :-- to grovel, crouch or cower down, lie on one's face; hann grúfði at eldinum, Fs. 100; hann grúfir niðr at Þorgrími, Háv. 56; látum oss ei sem gyltur grúfa, let us not grovel as swine, let us go upright, Bb. 3. 92; Dagon grúfði á góln frammi fyrir örkinni, Stj. 435. 1 Sam. v. 3: denoting fear, to crouch, cower, heiðingjar allir hrökkvask saman, ok grúfa í skjöldu sína and cowered beneath

218 GRÚFA -- GRÖN.

their shields, Karl. 246; grúfa þeir niðr undir hjálma sína ok brynjur, 188; tóku þeir at grúfa undir hjálmum ok skjöldum, 296. grúfa, u, f., in the phrase, á grúfu, to lie grovelling, to lie face down, on one's belly; symja á grúfu, to swim on one's belly, Sks. 177, Eg. 107, Fms. vii. 250, Fas. iii. 573, N. G. L. i. 80, Stj. 435, v.l., Art. 73, opp. to opinn (mod. upp í lopt, face up); liggr á grúfu ok horfir upp nef, a riddle of a 'ladle;' opinn eða á grúfu, Karl. 259. 2. [cp. gruvesten = hearth-stone, gruva = the hearth, chimney, and gruve-hynna = the chimney-corner, Ivar Aasen]: whence ös-grúi, an ash-pit, Fas. i. (in a verse). GRÚI, a, m. [grúa], a crowd, swarm, prob. akin to grúfa; metaph. from ants, insects, maggots, or the like: in compds, mann-grúi, a crowd of men. grútr, m., gen. ar, thick gruel-like oil. grybba, u, f. an ugly hag: grybbuligr, adj. gryfja, u, f. a hole, pit, Stud. i. 83 C, Þorst. Síðu H. 176. grylla, t, to see dimly, as through a cloud, það gryllir til lands: impers. to recollect dimly, mig gryllir til pess. grynna, t, [grunnr], impers. to become shallow; grynnir dalinn (acc.), the dale became shallow, less deep, in advancing higher up in a dale, Bárð. 173: reflex., id., Bs. i. 355; þá er grynntisk yfir at landinu, Fms. viii. 170: metaph., kostr okkarr grynnisk, Bs. ii. 133: in mod. usage freq. act. and absol., það grynnir, fer að grynna. grynningar, f. pl. shoals, shallows, Sks. 224. grýfa, ð, = grúfa, Fms. viii. 332. grýfi-liga, adv. [grúfa; Germ. gräulich; Dan. gruelig; Swed. grulig; Ivar Aasen gruvaleg] :-- prop. 'grovellingly,' metaph. shockingly, Fb. ii. 26. grýja, ð, [Swed. grya; Dan. grye = to dawn], to dawn: in Icel. the verb grýja is not used, but can be supposed from the following grýjandi; cp. the Germ. der tag graut, Göthe's Faust. grýj-andi, f. [Dan. gry = dawn; Swed. gryning], dawn, the first grey of daylight; í grýjandina, in the grey of morning, an GREEK, Fms. (Sverr. S.) pref. xxii. to p. 398. GRÝLA, u, f. an ogre, answering to the Gr. GREEK, Lat. lamia, used to frighten children with, represented as an old hag with a bag kidnapping and devouring naughty children -- over the good she has no power: the songs Grýlu-kvæði, n. (vide Snót 286-298, 2nd Ed.), are great favourites in popular lore: in olden times grýla was sometimes described as a fox with many tails; the fox is in Edda (Gl.) called grýla; a giantess also in Edda (Gl.) is so called; cp. the rhymes in Sturl. ii. 59, -- hér fer Grýla í garð ofan | ok hefir á sér hala fimtán; and the mod., -- Grýla reið fyrir ofan garð, hafði hala fimtán | en í hverjum hala hundrað belgi, en í hverjum belgi börn tuttugu, etc. II. a bugbear; ekki hirði ek um grýlur yðrar, Þórð. 26 new Ed.; þótti þeir hafa gört sér grýlur um sumarit, Sturl. iii. 244; hví mun ek eigi fara hina skemri leiðina ok hræðask ekki grýlur Bruna, Fas. ii. 118; kölluðu menn því enn fyrra hlut (of a book) grýlu, at margir töluðu at þá efnaðisk nokkurr ótti eðr hræðsla, ... en mundi skjótt niðr falla ok at alls engu verða, Fb. ii. 534. For the mod. popular tales of Grýla see esp. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 218-221. GRÝTA, tt, [grjót], to stone; g. e-n, to stone one to death, Landn. 236, Fms. v. 222, vi. 408, Stj. 256; g. at e-m, á e-n, to pelt one with stones, Fs. 36, 37, Eg. 581, Fms. i. 218, vii. 82, Hðm. 26, Stj. 402. grýta, u, f. [grjót; Dan. gryde; Swed. gryta], a pot (earthen), Stj. 317, Fms. vii. 232; the MS. Gloss. 1812 renders the Lat. olla by grýta. grytu-ker, n. = grýta, Greg. 34, Hom. 83. grýting, f. a pelting with stones, stoning, 415. 13, Mar. 17. grýttr, adj. stony, Hrafn. 4. græð, f. [grár], malice, Sturl. ii. 178. GRÆÐA, dd, [gróðr]: I. to make grow, to plant, Barl. 99; græða tönnina í hundinn, Bs. ii. 148: to produce, jörð sú er græddi þorna ok þistla, Eluc. 45; marga mjök góða hluti græðir heimr sjá til várra nytja, 677. 11. 2. to gain, make money; hann græddi þar brátt mikit fé, Ld. 100, 102, Band. 1, Grett. 61 new Ed.; þá græddi hann fé, Landn. 141. 3. reflex. to increase; Guð lét alla hans eigu mikilliga græðask, Stj. 198; græddisk heldr vindrinn, the wind increased, Grett. 113 new Ed.; hafði mikit á græðsk (the money had much increased) meðan hann var í brottu, Nj. 10, Fs. 131: in mod. usage also absol., græða, to make money: a dairy term, græða and græða sik, to give more milk; or adding the measure, hón (the cow) hefir grætt mörk. II. to heal; konungr lét g. menn sína er lífs var auðit, Eg. 34; g. sjúka, Post. 686 B. 1, Niðrst. 2; síðan græddi Þórðr Bersa, Korm. 132, Fms. viii. 120, x. 263: reflex. to be healed, Greg. 15: græðandi, part. healable, Fms. viii. 120. græð-ari, a, m. a healer, saviour, Fms. iii. 166, x. 374, Hom. 36, 52, Mar. 2, Stj. 144, 241. græðgi, f. greediness, gluttony, Stj. 161. græði-fingr, m. the leech-finger, digitus medicus. græði-ligr, adj. healable, Bs. ii. 182. græðing, f. growth, Hom. 24: a healing, cure, Greg. 20, 45, H. E. i. 476; ný-græðingr, the green crop in the spring. græði-súra, u, f., botan. the plantain, plantago. græðsla, u, f. cure, healing, Grett. 73. græfr, adj. [grafa], fit to be buried (according to the eccl. law), K. Á. 48; kirkju-græfr, having a right to burial at a church. græna, d, to paint green, N. G. L. i. 104. græn-fáinn, part. green-stained, Sks. 188 C. græn-gola, að, to be yellow-green, of deep water; grængolandi hylr. grænka, að, to make green, Lex. Poët.: to become green, freq. græn-leikr, m. greenness, verdure, Orkn. 172. Græn-lendskr, adj. of or belonging to Greenland; vide Grænn. græn-ligr, adj. greenish, Sks. 499. GRÆNN (i.e. grœnn), adj. [not recorded in Ulf., as Luke xxiii. 31 and Mark vi. 39 are lost; A. S. grêne; Engl. green; Hel. grôni; O. H. G. kruoni; Genn. grün; Swed.-Dan. grön; derived from gróa, to grow] :-- green, of verdure; grænn laukr, a green leech, Vsp. 4; er haugr hans ávallt grænn vetr ok sumar, Landn. 86; græn jörð ok fögr, Edda 44; grænt sumar, a green summer, Anal. 217; grænir dalar, green dales, Karl. 266; grænt klæði, H. E. i. 492; grænn sem sjór, Rb. 354. 2. fresh; grænt kjöt, fresh meat, Stj. 493; grænn fiskr, fresh fish, Þiðr. 70, Bs. ii. 144. II. metaph. green, hopeful, good; þá er hóf at, ok væntum at nokkut grænt mun fyrir liggja, then it is well, and let us hope that some green spot may lie ahead, Fs. 24; sá mun nú grænstr (the most hopeful choice) at segja satt, Finnb. 226; flyt þú mik aptr til eyjar minnar, ok mun sá grænstr, and that will be the best thou canst do, 258; þeir leitaðu brott, síðan þeir sá engan annan grænna, Karl. 212. III. in local names, Græna-land, n. the green land, Greenland, Íb. ch. 6, whence Græn-lendingar, m. pl. Greenlanders, i.e. the Norse or Icel. settlers; but in mod. usage the Esquimaux, who only came into Greenland about the 14th century: Græn-lenzkr, adj. of Greenland; Atlamál hin Grænlenzku, Atlakviða hin Grænlenzka, the names of two poems, prob. from their being composed in Greenland; the name is not to be derived from the Norse county Grenland, as the old writers make a strict distinction, using the adjective Grenskr of the Norse county. grænska, u, f. verdure, Stj. 29. græn-tó, f. a green spot, Gísl. 158. græn-tyrfa, ð, to cover with green turf, Þjal. 36. græska, u, f. [grár], malice, Sturl. i. 105, v.l.; Sighvatr tók undir í gamni, ok með nokkurri svá græsku (mockingly), ii. 178. græsku-lauss, adj. without malice: in the phrase, græskulaust gaman, a sport without malice. GRÆTA, tt, [grátr], to make one ' greit' or weep, distress one, Fas. ii. 174, Stj. 323; þú lézt grætta Gunnlöðu, Hm. 110; grættr, grieved, Sl. 26. græti, n. pl. tears, sorrow, Hðm. 1, Skv. 3. 61, Gkv. 2. 10. græti-liga, adv. sadly. GRÖF, f., gen. grafar, [Ulf. graba = GREEK, Luke xix. 43], a pit, hole dug; settr í gröf, put into a pit, Grág. ii. 131; þar var undir gröf djúp, Eg. 234; íllvirkja gröf, a den of thieves, Greg. 40. Matth. xxi. 13; ór hellum ok gröfum, 623. 58: in the saying, sér grefr gröf þó grafi, Sams. 19, Kveldv. ii. 193; ef blindr leiðir blindan þá falla þeir báðir í gröfina, Matth. xv. 14: a charcoal pit, Grág. ii. 297; kola-gröf, a coal pit, peat pit, Vm. 156; mó-gröf, torf-gröf; grafar-görð, burning charcoal, Grág. ii. 298, Jb. 239, Dipl. v. 3; grafar-menn, pitmen, Hkr. ii. 249: freq. as a local name, Gröf and Grafir, prob. from charcoal pits. grafar-lækr, m. a brook which has dug itself a deep bed, a hollow brook, Sturl. iii. 257. II. [Engl. grave; Germ. grabe; Dan. grav; Swed. graf], a grave, Ld. 286, and in numberless instances. grafar-bakki, a, m. and grafar-barmr, m. the verge of the grave: in the phrase, vera kominn á grafar-bakkann, to stand on the edge of the grave. gröftr (and gröptr less correctly), m., gen. graftar, dat. grefti, the mod. with radical r in gen. and dat. graftrar, greftri, but acc. gröft (never gröftr); the ancients use both forms, graftrar, Eb. 176, Fms. vii. 174, viii. 236, x. 175, xi. 17; greftri, vi. 401; grefti, viii. 236, ix. 4; greftar, N. G. L. i. 345, 347, 368: [A. S. gräft] :-- a digging; fauska-g., Landn. 303: engraving, Stj. 45. 2. burial, Hom. 97, K. Þ. K. 24, passim (vide above): a tomb, Fms. xi. 307. COMPDS: graftar-dagr, n. a burial day, 625. 194. graftar-kirkja, u, f. a church with a burying-ground, K. Þ. K. 24, Grág. i. 464, H. E. i. 474, N. G. L. i. 345. graftar-reitr, m. a burial-place, Stj. 134. graftar-staðr, m. id., Stj. 421, N. G. L. i. 368. graftar-tíð, f. burial time, 1812. 48. II. medic. matter (of a sore); whence graftar-kyli, n. a running sore; graftar-nagli, a, m. the core in a boil. GRÖN, f., gen. granar, [mid. H. G. gran], the moustache; skegg heitir barð, grön eðr kanpar, Edda 109; líttú á ljúfan, legg þú munn við grön, Gkv. 1. 13; hann var ungligr maðr svá at honum var ekki grön sprottin, Ld. 272; láttu grön sía, sonr, sip, sift it through the beard, my son, Edda 148: in the phrase, e-m bregðr vá fyrir grön, a danger passes one's beard, i.e. one is startled, alarmed, Fms. viii. 350, 417, Grett. 165 new Ed.; ek læt ýring skýra um grön, I sift the drink through my beard, Eg. (in a verse); ef maðr höggr nef af manni, ... en ef svá er at grön fylgir, N. G. L. i. 171; kápu þeirri er gör var af grön jöfra, the cap which was made of kings' beards, Fas. i. 284, cp. the tale in Tristr. S.; komað vín á grön mína, wine never wetted my beard, Þorf. Karls. 418: it is used in plur. denoting the beard of the upper and lower lips: in the saying, nú er eg svo gamall sem á grönum má sjá, in the nursery tale of the changeling, answering to the Germ. 'nun bin ich so alt wie der Westerwald,' see Grimm's Märchen: the phrase, bregða grönum, to draw back the lips, grin, so as to shew

GRÖN -- GUÐSPJALL. 219

the teeth, Nj. 199; cp. granbragð. 2. esp. in plur. the lips of a cow or bull; Egill hljóp þar til er blótneytið stóð, greip annarri hendi í granarnar en annarri í hornið, Eg. 508; Europa klappar um granar hans (of Jove in the shape of a bull), Bret. 12. grana-hár, n. the whiskers of cats and other beasts, Edda 73 (of an otter); in this sense still in use: of a beak, benmás granar, Höfuðl. GRÖN, f., gen. granar, [Dan.-Swed. gran; Ivar Aasen gron], a pine-tree; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fjalli, Hom. 152. grön-sprettingr, m. = gransprettingr, Clem. 30, Róm. 308. grösugr, adj. grassy, Hrafn. 27, Stj. 325. gubba, að, (gubb, n.), to vomit. GUÐ, m.; the plur. used to render the Lat. dii is guðir; [for etymology and changes of this word see p. 207] :-- God. A. Though the primitive form Goð rhymes with boð (bidding), stoð (help), and many other words, the second form Guð rhymes with no single word, so that in hymns the poets are wont to use incomplete rhymes, as brauð (bread), nauð (need); and exact rhymes can only be obtained by the last syllables of derivatives, e.g. Iðranin blíðkar aptur Guð | ei verður syndin tilreiknuð, Pass. 40. 4; or Upphaf alls mesta ófögnuðs | áklögun ströng og reiði Guðs, 3. 14; Svo er nú syndin innsigluð | iðrandi sála kvitt við Guð, 50. 14; but these rhyme-syllables can only occur in trisyllabic words (Gramm. p. xv) :-- the following are examples of incomplete rhymes, Vinir þér enga veittu stoð | svo vinskap fengi eg við sannan Guð, Pass. 3. 7; Föðurlegt hjarta hefir Guð | við hvern sem líðr kross og nauð, 3. 16; Herra minn þú varst hulinn Guð | þá hæðni leiðst og krossins nauð, 40. 16; as also in the hymn, Til þín Heilagi Herra Guð | hef eg lypt sálu minni | af hug og hjarta í hverri neyð | hjástoð treystandi þinni, Hólabók 108, rendering of Ps. xxv; Luther's hymn, Ein feste burg ist unser Gott, is in the Icel. rendering, Óvinnanlig borg er vor Guð | ágæta skjöldr og verja | hann frelsar oss af allri nauð, Hólabók 182; Fyrir valtan veraldar auð | set þína trú á sannan Guð | sem allt skapaði fyrir sitt boð, 208 (in Hans Sachs' hymn); hugsjúkir eta harma brauð | hollari fæðu gefr Guð | sér ljúfum þá þeir sofa, 124, Ps. cxxvii. 2. B. PHRASES :-- Guðs ást, Guðs elska, the love of God; Guðs gata, the way of God, 625. 87; Guðs gæðska, Guðs náð, the grace, goodness of God; Guðs miskunn, Guðs mildi, the mercy of God; Guðs ótti, the fear of God; Guðs gjöf, God's gift; Guði friðr, the peace of God; Guðs hús, the house of God; Guðs musteri, the temple of God; Guðs orð, the word of God; and in popular usage, Guðsorða-bók, 'God's word-book,' i.e. a religious book, not only of the Bible, but generally of hymns, sermons, etc., opp. to historical or secular books, sögu-bækr; Guðs maðr, a man of God, Stj. passim; Guðs ríki, the kingdom of God; Guðs Kristni, the Church of God, 625. 82; Guðs vin, God's friend, Fms. i. 139; Guðs þjónn, God's servant; Guðs þræll, the thrall of God, Greg. 54, Bs. i. 638; Guðs Sonr, the Son of God; Guðs trú, faith in God; Guðs þjónusta, Divine service (in Papal times the mass), K. Á. 36; of the sacrament, Bs. i. 638; Guðs akr, Germ. Gottes acker, 'God's acre,' a churchyard; Guðs kista, God's chest, the temple-treasury, Mark xii. 41; Guðs líkami = Corpus Domini, K. Á. 38; Guðs móðir, God's mother (the Virgin Mary) :-- in Papal times, Guðs eign, God's property = church glebes; Guðs lög, God's law, i.e. the ecclesiastical law, as opp. to lands lög, the law of the land, i.e. the secular or civil law, K. Á. ch. 9, (for an interesting note upon this subject vide H. E. i. 133, note b); Guðs réttr, God's right, i.e. ecclesiastical right, Fms. vii. 305; Guðs þakkir, 'God's thanks,' charity, Grág. i. 222, K. Þ. K. 142, Hom. 34; whence the popular contracted form gustuk, a charity, pittance, in such phrases as, það er ekki gustuk, 'tis no charity, 'tis a pity, e.g. of dealing harshly with the poor; gustuka-verk, a work of charity; göra e-t í gustuka skyni, to do a thing as a charity: in former times the phrases Guðs þakkir and sálu-gjafir (soul's gifts) were synonymous, including not only gifts to churches, clergy, and the poor, but also the building of bridges, erecting hostelries, especially in desert places, and the like, whence the words, sælu-brú, soul's bridge; sælu-hús, soul's house. 2. in Icel. many sayings referring to the name of God are still household words, e.g. in entering a house, as a greeting, hér sé Guð, God be here! (from Luke x. 5): in returning thanks, Guðs ást, God's love! Guð laun or Guð laun' fyrir mig, God's reward! Germ. vergelt's Gott! or gefið þið í Guðs friði! to which the reply is, Guð blessi þig, God bless thee ! (which is also the answer to a greeting or to thanks); Guðs friði! or vertu í Guðs friði, be in God's peace! is the usual farewell; and the answer is, Guð veri með þér, God be with thee! Guð hjálpi þér, God help thee! Germ. helf Gott! Engl. God bless you! (to one sneezing); Guð varðveiti þig, God ward thee! (to one playing with dangerous things); biddu Guð fyrir þér! (denoting wonder), pray God! gáðu að Guði, heed God! take heed! fyrir Guðs skuld, for God's sake! ef Guð lofar, proncd. as one word (ef-guðlogar, changing f into g), God willing, a common phrase when speaking of plans for the future, eg skal koma á morgun, ef-guðlogar, I will come to-morrow, God willing (from James iv. 13-15), occurs in Skálda (Thorodd) 165, as also, ef Guð vill, if God will (less freq.); Guði sé lof, God be praised! Guð gæfi, God grant! Guðs mildi, by God's grace; það var mesta Guðs mildi hann slasaði sig ekki; Guð gefi þér góðan dag, Guð gefi þér góðar nætr, whence abbreviated góðan dag, good day; góðar nætr, good night: the sayings, sá er ekki einn sem Guð er með; and þann má ekki kefja sem Guð vill hefja, Fb. iii. 408; eitthvað þeim til líknar legst, sem ljúfr Guð vill bjarga. guða, að, to shout 'God;' in Icel. it is the custom for a stranger arriving at a house at night after 'day-set' (dagsetr, q.v.), instead of knocking at the door, to climb to the louvre and shout, hér sé Guð, God be here! this is called að guða; the dialogue is well given in a ditty of Stefán Ólafsson, Hott, hott og hæ! Hér sé Guð í bæ! sælt fólkið allt! mér er sárkalt. -- Svöruðu heima-hjú, Hvað heitir þú? -- Eg heiti Jón, Jóhanns þjón, etc.; or in another ditty, Her sé Guð á góðum bæ | gestr er á ljóra | andsvörin eg engin fæ | ekki vaknar Þóra; or Guðað er nú á glugga | góðvinr kominn er, Jónas 119. guð-blíðr, adj. godlike, of the sun, Edda (in a verse): of Christ, Lb. 24. guðdóm-liga, adv. divinely, Karl. 341, passim. guðdóm-ligr, adj. godlike, divine, Sks. 601, passim. Guð-dómr, m. Godhead, Divinity, Rb. 338, Gþl. 40, Fagrsk. 11, Clem. 54. COMPDS: Guðdóms-afl, n. godlike, divine power, Hom. 66. Guðdóms-kraptr, m., id., Ísl. i. 386, Mar. 5. Guðdóms-sól, f. the sun of the Godhead, Hom. 47. Guðdóms-veldi (-vald), n. the kingdom of God, Mar. guð-dóttir, f. a god-daughter, K. Á. 216. Guð-Dróttinn, m. God the Lord, Grág. ii. 167, Mar. 613, Sighvat. guð-faðir, m. [A. S. godfæder], a godfather, Fs. 96, Hallfred. guð-feðgin, n. pl. god-parents. guð-fjón, f. ungodliness, Orkn. (in a verse). guð-fræði, f. theology, divinity, guð-fræðingr, m. a theologian. guð-gefinn, part. given by God, inspired, Bs. ii. 179. guð-gjöf, f. a gift of God, Mar. guð-hræddr, adj. God-fearing, Fbr. 89, Bs. i. passim, Fms. xi. 221, Barl. 32. guð-hræðsla, u, f. fear of God, Fms. iii. 168, Rb. 80, Sks. 477, Mar. 484, passim. guðhræðslu-leysi, n. contempt of God, Mar. 472. guð-lasta, að, [Germ. Gott lästern], to blaspheme, Bs. i. 16, Mar. 39, Stj. 320, Fb. i. 371. guð-lastan, f. blasphemy, 625. 49, Bs. i. 10, 450, Stj. 14. guð-latr, adj. ungodly, Bs. ii. 160. guð-lauss, adj. godless, reckless, cruel. guð-leiðr, adj. God-forsaken, Lex. Poët. guð-leti, f. godlessness, impiety, Stj. 51. guð-leysi, n. godlessness, recklessness, cruelty, Fms. ii. 162. guð-liga, adv. after a godly sort, Stj. 250 passim: christian-like. guð-ligr, adj. godlike, divine, Sks. 559, Stj. 45, 189, Bs. passim; ó-guðligr, ungodly. guð-móðir, f. a godmother, K. Á. 216. guð-mæli, n. Divine saying, word of God, Sl. 47. guð-níðingr, m. a traitor to God, a renegade, Nj. 272, Fms. i. 84, viii. 308, xi. 41, 274, Fs. 173; e.g. Julian the Apostate is rendered by Julianus Guðníðingr. guðníðings-skapr, m. apostacy, Fms. iii. 89. guð-réttligr, adj. 'God-right,' righteous, Fms. v. 219, viii. 258, xi. 279. guð-rifl, n. wickedness, Sks. guð-rúnar, f. pl., poët. the doom of the gods, Gísl. (in a verse). guðræki-liga, adv. recklessly, Mar. 561. guðræki-ligr, adj. [reka], driving God away, ungodly, wicked; g. glæpr, Stj. 385. Judges xx. 13, Mar. 147. guð-rækinn (qs. guð-rœkinn, from rœkja), adj. God-serving, pious. guðrækni, f. piety, freq. in mod. usage. UNCERTAIN Neither of the two words is recorded in old writers; on the other hand, in mod. usage guðrækilegr = wicked is disused, to avoid a painful ambiguity. guð-rækr, adj. wicked; guðrækir menn, 623. 30; g. glæpamaðr, Mar. 431: g. manndrápari, 434; enn kunngi ok enn goðræki, 623. 11. guð-sefi, a, m. a gossip, godfather, N. G. L. i. 392, Str. 15. guð-sifja, adj. god-relatives; guðsifja þrír eigu ór dómi at rísa, Grág. (Kb.) i. 47; but guðsifjar, 158. guð-sifja, u, f. a female gossip, godmother, N. G. L. i. 16, 350. guð-sifjar, f. pl. [A. S. godsebi, whence Engl. gossip; O. H. G. gotsip; eccl. Lat. cognatio spiritualis] :-- sponsorship; veita e-m guðsifjar, eiga, göra g. við e-n, Grág. i. 50, N. G. L. i. 16, 350, Nj. 235, Fms. i. 130, Fs. 115, Hkr. i. 220. guðsifja-spell, n. incestuous connection of god-relatives, Fr. guð-sifjask, að, dep. to enter into sponsorship with one, N. G. L. i. 426. guð-skírsl, n. ordeal, N. G. L. i. 211. guð-spjall, n., the form goðspill, Greg. 24; guðspillum, 656 A. i. 10: [A. S. godspell; Engl. gospel, i.e. gôð spell, a translation of the Gr. GREEK; Ormul. godd-spell -- goddspell onn Ennglissh nemmnedd iss god (i.e. good) word and god tiþennde, god errnde ... goddspell annd forrþi ma&yogh;&yogh; itt wel, god errnde ben &yogh;ehatenn, Introd. 157 sqq.; (the form godd-spell, not godspell, shews that at the time of the Ormulum the root vowel had become short in Engl. pronunciation.) The word was in Icel. borrowed from English missionaries, and Icel. remains the only Scandin. country where the Evangel is called Gospel; Danes, Swedes, and Norsemen, as well as Germans, use the Greek word. The true etymological sense, however, was lost, probably because the root vowel had

220 GUÐSPJALLABOK -- GULLSMIÐR.

become short in Engl. by the time that the word was transplanted to Icel., so that guðspjall was understood to mean not good spell, but God's spell]: -- gospel; í þann tima er lokið var guðspjalli, Ó. H. 119 (the gospel in the service-book); pistlar ok guðspjöll, epistles and gospels, Vm. 1; með tíu laga boðorðum ok fjórum guðspjöllum, Mar. 13. COMPDS: guðspjalla-bók, f. [Ormul. goddspellboc], a 'gospel-book,' evangelistarium, Vm. 6, 7, Dipl. v. 18, K. Á. 88, Mar. 1 passim, Barl. 31. guðspjalls-kross, m. 'gospel-cross,' Vm. 66, 73, 109. guðspjalla-lektari, a, m. a 'gospel-stand,' lectern, Vm. 108. guðspjalla-maðr, m. a 'gospel-man,' an evangelist, Stj. 144, Barl. 49, Sks. 562; at frásögn Mathias (Johannes, Markus, Lukas) guðspjallamanns, Mar. 1; still used so in Icel. guðspjalla-saga, u, f. the gospel history. guðspjalls-historia, u, f. id., Pass. 11. guðspjalla-skáld, n. a 'gospel-poet,' evangelist, Clem. 52; Johannes Postuli guðspjallaskáld, Johann. 11; (this word is not used.) guð-spjallari, a, m. a gospeller, evangelist, Játv. 18. guðspjall-ligr, adj. evangelical, Hom. 39, 655 vii. 2, Bs. ii. 91; guðspjallig kenning, Skálda 210. guð-vefr, m., old form goðvefr, [A. S. godweb; O. H. G. cotaweppi and gotoweppi] :-- good or costly weaving, i.e. velvet; ok góðbornir smugu í goðvefi, Hðm. 17; gulli ok guðvefjum, Ghv. 16; purpura ok tvílitaðan guðvef, Stj. 307. Exod. xxv. 4 (purple and scarlet); eina festi af guðvef, funiculus coccineus, 351. Josh. ii. 15; kantara-kápa af guðvef, Vm. 68; tvö pells altaris-klæði ok hit þriðja hvers-dagligt með guðvef, 80; skikkju nýskorna af hinum dýrasta guðvef, Fms. vi. 52; silki ok pell ok guðvef, xi. 385; vefa guðvef, iii. 178; á dúni ok á guðvefi, x. 379; var kistan sveipð pelli ok tjaldat allt guðvefjum, Ó. H. 229; guðvefr. of a cloak lined with grey fur, Rekst. 30. COMPDS: guðvefjar-hökull, m. a cape of velvet, Vm. 93. guðvefjar-klæði, n. a suit of clothes of g., Ld. 28, Fas. ii. 528. guðvefjar-kyrtill, m. a kirtle of g., Fms. v. 160, Fas. ii. 97. guðvefjar-möttull, m. a mantle of g., Stj. 355. Josh. vii. 21 (a goodly garment). guðvefjar-pell, n. a pallet of g., Fms. v. 274, vi. 2, Fas. i. 274, Karl. 470. guðvefjar-poki, a, m. a bag of g., Ld. 188. guðvefjar-skikkja, u, f. a kirtle of g.; þá skal dóttir taka í arf móður sinnar ef bróðir lifir, klæði öll nema guðvefjar-skikkjur ok ó-skorin klæði öll, þat á bróðir, N. G. L. i. 210, Stj. 363, Fms. vi. 186. guðvefjar-taug, f. a cord of g., funiculus coccineus of the Vulgate, Stj. 377. GUFA, u, f. [gov and gova, Ivar Aasen; Scot. gow], vapour, steam; þeir leggja eld í viðinn, en þeir vakna við gufuna er inni eru, Fas. i. 135; annarr reykr stóð í lopt upp við annan, ok svá mikil gufa varð af þeim ókyrrleik, að varla sá þá hæstu turna borgarinnar, Konr. 35: as a nickname, Landn.: in local names, Gufu-nes, Gufu-dalr, Gufu-skálar, prob. from the steam of hot wells; in mod. usage also, gufu-skip, -bátr, m. a steam-boat, -maskína, -vél, f. a steam-engine. 2. metaph. a slow fellow, a gow, creeping about like a mist, hann er mesta gufa. gugginn, part. quailing. gugna, að, to quail, Sturl. i. 2, Fas. ii. 59. GULA, u, f. yellowness, medic. jaundice, and gulu-sótt, f. id., Fms. xi. 202. gula (gola), u, f. a fair breeze, metaph. opportunity, Al. 99. Gula, n. and Guley, f. a local name in central Norway (Sogn): Gula-þing, n. the parliament in Gula; Gulaþings-bók, f. the code of laws for Gula; Gulaþings-lög, n. pl. the law of Gula, N. G. L., Eg. ch. 57, Fms. passim; Gulaþings-menn, m. the men of Gula; Gulaþing-staðr, m. the place of G., Gþl. 6. gul-brúnaðr, adj. yellow-brown, Þiðr. 181. gul-grár, adj. yellow-grey, Ld. 272. gul-grænn, adj. yellow-green, Ld. 272. GULL, n., in the oldest MSS. spelt goll, Eluc., Hom., and this is the rhyming sound in old poets; hollan, golli, Sighvat; fingr-goll, trollum, Kormak; golls and þolli, id.: [Ulf. gulþ; A. S., Engl., Germ. gold; Dan. guld; Swed. and Norse gull] :-- gold; var hár hans golli keypt, Eluc. 48; ór silfri eða ór golli, Hom. 138, Al. 116; it gjalla gull, Fm. 20, Vsp. 8: gold as payment, told by weight, Fms. i. 15, ii. 76, vii. 235, xi. 77; rautt gull, red gold; bleikt gull, yellow gold, v. 346; gull brennt, refined gold, Dipl. iii. 4; skírt gull, hreint gull, pure gold, Stj. 563: allit., gull ok gimsteina, Al. 170, Bs. i. 134; gull ok gersemar (freq.); in the saying, það er ekki allt gull sem glóir, 'tis not all gold that glitters: gulls-litr, m. gold colour, Fms. vi. 143, Magn. 514 :-- as to the value or course of gold, átta merkr gangsilfrs er mörk gulls, þrem tigum sinna skal blásilfr vega móti gulli, tíu sinnum skírt silfr móti gulli, 732. 16, Fs. 8-10, passim: metaph., grípa gulli á við e-n (vide grípa) := fingr-gull, Ulf. fingra-golþ, a finger ring, Stj. 254, Bs. i. 877, Nj. 16, 146 :-- in plur. jewels, pretiosa, cp. gull-hús, a jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108: barna-gull, playthings :-- in metaph. phrases, mikit gull ertu, what a jewel thou art! COMPDS: gull-aldr, m. the golden age, Edda 9. gull-ari, a, m. the banner of Charlemagne, Karl. passim. gull-auðigr, adj. rich in gold, Edda 49, Fms. vii. 145, 146, Fas. iii. 284, Clar. 130. gull-auðr, m. wealth in gold, Fms. vii. 145. gull-augu, n. pl. golden eyes, Fas. iii. 384 (in the tale of the giant, similar to the Greek tale of Polyphemus). gull-band, n. a golden head-band, Lv. 21, Edda 21, Ísl. ii. 206. gull-baugr, m. a gold ring, Edda 72, 75, Gullþ. 23, Fas. iii. 44. gull-beinar, m. pl. gold-legs, a nickname from wearing gold lace, Orkn. 418 old Ed. gull-berg, n. a gold mine, Stj. 85. gull-beri, a, m. gold-bearer, a nickname, Landn.; or perh. = goldkind in the German tales (?). gull-bitlaðr part. gold-bitted (a horse), Hkv. i. 41. gull-bitull, m. a bit of gold, Hkv. 2. 34. gull-bjartr, adj. bright as gold, Hbl. 30. gull-borði, a, m. gold lace, Vm. 21. gull-bóka, að, to embroider in gold, Gkv. 2. 14. gull-bóla, u, f. a gold boss, Konr. 57: golden bull, bulla aurea, Fms. viii. 301. gull-brá f. gold-brow, nickname of a lady-love. Gullbrár-skáld, n. the poet of Gullbrá, a nickname, Fms. gull-brynja, u, f. a golden coat of mail, Skv. 3. 45. gull-búinn, part. ornamented with gold, Eg. 180, 726, Karl. 226. gull-böllr, m. a golden ball, Karl. 474. gull-dálkr, m. a gold buckle, Gísl. 55. gull-dreifar, n. pl. a golden chain, MS. 4. 32. gull-dropi, a, m. drops of gold, Bret. 14. gull-epli, n. a golden apple, Bret. 30, 40. gull-falligr, adj. fair as gold, charming. gull-faxi, a, m. gold-mane (name of a horse), Edda. gull-fágaðr, part. stained with gold, Fas. ii. 370. gull-festr, f. a gold chain, El. 99. gull-fingr, m. = fingr-gull, D. N. gull-fjallaðr, part. golden, woven, dyed in gold, Nj. 46, Fas. ii. 239. gull-fjöðr, f. gold-quill, name of a code of laws, Fms. viii. 277. gull-fugl, m. a bird of gold, Karl. 441. gull-góðr, adj. of pure gold, Fas. i. 316, Fb. i. 347. gull-görð, f. a golden girth, Karl. 312, Bær. 2. gull-görr, part. made of gold, Str. 4. gull-hagr, adj. skilled in working gold, Bs. i. 325. gull-hamrar, n. pl., in the phrase, slá e-m gullhamra, to work one with golden hammers, i.e. to flatter one. gull-hálsar, m. pl. gold-necks, lordlings, Fms. vii. 127, viii. 230. gull-hárr, adj. golden-haired, Fas. i. 457. gull-heimr, m. the golden world, the golden age, Bret. 4. gull-hella, u, f. a bar of gold, Fas. iii. 10. gull-hirzla, u, f. a gold treasury, Hom. 58. gull-hjalt, n. a hilt of gold, Karl. 286. gull-hjálmr, m. a golden helmet, Edda 36, Fms. i. 44: a nickname, Gísl. gull-hlað or gull-lað, n. gold lace, esp. to tie up the hair with, Nj. 35, Ld. 272, Hkr. ii. 28, Orkn. 370; altara-klæði með gullhlöðum, Vm. 26; kross með gullhlað, altaris-dúkr ok er þar á g., höfuðlín með g., 36; altara-klæði fjögr ok á einu stórt g., 54. gull-hlaðinn, part. laced with gold, Nj. 169. gull-hnot, f. a golden nut, Fas. iii. 227. gull-hringr, m. a gold ring, Nj. 10, 35, Fms. i. 51, Boll. 356, passim. gull-hús, n. a treasure house, Fms. x. 172: a jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108 (of a lady), Stj. 438. 1 Sam. vi. 15. gull-hyrndr, part. golden-horned, Hkv. Hjörv. 4. gull-höttr, m. gold-hat, a nickname. gull-kalekr (-kalikr), m. a golden chalice, Bs. i. 83, Vm. 52, Dipl. ii. 11, iii. 4. gull-kambr, m. a golden comb. Fas. iii. 480. gull-kálfr, m. the golden calf, Stj. Exod. xxxii. gull-ker, n. a golden vessel, Symb. 22, Karl. 323, Stj. 437. gull-kista, u, f. a gold chest, Fms. vii. 249, xi. 85: in peroration of popular tales, þar vóru gullkistur um gólf dregnar, Ísl. Þjóðs. gull-kitni, f., Bs. i. 818 (dubious). gull-knappr, m. a gold button, Eg. 516: a gold knob, Fms. iii. 136: a nickname, Harð. S. gull-knappaðr, part. gold buttoned, Eg. (in a verse). gull-knútr, m. a gold knot, Nj. 46. gull-knöttr, m. a gold ball, Fms. iii. 186. gull-kóróna, u, f. a golden crown, Fas. iii. 213, Stj. 206. gull-kranz, m. a golden garland, D. N. gull-kroppr, m. gold-body, a nickname, Fms. ix. 361. gull-kross, m. a golden cross, Nj. 256, Fms. x. 15. gull-leggja, lagði, to lace with gold, Fms. vii. 245, ix. 276, x. 120, Vm. 66, 139, Boll. 356. gull-ligr, adj. golden, Fms. i. 15, Sks. 39. gull-mál, n. pl. ornaments of gold, Þiðr. 110, cp. 30, 364. gull-málmr, m. gold ore, Bret. gull-men, n. a gold necklace, Hkr. i. 20, Fms. i. 216, vi. 271, Stj. 203. gull-merktr and gull-merkaðr, part. marked with gold, Karl. 415. gull-munnr (-muðr), m. gold-mouth, Chrysostom, Fas. iii. 592, Mar. 37. gull-nagli, a, m. a gold nail, Stj. 563. 1 Kings vi. 21. gull-nisti, n. a locket of gold, Al. 44. gull-ofinn, part. gold-woven, Stj. 206, Fms. ii. 254, iii. 194, v. 280, Karl. 288, Ld. 188. gull-ormr, m. a golden serpent, 655 ii. 7. gull-penningr, m. a gold penny, piece of money, Fms. i. 1, v. 319, Rb. 508, Grett. 203 new Ed., Bret. 4. gull-rekendi, n. a gold chain, El. gull-rekinn, part. inlaid with gold or gilded (of weapons, spear-heads, axes, etc.), Eg. 726, Nj. 103, Ld. 112, Fms. xi. 28, Fb. ii. 238. gull-rendr, part. id., Fas. i. 138. gull-reyfi, n. a golden fleece, Hb. 732. 17. gull-ritinn, part. written in gold, Symb. 56. gull-roðinn, qs. gull-hroðinn, part. [A. S. hreôdan = pingere], gilt (of helmets, shields, etc.), Eg. 726, Ld. 78, Fms. i. 43, vi. 194, Orkn. 74. gull-sandr, m. gold sand, Rb. 350. gull-saumaðr, part. embroidered with gold, Eg. 516, Fs. 7, Fms. x. 329, Vm. 83. gull-settr, part. laid with gold, gilded, Karl. 173 (impers. as in Icel., or else settr applies to gems). gull-skál, f. a gold basin, Bret. 59. gull-skeggr, m. gold-beard, a nickname, Fagrsk., Sturl. iii. 111 C. gull-skillingr, m. a gold shilling, Hkr. ii. 17. gull-skotinn, part. woven with gold, Fms. iii. 136, iv. 164, x. 16, Konr. 33, Mar. 458, Clar. 135. gull-skór, m. a gold shoe, Sturl. iii. 291: name of a ship, Ann. 1300. gull-skrift, f. a gilded tablet, Róm. 382. gull-skrín, m. a gold shrine, Lex. Poët, gull-smeittr, part. gold-enamelled (of a shield), Str., Karl. 226. gull-smeltr, part. id., Fas. iii. 610, Karl. 516, Mag. 7 (Ed.) gull-smiðr, m. (pl. gollsmiðar, 655 ii. 7), a goldsmith, Fms. ii. 129, xi. 427, Bs, i.

GULLSMÍÐ -- GYRÐA. 221

134 î a gold-beetle, lady-bud (opp. to járnsmiðr, a black beetle). gull- Sinlð, f. thegoldsmith's art, working in gold, Bs. i. 483. gullsmíð- ligr, adj. belonging to the g., Karl. 286. gull-spánn, m. a gold ornament on ships, O. H. L. 67: a golden spoon, Molt. 3. gull- apori, a, m. a gold spur, Fas. i. 185, Karl. 334. gull-sproti, a, m. a gold sceptre, Karl. 395. gull-spum, a, m. gold-spinning, Bret. l6. gull-spong, f. a gold spangle, Rb. 384, Stj. 284. gull- gtafaðr, part, gold-striped, woven with gold, Clar. gull-stafr, m. a golden letter, Greg. 75, Fms. vii. 156, viii. 448. gull-staup, n. a golden stoup or cup, Fas. i. 175. gull-steindr, part, gold-stained, Karl. 283. gull-atoll, m. a gold c hair, Fas. i. 36, Karl. 471. gull- atuka, u, f. a golden sleeve, Karl. 405, Art. gull-stong, f. a ba r of gold, Bárð. 179. gull-sylgja, u, f. a gold brooch, Nj. 167, Sturl. iii. 122. gull-tafia, u, f. a gold brick (used in playing), Edda 44, Fas. ii. 267. gull-tanni, a, m. gold-tooth, a nickname, Fms, iii. 74. gull- teinn, m. a fold pole. Fas. iii. 213. gull-toppr, m. gold-tuft, name of a mythical horse, Edda 10, 17. gull-vafðr, part, wound with gold, Fms. x. 356. Gull-varta, u, f. a local name, the Golden Horn in Constantinople (?), Fms. vii. 94. gull-veggr, m. a golden wall, Fms. ix. 466. Gull-veig, f. a mythical proper name, Vsp., prop. ' Gold- drink, ' Go ld- thirst, cp. Lat. auri fames, gull-viðjur, f. pl. ^o ld withies, Fas. iii. 49. gull-vippaðr, pun. whipped or wrapped in gold, Dipl. iii. 4. gull-vægr, adj. ' gold-weighty, ' precious, dear. gull-vöndr, m. a gold wand, Fms. viii. 193, 623. 23. gull-þráðr, m. goldthread, Dipl. iii. 4. gullinn, adj. go lden, hardly used save in poetry; gullnar töflur, Vsp. 60; gullin ker, Gm. 7; gullnum stoli ú, seated in a golden chair, Hm. 105; of gullna sali, the golden balls, Fsm. 5; g. gunnfúni, Hkv. 2. 17; gullin simu, golden thrums, I. 3 (the thrums of the Norns). COMPDS: gullin-bursti, a, m. gold-mane, name of the hog of Frey, Edda, Hdl. 7. gullin. -h. orni, a, m. golden-horn, name of an ox, Edda; the ancients used to ornament the horns of the finest of their cattle (metfe), vide Sturl. i. 106; ganga her at garði gullhyrndar kýr, yxn alsvartir, bkv. 23, Hkv. Hjörv. 4. gullin-kambi, a, m. golden-comb, a mythol. cock, Vsp. gullin-stola, u, f. rendering of the Gr. xp""'óöpoi'os, Od. gullin- tanni, a, m. gold-teeth, name of the god Heimdal, Edda. gullin-toppa, u, f., botan. gold-tuft, the sea-pink or thrift, statice armeria. gul-maðra, u, f., botau. galium vernurn. GULR, adj. [A. S. geolu; Engl. yellow; Germ. ^ elb; Dan. -Swed. ^w l], yellow; gult silki, hár, Fms. vii. 69, 239, x. 381, Ld. 2 72, Orkn. (in a verse). gul-önd, f. a kind of duck. gum, n, exaggeration, fuss; gumari, a, m. a fop. guma, að, in the phrase, guma yfir e-u, to make a great fuss about a thing, exaggerate. II. [geyma], guma at e-u, to take heed toa thing; eg hefi ekki gumað að því. GUMI, a, m., pl. gumar and gumnar, Hm. 14, 17, 31, 130; [\JK. guma -=avJip, Luke xix. a, Nehem. v. 17, and gumein, ndj. -- apprjv, Mark x. 6; A. S. guma; Hel. gomo; O. H. G. gumo; Germ, in briiuti-gam; Dan. brud-gom; Swed. briid-gumme; the r in Engl. groom is corrupt, vide brúðgumi. The quantity is doubtful; the A. S. guma was prob. long, cp. Engl. groom; the Ormul. spells bridgume as having a long vowel: but the short vowel is favoured by the mod. Icel. pronunciation, as also mod. Dan. -Swed.; so in Lat. we have homo and bumanus] :-- a man; it scarcely occurs in prose: allit., Guðs hús ok gurna, Grág. ii. 170; in the old Hm. it occurs about a dozen times as a common expres- sion for wa n; heima glaðr gumi ok við gesti reifr, Hm. 102; því at fsera veit, ef fleira drekkr, sins til geðs gumi, 11; glaðr ok reifr skyli gumna. hverr, 14; því er gengr um guma, what passes among men, 27, 93; eptir genginn guma, 71; gumna synir, the son s of men, 130; at sá gengr gumi ok mælir við mik, 158: the saying, lítil eru geð guma, little is the human mind, 52; goð ok guma. g-o d s and men, Ls. 55: gunma-sættir, m. a peacemaker, Lex. Pout.: gumna-spjalli, a, m. a friend of men :-- brúð- gumi, a bridegroom; hús-gumi, a ' house-master, ' husband, Rm. gumpr, m. the bottom, Lat. podex, Stj. 436, 437. í Sam. vi. 5; svartr g. sitr við eld ok ornar scr, a riddle of a pot. gums, n. [cp. Swed. gumse -- a ram], mockery, raillery, Nj. 220. gumsa, að, to mock; g. ok spotta e-n. Glúm. 327; gapa þeir upp ok gumsa hart, ok geyma varla sin, Siirla R. i. 7. gunga, u, f. [from gugna by way of metath.], a weakling. COMPDS: gungu-legr, adj. faint-bearted. gungu-skapr, m. cowardice. gunn-fáni, a, in. a gonfalon, Hkv. 2. 16, Hbl. 38, Hkm. 2: in a church for processions, Am. 76, D. I. passim. GUNNR, f., older form guðr, [A. S. gûd; O. H. G. gundia] , war, battle, only used in poetry, Lex. Pout, passim. COMPDS: gunnar-fuss, -gjarn, -örr, -tamðr, adj. warlike, Lex. Pout. gunnar-haukr, m. a hawk. gunn-blíðr, -bráðr, -djarfr, -ffkinn, -hagr, -hvatr, -mildr, -rakkr, -reifr, -snarr, -sterkr, -tamiðr, -tamr, -borinn, -öfligr, -örðigr, adj. all laudatory epithets -- valiant, Lex. Poi'-t.: of weapons and armour, the shield is called gunn-blik, -borð, -hörgr, -mini, -rann, -tjald, -veggr, n.; the sword and s pear, gunn-logi, -seiðr, -sproti, -svell, -viti, n.; of the battle, gunn-el, -brio, -bing, n.; (be carrion crow, gvum-gj óðr, -mar, -skári, -valr, n.; of thewarrior, gunn-nórungr, -slöngvir, -stcerandi, -Veitir, -viðtirr, -þeysandi, n. etc., vide Lex. Poët. II. in pr. names; of men, Gunn-arr, Gunn-björn, Gunn-laugr, Gunn-ólfr, Gunn-steinn, etc.; of women, Gunn-hildr, Gunn-laug, Gunn-löð; and in the latter part, þor-gunnr (-guðr), Hlað-gunnr, Hildi-gunnr, etc. gurpr, m. a nickname, Dipl. ii. 5. gusa, að, [gjósa], to gush, spirt out. gusa, u, f. a s pirt: blóð-gusa, a gush of blood; vatns-g., a spirt of water, gussa, að, [gyss], to make a fuss and noise, þorst. bíðu H. gusta, að, to blow in gusts, Sks. 230. gust-illr, adj. gusty, chilly, metaph., Grett. 77 new Ed. gust-kaldr, adj. gusty, cold, Fas. ii. 394. gust-mikill, adj. making a great gust, gus. 'y, Grett. III. gustr, m. a gust, blast, freq. in mod. usage, Edda 4, Sturl. i. 101, Sks. 212* gustuk, n. a pittance, a charity, vide Guð. gutla, að, [gutl], to gurgle, used of the noise made by a liquid when shaken in a bottle. gúll, m. blown cheeks, puffing out cheeks, gúl-sopi, a, m. a gulp. gúlpa, að, to be puffed up, blown up. gúlpr, m. a pujf: also of wind, norðan-gúlpr, a northern blast. Gvendr or Gvondr, m, a pet proper name from Guð-mundr: sanitary wells are in Icel. called Gvendar-brunnr, m., from bishop Gudmund's consecrating wells, Bs. 1. 450, Ísl. jpjóðs. ii. 27. Gvendar-ber, n., botan. eqnisetvm arvense. Gvendar-gros, n., botan. a kind of weed. Gyðingar, m. [Pál Vídal. in Skýr. truly observes that this word is formed, not from Guð, but from Lat. Judaei, through the A. S. form Gjudeas] : -- the Jews, Stj., Sks., etc. passim, as also in mod. usage. COMPDS: Gyðinga-land, n. Jewry, Palestine. Gyðinga-lýðr, -þjóð, -folk, n. etc. the Jewish people. Gyðinga-veldi, n. the Jewish empire, Stj., Sks. Gyðing-ligr, adj. Jewish. Gyðja, u, f. 1. [goð], a goddess, Edda passim. 2. [goði], a priestess, Hdl. 12, Yngl. ch. 7; þá kreppi goð gyðju, Kristni S. (in a verse): in nicknames, þuríðr gyðja, Th. the priestess, Landn.: in compds, blót-gyðja, hof-g., a temple priestess. gyfingr, m. a kind of stone, Edda (Gl.) GYGGJA or gyggva, prob. an old strong verb of the 1st class, but defect, to quail, lose the heart; ef vór nu gvggjum, in a verse written on a leaf of Cod. Ups. of Edda, prob. from the lost Skald Helga S.: impeis. in the saying, sjaldan hygg ek at gyggi vörum, the wary seldom quails, Mkv.; oss gyggvir geigvænliga, er ver erum áðr óvarir, Hom. (St.) 49: part, gugginn, quailing, fainting, is still used in Icel., as also gugna, q. v.; akin perhaps is geggjask, q. v. gylðir, m., poet, a wolf, Lex. Poët. Gylfi, a, m. the mythol. king. Gylfa-ginning, f. the Delusion of Gylfi, name of the mythol. talcs of the Edda. gylfinn, adj. a term of abuse, a dub. air. Ae7., being a werewolf (t); kveðr hann vera konu níundu hverja nótt ok hefir barn borit ok kallar gylvin, þá. er hann útlagr, N. G. L. i. 57; cp. gylfra. gylfra, u, f. (gylfa), an ogre, a beast, a fhe-wolf (?); skal þá reyna hvurt meira ma veita mér Pétr postuli ok hinn Helgi Hallvarðr, eðr hóu gylfra in Gautska er þú trúir á, Fms. viii. 308, v. 1. (the others read kyfla) :-- in the phrase, ganga gylfrum, t o ' go to the dogs, ' er þat hel'/. t við orði, at gylfrum gangi vináttan, it i s rumoured that your friendship is all gone to pieces, Band, (vellum MS.), where the Ed., ok er þat hætt við orði, at úmerkiliga þykki verða, 12 new Ed. gyli-gjöf, f. [cp. Ei\g\. gewgaw] , gewgaws, showy gifts, Nj. (MS.) 142, (Ed. sæmiligum gjüfum.) GYLLA, ð or t, [gull], to gild, Nj. 123, 125, Hkr. ii. 32, Fms. x. 320, xi. 128, Stj. 306; gylla hóli, to flatter, Finnb. 340, Fms. iv. 103; metaph. of the sun's rays, Bb. 2. 30: part, gyldr, golden, Fs. 90, 122. gylling, f. gilding, Vm. 47, Fb. i. 507: in pl. vain praise, Fær. 120. gyllini-æð, f., medic, hemorrhoids, vena aurea, Fól. GYLTR, f., mod. gylta, u, f., Bs. i. 417, [Old Engl. yelt] :-- a young- sow, ]b. 289, Grág. ii. 307, Landn. 2OÖ, Gullþ. 17, 27. gymbill, m. [gymbr], a he-lamb; Guðs gymbill, agnus Dei, Hom. (St.); gymbill gúla þembir, Jónas 139. gymbing, f. mocking, Sturl. iii. 171. GYMBR, f., pl. gymbrar, [North. E. and Scot, gimmer] , a etvelamb of a year old; g. sn er lamb leiðir, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 147, Stj. 516, (one MS. spells gimbr, which is also the mod. spelling, but false); lamb-gymbr, Grág. 1. 502. gymbr-lamb or gymbrar-lamb, n. n gimmer lamb, Gu\\] ). ïC), &\.). i2g. GYRÐA, ð or t, [A. S. gyriSan; Engl. gird; Dan. gjorde: gerða (q. v.) and gyrða are kindred words, both formed from the Goth, gair- dan, gard, gurdun; gerða, as also garðr (q. v.), from the pret.; gyrða from the participle] :-- to gird oneself with, a belt or the like; eptir þat gyrðir Klaufi hann svá fast (girded his belt so tight) at hull við meiðsl, Sd. 143; síðan gyrði mærin sik með einu ríku belti, El.; hann gyrði sik með dúki, Fms. x. 314; gyrðr í braekr, w ith breeks girt up, vii. 143; gyrða sik, to fasten the breeks, as the ancients used belts instead of braces; gyrða lendir sinar, t o ^p' rd up one's loins, Hom. 84, Stj. passim; fésjóð er hann var gyrðr með, girt wilb (t purse, from wearing the purse

222 GYRÐILL -- GÆR.

fastened to the girdle, Fms. vii. 142. β. to girth or saddle a horse; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest þinn, at þat muni duga, gyrtu þá betr, Ísl. ii. 340; þá setti hann söðul á hest sinn ok gyrði hann fast, Str. 47: to secure a cart load by girding it, með hlassi því er hann gyrðir eigi reipum, N. G. L. i. 379; g. hlass, taug eða reipi, 349; hann gyrði at utan, he girded it well, Fs. 66: Icel. say a horse is laus-gyrtr, fast-gyrtr, has its girths loose or tight: edged, bordered, bolli gyrðr með silfri, Hkr. iii. 81. γ. to gird oneself with a sword; konungr steypir brynju á sik ok gyrðir sik með sverðinu Kvernbít, Hkr. i. 155; hann gyrði sik með búnu sverði, Ó. H. 31. II. part. gyrðr, girt with a weapon; g. saxi, Nj. 54, Fms. ii. 83, Grett. 126; g. sverði, Eg. 285, 374, Fms. ii. 111, iv. 58, x. 201, 415, Ó. H. 116; g. skálmum, Gkv. 2. 19. gyrðill, m. [A. S. gyrdels; Engl. girdle; O. H. G. kartil; Germ. gürtel] :-- a girdle, purse, from being worn on the belt, Gísl. 149, Post. 656 C. 18. gyrðil-skeggi, a, m. 'girdle-beard,' a nickname, Landn. gyrja, að(?), to gore; spjót þat er g. mun granir þínar, an GREEK, Fas. ii. 29 (in a verse). GYSS, m. mocking; gyss ok gabb, Fas. iii. 115; með mikinn gys, Bs. i. 437, ii. 147; göra gys at e-u, to mock at a thing, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. ix. 494; þungan gys, Mar.; cp. gussa. gyzki, a, m. panic, Fas. i. 193; vide geiski. GÝGR, f. gen. sing., and nom. pl. gýgjar, dat. and acc. sing. gýgi; [cp. Scot. gow; gjure in the Norse tales, Asbjörnsen] :-- an ogress, witch, Vsp. 34, Vþm. 32, Helr. 13, Hým. 14, Fsm. 29, Sæm. 33, Edda 8, 37, 58, 60, Fas. i. 333: freq. in poetry, vide Lex. Poët.; mar-gýgr, a mermaid: of a weapon, Rímmu-gýgr, a 'war-ogre' i.e. axe, Nj.; gýgjar-sól, f. 'a gow sun,' a mock sun, Sl. 51: in local names, Gýgjar-fors, Gýgjar-hamarr, etc., referring to popular tales. gýgr, m. an abyss; eld-gýgr, a crater of a volcano: to this perhaps belongs the saying, vinna fyrir gýg, to labour in vain, answering to the Lat. 'oleum et operam perdere;' hvað gagnar svo fyrir gýg ad vinna, Bb. 3. 98; og vann ei fyrir gýg, and got his reward, Snót 319 (Ed. 1866); or is gýg (qs. gýgi), to labour for an ogre or witch, the metaphor being taken from popular tales ? GÝLL, m., or perhaps gíll, [gill, Ivar Aasen, akin to gjöll], a mock sun, parhelion, Scot. gow, conceived to be a wolf preceding the sun: when the sun is surrounded by mock suns he is said to be in 'wolf-stress,' úlfa-kreppa; the phenomenon is called gýla-ferð, f. 'wolf-gang;' cp. also the saying, sjaldan er gýll fyrir góðu nema úlfr eptir renni, a gill bodes no good unless followed by a wolf (a sign of weather), Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 658, 659. Gýmir, m. name of a giant, answering to Gr. GREEK, Edda. GÆÐA, dd, [góðr], to bestow a boon upon, endow, enrich; gæða e-n fé ok virðingu, Hkr. i. 253, Fms. x. 192; þá er rétt at hann gæði þær (the daughters) sem hann vill, then he may endow them at pleasure, Grág. i. 204; gædda ek gulli ok guðvefjum, Gh. 16; gæðask bókligum listum, Mar. 469; hann gæddi gjöfum góða menn, Fms. iv. 111, Bs. i. 815; þá gæddi hann (endowed) frændr sína með auðæfum, 269; en Allsvaldandi Guð gæddi hann því meir at auðræðum ok mann-virðingum, 137; alla lenda menn gæddi hann bæði at veizlum ok lausa-fé, Ó. H. 179; þá skal ek g. yðr hvern eptir sínum verðleikum, 209; bauð Þrándr at gæða (to better) hluta Leifs með miklu fé, Fær. 180; en Allsvaldandi Guð gæddi svá hans virðing, at ..., but God Almighty bettered his reputation so that ..., Bs. i. 333. 2. in the phrases, gæða rás, ferð, reið, to quicken the pace; þá gæddi hann rásina, then he quickened his pace, Eg. 378; en þegar hann sá björninn, gæddi hann ferðina, Fms. ii. 101, v. 165; konungs-menn gæða róðrinn, they quickened the stroke, pulled quicker, 180. β. adding á, svá mikit gæddi þetta á, it increased so much, went to such a pitch, Konr.; ok var þá nokkuru heimskari en áðr, ef á mátti gæða, she was if possible sillier than before, i.e. though it could scarcely be worse, Gísl. 21; á mun nú gæða, Am. 71: in mod. usage, e-t á gæðisk, it increases, esp. in a bad sense, of sickness or the like. gæði, n. pl. good things, boons; hann sló öllu við því er til gæða var (he spared no good things), at þeir mætti báðir göfastir af verða, Bs. i. 129, Fb. i. 434; þat eru mest gæði (blessings) þeim er eptir lifa, Bs. i. 140 :-- wealth, profits, in trade, mikil gæði víns, hunangs, Sturl. i. 127; þeir höfðu þaðan mörg gæði í vínviði ok berjum ok skinna-vöru, Fb. i. 546; kaupferða ok atflutninga þeirra gæða sem vér megum eigi missa, Fms. i. 284; hann fann þar stórar kistur ok mart til gæða, Fs. 5: emoluments, mörg gæði önnur lagði Gizurr biskup til þeirrar kirkju bæði í löndum ok lausa-fé, Bs. i. 67; var hann (the brook) fullr af fiskum, ... ráku þeir hann á brott, ok vildu eigi at hann nyti gæða þessa, Landn. 52; á kirkjan fugla, fiska ok allt þat er gæða er, í jörðu ok á, í þessu takmarki, Jm. 14; hafði hann þar mikinn ávöxt af sterkum trjám ok öðrum gæðum, Stj. 134; taka erfðir, ok þau gæði er því fylgja, Grág. i. 226; konungr vill þar veita í mót þau gæði af sínu landi, er menn kunna honum til at segja, Ó. H. 126; nema hann hafi keypt með öllum gæðum rekann af landinu, Grág. ii. 383; bað Skota-konungr hann fá þau gæði öll á Katanesi, er hann hafði áðr haft, Orkn. 388: so in the phrase, to buy a thing, með öllum gögnum ok gæðum, with scot and lot. gæða-lauss, adj. void of good things; of a country, barren, Fb. i. 539. gæðindi, n. pl. good things, H. E. i. 526. gæðingr, m., prop. a man of property; among the Norsemen in Orkney and Shetland gæðingr was used synonymously with lendir menn in Norway, landlords, barons, nobles, chiefs; góð gæðings ætt, the nobleman's fair daughter, Jd. (an Orkney poem); gæðinga-skip, a ship with Orkney chiefs on board, Ann. 232; þetta eru allt Jarla ættir ok gæðinga í Orkneyjum, Orkn. ch. 39; hurfu gæðingar mjök í tvá staði, 178, 380; adding the name of the liege-lord, þeir vóru allir gæðingar Páls jarls, 186; þeir vóru vitrir menn, ok mörgum öðrum gæðingum stefndi hann til sín, 232, 242, 262, 330; stallarar konungs ok aðrir gæðingar, Fms. vi. 442; á konungs borð ok hans gaeðinga, x. 303: ríkisborinna manna ok gæðinga Jezraels-borgar, Stj. 600. 1 Kings xxi. 8 ('to the elders and nobles'); gæðingar af Galaad, 405. Judges xi. 5 sqq. ('the elders of Gilead'); gæðingar Gaze-borgar, 418, cp. 'the lords of the Philistines,' Judges xvi. 23; eigi gæðingar heldr undirmenn hans ok andligir synir, Mar. 203, passim. II. mod. a racehorse. gæðir, m. an endower, Lex. Poët. gæðska and gæzka, u, f. goodness, kindness, mercy, Am. 100, Stj. 34, Fms. x. 280; engi frýr þér vits en meir ertú grunaðr um gæsku (better græzku, q.v.), Sturl. i. 105: grace, holiness, Bs. i. 63; tign ok gæzku, 65, Karl. 452; í réttlæti ok g., Stj. 54; esp. Guðs gæzka, the grace, mercy of God, eccl.: good things = gæði, Fms. vii. 285, x. 18, 418, Stj. 202, 203, 205, Sks. 181. COMPDS: gæzku-fullr, adj. full of goodness, gracious, merciful, Fms. x. 232. gæzku-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), merciless, cruel, Stj. 462, 464. gæzku-samligr, adj. good, Bs. i. 75. gæzku-semi, f. grace, goodness. GÆFA, u, f. [from gefa, as gipt], luck; þar görði gæfu-muninn, Nj. 141: the sayings, annað er gæfa ok görvileiki; and gefr sér engi gæfu | gildr þó feginn vildi; bera gæfu til e-s, to have luck in a thing; ok bar hann enga gæfu til at þjóna þér, Eg. 112; sagði, at þat var hans hugboð, at vér feðgar munum ekki bera gæfu til þessa konungs, 17; en þó þú sért vel búinn at hreysti ok atgörvi, þú hefir þú eigi til þess gæfu, at halda til jafns við Harald konung, 82; gipt ok gaefa, Bs. i. 132; reyndr at viti ok gæfu, Anal. 57; ef gæfa vill til, Fs. 131; eigi ertú nú einn at, því at konungs-gæfan fylgir þér, Fms. ii. 60; gæfumaðr ertú mikill, Sighvatr, er þat eigi undarlegt at gæfa fylgi vizku, hitt er kynligt sem stundum kann verða, at sú gaefa fylgir úvizkum manni, at úvitrlig ráð snúask til gæfu, Ó. H. 123; því at ek treystumk minni hamingju bezt ok svá gæfunni, Fms. vi. 165. COMPDS: gæfu-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fms. vi. 116. gæfu-fátt, n. adj. unlucky, Fms. v. 170, Korm. 76. gæfu-ferð, f. a lucky journey, Fbr. 234. gæfu-fullr, adj. full of luck, Str. gæfu-hlutr, m. a lucky lot, share of good luck, Bs. i. 137. gæfu-lauss, adj. luckless, Ísl. ii. 97. gæfu-leysi, n. lucklessness, Grett. 128, Hrafn. 30. gæfu-lítill, adj. having little luck. gæfu-maðr, m. a lucky man, Nj. 129, Fms. ii. 73, Bs. i. 60, Fs. 7, 115, Ó. H. 123, passim; (ógæfu-maðr, a luckless man.) gæfumann-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as a lucky man, Fms. xi. 232. gæfu-mikill, adj. having great luck, Fms. vi. 328. gæfu-munr, m. a turn or shift of luck, Nj. 141. gæfu-raun, f. a trial of luck, Grett. 113 A, Ó. H. 74. gæfu-samliga, adv. luckily, Fms. iii. 53, xi. 32, Grett. 85 A. gæfu-samligr, adj. lucky, Grett. 119 A. gæfu-skipti, n. a turn or change of luck, Fms. x. 213. gæfu-skortr, m. want of luck, Fas. iii. 563. gæfu-vant, n. adj. wanting in luck, Valla L. 222. gæfast, ð, dep. to become quiet and calm, Bb. 2. 35. gæfð, f. meekness. gæfi-ligr, adj., gramm. rendering of Lat. dativus, Skálda. gæfr, adj. meek, quiet, Sturl. iii. 71, Hrafn. 24, Grett. 107 A; þat er mér ok gæfast, that is pleasant to me, Fms. ii. 261. gæftir, f. pl. [gefa B], weather fit for fishing, fine weather. gægjask, ð, dep. [gügsle, De Professor; Germ. gucken], to be all agog, to bend eagerly forward and peep, Eb. 272, Bárð. 171, Grett. 114, 148; g. yfir herðar e-m, Konr.: ok þá hann gægðisk þar inn, John xx. 5. gægjur, f. pl., in the phrase, standa á gægjum, to stand agog, a tiptoe. gæl, n. enticement; gæl of margt mun ek nú mælt hafa, MSS. 4. 9. GÆLA (gœla), d, [gala, gól; Ulf. gôljan = GREEK], to comfort, soothe, appease; verð ek mik gæla af grimmum hug, Skv. 3. 9; þat gælir mik, Band.; gæla gjöfum ok fagrmæli, MSS. 4. 6; eigi mun hann gæla mega með sáttar-boðum, Fms. x. 221; gæla grættan, Sl. 26, (better than gala.) gæla, u, f. enticement, soothing; esp. in pl. gælur, lullaby songs; barna-gælur, nursery songs; hefir brag þenna ok barngælur, ort ófimliga Einar Fóstri, a ditty; frið-gælur, q.v. :-- a breeze = gol, Edda (Gl.) gæling, f. fondling, Barl. 55, 150; gaelingar-orð, Fms. viii. 23. GÆR, adv., also spelt gör and gjar, esp. in Norse MSS., but also freq. in Fb., Stj., D. N. passim; [A. S. gestran, gestran dag; Engl. yesterday; O. H. G. gestar; Germ. gestern; Dan. gaar; Swed. går; Lat. heri, hesternus; Gr. GREEK; cp. also Engl. yore, answering to the form gör] :-- yesterday; only with the prep. í, í gær, Fms. vii, 168, passim. II. [Ulf. renders GREEK, Matth. vi. 30, by gestradagis, and that this is no mistake or corruption in the Gothic text is shewn by the fact that in the old Icel. or Scandin. poems gör occurs two or three times in the very same sense] :-- to-morrow; in the phrases, nú eða í gör, now or by to-morrow; í dag eðr gör, to-day or to-morrow: hvárt skolum nú

GÆRA -- GÖRA. 223

eða í gör deyja, whether we are to die now or to-morrow, Hðm. 31; and varat mér ráðinn dauði í dag eða gör, I was not fated to die to-day or to-morrow, Landn. (in a verse composed in Icel. about the middle of the 10th century). Uppström, the learned Swedish editor of Ulfilas, has duly noticed the passage in Hðm. as corroborative of the Gothic text. GÆRA, u, f. a sheepskin with the fleece on, K. Þ. K. 148, Stj. 306, Sturl. iii. 189 C, Bs. i. 606, Rd. 240, Pr. 78, 625. 22. gæru-skinn, n. = gæra. gær-dagr, m. (gjár-dagr, Þiðr. 10), yesterday, Ísl. ii. 413, Hkr. ii. 137; gærdags, Ó. H. 87: mod. only with the prep., í gærdag. gær-kveld, n. (gjár-kveld, Str. 4. 30, Fb. ii. 150), yesterday evening; í gaerkveld, Ld. 44, Fms. vii. 168, Fas. ii. 284, Fbr. 63. gær-morgin, m. yesterday morning. gær-na, adv. = gær, Fms. vi. 254. gæslingr, m. [gás], a gosling, Fms. viii. 42, D. N. i. 7. gæsni, proncd. gæxni, f. [gás], silliness, Edda 110: mod., neut. a lean, spectral person. gæsnis-ligr, adj. spectre-like. GÆTA, tt, (gjáta, Hom. 34, 156, esp. in Norse MSS.), [gæte = to find sheep, Ivar Aasen] :-- to watch, tend, take care of, with gen.; at gæta eigna sinna, Fms. i. 245; gætum vandliga þessa burðar, viii. 8; Guð gæti mín, God protect me! ix. 482; gæta skipa sinna, 484; þá látum en hafit gæta vár, Orkn. 108; þeir létu myrkrit gæta sín, Fs. 85; Þórir bað sína menn hlífa sér ok gæta sín sem bezt, Gullþ. 24; ok báðu hann gæta lífs síns, Orkn. 164; gjáta laga ok landsréttar, Hom. 34; þá er at gæta ráðsins, then take heed to the advice, Nj. 61; gæta dóma, to observe justice, Sks. 658 :-- to tend [cp. Norse gæte], gæta kúa, to tend cows, Fms. vi. 366, Ld. 98; gæta hesta, to tend horses, Fb. ii. 340, Fs. 88; hón gaetir dura í Valhöllu, Edda 21; Móðguðr er nefnd mær sú er gætir brúarinnar, 38; hann sitr þar við himins-enda at gæta brúarinnar fyrir bergrisum, 17; gæta segls, to take care of the sail, Fms. vii. 340 (in a verse); gæta skips, Anal. 191 :-- absol., stofan gætti (guarded) at baki þeim, Eg. 91; því at rekendrnir gættu fyrir utan, Fms. vii. 184; gættu (take care) ok vinn eigi á Kálfi, Fb. ii. 360; gæta sín, to be on one's guard. β. with prep., gæta til, to take care of, mind; var eigi betr til gætt en svá, at ..., Orkn. 210; svá gættu þeir til, at ekki varð at, Nj. 57; gætið hér til Önundar húsbónda yðvars, at eigi slíti dýr né fuglar hræ þeirra, Eg. 380; hann skyldi til gæta at eigi slægisk aptr liðit, Ó. H. 215; sá er til saka gætir, Sks. 28, Rb. 396; ef þú kannt til at gæta, if thou behave well, Eg. 96; mun ek þá ekki taka af þér eignir þínar, ef þu kannt til gæta, id., Fms. ii. 178: in mod. usage also, gæta að e-u, to observe a thing: to heed, Guðs vegna að þér gæt min sál, Pass. 8. 16. II. reflex., Þorleikr kvaðsk ekki mundu hafa mikit fé, því at úsýnt er hversu mér gætisk til, because it is uncertain how I may keep it, Ld. 300: cp. geta A. IV. III. [cp. geta with gen., signif. B], getask um e-t, to deliberate or take counsel about ...; ok um þat gættusk, hvárt ..., and took counsel together, whether ..., Vsp. 6, 9, 27, 29; gætask e-s, to tell of, mention a thing; gættisk ok Glaumvör, at væri grand svefna, G. told that she had dreary dreams, Am. 20; gættisk þess Högni, at árna ánauðgum, H. spoke of interceding for the bondsman, 60. IV. part. gætandi, a keeper, Edda 94. gæti-liga, adv. heedfully, Al. 147, Fms. viii. 201. gætinn, adj. heedful, Hm. 6; ó-gætinn, heedless; að-gætinn, heedful. gætir, m. a keeper, warder, Lex. Poët. gætni, f. heedfulness; að-gætni, circumspection; nær-gætni, equity. gætr, adj. good, Sks. 633 B; á-gætr, good; fá-gaetr, rare; nær-gætr. gætr, f. pl. [from gát, q.v.], in the phrase, gefa gætr at e-u, to mind a thing, heed, Ld. 204, Hkr. iii. 203. gætti, n. pl. [gátt], door-posts, Rm. 2, Fms. ii. 161, Ó. H. 154, Fas. iii. 20; dyri-g., q.v. gætti-tré, f. a door-sill, N. G. L. i. 38. gæzka, vide gæðska. gæzla, u, f. watch, keeping, Grág. i. 147, Fms. xi. 246; svína-g., tending swine, Fs. 71: metaph., Fms. vii. 187, Sks. 675. COMPDS: gæzlu-engill, m. a guardian angel, Nj. 157. gæzlu-kerling, f. an old maid-servant, Str. 75. gæzlu-lauss, adj. unguarded, Fas. ii. 467. gæzlu-leysi, n. carelessness. gæzlu-maðr, m. a keeper, Grág. i. 443, Fms. x. 469, xi. 402, Sks. 273, 473. gæzlu-sótt, f. sickness that requires guarding, lunacy, Grág. i. 287; að-gæzla, attention. GÖFGA, að, [göfigr; cp. Ulf. gabigjan = GREEK], to honour: 1. of God (or gods), to worship; þau guð er þú göfgar, Fms. i. 97; eigi eru goð mannlíkun þau er þér göfgit, Blas. 44; hann göfgaði hof þau, er ..., 623. 11; nú skulum vér fyrir því g. einn Guð, Sks. 308; engum guði skal ek blót færa þeim ef nú g. menn, Fagrsk. 11; Guð at g. ok Jesum Krist, Barl. 1; hann er síðan göfgaðr í kirkju heilags Laurentii, Rb. 368; honum var göfgat skurgoð þat er Bal heitir, 400. 2. to honour, bless; svá hefir Drottinn göfgað hann, at hann görði hann höfðingja Kristni sinnar, 655 iii. 4; honum þótti því betr er fleiri tignuðusk ok göfguðusk af honum, Bs. i. 141. göfgan, f. worshipping, 677. 9, 655 ix. 2, 623. 12, Fb. i. 408. göfgi, f. nobility; ætt-g., noble extraction. göfug-kvendi, n. a noble woman, lady, Eb. 18, Ld. 334. göfug-látr, adj. worshipful, generous, Fms. viii. 2, Fas. ii. 105: as the name of a king (= great), Ýt. 25. göfug-leikr (-ki), m. worshipfulness, Fms. i. 295, x. 280: highness, 310. göfug-ligr, adj. worshipful, glorious; fagr ok g. álitum, Hkr. i. 10, 223, Fms. vii. 63, x. 234, 289, 294, Th. 23: magnificent, Edda 12; kirkja g., Bs. i. 645; g. veizla, a grand banquet, Þíðr. 220; g. sigr, a glorious victory, Stjörnu-Odd. 16. göfug-menni, n. a noble, worshipful man, Fms. vi. 269, viii. 136, x. 323, Landn. 278, Eb. 14, Fs. 20, Þorf. Karl. 364. göfug-mennr, adj. with many worshipful men, Mirm. GÖFUGR, adj. [Ulf. gabigs = GREEK], worshipful, noble; göfugr maðr, a worshipful man, by birth, etc.; til göfugs manns er Skeggi hét, Nj. 270; g. maðr ok stórættaðr, Eg. 16, 97, freq. in Landn.; Herrauðr Hvíta-ský var g. maðr, 156; Hrafn enn Heimski hét g. maðr, 59, 213, 244, 277, 283; þessir landnáms-menn eru göfgastir í Vestfirðinga-fjórðungi, 167; at Erlingr Skjálgsson hafi verit maðr ríkastr ok göfgastr í Noregi, Ó. H. 184, Fms. i. 61; ríkr maðr ok g., Hkr. i. 136; sjau prestar ok allir göfgir, Bs. i. 79; enum göfgasta konungi, Post. 656 C. 33; g. maðr ok ágaetr, Eg. 98; vóru þeir Björgólfr í gildinu göfgastir menn, the foremost men, 22; Hrafn var göfgastr sona Hængs, 102; því heldr er göfgari vóru, Bs. i. 129; góðir menn ok göfgir, Grág. ii. 168; Ingólfr var göfgastr allra landnáms-manna, Fms. i. 241, (Landn. 36 l. c. frægastr); at þeir mætti báðir sem göfgastir af verða, Bs. i. 129 :-- of things, göfugr bær, Eg. 477; g. sýsla, Hom. 4. göll, f. a shriek, Edda (Gl.) 110. GÖLTR, m., gen. galtar, dat. gelti, [Swed. and Dan. galt] :-- a boar, hog, Grág. i. 427, Landn. 177, Sks. 113, Fas. i. 87, 88, iii. 405; sónar-göltr, a sacrificial hog, i. 331, 332. 2. an old dat. gjalti only occurs in the old metaph. phrase, verða at gjalti, to be turned into a hog, i.e. to turn mad with terror, esp. in a fight; stundum æpir hón svá hátt at menn verða nær at gjalti, Fms. iv. 56; sá kraptr ok fjölkyngi fylgði þeim Nor, at úvinir þeirra urðu at gjalti þegar þeir heyrðu heróp ok sá vápnum brugðit, ok lögðu Lappir á flótta, Orkn. 4; en er hann sá at þeir ofruðu vápnunum glúpnaði hann, ok hljóp um fram ok í fjallit upp ok varð at gjalti, Eb. 60; urðu göngu-menn næsta at gjalti, Gísl. 56; en þér ærðisk allir ok yrðit at gjalti, Fs. 43,--cp. Yngl. S. ch. 6, where this power is attributed to Odin; gjalti glíkir verða gumna synir, Hm. 130; Nero hljóp burt frá ríki ok varð at gjalti, Post. 656 C. 39; at konungr mundi ganga af vitinu ok at gjalti verða, Rb. 394 (of king Nebuchadnezzar); þeir menn er geltir eru kallaðir, Sks. 113 sqq. II. metaph. a hog's back or ridge between two dales; in local names, Galtar-dalr, Galtardals-tunga, n., of farms situated at the foot of such a ridge. göltra, að, to rove about in cold and blast, from göltr (2). göndull, m. a clue; það er komið í göndul, of entangled things. göng, n. pl. [gangr], a passage, lobby; en ór kastala vóru göng upp í kirkju, Fms. ix. 523: freq. in mod. usage, of a narrow passage, baðstofu-göng, esp. when leading from the door to the sitting-room: metaph., gefa e-m göng, to give one free passage, xi. 283; kunna göng at orostu, to know the ways of fighting, vi. 387. göngull, adj. strolling; mér verðr göngult, Lv. 33; nær-göngull, near-going, exacting; hús-göngull, strolling from house to house. gönur, f. pl. [gana], wild wanderings, eccentricities; in the phrase, hlaupa út í gönur, to rove wildly about. GÖR and ger, n. a flock of birds of prey; þar var hrafna gör, Höfuðl. 9; hræva gör, carrion crows, Merl. 2. 68, (in both passages rhyming with a word having ø for root vowel); opt er fiskr í fugla geri, there are often fish where gulls gather, Hallgr. in Snót 212 2nd Ed. (for the gulls guide the fishermen to the shoals of fish); þá fylgir því gör mikit ok áta, Sks. 140. GÖR- (also spelt gjör-, ger-, geyr-); the complete old form is görv-, which remains in görv-allr, q.v. [cp. görva below; mid. H. G. gar, garwe; O. H. G. garo; N. H. G. gar] :-- as adverb. prefix, quite, altogether: gör-auðr, adj. quite empty: gör-bænn, adj. begging hard, importunate, Sighvat, Fb. ii. 80: gör-eyða, dd, to lay quite waste: gör-farinn, part. quite gone, quite lost, of a game, Fms. vii. 219: gör-hugall, adj. very heedful, mindful, Eg. 14: gör-kólfr, m. = for-kólfr, q.v.: gör-slokinn, part. quite slaked, Hólabók 103: gör-spiltr, part. quite corrupt. GÖRA, ð, also spelt görva, giörva, geyra, giora, gera: prop. gøra, not g&aolig;ra (the ø was sounded nearly as y or ey), so that the g is to be sounded as an aspirate, however the word is spelt; and the insertion of i or j (giöra, gjöra), which is usual in mod. writing, and often occurs in old, is phonetic, not radical, and göra and gjöra represent the same sound. The word in the oldest form had a characteristic v, and is spelt so on the Runic stones in the frequent Runic phrase, gaurva kubl, Baut., and Danske Runemind. passim; but also now and then in old Icel. MSS., e.g. the Kb. of Sæm. (cited from Bugge's Edit.), gorva, Am. 75, Skv. 1. 34, 3. 20, Hm. 123, Og. 29; gerva, Am. 64, Bkv. 3; giorva, Rm. 9; giorfa, 28; gorvir, Hkv. Hjörv. 41; gørvom, Hým. 6; gorviz, Am. 35; gerviz, Merl. 2. 89 :-- this characteristic v has since been dropped, and it is usually spelt without it in MSS., gora, Hým. 1, Og. 23, Ls. 65; gera, Am. 85; gorir, Hm. 114: the pret. always drops the v, gorþi, Hym. 21; gorðo or gorþo, fecerunt, Hm. 142, Am. 9; gorðumz, Hðm. 28; gerþi, Am. 74; gerþit, 26 :-- with i inserted, Rm. 9, 22; giordu, 11; in the Mork. freq. giavra. The ö is still sounded in the east of Icel., whereas gera is the common form in speech, gjöra in writing :-- the old pres. indic. used by the

224 GÖRA.

poets and in the laws is monosyllabic görr, with suffixed negative, görr-a, Hkr. i. (in a verse); mod. bisyllabic görir, which form is also the usual one in the Sagas :-- the old part. pass. was görr or gerr, geyrr, Fms. ix. 498, x. 75, where the v was kept before a vowel, and is often spelt with f, gorvan, gorvir, and gorfan, gorfir: dat. so-goro or so-guru adverbially = sic facto: the mod. part. gjörðr, gerðr, görðr, as a regular part. of the 2nd weak conjugation, which form occurs in MSS. of the 15th century, e.g. Bs. i. 877, l. 21. [This is a Scandin. word; Dan. gjöre; Swed. göra; Old Engl. and Scot. gar, which is no doubt of Scandin. origin, the Saxon word being do, the Germ. thun, neither of which is used in the Scandin.; the word however is not unknown to the Teut., though used in a different sense; A. S. gervan and gearvjan = parare; O. H. G. karwan; Germ. gerben, garben, but esp. the adj. and adv. gar, vide above s. v. gör-.] To make, to do; the Icel. includes both these senses. A. To make: I. to build, work, make, etc.; göra himin ok jörð, 623. 36, Hom. 100; göra hús, to build a house, Fms. xi. 4, Rb. 384; göra kirkju, Bjarn. 39; göra skip, N. G. L. i. 198; göra langskip, Eg. 44; göra stólpa, Al. 116; göra tól (= smíða), Vsp. 7; göra (fingr)-gull, Bs. i. 877; göra haug, to build a cairn, Eg. 399; göra lokhvílu, Dropl. 27; göra dys, Ld. 152; göra kistu (coffin), Eg. 127; göra naust, N. G. L. i. 198; göra jarðhús, Dropl. 34; göra veggi, Eg. 724: also, göra bók, to write a book, Íb. 1, Rb. 384; göra kviðling, to make a song, Nj. 50; göra bréf, to draw up a deed (letter), Fms. ix. 22; göra nýmæli, to frame a law, Íb. 17. 2. adding prep.; göra upp, to repair, rebuild, restore, Fb. ii. 370; göra upp Jórsala-borg, Ver. 43; göra upp skála, Ld. 298; göra upp leiði, to build up a grave. II. to make, prepare, get ready; göra veizlu, drykkju, brúðkaup, erfi, and poët. öl, öldr, to make a feast, brew bridal ale, Fs. 23, Fms. xi. 156, Dropl. 6, Am. 86; göra seið, blót, to perform a sacrifice, Ld. 152; göra bú, to set up a house, Grág. i. 185, Ld. 68; göra eld, to make a fire, Fs. 100, K. Þ. K. 88; göra rekkju, to make one's bed, Eg. 236; göra upp hvílur, Sturl. ii. 124; göra graut, to make porridge, Eg. 196, N. G. L. i. 349; göra drykk, to make a drink, Fms. i. 8; göra kol, or göra til kola, to make charcoal, Ölk. 35. III. in somewhat metaph. phrases; göra ferð, to make a journey, Fms. x. 281; görði heiman för sína, he made a journey from home, Eg. 23; göra sinn veg, to make one's way, travel, Mar.; göra uppreisn, to make an uprising, to rebel, Rb. 384, Fms. ix. 416; göra úfrið, to make war, 656 C. 15; göra sátt, göra frið, to make peace, Hom. 153, Bs. i. 24; göra féskipti, Nj. 118; göra tilskipan, to make an arrangement, Eg. 67; göra ráð sitt, to make up one's mind, Nj. 267, Fms. ix. 21; göra hluti, to cast lots, Fms. x. 348. 2. to make, give, pay, yield; göra tíund, to pay tithes, Hom. 180; hann skal göra Guði tíunda hlut verðsins, id.; göra ölmusu, to give alms, 64; göra ávöxt, to yield fruit, Greg. 48; gefa né göra ávöxt, Stj. 43; göra konungi skatt eða skyld, Fms. xi. 225. 3. to contract; göra vináttu, félagskap, to contract friendship, Nj. 103, Eg. 29; göra skuld, to contract a debt, Grág. i. 126: göra ráð með e-m, to take counsel with, advise one, Eg. 12; göra ráð fyrir, to suppose, Nj. 103, Fms. ix. 10; göra mun e-s, to make a difference, i. 255, Eb. 106. 4. to make, make up, Lat. efficere; sex tigir penninga göra eyri, sixty pence make an ounce, Grág. i. 500, Rb. 458. 5. to grant, render; göra kost, to make a choice, to grant, Nj. 130, Dropl. 6, Fms. xi. 72, (usually ellipt., kostr being understood); vil ek at þér gerit kostinn, Nj. 3; ok megit þér fyrir því göra (grant) honum kostinn, 49, 51; göra e-m lög, to grant the law to one, 237; göra guðsifjar, to make 'gossip' with one, to be one's godfather, Fms. ii. 130. 6. special usages; göra spott, háð, gabb, ... at e-u, to make sport, gibes, etc. at or over a thing, Fms. x. 124; göra iðran, to do penance, Greg. 22; göra þakkir, to give thanks, Hom. 55; göra róm at máli e-s, to cheer another's speech, shout hear, hear! var görr at máli hans mikill rómr ok góðr, his speech was much cheered, Nj. 250,--a parliamentary term; the Teutons cheered, the Romans applauded (with the hands), cp. Tacit. Germ. 7. with prepp.; gera til, to make ready or dress meat; láta af (to kill) ok göra til (and dress), K. Þ. K. 80, Ísl. ii. 83, 331, Fs. 146, 149, Bjarn. 31, Finnb. 228; göra til nyt, to churn milk, K. Þ. K. 78; göra til sverð, to wash and clean the sword, Dropl. 19; máttu þeir eigi sjá, hversu Þorvaldr var til gerr, how Th. got a dressing, Nj. 19. β. göra at e-u, to mend, make good, put right (at-görð), ek skal at því gera, Fms. xi. 153, Eg. 566, Nj. 130: to heal, Bárð. 171, Eg. 579, Grág. i. 220; göra at hesti, K. Þ. K. 54, Nj. 74: göra við e-u, vide B. II. 8. adding acc. of an adj., part., or the like; göra mun þat margan höfuðlausan, Nj. 203; göra mikit um sik, to make a great noise, great havoc, Fb. i. 545, Grett. 133, Fms. x. 329; göra e-n sáttan, to reconcile one, Grág. i. 336; göra sér e-n kæran, to make one dear to oneself, Hkr. i. 209; göra sik líkan e-m, to make oneself like to another, imitate one, Nj. 258; göra sik góðan, to make oneself good or useful, 74, 78; göra sik reiðan, to take offence, 216; göra sér dælt, to make oneself at home, take liberties, Ld. 134, Nj. 216; göra langmælt, to make a long speech, Sks. 316; göra skjót-kjörit, to make a quick choice, Fms. ii. 79; göra hólpinn, to 'make holpen,' to help, x. 314; göra lögtekit, to make a law, issue a law, xi. 213, Bs. i. 37; hann gerði hann hálshöggvinn, he had him beheaded, Fms. ix. 488, v. l.; ok görðu þá handtekna alla at minsta kosti, Sturl. i. 40; várir vöskustu ok beztu menn era görfir handteknir, 41. β. göra sér mikit um e-t, to make much of, admire, Eg. 5, Fms. x. 254, 364; göra e-t at ágætum, to make famous, extol a thing, vii. 147; göra at orðum, to notice as remarkable, Fas. i. 123; göra at álitum, to take into consideration, Nj. 3; göra sér úgetið at e-u, to be displeased with, Ld. 134; göra vart við sik, to make one's presence noticed, Eg. 79; göra sér mikit, lítið fyrir, to make great, small efforts, Finnb. 234; göra sér í hug, to brood over; hann gerði sér í hug at drepa jarl, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar lund, to fancy, think: göra af sér, to exert oneself, ef þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, Edda 32; hvárt hann var með Eiríki jarli, eðr görði hann annat af sér, or what else he was making of himself, Fms. xi. 157. 9. phrases, gera fáleika á sik, to feign, make oneself look sad, Nj. 14; esp. adding upp, gera sér upp veyki, to feign sickness, (upp-gerð, dissimulation); göra sér til, to make a fuss, (hence, til-gerð, foppishness.) B. To do: I. to do, act; allt þat er hann gerir síðan (whatever he does), þat á eigandi at ábyrgjask, Gþl. 190; þér munut fátt mæla eðr gera, áðr yðr munu vandræði af standa, i.e. whatsoever you say or do will bring you into trouble, Nj. 91; göra e-t með harðfengi ok kappi, 98; ger svá vel, 'do so well,' be so kind! 111; gerit nú svá, góði herra (please, dear lord!), þiggit mitt heilræði, Fms. vii. 157: and in mod. usage, gerið þér svo vel, gerðu svo vel, = Engl. please, do! sagði, at hann hafði með trúleik gört, done faithfully, Eg. 65; göra gott, to do good; göra íllt, to do evil, (góð-görð, íll-görð); ok þat var vel gört, well done, 64; geyrða ek hotvetna íllt, I did evil in all things, Niðrst. 109; hefir hann marga hluti gört stór-vel til mín, he has done many things well towards me, I have received many great benefits at his hands, Eg. 60: with dat., svá mikit gott sem jarl hefir mér gert, Nj. 133; þér vilda ek sízt íllt göra, I would least do harm to thee, 84: göra fúlmennsku, to do a mean act, 185; göra vel við e-n, to do well to one, Fs. 22; göra stygð við e-n, to offend one, Fms. x. 98; göra sæmiliga til e-s, to do well to one, Ld. 62, Nj. 71; göra sóma e-s, to do honour to one, Fms. vii. 155; göra e-m gagn, to give help to one, Nj. 262; göra e-m sæmd, skomm, to do (shew) honour, dishonour, to one, 5, Fms. x. 43; göra háðung, xi. 152; göra styrk, to strengthen one, ix. 343; göra e-m skapraun, to tease one; göra ósóma, Vápn. 19; göra skaða (scathe), Eg. 426; göra óvina-fagnað, to give joy to one's enemies, i.e. to do just what they want one to do, Nj. 112; göra til skaps e-m, to conform to one's wishes, 80; gerum vér sem faðir vár vill, let us do as our father wishes, 198; vel má ek gera þat til skaps föður míns at brenna inni með honum, id.; göra at skapi e-s, id., 3; var þat mjök gert móti mínu skapi, Fms. viii. 300; gera til saka við e-n, to offend, sin against one, Nj. 80; gera á hluta e-s, to wrong one, Vígl. 25; göra ílla fyrir sér, to behave badly, Fms. vii. 103. II. adding prep.; göra til e-s, to deserve a thing (cp. til-görð, desert, behaviour); hvat hafðir þú til gört, what hast thou done to deserve it? Nj. 130; framarr en ek hefi til gört, more than I have deserved, Fms. viii. 300; ok hafit þér Danir heldr til annars gört, ye Danes have rather deserved the reverse, xi. 192, Hom. 159 :-- göra eptir, to do after, imitate, Nj. 90 :-- göra við e-u (cp. við-görð, amendment), to provide for, amend, ok mun úhægt vera at göra við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190; er úhægt at göra við (to resist) atkvæðum, Fs. 22; ok mun ekki mega við því gera, Nj. 198 :-- göra af við e-n (cp. af-görð, evil doing), to transgress against one, ek hefi engan hlut af gört við þik, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 241; ok iðrask nú þess er hann hefir af gert, 300; göra af við Guð, to sin against God, Hom. 44. 2. special usages; göra ... at, to do so and so; spurði, hvat hann vildi þá láta at gera, he asked what he would have done, Nj. 100; hann gerði þat eina at, er hann átti, he did only what be ought, 220; þeir Flosi sátu um at rengja, ok gátu ekki at gert, F. tried, and could do nothing, 115, 242; þér munut ekki fá at gert, fyrr en ..., 139; Flosi ok hans menn fengu ekki at gert, 199; mikit hefir þú nú at gert, much hast thou now done (it is a serious matter), 85; er nú ok mikit at gert um manndráp siðan, 256; hann vildi taka vöru at láni, ok göra mikit at, and do great things, Ld. 70; Svartr hafði höggit skóg ok gert mikit at, Nj. 53; slíkt gerir at er sölin etr, so it happens with those who eat seaweed, i.e. that (viz. thirst) comes of eating seaweed, Eg. 605. β. göra af e-u, to do so and so with a thing; hvat hafið ér gert af Gunnari, Njarð. 376; ráð þú draumana, vera má at vér gerim af nokkut, may be that we may make something out of it, Ld. 126; gör af drauminum slíkt er þér þykkir líkligast, do with the dream (read it) as seems to thee likeliest, Ísl. ii. 196: göra við e-n, to do with one; þá var um rætt, hvað við þá skyldi göra, what was to be done with them? Eg. 232; ærnar eru sakir til við Egil, hvat sem eg læt göra við hann, 426; eigi veit ek hvat þeir hafa síðan við gört, 574: göra fyrir e-t, to provide; Jón var vel fjáreigandi, ok at öllu vel fyrir gört, a wealthy and well-to-do man, Sturl. iii. 195; þótt Björn sé vel vígr maðr, þá er þar fyrir gört, því at ..., but that is made up, because ...: fyrir göra (q.v.), to forfeit. C. METAPH. AND SPECIAL USAGES: I. to do, help, avail; nú skulum vér ganga allir á vald jarlsins, því at oss gerir eigi annat, nothing else will do for us, Nj. 267; þat mun ekki gera, that wont do, 84; en ek kann ekki ráð til at leggja ef þetta gerir ekki, Fms. ii. 326; konungr vill þat eigi, þvi at mér gerir þat eigi (it will not do for me) at þér gangit

GÖRA. 225

hér upp, x. 357; þat gerir mér ekki, at þér gangit á Orminn, ... en hitt má vera at mér komi at gagni, ii. 227; þóttisk þá vita, at honum mundi ekki gera (it would do nothing) at biðja fyrir honum, Fb. i. 565; engum gerði við hann at keppa, 571; ekki gerði þeim um at brjótask, Bárð. 10 new Ed.; sagða ek yðr eigi, at ekki mundi gera at leita hans, Sks. 625; hvat gerir mér nú at spyrja, Stj. 518; ekki gerir at dylja, no use hiding it, Fbr. 101 new Ed.; ætla þat at fáir þori, enda geri engum, Band. 7; bæði var leitað til annarra ok heima, ok gerði ekki, but did no good, 4; hét hann þeim afarkostum, ok gerði þat ekki, but it did no good, Fms. ii. 143. II. to send, despatch, cp. the Engl. to 'do' a message; hann gerði þegar menn frá sér, Eg. 270; hann hafði gört menn sex á skóginn fyrir þá, 568; þá gerði Karl lið móti þeim, Fms. i. 108; jarl gerði Eirík at leita Ribbunga, ix. 314; hann gerði fram fyrir sik Álf á njósn, 488; hann gerði menn fyrir sér at segja konunginum kvámu sína, x. 10; hleypi-skúta var gör norðr til Þrándheims, vii. 206; jafnan gerði jarl til Ribbunga ok drap menn af þeim, ix. 312; vilja Ósvífrs-synir þegar gera til þeirra Kotkels, despatch them to slay K., Ld. 144; skulu vér nú göra í mót honum, ok láta hann engri njósn koma, 242 :-- göra eptir e-m, to send after one, Nero bað göra eptir postulunum ok leiða þangat, 656 C. 26; nú verðr eigi eptir gört at miðjum vetri, Grág. i. 421; frændr Bjarnar létu göra eptir (Germ. abholen) líki hans, Bjarn. 69; síðan gerðu þeir til klaustrs þess er jómfrúin var í, Fms. x. 102 :-- gera e-m orð, njósn, to do a message to one; hann gerði orð jörlum sínum, Eg. 270; ætluðu þeir at göra Önundi njósn um ferðir Egils, 386, 582; vóru þangat orð gör, word was sent thither, Hkr. ii. 228. III. with infin. as an auxiliary verb, only in poetry and old prose (laws); ef hón gerði koma, if she did come, Völ. 5; gerðit vatn vægja, Am. 25; gramr gørr-at sér hlífa, he does not spare himself, Hkr. i. (in a verse); gerðut vægjask, id., Fs. (in a verse); hann gerðisk at höggva, Jb. 41; görðir at segja, Bkv. 15; görðisk at deyja, Gkv. 1. 1: in prose, eigi gerir hugr minn hlægja við honum, Fas. i. 122; góðir menn göra skýra sitt mál með sannsögli, 677. 12; Aristodemus görði eigi enn at trúa, Post.: esp. in the laws, ef þeir göra eigi ganga í rúm sín, Grág. i. 8; ef goðinn gerr eigi segja, 32; ef hann gerr eigi í ganga, 33; ef þeir göra eigi hluta meðr sér, 63; ef dómendr göra eigi dæma, 67; ef dómendr göra eigi við at taka, id.; ef goðinn gerr eigi (does not) nefna féráns-dóm, 94; nú göra þeir menn eigi úmaga færa, 86; ef þeir göra eigi nefna kvöðina af búanum, Kb. ii. 163; ef þeir göra eigi segja, hvárt ..., Sb. ii. 52; nú gerr sá eigi til fara, Kb. ii. 96; göra eigi koma, 150; ef hann gerr eigi kjósa, § 113. IV. a law term, göra um, or gera only, to judge or arbitrate in a case; fékksk þat af, at tólf menn skyldu göra um málit, Nj. 111; villt þú göra um málit, 21; bjóða mun ek at göra um, ok lúka upp þegar görðinni, 77; mun sá mála-hluti várr beztr, at góðir menn geri um, 88; málin vóru lagið í gerð, skyldu gera um tólf menn, var þá gert um málin á þingi, var þat gert, at ... (follows the verdict), 88; vil ek at þú sættisk skjótt ok látir góða menn gera um ..., at hann geri um ok enir beztu menn af hvárra liði lögliga til nefndir, 188; Njáll kvaðsk eigi gera mundu nema á þingi, 105; þeir kváðusk þat halda mundu, er hann gerði, id.; skaltú gera sjálfr, 58; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, 120; ek vil bjóðask til at göra milli ykkar Þórðar um mál yðar, Bjarn. 55; Þorsteinn kvað þat þó mundi mál manna, at þeir hefði góða nefnd um sættir þótt hann görði, 56; nú er þegar slegit í sætt málinu með því móti, at Áskell skal göra um þeirra í milli, Rd. 248; er nú leitað um sættir milli þeirra, ok kom svá at þeir skulu göra um málin Þorgeirr goði frá Ljósa-vatni ok Arnórr ór Reykjahlíð, sú var görð þeirra at ..., 288; svá kemr at Ljótr vill at Skapti görði af hans hendi, en Guðmundr vill sjálfr göra fyrir sína hönd, skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Valla L. 225; eigi hæfir þat, leitum heldr um sættir ok geri Þorgeirr um mál þessi, Lv. 12; var jafnt gört sár Þórðar ok sár Þórodds, Eb. 246; þær urðu mála-lyktir at Þórðr skyldi göra um ..., 24; ok vóru þá görvar miklar fésektir, 128; var leitað um sættir, ok varð þat at sætt, at þeir Snorri ok Steindórr skyldi göra um, 212; þit erut gerfir héraðs-sekir sem íllræðis-menn, Fs. 58: göra görð, Sturl. i. 63, 105: adding the fine, to fix the amount, þat er gerð mín, at ek geri verð húss ok matar, I fix the amount of the value of the house and (stolen) stores, Nj. 80; gerði Njáll hundrað silfrs, N. put it at a hundred silver pieces, 58; margir mæltu, at mikit vaeri gert, that the amount was high, id.; slíkt fégjald sem gert var, 120; vilit ér nokkut héraðs-sektir göra eða utanferðir, 189; hann dæmdi þegar, ok görði hundrað silfrs, 6l; síðan bauð Bjarni Þorkatli sætt ok sjálfdæmi, görði Bjarni hundrað silfrs, Vápn. 31; ek göri á hönd Þóri hundrað silfrs, Lv. 55; ek göri á hönd þér hundrað silfrs, id.; vilit þér, at ek göra millum ykkar? síðan görði konungr konuna til handa Þórði ok öll fé hennar, Bjarn. 17; Rafn kvað hann mikit fé annat af sér hafa gört, at eigi þætti honum þat betra, Fs. 30; Gellir görði átta hundrað silfrs, Lv. 97; fyrir þat gerði Börkr hinn digri af honum eyjarnar, B. took the isles from him as a fine, Landn. 123: adding the case as object, Gunnarr gerði gerðina, G. gave judgment in the case, Nj. 80; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt málit, till the other case was decided, 120; þá sætt er hann görði Haraldi jarli, that settlement which he made for earl Harold, Fms. viii. 300: Flosi var görr utan ok allir brennu-menn, F. was put out (banished) and all the burners, Nj. 251: metaph., nema þau vili annat mál á gera, unless they choose to settle it otherwise, Grág. i. 336. 2. in the phrase, göra sekð, to make a case of outlawry, Grág. i. 118; eigi um görir sekð manns ella, else the outlawry takes no effect; en hann um görir eigi ella sekðina, else he cannot condemn him, 119. 3. to perform; eptir-gerðar þeirrar sem hverr nennti framast at gera eptir sinn náung, Fms. viii. 103; en þat grunaði konung, at hann mundi ætla at göra eptir sumar sættir, i.e. that he had some back door to escape by, Orkn. 58 (cp. Ó. H.); allt þat er þér gerit nú fyrir þeirra sálum, id. V. special usages, to make allowance for; gera fóðr til fjár, to make an arbitrary allowance for, Ísl. ii. 138; hence, to suppose, en ef ek skal göra til fyrir fram (suggest) hvat er hón (the code) segir mér, þá segi ek svá, at ..., Fms. ix. 331; gera sér í hug, Fs. 112; göra sér í hugar-lund, to fancy; göra e-m getsakir, to impute to one; gera orð á e-u, to report a thing; þat er ekki orð á því geranda, 'tis not worth talking about; eigi þarf orð at göra hjá því ('tis not to be denied), sjálfan stólkonunginn blindaði hann, Mork. 14 (cp. Fms. vi. 168, l. c.); gera sér létt, to take a thing lightly, Am. 70; göra sér far um, to take pains; göra sér í hug, hugar-lund, to suppose. D. IMPERS. it makes one so and so, one becomes; hann görði fölvan í andliti, he turned pale, Glúm. 342; leysti ísinn ok görði varmt vatnið, the water became warm, 623. 34; veðr görði hvast, a gale arose, Eg. 128; hríð mikla gerði at þeim, they were overtaken by a storm, 267; þá gerði ok á hríð (acc.) veðrs, 281; féll veðrit ok gerði logn (acc.), and became calm, 372; görði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high, 600; til þess er veðr lægði ok ljóst gerði, and till it cleared up, 129; um nóttina gerði á æði-veðr ok útsynning, 195; görir á fyrir þeim hafvillur, they lost their course (of sailors), Finnb. 242; mér gerir svefnhöfugt, I grow sleepy, Nj. 264; þá görði vetr mikinn þar eptir hinn næsta, Rd. 248. E. REFLEX, to become, grow, arise, and the like; þá görðisk hlátr, then arose laughter, Nj. 15; görðisk bardagi, it came to a fight, 62, 108; sá atburðr görðisk, it came to pass, Fms. x. 279; þau tíðendi er þar höfðu görzt, Ld. 152; gerðisk með þeim félagskapr, they entered into fellowship, Eg. 29; gerðisk svá fallit kaup, Dipl. ii. 10; Sigurðr konungr gerðisk (grew up to be) ofstopa-maðr ..., görðisk mikill maðr ok sterkr, Fms. vii. 238; hann görðisk brátt ríkr maðr ok stjórnsamr, xi. 223; Unnr görðisk þá mjök elli-móð, U. became worn with age, Ld. 12; sár þat er at ben görðisk, a law term, a wound which amounted to a bleeding wound, Nj. passim :-- to be made, to become, görask konungr, to become king, Eg. 12; ok görðisk skáld hans, and became his skáld, 13; görðisk konungs hirðmaðr, 27; görask hans eigin-kona, to become his wedded wife, Fms. i. 3; at hann skyldi görask hálf-konungr yfir Dana-veldi, 83; vill Hrútr görask mágr þinn, Nj. 3; hann gerðisk síðan óvarari, he became less cautious, Fms. x. 414. 2. with the prep. svá, to happen, come to pass so and so; svá görðisk, at ..., it so happened, that ..., Nj. 167; görðisk svá til, at ..., Fms. x. 391; þá görðisk svá til um síðir, at..., at last it came to pass. that ..., 392; enda vissi hann eigi, at þingför mundi af görask, in case he knew not that it would entail a journey to parliament, Grág. i. 46: with at added, to increase, þá görðisk þat mjök at um jarl (it grew even worse with the earl) at hann var úsiðugr um kvenna-far, görðisk þat svá mikit, at ..., it grew to such a pitch, that ..., Hkr. i. 245; hence the mod. phrase, e-ð á-görist, it increases, gains, advances, esp. of illness, bad habits, and the like, never in a good sense. 3. impers. with dat., honum gerðisk ekki mjök vært, he felt restless, Ld. 152; næsta gerisk mér kynlegt, I feel uneasy, Finnb. 236. 4. to behave, bear oneself; Páll görðisk hraustliga í nafni Jesu, Post. 656 C. 13. 5. to set about doing, be about; fám vetrum síðan görðisk hann vestr til Íslands, Fms. x. 415; maðr kom at honum ok spurði, hvat hann gerðisk, what he was about, Ó. H. 244; görðisk jarl til Ribbunga, Fms. ix. 312, v. l.; tveir menn görðusk ferðar sinnar, two men set out for a journey, x. 279; görðusk menn ok eigi til þess at sitja yfir hlut hans, Eg. 512; at þessir menn hafa görzk til svá mikils stórræðis, Fms. xi. 261; eigi treystusk menn at görask til við hann, Bárð. 160. 6. (mod.) to be; in such phrases as, eins og menn nú gerast, such as people now are; eins og flestir menn gerast. F. PART. PASS. görr, geyrr (Fms. ix. 498, x. 75), gjörr, gerr, as adj., compar. görvari, superl. görvastr; [A. S. gearu; gare, Chaucer, Percy's Ballads; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar] :-- skilled, accomplished; vaskligr, at sér görr, Ld. 134; vel at sér görr, Ísl. ii. 326, Gísl. 14; gerr at sér um allt, Nj. 51; hraustir ok vel at sér görvir, Eg. 86; at engi maðr hafi gervari at sér verit en Sigurðr, Mork. 221; allra manna snjallastr í máli ok görvastr at sér, Hkr. iii. 360: the phrase, leggja görva hönd á e-t, to set a skilled hand to work, to be an adept, a master in a thing; svá hagr, at hann lagði allt á görva hönd, Fas. i. 391, (á allt görva hönd, iii. 195.) 2. ready made, at hand; in the saying, gott er til geyrs (i.e. görs, not geirs) at taka, 'tis good to have a thing at hand, Hkm. 17; ganga til görs, to have it ready made for one, Ld. 96; gör gjöld, prompt punishment, Lex. Poët. :-- with infin., gerr at bjóða, ready to offer, Gh. 17; gervir at eiskra, in wild spirits, Hom. 11; görvar at ríða, Vsp. 24: with gen. of the thing, gerr ílls hugar, prone to evil, Hým. 9; gerr galdrs, prone to sorcery, Þd. 3; skulut þess görvir, be ready for that! Am. 55. II. [cp. görvi, Engl. gear], done, dressed; svá görvir, so 'geared,' so trussed, Am. 40. III.

226 GÖRANDI -- GÖTVAR.

adverb. phrases, so-gurt, at soguru, so done; verða menn þat þó so-gurt at hafa, i.e. there is no redress to be had, Hrafn. 9; hafi hann so-gurt, N. G. L. i. 35, Nj. 141; kvað eigi so-gort duga, 123, v.l.; at (með) so-guru, this done, quo facto, Skv. 1. 24, 40; freq. with a notion of being left undone, re infecta. Germ. unverrichteter sache, Eg. 155, Glúm. 332, Ó. H. 202; enda siti um so-gort, and now let it stand, Skálda 166; við so-gurt, id., 655 vii. 4; á so-gurt ofan, into the bargain, Bs. i. 178, Ölk. 36, Fas. i. 85. görandi, a, m., part. doer, Rb. 4: gramm. nominative, Skálda. GÖRÐ, gjörð, gerð, f. [göra]: 1. used of making, building, workmanship; görð ok gylling, Vm. 47; kirkju-görð, church-building; húsa-g., house-building; skipa-g., ship-building; garð-g., fence-making :-- of performance, vígslu-g., inauguration; messu-g., saying of mass, divine service; þjónustu-g., embættis-g., id.; þakkar-g., thanksgiving; bænar-g., prayer; lof-g., praise; ölmusu-g., alms-giving; frið-g., peace-making; sættar-g., settlement, agreement, arbitration :-- of working, akr-g., tillage; ú-gerð, bad workmanship, patchwork; við-gerð, mending :-- of yielding (of duties), tíundar-görð, tithe; leiðangrs-g., paying levy :-- of cookery and the like, öl-görð, ale-making, brewing; matar-g., cooking; brauð-g., baking: sundr-gerð, show: til-gerð, whims: upp-gerð, dissimulation: eptir-görð, q.v.: í-görð, suppuration. 2. a doing, act, deed; the phrase, orð ok görðir, words and deeds, Fms. iii. 148; ef þú launar svá mína görð, Ísl. ii. 141, Stj. 250, 252, Dipl. i. 7: so in the phrase, söm þín gerð, as good as the deed (in declining a kind offer); góð-görð, vel-görð, a good deed, benefit; íll-görðir (pl.), evil doings; mein-görðir, transgressions: in gramm. the active voice, Skálda 180. II. a law term, arbitration; the settlement was called sætt or sættar-görð, the umpires görðar-menn, m., Grág., Nj. passim; and the verdict gerð or görð, cp. göra C. IV :-- the technical phrases were, leggja mál í görð, to submit a case to arbitration, passim; vóru málin í gerð lagin með umgangi ok sættarboðum góðgjarna manna, Eb. 128; or slá málum í sætt, Rd. 248, Eb. ch. 56; leggja mál undir e-n, Lv. ch. 27: nefna menn til görðar (ch. 4), or taka menn til görðar, to choose umpires; vóru menn til gerðar teknir ok lagðr til fundr, Nj. 146: skilja undir gerð (sátt), or skilja undan, to stipulate, of one of the party making a stipulation to be binding on the umpire (as e.g. the award shall not be outlawry but payment), en þó at vandliga væri skilit undir görðina, þá játaði Þórðr at göra, Eb. 24, cp. Ld. 308, Sturl. ii. 63; göra fé slíkt sem hann vildi, at undan-skildum hérað-sektum ok utanferðum, var þá handsalat niðrfall af sökum, Fs. 74; lúka upp gerð (to deliver the arbitration), or segja upp gerð, to pronounce or to give verdict as umpire; skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Valla L. 225; hann lauk upp gerðum á Þórsness-þingi ok hafði við hina vitrustu menn er þar vóru komnir, Eb. 246; þeir skyldi upp lúka görðinni áðr en þeir færi af þingi, Bjarn. (fine); Þorsteinn kvaðsk ekki mundu görð upp lúka fyr en á nokkuru lögþingi, Fs. 49 :-- as to the number of umpires, -- one only, a trustworthy man, was usually appointed, Eb. ch. 10 (Thord Gellir umpire), ch. 46, Lv. ch. 27 (Gellir), Valla L. ch. 6 (Skapti the speaker), Rd. ch. 6 (Áskell Goði), Sturl. 2. ch. 103 (Jón Loptsson), Sturl. 4. ch. 27 (Thorvald Gizurarson), Bjarn. 17 (the king of Norway), Flóam. S. ch. 3, Hallfr. S. ch. 10, Bjarn. 55: two umpires, Rd. ch. 10, 16, 18, 24, Valla L. ch. 10 (partly a case of sjálfdæmi), Bjarn. (fine): twelve umpires, Nj. ch. 75, 123, 124 (six named by each party): the number and other particulars not recorded, Vd. ch. 39, 40, Nj. ch. 94, Rd. ch. 11, 13, Eb. ch. 27, 56, Lv. ch. 4, 12, 30, Glúm. ch. 9, 23, 27, etc. :-- even the sjálfdæmi (q.v.), self-judging, was a kind of arbitration, cp. Vápn. 31, Vd. ch. 29, 34, 44, Lv. ch. 17, Band. pp. 11-13, Ölk. ch. 2-4: curious is the passage, ek vil at vit takim menn til görðar með okkr, Hrafnkell svarar, þá þykisk þú jafn-menntr mér, Hrafn. 10 :-- görð is properly distinguished from dómr, but is sometimes confounded with it, vóru handsöluð mál í dóm ok menn til görðar nefndir, Lv. 13; málin kómu í dóm Vermundar, en hann lauk gerðum upp á Þórsness-þingi, Eb. 246; as also Nj. (beginning), where lögligir dómar no doubt refers to görð. A section of law about görð is contained in the Grág. at the end of Kaupa-þáttr, ch. 69-81 (i. 485-497), where even the curious case is provided for of one or all the umpires dying, or becoming dumb or mad, before pronouncing their verdict. UNCERTAIN This was a favourite way of settlement at the time of the Commonwealth, and suited well the sagacious and law-abiding spirit of the men of old: nor did the institution of the Fifth Court make any change in this; the görð was even resorted to in public matters, such as the introduction of Christianity in A. D. 1000. Good and leading men acted the part of public peacemakers (e.g. Njál in the 10th, Jón Loptsson in the 12th century); until at last, in the 13th century, the king of Norway was resorted to, but he misused the confidence put in him. görla (gerla, gjörla), adv. quite, altogether, clearly, Nj. 5, 104, passim. görliga, adv. = görla, Skv. 1. 36. GÖRN, f., old pl. garnar, Grág. ii. 361, 371, usually and mod. garnir, [akin to garn, yarn], the guts, Landn. 217, Grág. ii. 361, Jb. 320, Ls. 50. GÖRNING (gjörning, gerning), f. (in mod. usage masc. -ingr, Sturl. i. 217) :-- a doing, deed, act, Sturl. l.c., Hom. 106; góð-g., well-doing, a good deed; mis-g., a mis-deed: a written deed, freq.: in plur., Postulanna Görningar or Gjörninga bók, the book of the Acts of the Apostles, freq.; kirkja á messu-bók ok görninga, Ám. 4. II. only in plur. sorceries, witchcraft, Fs. 37, Fms. ii. 134, v. 326, x. 136, Hom. 53, 86, N. G. L. i. 351, passim; esp. in the allit. phrase, galdrar ok g. COMPDS: görninga-hríð, f., -veðr, n. a witch storm, Fs. 56, Fas. iii. 279. görninga-maðr, m. a sorcerer, Js. 22. görninga-sótt, f. sickness caused by sorcery, Fas. i. 324. görninga-stakkr, m. an enchanted jacket, Fs. 33. görninga-vættr, f. a witch, Grett. 151 B, Fs. 166. gör-óttr, adj. empoisoned, Sæm. 118. görr, vide gær. gör-ráðr, adj. arbitrary. gör-ræði, n. a law term, an arbitrary act; taka skip manns at görræði sínu, Grág. ii. 396. gör-samliga, adv. altogether, quite, Bs. i. 322, Fms. vii. 11, Magn. 466, Fas. i. 287, Hom. 44, Sks. 327, 347, passim. gör-samligr, adj. all together. gör-semi, gör-symi, giavr-simi, f., Mork. 61, 64; but usually ger-semi, f. indecl. sing., but þessarar gersemar (gen.), Fms. vi. 73; [old Dan. görsum; gersuma in A. S. laws is a Scandin. or Dan. word, from gör- and sama, what beseems; or perhaps better from gör- and sima, costly wire, coils of wire being used as money] :-- a costly thing, jewel; gersemi ertú (what a treasure thou art!), hversu þú ert mér eptirlátr, Nj. 68; skjöld, ok var hann en mesta gersemi, Eg. 698; gullhring ok nokkrar gersimar, Bs. i. 130; gaf keisarinn honum margar gersimar, Fms. xi. 328; einn digran gullhring ok var þat g. sem mest, Fær. 6; með stórum gersemum ok fjár-hlutum, Fms. x. 417: of a living thing, þeir hafa drepit yxn (oxen) mitt er mest gersemi var, Sd. 158; var þat dýr en mesta gersemi þess-kyns, Fms. vi. 298 sqq.; konungs-gersemi, a 'king's jewel,' of a dwarf, -- such a man being the 'king's plaything:' allit., gull ok gersimar, passim :-- Hnoss and Gersemi were the daughters of Freyja, Edda. gör-simligr, adj. costly, Edda 21, 151. gör-tœki, n. a law term, any unlawful seizure or holding of another man's property without positive intention of stealing, therefore not felony: it is thus defined, ef maðr tekr þat er annarr maðr á, ólofat, ok á maðr at færa þat til görtœkis er pennings er vert eðr meira, Grág. ii. 188; þjófsök and görtœkis-sök are distinguished in 190; the penalty was the payment of twice its value, as fixed by the neighbours, and a fine of three marks, i. 401, ii. 188, 396: pilfering could be prosecuted either as theft or as görtœki, i. 430, ii. 295, and passim. görva, gjörva, gerva, geyrva, adv.; compar. görr, gjörr, gerr; superl. görst, gerst: [A. S. gearve, gearu; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar] :-- quite, clearly; ef þú görva kannar, if thou searchest closely, Hm. 101, Ls. 52; muna g., to remember clearly, Am. 78; reyna g., 77; vita g., to know exactly, Ó. H. 62, Sturl. iii. 220 C: compar., seg enn görr, tell it plainer, speak out! Nj. 13; þvíat nú vita menn görr en fyrr hvat göra skal, Bjarn. 58; um þá hluti er ek hann görr at sjá en þér, Ld. 186; þó veiztu görr ef þú ræðir þetta mál fyrir konungi, Fms. i. 82: more, farther, ok skilja þeir þat eigi görr en svá, Grág. i. 136; þá á hann eigi görr at neyta, en fjögurra missera björg sé eptir, not beyond that point, 235; lögsögu-maðr skal svá görla (so far, so minutely) alla þáttu upp segja, at engi viti einna miklogi görr, 2; görr meir, still more, H. E. i. 48: superl., ek veit görst (I know best) at þér þurfit brýningina, Ld. 240: sá veit görst er reynir, a saying; sauða-maðr fór ok sagði Gunnari sem görst (he told G. minutely) frá öllu, Nj. 104; er þat bæði, at ek þykkjumk svá görst vita hverr þú ert, Fms. ii. 269; þóttisk hón þá görst vita, hvernig honum mun farask, Rd. 246. görv-allr, adj. whole, entire, quite all, = Gr. GREEK, Hm. 147, Grág. i. 262, Fms. vi. 444, viii. 261, xi. 67, 186, Ld. 202, Sks. passim, both in old and mod. usage. görvi, giörvi, gervi, f. indecl. sing., pl. görvar, [A. S. gearwe; Engl. gear, garb; Hel. gerui; Germ. garb] :-- gear, apparel; kraptr er görvi hugar, 'virtus est animi habitus,' Hom. 27; fóru hendr hvítar hennar um þessar gervar, Fas. i. (in a verse); brautingja-gervi, a beggar's gear, Hbl. 6; kaupmanna-g., a merchant's gear, Fms. v. 285; far-görvi, luggage; handa-gervi, 'hands' gear,' gloves, Sd. 143, 177, Fbr. 139; eykja-görvi, horse harness, Ýt. 10; at-görvi (q.v.), accomplishment. görvi-búr, n. a store-house, Ld. 134, Þorst. Síðu H. 7, Fs. 40. görvi-leikr (-leiki), m. accomplishments, Grett. 113, Fms. iv. 178. görvi-ligr, adj. accomplished, doughty, able, Eg. 3, 98, Nj. 72, Fms. i. 4, 61, Fas. i. 58, Bs. i. 130, passim. görvir, m., poët. a doer, maker, Lex. Poët. götóttr, adj. [gat], full of holes. GÖTVA, að, [akin to gata, a way dug or bored through; the characteristic v is preserved in Goth. gatvo = platea] :-- to dig, bury; götvaðr (part.), buried (in a cairn), Ísl. ii. 280; götva þeir hann þar í grjótinu, they cast stones over him, Gísl. 72, Gkv. 18: in mod. usage, upp-götva, to discover, (freq.) götvaðr, m. one who buries, i.e. a slayer, Bkv. 10, (dub.) götvan, f., in upp-götvan, discovery, (freq. in mod. usage.) götvar, f. pl. [A. S. gealwe, Grein], a hoard(?); geirrótu götvar, the treasure of Bellona, armour, weapons, Edda (in a verse), Ýt. 21: götvar seems prop. to mean hidden treasures, hoard.

H -- HAÐNA. 227

H (há) is the eighth letter. In the old Runic alphabet it was represented by RUNE and RUNE, which are used indiscriminately (but never RUNE or RUNE): RUNE and RUNE both occur on the Golden horn, the former once, the latter twice. This Rune was no doubt borrowed from the Greek or Latin. In the later common Runic alphabet this character was replaced by RUNE (rarely RUNE), which we may infer was taken from the Greek RUNE (the g of the old Runic alphabet) marked with a perpendicular stroke down the middle, rather than from the Latin RUNE (see Ritschl's essay in the Rheinisches Museum, 1869, p. 22); yet the old form RUNE is now and then found on the oldest of the later monuments, e.g. the stones from Snoldelöv, Höjetostrup, and Helnæs (Thorsen 15, 17, 335), on which monuments the RUNE is used for a: in some inscriptions RUNE serves both for h and soft g. The name of the Rune h was Hagall or Hagl, an Anglo-Saxon form, explained as meaning hail, hagl er kaldast korna (hail is the coldest of grains), in the Norse Runic poem; cp. hägl byð hwitust corna in the Anglo-Saxon poem, which is the prototype of the Norse. These names in the Anglo-Saxon and Norse poems are in no way derived from the form of the Rune, but are merely alike to the modern rhymes in English ABC books, -- 'B is a Baker' or the like. The Hagall was the first of the second group of Runes, H n i a s, which was therefore called Hagals-ætt, the family of Hagal (cp. introduction to F). A. PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING. -- H is sounded as in English hard, house: the aspirate is still sounded in hl, hr, hn much as in the Welsh ll, rh: the hv is in the west and north of Icel. sounded as kv; but in the south and east the distinction is kept between hv and kv (hver a kettle and kver a quire, hvölum whales and kvölum torments), as also in writing; and hv is sounded like wh in Northern English; in a small part of eastern Icel. it is sounded like Greek χ (hvalr as χalr, hvað as χað), and this is probably the oldest and truest representation of the hv sound. II. the h is dropped, 1. in the article inn, in, it, for hinn, hin, hit, which is often spelt so in old MSS. β. in the personal pronoun hann, hún if following after another word, e.g. ef 'ann (ef hann), ef 'ún (ef hún), þó 'onum (þó honum), látt' 'ann vera (láttu hann vera), segð' 'enn' að koma (segðu henni að koma); this is the constant pronunciation of the present time, but in writing the h is kept: whereas, at the beginning of a sentence the h is sounded, e.g. hann (hón) kom, he (she) came, but kom 'ann ? (if asking the question). γ. in a few words such as álfa and hálfa, óst and host (cp. hósta), ökulbrækr and hökulbraekr. 2. in the latter part of such compounds as have nearly become inflexions, as ein-arðr for ein-harðr: in -úð, -ýðgi, -ygð (Gramm. p. xxxiii, col. 1); elsk-ogi, var-ugi, öl-ogi, from hugr; örv-endr, tröll-endr, gram-endr, from hendr; litar-apt = litar-hapt: in -ald = hald, handar-ald, haf-ald; lík-amr = lík-hamr, hár-amr = hár-hamr; skauf-ali, rang-ali, from hali; at-æfi = at-hæfi, and perhaps in auð-œfi, ör-œfi, from hóf or hœfi; and-œfa = and-hœfa, to respond; hnapp-elda = hnapp-helda: in pr. names in -arr, -alli, -eiðr, -ildr, for -harr = herr, -halli, -heiðr, -hildr, (Ein-arr, Þór-alli, Ragn-eiðr, Yngv-ildr, etc.) In a few words, as hjúpr, and derivatives from júpr, hilmr and ilmr, hopa and opa, h seems to have been added. In some of the cases above cited both forms are still heard, but the apocopate are more usual. III. h is neither written nor sounded as final or medial, and has in all such cases been absorbed by the preceding vowel or simply dropped (see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1). IV. some MSS., especially Norse, use a double form gh and th to mark a soft or aspirate sound, e.g. sagha and saga, thing and þing; especially in inflexive syllables, -ith = -it, etc. V. a curious instance of spelling (as in Welsh) rh for hr is found occasionally in Runes, e.g. Rhruulfr for Hrúlfr, Thorsen 335; to this corresponds the English spelling wh for hw, in white, wheat, whale, where, whence, why, whelp, whine, whet, whirl, wharf, wheel, while, whim, = Icel. hvítr, hveiti, hvalr, hvar, hvaðan, hvé, hválpr, hvína, hvetja, hvirfill, hvarf, hvel, hvíld, hvima, etc. B. REMARKS, CHANGES, ETC. -- In Icel. h is used as an initial letter most largely next to s; in modern Teutonic languages it has been greatly reduced through the dropping of the aspiration before the liquids l, n, r, and before v, whereby all words in hl, hn, hr, and hv have been transferred to the liquids and to v (see Gramm. p. xxxvi, signif. II. β); the h in these words is essential to the etymology, and was in olden times common to all Teutonic languages, but in Scandinavia it was lost about the 11th or 12th century, so that not a single instance of hl, hn, hr is on record in any MS. written in Norway; though old Norwegian poets of the 10th century used it in alliteration, so it must have been sounded at that time; h in hl, hn, hr is therefore a test of a MS. being Icelandic and not Norse. In modern Icel. pronunciation the h aspirate has been lost in two or three words, as leiti for hleyti, a part, a word which was borrowed from Norway about the 14th century; rót = hrót, a roof: it is a matter of course that the h is dropped in words which were borrowed from the English not earlier than the 12th century, e. g. lávarðr. Early Engl. lauerd (lord), but A. S. hlâford. II. the h has been added in a few words to which it does not rightly belong, viz. in hneiss and hneisa for neiss and neisa; hnýsa for nýsa; hreifr (glad) for reifr; hniðra (to lower) for niðra (niðr); hlykkr (and hlykkjóttr), a curve, for lykkr (cp. lykkja, a noose); hrjóta for rjóta, to snort; hlað, a lace, cp. Lat. laqueus; hnestla for nestla, a loop. β. in a few instances both forms are used to form double words, in hrífa and rífa, Lat. rapere; hrasa and rasa, to stumble; rata ( = Goth. vraton), to find the way, but hrata, to fall (cp. Vsp. 52); hrjá and rjá, to vex. 2. the h seems to be a substitute, α. for an old v, in hrekja, to toss about, to wreck, akin to Goth. vrekan, Icel. reka; in hreiðr, a nest, Dan. rede, cp. Engl. wreath, Goth. vriþus. β. in modern pronunciation h is a substitute for g in the words hneggja, hnegg, for gneggja, gnegg; þver-hnípt for þver-gnipt. γ. for k in hnífr, hnúi, hnefi, hnöttr, hnútr, hnörr, hnakkr, hnjúkr, hnoða, hnappr, for knífr, knúi, knefi ..., knoða, knappr; this spelling is found in MSS. of the 15th century, e.g. the Hrokkinskinna passim (see letter K). In all these cases the h is etymologically wrong; in some of the words above (as in hneisa) it is found even in very old MSS., e.g. the Mork.; but the true etymology is seen from the alliteration in old poems, e.g. Hm. 48, 140, Hðm. 26 (raut, reginkunni); Stor. 13 (Nýsumk hins | ok hygg at því); Edda 105 (reifr gékk herr und hlífar | hizig ...); but not so in modern poets, e.g. Hröktu því svo og hrjáðu þig | Herra minn ílsku-þjóðir, Pass. 9. 9; Forvitnin holdsins hnýsir þrátt | í Herrans leyndar-dóma, 21. 2; Nær eg fell eðr hrasa hér | hæstur Drottinn vill reiðast mér, 5. 6. III. the Gothic has a special sign for hv, viz. w, which thus answers to wh in English, e.g. wan = when. 2. when followed by an o or u, the v in hv is dropped, e.g. hót hooting, hóta to hoot, cp. Goth. wota and wotjan; as also in hót = hvat what, hóll from hváll, hjól and hvel, hólf and hválf, horfinn, hurfu, hyrfi for hvorfinn, hvurfu, hvyrfi. C. INTERCHANGE. -- Latin c and Greek κ answer to the Teut. and Icel. h; thus Lat. c&a-short;per, c&a-short;put, c&a-short;nis, carbasus, centum, cervus, c&o-short;r (cord-), collum, corvus, c&u-long;tis, = Icel. hafr, höfuð, hundr, hörr (hörv-), hundrað, hjörtr (hirtu) and hjarta, háls (hals), hrafn, húð; calx, cp. hæll; cardo, cp. hjarri; claudus, cp. haltr; cl&i-long;vus, cp. hlíð; corpus, cp. hræ (hræv-); c&e-short;rebrum, cp. hjarni; cr&a-long;ter, cp. hurð; c&o-long;s, cp. hein; cl&a-long;mo, cp. hljómr; c&e-long;lo, cp. hylja and Hel; coelum, cp. holr (hollow); c&a-short;pio (-c&i-short;pio) = hefja; prin-cipium = upp-haf; c&e-long;teri, cp. hindri; co- and con-, cp. hjá; c&i-short;tra, cp. héðra (hér is a contracted form); cl&u-long;nis, cp. hlaun; cl&i-long;no, cp. hlein, Engl. to lean; c&a-short;leo, cp. hlé-, hlý-r; c&o-short;lo, cp. halda; custodio, cp. hodd, Engl. to hoard; cella, cp. hellir; carcer, cp. hörgr; circus, cp. hringr; c&o-short;rium, cp. hörund; curvus, cp. hverfa (to turn round): Gr. GREEK, GREEK = Icel. hellri, hellztr (hölztr); GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, = Icel. hálmr, höfuð, horn, hundr, hjarta; GREEK, cp. húnn; GREEK, cp. hlutr; GREEK, cp. högl-d, hvel, hjól; GREEK, cp. holr; GREEK, cp. hrafn; GREEK, cp. hræ; GREEK, cp. hjarni and hvern or hvörn (the two pebble-like bones in a fish's head), cp. also Goth. wairnis; GREEK, cp. Icel. hrútr; GREEK, GREEK, cp. harðr, hraustr; GREEK, cp. herja; GREEK, cp. hylja; GREEK, cp. hlín, hlein; GREEK, cp. hlýða; GREEK, cp. hrikta; GREEK, cp. hriflingar, hrifla; GREEK, cp. heimr; GREEK, cp. húm; GREEK, cp. hjú-, hjú-n: Lat. quis = hverr; qui = hve; quies, cp. hvíl-d, etc.: some of these words may be dubious, but others are evident. Haðar, m. pl. the inhabitants of Haða-land, a Norse county, Fms. xii. HADDA, u, f. (halda, Rd. 315, l. 14), [Ivar Aasen hodda, hadde, holle] :-- a pot-hook or rather pot-links, for the hadda was a chain of rings rather than a mere handle, as is seen from Hým. 34 -- en á hælum hringar skullu -- compared with, heyrði til höddu þá er Þórr bar hverinn, Skálda 168; hann kastaði katlinum svá at haddan skall við (rattled), Fms. vi. 364; hann dró á hönd sér höddu er ifir var bollanum, Ó. H. 135; ketill var upp yfir rekkjuna ok reist upp haddan yfir katlinum, ok vóru þar á festir hringar, ... þá féll haldan á katlinum því at hann hafði komit við festina, Rd. 314, 315; hann krækti undir hödduna hinum minsta fingri ok fleytti honum (the kettle) jafnhátt ökla, Fb. i. 524; at konungr mundi gína yfir ketil-hödduna, ... ok var haddan orðin feit, ... konungr brá líndúk um hödduna ok gein yfir, Fms. i. 36. HADDR, m. [Goth. hazds; A. S. prob. heard, v. infra], hair, only in poetry a lady's hair; haddr Sifjar, the gold-hair of the goddess Sif., Edda 69, 70; hár heitir lá, haddr þat er konur hafa, 109; bleikja hadda, to bleach, dress the hair, 75, Korm. 26, Gkv. 1. 15; bleikir haddar, Fas. i. 478; grass is called haddr jarðar, Bm.; hadds höll is the head, Eb. (in a verse). haddaðr, part. hairy, Lat. crinitus; barr-h., barley-haired, an epithet of the earth; bjart-h., bright-haired; bleik-h., blond-haired; hvít-h., white-haired, Lex. Poët. hadd-bjartr, adj. bright-haired, blond, Hornklofi. hadd-blik, n. bleaching the hair, Edda 77. Haddingr, m. a pr. name of a mythical hero, = comatus, cp. A. S. hearding, Goth. hazdiggs, Engl. Harding, Lex. Poët., Munch i. 217. Haddingja-skati, a, m. a nickname, Sæm. HAÐNA, u, f. (not hauðna, for the pl. is hoðnor, Grág. i. 503), [cp. Lat. hoedus], a young she-goat (one year old), Grág. i. 503, Bk. 20. COMPDS: höðnu-kið, n. ( = haðna), a young kid, Gullþ. 19, Rd. 267. höðnu-leif, f., poët. 'kid's food,' a withe or switch, used as a halter (?), Ýt. 12 (from goats feeding on branches and withes?)

228 HAF -- HAFA.

HAF, n. [Swed. haf; Dan. hav; formed from hefja, to lift; a Scandin. word, which seems not to occur in Saxon or Germ.] :-- the sea, Hdl. 38; esp. the high sea, the ocean; sigla í (á) haf, láta í haf, to put to sea, Eg. 69, Nj. 4; fimm (sex) dægra haf, five (six) days' sail, Landn. 26; koma af hafi, to come off the sea,i.e. to land, Eg. 392; en haf svá mikit millum landanna, at eigi er fært langskipum, Hkr. i. 229; harm sigldi norðr í haf um haustið, ok fengu ofviðri mikit í hafi, Ó. H. 26; sigldi Þórarinn þá á haf út, 125; sigldu síðan á haf út þegar byr gaf, Eg. 125; en byrr bar þá í haf út, id.; en er sóttisk hafit, 126; liggja til hafs, to lie to and wait for a wind, Bs. i. 16; hann dó í hafi, he died at sea, Landn. 264; þeir vissusk jafnan til í hafinu, 56; veita e-m far um hafit, Eb. 196; tyrir austan mitt haf, beyond the sea (i.e. between Iceland and Scandinavia); en er inn sækir í fjörðinn þá er þar svá vítt sem mikit haf, Fms. vi. 296 (for the explanation of this passage see Aarböger for Nord. Oldk. 1868); útí fjarðar-kjapta þar til er haf tekr við, Bs. i. 482: in plur., ganga höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina, Hkr. (begin.); út-haf, regin-haf, the ocean; Íslands-haf, the sea between Iceland and Norway, Fms. vi. 107, Band. 9; Grænlands-haf, the sea between Greenland and America, Fms. iv. 177; Englands-haf, the English Sea, i.e. the North Sea, between England and Norway, 329, x. 272, 398, xi. 201, Fær. 88; Írlands-haf, the Irish Sea, i.e. the Atlantic, Þorf. Karl. 390; Álanz-haf, the gulf of Bothnia, Orkn. (begin.); Sólundar-haf, the sea of the Sulin Island (Norway), Fms. x. 34, 122; Grikklands-haf, the Grecian Archipelago, vi. 134, 161, vii. 85, passim; Svarta-haf, the Black Sea, Hkr. i. 5, Fms. vi. 169; Jótlands-haf, the Cattegat, 264; Jórsala-haf, the sea of Jerusalem, i.e. the Mediterranean, x. 85, Fb. iii; Rauða-haf or Hafið Rauða, the 'Red Sea,' i.e. the Ocean (mythol.), nú heldr jörð griðum upp, en himininn varðar fyrir ofan, en Hafit Rauða fyrir utan, er liggr um lönd öll þau er vér höfum tíðendi af, Grág. i. 166; in mod. usage the Red Sea = Sinus Arabicus; Dumbs-haf, the Polar Sea, Landn.; Miðjarðar-haf, the Mediterranean; Atlants-haf, the Atlantic; Kyrra-haf, the Pacific (these three in mod. writers only). COMPDS: hafs-afl, n. the main, Sks. 606, v.l. hafs-auga, n., see p. 33, col. 2 (ζ). hafs-botn, m. a gulf; firðir ok hafs-botnar, Sks. 199: of the Polar Sea, as the ancients supposed a continuity of land between Greenland and Europe, Fms. xi. 411; hafsbotn er heitir Svarta-haf, Hkr. i. 5. hafs-brún, f. the 'sea-brow,' the sea-line on the horizon, cp. lands-brún, s. v. brún, p. 84. hafs-flóð, n. a deluge, Rb. 444. hafs-geil, f. a sea lane, i.e. a narrow strait, Stj. 287. Exod. xiv. 22, 23. hafs-geimr, m. = hafsmegin. hafs-megin, n. the main, the high sea; sakir hafsmegins, storma ok strauma, Fms. i. 153; þótti þeim íllt at eiga lengr við hafsmegin, i.e. they longed for land, Eb. 120; allmikill harmr er þat, er vér eigum svá langt hingað at sækja, fyrst hafs-megin mikit, etc. (i.e. between Iceland and Sweden), Ó. H. 57. haf-alda, u, f. a roller, wave. haf-att, f. = hafgola. haf-bára, u, f. a wave, Stj. 26. haf-bylgja, f. id., Bs. ii. 50. haf-fugl, m. a sea-bird, Stj. 78. haf-færr and haf-færandi, part. sea-going, sea-worthy, of a ship, Eg. 364, Hkr. ii. 183, Krók. 42. haf-för, f. a sea voyage, Landn. 174. haf-gerðingar, f. pl. 'sea-fens,' portentous waves mentioned by old sailors in the main between Iceland and America, described in Sks. 171, Bs. i. 483; hann fór til Grænalands ok hom í hafgerðingar, Landn. 319 (10th century), whence Hafgerðinga-drápa, u, f. the name of a poem (a votive poem composed during a tornado), Landn. 320. haf-gjálfr, n. the roar of the sea, Bs. i. 119, ii. 50, Róm. 369. haf-gola, u, f. a sea breeze, Eb. 8, Eg. 370, 373, Sturl. iii. 70. haf-gúfa, u, m. a mermaid, Sks. 138, Fas. ii. 249, Edda (Gl.) haf-hallt, adj. standing seaward, Fms. i. 62, 63. haf-hrútr, m. a sea ram, Fms. viii. 373. haf-íss, m. 'sea-ice,' i.e. drift ice, Landn. 30, Bs. ii. 5, Eb. 292, Ann. 1233, 1261, 1275, 1306, 1319, 1375. haf-kaldr, adj., poët. cold as the sea, Lex. Poët. haf-kóngr, m. a kind of shell, Eggert Itin. haf-lauðr, n., poët. sea foam, Lex. Poët. haf-leið, f. standing seawards, Fms. i. 59. haf-leiðis, adv. seawards, Hkr. i. 181. Haf-liði, a, m. 'Sea-slider,' a pr. name, Landn. haf-ligr, adj. marine, Sks. 605. haf-nest, n. provisions for a voyage, Grett. 94 A, Eb. haf-nýra, n., poët. a 'sea-kidney,' a pearl, Hd. haf-reið, f., poët. a ship. haf-rek, n. a wreck, Gþl. 519. haf-reka, adj. indecl. wrecked, tossed about, Ann. 1347. haf-rekinn, part. shipwrecked, Bs. i. 819. haf-rekstr, m. wreck, jetsum; með öllum gögnum ok gæðum, með flutningum ok hafrekstri, Dipl. iii. 10. haf-ræðr, adj. sea-worthy, able-bodied, of a sailor, B. K. 20. haf-rœna, u, f. a sea breeze. haf-rœnn, adj. blowing from the sea. haf-sigling, f. a voyage. hafsiglingar-maðr, m. a seaman, mariner, Landn. 28. haf-skip, n. a sea-going ship, Landn. 47, Grág. ii. 397, Eg. 130, Fms. ii. 219. haf-skíð, n., poët. a ship. haf-skrimsl, n. a sea-monster, Sks. 86. haf-sleipnir, m. a sea-horse, poët. a ship. haf-stormr, m. a storm at sea, Bret. 98, Sks. 227. haf-strambr, m. a fabulous sea-monster, Sks. 166, Ann. 1305. haf-straumr, m. a sea current, Lex. Poët. haf-súla, u, f. a kind of bird, bassanus. haf-tyrðill, m. uria alla, a sea-bird, Edda (Gl.) haf-velktr, part. sea-tossed, Krók. 75. haf-viðri, n. a sea breeze, Landn. 225, Eg. 373, Bárð. 6 new Ed. haf-villr, adj. having lost one's course at sea, Nj. 267, v.l. haf-villur, f. pl. loss of one's course at sea, Finnb. 242; rak þá víða um hafit, vóru þeir flestir innanborðs at á kom hafvilla, Ld. 74; koma nú á fyrir þeim myrkr ok hafvillur, Fms. iii. 181, Þorf. Karl. 372. haf-þrunginn, part. sea-swoln, Mar. B. Lifting; hann hnykkir upp steininum, sýndisk flestum mönnum úlíkligr til hafs fyrir vaxtar sakir, Finnb. 324; cp. Grettis-haf, the lift of Grettir, of a heavy stone. II. beginning; upp-haf, principium. HAFA, pret. hafði; subj. hefði; pres. sing, hefi (less correctly hefir), hefir, hefir; plur. höfum, hafit, hafa: the mod. pres. sing, is monosyllabic hefr or hefur, and is used so in rhymes -- andvara engan hefur | ... við glys heims gálaus sefur, Pass. 15. 6, but in print the true old form hefir is still retained; the monosyllabic present is used even by old writers in the 1st pers. before the personal or negative suffix, e.g. hef-k and hef-k-a ek for hefi-g and hefig-a ek, see e.g. Grág. (Kb.) 79, 82, in the old oath formula, hef-k eigi, Hallfred; hef ek, Fms. iii. 10 (in a verse); but not so in 3rd pers., e.g. hefir-a or hefir-at, Grág. l.c.: imperat. haf, hafðu: part. pass. hafðr, neut. haft; -- hafat is an GREEK, Vsp. 16, and is prob. qs. hafit from hefja, to heave, lift: [Ulf. haban; A. S. habban; Engl. have; Hel. hebben; Germ. haben; Dutch hebben; Dan. have, Swed. hafva: it is curious the Lat. form habere retains the consonant unchanged, cp. the Romance forms, Ital. avere, Fr. avoir, Span. haber, etc. UNCERTAIN Hafa is a weak verb, and thus distinguished from hefja (to lift, begin), which is a strong verb, answering to Lat. capere, incipere; but in sundry cases, as will be seen below, it passes into the sense of this latter word; as also in some instances into that of another lost strong verb, hafa, hóf, to behave, and hœfa, to hit] :-- to have. A. To have; hann hafði með sér ekki meira lið, Fms. i. 39; hafði hverr hirð um sik, 52; höfðu þeir áttján skip, viii. 42; Sverrir hafði tvau hundrað manna, ... þeir höfðu annan samnað á landi, 328; hann hafði mikit lið ok frítt, x. 36; þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest stór, 102; hafa fjölmennar setur, Eb. 22; hann hafði menn sína í síldveri, Eg. 42; mun ek naut hafa þar sem mér þykkir hagi beztr, 716. II. to hold: 1. to keep, celebrate; hafa ok halda, Dipl. i. 6; hafa átrúnað, 10; hafa dóma, 12; hafa blót, Fms. iv. 254; hafa vina-veizlu, id.; hafa vina-boð, Nj. 2; hafa Jóla-boð, Eg. 516; hafa þing, Fms. ix. 449; hafa haust-boð, Gísl. 27; hafa drykkju, Eb. 154; hafa leik, Fms. x. 201, passim. 2. to hold, observe; hlýðir þat hvergi at hafa eigi lög í landi, Nj. 149; skal þat hafa, er stendr ..., Grág. i. 7; skal þat allt hafa er finsk á skrá þeirri ..., id.; en hvatki es mis-sagt es í fræðum þessum, þá es skylt at hafa þat (to keep, hold to be true) es sannara reynisk, Íb. 3; ok hafða ek (I kept, selected) þat ór hvárri er framarr greindi, Landn. 320, v.l. 3. to hold, keep, retain; ef hann vill hafa hann til fardaga, Grág. i. 155; skal búandinn hafa hann hálfan mánuð, 154; ok hafði hvárr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; hitt skal hafa er um fram er, Rb. 56; kasta í burt þrjátigi ok haf þat sem eptir verðr, 494. 4. to hold an office; hafa lögsögu, to hold the office of lögsaga, Íb. passim; hafa jarldóm, konungdóm, passim; þat höfðu haft at fornu Dana-konungar, Eg. 267; þér berit konunga-nöfn svá sem fyrr hafa haft (have had) forfeðr yðrir, en hafit lítið af ríki, Fms. i. 52; hafa ríki, to reign, Hkr. pref. 5. phrases, hafa elda, to keep a fire, cook, Fms. xi. 129; hafa fjárgæzlu, to tend sheep, Eg. 740; hafa embætti með höndum, Stj. 204; hafa gæzlur á e-u, Fms. ix. 313; hafa ... vetr, to have so many winters, be of such an age (cp. Fr. avoir ... ans), Íb. 15; margir höfðu lítið fátt þúsund ára, Ver. 7: hafa vörn í máli, Nj. 93; hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand, Fms. viii. 280, ix. 239; hafa e-t á höndum, Grág. i. 38; hafa fyrir satt, to hold for true, Fms. xi. 10; hafa við orð, to intimate, suggest, Nj. 160; hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of, Fas. i. 318. 6. with prepp. or infin., α. with prep.; hafa til, to have, possess; ef annarr þeirra hefir til enn annarr eigi, þá er sá skyldr til at fá honum er til hefir, Grág. i. 33; ef annarr hefir til ..., id.; þér ætlið at ek muna eigi afl til hafa, Ld. 28. β. with infin.; hafa at varðveita, to have in keeping, Eg. 500; lög hafit þér at mæla, you have the law on your tongue, i.e. you are right, Nj. 101; hörð tíðindi hefi ek at segja þér, 64; sá er gripinn hefir at halda, Grág. i. 438; hafa at selja, to have on sale, Ld. 28. III. to use; var haft til þess sker eitt, Eb. 12; þá höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spjót, Fms. vii. 193; er þín ráð vóru höfð, that thy advice was taken, Fs. 57; Gríss hafði þessi ráð, Fms. iii. 21; ek vil at þat sé haft er ek legg til, x. 249; þykki mér þú vel hafa (make good use of) þau tillög er ek legg fyrir þik, xi. 61; til þess alls er jarli þótti skipta, þá hafði hann þessa hluti, 129; tvau ný (net), ok hafa eigi höfð verit (which have not been used), haf þú (take) hvárt er þú vilt, Háv. 46; þær vil ek hafa enar nýju, en ek vil ekki hætta til at hafa enar fornu, id.; önnur er ný ok mikil ok hefir (has) til einskis höfð (used) verið, id.; buðkr er fyrir húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; gjalda vápn þau er höfð eru, N. G. L. i. 75; þat hafði hann haft (used) fyrir skála, Edda 29; þeir vóru hafðir til at festa með hús jafnan, Nj. 118; sá hólmr var hafðr til at ..., Fms. i. 218; hann skyldi hafa hinn sama eið, x. 7; orð þau sem hann hafði (had) um haft (used), Nj. 56; orð þau er hann hafði (made use of) í barnskírn, K. Þ. K. 14. 2. more special phrases; hafa fagrmæli við e-n, to flatter one, Nj. 224; hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one, 223; allmikil fjölkyngi mun vera við höfð áðr svá fái gört, Edda 27; hafa mörg orð um e-t, Ld. 268; hafa

HAFA. 229

tvímæli á e-u, to discuss, doubt, speak diffidently of a thing, Lv. 52; hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words, Nj. 89; hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, to take the Lord's name in vain, Fms. i. 310; (hann var) mjök hafðr við mál manna, much used to, versed in lawsuits, Dropl. 8: hafa sik til e-s, to use oneself to a thing, i.e. to do a mean, paltry thing; þeir er til þess vilja hafa sik, at ganga í samkundur manna úboðit, Gþl. 200; ef hann vill sik til þessa hafa, Fms. i. 99: hafa sik við, to exert oneself; skaltú ok verða þik við at hafa um þetta mál, ef þú getr þat af þér fært, Grett. 160: hafa e-n at skotspæni, to use one as a target, Nj. 222; hafa e-n at hlífi-skildi sér, to use one as a shield, 262; hafa e-n at ginningar-fifli, auga-bragði, háði, hlátri, Hm. 133, Nj. 224, passim. IV. to have, hold, maintain, of a state or condition; hafa vináttu við e-n, to maintain friendship with one, Sks. 662; hafa vanmátt, to continue sick, Eg. 565; hafa hættu-mikit, to run a great risk, Nj. 149; hafa vitfirring, to be insane, Grág. i. 154; hafa heilindi, to have good health, 26, Hm. 67; hafa burði til e-s, to have the birthright to a thing. Eg. 479; hafa hug, áræði, hyggindi, to have the courage ..., Hom. 28; hafa vit (to know), skyn, greind ... á e-u, to have understanding of a thing; hafa gaman, gleði, skemtun, ánægju af e-u, to have interest or pleasure in a thing; hafa leiða, ógeð, andstygð, hatr, óbeit á e-u, to dislike, be disgusted with, hate a thing; hafa elsku, mætr, virðing á e-u, to love, esteeem ... a thing; hafa allan hug á e-u, to bend the mind to a thing; hafa grun á e-m, to suspect one; hafa ótta, beyg af e-u, to fear a thing; and in numberless other phrases. 2. with prepp.: α. hafa e-t frammi (fram), to carry out, hold forth; hafa frammi róg, Nj. 166; hafa mál fram, to proceed with a suit, 101; stefnu-för, 78; heitstrengingar, Fms. xi. 103; ok öll lögmælt skil frammi hafa, and discharge all one's official duties, 232; var um búit en ekki fram haft, all was made ready, but nothing done, viii. 113; beini má varla verða betri en hér er frammi hafðr, xi. 52; hafðú í frammi (use) kúgan við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; margir hlutir, þó at hann hafi í frammi, Sks. 276. β. hafa mikit, lítið fyrir e-u, to have much, little trouble about a thing; (hence fyrir-höfn, trouble.) γ. hafa við e-m (afl or the like understood), to be a match for one, Fms. vii. 170, Lv. 109, Nj. 89, Eg. 474, Anal. 176; hafa mikit, lítið við, to make a great, little display; (hence við-höfn, display, pomp); hann söng messu ok hafði mikit við, he sang mass and made a great thing of it, Nj. 157; þú hefir mikit við, thou makest a great show of it, Boll. 351; hann bað jarl leita, hann hafði lítið við þat, he did it lightly, Nj. 141; haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so, Ld. 182. B. To take, carry off, win, wield, [closely akin to Lat. capere]: I. to catch, take, esp. in the phrase, hafa ekki e-s, to miss one; hann kemsk á skóg undan, ok höfðu þeir hans ekki, he took to the forest and they missed him, Nj. 130; ekki munu vér hans hafa at sinni, we sha'nt catch him at present, Fms. vi. 278; hafða ek þess vætki vífs, Hm. 101; þeygi ek hana at heldr hefik, 95: in swearing, tröll, herr, gramir hafi þik, the trolls, ghosts, etc. take thee! tröll hafi líf, ef ..., Kormak; tröll hafi Trefót allan! Grett. (in a verse); tröll hafi þína vini, tröll hafi hól þitt, Nj.; herr hafi Þóri til slægan, confound the wily Thorir! Fms. vi. 278, v.l. (emended, as the phrase is wrongly explained in Fms. xii. Gloss.); gramir hafi þik! vide gramr. II. to carry, carry off, bring; hafði einn hjartað í munni sér, one carried the heart off in his mouth, Nj. 95; hann hafði þat (brought it) norðan með sér, Eg. 42; hafði Þórólfr heim marga dýrgripi, 4; hann hafði með sér skatt allan, 62; skaltú biðja hennar ok hafa hana heim hingat, Edda 22; fé þat er hann hafði (had) út haft (carried from abroad), Gullþ. 13; á fimm hestum höfðu þeir mat, Nj. 74; bókina er hann hafði (had) út haft, Fms. vii. 156; konungr hafði biskup norðr til Björgynjar með sér, viii. 296; biskup lét hann hafa með sér kirkju-við ok járn-klukku, Landn. 42; hann hafði með sér skulda-lið sitt ok búferli, Eb. 8; hann tók ofan hofit, ok hafði með sér flesta viðu, id.; ok hafa hana í brott, Fms. i. 3; tekr upp barnit, ok hefir heim með sér, Ísl. ii. 20; hann hafði lög út hingat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway, Íb. 5; haf þú heim hvali til bæjar, Hým. 26; ok hafa hann til Valhallar, Nj. 119. III. to take, get; hann hafði þá engan mat né drykk, he took no food nor drink, Eg. 602; hann hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep, Bs. i. 139. 2. to get, gain, win; öfluðu sér fjár, ok höfðu hlutskipti mikit, Eg. 4; eigi þarftú at biðja viðsmjörs þess, þvíat hann mun þat alls ekki hafa, né þú, for neither he nor thou shall get it, Blas. 28; jarl vill hafa minn fund, he will have a meeting with me, 40, Skv. 1. 4: the sayings, hefir sá jafnan er hættir, he wins that risks, 'nothing venture, nothing have,' Hrafn. 16; sá hefir krás er krefr, Sl. 29. 3. phrases, hafa meira hlut, to get the better lot, gain the day, Nj. 90, Fms. xi. 93; hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victory, ix. 132, Eg. 7, Hkr. i. 215, Ver. 38; hafa betr, to get the better; hafa verr, miðr, to have the worst of it, Fms. v. 86, Þorst. S. St. 48, passim; hafa mál sitt, to win one's suit, Grág. i. 7, Fms. vii. 34; hafa kaup öll, to get all the bargain, Eg. 71; hafa tafl, to win the game, Fms. vii. 219; hafa erendi, to do one's errand, succeed, Þkv. 10, 11, Fas. ii. 517: hafa bana, to have one's bane, to die, Nj. 8; hafa úsigr, to be worsted, passim; hafa úfrið, to have no peace; hafa gagn, sóma, heiðr, neisu, óvirðing, skömm, etc. af e-u, to get profit, gain, honour, disgrace, etc. from a thing; hafa e-n í helju, to put one to death, Al. 123; hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue him, Nj. 95, 128; höfum eigi, sigrinn ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands, Fms. v. 294. 4. to get, receive; hann hafði góðar viðtökur, Nj. 4; hón skal hafa sex-tigi hundraða, 3; skyldi Högni hafa land, 118; selja skipit, ef hann hafði þat fyrir (if he could get for it) sem hann vildi; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, hann kvaðsk vildu fyrir hafa land, 259; hafa tíðindi, sögur af e-m, to have, get tidings of or from one, Ld. 28; hafa sæmd, metorð óvirðing, to get honour, disgrace from one's hands, Nj. 101; hafa bætr, to get compensation, Grág. i. 188; hafa innstæðuna eina, id.; hafa af e-m, to have the best of one, cheat one. IV. to carry, wear, of clothes, ornaments, weapons: 1. of clothes, [cp. Lat. habitus and Icel. höfn = gear]; hafa hatt á höfði, Ld. 28; hafa váskufl yztan klæða, ... þú skalt hafa undir (wear beneath) hin góðu klæði þín, Nj. 32; hann hafði blán kyrtil, ... hann hafði svartan kyrtil, Boll. 358; hafa fald á höfði, to wear a hood; hón hafði gaddan rautt á höfði, Orkn. 304; hann hafði um sik breitt belti, he wore a broad belt, Nj. 91; hafa fingr-gull á hendi, 146: to have about one's person, vefja saman ok hafa í pungi sínum, Edda 27; hlutir sem mönnum var títt at hafa, Fms. xi. 128. 2. of weapons, to wield, carry; spjót þat er þú hefir í hendi, Boll. 350; hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one's hand, Fms. xi. 129; hafa staf í hendi, to have a stick in the hand, Bárð.; Gunnarr hafði atgeirinn ok sverðit, Kolskeggr hafði saxit, Hjörtr hafði alvæpni, Nj. 93; hann hafdi öxi snaghyrnda, Boll. 358; hann hafði kesjuna fyrir sér, he held the lance in rest, Eg. 532. V. here may be added a few special phrases; hafa hendr fyrir sér, to grope, feel with the hands (as in darkness); hafa vit fyrir sér, to act wisely; hafa at sér hendina, to draw one's hand back, Stj. 198; hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one, Konr.; hafa e-t yfir, to repeat (of a lesson): hafa sik, to betake oneself; hafa sik til annarra landa, Grett. 9 new Ed.; hann vissi varla hvar hann átti at hafa sik, he knew not where (whither) to betake himself, Bs. i. 807; hefir hann sik aptr á stað til munklífisins, Mar. C. Passing into the sense of hefja (see at the beginning); hafa e-t uppi, to heave up, raise; hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel, Fb. ii. 89: hafa uppi færi, net, a fisherman's term, to heave up, take up the net or line, Háv. 46; Skarphéðinn hafði uppi (heaved up) öxina, Nj. 144: hafa uppi tafl, to play at a game, Vápn. 29; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. 406, v.l.: hafa e-n uppi, to hold one up, bring him to light; svá máttu oss skjótast uppi hafa, Fær. 42: metaph. to reveal, vándr riddari hafði allt þegar uppi, Str. 10. 2. with the notion to begin; Bárðr hafði uppi orð sín (began his suit) ok bað Sigríðar, Eg. 26, Eb. 142; hafa upp stefnu, to begin the summons, Boll. 350; hafa upp ræður, to begin a discussion; ræður þær er hann hafði uppi haft við Ingigerði, Fms. iv. 144, where the older text in Ó. H. reads umræður þær er hann hafði upp hafit (from hefja), 59; cp. also Vsp., þat langniðja-tal mun uppi hafat (i.e. hafit) meðan öld lifir, 16, (cp. upp-haf, beginning); þó at ek hafa síðarr um-ræðu um hann, better þó at ek hafa (i.e. hefja) síðarr upp ræðu um hann, though I shall below treat of, discuss that, Skálda (Thorodd) 168; er lengi hefir uppi verit haft síðan (of a song), Nj. 135; cp. also phrases such as, hafa á rás, to begin running, take to one's heels, Fms. iv. 120, ix. 490; næsta morgin hefir út fjörðinn, the next morning a breeze off land arose, Bs. ii. 48: opp. is the phrase, hafa e-t úti, to have done, finished; hafa úti sitt dags-verk, Fms. xi. 431; hafa úti sekt sína, Grett. 149. D. Passing into the sense of a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf (see at the beginning), to behave, do, act: I. with an adverb, hafa vel, ílla, or the like, to behave, and in some instances to do well or badly, be happy or unhappy, α. to behave; en nú vil ek eigi verr hafa en þú, Fms. iv. 342; þeir sögðu at konungr vildi verr hafa en þeir, 313; hefir þú ílla ór (málum or the like understood) haft við mik, Fs. 140; ólikr er Gísli öðrum í þolinmæði, ok hefir hann betr en vér, Gísl. 28. β. to do so and so (to be happy, unhappy); verr hafa þeir er trygðum slitu, Mkv. 3; ílla hefir sá er annan svíkr, 18; vel hefir sá er þat líða lætr, 6; vel hefir sá (he is happy) er eigi bíðr slíkt íllt þessa heims, Fms. v. 145; hvílíkt hefir þú, how dost thou? Mar.; hafa hart, to do badly, to be wretched; at sál Þorgils mætti fyrir þær sakir eigi hart hafa, Sturl. iii. 292, Mar.; Ólafr hafði þá hölzti ílla, O. was very poorly, D. N. ii. 156; þykisk sá bezt hafa (happiest) er fyrstr kemr heim, Fms. xi. 248; þá hefir hann bazt af hann þegir, i.e. that is the best he can do if he holds his tongue, Hm. 19; þess get ek at sá hafi verr (he will make a bad bargain) er þik flytr, Nj. 128; úlfgi hefir ok vel, the wolf is in a bad plight, Ls. 39; mun sá betr hafa er eigi tekr við þér, id.; betr hefðir þú, ef ..., thou wouldest do better, if ..., Akv. 16. γ. adding sik; hafa sik vel, to behave well, Fms. x. 415, Stj. 436. II. with the prep. at, to do, act, (hence at-höfn, at-hæfi, act, doing); hann lét ekki til búa vígs-málit ok engan hlut at hafa, Nj. 71; en ef þeim þykkir of lítið féit tekit, þá skulu þeir hafa at hit sama, to act in the same way, Grág. ii. 267; hvatki es þeir hafa at, Fms. xi. 132; hann tók af þér konuna, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst take it tamely, Nj. 33; bæði munu menn þetta kalla stórvirki ok íllvirki, en þó má nú ekki at hafa, but there is no help for it, 202; eigi sýnisk mér meðal-atferðar-leysi, at vér höfum eigi at um kvámur hans, i.e. that we submit tamely to his coming, Fs. 32: absol., viltú þess freista, ok vita þá hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and

230 HAFA.

see how it will do? Bjarn. 27; en nú skaltú fara fyrir, ok vita hvat at hafi, Bs. i. 712. III. phrases, hafa hátt, to be noisy, talk loud, Fms. i. 66; við skulum ekki hafa hátt (do not cry loud) hér er maðr á glugganum, a lullaby song; hafa lágt, to keep silent; hafa hægt, to keep quiet; hafa sik á (í) hófi, to compose oneself, Ls. 36; hafa í hótum við e-n, to use threatening (foul) language, Fb. i. 312; hafa í glett við e-n, to banter one, Fms. viii. 289; hafa íllt at verki, to do a bad deed, Ísl. ii. 184. E. Passing into the sense of the verb hæfa (see at the beginning), to aim at, hit, with dat.: I. to hit; svá nær hafði hausinum, at ..., the shot so nearly hit the head, that ..., Fms. ii. 272; þat sama forað, sem henni hafði næst váða, those very precipices from which she had so narrow an escape, Bs. i. 200, Fms. ix. 357; nær hafði nú, at skjótr mundi verða okkarr skilnaðr, Al. 124; nær hafði okkr nú, it struck near us, it was a narrow escape, Fms. viii. 281; kvaðsk svá dreymt hafa (have dreamed), at þeim mundi nær hafa, ix. 387, v.l.; ok er nær hafði at skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship was on the point of floating, Ld. 58; ok hafði svá nær (it was within a hair's breadth), at frændr Þorvalds mundu ganga at honum, Nj. 160; ok hafði svá nær at þeir mundi berjask, Íb. 11, cp. Bs. i. 21: the phrase, fjarri hefir, far from it! Edda (in a verse). 2. to charge; eigi em ek þar fyrir sönnu hafðr, I am not truly aimed at for that, 'tis a false charge, Eg. 64; þeim manni er fyrir sökum er hafðr, i.e. the culprit, Grág. i. 29; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á e-u, to make a charge of a thing; það varð ekki á því haft, they could not make a case for a charge of it. II. metaph. to be the ground or reason for, (hence til-hæfa, reason, fact, foundation); til þess ætla vitrir menn þat haft at Ísland sé Tile (i.e. Thule) kallað, at ..., learned men suppose that is the reason that Iceland is called Thule, that ..., Landn. (pref.); mikit mun til haft, er einmæli er um (there must be some reason for it, because all people say so), Þorgils segir, eigi er fyrir haft (there is no ground whatever for it), at ek mæla betr fyrir griðum en aðrir menn, Ísl. ii. 379; vér hyggjum þat til þess haft vera, at þar hafi menn sésk, we believe the substance of the story is that men have been seen there, Fms. xi. 158; hvat er til þess haft um þat (what is the truth of the matter?), hefir sundr-þykki orðit með ykkr? Boll. 364: in the saying, hefir hverr til síns ágætis nokkut, every one gets his reputation for something, Nj. 115. 2. to happen, coincide; hefir svá til, at hann var þar sjálfr, Fms. xi. 138, v.l. β. the phrase, hafa mikit (lítið) til síns máls, to have much (little) reason for one's tale, i.e. to be much, little, in the right, Fms. vii. 221, xi. 138 (v.l.), Nj. 88: um þenna hefir svá stórum, it matters so much with this man, (v.l. for mun stórum skipta), Fms. xi. 311. F. REFLEX. to keep, dwell, abide, but only of a temporary shelter or abode, cp. Lat. habitare, (cp. also höfn, a haven); hann hefsk á náttartíma niðri í vötnum, at night-time he keeps down in the water, Stj. 77: to live, þeir höfðusk mjök í kaupferðum, they spent much of their life in travelling, Hkr. i. 276; hann hafðisk löngum í bænum, Bs. i. 353. β. with prep. við; hér mun ek við hafask (I will stay here) en þú far til konungs, Fb. ii. 125; hafðisk hann við á skógum eðr í öðrum fylgsnum, 302; því at hann hafðisk þá á skipum við, Fms. viii. 44; hvílsk heldr ok hafsk við í því landi, rest and stay in that land, Stj. 162; Ásgeirr hafðisk við uppi í dalnum, Sd. 154; hafask lind fyrir, to cover oneself with a shield (?), Vsp. 50; hafask hlífar fyrir, to be mailed in armour, Hkm. 11. 2. hafask at, to do, behave (cp. D. above); vóru þeir þá svá móðir, at þeir máttu ekki at hafask, Fms. ii. 149; en síðan skulut þér at hafa slíkt sem ek kann fyrir segja, i. 158; þat eitt munu við at hafask, at ek mun betr göra en þú, Nj. 19; Lambi sá hvat Steinarr hafðisk at, Eg. 747. 3. hafask vel, to do well, thrive; vaxa ok vel hafask, to wax and do well, Hm. 142; nú er þat bæn mín, at þér hafisk við vel, that you bear yourself well up, Fms. ix. 497; Jungfrúin hafðisk vel við í ferðinni, x. 86; at fé hans mundi eigi hafask at betr at meðal-vetri, Grág. ii. 326. 4. recipr., hafask orð við, to speak to one another; ok er þat ósiðlegt, at menn hafisk eigi orð við, Fs. 14; þar til er þeir hafask réttar tölur við, N. G. L. i. 182. II. part. hafandi is used in the sense of having conceived, being with child; þá verit hann varr við at hón var hafandi, 656 B. 14; hón skyldi verða hafandi at Guðs syni, id.; generally, allt þat er hafanda var lét burð sinn ok ærðisk, Fms. vii. 187; svá sem hón verðr at honum hafandi, Stj. 178; (hence barns-hafandi, being with child.) G. The word hafa is in the Icel., as in other Teut. languages, used as an auxiliary verb with a part. pass. of another verb, whereby a compound preterite and pluperfect are formed as follows: I. in transitive verbs with acc. the participle also was put in acc., agreeing in gender, number, and case with the objective noun or pronoun; this seems to have been a fixed rule in the earliest time, and is used so in all old poems down at least to the middle of the 11th century, to the time of Sighvat (circ. A.D. 990-1040), who constantly used the old form, -- átt is an apostrophe for átta in the verse Ó. H. 81: 1. references from poets, Gm. 5, 12, 16; þá er forðum mik fædda höfðu, Vsp. 2; hverr hefði lopt lævi blandit eðr ætt jötuns Óðs mey gefna, 29; þær's í árdaga áttar höfðu, 60: ek hafða fengna konungs reiði, Ad. 3; en Grjótbjörn um gnegðan hefir, 18; mik hefir marr miklu ræntan, Stor. 10; þó hefir Míms-vinr mér um fengnar bölva bætr, 22: gaupur er Haraldr hafi sveltar, Hornklofi: Loka mær hefir leikinn allvald, Ýt. 7; sá hafði borinn brúna-hörg, 14; jarlar höfðu veginn hann, 15: ek hef orðinn (found) þann guðföðr (verða is here used as trans.), Hallfred; höfum kera framðan, id.: hann hefir litnar, sénar, hár bárur, Ísl. ii. 223, thus twice in a verse of A.D. 1002; göngu hefik of gengna, Korm. (in a verse); hann hafði farna för, Hkr. i. (Glum Geirason); ek hefi talðar níu orustur, Sighvat; þú hefir vanðan þik, id.; ér hafit rekna þá braut, Ó. H. 63 (Óttar Svarti); hann hefir búnar okkr hendr skrautliga, Sighvat (Ó. H. 13); þeir hafa færð sín höfuð Knúti, id.; hvar hafit ér hugðan mér sess, id.; hafa sér kenndan enn nørðra heims enda, id.; Sighvatr hefir lattan gram, id.; hefir þú hamar um fólginn, Þkv. 7, 8; þú hefir hvatta okkr, Gkv. 6; ek hefi yðr brennda, Am. 39, cp. 56; hefi ek þik minntan, 81; hefir þú hjörtu tuggin, Akv. 36; hefir þú mik dvalðan, Hbl. 51; ek hefi hafðar þrár, I have had throes, Fsm. 51; en ek hann görvan hef-k, svá hefi ek studdan, 12 (verse 13 is corrupt); hann hefir dvalða þik, Hkv. Hjörv. 29; lostna, 30; mik hefir sóttan meiri glæpr, 32; ek hefi brúði kerna, id.; þú hefir etnar úlfa krásir, opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; sá er opt hefir örnu sadda, 35; hefir þú kannaða koni óneisa, 23; þá er mik svikna höfðut, Skv. 3. 55; hann hafði getna sonu, Bkv. 8; þann sal hafa halir um görvan, Fm. 42; bróður minn hefir þú benjaðan, 25; er hann ráðinn hefir, 37; sjaldan hefir þú gefnar vargi bráðir, Eg. (in a verse). 2. references from prose; this old form has since been turned into an indecl. neut. sing. part. -it. The old form was first lost in the strong verbs and the weak verbs of the first conjugation: in the earliest prose both forms are used, although the indecl. is more freq. even in the prose writers, as Íb., the Heiðarv. S., the Miracle-book in Bs., Njála, Ó. H., (Thorodd seems only to use the old form,) as may be seen from the following references, Björn hafði særða þrjá menn, Nj. 262; hann mundi hana hafa gipta honum, 47; hann hafði þá leidda saman hestana, 264: ek hefi sendan mann, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 333; ek nefi senda menn, id.: hafa son sinn ór helju heimtan, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 337; en er þeir höfðu niðr settan sveininn, 349; hann hafði veidda fimm tegu fiska, 350: er þér hefir ílla neisu gorva, Ó. H. 107: þá hefi ek fyrri setta þá í stafrófi, Skálda (Thorodd) 161; þar hefi ek við görva þessa stafi fjóra, id.; hafa hann samsettan, 167: góða fylgd hefir þú mér veitta, Þorst Síðu H. 2: sagði, at Ólafr konungr hafði sendan hann, Bs. i. 11: Þyri, er hertogi hafði festa nauðga, Fms. x. 393 (Ágrip): hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða, v. 236: hefir sólin gengna tvá hluti, en einn úgenginn, K. Þ. K. 92 (Lund's Syntax, p. 12). β. again, neut. indecl., hana hafði átt fyrr Þoróddr, Ísl. ii. 192: hón hafði heimt húskarl sinn ..., Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 339; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest minn, 340; hefir þú eigi séð mik, 341; hve hann hafði lokkat hann. id.; gistingar hefi ek yðr fengit, 343: þeir höfðu haft úfrið ok orrostur, Íb. 12; hann hafði tekið lögsögu, 14: stafr er átt hafði Þorlákr, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 340; er þær höfðu upp tekit ketilinn ok hafit ..., 342; göngu es hann hafði gingit, 344; es sleggjuna hafði niðr fellt, 346; sem maðr hefði nýsett (hana) niðr, id.; jartein þá er hann þóttisk fingit hafa, 347; hafði prestrinn fært fram sveininn, 349: hjálm er Hreiðmarr hafði átt, Edda 73: hafa efnt sína heitstrenging, Fms. (Jómsv. S.) xi. 141: slíkan dóm sem hann hafði mér hugat, Ó. H. 176, etc. passim :-- at last the inflexion disappeared altogether, and so at the present time the indecl. neut. sing, is used throughout; yet it remains in peculiar instances, e.g. konu hefi eg mér festa, Luke xiv. 20, cp. Vídal. ii. 21. UNCERTAIN This use of the inflexive part. pass. may often serve as a test of the age of a poem, e.g. that Sólarljóð was composed at a later date may thus be seen from verses 27, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79; but this test is to be applied with caution, as the MSS. have in some cases changed the true forms (-inn, -ann, and -it, -an being freq. abbreviated in the MSS. so as to render the reading dubious). In many cases the old form is no doubt to be restored, e.g. in vegit to veginn, Fm. 4, 23; búit to búinn, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; borit to borinn, Hkv. 1. 1; beðit to beðinn, Fsm. 48; orðit to orðin, Og. 23; roðit to roðinn, Em. 5; brotið to brotinn, Vkv. 24, etc.: but are we to infer from Ls. 23, 26, 33, that this poem is of a comparatively late age? II. the indecl. neut. sing. is, both in the earliest poems and down to the present day, used in the following cases: 1. with trans. verbs requiring the dat. or gen.; ek hefi fengit e-s, hann hafði fengit konu; hafa hefnt e-s, Fms. xi. 25; sú er hafði beðit fjár, Þkv. 32; stillir hefir stefnt mér, Hkv. Hjörv. 33, and so in endless cases. 2. in the reflex. part. pass.; þeir (hann) hafa (hefir) látisk, farisk, sagsk, etc. 3. in part. of intrans. neut. verbs, e.g. þeir þær (hann, hón), hafa (hefir) setið, staðit, gengit, legit, farit, komit, verit, orðit, lifað, dáit, heitið ..., also almost in every line both of prose and poetry. 4. in trans. verbs with a neut. sing. in objective case the difference cannot be seen. UNCERTAIN The compound preterite is common to both the Romance and Teutonic languages, and seems to be older in the former than in the latter; Grimm suggests that it originated with the French, and thence spread to the Teutons. That it was not natural to the latter is shewn by the facts, that α. no traces of it are found in Gothic, nor in the earliest Old High German glossaries to Latin words. β. in the

HAFALD -- HAGNA. 231

earliest Scandinavian poetry we can trace its passage from declinable to indeclinable. γ. remains are left in poetry of a primitive uncompounded preterite infinitive, e.g. stóðu = hafa staðit, mundu, skyldu, vildu, etc., see Gramm. p. xxv, col. 2. UNCERTAIN We may here note a curious dropping of the verb hefir, at ek em kominn hingat til lands, ok verit áðr (having been) langa hríð utan-lands, Ó. H. 31, cp. Am. 52; barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju sem Þorvaldr var, Glúm. 382. On this interesting matter see Grimm's remarks in his Gramm. iv. 146 sqq. hafald, n. (qs. hafhald), the perpendicular thrums that hold the weft. hafli, a, m. name of a giant, Edda (Gl.) HAFNA, að, to forsake, abandon, with dat.; hafna blótum ok heiðnum goðum, Fms. i. 33; h. fornum sið, Eb. 12; h. fornum átrúnaði, Anal. 141; h. fjándanum, K. Á. 74; h. líkamligum lystingum, 671. 4; h. boðum e-s, to disobey one's orders, Andr. 65; h. ráði e-s, Al. 166; kýr hafnaði átinu, the cow left off eating, Bs. i. 194; ef hann hafnaði sínum úkynnum, Fms. v. 218; opt hafnar mær manni fyrir litla sök, MS. 4. 6; áðr ek þér hafna, lest I forsake thee, Korm. 50 (in a verse); h. hungri, poët. to feast, Fms. xi. 138 (in a verse); h. fjörvi, to die, Hkr. i. (in a verse); h. nafni e-s, to disown one, Hallfred; hafnið Nefju nafna, ye forsake (disgrace) the namesake of Nefja, Hkr. i. (in a verse); fyrir-litinn eða hafnaðr, Stj. 157, 173: part. hafnandi forsaking, Sks. 3. II. reflex. of cows and ewes, to conceive, to calve, lamb. III. hafna, að, to come to anchor; or hafna sig, id. hafnan and höfnun, f. forsaking, abandonment, Hom. 2, Sks. 3, 612, Barl. 148; h. veraldar, Fms. v. 239; höfnun heims, Greg. 28; til hafnanar (disgrace) ok háðungar, K. Á. 208. hafnar-, vide höfn, a haven. hafn-bit, n. pasture, grazing, N. G. L. i. 25; cp. Dan. havne-gang. hafn-borg, f. a sea borough, Þjal. 29. hafning, f. a heaving up, elevation, lifting, of christening (cp. the phrase, hefja ór heiðnum dómi = to christen), N. G. L. i. 339, 340. hafn-leysa, u, f. (hafn-leysi, n., Hkr. iii. 266), a harbourless coast, Sks. 223, N. G. L. i. 10, Eg. 161, Fs. 150. hafn-ligr, adj. harbour-like, Eg. 99. hafn-skipti, n. division of land (pasture), N. G. L. i. 249. hafn-taka, u, f. 'haven-taking,' getting into harbour, N. G. L. ii. 280. HAFR, m., gen. hafrs, pl. hafrar; hafrir, Haustl. 15, is scarcely correct: [A. S. hæfer, cp. Engl. heifer; Lat. caper] :-- a buck, he-goat, Edda, of the he-goats of Thor, Hdl. 46, Þkv. 21, Lv. 47, 52, Hrafn. 3, Nj. 62, Grág. i. 427, 503, Eb. 94; hafra hár, goats' hair, Magn. (pref.), Andr. 70. COMPDS: hafrs-belgr, m. = hafrstaka, Fb. iii. 400. hafrs-liki, n. the shape of a goat, Eb. 94. hafrs-þjó, n. buck's thigh, a nickname, Landn. hafr-kytti, n. a kind of whale, Sks. 128. hafr-staka, u, f. a goat's skin, Edda 28, Fms. vi. 96, Bs. 4. 551, Gísl. 7: in local names, Hafra-fell, Hafra-gil, Hafra-nes, Hafra-tindr, Hafra-tunga, Hafrs-á, Landn.; Hafrs-fjörðr (in Norway), Fms. xii, Fb. iii. HAFR, m., only in pl. hafrar, [Germ. haber; North. E. haver], oats; it seems not to occur in old writers. haft and hapt, n. [hafa], properly a handcuff; sprettr mér af fótum fjöturr, en af höndum haft, Hm. 150, 149: then generally a bond, chain, harðgör höft ór þörmum, Vsp. (Hb.); sitja í höftum, to be in fetters as a prisoner, Mar. 11; fætr hans váru í höptum, Mork. 205; leysa e-n ór höftum, Ls. 37; halda e-n í höftum, to keep one in bonds, Fb. i. 378; at hann er óðr ok hann má koma höftum á hann ef hann vill, Gþl. 149: the hobbles or tether fastened to a horse's leg, taka af, leggja á haft; ef haft er áfast hrossi, Grág. i. 436, freq. in mod. usage, cp. hefta: so in the phrase, verða e-m at hafti, to be a hindrance or stumbling-block to one, Nj. (in a verse). haft-bönd, n. pl. fetter-bonds, Fas. iii. 17. II. metaph., pl. gods (as band II. 3), Edda 96. COMPDS: hafta-guð, n. the god of gods, the supreme god, of Odin, Edda 14. hafta-snytrir, m. the friend of the gods, Haustl. haft-sœni, n. the atonement (Germ. sühne) of the gods, i.e. poetry, Korm.; cp. the tale in Edda 47. hafta, u, f. a female prisoner, a bondwoman; hafta ok hernuma, Gkv. 1. 9, Hkv. 2. 3; oft finnr ambátt höftu, Edda ii. 491 (in a verse). haftr, m. a male prisoner, a bondman; haftr ok hernuminn, Fm. 7, 8, Vsp. 39, Akv. 28. HAGA, að, [Hel. bihagan; Germ. behagen], to manage, arrange, with dat.; hversu hann skyldi haga verks-háttum sínum, Eb. 150; svá skulu vér haga inngöngu várri, at ..., Fms. i. 16; en nú var oss því hægra at haga kostum þeirra eptir várri vild, vi. 261; at haga svá formælinu, at ..., to put the words so, that ..., 655 xi. 2; haga sér til sess, to take one's seat, Ó. H. (in a verse); haga hálft yrkjum, to take the middle course, Am. 57; en fénu var hagat til gæzlu, the money was taken into keeping, Fms. iv. 31; þeim er sólina gerði, ok heiminum hagaði ok hann gerði, Fagrsk. 11. β. with adv., skal erkibiskup haga svá, at hann hafi lög, N. G. L. i. 145; hvernig skulum vér þá til haga, Fms. vi. 201;. γ. to conduct oneself, behave; þér hagit yðr verr en annarr lýðr, Stj. 430; ef vegandi hefir sér til óhelgi hagat, Grág. ii. 106; ef hann hagar annan veg (does otherwise), ok verðr hann útlagr um þrem mörkum, K. Þ. K. 84. δ. with prep. til, to contrive; svarði hann eiða, at hann skyldi svá til haga, at ..., Edda 26; bað Þórir svá til haga, at Egill sé ekki langvistum í mínu ríki, Eg. 237; hagaðu svá til, at þú vitir víst at Hrærekr komi aldregi síðan lífs til Noregs, Ó. H. 75; haga svá (til) sem Jökull vildi, Fs. 10. 2. absol., haga e-m, to turn out so and so for one; en þetta sama hagaði honum til mikils háska, but this turned out to his great peril, Fms. viii. 17; þat hagar okkr til auðar, it falls luckily for us, Gísl. (in a verse); ok hagar þá siðleysi eigi vel fyrir manni, Sks. 280; oss þætti sem þér sé lítt til gamans hagat, Fas. ii. 225; ok hefir vætr meir til úyndis hagat, en þá, i.e. it was a sore calamity, Bs. i. 79; er sálinni hagar til mikils háska, which is fraught with much peril to the soul, Al. 163; þat hagaði Ólafi til mikils harms, Fms. x. 239; í þeim eyri sem okkr bezt hagaði, in the money which suited us best. D. N.; vil ek gefa þér skip þetta með þeim farmi, sem ek veit vel hagar til Íslands, with a cargo which I know is suitable for Iceland, Fms. vi. 305; en mér er eigi um at finna hann, þannig sem til hagat er, as matters stand, Orkn. 428. II. reflex. (rare), en það hagask svá til (it so happened) at þeir gengu út fjórir, Sturl. i. 129 (where Bs. i. 434, berr svá til, at ...). III. part., at höguðu, meet, fitting; eigi skiptir þá at höguðu til, ef ..., 'tis not fitting, if ..., Fms. ii. 61; cp. at högum, Fs. 99, l.c., and 79 (bottom) :-- van-haga, impers. to lack, want. Hagall, m. a mythical pr. name: the name of the Rune h, whence Hagals-ætt, f. the second part of the Runic alphabet, vide introd. p. 227. hagan, högun, f. management; til-högun, arrangement. Hag-barðr, m. name of a Danish mythical hero, 'with the fine beard,' Saxo, Grett. (in a verse): a name of Odin (cp. Harbarðr, Síð-grani, Síð-skeggr), Edda. hag-beit, f. pasturage, Jm. 26. hag-faldin, part. hooded with hedges, poët. of the earth, Fms. vi. 140. hag-fastr, adj. of cattle, grazing constantly, Rb. hag-fátt, n. adj. short of grazing, Fms. vi. 103. hag-feldr, adj. fit, meet, suited for; ek mun þér h., því at ek em verkmaðr góðr, en þú ert iðju-maðr sjálfr, Njarð. 366; h. eyrendi, a meet errand, Ísl. ii. 458; allir hlutir hagfeldir ok farsælligir, Ó. H. 195. hag-fella, u, f. a field, hagfellu-garðr, m. a field fence, Gþl. 381. hag-fræði, f. agricultural statistics, (mod.) HAGGA, að, to put out of order, derange, with dat.; e-t stendr ó-haggað, to remain unmoved: reflex. to be put out of joint. hag-genginn, part. grass-fed, fattened in the pastures, of cattle, Stj. 560. 1 Kings iv. 23. HAGI, a, m. [A. S. haga = a fence; Dan. have = a garden; Swed. hage; North. E. hag; Engl. hedge; cp. Old Engl. hay, Hayes as local names; the word still remains as an appellative in haw-thorn = hedge-thorn; haw-haw = a sunk fence] :-- a pasture, prop. a 'hedged field,' Grág. ii. 227, Nj. 33, Fms. vii. 54, Ísl. ii. 330, Karl. 133; var hestum hagi fenginn, the horses were put out to grass, Fb. ii. 340; fjár-hagi, sauð-hagi, sheep pasture; fjall-hagar, fell pastures; heima-hagar, home pastures; út-hagi, out pasture (far from the farm); Icel. distinguish between tún and engjar for haymaking, and hagar for grazing. COMPDS: haga-beit, f. grazing, Eg. 718, Grág. ii. 224. haga-ganga, u, f. grazing. haga-garðr, m. a field fence, Pm. 88, Eb. 132, Fs. 47: Hagi is freq. the name of a farm, Landn. Haga-land, n. the estate of the farm Hagi, Sturl. ii. 171. haga-spakr, adj. = hagfastr. hagi, a, m. [hagr], only in compds, þjóð-hagi, a great artist. hagindi, n. pl. comfort, advantage, B. K. 110, H. E. ii. 165; vide hægindi. hag-jörð, f. pasture land, Stj. 168, Sd. 167. hag-keypi, n. a good bargain, Fb. ii. 75, iii. 450. hag-kvæmr (hag-kvæmiligr), adj. meet, useful. HAGL, n. [A. S. hagal; Engl. hail; Gerrn. hagel; Dan. hagel; Swed. hagel] :-- hail, Fms. i. 175, Nj. 232, Ann. 1275, Glúm. 342, Bs. i. 698, passim. COMPDS: hagl-dropi, a, m. a hail-stone, Stj. 274. hagl-hríð, f. a hail-storm, Stj. 274, 275, Fms. iii. 180. hagl-korn, n. a hail-stone, Fms. i. 175, xi. 142. hagl-steinn, m. a hail-stone, Ann. 1275. hagl-vindr, m. a hail-storm, Pröv. 454. II. in plur. grapes, (mod.) hagla, að, to hail. hag-laust (hag-leysa, u, f.), n. adj. barren, without grass. hag-leikr (-leiki), m. skill in handicraft, Bs. i. 138, 681, Sks. 443, 633, Stj. 519, Al. 93, Barl. 167, Fb. ii. 296, passim. hagleiks-görð, f. fine workmanship, Bs. i. 681. hagleiks-maðr, m. a handicrafts-man, an artist, Fas. ii. 463, Barl. 167. hag-lendi, n. [hagi], pasture land. hag-liga, adv. skilfully, handily, Fms. vi. 217: conveniently, suitably, meetly, v. 43, Sl. 72, Þkv. 16, 19 (neatly). hag-ligr, adj. fine, handy, skilful, Mar.: fit, meet, proper, convenient, h. ráð, Fms. vii. (in a verse), K. Þ. K. 100; furðu h. geit, a very proper goat, Edda 24; ú-hagligr, troublesome, Bs. ii. 115. hag-mýrr, f. [hagi], a pasture marsh, Sd. 167. hag-mæltr, part. well-spoken, Fms. iv. 374: a kind of metre, Edda 138: in mod. usage only of one who has skill in verse-making, hann er lagmæltr, a happy verse-maker, but not yet a skáld, poet. hagna, að, e-m hagnar, to be meet for one; hvárum ykkrum hefir betr hagnað, which of you has had the best luck? Fms. v. 193, xi. 212 (in a verse).

232 HAGNAÐR -- HALDA.

hagnaðr, m. advantage, Hkr. ii. 85. hag-nýta, tt, to make use of, Rb. 42, D. N., freq. in mod. usage. hag-orðr, adj. well-spoken, Fms. iii. 152. HAGR, adj. handy, skilful, opp. to bagr, q.v.; hagr á tré, Bs. ii. 146; hagr á járn, Gísl. 18; hagr maðr á tré ok járn, Eg. 4, Ölk. 34; hann var hagr maðr, Ísl. ii. 325; hann húsar upp bæinn, því at hann var allra manna hagastr, 171; því at þú ert umsýslu-maðr mikill ok hagr vel, Fms. i. 290; Hreiðarr bað Eyvind fá sér silfr nokkut og gull, Eyvindr spurði ef hann væri hagr, vi. 214; þann mann er hagastr var á öllu Íslandi á tré, Bs. i. 132; hann valdi þann mann til kirkju-görðar, er þá þótti einn hverr hagastr vera, sá hét Þóroddr Gamlason, 163, 235; Völundr var hagastr maðr svá at menn viti í fornum sögum, Sæm. 89: of a lady, hón var svá hög (so handy at needlework) at fár konur vóru jafnhagar henni, Nj. 147; hón var væn kona ok hög á hendr, Ísl. ii. 4; Margrét hin haga, Bs. i. 143: of dwarfs, hagir dvergar, Hdl. 7; whence dverg-hagr, skilful as a dwarf. 2. = hagligr, of work; sem ek hagast kunna, as handily as I could, Vkv. 17: skurð-hagr, skilled in carving; orð-hagr = hagorðr; þjóð-hagr, a great artist. HAGR, m., gen. hags, pl. hagir, [as to the root vide haga, cp. also the preceding word] :-- state, condition; honum þótti þá komit hag manna í únýtt efni, Jb. 12; hefi ek sagt þér allt er yfir minn hag hefir gengit, Mar., Hom. 126, 155; at njósna hvat um hag Ástríðar mundi vera, Fms. i. 68; annan vetr eptir var Halldóra með barni, og lauksk seint um hag hennar, and she got on slowly, of a woman in labour, Sturl. i. 199; hann sagði með undrum hans hag fram flytjask, he said that his affairs went on in a strange way, Fb. i. 380; en nú tekr hagr minn at úhægjask, Þorf. Karl. 370. β. in plur. affairs; hversu komtu hér, eðr hvat er nú um hagi þína ? Fms. i. 79; hversu hann skyldi nú með fara eðr breyta högum sínum, Nj. 215; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum (doings), at hón mundi vera vitr, Ld. 22; ef þér segit nokkrum frá um hagi vára Rúts, Nj. 7; lands-hagir, public affairs. II. metaph. means; ef hann hefir eigi hag til at færa þau fram, Grág. i. 232; hann skal færa þeim manni er nánastr er, þeirra manna er hag á til viðtökunnar, 248; en ef erfingi hefir eigi hag til framfærslu, 250; ef maðr týnir svá fé sínu, at hann á eigi hag at gjalda alla landaura, ii. 410; ráða-hagr, a match; fjár-hagr, money affairs. 2. advantage, favour, gain; svo eru hyggindi sem í hag koma, a saying; bera kvið í hag e-m, to pronounce for one, Grág. i. 176; hallat hefi ek víst, segir konungr, ok þó í hag þér, Fms. ii. 272; greiddisk eigi byrrinn mjök í hag þeim, Fb. iii. 446; hrolldi hvatvetna þat er til hags skyldi, Am. 95; ó-hagr, disadvantage. 3. adverbial phrase, at högum, suitably; eigi skiptir þat högum til, 'tis not meet, 'tis a shame, unfair, Fs. 79; eigi hefir hér at högum verit til skipt, 99; Kormakr kvað eigi at högum til skipta, ef hann sparir eigi við þik sverðit, en hann sparir við oss, Korm. 80; the mod. phrase, fara sínum högum ok munum, to do at one's leisure, as one is pleased. hags-munir, m. pl. profit; at hann gerði hinum hagsmuni, fimm aura eðr meira fjár, í kaupinu, Grág. ii. 241 (freq. in mod. usage). hag-ráð, n. an opportunity, O. H. L. 33. hag-ráðr, adj. giving wise counsel, Nj. 2. hag-ræða, dd, to put right, put in order, with dat., Fas. iii. 10. hag-ræði, n. comfort, Hom. 19: service, Band. 4; en föður sínum görði hann aldri hagræði, 6; leggja til hagræðis með e-m, to do service to one, Bs. ii. 179. hag-ræðr, adj. = hagráðr, N. G. L. ii. hag-skeytr, adj. a good shot, Edda (Ub.) 270. hag-skipti, n. fairness, a fair bargain, Þórð. 21. hag-smiðliga, adv. handily, Jb. 218. hag-smiðr, m. an artist, adept, Edda 96 (in a verse). hag-spakligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), practically wise, Sks. 627. hag-spakr, adj. sensible, practical, Ver. 17. hag-speki, f. forethought, good sense, Fas. iii. 7, Sks. 50. hag-stæðr, adj. fair, favourable, of wind and weather; h. byrr, a fair wind, Eb. 332; veðr hagstætt, Eg. 390; stór veðr ok hagstæð, Fms. ii. 64, Þorf. Karl. 372. hag-virki, n. master-work, Ísl. ii. 253 (in a verse), Od. xix. 227 GREEK. hag-virk-liga, adv. in a workmanlike manner, to the purpose, Grág. ii. 338. hag-virkr, adj. workmanlike. hag-þorn, m. [hagi], the hawthorn, 'hedge-thorn,' Edda (Gl.), Stj. 395. hai, interj. alas! Stj. 649, the rendering of heu heu! in the Vulgate, cp. ai, Sæm. 118. hak, n. a little hook, such as the barb of a hook. HAKA, u, f. [Swed. haka; Dan. hage], the chin, Eg. 305; skeggit við hökuna, 564; höku ok kjálka, Fms. ii. 59, xi. 139, N. G. L. i. 339, Edda; undir-haka, a double chin. COMPDS: höku-bein, n. the chin bone, Sd. 169. höku-langr, adj. having a long chin, Bárð. 165. höku-mikill, adj. having a large chin, Sd. 147. höku-skarð, n. a cleft in the chin. höku-skegg, n. the beard on the chin, Fas. ii. 434, Hkr. ii. 176. haki, a, m. [Dan. hage; Swed. hake; Germ. haken; Engl. hook], a hook, (rare): a mythical pr. name, Edda, Fas. hakka, að, to devour, eat ravenously, as a beast, (cant word.) hak-langr, adj. = hökulangr, a nickname, Hkr. i. HALD, n. (vide halda), hold: 1. a hold, fastening; nýtr bóndi afls ok kippir vaðnum, þvíat hann hugði haldit annan veg eigi bila, Fms. xi. 442. 2. a law phrase, withholding; gagna-hald, Grág. ii. 273; þá á hann kost hvárt er hann vill at hætta til haldsins eðr eigi, ... en ef hón er login, þá verðr eigi rétt haldit, i. 312; stefna um tíundar hald, ok telja hinn sekjan um, K. Þ. K. 46. II. upholding, maintenance: 1. reparation; fyrir hald á kirkju, Vm. 12; segja til halds kirkjunni (to defray the repairs of the kirk) þann jarðar-teig, Dipl. iii. 12. 2. a law term, possession; sögðum vér með fullum laga-órskurði Guðmundi til halds sagða jörð, Dipl. iii. 5; hafa vald eðr hald e-s hlutar, Bs. i. 720; hón á tveggja króka hald í vatnið, she (the church) has the hold (right) of two hooks in the lake, Pm. 41. β. þessum fénaði beit ok hald (bite and occupation) fyrir sunnan á, Dipl. v. 10. 3. support, backing; við tókum okkr hald þar er Guð var, Hom. 154; hann hefir nú hald mikit af konungi, he has much support from the king, Eg. 336: so in the phrase, hald ok traust, help and support in need; hón hafði þenna mann sent honum til halds ok trausts, Ld. 46: and in the phrases, koma e-m at haldi or í hald, to prove true to one, be of use, help to one; ok má hann enn vel koma þér at haldi, Ísl. ii. 329; ílla koma honum góðir frændr í hald, Fms. x. 413, Greg. 22; eigi veit ek mér verr í hald koma úknáleik minn en þér afl þitt, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 182; kemr oss þat lið ekki at haldi, Fms. viii. 214, xi. 31; þvíat vér höfum ærit mart (lið) ef oss kæmi þat vel at haldi, Nj. 192; hér kemr ílla í hald, this comes ill to help, is a great shame, Lv. 95. 4. custody; Ólafr konungr tók þá við haldi Hæreks konungs, Ó. H. 73; hafa e-n í haldi, to keep one in custody, freq.: hence varð-hald, custody. 5. entertainment; fór hann til hirðar jarls ok var með honum í góðu haldi, Bjarn. 5; hann var þar um vetrinn ok í því hærra haldi af húsfreyju sem hann var lengr, Fms. vii. 112. 6. a course, a naut. term; ef stýrimenn vilja báðir fara, ok skilr þá um hald, Grág. ii. 398: hence áfram-hald, going on; aptr-hald, return. 7. holding, meaning, suggestion; það er hald manna, freq. in mod. usage, but no reference to old writers has been found. 8. keeping, tending, of cattle; góð höld á skepnum, goð skepnu-höld, freq. III. a holding, keeping, observance, of a feast, holiday; allra heilagra manna hald, Ver. 53; þótt et meira hald sé á dægrinu, although it be a holiday of first degree, Grág. ii. 360; var þá þegar tekinn í mikit hald hans lífláts-dagr, Fms. xi. 309; í borg þessi var Þórs-hof í miklu haldi, in high worship, Al. 19: hence hátíða-hald, keeping high holidays; Jóla-hald, Fms. i. 32; Drottins-daga-hald, Nj. 165; af-hald, upp-á-hald, esteem, 'uphold;' ártíða hald, B. K. 25; níu lestra-höld, reading the nine legends, Vm. 51, 64. IV. in plur., höld, handles; klukka lítil af höldin, Vm. 42; handar-hald, a handle; cp. also haf-ald: á-höld, utensils. halds-maðr, m. a keeper, guardian, Gþl. 258, 501, Js. 121. HALDA, pret. hélt (= Goth. haihald), 2nd pérs. hélt, mod. hélzt, pl. héldum; pres. held, pl. höldum; pret. subj. héldi; part. haldinn; imperat. hald and haltú: [Ulf. haldan = GREEK, GREEK, whereas he renders to keep, hold by other words; Hel. haldan = alere, fovere, colere, which thus seems to be the primitive sense of the word, and to be akin to Lat. c&o-short;lo; again, A. S. healdan, Engl. hold, O. H. G. haltan, Germ. halten, Swed. hålla, halda, Dan. holde, are all of them used in a more general sense] :-- to hold. A. WITH DAT. to hold to: I. to hold fast by; with the notion of restraint or force, tók Gizurr förunaut Ögmundar ok hélt honum, Sturl. i. 150; Gunnarr var kyrr svá at honum hélt einn maðr, Nj. 92; ef maðr heldr manni ..., varðar fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. ii. 110; h. e-m undir drep, 17; h. skipum (to grapple the ships) með stafnljám, Fms. ii. 315: to keep back, Hrafn fékk eigi haldit henni heima þar, Ísl. ii. 249; ok halda þeim veðr í enni sömu höfn, Grág. i. 92; h. (sér) í e-t, to hold oneself fast by, grasp, þú skalt h. í hurðar-hringinn, Dropl. 29; heldr sér í faxit, Sd. 177. β. so in the phrases, halda barni (manni) undir skírn, vatn, primsignan, biskups hönd, eccl. to hold a bairn (man) at baptism, prima signatio, confirmation, Grág. i. 29; h. vatni (tárum), to hold one's tears, 623. 56, Fms. viii. 232, vi. (in a verse); halda munni, to hold one's tongue, be silent, vii. 227; halda tungu sinni, Þórð. 2. to withhold; þá megu þeir h. tíundum hans í móti, K. Þ. K. 62; h. vætti, Grág. i. 42; h. gögnum, 56; ef goði heldr tylftar-kvið, er hann heldr kviðnum, 58; halda matinum fyrir honum, 47; h. sköttum fyrir e-m, Nj. 8; h. skógar-manni fyrir e-m, Finnb. 334; um þat er hann hefir konunni haldit, Grág. i. 313; héldu bændr gjaldinu, Fms. vii. 302; hélt ek því (i.e. the money) fyrir honum, i.e. paid it not, Ísl. ii. 244. II. to hold, of a rope or the like; sá maðr hugði h. mundu er festi, ... ok h. mundu í slíku veðri, Grág. ii. 361; reip þau tíu er tveggja manna afli haldi hvert, id.; skal hann svá göra at haldi fyrir fyrnsku, 268. β. to hold, hold out, last; optast halda þar íllviðri litla hríð, Sks. 212; sunnudags-helgi ríss upp á laugardegi, ok heldr (lasts) til mánadags, N. G. L. i. 138. III. to keep, retain, Germ. behalten; fá-ein skip héldu seglum sinum, Fms. x. 143; þú skalt jafnan þessu sæti h., Nj. 6; h. bústað sínum, Ld. 26; h. ríki sínu, Al. 58, Fms. i. 13; h. öllum Noregi, viii. 155; h. frelsi ok eignum, vi. 40; h. hlut sínum, to uphold one's right, Eg. passim; halt sömum vinum sem ek hefi haft,

HALDA, 233

Fas. i. 375; h. hreinleik sínum, Al. 58. β. to hold, keep safe, preserve; h. hlut sínum, Ld. 54; h. heilsu, Grág. i. 145; h. virðingu sinni, Ld. 16; þá heldr hann kosti sínum, Grág. ii. 209; h. tíma (honour) sínum, Al. 59; h. lífi ok limum, Eg. 89; h. lífinu, Nj. 111; h. trúnaði sínum, 109; vináttu sinni, Ld. 200; einorð sinni, Fb. ii. 265; h. sér réttum, to keep oneself right, Ld. 158; h. e-m heilum, Odd. 30; h. ríki fyrir e-m, Fms. v. 279; h. manna-forræði fyrir e-m, Hrafn. 19; h. réttu máli fyrir e-m, Fms. vii. 64. 2. to continue to keep, keep all along; h. teknum hætti, Fms. iv. 254; h. vöku, to keep oneself awake, Ld. 152; but h. vöku fyrir e-m, to keep another awake; halda sýslu sinni, Fs. 36; h. högum, to keep grazing, Eb. 104, Ld. 148. 3. to hold, keep one's stock; ellipt., vetr var íllr ok héldu menn ílla, the winter was cold and it was ill to keep live stock, Sturl. ii. 143, (cp. fjár-höld); hann hélt vel svá at nær lifði hvat-vetna, Hrafn. 22: metaph., ílla hefir þinn faðir þá haldit, Fms. xi. 144; öld hefir ílla haldit, the people have had a sad loss, vi. (in a verse); h. fangi, and also ellipt. halda, of sheep and cattle, opp. to 'to go back.' 4. phrases, halda njósnum, to keep watch, to spy, Fms. viii. 146, Nj. 113; hann hélt njósnum til Önundar, Landn. 287; hélt konungr njósnum til, ef ..., Fms. vii. 128; hann skyldi h. njósnum til ok gera orð konungi, i. 54; h. njósnum til um e-t, iv. 119, Nj. 93; halda njósn (sing.) um skip þat, Eg. 74; þér haldit njósnum nær færi gefr á Arnkatli, Eb. 186; hann lét h. njósnum uppi á landi, Fms. vii. 316; hann hélt fréttum til, ef ..., iv. 349. β. halda (hendi) fyrir auga, to hold (the hand) before the eyes, shade the eyes, Nj. 132, Fms. v. 196; h. fyrir munn e-m, to hold (the hand) over one's mouth; h. hendi yfir e-m, to hold the hand over one, protect one, Nj. 266, Fbr. 22, Korm.; h. hendi um háls e-m, to clasp the hands around one's neck, Fms. i. 9; h. skildi fyrir e-n, to hold the shield for one as a second in a duel, Ísl. ii. 257, passim; h. e-m til náms, to hold one to the book, make one study, K. Þ. K. 56; h. e-m til virðingar, Ld. 98. IV. ellipt. (liði, skipi, för, stefnu, etc. understood), to hold, stand in a certain direction, esp. as a naut. term; þeir héldu aptr (stood back again) um haustið, Eg. 69; treystisk hann eigi á haf at halda, Eb. 6; héldu þeir vestr um haf, id.; stigu þeir á skip sín, ok héldu út (stood out) eptir firði, Fms. i. 63; þeir héldu þat sama sumar til Íslands, Ld. 6; hann hélt upp eptir hinni eystri kvísl, Fms. vii. 55; h. heim, to hold one's course, stand homewards, Odd. 30; h. á braut, Grág. i. 92; Hrútr hélt suðr til Eyrar-sunds, Nj. 8; h. eptir e-m, to pursue one, 7; h. undan, to fly, Fms. x. 396, Nj. 98 (on land); kom móti þeim sunnan-veðr með myrkri, ok urðu þeir fyrir at h., to lay one's course for the wind, A. A. 271; h. útleið, to stand on the outer tack, Eg. 78; h. til, to turn against, attack (on sea), Fms. xi. 72; hélt hann liði sínu suðr á Mæri, i. 62; þeir héldu liði sínu norðr til Þrándheims, id.; Haraldr konungr hélt norðan liði sínu, Eg. 32; héldu þeir skipi því suðr með landi, 69; skipi því lét hann halda vestr til Englands, id.; Unnr hélt skipinu í Orkneyjar, eptir þat hélt Unnr skipi sínu til Færeyja, Ld. 8. β. to graze, put in the field, of sheep, cattle; þykkir mér þat miklu skipta at þeim sé vel til haga haldit, Eg. 714; hvert Steinarr hafði látið nautum sínum halda, 715; ok bað hann h. nautunum annan veg, 716. γ. phrases, halda kyrru fyrir, to hold still, remain quiet, Ld. 216, Þórð. 30 new Ed., Nj. 223, 258; Hallr heldr nú til fangs (went fishing) sem áðr, Ld. 38. V. with prep.; halda á e-u, to hold, wield in the hand, freq. in mod. usage, h. á bók, penna, fjöðr, hníf, skærum, nál, etc.; hafði hverr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; h. á sverði, Fb. i. 33; hann tók við öxinni ok hélt (viz. á), ok sá á, Eg. 180: to hold fast, heldr nú maðr á manni, Fas. i. 12; eigi máttu helvítis byrgi h. á honum, 656 C. 6; ef hann heldr á fénu (withholds it), Grág. i. 427. β. [Germ. anhalten], to hold to a thing, go on with, be busy about; h. á sýslu, to be busy, Rm. 14; h. á keri, qs. halda á drykkju, to go on drinking, carousing, Hm. 18: h. á hinni sömu bæn, Stj. 417; h. á fyrirsátrum við e-n, Þórð. 51 new Ed.; h. á búnaði sínum, Ld. 164; hélt hann þá á búnaði sínum sem skjótligast, Fms. ix. 215, x. 119, Sturl. ii. 245; þogar á bak Jólum hélt Ólafr konungr á búningi, Fms. v. 41; hann heldr nú á málinu, Nj. 259; nú heldr Þórðr á málinu ok verðr Oddný honum gipt, Bjarn. 11, Konr. (Fr.); h. á tilkalli, Fms. i. 84; h. á þessum sið, xi. 41; h. á för, to go on with one's journey, Sighvat; gengu síðan brott ok héldu á ferð sinni, and went on their journey, Sturl.; -- whence the mod. phrase, halda áfram, to go on, which seems not to occur in old writers. 2. halda e-u fram, to hold up, make much of; bróðir minn mun mér mjök hafa fram haldit fyrir ástar sakir, Nj. 3. β. to hold on doing, (hence fram-hald, continuation); halda fram upp-teknu efni, Fms. i. 263; slíku hélt hann fram meðan hann lifði, iv. 254; hélt hann (fram) teknum hætti um veizlurnar, id., Grett. 14. 3. halda saman, to hold together, Eluc. 6, Fms. vii. 140, Rb. 340. 4. halda e-u upp, to hold aloft, Yngvarr hélt upp vísu þeirri, Eg. 152; steinninn heldr upp annarr öðrum, Rb. 390; h. upp árum, to hold up the oars, cease pulling, Fas. ii. 517, N. G. L. i. 65. β. to uphold, maintain, support; halda upp hofi, Landn. 64, Eb. 24; h. upp hofum ok efla blót, Fms. i. 91; h. upp kirkju, K. Þ. K. 52; h. upp Kristninni, Fms. i. 32: to keep going, h. upp bardaga, orrostu, xi. 66, 188, 340. γ. to discharge; h. upp féráns-dómi, Grág. i. 120; h. upp lögskilum, 145; h. upp svörum, Ó. H. 174; h. upp kostnaði, Eg. 77; h. upp gjaldi, Grág. i. 384; gjöldum, Fms. i. 81; h. upp bót, Grág. ii. 182; bótum, Eb. 100, 162, N. G. L. i. 311; ef hann heldr upp yfirbót (penance) þeirri, Hom. 70; h. upp bænum fyrir e-m, to pray for one, Fms. xi. 271; hélt hann því vel upp sem vera átti, discharged it well, x. 93. δ. halda sér vel upp, to hold oneself well up, Sturl. ε. metaph., skal-at hann lögvillr verða, svá at honum haldi þat uppi (i.e. went unpunished), Grág. i. 316; ok heldr honum þat uppi (that will save him), ef hann er rétt-hafi at orðinn, ii. 242. 5. halda e-u við, to maintain a thing, Hkr. i. 195. VI. impers., 1. to continue, last; hélt því nokkura stund dags, Fms. x. 125: hélt því lengi um vetrinn, Ld. 288; regni hélt haustnótt gegnum, Fms. vi. 83. 2. with prep. við, to be on the brink of; hélt þá við atgöngu, they were within a hair's breadth of coming to fight, Hkr. i. 143; hélt þá við vandræði, Fms. ix. 434; heldr við bardaga, vi. 8; heldr nú við hót, it is little short of a threat, i. 305; hélt við blót, x. 106; ok hélt við flótta, i. 174; hélt við meiðingar, Nj. 21, Sd. 143; henni hélt við, at hón mundi drepa hana, Nj. 118; þeim hélt við váða sjálfan, Ó. H. 168; konungi hélt við, hvárt hann mundi standask eðr eigi, Mag. 100; honum hélt við kafnan, Bs. i. 18; hélt þó við at þeir mundi berjask, Fs. 53. B. WITH ACC. to hold: I. to hold in possession, a fief, land, estate, office, or the like; þeir héldu alla hina beztu staði með sjónum, Fms. xi. 131; þeir er áðr höfðu haldit land af Dana-konungi, i. 232; Eirekr skyldi h. land af Aðalsteini konungi, 23; Vemundr hélt Firða-fylki, Eg. 12; hélt hann þat ríki undir Knút konungi, Ísl. ii. 242; í þeirri borg héldu þeir langfeðgar fimmtán konungdóma, Ver. 37; h. land sem leigu-land, Grág. ii. 278; konungrinn heldr af Guði nafnit, Sks. 599 B; prestar er kirkjur halda, H. E. i. 486; sá prestr er heldr Pétrs-kirkju, N. G. L. i. 312; presta þeirra er kirkju halda, 346; skal sá maðr ráða er kirkju heldr, K. Þ. K. 60; Ólafs kirkju þá er Væringjar halda (the parish church of W.), Hkr. iii. 408. 2. halda ábyrgju, ábyrgð á e-n, to have the responsibility of a thing, Grág. ii. 399, K. Þ. K. 66; h. grip, to be in the possession of, Grág. i. 438, ii. 190; h. skóla, to keep a school, Mar.; h. fylgð, to perform, Fms. ix. 279; eiga vandræði at h., to be in a strait, difficulty, Eb. 108. II. to hold, keep, observe, a feast, holiday, or the like; halda kirkju-dag, K. Þ. K. 42; í hvers minning heldr þú þenna dag? Nj. 157; h. helgan þvátt-dag hvern, Pr. 437; h. helga daga, Sl.; h. Jóla-dag, Páska, Hvíta-sunnu, Rb. 134; minnstú að h. helgan hvíldar-daginn Drottins Guðs þíns (the Fourth Commandment in the Icel. version); h. heilagt, to keep holiday, Dipl. ii. 14; í dag þá hátíð höldum vér til himna sté vor Herra, Hólabók 54; er Júdar héldu hátíðligt, Stj. 110; (hence forn-haldinn, time-honoured): of the day-marks (vide dagr, p. 95), er þaðan haldinn miðr-morgin, Hrafn. 9. 2. to keep; halda orð sín, to keep one's word, Fms. x. 95; höldum öll einka-mál vár, vii. 305; h. sættir, Nj. 57; gerðú svá vel, félagi, at þú halt vel sætt þessa, 111, Sturl. iii. 153, Fs. 65, Gullþ. 20; hann kvaðsk vilja hafa svardaga af þeim ok festu, at halda, Nj. 164; h. eið, Sturl. iii. 153; h. frið, to keep peace, Greg. 7; ef þú vilt nokkura hluti eigi h. þá er ek hefi á lagt við þik, Eg. 738: to observe faith, law, rite, etc., halda átrúnað, Fms. i. 34, x. 277; h. Guðs lög ok landsins, vii. 305; h. lands lög, viii. 155; h. ein lög, 625. 52; hafa ok halda þau lög, Fms. i. 34; h. Kristilega trú, K. Á. 74; h. mál (orð) e-s, Greg. 17; h. alla hluti með athugasamlegu minni, Sks. 439. 3. to keep, tend; halda geitr, Hkv. 2. 20 (exactly as in Gothic). III. to uphold, maintain, support; þykkir mér þér sé nú ísjár-vert, hvárt þú munt fá haldit þik eðr eigi, Nj. 155; munu vér þó ekki einhlitir at h. oss eptir þessi verk, Háv. 50; at hón mætti með valdi h. sik ok menn sína, Fas. i. 375; þat væri nokkurr várkunn, at þú héldir frænda þinn eðr fóstbróður, en þetta er alls engi (at) halda útlaga konungs, Ó. H. 145; enda ætla ek lítinn viljann til at h. vini þína, Fms. vii. 244; því at Eysteinn konungr kenndi Inga konungi, at hann héldi þá menn, 248; ef þú heldr hann (upholdest him) til þess at ganga á vini mína, Eg. 339; viljum vér allir fylgja þér ok þik til konungs halda, Fms. i. 34; Stephanus skyldi h. hann til laga ok réttinda, Sks. 653; h. e-n til ríkis, Fb. i. 236; vinsæld föður hans hélt hann mest til alþýðu vináttu, Fms. vii. 175; þeir sem upp h. (sustain) þenna líkama, Anecd. 4. β. phrases, halda e-m kost, borð, to keep at board, entertain, Fms. ix. 220, x. 105, 146, Nj. 6; or, halda e-n at klæðum ok drykk, Ó. H. 69; h. stríð, bellum gerere (not class.), Fms. x. 51; h. úfrið, Fas. ii. 539. 2. halda sik, to comfort oneself, Sks. 281, Hom. 29; kunna sik með hófi at h., Sturl. iii. 108; h. sik ríkmannliga, to fare sumptuously, Ld. 234; hann hélt betr húskarla sína en aðrir, Fms. vii. 242; h. mjök til skarts, to dress fine, Ld. 196; þar var Hrefna ok hélt allmjök til skarts, id.; hann var hægr hvers-dagliga, ok hélt mjök til gleði, Sturl. iii. 123; hélt hann hér mjök til vinsælda ok virðinga, he enjoyed much popularity and fame, Ld. 298. β. ellipt. (sik understood), at h. til jafns við e-n, to bear up against one, to be a match for one, Ld. 40; ef þér hefir eigi til þess hug eðr afl at h. til jafns við e-n húskarl Þorsteins, Eg. 714; h. til fullnaðar, to stand on one's full rights; ef þær taka eigi fullrétti, eðr h. eigi til fullnaðar, Grág. ii. 109; h. fullara, to hold one above other men, Ó. H. (in a verse); lét konungr þá h. mjök til (make great preparations) at syngja messu hátíðliga, Hkr. i. 287. 3. to hold forth, put forward; at þeim inyiidi þungbýlt vera í nánd honum, ef þeir héldi nokkurn annan fyrir betra mann en hann, Ld. 26; síðan

234 HALDA -- HALLA.

hélt konungr Erling fyrir tryggvan mann, Fms. ix. 399. β. to hold, deem, be of opinion; the old writers seem not to use the word exactly in this sense, but near to it come such phrases as, hón hélt engan hans jafningja innan hirðar hvárki í orðum né öðrum hlutum, i.e. she held him to be above all men, Ld. 60; halda menn hann fyrir konung, Fb. i. 216; still closer, halda menn at Oddný sé nú betr gipt, Bjarn. 12 (but only preserved in a paper MS.): this sense is very freq. in mod. usage, to hold, mean, eg held það; eg held ekki, I think not; (hence hald, opinion.) γ. phrases, halda mikit upp á e-n, to hold one in much esteem, love, Stj. 33; halda af e-m, id., Fas. i. 458, ii. 63, 200, iii. 520, esp. freq. in mod. usage, (upp-á-hald, af-hald, esteem.) 4. to hold on, keep up; halda varnir, to keep up a defence, Sks. 583; halda vörð, to keep watch, Eg. 120, Grág. i. 32, 264; halda njósn, Eg. 72, 74, Fms. xi. 46; halda tal af e-m, to speak, communicate with one, ii. 88. 5. to hold, be valid, be in force, a law term; á sú sekt öll at halda, Grág. i. 89; á þat at h. allt er þeir urðu á sáttir, 86; enda á þat at h. með þeim síðan, ii. 336. IV. to hold, compel, bind (with the notion of obligation or duty); heldr mik þá ekki til utan-ferðar, Nj. 112; þó heldr þik várkunn til at leita á, i.e. thou art excused, thou hast some excuse in trying, 21; var auðsætt hvat til hélt um sættir, Bjarn. 70; þik heldr eigi hér svá mart, at þú megir eigi vel bægja héraðs-vist þinni, Eb. 252; þar mælir þú þar, er þik heldr várkunn til at mæla, Nj. 227; ek mun vera vinr hans, ok alla þá, er at mínum orðum láta, halda til vináttu við hann, i.e. I will be his friend, and all those who lend ear to my words I will hold to friendship with him, Eg. 18. 2. halda sik frá e-u, to keep oneself from, to refrain from a thing, Sks. 276 B; h. sik frá munaðlífi, Post. 656 A. ii. 16, Hom. 53, 135; h. sik aptr af e-u, to abstain from, Hkr. i. 512. V. absol. to be the cause of, be conducive to a thing; heldr þar margt til þess, there are many reasons for this, Nj. 192; vildim vér vita hvat til heldr, Fms. vii. 106; en hann vissi eigi hvat til hafði haldit, er hann kom eigi, xi. 11; margir hlutir héldu til þess, Eg. 38; þat hélt til þess, at ..., Al. 94; hélt til þess (conduced to it) góðgirnd hans, stórmennska ok vitsmunir, Fs. 29; hefir þat mjök til haldit, er ek hefi svá lengi dvalizt, at ek ætlaða, Ld. 32; hann lét bæði til h. vingan ok mágsemd, Fs. 24; heldr þat mest til at þá var komit útfall sjávar, Ld. 56; hélt þat mest til þess, at hann gafsk bezt í öllum mannraunum, 60; þat eitt hélt til, at þeir fóru eigi málum á hendr Þórði, at þeir höfðu eigi styrk til, 138. VI. to hold, comprise; sólar-öld heldr tuttugu ok átta ár, Rb. 510; h. skor (of weight), Grág. i. 500. UNCERTAIN In some instances the use of dat. and acc. wavers, e.g. halda húsum, to keep up the houses, Grág. ii. 278, 335; h. hliði, to keep the gate in repair, 265; but halda hlið (acc.), 332: to keep, observe, h. lögum, griðum, boðorðum, Glúm. 333, Grág. i. 357, ii. 166, 623. 28; hélt hann þessu sumu, Fms. x. 416 (Ágrip); halda ílla orðum, vii. (in a verse); þeir er því þingi áttu at h., Glúm. 386; h. sáttum, St. 17; h. eiðum, Bkv. 18; Gizuri þótti biskup h. ríkt (protect strongly) brennu-mönnum, Sturl. i. 201 C; Guð er sínum skepnum heldr (keeps, protects) ok geymir, Mar.; þá hélt engi kirkju mönnum, ... kept no man safe, Fms. ix. 508; h. njósn (acc.) um e-t, Eg. 74; h. til njósn, 72; njósnir, Fms. xi. 46. In most of these instances the acc. is the correct case, and the dat. is due either to careless transcribers or incorrect speaking: in some instances an enclitic um has been taken for a dative inflexion, thus e.g. sáttum haldi in Stor. l.c. is to be restored to sátt um haldi; eiðum haldit in Bkv. l.c. to eið (for eiða) um haldit; in others the prep. um has caused the confusion, as 'halda njósn um at' has been changed into halda njósnum at. But in the main the distinction between the use of dat. and acc. is fixed even at the present time: the acc. seems to represent the more primitive usage of this verb, the dat. the secondary. C. REFLEX.: I. to hold oneself, to stay; héldusk þeir þá ekki fyrir norðan Stað, Fms. i. 63; mátti hann eigi þar haldask, Landn. 246; h. á baki, to keep oneself on horseback, keep one's seat, Grág. ii. 95; munu þeir skamma stund hér við haldask, Nj. 247: to be kept, remain, þá skal hann h. með Helju, Edda 39: to resist, megu vér ekki við h. fyrir ofreflis-mönnum þessum, Nj. 254; hélzk þá ekki við honum, Eg. 289; mann er svá hefir haldisk við höfuð-syndum, Hom. 157. β. to hold out, last, continue; ok hélzk ferillinn, Eg. 579; hélzk undr þetta allt til dags, Nj. 272 (twice); hélzk konungdómr í kyni hans, Rb. 394; lengi síðan hélzk bruna-öld með Svíum, Yngl. S.; lengi hélzk þat í ætt þeirri, at ..., Eg. 770; hélzk vinátta með þeim, Nj. 66; þat hefir enn haldizk í ætt hans, Fms. iv. 8; ok hefir þat haldizk (it has continued to be so) síðan er ek hefi hann séð, Ld. 174; honum haldisk (imperat.) sigr ok langt líf, Ver. 57; betr þætti mér, at hún héldisk þér, that it (the luck) would hold out for thee, Fb. ii. 74; ef hann helzk í útrú sinni, if he perseveres in his untruth, 623. 26. γ. to be kept safe and sound; menn allir héldusk (all bands were saved) ok svá fé, Ld. 8, Fs. 143; þar héldusk menn allir ok mestr hluti fjár, Eg. 405; hafði fé vel haldizk, has been well kept, done well, Ld. 34. δ. to be valid, stand; eigu þau handsöl hennar at haldask, Grág. i. 334; engi má haldask dómr hans, Edda 15; skyldu þau (the truce) haldask um þingit, Nj. 348. 2. impers., mér helzk, e-m helzk vel, ílla, á e-u, to have a good hold, have luck with a thing; mér helzk lítt á sauða-mönnum, Grett. 110 A. 3. recipr., haldask á, to hold or pull one against another, wrestle, (hence á-höld); var sagt Magnúsi, at þeir héldisk á úti, that they were fighting outside, Sturl. ii. 44. II. part. pass. haldinn, [Dan. holden], so 'holden,' in such and such a state; vel haldinn, in good condition, faring well, well to do, Eg. 20, 234; hugðusk þar ok haldnir (safe) mundu vera, Ver. 34; þungliga h., very sick, Eg. 565, Hkr. ii. 199; vel haldinn, doing well; tak heldr annat fé, svá mikit, at þú þykisk vel haldinn af, i.e. fully satisfied, having got full redress, Boll. 350; Sveinn sagði, at hann vill hafa tvá hluti fjárins, Hrani sagðisk ekki af því haldinn (satisfied) vera, Fms. iv. 31: in the phrase, heilu ok höldnu, safe and sound, Bs. i. 191, Fms. xi. 376, Hkr. i. 319; með höldnu hljóði, preserving the sound, Skálda 175. 2. ok mun þykkja sér misboðit ef þú ert haldinn (kept, protected), Finnb. 344. β. kept, observed, Fms. xi. 99. γ. held in custody, in prison, Bs. i. 419, Sturl. i. 151. III. gerund., haldandi, holding good, valid; sá dómr er eigi haldandi, is not valid, K. Á. 304; af öllu afli er friðr haldandi, Hom. 5. 2. part. act., með upp haldandi höndum, with uplifted hands, Bs. i. 684. halda, u, f. = hadda, q.v. hald-góðr, adj. of good hold, durable, of clothes, etc., Sks. 403. haldin-, part. pass. in the compds, haldin-orðr, adj. discreet, close, Fms. ii. 18, x. 326, Eg. 51; haldin-yrði, n. keeping close, Sks. 361, Sd. 169: in mod. usage these words mean the keeping one's word. hald-kvæmask (hall-), d, dep. to avail, suit; nægjask eðr h., Stj. 149. hald-kvæmd, f. convenience, comfort, Sturl. i. 212. hald-kvæmligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), convenient, comfortable, Sks. 377. hald-kvæmr, and assimilated hall-kvæmr, Nj. 265, Fas. ii. 240, Sks. 505; or hall-kœmr, 380, 505 B, [cp. koma at haldi], adj. fit, meet, convenient, Hom. 141, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. ii. 261, Grett. 106 A. hal-dreki, a, m. a 'tail-dragon,' scorpion, Stj. 578, Hb. 732. 18, Ant. 7. hald-samr, adj. holding close, Stj. 635; vera h. á e-u, to keep it close, Fms. vi. 440, x. 170; e-m verðr ekki haldsamt á e-u, it slips out of one's hands. hald-semi, f. closeness, Greg. 24. HALI, a, m. [Dan. hale, cp. Lat. cauda], a tail; kýr-hali, a cow's tail; nauts-h., ljóns-h., etc.; skauf-hali, reynard, a fox, whence Skaufhala-bálkr, the name of an old poem, an Icel. Reineke Fuchs. Icel. use hali properly of cattle, and lions, wolves, bears; tagl of horses (of the hair, but stertr of a caudal vertebra); rófa of cats, dogs; skott of a fox; sporðr of a fish; stél or véli of birds; dyndill of seals. The old writers do not make these nice distinctions, and use hali of a horse and tagl of a cow, which a mod. Icel. would not do; hylr öll kykvendi hár eðr hali, Sks. 504: in Gþl. 398 of cattle, cp. N. G. L. i. 24; ef maðr höggr hala af hrossi svá at af rófu fylgir, Gþl. 399; ef maðr höggr hala af hrossi fyrir neðan rófu, id.; nú skerr maðr tagl af nautum, id.; eru þeir í málum mestir sem refr í halanum, Fms. viii. 350; ef maðr skerr af hrossi manns tögl, þá gjaldi aura þrjá; en ef hala höggr af, þá skal meta hross, N. G. L. i. 228; ok svá ef hann höggr hala af hrossi svá at rófa fylgir, id.: of a lion's tail, Stj. 71. 2. phrases, nú er úlfs hali einn á króki, a wolf's tail is all that is left, Band. (in a verse), -- a proverb from the notion that wild beasts devour one another so that only the tail is left, cp. etask af ulfs-munni, vide eta: leika lausum hala, to play with a free tail, to be unrestrained, Ls. 50; veifask um lausum hala, id., Sturl. iii. 30; bretta halann, or bera brattan halann, to lift the tail, cock up the tail, to be vain or haughty, Hkv. Hjörv. 20; en ef eigi er unnit, þá muntú reyna hvárr halann sinn berr brattara þaðan í frá, Ísl. ii. 330; sé ek at þú heldr nokkru rakkara halanum en fyrir stundu áðan, Ölk. 36; draga halann, to drag the tail, sneak awav, play the coward; dregr melrakkinn eptir sér halann sinn nú -- Svá er segir hann, at ek dreg eptir mér halann minn, ok berr ek lítt upp eðr ekki, en þess varir mik at þú dragir þinn hala mjök lengi áðr þú hefnir Halls bróður þíns, Ísl. ii. 329; sveigja halann, id., Hkv. Hjörv. 21; (cp. Ital. codardo, whence Engl. coward): spjóts-hali, the butt-end of a spear, Eg. 289, Ld. 132, Hkr. iii. 159; snældu-hali, a staff's end. II. metaph. a train, the rear of a host; skammr er orðinn hali okkarr, we have a short train, few followers, Sturl. (in a verse). COMPDS: hala-ferð, f. the rear, Sturl. iii. 23. hala-rófa, u, f. 'tail-row,' i.e. a string one after another, like geese; ganga í halarófu, to walk in h.; cp. Dan. gaasegang, Fr. en queue. hala-stjarna, u, f. a 'tail-star,' comet, (mod.) hala-tafl, n. a kind of game, used synonymous to hnef-tafl, q.v., prob. similar to the Engl. 'fox and goose;' hann tefldi hnet-tafl, þat var stórt hala-tafl (having a fox with a big tail), hann greip þá upp töfluna ok setti halann á kinnbein Þorbirni (prob. of the brick representing the fox), Grett. 144 A; vide Skýrsla um Forngripa-safn Íslands by Sigurd Gudmundsson, Reykjavík 1868, pp. 38, 39; cp. also hali á hnefa-töflu in Vilmundar S. Viðutan, ch. 8. III. a nickname, Fb. iii. hall, f. a hall; vide höll. HALLA, að, [Dan. hælde; Swed. hälla], to lean or turn sideways, with dat., esp. of a vessel, ship, or the like; halla keri, fötu, staupi, skipi; but also of anything else, h. borði, stóli; Icel. distinguish between halla and the derivative hella, to pour out; hann hallar skipinu á ymsa vega, Fbr. 100 new Ed. II. metaph. to sway to the wrong side,

HALLAN -- HAMARKLETTR. 235

in words or acts; halla dómi, to give an unfair judgment, Gþl. 174, Fs. 121, Sks. 662; h. sögu, to give an unfair report, Fms. vi. 261; ok um allar sagnir hallaði hann mjök til, id., Nj. 270; h. orðum til, to impute, Fms. ix. 332; h. eptir e-m, to be swayed, biased in one's favour, 59; mér þykir þér hafa hallat til -- hallat hefi ek víst (no doubt have I swerved) segir konungr, ok þó í hag þér, ii. 272; halla sæmd e-s, to let one's honour swerve, do it injury, Orkn. 240; h. undan e-u, to avoid, shun one, Al. 83; h. sér, to lean with one's body, seig at honum svefn, ok hallaði hann sér í kné henni, Fb. i. 280: with acc., h. sik (less correct), Karl. 292. III. impers. to swerve, with dat.; taka stór tré ok fella á Orminn, svá at honum halli til, so that she (the ship) swerved on one side, Fms. ii. 326; skip sveif upp á grunn ok hallaði (viz. því) mjök, vii. 264; hallaði honum svá at sjór féll inn á annat borð, Eg. 386. 2. to decline, of the day; þegar er út hallaði á kveldum, Lv. 43; hence Icel. say of the day-marks, hallandi dagmál, hádegi, nón, ... náttmál, past dagmál, i.e. when the sun has just passed the day-mark in the horizon; sólu hallar, the sun sinks, Þjal. Jón 28; or degi hallar, the day is sinking, Luke ix. 12; or hallar út degi, as Til hafs sól hraðar sér | hallar út degi, Hymn-book, No. 294; vetri, sumri hallar, the winter, summer is declining, Fas. ii. 552. 3. of a river-basin, to slope; hann skildi eigi fyrr við þá en hallaði af norðr, Boll. 348; stigum þeim er hölluðu frá þjóðgötum, Sks. 1: the phrase, það hallar undan fæti, it slopes down hill. 4. tafli hallar á e-n, the game turns against one, Karl. 205. IV. reflex. to lean with the body; Bolli hallaðisk upp at sels-vegginum, Ld. 244; hann hallaðisk ok lagði höfuð (he nodded and laid his head) í kné Finni Árnasyni, Ó. H. 210; lengi ek hölluðumk, long have I been nodding (from sleep), Sl. 36; hann hallaðisk undan högginu, Fms. vi. 66. 2. to swerve; þá tók mjök at hallask Ormrinn, the ship lay over-much on one side, Fms. ii. 229: to be turned, tók þá at hallask taflit, svá at öðrum var komit at máti, Bs. ii. 186; á þá hallaðisk bardaginn, the battle turned against them, O. H. L. 20; hallask eptir e-u, to swerve towards a thing, Fms. ii. 32; h. til vináttu við e-n, Fs. 116: metaph., at mín virðing mundi halla (that my honour would be tarnished) af þínu tilstilli, Lv. 34. hallan, f. a swerving, Stj. 65. hallandi, a, m. = hall-lendi. hallarr, m. [cp. Fr. hallier; Swed. and Norse hyll; Dan. hyld], a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.) Hallin-skíði, a, m., poët. a ram, Edda (Gl.): name of the god Heimdal, Edda, vide Lex. Poët. hall-kvæmr, etc., vide hald-. hall-lendi, n. a slope, declivity, Orkn. 244. hall-lendr, adj. sloping, Sturl. i. 85. hall-mæla, t, to speak ill of one, with dat., Nj. 53, Fms. iv. 81, xi. 260, Magn. 442, passim. hall-mæli, n. pl. blame, reproof, Fas. i. 106, Str. 71, Fs. 15, Edda 8. hall-oki (-oka), adj. indecl. [aka höllu], suffering defeat, worsted, overcome; in the phrase, vera, fara, h. fyrir e-m, Ld. 146, Fær. 229, Bárð. 174, Karl. 91 (v.l.), Hsm. 18. 3. HALLR, adj., fem. höll, leaning to one side, swerving, sloping; jakarnir vóru hallir út af skerinu, Eb. 238; jakarnir vóru bæði hálir ok hallir, 240; hann (the ship) ferr jafnan hallr, it heeled over, Fb. i. 520, Fms. x. 368; h. í göngu, limping, Vápn. 6; bera hallt höfuðit, to bear the head on one side, Fms. ii. 70; hallt ker, a half-filled cup, Hm. 51; standa höllum fæti, to stand slanting, Nj. 97; bar hallan skjöldinn, the shield came aslant, Eg. 378; láta verða hallt á e-n, to overmatch one, metaph. from rowing or from the balance, Fbr. 122 :-- hann lætr ekki á sik hallt, ok höggr í móti, he allowed no inequality, but cut in return, i.e. he paid blow for blow, O. H. L. 92; nú leikr mér þat eigi í hug, at á yðr verði hallt um vár skipti, Þorf. Karl. 404: so in the phrases, aka höllu fyrir e-m (halloki) or aka höllum fæti (MS.), to be upset, to stoop or crouch before one, metaph. from driving, Ld. 206; fara höllum fæti, to he worsted, Bs. i. 907; aka undan höllum (öllum MS.) fæti, Lv. 76. II. metaph. swerving, biased; alþýðan er höll til ílsku ok synda, Ver. 7; hann var mest hallr at allri vináttu til Inga konungs, Fms. vii. 233: biased, attached to one, vera hallr undir e-n, id.; hann var hallr undir Einar í mála-ferlum þeirra Sturlu, Sturl. i. 75; þvíat hann var meir hallr undir þá feðga, 94; með mikla sveit þá er undir Rómverja vóru hallir, Clem. 29; þvíat hann var mest undir hann hallr at allri vináttu, and hann var mest h. undir Rögnvald jarl, 442, Fms. vii. 229, Bs. i. 714, Stj. 476; cp. vinhallr, partial, as a friend. HALLR, m. [Ulf. hallus = GREEK], a slope, hill; þá gékk hann frá bardaganum upp í hallinn ok settisk þar niðr, Sturl. i. 85; ok var mjök bratt at ganga upp í hallinn til steinveggsins, Fms. vii. 8i, a paraphrase from the verse in p. 82; this sense is rare and obsolete. II. a big stone, boulder, Gs. 10, 12, 16, 22 (of a millstone); Gísli fær sér hall einn ok kastaði út í skerit, Gísl. 123: of a precious stone, a gem, Fms. iii. 180; gler-h., a crystal (mod.): freq. in pr. names, of men, Hallr, Hall-björn, Hall-dórr (qs. Hall-þórr), Hall-freðr, Hall-gils, Hall-geirr, Hall-grímr, Hall-kell, Hall-mundr, Hall-ormr, Hall-steinn, Hall-varðr, Hall-aðr; of women, Halla, Hall-dóra, Hall-dís, Hall-fríðr, Hall-gerðr, Hall-gríma, Hall-katla, Hall-veig, Hall-vör: suffixed in Þór-hallr and Þór-halla: in local names, Hall-land, a county in Sweden; Hall-lendingar, Hallanders, Fms. xii. III. metaph. a stain, colour, meton. from steinn, Orkn. (in a verse). hall-sperra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs, = harðsperra. hall-æri, n. [ár], a bad season, a famine, dearth, Nj. 73, Fms. ix. 48, Bs. i. 200, Ísl. ii. 58, Ó. H. 102, Hkr. i. 21, 56. halmr, m., vide hálmr. HALR, m., pl. halir, [no doubt an apocopated form, akin to A. S. hæled, Germ. held = hero, as also to hölðr or höldr, q.v.] :-- a man, only used in poetry; halr er heima hverr, a saying, Hm. 36; gráðigr halr, 19; hnígra sá halr fyrir hjörum, 159; halr hugfullr, Hðm. 19; halr enn hugblauði, Hbl. 49; úkristinn halr, Sighvat: in plur. men, troða halir helveg, Vsp. 52, 56: used of the dead inmates of Hel, Alm. 29, cp. Vþm. 43, which seems to be a pun, as the word itself is not akin to Hel. hals, m. neck; vide háls. HALTR or halltr, adj. [A. S. healt; Engl. halt; O. H. G. halz; Dan.-Swed. halt; cp. Lat. claudus; prob. akin to hallr] :-- halt, lame, limping, Hm. 70, 89, Fms. vi. 322, Nj. 209, Landn. 100, Ísl. ii. 219, Edda 28; haltir ganga, Matth. xi. 5, xv. 31, xxi. 14, Luke vii. 22, xiv. 13, Acts iii. 2, viii. 7: haltr at máli, halting in speech, stammering, Barl. 15, (whence mál-haltr): as a nickname, Eyjólfr Halti, Lv.; Hrómundr H., Vd., Fs. 39, 48: metaph., h. í trúnni, halting, unsound in faith, Karl. 279; hand-haltr, q.v. haltra, að, to halt, limp, Grett. 151, Fbr. 179, Bs. i. 321, Stj. 592, Hebr. xii. 13. halzi, qs. haldsi, adj. indecl. holding, Fms. x. 396: with dat., haldzi e-u, Þiðr. 172. HAMA, að, [cp. höm = shanks in animals, whence Engl. ham], of cattle or horses in a storm, to stand and turn tail to wind, leaving off grazing. hamal-kyrni, n. a kind of seed, N. G. L. i. 385, 401. hamall, m. a pr. name, Landn., Hkv.; see the following word. HAMALT, n. adj., only in the old phrase, fylkja hamalt, synonymous with svínfylkja, to draw up a wedge-shaped column in the form of a hog's snout; thus defined, hann hefir svínfylkt her sínum -- Hverr man Hringi hafa kennt hamalt at fylkja? (who has taught king Ring to draw up the phalanx of hamalt?) ... Hringr hafði svínfylkt öllu liði sínu, þá þótti þó svá þykk fylkingin yfir at sjá, at rani var í brjósti, Ring had drawn all his troops up in a hog-shaped column, so that the ranks looked all the deeper for the snout-formed shape of the front, Fas. i. 380; hildingr fylkti hamalt, a paraphrase from hann fylkti liði sínu svá, at rani var framan á fylkingar-brjóstinu, Fms. xi. 304: used of a column of ships in a sea-fight, vi. 314 (in a verse), cp. also Skv. 2. 23, Fas. ii. 40 (in a verse); a description of the cuneiform column is given in Sks. 384; in Skjöld. S. its invention is attributed to Odin himself, and it was a favourite battle array with the men of old. HAMARR, m., dat. hamri, pl. hamrar, [A. S. hamor; Engl. hammer; O. H. G. hamar; Germ. and Dan. hammer; Swed. hammare] :-- a hammer; h. töng, steði, Edda 9, Vkv. 18, Landn. 212 (in a verse); the thunderbolt was in the northern mythology represented as a hammer, -- the hammer Mjölnir, Edda (Sksm.) 15, 26, 28-30, 58, 70, passim, Þkv. passim, Hbl. 47; hann (the idol) var merkðr eptir Þór ok hefir hamar í hendi, Ó. H. 108, O. T. 44; Þrúð-hamarr, the mighty hammer, Ls. 57, 59, 61, 63: the hammer was the holy sign with the heathens, answering to the cross of the Christians, hann görði hamar yfir, he made the sign of the hammer over it, Fms. i. 35; Þórr tók hamarinn Mjölni ok brá upp ok vígði hafr-stökurnar, Edda 28, cp. also Þkv. 30, where the bride and bridegroom were to be marked with the holy sign; hence Þórs-hamarr = the character RUNE which occurs on a few of the earliest heathen Runic stones (e.g. Thorsen, pp. 17, 329), cp. also Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446; this RUNE is evidently an imitation of the thunderbolt. β. the back of an axe, Eg. 769. COMPDS: hamar-gangr, m. hammer-clash, Stj. 45. hamars-högg, n. a hammer stroke, Stj. 563. hamars-muðr (-munnr, -munni), m. the 'mouth' or thin end of a hammer, Edda 30. hamar-skalli, a, m. the thick end of a hammer, Fms. viii. 138. hamar-skapt, n. the shaft or handle of a hammer, Edda 28. hamar-spor, n. a hammer's print, Edda 34. II. metaph. a hammer-shaped crag, a crag standing out like an anvil; þar stendr hamarr mikill fyrir þeim, Bs. i. 601; þeir leggja skip sín millum hamra tveggja, Grett. 83, Fas. iii. 257; þrítugr, fertugr ... hamarr, a crag thirty, forty ... fathoms high, i. 159: so in the saying, kljúfa þrítugan hamarinn til e-s, to split a thirty fathoms' rock, to make great efforts, to make Herculean efforts in a thing, metaph. from cutting roads through rocks: in pl. hamrar, crags; fluga-hamrar, sjávar-hamrar, sea-crags; ogres were believed to live in crags, hence the phrase, sem genginn út úr hömrum, i.e. looking as wild as a crag-ogre, svá ílliligr sem genginn sé út ór sjávar-hömrum, Nj. 182. COMPDS: (hamar- and hamra-), hamar-tröll, n. a crag-ogre, Grett. (in a verse). hamar-dalr, m. a ravine, Karl. 292. hamar-gnípa, u, f. the peak of a crag, Stj. 134, Fms. v. 323, Þorf. Karl. 414. hamar-klettr,

236 HAMARKLIF -- HAMR.

m. a crag (isolated), Fms. ii. 92, Nj. 264, v.l. hamar-klif, n. a craggy cliff, Gísl. 137. hamar-rifa, u, f. a rift in a crag, Fb. iii. 447. hamar-skarð and hamra-skarð, n. a scaur, cleft or ravine, Grett. 132, Gísl. 51, Grág. i. 17. hamar-skúti, a, m. a jutting crag, Nj. 264; gjá-h., q.v.: esp. freq. in local names in Icel. and Norway, Hamarr, Hamrar, Hamra-endar, Hamars-á: in compds, Smá-hamrar, Ein-hamarr, a single crag, Gísl., etc., vide Landn., Fms. xii, Fb. iii. 2. a kind of mark on sheeps' ears, prob. of heathen origin, denoting the holy mark of the hammer of Thor: cutting the top of the ear thus UNCERTAIN is called hamar, whence hamar-skora, u, f. a cleft hamar UNCERTAIN; cp. the ditty of Stef. Ól., Hamarinn mér í greipar gékk | það gæfu-markið fína, and hamar-skoru og gloppu-gat | görðu í hægra eyra. 3. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.): prop. a false reading for humarr (q.v.), a lobster. hamask, að, dep. to rage, to be taken by a fit of fury in a fight, synonymous to ganga berserks-gang (see p. 6l): the word is derived from hamr, prob. owing to a belief that such persons were possessed by a strange spirit or demon; cp. hamr, hamstoli, hamramr, all of them words referring to a change of shape :-- svá er sagt, at þá hamaðisk hann, ok fleiri vóru þeir föru-nautar hans er þá hömuðusk, Eg. 122; hamask þú nú, Skallagrímr, at syni þínum, 192; Þórir hljóp þá af baki, ok er svá sagt, at hann hamaðisk þá it fyrsta sinn, Gullþ. 30, Fas. iii. 343, Landn. 119; Fránmarr jarl hafði hamask í arnar líki, Sæm. 95: the word is still used, to work as hard as a giant. ham-farir, f. pl. a mythical word, the 'faring' or travelling in the assumed shape of an animal, fowl or deer, fish or serpent, with magical speed over land and sea, the wizard's own body meantime lying lifeless and motionless; graphically depicted in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Vd. ch. 12, Hkr. (O. T.) ch. 37; hann sendi Finna tvá í hamförum til Íslands, Landn. 174; Haraldr konungr bauð kunngum manni at fara í hamförum til Íslands, sá fór í hvals-líki, etc., Hkr. i. 228. ham-frær, f. pl., from hamfrú (?), witches, an GREEK; leirblót gört í manns-líki af leiri eðr deigi, eðr hamfrær, N. G. L. i. 383, v.l. ham-föng, n. pl. frenzy, fury, Sturl. ii. 137. ham-hleypa, u, f. a 'ham-leaper,' a witch that travels in hamfarir, Eg. 421, Fas. ii. 80, 390, Gullþ. 64: in mod. usage Icel. say, hann er mesta hamhleypa, he is a great h., works like a giant, of one who does great work in little time; hann er hamhleypa að skrifa, hamhleypa að vinna, etc. hamingja, u, f. luck, fortune; prop. in a personal sense, a guardian spirit, answering to the guardian angel of Christians; derived from hamr, for the guardian spirits of men -- and every man had his hamingja -- were believed to take the shape sometimes of animals, sometimes and more commonly of human beings, esp. that of women; but they were themselves supernatural beings; that the hamingjur were giant-females proceeding from the great Norns -- who were the hamingjur of the world -- is borne out by the passage in Vþm. 48, 49. Hamingja and fylgja or fylgju-kona (Hallfred S. ch. 11) seem to be nearly synonymous, as also gæfa, gipta, auðna, heill; but hamingja is the most personal word, and was almost symbolical of family relationship. At the hour of death the hamingja left the dying person and passed into a dear son, daughter, or beloved kinsman; cp. Hallfr. S. ch. 11, and esp. the charming tale in Glúm. ch. 9. One might also impart one's own good luck to another, hence the phrase leggja sína hamingju með e-m, almost answering to the Christian, 'to give one's blessing to another.' Examples: sögðusk mundu leggja til með honum hamingju sína, Ld. 74; h. ok gæfa, Fms. vi. 165; þú en ústöðuga h., Al. 23; h. konungsins, 22; ok mun kona sjá hans h. vera er fjöllum hærra gékk, Glúm. 345; etja hamingju við e-n, Fb. ii. 65; ok reyna hvat hamingjan vill unna þér, Fs. 4; vilnask (hope) at h. mun fylgja, 23; vera má at þat sé til h. várrar ættar, 11; langæligar nytjar munu menn hafa hans hamingju, Bs. i. 229; forlög ekki forðumst ill | fram kemr það hamingjan vill, Úlf. 3. 69; meiri í hreysti en hamingju, Gullþ. 21; sigri eðr hamingju manns þessa, Fs. 10. It is still used in Icel. almost as Heaven, Providence; það má Hamingjan vita, God knows; eg vildi Hamingjan gæfi, would to Heaven! Guð og Hamingjan, God and Good Luck; treysta Guði og Hamingjunni; eiga undir Hamingjunni, to run the risk; and in similar phrases. COMPDS: hamingju-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 34. hamingju-hjól, n. the wheel of fortune, Fas. iii. 470. hamingju-hlutr, m. a lucky chance, Fms. x. 180. hamingju-lauss, adj. luckless, hapless, Stj. 464, Fms. viii. 93. hamingju-leysi, n. want of luck, Fms. i. 286. hamingju-maðr, m. a lucky man, Fms. xi. 205, Fs. 21. hamingju-mikill, adj. mighty lucky, Fms. ii. 31, Ld. 170, Eg. 46: compar. hamingju-meiri, Fb. i. 301. hamingju-mót, n. lucky appearance; h. er á pér, Fs. 11. hamingju-raun, f. a trial of fortune, Fms. xi. 244, Ó. H. 195. hamingju-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), lucky-looking, Fms. i. 96. hamingju-skipti, n. a shift or turn of fortune, Sturl. iii. 73. hamingju-skortr, m. lack of luck, Fms. xi. 260. hamingju-tjón, n. bad luck, Al. 56. HAMLA, u, f. an oar-loop made of a strap or withe fastened to the thole-pin (hár), into which the oar was put, the oarsman pulling the oar against the thole, as is still done in the fjords of Norway; hence is called láta síga á hömlu, to pull slowly towards the hamla, i.e. stern foremost, Fms. i. 172, vii. 213; láta skip síga á hömlum, Hkr. iii. 336; á hömlo, Mork. l.c.; lét hann leggja fimm skipum fram í sundit svá at mátti þegar síga á hömlu, Grett. 83 A; hömlur slitnuðu, háir brotnuðu, the h. were torn, the tholes broken, Am. 35; leggja árar í hömlur, they put the oars in the loops, Fms. iii. 57. In Norway the levy or conscription was counted by the hömlur, cp. Ó. H. 227, where one hamla (i.e. man) was to be levied from every seven males over five years old, and so 'til hömlu' means naut. = per man, per oar, Gþl. 99, N. G. L. i. 98; thus, gera mat í hömlu, to contribute provisions by the head, 201, cp. D. N. passim and Fritzner's remarks s.v.: the metaph. phrase, ganga e-m í hömlu um e-t, to go into one's hamla, take one's place, to be one's match; sem Sigvalda myni fæst til skorta, at ganga mér í hömlu um ráða-gerðir ok dæma hér um mál manna, bæði fyrir vizku sakir ok ráðspeki, Fms. xi. 98. COMPDS: hömlu-band, n. an oar strap (= hamla), Eg. 390, Fbr. 181. hömlu-barði, a, m. a dub. GREEK; má þat ríki kalla hömlu-barða eða auðnar óðal, Sks. 333: the word is prob. taken from a ship defeated in a fight and pulling or drifting stern foremost. hömlu-fall, n. an illegal breaking up of a ship, a Norse law term, no king's ship might be demolished unless the keel had been laid for a new ship; hömlufall was liable to a fine of three marks for every hamla, N. G. L. i. 101. hömlu-maðr, m. a Norse term answering to Icel. há-seti, an oarsman, sailor, N. G. L. i. 99. II. mod. a short oar with which the boatman paddles, leaning the body forwards and with his face towards the stem, using the oar partly instead of a rudder; hence stýris-hamla, a 'rudder-oar.' hamla, að, to pull backwards, stern foremost ( = láta síga á hömlu); Hákon jarl lét ok h. at landi, Fms. i. 93; höfðu menn hans þá undan hamlat, 174; gátu þeir eigi svá skjótt vikit þó at þeir hamlaði á annat borð en reri á annat, viii. 386; hömluðu þeir skipunum at Norðnesi, Fagrsk. 254; vér skulum sýna þeim sem mestan undanróðr, en vér skulum þó raunar hamla, O. H. L. 69, cp. Þiðr. 61: in mod. usage to paddle with a short oar, turning the face towards the stem. 2. metaph. to stop, hinder one, with dat.; nú búask þeir bræðr í burt ok stoðar ekki at h. þeim, Fas. i. 42; hamlaði þat mjök afla Þorgríms, at frændr hans kómu eigi, Eb. 48. II. [A. S. hamelan, cp. Engl. to hamstring, O. H. G. hamal-stat = locus supplicii, and Germ. hammel = vervex], to maim, mutilate: with dat. and acc., sumir vóru hamlaðir at höndum eða fótum, Eg. 14; sá er manni hamlaði á hendi eðr á fæti eðr veitti önnur meiðsl, Fms. xi. 226, 298; hann drap suma, suma lét hann hamla, Hkr. i. 258; lét hann suma drepa, suma hamla, en suma rak hann ór landi, Ó. H. 105. ham-leðr, n. the shank leather of a hide; cp. höm. hamn-, vide hafn, from höfn, a haven. hampa, að, to toss one in the arms, with dat. HAMPR, m. [this word, like all words in mp (np), is of for. origin; cp. Gr. GREEK, whence Lat. cannabis; Germ. hanf; Engl. hemp; Dan. hamp: it scarcely occurs before the middle of the 13th century; hörr, q.v., is the genuine northern word] :-- hemp, Sks. 287, H. E. i. 395, N. G. L. ii. 355. HAMR, m., pl. hamir, dat. hami, Vsp. 36, but ham, Höfuðl. (where ham, gram, and fram form a rhyme), as also Haustl. 2, Hkr. i. 228, all of them poems of the 10th century; [A. S. hama, homa; Hel. hamo; O. H. G. hemedi, whence mod. Germ. hemd; Dan. ham; akin to hamr is Ital. camisa, Fr. chemise, with a final s answering to hams below] :-- a skin, esp. the skin of birds flayed off with feathers and wings; álptar-hamr, a swan's skin; fugls-hamr, a bird's skin; arnar-hamr, an eagle's skin; gásar-hamr, a goose's skin, etc.; hams, q.v., of snakes: ham bera svanir hvítfjaðraðan (of a swan's skin), Fas. i. 471 (in a verse); hleypa hömum (of snakes), to cast the slough, Konr. 34; hlátra hamr, poët. laughter's cover, the breast, Höfuðl. 19. II. shape, esp. in a mythol. sense, connected with the phrase, skipta hömum, to change the shape, described in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Völs. S. ch. 7, 8, and passim; cp. also the deriv. ein-hamr, ham-farir, ham-ramr, ham-stola, hamingja, hamask, etc., -- an old and widespread superstition found in the popular lore and fairy tales of almost every country; -- Óðinn skipti hömum, lá þá búkrinn sem sofinn eðr dauðr, en hann var þá fugl eða dýr, fiskr eða ormr, ok fór á einni svipstund á fjarlæg lönd, Yngl. S. l.c., Fas. i. 128 (Völs. S. l.c.); it is described in Völs. S. ch. 8, -- þeir hafa orðit fyrir úsköpum, því at úlfa-hamir (wolf-coats) héngu yfir þeim; it tíunda hvert dægr máttu þeir komask ór hömunum, etc.; þeir fundu konur þrjár ok spunnu lín, þar vóru hjá þeim álptar-hamir þeirra, Sæm. 88 (prose to Vkv.); fjölkyngis-kona var þar komin í álptar-ham, Fas. i. 373, cp. Helr. 6; víxla hömum, to change skins, assume one another's shape, Skv. 1. 42; Úlf-hamr, Wolf-skin, the nickname of a mythol. king, Hervar. S., prob. from being hamramr; manns-hamr, the human skin, Str. 31; hugða ek at væri hamr Atla, methought it was the form or ghost of Atli, Am. 19; jötunn í arnar-ham, a giant in an eagle's skin, Vþm. 37, Edda; í gemlis-ham, id., Haustl.; fjaðr-hamr, Þkv.; í faxa-ham, in a horse's skin, Hkr. i. (in a verse); í trölls-hami, in an ogre's skin, Vsp. 36; vals-hamr, a falcon's skin, Edda (of the goddess Freyja): it remains in mod. usage in metaph. phrases, að vera í góðum, íllum, vondum, ham, to be in a good, bad, dismal

HAMDOKKR -- HANDLAUGAR. 237

frame of mind or mood; vera í sínum rétta ham, to be in one's own good frame of mind; færast í annan ham, to enter into another frame of mind: in western Icel. an angry, ill-tempered woman is called hamr, hún er mesti hamr (= vargr): hams-lauss, adj. distempered, furious, esp. used in Icel. of a person out of his mind from restlessness or passion, the metaphor from one who cannot recover his own skin, and roves restlessly in search of it, vide Ísl. Þjóðs. passim. COMPDS: ham-dökkr, adj. dark-skinned, of dark hue, Edda (Ht.), of the raven. ham-fagr, adj. fair of hue, bright, Ad. 7. ham-ljótr, adj. scraggy, ugly, Haustl. ham-vátr, adj. skin-wet, i.e. drowned, Landn. (in a verse): freq. in foreign, Saxon, and Germ. pr. names and local names; Hamðir, m. a pr. name, qs. Ham-þér, cp. A. S. Hama-þeow. ham-ramaðr, part. = hamramr, Fas. iii. 424, (bad.) ham-ramr, adj. a mythical term, able to change one's shape; in the Sagas it is esp. used of berserkers, -- men gifted with supernatural strength or seized with fits of warlike fury (berserks-gangr), vide hamask; but also, though less frequently, referring to hamfarir; hann var h. mjök, he was a great wizard who changed his shape, Landn. 87, 289; hann var h. mjök svá at hann gékk heiman ór Hraunhöfn um kveldit en kom um morgininn eptir í Þjórsár-dal, Landn. 236, 285, 306, Gullþ. 30; þat var mál manna at hann væri mjök h., Eg. 3; allir hinir sterkustu menn ok margir hamramir, 109; þeim mönnum er hamramir vóru eðr þeim er berserks-gangr er á, 125; eigi var þat einmælt at hann væri eigi h., 514 :-- as a nickname, Vékell hinn hamrami, Landn. 191; Vigi hinn h., Korm. 58; Tanni er kallaðr var hinn hamrami, Ísl. ii. 360, -- the MS. has handrami, which is no doubt wrong, as also in the name of the mythical king Hávarðr handrami, Fb. i. 26; cp. hinn Rammi and ramaukinn, Landn. 107, 249, 277, Hdl. 34. ham-remi, f. the state of being hamramr, Eg. 125. hams, m. ( = hamr), a snake's slough; ormar skríða ór hamsi á vár, Mkv.; kalla sverðit orm, en fetlana ok umgörð hams hans, Edda (Ht.) 123: metaph., góðr (íllr) hams er á e-m, one is in a good (bad) frame of mind; hams er góðr á fljóðum, Hallfred: Icel. say, vera í góðum, vondum hamsi, id.: allit. phrases as, hafa hold og hams, 'to keep up flesh and skin,' i.e. to be hale and hearty, to be in a good state. II. in plur. hamsar means particles of suet. In Norway hams means the husks of beans and grains: in Dan. a kind of beetle is called gjedehams. UNCERTAIN The s in hams is curious; it is kept throughout all cases; it is either a remnant of the old masc. mark s for r as in Gothic, or perhaps the s answers to the inflex. d as in O. H. G. hamedi, Germ. hemd; but still more closely to the inflex. final s in Ital. camisa, Fr. chemise. ham-skarpr, adj. [höm], thin in the flank, of a horse: the name of a horse, Edda (Gl.) ham-skiptask, t, dep. = skipta hömum, Str. 30. ham-stoli, mod. ham-stola, adj. 'ham-stolen,' prop. a wizard whose skin has been stolen, and hence metaph. frantic, furious, Eg. 565, Ems. vi. 198, Barl. 56, Karl. passim, cp. Völs. S. Fas. i. 130. ham-stolinn, part. = hamstoli, Karl. 243, 352, El. hana and hana-nú, interj. see here! vide Gramm. p. xxviii, col. 2. HAND, f. a hand; vide hönd. handa, adv. with dat. for one, to one, prop. a gen. pl. from hönd, q.v. handa- and handar- in compds, vide s.v. hönd. hand-afl, n. hand-strength; lesa sik upp með handafli, to haul oneself up by strength of hand, Fas. iii. 283. hand-afli, a, m. the produce of one's hands; lifa á handafla sínum, to live by one's hands. handan, adv., 1. denoting from the place, from beyond, beyond; handan um, and in mod. usage handan yfir, á, fjörð, sund, fjall, from beyond a river, firth, sound, fell, or the like; hann sá mann ríða handan um Vaðla, Ld. 148; skip reri handan um fjörðinn, Eb. 292; handan ór, af, frá, from the side beyond, the land being in dat.; kom þar Ingimundr ór Dölum handan, Sturl. i. 88; er þeir koma handan ór Tungunni, ii. 216; þeir sá at þrír menn hleyptu handan frá Akri, i. 83; handan af Nesinu, i.e. from Caithness to the Orkneys, Orkn. 410. 2. absol., vindar gnýja héðan ok handan, henceforth and thenceforth, Edda 8; Þórðr andar nú handan, from the opposite bench, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. v. 176 (in a verse); vestan Vatnsskarð ok handan, from the west of the fell W. and beyond, Sturl.; Íslands Húnalands sem Danmarkar handan, i.e. Iceland as well as Húnaland and Denmark beyond the sea, Korm. II. fyrir handan, denoting in the place, with acc.; þar vórum vér allir fyrir handan á upp frá Akri, Sturl. ii. 210; hér fyrir handan ána, Ísl. ii. 260; fyrir handan ver, beyond the sea, Gkv. 2. 7; fyrir handan sundit, Hbl. 1 :-- adverb., vera má nú at Barði sé fyrir handan, Ísl. ii. 387; Sódóma fyrir handan en Gomorra fyrir héðan, Symb. 30. hand-bani, a, m. a law term, an actual slayer, homicide; opp. to ráð-bani, hald-bani, Hdl. 28, (GREEK.) hand-bjalla, u, f. a hand-bell, Pm. 90. hand-björg, f. 'hand-supply;' esp. in phrases, lifa við h. sína, to live from hand to mouth, Fas. iii. 538; eiga allt undir h. sinni, id., Róm. 290; færa e-n fram með h. sinni, to support a person by one's labour, Jb. 267; whence handbjargar-úmagi, a, m. (-maðr, m.), a person supported by another's labour, id. hand-bogi, a, m. a hand-bow, Landn. 288, Sks. 390, 626, Orkn. 148, Fms. vii. 45, Fb. i. 486; opp. to lásbogi, a cross-bow. hand-bók, f. a handbook, Vm. 52, Hom. 29. hand-bragð, n. handicraft, manner of work, gott, íllt h.: of needlework, það er handbragðið hennar á því, and the like. hand-byndi, mod. hand-bendi, n., prop. a handcuff: metaph. a hindrance, bother, e-m er (verðr) h. at e-u, to be bothered with a thing, Karl. 234; það er h. að honum; hann ekki nema til handbendis. hand-bærr, adj. ready at hand, Greg. 7, Hornklofi. hand-fagr, adj. having fair hands, Korm. hand-fang, n. 'hand-grip,' a span, Gísl. 23. hand-fara, fór, to touch with the hands, Bs. i. 460. hand-fátt, n. adj. lack of hands, having too few hands, Fb. i. 521. hand-festa, t, a law term, to strike a bargain by shaking hands, to pledge; h. heit sitt, Fms. vi. 145; Ásgrímr handfesti at greiða þriggja vetra skatta, Bs. i. 740; handfestir eiðar, Dipl. ii. 19; biskup handfesti (betrothed) jungfrú Ingilborg, Fms. x. 103, H. E. i. 248; handfest mér upp á trú þína, at ..., Stj. 629. 2 Kings x. 15. hand-festa, u, f. (hand-festning, f., H. E. i. 251), = handfestr, Dipl. iv. ii, Fb. i. 366, Bs. ii. 61. hand-festr, f. striking a bargain, the joining hands; þá ferr handfestr um allt skipit þeirra í millum at þessu heiti, Bs. i. 421; áttu þeir at handfesti ok vápna-tak at þessu heiti, Fms. viii. 55; tóku þeir heit sitt með h., v. 138; sira Oddr tók þá ok þetta skilorð með h., Bs. i. 746; við vitni ok h., Fb. i. 366: it answers to the signing one's name in mod. law. UNCERTAIN In the early Dan. and Swed. laws the stipulation to be given by the king at his coronation was called haand-fæstning. In Scotland marriage used often to be preceded by a preliminary union called hand-fasting, see Jamieson s.v. II. a rope by which to haul oneself up, Jm. 1. hand-fjatla, að, = handvætta. hand-fyllr, f. a handful, Ó. H. 211. hand-færi, n. an angling line. hand-ganga, u, f. surrender (cp. ganga á hönd e-m), also submission to one as liege-lord; veita e-m handgöngu, Ó. H. 97; þá varð ekki af handgöngu við konunga, 163, Róm. 124, 134. hand-genginn, part. [Dan. haandgangen], a king's officer, belonging to the king's household; görask h. e-m, Eg. 29, 197, Sks. 249, Eb. 110, Fs. 70; synonymous to hirðmaðr, Fms. iv. 122, Al. 27, N. G. L., Jb. passim. hand-góðr, adj. handy, adroit, Valla L. 223. hand-grannr, adj. having a thin hand. hand-grip, n. = handrán, Bs. ii. 45. hand-hafa, ð, to have in hand, possess, Gþl. 313. hand-hafl, a, m. having in hand, Fb. 329; vera h. at e-u, to get into one's hands, clutch a thing (as a law term less than to own); vera h. at jörðu at úleyfi konungs, Gþl. 452; ef sá kallask keypt hafa er h. er at, N. G. L. i. 249, Sturl. i. 56 (of unlawful seizure). hand-haltr, adj. having a lame, bad hand, Sturl. i. 189. hand-heitr, adj. having a warm hand. hand-hæfi, n. and hand-höfn, f. a hand instrument, Þjal. 8. hand-högg, n. a hacking off one's hand, Sturl. iii. 116. hand-höggva, hjó, to hack one's hand off, Eb. 58, Fms. viii. 167. hand-iðjan, f. = hannyrð, Bs. i. 619. hand-kaldr, adj. having (usually) a cold hand. hand-kista, u, f. a hand-box, D. N. hand-klukka, u, f. a hand-bell, Vm. 114, 117, B. K. 83. hand-klæði, n. a hand-towel, N. G. L. ii. 443, Nj. 176, Fms. iii. 194: for use in church, Vm. 15, 104, 117, Dipl. iii. 4, B. K. 83. hand-knakkar, m. pl. a kind of crutches, Mar. 69, 70. hand-kriki, a, m. an arm-pit. hand-krókr, m. a game, 'hand-crook,' pulling with crooked hands. hand-krækjask, t, recipr. to try the strength by pulling with crooked hands, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 78 (where it is used of hooking hands together and standing in a circle as in a dance). hand-kvern, f. a quern, hand-mill, B. K. 81. hand-lag or hand-lög, n. [cp. mid. Lat. andilago, andilangus, per festucam et per andilangum tradere, Du Cange] :-- joining hands, a pledging, = handfestr, Eb. 128, Sturl. iii. 233, D. N. i. 134: in sing., Dipl. i. 11. hand-laginn, part. adroit; hand-lagni, f. adroitness. hand-lami, adj. indecl. with a lame, bad hand, Bs. ii. 29, Karl. 547. handlan, f. working, MS. 4. 10. hand-latr, adj. lazy, Sturl. iii. 200. hand-laugar, f. pl. washing the bands, a custom with the men of old after as well as before meals; gefa e-m h., Fms. vi. 321, Stj. 153; taka h., Fms. vii. 85; ganga til handlauga, v. 317; bera inn h., Nj. 220 (after dinner); Bergþóra gékk at borðinu með handlaugar, Nj. 52, cp.

238 HANDLAUSS -- HANGR.

Nj. ch. 117, Lv. ch. 13, Har. S. Harðr. ch. 79: in sing. of the basin = mundlaug, Fms. vi. 199, Fb. iii. 467. hand-lauss, adj. without hands, Gísl. (in a verse). hand-leggja, lagði, = handfesta; h. e-m e-t, to pledge, confirm by handlög, Dipl. ii. 5; h. e-m land, til eignar, to sell an estate by handlög, Dipl. ii. 8, Thom. 298; handlagði Sophia kirkjunni til eignar þrjá tigi hundraða, Pm. 9: to seize, Post. (Fr.) hand-leggr, m. the 'hand-leg,' the arm, Landn. 119 (v.l.), Bjarn. 65, Grett. 140, Nj. 19, 116, Ld. 220, Sturl. i. 85, ii. 104, Bs. i. 640, ii. 29, Fms. i. 16, ii. 264, vii. 226, Bárð. 169; cp. fótleggr: Icel. distinguish between upp-h., the upper-arm, and fram-h., the fore-arm; in mod. speech this compd word has almost superseded the old armr, q.v. hand-leiðsla, u, f. guidance. hand-leika, lék, to wield in one's hand, have in the hand. hand-leikinn, part. nimble-handed. hand-lektari, a, m. a hand lectern or reading-desk, Vm. 110. hand-léttir, m. lending a hand, Fbr. 93. handligr, adj. manual, K. Á. 120. hand-lín, n., eccl. sleeves, 625. 184, Fms. iii. 168, viii. 308, Vm. 30, Dipl. v. 18, B. K. 83, D. I. i. passim. hand-ljótr, adj. having a loutish, clownish hand. hand-megin and hand-megn, n. strength of hand, clasp, = handafl, Rb. 378; af handmagni, with the clasp of the hand, 625. 26: strength to work, working power, Grág. i. 237, 240: work = handbjörg, færa e-n fram á fé sínu eðr handmagni, 292. handmegins-úmagi, a, m. = handbjargar-úmagi, Grág. i. 289. hand-meiddr, part. with maimed hands, Sturl. i. 189 C. hand-mjúkr, adj. having a soft hand. hand-numinn, part. seized, caught, Grág. ii. 136, 195, N. G. L. i. 61. hand-óðr, adj. fumbling about and touching everything with the hands, esp. of children. hand-pundari, a, m. a hand steel-yard, Gþl. 523, Jb. 373. hand-raði, a, m. a drawer in a chest, 677. 9; freq. in mod. usage, kistu-handraði, kistils-handraði, etc. hand-ramr, adj., vide hamramr. hand-rán, n. a law term, 'hand-robbery,' wresting a thing out of another's hand, a kind of frumhlaup (personal assault), defined in Grág. Vsl. ch. 3, liable to outlawry, Grág. ii. 191, N. G. L. i. 58, Gþl. 408, Jb. 426. hand-reip, n. a rope for hauling, Sks. 414. hand-rið, n. a hand-rail, of a staircase or the like, Fms. viii. 375 (of a bridge), Sks. 414. hand-rif, n. [cp. handsyfte, Ivar Aasen], 'hand-reefing,' a naut. term, in the phrase, svipta h., to reef a sail; síga skyldi láta seglin, ok heldr seint, en svipta af handrifi, Ó. H. 182, (svipta af neðan handrifi, Fms. iii. 44.) hand-rit, n. 'hand-writ,' manuscript, (mod.) handrita-safn, n. a collection of manuscripts. hand-sal, n. [Scot. hansel; Dan. handsel], a law term, usually in pl. handsöl, 'hand-selling' or hanselling, i.e. the transference of a right, bargain, duty to another by joining hands; -- hand-shaking was with the men of old the sign of a transaction, and is still used among farmers and the like, so that to shake hands is the same as to conclude a bargain, cp. Lat. mandare = manu-dare, mancipium from manu capere; jafnt þykkja mér þín heit sem handsöl annarra manna, thy word is as good as the h. of other men, Lv. 65: a trust, charge, Grág. i. 190; þetta handsal líkaði ílla Þorbrands sonum, Eb. 156; er hjá vóru gjöfinni ok handsalinu, Anal. 293; biskups handsöl, Vm. 66; taka við handsölum á e-u, to undertake the trust, charge of a thing, Nj. 257; ek vil gjarna at þú takir handsölum á öllu fénu, Ld. 50; taka við fé með handsölum, Fs. 125; eiga handsöl við e-n, to make a bargain with one, Hrafn. 21, Rd. 243, Fb. i. 109; gefa e-m handsöl yfir e-u, Bs. ii. 64; bjóða h. fyrir e-n, to offer bail for one, Fs. 87; ganga til handsala fyrir e-n, Eb. 128, 148, Grág. and Sagas passim. COMPDS: handsals-band, n. a bond of handsal, N. G. L. i. 223. handsals-maðr or handsala-maðr, m. a bail, surety, Grág. i. 295, 363, 655 iii. 1, Sturl. iii. 43. handsals-rof, n. a breach of h., N. G. L. i. 365. handsals-slit, n. a breach of h., Grág. i. 384, 385, Gþl. 517. handsala, að, to make over by hansel, cp. Lat. mancipare; tak nú í hönd mér ok handsala, Nj. 21; rétt fram höndina ok h. mér nú landit, Eb. 38; h. sekð, sátt, Nj. 111, Grág. i. 118, 119; h. niðrfall at sökum, Nj. 21; h. e-m fé sitt, Glúm. 364, Eb. 156; h. sjálfdæmi, Bs. i. 286; h. löggrið, Grág. i. 19; fé handsalat, 399; h. kaup, to strike a bargain, N. G. L. i. 24; þá skal hann krefja harm verka slíkra, sem hann handsalaði honum, as he stipulated with him, 35: recipr., handsalask e-t, to stipulate with one another, Grág. i. 116; takask þeir í hendr ok handsalask við sættina, Sturl. ii. 252: part., handseld sök, etc., a suit conducted by proxy, Nj. passim. hand-sama, að, to gather together, keep, catch. hand-sax, n. a short sword, dirk, Fms. ii. 169, 268, 274, viii. 224. handsaxa-leikr, m. playing with dirks, by throwing them in the air and catching them by the hilt, Fb. i. 463. hand-seinn, adj. slow with the hand, Ísl. ii. 84. hand-seld, f. making over by handsal. handseldar-vitni, n. a witness to a handsal, Grág. ii. 203. hand-selja, d, = handsala, Nj. 33; h. e-m e-t, Gþl. 513: to stipulate, make a bargain, h. sér konu, 229; h. e-m vitni, verk, D. N. i. 100, N. G. L. ii. 163. hand-síðr, adj. long-armed, Fb. iii. 416. hand-skjálfti, a, m., medic. a trembling of the hand. hand-skot, n. a throwing by hand, opp. to bogaskot (shooting from a bow), Eb. 308, Fas. ii. 513, Fms. vi. 84, Bs. i. 621, Fb. i. 485. hand-sleggja, u, f. a hand-sledge, Sks. 415. hand-slöngva, u, f. a hand-sling, Sks. 380. hand-smár, adj. small-handed. hand-sterkr, adj. strong-handed, Eb. 166. hand-stinnr, adj. with brawny hand; róa handstinnan, to pull briskly, Finnb. 250. hand-stirðr, adj. stiff-handed, awkward. hand-stór, adj. big-handed. hand-stuttr, adj. short-handed. hand-styrkja, t, in the phrase, h. sik upp, to haul oneself up, Grett. 96, 141. hand-styrkr, adj. = handsterkr, Fms. i. 305, x. 172. hand-styrkr, m. strength of hand, Bær. 9. hand-sök, f. = handseld sök, Nj. 230 (MS.) hand-tak, n. = handlag, Nj. 113, Sturl. i. 118, Bs. i. 771, Vm. 76. hand-taka, tók, to seize, capture, Nj. 136, Sæm. 33, Fb. i. 395, Fs. 102, Fbr. 54 new Ed. 2. hand-tekinn, part. stipulated, Fs. 15. hand-tygill, m. a lace-tag, Fms. vi. 140. hand-únýtr, adj. quite worthless. hand-válka (-volka), að, to squeeze or crumple up with the hands. hand-vega, vá, to weigh in the hand, Fb. i. 370. hand-vegr, m. a shoulder-seam, Fms. ii. 70, Thom. 41, Flov. 31. hand-verk, n. a handiwork, trade, profession, (mod.) handverks-maðr, m. a handicraftsman. hand-verkr, m., medic. chiragra, gout in the hand. hand-viss, adj. in hand, quite certain, Karl. 175, 212, Thom. 5, 40, 63, 118. hand-vætta, tt, = handvega, Fms. ii. 129. hand-vömm, f. 'hand-slip,' maladroitness, clownishness, blundering, Grág. i. 383, N. G. L. i. 22, 25, Gþl. 501, Js. 121. hand-æði, n. fidgetting with the hand, being handóðr. hand-öx, f. a hand-axe, Nj. 27, Glúm. 329, Eg. 769: used as a missile, Ó. H. 217. hang, n. the coil of a serpent; beygja hangit, of a cat, Edda 33. HANGA, pret. hékk, 2nd pers. hékkt, mod. hékst, pl. héngu; pret. subj. héngja, mod. héngi; part. hanginn; pres. indic. irreg. hangi; a provincial weak pret. hangði also occurs a few times in old writers, e.g. Edda 76, which form is still heard in southern Icel. (in and about Reykjavík): [Ulf. hahan; A. S. hæn; Engl. hang; O. H. G. hahan; Germ. hangen; Dan. hænge; Swed. hänge] :-- to hang, Lat. pendere: α. to hang, be suspended; hvers manns alvæpni hékk yfir rúmi hans, Eg. 88; vápn sín, er þar héngu hjá þeim, 377; þetta it stóra sverð er uppi hangir, Fas. iii. 120; hann hefir nú tvá daga á krossi hangit, 625. 79. β. to cleave to; svá hanga þykt á þeim skotin, Al. 138; ok hangði hón á lifrinni þar til er hann dó, Edda 76; en ef við hangir, if it hangs fast to, N. G. L. i. 66. γ to hang up, for smoking; eða tvau laer héngi, Hm. 66; whence hanginn, hung, smoked; hangið kjöt (proncd. hangi-kjöt), hung, smoked meat. 2. to be hanged, executed; annarr skyldi hanga, en öðrum steypa í forsinn Sarp, Fms. vii. 181; at eigi væri hverr yðvarr maklegri at hanga, 13; gengir þú at hanga, Am. 22, cp. Hm. 139, Fms. v. 212. hangi, a, m. a law term, a body hanging on a gallows, Fms. v. 212: the mythol. phrase, sitja, setjask undir hanga, to sit under a gallows, of Odin, in order to acquire wisdom or knowledge of the future; -- for this superstition see Yngl. S. ch. 7; -- whence Odin is called hanga-guð, hanga-dróttinn, hanga-týr, the god or lord of the hanged, Edda 14, 49, Lex. Poët.; varðat ek fróðr und forsum | fór ek aldregi at göldrum | ... nam ek eigi Yggjar feng und hanga, I became not wise under waterfalls, I never dealt in witchcraft, I did not get the share of Odin (i.e. the poetical gift) under the gallows, i.e. I am no adept in poetry, Jd. 3 (MS., left out in the printed edition). According to another and, as it seems, a truer and older myth, Odin himself was represented as hangi, hanging on the tree Ygg-drasil, and from the depths beneath taking up the hidden mystery of wisdom, Hm. 139; so it is possible that his nicknames refer to that; cp. also the curious tale of the blind tailor in Grimm's Märchen, No. 107, which recalls to mind the heathen tale of the one-eyed Odin sitting under the gallows. hangi-kjöt, n. hung, smoked meat. hangin-lukla, u, f. epithet of a housewife whose keys hang at her belt, Rm. hangr, m. a hank, coil; það er hangr á því, there is a coil (difficulty) in the matter.

HANI -- HARÐBRJOSTAÐR. 289

HANI, a, m. [Ulf. hana; A. S. hana; Engl. hen; Hel. hano; Germ. hahn; Dan. and Swed. hane; cp. Lat. cano] :-- a cock, Fms. v. 193, 194, Vsp. 34, 35, passim; veðr-hani or vind-hani, a weathercock; Oðins-hani, a kind of sandpiper, tringa minima; Þórs-hani; Óðinshani and Þórshani are distinguished, Þjóðólfr, May 15, 1869, p. 124. 2. as a nickname, Fms. xii, Fb. iii, Landn.; whence in local names, Hana-tún, Hana-fótr, etc., Landn. COMPDS: hana-gal, n. or hana-galan, f. cock-crow, gallicinium, Fms. viii. 56. hana-ótta, u, f. cock-crow, N. G. L. i. 9. hankask, að, dep. to be coiled up, Fms. vi. 312; vide áhankast, p. 41. HANKI, a, m. [Dan. hanke; Engl. hank], the hasp or clasp of a chest, Fs. 132; naut. pullies or blocks for brailing up a sail, N. G. L. i. 101; whence hanka-gjald, n., 199. HANN, pers. pron. masc. he; fem. HÓN or HÚN, she; for the pronunciation of this word see introduction to letter H; as to the inflexion see Gramm. p. xxi; in the MSS. the word is usually abbreviated &h-bar; = hann; hº or h&o-long; = hón; &h-bar;m = hánum; &h-bar;ar = hennar; &h-bar;i or &h-bar;e = henni: the old dat. masc. was hánum, as shewn by rhymes, mána vegr und hánum, Haustl.; but in Icel. it was no doubt sounded h&aolig-acute;num, by way of umlaut; it was then sounded hónum with a long vowel, and lastly honum with a short vowel, which also is the mod. form; the old MSS. often spell hánum in full; the spelling hönum in old printed books recalls the old form h&aolig-acute;num; from Pass. 9. 7 it may be seen that in the middle of the 17th century the dative was sounded precisely as at present. 2. sing. fem. hón (ho in mod. Norse, hoo in Lancashire) seems to be the older form; the MSS. use both forms hón and hún, but the former is the usual one; it was prob. sounded h&aolig-acute;n, which again points to a long root vowel, hánn, hána? [Cp. Ulf. is; Germ. er; A. S., Engl., and Hel. he; old Fris. hi; in the Scandin. idioms with a suffixed demonstrative particle, vide Gramm. p. xxviii; Dan. and Swed. han, hun, etc.] B. As this word appears almost in every line only special usages need be mentioned, as, ef maðr færir ómaga fram ok beri fé undir hann (acc., sc. ómagi), eðr eigi hann (nom., the same) fé, þá skal hann (nom., sc. maðr) beiða hann (acc., sc. ómagi) með vátta, at hann (nom., the same) seli hánum (dat., sc. maðr) fjár-heimting á hönd þeim mönnum er hann (nom., sc. ómagi) á fé undir, Grág. i. 279; here the context is very perplexing, chiefly owing to the identity of acc. and nom. sing, masc., but also because the pron. is sometimes demonstr., sometimes reflexive; in the latter case an Icel. would now say sér instead of hánum: so also, þá skal hann beiða samþingis-goða, at hanu fái honum (i.e. sibi) mann, 10: again, skal hann selja sókn ok vörn ef hann vill, ok svá varðveizlu fjár síns þess er hann á hér eptir, 146; þá skal hón ráða við ráð frænda síns (her) nokkurs, 307; Gunnarr kenndi féit at þat var hit sama sem hann (i.e. Njal) hafði honum (i.e. to Gunnar) greitt, Nj. 56. II. the pers. pron. is often prefixed to a pr. name, as a sign of familiarity; farit upp til hestsins ok gætið hans Kols, Nj. 56; eðr hverr maðr er hann Gunnarr, what sort of a man is Gunnar? 51; ok hleypr á hann Þorkel upp, 114; ok leitið ér at honum Höskuldi, go and look after Hoskuld, 171; sæmd er ek veitta honum Þórólfi bróður þínum, Eg. 112; segir hann Pálnir, Fms. xi. 47; hón Ingibjörg, 49; hann Gísli, Grett. (in a verse); ok berjask við hann Ólaf, Fagrsk. 86; hans Vígólfs, Sól.; svá er, segir hann Þórðr, Ísl. ii. 329 :-- this has become very freq. in mod. conversational usage, so that a person (nay, even an animal or a ship that has a name) is scarcely ever named without the pron., bidd' 'ann Jón að koma, segð' 'onum Jóni, vekt' 'ana Sigríði; hún Sigga litla, hann Jón litli, etc.; or of ponies, sækt' 'ann Brún, legð' á 'ana Skjónu; cp. the dialogue in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 612, -- ég skal fylla mína hít, segir 'ún Hvít, ég ét sem ég þoli, segir 'ann boli, etc.; or Kvöldv. ii. 197, -- taktú þarna frá 'enni Reyðr og gefð' 'enni Hyrnu, hún Húfa hefir flækt sig í niðrbandinu. III. er hann = who, that; sá maðr er hann vill, Grág. i. 19, 27, 36, vide p. 132. 2. answering to Fr. on, Germ. man, Engl. one; væri sverðit til tækt er hann vildi, when one wished, Eg. 505; but this use is very rare. hannar-mæli, f. 'skilful speech,' eloquence, Róm. 301. Hannarr, m. the Skilful, the Artist, name of a dwarf, Vsp. HANNR, adj. skilled; sú var mar hanarst (i.e. hönnust) á Haþalandi, she was the most skilled maid in Hadaland, on a Norse Runic stone, cited by Bugge in Tidskr. for Philol. vol. vi. p. 90; hence sjón-hannr or sjón-hannarr, 'skill-sighted,' one whose eyes are cultivated, having the eyes of an artist, Ó. H. 16. hannörð or hannyrð, f., esp. used in pl. and sounded hannyrðir; [this word is formed from hannr or hannar in the same way as einörð or einurð from einarðr] :-- handiness, skill, fine work, esp. used of ladies' needlework, embroidery, or the like, and freq. in mod. usage; enda er hannorð (skill, beauty) á hvívetna því er þú tekr þínum höndum til at göra, Clem. 24; hannörðir (pl.), 25; svá skyldi hans kona bera af öllum konum hannyrðir sem hón var hverri þeirra fríðari, Vígl. 48 new Ed.; kyrtill gullofinn ok gerr hannyrðum, hannyrð vefnaðar, Konr. (MS.); hón saumaði ok tefldi eða vann aðrar hannyrðir, Bs. i. 241; kenna konu við hannyrðir, Edda ii. 513; merkit var gert af miklum hannyrðum ok ágætum hagleik, Orkn. 28; hafa á skriptum ok hannyrðum, Gkv. 2. 15; hón hafði heima verit ok numit hannorðe (i.e. hannörð), Völs. S. 135 new Ed.; hón vandisk við borða ok hannyrðir, Fas. i. 523. hannyrða-kona, u, f. a woman skilled in needlework. UNCERTAIN This word is to be distinguished from hönd as it is spelt and sounded nn not nd, cp. Bugge's interesting remarks in Hist. Tidskrift. hanzki, a, m. [O. H. G. hant-scuoh = hand-shoe, Germ. hand-schuh; Dan. handske] :-- a glove, Ls. 60, Hbl. 26, Edda 39. HAPP, n. [cp. Engl. hap, happy], good luck, but with the notion of hap, chance, as is well said in the ditty, hamingjan býr í hjarta manns | höpp eru ytri gæði, Núm. 2. 87; þá varð minna happit en ek vilda, Fms. i. 182; happa fullting, 'hap-help,' Deus ex machina, vi. 165; happ sótti þik nú en brátt mun annat, gættu at þér verði þat eigi at úhappi, Landn. 146; til happs ok heilla sátta (allit.), for good hap and health, Grág. ii. 21: in the saying, sá skal hafa happ er hlotið hefir, Eb. 24; úhapp, mishap. COMPDS: happa-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fas. iii. 619. happa-mikill, adj. having great luck, Hkr. iii. 422. happa-ráð, n. happy counsel, Ísl. ii. 159, Hkr. ii. 88. happa-verk, n. a happy deed, Fms. vii. 293. happ-auðigr, adj. wealthy, happy, Þorf. Karl. 378. happ-fróðr, adj. wise in season, Þorf. Karl. 378. happ-lauss, adj. hapless, Eg. (in a verse). happ-samr, adj. happy, lucky, Fas. iii. 427. happ-skeytr, adj. a happy shot, Edda 17. In poetry, happ-mildr, -kunnigr, -reynir, -vinnandi, -víss, adj. happy, fortunate: happ-snauðr, adj. hapless. Lex. Poët. hapr-task (hafr-task), n. a haversack, Snót 163. hapt, n. a bond; vide haft. HARA, ð (?), [cp. Germ. harren], to wait upon (?), an GREEK, Skm. 28; or perhaps the same word as the mod. hjara (q.v.), vitam degere. Haraldr, m. a pr. name (from herr, q.v.), Fms. COMPDS: Haralds-slátta, u, f. the coinage of king Harold Harðráði, Fms. vi. Haralds-stikki, a, m. name of a poem, Fms. harða, adv. = harðla, chiefly used in poetry, Al. 84, Fms. x. 101, Stj. 8, 452, Pr. 97, Lex. Poët. harðindi, n. pl. hardness; harðindi hafða ek þar í hendi því at bein er hart, Bs. i. 874. II. metaph. hardship, severity, K. Á. 54, Sks. 351, Fms. i. 220, vi. 110: esp. in mod. usage, a hard season, bad weather, harðinda-ár, -vetr, -sumar, vetrar-harðindi: harðindis-maðr, m. a stern man, Sks. 803. harðla, and assimil. harla, adv. very, greatly, Fms. v. 257. vi. 217, Bs. i. 189, ii. 45, Stj. 58, Al. 156, Sturl. i. 159, Finnb. 232, passim. harðliga, adv. forcibly, sternly, Fms. i. 71, vi. 44, Nj. 123, Gþl. 54: swiftly, fast, ríða harðliga, Karl. 58, Bær. 16; stíga h., Sks. 629. harðligr, adj. hard, metaph. hard, severe, Nj. 181, Fms. ix. 291, v.l. harðna, að, to harden. II. metaph. to be hardened, Stj. 261. Exod. vi. sqq., K. Á. 54, Fms. vi. 37, 153, vii. 30: to become severe, ii. 30, Sturl. ii. 255: of weather, Grett. 152, Fms. ix. 502, v.l.: of scarcity, harðnaði matlífi þeirra, they ran short of provisions, viii. 435: to be hard tried, tók þá at harðna í skapi sveins, the lad began to feel unhappy, Bs. i. 350: part. harðnaðr, hardened, i.e. grown up, Sturl. iii. 11; opp. to blautr; Grettir var lítt settr at klæðum, en maðr lítt harðnaðr, tók hann nú at kala, Grett. 91; ú-harðnaðr. unhardened, still a tender boy. HARÐR, adj., fem. hörð, neut. hart, [Ulf. hardus = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. heard; Engl. hard; Germ. hart; Dan. haard; Swed. hard]: I. hard to the touch; eptir hörðum velli, Ísl. ii. 333; harðr skafl, Fb. ii. 103; harðar götur, hard, stony paths, Fms. x. 85; stokka eðr steina eðr hvargi þess er hart er fyrir, Grág. ii. 132; sjóða egg hart (harð-soðinn), Lækn. 472; af harðasta járni, Stj. 461: tempered, of steel, Gpl. II. metaph., 1. hard, stern, severe; hörð í skapi, Nj. 17 (skap-harðr); hörð orð, hard words, Fms. v. 106; harðr í hjarta, hard of heart, Flov. 38: with dat., harðr e-m, hard on one, Fb. i. 71. β. hardy; fólk hart ok íllt at sækja, hardy and ill to fight against, Fms. i. 85; eiga harðan son, vi. 105; hinn vaskasti drengr ok hinn harðasti karlmaðr, Ísl. ii. 264; þeir eru harðir ok hinir mestu bardaga-menn, Karl. 282; harðr í horn at taka (metaph. from a bull), hard to take by the horns, Fms. xi. 221: hard, gloomy, í hörðu skapi, Bs. i. 351, Fas. iii. 522; með harðri hendi, with high hand. γ. hard, sad; hörð tíðindi, Nj. 64; hér hafa orðit harðir atburðir, hard things have happened, 248. δ. hard, dire; harðr (kostr), Fms. v. 235; gera harðan rétt e-s, to deal hardly with one, i. 66; harðr dauði, ii. 173; hörð sætt, Nj. 254; hafa hart, to have a hard lot, Sturl. iii. 292; harðr bardagi, hörð orrosta, Fms. ii. 323, passim. ε. of weather; hörð norðanveðr, Nj. 124, Rb. 572. 2. neut. hart, adv. hardly, harshly; leika e-n hart, Fms. xi. 94. β. hard, fast; ríða hart, to ride hard, Sighvat, Ó. H. (in a verse), Nj. 82; en nú renn engi harðara en hann, 248; ganga hart ok djúpt, Edda 1; flýja sem harðast, to fly one's hardest, 261; þeir fóru harðara en þeir vildu, Fms. x. 139. γ. hart íllt (qs. harða íllt) erindi, Fb. ii. 393; hart nær, hard by. COMPDS: Harð-angr, m. name of a firth in Norway; whence Harðengir, m. pl. the inhabitants of H., Hkr., Fms. xii. harða-fang, n. a law term, an execution for payment, Grág. i. 384, 398, 438. harð-beinn, adj. hard-foot, a nickname, Ld. harð-brjóstaðr (harð-brystr, adj., Greg. 41, Stj. 484), part. hard-hearted,

240 HARÐBYLL -- HASTR.

Flov. 36. harð-býll, adj. a hard householder. harð-dreginn, part. hard to draw, difficult, Nj. 100, v.l. harð-dregi, n. being h., Hkr. iii. 185. harð-drægr, adj. hard to draw, hard to manage, Nj. 90, 192. harð-eggjaðr, adj. sharp-edged, Grett. (in a verse). harð-eygr, adj. hard-eyed, Njarð. 364. harð-fang, n. 'hard wrestling,' force, Sks. 782, v.l. harð-fari, a, m. one who travels hard, a quick traveller, Sturl. iii. 122: as a nickname, Eg. 72. harð-farliga, adv. harshly, Eb. 93 new Ed. harð-fengi, f. hardihood, valour, Nj. 98, Fms. ii. 28, Fs. 13, Anal. 169. harð-fenginn, adj. = harðfengr, Fas. i. 260, Ann. 1362 (in a verse). harð-fengliga (-fengiliga, Fms. iii. 143), adv. hardily, valiantly, Bær. 8, Fms. xi. 131, x. 355. harð-fengr, adj. hardy, valiant, Eg. 710, Nj. 192, Fas. ii. 525. harð-fenni, n. hard snow, Fbr. 39. harð-fótr, m. 'hard-leg,' a tempered bar, poët. of a sword, Hkm. harð-færi, n. stubbornness, Ld. 176. harð-færr, adj. hard to overcome, Edda 27. harð-geðr (-geðjaðr), adj. hard-minded. harð-gengr, adj. hard-going, rough, of a horse, opp. to góðgengr. harð-greipr, adj. hard-clutched, Lex. Poët. harð-görr, adj. hardy, stout, Nj. 30: of things strong-built, Fms. x. 355 (a ship), Fas. i. 273 (a tower). harð-hendliga, adv. with hard hand, Eg. 720. harð-hendr, adj. hard-handed, strong-handed, Stj. 553, Sks. 753. harð-hugaðr, adj. hard-hearted, Hom. 101, 108, Gh. 1. harð-jaxl, m. a grinder (tooth), a nickname, Rd. harð-kljáðr, part. hard-stretched, of a weft, Darr. harð-leikinn, part. playing a hard, rough game, Sturl. i. 23; verða e-m h., to play roughly with one, Fms. ii. 182, Stj. 463; fá harðleikit, to be roughly treated, Fms. vi. 210, ix. 449; göra e-m harðleikit, Grett. 127. harð-leikni, f. a rough game, Fms. vi. 37, Karl. 456. harð-leikr, m. hardness; hjartans h., Stj. 87: harshness, Fms. ii. 161, ix. 449. harð-leitr, adj. hard-looking, Eg. 305, Fms. x. 173. harð-lífi, n. a hard life, chastisement, Bs. i. passim, Barl. 210: medic. hardness of bowels, constipation, Fél. harð-lundaðr, adj. hard-tempered, 655 B. xiii. harð-lyndi, n. a hard temper, Fms. vi. 45. harð-lyndr, adj. hard-tempered, Nj. 16, Sturl. ii. 185. harð-magi, a, m. 'hard-maw,' a nickname, Fms. vii. 217. harð-mannligr, adj. hardy, manly, Fb. i. 168, Krók. 68. harð-menni, n. a hardy man, Edda (Gl.) harð-móðigr, adj. hard of mood, Lex. Poët. harð-mynntr (Grett. in a verse) and harð-múlaðr, part. hard-mouthed, Germ. hartmäulig, Sturl. (in a verse). harð-mæli, n. hard language, Sturl. iii. 201, Bs. i. 766. harð-mæltr, part. hard-spoken, Sturl. ii. 143, v.l.: gramm. pronouncing hard, opp. to linmæltr. harð-orðr, adj. hard-spoken, Fms. iii. 152. harð-raðr, adj. hard in counsel, tyrannical, Nj. 2, Fms. vii. 280, xi. 18; ríkr maðr ok h., Ver. 42: nickname of king Harold given him in Fagrsk. 106. harð-rétti, n. hardship, Rd. 249, Al. 82, Andr. 74: hard fare, sultr ok h., Stj. 257. harð-ræði, n. hardiness, Fms. viii. 448, Nj. 258, 263: hard plight, Fms. i. 251: hardness, harshness, x. 401. harð-skeyti, n. hard shooting, Fms. iii. 18. harð-skeytr, adj. shooting hard, of an archer, Fms. ii. 320, Karl. 244: metaph. hard, severe. harð-skipaðr, part. manned with hardy men, Bs. ii. 30, Fms. ii. 183. harð-sleginn, part. hard-hammered, of iron, Hým. 13. harð-slægr, adj. hard to mow, Glúm. 383, Fms. v. 203. harð-snúinn, part. hard-twisted, metaph. staunch, stalwart, Nj. 178. harð-sóttr, part. hard to get, difficult, Fms. v. 169. harð-sperra or hall-sperra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs. harð-spori, a, m. hard-trodden snow. harð-steinn, m. a hard stone, a kind of whet-stone, Ísl. ii. 348, Glúm. 375, Fms. xi. 223. harðsteina-grjót, n. a quarry of h., Fms. viii. 224. harð-svíraðr, adj. hard-necked, stiff-necked. harð-tenntr, part. having hard teeth, Sks. 753. harð-tækr, adj. hard, exacting, Háv. 40. harð-úð, f. hardness of heart. harð-úðigr, adj. hard-minded, Fms. iii. 95, Fs. 23, Fas. i. 217, Lex. Poët. harð-vaxinn, part. hardy of limb, brawny, Fms. vii. 321, viii. 238. harð-velli, n. a hard, dry field. harð-verkr, m. the name of a giant, Edda. harð-vítugr, adj. hardy, (cant word.) harð-yrði, n. hard words, Sturl. iii. 238, Hom. 144. harð-yrki, a, m. a hard worker, Fms. ix. 435. harð-yrkr, adj. hard working. harð-ýðgi, f. hardness of heart, severity, Fms. viii. 232, x. 217. hark, n. a tumult, Fs. 6, Fms. vii. 168, 321, ix. 288, 516 (harshness), Fb. ii. 191, Finnb. 144; hark ok háreysti, Ísl. ii. 344. harka (qs. harðka), u, f. hardness, and metaph. hardiness, Fb. i. 521; freq. in mod. usage: also of a hard frost, mesta harka: the phrase, með hörku-munum, with utmost difficulty. hörku-veðr, n. hard frosty weather; vetrar-hörkur, winter frost. harka, að, to scrape together, with dat., Fms, viii. 73; munu þeir hafa harkat saman liði sínu, Mork. 90: impers., e-m harkar, things go ill with one, Finnb. 338, Fas. ii. 239; það harkar um e-t, id., Bjarn. 62. II. reflex. id., Fas. ii. 307: to make a tumult, Finnb. 224; Ljótr vaknaði ok spurði hverr harkaðist, Háv. 31 new Ed. HARKI, a, m. rubbish, trash, (= mod. skran); kistur ok annar h., Karl. 554, Bs. i. 830, Fs. 44. COMPDS: harka-börn, n. pl. rabble of children, Þrymlur 1. 3, (not háska-börn.) harka-geta, u, f. coarse food, Sturl. i. 166. harka-lið, n. rabble, Ísl. ii. 91. harka-maðr, m. a tramp, scamp, Sturl. i. 175. harka-samliga, adv. coarsely, Sturl. ii. 163. harla, adv., vide harðla. harma, að, to bewail, with acc., Nj. 20, Fms. i. 47, ii. 229, Hom. 20, Bs. i. 105, passim; h. sik, to wail, Fms. iii. 8: impers., e-m harmar, it vexes one, one is vexed, Blas. 41, Háv. 44. harm-brögð, n. pl. mischief, Akv. 15. harm-dauði, adj. indecl. (and harm-dauðr, adj., Fms. ix. 399), lamented, of one departed; vera harmdauði, Fms. vi. 232, ix. 421, x. 406, Orkn. 88, Fb. i. 28. harm-dögg, f., poët. sorrow-dew, i.e. tears, Hkv. 2. 43. harm-fenginn, adj. bowed by grief, O. H. L. 46. harm-flaug, f. a baneful shaft, of the mistletoe, Vsp. 37. harm-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fms. v. 214. harm-kvæli, n. pl. torments, 623. 35, Fms. iii. 217, Magn. 530, Bs. i. 325, ii. 107. harm-kvæling, f. = harmkvæli, Matth. xxiv. 8. HARMR, m. [A. S. hearm; Engl. harm; Dan. harme], grief, sorrow; hann mátti ekki mæla fyrir harmi, Fms. vi. 228: in plur., með hörmum, x. 368; mikill harmr er at oss kveðinn, Nj. 201, passim. COMPDS: harma-bylgja, u, f. a billow of sorrow, Pass. 41. 4. harma-grátr, m. the Lamentations, of Jeremiah. harma-raust (-rödd), f. lamentation, Pass. 41. 7. harma-tölur, f. pl. = harmtölur. harms-auki, a, m. addition to one's grief, Fms. vi. 237. harms-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fms. vi. 261, Edda 22, Fas. i. 456. harms-léttir, m. relief, Fms. iii. 5. II. in old poetry harmr often conveys the notion of harm, hurt, Skv. 2. 10, 11, Sdm. 12, 36, Ýt. 19. III. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.) IV. name of a fjord in Norway, Fms. harm-saga, u, f. tidings of grief, Stj. 522, Eb. 98, Lv. 64, Fms. xi. 17. harm-sól, f. sun of grief, name of an old poem. harm-sök, f. a sad case, Nj. 221, Eb. 34 new Ed., v.l. to harmsaga. harm-söngr, m. a song of sorrow, dirge, Stj. 349, Bret. 68. harm-tíðindi, n. pl. = harmsaga, Gísl. 109. harm-tölur, f. pl. lamentations, Hkr. ii. 107, Bret. 70. harm-vesall, adj. wretched, Lex. Poët. harm-vitegr, adj. = armvitegr, compassionate, Mart. 123, Bs. i. 332. harm-þrunginn, part. 'grief-swoln,' filled with sorrow, Stj. 520, Ld. 50, Fms. iii. 11, iv. 32, Pass. 2. 11. harm-þrútinn, part. = harmþrunginn, Fms. ii. 95. harneskja, u, f. harness, armour, Bret. 60, Fms. x. 140: metaph. harshness. HARPA, u, f. [A. S. hearpe; Engl. harp; O. H. G. harpha; Germ. harfe; Dan. harpe] :-- a harp, it occurs as early as Vsp. 34, Akv. 31, Am. 62, Og. 27, Bs. i. 155, Fms. vi. 203, vii. 97, Sks. 704. COMPDS: hörpu-leikr, m. playing on a harp, Hkr. iii. 246. hörpu-maðr, m. a harp-man, harper, Sams. S. 9. hörpu-slagi and hörpu-slagari, a, m. a harper, Bs. i. 866, 909. hörpu-slagr, hörpu-sláttr, m. striking the harp, Bs. i. 202, Str. 83. hörpu-stokkr, m. a harp-case, Fas. i. 342. hörpu-strengr, m. a harp-string, Eluc. 45, Skálda: that the harp was in olden times used in churches in Icel. is seen from Laur. S. ch. 59. II. metaph. a shell; erat hlums vant kvað refr, dró hörpu at ísi, a saying, Fms. vii. 19: whence hörpu-diskr, m. a 'harp-disk,' a kind of shell: hörpu-skel, f. a harp-shell, Eg. 769, Eggert Itin. III. the first month of the summer, from the middle of April to the middle of May, is called Harpa. harpari, a, m. a harper, Str. 57. harpeis, m. resin, (mod.) harp-slagi, a, m. = hörpuslagi, Stj. 460, Bret. 10. harp-sláttr, m. = hörpusláttr, Eluc. 53, Bær. 4, Orkn. (in a verse). HARRI, a, m. [akin to the mod. herra, q.v.], a lord, king, only used in poetry, Edda 104, Gloss.; hann heimti þangat Valerianum harra sinn, Greg. 75: as a pr. name, Landn.; as also the name of an ox, Ld., whence local names such as Harra-staðir, m. pl., freq. in western Icel. HASA, að, in ofhasa, e-n hasar á e-u, to be surfeited with a thing, of food. HASL, m. [A. S. hæsel; Engl. hasel; Germ. hessel], the hasel, Str. 66. hasla, in pl. höslur, f. pegs or poles of hasel-wood, a technical term for the four square poles that marked out the ground for a pitched battle or a duel, described in Korm. 86, Eg. 277; undir jarðar höslu, poët, within the pale, on the face of the earth, Edda (in a verse by a poet of king Canute). hasla, að, in the old phrase, hasla (e-m) völl, to 'enhasel' a battlefield, to challenge one's enemy to a pitched battle (or duel) on a field marked out by hasel-poles, Korm. 46, Hkr. i. 150, Eg. 273, 275, 276 (of the battle of Brunanburgh). HASTA, að, the mod. form of the old hersta (q.v.) in the phrase, hasta á e-n, to rebuke one to silence, command one to hold his peace, e.g. of children: used of Christ in the Gospel, þá reis hann upp og hastaði á vindinn og sjóinn, þá varð logn mikit, Matth. viii. 26. hastar-liga, adv. hastily, suddenly. hastar-ligr, adj. hasty, sudden. hast-orðr, adj. = herstr, harsh-spoken, Ísl. ii. 158. hastr, adj. = herstr, harsh, esp. of speech; of a horse = harð-gengr.

HATA -- HÁ. 241

HATA, að, [Ulf. hatan = GREEK; A. S. hatjan; Engl. hate; O. H. G. hazen; Germ. hassen; Dan. hade; Swed. hata] :-- to hate, with acc., Stj. 168, Post. 656 C. 27, Hom. 159, Fms. vi. 5, passim. 2. reflex., hatask við e-n, or móti e-m, to breathe hatred against one, Fb. ii. 339, Fms. i. 37, vi. 9, 186, viii. 238, xi. 259, Fs. 31, Eg. 139: recipr. to hate one another :-- part. hatendr, pl. haters. II. the poets use hata with dat. in the sense to shun; eldr ok vatn hatar hvárt öðru, fire and water shun one another, Edda 126 (Ht. 17); hata gulli, to spend gold, Fas. i. 258; hata baugi, id., Fas. i. 259 (in a verse); sá er brott verðr hataðr, forsaken or driven away, Anecd. 26; this is prob. the original sense of the word, vide hati below. UNCERTAIN But hatta (double t, qs. hvata) seems a better reading; at least, Sturl. in a verse of A.D. 1207 makes trautt and hattar rhyme. hati, a, m. one who shuns; baug-hati, gull-hati, a liberal man, Lex. Poët. passim. 2. the name of the mock sun (wolf) which is in front of the sun, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 39: the name of a giant, Hkv. Hjörv. hatr, n. [Ulf. hatis = GREEK; A. S. hete; Engl. hate; Germ. hass; Dan. had; Swed. hat] :-- hatred, spite, aversion, Hm. 154, Post. 645. 64, Magn. 470, Stj. 192, Fms. viii. 26, xi. 437, passim; mann-hatr, misanthropy; trúar-hatr, religious fanaticism; þjóð-hatr, (mod.) COMPDS: hatrs-fullr, adj. hateful, Skálda 199. hatrs-sök, f. cause of hatred, Stj. 192. hatr-lauss, adj. spiteless, free from spite. hatr-leysi, n. freedom from spite, Mar. hatr-liga, adv. hatefully, Fms. i. 270, Bs. i. 45. hatr-ligr, adj. hateful, Bs. ii. 126. hatr-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hateful, rancorous, Mar. hatr-samr, adj. rancorous, H. E. i. 501, Karl. 127. hatr-semd, f. rancour, Fr. HATTR, m. a hat, Nj. 32, Fms. i. 74, Eg. 407; vide höttr. hatt-staup, n. poët. the head, Ad. 7. hau, interj. ho ho! of shouting, = hó, Karl. 321. hauðna, vide haðna. HAUÐR, n. [the etymology of this word is not known], poët. earth, Edda 97, Hdl. 48, Lex. Poët. passim: allit., hauðr ok himin, Sól. 54. COMPDS: hauðr-gjörð, f., -men, n. the earth-girdle, i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët. hauðr-fjörnir, m., -tjald, n. the helmet, tent of the earth, i.e. the heaven, Lex. Poët. haug-brot, n. the breaking of a cairn, Sturl. i. 23, Bárð. 180. haug-búi, a, m. a 'cairn-dweller,' a ghost, Fb. i. 214, Grett. 38 new Ed. haug-færa, ð, to bury in a cairn, Fms. x. 212. haug-ganga, u, f. the breaking into a cairn, Ísl. ii. 50, Fb. ii. 8. haug-óðal, n. a Norse law term, the manorial right to treasures dug out of cairns, defined in Gþl. 310. haugóðals-maðr, m. an owner of haugóðal, id. HAUGR, m. [akin to hár, high; Dan. höj; Swed. hog; North. E. how] :-- a how, mound; haugr eða hæð, Mar., Fms. ix. 382, Stj. 260; there was usually a how near the houses, from which the master could look over his estate, Þkv. 6, Skm. 11; hann gékk nú at bæ Þorleifs ok at haugi þeim er hann sat a., Fs. 98; Þorleifr var því vanr, sem mjök var fornmennis háttr, at sitja löngum úti á haugi einum ok eigi langt frá bænum, Fms. ii. 59; þar er h. nokkurr er hann er vanr at sitja, v. 160; hann sat á haugi sem konungar, Hkr. i. 136, Stjörn. Odd. ch. 5. 2. a dung-heap. midden; fjós-h., a byre-midden; ösku-h., an ash-heap; myki-h., a muck-heap; draga myki út ok færa í haug, K. Þ. K. 100, Al. 178. II. a cairn, over one dead; the cairns belong to the burning age as well as to the later age, when the dead were placed in a ship and put in the how with a horse, hound, treasures, weapons, or the like, cp. Eg. 6, 7, 768. Hkr. (pref.), Landn. 62 (twice), 81, 82, 86, 125 (lagðr í skip), 169, Gísl. 23, 24, 31, 32, Ld. ch. 8, 24, Nj. ch. 79, Eb. ch. 9, 34, Hrafn. (fine), Hervar. 13 sqq. (1847), Fagrsk. ch. 4, 5, Hkr. (pref.), Hkr. i. 122 (Har. S. ch. 45), 152 (Hák. S. ch. 27), 160 (ch. 32), Har. Hárf. ch. 8, Skjöld. S. ch. 9: names of such cairns, Korna-haugr, Landn. 87; Hildis-h., 267; Hálfdanar-haugar, Hkr. i. 74; Tréfóts-h., Grett. 87; Melkorku-h., Mókolls-h., etc.: freq. in local names, Haugr, Haugar, Haugs-nes, Landn., Eb.; Hauga-þing, n. an assembly in Norway, Fms. viii. 245, ix. 109. There is an historical essay on Icel. cairns by old Jón Ólafsson in Arna-Magn. Additam. (autogr. MS. and interesting). β. a kind of sacrificial mound, Edda 83 (Hölgi), Yngl. S. ch. 12, Ó. H. ch. 122; hauga né hörga, hlaða hauga ok kalla hörg, N. G. L. i. 430; blót-h., q.v.: for tales about the breaking open of cairns, wrestling with the ghosts, and carrying off their weapons and treasures, see Landn. 169, Harð. S. ch. 15, Grett. ch. 20, Sturl. i. 23, Bárð. ch. 20 new Ed.: the burying in cairns was typical of the heathen age, whence such law phrases as, frá heiðnum haugi, from heathen how, i.e. from time immemorial, D. N. passim, vide Fr.; telja langfeðr frá haugi, or til haugs ok heiðni, to count one's forefathers up to hows and heathen times, Rétt. 48, D. N. iii. 122: in early Dan. laws unbaptized children were called höghæmen = how-men. COMPDS: hauga-brjótr, m. a cairn breaker, a nickname, Landn. 278. hauga-eldr, m. a cairn fire, a kind of ignis fatuus, said to burn over hidden treasures in cairns, Eg. 767, Grett. l.c., Fas. i. 518. Hervar. S. hauga-herr, m. the host of cairns, fiends, ghosts, demons, Sighvat. hauga-öld, f. the cairn age, opp. to bruna-öld, Hkr. (pref.), Fms. i. 34. haugs-dyrr, n. the doors of a cairn, 655 xiv. haugs-gólf, n. the floor of a cairn, Fms. x. 213. haugs-görð, f. cairn-making, Fms. x. 212, Fas. i. 429. haug-staðr, m. a cairn-place, heathen burial-place, Hkr. i. 2. haug-tekinn, part. taken from a cairn (weapon), Ld. 78. haug-þak, n. the roof of a cairn, Edda 68. hauk-ey, f. hawk island, Sighvat; the old poët calls Norway the hawk island of the Danish king Harold, because he got a tribute of hawks from that land, Fms. vi. 44 (v.l.), cp. x. 341. hauk-ligr, adj. hawk-like, of the eyes, appearance, Fms. x. 383, Lex. Poët. passim. HAUKR, m. [A. S. heafoc; Engl. hawk; O. H. G. habuch; Germ. habicht; Dan. hög; Swed. hök] :-- a hawk, Fms. i. 119, xi. 21, Jb. 542: metaph. a hero, vera haukar görvir, Fms. vi. (in a verse); eiga sér hauk í horni, to have a hawk in the corner, to have one to back one; or perhaps the phrase is, hrók í horni, a rook in the corner, borrowed from chess. Hawks were in olden times carried on the wrist, whence in poetry the hand is called the seat, cliff, land of the hawk, hauk-borð, -klif, -land, -mærr, -storð, -strönd, -völlr; the adjectives hauk-fránn (of the eye, flashing as a hawk's eye), hauk-ligr, -lyndr, -snarr, -snjallr are all of them epithets of a bold man, Lex. Poët.: hauka-veiði, n. hawking, Gþl. 429: hauk-nefr, m. hawk-bill, a nickname, Landn.; sparr-h., a sparrow-hawk. II. as a pr. name, Landn.; and in local names, Hauka-gil, Hauka-dalr, whence Haukdælir, m. pl. name of a family, Sturl.; Haukdæla-ætt, f. id.; Hauk-dælskr, adj. belonging to that family. hauk-staldar, or hauk-stallar, is a corrupt form of the A. S. heage-steald = young man, Og. 7, Skv. 3. 31, Edda (in a verse by a poët of the time of king Canute). haula, adj. indecl. ruptured; eins er gangr aula | og þeir vagi um haula, Hallgr. HAULL, m., acc. haul, a rupture, hernia, Bs. i. 208, Fél. ix. 218, where a distinction is made between kviðar-haull, nafla-h., nára-h., etc.: the passage höll við hýrógi, Hm. 138, is no doubt corrupt for við haulvi hýrógr, or hýrógr við haul, i.e. spurred rye (ergot of rye) against hernia :-- the sense is clear, though the exact wording is not; the whole verse is a rude old medic. receipt, and the explanation of this passage as given by translators and commentators is no doubt erroneous. HAUSS, m. [cp. Dan. isse], the skull, cranium, Vþm. 21, Gm. 40, Grág. ii. 11, Fb. i. 235, ii. 79, Eg. 769, 770, Nj. 253, Landn. 51, passim. COMPDS: hausa-kljúfr, m. skull-cleaver, a nickname, Orkn. hausa-mót, m. pl. sutures of the skull, Fas. iii. 214, haus-brot, n. skull-fracture, Bs. ii. 18. haus-fastr, adj. seated in the skull, Bs. i. 641. haus-filla, u, f. 'skull-film,' scalp, Tristr. 3. haus-kúpa, u, f. 'skull-basin,' skull. haus-skel, f. skull shell, (Germ. hirnschale); in the Icel. N. T. Golgotha is rendered Hausaskelja-staðr, m., Matth. xxvii. 33; in poetry the heaven (vault of heaven) is called the skull of the giant Ymir, undir gömlum Ýmis hausi, under the old skull of Ymir, sub dio, Arnór, see Edda, Vþm., Gm. l.c. II. the head, of beasts, fishes, þorsk-hauss, hross-h., hunds-h., nauts-h.; of men only as in contempt = blockhead. HAUST, n.; that this word was originally masc. (as vetr, sumarr) is seen from the other Teut. idioms, as also the Norse form haustar- (for haust-), which occurs in haustar-tími, Stj. 14, and haustar-dagr, D. N. (Fr.), = haust-tími, haust-dagr; [A. S. hærfest; Engl. harvest; O. H. G. herbist; Germ. herbst; Dan. höst = harvest; Swed. höst: haust is in Icel. only used in a metaph. sense] :-- autumn (harvest season), for the extension of that season see Edda 103, Nj. 9, 168, Fb. ii. 185, passim. COMPDS: haust-blót, n. a sacrificial feast in autumn, Eg. 5. haust-boð, n. an autumn feast, Gísl. 27, Fb. i. 302, Ld. 194, Þorf. Karl. 368. hauat-bær, adj. calving in autumn, of a cow. haust-dagr, m. autumn days, Eg. 12, Fms. x. 188. haust-gríma, u, f. an autumn night, Hm. 73. haust-heimtur, f. pl. getting in lambs in autumn, Band. 11 new Ed. haust-hold, n. pl., in the phrase, í haustholdum, a farmer's term for cattle in a fat condition in autumn. haust-kveld, n. an autumn evening. haust-lag, n., in the phrase, at haustlagi, of paying debts in cattle in autumn. haust-langr, adj. lasting all the autumn, Eg. haust-leiðangr, m. an autumn levy, D. N. Haust-löng, f. (viz. drápa), the name of an old poem (Edda), prob. from being composed in autumn. haust-mánuðr, m. an autumn month, September, Edda 103. haust-myrkr, m. autumn darkness, a nickname, Landn. haust-nott, f. an autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Konr. 22. haust-skuld, f. in a pun, vide Sturl. iii. 216. haust-sól, f. an autumn sun. haust-veðrátta, u, f. autumn weather. haust-víking, f. a freebooting expedition in autumn, Orkn. 462. haust-þing, n. the autumn assizes, Nj. 251. haust-öl, n. an autumn banquet, Fms. x. 393. hausta, að, to draw near autumn, Eg. 18, 251, Fms. ii. 29, 127. haust-magi, hauat-mögöttr, vide höss. há, mod. ha, interj. eh? (what did you say?), Sks. 304, 365; in the last century the long vowel was still sounded in the east of Icel. HÁ, f, after-math, N. G. L. i. 40, cp. 289, freq. in mod. usage, whence

242 HÁ -- HÁLFRETTI.

há-bit, n. the after-math bite or grazing, Gþl. 407, 503. II. the hide of a horse or cattle, Hm. 135; hross-há, a horse's hide: nauts-há, a neat's hide; but gæra of a sheep: þing-há, a 'thing-circuit,' district, from heyja (q.v.); or is the metaphor taken from an expanded hide? III. in poetry há seems to occur twice in the sense of battle-field or battle, from the fact that duels were fought upon a hide: fara at há, to go to battle, Ó. H. (Sighvat); at há hverju (hverri), Hervar. (in a verse). há, ð, in the phrase, e-m háir, one is pinched or worn by sickness, work, or the like; honum háir það, snarpr sultr hár (pinches) mannkyni, Merl. 2. 31; nú vill oss hvervetna há, everything vexes us, Fas. iii. 12, freq. in mod. usage. The part. háðr (háðr e-m, depending upon one, subservient to one, ó-háðr, independent) belongs either to há or to heyja. há-benda, u, f. = hamla (see p. 244). há-bora, að, to fit with rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33. há-borur, f. pl. rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33, Sturl. iii. 66. HÁÐ, n. [cp. Ulf. hauns = GREEK; Engl. heinous; Germ. hohn; Dan. haan; old Dan. haad] :-- scoffing, mocking, Nj. 66, Fms. vi. 21, 216, vii. 61, Hm. 133; háð ok spott, Ísl. ii. 265, passim. háð-samr, adj. scoffing, Fms. iii. 153: a nickname, Landn. háð-semi, f. mockery, Fms. iii. 154, Hom. 86. háðskr, adj. scoffing. háðuliga, adv. shamefully, Fms. viii. 171, Orkn. 120, Fas. i. 21. háðuligr, adj. scornful, Fms. iii. 148: contemptible, h. orð, abusive words, Stj. 107; h. verk, disgraceful deeds, 218, 623. 12. háðung, f. shame, disgrace, Hm. 101, Nj. 80, Grág. ii. 121, Fms. vi. 417, xi. 152, Stj. 407, O. H. L. 45. háðungar-orð, n. pl. words of scorn, Sturl. iii. 163, Stj. 643. háð-varr, adj. free from scoff, upright, Lex. Poët. HÁFR, m. [North. E. haaf], a pock-net for herring-fishing; reyk-háfr, a 'reek-draft,' a chimney. háfr, m. a dog-fish, háfs-roð, n. shagreen; vide hár. háfur, f. pl. riches, good things, Volks. 291, Hallgr. Pét. há-genginn, part. (uxi h.), fed on after-math, Stj. 493. 1 Sam. xxviii. 24. há-karl, m. a shark, Dipl. iii. 4, Sturl. ii. 147, Fms. ix. 434. Há-kon, m. a pr. name, a family name within the old house of the Norse kings; as an appel. it seems to answer to A. S. heagestald, Germ. hagestolz, Icel. drengr, and to be identical with the mod. provincial Norse haaman (Ivar Aasen), a young, unmarried man. HÁKR, m., the proper sense may have been some kind of fish, cp. Engl. hake; the word is seldom used but in compds; mat-hákr, a glutton; orð-hákr, foul mouth: a nickname, hann var fyrir því kallaðr Þorkell hákr at hann eirði öngu hvárki í orðum né verkum, Nj. 183. Há-leygir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the Norse county Hálogaland, Fms.; whence Háleyzkr, adj. from Hálogaland. HÁLFA, u, f. often proncd. álfa, [akin to hálfr; Goth. halba = GREEK, 2 Cor. iii. 9; A. S. half; Hel. halba = latus] :-- prop. a half, a part: I. a region, quarter, of the world, Stj. 72; í fyrrnefndum fjallsins hálfum, 87; í öllum hálfum heimsins, 18; í álfum Orkneyjaríkis, Magn. 502; í várri byggilegri hálfu (zone), Rb. 478; veröldin var greind í þrjár hálfur, Edda 147; whence Austr-álfa, the East = Asia; Norðr-álfa, the North = Europe; Suðr-hálfa, Africa; vestr-álfa, America, (mod.); heims-álfa, one of the three (four) quarters; lands-álfa, region, Jesús gékk burt þaðan og fór í lands-álfur Tyri og Sidonis, Matth. xv. 21. β. with the notion of lineage, kin; svá höfðu þeir grimmliga leikit alla þá hálfu, all people of that kin, Fms. viii. 23; þá skulu taka arf bræðrungar ok systrungar, en fleiri menn ór annari hálfu (lineage), Grág. i. 17; seint er satt at spyrja, mér hefir kennt verit, at móðir mín væri frjálsborin í allar hálfur, Ó. H. 114; konungborin í allar ættir ok hálfur, Fb. ii. 171, cp. Ó. H. 87, l.c. γ. setja út í hálfur, to expand, of a metaphor, Edda 69. II. as a law phrase, on one's behalf or part; af Guðs hálfu ok lands-laga, on behalf of God and the law of the land, Fms. vi. 94, Sks. 638; af e-s hálfu, on one's part, Fms. xi. 444; Jóns biskups af einni hálfu, ok Gísla bónda af annarri hálfu, Dipl. iii. 7; á báðar hálfur, on both sides, v. 26; af annarra manna hálfu, on the part of other men, 2; af minni hálfu, on my part; hvártveggi hálfan, both parts, D. N. hálfu-þing, n. a kind of hustings, N. G. L. i. 251. hálfna, að, to have half done with a thing; er þeir höfðu hálfnað sundit, Fær. 173: to be half gone or past, Fms. iii. 81, Bret. ch. 13, Sd. ch. 22 (slain the half of it); dagr, nótt, vegr er hálfnaðr, the day, night, way is half past. HÁLFR, adj., hálf (h&aolig;lf), hálft, freq. spelt halbr, halb er öld hvar, Hm. 52; [Goth. halbs; A. S. healf; Engl. half; Hel. halba; Germ. halb; Dan. halv; Swed. half] :-- half; hálfr mánuðr, half a month, a fortnight, Nj. 4; þar átti hann kyn hálft, Eg. 288; hálf stika, half a yard, Grág. i. 498; hálf Jól, the half of Yule, Fs. 151, passim: adverb. phrases, til hálfs, by a half, Eg. 258, 304; aukinn hálfu, increased by half, doubled, Grág. i. 157, Gþl. 24. 2. with the notion of brief, scant, little; sjá hálf hýnótt, that little night, Skm. 42; hálf stund, a little while; eg skal ekki vera hálfa stund að því, i.e. I shall have done presently, in a moment; cp. hálb er öld hvar, only half, Hm. 52; með hálfum hleif, with half a loaf, a little loaf of bread, 51: an Icel. says to his guest, má eg bjóða þér í hálfum bolla, í hálfu staupi, hálfan munnbita, and the like. II. in counting Icel. say, hálfr annarr, half another, i.e. one and a half; h. þriði, half a third, i.e. two and a half; h. fjórði, three and a half; h. fimti, four and a half, etc.; thus, hálfan annan dag, one day and a half; hálft annað ár, hálfan annan mánuð, h. aðra nótt; hálf önnur stika, a yard and a half, Grág. i. 498; hálfa fimtu mörk, four marks and a half, 391; hálft annat hundrað, one hundred and a half, Sturl. i. 186; hálfr þriði tögr manna, two decades and a half, i.e. twenty-five, men, Ísl. ii. 387; hálfan fimta tög skipa, Hkr. iii. 374: similar are the compd adjectives hálf-þrítugr, aged twenty-five; hálf-fertugr, aged thirty-five; hálf-fimtugr, hálf-sextugr, -sjötugr, -áttræðr, -níræðr, -tíræðr, i.e. aged forty-five, fifty-five, sixty-five, seventy-five, eighty-five, ninety-five, and lastly, hálf-tólfræðr, one hundred and fifteen, Eg. 84, Fms. i. 148, Greg. 60, Stj. 639, Bs. i. 54, 101, Hkr. (pref.), Mar. 32, Íb. 18, Grett. 162, Fs. 160: also of measure, hálf-fertugr föðmum, Landn. (App.) 324, Fms. vii. 217; hálf-þrítugt tungl, a moon twenty-five days' old, Rb. 26: contracted, hálf-fjórðu mörk, three marks and a half, Am. 63; hálf-fimtu mörk, four marks and a half, Jm. 36: as to this use, cp. the Germ. andert-halb, dritt-halb, viert-halb, etc., Gr. GREEK (two talents and a half), Lat. sestertius. III. neut. hálfu with a comparative, in an intensive sense, far; hálfu verri, worse by half, far worse; hálfu meira, far more, Fms. vi. 201; hálfu heilli! Fb. i. 180; hálfu síðr, far less, Þórð. 41 new Ed., Fb. ii. 357; fremr hálfu, much farther ago, Hðm. 2; h. lengra, Bs. ii. 48; h. betri, better by half; h. hógligra, far snugger, Am. 66; hálfu sæmri, Fb. ii. 334. β. with neg. suff.; hálft-ki, not half; at hálft-ki má óstyrkð ór bera, Greg. 54. IV. a pr. name, rare, whence Hálfs-rekkr, m. pl. the champions of king Half, Fas.: Hálf-dan, m. Half-Dane, a pr. name, cp. Healf-Danes in Beowulf, Fms. B. The COMPDS are very numerous in adjectives, nouns, and participles, but fewer in verbs; we can record only a few, e.g. hálf-afglapi, a, m. half an idiot, Band. 4 new Ed. hálf-aukinn, part. increased by half, H. E. ii. 222. hálf-áttræðr, see above. hálf-bergrisi, a, m. half a giant, Eg. 23. hálf-berserkr, m. half a berserker, Sd. 129. hálf-björt, n. adj. half bright, dawning. hálf-blandinn, part. half blended, Stj. 85. hálf-blindr, adj. half blind. hálf-bolli, a, m. half a bowl (a measure), N. G. L. ii. 166. hálf-breiðr, adj. of half breadth, Jm. 2. hálf-brosandi, part. half smiling. hálf-bróðir, m. a half brother (on one side). hálf-brunninn, part. half burnt. hálf-bræðrungr, m. a half cousin, K. Á. 140. hálf-búinn, part. half done. hálf-dauðr, adj. half dead, Sturl. ii. 54, Magn. 530, Hkr. iii. 366. hálf-daufr, adj. half deaf. hálf-deigr, adj. damp. hálf-dimt, n. adj. half dark, in twilight. hálf-drættingr, m. a fisher-boy, who gets half the fish he catches, but not a full 'hlutr.' hálf-ermaðr, part. half sleeved, Sturl. iii. 306. hálf-etinn, part. half eaten, Al. 95. hálf-eyrir, m. half an ounce, Fms. x. 211. hálf-fallinn, part. half fallen, K. Á. 96; h. út sjór, of the tide. hálf-farinn, part. half gone. hálf-fertrugr, hálf-fimti, hálf-fimtugr, hálf-fjórði, see above (II). hálf-fífl, n. and hálf-fífla, u, f. half an idiot, Fms. vi. 218, Bs. i. 286. hálf-fjórðungr, m. half a fourth part, Bs. ii. 170. hálf-frosinn, part. half frozen. hálf-fúinn, part. half rotten. hálf-genginn, part. halving. hálf-gildi, n. half the value, Gþl. 392. hálf-gildr, adj. of half the value, N. G. L. hálf-gjalda, galt, to pay half, N. G. L. i. 174. hálf-grátandi, part. half weeping. hálf-gróinn, part. half healed. hálf-görr, part. half done, only half done, left half undone, Fms. ii. 62; litlu betr en hálfgört, Greg. 24. hálfgörðar-bóndi, a, m. a man who has to furnish half a levy, D. N. hálf-hélufall, n. a slight fall of rime, Gísl. 154. hálf-hlaðinn, part. half laden, Jb. 411. hálf-hneppt, n. adj. a kind of metre, Edda 139. hálf-hræddr, adj. half afraid. hálf-kirkja, u, f. a 'half-kirk,' = mod. annexía, an annex-church, district church, or chapel of ease, Vm. 126, H. E. i. 430, ii. 138, Am. 28, Pm. 41, Dipl. v. 19; distinction is made between al-kirkja, hálf-kirkja, and bæn-hús, a chapel. hálf-kjökrandi, part. half choked with tears. hálf-klæddr, part. half dressed. hálf-konungr, m. a half king, inferior king, Fms. i. 83. hálf-kveðinn, part. half uttered; skilja hálfkveðit orð, or hálfkveðna vísu = Lat. verbum sat, MS. 4. 7. hálf-launat, n. part. rewarded by half, Fms. ii. 62, Grág. i. 304. hálf-leypa, u, f. a half laupr (a measure), B. K. passim, hálf-leystr, part. half loosened, Greg. 55. hálf-lifandi, part. half alive, half dead, Mar. hálf-litr, adj. of a cloak, of two colours, one colour on each side, Fms. ii. 70, Fas. iii. 561, Sturl. ii. 32, iii. 112, Fær. 227, Bs. i. 434. hálf-ljóst, n. adj.; pá er hálfljóst var, in twilight, Sturl. iii. 193. hálf-lokaðr, part. half locked. hálf-mætti, n. 'half might,' opp. to omnipotence, Skálda 161. hálf-mörk, f. half a mark, Vm. 80, 126. hálf-nauðigr, adj. half reluctant, Fms. xi. 392. hálf-neitt, n. adj. 'half-naught,' trifling, Fas. i. 60. hálf-níð, n. half a lampoon, Fms. iii. 21. hálf-níræðr, see above (II). hálf-nýtr, adj. of half use, Rb. 86. hálf-opinn, adj. half open. hálf-prestr, m. a 'half-priest,' a chaplain to a hálfkirkja, Sturl. ii. 178. hálf-pund, n. half a pound, Gþl. 343. hálf-raddarstafr, m. a semivowel, Skálda 176, 178. hálf-reingr, a, m. a half scamp, Bs. i. 517. hálf-rétti, n. a law term (cp. fullrétti, p. 177), a

HÁLFRETTISEIÐR -- HÁR. 243

slight, a personal affront or injury of the second degree, liable only to a half fine; e.g. hálfréttis-orð is a calumny in words that may be taken in both senses, good and bad; whereas fullréttis-orð is downright, unmistakable abuse, Grág. ii. 144; hence the phrases, mæla, göra hálfrétti við e-n, i. 156, 157, ii. 153. hálfréttis-eiðr, m. an oath of compurgation to be taken in a case of h., N. G. L. i. 352. hálfréttis-maðr, m. a man that has suffered hálfrétti, Gþl. 105, 200. hálfréttis-mál, n. a suit of a case of h., N. G. L. i. 314. hálf-róinn, part. having rowed half the way, half-way, Fms. viii. 312. hálf-róteldi, n., prob. corrupt, Fms. xi. 129. hálf-rými, n. a naut. term, half a cabin, one side of a ship's cabin, Fms. viii. 138, ix. 33, x. 157, Hkr. i. 302. hálfrýmis-félagar, m. pl. messmates in the same h., Edda 108. hálfrýmis-kista, u, f. a chest or bench belonging to a h., Fms. viii. 85. hálf-rökit (-rökvit, -rökvat), n. adj. half twilight, in the evening, Grett. 137, 140 A; hálf-rökvat is the mod. form, which occurs in Grett. 79 new Ed., Jb. 176, Al. 54; vide rökvit. hálf-sagðr, part. half told; in the saying, jafnan er hálfsögð saga ef einn segir = audiatur et altera pars, Grett. 121. hálf-sextugr, see hálfr II. hálf-sjauræðr, adj. = hálfsjötugr, Stj. 48. hálf-sjötugr, see hálfr II. hálf-skiptr, part. = hálflitr, Fms. ii. 170, Sturl. iii. 112. hálf-sleginn, part. half mown, of a field. hálf-slitinn, part. half worn. hálf-sofandi, part. half asleep. hálf-sótt, n. part. half passed; hálfsótt haf, a half-crossed sea. hálf-systkin, n. pl. half brother and sister, cp. hálfbróðir. hálf-systur, f. pl. half sisters. hálf-tíræðr, see hálfr II. hálf-troll, n. half a giant, Eg. 1, Nj. 164 (a nickname). hálf-tunna, u, f. half a tun, Vm. 44. hálf-unninn, part. half done, Fas. ii. 339. hálf-vaxinn, part. half grown. hálf-vegis, adv. by halves. hálf-virði, n. half worth, Jb. 403, Glúm. 347, Sturl. ii. 132. hálf-visinn, part. and hálf-vista, adj. half withered, and medic. palsied on one side. hálf-viti, a, m. a half-witted man. hálf-votr, adj. half wet. hálf-vætt, f. half weight (a measure), Dipl. iv. 8, Fas. iii. 383. hálf-þrítugr, see hálfr II; spelt half-ðritogr, Js. 79. hálf-þurr, adj. half dry. hálf-þverrandi, part. half waning, Js. 732 (of the moon). hálf-þynna, u, f. a kind of small axe, Gþl. 103, 104, Lv. 35. hálf-ærinn, part. half sufficient, Fms. viii. 440. hálf-ærr, adj. half mad, Sks. 778. II. in mod. usage hálf is freq. used = rather, e.g. hálf-kalt, adj. rather cold: hálf-feginn, adj., eg er hálffeginn, I am rather glad: e-m er hálf-íllt, hálf-bumult, hálf-óglatt, n. adj. one feels rather ill: hálf-hungraðr, hálf-svangr, hálf-soltinn, hálf-þyrstr, adj. rather hungry, rather thirsty, etc., and in endless compds. hál-ka, u, f. slippiness; flug-hálka, gler-hálka. HÁLL, adj., fem. hál, neut. hált, [different from hallr, q.v.; O. H. G. hâli; mid. H. G. hæli] :-- slippery, of ice, glass, or the like, Eb. 120, 238, Fms. viii. 405, Nj. 144, Fb. ii. 327, Fs. 38, passim. hál-leikr, m. gliding, slippiness, Clar. HÁLMR, m. [A. S. healm; Engl. haulm; Germ. and Dan. halm; Gr. GREEK; Lat. calamus] :-- straw, Stj. 201, 390, 560, N. G. L. i. 38, Eg. 205, 213, 560, Fms. ii. 3, 208, vi. 153, ix. 44; mar-hálmr, seaweed. hálm-strá, n. haulm-straw, Fas. iii. 412. hálm-visk, f. a wisp of straw, Fms. ii. 208, vi. 212. hálm-þúst, f. a flail, Þorf. Karl. 422. HÁLS, m., prop. hals, [Goth., A. S., etc. hals; North. E. hause; cp. Lat. collum] :-- the neck; dúkr á hálsi, Rm. 16; bjartr háls, 26, Fms. viii. 77; falla um háls e-m, to fall on one's neck, embrace one, Luke xv. 20; leggja hendr um háls e-m, or taka höndum um háls e-m, id., Nj. 10, passim: phrases, beygja háls fyrir e-m, to bend the neck to one, Fms. ix. 446; liggja e-m á hálsi, to hang upon one's neck, i.e. to reprove one, xi. 336, O. H. L. 36; standa á hálsi e-m, to put the foot on one's neck, Hkv. 2. 28; and more mod., tapa hálsi, to forfeit one's neck, Rétt. 61. COMPDS: háls-beina, n. the neck-bone, Fb. iii. 195. háls-björg, f. a gorget, Sturl. ii. 84, Bs. i. 541. háls-bólga, u, f. bronchitis. háls-brotna, að, to break one's neck, Fms. iii. 171. háls-digr, adj. thick-necked, Eg. 305, Fms. iii. 129. háls-faðma, að, to embrace, Str. 31. háls-faðman, f. an embrace, Str. 53. háls-fang, n. embracing, Bret. 116, Sks. 513, Stj. háls-fengja, ð, to embrace, Barl. 29. háls-gjörð, f. a necklace, Edda 84. háls-högg, n. a cut or stroke on the neck, Fms. viii. 318, Bs. i. 174, Fb. i. 139. háls-höggva, hjó, to behead, Stj. 265, Hkr. i. 8. háls-járn, n. a neck-iron, iron collar, Stj. 519, Dipl. v. 18, Fb. iii. 560. háls-klútr, m. a neck cloth. háls-langr, adj. long-necked, Fms. vii. 175, Sd. 147. háls-lausn, f. 'neck-loosing,' i.e. giving a bondman freedom, (cp. frjáls, frihals,) the rite is described in N. G. L. i. 212. háls-liðr, m. a neck vertebra, Finnb. 344. hálsliða-mjúkr, adj. smooth-necked. háls-men, n. a necklace, Am. 44. háls-sár, n. a neck wound, Sturl. iii. 115. háls-slag, n. = hálshögg, Fms. viii. 318. háls-spenna, t, to clasp the neck of another, Stj. 53. háls-stefni, n. the throat; hann lagði í hálsstefni framan fyrir hóstinn, Finnb. 314. háls-stig, n. treading on one's neck, Anecd. 30. háls-stuttr, adj. short-necked. B. Metaph., I. naut. part of the forecastle or bow of a ship or boat, (höfuð, barki, háls, the head, weasand, neck, are all naut. terms); Hýmir reri í hálsinum fram, Edda 35; Þórðr Köttr sat á hálsi ok hélt vörð, Ísl. ii. 76; reri Þormóðr í hálsi en Þorgeirr í fyrir-rúmi en Grettir í skut, Grett. 125; Þorkell reri fram í hálsi en Þórðr í miðju skipi, Falgeirr í austr-rúmi, Fbr. 158; hence háls-rúm, n. = háls, Fms. ii. 252. 2. the front sheet of a sail, the tack of a sail, (cp. Swed. hals på ett segel) :-- Edda (Gl.) distinguishes between hefill (q.v.), háls, hanki, höfuðbendur (stays); þá kom áfall svá mikit at frá laust vígin ok hálsana báða (brustu báðir hálsar in the verse), Fas. ii. 77; en ef sax brotnar, bæti tvær ertogar, ok svá fyrir háls hvern, ok svá tvær ertugar, N. G. L. ii. 283: in mod. usage, in tacking, the foresheet is called háls, the other skaut, -- háls heitir á seglum skautið eðr skaut-klóin (sheet clew) hvor um sig, sú er niðr liggr í hornunum, ok venjulega er fest í skipinu þar sem hentast þykkir fram eðr aptr, svo sem nú kalla sjómenn horn segla þau sem niðr horfa hvort sem aptr eptir skipinu er borit og þar fest, skaut (i.e. sheet), en hitt seglsins horn, sem fram eptir skipinu borit verðr, háls (i.e. tack), Skýr. 214. hálsa-skaut, n. pl. the front sheet, the tack, Vtkv. II. the end of a rope; þar sem jörðin lægist millum hálsanna, leitar vaðrinn at jörðunni, Fms. xi. 441. 2. the tip of a bow to which the string is attached, Gr. GREEK; þeir höfðu handboga, en jörðin var svá blaut, at bogahálsinn beit í jörðina niðr, Al. 142; báðir hrukku í sundr bogahálsarnir, Fas. ii. 88; hann dregr svá bogann, at saman þótti bera hálsana, Fb. iii. 406. 3. one end of a drag-net (net-háls). 4. the neck of a bottle, mod. III. the phrase, góðir hálsar, fine fellows! good men! is almost synonymous with drengr, q.v.; no doubt analogous to frjáls, frihals, see p. 174, qs. freemen, gentlemen; vil ek nú biðja yðr, góðir hálsar! at þér leggit til þat er yðr þykkir ráðligast, Sturl. iii. 71; séð nú, góðir hálsar! Fms. viii. 116; gefit til gott ráð, góðir hálsar! Stj. 437; hugsit um, góðir hálsar! 460; munda ek heldr þegja, góðir hálsar! Al. 97; sigrat hafit ér Serki, góðir hálsar! 119. IV. a hill, ridge, esp. in Icel. of the low fells dividing two parallel dales, cp. Lat. collis, Nj. 21, Eg. 544, Hrafn. 7, 11, Al. 93, Róm. 134, very freq.: as also in local names, Háls, Hálsar, Glýstaða-háls, Reynivalla-háls, Landn.: háls-brún, f. the edge of a hill, Eb. 176; cp. Fr. col. V. a pr. name, Landn. hálsa, að, poët. to embrace, Gkv. 1. 13, 3. 4. II. to clew up the sail (cp. hálsan); þá mælti hann til sinna manna, at hálsa skyldi seglin, Fagrsk. 86. III. to cut boards uneven so as to leave waves (hálsar) on the board. hálsaðr, part. hilly, Stj. 94. hálsan, f. a clewing up the sail, N. G. L. ii. 282 (Jb. 400). háls-bók, f. a book to swear upon; the commentators explain it from its being worn round the neck, but no doubt erroneously; it is derived from A. S. hæls = salus, qs. hâls-bôc = healing book, holy book, Grág. i. 70, Fms. ix. 219, Nj. háls-stefni, n., naut. term, the prow, Edda (Gl.): metaph., Finnb. 314. hámetta, u, f. (for. word), an amice, in church service, Vm. passim. HÁR, adj., fem. há, neut. hátt, vide Gramm. p. xix; compar. hæri or hærri, superl. hæstr; hæðstr and hærstr, which are found in old printed books, are bad forms; for the inflexions, (which vary much, sometimes inserting f or v, sometimes not,) see the references below; in mod. usage the v is usually dropped, but the cases are bisyllabic, e.g. háir, háar, háa, háum, instead of the old hávir, hávar, háva, háfum or hám; the definite form in old writers is hávi or háfi, in mod. hái: [Ulf. hauhs = GREEK; A. S. heah; Engl. high; O. H. G. hoh; Hel. hoh; Germ. hoch; old Frank, hag or hach; Swed. hög; Dan. höj; all of them with a final guttural, which in mod. Dan. has been changed into j; the final labial f or v, which in olden times was so freq. before a vowel, may be compared to laugh, rough, etc. in mod. Engl.; the g remains in the cognate word haugr] :-- high; stiga sex álna háfan, Vm. 129; í hám fjalla-tindum, Edda 144 (pref.); á háfum fjöllum, Skálda 181; há fjöll, Getsp.; á hám gálga, Fsm. 45; á bekk hám, Akv. 2; hár bylgjur, Edda (Ht.); á borg inni há, Am. 18; á há fjalli, Gm. 17, Bs. i. 26 (in a verse); enar hæstu fjalla hæðir, Stj. 59; hár turn, Hkr. iii. 63; skaptið var eigi hæra, en ..., Eg. 285 (of a spear); hátt hlaup, a high leap, i.e. from a high place, Fms. i. 166; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fjalli, Hom. 152; hávar bárur, Gh. 13: hávar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; háfan garð, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hávu grasi, Hm. 120; but há grasi. Gm. 17; upp-háfa skúa, high boots, Fms. vii. 321: phrases, bera hæra skjöld, hlut, to carry the highest shield, lot, Fas. i. 383, Ld. 322. 2. tall; hárr maðr vexti (tall of stature), manna hæstr, very tall, Fms. i. 155; hárr maðr ok harðvaxinn, vii. 321. 3. a metrical term; syllables in rhyme having the same consonants and quantity of vowels are jafn-háfar, in the same strain; kvattú svá? 'gröm skömm' eigi eru þær hendingar jafn háfar; 'hrömm skömm' þat væri jafnhátt, Fms. vi. 386. II. metaph. high, sublime, glorious; hærri tign, Fms. i. 214; enir hæstu Guðs postular, 625. 82; í hærra haldi, Fms. vii. 112; margar ræður þvílíkar eða enn hæri, or still sublimer, Sks. 635; hljóta háfan sigr, a glorious victory, Merl. 2. 69; háfan ávöxt, Mar. kv. 17; hæstu daga, hæstu hátíðir, the highest days or feasts (hátíð), Fms. x. 22. 2. at the highest pitch; meðan hæstir eru stormar um vetrinn, Sks. 46; at hann væri kyrr meðan hæst væri vetrar, in the depth of winter, Fms. ix. 480; meðan hæst væri sumars, in the height of summer, Lv. 43; hátt vetrar megin, Sks.; cp. há-degi, há-vetr, há-sumar

244 HÁALTARI — HÁSKASAMLIGA.

(below), 3. loud; blása hátt (a trumpet), Vsp. 47; brestr hár, Fms. xi. IO, Glúm. 375; mæla hátt, to speak loud, Nj. 33; ok söng í hátt, it gave a loud sound, 83; kveða við hátt ok öskurliga, Fms. v. 164; þó þetta væri eigi hátt talat í fyrstu, ix. 250; æpa hátt, Sks. 653; hafa hátt, to make a noise; cp. gráta hástöfum (below), há-vaði (below); hón verðr há við, she became clamorous, excited, Ísl. ii. 350; hlæja hátt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15. III. a mythol. pr. name, both Hár and Hávi, Edda; Hávi and Hár are names of Odin the High, whence Háva-mál, n. pl. the name of a poem, the Sayings of the High. 2. prefixed in the pr. names Há-kon, Há-leygr, Há-rekr, Há-mundr, Há-steinn, Há-varðr, Há-varr; and in local names, Háfa-fell, etc. IV. neut. as adverb; geisa hátt, Edda 146 (pref.); skín hann nú því hærra, Fms. v. 241; unna e-m hærra en öðrum, to love one higher (more) than another, Sturl. i. 198; taka e-n hátt, to make much of one, Bs. i. 727; stökkva hátt, to make a high leap, look high, Fær. 57; sitja skör hærra en aðrir, a step higher, Fms. i. 7. B. COMPDS: há-altari, n. a high altar, Symb. 24, Hkr. iii. 293, Fb. ii. 376, Fms. v. 107, Dipl. iii. 4, V. 18, passim. há-bakki, a, m. a high bank: hábakka-flæðr, f. a 'high-bank tide, ' very high tide. há- beinn and há-beinóttr, adj. high-legged, long-legged, Ísl. ii. 194, v. l. há-bjarg, n. a high rock, Bs. i. 49. há-bogaðr, adj. high-curved, as a saddle, Sks. 403. há-borð, n. a high table; in the phrase, eiga ekki upp á há-borðit, not to be tip at the high table, to be held in small repute. há-brók, f., poët. name of a hawk, Edda (Gl.), Gm.: a nickname, Hkr., Eb. há-brókan, f. prudery, Karl. 239. há-brókask, að. dep. to puff oneself up, Fms. x. 200, Karl. 181. há-degi, n. high day, about twelve o'clock (vide dagr), Nj. 208, Grett. 121, Landn. 94 (v. l. to miðdegi), Stj. 447; hádegis sól, the midday sun, Pass. 37. 13. hádegis-skeið, n. the midday time, Sturl. ii. 199: in many local names, hádegis-varða, -bunga, denoting the point in the horizon under the hádegi. há-eyrr, f. high-bank, a local name, Nj. há-feti, a, m. a high-stepper, poët, a racehorse, Edda (Gl.) há-fjall, n. a high fell, Eg. 58, Stj. 87, Þm. 45, Hým. 22, Róm. 129, Bs. ii. 5. há-flæðr, f. a high flood-tide, Fbr. 181, þorf. Karl. 420. há-fæta, u, f. high-leg, a nickname, Hkr. há-fættr, adj. high-footed, Konr. há-hestr, n. a high, tall horse. há-kirkja, u, f. a 'high-kirk,' cathedral, Magn. 420. há-leggr, adj. high-leg, a nickname, Fb. iii. há-leikr (há-leiki), m. height, Sks. 47, 173. há- leitliga, adv.highly, gloriously, Sks. 623, Stj. passim, Fms. i. 331, Barl. 6. há-leitligr, adj. sublime, Bs. i. 48. há-leitr, adj. high-look ing, looking upwards; metaph. sublime, Fms. i. 96, Sturl. ii. 15, Th. 21. há-liga, adv. highly, Hom. 2 I, O. H. L. 7. há-ligr, adj. high, sublime. há-limar, f. pl. the high branches, Stj. 534. b. a-messa, u, f. high- mass, Fms. ii. 37, vii. 144, 188. hámessu-mál, n. high-mass time, Fms. viii. 291, Bs. ii. 24. há-mælgi, f. loud talking, Fms, iii. 153. há- mæli, n., in the phrase, komask í hámæli, to get out, of a rumour, Fms. iv. 80. há-mæltr, part, loud-voiced, Sturl. i. 167. há- nefjaðr, adj. high-nebbed, Fas. i. 73. há-nefr, m. high-neb, a nick- name, Rd. há-pallr, m. the daïs in a hall, Fms. vi. 440. há- reysti, f. a din, noise, Nj. 83, Fms. i. 34, Gþl. 16. há-reystr, adj. loud speaking, Greg. 54. há-salir, m. pl. the high halls, Eg. (in a verse). há-segl, n. the 'high-sail, ' mainsail, Fas. ii. 494, Hkv. I. 29. há-seymdr, part, studded, of a bridle, Grett. 129, Stj. 564. há- skeptr, part, high-handled, of an axe, Eb. 186, Fbr. 14. há-skóli, a, m. a high school, (mod.) há-staðr, m. a high place, Fms. x. 417. há-stafir, m. pl., in the phrase, gráta, hljóða ... hástöfum, to weep, cry aloud, Nj. 27, Stj. 421, Grett. 171 new Ed. há-steint, n. adj. (= staksteinott), with rough boulders; var hásteint í ánni, Fms. ix. 404. há-stigi, a, m. = háfeti, Edda (Gl.) há-sumar, n. 'high-summer, ' midsummer, Bs. 5. 32, Grett. 156 new Ed., Sks. 200. hásumar-tími, a, m. midsummer time. há-sæti, n. a 'high-seat, ' Dan. böjsæde, throne, for a king or earl; the high-seat at a commoner's table was called öndvegi, q. v., cp. Nj. 175 — hvárki em ek konungr né jarl, ok þarf ekki at gera h. undir mér, ok þnrf ekki at spotta mik. Eg. 43, Nj. 6, Fms. i. 7, iv. 108, vi. 439, ix. 254; in a ship, iv. 39. hásætis-borð, n. a high-teat table, Hkr. ii. 188. hásætis-kista, u, f. a ' high-seat chest, ' a daïs or chest near the high-seat, in which weapons and treasures were kept, Fms. vii. 185, viii. 444, x. 360, xi. 220. hásætis-maðr; m. the man in the chair, Ísl. ii. 438. hásætis-stóll, m. a throne, Stj. há-talaðr, part. = hámæltr, Bs. i. 819. há-timbra, að, to build high, Vsp. 7, Gm. 16. há-tíð, f. [Germ. hochzeit; Dan. höjtid], a 'high-tide, ' a high day. festival, Bs. i. 38, passim, Nj. 157, Fms. xi. 425, K. A. 164: proverb., hátíð er til heilla bezt, Ld. 176 (Fms. ii. 39): very freq. esp. in eccl. sense, Jóla-h., Páska-h., Hvítasunnu-h., fæðingar-h.; Í dag þá hátíð höldurn vúr, Hólabók. hátíðar-aptan, m. the eve of a feast, Bs. i. 170. hátíðar- dagr, m. a high day, Fms. ii. 198, Sturl. i. 130. hátíðar-hald, n. the holding a feast, Hom. 83, Fms. i. 260: gen. hátíðis also occurs in compds, hátíðis-dagr, m., Fms. x. 13 (v. l.), Sturl. i. 30; hátíðis- kveld, n. = hátíðaraptan. hátíð-ligr, adv. with festivity, Hkr. i. 287, Fms. x. 149, Sks. 48. hátið-ligr, adj., festive, Sks. 465, Stj. 48, 110, 471, Hom. 97, 145, Fms. x. 280. há-vaði, a, m. a noise, tumult, Bs. ii. 182, Fas. ii, 230; í hávaða, aloud, Rd. 252, Fms. i. 289, Sturl. ii. 246: the greatest number, main part of a thing, hann náði hávaðanum, he caught the main part; missa hávaðan af því, to lose the main part. há- vaða-maðr, m. a haughty person, Ísl. ii. 203, Nj. 61, passim. hávaða- mikill, adj. haughty, boasting, Fms. ii. 154, vi. 106, Finnb. 292. hávaða- samr, adj. boisterous, Dropl. 7. há-varr, proncd. háværr, adj. loud, noisy: há-værðj f. noisy, making a noise. há-vegir, m. pl. highways; in the phrase, hafa e-n í hávegum, to make much of one. há-vella, u, f. a sea-pheasant, phasianus marinus. há-vetr, n. 'high-winter, ' mid- winter, Orkn. 110, Thom. 333, Hkr. ii. 47, Bs. ii. 22, 27. há-vetri, n. = hávetr, Fms. viii. 247 (v.l.), Fb. iii. 231, Stj. 78, Fas. iii. 371. HÁR, mod. háfr, m. [Germ, hai] , a dog-fish, squalus acanthius, Skálda 162. In compds há- marks fish of the shark kind, as há-karl (q. v.), a shark, carcharias, Ann.: há-kerling, f. = hákarl: há-meri, f. squalus glaucus: há-mús, f. chimaera monstrosa, Linn.; also called geirnyt, Eggert Itin. 360: há-skerðingr, m. = hákarl, Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 337, 359, Pm. 69: háskerðinga-lýsi, n. shark's oil, H. E. i. 395: háfs- roð, n. shark's skin, shagreen. HÁR, m., acc. há, pl. háir, a thole, Am. 35, Grett. 125, Fas. i. 215, Þiðr. 313; whence há-benda, u, f. = hamla, q. v.; há-borur, f. pl., q. v.; há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks, prop, 'thole-gear, ' synonymous with hamla; inn féll (sjór) um söxin ok háreiðarnar, Sturl. iii. 66, (Cd. Brit. Mus., Cd. Arna-Magn. háborurnar); leggja árar í háreiðar, to lay the oars in the rowlocks, Fms. xi. 70 (v. 1. to hörnlur), 101, x. 285; lúgu þar árar í háreiðum, Eg. 360 (v. l. to hömlu-böndum), Lex. Poët.: ha-seti, a, m. a ' thole-sitter, ' oarsman, opp. to the captain or helmsman, Grág. i. 90, N. G. L. i. 98, Landn. 44, Fbr. 62 new Ed., Fms. vi. 239, 246: há- stokkar, m. pl. the gunwale, Bs. i. 385, 390. β in poetry a ship is called há-dýr, n., há-sleipnir, m. the horse of rowlocks. HÁR, n. [A.S. hær ; Engl. hair; Germ. har; Dan.-Swed. hår; Lat. caesaries] :— hair, including both Lat. crines and capilli, Skálda 162, Nj. 2, Sks. 288; fara ór hárum, to change the hair, of beasts, passim; eitt hár hvítt eðr svart, Matth. v. 36; höfuð-hár, the hair of the head; lík-hár; the hair on the body, breast, or hands of men, opp. to the head; úlfalda- hár, iii. 4; hross-hár, horse-hair; hunds-hár, kattar-húr. COMPDS: hára-lag, n. the fashion of the hair. hárs-litr, m. the colour of the hair, Nj. 219, Fms. xi. 8, Ld. 274. ⇒ For the hair of women, see Nj. ch. 1, 78, 117, Landn. 2, ch. 30, Edda 21, passim; of men, Nj. ch. 121, Ld. ch. 63, and passim. hár-amr, m., proncd. hárramr = hárhamr (cp. Ivar Aasen haaram), the hairy side of a skin, Fas. i. 289. hár-beittr, adj. = hárhvass. har-bjartr, adj. bright-haired, Fas. ii. 365. hár-dregill, m. a hair ribbon, Stj. há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks; see above, under hár, a thole. hár-fagr, adj. fair-haired, a nickname of king Harold. hár-ferð, f. the fashion of the hair, Sturl. iii. 83. hár-fletta, u, f., and hár-fléttingr, m. a plait of hair, Str. 40. hár-greiða, u, f. a wide-toothed comb. hár-hvass, adj. hair-edged, as a rasor, Eg. 715. har-kambr, in. a hair comb. hár-klæði, n. a haircloth, Fms. v. 160, Rb. 368, Hom. 105. hár-knífr, m. a hair knife, rasor, Bs. i. 306, Dipl. v. 18, Fms. v. 185, Stj. 409, 418, Þiðr. 122, Str. 77. hárr, adj. [A.S. hear; Engl. hoar], hoary; hárir ok gamlir, Haustl. 10; háran ok skeggjaðan, 655 xiv. B, Fms. vii. 321, Ýt. 13, Fin. 34, Húm. 16; hárr í skeggi, Ld. 274; hárr þulr, Hm. 135; hárir menn, old men, Sighvat: in compds, fagr-hárr, fair-haired; dökk-harr, dark-haired; rauð-hárr, red-haired; hvít-hárr, white-haired; þunn-húrr, thin-haired; strý-hárr, bristly-haired; hrokkin-hárr, curly-haired; slétt-hárr, sleek-haired; mjúk-hárr, soft-haired; laus-hárr, loose-haired, with floating hair, of women: in mod. usually hærðr (q. v.), fagr-hærðr, etc. hár-rætr or hárs-rætr, f. pl. the line on the scalp, esp. on the fore- head, where the hair begins, [cp. Ivar Aasen baargard'] ; upp í hársrætr, upp í hársrótum, Eg. 305, Sturl. iii. 283. hár-sárr, adj. having sensitive hair. hár-skurðr, m. the cut of the hair, N. G. L. i. 345, Fms. ii. 189. hár-taug f. a string of horse-hair, Sturl. iii. 206. hár-toga, að, to pull by the hair: metaph. to twist or split a hair. hár-vara, u, f, fur, Fms. x. 202. hár-vöxtr, m. hair-growth. há-seti, a, m. a mate; see above, under hár, a thole. há-sin, f. [the há- answers to A.S. hôh, Engl. hough; cp. A.S. hohsin, Engl. hough sinew, O.H.G. hahsa or hasina, Bavar. hächsen, mid.H.G. hahse, Dan. hase, with a dropped n; see Grimm's Gramm. iii. 405] :— a hough sinew or tendon, Hrafn. 20, Eb. 242, passim. HÁSKI, a, m. [akin to hætta, q. v.; in North. E. hask is used of a cold, stormy wind], danger, K. Þ K. 82, Al. 30, Fms. vii. 220, 252, passim; lífs-háski, life's peril; sjávar-h., danger on the sea; salar-h., soul's peril. COMPDS: háska-för, -ferð, f. a dangerous exploit, Fms. viii. 50. háska-lauss, adj. without danger, 623. 40, Hkr. i. 488. háska-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dangerous. háska-samliga, adv.

HÁSKASAMLIGR -- HEFJA. 245

dangerously, Fms. ii. 16, ix. 512, Stj. 189. háska-samligr, adj. perilous, Eg. 73, Fms. i. 76, viii. 328, Gþl. 199. háska-tími, a, m. time of danger, Sks. 45. háska-ván, f. danger to come, Sks. 182. hás-mæltr, adj. hoarse speaking, Íb. 13. HÁSS, adj. [A. S. hæs; Engl. hoarse; O. H. G. heis; Germ. heiser; Dan. hæs] :-- hoarse, Fms. i. 283, passim. há-stokkar, m. the 'thole-beam,' gunwale; see hár, a thole. há-sæti, n. a high-seat; see hár, high. há-tíð, f. a feast; see hár, high. HÁTTA, að, [akin to hagr, haga, q.v., qs. hagta], to dispose, contrive, with dat., Bs. i. 170, Fms. vi. 149, Hkr. i. 120, Sks. 286: with adv., hátta svá, þannig, Al. 104, Fms. i. 57. 2. impers. it happens; háttar svá, at hann kom, Fms. x. 404: so also in neut. part., with the auxiliary verb, Dana-virki er svá háttað, the Dannewerk is so constructed, of that nature, Germ. so beschaffen, Fms. i. 123; hversu háttað er, iv. 274; honum er svá háttað, at hann fjarar allan at þurru, Eb. 236; svá er háttað, at þú ert með barni, Anal. 137; þar er svá háttað lands-legi, Fms. vii. 56; yðr frændum er svá háttað, you are of that mould, Nj. 252; svá er háttað, 73; hvernig var jörðin háttuð, how was the earth shapen? Edda 6. 3. háttaðr, part. mannered; vel, ílla h., Mar.: treated, sá hann hve bogi hans var til háttaðr, Fb. i. 532. B. To go to bed; þar vóru góð híbýli ok heldr snemma háttað, Fs. 131; hann háttar snemma, ok er þeir höfðu sofit svefn, 143, Fas. ii. 428, freq. in mod. usage; cp. hætta, to leave work. hátt-góðr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258, Fms. ix. 4. hátt-lausa, u, f. a kind of metre, Edda 137. hátt-prúðr, adj. well-mannered, Fms. viii. 4. hátt-prýði, n. good manners, courteousness, Fms. x. 75. HÁTTR, m., gen. háttar, dat. hætti, pl. hættir, acc. háttu, [akin to hagr, qs. hagtr], manner, habit: I. a mode of life, habit; ríkra manna háttr, Nj. 268; fara vel með sínum háttum, to conduct oneself well, Eg. 65; ráða sjálfr háttum sínum, to be one's own master, Fms. vii. 199; fornmennis-háttr, ii. 59; riddaraligr háttr, x. 230; víkinga-háttr, Fb. i. 412; þat er háttr skálda at (it is the fashion of poets to) lofa þann mest er þá eru þeir fyrir, Hkr. (pref.): hátta-góðr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258: halda teknum hætti, to go on in one's usual way, persevere, Fb. ii. 85, Eb. 77. 2. conduct; vanda um háttu manna, Fb. ii. 37. II. a mode, way of doing a thing; kunna hátt á e-u, to know how to do a thing, Barl. 101 :-- answering to Lat. hoc modo, hunc ad modum, hann reist örn á baki honum með þeima hætti, at ..., Hkr. i. 108; hann stóð upp ok svaraði erendi konungs með þessum hætti (as follows), Fms. i. 33; með hverjum hætti, in what manner? how? með ymsum hætti, etc. 2. appearance, manner; hversu vóru þeir menn í hátt, how did those men look? Stj. 396; jörðin ok dýrin ok fuglarnir höfðu saman eðli í sumum hlutum, en þó ólík at hætti, but unlike in manners, Edda 144 (pref.): manner, kind, sá er annarr háttr jarldóms, N. G. L. ii. 403. 3. moderation, measure; ágirni kann engan hátt, Hom. 18; hófsemi er háttr alls lífs, 28. 4. adverbial usages answering to Lat, -modi in hujusmodi, ejusmodi: α. gen., mikils háttar, Fms. vi. 20, 144, 229, viii. 198, x. 234; lítils háttar, insignificant, vi. 7, 229, viii. 198; minna háttar, i. 160; alls-háttar, of every kind, iii. 184; nokkurs háttar, in some way, Stj. 178; þess-háttar, of that kind, Edda 149 (pref.), passim; engis-háttar, in nowise, Stj. 81; margs-háttar, of many kinds, Stj. passim. β. acc., á allan hátt, in every respect, Bs. i. 857; á engan hátt, by no means; á ymsan hátt, in various respects; á hvárigan hátt, etc. γ. eptir hætti, duly, tolerably, as may be expected. III. a metre; þenna hátt fann fyrst Veili, Edda (Ht.) 131; þeir létu vera fimm vísur með hverjum hætti, Orkn. 304, cp. Edda (Ht.) passim; eptir hætti, in the proper metre, Edda 131. Names of metres, Kviðu-háttr, the epic metre (as the Völuspá), Skálda; Ljóða-h. or Ljóðs-h., the trimeter in old saws and didactic poems (as the Háva-mál); Mála-h., Ref-hvarfa-h., Orðskviða-h., Draugs-h., Flagða-h., Dýri-h., Nýi-h., Álags-h., Hátt-lausa: derived from the names of men, Egils-h., Braga-h., Torf-Einars-h., Fleins-h.; Núfu-h., Edda; of countries, Grænlenzki-h., expounded in Edda (Ht.) and Háttat. Rögnvalds, Skálda: a saying is called máls-háttr. COMPDS: hátta-föll, n. pl. a flaw in a metre, Edda (Ht.) 134, 135, Skálda 210. hátta-lykill, m. a key to metres, the name of an old poem on metres, Orkn. 304 (printed at the end of the Skálda, Reykjavík 1849). hátta-skipti, n. a shifting of metre, Edda 129. hátta-tal, n. a number of metres, the name of a poem on metres, = Hátta-lykill, Edda 192; also in the title of Edda (Ub.) ii. 250. hátt-samr, adj. conducted, Stj. 206. hátt-semi, f. conduct. háttung, f. danger, risk, Fms. vi. 206, Fas. i. 178, Bs. ii. 120; cp. hætting. há-vaði, a, m. a noise; see hár, high. há-varr, adj. loud, noisy; see hár, high. héðan, adv., hieðan in an old vellum, 655 x. 2, which shews that the pronunciation was the same then as now, [A. S. heonan; North. E. hein and hine; cp. Germ. hin] :-- hence, from this place, Gm. 28, Ls. 7, Skm. 38, Hbl. 13, Am. 36, Nj. 32, Jb. 10, Grág. i. 150, Edda 8; fyrir héðan e-t, on the hither side, Symb. 30; fyrir héðan hafit, on the hither side of the sea, Fas. ii. 240. II. temp. henceforth, Fms. vi. 279, xi. 84; héðan frá, héðan í frá (mod. héðan af), hereafter, Nj. 83, Ísl. ii. 237. héðan-kváma, u, f. departure from hence, Fas. ii. 121 (in a verse). HÉÐINN, m., dat. héðni, [akin to haðna, q.v.], a jacket of fur or skin, Hm. 72; úlf-héðinn, wolf-coat, Fs. 77, the name of a berserker, 17; geit-héðinn, a goat's skin coat, Nj. 211; bjarn-héðinn, a bear's skin coat; the phrase, veifa héðni at höfði e-m, to wrap a skin round one's head, to hoodwink one, Eb. 32 new Ed., Grett. ch. 66, Ó. H. 139: héðin-stykki, n. a piece of fur, D. N. II. a mythical pr. name, Edda, Lex. Poët.: in compds, Bjarn-héðinn, Úlf-héðinn, Skarp-héðinn, Bs., Landn., Nj. héðra, adv. [Ulf. hidre = GREEK], hither or here; héðra nær, Landn. 146; mönnum héðra, the men here, Dropl. 22; hann ferr héðra at heimboðum, Boll. 346, Fms. vi. 428 (in a verse). HEFÐ, f. [hafa, to take, = Lat. usu-capere], a law term, loss or gain of claim by lapse of time; hefð ok land, Bs. i. 689; hefð lands-laga, 720; með réttri ok löglegri hefð, 730, Rétt. 230, D. N. passim, H. E. i. 456, cp. Jb. s. v. tuttugu ár, pp. 142, 251, 351. COMPDS: hefðar-maðr, m. a claimant by possession, Bs. i. 731. hefðar-vitni, n. a witness in a case of hefð, Gþl. 300. hefða-skipti, n. a change of hefð, D. N. II. [hefja], reputation: hefðar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), fine, grand: hefðar-maðr, m. an eminent man, Fms. iii. 134. hefða, að, to take, by way of usucaptio, D. N., Mar. HEFILL, m. [from hefja, to heave; from this Norse word are no doubt derived the Engl. to haul and halyard, 'hel' or 'hal' being contracted from hefill], a naut. term, the clew-lines and bunt-lines of a sail; láta síðan síga ór heflum (to unfurl the sail), ok sækja eptir þeim, Fb. iii. 563; lét hann þá hleypa ór heflunum segli á skeiðinni, Ó. H. 182 (Fb. l.c. homlu wrongly); N. G. L. i. 199 distinguishes between hefill, sviptingr (reefs), hanki (blocks): hefil-skapt, n. a boat-hook to pull the sail down; þá þreif Ingimundr hefilskapt ok vildi kippa ofan, Bs. i. 422: hefla-skurðr, m. = heflan, q.v.; mínka skal sigling með hálsan ok heflaskurð, N. G. L. i. 282. II. a plane, (mod., from Germ. hobel.) HEFJA, pret. hóf, pl. hófu; part. hafinn, but also hafiðr (weak); pres. indic. hef; pret. subj. hæfi, with neg. suff. hóf-at, Korm.; [Ulf. hafjan; A. S. hebban; Engl. heave, pret. hove; O. H. G. hafan; Germ. heben; Dan. hæve; Swed. häfva; cp. Lat. capere, in-cipere.] A. To heave, lift, raise; hefja stein, to lift a stone, Eg. 142; ok munu nú ekki meira hefja fjórir menn, 140; (hón) hóf hann at lopti, hove him aloft, Ýt. 9; hefja e-n til himins, Edda 61 (in a verse); hóf hann sér af herðum hver, Hym. 36; þá er hefja af hvera (mod. taka ofan pott, to take the pot off), Gm. 42; hóf sér á höfuð upp hver Sifjar verr, Hým. 34; hón hófat augu af mér, she took not her eyes off me, Korm. 16; hann hóf upp augu sín, he lifted up his eyes, 623. 20; hefja sik á lopt, to make a leap, Nj. 144. 2. phrases, hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defence), Nj. 65, Ld. 262; h. höfuðs, to lift the head, stand upright, be undaunted; sá er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, Nj. 213: h. sinn munn í sundr, to open one's mouth, Sturl. iii. 189: hefja graut, skyr, etc., to lift the porridge, curds, etc., eat food with a spoon, Fms. vi. 364; Rindill hóf (Ed. hafði wrongly) skyr ok mataðisk skjótt, Lv. 63. 3. hefja út, to lift out a body, carry it from the house (út-hafning), Eg. 24; er mik út hefja, Am. 100; var konungr hafiðr dauðr ór hvílunni, Hkr. iii. 146. The ceremony of carrying the corpse out of the house is in Icel. still performed with solemnity, and followed by hymns, usually verses 9 sqq. of the 25th hymn of the Passíu-Sálmar; it is regarded as a farewell to the home in which a person has lived and worked; and is a custom lost in the remotest heathen age; cp. the Scot. to lift. β. hefja (barn) ór heiðnum dómi, to lift (a bairn) out of heathendom, is an old eccl. term for to be sponsor (mod. halda undir skírn), Sighvat (in a verse); N. G. L. i. 350 records three kinds of sponsorship -- halda barni undir primsignan, önnur at hefja barn ór heiðnum dómi, þriðja at halda á barni er biskup fermir: to baptize, skal þat barn til kirkju færa ok hefja ór heiðnum dómi, 12; barn hvert er borit verðr eptir nótt ina helgu, þá skal haft vera (baptized) at Páskum, id. 4. to exalt, Ad. 20, cp. with Yngl. S. ch. 10; hóf hann Jóseph til sæmðar, Sks. 454; hafðr til ríkis, 458; upp hafðr, 451; önd hennar var upp höfð yfir öll engla fylki, Hom. 129; hann mektaðisk mjök ok hóf sik of hátt af þeim auðæfum, Stj. 154; at hann hæfi upp (exaltaret) Guðs orð með tungunni, Skálda 208; konungr hóf hann til mestu metorða, 625. 31: er hans ríki hóf, 28. II. impers., 1. to be heaved, hurled, drifted, by storm, tide, or the like; þá hóf upp knörr (acc.) undir Eyjafjöllum, a ship was upheaved by the gale, Bs. i. 30; hóf öll skipin (acc. the ship drifted) saman inn at landinu, Hkr. i. 206; þetta hóf (drifted) fyrir straumi, iii. 94; þeir létu hefja ofan skipin forstreymis, let the ship drift before the stream, Fms. vii. 253; Birkibeina hefr undan, the B. went back, ix. 528. 2. medic., en er af henni hóf öngvit (acc. when she awoke, of one in a swoon), Bjarn. 68; þá hóf af mér vámur allar (acc. all ailments left me), svá at ek kenni mér nú hvergi íllt, Sturl. ii. 54; ek sé at þú ert fölr mjök, ok má vera, at af þér hafi, I see thou art very pale, but may be it will pass off, Finnb. 236; hóf honum heldr upp brún (acc. his face brightened), Eg. 55. III.

246 HEFLA -- HEGNA.

reflex. to raise oneself, to rise; hefjask til ófriðar, to raise war, rebel, Eg. 264. β. to be raised; hefjask til ríkis, to be raised to the throne, Fms. i. 99; hefjask hátt, to be exalted, Fs. 13; hann hafði hafisk af sjálfum sér, he had risen by himself, Eg. 23; féll Hákon en hófsk upp Magnúss konungr, Sturl. i. 114; Þórðr hófsk (rose) af þessu, Landn. 305, Hom. 152. 2. phrases, hefjask við, to lay to, a naut. term; lét þá jarl hefjask við ok beið svá sinna manna, Fms. viii. 82; hefjask undan, to retire, draw back, Sd. 144: in the phrase, hefjask af höndum e-m, to leave one; hefsk nú aldregi af höndum þeim, give them no rest, Fms. xi. 59. 3. part., réttnefjaðr ok hafit upp í framanvert, Nj. 29. B. Metaph. to raise, begin, Lat. incipere: 1. to raise; hefja flokk, to raise a party, a rebellion, Fms. viii. 273; h. rannsókn, to raise an enquiry, Grág. ii. 193; h. ákall, to raise a claim, Eg. 39; h. brigð, to make a reclamation, Gþl. 295. 2. to begin; hefja teiti, Fms. vii. 119; h. gildi, Sturl. i. 20; h. Jóla-hald, to begin (keep) Yule, Fms. i. 31; h. boðskap, ii. 44: of a book, þar hefjum vér sögu af hinum helga Jóni biskupi, Bs. i. 151; h. mál, to begin one's speech, Ld. 2; h. ferð, to start, Fb. ii. 38; h. orrustu. β. with prep. upp, (hence upp-haf, beginning); hóf Helgi upp mál sitt, Boll. 350; Egill hóf upp kvæðit, E. began his poem, 427; hann heyrði messu upp hafna, Fms. v. 225; hefja upp sálm, to begin a hymn, 623. 35; Flosi hóf upp suðrgöngu sína, F. started on his pilgrimage, Nj. 281; h. upp göngu sína, to start, Rb. 116. γ. hefja á rás, to take to one's feet; síðan hefr hann á rás ok rann til bæjarins, Eg. 237; hinir Gautsku höfðu (thus weak vide hafa C. 2) á rás undan, Fms. iv. 120. δ. absol., hann hóf svá, he began thus, Fms. i. 33; þar hef ek upp, vii. 146; þar skal hefja upp við arftöku-mann, start from the a., Grág. i. 62. II. impers. to begin; hér hefr Þingfara-bólk (acc.), Gþl. 5; hér hefr upp Kristindóms-bólk, 39, 75, 378; hér hefr Landnáma-bók, Landn. 24; hér hefr upp landnám í Vestfirðinga fjórðungi, 64, 168 (v.l.), 237 (v.l.); hér hefr Kristni-Sögu, Bs. i. 3; nú hefr þat hversu Kristni kom á Ísland, id.; hér hefr sögu af Hrafni á Hrafnsevri, 639; hér hefr upp ok segir frá þeim tíðindum, er ..., Fms. viii. 5; áðr en hefi sjálfa bókina, Gþl.; hér hefr sögu Gísla Súrs-sonar, Gísl. (begin.), v.l.: with upp, ok upp hefr Skáldskapar-mál ok Kenningar, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 427; hér hefr upp Konunga-bók og hefr fyrst um þriðjunga-skipti heimsins, Hkr. Cod. Fris. 3; hann kom til Túnsbergs er upp hóf Adventus Domini, Fms. ix. 338. III. reflex. to begin; þar hefsk saga Harðar, Landn. 62; hvaðan hefir hafizk sú íþrótt, whence originates that art? Edda 47; hér hefjask upp landnám, Landn. 275; hófsk ríki Haralds konungs, king H.'s reign began, Ld. 2; áðr Rómverja-ríki hófsk, Rb. 402; hófusk (höfðusk, Ed. wrongly) þá enn orrostur af nýju, Fms. xi. 184; hvernig hafizk hefir þessi úhæfa, Al. 125; nú hefsk önnur tungl-öldin, Rb. 34; þá hefsk vetr, 70-78, 436. HEFLA, að, to furl the sail by hauling in the bunts and clews; látum vér Hrapp nú í seglit, þat var heflat upp við rána, Nj. 135; þá lét hann h. ok beið liðs síns, Ó. H. 182; síðan var heflat á konungs-skipinu, ok var sagt á önnur skipin, at öll skyldu sigla jafn-framt, Fms. ix. 285; þá bað jarl hefla ok bíða þeirra er síðarr færi, Fb. ii. 563; þá hafði Erlingr heflat á skeið sinni, at eigi skyldi hón ganga hvatara en önnur skip, Fagrsk. 86, (heflið á skeiðinni, at hón gangi eigi undan öðrum skipum, v.l.) II. to plane, (mod.) heflan, f. a hauling in the clews and bunts of a sail, N. G. L. i. 282, v.l. HEFNA, d, also spelt hemna, N. G. L. i. 19, [Dan. hævne; Swed. hämna] :-- to revenge, with dat. of the person and gen. of the thing, or ellipt. omitting either the gen. or the dat., or adding an adverb: I. gener. to avenge, take vengeance; hefna Grími sinnar svívirðingar, Fms. ii. 172; vildi jarl nú gjarna h. Þorleifi þessar smánar, Fb. i. 213; á ek at h. honum mikillar sneypu, Fms. x. 341; sagði hvers honum var at hefna, Bret. 50; áttú honum at hefna frænda-láts, Fb. ii. 350; at hann mundi henni þess sárliga h., 381; eða hverr er hér sá ríkis-manna, er eigi muni honum eiga at h. stórsaka? Ó. H. 213; ek skal fara með þér ok skulu vit hefna honum, Eg. 189; því mæli ek eigi í móti, at þér farit við liði ok hefnit þeim, Fms. ix. 306; hón hefnir ok þeim er brigða, Edda 21. β. with gen., þó skal ek þessa hefna, Nj. 19; Guð hefnir svá reiði sinnar, Sks. 338; goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132: h. sín, to avenge oneself; sá maðr er á er unnit á at hefna sín, Grág. ii. 17; hefnit yðar eigi sjálfir, Rom. xii. 19; ok blóðs sinna þjóna hefir hann hefnt, Rev. xix. 2; þeir menn, er þeir áttu minna í at hefna, those men who had less to avenge, Eg. 86; verðr þeim því ekki skjótt hefndr sinn ósómi, Fbr. 22. γ. with prep. á; hefna e-s á e-m, to avenge a thing upon one, Eg. 425, Fb. i. 471, Sks. 719, Sturl. ii. 148; this also is the mod. usage, og hefnir vors blóðs á þeim, Rev. vi. 10: singly, hefna á e-m, en ef hann vill eigi bæta, þá megu frændr hins dauða h. á honum, N. G. L. i. 122. II. with a single gen. and referring to the blood revenge; hversu Hákon jarl hefndi föður síns, Fms. i. 56; hefna Rögnvalds, ix. 306; h. myndi Höskuldr þín, Nj. 176; at þú hefnir þeirra sára allra, er hann hafði á sér dauðum, id.; hefndú (imperat.) vár, en vér þín ef vér lifum eptir, 198; þat hlægir mik, segir Skarphéðinn, ef þú kemsk brott, mágr, at þú munt h. mín, 202; sverja þann eið, at hverr skal annars h. sem bróður sins, Gísl. 11; nú vilda ek til þess mæla, at hvárr okkarr hefndi annars, sá er lengr lifði, ef vit höfum líflát af vápnum eðr manna-völdum, Barn. 58; þó er þér meiri nauðsyn at h. föður þíns en spá mér slíkar spár, Mj. 182; en þó væri honum eigi úskyldra at h. föður síns, en at kasta únýtum orðum á mik -- konungr mælti, er þat satt, Halli, at þú hafir eigi hefnt föður þíns? Fms. vi. 367; þat var þá mælt, at sá væri skyldr at h. er vápni kipti ór sári, Gísl. 22. For the old blood revenge see the Sagas passim, e.g. Ld. ch. 60, Gísl., Fbr., Grett. (fine), Heiðarv. S., Orkn. ch. 8. But even in the Saga time a more law-abiding spirit began to prevail, and a settlement (görð) took place in many cases instead of the old practice of taking life for life; and so the law distinguishes between mann-hefndir and sektir, i.e. blood-vengeance and temporary exile or the like; indicative of this better spirit is the old saying, jafnan orkar tvímælis þó at hefnt sé, revenge always causes dissension, Nj. 139: revenge amongst kinsmen was forbidden, síðr þú hefnir, þótt þeir sakar göri | þat kveða dauðum duga, Sdm. 22, cp. ætt-víg, cp. also Ld. ch. 53 sqq. and many other passages; a touching instance is recorded in Nj. ch. 146, p. 248; it is characteristic of the old times, that bloodshed might be atoned for, but not slander, calumny, or imprecations, cp. annars dags láttu hans öndu farit, Sdm. 24, 25, and many passages in the Sagas, e.g. Glúm. ch. 7, 18, Lv. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 44, 92, Þorst. Síðu H., cp. also Hm. 28, 72. III. impers., e-m hefnir e-t, to pay dearly for; svá hefndi honum þat mikla mikillæti, at hann gékk í braut fullr af harmi, Edda 22; þá hljóp Ólafr í fen eitt báðum fótum ... því bar svá til, at mér hefndi, Fms. x. 261. IV. reflex. to take revenge; at hefnask á e-m, to take revenge on one, Bær. 5; leituðu Norðmenn at hefnask, Fms. i. 108; fóru þau orð um, at Dana-konungr mundi þess hefnask, 29; hefnask sinnar svívirðingar, Gþl. 183; hefnask sín, hefna sín, 184: with gen. of the person, ok svá þeir er hemnask þessara úbóta-manna, as also the persons who take revenge on these miscreants, N. G. L. i. 19 (rare). 2. reflex. impers. (see III. above), to come to make retribution (of Nemesis); e-m hefnisk e-t or e-s, hvárt mun Gunnari aldri hefnask þessi újafnaðr? eigi mun þat segir, segir Rútr, hefnask mun honum víst, the day of retribution will come to him, Nj. 38: very freq. in mod. usage of just retribution, mér hefndisk fyrir það; þér hefnist fyrir það, used even of slight matters. V. part. as adj. hefndr, revenged; compar., era slíks manns at hefndra sem Gregorius var, þótt þeir komi allir fyrir, Hkr. iii. 399; þótt föður várs sé eigi at hefndra (viz. though he be slain), Fs. 40. 2. hefnandi, part. act. a revenger, Greg. 41: poët. = sons, as the duty of revenge devolved upon the nearest heir, Lex. Poët. hefnd, f. revenge, vengeance; mun oss verða í því engi hefnd né frami, Nj. 38; mikil, lítil hefnd í e-m, Fas. i. 523; guðlig hefnd, divine vengeance, Nemesis, Fms. v. 224; drepa menn í hefnd eptir e-n, Ísl. ii. 118. 2. esp. in plur. blood revenge; leita hefnda, Ld. 260, passim; mann-hefndir, life for life revenge; bróður-hefndir, föður-hefndir, revenge for a brother's or father's slaughter. COMPDS: hefnda-laust, n. adj. without retribution, Fms. x. 33, Sturl. i. 153. hefndar-dagr, m. a day of vengeance, Barl. 37. hefndar-dómr, m. Nemesis, retribution, Greg. 24. hefndar-gjöf, f. a gift of revenge, ill-fated gift, donum Danaorum. hefndar-hönd, f. a hand of retribution, Pass. 37. 13. hefndar-maðr, m. an avenger, Bær. 3. hefndar-orð and hefndar-yrði, n. pl., read hermdar-yrði, q.v. hefni-leið (hefnileit, Fær. 254, wrongly), f., in the phrase, róa á h. e-s, to set about taking revenge, to take vengeance, Sturl. iii. 118, 149, Fas. iii. 540, Fær. 254. hefnir, m. an avenger, heir, son, Lex. Poët. hefni-samr, adj. revengeful, Hkr. ii. 96, Bs. i. 810. hefni-semi, f. revengefulness, Hom. Hefring, f., mythol. one of the northern Nereids, Edda. hegat, vide hingat. HEGÐA, að, [hagr]; hegða e-u, to arrange a thing ( = haga e-u), Stj. 131, Mar.: hegða sér, to conduct oneself, Bs. i. (Laur.) hegðan, f. arrangement, H. E. i. 246: mod. usage eccl. conduct, freq. hegeitill, m. a flint; spelt hegeitel, Bs. i. 674, ii. 56, 134, Karl. 321, Barl. 181 (see note); hegettill, Flov. 41; the true form is prob. heggeitill, Ivar Aasen heggjeitel, which in Norway is used of nodules (eitill, q.v.) in stones; the word is still used in western Icel. (Ísafjarðar-sýsla). Heggnir, m. pl. the men of the county Hæggen in Norway, Fms. HEGGR, m. [Ivar Aasen hegg; Swed. hägg], a kind of tree, the bird-cherry, Edda (Gloss.): freq. in old poetry, Lex. Poët.: whence Dan. hægge-bær, hægge-blomst, etc. hé-gilja (or hé-gylja), u, f. a 'vain song,' nonsense, tittle-tattle, = Lat. nugae; þeir tala drambsöm orð hégyljunnar, 2 Pet. ii. 18. hegja, u, f. [from hagr], fate, condition, Ód. 20, Rekst. 23, Merl. 2. 20, as also Orkn. 188, v.l., where the probable reading is emk hegju jarla trauðr at segja, I am unwilling to tell the earl's fate. hegla, ð, [hagl, cp. Dan. hegle], to hail, Art., Lex. Poët. HEGNA, d, [A. S. hegjan; Engl. hedge; Germ. hegen; Dan. hegne]: -- to hedge, fence, with acc.; allt þat aldin er menn hirða ok hegna með görðum eðr gæzlum, Jb. 429. 2. metaph. to protect; at hegna lönd sín, Fas. i. 376 (Skjöld. S.); allir menn eru skyldir við at hegna Kristni, N. G. L. i. 352; þá hegni þeir selver sín, sem menn hegna eignir

HEGNAÐR -- HEIÐRIKR. 247

sínar á land upp, með laga-kefli, 252; -- in this sense the word is obsolete in Icel., but 3. is freq. in eccl. usage, α. hegna líkam sinn frá munuðum, to keep one's body from lusts, Hom. 85; h. oss (acc.) at syndum, to keep us from sin, 74. β. to punish; hann hegndi harðliga allar lögleysur ok úsiðu, Magn. 472. II. to chastise, with acc., but in mod. usage with dat.; hegna íllþýði ok ráns-menn, Fms. vii. 16, (but dat. v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna, a MS. of the 15th century); the dat. seems to be due to an ellipse, e.g. Haraldr Hárfagri fór á einu sumri vestr um haf at h. víkingum (for hegna land víkingum, to clear the land of vikings, pacify it), Orkn. 10. hegnaðr, m. defence, Gþl. 56: chastisement, hegnaðar-hamarr, hammer of punishment, Mar. 200. hegnuðr, m. a chastiser, is the name of a staff borne in court, Vd. ch. 44. hegnari, a, m. an avenger, Fms. v. 241. hegnd, f. castigation, punishment, Stj. 40, 67, Bs. i. 288. hegning, f. = hegnd, K. Á. 46, Valla L. 209, Fms. iii. 89, v. 320. hegningar-vöndr, m. a rod of chastisement, Stj. 653. hegnir, m. a defender, chastiser, Lex. Poët. hégóma, að, to speak falsely, vainly; Þorbjörn kvað eigi hégómað frá, Th. said it was not untrue, Háv. 45; h. ok ljúga, Stj. 34, 131, 150, Bs. ii. 137; h. á e-n, to slander one, Mag. hé-gómi, a, m. [the prefixed syllable hé- in hégómi and hégilja has no independent existence, but seems to be identical with Goth. hivi (by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK, 2 Tim. iii. 5), A. S. hiv, Engl. hue, denoting outward appearance, with a notion of falseness; thus hégómi literally denotes whatever is false to the touch or taste, hé- and gómr, q.v.]: I. a cobweb, litter, dust, esp. within doors; reykr, hégómi, fölski, fys, fjúkandi lauf og strá, Hallgr., freq. in mod. usage; it can only be accidental that the word is not found in old writers. II. metaph. falsehood, folly, nonsense; var þat ekki nema hégómi vándra manna, Fms. ix. 449 (v.l. to lygi ein); sumir lásu bækr fyrir honum til þessa hégóma (nonsense), 460, v.l.; en Svíar mæla þessu í mót ok telja hégóma at þar hafi menn farizk, Ó. H. 18; en vér höfum setið hér at hégóma hans ok ginningum, Ld. 322; mikill h., great nonsense, Fms. vi. 445; af alvöru eðr af hégóma, Eg. 729; mæla tál ok hégóma, Nj. 358; h. ok uppslátta, Fms. ix. 285; þú segisk elska mik, en þat er þó ekki nema h. þinn, Stj. 417; hyggja hégóma, to think foolishly, Hom. 69; ekki sinni ek hégóma þínum, Ísl. ii. 214; verða at hégóma, to be set at naught, Barl. 8. 19, Stj. 433; heimsins h., Barl. 91; segja hégóma á e-n, to slander one, Karl. 57; eigi skal þú hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, Pr. 437; mod., þú skalt ekki leggja nafn Drottins Guðs þíns við h., Exod. xx. 7. 2. mod. vanity, vain things; hégómi hégómans og allt er h., Eccles. i. 2, 14; skepnan er hégómanum undir gefin, Rom. viii. 20; í hégóma síns hugskots, Ephes. iv. 17. COMPDS: hégóma-dýrð, f. vain-glory, Bs. i. 373, Stj. 146. hégóma-líf, n. a vain life, Hom. 93. hégóma-maðr, m. a charlatan, liar, Karl. 274: mod. a vain, idle person. hégóma-mal, n, a vain speech, Fms. iv. 258, xi. 248. hégóma-nafn, n. an empty name, sham name, Hkr. ii. 268. hégóma-starf, n. vain labour, Stj. 298. hégómliga, adv. vainly. hégómligr, adj. vain, false, Stj. 142; h. dyrð, Al. 130; h. kenning, 623. 19, Sks. 620; h. guðir, Stj. 449; h. fortala, Anecd. 3; heimsk ok h., MS. 673. 46; h. draumar, Bret.: h. viðrlagning, superfluous addition, Skálda 187. HEGRI, a, m. [A. S. higora; Germ. heher; Dan. hejre; Swed. hägar], a heron or hern, Lat. ardea, Edda (Gl.), Hm., Fms. ix. 9: in local names, Hegra-nes, Landn.; Hegranes-þing, Fms. x. 113. hei, exclam. ey! Sturl. iii. 188. HEIÐ, n. brightness of the sky; heið ok sólskin, Ó. H. 108, Bs. i. 339; sólina, ef í heiði mætti sjá, K. Þ. K. 96: in plur., frost fylgði mikit veðrinu, ok vóru stundum heið í himininn upp, the gale was followed by sharp frost, and now and then there were bright spots up in the sky, Bjarn. 54; veðr var bjart ok skein sól í heiði, Fms. v. 77; tunglið þá það skín í heiði, Rb. 108; sem þá er roðar fyrir upprennandi sólu í hinu fegrsta heiði, Karl. 111, v.l.; sem röðull renni upp í heiði, Arnór: in poetry the heaven is called heiðs há-rann, the high hall of brightness, Lex. Poët. HEIÐ, f. a fee, stipend, payment, an obsolete word only found in poets; the phrase, haptsœnis heið, the atoning fee of the gods = poetry, a song, in a verse of Kormak, seems to refer to the tale in Edda 47 (Skáldskapar-mál, ch. 3); whence heið-fé, n. a fee, stipend, Edda (Gl.): heið-frömuðr, m. an epithet of a king: heið-gjöf, f. a gift of fee: heið-launaðr, part. paid, granted in fee, N. G. L. i. 91: heið-maðr, m. a king's man, who holds land in fee from the king: heið-menningr, m. a nickname, Landn.: heið-mærr, adj. open-handed: heið-sær, adj. sowing gold, open-handed, Lex. Poët.: heið-þegi, a, m. = heiðmaðr, esp. of a king's man, answering to the mod. soldier; for all these words vide Lex. Poët. II. hence metaph. worth, value; lítils heiðar, of small worth, of small repute, Fms. vi. 130 (in a verse); Daniel sá einskis heiðar á Bel, D. saw naught of worth in Bel, Blanda: whence the mod. compds, heiðar-liga, adv. worthily; heiðar-ligr, adj. worthy, honourable; vide heiðr below. heiða, dd, to brighten, dispel the clouds, Skáld-H. R. 3. 1. heið-birta, u, f. brightness of the sky. heið-bjartr, adj. serene, Lex. Poët., freq. in mod. usage. heiðin-dómr, m. heathendom, Hkr. ii. 65, freq. in mod. usage, but originally in two words. heiðingi, a, m. [heiðinn], a heathen, gentile, Ó. H., Nj., Bs. (Kristni S.) passim. II. poët. a wolf, either metaph. from heiðingi, or from heiðr, a heath, one who lives on heaths and wildernesses, Edda (Gl.), Akv. 8; it occurs besides twice or thrice in poems of the time of king Harald Harðráði, 11th century. heiðingligr, adj. heathen, Fms. i. 137, passim. HEIÐINN, adj. [A. S. hæðen; Engl. heathen; O. H. G. heidan; Germ. heide and heidnisch; Dan. hedensk; this word is prob. derived not from heiðr, a heath, but from Gr. GREEK as used in the N. T.; Ulf. in a single passage, Mark vii. 26, renders GREEK by qino haiþno; it is even possible that the eccl. paganus, which, according to Du Cange, only appears after A.D. 365, may be merely a translation of the Teutonic word under the notion that haiþan was derived from haiþi = a heath, open country (Gr. GREEK, Lat. pagus): then, as haiþi was pronounced much like GREEK, the true etymology of heiðinn was lost; and so the long vowel and the aspirated initial may be accounted for. To the worshippers of Thor and Odin the name heathen was unknown; Christians were the first that used the word, and we meet with it first in Hkm. of Eyvind, who speaks of heiðin goð, heathen gods; heiðinn stallr, a heathen altar, Kristni S., by the missionary Þorvald, A.D. 982; it is also used by Hallfred and Sighvat; heiðinn dómr, heathendom, Sighvat; heiðnar stjörnur, heathen stars, Sól.: the verse in Ísl. ii. 50 is spurious (as are all the verses of that Saga); so also the verses in Landn. 84 (Hb.), and in Bergbúa-þáttr, where the word heiðinn is put into the mouth of a ghost and a giant, in songs which are merely a poetical fiction of later times. The word heiðingi for wolf is curious: probably it is merely a metaph. phrase from heiðinn, gentilis, and if so, it gives an additional evidence to the age of the poem Atla-kviða; which poem, from its nickname the 'Greenlandish,' cannot be older than the discovery of Greenland, A.D. 985] :-- heathen, gentilis, ethnicus, the Sagas passim, esp. Nj. ch. 101-106, Kristni S., Ó. T., Ó. H., etc.: a child not christened was in olden times called heathen, N. G. L. i. 340; heiðit morð, the murder of an infant not christened, 339: in mod. Icel. usage, a boy or girl before confirmation is called heathen; this improper use of the word is caused by a confusion between baptism and confirmation: so in Norway a woman between child-birth and churching is called heathen (Ivar Aasen). heiðir, m., poët. a hawk, Edda (Gl.) heiðnask, að, dep. to become heathen, Fms. x. 313. heiðneskr, adj. heathen, H. E. ii. 91 (rare). II. from Heiðmörk, f. a county in Norway, D. N. heiðni, f. heathendom, Fms. i. 47, passim: heathen worship, heathen practice, fremja h., N. G. L. i. 182; en síðar fám vetrum vas sú heiðni af numin sem önnur, Íb. 12, Nj. 160: the heathen age, Friðrekr kom í heiðni hér, Íb. 13: a heathen country, Fb. i. 343. HEIÐR, adj. [vide heið, n.; Germ. heiter], bright, cloudless, only of the sky, in the allit. phrase, heiðr himin, a clear sky, Hbl. 19, Stj. 305, Eb. 48 new Ed., Fms. v. 81: in poetry, heiðar stjörnur, bright stars, Vsp. 57; heiðr dagr, a bright day, Skv. 3. 53. HEIÐR, f., dat. and acc. heiði, pl. heiðar; mod. nom. heiði, vide Gramm. p. xxvii, col. 2, and p. xxviii; [Ulf. haiþi = GREEK, Matth. vi. 28, 30, Luke xv. 15, xvii. 7, 31; and haiþivisks = GREEK; A. S. hæð; Engl. heath; O. H. G. haida; Germ. heide; Dan. hede; Swed. hed] :-- a heath; in Icel. particularly heiðr (or heiði) is chiefly used of a low barren heath or fell; thus in local names heiðr is a common name for the barren tracts of fell between the foot of one fjord or dale and another, see the map of Icel. passim, Nj. 158, Eg. 137, 275, Grág. i. 440. COMPDS: heiðar-brekka, u, f. and heiðar-brún, f. the brink or edge of a heath, Hrafn. 28, Fbr. 39, Sturl. i. 33, 84. heiðar-hæna, n, f. a heath-hen, moor-fowl, Orkn. (in a verse). heiðar-vegr, m. a road through a heath, Bs. i. 318. Heiðar-víg, n. a fight on the Heath, Ísl. ii. 259, Landn. i. 70; whence Heiðarvíga-saga, u, f. the name of a Saga, Eb., cp. Sturl. i. 122: freq. in local names, Heiða-bær, Fms. xii. II. a pr. name of a sybil, Vsp., as also freq. in compd names of women, usually dropping the h, Ragn-eiðr, Baug-eiðr: Heið-rekr, m. name of a king. heiðr, m., gen. heiðrs, [akin to heið, f. above, q.v.; Dan. hæder; Swed. häder] :-- honour; it does not occur in very old or class. writers; til heiðrs ok sæmdar, Stj. 95; stórr heiðr, Fs. (Vd.) 21; heiðr ok tign, Fb. i. 564; h. ok hamingja, 566; Guðs heiðr, Fms. vii. 172 (v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna), Mar. passim: freq. in mod. usage, halda í heiðri, to honour, etc. COMPDS: heiðrs-maðr, m. a man of honour, Bs. i. 823. heiðr-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), worshipful, Stj. heiðrs-vel, adv. honourably, Stj. 26. heiðra, að, to honour, Bs. i. (Laur. S.); freq. in mod. usage, heiðra skaltú föður þinn og móður, the Fifth Commandment. heiðran, f. worship, honouring, H. E. i. 477. heið-ríkja, u, f. brightness of the sky. heið-ríkr, adj. bright, serene, of the sky; h. veðr, Ísl. ii. 409, Gísl. 33.

248 HEIÐRLIGR -- HEILL.

heiðr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), honourable, befitting, Stj., Mar., H. E. passim, Fs. 5. heiðr-samligr, adj., (-]lga, adv.), = heiðrligr, Stj. passim. heið-skírr, adj. bright, cloudless, of the sky, = heiðríkr; h. veðr, Stj. 17; h. himinn, Art.; í heiðskíru, in bright weather, Bret. 46. heið-vanr, adj. epithet of a tree, shady (?), Vsp. heið-verða, ð, [heið, f.], to honour, Hom. 160: this and the following three words are derived from heið, f., q. v. heið-verði (heið-virði), n. honour; dýrð ok h., Hom. 157, 160. heið-verðliga (mod. heið-virðiliga), adv. respectfully, Hom. 150. heið-viðri, n. bright weather, Nj. 143, Fms. iv. 246, ix. 482, xi. 132. heið-virðiligr and heið-virðr, adj. honourable, worthy. heið-þornir, m., poet, the sk y, Edda (Gl.) heigull, in. a kind of onion growing on the thatches of houses, Norse takl'óg, Björn. II. metaph. a laggard. heiguls-ligr, adj., heiguls-skapr, m. heikil-nef, n. ' hook-nose' (?), a nickname, Fms., Fb, iii. heila, að, to make whole; h. e-m skaða sinn, to make good one's scathe, N. G. L. i. 387. heilag-leikr, m. holiness, Fms. x. 319, xi. 207, Bs. passim. heilag-liga, adv. bolily, inviolably, 623. 53, Magn. 480, passim. heilag-ligr, adj. 'holy-like, ' holy, Bs. i. passim, Hkr. ii. 338. HEILAGR, adj., usually contracted before a vowel, whereby the root vowel becomes short, thus helgan, helgir, helgum, helgar, and the definite helgi, helga; but also uncontractcd, esp. in mod. usage, heilagir, heilagan, heilögum, definite heilagi; [Ulf. seems not to have known the word, and renders ayios etc. by veihs; so also in Dan. and Swed. local names, holy places and temples are marked by a prefixed or suffixed vi-, e. g. Vi-borg, Odens-e ( -- Öðins-vé): heilagr is derived in a metaph. sense from heill, whole, and is consequently not so old as the primitive ve, veihs; soA. S. hâlag; Engl. holy; Hel. belag; Germ, heilig; Dan. hellig; Swed. helig] : I. holy in heathen usage, helgar kindir, holy beings, Vsp. I; liar baðmr heilagr, 19, v. 1.; heilög goð, holy gods; ginnheilög goð, Vsp.; heilakt land, Gm. 4; heilög (grind) fyrir helgum dyrum, 22; heilög vötn, 29, Hkv. 2. i; heilög fjöll (hélugV), Fm. 26; helgu fulli, the holy toast of Odin, i. e. son^, poetry, Edda (in a verse); af helgu skutli, from the holy table, Haustl. 4; þat vatn er svá heilakt, at..., Edda II; brunnr mjök heilagr, 10: in local names, þat fjall kallaði hann Helga-fell, Holy-fell, Eb. 10; at þeir görði loud sin helgari en aðrar jarðir, 20; ok kallar þá jörð nú eigi helgari en aðra, 24 :-- heilagir fiskar (mod. heilag-fiski), a halibut, Dan. helle-jlynder, Bs. i. 365. 2. as a law term (and this is no doubt the original sense of the word), inviolable, onewhose person is sacred, who cannot be slain with impunity, esp. within certain boundaries; hann (fjorbaugs- maðr, q. v.) skal heilagr vera at þeirn heimilum ok í öiskots-helgi við á alla vega, etc., Grág. i. 89; hann er heilagr á þeirri götu ok í örskots-helgi við þá götu, 132; hann verðr eigi heilagr ef eigi var sagt til heiniilis hans at féráns-dómi, ok eigi verðr hann heilagr ef eigi gelzk fé þat er þar skyldi gjaldask, 133; hann er jamheilagr a götu er hann ferr til skips, 90, vide b. f). ch. 33 sqq.; falla óheilagr, to fall un- holy, to be slain as an outlaw for whom no weregild was to be paid, Grág. and Sagas passim, cp. the interesting passages in Landn. 5. ch. 4, Sturl. i. ch. 14; frið-heilagr, 'peace-holy, ' protected, a term for birds and animals protected by law; úheilagr, outlawed, exlex: closely akin are the above phrases, in which heilagr is used as an epithet of places, h. land, fjöll, etc. II. eccl. holy, Lat. sanctus, Bs. passim, N. T., hymns, sermons, etc.; Heilagr Audi, the Holy Ghost; helgir dagar, holy days; lialda lieilagt, vide halda; helgir domar, holy relics; but helgi- doinr, halidotn, sanctuarium; heilog orð, holy words; helgir siðir, holy rites; helgar bækr, holy books; helgar tíðir, h or ae canonicae; helgir menu, saints of the Roman church; Heilagir ="A7ioi, i. e. Christians, N. T. 2. of special feasts, Helga Vika, the Holy Week, the week after Whitsuntide, Dipl. iii. to; Nóttin Helga, the Holy Night, cp. Germ. Weihnachten; Helgi bórs-dagr, Holy Thursday, Fms. ix. heilan, f. healing, Fms. v. 217. heil-brigði, f. [bragð], health, freq. in mod. usage. heil-brigðr, adj. hale, healthy, Fas. iii. 319, 644, freq. in mod. usage. heil-brjóstaðr, adj. 'hale-breasted, ' sincere, Fas. i. 23. heild, f. wholeness, totality, (mod.) heil-eygr, adj. 'hale-eyed, ' Nj. 165, Grág. 1. 433, Fms. v. 143, Bs. i-376. heil-fættr, adj. 'hale-legged' sound, Grett. 83. heil-hjartaðr, adj. 'hale-hearted, ' sincere, Sks. 90, v. 1. heil-hugaðr, adj. 'hale-minded, ' sincere, Sks. 90, Fagrsk. 14. heil-hugi, a, m. sincerity; heilhuga ráð, Fms. vii. 319; heilhuga friðr, Orkn. 2. a. sincere person; þetta Jíkaði Magnúsi jarli sem full- komnum heilhuga, Orkn. 162; þvíat hann er heilhugi, Fms. v. 32; nú skal af sliku marka hversu mikill h. hann var, Sks. 730. heil-hugliga, adv. sincerely, Barl. 10, Str. 87. HEILI, a, m. the brain, Gm. 40, Edda 6, Hkr. i. 42, Grág. it. 11, Nj. 114, Fbr. 137, passim. COMPDS: heila-brot, n. beating the brain, (mod.) heila-bxi, n. the cerebellum, (mod.) heila-böst, n. pl., medic, the brain membrane; fyrir framan ok aptan h., denoting the fore- head and occipict, N. G. L. i. 172; þá er maðr heilundi er kora (a probe) kennir inn til heilabasta, Grág. ii. 91. heila-köst, n. pl. = heilabrot. heilindi, n. health, Hm. 67 (heilyndi), Hom. 149, 160, K. b. K., Grág. i. 278, ii. 134. COMPDS: heilindis-far, n. state of health, Mar. 125. heilindis-kveðja, u, f. a wishing one health, Stj. 482, Karl. 93, v. 1.; van-heilindi, bad health, illness. heilindr, adj. wholesome; votii hrein ok heilcnd, Stj. 609; værir þú heilendr sem Moyses, Eluc. 49. heili-vágr, m. healing liquor, balm, Trist. HEILL, n. and f. [Dan. held] , good luck; the gender of this word varies. A. Neut., which seems to be the older gender, an omen, auspice, foreboding; hver'ro bözt heill (pl.), which are the best auspices? the answer, mörg eru góð heill. there are many good auspices, Skv. 2. 19, 20, cp. 22; giptusamlegt heill, a favourable omen, Al. 13; the neut., which is obsolete elsewhere, has remained in the phrases, góðu heilli (bonoaiigurio), illu heilli (mala augurio), in a good, evil hour; illu heilli bauð ek þér barnfóstr, Ísl. ii. 141; illu heilli vartii skapað, Hom. 153; illu heilli höfu ver her dvalizt, Nj. 241; fórtn fá heilli heiinan, with small luck, Ó. H 107; verstu heilli, Heir. 4; góðu heilli, in a good hour, Fms. ix. 236, x. 18 (in a verse): talismans, of hidden magical runes written on ' gumna heilujm' (on talismans?), Sdm. 16. B. Fern, good luck, happiness: 1. plur., with the notion of being the gift of auspices or of an oracle, esp. in pl., so that the gender is dubious; fékk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla urn ibrlog sin, Landn. 33; skal bórólfr biota ok leita heilla þeim bræðrum, Eg. 257; hefir þessi flokkr leitað sér heilla at tilvisan fjölkunnigra manna, at þeir skyldi urn nætr berjask, Fms. vii. 296; Hallsteinn skaut setstokkum fyrir borð í hafi til heilla sér eptir fornum sið, Fs. 123, Landn. 34; pa skaut Steinþórr spjóti at fornum sið til heilla súr yfir flokk Snorra. Eb. 228 (an old heathen rite); þótti þat líkast til langlífis ok heilla, 126 new Ed.; ok var brugðit heillnm sverðsins, the spell of the sword was broken, Korm. 84; áttú, Sigtnundr, af þeim hring heillir at taka, Fair. 103. 2. esp. (also in pl.) with the personal notion of a good spirit or angel, cp. haniingja; eigi veil ek hvárt vit eigum heill sainan, i. e. if we shall have luck together, of two persons having one life and one heart, Nj. 3; þótti stór heill til hans horfit hafa, Fs. 194; Leifr kvað hann cnn mundu mestri heill styra af þeim frændum, Fb. i. 538; hann bað þeim heill duga, he wished them good speed, Gullþ. J4; fær þú braut bii þitt ok vestr ytir Lagar- fljót, bar er heill þín oil, Hrafn. I; heillum horiinn, /or saken by luck, Grett. 150. 3. sayings, illt er fyrir heill at hrapa, V i s ill to rush on and leave one's good luck behind, Skv. 2. 25; hátíðir eru til heilla beztar (mod. hátíð er til heilla bezt), denoting that high feasts ought to be chosen for momentous affairs, Ld. 176 (of one being christened at Yule time); fall er farar-heill, a fall is a good omen (in departing), Fms. vi. 414: the phrase, vera e-m lítil heilla-þúfa, to be a stumbling-block to one, the metaphor prob. taken from the popular lore as to mounds with hidden hoards, ek heft orðit lítil heilla þúfa um at þreifa flestuin mönnum, Grett. 143. 4. in mod. usage as a term of endearment, heillin, heillin min, dear! my dear! the address of a husband to his wife; the bride asks, hverjum ætlarðú at bjóða í veizluna okkar, hjartaft mitt ? the bridegroom answers, eg veil það mi ekki, heillin min ! Ísl. bjóðs. i. 243; getrþu ekki gefið manninum hressingu, heillin ? Hrolfr. 8; hann (our son) er svo kargr, heillin min ! hann nennir ekki neitt að eera, látum við strákinn stúdiera, Grönd. 72; cp. Bb. 3. 21 -- htin (the wife) kyssir og með klappi segir, konidú bk-ssaðr, heillin mín ! -- heillin góð ! is in many Icel. houses the address of the servants to the mistress: æ! hvernig getið þór nú farið að tala, heillin góð ? Piltr og Stúlka, 36; sælir og blessaðir, Auðun miun ! sælar og blessaðar, heillin góð ! Hrólfr. 6. COMPDS: heilla- brigði, n. pl. a turn of luck, Fs. 151. heilla-drjugr, ad] , fortunate, Grett. 150. heilla-lauss, adj. luckless. heilla-leysi, n. ill luck, Nj. 206. heilla-maor, m. a lucky man. beilla-ráð, n. good advice or a l wc ky deed, Sks. 670, Fms. ii. 208. h. cilla-vænligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hopeful, promising, Grett. 93 A. h. eilla-vœnn, adj. promising, Fms. xi. 235: mann-heill, orð-heill, q. v. HEILL, adj. [Ulf. hail s = vyiTjS, vyiaivajv, xai~P6' etc.; A. S. h('il; Engl. ha/7 and hale are of Scandinavian origin, whole of Saxon; (). H. G. heil; lost in mod. Germ.; Dan. heel; Swed. h í l] :-- u'bole: I. hale, soiind; ilia heill, in ill health, Hm. 68; heilir hildar til, heilir hildi fra, fara þeir heilir hvaðan, h n le, unscathed, 157; heilar hendr, Gkv. 3. 10; heilar sjónir, hale eyes, Lex. Poët.; spurdi borsteinn hvernig þar væri heilt, hann sagði at þar var vel heilt, Tb. asked how they were in health, and he said that they were ivell, Eg. 743; heilir, opp. to sárir, Am. 56; heilan (unbroken), Hvm. 29; heill hjúlmstofn, h a l f skull, 31; hvergi var heilt hold á líkarn hans, 623. 44; græða at heilu, to cure so as to be hale and well, 655 xi. 3; Önundr var svá frøkinn maðr at fair stóðu?k honutn þótt heilir væri, thai few men were a match for him, though they were hale and sound, Grett. 87; sjórinn var hvergi heill, the sea was nowhere hale, i. e. the waves rose high, Vígl. 22; silki-ræma heil ok li-siikuð, Fms. iv. 110. 2. healed, of wounds, illness, in gen. pl.; verða heill sára sínna, Eg. 35; Helga dóttir bónda var þú á fouun ok heil mcina sinna, 586; ok

HEILLA -- HEIMAN. 249

var þó eigi heill sársins, Fbr. 164. 3. phrases, gróa um heilt (see gróa), Fms. xi. 87; binda um heilt, to bind up a hale limb; er um heilt bezt at binda, 'tis better to bind a hale than a hurt limb, Ld. 206; betra heilt en gróið, better hale than healed; með heilu ok höldnu, safe and sound, Fms. x. 376; þar skal hverr heill verða sem haltr varð, he that was halt must be made hale, a law phrase, he that has a blemish upon him must clear himself of it, N. G. L. i. 326: cp. the phrase, svelta heill hungri (mod. svelta heilu hungri), to starve, Ls. 62: a guest is asked, hvað er í fréttum, what news? to which the reply is, mannheilt og ósjúkt, all hale and 'unsick,' i.e. all well! eigi heil, not hale, i.e. enceinte, þú ert kona eigi heil, Fas. i. 52; húsfreyja þín er eigi heil, ok mun hón fæða meybarn, Ísl. ii. 196; Freydís vildi fylgja þeim ok varð heldr sein, því at hón var eigi heil, Þorf. Karl. 428. 4. answering to Gr. GREEK, in exclamation; njótið heilir handa, 'bless your hands!' well done! Nj. 71; mæl drengja heilastr, well spoken, Fms. viii. 97; báðu hann tala konunga heilstan (i.e. cheered him), vi. 240; mæltu, at hann skyldi mæla allra höfðingja heilastr, viii. 290. β. in greeting, Vþm. 4, 6, Sdm. 3, 4; kom heill, welcome! hail! Blas. 42; far heill, farewell! Fms. vii. 197; heill, Magnús frændi! 171; sít heill, sit hail! Glúm. 391, Fms. x. 201; heill svá! Stj. 621; heilir svá! 475; heilar svá! 124, Karl. 507; ek svá heill, by my soul! forsooth! Fms. v. 230; svá vil ek heil! Grett. 170 new Ed.; bað þá heila fara ok heila hittask, Fms. iv. 171. 5. whole, entire, Lat. integer; sjau hundruð heil, full seven hundred, Íb. 16; heil vika, 7, K. Þ. K. 102; heil dægr (opp. to half), Rb. 16; heil alin, N. G. L.; heilt ár, Bs. ii. 152. II. metaph. true, upright; allit., heilt ráð ok heimilt, a hale and good bargain, without fraud or flaw, Grág. i. 317; með heilum fortölum, Dipl. i. 3; ráða e-m heilt, to give wholesome (good, wise) advice to one, Nj. 31, (heilræði); með heilum hug, sincerely, cp. Hm. 106; heilum sáttum, Háv. 50 new Ed., Al. 60. β. safe; prestinum þótti eigi heilt at setja hann annat sinn undir sama váða, Fms. x. 417. heilla, að, [heill, f.; cp. Dan. hilde = to allure], to bewitch, enchant, spell-bind one; Ketill kvað þær heillaðar, Fms. vi. 110; síðr þik (?) um heilli halir, Hm. 130; ok muntú vera heilluð af úvætti þessum, Fas. iii. 177; heilluð ertu (thou art infatuated) ef þú ætlar minn hug grimman við þik, i. 194; sprota er hann heillar með augu þeirra manna er hann vill, Od. v. 47. heilleikr (-leiki), m. health, Fms. ii. 230: uprightness, Fas. iii. 160, Karl. 213. heilliga, adv. fairly, candidly, Sturl. ii. 67, Bs. i. 736. heilligr, adj. looking hale, whole. heil-mikill, adj. considerably great. heil-næmi, f. wholesomeness. heil-næmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wholesome, Hkr. i. 269. heil-næmr, adj. wholesome, Fas. i. 411. heiló, f., qs. heið-ló, [heidelo, Ivar Aasen], a sandpiper. heil-ráðr, adj. giving wholesome counsel, Nj. 30, Fms. ix. 262, Grett. 110. heil-ráðugr, adj. = heilráðr, Hom. 109. heil-ræði, n. wholesome, wise counsel; ráð þú mér h. nokkur, segir Gunnarr, Nj. 85 (Gunnar to Njal); Gunnarr mælti til Njáls, heilræði em ek kominn at sækja at þér um eitt vanda-mál, -- Makligr ertú þeirra, segir Njáll, ok réð honum ráðin, 71, Landn. 117, Sks. 548, Fb. ii. 52. heilsa, u, f. [Dan. helsen; Swed. helsa], health, Fms. vii. 241, x. 215, Sks. 620. Al. 24, Hom. 10, Bs. i. 337; sterk, góð h., strong, good health; veyk, lin, tæp h., poor, weak health, passim. COMPDS: heilsu-bót, f. health-bettering, healing, Hkr. ii. 386; til heilsubótar, Magn. 414, Bs. heilsu-bragð, n. a cure, ek skal sýna þér öruggt h., Fb. i. 439. heilsu-drykkr, m. a potion, draught, Al. 24, 656 B. 12. heilsu-far, n. state of health, Grett. 153. heilsu-gjafari, a, m. a healer, eccl. heilsu-gjöf, f. a 'gift of health,' cure, Fas. iii. 277, Magn. 532: eccl. salvation, Stj. 141. heilsu-góðr, adj. in good health. heilsu-gæði, n. strong health. heilsu-lauss, adj. 'health-less,' in bad health. heilsu-leysi, n. bad health. Mar. heilsu-linr, adj. = heilsulítill. heilsu-lítill, adj. in weak health, Sturl. iii. 34. heilsu-orð, n. a word of salvation, (MS.) 656 and 555 heilsu-ráð, n. counsel whereby to recover health, Fms. ii. 229. heilsu-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wholesome, salutary, Bs. heilsu-samr, adj. wholesome, Sks. 96. heilsu-sterkr, adj. strong in health. heilsu-tapan, f. perdition, eccl., K. Á. 76. heilsu-tæpr, adj. in poor health. heilsu-veiki, f. weak health. heilsu-veykr, adj. having weak health. heilsa, að, [Dan. hilse], to say hail to one, greet one, with dat.; it was an ancient custom for the host to welcome (heilsa) the stranger, as may be seen from the following references :-- Osvífr (the guest) kvaddi út Höskuld ok Rút (the master of the house), þeir gengu út báðir ok heilsuðu Osvífi, Nj. 21; hann (the master) gengr út ok heilsar Gísla (dat. the stranger), Gísl. 83; kona ein gékk til hurðar ok heilsar þeim ok spyrr þá at nafni, Fbr. 44 new Ed.; Þorsteinn gékk þegar til búðar Þorkels, en hann (Thorkel) heilsar honum vel ok spyrr hvat hann árnar, Lv. 33; Ólafr gengr inn á gólfit ... en enginn heilsar honum ok þögðu allir, Háv. 39; in case the host was a great personage (a king, earl, or the like), the stranger used in token of honour or homage to walk up to him and greet him, 'sit hail!' ok er hann kom inn, heilsaði hann konungi, konungr tók kveðju hans, Eg. 63; jarlinn (the guest) gékk fyrir hann (the host in his high-seat) ok heilsaði honum, Ó. H. 66; Haukr heilsaði konungi, Fb. i. 47: h. á en, id.; Ásgrímr (the guest) gékk at honum ok heilsaði á hann, Nj. 182, Fms. i. 16; ok er hann kemr á fund Knúts konungs, gékk hann fyrir hann ok heilsar upp á konunginn, konungr tók ekki kveðju hans, xi. 264. In mod. usage a coming guest is said 'heilsa,' a parting guest 'kveðja,' q.v. heil-samligr, adj. wholesome, salutary, Stj. 69, K. Á. 20, Fms. i. 141. heil-samr, adj. salutary, Sks. 96, Skálda 210. heilsan, f. [Dan. hilsen], greeting, salutation, Fb. iii. 309, Fbr. 62, Hkr. iii. 79, Bs. i. 755. COMPDS: heilsanar-kveðja, u, f. greeting, Stj. 482. heilsanar-orð, n. id., Bs. i. 707. heil-smiðliga, adv. uprightly, Bs. i. 522. heil-spen and heil-spenuð, f. adj. 'hale-teated,' of a cow, Gþl. 503. heil-und, f. a law term, a brain wound, Grág. ii. 11, passim. heilundar-sár, n. = heilund, Nj. 217. heilundi, a, m. one with a brain wound, Grág. ii. 91. heil-vita, adj. indecl. 'hale-witted,' sane, Greg. 45, Bs. i. 755, N. G. L. i. 145. HEIM, adv. (prop. an acc. of heimr), home, homewards, Lat. domum, Nj. 4, 11, Fms. i. 51, Hrafn. 20; fara heim, to return home, Bs. i. 337; síðan fóru þau heim á leið, id.; en er hón var komin náliga heim, 341, and in endless phrases. 2. in phrases as, bjóða e-m heim, to bid one to a feast, heimboð; sækja e-n heim, to visit, attack one, in a hostile sense, passim: bæta heim fyrir sér, to make for one's soul's weal, Fms. iv. 63. HEIMA, adv. I. neut. [Engl. home; Germ. heimath; Dan. hjem and hjemme] :-- home, = heimili; en er kaupmenn drifu af skipi hverr til síns heima, Fms. vi. 109; skulu hvárigir öðrum þar íllt gera at heima mínu, Nj. 256; urðu þeir at ganga langa leið til síns heima, Bs. i. 47, Korm. 222, Stj. 393; til þíns heima, 484; ef eigi kemr tröll milli húss ok heima, Fms. viii. 41. 2. the phrase, eiga heima, to have a home, live; Hallfreðr átti heima at Haukagili, Fms. ii. 9; þeim megin árinnar sem hann átti h., Bs. i, Hkv. 2. 4, and passim. II. at home; var Rútr h. at Rútsstöðum til sex vikna, Nj. 10; heima hafðir þú vit þitt, er þú sagðir mér til, Hrafn. 8; fátt var manna heima, Landn. 152; heima glaðr, cheerful, gladsome at home, Hm. 102; h. í görðum goða, Vþm. 2, passim: sayings, dælt er h. hvat, Hm. 5; halr er h. hverr, 35. β. phrases, standa h., to square, be all right, of a measure or the like: the phrase, sitja heima sem mær til kosta (heima-sæta), to stay at home as a maid, Sams. S.; þat þykkjumk ek vita, at eigi munum vit allan aldr okkar úgiptar heima sitja, Sturl. i. 206. B. COMPDS: heima-alinn, part. home-bred. heima-alningr, m. one home-fed. heima-ból, n. a homestead, mansion, Fms. ii. 90. heima-bóndi, a, m. a franklin or yeoman in a heimaból, H. E. ii. 114. heima-brunnr, m. a home well, Glúm. 390, Sturl. i. 191. heima-bær, m. the home-buildings, homestead, opp. to outlying storehouses and byres, Ann. 1319. heima-dyrr, n. pl. the 'home-doors,' the entrance to dwelling-bouses, Fær. 264, Grett. 121 A, Fs. 42 (= mod. bæjardyr). heima-dýr, n. domestic animals, Barl. heima-elskr, adj. 'home-loving,' a laggard, afraid to go out in the world, Fs. 4. heima-fastr, adj. having a fixed home, H. E. ii. 85. heima-fólk, n. home folk, Fms. ii. 160, Grett. 140. heima-friðr, m. home-peace, Js. 95. heima-griðungr, m. (heima-naut, n.), a bull kept at home, Vápn. 46, Sturl. i. 78. heima-hagar, m. home-pastures. heima-hestr, m. a 'home-horse,' stallion, opp. to úti gangs-hestr, a working horse, Hm. 82. heima-hús, n. pl. dwelling-houses, opp. to out-buildings, Fær. 264. heima-jörð, f. = heimaból, Pm. 53. heima-kominn, part., in the phrase, göra sik h., to make oneself as at home. heima-kona, u, f. = griðkona, a house-maid, Sturl. i. 73, iii. 193, Njarð. 370: medic. erysipelas, cp. farkonu-sótt. heima-land, n. home-land, the home estate, Fms. ii. 90, Bs. i. 287, 841, D. I. i. 240, Vm. passim; an estate on which a church is built. heima-lið, n. = heimafólk, Sturl. i. 196. heima-maðr, m. = griðmaðr, a 'home-man,' dweller, servant, Eg. 52, 60, 165, Sturl. i. 72, Nj. 11, Stj. 482, Vm. 23. heima-prestr, m. a resident priest, the parson, Fms. iv. 265, Bs. i. 652, Jm. 24. heima-ríkr, adj. tyrannical at home, Bjarn. (in a verse), heima-seta, u, f. sitting at home, Grág. i. 41. heima-sveit, f. = heimafólk, Sturl. ii. 53. heima-sæta, u, f. a maid 'sitting at home,' unmarried. heima-taða, u, f. the hay from the home-field, Finnb. 340. heima-tíund, f. 'home-tithe,' i.e. the tithe of the estate on which a church is built, to be paid to the lay landlord, Vm. 19, Am. 90, D. N. heima-vist, f. staying at home, Bs. i. heima, d and að, to take one in, in the allit. phrase, hýsa ok heima e-n, ef maðr hýsir ok heimir útlagan mann, Gþl. 144; hafa hýst þá ok heimat, N. G. L. i. 123, (rare.) heim-alinn, part. = heima-alinn. heim-alningr, m. = heima-alningr. heiman, adv. from home, Hbl. 2, Nj. 11, 142, passim; cp. héðan, handan, þaðan. β. in the phrase, henni fylgdi heiman Breiðabólstaðr, the estate B. went with her from home, i.e. was her dowry, Landn. 61, 177;

250 HEIMANBUNAÐR -- HEIMOLL.

gefa heiman, to give from home, i.e. give in marriage, D. N. i. 723; göra heiman, to endow; ek görða þik heiman í þá ferð sem dóttur mína, Fms. vii. 121, Band. 31 new Ed., passim. heiman-búnaðr, m. preparation for a journey from home, Stj. 366. heiman-ferð (heiman-för), f. a going from home, Nj. 195, Eg. 10, Jb. 388: = heimanfylgja, Stj. 175, N. G. L. i. 233. heiman-fylgð, f. = heimanfylgja, N. G. L. i. 233. heiman-fylgja, u, f. the dowry which a bride brings with her from home, opp. to mundr, Grág. i. 174. 313, Nj. 11, Sturl. iii. 179, Korm. 134, Stj. 570, N. G. L. i. 232, Gísl. 16, Ísl. ii. 9, 378, passim. 2. metaph. of a son, Dipl. iv. 5; but mostly of a church, cp. Engl. endowment, the church being regarded as the bride of Christ; h. kirkjunnar, Bs. i. 287, K. Á. 24. UNCERTAIN Fylgja is here prop. akin and another form of the word fúlga, q.v., and heiman-fylgja, qs. heiman-fúlga. heiman-för, f. = heimanferð, Grág. i. 147, Eg. 23. heiman-förull, adj. strolling from home, Fas. i. 525. heiman-gengt, n. adj. in the phrase, eiga ekki h., to be bound to stay at home. heiman-gjöf, f. = heimanfylgja, Jb. 118. heiman-görð, f. an endowing, endowment, Grág. i. 336, D. N. passim. heiman-kvöð, f. a summoning of neighbours, Grág. i. 130. heim-boð, n. a 'home-bidding,' invitation, a feast, Nj. 51, Fms. i. 54, Eg. 66, Orkn. 320: a law phrase, reclamation, N. G. L. i. 41, Gþl. 406, Grág. i. 381, passim. heim-böllr, m., Lat. orbis terrarum, the globe, world, Eluc. 19. Heim-dalr, m., with single l, not Heimdallr, as shewn from the gen. -dalar, not -dalls; a later form used in the Rímur was Heimdæl-1, Þrymlur 1. 8 :-- the god Heimdal, Edda, whence the poem Heimdalar-galdr, m. id. The etymology has not been made out: Heimdal was the heavenly watchman in the old mythology, answering to St. Peter in the medieval legends; respecting him vide Edda 17 (Sksm.) and passim, Gm. 13: he was also regarded as the father and founder of the different classes of mankind, see Rm. and Vsp. 1, -- meiri ok minni mögu Heimdalar, the higher and lower sons of H., i.e. all men. II. a ram in Edda (Gl.) is called heimdali. heim-dragi, a, m. a 'home-dragger,' laggard, Fms. vii. 121, Fs. 177 (in a verse), Art. 89, Konr. 10, Lex. Poët. heim-ferð, f. a going home, Eg. 66, Fms. iv. 269, ix. 474, Jb. 8: an inroad into one's home = atför, heimsókn, Ld. 262, Eg. 73, Fms. viii. 9, xi. 239. COMPDS: heimferðar-dagr, m. the day for returning home, Magn. 512. heimferðar-leyfi, n. 'home-leave,' Fms. ix. 318. heim-friðr, m. a law term, home-peace, home security, D. N. i. 215, 245. heim-fúss, adj. longing for home, Fms. vii. 48, vi. 238, Sturl. i. 84, Fb. ii. 360. heim-fýsi, f. a longing for one's home. heim-för, f. a going home, return home, Fms. vii. 48, xi. 60, Hkv. 2. 34: an inroad, Eg. 12, v.l. COMPDS: heimfarar-leyfi, n. 'home-leave,' leave to go home, Eg. 31, Fms. viii. 395, Orkn. 284. heimfara-þing, n. a law term, a meeting to settle terms in case of distress for payment of debt; cp. the mod. phrase, undir atför at lögum, D. N. v. 424 (Fr.) heim-ganga, u, f. a going home, Sturl. i. 43. heim-gás, f. a home goose, a tame goose, Grett. 90, Korm. 206, Edda (Gl.) heim-hagi, a, m. [cp. átt-hagi, Dan. hjem-stavn], a home-field, D. N. i. 581; in Hm. 156 we propose to read heimhaga for heimhuga. heim-hamr, m. 'home-skin,' one's own skin, Hm. 156; vide hamr. heimila, d and að, to give a title to a thing; þá hefir maðr heimild til ef maðr heimilar honum er forráð á aura sinna, Grág. ii. 191; hvárt sá maðr heimildi honum landit eðr eigi, 209; ef maðr selr manni eðr gefr þat er hann veit at þjófstolit er, ok villir hann heimild at, þó at hann vissi eigi þá er honum var heimildr, ok varðar skóggang, 190; hvar sem þeir kæmi við, heimilaði jarl þeim þat er þyrfti at hafa, Nj. 122; ábúð heimilar tekju, en landskyld heimilar lóð, N. G. L., Gþl. 329. heimild (heimold, Stj. 134), f. [Dan. hjemmel = authority; undoubtedly derived from Goth. haimoþli, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, Mark x. 29, 30, and thus nearly akin to heimili and heimoll; in Icel. only used in law phrases] :-- a title, right, jus possessionis; hann seldi síðan þann sama graptar-reit ok heimoldir, Stj. 134; stefna til heimildar, to summon one for h., Grág. ii. 205; villa heimild at e-u, to give out a false account of one's title to a thing, of stolen things, 190; nú ferr maðr á jörð manns ok tekr eigi heimild af þeim er á, N. G. L. i. 39; þau ríki er konungr hafði þá heimildum á tekit, to which the king had got the title, Fms. x. 45; heimild skal hverr maðr taka af sínum dróttni verka-sveins síns, Anal. 278; en veit ek at hann hefir eigi réttar heimildir á skóginum, Eb. 170. COMPDS: heimildar-kviðr, m. a verdict of neighbours as to right of possession, Grág. heimildar-maðr, m. a man from whom a title is derived, Grág. ii. 205, Gpl. 537. heimildar-tak, n. a taking possession, title; honum þótti eigi at lögum hafa farit heimildartak á skóginum, i.e. he thought it was a bad, unlawful bargain, Eb. 178, N. G. L. i. 324. heimildar-taka, u, f. id., Gþl. 493, 537. heimildar-taki, a, m. = heimildarmaðr, N. G. L. i. 324, Jb. 356. heimildar-váttr, m. a witness in case of disputed title, Grág. ii. 319. heimilda-vandr, adj. fastidious in regard to title, Sturl. ii. 146. II. in mod. usage gener. authority; það er engin heimild fyrir því, there is no authority for it. heimildar-laust, n. adj. without authority. HEIMILI, n.; for an older form heimi see the compds with heimis-; [originally a compd from heima, home, and óðal, heimiðli, as seen from Ulf. haimoþli = GREEK, Mark x. 29, 30] :-- a house, homestead, domicile, Eg. 535, Fms. vi. 358, xi. 18, Grág. i. 99, 146, Hkr. i. 184, Nj., passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: heimilis-bragr, m. home-life. heimilis-búi, a, m. a law term, a homestead neighbour summoned from the same house, Grág. i. 26, 191. heimilis-fang, n. a law term, a domicile, Grág. i. 19, 146, 147, Nj. heimilis-fastr, adj. having a fixed homestead, Grág. i. 52, ii. 45, Vm. 97, D. I. i. 277, 303. heimilis-fólk, n. folk of the same homestead. heimilis-hús, n. a closet, Stj. 151, 199, Am. 37: a privy, Fb. i. 416, ii. 87, Fs. 183. heimilis-kviðr, m. a verdict given by heimilisbúar, Grág. i. 145, Fas. i. 380; also called heimiskviðr, q.v.: heimiliskviðar-vitni, n. the evidence of h., N. G. L. i. 140, 160, 316. heimilis-njóli, a, m., a botan. term, rumex acutus, Hjalt. heimilis-prestr, m. a chaplain, Vm. 15, D. I. passim. heimilis-sök, f. a law phrase, a 'home-charge,' a charge that can be brought home to one, Valla L. 226. heimilis-tíðir, f. pl. home-service, Am. 37. heimilis-vist, f. a domicile, Hkr. iii. 364, Stj. 94. heimill, vide heimoll. heimis-búi, a, m. = heimilisbúi, Grág. i. 191. heimis-garðar, m. pl. 'home-yards,' a homestead, Hm. 8. heimis-haugr, m. a 'home-how,' Hbl. 45 (Bugge's Emend.); vide haugr. heimis-kviðr, m. = heimiliskviðr, defined in N. G. L. ii. 505 sqq.: a home-verdict, report made by one's mates and fellows; in the saying, hættr er h. nema sér góðan geti, Sdm. 25; eigi skal heimiskvið annan at henda eðr ílltyngdir, no notice is to be taken of house-talk or evil tongues, Grág. i. 361. heim-kváma (heim-koma), u, f. return home, Fms. i. 290, Sturl. i. 213: the phrase, missa heimkvámu, to miss one's return, be slain in foreign parts, answering to GREEK, Od.; misti þar margr maðr heimkvámu, Fas. i. 385, (Skjöld. S., which is a paraphrase from an old lost poem); at margr missi heimkvámu í þeima styr, Sighvat, Hkr. iii. 40 (in a verse). heimkvámu-dagr, m. the day of coming home, GREEK, Lex. Poët. heim-kynni, n. a home, household, Ísl. ii. 392, Magn. 484, Hkr. ii. 273. heim-leið, f. 'home-way,' going homewards, Mart. 129, Hom. (St.) heim-leiðis, adv. homewards, Eg. 589, Fms. iv. 278, xi. 55, Fs. 57, Ld. 48, passim. heim-lenzkr, adj. native, Sks. 375. heim-leyfi, n. = heimfararleyfi, Fms. vi. 445, vii. 182, xi. 248, Hkr. ii. 261. heim-ligr, adj. worldly, Magn. 466, Stj. 546, Bs. i. 97. heim-nár, m. a law term, 'home-corpse,' thus defined, sá maðr heitir h. er dreginn er til stokks eða til stumns ( = stofns) ok höggnar af bæði hendr ok fætr, en um þat verk verða þrír menn útlagir nema hann vili færum kenna, N. G. L. ii. 506; cp. gálgnár etc. heimoll, adj., so spelt in Nj. 220, Eg. 163, 199, Fms. vi. 161, 185, Fs. 154, etc.; heimholt (wrongly), Sks. 60 new Ed.; heimull, Fms. vi. 207, vii. 160; later and usually heimill; [cp. Goth. haimoþli and Icel. heimili] :-- prop. 'household,' homely, domestic, of a thing or property, cp. Germ. 'heimisch, einheimisch;' hann lét öngu tortýna þar nema kvikfé heimilu (home cattle); but this sense is rare and obsolete. II. metaph. as a law term, property in one's full possession, at one's free disposal; heimöl jörð, appropriated land, Fms. vi. 161 (in a verse); þér varð jörð heimöl, 185 (in a verse) :-- in the phrase, vera e-m heimill; enda er eigi mundrinn heimill, sá er hann handsalar hinn heimski maðr, i.e. it is not a good, lawful bargain, it is not valid, Grág. i. 177; en hann hirdir aldri, at hverjum hann keypti, ef honum var heimilt selt, Ó. H. 114; því eru borð sett at heimoll er matr þeim er hafa þurfu, the meat is at the free disposal of those who wish to have it, Nj. 220; ok vera öllum matr heimill (heimöll, Hb.), Landn. 193; kvað honum heimilan skyldu sinn styrk nær sem hann þyrfti, his help should be at his disposal whensoever he stood in need of it, Orkn. 86; en heimil munu þar til vár orð, Lv. 36; heimult skal Þórði at vera með mér, Fms. vi. 207; skal þér ok heimilt vera, at hafa fé mitt til styrks þér, Ó. H. 33; þat er heimilt þeim er fara vilja með mér, Fs. 23; nú er þat heimilt at þú sér hér af þú vilt þat, Fbr. 37 new Ed.; segir at þat var skylt ok heimilt, due and just, Ó. H. 156; segir svá, at þat var skylt ok heimolt at hann görði slíkan forbeina sem þurfti, Eg. 163; allt mitt góz er þér heimolt, Fs. 154; allt mitt skal yðr jafnheimolt sem mér, 182; Þórir segir, at þat var heimolt þó at Þórólfr vildi fleiri menn hafa með sér þangat, 199: in a bad sense, at honum sé heimill hæðilegr dauði, i.e. it serves him right, Sks. 280: eiga heimilt, to have a right to, to have at one's disposal, etc.; mik áttú heimilan til fylgda við þik ok ráða-görðar, Fms. xi. 29; en heimilt á Glúmr at lofa þat, Nj. 23; þvíat konungr á

HEIMOLLEIKR -- HEIMTA. 251

heimult at drepa mik, Fms. vii. 160; hans menn trúðu því at hann ætti heimilan sigr í hverri orrostu, Hkr. i. 6; heimilt á biskup at taka tíund fvrir kirkjum, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 214; nú á ek hér nokkuru heimilla (compar.) at veita nokkura fríon, Ó. H. 205; þat muntú eiga allra heimilast (superl.) at veita öðrum þitt en ekki mitt, Ísl. ii. 137; láta, göra e-m heimilt, to allow, give a right to another; lét Þorvaldr honum heimilan hest sinn, Th. made him free of his horse, placed it at his disposal, Gísl. 20; ok lét honum heimilan sinn vinskap, Fms. v. 183; hann görði sér allar konur jafnheimilar, i. 207. III. cp. Germ. heimlich = private, secret, only in the following derivatives. heimolleikr (heimull-), mod. heimugleikr (-leiki), m. privacy, intimacy; kærleiki með h., Bs. i. 809; h. ok vinátta, Fms. v. 176 (v.l.), Bs. (Laur. S. passim), Mar. 2. mod. secrecy; þeir töluðu milli sín margan heimuleik, Bs. ii. 54. heimolliga (heimull-), mod. heimugliga, adv. duly, with full title to possession; hvert er þat land er ek má fá Haraldi heimolliga, ef ek hefi úskert Dana-veldi? Fms. i. 85, cp. Hkr. (l.c.) 197; at þér mættuð byggja h. ok einsliga í þessari laudsins hálfu, Stj. 223. 2. privately, Fb. i. 83, Bs. ii. 28. β. mod. secretly, Fms. xi. 443 (MS. of the 15th century). heimolligr, mod. heimugligr, adj. intimate, Bs. i. 801 (Laur. S. passim); kærastr ok heimolligastr, Mar. 2. private; h. hús ok herbergi, a private closet, Stj. 105; hans h. fólk, his household folk, id.; h. klerkr, a private clerk or chaplain, Fms. xi. 443; h. vinr, Fas. ii. 490; h. hús, a privy, Grett. 98 A. β. mod. secret, Germ. heimlich. HEIMR, m. [Ulf. heimos (fem. pl.) = GREEK; A. S. hâm; cp. Eng. home, and in local names -ham; O. H. G. haim; Germ. heim; Dan. hjem; Swed. hem] :-- prop. an abode, village, and hence land, region, world: I. abode, land, 1. partly in a mythol. sense, each heimr being peopled with one kind of beings, gods, fairies, men, giants, etc.; níu man ek heima, I remember nine abodes, Vsp. 2, and also Alm. 9 sqq., Vþm. 45, refer to the mythol. conception of nine heavens, nine kinds of beings, and nine abodes, cp. Goð-heimr, God-land, Yngl. S., Stor.; Mann-heimar, Man-land, the abode of men, Yngl. S.; Jötun-heimar, Giant-land; Álf-heimr, Elf-land, Fairy-land; Nifl-heimr, Mist-land, the world below, Edda, Gm.; Undir-heimar, the nether world, Fms. iii. 178, Fas. iii. 391; Upp-heimr, the 'Up-land,' Ether, Alm. 13; cp. also Sól-heimar, 'Sun-ham,' Sunniside, freq. as a local name, Landn.; vind-h., 'wind-ham,' the heaven, Vsp. 62; sá heimr er Múspell heitir, Edda 3; heyrir blástr hans í alla heima, 17: the phrase, spyrja einn í alla heima, to ask one freely; er slíkt harla úhöfðinglegt at spyrja úkunna menn í hvern heim, Fb. i. 211. 2. the region of the earth or sky; Austr-heimr, the East; Norðr-h., the North; Suðr-h., the South; Vestr-h., the West; Jórsala-heimr, Palestine: poët., dvalar-heimr, a dwelling-place, Sól. 35; ægis-h., 33; alda-h., the abode of men, 41; heimar goða, the abode of gods, Hkm. 13; munar-h., a place of bliss, Hkv. Hjörv. 42; ljóð-h., the abode of men, Gg. 2; myrk-h., the mirky abode, Akv. 42; sólar-h., the sun's abode, heaven, Geisli. 3. a village, in local names, Engl. -ham, Germ. -heim; but in mod. Dan., Norse, and Swed. local names contracted to -om or -um, so that in many instances it is doubtful whether it is from heim or a dat. pl. in um, thus Veom, Viom may be Véheimr or Véum; Sæ-heimr = mod. Norse Sæm; Há-heimr = Hæm; Fors-heimr = Forsum, Munch, Norge's Beskr. Pref.: in Icel. not very freq., Sól-heimar, Man-heimar (cp. Safn i. 353 note), Vind-h.: the mythical Glaðs-h., 'Bright-ham,' Þrym-h., Þrúð-h., Gm. 4, 8, 11. II. this world, opp. to Hel or other worlds; fyrst fólkvíg í heimi, Vsp. 26; segðu mér ór heimi ek man ór Helju, Vtkv. 6, Hkv. Hjörv. 40, Skv. 3, 62, Vþm. 49, Am. 83, Stor. 19, Vsp. 46, Helr. 4; koma í heiminn, to be born, Fas. ii. 513; þessa heims, in this world, 623. 48, Gþl. 42, Hom. 48; opp. to annars heims, in the other world; þessa heims ok annars, Nj. 200, Sks. 354; kringla heimsins, the globe, orbis terrarum, Hkr. (init.); um allan heim, Grág. i. 169; heimr er bygðr, Ísl. ii. 381; spor þín liggja lengra út í heim en ek fæ séð, Orkn. 142; var heimrinn allr greindr í þriðjunga, Al. 117, Sks. 194, Rb. 134; al-heimr, the universe; minni-h., microcosmos, Eluc. 19. 2. phrases, liggja (vera) milli heims ok Heljar, to lie between life and death, in extreme illness, Fb. i. 260 (of a swoon); lá Þorsteinn þá milli heims ok heljar ok vætti sér þá ekki nema dauða, Fas. ii. 437; þá sigaði svá at honum, ... ok lá náliga í milli heims ok heljar, Grett. 114; sýna e-m í tvo heimana, to make one look into two worlds, i.e. to treat a person roughly; cp. laust hann svá at hann vissi lítið í þenna heim, he struck him so that he nearly swooned, Karl. 35. 3. eccl. the world, mundus; heims ágirni, Hom. 73; stíga yfir heiminn, to overcome the world, 49, N. T. passim, e.g. John xvi. 8, 11, 20, 33; heims börn, the children of the world, Pass.; heims dýrð, the glory of the world, Post.; heims skraut, the pomp of the world, Hom. 83; hold ok heimr, the flesh and the world, N. T. 4. denoting people, only in the compd þing-heimr, an assembly, cp. Fr. monde. COMPDS: heims-aldr, m. aetas mundi, Stj. 25, Rb. 392, Fas. ii. 13. heims-álfa, u, f. a quarter of the world, Edda 151 (pref.) heims-brestr, m. crash of the world, Nj. 272. heims-bygð, f. the peopled world, Rb. 380, Stj., Hom. heims-endi, a, m. the world's end, Stj. 68, 92: temp. the end of the world. heims-kringla, u, f. orbis terrarum, Sks. 606, Trist. 7: the name of the work of Snorri, given it by Thormod Torfæus (died 1719), from the first words in one of the vellum MSS., 'Kringla heimsins,' etc., whence Heimskringla; as the old name of the Aeneid was 'Arma.' This name was for the first time used in the Edit. of Peringsköld 1697. heims-skapan (-sköpun), f. creation, Stj. 279. heims-skaut, n. pl. the poles, Fs. ii. 97 (in a verse); the earth being conceived as a sheet stretched out (mod.), Norðr-h., the North pole; Suðr-h., the South pole. heims-slit, n. pl. the end of the world, Bs. i. 432, Stj. 124. heims-sól, f. the sun, Fms. vi. 422. heims-staða, u, f. aetas mundi, 625. 178, Rb. 82, 84, 88, Fb. i. (pref.), Bs. ii. 3. heims-stjórn, f. the ruling of the world, Mar. heims-stýrir, m. the ruler of the world, Lex. Poët. heims-vist, f. living, dwelling, 625. 93, Magn. 428, Fms. ii. 239: dwelling in a place, N. G. L. i. 391, Hom. 115. heims-þriðjungr, m. = heimsálfa (in the old sense), Hkr. i. 5. heim-reið, f. a 'home-raid,' inroad, attack, Eg. 279. heim-röst, f. a lane leading up to houses (Icel. traðir), Gþl. 414, 445. heimska, u, f. folly, Am. 83, Fbr. 142, Fms. ii. 156, Ó. H. 109, Anal. 246, passim. COMPDS: heimsku-liga, adv. foolishly, Sks. 685. heimsku-ligr, adj. foolish, heimsku-tal, n. foolisb talk, heimsku-verk, n. a foolish deed, Karl. 20. heimska, að, to mock one, 656 C. 35, H. E. i. 505 (impers.) heimskingi, a, m. a fool, simpleton. heimsk-liga (proncd. heimsliga, Fb. i. 259), adv. foolishly; láta h., to play silly pranks, behave like an idiot, Fms. iii. 179, vi. 217, Fas. i. 9, Fs. 32, 150; fara h., Boll. 352; hlaupa hart ok heimsliga, Fb. i. 259. heimsk-ligr (proncd. heimsligr, 623. 19, Sturl. ii. 34 C, Fas. ii. 326), adj. foolish, silly, Sks. 73, 302, Fms. vi. 208; h. orð, foolish (foul) language, Sturl. ii. 34, passim; h. gaman, Fs. 71. heimsk-máligr, adj. foolish-spoken, 686 B. 2. heimsk-orðr, adj. = heimskmáligr, Pass. 13. 2. HEIMSKR, adj. [heima], foolish, silly, prop. 'homish,' of one who has never been from home, as in the saying, heimskt er heimalit barn, homish (silly) is the home-bred bairn: heimskr, drill, is opp. to horskr, Hm. 93; h. maðr, 19; heimskir halir, fools, bad men, Sdm. 24: the saying, verðr opt heitum heimskr maðr feginn, fair words make a fool's heart leap for joy, Þorst. St. 55; heimskir menn, Nj. 33: an idiot, Grág. i. 177; h. ok úráðvandr, Fs. 51; sá skal hýðing valda er heimskastr er á þingi, N. G. L. i. 349: nicknames, Ketill Heimski, Hrafn H., Hreiðarr H., Óttarr H., Landn., Hdl., Fms.; cp. Lat. Brutus. heim-sókn, f. [cp. Scot. hamesucken], an inroad or attack on one's home, Nj. 197, Fms. iii. 23, vii. 299. COMPDS: heimsóknar-vargr, m. one who makes an inroad, a burglar, N. G. L. i. 405. heimsóknar-vitni, n. a witness in a case of heimsókn, Gþl. 155. II. a visit, Sturl. i. 72. heim-speki, f. philosophy, Col. ii. 8; and heim-spekingr, m. a philosopher, now freq. and prob. formed in the 16th century from the Germ. welt-weisheit; a poem Heimspekinga-skóli exists, written at the end of the 17th century. heim-stefna, u, f. a law term, a citation served at one's home, Gþl. 264. COMPDS: heimstefnu-váttr, m. a witness in a case of h., N. G. L. i. 217. heimstefnu-vitni, n. testimony in a case of h., Gþl. 475. heim-stöð, f. a homestead, Vsp. 56. heim-sækja, sótti, [Dan. hjemsöge], to visit, Lv. 108, Fms. v. 236, Valla L. 218, Glúm. 354, (better in two words.) HEIMTA, t, [Swed. hämta; akin to heim, prop. to fetch home] :- to fetch: 1. to draw, pull; þá bauð jarl at h. þá at landi, to pull them ashore, 623. 35; taka hendi sinni í stúfinn tungunnar ok h. (to pull) hana, Fb. ii. 386; þá heimtir hann togit hart, Konr. 31 (MS.), 33; þá vildu þeir h. snöruna at hálsi honum, Mar.: metaph., heimti hann sik fram með fégjöfum við konunginn, he made his way with the king by money, Fms. xi. 325; Einarr kom á fund konungs, ok heimti sik fram með fégjöfum, Fb. iii. 445; h. sik í vináttu við e-n, to contract friendship with one, Fms. vi. 52; h. nyt af fé, to milk cattle, K. Þ. K. 78, Bs. i. 189: impers. (rare), þegar er saman heimtir með þeim, when they come up to one another, Al. 143; slíks var ván eigi lítil, at þik mundi þangat heimta (v.l. langa, Fs. 104), that thou shouldest be drawn thither, long to go thither, Fms. ii. 212. 2. to call on one; konungr heimti til sín Sigurð ullstreng, Fms. vii. 17; þá heimtu þeir konung á tal, they had an interview with the king, 273, Lv. 42; þá var Joseph heimtr ór myrkva-stofu, Ver. 17; þá skal hann h. til skipverja, ok segja þeim, Grág. i. 210. II. to claim, crave; mikit var heimt at þeim fyrir sakir föður þeirra, Sturl. ii. 127: to claim a due, debt, or the like, h. föður-arf, Ó. H. 32; móður-arf, Ld. 62; h. fé at e-m, Ísl. ii. 224; h. toll, Gullþ. 11; h. skiptoll. Fs. 153: hann mun ætla at h. erfð sína, Nj. 5; um eignir þær er Ólafr konungr heimti, Fms. i. 287; Rútr átti för í Vestfjörðu at heimta (to claim payment) fyrir varning sinn, Nj. 11; h. verð, fé, Fb. i. 434; skuld, skatt, mund, ii. 49, Fs. 153 :-- to crave, without the notion of getting, þá heimti hann setstokkana ok náði eigi, Landn. 104; gaf hann þá sök Sigurði, at hann hefði heimt fjárhlut konunganna, Fms. vii. 128; ok á hann þó at h.

252 HEIMTA -- HEITA.

þingfarar-kaupit, Grág. i. 24; en nú var þar komit, at Steinn heimti þessi vilmæli at Ragnhildi, now St. called on R. to make good her promises, Ó. H. 144; ok mun heimt annat ef annat er veitt, Þorst. Síðu H. 172; þeir heimtu mund móður sinnar, en hann vildi eigi gjalda, Hkr. i. 21. 2. to get back, recover, regain, get in; nema þú þinn hamar þér um heimtir, Þkv. 18; also, h. aptr, 8, 11; h. e-n ór helju, Eg. 533, Grett. 83, Konr. 35. 3. esp. to bring home the sheep in autumn from the summer pastures; nú heimtir annarr-tveggi þeirra fleira en ván átti, ... nú heimtir annarr betr en annarr, ... hve mart hann hafði óheimt, i.e. how many sheep were still at large, not got in, Grág. i. 424, 425. III. reflex., þá er synir Haralds konungs heimtusk fram at aldri, advanced in years, Fb. i. 576; þá heimtusk Birkibeinar ór þys búandmanna, ok upp í eyna, Fms. viii. 68: h. saman, to gather together, join; heimtusk brátt skip hans saman, x. 396; ok heimtusk svá allir saman, joined to one another, viii. 357; vil ek at menn skiptisk í sveitir ok heimtisk saman frændr ok kunnmenn, Ó. H. 204: of sheep, láta skipta at jafnaði svá sem heimtz hefir til, Grág. i. 424. IV. part. heimtandi, a claimant, Grág. i. 495, K. Þ. K. 154. heimta, u, f. a claim, demand, of payment due to one, or the like, Sturl. i. 113, Grág. ii. 379, K. Á. 84, Fb. i. 471, (fjár-heimta, arf-h.) 2. esp. in pl. (heimtur), a bringing home sheep from the summer pastures; þat var eitthvert sinn um haust at heimtur vóru íllar á fé manna, ok var Glúmi vant margra geldinga, Nj. 26; haust-heimtur, Band. 4; skaut mjök í tvau horn um heimtur Odds frá því er verit hafði, id.; ok er á leið haustið ferr hann á fjall, verða heimtur góðar, ok missir engis sauðar, 3; al-heimtur, gathering in all one's sheep, cp. Glúm. ch. 7, Rd. 4, Eb. ch. 18, Nj. ch. 16; very freq. in mod. usage. heimtari, a, m. a usurer, Stj. 304. heimting, f. a claim, demand, Grág. i. 97, 334, Ld. 50, Fms. ii. 287. heimul-leikr (-leiki), heimolleikr, vide heimoll. heim-ván, f. expectation of coming home; hann sagði sína heimván í efztu viku Föstu, Sturl. i. 25. 2. eccl. departure, Germ. ableben; þat get ek ekki merkja heimván þína, Fms. vii. 108, cp. Fél. vii. p. xiv. pref.; hann svaraði, mér lizt, herra, sem þér munið eigi lengi hér eptir þurfa at berjast við heiminn, -- Biskup mælti, því er gott at taka, eg á góða heimvon, taken from Jón Halldórsson's Lives of Bishops, referring to the death of Jón Vídalín (A.D. 1720). heim-þegi, a, m. a 'home-dweller,' a member of one's household; this word occurs several times on Danish stones, vide Rafn 184, 185, 197, 217, 218. heim-þingaðr (-uðr), m. a visitor; hanga h. = Odin (vide haugi), Ísl. ii. 353 (in a verse); herju h., the husband of the ogress, i.e. the giant Hrungnir, Haustl. 19. HEIN, f. [A. S. hân; Engl. hone; Dan. heen], a hone, Edda 48, 59, Sturl. ii. 62, Fms. vi. 374: a nickname of the Danish king for his meekness, Knytl. S. COMPDS: heinar-brýni, n. = heinbrýni, Fas. iii. 43. heinar-sufl (heinar-smjör, hone-grease, Fb. iii. 425), n. the liquor in which mowers dip the whetstone, Fms. vi. 374: in poetry the sword is called hein-flet, hein-land, hein-vandill, the flat, land, rod of the hone, Lex. Poët. hein-þynntr, part. hone-whetted, of a sword, id. hein-berg, n. a hone-quarry, Edda 58. hein-brýni, n. a hone, whetstone, Fas. iii. 43. Heinir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the Norse county Heiðmörk, Fms. xii. Hein-verskr, adj. from Haðaland, Hkr. i. (in a verse). HEIPT, better heift, f. [Ulf. haifsts = GREEK, cp. haifstjan = GREEK; akin is Germ. heftig, whence mod. Dan. hæftig] :-- the earliest sense is feud, deadly war; vinna e-m heipt, to wage war (do battle) against one, Vkv. 10; deila heiptir, to wage deadly feud, Hkv. 1. 44; senda e-m heiptar-boð, to challenge one to combat, Fas. iii. 27 (in a verse): hereto belong such poët. epithets as, heiptar-nýtr, heiptar-strangr, heipt-bráðr, heipt-fíkinn, heipt-glaðr, heipt-mildr, heipt-minnigr, heipt-móðr, heipt-örr, heipt-snarr, = mighty in war, warlike, all of them used as 'ornamental' epithets of praise, vide Lex. Poët.: as also heiptar-hvessir, m. a war kindler, id. β. bane; heipt hrísungs, the bane of a copse, i.e. fire, Ýt. 19: in the old poems Hm. and Sdm. heipt seems used in a peculiar sense, viz. an imprecation, spell, Hm. 136, 152, Sdm. 12, 36, and perh. Eb. in the Máhlíðingavísur. 2. evil doings, injury; eiga e-m heiptir at gjalda, Hkr. i. 85, Korm. (in a verse); gjalda e-m harma ok heiptir, Ó. H. 214. II. deadly hatred, spite; halda heift í hjarta, Hom. 50; heipt ok harðindi, ill-will and tyranny, Fms. vi. 42; meir af h. en ást, xi. 310; hafa heipt á e-m, to hate one. 2. fury; þá svall heipt í Högna, H. swelled with fury, Bragi. COMPDS: heiptar-blóð, n. a law phrase, bloodshed; saurga í heiptarblóði, to stain (a holy place) with bloodshed, Eb. 12; þá kom heiftarblóð fyrst á jörð, Ver. 6 (the blood of Abel). heiptar-fenginn, adj. breathing hatred against one, Ld. 232. heiptar-hugr, m. wrath, Fb. iii. 320. heiptar-hönd, f. a foe's band; leggja heiptar hendr á e-n, Stj. 486; með sinni heiptar hendi, 436. heiptar-mál and heiptar-orð, n. pl. words breathing hatred, Karl. 438, Fas. i. 191, ii. 358. heipt-gjarn, adj. spiteful, Bkv. 10. heipt-kviðr, m. unkind, evil words, Ad. 22. heipt-mögr, m. a foeman, adversary, Hm. 149. heipt-rækni, f. (heipt-rækinn, adj.), vindictiveness, Hom. (St.) 49. heipt-rækr, adj. vindictive, Bs. i. 8. heiptugr, adj. baneful: in the allit. law phrase, heiptugri hendi, infesta manu, K. Á. 36, 40, Gþl. 378. heipt-úð, f. deadly hatred, Ver. 26. heipt-úðigr, adj. vindictive, Eb. 17 new Ed., Fbr. 35, Fms. vi. 42, 295. heipt-yrði, n. pl. words of hatred, Edda 77, Am. 85, Fm. 9. HEIT, n. pl. [cp. Ulf. wota = GREEK], threatening words or gestures, threats, Lat. minae; standa undir heitum ok íllyrðum, Bs. i. 728; heit ok harðyrði, Barl. 194; köld heit, Edda (Ht.); þeirra heit dvínuðu, Edda (in a verse); af heitum, from his threatening gestures, Am. 19. heit, n. a solemn promise, vow; munu yðr heit hans öll föst, Eg. 28, Þorst. St. 55; efnt þykkisk þú hafa heit þín, en nú eru eptir mín heit, Nj. 59; en í engum heitum (engagement) vil ek bindask, Ó. H. 32: in sing, a vow, holy vow, kvað engan hlut batna munu við þat heit, Rd. 248; er honum þótti sem þegit mundi heitið, Glúm. 348; efla heit, to make a vow, Gísl. 90; stofna heit, id., Fms. ii. 16, Sturl. i. 222; festa heit, id., Bs. i. 184: but esp., strengja heit, to make a solemn vow (in the heathen time, whence heit-strenging), Fs. 122, Ísl. ii. 166, Fms. i. 3, xi. 26, Fb. ii. 353, Hrafn. 5; enda heit sitt, Fb. ii. 371: eccl. a vow, offra Drottni heit sín, Stj. 429; heit öll ok testamenta, K. Á. 216: a promise (in marriage), hann bað konunnar ok fékk heitið hennar, Edda 23; bregða föstu heiti, to break a promise, Alm. 5. HEITA, pres. heit, heitr, and in A. II. heiti, heitir (bisyllabic), in mod. usage heiti through all significations; pret. hét, hétu, 2nd pers. hézt; part. heitinn. A. [Ulf. haitan = GREEK; A. S. hâtan; Old Engl. hight, pret. hot; O. H. G. haizan; Germ. heissen; Swed. heta; Dan. hede]: I. trans. with acc. to call, give name to; hve þik hétu hjú? Fsm. 47; Urð hétu eina, Vsp. 20; Heiði hana hétu, 25; Grímni mik hétu, Gm. 49; hve þik heitir halr, Hkv. Hjörv. 14; Hnikar hétu mik, Skv. 2. 18; hétu Þræl, Rm. 8; hétu Erna (Ernu?), 36: the naming of infants was in the heathen age accompanied by a kind of baptism (ausa vatni), vide ausa, p. 35. 2. metaph. to call on one; in the phrase, heita e-n á brott, to turn one out, call on one to be gone; þá er maðr á brott heitinn ef honum er eigi deildr matr at málum, Grág. i. 149; Vermundr hét hann á brott ok kvað hann eigi þar lengr vera skyldu, Sturl. ii. 230; so also, ef bóndi heitr griðmann sinn af vist foráttalaust, Grág. i. 157; eða heitið mik héðan, Ls. 7; ek var heitinn út (turned out) fjórum sinnum, Sighvat :-- with prep., heita á e-n, to call upon one (for help); hón hét á konur at skilja þá, Landn. 49: to exhort one (in battle), hét á Hólmrygi, Hkm. 2; Úlfr hét á oss, Hkr. iii. (in a verse); Gísli spratt upp skjótt ok heitr á menn sína, at skýli, Gísl. 22: to invoke one (a god, saint), hann trúði á Krist, en hét á Þór til sjófara ok harðræða, Landn. 206; hann heitr nú á fulltrúa sína Þorgerði ok Irpu, Fb. i. 213; ef ek heit á guð minn, Mar.; á Guð skal heita til góðra hluta, Sól. 4. 3. part. pass. hight, called; sú gjöf var heitin gulli betri, Ad. 9; löskr mun hann æ heitinn, Am. 57, Fms. vi. 39 (in a verse); sá maðr mun eigi ílla heitinn (will not get a bad report) í atferð sinni, Sks. 55 new Ed. β. heitinn, the late, of one dead; eptir Odd heitinn föður sinn, Dipl. iv. 13; Salgerðr h., the late S., Vm. 37: very freq. in mod. usage, hann Jón heitinn, hún Guðrún heitin, etc. II. absol. or intrans., in which case pres. bisyllabic heiti (not heit), to be hight, be called, as in Goth. the pass. of haitan; Andvari ek heiti, A. am í hight, Skv. 2. 2; Ólafr heiti ek, Fms. x. 226; ek heiti Ari, Íb. (fine); Jósu vatni, Jarl létu heita, Rm. 31; Óðinn ek nú heiti, Yggr ek áðan hét, Gm. 54; Gangráðr ek heiti, Vþm. 8; Ask veit ek standa, heitir Yggdrasill, Vsp. 19: esp. freq. in an hist. style in introducing a person for the first time, Mörðr hét maðr, hann átti dóttur eina er Unnr hét, móðir hennar hét Þorgerðr, Rútr hét bróðir hans, Nj. 1, 2; þau áttu eptir dóttur er Þuríðr hét, hinn elzti son Bjarnar hét Grímkell, Ísl. ii. 4; Oddr hét maðr, son Önundar breiðskeggs, hann átti þá konu er Jórunn hét; annarr son þeirra hét Þóroddr en annarr Þorvaldr, Þuriðr hét dóttir Odds en önnur Jófriðr, 121, 122; Þorsteinn hét maðr, hann var Egilsson, en Ásgerðr hét móðir Þorsteins, 189; þau gátu son, ok var vatni ausinn ok hét Þórólfr, 146, etc.; and in endless instances answering to Engl. there was a man, and his name was (he was hight) so and so. The ancients said, hve (or hversu) heitir þú, 'how' art thou named? Germ. wie heisst du? thus, hve þú heitir? hve þik kalla konir? answer, Atli ek heiti, and hve þú heitir, hála nágráðug? Hrímgerðr ek heiti, Hkv. Hjörv. 14-17; hve sú jörð heitir, hve sá himinn heitir, hversu máni heitir, hve sjá sól heitir, etc., Alm. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, Vþm. 11, 13, 15, 17; the northern Icelanders still say, hvers' (i.e. hversu) heitir maðrinn, sælir verið þér, hvörs' heitir maðrinn? answer, Hrólfr heitir hann, Asgrímsson að norðan, Sig. Pétr. in Hrólfr (a play), p. 4: in mod. usage, hvat (what) heitir þú? hvað heitir þú? Eg heiti Jón, Stef. Ól.: the same phrase occurs now and then in old writers, hvat heitir bær sjá? Ld. 234; hvat heitir hón? Helga heitir hón, Ísl. ii. 201 (Cod. Holm. hvart = hversu?): as also in the poem Fsm. (but only preserved in paper MSS.) 9, 11, 13, 19, 23, 31, 35, 37; but hve, 46, 47. β. of places, often

HEITA -- HEL. 253

with dat. and prep. of the place; á þeim bæ er á Brjámslæk heitir, Bs. i. 379; land pat er í Hvammi heitir, Gísl. 121; bær hans hét á Stokkum, Fb. iii. 324; á þeim bæ er at Hóli heitir, Hrafn. 5; ok því heitir þat síðan í Geitdal, 3; bær heitir á Bakka, á Meðalhúsum, at Búrfelli, á Auðúlfsstöðum, at Svínavatni, í Vestrhópi, í Sléttadal, Ísl. ii. 322-325. 2. to be called, reckoned so and so; þá heitir hón sönn at sök, then she stands convicted, N. G. L. i. 351; þú skalt frá þessum degi frjáls maðr heita, Ld. 50; heit hvers manns níðingr ella, Nj. 176; heldr en h. kotkarl, eigi er þat nafn fyrir-lítanda, at heita húskarlar konungs, Sks. 270; sá er vill heitinn horskr, Hm. 61. 3. reflex., hétomc, to name oneself or to be called; hétomc Grímnir, hétomc Gangleri, einu nafni hétomc aldregi, hétomc Þundr fyrir þat, Gm. 46, 48, 54. B. With dat., [cp. Goth. fauraga heitan; A. S. hâtan, pret. het; Germ. verheissen] :-- to promise, with dat. both of the person and thing, or the thing in infin., or absol.; heita hörðu, to threaten, Am. 78; h. góðu, Sól.; h. bölvi, Hdl. 49; afarkostum, Fms. i. 75; hann heitr þeim þar í mót fornum lögum, Ó. H. 35; engu heit ek um þat, 167; mantú nokkut hverju þú hézt mér í fyrra, Anal. 190; at lítið mark sé at, hverju þú heitr, Fms. vii. 120; fyrir þau hin fögru fyrirheit er þú hézt þeim manni, er bana-maðr hans yrði -- þat skal ek efna sem ek hét þar um, i. 217; kom Þorsteinn þar, sem hann hafði heitið, as he had promised, 72; þú munt göra okkr slíka sæmd sem þú hefir heitið, Nj. 5; Njáll hét at fara, 49. II. to make a vow, the vow in dat., the god or person invoked with prep. and acc. (h. á e-n), cp. A. above; þat sýndisk mönnum ráð á samkomunni, at h. til verðr-bata, en um þat urðu menn varla ásáttir hverju heita skyldi, vill Ljótr því láta h. at gefa til hofs, en bera út börn en drepa gamal-menni, Rd. 248; þá heitr Ingimundr prestr at bóka-kista hans skyldi á land koma ok bækr, Bs. i. 424; ok skyldu menn taka at heita, þeir hétu at gefa ..., 483; hét Haraldr því til sigrs sér, at hann skyldi taka skírn, Fms. i. 107; eptir þat hét hón miklum fégjöfum á hinn helga Jón biskup, Bs. i. 201 and passim, esp. in the Miracle-books. III. reflex. and pass. to plight oneself, be betrothed; þá sá hón þat at ráði ok með henni vinir hennar at heitask Þórólfi, Eg. 36; þeim hétumk þá þjóðkonungi, Skv. 3. 36: to betroth, varkat ek heima þá er (hón) þér heitin var, when she (the bride) was given to thee, Alm. 4; kom svá, at Bárði var heitið meyjunni, that the maid was betrothed to B., Eg. 26. 2. to vow, plight one's faith; þeir hétusk reka Hákon ór landi, Jd.: to vow one's person to one, at hann heitisk hinum heilaga Ólafi konungi, Hkr. iii. 288: to bind oneself, þá menn er honum höfðu heitisk til föruneytis, Fms. vii. 204. heita, tt, [heitr], to heat; hón heitti steinana, Lv. 70; hann lét taka sement ok heita í katli, Fms. vi. 153; h. spjót í eldi, Fas. ii. 29; sólin heitir hafit, Rb. 444., 2. to brew; heita mungát, Bs. i. 339, 340, K. Þ. K. 100, Finnb. 294, Eg. 88; heita öl, 148, Hkv. 3; heita til Jólanna, to brew for Yule, Orkn. 112; -- the ancients used to drink fresh-brewed ale. heita, u, f. brewing, N. G. L. ii. 249, iii. 197; öl-heita, ale-brewing, Landn. 215. COMPDS: heitu-gagn, n. a boiler, D. N. heitu-hús, n. a brew-house, Fms. viii. 329. heitu-kerald, n. a brewing-vat, Dipl. v. 18. heitu-ketill, n. a boiler, Dipl. iii. 4, Fb. iii. 447. heitu-kona, u, f. a woman brewer, Rétt. 6. 3. heitu-maðr, m. a brewer, Sturl. ii. 44. heitu-viðr, m. fuel for brewing, Rétt. 59. heitan, f. a hooting, threatening, Fms. vi. 371, 437, Sturl. ii. 57, Fs. 31. heitanar-orð, n. pl. menaces, Fms. vi. 118, Sturl. iii. 141. HEITASK, að, dep.; [in mod. usage this word is often used as a strong verb, as if it belonged to the great verb heita above; but wrongly, as they are widely different, the former referring to Goth. haitjan, the latter to Goth. wôtjan, answering to Icel. hóta, hœta, q.v., Old Engl. to wite] :-- to hoot, threaten, abuse one; heitask við e-n, with infin. or absol., hann gerir reiðan mjök ok heitask við Odd, Korm. 142; aldrei hallmælti hann úvinum sínum ok aldri heitaðisk hann við þá, and he never spoke evil of or abused his enemies, Nj. 211; hann settisk í bú hans en heitaðisk við bónda, Fs. 157; hverr ert þú svá djarfr, at þú þorir at heitask við höfðingja várn? Fms. i. 75: with infin., heituðusk Danir mjök at fara með her í Noreg, 160; h. e-s, viii. 167; þeir heitaðusk at verja hann, vii. 290; Knútr heitaðisk jafnan at herja til Englands, Ísl. ii. 241; en hjónin heituðusk við í öðru lagi at hlaupa á brott, Bjarn. 27; hann heitask at brjóta þau, O. H. L. 23; h. til e-s, muntú ná goðorði þínu þó at þú heitisk eigi til, Þorst. Síðu H. 173: absol., segir at konungi mundi þat eigi duga at heitask eðr herja á innan-lands fólk, Hkr. i. 144. In mod. language heitast is chiefly used of those who shortly before death curse a man, and after death haunt him, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 222. heit-bundinn part. bound by a vow, Sturl. iii. 240, Rd. 246. heit-dagr, m. a votive day; heitdagr Eyfirðinga, the first Tuesday in the month Einmánuðr (April), a 'day of vow' at the end of the winter when fodder and food began to run short, vide Rd. ch. 7. heit-fastr, adj. true to one's word, Sturl. ii. 133, Hkr. iii. 252. heit-fengi, n. a being heitfengr, Lv. 70. heit-fengr, adj. able to eat one's food burning hot, Grett. 91. heit-fé, n. votive money, Bs. i. 308, 450. heit-guð, n, a god to whom one makes a vow, Bárð. 108. heit-hleifr, m. a votive loaf, Vm. 33. heiti, n. a name, denomination, 623. 62, Fms. i. 23, Hkr. i. 320, Orkn. (begin.); úkennd heiti, simple nouns, opp. to kenningar, circumlocutions or metaphors, Edda (Sksm.); heiti and nafn are used almost synonymously, lands-heiti, staða-heiti. heitingar, f. pl. threats, imprecations, Lat. dirae, Fas. i. 39, iii. 533, Grett. 203 new Ed., cp. Ísl. Þjóðs; i. 222. heit-kona, u, f. one's promised spouse, distinguished from festar-kona, in whose case the ceremony of betrothal has taken place (vide festar); hón skal vera heitkona Gunnlaugs en eigi festar-kona, Ísl. ii. 217, 239, 255, Fb. i. 372, Sturl. iii. 179. heitleikr, m. heat, Mar. heit-orð, n. a promise, Sturl. i. 34, ii. 167, Bs. i. 682, Þórð. 21 new Ed. HEITR, adj. [cp. Ulf. heito = fever, Matth. viii. 14; A. S. hât; Engl. hot; Hel. hêt; Germ. heiss; Dan. heed;; Swed. het] :-- hot, burning; heitan eld, Ísl. ii. 152; eldi heitari, hotter than fire, Hm. 50, Grett. 134; heitt skin, hot sunshine, Fms. i. 118, vi. 411; heitt veðr, hot weather, vii. 165; veðr heitt af sólu, Ísl. ii. 193; skaltú eigi þurfa heitara at baka, Nj. 199; heitt siment, hot mortar, Fms. vi. 153; eða hellir hann á hann því nökkvi er svá heitt er, at (of a fluid), Grág. ii. 129; heit mjólk, Lv. 70; heitr grautr, Eb. 198; ekki er heitt, 'tis not hot, Lv. l.c.; e-m er (verðr) heitt, to be warm, Sks. 63; mér er heitt, I am hot; eld-h., hot as fire; glóð-h., glowing hot; brenn-h., burning hot; fun-h., sjóð-h., etc., q.v.; heitt blóð, heitr sveiti, Korm. II. metaph. hot, ardent; heit ást, hot love; unna (elska) heitt, to love dearly, Lex. Poët., and in mod. usage. 2. hot, angry; göra sik heitan, Bs. i. 717, Stj. 181; verða h. við e-n, 719. heit-ramr, adj. boasting, braggart, Bs. i. 649. heit-rofi, a, m. (heit-rofa), a promise-breaker, Fms. ii. 55, Fs. 96. heitsi, adj. indecl.; verða e-s h., to engage oneself to a thing, Þiðr. 151. heit-strenging, f. a solemn vow of the heathen kind (cp. strengja heit), Fms. i. 4, Hrafn. 8, Ísl. ii. 42, Fms. xi. 26, 109-113, 152, Fs. 122. For descriptions of this heathen custom, esp. at festivals (at Yule time, at funerals), see esp. Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 12, Jómsv. S. ch. 8, 37, cp. Hkr. Ó. T. ch. 39, Hervar. S. ch. 4 (Fas. i. 417), Hkr. Har. S. Hárf. ch. 4, Yngl. S. ch. 40, Harð. S. ch. 14, Flóamanna S. ch. 2 (cp. Landn. 1. ch. 3), Hrafn. ch. 2, Hkv. Hjörv. (prose). heit-strengja, d, to vow, Fms. xi. 110, Str.; (better in two words.) heit-söngr, m. a votive song, Bs. i. 307, 354. heit-yrði, u. = heitorð. HEKLA, u, f. [akin to hökull, q.v.], a kind of cowled or hooded frock, knitted of divers colours, see Fms. ii. 72, viii. 106; hekla flekkótt, Fas. i. 120, Landn. 319; blárend h., Ísl. ii. 44; h. af skarlati ok saumuð öll brögðum, Fms. ii. 70; græn h., Ó. H. 158. COMPDS: Heklu-fjall, n. 'Hecla-fell' the name of mount Hecla, Bs., Ann. passim; in mod. usage abbreviated Hekla, prob. called so from its frock or hood of snow. Fourteen eruptions of mount Hecla are recorded, of A.D. 1104, 1158, 1206, 1222, 1300, 1341, 1389, 1440 (the exact year uncertain), 1510, 1597, 1636, 1693, 1766, 1845, besides earthquakes or partial eruptions in the immediate neighbourhood in 1294 and 1554, see Ísl. Ann., Jón Egilsson (Annals), Björn á Skarðsá (Annals). In the Middle Ages Hecla became mythical in Europe, and was regarded as a place of punishment for the damned; the Danes say 'begone to Heckenfjæld,' the North Germans 'to Hackelberg,' the Scots 'to John Hacklebirnie's house,' cp. the Sks. 154. heklu-maðr, m. a hooded man, Fms. ii. 70. Heklungar, m. pl. 'Frockmen,' the name of a political party in Norway in the days of king Sverri, Fms. viii. 106 sqq. HEL, f., gen. heljar, dat. helju or hel (less correct); a nom. helja never occurs in old writers, although a gen. helju is used in the mod. phrase, milli heims ok helju (old and better heljar); [Ulf. halja = GREEK, Matth. xi. 23, Luke xvi. 23, 1 Cor. xv. 55; A. S. and Engl. hell; Hel. and O. H. G. hellia; Germ. hölle; cp. Dan. i hjel] :-- the abode of the dead: 1. in a heathen sense answering to the Greek Hades, and distinguished from Valhalla; í Helju, Alm. 15, 19, 21, 27, 33; til Heljar, Skm. 27, Vtkv. 6, Vþm. 43; ok létta ekki fyrr en vér höfum Sigmund í Helju, Fær. 166; væntir mik, at hann sé nú í Helju, Fas. i. 233; at þau undr beri fyrir þik at þú sér brátt í Helju ok víst mun þetta þín furða vera, Ísl. ii. 351; fara til Heljar, to fare to Hel. to die, Gísl. 107. 2. phrases or sayings, heimta e-n ór Helju, to draw one out of Hel, i.e. to rescue him from imminent death or peril; þóttusk þeir hafa hann ór Helju heimtan, Eg. 533, Fs. 8, Fms. iii. 80; cp. gráta Baldr ór Helju, Edda 38, 39, Bs. i. 648 (in a verse); búask til Heljar, to busk one for a journey to Hel. i.e. to put him in a shroud; ok er þat því mælt at maðr þykki til Heljar búask, sá er sik klæðir mjök, þá er hann gengr út eðr klæðir sik lengi, Gísl. 107; liggja (vera) milli heims ok Heljar (see heimr II), Grett. 114, Fas. ii. 437, Fb. i. 260; liggja á Heljar þremi, to lie on the threshold of Hel. O. H. L. 71; eigi eru vér svá á Heljar þröm komnir, at þú hafir allt ráð várt í hendi þér, 655 x. 1; rasa í Helina opna, to rush into open Hel. i.e. to seek death, Fms. viii. 437; leysa höfuð ór Helju, to release one's head out of Hel. Skv. 2. 1. II. death; unnusk þeir Hákon mikit, svú at þá skildi ekki nema hel, Fms. vii. 733; höggr á tvær

254 HÉLA -- HELGA.

hendr ok þykkir eigi betra líf en hel, without caring for his life, Ísl. ii. 368; mér er verra líf en hel, Stj. 495; bíða heljar, to bide for death, Stor. 24; nema þeim liggi við hel eða húsgangr, N. G. L. i. 54; þat er vant at sjá, félagsmaðr, hvárt fyrr kemr, hel eðr langframi, Orkn. 466. 2. abverb. phrases, α. til heljar, to death; hafðr til heljar, put to death, Grág. i. 34; drepa mann til heljar, 161; bíta e-u til heljar, N. G. L. i. 341; svelta til heljar, to starve to death, Bret. 8; færa e-n til heljar, to slay one, Fms. vi. 166. β. í hel, to death (Dan. i hjel); sofa í hel, to sleep oneself to death, Rb. 356; vella möðkum í hel, 414; berja grjóti í hel, to stone to death, Landn. 236, Eb. 98, Ld. 152, Gísl. 118; berja e-n í hel, Fms. v. 181; drepa e-n í hel, Hbl. 27, Am. 38. III. the ogress Hel, the Proserpine of Scandin. mythol., Edda 18, 37-39, Gm. 31, Vtkv. 3; með Helju, id.; bjóða Helju útlausn, etc., id.; haldi Hel því er hefir, Edda 38 (in a verse): Hel was represented as of a black, livid hue, whence the phrase, blár sem Hel, black as Hel, Nj. 177; blár sem Hel ok digr sem naut, Eb. 314: Heljar-skinn, n. 'Hel-skin,' Black-skin; hann lézk eigi slík Heljarskinn séð hafa, Landn. 121; also as a nickname, id. The inmates of Hel (ghosts called up from below) were supposed to be endowed with a supernatural strength, whence the phrases, heljar-afl, n. strength of Hel, gigantic strength; tók hann þá á sínu heljarafli, Od. ix. 538 (GREEK): heljar-karl, m. a 'hell-carle,' a person of gigantic strength, Fb. i. 212: heljar-maðr, m. (heljar-menni, n.), a man of Hel, like heljar-karl, Ld. 160; er þat jafnan reynt, at heljarmaðrinn er harðr við at eiga, Al. 109; Oddr kvað eigi hógligt við heljarmann þann, en við fjölkyngi móður hans, Fs. 32; ok er íllt at fásk við heljarmanninn, Grett. 134; görðu eigi þat at hætta þér einn undir vápn heljarmannsins, Þorst. S. St. 52; hann er h. ok ván at íllt hljótisk af, Fs. 36; ekki mun heljarmaðr þessi láta hér við lenda, Od. xxii. 70: Heljar-sinnar, m. pl. the champions of Hel, demons, ghosts, Edda (Sksm.) 41; salir Heljar, the halls of Hel, Vsp. 35: cp. also Heljar-grind, f. the gates of Hel; Heljar-meyjar, f. pl. the maids of Hel; Heljar-reip, n. the ropes of Hel, Sól. 37-39; Heljar-rann, n. the hall of Hel, Vtkv. 6; Heljar-diskr, m. the dish of Hel, Edda (Gl.), Sturl. (in a verse); Heljar-epli, n., Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse); Heljar-askr, m. the ash of Hel, Sturl. (in a verse), cp. Vsp. 2. HÉLA, u, f. [Lat. gelu], hoar frost, rime, Hkv. 2. 42, Edda 85, Stj. 292, Barl. 198. COMPDS: hélu-fall, n. a fall of rime, Gísl. 67. hélu-frost, n. a rime frost. hélu-kaldr, adj. rime cold, Sks. 41. hélu-skúr, f. a rime shower, Stj. 292. hélu-þoka, u, f. a rime fog, mist, Sturl. i. 179. héla, d, to be covered with rime, Edda 3; hlýr hélir, Lex. Poët.: part. héldr, icy, poët. epithet of ships, the sea; héldir húfar, hélt haf, Lex. Poët. hel-blár, adj. black as death, Fas. iii. 653. Hel-blindi, a, m. a name of Odin, Edda. HELDR, adv. compar.; superl. HELZT; [Goth. haldis; Dan. heller; Swed. hellre, heller: only Scandin., not being found in the Teut. dialects.] A. COMPAR., I. more, rather: 1. with the particle en (an), rather ..., than; hann var heldr ljótr an góligr, Eluc. 55; kjós hann heldr til en frá, Bs. i. 480; umbeygilega hljóðs-grein heldr en hvassa, Skálda 182; með margföldu atkvæði heldr en einföldu, Sks. 311; hygg ek at heldr hafi hann helvíti en þessi maðr, Fms. vii. 118; vill hón at honum sé eigi frá vísat ... heldr en þeir gefi upp borgina, Fms. i. 157: with a comparative, less than, more than; er þeim sé eigi minni kunnleikr á heldr en nábúum, Grág. ii. 343; bað hann skipa eptir konung-legri miskunn meirr, heldr en eptir hóflausri reiði Amans, Sks. 467. 2. hvart-heldr ..., eða, either ..., or; whether ..., or ...; hvárt sem þat yrði heldr kú ildi eðr vaðmál, Dipl. iv. 13; en nú vitum vér eigi hvárt heldr er, ... eða muntú ..., now we know not which is the case, whether ... or ..., Fms. i. 33: eða being understood, Gunnlaugi kveðsk vel líka hvárt at heldr er, G. said he should be well pleased whatsoever was done, Ísl. ii. 267. 3. at heldr, not merely ..., but rather, all the more, or after a negative, any more; at heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, not merely for two, but I would gladly yield it to you all, Nj. 117; ok þótti ekki hans hefnt at heldr, þótt (the more, though) þetta væri at gört, Ísl. ii. 273; en eigi er at heldr hefnt göfugra frænda várra, Fms. viii. 136, Hm. 95; ok at heldr þótt (even though) þeir væri frjálsir menn, þá væri þeir þó (yet) óbóta-menn, Eg. 737. II. intens. very; systur fríða heldr, a very pretty sister, Hom. 115; heldr hljóðr, heldr fámálugr, Fms. xi. 78; var brúðrin döpr heldr, Nj. 11; þaer vóru málgar ok heldr íllorðar, 66; heldr ertú fámennr, Glúm. 377; tala heldr harðfarliga, Eb. 256; konungr var h. úkátr, Eg. 44; mér er heldr kalt, I am very cold, Orkn. (in a verse); þat mun mál manna, at görð sjá sé heldr skökk, Eg. 738; Þorólfr fýsti heldr uppgöngu, Eg. 242; var þá svá komit deginum, at heldr tók út eyktina, that the hour of eykt was just passing, Fb. i. 192. III. but, on the contrary, Germ. aber, vielmehr, esp. after a negative; eru þat ekki engla nöfn? answer, heldr (no, but) kenningar-nöfn, Eluc. 12; eigi mælir hann svá ..., heldr (but), 40 :-- eigi, ... nema enn heldr, but on the contrary, Stj. 409, 412, 428, 442; hann rak eigi erendi bróður síns, heldr bað hann þeirrar konu sér til handa, Fms. vii. 103; at hyggjandi sinni skylit maðr hræsinn vera, heldr gætinn at geði, Hm. 6; ekki er þat, heldr vill faðir þinn, at ..., Glúm. 379; láta þeir sér þat eigi einhlítt, heldr hafa þeir tekið ..., Ó. H. 32; hæfir þat ekki, ... heldr er yðr þat sæmd, at ..., Fagrsk. ch. 16; með lítilli gleði, heldr með miklu angri, Barl. 144. β. but, Lat. sed, at; Rútr mun ámæla þér í öngu, heldr mun hann biðja at allir geymi þín sem bezt, Nj. 14; eru þeir eigi einir saman í ráða-görð sinni, heldr hafa þeir með sér marga vitra menn, Sks. 313: very freq. in mod. usage, but, þar er hvorki kafald né vetrar-ríki né steypi-regn, heldr ..., Od. ix; öngvar hafa þeir ráðs-samkomur eða lög, heldr búa þeir í víðum hellrum, 112; ekki hafa hjarðmenn þar yfirför, eða akryrkju-menn, heldr er eyin ávalt óbygð af mönnum, 123; ekki bjuggu Lótofagar bana-ráð mönnum mínum, heldr ..., 92; hann vildi ekki aptr snúa ... heldr vildu þeir eptir verða, 95; hann var hið mesta tröll, og ekki menskum manni líkr, heldr skógþöktum tindi hárra fjalla, 191; grát eigi lengr svo ákafliga, freista heldr (but try) ..., Od. iv. 544. IV. with adverbs; ekki heldr, neither; ekki allnærri, og ekki h. mjög langt undan landi, Od. ix. 117; né heldr, nor either; ekki er þar heldr umgangr af veiði-mönnum, neither is there ..., 120; hvorki gróðr-setja þeir nokkra plantan með höndum sínum né heldr (neither) plægja jörðina, 108: ekki ... auk heldr, not to speak of, still less, far less; hann vill ekki ljá mér það, auk heldr gefa, he will not lend it to me, far less give it: hitt-þó-heldr, rather the contrary! proncd. hitt-ó-heldr! ironically, e.g. tarna er fallegt, hittó-heldr, how fine, or rather the contrary! i.e. what a shame! with adverb. datives, öngu heldr, no more; öllu heldr, miklu heldr, much sooner. B. SUPERL., I. soonest; hefi ek þat helzt í hug mér, Nj. 21; kunnu þeir þat helzt at segja til Ástríðar, at ..., Fms. i. 68; þeir þykkjask nú helzt menn, Nj. 66: most, nú er þetta fylskni helzt, 133; sem ek veit sannast ok réttast ok helzt at lögum, Grág. i. 75. 2. freq. in mod. usage, soonest, best, most, Germ. am liebsten, am besten; eg vildi það helzt, það væri helzt reynanda. II. with adverbs; einkum helzt, especially; þeir er Guði þjóna einkum helzt, 625. 165; hóti helzt, nökkvi helzt; þeir áttu hóti helzt sér nokkura kosti í fémunum, Ísl. ii. 134; ok þat hefir hann nökkvi helzt, er Búi mælir fyrir honum, Fms. xi. 78; þá hafði nú helzt nökkut munr á fengizt, Edda 32; allra h., above all; allra helzt í lögum, Skálda 162; hvar helzt, wheresoever, Hom. III. helzti or hölzti, with an adjective, very much, very, often with the notion of far too; hölzti varr, Fms. viii. 91; hölzti nær oss! Eb. 133; hölzti vaskligir, Al. 37; hann létzk við hölzti mikinn hraustleik, 41; ok kvað Guðrúnu hölzti gott at vefja honum at höfði sér, Ld. 188, cp. Fms. ii. 255; helzti fáráðir, Fær. 37; helzti lengi (far too long) hefir svá farit, Fms. vi. 393; þér sitið heima ok látið vænliga, ok eruð æ hölzti margir, Ld. 216; Þórólfr kvað þræl þann helzti auðgan, Eb. 154; hölzti miklir úgæfu-menn, Nj. 191; hölzti höfum vér verit auðtrygg, Fas. i. 531; þyki mér nú sú ræða helzti löng orðin, Sks. 352; ok er þér hvárr-tveggi helzti góðr, Fms. i. 75; kvað konung hölzti lengi þar hafa kropit um lyng, Hkr. iii. 376. heldri, adj. compar. the better; and helztr, superl. the best, foremost; í heldra lagi, in high degree, Fms. ix. 262, Alex. 92; í heldrum lögum, id., Fas. iii. 551; þykkir mönnum sá helztr kostr, the best choice, Hkr. ii. 76; finnsk mér þat ráð helzt til ..., the best step to be taken methinks is ..., Fb. i. 83; beztrar vináttu ok helztrar, of the best friendship and truest, Bs. i. 708; er einn hefir verit helztr lendra manna í Noregi, Eb. 334: in mod. usage, heldra fólk, heldri menn, better sort of people, gentle folk, opp. to almúgi; heldri manna börn, and the like: helztu menn, the best men. helfingr or helfningr, m., D. N.; vide helmingr. Hel-fíkr, m. = helgráðr, Fas. i. 385. helft, f. [hálfr], a half, D. N., Landn. 218, v.l. (paper MS.), freq. in mod. usage: behalf, H. E. ii. 41. hel-fúss, adj. eager for death, Akv. 43. hel-för, f. 'Hel-faring,' death, burial, Blas. 44. HELGA, að, hælga, a Norse form, Bret. 34, 96, [heilagr], to make holy, hallow, sanctify: I. a law term, to appropriate land or the like, by performing some sacred rites: komit hefi ek nú eldi á Þverárland ok er helgat landit Einari syni mínum, Glúm. 391; hann skaut yfir ana með tundr-öru ok helgaði sér svá landit fyrir vestan, Landn. 193; hann gerði eld mikinn við hvern vatns-ós ok helgaði sér svá allt hérað, 207; svá helguðu þeir sér allan Öxarfjörð, 234 (interesting): to adjudicate to one, hét hann því at h. Þór allt landnám sitt ok kenna við hann, Landn. 97; hann görði þar hof mikit ok helgaði Þór (dat.), id.; Ásbjörn helgaði landnám sitt Þór ok kallaði Þórs-mörk, 280: hence in mod. usage, helga sér e-ð, to prove a thing to be one's own, make one's right to a thing good, e.g. hann skal hafa það ef hann getr helgað sér það, he shall have it if he can prove it to be his, e.g. M. N. er fundinn, ... réttr eigandi má helga sér og vitja, Þjóðólfr, passim of property lost and found. β. helga sik, to clear oneself of a charge; þóat hinn helgi sik með heimiliskviðar-vitni, N. G. L. ii. 69. γ. helga þing, h. leið to proclaim solemnly the sanctity of a meeting, fixing the pale or bounds (þinghelgi, q.v.); goði sá er þinghelgi á, hann skal þar þing helga enn fyrsta aptan, Grág. i. 100; með þessum orðum ok þingmörkum helguðu langfeðgar hans alþingi, Landn. (App.) 335; Glúmr átti ok at helga haustþing, Glúm.

HELGALDR -- HEMND. 255

394; hann sendi Þórð at helga Þverár-leið, Sturl. iii. 169; leið skal svá h. jafnt sem þing; á leið helgaðri, Grág. i. 122, Band. 2. of a person (in acc.), to proclaim a person's inviolability; ek helgaða þik á Þingskálaþingi, Nj. 99 (of an outlawed person); hann keypti at Þormóði, at hann helgaði Örn, Landn. 288, i.e. to make out that an outlaw had been slain within a bowshot (örskots-helgi), he being inviolable (heilagr) within that distance. 3. in mod. usage, to protect by law; helga varp, æðarfugl, etc., = friða, q.v. II. eccl. to hallow, sanctify; helga þú þá í þínum sannleika, John xvii. 17; fyrir þá helga eg sjálfan mig, svo að þeir sé og helgaðir í sannleikanum, 19, Ephes. v. 26, 1 Thess. v. 23, Hebr. xiii. 12, 1 Pet. iii. 15; meðal þeirra sem helgaðir verða, Acts xx. 32; helgat fyrir Heilagan Anda, Rom. xv. 16; þér eruð helgaðir, þér eruð réttlátir, 1 Cor. vi. 11, passim; hvort er meira? gullit eða musterit hvert er helgar gullit, ... eða altarið það sem offrit helgar? Matth. xxiii. 17, 19. III. reflex. to be sanctified, Hom. 96, Fms. iv. 111; helgisk og styrkisk þessar hendr, Fms. viii. 26. hel-galdr, m. a death-dirge, Fbr. 24. helgan (helgun), f. sanctification, Hom. 160, Mar. 13, Stj. 141, 149, 1 Cor. i. 30, 1 Thess. iv. 3, 2 Thess. ii. 13, Pass. 24. 2: sacramentum, þessar helganir, skírn ok ferming, K. Á. 20: consecration, h. holds ok blóðs várs Herra Jesu Christi, H. E. i. 463. Hel-genginn, part. 'Hel-gone,' dead, Eg. (in a verse). helgi, f., I. a law term, security, inviolability; nema honum væri helgi meiri mælt en fjörbaugs-manni, Grág. i. 98; engir hundar eigu helgi á sér, ii. 119; hann skal segja til þess í þingbrekku hverja helgi hann leggr á, 267; ú-helgi, loss or forfeiture of one's personal security, i.e. outlawry; frið-helgi, security; mann-helgi, sacredness of the person: also in a local sense, a holy place, sanctuary; örskots-helgi, sanctuary within bowshot; þing-helgi, the holy boundary of a meeting within the pale fixed in the formulary, helga þing; fisk-helgi, the limits within which the right of jetsum is valid, thus a whale is recorded to have been found outside fisk-helgi, Þjóðólfr, July 28, 1869, p. 162. II. holiness, sanctity, 625. 12, Bs. passim, Hkr. ii. 371; helgi Ólafs konungs, Fb. ii. 359, passim. COMPDS: helgi-dagr, m. a holiday. helgi-dómr, m. a halidom, sanctuary, N. T. helgi-hald, n. holiday-keeping, N. G. L. i. 348, Valla L. 213, Fb. ii. 232. helgi-spjöll, n. pl. = helgibrot. helgi-staðr, m. a holy place, Eb. 12, Edda 10, Landn. 98. Helgi, a, m. (Norse form Hœlgi), the Holy, a pr. name; as also Helga, u, f., Landn. helgr, f., dat. and acc. helgi, pl. helgar, [Swed. helg], a holiday, feast, the Sabbath; hann vildi eigi berjask um Jólin fyrir sakir helgar, Fms. vii. 183; hefsk sú helgr þváttdag, K. Á. 152; halda Jóla-helgi, id.; hringja til helgar, to ring the bells at a feast, Ó. H. 118; Sunnudags-h., Páska-h., Jóla-h., Hvítasunnu-h.; eptir helgina, after the Sabbath, Orkn. 268. COMPDS: helgar-brigði, n. = helgibrot, Valla L. 209. helgar-brot (helgi-brot, K. Á. 174), n. Sabbath-breaking, N. G. L. i. 371. helgar-friðr, m. a holiday-truce, Fms. vii. 32. hel-gráðr, m. voracity betokening death (in the case of one who is fey), Fas. i. 372 (in a paraphrase from a poem); cp. hel-hungr, Ivar Aasen. Hel-grindr, f. pl. the gates of Hel, Edda. HELLA, u, f., gen. hellna, Bs. i. 204, [hallr, m.; Swed. häll], a flat stone, slate, Þórð. 36 new Ed., Fs. 66, Fms. viii. 9, xi. 241, Orkn. 246: a table-land of rocks, leiddum síðan skipit upp á hellurnar, Fms. xi. 241; þar ól Þóra barn uppi á hellunni, Hkr. i. 118, (Hákonar-hella, the name of a place); sumt féll á hellu ok þornaði, Hom. Matth. xiii. 5; hjálpar-h., rock of salvation; hneyxlunar-h., rock of offence, Rom. ix. 33; þvíat þat var grundvallat á hellu, Matth. vii. 25: a tablet of stone ( = steintafla), Ver. 22; gull-hella, q.v.: a local name, Landn.; also Hellu-land, n. the Polar-land north and east of Greenland. 2. metaph. medic. of a tumour, hard to the touch; var þrotinn hlaupinn sundr í þrjár hellur, Bs. i. 178. COMPDS: hellna-grjót, n. slate stones, Bs. l.c. hellu-berg, n. a slate quarry. hellu-bjarg, n. a slate rock. hellu-flaga, u, f. a thin slate. Hellu-flagi, a, m. id., a nickname, Landn. hellu-hnoðri, a, m., botan. the biting stone-crop, sedum acre, Hjalt. hellu-nám, n. a slate quarry, Vm. 36. hellu-steinn, m. a flat stone, slab, Eg. 181, 579, Þorf. Karl. 428, Vápn. 4, Fas. ii. 238: a rock, Matth. vii. 24. HELLA, t, [halla], to pour out water or the like, with dat.; hella vatni, etc., Grág. i. 129, 133, K. Þ. K. 12, 623. 54; h. silfri yfir höfuð e-m, Fms. vi. 375; h. í kné e-m, Fbr. 33; var hellt í þik mjólk, milk was poured into thy mouth, Fms. vi. 32; hella út, to pour out, spill, Fs. 147; h. e-u niðr, to spill, Al. 55; h. út tárum, to shed tears, 623. 17; h. út blóði, to shed blood, Blas. 47, Nj. 272, Sks. 782; h. í sik, to gulp, guzzle (vulgar), Fas. i. 296. 2. reflex., hellask fram, to be poured forth, to rush forth, Rb. 438. helling, f. pouring, shedding; blóðs út-helling, bloodshed. hellin-hagra, u, f. a kind of thyme, Hjalt. HELLIR, m., gen. hellis, pl. hellar, (mod. pl. hellrar, hellrum, etc., vide Gramm.): [akin to hallr] :-- a cave (in rocks), Orkn. 4, 28, Fs. 66, 73, Grág. ii. 131, 134, Fms. vii. 81, Grett.; hann fór upp til hellisins Surts (mod. Surts-hellir) ok færði þar drápu þá, er hann hafði ort um jötuninn í hellinum, Landn. 199, (nauta-hellir, Bs. i. 320,) passim. COMPDS: hellis-berg (-bjarg, Grett. 164), n. a cavernous rock, Fms. x. 174, Fas. iii. 401. hellis-búi, a, m. a 'cave-dweller,' a giant. hellis-dyrr, f. pl. the doors of a cave, Fms. i. 211, vii. 82, 83, Orkn. 428. hellis-gluggi, a, m. the window of a cave, Fas. iii. 413. hellis-gólf, n. the floor of a cave, Fas. iii. 414. hellis-menn, m. pl. cave-men, outlaws, Landn. 61, 67, 182. Hellismanna-saga, u, f. the story of the cave-men, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 300 sqq., cp. also 104 sqq. hellis-munni, a, m. the mouth of a cave, Orkn. 428, Fb. i. 245. hellis-skúti, a, m. a jutting cave, Glúm. 363, Eb. 206, Bret. 104, Fas. ii. 354, Grett. 101, Stj. 124. II. in local names, Hellis-dalr, m., Hellis-fitjar, f. pl., Hellis-hraun, n., Hellis-ey, f., Hellis-fjörðr, m., Orkn., Landn.: Hellis-firðingar, m. pl. helli-skúr, f. a pouring shower, helli-rumba, helli-demba, u, f. id. helma, u, f. [hálmr], a haulm, straw, Stj. 397 (ax-helma). helminga, að, to halve a thing, Karl. 56. helmingr, m. and helming, f., Grág. ii. 370; helfingr, Anecd. 102; helfuingr, D. I. i. 280, [hálfr] :-- a half, Nj. 189, Fms. i. 22, Anecd. 102; at helmingi, by half, Nj. 98, Fms. vi. 183, Grág. i. 171, D. I. l.c.; skipta til helmingar, to share in two equal portions, Grág. ii. 370; or skipta í helminga, id., Fms. viii. 43. COMPDS: helmings-auki or helmingar-auki, a, m. a doubling, N. G. L. i. 328, Fms. viii. 270. helmings-ávöxtr, m. id., N. G. L. i. 328. helmingar-félag, n. a law term, a joint company with equal rights (e.g. between husband and wife), Nj. 3, Ld. 164, Sturl. ii. 83. helmings-kaup, n. a bargain by way of helmingarfélag; jörð er fallit hafði henni (the widow) í h. eptir Skapta bónda sinn, Dipl. v. 7. II. poët. a host, Lex. Poët, passim, Edda (Gl.) hel-nauð, f. = helstríð, Lex. Poët. hel-pallr, m. the daïs of Hel, Lex. Poët. hel-reið, f. 'Hel-ride,' name of a poem, Sæm. HELSI, n. [háls], a collar, Grág. ii. 119, Hkr. i. 136, Þiðr. 16, Korm. helsingr, m. the barnacle or tree-goose, so called from its white collar (helsi), anas erithropus L., Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin. 548: a nickname, Fms. iv. 314. UNCERTAIN For the popular tales of this bird see Max Müller's Lectures, 2nd Series. Helsingjar, m. pl. the name of the people of Helsingja-land in Sweden, Ó. H. hel-skór, m. pl. 'Hel-shoes,' put on the dead to enable them to walk to Hel; for this heathen burial rite see Gísl. 24 (107). hel-sótt, f. [Dan. helsot], the last sickness, Grág. i. 201. hel-stafir, m. pl., poët. baneful characters, Hkv. Hjörv. hel-stríð, n. the death-strife, last agony, Greg. 31; hann bað Gest at hann legði ráð til at föður hans bættisk helstríð, er hann bar um Ögmund son sinn, Landn. 146; þá féllu honum þau (the tidings) svá nær at hann dó af helstríði, Fær. 371. heltask, t, [haltr], to become halt, Fas. iii. 204, freq. helti, f. lameness, Bs. ii. 184, Hm. 86 (Bugge). hélug-barði, a, m. a 'hoary-prow,' poët. a ship, Edda (Gl.): of a horse, Nj. (in a verse). hélugr, adj. [héla], hoary, Lex. Poët., freq. Hel-vegr, m. 'Hel-way,' the way to Hel (Hades), Edda, Fas. i. 333: mythol., Sæm. 156 (Helr, prose). hel-víti, n. [from A. S. hellewite, whence Swed. helvete, Dan. helvede, prop. the fine (víti) of Hel. q.v.] :-- hell, the abode of the damned, Stj., Rb., N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim, but only in Christian writers; it appears first in Hallfred. COMPDS: helvítis-búi, a, m. an inmate of hell, Niðrst. 4, 5. helvítis-byrgi, n. pl. the gates of hell, Rb. 380. helvítis-eldr, m. hell-fire, Hom. 35. helvítis-kvalir, f. pl. hell-torments, Nj. 273, Hom. 35. helvítis-logi, a, m. the low (flame) of hell, Al. 154. helvítis-maðr, m. a man doomed to hell, Bs. i. 111. helvítis-myrkr, n. hell-darkness, Post. helvítis-pína (-pinsl, -písl), u, f. 'hell-pine,' hell-torments, Stj., Hom. helvítis-virki, n. the stronghold of hell, Niðrst. 107. hel-vízkr, adj. hellish, infernal, cursed, Th. 16. hel-vænn, adj. fast sinking, = banvænn, Jb. 324 B. hem, n. [him, Ivar Aasen, and North. E. ime = a hoar frost], a thin film of ice. hema, að, impers. to be covered with rime; það hemaði ekki á poll. hemill, m., prob. a leg-tether, only used in the phrase, hafa hemil á e-m, to restrain one. hemingr, m. (hömungr, N. G. L. ii. 511), [höm = a shank], the skin of the shanks of a hide; eigi vilda ek sjá þá húð er þú ert einn h. af, Fb. iii. 405; in N. G. L. i. 208 referring to a curious old ceremony of adoption :-- the adopted son himself and his nearest heirs were to put their feet into a shoe made from the skin of the right leg of a three years old ox, cp. Ruth iv. 7, and Deut. xxv. 9. II. a pr. name, Fb. iii, prob. derived from this mode of adoption. HEMJA, hamdi, to restrain one, hold one back from roving about, freq. in mod. usage; eg gat ekki hamið þær, I could not hold them together; óhemjandi, unruly; cp. also óhemja, a wild and furious person. hemlir, m. a kind of boat, Edda (Gl.) hemnd, f. revenge, and hemna, að, vide hefnd, hefna.

256 HEMPA -- HÉR.

hempa, u, f. [hampr], a priest's gown; missa hempuna, to be unfrocked, forfeit one's priesthood. hempu-lauss, adj. without a priest's gown. HENDA, d, mod. henti, [Old Engl. hente, to seize; cp. hönd], to catch with the hand: 1. to catch; hann kastaði heininni í lopt upp, en allir vildu henda, Edda 48; hann lék at þremr handsöxum senn, ok hendi æ meðal-kaflann, Fms. ii, 169; Grímr hafði þá hent böllinn, Eg. 189; en hón hendi allar með hváptunum, Fb. i. 530. 2. to pick up or out, of sheep, deer, etc.; hann var verra at henda en aðra sauði, Ísl. ii. 330; menn fóru ok vildu henda skjarra sauði, Bs. i. 330, Fms. vii. 218; h. svín, Fs. 26; h. hrein í fjalli, Hm. 89: in pursuing one, en er Egill hafði hent þá sem hann vildi, Eg. 300; þeir hendu þræiana enn fleiri, 596; hendu þá hvárir menn fyrir öðrum, Fms. viii. 168; hann lét eigi henda börn á spjóta-oddum sem þá var víkingum títt, Landn. 308; hann hendi þá sker frá skeri þau er á leiðinni vóru (of one swimming), Fbr. 183; þessir stafir göra allt mál ok hendir málit ýmsa, Skálda 172; fara eptir sem vér skerum akrinn, ok henda (to pick up, glean) ef nokkut stendr eptir, eðr fýkr frá oss, Stj. 422; henda mula, to pick up crumbs, Mkv.: with prep., h. saman, to pick up and put together; h. saman orð, to compound words, Anecd. 1, Sks. 637. II. metaph., 1. phrases, henda e-t augum, to catch with the eyes, Fms. v. 140; h. reiður á e-u, to take notice of, Nj. 133; h. mörk af e-u, to draw an inference from a thing, Sks. 498; h. mið á eu, to observe; spakir menn henda á mörgu mið, the wise catch many things true, a saying, Fs. 140; henda griplur til e-s, to fumble after a thing, Eluc. 22; henda til smátt ok stórt, to pick up small and great alike, look closely after, Glúm. 390; henda smátt, to pick up every grain, to keep one's ears and eyes open; hér er maðr á glugganum, hann er vanr að h. smátt, og hylja sig í skugganum, a ditty; h. gaman at e-u, to take interest in a thing; hann var gleðimaðr mikill ok hendi at mörgu gaman, 385; hann hendi skemtan at sögum ok kvæðum, ok at öllum strengleikum, ok hljóðfærum, Bs. i. 109; h. atvinnu af e-u, to live away from a thing, Fs. 143; h. sakir á e-m, to pick up charges against one (cp. Engl. to pick a quarrel), Lv. 40. 2. to touch, concern one; þú sagðir tíðindi þau er mik taka henda, í aftöku frænda míns, Fms. vi. 370; en mik taka henda (not enda) þung mein, Edda 94 (in a verse); skal ek sjá um fémál hans ok þat annat er hann (acc.) tekr at henda, and whatsoever concerns him, Nj. 5; tíðindi þau er bæði okkr henda, Fs. 10. 3. e-n hendir e-t, to be caught in, be overtaken by a sin, by ill luck, or the like; mik hefir hent mart til afgerða við Guð, I have happened to commit many sins against God, Fms. vii. 108; þá hafði hent glæpska mikil, they had committed great folly, Ó. H. 232, Fb. ii. 233; ef hana hefir fyrr slíkr glæpr hent, N. G. L. i. 233; mun engi sá hafa verit er jafnmikit happ hefir hent sem hann (acc.), Fms. vi. 328; hvat íllt sem mik hendir, Fs. 93; hann kvað þat dugandi menn henda (it happened to brave men) at falla í bardögum, 39; sú skömm skal oss aldregi henda, Fms. xi. 270; má, at hana hendi eigi slík úgipta annat sinn, Nj. 23: sometimes, but less correctly, used impers., the thing in acc., hverja skyldu þá henti at (how they were committed to) taka við konungi, Fms. viii. 238, v.l., cp. þá skömm ( = sjá), Eg. 237; glæp mikinn, Fms. v. 113 (but nom. Ó. H. v.l.), iv. 367 (but nom. Fb. l.c.), cp. also Stj. 454 (v.l.), 471. III. recipr. to bandy; hendusk heiptyrði, Am. 86. B. To fling, throw, with dat.; it seems not to occur in old writers, (for in Anal. 193 the original vellum Fb. iii. 405 reads hann 'skýtr'); but freq. in mod. usage, hann sveiflaði honum (the stone) í kring og henti, Od. ix. 538; thus tvíhenda, to hurl with both hands: reflex., hendask, to throw oneself forward, rush forward, to dart; hendast ór háa lopti. henda, u, f., metric. a metre, in compds, Aðal-henda, Dun-h., Lið-h., Skjálf-h., Rún-h., all names of metres defined in Edda (Ht.) 121 sqq. hendi-langr, adj.; vera e-m h., to be one's hand-servant, cp. Dan. haandlanger = Lat. calo; allt þat lið er biskupi var hendi-langt, Sturl. ii. 49; þeir skyldi honum fylgja ok vera honum hendi-langir bæði um þjónustu ok svá ef hann vildi þá senda, Hkr. ii. 80, cp. 283 (in a verse). hending, f. a catching, in the phrase, var í hendingum með þeim, they came to close quarters, of pursuit, Sturl. ii. 66; varð hann skjótastr ok var þá í hendingum með þeim Sveini, Orkn. 336, Grett. 136 new Ed. 2. adverb. hendingum, by chance; veita ansvör sem hendingum væri, Barl. 143; whence the mod. af hendingu, by hap, by chance, cp. Dan. hændelse = a chance, hap. II. metric. rhymes; the ancient double rhymes were both placed in the same line, so as to 'catch' one another: distinction is made between an aðal-henda (a full rhyme) and a skot-henda (a half rhyme), thus in Fastorðr skyli fyrða | fengsæll vera þengill, -- 'orð fyrð' are half rhymes, 'feng þeng' full rhymes; the first rhyming syllable in the verse (as orð feng) was called frum-hending, head-rhyme, the second (as fyrð þeng) viðr-hending, after-rhyme; if the head-rhyme (as feng in the second verse line above) was placed as the initial syllable it was called odd-hending, edge-rhyme; if in the middle (as orð in the first line), hlut-hending, chance-rhyme, see Edda (Ht.) 121, Skálda 178; the phrase jafnháfar hendingar refers to the final consonants, Fms. vi. 386, Skálda 190: end rhymes, as in mod. poetry, were called Run-henda (or Rím-henda?), but they are extremely rare in old poets: alternate end rhymes began to appear in the Rímur or Rhapsodies of the 14th century, and since that time in hymns; β. verses gener.; mælti hann (Odin) allt hendingum, svá sem nú er þat kveðit er skáldskapr heitir, Hkr. (Yngl. S.) 10: in mod. usage hending often means the line of a verse or stanza, and hence poët. verses; héðan fagna eg hendingar heim að senda yðr, Núm. 8. 8: names of metres, odd-hending, al-h., used differently from the old sense. COMPDS: hendingar-laust, n. adj. blank verse, Edda 138, Skálda 192. hendingar-orð, n. a rhyming syllable, Edda 134. hendinga-skipti, n. change of rhyme, Edda 129. hendi-samr, adj. picking (i.e. thievish), Glúm. 364. hendr, adj. only in compds: I. mod., fagr-hentr, fair-handed; harð-h., hard-handed; lag-h., handy, etc. II. metric. in this or that metre; neut. al-hent, skot-hent, hryn-hent, draug-hent, ná-hent, hnugg-hent, stúf-hent; or masc., háttr being understood, skot-hendr, dett-hendr, rún-hendr háttr, etc.: see Edda (Ht.), where these metres are defined. hengi-, a prefix, hanging: hengi-flug, n. a precipice: hengi-kjöftr, m. hang-jaw, name of a giant, Edda (Gl.): hengi-skafl, m. a jutting heap of snow, Bs. i. 640: hengi-tjöld, n. hangings, Jm. 21: hengi-vakr, m. a kind of bird, prob. the kittywake: hengi-vígskörð, n. pl. jutting ramparts, Sks. 417. hengill, m. a pendulum, (mod.) 2. name of an overhanging mountain, a beetling crag: also Hengla-fjöll, n. pl., Fb. iii. 559: hengil-mæna, u, f. a 'droop-chine,' laggard: hengil-mænulegr, adj.; hengilmænu-skapr, m. HENGJA, d, [hanga], to hang up, suspend, Sks. 406, Am. 5: to hang (on a gallows), Grág. ii. 131, Fms. passim; h. sik, to hang oneself, Landn. 64: pass., Hom. 23: phrases, h. hálsinn, to hang the neck, Fbr. 52; h. höfuðit, to hang the head, Bs. ii. 178. henta, t, (mod. hentaði, hentar, Fb. i. 434, Trist. 14, Ísl. ii. 12), [an iter. from henda], to fit: eigi hentir svá, it will not do so, Nj. 4; sárum mönnum hentir betr mjólk en mungat, Fms. iv. 82, 147; ok miklu á leið koma því er þar hentar til, Ísl. ii. 12; hentar annat en dvelja við, Trist. henti-liga, adv. in fitting manner, Grett. 100 A. henti-ligr, adj. befitting, Fms. v. 346, Grett. 111 A, H. E. ii. 201. henti-semi, f. convenience, opportunity. hent-leikr, m. opportunity, Bs. i. 218. hentr, adj. fit, suited for one; eigi eru mér fjárleitir hentar, Nj. 26, Grett. 23 new Ed.; hvat er þér hentast at vinna? Nj. 54, Fms. i. 127; er slíkum mönnum bezt hent þar, there is the right place for such men, Orkn. 322. hentug-leikr, m. opportunity, Fb. iii. 254. hentug-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), fitly. hentugr, adj. befitting, convenient, Ísl. ii. 13, Fb. i. 209; ó-hentugr. heppi-fengr, adj. making a good catch, Grett. 138 A. heppi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), fortunate; ó-heppilegr. HEPPINN, adj. [happ, cp. Engl. happy], lucky, Symb. 14, Grett. 90 new Ed., Fb. i. 541; orð-h., ready-tongued. heppnast, að, [Engl. happen], to have good luck, freq. in mod. usage. heppni, f. good luck, freq. heppnis-maðr, m. a lucky man. HEPTA, better hefta, t, [hapt or haft], to bind, fetter, Grág. ii. 131; h. hross (hesta), to tether a horse, i. 383, Glúm. 368, Fs. 5, Vápn. (Ný Fél. xxi. 123): metaph. to hinder, impede, h. ferð (för) e-s, Lv. 76, Grág. ii. 110: to hold back, restrain, Fær. 229, Nj. 141; h. fyrir e-m, id., Grett. 134 A: in the saying, íllt er flýjanda at hepta, Fms. ix. 370, cp. Sturl. iii. 23; en lendir menn heptu þá, Fms. ix. 389; vera heptr, to be hindered, iv. 132: h. sik, to restrain oneself, forbear; at þú hept þik at (forbear) héðan af at glepja Þuríði, Eb. 252; hann bað Jökul h. sik (be quiet), Fs. 37, Karl. 54: reflex. to be thwarted, heptisk ferð þeirra, Fms. x. 291, Fs. 4; ok heptusk Skotar við þat, 120. hepti, n. [Germ. heft], the haft or hilt of a dirk, Gísl. 18, Fas. i. 56, ii. 358, Eb. 250, cp. Grett. 153 new Ed., Landn. 248. hepti-sax, n. a kind of dagger, Grett. 141; knífa-h., Sks. 127. II. [Germ. heft; Dan. hefte], a part, fasciculus of a book, (mod.) hepting, f. a tether, Gþl. 395: tethering, freq.: impediment, Sturl. iii. 220. HÉR, adv. (spelt hier, Greg. 79), [Ulf. her = GREEK, hirjiþ = GREEK, hidre = GREEK; A. S. he; Engl. here; Germ. hier; Dan. her; the long root vowel indicates a contraction, cp. heðra, Engl. hither] :-- here; mun þín sæmd þar meiri en hér, Nj. 10; á landi hér, in this county here, Íb. 5, 12, 14-16; as also, hér í sveit, hér í bæ, hér á þingi, etc., hér í héraði, Fs. 33; þeir vildu eigi vesa hér við heiðna menn, Íb. 4; vetri fyrr en Kristni væri hér lögtekin, 15; mönnum hér, people here, 10; áðr vóru hér slík lög of þat sem í Noregi, 13; hér út, out here, i.e. here in Iceland, Grág. i. 215; hér ok hvar, here and there, Fms. ix. 362, Sks. 192, Fs.; hér eru nú höfðingjar margir á þingi, Nj. 3. 2. for hither, cp. Engl. come here! nú er hann hér kominn, Niðrst. 6; fyrr en Kristni kom hér á Ísland, Íb. 9; margir þeir er hér koma, Fs. 100; hér eru ok tignarklæði er hón sendi þér, Nj. 6; er þér hér nú minja-griprinn, 203. II. metaph. here, in this case; hér er þó betr á komit, Nj. 91; mun hér ok svá, 76. 2. with prep.; hér af, here-from, henceforth; at þú mundir unna öllum hér af góðs hlutar, Ld. 206; en þó man hér hljótask af margs manns bani, -- mun nokkut hér minn bani af hljótask, Nj. 90: hér at, með öðru fleira gabbi er þeir görðu hér at, Sturl. i. 155, Fs. 9: hér eptir, hereafter, Fms. ix. 313; according to this, hér

HÉRALINN -- HEREMITI. 257

eptir mun ek velja kvæðis-launin, vi. 217, x. 177: hér fyrir, for this, therefore, Fas. ii. 125; hér til, hitherto, Fms. vi. 279, viii. 92, x. 337: hér um, in this, of this, as regards this, Stj. 524, Dipl. v. 22; er þú ert svá þráhaldr á þínu máli hér um, Fms. i. 305: hér á (í) mot, again, in return, Dipl. ii. 12, v. 2. B. COMPDS: hér-alinn, part. 'here-born,' in-born, N. G. L. i. 84. hér-kváma, u, f. arrival, Fms. i. 281. hér-lands, adv. here in this county. hérlands-maðr, m. a native of this county, Hkr. ii. 266. hér-lendr, adj. native, home-made, Pm. 109. hér-lenzkr, adj. from this county, native of this county, Fms. i. 78, x. 226, Gþl. 87, Stj. hér-na, see below. hér-rænn, adj. = hérlenzkr, N. G. L. ILLEGIBLE. 88. hér-villa, u, f. superstition; see heimskr: hérvillu-ligr, adj. hér-vist, f. dwelling here, Fms. vii. 26, Fas. i. 182; h. Drottins, the Lord's life on earth, 625. 92. HÉRAÐ or hierat, n., pl. héruð or héröð, spelt hieroþ in the vellum, 656 C. 9, 673 A. 53, and in O. H. L. Cod. Upsal. hærað, see p. 113: [hérað is undoubtedly derived from herr (A. S. here), a host, and not from hér, here; the long vowel (é) is prob. caused by the characteristic j in her-r (herj-); so that hierað (hérað), through the after effect of the i sound, stands for heriað; cp. Dan. herred, Swed. härad: the Old Engl. and Scot. law term heriot may also be connected with the Scandin. word, in which case the original sense of hérað might be a tax to be paid to the lord in lieu of military service: the inflex. -að is derived from auðr, óðal, as has been suggested by the old commentators, e.g. Björn á Skarðsá] :-- a county, district: 1. in Sweden esp. the word had and still has a fixed legal sense, county, jurisdiction, or the like, cp. Swed. härads-höfding = justice of peace, härads-ting = assize, härads-fogde = bailiff: so in local names, e.g. Dan. Thy-herred in Jutland, Kvenna-hérað, Vetta-h., in Norway, Hálfs. S., Fb. iii. 2. in Norway hérað, country, was usually opp. to bær, town, and answers to Icel. sveit in mod. usage; í bæ ok í héraði, D. N. iii. 35, 101; hérað eðr kaupstaði, Fms. vii. 187; í héraði né í kaupangi, N. G. L. ii. 39; allt þat er í kaupangi er gört þá skal þat at kaupangrs-rétti sækja, en allt þat er í héraði er gört millum héraðs-manna ok bíar-manna, þá skal þat allt at héraðs-rétti sækja, N. G. L. ii. 88 and passim; ef maðr á hús í kaupangi en bæ í héraði, id.; cp. héraðs-dómr, -höldr, -kirkja, -menn, -prestr, -réttr, -þing, etc., below. 3. in Icel. the sense varies, but is for the most part merely geographical, a district, valley, fjord, country, as bordered by mountains or within the same river-basin; thus the Skaga-fjörðr, Eyja-fjördr are each a hérað, and the former is specially so called, see Sturl. passim, Grett. 153 (hann sendi þegar eptir mönnum upp í Hérað); whence Héraðs-vötn, n. pl. Herad water, a river of that county, Landn.; so Fljótsdals-hérað, in the east of Icel., Hrafn. 2, 3; cp. þeir riðu ór héraði, Sturl. iii. 158; ef maðr ríðr um fjöll þau er vatnföll deilir af á millum héraða, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 61, 65; í héraði því (dale) er Reykja-dalr heitir, Sturl. i. 130. β. gener. a neighbourhood; Gunnarr reið um héraðit at bjóða mönnum, Nj. 49. 4. generally a district; í Svíþjóð eru stór héruð mörg, Hkr. i. 5; í héraði því er Mesopotamia heitir, 623. 52; fjarlæg héruð, Fms. x. 374; sam-héraðs, within the same district; utan-héraðs, outside the district; innan-h., inside, passim; í öllum héruðum Gyðinga, 656 C. 9; í héraði því er á Fjóni heitir, Fms. xi. 43; Galilea-hérað, Campania-h., Cappadokia-h., Post., etc. B. COMPDS: héraðs-bóndi, a, m. a franklin, Eg. 516, Sturl. iii. 259. héraðs-bót, f. a bettering the affairs of a district, Lv. 45, Fs. 51 (where = mod. landhreinsun). héraðs-brestr, m., for the pun see Glúm. 375. héraðs-bygð, f. a county and its people, Lv. 49, Sturl. iii. 81. héraðs-deild, f. a county quarrel, Sturl. ii. 154. héraðs-dómr, m. a county court, Grág. i. 117, 452. héraðs-fleygr, adj. (-fleyttr, N. G. L. i. 352), rumoured abroad, of news; þá eru sakir héraðfleygjar er meiri hlutr hefir spurt þingheyjanda í þeim hrepp er sakir koma upp ok hyggi menn at satt sé, Grág. ii. 101. héraðs-flótti, a, m. flight or exile from a district, Korm. 48. héraðs-fundr, m. a county assize, Nj. 120, Sturl. iii. 160. héraðs-færsla, u, f. a passing on the poor from one district to another, Grág. i. 229. héraðs-hæfr, adj. = héraðsvært, N. G. L. ii. 454. héraðs-höfðingi, a, m. a chieftain, = goði (q.v.), Eb. 156, Fs. 80; cp. yfirmaðr héraðs, 4. héraðs-höldr, m. a Norse term, a country franklin ( =Icel. sveitabóndi), Fagrsk. ch. 16. héraðs-íseta, u, f. = héraðsvist, Sturl. iii. 260. héraðs-kirkja, u, f. a parish church (Norse), N. G. L. i. 344, Fms. x. 153. héraðs-kona, u, f. a woman of the county (Norse), N. G. L. i. 234. héraðs-konungr, m. a kinglet, Hkr. i. 46. héraðs-lýðr, m. people of the district, 625. 72. héraðs-menn, m. pl. men of the district, Grág. i. 253; in Norse sense country-people, as opp. to bæjarmenn, town-people, Gþl. 264, N. G. L. ii. 88, passim. héraðs-prestr, m. a parish priest, N. G. L. i. 346. héraðs-réttr, m. = héraðsdómr, N. G. L. ii. 88. héraðs-riddari, a, m. a knight of the district, Róm. 309. héraðs-ríkr, adj. of influence in one's district, Ld. 298, Grett. 121 A, Ísl. ii. 402. héraðs-rækr, adj. banished from the district, Grág. i. 501. héraðs-sekr, adj. a law term, exiled from a district or jurisdiction, opp. to exiled from the country, Nj. 156, Sturl. i. 145, ii. 92; hann var görr h. svá víða sem vötn féllu til Skagafjarðar, Fs. 34; hann var h. ok skyldi búa eigi nær en í Hörgár-dal, Glúm. 390, cp. Landn. 286. héraðs-sekt, f. exile, the being héraðs-sekr, opp. to utanferðir, Nj. 189, 256, Grett. 120, Sturl. ii. 255. héraðs-sókn, f. a county action (suit), opp. to a suit in alþingi, Grág. i. 452, Jb. 10, 353. héraðs-stefna, u, f. a county assize (Norse), D. N. iii. 120. héraðs-stjórn, f. county government, Ísl. ii. 125; talaði Einarr langt erindi um h., Glúm. 372 (public affairs). héraðs-takmark, n. the borders of a territory, Grág. ii. 404. héraðs-vist, f. abiding within a certain h., Eb. 252; láta h. sína = to be héraðssekr, Grett. 120, Nj. 228. héraðs-vært, n. adj.; eiga h., being at liberty to reside within a district, Glúm. 382, not being héraðssekr. héraðs-þing, n. a county assize (cp. Swed. härads ting), Eb. 12; used as synonymous with várþing, in opp. to alþingi, Grág. ii. 96, Fms. i. 77, Jb. (Norse), N. G. L. ii. 138. her-bergi, n. (her-byrgi, Gþl. 139, Stj. 204), [A. S. hereberga or herebeorga; Old Engl. herberowe, harbrough, and herber (Chaucer); mod. Engl. harbour, arbour; mid. H. G. herberge; Germ. herberge; Swed. herberge; hence Ital. albergo and Fr. auberge] :-- a harbour (prop. 'host-shelter'): 1. an inn; herbergi þar er menn drukku inni, Fb. i. 347: allit., hús ok herbergi, Fms. i. 104, Edda 147 (pref.); var þeim vísat í gesta-hús til herbergis, Edda 60; vera at herbergi (to lodge) í húsum e-s, Clem. 35; taka sér h., to take lodgings, Sks. 31. 2. a closet, room, Stj. 1, 204, 520, Fms. xi. 117, Eg. 525; konungs h., a king's closet, Ó. H. 117, Gþl. 139. COMPDS: herbergis-maðr, m. a groom of the chamber, Fms. vii. 203, x. 123. herbergis-sveinn, m. id., Fb. i. 347, ii. 284, Hkr. iii. 324, Stj. 518, 641, Fas. i. 317: in mod. usage, room, svefn-herbergi, a bedroom; gesta-h., an inn, Luke ii. 7. her-bergja, ð, (her-byrgja, Str. 12, passim), [cp. Fr. heberger] :-- to harbour a person, Str. 24: allit., hýsa ok h. e-n, Stj. 152; h. fátæka, Mar. 11; h. e-n ríkulega, to treat one sumptuously, Str. 14. II. to lodge, take in; hann herbyrgði um kveldit at nunnu-setri, Str. 19, 80, Karl. 10: reflex. to lodge, Rétt. 78. HERÐA, ð, mod. herti, [harðr; Ulf. ga-hardjan; Engl. harden] :-- to harden: 1. of iron, to temper; h. járn, sverð, kníf, ljá ..., Nj. 203; þegar járnsmiðr herðir stóra bolöxi eðr handöxi, og bregðr henni í kalt vatn, Od. ix. 392. 2. phrases, herða knúa, hendr, at e-u, to clench the fist, Fms. vi. 106, Edda 28. 3. to fasten, tie fast; þeir herða þá seglit með sterku bandi, Fas. iii. 652; herða á, to bind tighter, or metaph. to push on. II. metaph., 1. to exhort, cheer; hann talaði langt, ok herði alla í ákafa, and bade them be of good comfort, Sturl. iii. 33; herða hjörtu sín, to make one's heart firm, Stj. 437; herði hann þá huginn, Eg. 407, Fb. ii. 322; h. sik, to take heart, Nj. 103: to work briskly, hertú þig þá, mannskræfan, segir Stórólfr, Fb. i. 523: to harden, in a bad sense, Stj. 639. 2. absol. to follow closely, pursue vigorously; Birkibeinar sá þá, ok herðu eptir þeim, Fms. ix. 15; herðu þeir Kolbeins-menn á þá, Sturl. iii. 33; skulum vér víst herða áfram. push on, Fms. xi. 256; en er Ormr herti fast at, but as O. insisted, pressed hard, Fb. i. 523; herðu þeir þá biskupar báðir at Gizuri, Fms. x. 59; herðu bændr at konungi ok báðu hann blóta, Hkr. i. 144; Þorkell herðir nú á Guðríði, en hón kvaðsk göra mundu sem hann beiddi, Þorf. Karl. 378; tók þá sótt at herða at honum, Fms. x. 73. III. impers. to become hard; veðr (acc.) herti, it blew up a gale; herti seglit (acc.), the sail was strained hard by the gale, Fas. iii. 652; svörð tekr heldr at herða, Fs. (in a verse). IV. reflex. to take heart; bað konungr menn vel við herðask, Fms. viii. 34; er þó einsætt at menn herðisk við sem bezt, xi. 137. herða, u, f. hardness :-- a hardening or tempering of steel, Karl. 173: tempered steel, muðrinn (of the axe) rifnaði upp í gegnum herðuna, Eg. 181. herðu-góðr, adj. well tempered, Fbr. 141. II. metaph. hardihood, but also hardness, Fms. vi. 38, x. 406, xi. 217, Gísl. 71 (in a verse). HERÐAR, f. pl. the shoulders, the upper part of the back, distinguished from öxl = shoulder in a special sense, Nj. 185, Eg. 289, Fms. vii. 55, Sks. 166, Fb. i. 396, Þiðr. 9, passim, cp. Matth. xxiii. 4, Luke xv. 5: so in the phrase, hafa hofuð og herðar yfir e-n, to be higher than another from the shoulders and upwards, cp. 1 Sam. ix. 2, x. 23. COMPDS: (old form herði-, mod. herða-): herða-drengr, m. a hump on the back, a pun, Fms. viii. 404. herða-kambr, m. the withers, of a horse. herða-kistill, m. a hump. herða-klettr, m., poët. the 'shoulder-knoll,' the head, Skm. herða-lítill, adj. narrow-shouldered, Grett. 165. herða-munr, m. the difference from the shoulders and upwards, metaph. of one who is no match for another, Fms. xi. 442. herða-sár, n. a shoulder sore or wound, Sturl. i. 85. herða-toppr, m. a shoulder tuft, the part of a horse's mane next the saddle, Sturl. i. 152, Bær. 16. herðar-blað, n. the shoulder blade, Nj. 70, Sturl. i. 152. herði-breiðr, adj. broad-shouldered, Fms. x. 151, Finnb. 324, Sturl. iii. 122, Fbr. 80 new Ed. herði-lútr, adj. with stooping or round shoulders, Barl. 15, Bs. i. 312. herði-mikill, adj. broad-shouldered, Sturl. iii. 122, Eg. 305, Ísl. ii. 203. herði-þykkr, adj. thick-shouldered, Ld. 298, Fbr. 40 new Ed. herði, f. hardihood, Fms. xi. 151. herði-maðr, m. a hardy man, Nj. 270. herðsla, u, f. hardening, tempering, of iron. heremiti, a, m. a hermit (for. word), Sks.

258 HERFA -- HERGANGA.

herfa, u, f., prop. a skein, Swed. härfua. 2. metaph. a limp, lazy fellow, a coward; hann er mesta herfa. herfu-skapr, m. cowardice. HERFI, n. [Dan. harv; Engl. harrow], a harrow, Akv. 16 (hervi), Gþl. 358, 359. herfi-liga, adv. 'harrowingly,' wretchedly, Fms. x. 253, Fb. i. 93. herfi-ligr, adj. 'harrowing,' wretched, ragged, Eluc. 21, Fms. vii. 157, x. 222, Stj. 20, 39, Nj. 197. her-fjöturr, vide herr. HÉRI, a, m. [A. S. hara; Engl. hare; Germ. hase; Dan. hare] :-- a hare, Karl. 518, Pr. 479, Orkn. 426, Sks. 186, MS. 1812. 18: in the phrase, hafa héra hjarta, to be hare-hearted, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 314, Bs. i. 782. héra-fótr, m., prop. a herb, hare's foot, trefoil: nickname of a Danish king, Harefoot. II. in the saying in Fms. vii. 116 the word héri seems to be = hegri (q.v.), a heron. HERJA, að, [A. S. hergian; Scot. to herry or harry; Dan. hærge] :-- to go harrying or freebooting, Nj. 127, Eg. 78, 228, Fms. i. 10, Grág. i. 135, passim. II. trans. with acc. to harry, despoil, waste; Haraldr konungr herjaði landit ok átti orrostur, Fms. i. 5; herja land, Mirm.; at herjuðu helvíti, having harried hell, Karl. 279; borgir ok þorp er aðrir höfðu herjað (harried, taken by force) af hans eign, Fms. x. 231; (whence the mod. phrase, h. e-ð út úr e-m, to harry a thing out of one, press him till he yields it up); herja mönnum til Kristindóms, to harry, drive people to Christianity, N. G. L. i. 344; Fjandinn herjar menn ór Kristninni, Rb. 400. III. reflex., herjask á, to harry (wage war on) one another, Hkr. ii. 75. herjan, f. a harrying, Magn. 464. Herjan, m. [herr], Lord of Hosts, a name of Odin, Edda. II. the evil one, a term of abuse. COMPDS: herjans-kerling, f. a hag, Bs. ii. 134. herjans-liga, adv. wickedly, Clar. Herjans-sonr, m. a 'Devil's limb,' Lv. 58, Fb. i. 256, Fas. i. 107, iii. 607, 655, Þiðr. 106, 111. herkinn, adj. enduring hardness, 2 Tim. ii. 3. herkja, t, to do with the utmost difficulty; herkja þeir þá í annat sinn norðr fyrir Langanes, Bs. i. 483. herkja, u, f. [harki], dearth (?), a nickname, Landn.: the name of a giantess, Edda (Gl.): in the phrase, með herkjum or með herkjumunum, with the utmost difficulty. her-ligr, adj. [from herra; Germ. herrlich; Dan. herlig], lordly; herlegra mann undir vápnum né tíguligra, Fms. vii. 69; h. höfðingi, 603 (non habent isti dominum, of the Vulgate); h. kerrur (currus), Stj. 573. 1 Kings x. 26; herligt kaprún (stuff), Sturl. iii. 306, v.l.: unclass. and not much used, except in poetry, háðir eitt herligt stríð, Pass. 19, 13; herligt er æ hermanns stand, Bjarni. HERMA, d, [the root uncertain], to relate, prop. perhaps to repeat, report; en ef nokkurr maðr hermir þessi orð eðr vísur, Nj. 68; hann spurði þá, hvárt hann hermdi rétt, whether he reported true, 24; h. frá orðum e-s, Fms. vii. 73, Sks. 557; h. orð e-s, id.; hann hermdi hversu hann hafði talat, Stj. 65. β. herma eptir e-m, to imitate another's voice, to mimic, esp. in a bad sense, Gísl. 49, Ísl. ii. 346; cp. the saying, sjaldan lætr sá betr er eptir hermir. HERMASK, d, dep. [harmr], to wax wroth, be annoyed; henni hermdisk við líkaminn ok blótaði honum, Hom. 150. II. n. part. hermt; e-m verðr h. við e-t, to wax angry with a thing; bóndi sprettr þá upp ok verðr hermt við, Ísl. ii. 175; honum görði mjök hermt við þessu, it annoyed him much, Grett. 23 new Ed., Þiðr. 115, 355; for the mod. phrase, -- e-m verðr hverft (hermt) við e-ð, to be startled, mér varð hverft víð, of sudden emotion (fright or the like), -- see hverfr. hermd, f. vexation, anger, Barl. 115 (v.l.), Hkv. i. 47. COMPDS: hermdar-orð (Fagrsk. 153) and hermdar-yrði, n. angry words, spiteful words, Nj. 281. hermdar-verk, n., dub. a deed of revenge, or perhaps rather a deed of renown, a feat; mikil verða hermdarverk, ek hefi spunnit tólf álna garn en þú hefir vegit Kjartan, Ld. 224; vide herma. hermi-kráka, u, f. an 'aping-crow,' a mimicker, Gísl. 51. hermi-liga, adv. (hermila, Hallfred), right angrily, Barl. 184, Al. 144, Fms. ii. 279, Clem. 36; hefna hermila, to take a fierce revenge, Hallfred. herming, f. [hermask], indignation, Lv. 75. II. [herma], a report, D. N. (Fr.) Hermskr, adj. Armenian, Grág., Bs. hermsl, n. = hermd, Barl. 115. hermur, f. pl., in eptir-hermur, q.v., aping, mimicry. hérna, adv., herno, Fms. (Ágrip) x. 409 :-- here (see Gramm. p. xxviii, col. 2, signif. II), Fms. vii. 197; sé hérna, see here now! behold! Ísl. ii. 364, Stj. 22, 62: hérna, instead of hér, is very freq. in conversation; herno, konungr (behold, O king!), fögnuðr er oss á, attú ert svá kátr, Fms. x. 409. hernaðr (hernuðr), m. a harrying, plundering, as a law term, Grág. ii. 134-136; hefja hernoð ok rán, Bs. i. 493; hafa e-t at hernaði, to rob, N. G. L. i. 344. II. warfare, a raid, foray; fara í hernað, Nj. 41, Fms. i. 144; hefja hernað, to wage war, vii. 7, passim. COMPDS: hernaðar-fólk, n. pl. plunderers, Hkr. iii. 67. hernaðar-menn, m. pl. forayers, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 226. hernaðar-ráð, n. pl. a planning for plunder, Grág. ii. 135. hernaðar-sök, f. a case of raid, Sturl. ii. 79. herneskja, u, f. [from the Fr. harnois, Engl. harness], armour, Stj. 287, 466, Gullþ. 11, Þiðr. 100, Barl., N. G. L. ii. (Hirðskrá, ch. 32): men of war, Barl. passim. HERPA, u, f. [harpa II], in munn-herpa, mouth-cramp, a contraction of the lips by cold. herpast, t, to be contracted as with cramp. herpingr, m. chilling (cramping) cold, herpings-kuldi, herpings-frost, n. a nipping, bitter frost. HERR, m., old gen. herjar, pl. herjar, herja, herjum; later gen. hers, dropping the characteristic j and without pl.; the old form however often occurs in ancient poets, herjar, Hkr. i. 343 (in a verse), Fms. xi. 311 (in a verse), Fas. ii. 38 (in a verse); eins herjar, Hm. 72; as also, allt herjar, Hom. 39; herjum, in herjum-kunnr. famous, Háttat. R.; in prose the old j has been preserved in alls-herjar, Fms. v. 106, see pp. 16, 17; the pl. -jar occurs in Ein-herjar, see p. 121: in compd pr. names with initial vowel, Herj-ólfr (A. S. Herewulf), Herjan; [Goth. harjis, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, Luke viii. 30, and GREEK, ii. 13; A. S. here; O. H. G. and Hel. heri; Germ. heer; Dutch heir; Swed. här; Dan. hær] :-- prop. a host, multitude: 1. a host, people in general, like GREEK in Homer; herr er hundrað, a hundred makes a herr, Edda 108; allr herr, all people, Fms. i. 194, vi. 428 (in a verse); allr herr unni Ólafi konungi hugástum, vi. 441; whence in prose, alls-herjar, totius populi, general, universal, passim; dómr alls-herjar, universal consent, v. 106; Drottinn alls-herjar, Lord of Sabaoth (hosts), Stj. 428, 456; allt herjar, adv. everywhere; lýsti of allt herjar af ljósinu, Hom. 39; Sænskr herr, the Swedish people; Danskr herr, the Danish people; Íslenzkr herr, the Icelandic people, Lex. Poët.; land-herr (q.v.), the people of the land; en nú sé ek hér útalligan her af landsfólki, a countless assembly of men, Fms. xi. 17; þing-herr, an assembly, Sighvat; Einherjar, the chosen people (rather than chosen warriors); þegi herr meðan, Eb. (in a verse); herjum-kunnr, known to all people, Lex. Poët.; and in compds, her-bergi (q.v.), etc. 2. a host; með her manns, with a host of men, Eg. 71, 277; úvígr herr, an overwhelming host, Fms. viii. 51; himin og jörð og allr þeirra her, Gen. ii. 1, passim; cp. her-margr, many as a host, innumerable. β. an army, troops, on land and sea, Fms. i. 22, 90, Nj. 245, and in endless instances; cp. herja, to harry, and other compds: of a fleet, þrjú skip þau sem hann keyri ór herinum, Fms. x. 84; cp. hers-höfðingi: so in the phrase, hers-hendr, leysa e-n ór hers-höndum, to release one out of the hands of war, N. G. L. i. 71; vera í hers höndum, komast í hers hendr, to come into a foe's hands. 3. in a bad sense, the evil host, the fiends, in swearing, Gþl. 119; herr hafi e-n, fiends take him! Fms. vi. 278; herr hafi hölds ok svarra hagvirki! Ísl. ii. (in a verse); hauga herr, vide haugr; and in compds, her-kerling, her-líki. II. in pr. names: 1. prefixed, of men, Her-brandr, Her-finnr, Her-gils, Her-grímr, Herj-ólfr, Her-laugr, Her-leifr, Her-mundr, Her-rauðr, Her-steinn, Hervarðr; of women, Her-borg, Her-dís, Her-gunnr, Her-ríðr, Her-vör, Her-þrúðr, Landn.: in Har-aldr (Harold) the j is dropped without causing umlaut. Herjan and Herja-föðr, m. the Father of hosts = Odin, Edda, Hdl. 2. suffixed, -arr, in Ein-arr, Agn-arr, Ótt-arr, Böðv-arr, Úlf-arr, etc., see Gramm. p. xxxii, col. 1, signif. B. 1. B. COMPDS: her-baldr, m. a prince of hosts, Bkv. her-bergi, see the words. her-blástr, m. a blast of trumpets, Eg. 88, 284, Fms. vii. 70, 288, Stj. 394. Her-blindi, a, m. one who strikes the hosts with blindness, a name of Odin, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 6. her-boð, n. a war summons, Eg. 9, Fms. xi. 244; herboðsör = herör, Gþl. 83. her-borg, f. a castle, Hervar. (in a verse). her-brestr, m. an explosion chemically contrived, Bs. i. 798 (Laur. S.), mentioned or perhaps invented by Albertus Magnus. her-búðir, f. pl. a camp, Al. 4, Eg. 291, Fms. iii. 51, xi. 85, Róm. 265, Stj. passim. her-búinn, part. armed, Str. 12. her-búnaðr, m. an armament, Eg. 286, Nj. 273, Fms. iv. 82, x. 49. her-drengr, m. a warrior, Edda (in a verse). her-drótt, f., poët. war-hosts. her-fall, n., poët. an onslaught, Sighvat. her-fang, n. booty, Nj. 43, Fms. ii. 2, vii. 8, Fb. ii. 46, Rb. 386, Sks. 782, passim. her-fenginn, part. captured, 625. 66, Hom. 118, Sks. 631. her-ferð, f. warfare, a military expedition, Róm. 264, Fms. vii. 148, xi. 244: a host, Mar. her-fjöturr, m. a mythical term, 'war-fetter:' a valiant man who in the stress of battle feels himself spell-bound, and unable to stir, was in old lore said to be caught in a 'war-fetter;' this was attributed to the weird sisters of battle (the Valkyrias), as is shewn by the fact that one of them was called Herfjöturr, Shackle, Edda (Gl.); they were the messengers of Odin, by whom the warriors were doomed to death (kjósa val); the passages referring to this lore are Fms. viii. 170, Sturl. ii. 233, Ísl. ii. 104 twice (Harð. S.) :-- a similar belief appears in the Greek, see Od. xxii. 297 sqq., Iliad xiii. 358-360, xxii. 5 sqq. her-flokkr, m. a battalion, Fms. i. 92, ix. 379. her-floti, a, m. a war-fleet, N. G. L. i. 103. her-foringi, a, m. a commander. her-fólk, n. war-people, men of war, Bs. ii. 106, Stj. 295. her-fórur, f. pl. harness, Stj. 287, Mag. 82, 92, 97. her-færr, adj. able for war service, Gþl. 269, Fms. i. 55, xi. 291, Ó. H. 87. Her-föðr, m. Father of Hosts, a name of Odin, Edda. her-för, f. = herferð, Eg. 5, Fms. i. 151, Fb. ii. 84. her-gammr, m. a bird of prey, vulture, poët. the eagle, Ýt. her-ganga, u, f.

HERGAUTR -- HESLISKÓGR. 259

a march, Fms. v. 74. Her-gautr, m. a name of Odin. her-gjarn, adj. warlike, Bkv. 2. 20. her-glötuðr, m., poët, a destroyer of hosts, Skv. her-gopa, u, f. a bondwoman, Hornklofi, an GREEK. her-grimmr, adj., poët. fierce, Edda. her-hlaup, n. a rushing to arms, Nj. 265, Eg. 10, Fms. i. 55, 210, vii. 270, x. 180. her-horn, n. a trumpet, Al. 35, Stj. 394. her-kastali, a, m. a castle, stronghold, Bs. ii. 113, Mar. her-kerling, f. a monster-hag, Sturl. i. 36. her-klukka, u, f. an alarm bell, Fms. ix. 369, 510, 529. her-klæða, dd; h. sik, to put on armour, Bær. 13: reflex., Fms. i. 43, Eg. 287, Ó. H. 107. her-klæði, n. pl. armour, Eg. 49, Fb. ii. 71, Barl. 98, passim. her-konungr, m. a king of hosts, in old writers almost used = sea-king, warrior-king, Eb. 4 (of king Olave the White), Fms. i. 24, Fb. ii. 282, Edda 105, Magn. 412. her-kumbl, n. a war token, arms (on shields, helmets), Nj. 231, Fms. v. 53. her-land, n. a harried land, invaded and in a state of war, Fms. vi. 38. her-leiða, dd, to lead off into captivity, Stj. 49, 385, 489, Mart. 130, Ver. 30. her-leiðing, f. captivity, Fms. x. 224; esp. of the Babylonian captivity, Al. 166, Rb. 382, 386, Ver. 30, Stj. 26, 49, passim. her-leiðsla, u, f. = herleiðing, Mar. her-lið, n. war-people, troops. Eg. 10, Fms. i. 98, iv. 213. her-liki, n. a monster, N. G. L. i. 376, 395. her-lúðr, m. a trumpet, Stj. 392. her-maðr, m. a man of war, a warrior, Fms. i. 8, xi. 160, 373, Nj. 268, passim. hermann-liga, adv. gallantly, Eg. 383. hermann-ligr, adj. warlike, gallant, Ld. 110, Nj. 39, Fms. viii. 436, xi. 245, Stj. 495. her-margr, adj. like a host for number, Lex. Poët. her-megir, m. pl., poët. warriors, Hkv. 2. 4. Her-móðr, m. a mythol. pr. name, Edda. hernaðr, see the word. her-nam, n. = herfang, Sks. 614. her-numi, adj., 655 x. 2, Greg. 17, and her-numinn, part. captive, Eg. 41, 343. her-næma, d, to capture, Bær. 13. her-óp, n. a war-whoop, war-cry, Eg. 80, Nj. 245, Orkn., Stj. 312, Ó. H. 107, Fb. ii. 125, passim. her-saga, u, f. war-news, Fms. i. 41, N. G. L. i. 102; hersögu-ör, f. = herör, Gþl. 82, v.l. her-skapr, m. warfare, harrying, Fms. v. 344, x. 231, 234, 392, xi. 226, Fas. i. 375, Fs. 4, Stj. 385, Róm. 264, passim. her-skari, a, m. a host. her-skár, adj. (herská, herskátt), a land exposed to raid or in a state of war; landit var þá herskátt, lágu víkingar úti, Eg. 241, Fms. xi. 217, Hkr. i. 44; í þann tíma var mjök herskátt (unruly time), Orkn. 64; þar var herskátt af víkingum, Hkr. i. 106, Bjarn. 15, Ld. 82, Fas. i. 374: of a person, martial, warlike, Fms. i. 198, vii. 16, x. 413, Orkn. 22. her-skip, n. a ship of war, Fms. i. 7, Nj. 8, Ó. H. 16, N. G. L. i. 100, 102. her-skjöldr, m. a war shield, a red shield, opp. to the white shield of peace (friðar-skjöldr), used in phrases as, fara (land) herskildi, to harry (a land), Eg. 246, Fms. i. 62, 116, 131; fara við herskildi, id., Hkr. i. 233, cp. Stj. 542, 619 (2 Kings vi. 14), 641. her-skrúð, n. (her-skrúði, a, m., Fms. x. 234, Stj. 570), harness, Bjarn. 11. her-spori, a, m. a 'war-spur,' caltrop, Fms. vii. 183, Al. 74, Sks. 392. her-stjóri, a, m. a commander, Edda 93. her-stjórn, f. command of troops, Hkr. i. 211. her-sveitir, f. pl. hosts, margfjöldi himneskra hersveita, Luke ii. 13. her-taka, tók, to capture, esp. in part. pass., Fms. i. 28, vii. 129, Eg. 234, 344, Stj. 495. her-taka and her-tekja, u, f. captivity, Stj. 75, Barl. 114. her-tekning, f. captivity, Stj. 52. her-togi, a, m. [A. S. heretoga; Germ. herzog], originally a leader, commander, and often used so in old poets, Lex. Poët.: as a nickname, Guthormr hertogi, Hkr. Har. S. Hárf.: as a title, a duke (e.g. of Normandy); the first Norse duke was the earl Skuli, created duke A.D. 1237, vide Edda 104, Sks. 788, Gþl. 364: eccl. = prince, hertogi myrkranna, Satan, 623. 31. hertoga-dómr, m. a dukedom, Fms. xi. 312, 326. hertoga-dæmi, n. a duchy, Fms. xi. 319, Fas. ii. 475. hertoga-efni, n. a duke to be, N. G. L. ii. 399. hertoga-inna, u, f. a duchess, Ann. 1326. hertoga-nafn, n. the title of a duke, Fms. ix. 46. her-turn, m. a turret on wheels, a war engine, Fms. x. 358. her-tygð, f. = hertýgi (?), an GREEK, Hallfred. her-týgi, n. pl. armour, harness, Germ. heerzeug. her-týgja, að, to put armour on, freq. in mod. usage. her-váðir, f. pl. 'war-weeds,' armour, Hkm., Konr. 39. her-vápn, n. pl. weapons, Hkr. ii. 7, Fms. vii. 147, Jb. 389. her-vegir, m. pl., poët. war-paths, Gh. 2. her-verk or her-verki, n. ravage, plunder, Stj. 598, Hkr. i. 85, Fms. ii. 156, ix. 396. her-vígi, n. battle and ravage, thus defined: it is hervígi when three or more persons are slain or wounded on each side, Grág. ii. 114, 124, Fms. viii. 300: mod. a stronghold. her-víkingr, m. a plunderer, pirate, Fms. i. 225, v. 238, x. 282, Fas. i. 449, Stj. 573. her-væða, dd, to put armour on, Edda 25. her-þing, n. a council of war, Eg. 357, Finnb. 262; but v.l. húsþing is better. her-þurft, f. want of troops, Fagrsk. ch. 32. her-ör, f. a 'war-arrow,' to be sent round as a token of war: the phrase, skera upp h., to summon to arms, Eg. 9, Fms. i. 92, vi. 24, x. 388, Fb. ii. 172, 188, Gþl. 82, cp. 433: for these customs see the remarks s.v. boð, p. 71, as also Scott's Notes to Marmion, Canto III, on the Fiery Cross of the Scottish Clans. HERRA, m. (herri, a, m., Clem. 36), irreg. and indecl. in sing., pl. reg. herrar, [derived from herr, as dróttinn from drótt, þjóðan from þjóð; Germ. herr; Dan. herre, etc.] :-- gener. a lord, master, Fms. i. 218, x. 45, 159, xi. 381; in olden times herra was used in addressing a king or earl, as Fr. sire, Engl. sir, see the Sagas passim: I. as a title; in A.D. 1277 knights and barons were created in Norway, to whom the title of Herra was given; Herra Rafn, Herra Þorvarðr, Herra Sturla, etc., Árna S., Laur. S., Ann. passim: the bishops and abbots were also so styled, e.g. Herra Arngrímr (an abbot), Bs. ii. After the Reformation, Herra became an integral part of the style of bishops, as Sira of priests, Herra Guðbrandr, Herra Þorlákr, Herra Oddr, etc., and can only be applied to the Christian name; cp. the ditty in which the old woman addresses the bishop bv Sira, and is rebuked for her rudeness, Sælir verið þér, Sira minn, | sagða eg við Biskupinn; | ansaði mér þá aptr hinn, | þú áttir að kall' 'ann Herra þinn. In mod. usage Herra is often applied to any person whatever, but only in writing; for in conversation the Icel. has no equivalent to the Engl. Mr. or Germ. Herr, and a person is simply addressed by his name or other title, Sira if a clergyman, and the like. In the N. T. dróttinn, herra, and lávarðr (from Engl.) are used indiscriminately. II. COMPDS: herra-dómr, m. dominion, lordship, Bs. i. 728, Fb. i. 81; yðarr h. in addressing, as your lordship in Engl., D. N. passim. herra-dæmi, n. = herradómr, H. E. ii. 73, Fb. i. 247. herra-liga, adv. in lordly fashion, Karl. 148. herra-ligr, adj. lordly, Fb. i. 90. herra-maðr, m. a lord, a knight, a lordly man, Fms. x. 445, Bs. i. 736, 780 (Lv. 59 looks as if corrupt). herramann-liga, adv. in lordly manner, Finnb. 276. herramann-ligr, adj. lordly. herra-nafn, n. the title of a herra, Ann. 1277. herrasam-ligr, adv. in lordly way, Fas. iii. 70. herra-sæti, n. a lordly seat, Magn. 502. herra, að, to confer the title of herra upon a person, Ann. 1294. herran, m. = herra, a name of Odin, vide Herjan, Edda. hers-borinn, part. born of a hersir, Hdl. hers-höfðingi, a, m. a commander, Stj. passim, Fms. vi. 151. HERSIR, m. [akin to hérað and herr], a chief, lord, the political name of the Norse chiefs of the earliest age, esp. before the time of Harold Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland: respecting the office and authority of the old hersar the records are scanty, as they chiefly belonged to the prehistorical time; they were probably not liegemen, but resembled the goðar (vide goði) of the old Icel. Commonwealth, being a kind of patriarchal and hereditary chiefs: in this matter the old Landnáma is our chief source of information; -- Björn Buna hét hersir ágætr í Noregi, son Veðrar-Gríms hersis í Sogni, móðir Gríms var Hervör dóttir Þorgerðar Eylaugs-dóttur hersis ór Sogni, Landn. 39; Arinbjörn h. ór Fjörðum, 66; Ási h., 76, 303, and another of the same name, 109; Ketill Veðr h. af Hringaríki, 94; Hrólfr h. af Ögðum, 48, 126; Ketill Raumr hét h. ágætr í Raumsdal, 173; Gormr h. ágætr í Svíþjóð, 195; Grímr h., 204; Þorsteinn Höfði h. á Hörðalandi, 228; Þórir Hauknefr h., 237; Úlfr Gildir h. á Þelamörk, 292; Veðr-Ormr h., 314; Arinbjörn h., Eg., Ad. 3; Vigfúss h. af Vörs, Glúm.; Klyppr h. á Hörðalandi, Fb. i. 19; Dala-Guðbrandr h., Ó. H. 106; Björn h. á Örlandi, Eg. 154; Þórir h. í Fjörðum, 155, cp. Rm. 36; hann var sem konungr væri yfir Dölunum, ok var þó h. at nafni, Ó. H. l.c., cp. Fb. i. 23; hersar hafa verit fyrri frændr mínir, ok vil ek ekki bera hærra nafn en þeir, Fms. i. 299: it is also prob. that by ágætr and göfugr (q.v.) the Landnáma means a hersir. At the time of Harold Fairhair the old hersar gradually became liegemen (lendir menn) and were ranked below a jarl (earl), but above a höldr (yeoman), the scale being konungr, jarl, hersir, höldr, búandi, see the record in Hkr. i. 80 (Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6), as also Edda 93; the name then becomes rare, except that hersir and lendr maðr are now and then used indiscriminately, heita þeir hersar eða lendir menn, Edda l.c. The old Norse hersar were no doubt the prototype of the barons of Normandy and Norman England. COMPDS: hersis-heiti, n. the title of a h., Edda (Ht.) hersis-nafn, n. id., Fb. i. 23. her-skapr, vide herr. her-skár, vide herr. herstask, t, dep. [ = mod. hasta, q.v.], to speak harshly to one; hann herstisk á fjándann með reiði ok mælti, Greg. 50, Eb. 118 new Ed., Hom. 16 ( = Lat. exasperare), Blas. 31. hersti-liga, adv. harshly, Greg. 55, (mod. höstuliga.) hersti-ligr, adj. harsh-spoken; h. mál, sermo durus, Hom. 22. her-togi, vide herr. HES, f. (spelt his, Gþl. l.c.), pl. hesjar :-- a wooden frame attached to the tether of an animal, to prevent it from strangling itself; þat er ok hans handvömm ef af ofmegri verðr dautt eðr klafi kyrkir, en ef hæs (his, Gþl.) er í bandi ... þá er þat eigi hans handvömm, N. G. L. i. 25, (Gþl. 502, Jb. 364, Js. 121.) 2. metaph., in mod. usage, a cow's dewlap. 3. in mod. Norse usage hæsje (hesjar) are frames or rails on which hay or corn is put for drying; and hæsja is to dry on hæsje, vide Ivar Aasen, cp. Ný Fél. xv. 33; hence comes the provincial Icel. hisja (a verb): hisjungr and hisjungs-þerrir, m. of a soft air good for drying hay spread out on hesjar. hesja, að, mod. hisja, to dry hay on a hes: það hisjar í það, to be aired. heskr, adj. = hastr, haughty, harsh, Band. 31 new Ed.: [in parts of North. E. they speak of a hask, i.e. harsh, wind.] HESLT, n. [hasl], a hasel, Str. 20. COMPDS: hesli-kylfa, u, f. a hasel-club, Hkv. 2. 20. hesli-skógr, m. hasel-wood, Art. hesli-

260 HESLIVÖNDR -- HEYJA.

stöng, f. a hasel-pole, Str. 66. hesli-vöndr, m. a hasel-wand, Str. 66. HESPA, u, f. a wisp or skein (of wool), Grág. ii. 401, K. Þ. K. 140. II. a hasp, fastening, Fms. ii. 84, v. 120, Grett. 98, Sturl. i. 120, Bs. i. 424. hesta, að, to mount one; vel, ílla hestaðr, well, badly mounted. hest-bak, n. horse-back, Grág. ii. 171, Ísl. ii. 382, Fms. xi. 400. hest-birgr, adj. provided with a horse, Sturl. iii. 238. hest-brynja, u, f. horse harness, Sks. 403. hest-búnaðr, m. horse gear, Sks. 374. hest-færr, adj. able to ride, Gþl. 269, Fms. x. 73. hest-gangr, m. horse-shoes, Fms. ix. 55. hest-gjöf, f. a gift of a horse, Njarð. 368. hest-hús, n., proncd. hestús (as fjós = fé-hús), a horse-stall, stable, Karl. 3, Grett. 113 A, Þorst. S. St. 50, and in many compds. hest-höfði, a, m. horse-head, a nickname, Landn. hest-klárr, m. a back, Glúm. 356. hest-lauss, adj. without a horse, Sturl. iii. 293. hest-lán, n. the loan of a horse, Bs. ii. 30. hest-leysi, n. the being without a horse. HESTR, m. a horse, [this word is a contr. form of hengist, qs. hengstr; A. S. hengest; O. H. G. hengist; Germ. hengst, whence Swed.-Dan. hingst; again, contr. Swed. häst, Dan. hest: in old writers hestr mostly means a stallion, whereas hross (Engl. horse) denotes a gelding or any horse] :-- a stallion, opp. to merr, a mare, Grág. i. 503, Gþl. 190, Hrafn. 5, Ám. 98 (hestar þrír ok mer-hross eitt); h. grár með fjórum merum, Ísl. ii. 213; sá hestr var sonr Hvítings, var alhvítr at lit en merarnar allar rauðar, en annarr sonr Hvítings var í Þórarínsdal, ok var sá ok hvítr en merarnar svartar, Bjarn. 55: a steed, Fms. ii. 224: a horse gener., Nj. 4, 74; lið á hestum, horsemen, Fms. x. 31, passim. The ancients valued high breeding and variety of colour in their horses, which were favourite gifts, see Gunnl. ch. 5, Bjarn. l.c., Finnb. ch. 23, Fms. vi. 383, 384; for steeds and horsemanship see Þkv. 6, Yngl. S. ch. 23, 33, Landn. 3. ch. 8, Gullþ. S. ch. 9, Harð. S. ch. 3, 4, Rm. 32, 34, cp. also Lv. ch. 6, 7, Grett. ch. 16, Dropl. 13, Finnb. ch. 23, Fms. vi. 323: mythol. the horse was sacred to Frey (the god of light and the sun), Hrafn. 5, Vd. ch. 34, Fb. i. 401 (Ó. T. ch. 322), cp. Freyfaxi: for the steeds of the Sun, Day, and Night, see Gm. 37, Vþm. 12, 14: for the steeds of the gods, Gm. 30: for poetical and mythical names, Edda (Gl.) and the fragment of the poem Þorgrímsþula, Edda, Bugge 332-334: for Sleipnir, the eight-legged steed of Odin, Edda, Gm. 44: for horse-fights see the references s.v. etja, to which add Grett. ch. 31, Sd. ch. 23 :-- vatna-hestr, a water-horse, = nykr in popular tales, Landn. 2. ch. 5, and Ísl. Þjóðs.; but also a good swimmer, góðr vatna-hestr; skeið-h., reið-h., a riding horse; klár-h., púls-h., áburðar-h., a hack, cart-horse, pack-horse; stóð-h., a stud-horse: sækja, beizla, gyrða, söðla, járna hest, to fetch, bridle, gird, saddle, shoe a horse; also, leggja á, to saddle; spretta af, to take the saddle off; teyma hest or hafa hest í togi, to lead a horse; flytja h., to put a pony out to grass; hepla h., to tether a pony: a pony is gúðgengr (q.v.), vakr, þýðr; and the reverse, íllgengr, hastr, klárgengr, harðgengr. II. metaph. phrases, há-hestr, a high horse; ríða háhest (a child's play), also called ríða hákúk, to ride on one another's shoulders, ride 'pick-a-back;' kinn-hestr, a 'cheek-horse,' a box on the ear; lýstr hana kinnhest, hón kvaðsk þann hest muna skyldu ok launa ef hón mætti, Nj. 75; þá skal ek nú, segir hón, muna þér kinnhestinn, þann er þú laust mik, 116, cp. Gísl. 27: the gallows is called the horse of Odin, whence gefa e-m hest, to give one a horse, hang one, Fb. i. 238, cp. the verse in Yngl. S. ch. 26. β. the local name of a horse-shaped crag, see Landn.; cp. Hest-fell in Cumberland. COMPDS: either hesta- or hests-: hesta-at, n. a horse-fight, see etja. hesta-bein, n. horse bones (cp. Engl. horse-flesh), Grett. 96. hesta-fóðr, n. horse foddering, a law term, Gþl. 77. hesta-fætr, m. pl. horses' feet, Edda 77, Fas. i. 226, Fms. iii. 111. hesta-garðr, m. a horse-pen close to a churchyard, wherein the horses of the worshippers are kept during service, D. N. hesta-geldir, m. horse gelder, a nickname, Landn. hesta-geymsla, u, f. horse keeping, Fas. i. 80. hesta-gnegg, n. a horse's neigh, Stj. 621. hesta-gnýr, m, noise of horsemen, Fms. iii. 74. hesta-hlið, n. a horse gate, Stj. hesta-járn, n. pl. horse-shoes, Sturl. iii. 152. hesta-keyrsla, u, f. driving the steed in, in a horse-fight, Rd. 261. hesta-korn, n. [Swed. hestakorn = oats], a nickname, Fb. iii. hesta-lið, n. horsemen, Fms. vii. 188. hesta-maðr, m. a horse boy, groom. hesta-rétt, f. in Icel., = Norse hestagarðr. hesta-skál, f. a stirrup-cup. hesta-skipti, n. a change of horses; hafa h., Ld. 202, Fs. 51. hesta-stafr, m. a horse staff, to be used in a horse-fight, Nj. 91, Þorst. S. St. 49, cp. Rd. ch. 12, Arons S. ch. 18. hesta-stallr, m. = hesthús, Flóv. hesta-steinn, m. a stone to whicb a horse is tied whilst the horseman takes refreshment. hesta-sveinn, m. a horse boy, groom, Sturl. ii. 218, Fas. i. 149, Þiðr. 205, Þorst. S. St. 50. hesta-víg, n. a horse-fight, Nj. 90, Sturl. ii. 100, Glúm. 366, Rd. 261. hesta-þing, n. a meeting for a public horse-fight, Glúm. 366, 367, Nj. 92, Lv. 37, Sd. 176, Fs. 43, 140. hest-skeið, n. a race-course, Bs. ii. 182. hest-skór, m. a horse-shoe, Fms. ix. 55, 56. hestskó-nagli, a, m. a horse-shoe nail. hest-tönn, f. a horse's tooth, Vígl. 20. hest-verð, n. a horse's worth, Karl. 10. hest-verk, n. work done by a horse, Gþl. 392. hest-víg, n. = hestavíg, Rd. 177. hest-vörðr, m. a mounted guard, Fms. vii. 178, ix. 350, 351. HETJA, u, f. a hero, champion, a gallant man, Nj. 64, Lv. 36, Ld. 26, 132, Fms. xi. 89, Glúm. 367, Jd. 40. COMPDS: hetju-diktr, m., hetju-ljóð, n. a heroic poem, Jón. Þorl. hetju-móðr, m. heroism. hetju-skapr, m. championship, Fas. i. 24, Ld. ch. 11; this word, which in old writers is rather scarce, is freq. in mod. usage: also eccl., trúar-hetja, a champion of faith; hetja Guðs, a champion of God; striðs-h., a hero. hetju-ligr, adj. heroical. HETTA, u, f. [höttr], a hood, Grett. 139, Fms. iv. 359, Band. 16 new Ed., Finnb. 216, Mar.; (koll-hetta, flóka-hetta, lambhús-hetta, a hood to wear in a hard frost.) COMPDS: hettu-lauss, adj. without a hood, Grett. 151 A. hettu-sótt, f., medic. chicken-pox, Dan. faare syge, Sturl. ii. 128: hydrocephalus, Fél. ix. 222. hettu-strútr, m. a cowl, H. E. ii. 113. hettu-sveinar, m. pl. 'hood-boys,' a nickname, Hkr. iii. 449. HEY, n., old gen. heyvi, also spelt heyfi, mod. heyi; e.g. heyvi, Grág. i. 438; heyfi, Eb. 94 new Ed. note, and passim; but heyi, Sks. 416, and so in mod. usage; gen. pl. heyja; [Goth. havi = GREEK; A.S. hêg; Engl. hay; Hel. houwe; O. H. G. hawi; Germ. heu; Swed.-Dan. hö; Norse höy, Ivar Aasen; akin to höggva, Germ. hauen; thus hey prop. means cut grass] :-- hay; mat eðr hey, hey ok matr, Nj. 73, Grág. i. 195, 438, ii. 277, Ísl. ii. 137, Sks. 416, Lv. 18 passim: also used in plur., stores of hay, fodder; beita upp engjum ok heyjum, Fms. vi. 104; gáðu þeir eigi fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, Landn. 30; hann hefir rænt mik öllum heyjum, Ísl. ii. 140; hann hefir eingin hey til sölu, 138; en hey fásk lítil, 132: Icel. say, slá, raka, þurka, rifja, sæta, hirða, binda hey, to mow, rake, dry, turn, cock, get in, bind the hay. COMPDS: hey-annir, f. pl. haymaking time (July, August), Edda (Gl.), Hrafn. 25. hey-band, n. a binding hay into trusses. hey-björg, f. stores of hay, Ísl. ii. 131, 138. hey-bruni, a, m. a burning of hay, Ann. hey-deild, f. a distribution of hay, Grág. ii. 275. hey-des, f. a hay-rick (vide des), Sturl. i. 83, 195, Bs. i. 54. hey-fang, n. produce of hay, Sturl. iii. 271. hey-fátt, n. adj. falling short of hay, Rd. 211. hey-fok, n. = heyreki. hey-garðr, m. a stack-yard, Grág. ii. 249, Njarð. 384, Fb. i. 523. hey-gjald, n. payment in hay, Grág. ii. 276. hey-gjöf, f. hay fodder, Boll. 348, Sturl. iii. 292. hey-hjálmr, m. a hay-rick, Fms. vii. 298. hey-hlað, n. a hay-cock, N. G. L. i. 256, Jb. 256. hey-hlass, n. a load of hay, Eb. 188, K. Á. 176. hey-kleggi, a, m. = heydes, Fb. i. 523, Háv. 53. hey-kostr, m. stores of hay, Ísl. ii. 136. hey-lauss, adj. short of hay. hey-leiga, u, f. rent paid in hay, Ísl. ii. 131. hey-leysi, n. a failure in hay, Krók. 37. hey-lítill, adj. short of hay, Bs. i. 873. hey-meiss, m. a hay box, D. N. hey-nál, f. a hay-hook, used instead of a hay-knife. hey-rán, n. plunder of hay, Eb. hey-reki, a, m. the tossing of hay by the wind, = mod. heyfok, Grág. ii. 275. hey-rúm, n. a hay-loft, Grág. ii. 340. hey-sala, u, f. sale of hay, Jb. 223. hey-skapr, m. haymaking. hey-skipti, n. a sharing of hay, Grág. ii. 259. hey-sláttr, m. haymaking, Gþl. 410. hey-sótt, f. hay-fever, a horse's disease. hey-stakkr, m. a haystack, heystakk-garðr, m. a stack-yard, Grág. ii. 340. hey-stál, n. the middle of a hay-cock, Ísl. ii. 69. hey-tak, n. and hey-taka, u, f. plunder of hay, Eb. 154, Gþl. 545. hey-teigr, m. a strip of a hay-field, Sturl. ii. 29. hey-tjúga, n. [Dan. hötyv], a pitch-fork, Hkr. i. 24. hey-tollr, m. a hay toll, to be paid to a church, Dipl. v. 12, Vm. 115. hey-tópt, f. = heygarðr. hey-verð, n. compensation for h., Fms. iii. 210, Eb. 154. hey-verk, n. haymaking, Gull. 21, Eb. 152, Nj. 103, Bs. i. 46, Glúm. 343. hey-vöndull, m. a wisp of hay, Boll. 348. hey-þerrir, m. a 'hay-breeze,' air for drying hay. hey-þrot, n. want of hay, Ísl. ii. 132. hey-þroti, m. a being short of hay, Ísl. ii. 133. hey-þurkr, m. a drying of hay. hey-önn, f. = heyannir, Grág. ii. 261, Edda 103. UNCERTAIN For haymaking and hay stores see the Sagas passim, Hænsaþ. ch. 4, Eb. ch. 30, 37, 51, 63, Grett. ch. 50, Orms Þ. Fb. i. 522, Heiðarv. S. ch. 25, Háv. pp. 46, 47, Gísl. 14, 22, Nj. ch. 47, 77, and p. 192, and Mr. Dasent's remarks on Icel. 'hayneed,' Burnt Njal cxii, Grág., esp. the Landbr. Þ. passim. heygja, ð, [haugr], to bury in a how, Nj. 98, Fms. i. 18, x. 328, passim; vide haugr. heyja, að, [hey], to make hay, Bs. i. 913, freq. in mod. usage; h. vel (ílla), to get in a good (bad) crop of hay; h. fyrir kýr, ær, hesta, to make hay, as fodder for cows, etc.; and metaph., heyja af fyrir sér, to support oneself, live from hand to mouth. HEYJA, pres. hey, heyr, heyr, mod. heyi, heyir; pret. háði; pret. pass. háiðr (háinn, Glúm. 394), neut. háit, contr. hát, mod. háðr, háð :-- to hold, perform: 1. a law term, to discharge a public duty; heyja þing, dóm, sókn, etc., of any lawful and public duty, as goði, judge, neighbour, witness, and the like, whence every franklin is styled þing-heyjandi;

HEYKJASK -- HILLAR. 261

heyja þing, Grág. i. 102, 103, 114; á várþingi því er hann heyr, K. Þ. K. 46; þá skal hann segja til á leið þeirri er hann heyr, Grág. i. 95, 127; á því einu várþingi á hann útlegðir er hann heyr sjálfr, 12; rétt er bónda at senda mann til þings at heyja þing fyrir sik, 102, cp. 103, 114, 115; ok mátti þingit eigi heyjask at lögum, Jb. 8; h. dóm, háði Snorri goði féránsdóm, Eb. 302; háðu þeir féránsdóm eptir klerkinn (høðu MS.), Bs. i. 492 (cp. h&aolig;ðo, Skálda 168), Hrafn. 19; þá er leið háið (fem. part.) er upp er sagt, Grág. i. 165; at háðum dómum, id.; fyrir háða dóma, 161; ok varð eigi háinn féránsdómrinn, Glúm. 394; h. heimting, Grág. ii. 391; h. lög, Bs. i. 692 old Ed., heyra new Ed.; h. sóknir, háðu vér sóknir fyr dauðligum konungi, Blas. 30; h. launþing, to hold a secret meeting, Hbl. 30; h. leik, to play, Korm. (in a verse); h. Freys leik, to play the play of Frey, Hornklofi: phrases, h. gleði, to play, gambol, Fms. xi. 109; h. sér orða-fjölda, to add to one's phraseology, make phrases, Skálda 154. 2. metaph., heyja orrostu, bardaga, to give battle, the battle being regarded as an ordeal or judgment, 625. 49, Blas. 37, Fms. iv. 243, v. 247; hann hafði margar orrostor háðar, Mork. 216; h. hólmgöngu, to fight a duel, Vígl. 16, Fms. v. 230; jafnan þá er hann hefir hátt (i.e. háit) hólmgöngur, Fs. 134. II. recipr., þeir háðusk þar við um stund, they bandied words for a while, Bs. i. 664: pass., hildr háðisk, was fought, Lex. Poët, passim; þeir skulu heyjask (fight) við Skútu þeir Eyjólfr, Rd. 303. HEYKJASK, t, [húka, hokinn], to bend, sink, cower down; hestrinn heyktist undir honum, MS. 489. 45; heyktisk hann við ok nær í úvit, Sturl. iii. 177. HEYRA, ð, in Norse MSS. höyra (eyra, dropping the h, N. G. L. i. 220), [Ulf. hausjan = GREEK; A. S. hyran; Hel. hôrjan; Engl. hear; O. H. G. horan; Germ. hören; Dan. höre; Swed. höra] :-- to hear; the notion of hearing being taken to imply motion towards a place, cp. Germ. zu-hören, Icel. heyra til, Engl. hearken to, Scot. hear till; at þeir heyrðu eðr sá atburðina, Fms. vii. 226, Nj. 13, Grág. i. 56, Sks. 554; nú heyra þeir til liðs konungsins hvar þat fór, Fb. ii. 128; hann heyrir þat er gras vex á jörðu, Edda 17; h. messu, tíðir, to hear mass, attend service, Fms. ix. 500; h. húslestr, id.; menn vildu eigi h. (hear, believe) at hann mundi fallit hafa, x. 364; heyrðu þeir snörgl nokkut til rekkju Þóreyjar, Fs. 144; hefir hvárki heyrt til hans styn né hósta, Nj. 2; þeir heyrðu blástr til drekanna, Gullþ. 8; hann heyrði þangat mikinn glaum, Eb. 28; heyrðu þeir hark mikit í búrit, 266; heyrit fádæmi, Háv. 45; heyr endemi (q.v.); sem nú hefir þú heyrt, as thou hast now heard, Sks. 714. 2. to hearken; þeirra bæn var eigi fyrr heyrð, Fms. x. 401; Guð heyrði bæn Moyses, Sks. 575; en ef þú vildir h. bæn mína, Drottinn minn, 596. 3. with prepp., heyra á e-t, to give ear, listen to a thing; en þá er hann hafði heyrt á töluna, Fms. xi. 37; höfðu þessir allir heyrt á (been within hearing, been present) sætt þeirra Þóris ok Bjarnar, Eg. 349; þótt sjálfr konungr heyri á, though within hearing of the king himself, Ó. H. 54. II. metaph. to belong to one, with dat., kirkjan á selveiði alla utan þá er Geithellum heyrir, Vm. 165. 2. heyra til e-s, or h. e-m til, to belong to, concern; (þat) er heyrir til (concerns) dóttur þinnar, Nj. 15; þær sýslur sem til þeirra heyrðu, Fms. ix. 269; þat er til mín heyrir, vi. 118, 133, Bs. i. 742; þat þing er hreppstjórn heyrir til, Jb. 184; hann ágirntisk þat er honum heyrði ekki til, Fms. vi. 301; þótti þeim Haraldi konungi eigi til h. (he had no right) at mínka sinn rétt, 339. γ. so with dat., to behove; hverjum yðr heyrir at þjóna, Fms. i. 281, vi. 349; mér heyrir eigi at þegja við yðr, ii. 268; mér heyrir eigi at giptask, Str. 421; sem því nafni til heyrir, Mar. 617; kjalar-tré þat er þeim þótti heyra (to fit), Fb. i. 433. III. impers. to be heard; ok heyrir blástr (acc.) hans í alla heima, Edda 17; heyrði til höddu þá er Þórr bar hverinn, Skálda 168; þá varð þegar hljótt svá at til einskis manns heyrði, Fms. vi. 374; svá nær læknum, at gerla heyri forsfallit (acc.), 351. IV. reflex. and impers., e-m heyrisk e-t, methinks one hears; en með því at mér heyrisk svá í orðum yðrum, at ..., methought I heard you say, that ..., Sks. 101; en mér heyrisk svá um þetta haf, ok svá landit, þá ..., 192; svá heyrisk mér til sem þeir sé flestir er ..., Fms. vii. 280; þá heyrðisk þeim öllum sem sveinninn kvæði þetta, they thought they heard the boy sing, Landn. (Hb.) 293: in mod. usage, mér heyrðisk þú segja, methought I heard you say; mér heyrðist vera barið, methought I heard a knock at the door; mér heyrist barnið hljóða, methinks I hear the child crying. 2. pass. to be heard, H. E. i. 516; þá skulu þeir eigi þar um heyrask síðan (they shall not be heard, heeded), K. Á. 110. heyrandi, part. a hearer, Grett. 133 (opt er í holti heyrandi nær, vide holt): plur. heyrendr, hearers, at a meeting, church, or the like, Post. 645. 92, Bs. i. 741; hence the law phrase, í heyranda (gen. pl.) hljóði, in the hearing of all, in public, Nj. 15, Grág. i. 19, passim. heyrari, a, m. = heyrandi, N. T. heyri-liga, adv. openly, 656 C. 2: fittingly; óheyriliga, cruelly. heyri-ligr, adj. becoming, Stj. 502: incumbent, Fms. vi. 388. heyringi, a, m. [akin to heyrum, q.v., and not to be derived from heyra; cp. Engl. hireling; A. S. hyrigman, hyrling = domestic retainer] :-- a Norse law term, a neighbour, a domestic; it appears almost to answer to Icel. búi; þá skal hann á þing leiða heyringja sína (as witnesses), N. G. L. i. 21; settu þeir tólf manna dóm eptir ok tvá heyringja, ok létu dæma, D. N. ii. 4. heyrin-kunnr (heyrum-kunnr, N. G. L. i. 232, Bjarn. 42, both paper MSS., as also in mod. usage), adj. known, reported, Fms. i. 103, Nj. 139, Stj. 421; frægt ok h., famous and well known, 87, passim. heyrin-orð, n. an old law phrase, which is probably = heyringja-orð, the word or verdict of a heyringi (not from heyra, qs. hearsay); sækja við tylftar-kvið eða við heyrin-orð fimm landeiganda, Grág. ii. 146; skal sækja við váttorð ef hann heyrir á, en ella við fimm manna heyrinorð eða tylftar-kvið, Kb. (l.c.) ii. 182. heyrn, f. hearing: 1. the sense of hearing, 623. 57; heyrn, sýn, Grág. ii. 16, Eluc. 54; mál, sýn, heyrn, Fms. i. 97, N. T., Pass. 32. 4, 41. 10, passim. COMPDS: heyrnar-daufr, -lítill, adj. rather deaf, hard of hearing. heyrnar-lauss, adj. 'hearing-less,' deaf. heyrnar-leysi, n. deafness. 2. hearing; sumt ritaði hann eptir sjálfs síns heyrn eðr syn, something he wrote from his own hearing or sight, Fms. vii. 226. β. í heyrn e-m, in one's hearing, Stj. 689, Bjarn. 33, 43, Fms. xi. 287; á-heyrn, q.v. 3. metaph. ears, as it seems = hlust; eyra is properly the outer ear, heyrn and hlust the inner part; heyrn eða hlust, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 430; hneigja heyrn at e-u, to incline the ears to, Lb. 3; heyrn er þeim hægri sljó, Pass. 7. 12. COMPDS: heyrna-gnípur, f. pl., poët. 'ear-crags,' i.e. the head, Eg. (in a verse). heyrna-spann, n. 'ear-basket,' i.e. the ear, Ad. 20. HEYRUM, dat. pl. of an obsolete heyrar; variously spelt, hörum (i.e. hørum, which seems to be the best form), herum, hærum; even with r inserted, hreyrom, Kb. ii. 178, hrörom, Sb. ii. 389, no doubt erroneously, prob. from the original having eo = ø, which the transcriber read as ro, (see Gramm. p. xxxv, signif. B. I. K.) The word probably means of the homestead or family, domestic (cp. A. S. hyred = family, Engl. hire, Dan. hyre, vide heyringi above): it occurs a few times in the Grág., and is used only of neighbours, in the law phrase, réttir at heyrum; (in Kb. i. 62, the point should stand after hærum, and the new sentence begin with the following word); also, sækja ... við heyrinorð fimm landeiganda þeirra er réttir sé í kviðum at hörom við aðilja, Grág. (Sb.) ii. 146; þá skal búa kveðja þá er næstir búa þingvelli þeirra manna er réttir sé at h&aolig;rom, Sb. ii. 93; þeirra er réttir sé at skuldleikum ok at hreyrum, Kb. ii. 178 (l.c.); búendr skal kveðja fyrr en griðmenn ef til þess eru, þá er næstir eru þar, ok þá er at hærom sé réttir, 85; nema sá teli er réttr væri í kviðnum at hærom, i. 62; kennendr tvá þá er í hr&aolig;rom sé réttir, Sb. ii. 389; kennendr tvá þá er í heyrom sé réttir, er þat visso at fé þat báru á skip, Kb. l.c.; þá búa er réttir sé í kviðum ok at heyrum, ii. 68. heyskr, adj. = h&aolig;veskr, courteous, Art. passim. hik, n. faltering, hik-laust, n. adj. without wavering; see hvika. HIKA, að, to falter, = hvika, q.v. hildingr, m., poët. a war king, Hm. 154, Hkv. 2. 10, Edda 105, passim: a pr. name, Fas. HILDR, f., dat. and acc. hildi, [A. S. hild; Hel. hildi; prob. akin to hjaldr, q.v.] :-- battle, only in poetry; heilir hildar til, heilir hildi frá, Hm. 157; vekja hildi, to wage war, Hkv. 2. 6; hefja hildi, to begin a battle, Hkm. 2; er hildr þróask, when war waxes, Stor. 13; hörð h., a hard fight; bjóða hildi, to offer battle; ganga í hildi, to go into battle; semja, fremja hildi, to wage war, Lex. Poët. In poetry a shield is called hildar-ský, hildar-vé, hildar-veggr. 2. name of one of the Valkyrias (see Valkyrja), who were regarded as the handmaids of Odin, Vsp. 22, Gm. 36; Hildr is also represented as a daughter of the mythical king Högni and the bride of Héðin, whose life is recorded in the tale of Hjaðninga-víg, Edda 89, 90: hence war is called Hildar-leikr, m. the game of H., Bm. 1, passim. II. in pr. names; it is rare as a prefix in northern names, but freq. in old Germ.: of men, Hildir, Hildi-björn, Hildi-brandr, Hildi-grímr, Hild-ólfr; of women, Hildr, Hildi-gunnr, Hildi-ríðr: again, it often forms the latter part in female names, and often spelt or sounded without the aspirate, Ás-hildr, Bryn-hildr, Böðv-ildr, Dóm-hildr, Ey-ildr, Geir-hildr, Grím-hildr, Gunn-hildr, Hrafn-hildr, Matt-ildr (for.), Orm-hildr, Ragn-hildr, Svan-hildr, Úlf-hildr, Yngv-ildr, Þor-hildr, Landn. III. in pl. hildir, the caul or membrane covering animals, calves, lambs when cast, kálfs-hildir, kýr-hildir, freq. in mod. usage. B. APPELLATIVE COMPDS. hildi- only in poets: hildi-frækn, adj. mighty in war. hildi-göltr, m., mythic. a helmet, Edda 82. hildi-leikr, m. [A. S. hilde-gelâc], the game of war, a fight, Fm. 31. hildi-meiðr, m., poët. a warrior, pillar of war, Fm. 36. hildi-svín, n. = hildigöltr, Edda 82, Hdl. 7. hildi-tannr, m., gen. hilditanns, Edda i. 464; dat. hilditanni, Fms. ix. 455 (an evidence that tönn, a tooth, was originally masc.); later, Hildi-tönn, f. nickname of the old Danish king, see Skjöld. S., qs. a war-tooth, tusk; cp. A. S. hilde-tux, Beow. 1511. hilduri, a, h. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.) HILLA, u, f. a shelf, freq. in mod. usage; búr-hilla, a pantry shelf. hilla, t, in the phrase, það hillir undir e-ð, to be (as it were) upheaved or lifted in the air, e.g. of an object (a person, tree) seen on the edge of a hill against the sky, e.g. það hillir undir hann á brúninni. Hillar, f. pl. a Norse local name, akin to hilla and hjalli.

262 HILLINGAR -- HINN.

hillingar, f. pl. upheaving, esp. of a mirage, when rocks and islands look as if lifted above the level of the sea. hilmir, m., poët., prop. a helmsman, whence a ruler, king, Ýt., Hkv., Lex. Poët. passim. hilmr, m. a smell, = ilmr, q.v., Hom. p. 58, Fms. (Ágrip) x. 280 sqq. hilpir, m. a helper, N. G. L. ii. 343, of a midwife. himbrin, mod. himbrimi, m. the ember goose, colymbus glacialis, Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin.; cp. Norse Hymbern, Faroic imbrim, Shetl. immer. himin-baugr, m. = himinhringr, Jónas 53. himin-belti, n. a 'belt of heaven,' zone. Himin-björg and Himin-fjöll, n. pl. a mythical local name, Gm., Hkv., Ýt. himin-blámi, a, m. the blue sky, Jónas 64. himin-blár, adj. sky-blue, Jónas 137. himin-blær, m. a breath or whiff of air, Jónas 120, cp. Pass. 25. 10. himin-bogi, a, m. the arch or vault of heaven, Jónas 99. himin-bora, u, f. = himinrauf, Skálda 209. himin-borinn, part. heaven-born. himin-brjótr, m., mythol. name of an ox, 'heaven-breaker,' Edda 35. himin-búi, a, m. a heaven-dweller, an angel. himin-fastr, adj. fixed in heaven, of stars, Stj. 12. himin-geimr, m. the void, the universe, Jónas 167. himin-geisli, a, m. heavenly beams, Sól. 72. Himin-glæfa, u, f. one of the northern Nereids, Edda 101. himin-hringr, adj., poët. the 'ring' of heaven, Jónas 53. himin-hvolf, n. the vault of heaven, the sky. himin-jöðurr, m. the corner, brim (jaðarr, jöðurr) of heaven, = himinskaut, Vsp. 5 (GREEK) This, no doubt, is the correct form, not himin-jó-dýr (heaven-horse-beasts) or himin-jó-dur (heaven-horse-doors). himin-knöttr, m. a heavenly globe. himin-kraptar, m. pl. the props, pillars of heaven, Ó. H. (in a verse). himin-ljómi, a, m. heavenly light, Lex. Poët. HIMINN, m. [the form hifinn occurs rarely, Fms. x. 10 (v.l.), Hb. (1866) thrice; the mod. form is himin, without the inflexive n; the root consonant varies between m and f (or v), the final between n and l, cp. Goth. himins, A. S. heofon, Engl. heaven, Hel. himil, O. H. G. himila, Germ. as also mod. Dan. and Swed. himmel; this interchange of f and m is analogous to 'of' and 'um' (umb), 'sofa' and 'sömn' (i.e. svefn), 'kufl' and 'kumbl,' Lat. sopio and somnus, etc. UNCERTAIN The mythol. Gimle (Vsp. 63) is probably dat. of an obsolete himil derived from the time when the initial h was still sounded gutturally] :-- heaven; in the old heathen creed the heavenly vault was the skull of the giant Ymir, Gm. 40, Vþm. 21, Edda sub init.; and is called by the poets 'the giant's skull,' 'the burden of the dwarfs' (vide dvergr), etc.; the heavens were nine, the names of which are recorded in Edda (Gl.) :-- Níu eru himnar á hæð talðir, cp. Alm. 12, 13; upp-h., the ether, Vsp. 3; nú heldr jörð griðum upp, en himinn varðar fyrir ofan en hafit Rauða fyrir útan er liggr um lönd öll, Grág. i. 166; jafnhárt upp sem himinn, Edda 60 (in a verse); leikr hár hiti við h., sjálfan, Vsp. 58; hinn slétti h., Vþm. 46: allit., heiðr himin, Hbl. 19, Eb. 48 new Ed., v.l.; haf og h., sea and heaven; himin ok jörð, heaven and earth, Nj. 194; áðr stjarna komi á himin, ere the stars came up in heaven, Grág. ii. 322. β. phrases, undir berum himni, under the bare sky, freq.; hann ann mér eigi at hafa himininn jafnan yfir höfði sér sem hann hefir sjálfr, Vápn. 20; þykjask taka h. höndum, to think one grasps heaven with one's hands, of high fantastic hopes; þat hugðum vér bændr ... at vér hefðim þá höndum himin tekit, en nú ..., Hkr. i. 141, Sighvat (Bersögl. vísur), Al. 118; himins-emdi, the end, border of heaven, Vþm. 37, Edda 12. 2. the heathen conception of a plurality of heavens caused the plural to be mostly used by Christian writers, esp. after the Reformation, also, Guð á himnum, God in the heavens; Faðir á himnum, Gr. GREEK, N. T., following the Gr. text; himnum að, towards the heavens,, Pass. 34. 1; hér og á himnum bæði, 24. 7: himna-Guð, God in the heavens, Sól. 6, Stj.; stíga til himna, to ascend to the heavens, Gþl. 40; himna-fagnaðr, heavenly joy, Hom. 30; himna-brauð, bread from the heavens, manna, Post.; himna-fæðsla, id., Stj.; himna-för, ascension to the heavens; himna-ljós, the light of the heavens, Pass. 3. 3; hinma-hallir, the halls of the heavens, 25. 13; himna-konungr, the king of the heavens, Hom., Fms. i. 141; himna-mjöl, the flour of the heavens, manna, Stj., Al. 64; himna-sjón, heavenly sight, Greg. 35; himna-vist, an abode in the heavens, Hom.; himna-ríki, n. the kingdom of the heavens, N. T., in old writers himin-ríki. II. metaph. (like Gr. GREEK), a canopy, covering, cp. Germ. trag-himmel; sængr-himinn, a bed canopy: poët., brúna-himinn, heaven of the brows, the forehead, Kormak; ál-himin, the heaven or covering of the deep, the ice, Eyvind. himin-raufar, f. pl. the sluices of heaven, Skálda 210, Mar. 10. himin-ríki, n. [Dan. himmerige; Germ. himmelreich], the kingdom of heaven, Gþl. 42, Edda 149 (pref.), Th. 28; himinríkis-dyrr, -hirð, -höll, -innganga, -vist, Hom., Mar., Bs. passim; himinríkis maðr, an heir of the kingdom of heaven, 677. 3; but in mod. usage himnaríki(see himinn 2) is more usual. himin-roði, a, m. the redness of the sky, Matth. xvi. 2. himin-runninn, part. = Gr. GREEK, Od. himin-röðull, m. = himinsól, Lex. Poët. himin-skaut, n. the sheet of heaven, a quarter of heaven, Lat. plaga caeli, Hdl. 14, Skv. 1. 10, passim. himin-skin, n. a heavenly shining, Jónas 115. himin-sól, f. the sun in heaven. himin-stjóri, a, m. (-stýrir, m.), the ruler of heaven, God, Lex. Poët. himin-stjörnur, f. pl. the stars in heaven, Jónas 122. himin-targa, u, f. the targe of heaven, the sun, Þd. 4. himin-tjald, n. a canopy. Am. 106. himin-tungl, n. pl. the heavenly bodies, Hkr. ii. 288, Rb. 66, 108, passim; himintungla far, h. gangr (ganga), Stj., Rb. himin-vangi, a, m. the mead of heaven, the sky, Hkv. 1. 15. himin-vist, f. dwelling in heaven, Lex. Poët. himneskr, adj. (hifneskr, Fms. x. 392), heavenly, Sks., Bs., N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim. HIND, f. [A. S. hind; Engl. hind; Germ. hinde; Dan. hind] :-- a hind, Lat. cerva, the female of hjörtr, Karl. 45, freq.: hindar-kálfr, m. a hind's calf, a fawn, Bret. ch. 19; Hindar-fjall, n. Hind's-fell, a mountain, Fas., Fm. II. [prob. a different word, akin to Goth. hinþan, Swed. hinna = to find], skill, grace; in the phrase, með hind, artfully, gracefully, as in the ditty: Það er að segja af Sigurði Blind | samdi hann ljóð um hverja kind, | sá hann hvorki sól né vind, | seggjum þótt' 'ann kveða með hind; esp. freq. in poets of the 16th and 17th centuries. hindar-dags, gen. as adv. the day after to-morrow, N. G. L. i. 23; see hindri. hindr, n. = hindran, Stj. 262. HINDRA, að, [A. S. hinderjan; Engl. hinder; Germ. hindern; Dan. hindra; Swed. hindra] :-- prop. to keep behind, hinder, Stj. 138; h. eðr tálma, Dipl. i. 4, Bs. i. 689. II. pass. to be impeded, Fms. vii. 144, xi. 423. 2. to halt, loiter, Stj. 172, Mar.: to go astray, to be wrong, Fbr. 78 new Ed., Bs. i. 820: to lose time, loiter about a thing, meira mun nú annat til framkvaemdar en hindrask eptir þessu, Sturl. iii. 157; cp. hindrvitni below. hindran, f. a hindrance, Stj. 9. HINDRI, compar., superl. HINZTR, [cp. Ulf. hindar = GREEK, A. S. and Engl. hinder, O. H. G. hintar, Germ. hinter; cp. also A. S. hindan, Engl. be-hind] :-- the hinder, hindmost, latter, latest, only in poetry: I. the compar. occurs only as an GREEK in hindra dags, the day after to-morrow, Hm. 109, and hindar-dags, N. G. L. i. 23. II. superl., hinnzta sinni, for the last time: in prose, vér gengum á land innsta (i.e. hinzta) sinni, Fms. vii. 149; þá er hann fór inzta sinni til Jórsala, 625. 191: in poetry, Sól. 41, Fas. i. 428; hinztr fuudr, the last meeting, Hkv. Hjörv. 40; hinzt kveðja, Am. 45; hinzt bæn, Skv. 3. 62. hindr-vitni, f. 'hinder-knowledge,' idolatry, superstition, nonsense, Bs. i. 165, Hkr. ii. 176; flærð heiðingligrar hindrvitni, Fb. i. 513; ef hann trúir á þat heldr en annat fé, eða ferr hann með h., K. Þ. K. 78. HINGAT, also spelt higat (Eg. 51, Nj. 227, Fms. i. 189, Stj. 27, 35) and hegat (Ísl. ii. 270, Gþl. 272), prob. only by dropping the mark of abbreviation (UNCERTAIN) above the line (h&i-long;gat, h&e-long;gat), as seen from old rhymes such as hingat fyrir konu bing, Eb. 73 new Ed. :-- hither, Lat. huc, Íb. 5, Nj. 2, Grág. i. 189, Fms. i. 72, x. 18; hingat ok þangat, hither and thither, to and fro, viii. 39, Stj. 35, 284, Blas. 40; hón vissi löngum ekki hingat, i.e. she was in a senseless state, Bs. i. 384. 2. temp., hingat til, hitherto, 619. 73. B. COMPDS: hingat-burðr, m. the birth of Christ, 625. 82, Skálda 210, Fms. i. 109, xi. 468, Stj. 27 (hegat-burðr), passim. hingat-ferð and hingat-för, f. a journey hither, Eb. 144, Fms. x. 17, xi. 105. hingat-flutningr, m. carrying hither, Fr. hingat-kváma, u, f. a coming hither, arrival, Fms. vi. 394, v. 291: eccl., of Christ, Rb. 84, Stj. passim. hingat-spaning, f. = hingatkváma, Niðrst. 6. HINKA, að, [Germ. hinken], to limp, hobble, Fs. 159; see hvika. hinkr, n. a limping, hobbling, Ísl. ii. 147. hinkra, að, to halt, stop a bit; h. við, to halt, freq. in mod. usage. HINN, HIN, HIT, the article, an enclitic, which therefore can never serve as an accentuated syllable in a verse, either as rhyme or in alliteration. In good old MSS. (e.g. Cod. Reg. of Sæm.) it is hardly ever spelt with the aspirate, but is written inn, in, it or ið, or enn, en, et or eð, and thus distinguished from the demonstr. pron. hinn; but in the Editions the prob. spurious aspirate has been generally prefixed: an indecl. inu or hinu occurs often in later MSS. of the 14th century, e.g. the Fb.; but as it has not been heard of since and is unknown in the modern language, it simply seems to be a Norwegianism, thus, inu sömu orð, Th. 2; hinnu fyrri biskupa (gen. pl.), H. E. ii. 79; enu instu luti (res intimas), Hom. 57 (Norse MS.); hinu ágæztu menn (nom. pl.), id.; innu óargu dýra, 657 A. ii. 12: [cp. Goth. jains = GREEK; A. S. geond; Engl. yon; Germ. jener.] A. The: I. preceding the noun: 1. before an adjective standing alone or followed by a substantive; inn mæri, inn ríki, inn dimmi dreki, inn mikli mögr, Vsp.; in aldna, id.; inn góða mjöð, the good mead, Gm. 13; inn mæra mjöð, Skm. 16; inn helga mjöð, Sdm. 18; in forna fold, Hým. 24; in fríða frilla, 30; inn fróði jötum, Vþm. 20; inn gamli

HINN. 263

þulr, 9; inn hára þul, Fm. 34; inn fráni ormr, 19; opt inn betri bilar þá er inn verri vegr, Hm. 127; in alsnotra ambátt, in arma, Þkv.; enn fróði afi, Skm. 2; in ílla mæra, 32; enn fráni ormr, 27; eð manunga man, Hm. 163; enn aldna jötun, 104; en horska mær, 95; it betra, Stor. 22; ena þriðju, the third, Vsp. 20; inn móður-lausi mögr, Fm. 2; it gjalla gull, ok it glóðrauða fé, 9; ið fyrsta orð, Sdm. 14; enu skírleita goði, Gm. 39; in glýstömu græti, Hðm. 1; in svásu goð, Vþm. 17; enum frægja syni, Hm. 141; at ins tryggva vinar, 66; ennar góðu konu, 100; ins svinna mans, 162; ens dýra mjaðar, 141; ens hindra dags, 109; ens unga mans, Skm. 11; ens deykkva hrafns, Skv. 2. 20; æ til ins eina dags, Fm. 10; ena níundu hverja nótt, Skm. 21: with the ordinals, inn fyrsti, þriði ..., Gm. 6 sqq., Sdm. 21 sqq. 2. so also before an adverb; it sama, likewise, Hm. 75, Fm. 4, Vþm. 22, 23, Gm. 15, Hdl. 26. 3. as an indecl. particle 'in' or 'en' before a comparative; in heldr, the more, Hm. 60, Sdm. 36, Hkv. 1. 12, Skv. 1. 21, Gh. 3, Nj. 219; in lengr, the longer, Am. 58, 61; this has been already mentioned s. v. en (p. 127, B. at bottom, and p. 128), but it is almost exclusively poetical. II. placed between a pronoun and an adjective in the definite form: 1. after a demonstr.; sá inn fráni ormr, Fm. 26; sá inn harði hallr, Gs. 10; sá inn aldni jötun, Skm. 25; sá inn ámáttki jötunn, 10; þat ið mikla men, Þkv. 13; þat ið litla, 'that the little,' i.e. the little thing, Ls. 44: þann inn alsvinna jötun, Vþm. 1; þann inn aldna jötun, Fm. 29; þann inn hrímkalda jötun, 38; þess ins alsvinna jötuns, Vþm. 5; þat it unga man, Alm. 6; þann inn aldna jötun, Gm. 50; þau in harðmóðgu ský, 41; sá inn máttki munr, 93; mönnum þeim enum aldrœnum, Hbl. 44; börn þau in blíðu, Og. 9; hrís þat ið mæra, Akv. 5: in prose, fjölmenni þat it mikla, Eg. 46; þetta it mikla skip, Fms. x. 347, passim: with ordinals, segðu þat ið eina, say that the first, Vþm. 20; þat ið þriðja, fjórða ..., 20 sqq. 2. after a possessive; síns ins heila hugar, síns ins svára sefa, Hm. 105; þíns ins hvassa hjörs, Fm. 29; minn inn hvassi hjörr, 6; míns ins hvassa hjörs, 28; bækr þínar inar bláhvítu, Hðm. 3. after a pers. pron.: þú hinn armi, thou wretch! Ld. 326; gakk þú hingat hinn mikli maðr! Eg. 488. III. placed between two nouns in apposition: 1. between a proper name and a title or epithet in the definite form; Sigurðr inn Suðræni, Sigurd the Southerner, Skv. 3. 4; Atli inn Ríki, Akv. 29; Högna ins frækna, Hjalla ins blauða, 23; Guðröðr inn Göfugláti, Ýt.; Hamðir inn hugumstóri, Hðm. 25; Kjötva'nn ( = Kjötva enn) Auðga, Hornklofi; Svan enum Rauða, Álfr enn Gamli, Hdl.; as also in prose, Ívarr inn Víðfaðmi, Haraldr enn Hárfagri, Ólafr inn Digri, Knútr inn Fundni, Auðr in Djúpauðga, Þorbjörg in Digra, Hildr in Mjófa, Steinólfr inn Lági, Þorkell inn Hávi, Kjarlakr inn Gamli, Björn inn Austræni, Ólafr inn Hvíti, Hálfdan inn Svarti, Sighvatr inn Rauði, Kyjólfr inn Grá, Gestr inn Spaki; Ari inn Fróði (Aren Froðe contr. = Are enn Froðe, Ó. T. 23, line 1), Ketill inn Heimski, Knútr inn Ríki, Eadvarðr inn Góði, Hálfdan inn Mildi, Ingjaldr inn Illráði, Helgi inn Magri, Úlfr inn Skjálgi, Landn., Fb. iii; cp. Gr. GREEK, GREEK, Germ. Nathan der Weise, Engl. Alfred the Great, etc.: of ships, Ormr inn Langi, Ormr inn Skammi. 2. between an appellative and an adjective; sveinn inn hvíti, Ls. 20; hendi inni hægri, 61; þengill inn meins-vani, Gm. 16; seggr inn ungi, Skm. 2; skati inn ungi, Hdl. 9; brúðr in kappsvinna, Am. 75; hest inn hraðfæra, Gh. 18; varr inn vígfrækni, gumi inn gunnhelgi, Hðm. 30; auð inn fagra, Skv. 1. 13; orm inn frána, 1, 11; fjánda inn fólkská, Fm. 37; konungr inn Húnski, Skv. 3. 8, 18, 63, 64; orð ið fyrra, Og. 9; mál ið efsta, 16; seggr inn suðræni, Akv. 3; seggr inn æri, 6; mar'inum mélgreypa, 3, 13; borg inni há, 14; sól inni suðrhöllu, 30; veðrs ens mikla, Hkv. 1. 12; handar ennar hægri, Ls. 38, 61; vífs ins vegliga, Am. 54; konung inn kostsama, Hkm.; gramr inn glaðværi, id.; hlut inn mjóvara, Ýt. 13; konungr inn kynstóri, fylkir inn framlyndi, hilmi'nom hálsdigra, konu'na Dönsku, hverr' enni Heinversku, Hornklofi, Sæm. (Möb.) 228-231; við arm inn vestra, Sighvat; so also in prose passim. B. When there was no adjective the article became a suffix to the noun (see Gramm. pp. xix, xx), a usage common even in early prose, but extremely rare in poetry; the reason is, not that the poems were composed before the suffixed article had come into use, but that the metres themselves in which all the old poems were composed are older than that usage, and are not well adapted to it, so that the absence of the article became traditional. The old poem Harbarðsljóð makes an exception, no doubt not from being later than all other poems, but from being composed in a peculiar metre, half verse and half prose; thus in that single poem alone there are nearly twenty instances, or about twice or thrice as many as in all the other poems together :-- váginn, Hbl. 2, 13, 15; sundit, 1, 3, 8, 13; verðinum, 4; eikjunni, 7; skipit, id.; stöðna, landit, id.; leiðina, 55; höfuðit, 15; bátinum, 53; veggsins, stokksins, steinsins, 56; matrinn, 3: other solitary instances are, goðin öll, Vsp. 27 (prob. somewhat corrupt); eiki-köstinn, Gh. 20; vömmin vár, Ls. 52. II. in prose, old and modern, the suffixed article occurs at every step; only one or two instances are worth noticing as peculiar to the Icelandic: 1. as vocative in addressing; konan, O woman! mjöðnannan, id., Sighvat (in a verse of A.D. 1018, and so in mod. usage); elskan! hjartað! heillin! ástin, my love! dear! heart! þursinn! Fas. i. 385; hundarnir! = GREEK, Od. xxii. 35: also with another word, barnið gott, good child! Þrúðnaþussinn, thou monster giant! Miðgarðs-ormrinn! Fas. i. 373. 2. esp. if with a possessive adjective following, as in Gr. GREEK, etc.; elskan mín, ástin mín, hjartað mitt, góðrinn minn! hér er nú ástin mín, here is my darling! Sturl. ii. 78, of a father presenting a darling child to a friend; and so in mod. usage: as abuse, hundrinn þinn, thou dog! Ísl. ii. 176; þjófrinn þinn! Fms. vii. 127; dyðrillinn þinn! ii. 279; hundinum þínum! vi. 323: this use is not confined to the vocative, e.g. konan mín biðr að heilsa, my wife (kona mín is never used); maðrinn minn, my husband; biddu foreldrana þína (ask thy parents) að lofa þér að fara; augun hans, his eyes, Pass. 24. 4; hugrinn vor og hjartað sé, our mind and heart (cp. Gr. GREEK), 43. 5; svo hjartað bæði og málið mitt | mikli samhuga nafnið þitt, 10. 7; gef þú að móður-málið mitt, 35. 9; bókin mín, my favourite book, my own book; as also, fáðu mér hattinn minn, vetlingana mína, skóna mína, give me my hat, gloves, shoes; tungan í þér, augun í þér, thy tongue, thy eyes; höfuðið á mér, fætrnir á mér, my head, my feet; hendrnar á þér ('á mér, á þér' are here equivalent to a possessive, see p. 37, C. IV), thy hands, cp. Homer, GREEK; hestana þína, Gr. GREEK: similar is the instance, vömmin vár, the sins of ours, Ls. 52; this may be a remnant of a time when the article was used separately, even with an indefinite adjective. 3. a double article, one suffixed to the noun and the other prefixed to the word in apposition; hirðin sú in Danska, Fms. vi. 323; þau in stóru skipin, viii. 384 and passim: again, when a noun is put in the genitive after another noun the former has no article; as the Engl. phrase 'the fish of the sea and the fowl of the air' is in Icel. 'fiskar sjávarins og fuglar loptsins:' but this belongs to the syntax; see also Grimm's D. G. iv. 432. C. SPECIAL CHANGES, in mod. usage: I. the demonstr. pron. sá, sú, það has in speech generally taken the place of inn, in, it; thus, sá gamli maðr, sú gamla kona, það gamla skáld; sometimes the article is dropped altogether, e.g. á fimta degi, on the fifth day ( = á enum fimta degi); á sömn stundu, in the same hour; even in old writers this is found, með sömu ætlan, Bs. i. 289; á níundu tíð dags, Stj. 41, (but rarely); yet the old form is often retained in writing. II. in case A. II. the article may be dropped; þann gamla maim, þá gömlu konu, það gamla skáld, þú armi, etc.; sá ráða-góði, sú goðum-líki, sá ágæti Odysseifr, sú vitra Penelopa, sá Jarðkringjandi Pósídon, Od. passim (in Dr. Egilsson's translation). III. in case A. III. 1. the article is also dropped, Knútr Ríki, Haraldr Hárfagri; even old writers (esp. in later vellums) omitted it now and then, Hálfdan Svarta, Fms. i. 1; Haraldr Grænski, 90; Haraldr Hárfagri, 192; Óttarr ungi, Hdl.: even in the Sæm. Cod. Reg., Völsungr ungi, Skv. 3. 1, 3. IV. in case A. III. 2. the pronouns sá, sú, það, and hinn, hin, hit may be used indiscriminately, although the former is more usual. V. lastly, in case B. the suffixed article has gained ground, and is in modern prose used more freq. than in ancient. UNCERTAIN CONCLUSION. -- The old poetical language, with the sole exception of a single poem, had no article in the modern and proper sense; in every instance the 'inn, in, it' bears the character of a demonstrative pronoun, preceding an adjective and enhancing and emphasising its sense, like the pers. pron. hann, q.v.; but it is never attached to a single substantive; when the adjective was placed in apposition after a noun, the pronoun came to stand as an enclitic just after the noun, and was sounded as if suffixed thereto; at last it was tacked as an actual suffix to single nouns standing without apposition, and thus the true suffixed article gradually arose, first in speech, then in writing; whereas at the same time the old pronominal enclitic (A. I-III) gradually went out of use, and was either dropped or replaced by the stronger demonstrative pronoun 'sá, sú.' HINN, HIN, HITT, demonstr. pron., prob. identical in etymology with the preceding word, from which it is however distinguished, 1. by the neut. hitt, Dan. hint; 2. by the initial aspirate, which is never dropped; 3. by being a fully accentuated pronoun, so that the h can stand as an alliterative letter, e.g. handar ennar hægri | mun ek hinnar geta, Ls.; veitkat ek hitt hvart Heita | hungr ..., Hallfred; Hitt kvað þá Hamðir, etc., Hom. 23, 25, Korm. 40; Raun er hins at Heinir | hræ ...; Skáld biðr hins at haldi | hjálm ..., Sighvat, Hkv. Hjörv. 26: [Ulf. jains = GREEK; A. S. geond; Engl. yon; Germ. jener.] A. This pronoun is used, I. in a demonstr. sense, emphatically and without being opp. to a preceding demonstr.; raun er hins at ..., it is proved that ...; skáld biðr hins, at ..., Sighvat; veitkat ek hitt hvat (hvárt) ..., Hallfred; hitt ek hugða, emphatically, that was what I thought, I thought forsooth, Hm. 98; hitt kvað pá Hróðrglóð, Hðm. 13; hitt kvað þá Hamðir, 25; hitt vil ek vita, that I want to know, Vþm. 3, 6; þó ek hins get, ef ..., yet I guess, that if ..., Skm. 24; vita skal hitt, ef ..., Korm. 40 (in a verse), Ísl. ii. 225 (in a verse); hitt var fyrr = in former times, formerly, Ýt., Fs. 94 (in a verse); hinn er sæll, er ..., he is happy, that ..., Hm. 8; maðr hinn er ..., 'man he that' = the man who, 26; hinn er Surts ór Sökkdölum, Edda 51 (in a verse); veitat hinn er tin tannar, hinn er um eyki annask, Kormak (in a verse); handar innar hægri mun ek hinnar geta, er ..., the right hand, that hand namely, which ..., Ls. 38; this usage scarcely occurs except in old poetry. II. demonstr.

264 HINNA -- HITTA.

referring to another pronoun, denoting the former, farther, the other, = Dan. hiin, hint, Germ. jener, cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. ille; freq. in prose, old and mod.; fóru þeir með þau skip er þeim þóttu bezt en brenndu hin, Fms. v. 8; Kimbi bar sár sitt engan mun betr en hinir, er hann hafði áðr á fært, 92; en hitt er meira, at hann lætr sér annarra manna fé jafnheimilt, Eg. 47; kemr örvar-oddrinn í strenglag hinnar örvarinnar, Fb. iii. 405; er þú hefir mik fyrir lagt á hinu áðr, 407; hinir frændr þínir, ii. 425; á hinn fótinn, on that, the other leg, Nj. 97; þat er válítið, ... hitt er undr ..., Ls. 33; hinir hlaða seglunum ok bíða, Fms. x. 347; ef hinn (the other part) er eigi þar við staddr, Grág. i. 52; hvárt hinn (the other one) hefir jafnmikit fé hins (of the other one) er austr er, 220; rétt er at kveðja frá hennar heimili ef hann veit hvártki hinna (gen. pl.), 339; ok vill annarr hluta en annarr eigi ... ok verðr sem hinn mæli ekki um er eigi vill hluta, 393; ef maðr sendir annan mann til eindaga, ok erat hinn skyldr við at taka, id.; þess á milli er hón fór at sofa á kveldit, ok hins er hón var klædd, Ld. 14; ærit fögr er mær sjá, ... en hitt veit ek eigi hvaðan þjófs-augu eru komin í ættir várar, forsooth she is a beautiful girl, but yet I know not, Nj. 2 :-- demonstr. in the sense of this (but rare), stjörnur þær er nær eru leiðar-stjöruu ganga aldri undir með oss, en í Blálandi eðr Arabia ganga hinar stjörnur, these very stars, Rb. 468: phrases, hitt ok annat, this and the other, Rd. 235; mod. hitt og þetta. B. COMPOUND FORMS, hinn-ug, hinn-og, or hins-ig, mod. hins-egin, also hizig, q.v. [from vegr], adv. the other way; þótt Gísl þykki hinsig (hinn veg, v.l.) eigi síðr til vísa, Fms. vii. 46; hinnig værir þú undir brún at líta sem ..., Nj. 55: locally, there, in the other place, illic, ok láta bera vætti þat hinneg var nefnt, Grág. i. 90; heimta af erfingja ef hinnig er eigi til, K. Þ. K. 28; brenndi þar ok görði hervirki eigi minna enn hinneg, Fms. vi. 340; ef hinnig mundi kostr, K. Þ. K. 24; eigi er hægra undir þeim at búa fyrir kulda sakir, enn hinnog er fyrir ofrhita sakir, Sks. 196; því at hón er kaldari hér en hizug, 70: temp. the other day, formerly (rare), er ek hinnig mælta, Og. 11. 2. denoting motion, hither, thither; hinnig deyja ór Helju halir, Vþm. 43; renna hinnig, Gh. 18; ríða hinig, Fm. 26: koma hinig, Gs. 18. HINNA, u, f., mod. himna, [Dan. hinde; Swed. hinna], a film, a membrane, Grág. ii. 91, Edda 12, Clem. 25, Bs. ii. 180, Vígl. 31. hipsum-haps, adv. by mere chance, from Dan. hips haps. HIRÐ, f. [akin to A. S. hyred; cp. also Engl. hire], a king's or earl's body-guard, the king's men of olden times: for the hirð, their rights, duties, statutes, see the Laws and Sagas passim; among the Laws, specially the Hirðskrá, N. G. L. ii. 390-450, Sks. ch. 24 sqq.; among the Sagas, the Fms. and Hkr. passim, Eg. ch. 5, 8, Fagrsk. ch. 5, the poem of Hornklofi, and 216, Ó. H. ch. 200 sqq., passim: hann hefir ok hirð um sik sem konungr, Eg. 47; ok hafði sína hirð hvárr þeirra, Fms. vi. 185; þá skipar hann hirðinni í eina fylking (opp. to bændr), Hkr. i. 155. COMPDS: hirðar-dómr, m. a king's court; synja eiði eptir hirðardómi, N. G. L. ii. 437. hirð-biskup, m. a king's bishop, Fms. i. 229. hirð-bróðir, m. a comrade among king's men, El. 14, Barl. 94, Hirðskrá ch. 41. hirð-búnaðr, m. apparel for king's men, Skálda 181. hirð-drengr, m. a king's valet, Rétt. 61. hirð-hestr, m. a king's horse, N. G. L. i. 227. hirð-kona, u, f. a king's woman, daughter of a king's man, Fas. i. 193, Art. hirð-lið, n. the king's troops, Str. 3. hirð-lög, n. pl. the laws and statutes of the king's men, their community, fellowship, Fms. v. 52; taka e-n í hirðlög, Ó. H. 204; ganga í h., Eg. 29, 112; vera í or segja sik ór hirðlögum, N. G. L. ii. 437. hirð-maðr, m. a king's man, Hirðskrá, Fms., Eg., Sks. passim, Ó. H. ch. 70, 113, Har. S. Harðr. ch. 110, Hkr. Ó. T. ch. 90, Lv. p. 112 (far þú á fund Eyjólfs Guðmunds sonar, vinar míns ok hirðmanns), Nj. ch. 3, Fbr. hirðmanns-eiðr, m. the oath taken by the king's men, Fms. ix. 437. hirðmanna-lúðr, m. a trumpet belonging to the king's men, Sturl. i. 129, Fms. ix. 417. hirðmanna-nafn, n. the name of being a king's man, Sks. 275. hirðmanna-stefna, u, f. a hustings of king's men, Fms. ix. 306. hirð-mær, f. = hirðkona, Art., Karl. hirð-pallr, m. the daïs where the king's men sate, N. G. L. ii. 447. hirð-prestr, m. a king's chaplain, Fms. i. 151, Fb. ii. 337, N. G. L. ii. 409. hirð-prúðr, adj. courteous, Fms. v. 191, viii. 447, ix. 4. hirð-prýði, n. royal pomp, Fms. iii. 182, x. 178. hirð-riddari, a, m. a king's knight, Barl. 176. hirð-siðir, m. pl. the customs of the king's men, Eb. 200, Sks. 320, Hkr. iii. 181. hirð-skip, n. a king's ship, N. G. L. i. 227, passim. Hirð-skrá, f. the statutes or section of law relating to the king's men, published in N. G. L. ii. 390-450. hirð-stefna, u, f. a meeting of the king's men, Fms. ix. 215, 250. hirð-stjóri, a, m. the captain of the king's men, Fms. iv. 364, ix. 250, 496, Gþl. 58, Eg. 280, Hirðskrá ch. 8, 24; in Eg. 280 used in a peculiar and Engl. sense; in Icel. the governor was, from the 14th to the 16th century, called hirðstjóri, Ann., Espol. passim. hirð-stjórn, f. the dignity of hirðstjóri. Fms. ix. 250; in Icel. sense, Ann. passim, Dipl. ii. 15. hirð-stofa, u, f. a king's hall, Ó. H. 43. hirð-sveinn, m. = hirðdrengr, Stj. 482. hirð-sveit, f. the host of king's men, Hkr. i. 24, Fms. i. 36, ii. 17, vi. 46, vii. 279, xi. 244. hirð-vist, f. the being a king's man, Fms. ii. 55, v. 315, vii. 196, xi. 18, Nj. 6. HIRÐA, ð, mod. t, (Fms. vii. 290), to herd, tend, keep; hirða fé, to herd sheep, Grág. i. 401. 2. to keep in a box, chest; þá hirði Ásgerðr slæðurnar, Eg. 703; hann tekr burt örina ok hirðir hana svá búna, Fms. xi. 64; ok hirt (imperat.) þat í glerkeri, Pr. 472. 3. hirða hey, to gather in hay, Eb. 150, 152, Gullþ. 20, Sks. 325. 4. to keep safe, hide, conceal; ok er hann (Eliah) nú hirðr öðrum mönnum (hidden from them), Ver. 29; hirða höfuð, to hide one's head, Grett. (in a verse); þeir vissu eigi hvar Guð hirði andir þeirra, 623. 60; h. sik í djúpum, of fishes, Sks. 47, 49: reflex. to lock oneself up, hide oneself, gangit upp í turn minn ok hirðisk þar, Bær. 2, Fas. i. 8; var hann nú hirðr (save) fyrir öllum úfriði, Fms. xi. 322; hirðir ok haldnir, safe and sound, Karl. 3. II. to mind, care for; eigi hirði ek at lifa, Stj. 168; þótt þeir hirði þat eigi, even though they care not for it, Grág. i. 468; aldregi hirði ek þat, Hrafn. 19; þeir einir munu vera at ek hirði aldri þótt drepisk, Nj. 85; h. um e-t, to care about; ok hirtu ekki um líf sitt, Fms. iv. 147, vii. 290, ix. 243, Ó. H. 114, Þiðr. 142. 2. imperat. with a neg. and an infin. do not! Lat. noli! hirð eigi þú at hræðask! 656 C. 37; hirð eigi þú at þræta, noli contendere, Skálda 164: hirðit eigi ér at hafa íllmælgi, 623. 30; hirð eigi þú at hopa á hæl, Hvítanessgoði! Nj. 170; hirðit eigi at óttask, Stj. 220 passim: esp. in poetry with a neg. suff., hirðattu, Korm. ch. 26; hirða-þú, Gkv. 2. 28, 31, Am. 38; hirðum-at fælask, let us not shudder, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse). hirði-, a prefix, tending, keeping, wearing, in poët. compds, hirði-áss, -bil, -dís, -draugr, -nauma, -njótr, -sága, -sif, -týr, -þollr, all epithets in poetical circumlocutions of men and women. hirði-ligr, adj. pastoral, Th. 12. hirðing, f. a tending, keeping. hirðingi, a, m. a herd, herdsman, Stj. 106, Gen. xiii. 8. hirðir, m. [Ulf. hairdeis = GREEK; A. S. hyrde; Engl. herd; Dan. hyrde; Swed. herde; Germ. hirt] :-- a herd, herdsman, shepherd, Gþl. 400, Grág. ii. 224, Barl. 35, Bs. ii. 91, Stj. 106 (hirðanna, gen. pl.); eccl., Hom., Mar., Bs., Stj. passim, as also N. T. in mod. usage; hirðir is used in a sacred and metaph. sense, smali or smala-maðr only in the proper sense; eg em góðr hirðir, John x. 14; heilagir hirðar, Stj. 9. hirðis-lauss, adj. shepherdless; sauðir h., Stj. 603. hirðis-ligr, adj. pastoral, Stj. 235. hirðis-nafn, n. a shepherd's name, Bs. i. 280. hirðis-rismál, n. a shepherd's rising time, a term for day-break; er sól er í miðju austri, i.e. six o'clock, Grág. ii. 224, cp. Hrafn. 20. hirð-ligr, adj. belonging to the king's men, Barl. 176, Str. 40; h. málsnild, courtly eloquence, Skálda 199: pastoral, Stat. 281. hirðu-lauss, adj. careless, freq. in mod. usage. hirðu-leysa, u, f. (mod. -leysi, n.), carelessness, Bs. ii. 91. hirðu-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), careful. hirsa (mod. hissa,) adj. indecl. stunned, amazed, astonished; vera (verða) h. þeir urðu h. við þessi stórmerki, 655 v. 2; very freq. in mod. usage, eg er öldungis hissa, bráð-hissa, quite astonished. hirsi, n. [Swed. hirs], millet, Edda (Gl.) HIRTA, t, to chastise one, freq. in mod. usage; hirta sik frá e-u, to refrain from, Hom. 108: reflex., Stj. 23 (twice); hirtr, chastised, Fms. ii. 216; hirtask e-s, to refrain from a thing, H. E. i. 236. hirting, f. chastisement, Hom. 43, Al. 129, Fas. ii. 447, Bs. passim, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: hirtingar-lauss, adj. unpunished, N. G. L. ii. 419. hirtingar-leysi, n. want of punishment, Fms. v. 191. hirtingar-orð, n. severe words, H. E. i. 250. hirtingar-samr, adj. severe, Bs. i. 164. hirtingar-vöndr, m. a wand (rod) for punishing, Pass. 34. 5. hirtinn, adj. [hirða], keeping safely, careful: hirtni, f. carefulness. hirzla (hirðsla), u, f. a keeping, keeping safe, Grág. i. 400, Stj. 445, Fb. ii. 312, (rare.) 2. a box, chest, 656 B. 1, Ld. 56, Sturl. ii. 11, Fbr. 85, Pm. 10: hirzlu-hús, a store-house, H. E. i. 457, Dipl. v. 10; hirzlu-maðr, a keeper, Sks. 273; fjár-h., a treasury. his, hisja, vide hes, hesja. hismi, n. chaff, bran; létt sem h.; akin to hé-, hý-, q.v. hispr, n. foppery: hisprs-lauss, adj. without foppery, plain, straightforward; eg segi þér það hispurslaust, I tell it you plainly. historia, u, f. history (for. word), Nik. dr. 75, Pass. 11. 1, and now and then in mod. usage, although saga is the usual vernacular word. hita, u, f. a heating, Fbr. 149. COMPDS: hitu-eldr, m. a fire for heating, Sturl. iii. 147. hitu-hús, n. a brew-house, Fms. iii. 211. hitu-ketill, m. a boiler, Fms. iii. 211, Safn i. 70. hitu-vatn, n. a hot spring, Mar. hita, að, to heat. hitan, f. a heating, Fas. ii. 377. HITI, a, m. [Engl. heat; Dan. hede; Germ. hitze], heat, Vsp. 51; ór frosti í hita, Edda 39, Sks. 60, Fms. v. 350: metaph. ardour, Mar. hitna, að, to become hot, Magn. 468, Fms. x. 264, Stj. 648: impers., e-m hitnar, one gets hot, Sturl. iii. 20. HITTA, tt, [akin to Goth. hinþan, Swed. hinna = to find; Engl. hit; Dan. hitte; Swed. hitta] :-- to hit upon, meet with one, Fms. i. 129, xi. 124, v.l.; en er þeir hittu menn at máli, Eg. 405, Fs. 29: hitta ráð, to hit upon a device, Fms. vi. 152; h. á e-t, to hit or light upon, hitti hann þar á Þórólf, iv. 309: to find one's way, time, opportunity, hann hitti ílla leiðir, Fs. 101; h. vel leiðina, 141; at eigi villumk ek ok hitti aptr til þeirra, 623. 62; þar til er þér hittið inn í váginn, Fms. xi. 124 (twice);

HITTIR -- HJARNI. 265

eigi hittu þér nú í tíma til, ef þér komut svá at borðin vóru uppi, vii. 197; ok vita ef þú hittir í þann tíma, at vild þín megi fram ganga, hit upon the proper time, Sks. 294; sjaldan hittir leiðir í lið, Hm. 65 :-- also, h. til, to happen, Bs. ii. 129: h. í vandræði, etc., to get into scrapes; hér kom ek með son minn er hitt hefir í vandræði, Fms. vi. 107; þú hefir hitt í fjártjón, Fs. 100; h. í stórræði, Ísl. ii. 391. 2. to hit; hitta sjálfan sik fyrir, to hit oneself, make oneself smart, for a thing (metaph.), Þórð. 75; spjótið hitti (hit, struck) í brjóst hestsins, Flóv. 16; skýtr snæris-spjóti, ok hittir milli herða þeim er stýrði, Fagrsk. 50. 3. to visit, call on; fóru þá margir menn at hitta Hákon konung, Fms. i. 21; gakk ok hitt (imperat.) Magnús konung, vi. 198; gakk at hitta hana, Fas. i. 193; Auðr gékk út ok hittir Rannveigu, Gísl. 105, Fs. 51; hittú (imperat.) föður Magna, Hbl. 51; ok nú hittr (sic) konungr drottning, Fms. x. 292. II. reflex., 1. recipr. to hit on or meet one another, Vsp. 7, Fms. vi. 107, x. 292; hann bað þá vel fara ok heila hittask, Eg. 22; hittumk (let us meet) í vík Varins, Hkv. Hjörv. 22; þeir hittusk þar sem heitir í Minni (of a battle), Fms. vii. 208; hittask á með vandræðum, Js. 40. 2. pass. to be found; hann hittisk við Sköfnungsey, Ld. 326. hittir, m. a finder, Lex. Poët. hixta, t, [no doubt onomatopoetic, to say 'hick,' cp. Dan. hikke, Swed. hicka] :-- to hiccough, Str. 27, Am. 38. HIXTI, qs. hiksti, a, m. a hiccough, Bs. i. 847, Mag. 103; it is a popular saying that when people are slandering or gossiping about a person behind his back, he hiccoughs every time his name is mentioned, whence the saying, þar er eg nú að orði sem eg er ekki að borði, about me is the word, when I'm not at the board; þann sama dag sem biskup las bannit at Hólum, þá kom svo harðr hiksti at honum (viz. Daði), svo hann undraði, ok þat var ór hófi, svo at hann hugsaði að öndina mundi slíta af sér, Daði mælti þá, nú er eg þar at orði sem eg er ekki at borði, Safn i. 90, -- the bishop was at that moment excommunicating him; cp. the saying, sjaldan kemr hixti af huga góðum, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 552 and 557, l. 1. hizig, hitzig, hizug, adv., in N. G. L. i. 242 hizcu = hizug, [hinn vegr] :-- yonder, there, Lat. illic, heimta at erfingjum, ef hitzig var eigi til, K. Þ. K. 9 (1853), hitze, v.l.; við Útstein hitzig, yonder at U., Sighvat; hitzig (yonder) er heitir Helganes, Fms. vi. 84 (in a verse); hizug í Hafrsfirði, Fagrsk. 8 (in a verse) :-- above, sem hizig vas tínt, as told above, Grág. ii. 222 A; ok hafa, þat allt er hitzug leifir, whatsoever is left in the other (in the former code, the code of Hafliði), i. 7; en hafa ómagann sjálfr, ef hann festir eigi hizig framfærsluna, unless he shifts the alimentation on to the other part, 254; at hann vill hitzi ( = hitzig) í þingi vera, 159 :-- cp. hinnsig, hinnig, s. v. hinn. hí-býli, n. pl., usually spelt thus or even híbíli (esp. in Cd. B. of Sks. 75, 96, 127 new Ed.); hýbýli, Fms. vii. 148, Fb. i. 254, ii. 238, 314, iii. 404; [the hí- answers to Germ. hei- in heirath; Ulf. heiv- in heivafrauja = a house-lady; A. S. hiwa; Engl. hive (in bee-hive); cp. O. H. G. hiwian and Hel. hiwa = a wife] :-- a homestead, home; hús eru þrjú í hvers manns híbýlum, Grág. i. 459, ii. 196, 371; heima at híbýlum sínum, Js. 78; þar í hans híbýlum, Eg. 156, 194; ef þér eru hér kunnig híbýli, 236; í annarra manna híbýlum, Nj. 52; ganga um híbýli, to walk again, Landn. 107: allit., hús ok híbýli, house and home, Sks. 454: nú er par híbýlum á leið snúit, ok fara þeir til hvílu, Fb. iii. 404; þar vóru híbýli heldr dauflig eptir, Eb. 100 new Ed. COMPDS: híbýla-bót, f. bettering of one's homestead, Bs. i. 129, Gþl. 376. híbýla-bragr, m. home manners, domestic life. híbýla-brestr, m. a home loss, Glúm. 375, Gísl. 79. híbýla-háttr, m. home affairs, Fms. ii. 267, Bárð. 176, Fs. 131. híbýla-prúðr, adj. gentle and well-mannered at home, in one's daily life, Eb. 88, Grett. 96. HÍÐ, n. [hi, Ivar Aasen], a lair, den, esp. of a bear, N. G. L. i. 45, 46, Grett. 100, Glúm. 330, Gþl. 444, Korm. (in a verse, of a sword's sheath). COMPDS: híð-björn, m. a bear in his den, Grett. 100, Fms. ii. 100, Fas. i. 50, Glúm. l.c. híð-byggvir, m., poët. a den dweller, a bear, Korm. II. Híði, a, m. a pr. name, Fms. viii. HÍMA, d, to saunter, loiter. hímaldi, a, m. a laggard, almost like Germ. aschbrödel, Fas. iii. 18: a nickname, Fb. iii. HÍRA, ð, [hira, Ivar Aasen, statt ikje dar aa hir! and hiren = lazy] :-- híra við, to stand idle, tarry, loiter, Grág. i. 6, 65; öllu var honum betra á Stað, heima að híra, Jón Arason: in mod. usage a reflex., hírast, to sit snug at home; það er og vel að þú hírist (hýrist is a wrong spelling) hér eptir þar sem þú ert nú kominn og etir þar og drekkir, Od. x. 270, 271. Hísing, f. name of an island, Fms. HÍT, f. a scrip or bag made of the skin of a beast, Sd. 157, Fb. i. 220, Grett.: as a nickname, Fb. iii: metaph. a vast belly, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 612: the name of a giantess, Bárð.: the local names Hítar-dalr, Hítar-nes (Landn.) were still at the beginning of this century in that neighbourhood sounded Hitar-dalr, Hitar-nes, with a short i, the original form being Hitár-dalr, Hitár-nes, the dale and ness of the Hot river (a volcanic river), opp. to Kaldá, the Cold river, in the same county. The derivation from a giantess Hít is a mere fiction, and not older than the Bárðar S. Hítnesingr, m. one from Hitarnes, Sturl. hjaðna, að, to sink, dwindle, of froth and the like. Hjaðningar (Héðningar, Fb. i. 282), m. pl. the champions of the mythol. hero Héðinn, Edda 90; whence Hjaðninga-víg, n. the battle of Hedin and his men, supposed to go on for ever; see the tale in Edda 89, 90, and Fb. i. 278-282. hjakka, að, to hack; akin to höggva, q.v. hjal, n. chatter, talk, tittle-tattle, Edda 110, Fbr. 58, Fms. x. 333, xi. 19, Vápn. 16, Sturl. i. 22, Niðrst. 4: the saying, opt stendr íllt af kvenna hjali, Gísl. 15. hjals-kona, u, f. a courtesan, Dropl. 19. HJALA, að, to chatter, talk, Ísl. ii. 330, 332, Ld. 214, Sturl. i. 22; hjala við e-n, Nj. 203, Ísl. ii. 349, 378: recipr., hjalask við, to talk together, 321. hjald, n. = hjal, Edda 110. hjaldr, m., gen. rs, [cp. hildr, hjala, as galdr from gala], poët. a din, whence a fight, battle, Lex. Poët, passim: as also in poët. compds, hjaldr-reifr, -gegninn, -móðr, -örr, -ríkr, -snjallr, -stríðr, -þorinn, adj. = martial, warlike; the sword is hjaldr-blik, -íss, -kyndill, -linnr, -skíð; the battle, hjaldr-el, -drif, -ganga; the shield, hjaldr-ský; a raven, hjaldr-gagl, -trani; a warrior, hjaldr-gegnir, -magnaðr, -remmir, -snerrandi, -týr, -viðurr: hjaldr-goð = Odin; vide Lex. Poët. hjal-drjúgt, n. adj. chattering; verða h., to be chattering all along, Eb. 200, Vápn. 7, 12. HJALLI, a, m. [akin to hilla, Engl. shelf; cp. also Engl. hill] :-- a shelf or ledge in a mountain's side, Hrafn. 9, Gullþ. 19, Fb. iii. 408, Dropl. 33, Sturl. iii. 246, very freq.: as also in local names, Deildar-hjalli, Landn.; Víðir-hjalli, Þver-h., Litli-h., Langi-h. II. a local name, Landn. hjallr, m. [akin to hjalli], a scaffold, a frame of timber, Gísl. 31, Mar. 557, Hkr. ii. 175 (of a pedestal); seið-hjallr (q.v.), the scaffold on which witches sat. 2. a shed, esp. for drying clothes, fish, N. G. L, i. 137, H. E. i. 396, Vm. 174; fisk-h., a fish-shed; grinda-h., a shed of rails. COMPDS: hjall-grind, f. the frame of a shed. hjall-viðr, m. timber for a shed, Pm. 133. HJALT, n. [A. S. and Engl. hilt], the boss or knob at the end of a sword's hilt; also the guard between the hilt and blade; the former being sometimes distinguished as the eptra or efra hjalt (hinder or upper, accordingly as the sword was held), and the latter as fremra h., the fore part or guard, where blade and hilt join; or else the plur. hjölt is used; í því gékk hjaltið af sverðinu hit efra ok hljóp þá brandrinn fram ór meðalkafla umgörðinni, Sturl. iii. 283; hjölt ok meðalkafli, Þiðr. 114; eftra hjaltið, opp. to fremra hjaltið, Karl. 124, Korm. ch. 9, Ld. ch. 57, Eb. ch. 13, and Gísl. 72, vide gadd-hjalt, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 9, Sdm. 6; hjölt ór gulli, Akv. 7; sverð með gulligum hjöltum, Fms. i. 15; nema hjöltin við neðra gómi, Edda 20; sverðit brotnaði undir hjaltinu, Nj. 43, Fms. ii. 484, Gullþ. 18; skaltú nú vera þegn hans er þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, Fms. i. 15; Helgi hnauð hjalt á sverð, Nj. 66; hann leggr sverðinu á þessum sama flekk ok fellr á hjöltin, Fb. i. 258. UNCERTAIN The Engl. hilt is in Icel, called meðal-kafli, 'middle-piece:' the Engl. word is derived from the Scandin., but in a different sense. hjaltaðr, part. with a hjalt; gull-h., Þiðr. 80. Hjaltar, m. pl. Shetlanders, Orkn. (in a verse), Sturl. i. 94 C, ii. 44. hjalti, a, m. [hjalt], a nickname, Landn.: as also a pr. name, id.; Horn-h., name of a sword, Gullþ. Hjalt-land, n., later Hetland, which occurs in the Fb.; in Engl. corrupted into Shetland or Zetland. COMPDS: Hjaltlendingr, m. a Shetlander, Fms., Fb. Hjalt-lenzkr and Hjalt-neskr, adj. one from Shetland, Ld. 26, Grág. i. 299. hjalt-uggaðr, part. with 'boss-fins,' poetical epithet of a sword, metaph. from a fish, Ísl. ii. (in a verse). hjalt-vöndr, m. a 'hilt-wand,' sword, Lex. Poët. hjara, u, f., pl. hjörur, mod. = hjarri, a hinge. HJARA, ð, pres. hjari, part. hjarað, [no doubt akin to híra], to linger, to live (poorly), Pass. 33. 12. hjarð-hundr, m. a shepherd's dog, Hkr. i. 226. Hjarð-hyltingar, m. pl. the men from Hjarðar-holt, Landn., Ld. hjarð-reki, a, m. a drover, Stj. 257, Mar. hjarð-rækr, adj. able to drive a drove, of one half blind, Bs. i. 307. hjarð-sveinn, m. a shepherd boy, Fms. ii. 156, Stj. 482. hjarð-tík, f. a shepherd's tyke, Eg. 375. HJARL, n., only poët. a land, country, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: hjarl-stríðandi, part. a champion fighting for the land, Lex. Poët. hjarl-þvengr, m., poët. a snake. HJARN, n. hard frozen snow, as also frozen earth covered with snow, Sturl. iii. 147, Fms. i. 8, ii. 228, Lil. 10, Bb. 3. 35. hjarna, að, [hjara], in the phrase, hjarna við, to shew signs of life, to revive, Lat. vivescere; at kýrin skyldi við h., Bs. i. 335; barn hjarnar við, N. G. L. i. 340; veyklegt afkvaemi við þó hjarni | vilja þau helzt það deyi strax, Bb. 1. 14. HJARNI, a, m. [Dan. hjerne; Germ. ge-hirn], prop. the brain, Edda (Gl.); whence hjarna-mænir, m. the skull, Haustl.

266 HJARNSKAL -- HJÁLMR.

hjarn-skál, f. [Germ. hirnschale], the brain pan, the skull, Sturl. iii. 283, cp. Vkv. 23, 33. HJARRI, a, m. a hinge, Stj. 565, Korm. (in a verse). hjarra-grind, f. a gate on hinges, Grág. ii. 264. HJARSI, proncd. hjassi, a, m. [Swed. hjesse; Dan. isse], the crown of the head; frá hjassa til ilja, Karl. 342, N. G. L. i. 339, Gísl. (in a verse); hann þreif í hjarsann á Kolbirni en setti knéit í bakit, Bárð. 177, (obsolete.) II. a fabulous beast, whence the saying, verða aldraðr (gamall) sem h., to be as old as a h., Fas. iii. 365; or, hann er afgamall hjassi, an old decrepid h. HJARTA, n., gen. pl. hjartna, [Goth. hairto; A. S. heorte; Engl. heart; Hel. herta; O. H. G. herza; Germ. herz; Dan. hjerte; Swed. hjerta; Gr. GREEK; Lat. cor, cord-is] :-- the heart, Fbr. 137, Nj. 95, passim. II. metaph., gott hjarta, góð hjörtu, með bezt hjarta, ört h., snart h., dyggt h., frækit h., a bold, stout, true heart, Lex. Poët.; glatt h., a glad heart, Em. 1; milt h., a mild heart, id.; hrætt h., a timid heart, Sól.; sárt h., a sore heart; blóðugt h., a bloody or bleeding heart, Hm. 36; viðkvæmt h., a tender heart: denoting courage, Þórr á afl ærit en ekki hjarta, Hbl. 26; h. ok hugr, heart and courage, Ísl. ii. (in a verse) :-- phrases, hjarta ór leiri, to have a heart of clay, be a coward, Kormak, referring to the tale in Edda 57, 58; or merar-hjarta, the heart of a mare; hjarta drepr stall, the heart beats (see drepa A. 4) or sinks, rudely expressed in Sturl. ii. 42 (in the verse); hjartað berst, beats; but the subst. is hjart-sláttr, q.v. 2. the heart, mind, feeling; snotrs manns hjarta verðr sjaldan glatt, a wise man's heart is seldom glad, Hm. 54; hugr einn þat veit hvat býr hjarta nær, einn er hann sér um sefa, 94 (cp. 1 Cor. ii. 11): allit., hold ok hjarta, flesh and heart, body and soul, i.e. all, hold ok h. var mér in horska mær, Hm. 95; hugr ok h., soul and heart, Pass. 43. 5; also, minni og h., mind (memory) and heart, 8. 12; h. og hugskot, heart and mind: phrases, af öllu h., with all one's heart; unna e-m (elska e-n) af öllu hjarta, Lv. 37, Mar.; eg heft ekki hjarta til e-s, I have no heart for it: the gen. as adverb, hjartans feginn, heartily glad, Pass. 4. 15; h. glaðr, göra e-ð í hjartans grannleysi, in the simpleness of heart; hjartans harðúð, hardness of heart. 3. in addressing, hjartað, hjartað gott, sweet heart! dear love! 4. mythol., Hrungnis hjarta, the stone heart, of the giant Hrungnir: the name of a magical character, perh. = Germ. Druiden fuss, see Edda 58: sea pebbles are called the heart of the sea, Ýt. B. COMPDS: hjarta-blauðr, adj. cowardly, Karl. 124. hjarta-blóð, n. hearts-blood, Edda 74, Fbr. 108, Bær. 11, Fas. i. 163. hjarta-dauðr, adj. dead at heart, Stj. 484. hjarta-friðr, m. heart's-ease, peace of heart, Mar. hjarta-góðr, adj. kind-hearted, Bs. ii. 178. hjarta-gróinn, part. rooted in the heart. hjarta-hreinn, adj. pure in heart, Pass. 2. 8. hjarta-prúðr, adj. stout-hearted, generous, Eb. 194. hjarta-prýði, f. stoutness of heart, generosity, Bær. 20, Sks. 274. hjarta-ragr, adj. cowardly, Fas. iii. 100. hjarta-rætr, f. pl. the 'heart-roots,' heart-strings, Fbr. 216: the phrase, e-m hitnar um hjartarætrnar, to be deeply moved, alarmed, or the like, to feel the blood rushing to one's heart. hjarta-taugar, f. pl. the heart-strings. hjartaðr, part. hearted so and so, Bær. 9. hjarta-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hearty, Bs. ii. 156, Fms. iii. 53, Mar. hjartan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hearty, Stj. 186, Th. 7, freq. in mod. usage. hjart-blóð, n. = hjartablóð, Fm., Sæm. 156 (prose), Gkv. 2. 29. hjart-fólginn, part. heart-felt, cherished in the heart, Vígl. 22, N. G. L. ii. 481, Col. iii. 12, Vidal., freq. in mod. eccl. usage. hjart-höfði, a, m. [hjört], a hart's (stag's) head, Lex. Poët. hjart-kolla, u, f. [hjörtr], a hind, Str. 3, Bret. hjart-kærr, adj. beloved. hjart-lauss, adi. disheartened, Orkn. 408 old Ed. hjart-mörr, m. the fat about the heart, Stj. 310, Exod. xxix. 22. hjart-næmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), with hearty feeling. hjart-næmr, adj. heart-touching, 625. 87, freq. hjart-sára, adj. heart-sore, broken-hearted, Bs. i. 354. hjart-skinn, n. [hjörtr], deer-skin, Fms. ii. 148. hjart-skjálfti, a, m. heart-throbbing. hjart-sláttr, m. a beating of the heart. hjart-verkr, m. heart-ache. hjart-veyki, f. heart disease. hjart-veykr, adj. having a heart disease. hjart-æð, f. the 'heart-vein,' vena mediana, Fél. xi. 142. HJÁ, prep. [this prep. is peculiar to the Scandin. languages, which in their turn lack the Germ. and Saxon bei, by; the Dan. and Swed. add an s, hos, qs. hiaa's, haa's; hjá may be akin to Goth. heiva and Icel. hjú, q.v.; cp. Lat. cum] :-- by, beside, with dat.: 1. by, near, at hand, Lat. juxta; setjask niðr hjá e-m, to take a seat by a person's side, Nj. 3, Fs. 83; Egill setti hana niðr hjá sér, Eg. 249; liggja hjá e-m, to lie by one, Nj. 94; rekkja hjá konu, Ld. 30; hvíla hjá konu, Hbl. 17; sofa hjá e-m, to sleep in the same bed with one, Korm.; hann var jarðaðr (earthed, buried) hjá föður sínum, Fms. x. 111; sverðit stóð hjá honum, i. 16; næsta bæ hjá Rúts-stöðum, Nj. 32; þótti þeim í hönd falla at taka upp land þetta hjá sér sjálfum, this land lying close at hand, Ld. 210. 2. near, close to; gluggar vóru hjá brúnásunum, Nj. 95; hann var heygðr hjá Hofi, 163; hjá þreskeldi, Korm. (in a verse); þar hjá garðinum, Fs. 56; hjá brjóstinu, id.; hjá hvílu búanda þíns, Nj. 19; spjót koma upp hjá hólunum, 95; í hjá Ölvosvatni, Íb. 11; hjá dyrunum, O. H. L. 72: í hjá = hjá, hann stóð í hjá vandbálki nokkurum, id.; þar í hjá, close by, Grág. ii. 338. 3. by, with, Lat. apud; vera hjá e-m, to stay with one; vera í gistingu hjá e-m, to lodge with one, Dropl. 9; þau vóru þar hjá konungi í góðu yfirlæti, Bárð. 178; þeirra manna er í hjá oss vóru, Gþl.; taka upp giptu hjá e-m, Fms. xi. 426; maðr einn var eptir hjá honum, Lv. 63; eru þeir hér ódáða-menninir hjá þér, Hlenni? 64. 4. in the presence of, Lat. coram; svá at Flosi var hjá, in the presence of Flosi, Nj. 259; móðir þeirra var hjá, 214; þeir vóru þá í hjá ok heyrðu, Anal. 294; vera í hjá, Gþl. 287 passim. 5. passing by, Germ. vorbei; mánaði síðar fóru þeir hjá mér kátir, Fb. ii. 288; sneiða hjá, to pass by, Fbr. 70; hann þóttisk eigi sneiða mega hjá slíkum málum, Háv. 55; farask hjá, to pass by one another, Eb. 270; sitja (kyrr) hjá e-u máli, not to stir, remain neutral, 124, Fms. xi. 83: absol., Nj. 97; láta menn sitja hjá kyrra, to let them be unmolested, Ld. 258; vilda ek at þú létir vera ok hjá liða (to let it go by, notice it not) þetta vandræði, 206; leiðir hann hjá sér þessi mála-ferli, Eb. 38 new Ed.; annan veg mun reynask en hann Hrói láti hjá sér líða þat (leave undone) sem hann er heitbundinn í við vini sína, Rd. 246; fara hjá sér, to go beside oneself, go out of one's mind, Eb. 270; hleypa þeir upp hjá þeim, Nj. 107. β. fram hjá, past, by, Germ. vorbei; en ef þik berr skjótt fram hjá, þá ..., Lv. 65, Fs. 108; hann gengr í móti þeim ok hjá þeim, and past them, Valla L. 212; fram hjá Knafa-hólum, Nj. 95; ríða vestr hjá Hallbjarnar-vörðum, 4; þeir riðu hjá fram, rode by, 96. 6. besides; gefa aðrar sakir bóndum hjá fram, Bs. i. 496. II. metaph. in comparison with, to; réttlátir hjá íllum, Eluc. 16; lítils verðr hjá sínum göfgum frændum, Skálda 176; þeim þykir allt lágt hjá sér, Ld. 214; þótti allt barna-vipr þat er aðrar konur höfðu í skarti hjá henni, 122; hin stóru skipin Bagla urðu ekki mjúkræs hjá þeim er Birkibeinar höfðu, Fms. viii. 384; er þá sýkn dagr hjá því sem nú er, iv. 265; höfðu þeir fátt kvikfjár hjá því sem þurfti, Eg. 134; þó at Ólafr konungr hafi eigi lið mikit hjá her þeim er vér höfum, Ó. H. 214; hefir hann nú lítið fjölmenni hjá því sem hann hafði í sumar, 168; þvkir yðr allt lágt hjá yðr Vatnsdælum, Fs. 53; Þórr er lágr ok lítill hjá stórmenni því er hér er með oss, Edda 33. hjá-brögð, n. pl. tricks, devices; h. heimsins, Mar. hjá-bú, n. an outlying estate, opp. to heima-ból, Sturl. ii. 229. hjá-félag, n. an extra partnership, N. G. L. ii. 285 (Jb. 404, 405). hjá-hliðran, f. a going aside from, evasion. hjá-hvíla, u, f. concubinage, Fas. ii. 341, iii. 657. hjá-kátligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), out of the way, odd, queer. hjá-kona, u, f. a concubine, Karl. 66. hjá-land, n. an outlying estate, opp. to heimaland, Am. 41, 95. hjá-lega, u, f. concubinatus, N. G. L. i. 357. hjá-leiga, u, f. = hjáland, freq. in mod. usage. hjá-leikr, m. = hjábragð, Grett. 146 new Ed. hjá-lenda, u, f. = hjáland: mod. a colony, Germ. beiland. HJÁLM, f. [A. S. healme; Engl. helm], a helm, rudder; hjálmar-skíð, n. the tiller, Korm. (in a verse); otherwise only occurring in hjálmar-völr and hjálmur-völr (q.v.), m. = hjálm-völr, q.v., N. G. L. ii. 283, v.l.: Hjálmar-dalr, m. a local name, Orkn. hjálmaðr, part. helmed, Hkm. 11, Fms. vii. 242, 243, Karl. 328. hjálm-barð, n. [mid. H. G. helmbarte], a helmet-rim, Fas. iii. 355. hjálm-bönd, n. pl. helmet-strings, Fas. ii. 430, Bret. 56. hjálm-drótt, f. a helmed host, war host, Gkv. 2. 15. hjálm-gjörð, f. the rim of a helmet; gylt h., Fms. vii. 323, v.l. hjálm-hús, n. [hjálmr II. i], a hay-house, barn, Fb. iii. hjálm-höttr, m. a helm-hood, a kind of cowl put over the helmet, Þiðr. 9, 285, Eg. 407. hjálm-laukr, m. a kind of leek, garlic, Fs. 146. HJÁLMR, m. [Goth. hilms; A. S., Engl., Hel., O. H. G., and Germ. helm; Dan.-Swed. hjalm; Ital. elmo; old Fr. heaume; a Teut. word prob. derived from hylja, to hide] :-- a helm, helmet; distinguished from stálhúfa, a steel hood; luktr hjálmr, a closed, shut helm, only occurs in very late writers, e.g. D. N. i. 321; steyptir hjálmar, Gkv. 2. 19, cannot mean cast-iron helmets, but must be helmets coming over the face, as cast-iron was unknown in the Middle Ages, see Aarb. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 9; aringreypir hjálmar, helms shaped like an eagle's beak, Akv. 3; gull-h., a gilt helm; ár-hjálmr, a brazen helmet, Hkm.: the word âr is A. S., since helmets were of English workmanship, as is seen also in Valskir hjálmar, foreign helmets, which are mentioned by Sighvat. 2. in the mythology Odin is called Hjálm-beri, a, m. helm-bearer, Gm.; he and the Valkyrias were represented as wearing helmets, Edda, Hkm. 9, Hkv. 1. 15; whence the poets call the helmet the hood of Odin (Hropts höttr): the vault of heaven is called the 'helm' of the wind, sun, etc., lopt-h., vind-h., sólar-h., Lex. Poët.: the head is called hjálm-stofn, hjálm-staup, hjálm-stallr, hjálm-setr, the stem, knoll, seat of the helm: the weapons,

HJÁLMRÆÐA -- HJÚ. 267

hjálm-angr, -grand, -gagarr, -gríðr, -reyr, -skass, -svell, are called the bane, ogre, etc. of the helm: battle is hjálm-drífa, -grap, -hríð, -rödd, -skúr, -þrima, the storm, gale of the helm: a warrior is hjálm-lestir, -njótr, -njörðungr, -rækjandi, -stafr, -stýrandi, -týr, -þollr, -þróttr: it appears in adjectives, hjálm-faldinn, helm-hooded; hjálm-göfugr, -prýddr, -samr, -tamiðr, decked with, wearing a helm, Lex. Poët. 3. metaph. and mythol.; huliðs-hjálmr, a 'hiding-helm,' cap of darkness, Germ. tarn-kappe, which in the popular tales makes the wearer invisible, in Alm. the clouds are so called; ægis-hjálmr (ýgrs-h.), cp. the GREEK of the Greek, helm of terror, properly used of serpents, Sæm. 13 (prose), Edda 73, Fas. i. 175: in the phrase, bera ægishjálm yfir e-m, to bear the ægis over or before another, i.e. to hold him in awe and submission, Fm. 16, 17, Ld. 130, Fms. viii. 101, Fas. i. 162, Sd. 155, Hrafn. 19, cp. Ad. 4: in mod. usage, hafa ægis-hjálm í augum, to have an ægis in one's eyes, i.e. a magical overawing power of eye; cp. hjalm = horror, Ivar Aasen: in pr. names, Hjálmr, Hjálmarr, Hjálm-geirr, Hjálm-grímr, Hjálm-gunnarr, Hjálm-týr, Hjálmr-gerðr, not freq., Landn., Fbr. iii, Edda; suffixed in Vil-hjálmr, William. II. of helmet-shaped things: 1. a rick of barley, hay, or the like (bygg-h., hey-h., korn-h., q.v.); hlaða korni í hjálma, Ó. H. 30, Stj. 413, N. G. L. ii. 358: also a hay-house, barn, hjálma ok hús, i. 38; cp. hjálm-hús. 2. kerta-hjálmr, ljósa-h., a chandelier. hjálm-ræða, u, f. pales or fences for hay-ricks (?), N. G. L. i. 38, (Gþl. 346) -- nú skal hann eigi grafa upp hjálmræðr eptir fardaga, höggva má hann fyrir ofan jörð ek færa í brott. hjálm-röðull, m. -- hjálmbarð, Höfuðl. hjálmun-völr, m. = hjálmvölr, Orkn. 8, Fms. i. 212 (v.l.), vii. 47, x. 267, Sks. 479. hjálm-vitr, f., qs. hjálmvættr, a 'helm-wight,' a Valkyria, Hkv. 1. 53. hjálm-völr, m. a 'helm-wand,' 'helm-handle,' the tiller of a helm, Orkn. 152, Korm. 230, Fms. i. 212. hjálm-þornaðr, part., of corn dried and stacked, Sighvat. hjálp, f. (hjólp with umlaut, Fms. x. 397, 404), help (esp. in old writers in a stronger sense, saving, help, healing, see hjálpa), Clem. 58, Fms. vi. 106, Fb. i. 337, passim; so in Hm. 147; biðja e-n hjálpar, 200; veita e-m hjálpir, Rd. 309; hjálpar drykkr, a healing draught, Mar.: in plur., Fms. ii. 227, Og. 1: eccl. help, salvation, D. I. i. 231; hjálp ok heilsa, Fb. i. 404, Bs. i. 199; sálu-hjálp, 'soul's-help,' salvation: in mod. usage, help in a general sense. COMPDS: hjálpar-fúss, adj. willing to help. hjálpar-gata, u, f. a way to help, Fms. i. 142. hjálpar-hönd, f. a helping hand; með hjálparhendi, Stj. 202; rétta e-m hjálparhönd, to reach one a helping hand. hjálpar-lauss, adj. helpless. hjálpar-leysi, n. helplessness. hjálpar-maðr, m. a helper in need, Stj. 448, Orkn. 460: one wanting help, Fms. vii. 33. hjálpar-ráð, n. helping advice, Fb. i. 404: eccl. help, salvation, Nú kom heiðinna hjálpar-ráð, Hólabók 1. hjálps-maðr, m. = hjálparmaðr, Sks. 451 B, Barl. 100, 207. HJÁLPA (prop. hjalpa); in old usage strong; pres. helpr, pl. hjálpa; pret. halp or hjalp (as in mod. Dan.), N. G. L. i. 303, Fms. viii. 129, 306; holp and hjalp, ix. 288; pl. hulpu; subj. hylpi, Bs. i. 703; helpi, Fms. x. 368; imperat. hjálp, Sighvat and Arnór; part. hólpinn: in mod. usage weak (að) and of the 1st conjugation, as it also occurs in old writers, hjálpaðu, Fms. vii. 290, and Mork. l.c.; hjálpa (imperat.), Stj. 122; hjálpaðr (part.), id.; hjálpat, Fs. 92: in mod. usage hólpinn still remains as an adjective, cp. Engl. holpen: [Ulf. hilpan = GREEK; A. S. helpan; Engl. help; O. H. G. helfan; Germ. helfen; Dan. hjælpe; Swed. hjelpa]: I. to help, in old writers always denoting to save, save another's life, but in mod. usage to help in a general sense, with dat.; ok hjalp þeim þat mjök Birkibeinum, at svá var myrkt at þeir kendusk eigi, Fms. viii. 306; kirkjur vóru allar læstar ok hjalp þeim þat ekki, 129; taka fæzlu ok drykk ok hjálpa (infin.) svá yðrum líkama, x. 368; muntú bæði þér í því ok svá mörgum öðrum h., 392; ok svá ef nokkurr helpr þér, xi. 192; en hinn er má, ok vill eigi h. hinum nánustum frændum, Fb. i. 438; hann halp með því lífi sínu at sinni, Hkr. iii. 323 (but hjalpaði, Mork. and Fms. vii, l.c.); ok hjálpuðu svá lífi sínu, Fms. vii. 290 (hulpu, Hkr. iii. 420, l.c.); sá hólp (helped) Inga konungi er hann svamm yfir ána Níð, Fms. ix. 288 (hjalp, v.l.); ef maðr stelr mat ok helpr svá lífi fyrir hungrs sakir, N. G. L. ii. 168 (Js. 128); hjálpa (imperat.) nú lífi þínu, Stj. 122; but hjálp þú, Sighvat in Fms. v. 177 (in a verse), Edda i. 318, Gísl. (in a verse); Guð hjálpi mér en fyrirgefi yðr, Nj. 170; konungrinn sjálfr hafði hjálpat þeim, Fs. 92; en hón helpi svá lífi sínu með einu epli, Fms. x. 368: in the oath, svá hjálpi mér Freyr ok Njörðr ok hinn Almáttki Áss, Landn. 335, whence the Christian 'so help me God;' svá hjálpi þer hollar vættir, Og. 10; ok helpr honum eigi sá lengr enn it fyrsta alþingi, Grág. i. 380; enda helpr honum þat ekki, 91: of midwifery, to heal, skal sú kona vitni um bera er hjalp henni, at barnit var dautt alit, N. G. L. i. 303; vittu ef þú hjálpir, Og. 5: in mod. usage to help, hann minnist miskunnar og hjálpar á fætr sínum þjón Israel, Luke i. 54, passim. 2. adding prep. við; hón bað konung hjálpa við konungs-syni þessum, Fms. i. 81, Bs. i. 349; hét hann á menn sína at hlaupa til ok h. við hofinu (of a house burning), Ísl. ii. 410; en þat þér h. (heal) mun við sökum ok sorgum, Hm. 147. II. reflex. to be saved; þá munu vér hjálpask allir saman, Fms. v. 59; þeirra er hjálpask í dómi, Eluc. 37; sálir hjálpisk, H. E. i. 257; þú vilt at allir hjálpisk, Barl. 100; Davíð flýði ok gat hólpit sér, Stj. 469. 2. part. pass. hólpinn, 'holpen,' saved, safe; ef þú mátt út komask þá ertú hólpinn, Hom. 120; en Bjarni hefir sik í skóginn ok er nú hólpinn fyrir Þorkatli, Vápn. 25; hann skal vera hólpinn á dóma-degi, Karl. 342; eru þeir þá hólpnir ef þeir fá hann, Fs. 66; væntu þeir at þeir mundi hólpnir verða ef flóð yrði eigi meira en Nóa-flóð, Rb. 402; eigi er þér at hólpnara þó at þú sért hjá mér, Grett. 130; heill ok hjálpaðr, safe and sound, Stj. 122. hjálpandi, part. a helper, saviour, Greg. 33. hjálpari, a, m. a helper, saviour, Fms. i. 77, x. 224 (of Christ), Stj. 50, 241, Mar. 5. hjálp-lauss, adj. helpless, Rd. 308. hjálp-leysi, n. helplessness, Barl. 147. hjálpr, m. = hjálpari, N. G. L. i. 317: hjálps-maðr, m. = hjálparmaðr. hjálp-ráð, n. help, salvation, Stj. 233, 240, Fms. x. 238 (means of saving); mín augu hafa séð þitt hjálpráð, Luke ii. 30. hjálp-reip, n. a saving rope, Edda (Gl.); en ef h. brestr, gjaldi tvær örtogar, N. G. L. ii. 283: the hjálpreip perhaps resembled the GREEK in Acts xxvii. 17. hjálp-ríkr, adj. rich, mighty in help, Bs. i. (in a verse). hjálp-ræði, n. = hjálpráð, 655 xv. A. 1; biðja e-n hjálpræða, Fms. ii. 132: helping advice (healing), vi. 198; með dýrð ok hjálpræðum, with glory and help, x. 338. hjálp-samliga, adv. helpfully, Str. 65, Stj. 23. hjálp-samligr, adj. helpful, salutary, Stj. 54, H. E. ii. 164, Magn. 492, Bs. ii. 156, Fms. v. 224. hjálp-samr, adj. helping, helpful. hjálp-semi, f. helpfulness. hjálp-vænligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), salutary, promising help. Fms. xi. 334. Bs. i. 648, Fb. i. 510. hjálp-vænn, adj. = hjálpvænligr, Bs. i. 202. hjálp-vættr, f. = bjargvættr, Gullk. C. hjá-máll, adj. speaking-beside the mark, absurd, Skálda 164. hjá-róma, adj. singing out of tune. hjá-ræna, u, f. a queer, odd fellow; hann pr mesta h. COMPDS: hjárænu-legr, adj. strange, beside oneself. hjárænu-skapr, m. hjá-seta, u, f. sitting by sheep, watching or tending sheep (from sitja hjá), Piltr og Stúlka 12. hjá-staða, u, f. a standing by, assistance, Fms. iii. 187, 190, Fas. iii. 548. hjá-staurr, m. a supporting stake, prop, Gþl. 380. hjá-stigr, m. a by-path, Þorst. Síðu H. 10. hjá-stoð, n. [Germ. bei-stand], help, assistance. hjá-stælt, n. adj. a kind of metre, the intercalary sentence (stál) being placed at the end of the verse, Edda (Ht.) hjá-trú, f. 'by-faith,' superstition, (mod.) hjá-tækr, adj. missing one's hold, Nj. 263. hjá-vera, u, f. a being by or near, pretence, H. E. i. 420, Stj. 219. hjá-verandi, part. being present, Skálda 202. hjá-verk, n. by-work; göra e-ð í hjáverkum, to do a thing in one's spare time. hjá-vist, f. presence, Bs. i. 351, Barl. 158. HJÓL, n., a contr. form from hvel, q.v.; hjól rhymes with stól, Hkr. iii. 238 in a verse at the beginning of the 12th century; [Swed. and Dan. hjul] :-- a wheel, Sks. 412; vagnar á hjólum, Fms. vi. 145, Stj. 71, 288; vagna-hjól, 287; brjóta í hjóli, to break on the wheel, Fms. xi. 372, Skálda 204 (in a verse); á hverfanda hjóli, on a rolling wheel, Grett. 97 new Ed. (Hm. 83, hvel); leika á hjólum, to turn upon wheels, metaph. of a shifting or sanguine character, hann leikr allr á hjólum: so in the saying, valt er hamingu-hjólið. hjól-börur, f. pl. wheel-barrows. hjól-nöf, f. the nave of a wheel, Lex. Poët. hjól-vagn, m. a wheel-cart, cart on wheels, Fms. vi. 145. hjól-vakr, adj. running softly as a wheel, of a pony. hjól-viljugr, adj. easy as a wheel, of a pony. HJÓM, n. [cp. Ulf. hjuhma = GREEK; akin to hé- in hégámi], any froth-like substance, e.g. the frothy film of half-thawed ice and water. hjón, see hjún. hjóna, n. = hjón or hjú; this form seems to be a nom. sing., and not gen. pl., in N. G. L. i. 340 (v.l.), Grág. i. 212, 287, Am. 94, Bs. i. 60, and perh. in Nj. 57; for the references see hjún below. HJÚ, n. [for the etymology see híbýli, p. 265; the fundamental notion is family, house] I. man and wife; hve þik hétu hjú, how did thy parents call thee? Fsm. 46; hjú görðu hvílu, Am. 9; er vér heil hjú heima várum, Vkv. 14; bæði hjú, man and wife, Pd. 5, 56; ef hjú skiljask (are divorced), Grág. i. 239; ef frændsemi eða sifjar koma upp með hjúm, 378; þau hjú (Herod and his queen) ollu lífláti Joans Baptizta, Ver. 40. II. the domestics, family, household: mér ok mínum hjúm, Glúm. (in a verse), Grág. i. 473; lét Koðran þá skíra sik ok hjú hans öll nema Ormr son hans, Bs. i. 5; hjú ok hjörð, house-people and

268 HJÚFA -- HLAÐBUÐ.

cattle, Þorf. Karl. 376; slíkt er mælt um hjú at öllu, Grág. i. 143; auka hjú sín, 287; þá skulu þeir ala jafnvel sem hjú sín, 445; Hildir ok hjú hans öll, Nj. 158; tók hann við trú ok hjú hans öll, id. The mod. usage distinguishes between hjú, domestics, servants, and hjón, Lat. conjuges: even in sing., dyggt hju, a faithful servant; ódyggt hjú, a faithless servant; öll hjúin á heimilinu, all the servants of the house, etc.; vinnu-hjú, servants; vinnuhjúa-skildagi ( = the 14th of May). HJÚFA or hjúfra, [Ulf. hiufan = GREEK, Matth. xi. 17, Luke vii. 32; A. S. heofjan; Hel. hiovan; O. H. G. hiufan; and no doubt also Engl. to heave = to pant, breathe with pain, which is not to be confounded with heave = to lift] :-- to pant, heave, Gkv. 1. 1, 2. 11 (obsolete). II. in provincial Icel. to drizzle; and hjúfr-skúrir, f. pl. a drizzling shower, Lex. Poët. HJÚKA, mod. hjúkra, að, in the phrase, h. at e-m, to nurse, cherish (a baby, a sick person), 623. 36, Fms. ii. 59, Pass. 44. 6, where it rhymes with sjúka; lífinu hjúkrar hönd, 47. 6: reflex., hón hjúkaðisk lítt við þessa fæðu er til var, Fs. 174. hjúkan and hjúkran, f. a nourishing, nursing, Fms. vii. 444, Háv. 43. Hjúki, a, m. a mythical name of the man in the moon, Edda 8. hjúka-timbr, m. a nickname, Grett. 20 new Ed. (hjúki, v.l.) hjúkólfr, m. [the latter part is prob. borrowed from the Engl. club, qs. hjú-kólfr = people's club, and is not to be derived from hjúka] :-- a club-house, inn, Fms. ix. 453, Sturl. ii. 124: metaph., Bs. i. 137. HJÚN and hjón, n. = hjú: I. usually in pl., man and wife, Rm. passim; skylt er hvárt hjóna at færa annat fram á fé sínu, ef annat hjóna fær gæzlu-sótt, ef því hjóna batnar heilsa, Grág. i. 287; ok eru þau tvau ein hjún (þau tuau hjúna, v.l.), N. G. L. i. 340; annat-tveggja hjóna, Grág. i. 212; um hjón tvau erlendis, id.; Höskuldr bað hana vinna þeim hjónum, Ld. 34; skamliga stöndum vit nökvið hjún, Sks. 504 (Adam and Eve): in the saying, hús skal hjóna (dat.) fá, i.e. there must be a house for a wedded pair, first a house then a household, Bs. i. 60. COMPDs: hjóna-band, n. matrimony, H. E. i. 453, 463, passim in mod. usage. hjóna-hatr, n. disagreement between married people, 655 xxi. 3. hjóna-ligr, adj. connubial, H. E. i. 475. hjóna-rúm, n. = hjónasæng. hjóna-rýgr, m. = hjónahatr. hjóna-samband, n., -samvist, f. living together in wedlock, H. E. i. 458, Gþl. 230. hjóna-skilnaðr, m. a divorce, Gþl. 224, Grág. i. 325. hjóna-sæng, f. a conjugal bed. hjóna-vígsla, u, f. a wedding (in church), H. E. i. 474. hjúna-lag, n. = hjónaband, N. G. L. i. 340, 350, H. E. ii. 75. II. domestics, household people; Hallr ok hjún hans, Hallr spurði hjún sín hversu þeim þóknaðisk athæfi Kristinna manna, en þau létu vel yfir, Hallr var skírðr ok hjún hans öll, Bs. i. 12; at hjón mín hafi hart, svelta hjón sín, Band. 38; var hann nú í Hólmi ok hjón hans (Ed. kona wrongly), Bjarn. 39; hjónin (the servants) heituðusk við at hlaupa í brott, þá líkar hjónum vel, 27; Þórð ok hjón hans öll, Landn. 134; búandinn ok ::ll hjúnin, Edda 28; hann ok hjún hans öll, Eb. 108 new Ed., Skálda 163; ek em kona Njáls ok ræð ek eigi síðr hjón en hann, Nj. 54; þenna aptan enn sama mælti Bergþóra til hjóna sinna, 196; Njáll réð honum hjón öll, 151; hann hafði ekki fleiri hjón en þrjú, Fbr. 35: sing., réðsk hann þá þar at hjóni (hjóna?). then he took service there, Nj. 57. COMPDS: hjóna-lið, n. household folk, Grág. i. 154. hjóna-tak, n. a hiring of servants, Nj. 104. hjóna-tal, n. a tale or number of servants, N. G. L. i. 349, Gþl. 358. hjóna-val, n. a choice of servants, Fas. ii. 351. hjúna-fóstr, n., -fæzla, u, f., -framfærsla, u, f. the maintenance of a household, Gþl. 351. hjún-margr, adj. having many servants, Ld. 124. hjúpa, að, to shroud (a corpse), Fas. i. 456. HJÚPR, m., older form júpr, Fms. x. 415, [a word of for. origin, cp. Germ. joppe, Fr. jupe] :-- a doublet, Fr. pourpoint; hafði rauðan hjúp yrir brynju, Fms. vii. 55, 56, viii. 404; silki-h., a silk doublet; skinn-h., q.v. II. in mod. usage freq. in metaph. = dress, clothing. hjúp-roði, a, m. [from A. S. heope, Engl. heps or hips, Dan. hyben], a hectic red colour caused by blood between the skin and flesh, Fél. ix. 223; -- so called from the colour of these berries. hjú-skapr (hjún-skapr, MS. 671. 6, Gþl. 230, N. G. L. i. 150, 151, 376), m. matrimony, Grág. i. 287, Sturl. ii. 128, Barl. 158: = hjúskaparfar, þyrmask frá hjúnskap, N. G. L. i. 376, Str. 10, 19. COMPDS: hjúskapar-band, n. the bond of matrimony, K. Á. 16, H. E. i. 523. hjúskapar-far, n. the 'knowing' one's wife, cohabitation; eiga h. við konu sína, Fas. i. 250, Fms. ii. 73, Mar. 10. hjúskapar-mál, n. pl. cases referring to marriage, H. E. i. 458, Bs. i. 718. hjúskapar-ráð, n. pl. the contracting of matrimony, K. Þ. K. 164. hjúskapar-samlag, n. wedlock, Stj. 426. hjúskapar-slit, n. a divorce, N. G. L. i. 151. HJÖRÐ, f., gen. hjarðar, dat. hjörðu, pl. hjarðir, [Ulf. hairda = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. heord; Engl. herd; O. H. G. herta; Germ. heerde; Swed.-Dan. hjord] :-- a herd, flock, Hm. 20, 70, Hým. 17 (of oxen), Gþl. 400, Fms. vii. 54, N. G. L. i. 146, Fb. i. 151, Þorf. Karl. 376; gæta hjarðar, to tend flocks, Stj. 460, 462, passim: eccl., Guðs h., Hom. 85, Mar., Post. COMPDS: hjarðar-hundr, m. a herdsman's dog, Fms. i. 152. hjarðar-sveinn, m. a herd-boy, Fas. i. 518, Stj. 464. hjarðar-tröð, f. a sheep-fold, Magn. 494: in local names, Hjarðar-holt, Hjarðar-dalr, Hjarðar-nes, Landn. HJÖRR, m., gen. hjarar and hjörs, dat. hjörvi, dat. pl. hjörum, Hm. 159, Hkv. 2. 22; gen. pl. hjörva; nom. pl. does not occur; [Ulf. hairus = GREEK; A. S. heor; Hel. heru] :-- poët. a sword, Vsp. 55, Ls. 49, 50: a battle is called hjör-dómr, -drífa, -dynr, -él, -flaug, -fundr, -galdr, -göll, -gráp, -gráð, -hríð, -leikr, -mót, -regn, -róg, -rödd, -senna, -sálmr, -skúr, -stefna, -veðr, -þeyr, -þing, -þrima; a warrior, hjör-drótt, -drífr, -gæðir, -lundr, -meiðr, -móði, -njörðr, -njótr, -runnr; and adjectively, hjör-djarfr, etc.; the blood, hjör-dögg, -lögr; a shield, hjör-vangr, -laut, -þilja: from some of these compds it appears that 'hjör' was also used as a kind of missile; in adjectives, hjör-undaðr, part. wounded by a sword; hjör-klufðr, part. cleft by a sword: in poetry the head is called hjörr Heimdala, the sword of H., Landn. 231 (in a verse). II. in pr. names; of men, Hjörr; and in compds, Hjör-leifr: of women, Hjör-dís. HJÖRTR, m., gen. hjartar, mod. hjörts, dat. hirti, acc. pl. hjörtu, mod. hirti; [A. S. heort; Engl. hart; O. H. G. hiruz; Germ. hirsch; Dan. hjort; Lat. cervus] :-- a hart, stag, Gm., Sól., Nj. 143, K. Þ. K. 132, Edda 11, Fas. i. 205, Pr. 410, passim: hjartar-horn, n. a hart's horn, Edda 23, Str. 3, Sól. 78: metaph. in the phrase, ríða á hirti, to be of importance; hvé mjök þat er kallat at á hirti ríði, hversu til fátækra manna var gjört í þessu lífi, Bs. i. 104, ( = ríða á miklu.) II. a pr. name, Landn. HLAÐ, n. [North. E. lad; cp. hlaða], a pile, stack ( = hlaði), N. G. L. i. 136, 257. 2. a barn ( = hlaða), N. G. L. i. 137: but in Icel. usually, 3. the pavement or court-yard in front of a homestead, Nj. 197, Ísl. ii. 204, 252, Bs. i. 66, Sturl. iii. 141, 279. HLAÐ, n. [this word is freq. used in poems and in pr. names of the heathen time, and although it is aspirated (as shewn by allit. in verses) and has a final ð, yet it may be derived, prob. through A. S., from Lat. laqueus; Ital. lazio; old Fr. lacs; Span, lazo; Engl. lace] :-- lace, lace-work; feldr búinn hlöðum, a laced cloak, Fas. ii. 70; kyrtill hlaði búinn, O. H. L. 2 and passim; it is also used of bracelets worn on the arms, so in Bjarn. (in a verse), cp. the compd hlað-hönd. From wearing lace and bracelets a woman is in poetry called hlað-grund, hlað-nipt, hlað-norn, hlað-guðr; a distinction is made between gull-hlað, gold lace, which was worn round the head, esp. by ladies, but also by men, Orkn. 280 old Ed., Fms. ii. 264, iv. 72, vii. 34, and silki-hlað, silk lace, a ribbon :-- hlað belongs also to a priestly dress, Vm. 31, 38, 77, Dipl. iii. 4. HLAÐA, hlóð, hlóðu, hlaðit, [Ulf. hlaþan = GREEK, 2 Tim. iii. 6; A. S., O. H. G., and Hel. hladan; Engl. load, lade; Germ. laden] :-- to load, esp. to lade a ship; hlaða skip, Nj. 19; hlóðu skipit með hveiti ok hunangi, Eg. 69; skip hlaðit kvikfé, Landn. 194; hlóð hann skip sitt af korni ok malti, Fms. iv. 358, Höfuðl. 1; kistur hlaðnar af gulli, chests laden with gold, Fms. xi. 85; hlaðinn íþróttum, Fær. 157. II. to build up, Lat. struere: 1. prop. to pile; hlaða korni í hjálma eðr hlöður, O. H. L. 30; skera ok h., to cut and stack (corn), Gþl. 406: to pile up, h. köst, Orkn. 112; þeir sá hlaðit skíðum, logs piled up or stacked, Fs. 42; settu hann þar niðr ok hlóðu at grjóti; h. valköstu, O. H. L. 302 (in a verse); reynt mun slíkt verða hvárr grjóti hleðr at höfði öðrum, Nj. 141; má þat eigi víst vita hvárr hellum hleðr at höfði öðrum, Þórð. 36 new Ed. 2. to build; Kormakr hlóð vegg ok barði með hnyðju, Korm. 60, Jb. 212; þeir hlóðu þar varða er blótið hafði verit, Landn. 28, Gísl. 60; hlaða vita, Orkn. 242, v.l.; var hón (the bridge) með lím hlaðin, Karl. 410; hlóð ek lof köst, Ad.; hlaðinn steinum, Hdl. 10. III. to fell, lay prostrate, slay, with dat.; gátu þeir hlaðit honum um síðir ok bundu hann, Grett. 118 new Ed.; drífa þá til verkmenn ok gátu hlaðit erninum, Bs. i. 350; fékk hann hlaðit selinum, Bjarn. 31 (MS.); þeir bera vápn á Finnana ok fá hlaðit þeim, Fms. i. 10: freq. in poetry, Ísl. ii. 268 (in a verse), Orkn. 366, Hkr. i. 131, Eb. 208; frá ek hann at hlœði (subj.) Arnmóði, Jd. 29. 2. naut., h. seglum, to take in sail; nú sigldu þeir at hömrum nokkurum, hlóðu seglum við mikinn háska, Korm. 168; hlóðu þeir þá seglunum sem tíðast, Fms. viii. 134, x. 347, Hkr. i. 333, 336, Sæm. 112 (prose), Sól. 77. IV. reflex., hlaðask at e-m, or til e-s, to pile oneself on, i.e. to throng, crowd, mob one; þeir hlóðusk á hann margir ok báru at honum fjöturinn, Fb. i. 564; vér viljum eigi at fjölmenni hlaðisk at (throng to see) er vér erum afklæddir svá gamlir, Fms. ii. 152, v.l.; ok laðask (sic) allir til Broddhelga, Vápn. 19 :-- also, hlaðask á mara bógu, to mount a horse, Gh. 7. B. [hlað, lace], hlaða spjöldum (cp. mod. spjalda-vefnaðr), to lace, embroider, Gkv. 2. 26. hlaða, u, f. [Old Engl. lathe in Chaucer, still used in North. E.; Dan. lade] :-- a store-house, barn (also, hey-h., bygg-h., korn-h.), Eg. 235, Grág. ii. 286, Dropl. 18, Eb. 190, 318, Rm. 19, Rd. 284, 285, Glúm. 357, Ó. H. 30, Sturl. i. 95; hlöðu dyrr, Grett. 112, Ísl. ii. 69; hlöðu-kálfr, for the pun see Glúm. 359; hlöðu vindauga, Sturl. ii. 43; bók-hlaða, a library, (mod.) hlað-beðr, m. a bed or pillow with lace-work, Fas. i. 427. hlað-berg, n. a projecting pier, a rock where a ship is laden, D. N. iv. 180; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa e-ð á hraðbergi (sic), qs. hlaðbergi, to have a thing ready at hand, Lat. in promptu. Hlað-búð, n., see búð, Sturl. ii. 82, Nj. 223.

HLAÐBUINN -- HLAUT. 269

hlað-búinn, part. ornamented with lace, laced, Nj. 48, 169, Vm. 129, Ísl. ii. 223, Rd. 261, Fms. vii. 225, passim. hlað-garðr, m. a wall surrounding the hlað, Fas. ii. 419, Safn i. 76. hlað-hamarr, m. = hlaðberg: a local name. Hlað-hönd, f. lace-hand, name of a Norwegian lady living at the end of the 9th century, Eg. hlaði, a, m. a pile, stack; mó-hlaði, torf-h., skíða-h., fisk-h., skreiðar-h., a slack of peat, turf, logs, fish, Gþl. 378, N. G. L. i. 420, Eb. 266, Háv. 53, Fs. 5, 42, Stj. 270; klæða-h., Grett. 160; ullar-h., Fs. 45. 2. = hlaða, a barn, Fb. ii. 228. Hlaðir, f. pl. a local name in Norway, the seat of a noble family. Hlaða-jarl, m. earl of H., surname of earl Hakon, Fms. hlað-kross, m. a lace-cross, made of lace, Pm. 124 (in a church). hlaðsla, u, f. a loading, lading, of a ship, N. G. L. ii. 275. hlað-varpi, a, m. the grass slope nearest to the court-yard, liggja í hlaðvarpanum. hlakka, að, [qs. hlag-ka from hlæja], to cry, scream, of the eagle, Vsp. 50, freq. in mod. usage, cp. Landn. 162, where it is used in verse improperly of a raven, for the eagle screams (hlakkar), the raven croaks (krunkar) :-- metaph., the phrase, h. yfir e-u, to exult over a thing, as an eagle over its prey, Th. 5; ok hlökkuðu nú mjök yfir þessu, Grett. 128; h. yfir sigri, Mar., Al. 178; þú mátt ekki hrína upp yfir þig, það er synd at hlakka yfir vegnum mönnum, Od. xx. 412; hlakka til e-s, one screams with joy at or in prospect of a thing (of children, young people); eg hlakka til að sjá hana, eg hlakka til að fara; cp. börnin hlakka þá ok huggask, Bs. ii. 135; því hjartað mitt er helmingað, | hlakka eg til að finna það, Bb. 3. 17. hlakkan, f. a screaming with joy; til-hlakkan, joyous expectation. hlam, n. a dull, heavy sound, Mork. 81, 100, Lex. Poët.; see hlöm. HLAMMA, að, to give a dull, heavy sound; áttu hafrarnir at renna í greipr honum, ok hlammaði mjök við á hellis-gólfinu, Fas. iii. 386; this giant's tale is a pendant to that in Od. ix. 440-460. hlamman and hlömmun, f. a crash, din, Hornklofi. hlammandi, a, m. a clash, a nickname, Landn. 60. HLAND, n. [A. S. hlond; Old Engl. land or lant], urine, Nj. 199, Fs. 147, N. G. L. i. 29, Grág. ii. 132, Skm. 35. COMPDS: hland-ausa, u, f. a urine trough, Edda ii. 430. hland-blaðra, u, f. the bladder. hland-for and hland-gröf, f. a sewer, Dropl. 20, Bs. i. 369. hland-skjóla, u, f. = hlandausa, Edda ii. 634. hland-trog, n. = hlandausa, Ls. 34. hlanna, að, [hlenni], to pilfer; h. e-n e-u, Fms. vii. 114 (in a verse). HLASS, n. [hlaða; Dan. læss], a cart-load, Ísl. ii. 182, Grág. ii. 337, Dropl. 10, Karl. 196, Fb. i. 522 (hey-h., viðar-h.): the saying, opt veltir lítil þúfa þungu hlassi, a little mound often overturns a cart-load, Sturl. ii. 100 C. hlass-hvalr, m. a cart-load of blubber, Grág. ii. 362, Vm. 130, 143, Pm. 69. hlaunn, f. [Lat. cl&u-long;nis], a buttock, haunch, Edda 238. hlaup, n. a leap; hann komsk með hlaupi undan, Eg. 12, Fms. xi. 247; hann tók hlaup heim til herbergis, i. 80; hark ok hlaup, Anal. 81: a leap, jump, Egill hljóp yfir díkit, en þat var ekki annarra manna hlaup, Eg. 531; mældu þeir Kári lengd hlaupsins með spjótskeptum sínum ok var tólf álnar, Nj. 145, v.l.; hljóp hann þá út af múrinum, þat var furðu-hátt hlaup, Fms. i. 104; h. kattarins, the bound of a cat, Edda 19: in local names, a leap, Flosa-hlaup, in the chasm in Alþingi, Völks. 1. 220; Hærings-hlaup, Grett. 149 :-- höfrunga-hlaup, playing like a dolphin; handa-hlaup, hand-leaping, using the hands and feet like a wheel (a boy's game), Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 243, 246. II. special usages, a sudden rise or flood, of rivers flowing from glaciers, see Eggert Itin.; af Höfðárhlaupi, því at hón hafði tekit marga bæi, Bs. i. 283; hlaup kom í ána, 469: jökul-hlaup, an ice stream or avalanche. β. coagulation, curds; mjólkr-hlaup, curdled milk; blóð-hlaup, curdled blood. γ. procession in brullaup or brúðlaup, a bride's leap, bridal procession, see brúðkaup. δ. a law phrase, an attack, Grág. ii. 7; frum-hlaup, q.v.; áhlaup, an outburst; áhlaups-veðr, a sudden gale; áhlaupa-verk, q.v.: hlaupa-far, n. = frumhlaup, Bs. i. 658: hlaupa-för, f. an uproar, Sturl. ii. 104, 117: hlaupa-piltr, m. an errand boy, Bs. ii. 108. III. in mod. usage freq. = running, but seldom so, or not at all, in old writers. HLAUPA, pres. hleyp, pl. hlaupum; pret. hljóp, hljópt, hljóp, pl. hljópum, mod. hlupum; pret. subj. hlypi, hlœpi, Fms. x. 364, hljópisk, Ó. H. 246; part. pass. hlaupinn: [Ulf. hlaupan = GREEK, Mark x. 50; A. S. hleâpan, pret. hleop; Scot. loup, part. loppen; Engl. leap; Hel. hlôpan; O. H. G. hlaufan; Germ. laufen; Swed. löpa; Dan. löbe] :-- to leap, jump, which, as in Engl., is the proper meaning of the word, and hence of any sudden motion, to leap or start up; hann hljóp meir en hæð sína ok eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; hann hleypr ór loptinu ofan ok á straetið ok kemr standandi niðr, Fms. xi. 117; hljóp hann þá út af múrinum, i. 104; hlaupa yfir háfar stengr, viii. 207; hljópu þeir þá á hesta sína, they leaped on their horses, Nj. 263; Atli hleypr upp á skip at Rúti, 9; ef fé hleypr löggarð, if cattle leap over a fence, Grág. ii. 262; Kári hljóp upp við lagit ok brá í sundr við fótunum, Nj. 253; h. fyrir borð útbyrðis, to leap overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. x. 363, 364; Egill hljóp yfir díkit, Eg. 530; þat segja menn at á sitt borð hlœpi hvárr þeirra Ólafs konungs, Fms. x. 364; Hrungnir varð reiðr ok hleypr upp á hest sinn, Edda 57; hljópu þeir til vápna sinna, Eg. 121; Kjartan hljóp á sund (leaped into the water) ok lagðisk at manninum, Bs. i. 18; Kári hljóp á spjótskaptið ok braut í sundr, Nj. 253; en þriði hljóp (leaped) á skipit út, Eg. 220; var þar at hlaupa (to climb) upp á bakka nokkurn, id.; hann hljóp at baki Kára, Nj. 253; hann kastar verkfarunum ok hleypr á skeið, and took to his heels, Njarð. 370; hann hljóp báðum fótum í gögnum skipit, Edda 36: of a weapon, bryntröllit hljóp út um bringuna, Ld. 150; hljóp þá sverðit (it bounded) Kára á síðuna Móðólfi, Nj. 262. β. with prepp.; h. upp, to spring to ones feet, start up; þá hlupu varðmenn upp, Eg. 121; þá hljóp Kjartan upp ok afklæddisk, Bs. i. 18; ok eptir örvar-boði hljóp upp múgr manns, Fms. i. 210; h. yfir, to jump over, metaph. to skip, Alg. 262; hlaupa yfir eða gleyma, H. E. i. 486; h. frá e-m, to run away from, desert one, Grág. i. 297; h. af, to be left, remain, Rb. 234, 494 (afhlaup). 2. special usages; a law term, to assault; hlaupa til manns lögmætu frumhlaupi, Grág. ii. 7: of fury, sickness, pain, to burst out, í hvert sinn er æði eðr reiði hljóp á hann, Fms. i. 15; en er hann var búinn hljóp fæli-sótt at honum, iv. 284: of pain, hljóp blástr í búkinn, Grett. 137 new Ed.: of fire, sagði at jarðeldr var upp kominn, ok mundi hann h. á bæ Þórodds goða, Bs. i. 22: of a river, to flood, áðr Almanna-fljót leypi (i.e. hleypi, hlypi) var þat kallat Rapta-lækr, Landn. 266; þessa sömu nótt kom þeyr mikill ok hlupu vötn fram ok leysti árnar, the waters rose in flood and the ice was broken, Sturl. iii. 45: of ice, mikit svell var hlaupit upp öðru megin fljótsins ok hált sem gler, a great hummock of ice rose up, Nj. 144; hljóp upp kúla, a wheal sprung up from a blow, Il. ii. 267; h. saman, sundr, of a wound; var skeinan saman hlaupin svá náliga þótti gróin, Grett. 152; sárið var hlaupit í sundr, the wound had broken out again, id.: of a gale, þá hljóp á útsynningr steinóði, Eg. 600 :-- of milk, blood, to curdle, coagulate, (cp. North. E. loppert = coagulated; so, leper-blode = clotted blood in the Old Engl. poem Pricke of Conscience, l. 459.) II. to run, but rarely in old writers, [Dan. löbe; Germ. laufen]; eigi hljóp hann at seinna, Ásbjörn hljóp heim, id. (but from a paper MS.); þeir hlaupa eptir en hann kemsk á skóg undan, Nj. 130; jarl eggjar menn at h. eptir honum, 132: freq. in mod. usage. III. reflex. to take oneself off, to run away; ef þræll leypsk, N. G. L. i. 34; þá vildi Uni hlaupask á braut með sína menn, Landn. 246; við þann mann er hleypsk frá ómaga, Grág. i. 297; ef maðr hleypsk á brott af landi er sekr er orðinn, 96; þat var á einhverri nátt at Steinn hljópsk á braut ór bænum, Fms. iv. 317; þar er menn hlaupask til (came to blows) eða verða vegnir, Grág. ii. 83; nú er þat várt ráð at vér hlaupimk með yðr ok sömnum liði, Fms. ix. 248; var hann í fjötri, at hann hljópisk (lypist, Hom. 158, l.c.) eigi frá honum, Ó. H. 246; hlaupask braut, id.: part., hlaupandi menn, h. sveinar, 'landloupers,' Finnb. 344, Mag. 6; cp. hlaupingi. hlaupari, a, m. = hlaupingi, Fas. i. 149: a charger (horse), Gullþ. 13. hlaup-ár, n. [from A. S. hleâp-geâr], leap-year, Grág. i. 122, Rb. 8, 108, K. Þ. K. 104, Íb. 7, 8, Sks. 56, Bs. i. 85. COMPDS: hlaupárs-dagr, m. leap-year day, the 29th of February, Rb. 90. hlaupárs-messa, u, f. leap-year mass ( = Feb. 24), Rb. hlaupárs-nótt, f. an intercalary night, Rb. 88. hlaupárs-stafr, m. an intercalary letter, Rb. 518. hlaupárs-tungl, n. an intercalary moon, Rb. 522. hlaupárs-vika, u, f. feria bissextilis, Rb. 564. hlaup-framr, adj. precipitate, Sks. 32, v.l. hlaupingi, a, m. a landlouper, Barl. 114; cp. the Anglo-American loafer. hlaup-móðr, adj. exhausted from leaping. hlaup-óðr, adj. in a great flurry, Fms. iii. 146. hlaup-rífr, adj. = hlaupframr, Sks. 32. hlaup-stigr, in. 'leap-path,' 'land-louping,' vagrancy; taka e-n af laupstigi, á þeim hlaupstigi, Hkr. iii. 290; cp. hlaupingi. hlaup-styggr, adj. 'leap-shy,' wild, of a horse. HLAUT, f. (not n.); the gender is borne out by the genitive tein hlautar, Vellekla; as also by the dat. hlautinni, Landn. (App.) 336, in an old transcript of the lost vellum Vatnshyrna (see Kjaln. S. Ísl. ii. 403, where hlautinn) :-- the blood of sacrifice, used for soothsaying; this word is prob. to be derived from hlutr (hlautr), as an abbreviated form, for hlaut-blóð = sanguis sortidicus, and refers to the rite, practised in the heathen age, of enquiring into the future by dipping bunches of chips or twigs into the blood, and shaking them; those twigs were called teinar, hlaut-teinar, hlaut-viðr, blót-spánn, q.v.; the act of shaking was called hrista teina, to shake twigs, Hým. 1; kjósa hlautvið, to choose lot chips, Vsp. In Vellekla the true reading is prob. hann (earl Hakon) valdi (from velja, MS. vildi) tein hlautar, meaning the same as kjósa hlautvið in Vsp., an emendation borne out by the words 'felldi blótspán' (Fagrsk. l.c.) in the prose text, which is a paraphrase of the verse; the explanation of the passage in Lex. Poët. is no doubt erroneous. It was also called fella blótspán, see that word, p. 71. The walls of the temple inside and out, the altars, and the worshippers were sprinkled with the blood, the flesh of the slain cattle was to be eaten (whereas the blood was a sacrifice, as well as the means of augury, and was not to be eaten);

270 HLAUTBOLLI -- HLEZLA.

this rite is described in Hkr. Hák. S. Góða ch. 16: en blóð þat allt er þar kom af (i.e. from the slain cattle) þá var þat kallat hlaut ok hlaut-bollar þat er blóð þat stóð í, ok hlaut-teinar, þat var svá gört sem stöklar (bunches); með því skyldi rjóða stallana öllu saman, ok svá veggi hofsins útan ok innan, ok svá stökkva á mennina; en slátr (the meat) skyldi hafa til mann-fagnaðar: the passages in Eb. ch. 4, p. 6 new Ed., in Kjaln. S. ch. 2, and in Landn. (App.), are derived from the same source as the passage in Hkr., but present a less correct and somewhat impaired text; even the text in Hkr. is not quite clear, esp. the phrase, þat var gört sem stökkull, which prob. means that the hlaut-teinar were bound up in a bunch and used for the sprinkling. The blood-sprinkling mentioned in Exod. xii. 22 illustrates the passage above cited; cp. hleyti, hljóta, and hlutr. hlaut-bolli, a, m. the bowl in which the hlaut was kept, Eb. 10, Hkr. l.c., Landn. l.c. hlaut-teinn, m., see above, Hkr. l.c., Eb. l.c.; cp. tein-hlaut. hlaut-viðr, m. 'lot-twigs,' 'rami sortidici' ( = hlaut-teinn), Vsp. 62, cp. also Eb. 132, note 3, new Ed. HLÁKA, u, f. a thaw, Grett. 140. hlána, að, to thaw, Fbr. 59, Bs. i. 186. HLÁTR, m., gen. hlátrar, Dropl. 31; mod. hlátrs: [A. S. hlæhtor; Engl. laughter; O. H. G. hlahtar; Germ. lachter; Dan. latter; Swed. löje] :-- laughter, Nj. 16, Fbr. 137, Dropl. 31, Fms. iii. 182, passim; hafa (vera) at hlátri, to be a laughing-stock (at-hlátr), 623. 35, Hm. 41: sayings, opt kemr grátr eptir skelli-hlátr; skelli-h., roaring laughter; kalda-hlátr, sardonic laughter: for characteristic traits from the Sagas see esp. Glúm. ch. 7 (end), 18, Nj. ch. 12, 117, Dropl. 31, Hálfs. S. ch. 7, etc. hlátr-mildr, adj. prone to laughing, merry, 686 B. 2. HLÉ, n. [Ulf. hlija = GREEK, Mark ix. 5; A. S. hleô; Hel. hlea; Engl. lee; Dan. læ] :-- lee, used (as in Engl.) only by seamen; sigla á hlé, to stand to leeward, Jb. 400: shelter, standa í hlé, fara í hlé, to seek shelter: mod. a pause, það varð hlé á því. hlé-borð, n. the lee side, freq., Lex. Poët. hlé-barðr, m. a leopard (Old Engl. libbard), from the Greek, but used indiscriminately of a bear, wolf, etc., Edda (Gl.), Fas. i. (Skjöld. S.) 367; the word occurs as early as Hbl., of a giant. hleði, a, m. a shutter, Ísl. ii. 113; see hleri. Hleiðr, f. [Ulf. hleiþra or hleþra = GREEK], prop. a tent; it exists only as the local name of the old Danish capital, Fas., Fms., and in Hleiðrar-garðr, m., Landn. HLEIFR, m. [Ulf. hlaifs; A. S. hlâf; Engl. loaf; O. H. G. hlaib; Germ. laib; Ivar Aasen levse] :-- a loaf, Hm. 51, 140; af fimm hleifum brauðs ok tveimr fiskum, Mirm.; hleifar af Völsku brauði, Bev.; hleifa þunna, ökvinn hleif, Rm. 4, 28, N. G. L. i. 349, Fb. ii. 190, 334 (in a verse), D. I. i. 496; brauð-h., a loaf of bread; rúg-h., a rye loaf: of cheese, Nj. 76, ost-h.: the disk of the sun is called hleifr himins, the loaf of heaven, Bragi. HLEIN, f., pl. ar, [Goth. hlains = GREEK, Luke iii. 5; akin to Engl. lean, Gr. GREEK] :-- a rock projecting like a pier into the sea ( = hlaðberg), freq. in western Icel.; lenda við hleinina, festa skipið við hleinarnar. hleina-kræða, u, f. a crust of moss on sea rocks, Bb. 2. 13. II. [Engl. loom, qs. loon? the A. S. form would be hlân, which however is not recorded] :-- the loom in the old perpendicular weaving, Björn. hleina, d, to save, protect (?) an GREEK., [A. S. hlænan; Engl. lean; O. H. G. hleinjan; mid. H. G. leinen; Germ. lehnen; Gr. GREEK]: þaðan af er þat orðtak at sá er forðask (forðar?) hleinir, Edda 21. hlekkjask, t, in the phrase, e-m hlekkisk á, one gets impeded, suffers miscarriage, Grág. i. 281; ef allt fer vel og mér ekki hlekkist á. HLEKKR, m., gen. hlekks and hlekkjar, pl. hlekkir: [A. S. hlenca (thrice in Grein); Swed. länk; Dan. lænke; Engl. link] :-- a link, a chain of links, Bs. i. 341; handur-hlekkr, a 'hand-link,' i.e. a bracelet, Edda (Ht.): freq. in mod. usage, járn-h., iron chains, fetters. hlemmi-gata, u, f. a broad road. HLEMMR, m. a lid, cover, as of a pan, cauldron, as an opening in a floor, a trap-door, Eb. 96, 136, Rd. 315, Eg. 236, Sturl. ii. 124, Fas. iii. 415, Grett. 199 new Ed. HLENNI, a, m. [cp. Ulf. hlifan -- GREEK, hliftus = GREEK; perh. also Scot. to lift, = to steal cattle, belongs to this root, and is not the same as lift = tollere] :-- a thief; hlennar ok hvinnar, thieves and pilferers, Sighvat: a king is in poetry called the foe and destroyer of hlennar, hlenna dólgr, etc., see Lex. Poët. II. a pr. name, Landn. hlenni-maðr, m. a 'lifter;' hlennimenn ok hrossa-þjófar, Hbl. 8. Hlér, m., gen. Hlés, [hlé; cp. Welsh Llyr = sea], a mythol. name of a giant of the sea, GREEK, Fb. i. 21. Hlés-dætr, f. pl. the daughters of H., the Nereids, Edda. hler, see hleri below. hlera and hlöra, að, prop. to stand eaves-dropping, (putting one's ear close to the hleri), Bjarn. 24: to listen, hón lagði eyra sitt við andlit honum ok hlöraði hvárt lífs-andi væri í nösum hans, Greg. 74; hann hlörar við hliðskjáinn er á var stofunni, Bs. i. 628; at hlýða eðr hlera til þess máls sem hann er eigi til kallaðr, N. G. L. i. 438. HLERI, a, m. or hlöri, but hleði in Korm. 10, Ísl. ii. 113; that hleri or hlöri is the better form is borne out by the mod. usage as well as by the derived hler and hlera :-- a shutter or door for bedrooms and closets in old dwellings, which moved up and down in a groove or rabbet, like windows in Engl. dwellings, and locked into the threshold: the passage in Korm. S. is esp. decisive, where Kormak sees Steingerda's feet outside between the half-shut door (hleri) and the threshold, -- hann rak kerli fyrir hleðann svá at eigi gékk aptr, viz. between the threshold and the shutter, Ísl. ii. 113; hence comes the law phrase, standa á hleri (hlera?), to stand at the shutter, i.e. to stand listening, eaves-dropping, Bjarn. 43: freq. in mod. usage, as also standa of hleðum, id., Hðm. 23: in mod. usage a shutter for a window is called hleri. hler-tjöld, n. pl. 'ear-lids,' poët. the ears, Ad. 9. hlessa, adj. indecl. [hlass], prop. 'loaded,' i.e. amazed, wondering. hlessa, t, to load, weigh; h. sér niðr, to sit down heavily. hlessing, f. a freight, loading, N. G. L. i. 410. HLEYPA, t, [causal of hlaupa], to make one leap, make one rush or burst forth, to start or put into motion, Fms. vi. 145; þeir skáru böndin ok hleyptu á braut fólki því öllu, Ó. H. 168; Önundr hleypti njósnarmönnum á land upp, to put them ashore, Fb. ii. 280; hleypti (pulled, made sink) hann annarri brúninni ofan á kinnina, Eg. 305; h. brúnum, to knit the brows; h. hurð í lás, to shut a door, Fms. ix. 364; var hleypt fyrir hliðit stórum járnhurðum, i. 104. 2. to make to escape, emit, of anything confined or compressed, e.g. hleypa vindi ór belg, to force air out of a bellows; h. vindi ór segli, to shake the wind out of the sail; h. fé, sauðum, kúm ór kvíum, to turn out sheep, cows; h. til ánna, to put the rams to the ewes: medic., hleypa vatni, vág, blóði, to emit matter out of a sore, etc.; hann hleypir út vatni miklu ór sullinum, Vápn. 17; h. ór e-m auganu, to poke the eye out, Fs. 98: to lead a stream of water or the like, þeir hleyptu saman fleirum vötnum, Fms. iv. 359; h. ánni í farveg, Fb. ii. 280; landsfólkit var á fjöllum uppi ok hleypti ofan (rolled) stóru grjóti, Al. 92; h. skriðu á e-n, an avalanche, Fs. 194. 3. special phrases; h. upp dómum, a law phrase, to break up a court by violence, Landn. 89, Hrafn. 18, Fb. 61, Eb. 48, 58, Lv. 31; h. berki af trjám, to cut the bark off the trees, Hkr. ii. 220; h. heimdraganum, to throw off sloth, take heart, Fms. vii. 121: naut. to run before a gale, þeir hleyptu upp á Mýrar, Barðaströnd; h. akkerum, to cast anchor, Fms. xi. 439; h. stjóra, id.: h. hesti, or absol., to gallop, ride swiftly; hesti hleypti ok hjörvi brá, Rm. 34; Hrungnir varð reiðr ok hleypir eptir honum, Óðinn hleypti svá mikit, at ..., Edda 57, Nj. 59, 82, 107, Fms. ix. 364. 4. hleypa mjólk, to curdle milk; hann hleypti helming innar hvítu mjólkr, Od. ix. 246. hleypi-, in COMPDS: hleypi-dómr, m. prejudice, hasty judgment, (mod.) hleypi-fífl, n. a headlong fool, Nj. 224. hleypi-flokkr, m. a band of rovers, Sturl. iii. 171, 269. hleypi-för, f. a ramble, roving, Sturl. i. 80. hleypi-hvel, n. a 'roll-wheel,' war engine, Sks. 420. hleypi-kjóll, m. = hleypiskúta. hleypi-klumbr, m. a ram on wheels (war engine), Sks. 419. hleypi-maðr, m. a rover, landlouper, Lv. 75. hleypi-piltr, m. a landlouper boy, Finnb. 322. hleypi-skip, n. (Hkr. iii. 388) and hleypi-skúta, u, f. a swift boat, Fms. i. 167, vi. 177. hleyping, f. a galloping, Fms. ix. 357, Gullþ. 31; um-h., a sudden turn of wind. hleypingi, a, m. a landlouper, Grett. 106; cp. hlaupingi. hleyt-bolli, hleyt-teinn, m. = hlaut-bolli, hlaut-teinn, see hlaut. HLEYTI, n., hleti, or hlœti, in Norse MSS. spelt leyti, whence in mod. Icel. usage leiti: I. plur. [for the root see hlaut, hlutr], kin, consanguinity; jöfra hleyti, royal blood, Fms. xi. (in a verse); görva hleyti við e-n, to marry into another's family, Skv. 1. 34; hvárrgi þeirra Snorra né Arnkels þótti bera mega kviðinn fyrir hleyta sakir við sækjanda ok varnar-aðilja, Eb. 50, viz. Snorri being the brother-in-law to the plaintiff, Arnkell to the defendant; ef hann fengi hennar, heldr en þeim manni er ekki var við þá hleytum bundinn, Sks. 760; nauð-hleytamaðr (q.v.), a near kinsman; eiga hleyti við konu sína ( = eiga hjúskap við), 689. 2. a tribe, family; hann var af því kennimaðr at sínu hleyti, 625. 88, 'in ordine vicis suae ante Deum' of the Vulgate, Luke i. 8; þá kom at hleyti Zacharias at fremja biskups embætti, Hom. (St.); vil ek at þú gangir í mitt hleyti þó at ek sé nánari, Stj. 425, rendering of 'tu meo utere privilegio' of the Vulgate, Ruth iv. 6. II. sing, [hlutr], a share, usually spelt leiti; in the phrase, at nokkru, engu, öllu leiti, for some, none, every part; að mínu, þínu ... leiti, for my, thy part, freq. in mod. usage, dropping the aspirate; at sumu leiti, Fas. iii. 159; at mínu leiti, Fb. ii. 204; at nokkuru leiti, iii. 575. 2. of time, a season of the year, mod. leiti; um vetrnátta-leytið, D. N. i. 609; um Hallvarðsvöku-leytið, 392, iii. 206; um Jóla-leiti um Páska-leiti, um Jóns-messuleiti; annat leiti, another time; sögðu at honum þótti annat leiti (sometimes) ekki úfært, en stundum (sometimes) var hann svá hræddr, at ..., Orkn. 418; um sama leiti, about the same time; um hvert leiti, at what time? when? COMPDS: hleyta-menn, m. pl. kinsmen; mágar, sifjungar, hleytamenn, Edda (Gl.) hleytis-maðr, m. a disciple, apprentice, opp. to meistari, analogous to Goth. siponeis, from sifjar, Skálda 180. hlezla or hleðsla, u, f. a freight, Jb. 379: a building (of a wall).

HLIÐ -- HLJÖÐ. 271

HLIÐ, f., pl. hliðar (hliðu dat. obsolete, Gm. 35) :-- a side, Lat. latus; standa á hlið e-m, to stand beside one, Stor.; komask á hlið e-m, Nj. 262; á hlið hvára, on each side, Rm. 5; á aðra hlið, at one's other side, Ísl. ii. 363, Ad. 10; á báðar hliðar, á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fb. ii. 351; á vinstri hlið, on the left hand, Eg. 213, Fms. i. 16; á hægri hlið, on the right hand; snúask á hlið, to turn oneself (in sleep), Fs. 6; skjöldr, sverð á hlið, Gullþ. 64; á allar hliðar, on all sides; veltask á ymsar hliðar, to toss to and fro, Bs. ii. 171, Od. xx. 24; leggja e-t fyrir hlið, to lay beside, Al. 151. HLIÐ, n. [A. S. hlið; O. H. G. hlit; Dan. led; - root no doubt akin to Gr. GREEK, etc.] :-- a gate, gateway; hlið á garði ok hjarra-grind fyrir, Grág. ii. 264, Fsm, 10, 44, Rb. 380, Edda 110, Eg. 244, Fms. i. 104, v. 331, passim. 2. a wide gap, Stor. 6, Fms. i. 105, Gþl. 391, N. G. L. i. 344, Orkn. 350, Sks. 398: in law a gap in a fence not above sixty feet long was hlið, if more it was a breach (bálka-brot), Gþl- 391. II. metaph. a space, interval (= bil); hann hafði fyrr við brugðit svá at hlið var í milli þeirra, Fms. vii. 171; þeir görðu hlið í millum skipanna, Nj. 42; ok var hvergi hlið í milli, Ld. 96; hann ríðr fyrst þeirra ok nokkuru harðara svá at hlið var á millum þeirra, Ísl. ii. 360; hús ok hlið í milli ok heima-dyranna, Fs. 42; horfði hann á hliðit (the empty space) þar sem skjöldrinn hafði hangit, Fas. iii. 42; ok nú varð enn á hlið mjök langt, Fms. ii. 302, x. 346: temp., síðan varð á lið (a halt) nokkvot, 345; eptir þat varð hlið (a stop, halt) á orrostunni, vii. 289; hvíldar hlið, Fb. iii. 567 (in a verse). hliða, að, to give way, go aside, recede, Fas. i. 106, 338, Bs. ii. 132, Karl. 233. II. reflex, to become open, Sks. 384. hlið-lauss, adj. 'gateless,' without a gate, Bret. 34. hlið-mæltr, part. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 186. hliðr, m., poët, an ox, Edda (Gl.) hlið-rúm, n. open space, free passage, Fsm. 43. hlið-sjón, f. a side glance; hafa h. af e-u, to take a look at. Hlið-skjálf, f., old dat. hliðskjálfu, Gm. (prose): [prob. rather to be derived from hlið, gate, than hlið, side; the initial h is borne out by alliteration, Sagði hitt er hugði |UNCERTAIN Hliðskjálfar gramr..., Edda (in a verse); in Akv. 14 the sense and alliteration alike require höll, hall, instead of 'land'] :-- a shelf, bench, a name for the seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the worlds, Edda 6, 12, 22, 30, Gm. l. c.; Óðinn ok Frigg sátu í Hliðskjálfu ok sá um heima alla, Gm. l. c. The heathen Hlið-skjálf brings to mind the legend in Grimm's Märchen of the Tailor in Heaven. hlið-skjár, m. a side window, originally a window or opening from which to keep a look out, Sturl. ii. 85, Bs. i. 628. hlið-veggr, m. a side wall, Nj. 202, Orkn. 244, Fb. i. 413. hlið-vörðr, m. a porter, Stj. 622, Gkv. 2, 35. HLÍÐ, f., in mod. usage pl. hlíðar, but hlíðir in old writers, e. g. Landn. 224, Fms. vi. 197 (in a verse), Hkv. 1. 43, Sighvat: [A. S. hlîð; Norse li; lost in Dan.; cp. Lat. clivus; akin to Gr. and Lat. GREEK, clino] :-- a slope, mountain side, Edda 110; svá at sær var í miðjum hlíðum eða stundum vatnaði land, Ó. H. 149, Landn. 25, v. l.; út með hlíðum, Gullþ. 68; fjalls-hlið, a fell-side, q, v.; fagrar hlíðir grasi vaxnar, Grett. 137; ek mun ríða inn með hlíðinni, Glúm. 361, 362; út með hlíðinni, upp í miðjar hlíðar, etc., passim: hlíðar-brún, f. the edge of a h.: hlíðar-fótr, m. the foot of a h.: hlíðar-garðr, m. a fence on a fell-side dividing the pastures of two farms, Dipl. v. 25. II. local names; Fljóts-hlíð and Hlíð, Landn. passim; Norse Lier, Lie, Landn., Nj.: Hlíðar-sól, f. sun of the Hlíð, nickname of a fair lady, Landn.: Hlíðar-menn or Hlíð-menn, m. pl. the men from Hlíð, Landn. III. freq., in poët. circumlocutions, of a woman; hringa&dash-uncertain;hlíð, falda-h., bauga-h., and then in dat. and acc. hlíði, e. g. falda hlíði, vella hlíði (feminae), Skáld H. 5. 24, and in a mod. ditty; héðan ekki fer eg fet |UNCERTAIN frá þér silki-hlíði. hlíð-þang, n., poët. 'fell-tang,' seaweed of the hills, Alm., where the inmates of Hel are made to call the trees by this name. hlíf, f., pl. hlífar, a cover, shelter, protection (esp. of a shield, armour), Ld. 244, Eg. 507, Bxarð. 165, Hm. 81, passim: esp. in pl. hlífar, Nj. 262, Fms. ii. 319, Eb. 230, Rm. 39. hlífar-lauss (hlífa-lauss), adj. 'coverless,' uncovered, Fms. ii. 205, vi. 70, vii. 192, Ísl. ii. 226. HLÍFA, ð, [Ulf. hleibjan, Luke i. 54; O. H. G. hliban]:-- to give cover or shelter to one, with dat.; sem ræfrit hlífir kirkjunni við regni, Hom. 95; (hann) hlífði sér ekki, gave himself (had) no shield or armour, Fms. i. 40; því at baeði hlífir (shelters) innan ok útan, x. 319, Fs. 66; h. e-m við e-u, to give one shelter against a thing, Gullþ. 48; ok hljópu í skóginn, ok létu hann hlífa sér, Fb. ii. 88; hlífa sér með skildi, en vega með sverði, 92. 2. to spare one, Grág. i. 163; síðan hlífði hann messu&dash-uncertain;degi hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, Fms. v. 217; Þorgils hlífir sér ekki, Ísl. ii. 368; mun ek ekki hlifa þér í görðinni, Nj. 21, Finnb. 262. II. reflex, to cover oneself, Eg. 581, Sks. 430. 2. to refrain, hold back, Fms. ii. 135; hann hlífðisk þá við engan mann, Nj. 26; Þiðrandi bað menn sína hlífask við fóstra sinn, Njarð. 370; Þorgils hlífisk ekki við, Ísl. ii. 368. hlífð, f. protection, defence, Fms. ii. 331; hlífðar vápn, a weapon of defence, Ó H. 79, Fms. x. 407, K. Á. 40, Al. 46, Sks. 329. hífðar-lauss, adj. = hlífarlauss, Fagrsk. 144., hlíf-skjöldr, m. (hlífi-skjöldr, Nj. 262, Sks. 472), a shield of defence; esp. metaph., vera h. fyrir e-m, 655 A. ii. 5, Fms. viii. 63, 239, Bret. 104; halda h. fyrir e-m, Hom. 42. Hlín, f. the goddess of that name (the wife of Odin), she that defends, [for the etym. see hlein], Edda, Vsp., Lex. Poët.: freq. in poët. phrases, hringa-hlín, bauga-h., a lady. hlít, f. (hlíta, Fms. viii. 91, v.l., Hkr. i. 199), [Dan. lid], sufficiency, full warranty, security; nú skal ek sjálfr halda vörð, hefði þat fyrr þótt nokkur hlít, Fms. viii. 91; ek mun hafa landráð meðan, ok vættir mik þat sé nokkur hlít slíka stund, xi. 22; bar hann sik at nokkurri hlit (tolerably well) meðan vér ruddum skipit, iv. 261, Hkr. i. 199; þann er biskupi þykki full hlít, K. Þ. K. 18 (1853); hlít var at því lítil, of small matter, Dropl. (in a verse). β. adverb. phrases; til hlítar, tolerably, pretty well; árferð var þá til nokkurrar hlítar, Fms. i. 86, vii. 237, Fær. 257, Ó. H. 116; til góðrar hlítar, pretty good,110, Eg. 590; at goðri hlít, very well indeed, Fms. iv. 250; hlítar vel, well enough, Fas. ii. 268; hlítar fagr, passably fair, Mirm.; skip skipat til hlítar, a ship well manned, Fms. i. 196: in mod. usage, til hlítar, adv. sufficiently, thoroughly, freq. HLÍTA, tt, [Dan. lide], to rely on, trust, abide by, with dat.; gakk með mér jafnan, ok hlít (imperat.) mínum ráðum, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 116, Fs. 84; ef hann vill eigi þeim váttum hlíta (abide by) er hinir hafa, Grág. i. 114; þá skal hinn hlíta því at lögum, N. G. L. i. 346; þetta þá Guðrún ok kvaðsk hans forsjá hlíta mundu, Ld. 144, Fs. 8o, Fas. iii. 70; ek mun hlíta búum mínum ok fara eigi til Hofs, Vápn. 29; hann var kvæntr, ok hlítti þó ekki þeirri einni saman, i.e. he had paramours besides, Dropl. 15; ok hlítir Ástríðr eigi öðrum konum í pvi at þjóna honum í lauginni, A. trusted not to other women, i.e. would let no one do it but herself, Fms. xi. 157; ok skal ekki öðrum mönnum nú at h. at reka nautin, i.e. I will do it myself, Eg. 720, Valla L. 224; þeir hlíttu mér (used me) til bréfa-görða, Fms. ix. 262; ef þú mátt eigi öðrum þar til hlíta, if thou hast no one else to do it, Grett. 107: so in the saying, eigi má því einu h. er bazt þykkir, one must put up with something short of the best, Grett. 2. with prep.; en þó sýnisk mér, sem eigi muni minna við hlíta, less than that will not do, Ísl. ii. 358, Fs. 13; vér höfum skip svá mikit ok lið-skyflt, at þar má ekki litlu liði við hlíta, so large a ship that it requires no small crew, Fms. iv. 297; eigi muntu því einu fyrir hlíta, that is not a sufficient answer, thou shall not get off with that, Hkr. iii. 256; cp. einhlítr, adj. hlít-styggr, adj. trusting to no one but oneself, daring, Lex. Poët. HLJÓÐ, n. [Ulf. hliuþ = GREEK, 1 Tim. ii. 11, in Uppström's edition; cp. A. S. hleoðor = sound; mid. H. G. lût; cp. O. H. G. hliodar; Germ. laut; Dan. lyd; Swed. ljud; akin to it are several Gr. and Lat. words with an initial GREEK, cl; the original meaning is hearing or the thing heard, like Gr. GREEK and hljóð, hljómr, hlust (q. v.) are kindred words; hence comes the double sense of this word in Icel., sound and silence. A. Hearing, a hearing, listening, silence; biðja (kveðja) hljóðs, to beg a hearing, chiefly as a parliamentary term, of one about to speak, to recite a poem before a prince or the like; Njáll kvaddi sér hljóðs, Nj. 105; kvæði hefi ek ort um yðr, ok vilda ek hljóð fá, I wished to get a hearing, Ísl. ii. 229; Egill hóf upp kvæðit ok kvað hátt ok fékk þegar hljóð, Eg. 427, cp. Vsp. 1, Höfuðl. 2; vilja ek hljóð at Hárs liði, I ask a hearing for my song, Ht. 1; ek hefi ort kvæði um yðr ok vilda ek fá hljóð at flytja, Fms. ii. 15; gefa h., to give a hearing, Leiðarv. 5; hafit hljóð, be quiet! 625. 72; þá er bæði gott hljóð ok góðir siðir í konungs húsi, Sks. 367: -- the ancient meetings were in the open air, amid the hum of voices, loud cries, and the clash of arms, þá var fyrst gnýr mikill af fjölmenni ok vápnum, en er hljóð fékksk, mælti Þorgnýr, Ó. H. 68; en er hljóð fékkst, þá stóð jarl upp ok mælti, 67, cp. Íb. ch. 4; varð at þessu mikit háreysti, en er hljóð fékksk, mælti Sigurðr jarl, Fms. i. 34. 2. adverb, phrases; í heyranda hljóði, see heyra, Nj. 230, Grág. i. 19, passim; af hljóði and í hljóði, in all stillness, silently, Nj. 5, 103, Eg. 723, Ld. 162, Fms. iv. 79, Stj. 355; bera harm sinn í hljóði, to bear one's grief in silence, a saying; ein kvinna læri í hljóði með allri undirgefni, 1 Tim. ii. 11, where the Gothic text has in hliuþa: þegja þunnu hljóði, to listen in breathless stillness, Hm. 7; í einu hljóði, unanimously, a parliamentary term. B. The thing heard, sound; allt er hljóð þat er kvikindis eyru má skilja, Skálda 173, 174; greina hljóð, id., 169, 170; í hljóði síns gráts, Mar. 28; Þorfinnr kom öngu hljóði í lúðrinn ok komsk eigi upp blástrinn, Fms. ix. 30; ganga á hljóðið, to walk (in the dark) after a distant sound; klukku-hljóð, the sound of a bell, v. 133; þrumu-h., a clap of thunder; brim-h., the roaring of surf. II. special usages: 1. gramm. a sound, tone; með löngu hljóði eða skömmu, hörðu eða linu, Skálda 159, 160: a musical sound, tune, söng fagran, hljóð mikit ok dýrligt, Bs. i. 454; slá hljóð á hörpu, 155. 2. phrases, koma á hljóð um e-t, to catch the sound of, become aware of, Bs. i. 165; vera í hindar hljóði, to be within a hind's hearing, i.e. to be whispered about; vera ór hindar hljóði, to be out of a hind's sound; drepr hljóð ór e-m, to become dumb, lose the wind, Fms. xi. 115; það er komit annað hljóð í strokkinn (metaphor from churning), there is another sound in the churn, of a sudden turn, e. g. from high to low spirits; the ancients also seem to have said, 'there is another

272 HLJÓÐA -- HLUTA.

sound in the fells,' of one who is crest-fallen; see verses in Nj. 249, Háv. 34 new Ed., Dropl. 31, nú kná þjóta annan veg í fjöllum, now the fells resound with another tale; nú þykir henni eigi batna hljóðið í sögunni, the tale began to sound dismal, Clar.: so in the phrase, það er gott (slæmt, dauft) hljóð í e-m, to be in a good (or moody) state of mind. III. plur. esp. in mod. usage: α. crying aloud, a cry, of a child or one in paroxysms of pain; Heyr mín hljóð, hear my cry! Hólabók 276; hljóðin heyrðusk út fyrir dyr (of a sick person); það linnir ekki af hljóðum (of a baby). β. howling, screaming; og þeirra hljóð (pl.) og höfuð-prestanna tóku yfir, Luke xxiii. 23; ó-hljóð, dissonance, i.e. screaming, howling. γ. music. voice; hafa fögr hljóð, a sweet voice; há, mikil, veyk, dimm, hvell hljóð, a high, strong, weak, deep, pealing voice; Syng þú ungr mest sem mátt | meðan hljóð þín fagrt gjalla, ... eintóm hljóð úr forfeðranna gröfum, Bjarni 142: the same distinction is sometimes observed in old writers, syngja með fögrum hljóðum, Stj. 606, Bs. i. 155; þar gengr hæst í hljóðunum, there the tune reached the highest pitch, Mar. hljóða, að, [Germ. lauten; Dan. lyde], to sound; hversu hverr stafr hljóðar, Skálda 159, Mar., Bs. ii. passim; rödd hljóðar í hans eyra, Mar.: to run, of speech and writing, eptir því sem letrið hljóðar, Stj. 29; réttarbót er svá hljóðar, a writ which runs thus, Bs. i; whence the phrase, svo hljóðandi, to this effect, as follows. 2. to scream with pain, of horror; þeir hljóðuðu og fórnuðu til mín höndunum, Od. x. 255; þeir hljóðuðu afskapliga, xxii. 308: also of a child, see hljóð above; farðu að hugga barnið, það er að hljóða. hljóðaðr, part. sounding, Stj. 90. hljóðan, f. a sound, Stj. 4, 45, 80, 334: a tune, með fagrlegri h., Bs. i. 155; sam-h., harmony, Stj.: wording, utterance, freq. in mod. usage; eptir orðanna h., according to the exact words, the sound (run) of the words. hljóð-bjalla, u, f. a tinkling bell, Karl. 157. hljóð-bærr, adj. rumoured abroad. hljóð-fall, n. consonancy (metric.), Edda 121. hljóð-fegrð, f. euphony, Skálda 178. hljóð-fylling, f., hljóð-fyllandi, a, m., better ljóð-fylling, q.v. hljóð-færi, n. a musical instrument, Fms. iii. 184, Fas. iii. 220, 221, Vígl. 16. hljóð-góðr, adj. well-tuned, Bs. ii. 39. hljóð-greipr, f. pl., poët. 'sound-tongs,' i.e. the mouth, Lex. Poët. hljóð-kyrr, adj. still, quiet, Fms. ix. 23, v.l. hljóð-lauss, adj. soundless, Pm. 106 (of bells). hljóð-látr, adj. still, taciturn, Sturl. ii. 185, Dropl. 7. hljóð-leiki, a, m. silence, sadness, Fbr. 142. hljóð-liga, adv. silently, in all stillness, Eg. 261, Nj. 33, Fms. i. 204, vi. 179, Fas. ii. 517. hljóð-ligr, adj. silent; þung ok h. sótt, a heavy and creeping sickness, Sturl. ii. 186. hljóð-lítill, adj. faintly sounding, Pm. 61 (of bells). hljóð-lyndr, adj. taciturn, Eb. 42, Nj. 91, Fms. vi. 189, Bs. ii. 155. hljóð-læti n. stillness, silence. hljóð-mikill, adj. shrill-sounding, Grett. 111. hljóð-mæli, n. whispering, secrecy; færa í h., to hush up, Ld. 206, Nj. 51. hljóðna, að, to become silent, dumb, from surprise, Sturl. ii. 151 (v.l.), Fas. iii. 311: impers., þá hljóðnar um hann, he became silent, ii. 433; þar til hljóðnar um mál þessi, till the noise about it subsides, Grett. 125 A. Hljóð-ólfr, m. name of a dwarf, Lex. Poët. hljóð-pípa, u, f. a flute, (mod.) HLJÓÐR, adj. [cp. A. S. hlûde, Engl. aloud, mid. H. G. lûte, Germ. laut, but all in the opp. sense of aloud; cp. hljóð] :-- silent, taciturn, 677. 12, Sks. 367, 370, Hom. 129; menn prúða ok hljóða, Fb. ii. 288. β. melancholy, sad; var hann h. ok mælti ekki við aðra menn, biskup spurði hvat hann hugsaði er hann var svá hljóðr, Fb. ii. 329, Eg. 95, Fms. i. 208, Nj. 9, passim. 2. neut. hljótt, stillness, silence; er hann settisk niðr þá var hljótt, Ó. H. 68; er hljótt var orðit, Fms. xi. 85; göra h. um sik, to keep quiet, Grett. 198 new Ed.; tala hljótt, to speak in a low voice or secretly, Nj. 118. hljóð-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), = hljóðliga, Hkr. ii. 220. hljóð-samr, adj. = hljóðr, Fms. viii. 81, Hkr. ii. 252. hljóðs-grein, hljóða-grein, f. distinction of sound or a kind of sound, Edda 120, Skálda 160, 170, 175, 179, Stj. 45. hljóð-skraf, n. whispering. hljóð-stafr, m. a vowel, litera vocalis, Edda 121, Skálda 161. hljóma, að, to sound, of a musical voice, Pass. passim. hljóman, f. sound, tune, Skálda 179. hljóm-fagr, adj. sweet sounding; h. harpa, Bs. i. HLJÓMR, m. [Ulf. hliuma = GREEK; cp. A. S. hlymman = sonare; Lat. cl&a-long;mor], a sound, tune, voice, Gs. 2, Hkr. ii. 393; h. engla Guðs, Post. 645. 73; h. ok rödd, Ísl. ii. 170, Rb. 380: chiefly of tunes in music, as in the ditty, Held eg sem helgan dóm | hörpunnar sætan róm | þann til að heyra hljóm | hlypi eg suðr í Róm. HLJÓTA, pres. hlýt, pl. hljótum; pret. hlaut, hlauzt, hlaut, pl. hlutum; subj. hlyti; part. hlotinn, neut. hlotið: [A. S. hleôtan; O. H. G. hliuzan; mid. H. G. liuze; Ivar Aasen liota] :-- to get by lot, have allotted to oneself; þeir tóku at herfangi Álöfu konu hans ok Arneiði dóttur hans, ok hlaut Hólmfastr hana, Landn. 314; hón hlaut at sitja hjá Björgölfi, Eg. 23; þeir lögðu hluti á ok hlaut Þrándr, Fær. 3; var svá til sýst at Sighvatr skáld hlaut at segja konungi, Fms. vi. 38; (Loki) hlaut blása at helgum skutli, Haustl. 4; skal sá reifa mál hans er hlýtr, who gets the lot, whom the lot falls on, Grág. i. 63. 2. to get; vér munum hljóta þunnar fylkingar, Fms. v. 53; menn vegnir eða sárir þrír eða fleiri ok sé hlotnir í hvárn-tveggja flokk, Grág. ii. 114. 3. to undergo, suffer, bide; hljóta högg. Fms. xi. 151; úför, 113; harm, i. 21; vel er, at þú hlautzt slíkt af konungi, Hkr. ii. 319. II. metaph., absol. must needs be, with infin.; svá mun nú hljóta at vera at sinni sem þú vill, Fms. i. 159; hefir margr hlotið um sárt at binda fyrir mér, Nj. 54; hér muntú vera hljóta, 129; þú munt ríða h., Fær. 48; en fara hlýtr þú með mér til Jómsborgar, Fms. i. 159; yðart atkvæði mun standa h., Fas. i. 211, passim; þar hlaut at nötra um, Sd. 169. III. reflex. to be allotted, fall by lot; var síðan reynt lið þeirra ok hljótask af því liði átta tigir manna, Fms. xi. 89; at þess þeirra, er ómaginn hlautsk til handa, Grág. i. 266; Kaleb fór til þeirrar borgar er honum hafði hlotisk, Stj. 361; hann hlutaði með lýðnum um stuldinn, ok hlautsk í kyn Júda, 356. 2. metaph. to proceed or result from, esp. in a bad sense; en þó mun hér hljótask af margs manns bani, Mun nokkut hér minn bani af hljótask? Nj. 90; kann vera at af hljótisk þessu tali, sem þá verst hefir af hlotisk, Sd. 172. hlotnask, að, dep. to fall to one's lot, with dat.; en ef honum hlotnuðusk herteknir menn, Fms. i. 258: freq. in mod. usage, Pass. 36. 10; ok þá honum hlotnaðist að hann skyldi veifa reykelsinu, Luke i. 9; hlotuask til, to turn out; hlotnaðisk svá til, Vígl. 57 new Ed. hlotr, see hlutr, Fms. xi. 128. HLÓA, ð, [A. S. hlowan; Engl. low], to bellow, roar, of streams or cascades, Gm. 29, an GREEK., but no doubt to be thus explained, and not as in Lex. Poët. HLÓÐ, n. pl. [hlaða], a hearth, chimney-place, freq. in mod. usage (it can only be by chance that no old reference is on record); setja pott á hlóðir, to set the pot on the fire. hlóða-karl, m. = hadda, q.v. Hlóðyn, f., gen. hlóðynjar, the mythical name of the Earth, prop. hearth (?), homestead (?), and akin to hlóð, Edda, Lex. Poët. Hlóra, u, f. the mythical name of the foster mother or nurse of Thor, Edda. Hlóriði, a, m. [hlóa and reið = thunder], one of the names of Thor, the Bellowing Thunderer, Edda, Hým., Þkv., Ls., Vellekla. HLUMR, m., pl. ir, proncd. hlummr, the handle of an oar, Fas. i. 215 (hlumir), ii. 355 (where hlummar pl.), Edda (Ht., where hlumr and sumri are rhymed), Sturl. iii. 68, Glúm. 395. HLUNKA, að, [hlymr], to give a dull, hollow sound, Fms. xi. 280, Skáld H. R. 4. 19. hlunkr, m. a dull sound, a thump. hlunnindi, n. pl. [hlunnr], prop. 'launching,' but only used metaph., emoluments, esp. attached to an estate or possession, Gþl. 68, 293, Vm. 55, Eb. 40, Fms. ix. 95. HLUNNR, m. [Shetl. linn; cp. Engl. to launch, which is derived from the Scandin. word] :-- a roller for launching ships, Edda 38, Fms. vii. 19, viii. 45: also of the pieces of wood put under the keel of ships when ashore (during the winter ships used to be dragged ashore, called ráða skipi til hlunns), Grág. i. 92, 209, N. G. L. i. 26, Eg. 515, Nj. 10, Lex. Poët. passim: in poetry a ship is called hlunn-dýr, -fákr, -goti, -jór, -vigg, -vitnir, -vísundr, = the deer, steed, bison of h., Lex. Poët. hlunn-roð, n. reddening the h., so called when a person was killed in launching a ship (in the spring), Fas. i. 264, N. G. L. i. 65: this was taken to be a bad augury, see Ragn. S. ch. 9 (Fas. i. 259, 260). HLUST, f. [A. S. hlyst; Hel. hlust = hearing; cp. Gr. GREEK], the ear, prop. the inner part of the ear, cochlea auris, Ad. 6, 9, Nj. 210 (v.l.), Fms. ii. 100, Edda 109, Band. 36 new Ed., Sturl. ii. 85, Eg. 758 (in a verse), passim: the ears of beasts, e.g. seals, bears, birds, or the like are usually called hlust, not eyra, Merl. 1. 38, Fb. i. 133, Eb. 99 new Ed. (v.l.), Fas. ii. 237, Fs. 149, 179. hlustar-verkr, m. ear-ache, otalgia, Fél. hlusta, að, [A. S. hlystan; Engl. listen; cp. hlust], to listen; h. til e-s, 623. 34: in mod. usage, h. á e-ð, freq. HLUTA, að, [A. S. hluton; Engl. lot; Germ. loosen], to draw lots for a thing, obtain by lot, the thing in acc. or infin.; þar var hlutaðr tvímenningr, Eg. 22; þar skyldi sæti (acc. pl.) hluta, the seats were allotted, 247; þeir eigu at h. með sér hverr reifa skal mál hans, Grág. i. 63; þær sakir skal eigi hluta er um veföng er sótt, 74; þá eigu þeir at h. með sér, hvárr þeirra annask skal (the ómagi), 266; svá lízt mér at annarr hvárr okkarr sæki málit, ok munu vit þá verða at hluta með okkr, Nj. 86; þá vóru hlutaðar framsögur, ok hlaut hann fyrst fram at segja sína sök, 232; vóru menn hlutaðir til skip-stjórnar, Fb. ii. 317; urðu þeir á þat sáttir um síðir, at hlutað var hverr þetta eyrindi skyldi fram segja, Fms. vi. 38; skyldi ... hluta með Grikkjum ok Væringjum, hvárir fyrri skyldi ríða eðr róa, etc., 136; þat mál samdisk á þá leið, at konungar skyldi hluta um, hvárr ráða skyldi þaðan í frá, vii. 170: mæltu þá konungar sín í milli, at þeir skyldi hluta um eign þá ok kasta teningum, Ó. H. 90;

HLUTAN -- HLUTR. 273

slítum vér eigi þenna kyrtil heldr hlutum vér hann, Greg. 1. II. reflex.: 1. to be allotted, to fall out, turn out; ok hlutaðisk svá til, it so turned out, Bs. i. 433. 2. with prep.; hlutask til e-s, to meddle with a thing; eigi hlutumk ek til málsverða, Eb. 36; en þú veizt, frændi, at ek hefi til fás hlutask síðan ek kom til Íslands, Hrafn. 17; en þat varð fram at koma er Þorgerðr vildi til hvers er hón hlutaðisk, Ld. 94; ekki hefi ek hlutask til málaferla yðvarra, en nú vil ek vita ..., Nj. 101, Þórð. 67; þat er bæði, at ek hefi lítt til ráða hlutask, ok vill þú at ek ráða litlu, Glúm. 324; hlutask til með e-m, to assist one in a case, Lv. 40; at eigi haldi þér sæmdum nema til hlutisk yðr tignari menn, 76, Fas. iii. 46. β. skiptum vér eigi þenna kyrtil, hlutumst heldr um hvers hann skal verða, John xix. 24. hlutan, f. a drawing or casting of lots, Grág. i. 38, 493, N. G. L. i. 145. hlut-burðr, m. a chance, lot, D. N. hlut-deila, d, to meddle, Sturl. i. 196, ii. 42. hlut-deilinn, adj. meddlesome, Fs. 123; ó-hlutdeilinn, passive. hlut-deilni, f. meddlesomeness, Rd. 255, Karl. 123. hlut-drjúgr, adj. lucky, getting the better share, Lv. 24. hlut-fall, n., chiefly in pl., a casting of lots; leggja til hlutfalla, Fs. 67, Fms. v. 147; fara at hlutföllum, to go by lots, Ver. 4; bjóða til hlutfalla, a law term, to bid one proceed to cast lots, Grág. i. 37, Nj. 232; skipta til hlutfalls, to divide into lots, Gþl. 341. 2. mod. proportion (sing.), Rb. 460. hlut-felling, f. proportion, Alg. 372. hlut-gengr, adj. capable, up to the mark, Fb. ii. 329. hlut-girni, f. meddlesomeness, Glúm. 353. hlut-gjarn, adj. meddlesome, Ld. 248. hlut-henda and hlut-hending, f. a kind of metre or rhyme, see hending and henda, Edda 121, 123, 136. hluti, a, m. a part; í þeim hluta veraldar, Edda (pref.); mikinn hluta af Englandi, Eg. 270; mikinn hluta Skotlands, Ó. H. 131; mikill (mestr, lítill) h. liðs, Fms. i. 110, Eg. 269, Edda 82, Fb. ii. 283; bleikt silfr ok skal vera meiri hluti silfrs, Grág. i. 500: adverb, phrases, at öllum hluta, for the whole lot or share, 245; að mestum hluta, for the most part; að nokkrum hluta, for some part; at mínum (sínum) hluta, for my (her) part, Nj. 250, Fs. 62. II. a share, but the weak form is seldom used in this sense, as in the phrase, göra á hluta e-s, to encroach upon one's share, wrong one, Fms. vii. 219, Vígl. 25; eptir er enn yðarr hluti, your part, portion of the work, Nj. 144; ok undi hann þó verr sínum hluta, Fms. vii. 176 (v.l. hlut better). hlut-kesti, n. a casting of lots, N. T.; but does not occur in old writers. hlut-lauss, adj. 'lot-less,' not partaking in, Lat. expers; at yður bók skyldi þeirra umbóta eigi h. vera, Gþl. iv: having taken no part in, h. eðr sýkn af manndrápi, Fms. ii. 225; h. ok afskiptr e-u (void of), Stj. 155; h. allrar undir-hyggju, Bs. i. 723: neut., veiða hlutlaust, to fish without getting a share, D. I. i. 497; ríða hlutlaust, to pass free, unmolested, Sturl. i. 39. In mod. usage, hlutlauss means passive, neutral, of a person; and láta e-ð hlutlaust, to leave a thing alone, not meddle with it. HLUTR, m., the original form was diphthongal, hlautr, like the Gothic, as is borne out by the kindred and derivative words hlaut, hleyti, q.v.; the acc. was weakened into o, hlotr, Fms. xi. 128; and lastly into u, hlutr; old nom. pl. hlotar, Jómsv. S. l.c., but commonly hlutir; gen. sing. hlutar: [Goth. hlauts = GREEK, Mark xv. 24, Col. i. 12, Ephes. i. 11, Luke i. 9; A. S. and Hel. hlot; Engl. lot; Germ. loos; Dan. lod; Swed. lott; the Goth., Germ., and earliest Scandin. have a long vowel, and prob. also A. S. and O. H. G. (hlôt, not hlot); the Ormul. spells lott with a short vowel, as is the case also in Icel., Dan., Swed., and Engl.] A. A lot; the ceremony of drawing lots was like that described in Homer; each party marked his lot (skera or marka hluti), which was then thrown into a sheet (lap of a garment, bera or leggja hluti í skaut), and a third person came and drew a lot out; (it was not thrown out by shaking.) This drawing of lots was originally a sacred ceremony; it was used in sacrifices (by way of augury, see below), in sharing booty or an inheritance; in law the order in which suits came on was decided by lot, in banquets the seats of honour were so assigned (e.g. who was to sit next to the daughter of the house), etc. Many words in the language refer to this old rite, and the ceremony is thus described: en hluti skyldi skera ok í skaut bera, Fms. vii. 140; kom þat ásamt með þeim at hluti skyldi bera í skaut, ... skyldi því hvárir-tveggju una sem hlutr segði, vóru þá hlutir markaðir; þá mælti Norðbrikt til Gyrgis: 'lát mik sjá hversu þú markar þinn hlut at vit markim eigi báðir einn veg;' hann gerði svá; síðan markaði Norðbrikt sinn hlut, ok kastaði í skaut ok svá báðir þeir; síðan gékk sá maðr at er til (upp, v.l.) skyldi taka, ok tók upp annan hlutinn milli fingra sér ...; síðan var at hugat þeim hlutinum ok kenndu þar allir mark Gyrgis, vi. 136, 137: hverr maðr er sök hefir með at fara í dóm, þá skal hlut bera í skaut, einn, þótt hann hafi fleiri sakar í dóm þann, hverr maðr skal merkja hlut sinn ok bera alla saman í skaut, ok skal maðr taka fjóra hluti senn upp, Grág. i. 37; bjóða til hlutfalla ok bera þar hluti í skaut, 74; menn báru þá hluti sína í skaut ok tók jarlinn upp; ... svá sagði hlutr til, at Egill skyldi sitja hjá jarls-dóttur um kveldit, Eg. 247; en þá er tólfmenningr var skipaðr til at sitja ok settir hlutir til hverr næst skyldi sitja Ástríði, dóttur Vigfúss hersis, ok hlaut Eyjólfr ávalt at sitja hjá henni, Glúm. 331: nú ræða þeir um goðorðit ok verða eigi ásáttir, vildi hverr sinn hlut (case) fram draga; þá leggja þeir hluti í skaut, ok kom jafnan upp hlutr Silfra, Fs. 68; þeir lögðu hluti á, ok hlaut Þrándr, Fær. 2. of sacrifice; vóru þá görvir hlutir af vísinda-mönnum (soothsayers), ok feldr blótspánn til, en svá gékk fréttin, at ..., Fas. i. 452; cp. hristu teina ok á hlaut sá, Hym. 1; and, þá kná Hænir hlautvið kjósa ( = taka upp hluti), Vsp. l.c.; see also hlaut, hlauttein, p. 270. II. the hlutir were talismans or little images, which people used to wear on their persons; síðan tekr jarl skálar (scales) góðar ... ok fylgðu tvau met (weights), annat af gulli en annat af silfri; þar var á líkneskja manns, ok hétu þat hlutar (hlotar sem fornmönnum var títt at hafa, add. in v.l.), ok fylgði sú náttúra, at þá er jarl lagði þá í skálarnar, ok kvað á hvat hvárr skyldi merkja, ok ef sá kom upp (turned up) er hann vildi, þá breylti sá í skálinni svá at varð glamm af. Jarl gaf Einari skálarnar ok varð hann glaðr við ok síðan kallaðr Einarr Skálarglam, Jómsv. S. (1824) 37, 38; hlutr er horfinn ór pússi þínum sá er Haraldr konungr gaf þér í Hafrsfirði, ok er hann nú kominn í holt þat er þú munt byggja, ok er á hlutnum markaðr Freyr af silfri, Fs. 19; ok vili Freyr þar láta sinn hlut niðr koma er hann vill sitt sæmdar-sæti setja, 22; cp. Landn., hann sendi Finna tvá í hamförum til Íslands eptir hlut sínum, 174; hann hefir líkneski Þórs í pungi sínum af tönn gört ...; nú fannsk engi sá 'hlutr' í hans valdi, Fs. 97: the 'gumna heillir' or talismans, mentioned in Sdm., were prob. hlutir. B. Metaph., without the actual drawing of lots: I. a share, allotment, portion; skal þat þeirra er biskup lofar skilnað, hafa slíkan hlut fjár (portion) við annat, Grág. i. 329: of booty, hann færði Ölvi skip sín ok kallar þat vera hlut hans, Nj. 46: of a finder's share, heimtir hlut af sauðunum, Háv. 40; halda til hlutar, id. β. esp. of a fisherman's share of the catch, Band. 4, cp. Höfuðl. 1; a fishing boat has one or two hundred ... í hlut, each of the crew (hásetar) taking his 'hlutr,' and besides this there was a færis-hlutr (line share) or netja-hlutr (net share), skips-hlutr (ship's share), and lastly for-manns-hlutr (foreman's share, he getting double); see the remarks on aflausn. γ. a share, lot, portion, of inheritance, often in early Dan. law, where the daughter received a half, the brother a whole portion, sun til ful lot, oc dotær til half lot, Wald. Sjæll. Lov., p. 1; -- whence in Dan. broder-lod, söster-lod, = a brother's, sister's portion; en komi jafnmikit fé á hlut hvers þeirra, Grág. (Kb.) i. 220: of duty, kom þat á hlut Andreas postula, 625. 64. 2. metaph. phrases; láta hlut sinn, to let go one's share, be worsted, Fms. i. 74, Fb. ii. 62; þeirra h. brann við, got singed, Hkr. ii. 178; þinn hlutr má ekki verða betri en góðr, thy case cannot be better than good, is as good as it can be, Nj. 256; ella muntú finna á þínum hlut, thou shalt find it to thy cost, Ld. 98; þeirra h. varð æ minni ok minni, their lot grew ever worse and worse, Fms. x. 250; eigi skyldi hennar h. batna við þat, her case should not mend with that, Nj. 52; sitja yfir hlut e-s, to oppress, weigh a person down, Eg. 512, Nj. 89, Fb. iii. 450; mínka sinn hlut, to yield one's lot (right), 451; láta sinn (hlut) undir liggja, to let one's lot be the nethermost, Bárð.; leggja hlut sinn við e-t, to throw in one's lot with a thing, to espouse a cause, run a risk, Lv. 45 (twice), Fb. iii. 166, Sturl. i. 162 C; eigi mundi svá Sverrir gera, ef hann ætti várn hlut, S. would not do so if he had our lot, our cards in his hand, Fms. viii. 392; eigi mundir þú svá renna frá þínum manni, ef þú ættir minn hlut, xi. 72; hafa (fá) hærra (meira, lægra) hlut, to get the better (less) share, to get the best (worst) of it, to win or lose, Eb. 194, Fs. 32, 113, Nj. 90, 224, Fas. i. 252, Fms. vi. 412, viii. 284, Hkv. 2. 19; hafa allan hlut mála, Bs. i. 82; eiga hlut at e-u, to own a share in, take part (interest) in, interfere (meddle) in a thing, be concerned about, Eb. 124, Nj. 27, 101, 119, Fms. xi. 83; þar er þú ættir hlut at, wherein thou wast concerned, Nj. 54; nú mun eigi mega sitjanda hlut í eiga, to take a sitter's part in it, i.e. not stir in the matter, 110; hér munu eigi gæfu-menn í hlut eiga, 179; hafa inn vesta hlut af, to behave meanly, Eg. 271. II. a part, Lat. pars; enn efra hlut Hrunamanna-hrepps, Landn. 312: mestr h. liðs, the most part of the body, Eg. 275; meiri hlutr, búa, dómanda ..., the majority of the neighbours, judges ..., Nj. 237, Grág. i. 79; tíundi h. eyrir, a tenth part of an ounce, 357: byggja jörð til hlutar, to lease an estate in shares, N. G. L. i. 137: sjau hlutum ljósari, seven times brighter, Eluc. 44; tveim hlutum dýrra, twice as dear, Landn. 243; eins hlutar (on the one hand) ... annars hlutar (on the other hand), 625. 172. III. a case, thing, Lat. res; hvern hlut, everything, Nj. 53; á engum hlut, in nothing, Fms. ii. 27; í öllum hlutum, in everything, passim; allir hlutir, all things, Edda 147 (pref.); aðra hluti, other things, Fms. i. 213; alla hluti þá er ..., all things whatsoever, Ld. 18; allir þeirra hlutir, all their things, Fms. x. 250; fjórir eru þeir hlutir (cases) er menn ber í átt, Grág. i. 361; hverngi hlut (reason) er maðr vill til þess færa, 179; fyrir tengda sakir ok annarra stórra hluta er hér hvarfla í milli, Nj. 147; undarlegr, kynlegr h., a strange thing, Ld. 200, Fms. x. 169; iðna slíka hluti, Grág. i. 149; eru þér stórir hlutir á höndum, Fms. vii. 30: a deed, fact, orðinn h., a bygone thing, Fr. fait accompli, Nj. 20; einn lítill h., a little thing, small matter, Fms. ix. 448. β. with neg. adv. = Engl. naught; görðit

274 HLUTRÆNINGI -- HLÆJA.

hlut þiggja, Am. 94; ekki lyt (lyf MS.), Skv. 1. 9; engi hluta(r), noways, 656 C. 25. hlut-ræningi, a, m. one robbed of his share; verða h. e-s, or fyrir e-m, to be unfairly dealt with, Eg. 525 (v.l.), Fb. ii. 379, Gullþ. 12; göra e-n h., Orkn. 306, 318. hlut-samr, adj. meddlesome, Fms. ii. 68, Lv. 27, Karl. 386. hlut-seigr, adj. holding fast one's share, tenacious, Bs. i. 716. hlut-semi, f. meddling. hlut-skarpr, adj. = hlutdrjúgr. hlut-skipta, t, to share by lots, Stj. 375. hlut-skipti, n. a sharing, Eg. 280, Fms. i. 183: a share, lot, of inheritance, Fs. 18, Ld. 222: of booty, Eg. 4, 57, Fms. vi. 86, vii. 278, Bs. i. 37, Barl. 188. hlut-sæll, adj. getting the best share, lucky, Fs. 143. hlut-takandi, part. partaking, a partaker, 623. 28, 45, Greg. 12. hlut-takari, a, m. a partaker, 655 xiv. A. 2, Magn. 432, Greg. 23, Bs. i. 744, Stj. hlut-tekning, f. a partaking: proportion, Alg. 372: gramm. the participle, Skálda 180. hlut-vandr, adj. fair about one's share, upright, honest, Band. 35 new Ed., Lv. 48, Thom. 396, Rétt. 5. 5: ó-hlutvandr, dishonest. hlut-verk, n. work allotted, Fbr. 130, Háv. 56, Grett. 125. HLÚKI, a, m. a term of abuse; hrímugr hlúki, Korm. in a verse. (Is the Scot. luckie, used of an old woman, akin to this word?) hlykkjóttr, adj. crooked, Stj. 78, freq. in mod. usage. hlykk-lauss, adj. 'bend-less,' unbent, straight, Al. 173. HLYKKR, m., pl. ir, better lykkr (see p. 227), a bend, curve, Sturl. iii. 37, Hom. 115, Fms. i. 145. HLYMJA, pret. hlumði, pres. hlymr, to dash, Hým. 24; sær hlymr, the sea dashes against the boards, Edda 100 (in a verse). hlymr, m. [hljómr], a clash, as of hoofs, Skálda 169, Skm. 14, Og. 28. HLYNNA, t, [hlunnr], prop. 'to launch,' but only used metaph. to help a person on; h. fyrir e-m, Fms. viii. 239, v.l.: very freq. in mod. usage, h. að e-u, to cherish, foster, and of persons to nourish. hlynning, f. a fostering; að-hlynning, id. hlynninn, adj. fostering; h. á. sigr, victorious, Lex. Poët. HLYNR, m., pl. ir, [Ivar Aasen lön; Swed. lönn], a maple tree, Lat. acer, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. passim. HLÝ, n. [Dan. ly = shelter], warmth, as of a bed; þvíat konungr þóttisk þá þurfa hlýs, Fms. vi. 251, Fagrsk. 49 (in a verse). HLÝÐA, dd, [hljóð A]: I. prop. to hearken, listen; eyrum hlýðir en augum skoðar, Hm. 7: with dat. to listen to one, 623. 27, Fms. vii. 245, Eg. 694; var hann ekki svá mikillátr at eigi hlýddi (to give ear to) hann mönnum er skylt áttu við hann at ræða, Ó. H. 68; h. messu, tíðum, lestri, to hear mass, attend service, go to church, 671 B, 655 xi. 4, Bs. i. 131 passim. 2. with prep.; hlýða á e-t, to listen to a thing, Fms. ix. 472; h. til e-s, a law term, to listen to a pleading, Nj. 36, Grág. i. 76; h. til tals e-s, Fas. ii. 517; sitja menn þar umhverfis ok hlýða til sögunnar, Fbr. 87 new Ed.; h. e-m yfir, to hear a pupil's lessons, of a teacher holding the book whilst the pupil recites the lesson; hlýða yfir Fræðin, Faðir Vor, Kverið, Lektíuna, etc. 3. to yield to; glöddusk allir er þeir höfðu hlýtt því ráði, Fb. i. 439; þeim er eigi vildu h. hans orðum, ii. 64: to obey, as children their parents, h. föður, móður sinni, h. Guði, freq. in mod. usage, but it seems not to be used in old writers exactly in this sense. II. metaph. to be due, to do, be proper; hlýðir þat hvergi (it will not do), at hafa eigi lög í landi, Nj. 149; má eigi vita hvat helzt hlýðir, Fms. vii. 105: to do, suffice, eigi man h. svá búit, this will not do, something must be done (in an extreme case), Eg. 507, Fms. i. 104; hlýðir þó þeir sé þrír, three will do, Grág. ii. 139; nú hlýðir þat eigi, but if that will not do, K. Þ. K. 88; en með því at þeir höfðu liðs-kost góðan, þá hlýddi, it went off well, Fms. i. 66: e-m hlýðir e-t, it does, is possible for a person, Sinfjötla hlýddi þat, Fas. i. 130. β. to be allowed to a person; engum öðrum skyldi þat h., nobody else should dare to do so, Hkr. i. 209; Einarr lét öngum h. móti at mæla, E. would not hear of any one's gainsaying, let nobody contradict, Orkn. 40; er þat undr er þér látið honum hvatvetna h., Eg. 71; ella eru mjök aldauða várir foreldrar er eigi létu konungum h. slik úlög, Fms. vi. 37. III. reflex. to listen; hann hlýðisk um hvárt nokkurir vekti, Gísl. 29; þá héldu þeir upp árum ok hlýddusk um, Fas. ii. 517; nema þeir staðar undir búðar-vegginum ok hlýðask þaðan um, Fbr. 87 new Ed.; Sturla bað menn hlýðask um, Sturl. i. 82: to be allowed, dare to do a thing with impunity, margir munu hér eptir taka ef þessum hlýðsk, 36; konungr sagði þeim skyldi þat ekki hlýðask, Fas. i. 45. hlýða, u, f. [A. S. hleowd; provinc. Dan. lude = a shed], a shed; a part of a ship, a cabin (?); hlýðan skalf, Knytl. S. (in a verse). hlýðinn, adj. giving ear to one; hann var h. vinum sínum um öll góð ráð, Fms. vi. 30: meek, obedient, hlýðnum syni ok lítilátum, Sks. 11; and so in mod. usage of children, pupils, þjónum þeim og hlyðnir séum, elskum þau og virðing veitum, Luther's Catech. on the 5th Comm.; var þeim og hlýðinn, Luke ii. 51; ó-hlýðinn, disobedient, naughty. β. yielding homage to one; h. konungi sínum, Sks. 269; áðr en landsfólk hafði honum hlýðit orðit, Hkr. ii. 212. hlýði-samt, n. adj. proper for one to do (see hlýða II. β); vera h. to do for one, Ísl. ii. 198, Ld. 154, Fms. vi. (in a verse). hlýðnask, að, dep. to obey one, with dat., Fms. i. 281, Fær. 132 Str. 20. hlýðni, f. obedience, homage, Sks. 269, Fms. iii. 12, vi. 29, Bs. i. 742 Orkn. 394, Stj. 117; ó-hlýðni, disobedience. hlýðugr, adj. = hlýðinn, N. T. hlýindi, n. pl. warmth, snugness, Snót (1866): of weather, mild. HLÝJA (mod. hlúa), pres. hlýr, pret. hløði (mod. hlúði), cp. tøði from týja; part. hlúð :-- prop. to cover, shelter, with dat.; hlýrat henni börkr né barr, Hm. 49; to this belongs the poët. pret., serkir hløðut þeim = Homer's GREEK, Il. xv. 529 (cp. GREEK, xiii. 371, gave them no shelter against the blow), Edda i. 418; in mod. usage, hlúa að e-m, to cover with clothes (Lat. fovere), to make one warm and snug; hér er sjór kallaðr hlér, þvíat hann hlýr allra minzt, Skálda 198; hlúðu að þér betr, þú hefr ekki hlúð vel að þér, thou art too thinly clad. hlýna, að, to become warm. HLÝR, adj. warm, mild; hlýtt veðr, mild weather; hlý húsa-kynni, warm, snug rooms: metaph., e-m er hlýtt til e-s, to have a warm heart, affection, for a person; see hlær below. HLÝR, n. pl. [A. S. hleor; Hel. hlear; Engl. leer], a cheek, Edda 72; hlýra skúrir, tears, Ísl. ii. 352 (in a verse): metaph. of things, of a vessel, the bows (cp. Gr. GREEK, and kinnungr from kinn, a cheek), Edda (Gl.), Fms. iv. 377, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: hlýr-birtr, adj. stained on the bows, Orkn. 332. hlýr-roðinn, part. = GREEK, Od. ix. 125, = hlýrbirtr: the shield is called hlýr-garðr, hlýr-sól, hlýr-tungl, hlýr-vangr, from the gunwale being fenced with a wall of shields, Lex. Poët.: the cheeks of an axe, Nj. 28, Grett. (in a verse), Edda i. 392 (in a verse): in mod. usage the sides of a knife are called hlýrar, as also the two sides of a bodice. hlýri, a, m., poët. a brother, frater germanus, only in poets, Lex. Poët, passim; perhaps orig. a 'twin-brother.' hlýrn, n. (?), poët. a certain time of day, dœgr, hlýrn, röckr, Edda ii. 569; the exact meaning is not known, cp. Bjarn. 59 (in a verse), hlýrnir, m., poët. the sky, heaven, Alm. 13, Lex. Poët. passim, hlæða, i.e. hlœða, ð, [hlaða, hlóð]; h. skip, to lade a ship; h. hest, to load, saddle a horse, Fb. i. 193, Skv. 1. 13, Hdl. 5: hlæðendr, part. pl., Orkn. (in a verse). hlæðir, m. a loader, Sighvat. hlægi, n. ridicule, Hm. 19, Fms. vi. 151, Clem. 36, 42. COMPDS: hlægi-orðr, hlægi-máll, and hlægi-máligr, adj. humorous, Fms. ix. 241, 249. hlægi-skip, n. an odd, curious ship, Sighvat. hlægja, ð, properly hlœgja, [causal of hlæja], to make one laugh; at hundi elskar Andaðr ... ok jöfur hlœgir, Fagrsk. 6 (in a verse); at engi maðr mundi sá vera at hann mundi eigi hlœgja með sínum gamansamlegum orðum, Sks. 118 B; at Ægir skyldi þat gera, er hón hugði at þeir skyldi eigi mega, at hlægja hana, to make her laugh, Edda 46: metaph. to gladden one, make one's heart leap for joy, cheer one; þat hlægir mik, segir Skarphéðinn, áttú munt hefna mín, Nj. 202; þat hlœgir mik nú, at ek sé þat, nafni, at þinn sigr mun eigi langr vera, Fms. xi. 23; oss hlœgir þat eigi, Korm.; drottins-svikar er Djöful hlœgðu, Fms. v. 126 (in a verse). hlæg-liga, mod. hlægi-liga, adv. ridiculously, Fms. vi. 141. hlæg-ligr, mod. hlægi-ligr, adj. ridiculous, laughable, Am. 53, Hkv. Hjörv. 30, Glúm. 351 (hla'gligr UNCERTAIN), Band. 38 new Ed. (see note). HLÆJA, pres. hlær, pl. hlægjum; pret. hló (qs. hlóg), 2nd pers. hlótt, mod. hlóst; pl. hlógu, mod. hlóu; pret. subj. hlægi; imperat. hlæ, hlaeðu; part. hleginn; [Ulf. hlahjan; A. S. hlihan; Engl. laugh; Hel. hlahan; O. H. G. hlahhan; old Frank, hlaka; Germ. lachen; Dan. le] :-- to laugh, Hðm. 20, Skv. 3. 30, Am. 61, Akv. 24; h. hátt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15; Grímr var ekki kátr, ok aldri hló hann síðan Helgi var fallinn, Dropl. 27; Grímr skelldi upp ok hló, 31; hví hlóttu nú? Fms. vi. 390; hló Vigfúss at? Halli mælti, þat er vani þeirra feðga at hlæja, þá er vígahugr er á þeim, Glúm. 367; hón hlaer við hvert orð, Nj. 18; h. dátt, to laugh heartily; skelli-hlægja, to roar with laughter; h. hlátr, Hildigunnr hló kalda-hlátr, Nj.: phrases, þá hló marmennill, then the merman laughed, of a sudden, unreasonable burst of laughter, Fas. Hálfs. S. ch. 7, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 133: as also Merlin (1869), ch. 23; hugr hlaer, one's heart laughs; at minn hugr hlægja við honum, Fas. i. 195; hlær mér þess hugr, Fms. xi. 96; þau tíðendi er þeim hló hugr við, ix. 494, v.l.; löngum hlaer lítið vit, long laugh, little wit; hleginn, laughed at, Niðrst. 6. 2. with prep.; hlæja at e-u, to laugh at a thing; Hrútr hló at ok gékk í braut, Nj. 10; allt fólk hló at þeim, Fms. ix. 494, Glúm. 366, passim (at-hlægi). II. metaph. of a country, the hills are said to laugh in welcoming a guest and to droop at his going away; Drúpir Höfði, dauðr er Þengill, hlægja hlíðir við Hallsteini, Landn. (in a verse); Há þóttu mér hlaegja ... of Noreg allan | klif meðan Ólafr lifði, Sighvat: the blunt edge is said to laugh in one's face, síðan tók ek hein ór pússi mínum ok reið ek í eggina, svá at exin var svá slæ, at hón hló móti mér áðr en við skildum, Sturl. ii. 62.

HLŒKINN -- HNEYKILIGR. 275

hlœkinn, adj. [akin to hlúki], mean, filthy, Fms. ix. 32: as also hlœkendr, part. pl. id., see Eb. 132, note 4 new Ed. hlær, adj. (hlætt, n.), [akin to hlé, hláka, q.v., cp. hlýr], warm, mild; hlær vindr, Fms. ii. 228; blíðari ok hlærri en aðrir vindar, Sks. 219; veðr var þykt ok hlætt, Fbr. 13; en Ginnunga-gap var svá hlætt sem lopt vindlaust, Edda 4. hlæ-veðr, n. mild weather, a thaw; heiði ok í hlæveðri, Hom. 127. hlöðr, m. [hlaða], a destroyer, vanquisher, Lex. Poët.: a pr. name, Fas. Hlökk, f., gen. Hlakkar, [perh. akin to A. S. hlanc, Engl. lank = thin, slender] :-- one of the heathen Valkyriur, Edda, Gm. passim; and in compds, Hlakkar-, Lex. Poët, passim. hlöm, f. [hlam], a thump, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Höfuðl. hlömmuðr, m. 'thumper,' poët. the wind, Edda (Gl.) hlömmun, f. a thumping, = hlamman. hnakk-band, n. (see hnakkr), an anchor cable; heimtu þeir upp akkeri sín, ok brast (sic) hnakkböndin, Lv. 99. HNAKKI, a, m. [Dan. nakke; Swed. nacke; cp. A. S. hnecca; Engl. neck, although in a different sense] :-- the nape of the neck, back of the head, occiput, N. G. L. i. 339, Fms. ii. 272 (v.l.), vii. 192, viii. 77; Nj. 96; setja (snúa) hnakka við e-m, to turn the back on one, Sighvat, Hom. 68; settu hnakkann á bak sér aptr, áðr þeir fengu séð upp yfir, Edda 30; hnakka dyttr, Orkn. (in a verse). COMPDS: hnakka-bein, n. the occipital bone, Orkn. 50. hnakka-dramb, see dramb. hnakka-filla, u, f. the flesh on the nape, Gullþ. 27. hnakka-gróf, f. the 'nape-pit,' hollow in the nape of the neck. hnakka-kúla, u, f. the flesh on the head of a fish. hnakk-marr, m. a saddle-horse, Ýt. 10. hnakk-mið, m. a buoy fastened to an anchor (?); ef menn draga upp akkeri með sínu akkeri, ok fylgir hvártki strengr né hnakkmiði, Jb. 403; hnykkja hnakkmiða, to move the anchor, change a ship's berth, Fs. 92 (in a verse of A.D. 996). hnakkr, m. an anchor-stone, similar to the mod. dreki and stjóri (GREEK in Homer), whence hnakk-band, hnakk-mið. II. a man's saddle, freq. in mod. usage, which distinguishes between a söðull (a side saddle) and hnakkr, but it seems not to be found in old writers, except in hnakkmarr above. III. = knakkr, q.v.; stólar fjórir, knakkr, lectari, Pm. 17 (in a church's inventory). HNALLR, m. a club or cudgel used by fishermen in killing sharks. hnappa, að, to huddle together (e.g. of sheep). HNAPPR, m. [cp. Engl. nape; A. S. cnæp; Germ. knopf], a button; the older form is knappr, q.v. COMPDS: hnappa-gat, n. a button-hole. hnapp-rass, m. a nickname. II. a bevy, cluster, esp. of birds, sheep, as fjár-hnappr. COMPDS: hnapp-sitja, sat, to keep the sheep huddled together instead of being spread over the pasture, of a bad shepherd; þú skalt ekki h. það, því þá dettr úr því nytin, Piltr og Stúlka 9: a local name, Hnappa-fell, n., Landn.: Hnappfellingar, m. men from H., id. hnarr-reistr, part. rising high, as the stem of a ship (knörr, q.v.) hnaskr, adj. [cp. A. S. hnæsc], brisk, alert; hann er hnaskr (convers.) hnauk, n. turmoil; bú-hnauk, household bustle, Bb. 2. 5. hnauka, að, to bustle, (slang.) HNAUSS, m. a sod, a flag of turf, Lat. cespes; torf-hnauss, klumbu-h., snið-h. hnefa, að, to clasp with the fist, Eb. 90 new Ed., Karl. 356. HNEFI, a, m., nefi, N. G. L. ii. 223; [Scot. neif or nieve; Dan. næve; Swed. näfve; but the word is not found in A. S. or Germ.] :-- the fist, Grág. ii. 14, 133, Stj. 597; reiða hnefann, to clench the fist, Edda 36; láta hnefa skjalla e-m, 54 (in a verse); þá setti Ófeigr hnefann á borðit ok mælti, hversu mikill þykki þér hnefi sjá, Guðmundr? Lv. 67; geta til launa í hnefa e-m, Sturl. iii. 151 :-- a nieveful. COMPDS: hnefa-högg, n. a blow with the fist, Fms. iii. 78, Fas. i. 446, N. G. L. ii. 223. hnefa-spjald, n. a writing-tablet, GREEK, Luke i. 63. hnefi, a, m. the king in a kind of chess played by the ancients, Fas. ii. 68: the game was called hnefa-tafl, n., which is variously spelt -- nettafl, Gullþ. 20, and hnettafl, Grett. 144 A (which are contracted or assimilated forms); hneftafl, Mork. 186, Fms. vi. 29, Fas. i. 284; hnottafl (a bad form), Fas. i. 476 in a spurious verse, and in Krók. ch. 10; hnefa-tafl (the true form), Fas. i. 67. The game is best described in Friðþ. S. ch. 3, and in one of the riddles in Hervar. S. (where however the rhymed replies are not genuine): 'Who are the maids that fight about their unarmed lord, the dark all day defending, but the fair slaying?' The players were two, as in chess; there was only one king (hnefi), here called the 'unarmed lord;' the pieces (töflur) were white and red, the white attacking, the red defending the hnefi; þat er hneftafl, enar dökkri verja hnefann, en hinar hvítari sækja, Fas. i. 474; þat er húninn í hneftafli, 476: pieces made of silver are recorded in Gullþ. S., of walrus-bone in Krók. l.c. For the general use of this game, cp. the dialogue between the two brother kings, Mork. l.c., -- teflig hneftafl betr, era þat minna vert en afl þitt; Sigurðr Ormr í auga ok Hvítserkr hvati sitja at hneftafli, Fas. i. 284: whenever tafl is mentioned, this particular game seems to be understood, e.g. the gullnar töflur and tefldu í túni of the Vsp.; cp. earl Rögnvald's verse in Orkn. ch. 61; and the fatal game of chess between king Canute and earl Ulf in Roeskilde A.D. 1027 was probably a hneftafl. We see from Mork. l.c. that it was still played at the beginning of the 12th century, but in after times it was superseded by the true chess (skák); both games were probably of the same origin. COMPDS: hnefa-tafla, u, f. or hnef-töfl, f. or hnettöfl, f., Fas. i. 463, v.l., or hnettafla, u, f. the piece of the hnefi. UNCERTAIN See the remarks s.v. halatafl, p. 234, and húnn, p. 293, but the whole passage in Grett. is obscure. hneggja, að, to neigh; see gneggja. hneiging, f. a bowing, bending, Rb. 474: gramm. inflection. HNEIGJA, ð, [Goth. hnaivjan; A. S. hnægan; Germ. neigen; Dan. neje] :-- causal from hníga, to bow, bow down, bend, incline; h. höfuð, Ísl. ii. 274; h. sik, to make a bow; h. sik fyrir e-m, to bow oneself before a person (in greeting), 625. 86, Stj. 185; h. eyru sín, to incline one's ear, Sks. 275, Ps. xl. 1; h. sik til við e-n, to bow down, pay homage to one, Fms. vii. 17; h. sik ok sveigja, to bow oneself and sway, Stj. 61: h. hugi sínum, to incline one's mind, Hom. 53; víkja eðr h. hendi né fæti, Stj. 204; h. e-m (sik understood), to bow down to one, Fms. ii. 133, Sks. 291: with prepp., h. af, to decline from, swerve from, Stj. 332; h. eptir e-m, to be biassed towards, Orkn. 134. II. reflex. to lean; konungr hneigðisk at hásætinu, Fms. ii. 139; h. frá e-m, to go away from, Stj. 497; h. undan, to escape, 625. 68; h. til e-s, to lean towards a person, side with him, Fms. vii. 18; h. frá réttum dómi, to deviate from, Hom. 135; h. af villu, to forsake heresy, Fms. x. 301; h. fyrir fortölur e-s, to be swayed by another's persuasions, Sturl. iii. 136. 2. pass., gramm. to be declined, inflected; grammatica kennir hve öll orð hneigjask, Clem. 33. 3. part. hneigðr, as adj. inclined to, hneigðr fyrir bækr. hneigjanlegr, adj. declinable. hneisa, u, f., but better neisa (q.v.), see Hm. [Swed. nesa] :-- shame, disgrace, Fms. viii. 20, x. 223, 346, 394, xi. 86, Ó. H. 107. COMPDS: hneisu-liga (neisuliga), adv. disgracefully, Ísl. ii. 367, Fms. vii. 20, x. 222. hneisu-ligr, adj. disgraceful, Ísl. ii. 384. hneisa, t, to disgrace one; niðra ok neisa e-n, Stj. 67, 248, 512, Fms. x. 256, Bs. i. 392; but hneist, 106. hneisi, n. = hneisa, Mork. 58. HNEITA, t, causal from hníta, q.v., to cut or wound (?); síðan kallaði Ólafr sverðit Hneiti, þvíat honum þótti þat hneita önnur sverð fyrir hvassleika sakir, i.e. it was keener than other swords, Fms. iv. 58: the same word is prob. the true reading in Fas. ii. 131 (viz. hneittir for kveittir). hneita, u, f. the white saline dust covering a kind of seaweed (söl) when dried. Hneitir, m. [hneita, the verb], Cutter, name of the sword of St. Olave, Lex. Poët. passim, but only after St. Olave's time; neither can the verse in Gísl. 65 have been composed before that time: a vanquisher, Þd. hnekking, f. a check, rebuff, Am. 56, Glúm. 337, Greg. 19, Bret. 62, Sturl. i. 217. hnekkir, m. one who checks another, Lex. Poët. hnekki-stikill, m. a bump on the head, in a pun, Glúm. 383, Fas. ii. 407. HNEKKJA, t or ð, [hnakki], to throw back, check; síðan lét Egill hnekkja nautunum út á mýrar, he had the neat-cattle driven back, Eg. 711, 712, Grág. i. 293, Landn. 281, Sturl. ii. 176, Gþl. 460, N. G. L. i. 59; h. för sinni, to halt and go back again, Sturl. i. 167; hnekðumk heiðnir rekkar, the heathen rogues turned me out, Sighvat. 2. to thwart, prevent; Andreas bað lýðinn at þeir hnekki eigi písl hans, 656 B. 1; h. vándu ráði, to prevent an evil deed, Fms. v. 198, viii. 60 (thwarted it); mun þat eigi hér h., iv. 194; ok hnekði þat, 15. 3. with prep.; h. e-m frá, to repel a person, Fms. x. 100, Ld. 186 (of a wooer). II. to fall back, hobble back; hann féll eigi við höggit ok hnekti þá í mot þeim, Gullþ. 29, Landn. 153 (of one maimed in battle); hnekkja Írar nú frá, Ld. 78, Sturl. iii. 205: part. hnektr, abashed, checked; h. ok lútr, 656 B. 1. hnellinn, adj. [hnallr], brawny. HNEPPA, t, [Engl. to nip, knap], to cut short, curtail; vilja heldr hneppa við sik þann eina búninginn, to curtail oneself in dress, Hom. (St.): also, hneppa e-n undir sik, to keep one under, a wrestler's term, Fas. iii. 353; h. í þrældóm, to keep bound in thraldom, Sks. 465 :-- slóðu upp og hnepptu hann út af borginni, thrust him head-foremost out, Luke iv. 29: metric. a monosyllabic end syllable is called hneppt, Edda (Ht.): part. hnepptr, crippled. HNEPPA, t, different from the last word, to button; see kneppa. hneppa, u, f. a being bent or bowed down. hneppu-sótt, f. a kind of disease, Fél. xiv. 100. hneppiliga, adv. too sparingly, Stj. 25, Ld. 106. hneppr, adj. [Dan. knap], scant, Hkr. i. 154, Grett. 169; ætla hneppt til Jólanna, to make scant provisions for Yule, Fb. ii. 185, Fms. iv. 235. hnepta, t, = hnippa; h. höfðum, and stinga saman nefjum, Sighvat. hnerra, að, to sneeze. HNERRI, a, m. (older form hnöri or hneri, with a single r, Edda. ii. 430; hneyri, Thom. 308), a sneeze, Orkn. 448. A plague is said to have set in once upon a time with sneezing, therefore when a person sneezes an Icel. says, Guð hjálpi þér! cp. Germ. helf Gott! Engl. Bless you ! see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. hneyki-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), shameful, Mar.

276 HNEYKING -- HNJÓÐHAMARR.

hneyking, f. shame, rebuff, disgrace; h. eðr svívirðing, Stj. 67, 68 (v.l.); hneyking ok niðran, 25; göra e-m h., Fms. iv. 243; hneykingar staðr, as a rendering of the word Babylon, Mar. 10. HNEYKJA, ð or t, to put to shame, defeat, confound, with acc.; at berjask við þá er yðr hafa hneykt, Fms. x. 231; þá er hann hafði herjað ok hneykt grimmleik heiðinna þjóða, iv. 66; andskotann hneykðir þú, 623. 35; eigi munu vér þá hneykðir, we shall not then be confounded, 34; hneykjask ok svívirðask, to be confounded, Stj. 241; hverr vætti urn aldr í þinni miskun ok hneykðisk síðan, Th. 25. 2. with prep.; hneykja at e-u, to scoff at a thing; sá er hneykir at því er allir leyfa mun göra sik at fífli ( = lastar það sem allir lofa), he who scoffs at what all folk praise is a fool, a saying, Sighvat. hneykja, u, f. shame. hneykju-för, f. a journey of disgrace, defeat, Hrafn. hneyxla, often spelt hneixla, að, to offend, eccl., the rendering of Gr. GREEK in the N. T.; en ef þitt hægra auga hneyxlar þig, Matth. v. 29, 30, xviii. 6, 8; h. sik, xi. 6, Luke xvii. 2: pass. to be offended, xiii. 21, xv. 12, xxiv. 10, John vi. 61, xvi. 1; hneyxlast á e-m, Matth. xiii. 57, xxvi. 31, 33. UNCERTAIN The spirited etymology given by Vídalin in his Michaelmas Sermon, comparing the metaphors of the Greek and Icel. words, is true in sense but not to the letter: þetta á vel saman á vora tungu, því 'hneixli' drögum vér af því orði að 'hníga' eðr 'hneigja,' því sá sem hneixli af sér gefr, hann kemr öðrum til að hníga eðr rasa, og hneigir hann til vondra verka, Vídal. ii. 153, 154. hneyxlan, f. an offence, = Gr. GREEK, Matth. viii. 7, xvii. 27, Luke xvii. 1, Rom. ix. 33, 1 Cor. i. 23, Gal. v. 11. hneyxlan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), offensive, Matth. xvi. 23. hneyxlari, a, m. an offender, Matth. xiii. 41. hneyxli or hneyxl (qs. hneyksli), n. disgrace, dishonour; metnaðr snýsk í hneyxl, 677. 7; af sekðinni getask hneyxlin, 656 B. 7; mál hvert er maðr mælir við annan mann svá at honum horfir til hneyksla, defamation, Gþl. 197 (Jb. 108 A); h. (nœyxl) ok niðran, Barl. 20 :-- in mod. usage = Gr. GREEK, Rom. xi. 9. hneyxli-yrði, n. pl. calumny, foul language; glott ok h., Ó. H. 151. hnezla, better nezla, u, f. a button-loop. hniðra, að, = niðra (q.v.), to disparage, pull down. Hniflungar, m. pl. a mythical pr. name, = Niflungar, Germ. Niebelungen, with an aspirate in alliteration, Hkv. 1. 47, Stor., Gh. 11, Am. 45, 86. hnigna, að, [hníga], to begin to sink, decline: impers., e-m hnignar, or e-m fer hnignandi, to be in a decline, Grett. 151; þóat honum væri nokkut hnignandi, though he was somewhat stricken in years, Ísl. ii. 29. hnignan, f. a declining, decline. Hnikarr and Hnikaðr, m. a name of Odin, Edda 38, Gm. hnipin, n. a kind of barley, Edda (Gl.) hnipinn, adj. drooping, desponding; see hnípa. hniplingr, m. a kind of bird, a pelican, Björn. HNIPNA, að, [Ulf. ga-nipnan, Mark x. 22; A. S. hnipian], to droop, despond, Gkv. 2. 5, 7, Skv. 3. 13: in Shetl. neebin is nodding drowsily. hnippa, t, to poke one in the side: in the phrase, hnippa kolli hver at öðrum, to nod with the head one to another, nod significantly, Grett. 147; hnippa í e-n, to poke a person in the side, so as to wake him from a doze, hnippask, to elbow one another, Gullþ. 61, Fs. 152, 153; h. við e-n, id., Fms. vii. 243; lengi hafa vórir frændr við hnippsk, Valla L. 210. hnipping, f. puny quarrels, Fas. i. 92; orða-h., a bandying of words. hnipr, n. a crouching position; í hnipri. hnipra, að, h. sig, to crouch. hnissa, u, f. [cp. Gr. GREEK], steam or smell from cooking, esp. an ill flavour. hnissu-bragð, n. disflavour. hnit, n. forging: poët. the clash of battle, Höfuðl. hnita, að, [cp. Dan. nitte sammen; akin to hníta], to clasp or weld together with a hammer, Gísl. 14, Fas. i. 316. hnitan, f. the act of welding. Hnit-björg, n. pl. the 'clinched crags,' the mythol. name of the crags where the poetical mead was kept, Edda. hnit-bróðir, m. a 'clasp-brother,' an adversary, Hým. 23, (poët.) hnitlast, að, dep. to quarrel, kick one another, Rb. 360. hnit-miða, að, to take near aim at. hnittinn, adj. hitting, facetious: hnittni, f. a hit, piece of wit, (mod.) HNÍGA, pres. hníg; pret. hné, hnétt, hné, pl. hnigu; sing. hneig is very rare in old vellum, e.g. Sks. 112, Fms. vi. 280, viii. 21, Mork. 60, Fb. i. 106, Ó. H. 89, else always hné, as also in mod. poets -- Jesú blóð hér til jarða hné | jörðin aptur svo blessuð sé, Pass. 3. 10; part. hniginn: with neg. suff., pret. hnék-at, Og. 11; pres. hnígr-a, Hm. 159, Eg. (in a verse); [Ulf. hneivan = GREEK, Luke ix. 12; A. S. hnîgan, pret. hnâh; O. H. G. hnîgan; cp. hneig-ja] :-- to bow down, sink, fall gently; of a stream, the sun, a felled tree, a dying man, etc., heilög vötn hnigu af fjöllum, Hkv. 1. 1; fóru þar til er vötn hnigu til vestr-ættar af fjöllum, Orkn. 4; tré tekr at hníga ef höggr tág undan, Am. 56: to sink, fall dead, h. at velli, Hkv. 2. 8; Baldr er hné við bana-þúfu, Hdl.; Hamðir hné at húsbaki, Hðm. 32; hnígra sá halr fyrir hjörum, Hm. 159, Skm. 25, Hkm., Nj. 191; hniginn fyrir oddum, Darr.; hniginn í hadd jarðar, Bm.; hné hans um dólgr til hluta tveggja, hendr ok höfuð hné á annan veg, Skv. 3. 23; ok kvað annan-hvárn verða at h. fyrir öðrum, Ísl. ii. 263; sinn veg hné hvárr þeirra af húsmæninum, 195; síðan hné hann aptr ok var þá dauðr, Ó. H. 223; þá hné (hneig Ed.) hann á bak aptr ok var þá andaðr, Lv. 70; Hjálmarr hnígr at (þúfunni) upp, Fas. ii. 216; þá hné hann aptr ok sprakk af harmi, i. 357 (Fb. i. 106); hné margr maðr fyrir honum ok lét sitt líf, Fb. i. 193: the phrase, hníga at velli, h. í gras, h. at grasi, to sink to the ground, bite the grass, Hkv. 2. 8; áðr en ek hníga í gras, Ísl. ii. 366; mann mun ek hafa fyrir mik áðr ek hníg at grasi, Njarð. 378; mannfólkit greipsk í bráða-sótt, svá at innan fárra nátta hnigu (died) sjau menn, Bs. ii. 35; Einarr sat svá at hann hneig upp at dýnunum, ok var þá sofnaðr, Fms. vi. 280, (hneg, Mork. 60, l.c.); hann hné niðr höfði sínu, he drooped with his head, Karl. 489; þá hné Guðrún höll við bólstri, G. sank back in the bed, Gkv. 1. 15. 2. poët., α. of ships, to rise and fall, toss on the waves; skip hnigu um lög, Lex. Poët., Fms. vi. (in a verse). β. hníga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4; h. at armi e-m, to sink into his arms, Hkv. 2. 23. 3. with prepp.; h. til e-s, to swerve towards; þeim er hníga vilja til hans vináttu, Fms. viii. 239; sá er yður þjónosta hneig til, whom you served, 21; var jafnan þeirra hlutr betri er til hans hnigu, 47, vi. 414; ok því á hann heldr til vár at hníga en yðar, Stj. 540; allir konungar þeirra landa hnigu undir hans vald, 560: to bow down, pay homage to another, allir menn er þar vóru hnigu þeim manni, Eb. 330; Emundr gekk fyrir hann ok hneig honum ok kvaddi hann, Ó. H. 85; hinir hæstu turnar hafa nú numit honum at hníga, Al. 90; hann hnígr (yields) eigi fyrir blíðu né stríðu, 625. 95. II. metaph., h. til liðs, hjálpar við e-n, to side with one; þessir hnigu allir til liðs við Karl inn Rauða, Lv. 137; hnékat ek af því til hjálpar þér, Og. 11; hneig mikill fjölði engla til hans, Sks. 112 new Ed.: to incline, turn, of a scale in the balance, þá hnígr mannfallit í þeirra lið, of a battle, Al. 134; ok var þat lengi at eigi mátti sjá hvernig hníga myndi, which way the scale would turn (in a battle), Orkn. 70, 148; hnígr nú sýnt á Frankismenn, the day turns visibly against the F., Karl. 193. III. part. act., at hníganda degi, at the fall of day, Sks. 40; vera hnígandi, to be failing, on the decline, Karl. 162; með hníganda yfirbragði, with a falling, drooping face, 542. 2. pass. hniginn, stricken in years; Þorsteinn var þá hniginn, Ld. 24; mjök h., well stricken in years, Fms. ix. 501; hann görðisk þá heldr hniginn at aldri, Eg. 187; hniginn á aldr, id., Orkn. 216, 346; h. í efra aldr, Fb. i. 346. β. of a door, shut; the word hnigin shews that in olden times the door was shut up and down, as windows at the present time, and not moved on hinges; var hurð hnigin, Rm. 23; hnigin á gátt, sunk in the groove, Gísl. 16; h. á hálfa gátt, half shut, half down the groove; hurð h. á miðjan klofa, id., Fms. iii. 74; h. eigi allt í klofa, 125; hnigin er helgrind, Fas. i. (in a verse). HNÍPA, t, [in Ulf. ganipnan = GREEK, Mark x. 22; A. S. hnipian = to bow] :-- to be downcast, droop; hnípði drótt ok drúpði, people were downcast and drooping, Ód. 25: haukar þínir hnípa, Fas. i. 175; hann (the horse) hnípti í jörðina, 205; hnipaði, pret., 197, (better hnipnaði or hnípandi, part.) II. the part. hnipinn (sitja or vera hnipinn, to sit drooping and downcast; döpr ok h., Ísl. ii. 195, Edda 22, Fms. vi. 236 in a verse, Sól. 43) refers to a lost strong inflexion (hnípa, hneip, hnipu). HNÍSA, u, f., gen. pl. hnísna, Pm. 69 :-- a dolphin, delphinus phocaena, Grág. ii. 337, 358, Gþl. 456, Sks. 121, Hkr. iii. 279, Fms. vii. 161. II. a kind of weathercock on a ship; en þat hefir at gengit um daginn á skipi Odds at hnísa hefir gengit af (v.l. to húsa-snotra), Fas. ii. 210. HNÍTA, pres. hnít, pret. hneit, pl. hnitu, a defect. verb: [akin to hnita; A. S. hnîtan = tundere; Dan. nitte] :-- to strike, wound to the death; lér (the scythe) hneit við Hrungnis fóta-stalli (his shield), Kormak; but chiefly used in emphatic phrases, of a heart-wound, hneit þar! við hneit þarna! Gísl. 22, 106; en er hón þreifaði um síðuna þá mælti hón, þar hneit viðna! Fms. iii. 73; hón kvað hvergi stórum við hníta, Korm. 6; hvergi þykki mér við hníta, Ísl. ii. 343; the last three passages refer to a superstition that the touch of a wise woman made one's body 'wound-proof;' in Rd. ch. 5 (at end) the words 'ok þótti henni þar við hníta,' or the like, have been dropped by the transcriber: in poetry the allit. phrase, hjörr hneit við hjarta, the steel touched the heart, Korm. ch. 17 (in a verse); or, egg hneit við fjör seggja, Fms. vii. 71; hneit mér við hjarta hjörr Angantýs, Fas. i. 427; hvast hneit (beit MS.) hjarta ið næsta hættligt járn, Fbr. (fine); þar hneit við, sem ..., it cut him to the quick, that ..., Thom. 397; hnitu reyr saman, the weapons clashed together, Ísl. ii. 353 (in a verse), Fms. ii. 318 (in a verse). HNJÓÐA, pres. hnýð, pret. hnauð, pl. hnuðu, part. hnoðinn; [cp. Ulf. hnuþo = GREEK, 2 Cor. xii. 7] :-- to rivet, clinch; Helgi hnauð hjalt á sverð, Nj. 66; hann þrífr upp nefsteðja einn mikinn, þar hafði Vigfúss áðr hnoðit við sverðs-hjölt sín, Fms. xi. 133; hnjóða rauða, to forge iron, Fs. 177 (in a verse), cp. Fms. i. 177; spjót ok tveir geirnaglar í, eða sá einn er í gegnum stendr, ok hnoðit (noðin, v.l.) at báða vega, N. G. L. ii. 42; ási hnauð hjarta (acc.) við síðu, the yard has clinched ribs and heart together, Fs. 113 (in a-verse); marr hnauð mínum (munar?) knerri, id. hnjóð-hamarr (mod. hnoð-h.), m. a rivetting hammer, Fb. iii. 446.

HNJÓÐR -- HOF. 277

hnjóðr, m., prop. rivetting: metaph. blame, censure. HNJÓSA, hnýs, hnaus; the noun hnöri or hneri (q.v.) refers to a lost pret. hnöri, analogous to fröri from frjósa, köri from kjósa; [Germ. niesen; Dan. nyse; Swed. nysa] :-- to sneeze, Orkn. 448, Hbl. 26: now obsolete in Icel., see hnerra. hnjósa, a different word, to stumble, of a horse against a 'hnauss' (q.v.); hann hnýs um hverja þúfu, Snót 157; perh. akin to A. S. hnossian = tundere. hnjóskr, m. [akin to A. S. hnysc or hnesc, Old and North. E. nesh, = soft, tender; whence prob. Engl. nice] :-- touchwood, = fnjóskr (q.v.), Fms. vii. 225, v.l.; hnjósk-þurr = fnjósk-þurr: in local names, Hnjóska-dalr, m., Landn.; Hnjósk-dælir, m. pl. the men from H.; Hnjósk-dælskr, adj., Rd. 259. hnjósku-lindi, a. m., dub. a belt worn by a wise woman, Þorf. Karl. 374. hnjótr, m. a knob in turf or a field, það sér ekki á hæstu hnjóta, when the ground is covered all over with snow. hnjúkr and hnúkr, m. a knoll, peak. HNOÐA, n. [hnjóða], a clew, Ó. H. 152, Pr. 422. hnoðri, a, m. a fleece or flock of wool; ullar-h., freq.: metaph., ský-h., a fleecy cloud, boding a rising gale: botan., hellu-h., see hella. hnoð-saumr, m. a clinching nail, rivet, Sks. 30. hnokki, a, m. the small metal hooks holding the thread in a distaff: metaph., strák-hnokki, an urchin. hnokkinn, part. [hnúka], bowed, curved. HNOSS, f. [prob. from A. S. hnossian = to hammer, as smíð from smíða], a costly thing, esp. in plur. of a lady's ornaments, Hkr. i. 16, Edda 21, Fms. xi. 428 (hnossa-smíði), Am. 53, Gh. 6, 18, Gkv. 2. 20, Harms. 40, Líknarb. 13, Orkn. 154 (in a verse): mythol. the goddess Hnoss, a daughter of Freyja and sister to Gersemi, Edda 21. II. freq. in mod. usage, but usually neuter, and used in sing. as well as in plur.; himneskt miskunar hnoss, Pass. 36. 3; = N. T. GREEK, einn er sá sem hnossið meðtekr, 1 Cor. ix. 24; eg skunda ... eptir því hnossi, Phil. iii. 14; dýrðar-h., the prize of glory. COMPDS: hnoss-fjöld, f. a number of costly things, Sighvat. hnoss-gæti, n. a dainty. hnoss-gætr, adj. dainty. HNOT, f., pl. hnetr, or better hnötr, mod. hnotir; [A. S. hnyt; Engl. nut; O. H. G. hnuz; Germ. nuss; Dan. nöd; Swed. nöt; Lat. nux] :-- a nut, Str. 20, Fms. v. 175, Edda 46. hnotar-skurn, f. a nut-shell, 625. 1. hnot-skógr, m. a 'nut-shaw,' nut-wood; in the phrase, á hnotskóg, to go a-nutting, Nj. 129, Fas. ii. 59, Sams. 8. hnot-tafl, n. a corrupt form for hneftafl, p. 275. hnuðla, að, to squeeze, (slang.) hnugg-hent, n. adj. a kind of apocopate metre, Edda (Ht.) v. 75. hnugginn, part., see hnöggva. hnupla, að, to pilfer; hnupl, n. pilfering. hnupl-samr, adj. HNÚÐR, m. [akin to hnyðja; Ulf. hnuþo = GREEK], a knob, ball; borgarmenn veltu á þá steinum ok hnúðum, Róm. 277; 'saxa et sudes' of Sallust, B. J. ch. 57: staf-hnúðr, a knob at the end of a stick, a hump, whence hnúðr-bakaðr, adj. hump-backed. HNÚFA, a defect. strong verb, to chop off; áðr ek hnauf (MS. wrongly hnof) höfuð af Hniflungum, Gh. 12; a GREEK. In old writers and in mod. usage this verb is obsolete, but it still survives in provincial Norse, where it belongs to the 3rd class of strong verbs, nuva, nauv, see Ivar Aasen's Grammar (1864), p. 203, l. 2; cp. also the following word. hnúfa, u, f. a law term, used of a female slave who, having committed theft thrice, was to have both ears and nose cut off, and was henceforth called stúfa or hnúfa (spelt nufa), N. G. L. i. 85, -- en ef hón stelr hit þriðja sinn þá skal skera af henni nef, þá heitir hón stufa ok nuva ok steli æ sem hón vill. II. a nickname, Ölver h., one of the poets of king Harold Fairhair; cp. Lat. Naso, Silus, Silius, Eg., Landn. hnúka, ð, to sit cowering, Ls. hnúkr, m. = hnjúkr: a local name. hnúska, að, = knúska, q.v. hnúskr, m. a knot, e.g. in a bed. hnúta, u, f. = knúta. hnútr, m. a knot, = knútr, Bs. i. 829. hnybbast, að, dep. to elbow one another; see hnippast. HNYÐJA, u, f. [hnjóða], a club, rammer used for beating and smoothing turf or stones in building. HNYKILL, m., dat. hnykli, [Dan. nögle; Swed. nyckel; prob. a dimin. derived from hnoða] :-- a clew of yarn: metaph. a clew-like thing; þoku-hnyklar, ský-h., wreaths of fog and clouds: of a tumor, Fas. ii. 453. hnykka-stafr, m. a kind of peg, = hnakkr, Ld. 116. hnykking, f. pulling, Fas. iii. 502. hnykkja, t, to pull violently by the hair or the like, with dat., Eg. 560; h. e-m til sín, Grág. i. 132; h. e-n af e-m, to snatch at a thing, Nj. 32, Orkn. 182; h. e-u upp, to pull up a thing. Glúm. 338. 2. absol. to pull or tug; sveinninn tók upp í kanp konunginum ok hnykði, Ó. H. 63; en hestr Lögmanns hnykði svá fast at hællinn gékk upp, Hkr. iii. 139; þykkisk sveinninn vel hafa hnykt, he thought he had made a good pull, Ísl. ii. 348: reflex. to box, Grett. 107 A. II. metaph. in mod. usage; e-m hnykkir við, one is amazed. hnykkr, m. a wrestler's term, a certain bragð in the Icel. glíma; hence metaph. device. hnysking, f. = hnykking, Háv. 9 new Ed. hnýðingr, m. a kind of dolphin, delphinus minimus, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 120. hnýfil-drykkja, u, f. a carouse, drinking bout (?); vóru fyrst drukknar sveitar-drykkjur, síðan slógusk í hnýfildrykkjur, Sturl. iii. 126, hnýflll, m. (see knýfill), a short horn, Fb. i. 563; Hnýfill and Hnýfla, lambs with short horns. 2. the peak at the bow of a boat; stakst á hnýfil feigðar-far, Stef. Ól., freq. hnýflóttr, adj. short-horned; see knýflóttr: metaph. pointed, sharp, in reply. hnýsa, t, to scrutinise; see nýsa. hnœfiligr, adj. taunting; h. orð = hnœfilyrði, Hbl. hnœfil-yrði, n. pl., so spelt in Ölk. 36 C, Fms. iv. 334; but hnýfil-yrði in Sturl. i. 20 :-- sarcasms, taunts, gibes. hnöggr, adj., acc. hnoggvan, [A. S. hneaw, Engl. niggard], niggardly, stingy. Hnöggvan-baugi, a, m. niggard of rings, i.e. of money, a nickname, Fb. iii. hnöggr and hneggr, m. a flail, cudgel (= hnallr); ílla munu þeir kunna hnögginum (hnegginum, v.l.), er heiman hafa hlaupit frá kirnuaskinum, Fms. viii. 350; en Birkibeinar hljópu at þeim ok gáfu þeim hnegginn (v.l.) sem þeir vóru vanir, and gave them a sound thrashing, 405. HNÖGGVA or hnyggja, a defect. strong verb; pres. hnyggr; pret. hnögg (hnaugg), Thom. 503; part. hnugginn; [akin to hníga] :-- to humble, bring down, with dat.; hnyggr þú andskotum, Fms. vi. 175 (in a verse); með hnöggvanda fæti, with staggering feet, Thom. 337; skip nyghðo (i.e. hnuggu, 3rd pers. pl. pret.), the ship lay adrift (?), Fagrsk. 44 (in a verse) :-- part. hnugginn, bereft; miklu h., bereft of much, Gm. 51; sigri h., Fms. vii. 58 (in a verse); h. hverjum leik, Lex. Poët.: sad, dismal, downcast, svip-h., a sad countenance, freq. in mod. usage. hnöggvi, f. niggardliness, stinginess, Lex. Poët. hnökkóttr, adj. piebald (?); hesta tvá hnökkótta, Landn. 154. hnökra, að, to touch or graze the bottom, in the phrase, það hnökrar, of a boat in shallow water, or of a horse crossing a stream. hnöllóttr, adj. knobly, pebbly, of stones. hnöllungr, m. [hnallr], a large round stone, a large pebble, boulder. hnöllungs-grjót, n. pl. round pebbles. hnöri, see hneri. hnöttr, m., hnöttóttr, adj., see knöttr. HODD, n. pl., -- the m. pl. hoddar, which occurs twice in verses of the 13th century (Sturl.), is a false and late form; [Ulf. huzd = GREEK; A. S. hord; Engl. hoard; O. H. G. hort] :-- a hoard, treasure, only in poetry; hodd blóðrekin, Hkv. 1. 9; hodd Hniflunga, Germ. Niebelungen hort, Akv. 26; hodd (acc. pl.) ok rekna brodda, Fagrsk. (in a verse); góðum hoddum, Fas. ii. 312 (in a verse); granda hoddum, mæra e-n hoddum, Lex. Poët.; kveðja hodda (gen.), Eb. (in a verse); oddar roðnir hoddum, Arnór; halda hoddum fyrir e-m, Ísl. ii. 224 (in a verse). 2. poët. phrases, as hoddum haettr, hodda (gen.) brjótr, njótr, stökkvir, stríðir, þverrir, the breaker ... of gold, a princely man: as also poët. cornpds, hodd-brjótr, -beiðandi, -finnandi, -geymir, -glötuðr, -lestir, -lógandi, -mildingr, -sendir, -skati, -spennir, -stiklandi, -stríðandi, -sveigir, -sviptir, -veitir, -vönuðr, all epithets of a lordly, princely man: so of women, hodd-gefn, -grund; the nouns, hodd-mildr, -örr, = liberal; hodd-dofi, a, m. stinginess; and the mythical pr. names Hodd-mímir, Hodd-dropnir, 'gold-dripping,' Sdm. II. a holy place, temple, sanctuary, where the holy things are hoarded; of this sense, which occurs in Heliand (Schmeller), the Gm. 27 is the single instance left on record, see Bugge's note to l.c. in his Edda, p. 81. HOF, n. [in A. S., Hel., and O. H. G. hof means a hall, Lat. aedes, (whence mod. Germ. hof = a farm, answering to Icel. bær or Norse ból,) and spec. the court or king's household, (in the old Scandin. languages this sense is unknown); Ulf renders GREEK and GREEK by alhs; in Danish local names -vé prevails, but in Norse and Icel. Hof still survives in many local names, Hof, Hof-garðr, Hof-staðir, Hofs-fell, Hofs-teigr, Hofs-vágr, Landn., Munch's Norg. Beskriv.; and as the temple formed the nucleus of the old political life (see goði and goðorð), all these names throw light on the old political geography; cp. Hofland near Appleby in Engl.] :-- a temple; distinction is made between hof, a temple (a sanctuary with a roof), and hörgr, an altar, holy circle, or any roofless place of worship: passages referring to hof and worship are very numerous, e.g. for Norway, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 12, Hák. S. Aðalst. ch. 16, Ó. T. ch. 76 (by Odd Munk ch. 41), Ó. H. (1853) ch. 113-115, O. H. L. ch. 36, Fær. ch. 23, Nj. ch. 88, 89, Fas. i. 474 (Hervar. S.); for Iceland, Landn. 1. ch. 11, 21, 2. ch. 12, 3. ch. 16 (twice), 4. ch. 2, 6 (interesting), 7, 5. ch. 3 (p. 284), 8 (interesting), 12, Eb. ch. 3, 4, 10, Glúm. ch. 25, Harð. ch. 19, 37, Vd. ch. 15, 17, Hrafn. ch. 2, Eg. ch. 87,

278 HOFSDYRR -- HOLTAROT.

Gullþ. ch. 7, Vápn. pp. 10, 11, Dropl. pp. 10, 11, Kristni S. ch. 2, etc.; cp. also Vsp. 7, Vþm. 38, Hkv. Hjörv. 4: poët., orð-hof, the word's sanctuary = the mouth, Stor. 2. a hall (as in Germ. and Saxon), Hým. 33 (GREEK.) COMPDS: I. with gen., hofs-dyrr, n. pl. temple-doors, Fms. i. 97. hofs-eiðr, m. a temple-oath, Glúm. 388. hofs-goði, a, m. = hofgoði, Eg. 754. hofs-helgi, f. = hofhelgi. hofs-hurð, f. a temple-door (janua), Fms. i. 302. hofs-höfðingi, a, m. a temple-lord, Post. 645. 90. hofs-mold, f. temple-earth, holy mould, see Landn. 254. hofs-teigr, m. a strip of temple-land, glebe, Landn. 241. II. hof-garðr, m. a temple-yard, a local name, Landn. hof-goði, a, m. a temple-priest (see goði), Landn. 254, Hkr. i. 6, Eb. 12, 14, 16 new Ed. hof-grið, n. pl. asylum in a sanctuary, Landn. 80, v.l. hof-gyðja, u, f. a priestess, Vápn. 10, Landn. 265, v.l. hof-helgi, f. a temple-holiday, feast; halda h., Ísl. ii. 15: the sanctity of a hof, Bret. 38, Eg. 251. hof-prestr, m. a temple-priest, Stj. hof-staðr, m. a 'temple-stead,' sanctuary, Eb. 26, Fms. ii. 73. hof-tollr, m. a temple-toll, rate, Vápn. 10, Eb. 6, 12 new Ed., Bs. i. 6, Gullþ. 11, answering to the modern church-rate. B. A court, almost solely in compds, and not earlier than the 14th century, from Romances: hof-ferð, f. pride, pomp, Bs. ii. 122. hof-ferðugr, adj. proud. hof-fólk, n. pl. courtiers, Thom. 322, 479, Grett. 161, Karl. 51, Pass. 21. 8. hof-frakt, n. pomp, Fas. i. 46, Snót 86. hof-garðr, m. a lordly mansion, Thom., Bév., Rétt. hof-list, f. pomp, Thom. 479. hof-lýðr, m. = hoffólk, Clar. hof-maðr, m. a courtier; in pl. hofmenn, lords; hertogi greifi ok aðrir hofmenn, Ann. 1303; gentry, chiefly in the ballads of the Middle Ages, Ungan leit eg hofmann, Fkv. In the old dancing parties the leader of the gentlemen was styled hofmann (cp. Germ. Hoffmann). Before dancing began, men and maids having been drawn up in two rows, he went up to the ladies, and the following dialogue ensued: Hér er Hofmann, hér eru allir Hofmanns sveinar. -- Hvað vill Hofmann, hvað vilja allir Hofmanns sveinar? -- Mey vill Hofmann, mey vilja allir Hofmanns sveinar. Then each dancer engaged his lady for the dance; það var hlaup, og það var hofmanns hlaup, Safn i. 689. A plain in the neighbourhood of the alþingi, where the people met, is still called Hofmanna-flöt, f. 'Gentry's Lea.' hof-móðugr, adj. haughty, Pass. 18. 5. hof-tyft, f. urbanity, Clar. hof-verk, n. a great feat, Safn i. 71. hof-þénari, a, m. a court servant, Fas. iii. 408. hofera, að, for. word, [Germ. hofiren], to be proud, haughty. hoferan, f. haughtiness. hogr, m. = hugr (q.v.), mind, occurs in some compds, as hog-værð and hog-væri, f., hogvær-leikr, hogvær-ligr; see hóg. hoka, að, = hvika (q.v.), to waver; við hokit þér enn, Glúm. 380. hokinn, part. (of a lost strong verb), bowed, bent, Fas. iii. 501. HOKRA, að, [North. E. to hocker], to go bent, crouch; h. eða skríða, to crouch or creep, Mirm.; hægt hokrar þú nú, Hornskeggi, sagði jötunn, Fas. iii. 386; h. at honum, Fbr. 12; þat verðr at hann hokrar undir klæðin hjá henni, Háv. 54; h. undan, to slink away, Fms. xi. 61; eigi stoðar at h. undan í hyrningar, Fbr. 168; h. at e-u, Ísl. ii. 405 :-- in mod. usage hokra also means to live as a small farmer; whence hokr, n., in bú-hokr, small farming. HOL, n. [A. S. hol; Engl. hole, hollow; Dan. hule; Swed. håla; Germ. höhle, etc.] :-- a hollow, cavity; lýstr vindinum ofan í holit verplanna, Fms. xi. 34, Boll. 340 (of a shield), but esp. a cavity of the body, Bs. i. 385: á hol, (piercing) to the inwards, Nj. 60, Fb. i. 146; ef blóð má falla á hol ór sári, if it bleeds inwardly, Grág. ii. 11, Gullþ. 66, Band. 42 new Ed.; í hol, id., 91; inn í holit, of the chest, Edda 76, Fs. 65; hit efra, neðra hol, the upper and nether hollow (i.e. the chest and stomach), N. G. L. i. 172, Sturl. iii. 54: a hole, = hola, stór hol, Bs. i. 321, Rb. 440; grafinn með hol, Thom. 468. hola, u, f. a hole, Fms. viii. 39, Gullþ. 22, Bs. i. 329, Sks. 148; botn-hola, q.v.; jarð-hola, an earth-hole; moldar-hola, músar-hola. hola, að, to make hollow, Al. 168, Mar. freq. hol-barki, a, in. a hollow throat ( = holgóma), a nickname, Landn. hol-blóð, n. blood from the inwards, Eb. 242. HOLD, n. [A. S. hold; Dan. huld; Swed. hull], flesh; Ýmis hold, Vþm. 21; svörðr ok hold, skin and flesh, Eg. 770; þá var allt hold hans fúit ok öll klæði, Fms. iv. 110; þrútnar hörund eðr stekkr undan hold, Grág. ii. 15; hold né bein, Ephes. v. 30, Luke xxiv. 39; hold ok bein, flesh and bone; hold af mínu holdi, Gen. ii. 23: phrases, hold ok hjarta, flesh and heart, Hm. 95; hold ok hams, q.v. 2. edible flesh, meat = kjöt; beru hold, bear's flesh, Vkv. 9; bjarnar hold, Sks. 191; lambs hold, lamb's flesh, Hom. 82; hnísu hold, Fms. vii. 161. 3. plur. fleshiness, stoutness, fatness, esp. of cattle, Fbr. 17 new Ed.; ala fé svá at úhætt sé fyrir holda sakir, Grág. i. 431; at þat standi eigi fyrir holdum, 140; vera í góðum holdum, to be in good condition, freq.; góðu holdi (sing.), Bs. i. 350; hann er mesta holda hnyðja, of a fat person. II. eccl. the flesh, rendering of Gr. GREEK (whereas GREEK is rendered by kjöt); og þau munu eitt hold vera, Matth. xix. 5, 6; holds breiskleiki, Rom. vi. 19; vera í holdinu, to be in the flesh, vii. 5, 18, 25, viii. 1, 3, 9, 12, 13: opp. to andi, John iii. 6, vi. 63, 1 Cor. i. 26, 29; andinn er fúss en holdið er breiskt, Matth. xxvi. 41; eptir holdinu, after the flesh, John viii. 15, Acts ii. 30, Rom. i. 3, iv. 1, ix. 3, 8, 1 Cor. x. 18, 2 Cor. v. 16, Gal. vi. 12, Ephes. ii. 11; allt hold, all flesh, Luke iii. 6 John xvii. 2; hold og blóð, Matth. xvi. 17: kith, kin, mitt hold, Rom. xi. 14, Fms. x. 110 :-- in mod. usage also distinction is usually made between hold, flesh, and kjöt, meat. COMPDS: holds-veiki, f. leprosy. holds-veikr, adj. leprous. hold-bori, a, m., poët. a raven, Edda (Gl.) hold-borinn, part.; h. bróðir, a natural brother, Flóv. 52. hold-fúi, a, m., medic. mortification, Bs. i. 190. holdgan, f., eccl. incarnation, Fms. i. 107, Rb. 84, N. T., Pass., Vídal. holdgask, að, dep., eccl. to take flesh, be incarnate, Rb. 80, Mar., Stj., N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim: in a profane sense, ok holdguðumk ek svá með þessum hætti, Fms. x. 307. hold-grannr, adj. lean. hold-gróinn, part. grown to the flesh, Hðm. 15, Edda 70, Fms. v. 344, Fas. i. 165: metaph. incarnate, inborn, Stj. 87. holdigr, adj. fleshy, stout, Eb. 258. hold-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), carnal, 677. 6, Barl. 142, 185, Bs. i. 850; in N. T. = Gr. GREEK. hold-lítill, adj. = holdgrannr, Bs. i. 312. hold-mikill, adj. fat, stout. hold-mímir, m. a 'flesh-cutter,' chopper, poët. a sword, Edda (Gl.) holdr, adj. fleshy; vel holdr, well-fleshed, fat, Grett. 125, Vm. 28. hold-rosa, u, f. (hold-rosi, a, m.), the flesh side of a hide, Fas. i. 289. hold-tekja, u, f., eccl. incarnation, Hom. 137, 141, Stj. 149. hol-fenni, n. [fönn], hollow snow, such as has melted from beneath, Sturl. i. 85. hol-geyfla, u, f. a hollow wave, breaker, Hom. Il. xiii. 798. hol-gómr, mod. holgóma, adj. with hollow gums, mumbling, Skálda 170. hol-grafa, gróf, to suppurate, of a boil. hol-höggva, hjó, to smite to the inwards, Fas. i. 506. holla, d, with dat., to help, Lat. favere, Eg. 480 (in a verse); a GREEK., whence the participle pl. hollendr, helpers, followers, Grág. ii. 20, 21. holl-liga, adv. faithfully, Sks. 371, Hom. 63. holl-ligr, adj. sincere. HOLLR, adj. [hollari, hollastr; Ulf. hulþs, Luke xviii. 13; A. S. hold; O. H. G. and Germ. hold; Dan.-Swed. huld] :-- of kings and chiefs, gracious; hull regin, Ls. 4; hollar vettir, Og. 10, Lex. Poët, passim; holl frændsemi, Eb. 116; vingaðr ok hollr e-m, Fs. 123; of subjects and followers, faithful, loyal; þú ert hollari Agli en Eireki konungi, Eb. 424; e-m hollost, Al. 71; sé Guð hollr þeim er heldr griðum, Grág. ii. 166, in the oath formula, where opp. to gramr; vera e-m h. ok trúr, Bs. i. 817, Lex. Poët, passim; vin-h., vil-h., favouring one. II. of things, wholesome; heil ok holl ráð, 4. 11; hafa skal holl ráð hvaðan sem þau koma, a saying, = fas est et ab hoste doceri; holl forsjá, Fms. vi. 343; holl hirting, Al. 129; sjálfs hönd er hollost, a saying, Hkr. ii. 259. 2. so in medic. sense, þat er ekki hollt; ó-hollr, unwholesome. holl-ráðr, adj. giving wholesome counsel, Fms. ix. 462. holl-ræði, n. wholesome counsel, Sks. 329 B. hollusta (hollosta), u, f. faith, loyalty; vil ek hafa þar til hollostu þína í mót, Fms.: esp. loyalty to a liege lord, h. við konung, Fb. ii. 265, passim. 2. wholesomeness, a wholesome thing; vil ek at þú þiggir at mér litla gjöf, en h. fylgir, Korm. 68. COMPDS: hollostu-eiðr, m. an oath of fealty. hollustu-maðr, m. a friend, partisan, Gþl. 61. hol-muðr, adj. 'hole-mouth,' = holgóma, a nickname, Nj. HOLR, adj. [A. S. hol; O. H. G. holi; Engl. hollow; Dan. huul; Swed. hol; Gr. GREEK] :-- hollow; var leikit undan bökkunum svá at holt var með landinu, Grett. 131 A; holr steinn, Str. 32; holr innan, hollow within, Ó. H. 108, Njarð. 378; klappa eigi holan baug um e-t, not to hammer a hollow ring, i.e. to be quite in earnest, Fb. iii. 404; cp. hulda. hol-sár, n. a wound in a vital part. Fbr. 211, N. G. L. i. 67. HOLT, n. [A. S. holt = sylva; Germ. holz = lignum; in E. Engl. and North. Engl. holt means copsewood, and the word often occurs in local names] :-- prop. wood, copsewood, a coppice; but this sense is almost obsolete, though it remains in the saying, opt er í holti heyrandi nær, in a holt a hearer is nigh, answering to the Engl. leaves have ears, in Germ. die blätter haben ohren, Grett. 133: as also in old poems, holt ok hrár viðr, Skm. 32; ösp í holti, Hðm. 4; Hoddmímis holt, Vþm.; fara ór holti, to go from the woods, Vkv. 15: whence holt-skriði, a, m. 'holt-creeper,' poët. for a snake, Edda: holta-þór, m. reynard the fox: in laws, yrkja holt né haga, Gþl. 315; h. eða haga eða veiði-staði, 362; but otherwise rare in common prose, holt eðr skógar, Eg.; smákjörr ok holt, Fms. vi. 334: in local names, Holtsetar (Holsetar), m. pl. 'holt-sitters,' the men of Holsten; Holtseta-land, n. the land of the Holtsetar (Holstenland), whence the mod. Germ. Holstein. In barren Icel., Holt, Holtar are freq. local names, as also in compds, e.g. Lang-holt, Skála-holt, Geldinga-holt, Villinga-holt, Reykja-holt, Holta-vað, see Landn.; in olden times; all these places were no doubt covered with copse (of dwarf birch). 2. in common Icel. usage holt means any rough stony hill or ridge, opp. to a marsh or lea, Fms. v. 70, 97, Ld. 96, Eg. 713, Fs. 19, 22, 67, passim, as also in mod. usage. COMPDS: holta-rót, f., botan.

HOLTASOLEY -- HORSKR. 279

fnos s campion, silene acaulis, Hjalt. holta-sóley, f., botan. mountain ovens, dry as. holt-barð, n. the rim of a holt (hill). holts-gata, u, f. a Pa(h through a holt, Fms. iii. 22. holts-hnjukr, m., holts- múli, a, m. a crag, Sturl. ii. 210. holti, a, m. a nickname, Bs. holt-rið, n. a 'bolt-ridge, ' Hy'm. 27. hol-und, f. [cp. Ulf. bulundi = airq\aiov] , a wound reaching to the hollow of the body, a mortal wound, = holsár, Grág. ii. II, Nj. 217. Jiolundar-sár, n. = holsár, Nj. no. hol-undi (hol-unda), adj. wounded to the hollow of the body, Grág. ii. gi, N. G. L. i. 172. HOPA, að, spelt opa, Korm. 60, Ísl. ii. 253 (see v. 1.), Bs. i. 551, Gullþ. IQ' -- -to bound backwards, to draw back, recoil; þá hopuðu þeir, Fms. vii. 254; sumir hopu, ðu sumir flýðu, 324: with prepp., hopaði konungr þá upp á borgar-vegginn, i. 104; hopa aptr, to draw b ac k, vi. 419, Eg. 296; hopa á hæl, id., Al. 5, Nj. 170, Fms. viii. 134: hopa til, t o t a ke a le a p, = skopa skeið, ix. 56; hopa undan, Ísl. ii. 253, Fbr. 66 new Ed., Bs. i. 551; þeir stóðu upp en hann hopaði út undan, Nj. 130; hopar hann þá hestinum undan, he backed the horse, 205. 2. to bound, of a horse; hestr opaði undir Narfa, Korm. 60; konungr hopaði þá hestinum ok forðaði fótum sínum, Fb. ii. 27. II. metaph. phrase, hopar mér til vánar, it bounds for me to a hope, i. e. 7 hope or believe, Fms. i. 140; whence prob. Engl. hope, Germ, boffen, which word is otherwise strange to the old Scandin. tongue. III. reflex, hopask, to hope, Swed. boppas, D. N. iv. 493 (Norse); unknown in the í eel. hopp, n. a hopping, skipping, Mar. hopp-danz, m. ' skipping-dance, ' Bláus S. HOPPA, að, [Engl. hop], to hop, s kip, bound, Stj. 249, jpiðr. 151 (of a dance), passim in mod. usage; h. yfir, t o s kip over, Alg. 368. hopp-fögr, adj. fair-skipping, springy, epithet of a girl, Eb. (in a verse). horaðr, part, pinched, starved; grind-h., skin-h., s kin and bone. horast, að, dep. to become lean and pinched. hor-blaka, u, f., botan. menyanibes, buck-bean, Hjalt. hor-dingull, m., see digull, Fas. ii. 149. horf, n. a naut. term, direction, course; halda í horfinu, to keep the s hi p's head tothe wind, etc., opp. to letting her drive. HORFA, ð, subj. hyrfði, Rb. 470, Skáld. H. 4. 21, Fms. xi. 76, [akin to hverfa, q. v.] :-- to turn in a certain direction, Lat. vergere; horfði upp eggin, kjolrinn, the edge, keel, turned uppermost, Nj. 136, Ld. 142; h. frá landi, the s hip turns towards the sea, Fms. xi. 101; er eigi veit hvárt söðull skal fram h. á hrossi eðr aptr, eða hvárt hann skal h., Grág. ii. 175; horfa bökum við e-m, t o s tand ba c k to back, Hkr. iii. 384; horfa höfði til jarðar en fótum til himins, Post. 656 C. 37; hann hljóp æ sem horfði, he ra n ever headlong on, Bret. 90; suðr horfðu dyrr, the d oo r s looked south, Vsp., Fb. ii. 138; horfði botninn inn at höfðanum, Landn. 34; þótti honum ilia af sér h. fótrinn, i. e. the le g was awry, Sturl. ii. 63; hann horfði í lopt upp, Fs. 7. II. to turn so as to look on, behold; hann horfði út ór hringinum, Ld. 276: with prepp. to look on, hón horfði þar á löngum, Ísl. ii. 274, passim; h. við e-m, to face one, Eg. 293; þeir bleyðask skjótt ef vel er við horft, Fms. vi. 312; h. öndurðr við, Ö. H. 183: metaph. t o s et oneself against a person, þeir er heldr höfðu við honum horft í sinum huga, Bs. i. 81; vóru þeir hinir mestu örskipta-menn er þeim tók við at horfa, i. e. they (the berserkers) were great ruffians if any one opposed them, Eb. 38 new Ed.; horfa ekki í e-t, not to turn away from, not to shirk, eg horfi ekki í að göra það. 2. metaph. matters take a turn, look so and so; þetta horfir til úefna, Ísl. ii. 239; at bar horfi til gamans mikils, that things look towards great joy, Fas. i. 317; horfði til landauðnar, 526; h. fast- liga, to l oo k bad, difficult, Lv. 94, Ld. 92; h. þungliga, Ísl. ii. 19; h. erfiðliga, Nj. 139; h. úvænt, to l oo k unpromising, Eg. 340, Fms. xi. 76; hvárum horfir vænna, whoi s more likely to get the better, Nj. 45; e-m horfir betr, Lv. 54; ok horfir mjök í moti oss, io; h. til handa e-m, t o devolve upon one, Grág. i. 269. III. reflex., with prepp.; horfask á, matters look so and so; betri sætt en mi þykir á horfask, Eg. 113; her horfisk eigi sköruliga á, Fms. vii. 33; Hjalta þótti þá úvænt áhorfask, iv. 141, x. 214; horfask vel á, to look well, promise well; horfðisk á með þeim heldr en eigi, i. e. it looked rather good than not, Bjarn. 56; h. til e-s, to look as if...; eðr til hvers váða horfðisk, P'ms. vii. 125; með fiflsku slikri sem her horfisk til, Eg. 729, Lv. io. 2. recipr., horfask á, t o face one another, Sturl. i. 176; horfðusk þeir Gizurr at höfðunum, turned the beads together, iii. 189. horfin-heilla, u, f. l oss of luck; h. er mér, luck has left me, Fs. 98; kvaðsk þeim h. at þykkja, Fms. vii. 272. horfna, að, to disappear, O. H. L. ii, (spelt hormna.) hor-lopi, a, m. dropsy caused by scanty food. HORN, n. [A. S., Engl., O. H. G., Germ., Dan., and Swed. horn; Lat. cornu; Gr. /tt'/ras] :-- a horn (of cattle), antler (of deer), Gm. 26, Hkv. 3. 36, Sol. 55, Barl. 135, Ld. 120, Fas. ii. 506, Grág. ii. 122, N. G. L. i. 41, passim: metaph. phrases, vera harðr í horn at taka, to be hard to take by the horns, bard to deal with, Fær. 159, Fms. viii. 435, xi. 221, Hkr. ii. 91, Fb. i. 411; hlaupa urn horn e-m, to leap round or by one's borns, i. e. to evade, metaph. from a bull-fight, Sturl. iii. 256, Boll. 346; setja (hafa) horn í síðu e-m, to puton e's horn intoa person's side, i. e. to treat him s pite- fully, Gd. 49, passim: the phrase, gefa þræli frelsi frá horni ok knappi, t o release a thrall from horn and clasp, i. e. t o s et him free, N. G. L. i. 228, prob. from the thrall's neck-collar being of horn: horna-braekla, u. f. = brák, q. v., Finnb. ch. 29; horna-fláttr, m. flaying a bide with the horns, Fb. iii. 400; horna-tog, n. to wroundlbeborns, Fb. i. 320. II. th e back-fin of a whale, Sks. 128; skera hval fra horni ok aptr í síðu, N. G. L. i. 252, 0^. 463. III. a drinking born, Fs. 152, Eg. 2o6, Edda 32; drekka horn, Hkr. i. 35; horna skvol, a b ow t, Eb. 28, and passim in the Sagas, see Worsaae, Nos. 319, 320. IV. a h or n, trumpet; horna blástr, horna þytr, the blowing, sound of a born, Stj. 621. B. A corner, nook, angle; lands-horn, the outskirts of a county, Grág. ii. 223; fara lands-horna á milli, to run from one corner of the land to the other :-- a nook in a house or building, Lv. 61, Fms. vii. 230, Anal. 186: mathem. an angle, 415. 18, Rb. 470; rett horn, a right angle. 2. phrases, skjóta í tvau horn, ' t o s h oo t between two horns, ' of a wide difference; skauzk mjök í tvau horn um búnað þeirra, Eb. 32, Band, ii new Ed., Fms. vi. 202, Mag. 39; eiga í mörg horn að líta, t o have m a ny n oo k s to l oo k a t, h a ve many things to heed. P. when parents get old and infirm, and yield up their fortune and estate to one of their children, they are in popular Icel. phrase said ' to go into the corner, ' to take their seat in the chimney-corner, fara upp í hornið hjá syni sinum, (dóttur sinni); many sayings refer to this, eigi munu vér eiga úvænna en horn-van, if the worst happens, we shall have a ' corner-chance, ' Sturl. iii. 279, cp. Eg. ch. 83 (begin.), and the Sagas passim; Grimm R. A. 489 mentions the same in the Germ, law, and it is touchingly intro- duced in the Märchen, No. 78; horna-kerling (q. v.) refers prob. to the same. II. freq. in local names, Horn, C a p e Horn; Horn- strandir, Horna-fjörðr (whence Hornfirðingar), see Landn. horna, u, f. a female hornungr (q. v.), N. G. L. i. 206. hornauga, n. a wry look; lita h. til e-s. horn-blástr, m. a sound of trumpets, Fms. vii. 202, Rb. 376, 380. horn-bogi, a, m. ahornb oM', Sks. 4o8, Karl. 352, þiðr. 283, Fas. 1. 502. horn-fiskr, m. [Dan. bornfisk\, a garfish or green-bone: a nickname, Sturl. horn-glói, a, m., poet, a ram, Edda (Gl.) horn-gæla, u, f. a kind offish, esox belone, Dan. borngjeele, Edda (Gl.) horn-göfigr, adj. proud of his borns, epithet of a he-goat, Hym. 7. horn-hagldir, f. pl. horn buckles. horn-ístöð, n. pl. horn stirrups. horn-ker, n. a horn cup, Dipl. iii. 4. horn-kerling (horn-kona, horn-oka, horn-reka, u, f. all various readings), f. anold woman in the corner, a term of contempt, Nj. 52: mod. horna-skella, u, f. a term of contempt, o ne who is pushed about from one corner to another. horn-klofi, a, m., poet, a raven, Edda (Gl.): as the name of a poet, Hkr. hornóttr, adj. horned, Stj. 132, passim; hornótt tungl (m oo n), id. horn-síl, n. a kind offish, the stickle-back, Ld. 76. horn-skafa, u, f. a scraper made of born, used in the game called sköfuleikr (q. v.), Ísl. ii. 71. horn-spensl, n. a horn buckle, Gþl. 359. horn-spónn, m. a horn spoon, Fms. vi. 364 (in a verse), Hungrv. (pref.); mod. Icel., like the ancients, use horn spoons, and the handle is often ornamented with carved work. horn-stafr, m. a corner pillar in a building, Sturl. iii. 279, Landn. 42, Ld. 326, Hom. 95. horn-steinn, m. a corner stone, Post. 645. 69, N. G. L. i. 345. hornum-skali, a, m., poet, a ram, Edda (Gl.) hornungr, m. [A. S. bornung -- -bastard; Lex Romana ornongo; cp. Germ, winkel-kind and winkel-ehe = concubinatus; cp. bæsingr and Engl. bastard :-- all of them with the notion of a corner for the illegitimate and outcast son, see Grimm R. A. 476] :-- an old law term, a bastard son; in the Norse law the son of a freeborn wife, whose mundr has not been paid, and who is therefore illegitimate, N. G. L. i. 48, 228, cp. Hðm. 12; h. ok þýjar-barn, Fas. i. 495. p. in Icel. law the so n of a freeborn woman and a bondman, Grág. i. 178. 2. metaph. a scamp, outcast; vera hornungr e-s, Fms. xi. 7; munu margir verða þess horn- ungar er eigu, hann var görr h. bróður sins, i. 255; nú emk h. hylli hennar, 7 am her outcast, Kormak (in a verse). horn-ván, f., Stud. iii. 279; see horn above. HORR, m., I. starvation; delta niðr í hor, to starve to death, Bs. i. 875; deyja ür hor, id. hor-dauðr, adj. starved to death, hor- ket, n. meat of a starved beast. II. [A. S. hor w = so rde s], mucus from the nose, N. G. L. i. 351, Fas. iii. 653: in the saying, aptr sækir horr í hors, see hross. horsk-leikr, m. an accomplishment, Hom. 144, Fms. xi. 439. horsk-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), brave, wise, noble; h. orð, Hom. 143. HORSKR, adj. [A. S. hor f c], wi s e; thus in the old Hm., horskr and

280 HORTI -- HÓLMR.

heimskr, wise and foolish, good and wicked, are opposed, 19, 92, 93; horskr is opp. to ósviðr, Fm. 35, 36, cp. 37; h. ok þögull, the wise and silent, Hm. 6 (cp. GREEK of Pythagoras); sá er vill heitinn h., Hm. 61; horskir hugir, wise minds, 90; en horska mær, the wise maiden, 95; it horska man, id., 101; horskar konur, Hbl. 17; h. halr, Skv. 3; heill ok h., Akv. 12, see Lex. Poët.; hvít ok horsk, of a maid, Rm. 36. This word is almost obsolete in prose, Sks. 207, Str. 31. horti, a, m. a ruffian, a nickname, Fms. xii. hor-tittr, m. a stop-gap, Germ. lücken büsser, Dan. fyldekalk, Fél. x. 286. hortugr, adj. impertinent, saucy, Fas. ii. 333: esp. used of boys who give rude replies, þú ert hortugr, strákr! HOSA, u, f. [A. S. hosa; Engl. hose; Germ. hosen; Dan. hose] :-- prop. the hose or stocking covering the leg between the knee and ankle, serving as a kind of legging or gaiter; the hose were often of fine stuff, hosna-reim, f. and hosna-sterta, u, f. a garter, Grett. 101, Nj. 214, Orkn. 404, Al. 44, O. H. L. 45, Eg. 602, Sks. 286, 405, Fms. vi. 381, viii. 265, Þiðr. 358, Fb. ii. 34: compds, skinn-hosa, dramb-hosa, leðr-hosa. hosaðr, part. wearing hose, Sks. 286. hossa, að, to toss in one's arms or on one's knees, e.g. a child, with dat.; hossa barni, freq. hott, an interj. used in driving horses, hotta, að, to say 'hott.' HÓ, interj. ho! Fms. x. 338, Stj.; also a shepherd's call. hóa, að, to shout 'ho' or 'hoy,' of a shepherd, Grett. 111, Glúm. 311, Snót 221 (1866): also with dat. to call to the sheep, to gather them, þegar forsælan er komin ofan í slakkann þarna, þá er tími til fyrir þig að fara að hóa því (fénu) saman, Piltr og Stúlka 10. HÓF, n. [from a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf], moderation, measure; hóf ok stilling, Fms. ii. 38; kunna hóf, to shew moderation; allt kann sá er hófit kann, a saying, Gísl. 27; görit þeim þá ina fyrstu hríð, at þeir kunni hóf sín, i.e. give them a good lesson! Fms. xi. 94; Klaufi, kunn þú hóf þitt, K., be not so mad! Sd. 147; ætla hóf fyrir sér, Eg. 21; þeir eru ofsamenn svá at þeir hafa ekki hóf við, 175 :-- proportion, at því hófi, in the same proportion, equal degree, Grág. ii. 177, Al. 131, Fms. vi. 225; slíkt víti ... á sitt hóf, in his turn, Ld. 136; vel er þessu í hóf stillt, 'tis fairly done, fair and just, Nj. 54; e-t gegnir hófi, it is fair, Fms. vii. 132; þá er hóf at, then it is all right, Fs. 25; nú er nær hófi, 15; at hófi, tolerably, Fms. vi. 102; vel at hófi, pretty well, xi. 11, 48; við hóf, reasonable, Edda 48 :-- a rule, standard, at þú hafir þar einskis manns hóf við nema þitt, Eg. 714; ó-hóf, excess, intemperance, hófs-maðr, m. a temperate, just man, Hkr. i. 309, Eg. 50, Ísl. ii. 190. II. a feast, banquet; hóf eðr hátíð, Stj. 186; halda mikit hóf, 188, Fas. i. 420, 462; drekka hóf, Fms. xi. 436: in mod. usage esp. of a wedding. hóf-hvarf, n. the fetlock or pastern of a horse. hóf-klæði, n. a festive dress, Stj. hóf-langr, adj. pretty long, Sturl. iii. 44. hóf-lauss, adj. immoderate, boundless, Sks. 467, 733, Al. 156. hóf-látr, adj. moderate, Edda i. 116, v.l. hóf-leysa, u, f. excess, intemperance, licence, Stj. 626, Bs. ii. 98, 115. hóf-liga, adv. with moderation, fitly, justly, Fms. viii. 373: fairly, tolerably, Nj. 105, Sturl. iii. 169, Róm. 353 (cautiously). hóf-ligr, adj. moderate, Fms. x. 295, Barl. 9, Róm. 302. HÓFR, m. [A. S. hôf; Engl. hoof; O. H. G. huof; Germ. huf; Swed. hof; Dan. hov] :-- a hoof, of a horse, opp. to klaufir = cloven hoof, Fms. xi. 280, Grett. 91, N. G. L. i. 41; hófs gangr, a clash of hoofs, 341. hófr, m. = húfr (q.v.), a trunk; whence hóf-reginn, Haustl. hóf-samliga, adv. = hófliga, Orkn. 274 (cautiously), Gþl. ix. hóf-samligr, adj. = hófsamr, Mar. passim, Barl. 161. hóf-samr, adj. moderate, temperate, Sks. 355, 454, Sturl. i. 107 (v.l.), Orkn. 252, Barl. 142: thrifty (mod.); ó-hófsamr, intemperate. hóf-semd, f. moderation, temperance, Hkr. iii. 179, Th. 77, Grág. lxvii, Barl. 85. hóf-semi, f. temperance, Fms. ii. 238, Hom. 27; ó-hófsemi, intemperance. hóf-skegg, n. 'hoof-tuft,' the tuft on a horse's pastern, Karl. 426, Landn. 94. hóf-stilling, f. moderation, Fms. iii. 45. hóf-tunga, u, f. 'hoof-tongue,' the frog of a horse's hoof. hóf-tölt, n. 'hoof-tilt,' a slow trot. Hóf-varpnir, m. name of a mythical horse, Edda. HÓG-, [akin to hagr and hœgr, easy; from a lost strong verb, haga, hóg], only found in COMPDS, denoting easy, gentle, soft: hóg-bærr, adj. easy to bear, Bs. i. 94. hóg-drægr, adj. easy to carry, Stor. 1. hóg-dýr, n. gentle deer, poët. name of a ship, Lex. Poët. hóg-látr, adj. of easy temper, Sks. 355. hóg-leiki, m. meekness, Stj. 71. hóg-liga, adv. calmly, meekly, gently; taka h. á, to touch gently, Fb. i. 467, Hkr. ii. 63, Fms. vii. 158, Nj. 219; hóg-ligar, more fitly, Fms. vii. 258; ríða h., to ride gently, Korm. 60; fara h. með, Fms. vi. 353. hóg-ligr, adj. easy, Gísl. 143: gentle, Fs. 32, Fms. vi. 274: meet, hóglig bið, 623. 60. hóg-lífl, n. an easy, quiet life, Ó. H. 214, Fb. i. 37. hóg-lyndi, n. an easy temper, gentleness, Mar. hóg-lyndr, adj. easy-tempered, peaceable, Eb. 258, 656 B. 6, Fms. iv. 214. hóg-læti, n. gentleness, Hkr. iii. 169. hóg-reið, f. the easy wain, the wain of Thor, Haustl. hóg-samliga, adv. calmly, 656 A. ii. 11. hóg-samr, adj. gentle, Fms. x. 415. hóg-seta, u, f. = hóglífi, Fs. 183. hóg-settr, adj. modest, Lex. Poët. hóg-stýrt, part. easily steered, Eg. 762. hóg-sætr, adj. living at ease, Greg. 49. B. In a few words hóg- is no doubt of a different origin, from hog- = hogr or hugr, mind: these words are, hóg-væra, ð, to ease the mind, Sks. 40, 591, Mag. 7. hóg-værð and hóg-væri, f. calmness of mind, equanimity, Bs. i. 45, Fms. x. 408, Hom. 43, Mar. passim, Pass. 6. 5, 34. 4. hógvær-leikr, m. modesty, Stj. hóg-værliga, adv. meekly. hóg-værligr, adj. meek, gentle, Mar. passim. hóg-værr, adj. gentle, pious, meek of mind, Nj. 2, Eg. 702, Sturl. i. 139, Anecd. 11, Ó. H. 92, Hom. 8, 129, Fms. x. 419, Pass. 13. 2, passim: of beasts, gentle, 673. 56, Stj. 83, Karl. 277. In all these words the notion of 'quietness' is contained in the latter part of the compd. HÓL, n. [A. S. hôl], praise, flattery, Hkr. ii. 88, Edda ii. 544, Pr. 110: boasting, vaunting, Nj. 237. hól-beri, a, m. a flatterer, Greg. 23, Fms. v. 194, v.l. hólf, n. = hválf (q.v.), a vault, Thom. 472: a compartment in a drawer. hólfa, ð, = hválfa, q.v. hólfinn, adj. [hválf], hollow, Stj. HÓLKR, m. [prop. holkr, cp. Engl. hulk], a ring or tube of metal, Dipl. iii. 4, Fas. ii. 259; kníf-h., the ring on a knife's handle; skúf-h., járn-h., an iron tube. HÓLL, m. contracted for hváll (q.v.), and the usual form in old MSS. :-- a hill, hillock, Eg. 744, Fms. ii. 197, vii. 71, Orkn. 300, Nj. 67, Ld. 154 (see dalr), Gullþ. 28, Al. 28, Karl. 211, Fb. i. 421, Róm. 315, Fs. 27: the phrases, dal og hól, dale and hill; hólar og hæðir; álf-hóll, an elf-hill, fairy mount; orrostu-hóll, víg-hóll, a battle-hill; sjávar-hólar, sand-hills (dunes or denes) on the shore; grjót-hóll, a stone heap, passim: freq. in local names, Hóll and Hólar; Hóla-biskup, Hóla-staðr, etc., the bishop, see of Holar, Sturl.; Reykja-hólar, Staðar-hóll, Landn. passim. The older form remains in a few instances, see that word. hólm-ganga, u, f. 'holm-gang, holm-going,' a duel or wager of battle fought on an islet or 'holm,' which with the ancients was a kind of last appeal or ordeal; and wherever a Thing (parliament) was held, a place was appointed for the wager of battle, as the holm in the Axe River in the alþingi. The hólmganga differed from the plain einvígi or duel, as being accompanied by rites and governed by rules, whilst the latter was not, -- þvíat á hólmgöngu er vandhæfi en alls eigi á einvígi, Korm. 84. The ancient Icel. Sagas abound in wagers of battle, chiefly the Korm. S. ch. 10 and passim: some champions were nicknamed from the custom, e.g. Hólmgöngu-Bersi (Korm. S.), Hólmgöngu-Starri, Hólmgöngu-Máni, Hólmgöngu-Hrafn, Landn. About A.D. 1006 (see Tímatal), the hólmganga was abolished by law in the parliament, on account of the unhappy feud between Gunnlaug Snake-tongue and Skald-Hrafn, Gunnl. S. ch. 11, cp. Valla L. ch. 5 (þá vóru af tekin hólmgöngu-lög öll ok hólmgöngur), referring to about A.D. 1010; a single instance however of a challenge in the north of Icel. is recorded after this date (about the year 1030-1040), but it was not accepted (Lv. S. ch. 30); the wager in Lv. ch. 17 was previous (though only by a few years) to the fight between Gunnlaug and Rafn. It is curious that Jón Egilsson, in his Lives of Bishops (written about A.D. 1600, Bisk. Ann. ch. 36, Safn i. 64), mentions a wager of battle between the parties of the two bishops, Jón Arason and Ögmund, on the old holm in the Axe River A.D. 1529; but the whole is evidently a mere reproduction of the tale of the Horatii in Livy. Maurer thinks that the two important acts of legislation, the institution of the Fifth Court in 1004 and the abolition of the ordeal of hólmganga a few years later, are closely connected, as the institution of the new court of appeal made the decision by battle superfluous. In Norway, if we are to believe Grett. S. ch. 21 (þá tók Eirekr af allar hólmgöngur í Noregi), the hólmgöngur were abolished about the year 1012. It is very likely that the tournaments of the Norman age, fought in lists between two sets of champions, sprang from the heathen hólmganga, though this was always a single combat. For separate cases see the Sagas, Korm. S. l.c., Gunnl. S. l.c., Eg. ch. 57, 67, Nj. ch. 24, 60, Landn. 2. ch. 13, 3. ch. 7, Rd. ch. 1, 19, Gísl. init., Glúm. ch. 4, Valla L. l.c., Hallfr. S. ch. 10. A curious kind of duel in a tub is recorded in Flóam. S. ch. 17, called kerganga, perhaps akin to the mod. Swed. fight in a belt. For England see Sir Edmund Head's interesting notes to Glúm. COMPDS: hólmgöngu-boð, n. challenging to h., Valla L. 214, Fas. ii. 475. hólmgöngu-lög, n. pl. the law, rules of h., Korm. 86, Valla L. 213. hólmgöngu-maðr, m. a champion of h., Korm. 54, Fms. i. 149. hólmgöngu-staðr, m. a place where h. is fought, Fms. i. 150. hólmgöngu-sverð, n. a sword used in h., Fas. i. 515. HÓLMR, prop. holmr, also hólmi, a, m. [A. S. holm; North. E. holm and houm] :-- a holm, islet, esp. in a bay, creek, lake, or river; even meadows on the shore with ditches behind them are in Icel. called holms, Haustl. 18, Hkv. Hjörv. 8, Vkv. 38, Fms. vi. 217, Hkr. i. 254, Sd. 181; í vatninu er einn hólmi reyri vaxinn, Fms. i. 71; undir einn hólma, Fas. ii. 535; uppi á hólmanum, Orkn. 402. β. referring to the hólmganga (q.v.), Dropl. 36; falla á hólmi, to fall in a duel,

HÓLMBUAR -- HRAKDYRI. 281

Landn. 80; skora e-m á hólm, to challenge one, Nj. 15, passim; ganga á hólm, to fight a wager of battle; skulu vit berjask í hólma þeim er hér er í Öxará, Nj. 36; leysa sik af hólmi, to release oneself off the holm, viz. the vanquished party had to pay the ransom stipulated in the hólmgöngu-lög, Glúm. passim. II. freq. in local names, Borgundar-hólmr, Hólmr, Hólmar, Landn.; Hólm-garðr, the county of Russia bordering on the lakes Ladoga, etc.: Hólm-rygir, m. pl. a people in western Norway: pr. names of men, Hólm-kell, Hólm-fastr, Hólm-steinn; of women, Hólm-fríðr, etc., Landn. COMPDS: Hólm-búar, m. pl. the men from Bornholm. Hólm-dælir, m. pl. the men from Holm, Sturl. hólm-færr, adj. able to fight in a duel, Gþl. 269, v.l. APPELL. COMPDS: hólm-ganga, q.v. hólm-hringr, m. the circle marked for a duel, Eg. 492. hólm-lausn, f. releasing oneself by paying the ransom after a duel, Dropl. 36, Korm. 88. hólm-staðr, m. = hólmgöngustaðr, Eg. 486. hólm-stefna, u, f. a meeting (duel) on a holm, Eg. 485, 490, Fas. i. 419. hólm-sverð, n. = hólmgöngusverð, Fas. i. 416. hólm-sök, f. = hólmgöngusök, Bjarn. 66. In poetry the sea is called hólm-fjöturr, m. 'holm-fetter,' and the rocks hólm-leggr, m. the leg of the holm, i.e. rocks, Lex. Poët.: the sea is hólm-negldr, part. studded with holms, id. HÓP, n. [A. S. hop; Scot. hope = haven; perhaps connected with A. S. hôp, Engl. hoop, with reference to a curved or circular form] :-- a small landlocked bay or inlet, connected with the sea so as to be salt at flood tide and fresh at ebb, Þorf. Karl. 420, freq. in mod. usage. II. a local name, Hóp, Hóps-ós, Vestr-hóp, Landn., Ísl. ii. 387: in Engl. local names as Stanhope, Easthope, Kemble's Dipl.; Elleshoop in Holstein (Grein); Kirkhope, St. Margaret's hope, etc., in Orkney. HÓPR, m. [Dan. hob; Swed. hop; the Engl. heap, Germ. haufen, would answer to Icel. haupr, which does not exist] :-- a troop, flock, bevy; mann-hópr, a host of men, Bjarn. 52, Skáld H. 6. 47, Pass. 21. 10: freq. in mod. usage, e.g. í sinn hóp, among one's own equals; fjár-hópr, a flock of sheep; fugla-hópr, a bevy of birds. hópa-kaup, n. a purchasing in lots. HÓR, m., acc. hó, gen. hós, [the same word as Goth. hoha = a plough-share; Engl. hoe, though different in sense] :-- a pot-hook ( = hadda, q.v.), in a nursery rhyme bidding one who has sore lips go into the kitchen, kiss the pot-hook thrice (kyssa hóinn þrysvar), and say these words: Heill og sæll hór minn, | eg skal kyssa snös þína, ef þú græðir vör mína, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 553, which throw a light ou the passage in Hbl. 48 (Sif á hó heima), insinuating that Thor busied himself with cooking and dairy-work. The hós in Ls. 33 seems to be a gen. = hvers, cujus, answering to the dat. hveim, abl. hví. COMPDS: hó-band, n. a pot-hook string, Björn. hó-nef, n. the 'nose' or loop into which the hór is hooked, Björn. HÓR, n. [Goth. horinassus = GREEK; Engl. whoredom], adultery, Jb. 448, N. G. L. i. 70, Sks. 693, v.l. hóra, að, to commit adultery, Stj. 197, Gþl. 136; hóra undir bónda sinn, Jb. 448 B, D. I. i. 262: with acc., K. Á. 122, Sks. 455, 575: reflex., Stj. 398. Jb. 124, Grett. 204 new Ed. hóra, u, f. [Germ. hure; Engl. whore, harlot], Fas. i. 99, N. G. L. i. 70. hóran, f. adultery, K. Á. 28, Stj. 517, Sks. 702. hór-barn, n. a child begotten in adultery, Gþl. 171, Al. 1, Grág. ch. xviii. hór-dómr, m. [whoredom], adultery, Stj. 301, K. Á. 132, 218, Barl. 134, Jb. 131, Hom. 86, 154. hórdóms-maðr, m. an adulterer, 625. 15. hór-getinn, part. begotten in adultery. hór-karl, m. an adulterer, H. E. i. 54. hór-kerling, f. a strumpet, Stj. 405, Barl. 137. hór-kona, u, f. an adulteress, Jb. 161, Bs. i. 283. HÓRR, m., gen. hórs, [Ulf. hôrs = GREEK; A. S. horing; Engl. whoremonger, etc.], an adulterer, Ls. 30. hór-vetna, adv. = hvarvetna, everywhere. hósta, að, [Germ. husten; Dan. hoste; North. E. and Scot. hoast], to cough, Bs. i. 347, 382. hósti, a, m. a cough, Eluc. 19, Nj. 201, Fms. i. 282, x. 279, Pr. 474, Thom. 308. HÓSTR, m., usually spelt óstr, without aspiration, Fms. vi. 419, viii. 433, ix. 311, Sturl. iii. 251: in mod. usage óst, f.; but the aspirated initial is borne out by the kindred words hósta, hósti :-- the throat, the upper part of the chest and the lower part of the throat, Bs. i. 382, Fms. ix. 311, v.l.; var Haraldr konungr lostinn öru í óstinn svá at þegar stóð blóðbogi út um munninn, vi. 419; í hálsstemnit frammi fyrir hóstinn, Finnb. 214; hafðu ekki bera óstina! (fem.) HÓT, n., contr. from hvat (q.v.), a whit, bit; hóti heldr, a bit more, i.e. a good deal more, Fms. vii. 141; hóti ráðhollari, a good deal better, Ísl. ii. 347; hóti neðar, Hrafn. 18: hóti mun, a whit, a grain, a hair's breadth; hóti mun skjótara, a bit swifter, Rb. 106, Fms. vii. 170, cp. Rb. 1812. 66: with superl., hóti helzt, a whit better, Ísl. ii. 134; hóti líkast, most likely, Fms. vi. 351; þat er hóti úmaklegast, i.e. that is least undeserved! iii. 25; endisk því þetta hóti helzt, þótt ekki væri með fullu, Gísl. 136, denoting a slight difference: gen. plur., er nú lítilla hóta ávant, Karl. 96: dat. plur., hótum framar, Clar.: gen., hóts annan veg, quite the other way, Nj. (in a verse). 2. the phrase, ekki hót, not a whit. hót, n. pl. [Ulf. hwota], threats, Fms. ii. 32, Sks. 525, Fs. 31, Bs. i. 100, Fb. i. 297. II. in the compds, ílsku-hót, wickedness; ástar-hót, marks, expressions of love; vinar-hót, marks of friendship. HÓTA, að, older form hœta (q.v.), to hoot, threaten, with dat., Hkr. ii. 260, Fms. viii. 359, passim. II. hóta e-u fram, to hold forth (a weapon or the like) with threatening gestures, Rétt. 71; cp. ota and hvata. hótan, f. a threatening, Fas. iii. 445, Stj. 150. hót-findinn n, adj. 'whit-finding,' i.e. hair-splitting, captious: hót-findni, f. hót-samr, adj. menacing, Karl. 490. hót-vitna, gen. pl. = hvatvetna, every wight; see hverr, hvat. hraða, að, to hasten, speed, with dat., Þórð. 77, Fms. xi. 438. hrað-berg, n. [hroði], medic. tartar on the teeth, Fél. hrað-byri, n. a fresh fair wind, Fms. i. 19, iv. 14, vii. 94, viii. 253. hrað-byrja, adj. sailing with a strong wind, Eg. 94, Bs. i. 121. hrað-fara, adj. hurrying, Sturl. i. 84. hrað-feigr, adj. doomed to instant death, Nj. 60. hrað-fleygr, adj. swift-flying. hrað-færr, adj. 'quick-faring,' fleet, Gh. 18. hrað-geði, n. a hasty temper, Edda (Gl.) hraði, a, m. fleetness, swiftness, freq. in mod. usage. hrað-kvæðr, adj. swift-singing, Ad. 1. hrað-liga, adv. swiftly, Sks. 629. hrað-mæltr, adj. quick of speech, Hm. 28, Fms. iv. 91. 374, v.l. HRAÐR adj. [A. S. hræd, hrad; Engl. rathe, ready] :-- swift, fleet; h. byrr, Symb. 15, Bs. ii. 82, Fms. vii. 340; hjálpar hraðr, swift to help, Pass. 15. 17. 2. neut. hratt, as adv. swiftly, Fas. ii. 87; sem hraðast, quickly, Háv. 48, El. Pass. 23. 3; fara hratt, Lv. 63; lífið matins hratt fram hleypr, Hallgr.; hratt úlíkligt, quite unlikely, Band. 25 new Ed. hrafla, að, to scrape together, (slang.) HRAFN, often spelt hramn, m. [A. S. hræfn; Engl. raven; Germ. rabe; Dan. ravn, etc.; cp. Lat. corvus, Gr. GREEK] :-- a raven, Nj. 119, Grág. ii. 346, Fms. i. 131, Hkr. iii. 11, Stj. 59, Orkn. 28, 38: allit., bíða hunds ok hrafns, Fms. viii. 210: in the sayings, sjaldsénir hvítir hrafnar, white ravens are not seen every day, of a strange appearance; þá er hart þegar einn hrafninn kroppar augun úr öðrum, it is too bad when one raven picks another's eyes out; Guð borgar fyrir hrafninn, God pays for the raven, perhaps referring to 1 Kings xvii. and Job xxxviii. 41. The raven was a favourite with the Scandinavians, as a bird of augury and of sagacity, víða flýgr hrafn yfir grund, the raven is a far traveller; cp. the wise ravens Huginn and Muninn, the messengers of Odin, Gm., Edda; whence Odin is called hrafn-blætr, m. raven worshipper (Hallfred), and hrafn-áss, m. (Haustl.); hrafna-dróttinn or hrafna-goð, hrafn-stýrandi, a, m. lord or god of ravens; hrafn-freistaðr, m. raven friend, Húsd., Edda 126; cp. also the interesting story of the ravens of Flóki, Landn. 28 (v.l.), -- hann fékk at blóti miklu ok blótaði hrafna þrjá, þá er honum skyldu leið vísa. A raven was the traditional war standard of the Danish and Norse vikings and chiefs, see Orkn. ch. 11, Nj. ch. 158, Þorst. Síðu H. ch. 2, as also the A. S. Chroniclers, e.g. the Saxon Chronicle, Asser, A.D. 878, etc. The croaking of ravens was an omen, Fagrsk. ch. 48, Sturl. 9. ch. 19, cp. Háv. 47: when heard in front of a house it betokens death, Landn. 2. ch. 33, Maurer Volksagen 170, 171: the ravens are said to hold a parliament, hrafna-þing; and metaph. a disorderly assembly was called by that name, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 616-621. A black horse is called Hrafn, Edda. In popular lore the raven is called krummi, q.v. Botan., hrafna-blaka and hrafna-klukka, u, f. cardamine pratensis, the ladies' smock or cuckoo-flower, Hjalt. Pr. names of men, Hrafn, Hrafn-kell; of women, Hrefna, Hrafn-hildr: local names, Hrafna-björg, Hrafna-gjá, Hrafna-gil (whence Hrafn-gilingr, a man from H.), Hrafn-hólar, Hrafn-ista (whence Hrafnistu-menn, an old family), etc., Landn.: in poetry a warrior is styled hrafn-fæðir, -gæðir, -gælir, -greddir, -þarfr, = feeder of ravens, etc.: the blood is hrafn-vín, Lex. Poët.: a coward is hrafna-sveltir, m. raven-starver, Bs. i. hrafn-blár, adj. raven-black, Bragi. hrafn-hauss, m. raven-skull, a nickname, Sturl. iii. 176. hrafn-hvalr, m. [A. S. hran or hren = a whale], a kind of whale, Sks. 123, Edda (Gl.), N. G. L. i. 330. hrafn-ligr, adj. raven-like, Hom. 13. hrafn-reyðr, f. a kind of whale; also called hrefna, balaena (medio) ventre plicato, Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin. 542. hrafn-svartr, adj. raven-black. hrafn-tinna, u, f. 'raven-flint,' a kind of obsidian or agate, Fas. i. 470; called gagates Islandicus, Eggert Itin. hrafn-önd, f. a kind of duck. hragla, að, of the weather; það hraglar úr honum, it sleets; whence hraglandi, a, m. sleet, a drizzling shower. HRAK-, in COMPDS, denoting wretched, wicked, [for the etymology see hrekja]: hrak-auga, n. evil eye, a nickname, Sturl. hrak-bú, n. a wretched household, Band. 37 new Ed. hrak-dýri, n. a poor,

282 HRAKFALL -- HREÐA.

hunted deer, Korm. 60. hrak-fall, n. a wreck, disaster. hrak-för, hrak-ferð, f. a journey ending in disgrace and disaster, Fær. 166, Grett. 153, Mag. hrak-liga, adv. wretchedly, disgracefully, Fs. 35. hrak-ligr, adj. wretched, disgraceful, Korm. 62, Sturl. i. 24, iii. 273, Glúm. 387. hrak-magr, adj. wretchedly thin, Bs. i. 389. krak-mannligr, adj. wretched, mean. hrak-menni, n. a wretched man, wretch. hrak-ólar, f. pl., in the phrase, vera á hrakólum, to be as on the rack. hrak-spá, f. evil prophecy, croaking, hrak-viðri, n. wretched weather. hrak-yrði, n. foul language, Gísl. 86. hrak-æfi, f. a wretched life, cp. Gísl. 63. hrakning, f. wretched treatment, insult, injury, Korm. 158, Nj. 136, Sturl. ii. 38, Sd. 167, Fms. viii. 78, 136, Grett. 203 new Ed., Hrafn. 20: in mod. usage, hrakningr, m. a being tossed or wrecked at sea; also sjó-hrakningr. HRAMMR, m. [cp. Goth. hramjan = to nail to the cross], that with which one clutches, a bear's paw, Finnb. 248, Grett. 101, Ld. 52, Am. 17, Ver. 80, Fb. ii. 289: the palm of the hand, Edda (Gl.); whence hramm-þviti, a, m., poët. for gold, Höfuðl. 17. hrandlan, f. tossing about, N. G. L. i. 157. HRANG, n. a noise, din, tumult, as of a crowd, Grág. i. 5; spelt hrong, Mork. 110 (in a verse). hrani, a, m. a blusterer; hann er mesti hrani. COMPDS: hrana-legr, adj. rude. hrana-skapr, m. uncivil behaviour. II. a pr. name, Sturl. hrap, n. ruin, falling down, freq.; stjörnu-hrap, a shooting star. HRAPA, að, to fall, tumble down, Fs. 70, Ann. 1339, Th. 76, Al. 76: to fall into an abyss, down a precipice, hröpuðu þeir af hæðinni, Landn. 147; h. til helvítis, Hom. 87; eg sá Satan svo sem eldingu h. af himni, Luke x. 18; hann hrapar í pyttinn, Fs. 158; h. ofan, Al. 146; hrapaði hann niðr í fjöruna, Fms. viii. 75; hann er að h. klett af klett, a ditty: of a shooting star, stjörnur munu af himnum h., Matth. xxiv. 29, (stjörnu-hrap.) β. to fall in ruin; hvort hús mun yfir annat h., Luke xi. 17, xiii. 4; but not usual, 'hrynja' being used of a house, wall, tower, rock which falls; hrapa of a man who falls from them. II. to rush headlong, hurry; hrapa á fund e-s, Fms. i. 303; er þú hrapar svá til banans, vi. 115: h. í e-t, to rush into, H. E. i. 469; h. at e-u, to hurry on a thing, Fs. 41; ef maðr hrapar svá at grepti at kviðr berr at önd sé í brjósti, K. Þ. K. 26: with dat., eigi skulu þér h. því svá, Ölk. 36; hitt mundi mitt ráð at h. eigi ferðinni, Eg. 577, Fms. v. 43; ok hrapaðir þeim svá til helvítis, vii. 123. hrapaðr, m. hurry; at hrapaði, hurriedly, Fms. ix. 377, Sturl. i. 83, Ann. 1417. hrapa-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mod. hrapar-ligr, hurried, disastrous; mæla h., to bluster, Ísl. ii. 350, Sturl. i. 166 C; fara hrapalliga, to rush headlong like a fool, Hrafn. 15. hrapan, f. downfall, Fms. ii. 276, Al. 40. hrap-orðr, adj. using blustering language, Sturl. iii. 113, v.l. Hrappr, m. a pr. name; see hreppr. HRASA, but better rasa (q.v.), where the references will be given in full, see introduction to letter H :-- to stumble; the aspirated form is only used in a few cases, og hrasaði bland ræningja, Gr. GREEK, Luke x. 30; hrasaðr, 36: eccl. to stumble in sin, Pass., Vídal. passim. hrasan, hrösun, f. stumbling, sinning, N. T., Pass., Vídal. hrat, n. [Ivar Aasen rat], refuse: esp. the skins, stones, etc. of berries (berja-hrat) which one spits out: the droppings of birds, það er eins hrat úr hrafni. HRATA, að, better and older rata (q.v.), vrata: [in mod. usage the aspirated form is used in the sense to stagger, stumble, but rata in the sense to find one's way; but that in both senses rata is the true form is shewn by alliteration, as in Skv. 1. 36, cp. also Vsp. 51; also by the form rati, a headlong fool] :-- to stagger, fall, tumble; ok hrataði hann ofan af þekjunni, Nj. 114; þau hrata í gil nokkut ofan, Bs. i. 442, Sturl. ii. 137; hann hrataði af ok kom niðr standandi, 138; þá reið at honum brúnássinn ok hrataði hann inn aptr, Nj. 202; nema menn rati (hrati?) á eðr hrindisk á, Grág. ii. 96: to stagger, Önundr rataði (hrataði, v.l.) við lagit, Eg. 379; hann hrataði við en féll eigi, Fms. vi. 66; hann var hrumr ok hrataði áfram, vii. 22, Fs. 38, 52. hrati, a, m. rubbish, trash, Bs. i. 601. HRAUKR, m. [A. S. hreâc; Engl. rick], a small stack, torf-h.; cp. hroki. hrauk-tjald, n. a rick-formed tent, Fas. ii. 273, Bárð. 178. hraumi, a, m. [A. S. hreâm], a noisy fellow, Edda (Gl.) HRAUN, n. [akin to hruni, hrjóna, and hrynja (q.v.), and thus from a lost strong verb jó, au, u; hrjúfr, hrúðr, hreysi, hrjóstr (q.v.) seem all to be akin] :-- prop. a rough place, a wilderness, and is used so esp. by Norse writers and in the oldest poems: in Norse local names, Raunen, bare rocks in the sea, as opp. to hólmr, a grassy islet, Fritzner s.v.: a giant is in poetry called hraun-búi, -drengr, -hvalr, -skjöldungr, = the dweller, hero, whale, king of the wilderness, Hým., Hkv. Hjörv., Haustl., Fas. ii. 306. B. In volcanic Iceland the word came to mean a lava field when cold, a burnt place (not the fresh glowing lava), freq. in the Sagas as well as in mod. usage, Bjarn. 36, 52, Nj. 248, Grág. ii. 282, Landn. 280, Hrafn. 26, Eb. 132-138, Bs. i. 540; um hvat reiddusk goðin, er hér brann hraunit er nú stöndum vér á (Bs. i. 22), the famous words of Snorri in the parliament of A.D. 1000; the place of the alþingi being a burnt out lava field. II. in Icel. local names freq., Hraun, Hraun-dalr, -fjörðr, -gerði, -holt, -höfn, etc., Landn.: esp. in relation to fields of lava, Borgar-hraun, id.; Berserkja-hraun, Eb.; Beruvíkr-hraun, Bjarn.; Staðar-hraun in Mýra-sýsla; Garða-hraun near Reykjavík, etc.: Ódáða-hraun, the wilderness in the inner part of Icel. (see Ísl. Þjóðs.), which was supposed to be peopled by miscreants and outlaws. COMPDS: Hraun-dælir, m. pl. the men from Hraundalr. Hraun-firðingr, m. a man from Hraunfjörðr, Landn. Hraun-gerðingr, m. a man from Hraungerði, id. Hrauns-verjar, m. pl. the men from Hraun, Bs. i. 643. 2. as appell., hraun-gata, u, f. a path through a hraun, Bjarn. 36, Pr. 411. hraun-gjóta, u, f. a lava pit or hole. hraun-grýti, n. lava rocks. hraun-klettr, m. a lava crag, Sks. 127. hraun-skeggi, a, m. a hraun dweller, Fs. 155; cp. eyjarskeggi. UNCERTAIN The whole of Icel. may be said to be a burnt out lava field, from eruptions previous to the peopling of the country. The following eruptions which have happened since the settlement, beside those of Hekla (q.v.), are mentioned in writers previous to A.D. 1430 :-- an eruption in Borgar-hraun in Mýra-sýsla about the beginning of the 10th century, Landn. 2. ch. 5; in Ölfus A.D. 1000, Kristni S. ch. 11; in the sea about Reykjanes A.D. 1211, 1226, 1238, 1240, 1422, Ann. s.a.: but esp. in the southern glaciers in Trölla-dingjur A.D. 1151, 1188; in Sólheima-jökull A.D. 1245, 1262; in Síða A.D. 1332; in Hnappafells-jökull A.D. 1332, 1350; in Herðubreið etc. A.D. 1340; in three places in Skaptafells-sýsla A.D. 1362, -- the great eruption which destroyed the church in Rauðilækr; in Höfðár-jökull A.D. 1416, see Ísl. Ann. In later centuries the greatest eruptions are those of the Kötlu-gjá in 1755, and esp. the terrible eruption of Skaptár-jökull on the 20th of June, 1783. In this century that of Eyjafjalla-jökull, 1821. hraung, f. = hrang, q.v. hraunóttr, adj. rugged, Orkn. 208 (in a Norse landscape). hraust-leikr, m. and hraust-leiki, a, m. prowess, gallantry, Bær. 20, Fms. iii. 3, xi. 375; frægða, frama-verka ok hraustleika (gen.), Fb. ii. 136, passim. hraust-liga, adv. valiantly, doughtily, Fms. i. 88, v. 318, Post. 645. 87. hraust-ligr, adj. bold, valiant, manly, 655 ii. 1, Nj. 204: medic. strong-looking. hraust-mannligr, adj. = hraustligr, Hkr. iii. 427, v.l. hraust-menni, n. a stout, strong man, Fs. 128, Finnb. 326. HRAUSTR, adj. [Germ. rüstig], strong, valiant, doughty, of a warrior, Ísl. ii. 264, 366, Fms. i. 52, iv. 122, vi. 3, vii. 4, Ld. 46, Ó. H. 218, Anal. 169, Eb. 148, and passim. 2. strong, hearty; hann var þá hniginn nokkut ok þó hinn hraustasti ok vel hress, Ld. 56; gamall ok þó h., Fs. 156; heill ok h., hale and hearty, Grág. i. 163, Fb. ii. 383; var hón þá enn hraust kona, Ísl. ii. 453; mun þá eigi hraust kona íllum manni gefin, Sd. 150; ú-hraustr, weak, invalid. hrá-blautr, adj. raw, of hides or the like, Fms. iii. 18, Stj. 416. hrá-fiskr, m. a raw fish, Rb. 348. hrái, a, m. crudeness. HRÁKI, a, m. [cp. A. S. hraca = throat; Germ. rachen; also A. S. hræcan, Engl. to retch in vomiting, hawk in spitting] :-- spittle, Edda 19, 47 (mythical), Sks. 540, N. G. L. i. 339, K. Á. 6, Stj. 37, Mar. passim. hráka-skírn, f. baptism with spittle in lieu of water, 671. 16. hrá-leikr, m. rawness, 677. 15. HRÁR, hrá, hrátt, adj. [A. S. hreow = crudus, whence Engl. rough and raw; Germ. rauh; Dan. raa] :-- raw, only of meat or food; eta hrátt, Hkv. 2. 6, Hom. 84, Fbr. 97, Karl. 426; hrán fisk, Al. 171. 2. raw, fresh, sappy; góð jörð ok hrá, Edda 150 (pref.); hrár viðr, a sapling, young plant, Grág. ii. 298, Fb. i. 342, Skm. 32. hrá-skinn, n. 'raw-skin:' -- but used (it is hard to say why) in the sense of a shelter, refuge; höfðu þeir hráskinn hjá feðrum sínum (v.l. hald ok traust), Fbr. 8; Guð, drottinn er minn styrkr ok stuðning, ok mitt ráskinn ok frjálsari, Stj. 51. hráskinns-leikr, m. a kind of game, 'hide and seek (?),' Bárð. 174. hrá-slagi, a, m. dampness in houses. hrá-viði, n. saplings, young plants; höggva sem h., Fas. i. 451, Þorf. Karl. (A. A.) 198; allt eins og kvistir af hretviðri hristir, á hráviðar-lauki, Hallgr. hrá-þefr, m. the smell of a carcase, Barl. 151. hrá-æti, n. raw food, Fbr. 72. HREÐA, u, f., mod. form hræða, a bugbear, bogle; at jafnan myndi vera nokkurar hreður í Miðfirði ... hefir þar jafnan verit deilu-gjarnara en í öðrum héruðum, Þórð. 59 new Ed.; svá segir mér hugr um, at sjaldan muni hreðu-laust í þessu héraði, 22. 2. in mod. usage in western Icel. hræða or hreða means a scarecrow, whence metaph. hræða, a poor, harmless creature; as also, það sást eingin hræða, not a soul was to be seen. II. a nickname, Þórð.

HREÐI -- HREPPA. 283

hreði, a, m., mod. hroði, offal, rubbish, refuse, Eluc. 41 (spelt hröði). II. [A. S. hryðer = a heifer], poët. a bull, Edda (Gl.): in local names, Hreða-vatn, Landn. HREÐJAR and hreðr, f. pl. [A. S. hreder = viscera], the scrotum, N. G. L. i. 81, Edda 46, Grett. (in a verse); hest-reðr, Fms. vi. 194 (in a verse). hrefna, u, f. [hrafn], prop. a she-raven. 2. a whale, = hrafnreiðr, q.v. 3. a part of a ship, Edda (Gl.) II. a pr. name, Landn. hrefni and hremni, n. a plank in a ship, viz. the fifth from the keel, Edda (Gl.); ef (skip) brotnar fyrir ofan hrefnis-skor (spelt refnis skor and v.l. ræfsing, renni skor), N. G. L. i. 283: in poetry a ship is hrefnis goti, hrefnis stóð, the steed of the h. The h is warranted by alliteration. HREGG, n. storm and rain, Edda 99, Am. 18, Fs. 129; var bæði hregg ok regn, Eb. 266, Fms. vii. 195; h. ok sjádrif, ii. 177; kastaði þá enn hreggi á móti þeim, Fas. ii. 80; h. eða rota, Bs. i. 339, N. G. L. i. 388; hríð með hreggi, Eb. 206, Lex. Poët.; kulda-h., a chilly, rainy wind; kafalds-h., snow and wind: in poetry the battle is the hregg of weapons, Valkyriur, Odin, etc., see the compds in Lex. Poët. COMPDS: hregg-blásinn, part. blown by the gale, Hallfred. hregg-mímir, m., mythol. name of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.) hregg-nasi, a, m. a nickname, Eb. hregg-rann, n., hregg-salr, m., poët. 'gale-house,' i.e. the sky, Leiðarv. 17, 25, Geisli 61. hregg-skár, adj. stormy, Merl. 1. 65. hregg-skúr, f. a tempestuous shower, Sks. 227. hregg-tjald, n. 'gale-tent,' i.e. the heaven, Lex. Poët. Hregg-viðr, m. a pr. name, Fas. hregg-viðri, n. a tempest, Fms. ii. 177. hregg-vindr, m. a tempestuous gale, Grett. (in a verse). hregg-þjálmi, a, m. 'wind-trap,' i.e. the heaven, poët., Leiðarv. 4. HREIÐR, n. [Dan. rede, prob. akin to Ulf. vriþus = GREEK; A. S. vræd; Engl. wreath; Swed. vrad; Dan. vraad; -- all meaning a wreath, from vríða, to wreath] :-- a bird's nest, Grág. ii. 346, Gþl. 542, Greg. 55, Fms. vi. 153, Merl. 1. 26, Stj. passim; ara h., an eagle's nest, Fagrsk. 146: the saying, sá er fuglinn vestr er í sitt h. drítr: hreiðr-böllr, m. a 'nest-ball,' an egg, Krók. 64 (in a pun), and hreiðr-balla, að, = eggja = to egg on, id. (a pun). hreiðrask, að, dep. to nestle, Stj. 81, Fms. vi. 153: mod. hreiðra sig. HREIFI, a, m. the wrist, Edda 110, Fms. i. 167, Sturl. ii. 104, Bs. i. 658 :-- sels-hreifi, a seal's fin, Eb. 272; and so in mod. usage. hreifingr, m. good cheer, high spirits; better reifingr. HREIFR, adj., old form reifr (q.v.), merry, gladsome. HREIMR, m. [cp. A. S. hreâm = noise, hrêmig = noisy, hrêman = to cry; Hel. hrôm, to cry out; ream or reem is still used in Lancashire; cp. Engl. sc-ream] :-- a scream, cry; óp né (h)reimr, Hom. 29; íllr h. armra sálna, 31; íllr h., Fms. vii. 84 (in a verse); orða h., Lil. 72: a nickname, Sturl. hreim-samr, adj. noisy, peevish, Fas. iii. 156. hreina, d, causal from hrína: to make to squeal, of swine, Al. 171; ef svín eru hreind, made to squeal, Konr. hreinask, að, to be cleaned. hrein-bjálbi, a, m. a reindeer's skin, Fær. 42, Ó. H. 198, 218. hrein-braut, f. the reindeer's track, Egil; see hreinn, m., sub init. hrein-drif, n. a snow-drift, Sks. 230, v.l. hrein-dýri, n. a reindeer, Fær. 42, Sks. 62 new Ed. hrein-ferðugr, adj. pure and chaste, Bs. i. 241, ii. 43, Karl. 553, Lil. 33, 68. hrein-gálkn, n. a GREEK, Hým. 24; no doubt falsely for hraun-gálkn = a monster of the wilderness: hraun and hölkn are twin words used alliteratively. hrein-getning, f. the immaculate conception, Magn. 468. hrein-görr, part. made bright, of a shield, Bragi. hrein-hjartaðr, adj. pure of heart, Sks. 90, Bs. ii. 61, Matth. v. 8. hrein-látr, adj. cleanly, clean: metaph. pure, Sks. 435, Barl. 18. hrein-leikr (-leiki), m. cleanliness: metaph. purity; h. hjartans, Hom. 11, Mar.: chastity, Al. 58, K. Á. 74. hrein-liga, adv. cleanly, Bs. i. 711, Sks. 134, 436: metaph. with purity, sincerity, Fms. v. 241, Hom. 86, Best. 48: with chastity, 671. 6. hrein-ligr, adj. cleanly, clean, Bárð. 171, Dipl. v. 10, passim: metaph. pure, chaste, Mar. hrein-lífi, n. a clean, pure life, chastity, Hom. 67, Lil. 27, N. T., Vídal., Pass, passim. 2. in Roman Catholic times esp. of monastic life, Hom. 93, Bs. i. 269, passim. COMPDS: hreinlífis-kona, u, f. a nun, Mar. hreinlífis-maðr, m. a friar, Sks. 96, Fms. x. 408, Hom. 93. hrein-lífr, adj. clean-living, pure of life, Bs. i. 275, Hom. (St.) 3, Nikd. 34, passim; opp. to saurlífi and saurlífr. hrein-lyndr, adj. (hrein-lyndi, n.), upright, Leiðar. 4. hrein-læti, n. cleanliness, Edda ii. 246, freq. hrein-mannligr, adj. clean and manly, of noble bearing, stout-looking; h. á hesti, Karl. 234 :-- mod. hrefmannlegr, adj., in the same sense. HREINN, adj. [Ulf. hrains = GREEK; A. S. hrân; lost in Engl., except in the verb to rinse; O. H. G. hreini; Germ. rein; Dan.-Swed. ren] :-- clean; h. líndúkr, Hom. 138, Fs. 1; hrein klæði, Fms. vi. 207; gott korn ok hreint, Sks. 326; hreint vatn, Gd. 22; h. lögr, Alm. 35; hrein munnlaug, H. E. i. 489; h. mjöll, fresh snow, Rm. 26. β. bright; hreinir kyndlar, bright candles, Sól. 69; hreint bál, a bright flame, Lex. Poët.; h. sól, the bright sun, id.; h. ok gagnsær, Hom. (St.) 15. 13; hreint sverð, hrein vápn, Fms. x. 360, Rétt. 120; h. rönd, a bright shield, Lex. Poët. γ. eccl., hrein kvikendi, clean beasts, Hom. 29. II. metaph. clean, pure, sincere; hreint hjarta, h. hugr, hrein iðran, hreint líf, Bs. i. 270, Sól. 7, Barl. 93, N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim. β. = Gr. GREEK in the N. T. of the cleansed leper; ú-hreinn, unclean; tá-hreinn, quite clean. HREINN, m. [the word is prob. of Finnish origin. From the words of king Alfred, (þa deor he hâtað hrânas, Orosius i. 1, § 15, Bosworth's Ed.), it seems that the king knew the name only from Ohthere's tale; and when Egil in his poem on king Athelstân (if the verse be genuine) calls Northern England hreinbraut, the reindeers' track, the phrase is prob. merely poët. for a wilderness. There is however a curious passage in Orkn. (448) where the hunting of reindeer in Caithness is recorded; the Icel. text is here only preserved in a single MS.; but though the Danish translation in Stockholm (of the year 1615) has the same reading, it is probably only a mistake of the Saga; for it is not likely that the Norsemen carried reindeer across the sea; the present breed was introduced into Icel. by the government only a century ago] :-- a reindeer, Hm. 89, K. Þ. K. 132, Fas. iii. 359; hreins fit, Hkr. ii. 250; hreins horn, Ann. Nord. Old. 1844, 1845, p. 170; hreina hold, Sks. 191. The finest deer were called stál-hreinar (the stæl-hrânas of king Alfred), cp. tálhreinn, Haustl. In northern poetry, ships are freq. called hreinn, see Lex. Poët., byr-hreinn, haf-h., hún-h., unnar-h., hlýrvangs-h., Gylfa-h., all of them meaning ships, Lex. Poët.: a giant is called gnípu-h. = 'crag-rein,' Þd.: the wilderness is myrk-rein hreins = the mirk-field of the reindeer, Haustl. Hreinn is an old pr. name, Landn. COMPDS: hrein-braut, f., hrein-vastir, f. pl., hrein-ver, n. a wilderness, Edda (in a verse). hreinsa, að, [Ulf. hrainsjan; Engl. rinse; Dan. rense], to make clean, cleanse, Sks. 583, 605, Fms. ii. 261, Nj. 270, passim: to purge, clear, h. land af víkingum, Fms. i. 93, vii. 18, Anal. 249; h. líkþrá, to cleanse (heal) leprosy, Post., N. T.; líkþráir hreinsast, Matth. xi. 5, Johann. 95, Fms. xi. 309: metaph. to purify, Post. 645. 77, 94, Hom. 97, N. T., Vídal., Pass. hreinsan, f. cleansing, purification, K. Á. 20, Hom. 64, 65, passim. hreinsunar-eldr, m. the cleansing fire, purgatory, Fms. vii. 38; land-h., clearing the land of miscreants. hrein-skilinn, adj. sincere: hrein-skilni, f. sincerity, uprightness. hrein-staka, u, f. a reindeer cloak, Hkr. ii. 250. hrein-viðri, n. bright, clear weather. HREISTR, n. scales, of fish, 656 C. 13, Sks. 168, Anecd. 6, passim. hreistr-kambr, m. a scaly comb, Stj. 98. hreistra, að, to cover with scales: hreistraðr, part. scaly. HREKJA, pret. hrakti; part. hrakiðr, Orkn. 424, mod. hrakinn, neut. hrakt, Sturl. ii. 169: [akin to Goth. vrikan, A. S. wrecan, Engl. wreak, wreck, see introduction to letter H] :-- to worry, vex; h. e-n í orðum, to scold and abuse one, Fms. vii. 319, Fs. 173; þau bityrði er Skarphéðinn hrakti yðr Ljósvetninga, Nj. 223; ámæla þær honum í hverju orði ok hrekja, Finnb. 228: to confound, mér þaetti bezt við þann at eiga, er allir hrekjask fyrir áðr, by whom all people are confounded, Hrafn. 16; Sigmundr sagðisk heldr vilja h. þá sem mest, Fær. 165, Fs. 33, 129, Sturl. ii. 169, Bs. ii. 143; hann eyðir málit fyrir Erni ok hrekr hann sem mest af málinu, Fs. 125: víghestrinn hafði hrakit hrossin, Eb. 36 new Ed. β. a naut. term, of ships driven out of their course, freq. in mod. usage; either impers., e-n hrekr, one is driven and wrecked; or reflex., þeir hröktust fimm vikur sjávar, they were driven for five miles on the sea: also of a ship, skipið (acc.) hrekr, the ship has drifted, cp. Bs. i. 817; of sheep in a snow storm. hrekkja, t, to tease or play tricks on one. hrekkjóttr, adj. tricky, mischievous, e.g. of a bad boy; hann er h. bæði við menn og skepnur. HREKKR, m., pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, [Dan. rænke], a trick, piece of mischief, Mag. 9, Fas. ii. 372, Nikd. 40; hrekkir ok slægðir, Stat. 273. hrekk-vísi, f. trickiness, mischievousness, Róm. 254, 347. hrekkvís-ligr, adj. = hrekkvíss. hrekkvíss, adj. tricky, mischievous, Eluc. 28, Fs. 46, Róm. 293, 299 ( = factiosus of Sallust). HRELLA, d, [cp. slang Engl. to rile], to distress, with acc., Bs. i. 438, Stj. 364: pass. to be distressed, grieved, 625. 75, Stj. 325. hrella, u, f. a nickname, Rd. hrelling, f. anguish, affliction, Hrafn. 17, Bs. i. 184, Ísl. ii. 417, Rom. ii. 9, N. T., Vídal. HREMMA, d, [hrammr; Ulf. hramjan = GREEK, i.e. to nail to the cross; cp. O. H. G. ramen; Dan. ramme = to hit] :-- to clutch, Bjarn. 12, Sturl. ii. 203, Fas. ii. 231, Or. 35: part. hremmdr, Sturl. iii. 90, 103. hremsa, að, = hremma, Fs. 45. hremsa, u, f. a clutch, Konr. 25: poët. a shaft, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. hreppa, t, [A. S. hreppan = tangere], to catch, obtain; nú fæ ek eigi þat af þér tekit er þú hefir hreppt, Grett. 114 A; þá hét hann á hinn sæla Þorlák biskup at hann skyldi skipit hreppa, that he might catch up the lost boat, Bs. i. 338; en er hann hreppti áverkann, when he

284 HREPPR -- HRINDA.

caught the blow, was hit, Gullþ. 51; margr veit hverju hann sleppir en ekki hvað hann hreppir, a saying. HREPPR, m. :-- this word remains in 'the Rape of Bramber' in Sussex, and is undoubtedly Scandinavian, being probably derived, as Pal Vídalín suggested, from hreppa, and thus originally meaning a share, allodium; it may be that the proper name Hrappr (Landn.) is akin ( = a yeoman, master of a Rape?); for the bad sense of that name ( = a traitor) is a metonyme, borrowed from the person of that name in the Njála. After the introduction of Christianity, all Icel. was, for the maintenance of the poor, divided into poor-law districts called hreppar, which still exist, being in most cases, though not always, identical with the sókn or parish; and it is remarkable that the district round the Bishop's seat at Skalholt bears the local name Hreppar, indicating that this division had the Bishop's house as its nucleus. The occurrence therefore of this name in the Landn. is an anachronism; as probably are also the few instances in which hreppr is used as an appellative in records of the heathen age, e.g. Lv. l.c. It is not known when the division into Rapes took place; perhaps it took place gradually during the 11th century; vera á hrepp, koma á hreppinn, to be or become a pauper. In the Grágás a special section (and as it seems one of the oldest) is called 'um Hreppa-skil,' Kb. ii. 171-180; 'um Hreppa-lög,' Sb. i. 443-458. Twenty franklins at least constituted a lawful Rape, Kb. ii. 171. (These remarks are partly due to Konrad Maurer.) COMPDS: hreppa-dómr, m. a Rape court, Grág. i. 245, 448. hreppa-lög, n. pl. the laws and rules of a Rape, Grág. i. 443. Hreppa-maðr, m. a man from the district Hreppar, Sturl. ii. 248. hreppa-mál, n. Rape affairs, Grág. ii. 178 new Ed. hreppa-mót, n. pl. the march or border of two Rapes, Grág. i. 444. hreppa-skil, n. pl. Rape business, Lv. 17; in mod. usage, the autumn meeting held in every Rape. hreppa-tal, n. the census of a Rape, Grág. i. 443. hrepps-fundr, m. a Rape meeting, Grág. i. 296, 446, 448. hrepps-maðr, m. a franklin of a certain Rape, Grág. i. 248, 256, 262, 295, 445. hrepps-sókn, f. the management of a Rape, the office of the Rape councils, = mod. hreppstjórn, Grág. i. 445. hreppsóknar-menn, m. pl. the members of the five Rape councils, Grág. i. 295, 455, passim. hrepps-stjóri, a, m. = hreppstjóri, Grág. i. 262. hrepps-úmagi, a, m. a pauper. hrepp-stefna, u, f. = hreppsfundr, Sturl. i. 185. hrepp-stjóri, a, m. a 'Rape-steerer,' overseer, Jb. 186, Vm. 116: in each Rape in Icel. the best yeoman is chosen as hreppstjóri by the sheriff (amtmaðr) or, as in former days, by the parishioners, but he is not paid; he has, jointly with the parish priest, to manage the business of the Rape, esp. to see to the maintenance of the poor, fix the poor-rate of each franklin, and, as there are no poor-houses, to arrange the distribution of the poor (úmagar) among the parishioners. In the days of the Commonwealth there was a committee of five members, called hreppstjórnarmenn (q.v.), which discharged the duties of the present hreppstjóri; með ráði heima-prests ok hreppstjóra, Vm. 116. This word does not occur in the Grágás, but only after A.D. 1281; for the reading hreppstjóri in the D. I. i. 199 (in a deed supposed to be of A.D. 1150) is only found in a mod. transcript, and the original prob. had hreppstjórnarmenn (pl.) hrepp-stjórn, f. the office of a hreppstjóri, Jb. 184: the management of a Rape, K. Á. 96, Jb. 178. hreppstjórnar-þing, n. = hreppa-skil or hreppsfundr, Jb. 182. HRESS, adj. [cp. A. S. and Hel. hrôr, and prob. akin to hraustr, qs. 'hrers;' cp. Germ. rührig, rüstig] :-- hale, hearty, in good spirits; hann var af æsku-aldri ok þó maðr inn hressasti, Eg. 202; en þó var Kveldúlfr hress maðr ok vel færr, 84; hraustr ok vel hress, Ld. 56; en er allr herrinn hafði drukkit, þá vórum vér hressir, Al. 167; hann var hinn hressasti, he was quite well (after a sickness), Sturl. ii. 182; ú-hress, low, sickly, Stj. 374. hressa, t, to refresh, cheer; hressa kararmenn, 655 xiii. B. 3; h. halta, Mar.; hón lét gera honum laugar ok h. hann, Bret. 164; tökum nú til fæðu ok hressum oss, 656 C. 22; hann bað hann hressa sik, he bade him be of good cheer, bade him cheer up, Eg. 102: with prepp., h. upp, to restore a building, 623. 14; at hann skyldi ráðask norðr til Múnka-þverár ok h. staðinn, Sturl. i. 223. II. reflex. to recover one's strength or spirits, be refreshed, Fms. ii. 59, 270, vi. 303, Finnb. 234, Bs. i. 319, Fas. ii. 356, Eg. 645. hressing, f. recovery of strength, refreshment. hress-leiki, a, m. good health, heartiness, Fms. iv. 13. HRET, n. a tempest, storm, Edda 99, Hkr. i. 282: freq. in mod. usage, esp. of a lasting storm and tempest, viku-hret, hálfs-mánaðar-hret, a tempest lasting a week or fortnight; Þorra-hret, Jónsmessu-hret, a tempest in the month of Thorri, on St. John Baptist's day; kafalds-hret, a snow storm. hret-viðri, n. a tempest, Þd., Sturl. (in a verse). HREYFA, ð, [Ivar Aasen royva], to stir, with acc., (but in mod. usage, with acc. of a person, and dat. of a thing); nú varðar eigi þótt sá seyðr rjúki er þeir hafa hreyft, Fms. vi. 105; engi knút fékk hann leyst ok engi álar-endann hreyft, Edda 28. II. reflex. to put oneself into motion, stir, Mag. 93: of a bird ( = beina flug), rœyfðisk inn hösfjaðri, Fagrsk. (Hornklofi), of the raven, to shake his feathers, cp. Fms. x. 130 (in a verse); hann hreyfðisk at fljúga, Konr.; feldr nokkurr liggr þar -- mér þykkir sem hræfisk (i.e. hrœyfisk) stundum er ek lít til, Fas. ii. 167. 2. metaph., hefsk upp ok hreyfisk í farsælligum hlutum, Stj. 376. III. this word, which in old writers is of rare occurrence and limited in sense, has in mod. usage become one of the general terms for to move, stir, and is usually, though erroneously, spelt with ei, hreifa; hreifa við e-u, to touch on a thing; hreifa sig, to stir the limbs; hann hreifir sig ekki, he does not stir :-- also with dat., h. e-u máli, to move, bring forward a case; hann hreifði því ekki, he did not even mention it; hvar sem ófriðr hreifir sér, Pass. 21. 13. hreyfing, f. motion, movement, (mod. and spelt hreifing.) hreyrar, see heyrar. HREYSI, n. and hreysar, f. pl., Fms. v. 70, Jb. 211, N. G. L. i. 14, 431; [Ivar Aasen rös; cp. Dunmail Raise (i.e. Dunmail's Cairn) in Westmoreland] :-- a heap of stones ( = Icel. urð), where wild beasts abide, Hým. 35; holt ok hreysar, Fms. v. 70; hölkn eða hreysar, Jb. 211; hangar eðr hreysar, N. G. L. i. 14, 431; þeir drógu í burt líkama hans ok reyrðu í hreysi nokkuru, Fms. vii. 227; skríða í hreysi, to slink into a den, Hkv. 1. 33, Lv. 61; í hreysum eðr holum, Bárð. 168; liggja í hreysum, Fms. vi. 425; þú liggr þá í hreysum eðr fylgsnum, viii. 157, Konr. 22. 2. in mod. usage = a poor wretched cottage, a hovel. COMPDS: hreysi-köttr, m. a wild cat, Stj. 93. hreysi-vísla, u, f. a weasel, Rb. 356. hreysingr, m. in íll-hreysingr, a savage ruffian. hreysta, t, to make valiant, Finnb. 332; h. sik, to comfort oneself, cheer oneself up, Grett. 138. HREYSTI, f. [hraustr], valour, prowess, Eg. 16, Nj. 266, Fs. 55, Gullþ. 65, Fms. i. 34, vi. 58, vii. 326, Eb. 116, Fas. iii. 144, passim. COMPDS: hreysti-bragð, n. a feat of prowess, Karl. 417, 451. hreysti-maðr, m. a valiant man, Eg. 73, Edda 16, Fb. ii. 72. hreysti-mannliga, adv. gallantly, Fms. vii. 289. hreysti-mannligr, adj. gallant, bold, Fms. ii. 120. hreysti-orð, n. a word of prowess, Fms. i. 180. hreysti-raun, f. a trial of valour, Fms. vi. 260. hreysti-verk, n. a deed of prowess, a deed of derring-do, Fms. ii. 105, Finnb. 330. hreysti-liga, adv. stoutly, boldly, Fms. i. 42, Ísl. ii. 369. hreysti-ligr, adj. stout, bold, Nj. 200. HREYTA, t, [hrjóta], to spread, scatter, throw about, with dat., Rm. 35, Am. 43, Sks. 226, 229, Eb. 200 new Ed. hreyting, f. a spreading, Lv. 75. hreytir, m. a sprinkler, Lat. sparsor, Lex. Poët. hreyti-speldi, n. a top, as a child's toy, Fms. iii. 227. hriflingr, m. a kind of shoes or stockings (?), Parc. (thrice), a part of Percival's dress when he left his mother. hriflinga-björg, f. a hand to mouth life, Fas. iii. 538. hrifs, n. robbery; rifs ok rán, Stj. 236, Fms. xi. 252, Fb. i. 363. hrifsa, að, or older rifsa, [cp. A. S. reafian; Engl. to rob, rifle; Scot. reif, reff = plunder, reiver = robber; Germ. rauben, etc.] :-- to rob, pillage; rifsa ok grápa, Stj. 78, 154; rænt ok rifsat, 236; hripsa ok ræna, Thom. 534. hrifsan, f. a robbing, pillaging, Fb. ii. 412. hrifsing, f. = hrifsan, Fas. i. 92. HRIKI, a, m. a huge fellow, Fas. ii. 378, freq. in mod. usage: a giant, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: hrika-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), huge. hrika-leikr, m. a game of giants, Bjarni 34. hrikta, t, to creak, Am. 36 (of door hinges), where spelt hricþo, as if from hrika, which seems the true old form; but the mod. form is hrikta. hrina, see hrinur. HRINDA, pres. hrind; pret. hratt, 2nd pers. hratt, mod. hrazt, hraztu, Ó. H. (in a verse); pl. hrundu; subj. hryndi; imperat. hrind, hritt', and hrittú, Fsm. 43; part. hrundinn; in mod. usage pres. weak hrindi, and even a pret. hrinti is in use: [A. S. hrindan] :-- to push, kick, throw, with dat.; ef hann hrindr manni í eld, Grág. ii. 129; Þorkell hratt Knúti af baki, Fb. ii. 23; hann hratt hestinum í vök eina, Fms. i. 211, Nj. 91; skaut hann við honum hendi ok hratt honum, Fms. vi. 6; þá höfðu þeir út hrundit skipunum, Hkr. i. 153; h. skipi fram or í vatn, to launch a ship, Eg. 142, Nj. 18, Fms. i. 58, Ó. H. 109, Fas. iii. 40; var þá hrundit bátnum, the ship's boat was put out or off, Grett. 95; h. e-m í eld, to kick him into the fire, Akv. 20; h. hurð, to push the door open, Eg. 560; h. á hurð, Fsm. 43; h. í myrkva-stofu, to cast into prison, Post. 656 C. 33; h. á braut, to drive away, Fms. ix. 380; brot hrundinn or sæti, Sks. 623; hratt (threw) á völl brynju, Hkm. 4; að þeir hryndi honum þar af fram, Luke iv. 29. II. metaph., er hann fékk öndinni frá sér hrundit, when he could draw his breath, Eg. 553; þeir hrundu frá honum (kicked away from him) því fólki flestu er þá var með honum, Bs. i. 554; þat hrindr eitri ór, 655 xxx. 12 :-- phrases, h. harmi, to cast off one's grief, Fms. vii. 153; h. ugg ok ótta, vi. 63; hrindum þessu af oss ok verum kátir, let us throw this off and be glad! 127; h. íllu ráði, Merl. 1. 64; h. e-u af e-m, to defend one from one, Fms. v. 113; hann hratt þeim úfriði af sér, Ó. H. 34; til pess at h. þessu ríki af landsmönnum, 232; h. máli, to throw a case back, make it void, Landn. 89; hefir þú drengiliga hrundit þessu máli, i.e. thou hast cleared thyself of it, Fb. ii. 195; at ek gæta þessu íllmæli sem skjótast rutt ok hrundit, Fms. iv. 310; eins þeirra vitni skyldi

HRINDLAN -- HRÍM. 285

h. tíu Norðmanna, x. 398; villa aptr hrundin, Anecd. 104: absol. or impers., hratt stundum fyrir en stundum frá, the clouds were drifting off and on, so that the moon was hidden one moment and seen the next, Grett. 114. III. reflex. and recipr. hrindask, to push, kick one another, Grág. ii. 96: part., grund grapi hrundin, the storm-beaten earth, Haustl. hrindlan, f. a pushing, kicking, N. G. L. i. 157. hringa, að, to furnish with a ring, to hook, Stj. 644 (2 Kings xix. 28, of Sennacherib): to coil into rings, h. sik, of a serpent. hring-danz, m. = hringleikr. hring-eygr, adj. wall-eyed, of a horse. Hring-horni, a, m. a mythol. ship, Edda. hring-iða, u, f. a whirling eddy. hringing, f. a bell-ringing, Fms. iii. 60, Hkr. ii. 111, N. G. L. i. 381, Eluc. 147. HRINGJA, d, [A. S. hringan; Engl. ring; Dan. ringe] :-- to ring bells, Nj. 189, Grág. i. 27, Fms. iii. 60: act. with dat., K. Þ. K. 48: reflex., hringdisk klukka sjálf, Bs. i. 443. hringja, u, f. a buckle, Fas. i. 319, 331, Landn. 87, Fb. i. 354. hringja, d, [hringr], to encircle, surround; also kringja (q.v.), Fms. v. 53; hrinctu mik, imperat. surround me! a dub. reading, Gkv. 3. 5. hringla, að, to clatter, rattle. hring-leikr, m. a game in which the players stood in a ring, a ring-dance; um kveldit eptir náttverð mælti Sturla við Guðnýju húsfreyju, at slá skyldi hringleik, ok fara til alþýða heimamanna ok gestir, Sturl. i. 82; slá hringleik, Stj. 400, 466; gera h., id., Karl. 470. hring-læginn, adj. coiled up, of a serpent, Hm. 85. hring-ofinn, part. woven with rings, of a coat of mail, Lex. Poët.: woven with rings, of a stuff, Vm. 22, Am. 33. HRINGR, m., pl. hringar, in mod. usage sometimes hringir: [A. S., Hel., and O. H. G. hring; Engl., Germ., Dan., and Swed. ring, ringlet]: I. a ring, circle; tungl hvert gengr sinn hring, Rb. 53 (1812); h. jarðar, the earth's circumference, Hom. 20; slá hring um e-n, to make a ring around one, Stj. 312, Fms. viii. 67; hann hefir lykkju af ái en hringinn af ói, of the circle or bight of the letter &aolig;, Skálda 161; hann þóttisk sjá þangat hring ok elds-lit á, Nj. 194. 2. í hring, adv. in a ring or circle; þeir lögðu þann sjá í hring utan um hana, Edda; sól gengr umhverfis í hring, Rb. 66 (1812); standa umhverfis í hring, to stand round in a ring, Fms. iv. 160, (mann-hringr, a ring of men); hann sveiflaði sverðinu í hring um sik, he swept with his sword all round him, Sturl. iii. 220; hann fór í hring um (swam in a circle around) skipit, Ld. 56; lagðir steinar í hring utan um, Eg. 486; nú snúask þessi merki í hring um heiminn á hverjum tveim dægrum, Rb. 104; hann gékk þá í hring hjá konungi, Fms. vi. 206. 3. as an adverb. phrase, með (at) hringum, all around, altogether, taka allt með hringum, Arnór; hann lét leggja eld í kirkju ok bæinn ok brendu upp með hringum, Fms. vii. 212; brenna bæinn upp at hringum, x. 389 (Ágrip). II. a ring, Lat. annulus: 1. a ring at the end of a chest, Fms. i. 178, kistu-h.; in a door, Rm. 23; hurðar-h., Ísl. Þjóðs. ii: the ring at the end of the hilt to which the friðbönd (q.v.) were fastened, Hkv. Hjörv. 9: the chain or links in a kettle chain (hadda), Hým. 33: an anchor ring (akkeris-h.) β. the rings in a coat of mail, the Sagas and Lex. Poët. passim, whence hringa-brynja, u, f. a coat of ring-mail, see brynja, Fms. i. 43, vi. 416-421, ix. 27, Karl. 542, the Sagas passim, see Worsaae, No. 474; hring-kofl, m., hring-skyrta, u, f., hring-serkr, m. a shirt of rings, coat of ring-mail, Lex. Poët.: a coat of mail is called hring-ofin, adj. woven with rings. 2. but esp. a ring on the arm, finger (gull-h., silfr-h., járn-h.), passim; rauðir hringar, the red rings, Þkv. 29, 32; men ok hringar, Vsp. 23, passim; and hence gener. = money, see baugr. A lordly man is in poetry called hring-berandi, -bjóðr, -brjótr, -broti, -drífir, -hreytandi, -lestir, -mildr, -miðlandi, -rífr, -skati, -skemmir, -snyrtir, -stríðandi, -stýrir, -tælir, -varpaðr, -viðr, -þverrir, the bearer, breaker ... or spender of rings, Lex. Poët.: a woman from wearing rings, hring-eir, -skögul, -þöll, -varið; and a man, hring-þollr, etc. III. a ship is called Hringr (also in present use), Eg. (in a verse); hringr Ullar, the ship of Ull, i.e. his shield, Akv. 30; cp. Hring-horni, the mythol. ship of the Edda: Hringr is the pr. name of a man, Fb. iii, Landn. hring-snúa, sneri, to twirl or turn round. hrinur, f. pl. [hrína], a howling, Sturl. iii. 176, Fas. iii. 149, Konr. 29. HRIP, n. a box of laths or a basket to carry peat and the like on horseback, with a drop at the bottom, Lv. 65, (mó-hrip, torf-hrip.) hrips-grind, f. the frame of a h., id. Hence the phrase, það er eins og að ausa vatni í hrip, 'it is like pouring water into a sieve,' (cp. Lat. 'Danaidum dolia implere'), of useless efforts: hurried work, e.g. hurried writing, as if dropped out of the quill. HRIPA, að, to leak much; þá hripar allt, or það hrip-lekr, it leaks fast: metaph. to write hurriedly, h. bréf; það er hripað í mesta flýtri. hrips, n. and hrípsa, að, see hrifsa. hripuðr, m., poët. a fire, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 1. HRISTA, t, [Ulf. hrisjan = to shake; A. S. hreosan; Hel. hrisjan; Dan. ryste] :-- to shake, Ld. 148, Hým. 1; h. höfuðit, to shake one's head, Fms. iii. 192; h. skegg, to shake the beard, Þkv. 1; h. e-t af sér, to shake it off, Sd. 158, Fms. vii. 186; hann hristi at honum stúfinn, v. 184; hann hristi bótann af fæti sér, vii. 186; h. vönd yfir e-m, Sks. 700; h. teninga í hendi sér, Fb. ii. 174; hrista sik, to shake himself, of a dog, lion; þeim hristusk tennr í höfði, the teeth chattered in their mouth, Fas. i. 78; marir hristusk, the horses shook their manes, Hkv. Hjörv. 28; darraðr hristisk, the shafts shook, Hkm. 2; björg hristusk, of an earthquake, Haustl.: also freq. in mod. usage, hið græna tréð var hrakið ok hrist, Pass. 32. 13. hristir, m. a shaker; h. hjálms, helm-shaker, GREEK, Lex. Poët. hristi-sif, f., poët.; h. háls-hringa, the shaker of the necklace, epithet of a lady, Bragi. HRÍÐ, f. [A. S. hrîð a GREEK in the poem Widsith; Scot. and North. E. snow-wreath] :-- a tempest, storm, in old writers only of a snow storm, as also in present use, except in western Icel., where rain and sleet are also called hríð; hríðir ok íllviðri, Rb. 102; hríð mikla görði at þeim, Nj. 263; hríð veðrs, 282; önnur hríð kom þá menn riðu til alþingis (A.D. 1118) ok drap fé manna fyrir norðan land, Bs. i. 74; í ógurligum hríðum, 656 B. 12; þá görði á harða veðráttu ok hríðir á fjallinu, ok hinn sjötta dag Jóla höfðu þeir hríð, Sturl. iii. 215; þá gerði at þeim hríð svá mikla, at hríðin drap til dauðs son hans frumvaxta, Fms. vi. 31; þá létti hríðinni, a violent snow storm, Bjarn. 55; síðan létti upp hríðinni, Fb. ii. 194; laust á fyrir þeim hríð mikilli, Dropl. 10; en hríðin hélzt hálfan mánuð ok þótti mönnum þat langt mjök, 11; þá kom hríð sú á Dymbildögum at menn máttu eigi veita tíðir í kirkjum, Bs. i. 30; hríð með frosti, Fas. iii. 318. 2. metaph. a shock, attack, in a battle; hörð, snörp, hríð, Fms. ii. 323, viii. 139, Hkr. iii. 158, Nj. 115, Eg. 492, passim; þá lét jarlinn binda postulann ok berja svipum, en er gengnar vóru sjau hríðir (rounds) bardagans, 656 B. 4; Dags-hríð, Orra-hríð, Ó. H. ch. 227, Fms. vi. 421. 3. medic., in plur. paroxysms of pain, of fever; hafa harðar hríðir, sóttar-hríðir, paroxysms of fever: but esp. pangs of childbirth (fæðingar-hríðir); Forðum lögðust fjöll á gólf | fengu strangar hríðir, rendering of 'parturiunt montes' of Horace, Grönd. II. the nick of time: 1. a while; nökkura hríð, for a while, Nj. 1; langa hríð, a long while, Ó. H. 31; litla hríð, a little while, Fas. iii. 48; langar hríðir, for long spells of time, Fms. vii. 199; þessar hríðir allar, all this while, Hkr. i. 211; á lítilli hríð, in a short while, Sks. 232 B; um hríð, or (rarely) um hríðir, for a while, Ó. H. 32, Fs. 8, Eg. 59, 91, 95; enn of hríð, Ísl. ii. 360; um hríðar sakir, id., Fs. 134; orrinn er um hríð (a while ago) var nefndr, Stj. 77; sem um hríð (for a while) var frá sagt, 104: in plur., þau vandræði er á þetta land hafa lagzt um hríðir, N. G. L. i. 445; höfu vér nú um hríðir iðuliga skoðat hana, Gþl. v. 2. adverb, phrases, α. hríðum, frequently; at þeir væri hríðum at Staðarhóli, Sturl. i. 62; stundum í Hvammi en hríðum at Stað, 193; hann mælti allt til andláts síns ok söng hríðum ór psaltera, Fms. vii. 227, cp. Hdl. 38. β. í hríðinni, immediately, at once; hann fór í hríðinni upp til Hofs, Fms. ix. 520; báru þeir hann þá í hríðinni ofan í Naustanes, Eg. 398; þegar í hríðinni ( = Lat. jam jam), Stj. 7; þásk hans bæn þegar í hríðinni, 272, 274; þá bað Sveinn at þeir færi til Sandeyjar, ok fyndisk þar, þvíat hann lézk þangat fara mundu í hríðinni, Orkn. 388; létusk þá enn sex menn í hríðinni, Eb. 278; þrem sinnum í hríðinni, thrice in succession, D. N. ii. 225; so also, í einni hríð, all at once, Tristr. 6. III. local (rare), space, distance; Erlingr ríðr mest, þar næst Ubbi, ok var þó hríð löng á millum, Mag. 9; stundar-hríð, Hkr. i. 150. hríða, d, to excite, Th. 3. hríð-blásinn, part. storm-blown, Hallfr. (epithet of the waves). hríð-drepa, adj. killed by a snow storm, 656 B. 12. hríð-fastr, adj. held fast by a storm, Sturl. ii. 235, Fms. ii. 239. hríð-feldr, adj. stormy, epithet of the clouds, Gm. 40, v.l. (Edda). hríðir, m., poët. a sword, Edda (Gl.) hríð-lyndr, adj. distressed, agitated, Vígl. (in a verse). hríð-mál, n. the nick of time, Edda i. 332 (Ob.), where Kb. hrimdal (wrongly); cp. the words, en jöfnuðr var milli prestanna samt annarra góðra bænda þar í Fljótum, sem gáfu ánum hey allan vetrinn, ok mín á Okrum í miðsveitinni, sem ekki gaf hey nema at taka úr hríðmál, Fél. iv. 198, where hríðmál and allan vetrinn are opposed to each other. hríð-tjald, n., poët. the heaven, Harms. 28. hríð-viðri, n. a tempest, Eb. 204, Sturl. iii. 215. hrífa, u, f. a rake, Eb. 258, Fms. iii. 207, Háv. 47. COMPDS: hrífu-tindr, m. the teeth of a rake; hrifu-skapt, -höfuð, n. a rake-handle, head of a rake, freq. in mod. usage. HRÍFA, hreif, hrifu, hrifinn, [prob, from the same root as hrifsa, cp. Engl. to rive] :-- to catch, grapple; kasta akkerum, ok hrífa þau við um síðir, Bs. i. 423; en nokkuð bægði allstaðar svá at hvergi hreif við, Gísl. 125; þá hét hann á heilagan Jón biskup ... ok hreif þegar við, Bs. i. 197; hann reist þeim seiðvillur með þeim atkvæðum, at þeim hrifi sjálfum seiðmönnum, Fas. iii. 319; hann hrífr þá til hlustanna, Fs. 146: rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. usage: also in a metaph. sense, to affect, to move, touch, stir into a passion, hrifinn, part. moved, enthusiastic, etc. HRÍM, n. [A. S. hrîm; Engl. rime; Dan. rim-frost; cp. Germ. reif]: -- rime, hoar frost, Edda 4, Vþm. 31, Korm. (in a verse), Fms. vi. 23 (in

286 HRÍMDRIF -- HROKKINN.

a verse), Merl. 1. 51, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: hrím-drif, n. a drift of rime, Sks. 230. Hrím-faxi, a, m. Rime-mane, a mythol. horse, Edda 56, Vþm. 14. hrím-fextr, part. rime-maned, of the waves, Fas. ii. (in a verse). hrím-frosinn, part. rimy, Sks. 230. hrím-steinar, m. pl. rime stones, Edda 38, 48. Hrím-þursar, m. pl. 'Rime-giants;' the Titans of the Scandin. mythology were so called, as opposed to and older than the common Jötnar (Giants), Vþm. 33, Hm. 109, Gm. 31, Skm. 34; hrímþursar ok bergrisar, Edda 10, 15, 25, 38. II. the black soot on a kettle, ketil-hrím. COMPDS: Hrím-gerðr, f. name of a giantess, Hkv. Hjörv. hrím-kaldr, adj. rime cold, Vþm. 21, Ls. 49, Fm. 38. hrím-kalkr, m. a rimy cup, from the froth on the mead, Ls. 53, Skm. 37. hrím-aldi, a, m. a lazy lout, who lies on the hearth black with soot, cp. kolbítr, Fas. iii. 18. hrímandi, see hrynjandi. hrími, a, m. = hrím, Lex. Poët. Hrímnir, m. the name of a giant, Edda. hrímugr, adj. sooty, black, Korm. (in a verse). HRÍNA, pres. hrín; pret. hrein, pl. hrinu; part. hrinið :-- A. To squeal like swine; stundum jarmaði hann sem geit eðr hrein sem svín, Greg. 50, Fas. iii. 148; hani, krummi, hundr, svín ... | galar, krunkar, geltir, hrín, a ditty, passim. β. of an animal in heat; þá hljóp merr at hestinum ok hrein við, Edda 26; hrein hænan við hananum, Fs. 156. B. [A. S. hrînan = tangere], to cleave to, stick; það hrín ekki á, it will not stick, e.g. of throwing water on a duck's back; það hrín ekki á svörtu, i.e. black (spots) on black will not be seen. 2. metaph. to take effect, hurt, esp. of curses or imprecations; mjök þykir þetta atkvæði á hafa hrinit, Ld. 154; ella mun ek mæla þat orð er alla æfi mun uppi vera í knérunni yðrum, ok mun á hrína, Anal. 186; ellegar hríni þat allt á þér sem ek hefi þér verst beðit, Fas. iii. 206, 390; þótti þat mjök hafa hrinit á er Ósvífr hafði spáð, Ld. 230; cp. áhrins-orð, curses that take effect. HRÍS, n. [A. S. hrîs; Old Engl. ris or rys (Chaucer); Dan. riis; Swed. ris; Germ. reis] :-- a collective noun, shrubs, brushwood; hrís ok hátt gras, Hm. 120; smá hris ok þá enn holt, Fms. vi. 334 (v.l.), vii. 31, Eg. 220; hann fannsk í hrísum nokkurum, Fms. vii. 31, 68, Fs. 155; hörfuðu þeir þannig um hrísin, Sturl. i. 150: fagots, Ld. 214, 216, Rm. 9; til hrísa ok haga, Jm. 7; brjóta hrís, to break fagots, D. N. i. 215: so in the phrase, brjóta hrís í hæla e-m, to break fagots on another's heels, give him a thrashing, Fms. vi. 339 (in a verse): rífa hrís, to make fagots: the saying, þjökkva skal hræsinn við (nið?) með hrísi, Sighvat, is dubious, perh. við = nið, i.e. a proud son wants the rod, cp. Prov. xiii. 24. II. local names, Hrísar, Hrís-hóll, etc., Landn. COMPDS: hrís-bítr, m. twig-biter, a nickname, Fms. ix. hrís-brot, n. breaking wood for fagots, D. N. hrís-byrðr, f. a load of fagots, Fbr. 47, Pm. 423. hrís-fleki, a, m. a hurdle of brush-wood, Rd. 240. hrís-högg, n. = hrísbrot, Vm. 96. hrís-kjörr, n. pl. brushwood, Ld. 204, Landn. 68, Fms. vii. 31, 123, Þiðr. 67. hrís-magi, a, m. a nickname, Ld. 216. hrís-rif, n. = hrísbrot, Grág. ii. 263, 264, Dipl. v. 10. hrís-runnr, m. a bush, Eb. 200, Rd. 250, Fms. vii. 250, Thom. 473. hrísa, u, f. a female hrísungr (q.v.), N. G. L. i. 206. hrísi, a, m. = hrísungr (?), a nickname, Landn. hrísla, u, f. a dimin. a twig or sprig of a branch, Ísl. ii. 356, Rd. 240, Ld. 52, N. G. L. i. 270, Fb. iii. 453, Barl. 56. hrís-óttr, adj. grown with shrubs, Eg. 219, Fb. iii. 453. hrísungr, m. a law term, a kind of bastard, one begotten in the woods, but of a free mother, N. G. L. i. 48, 228: in the Grágás, a son born of a free woman, but begotten whilst she was a bondwoman; he could not inherit, and, though called free born, had to be declared free personally (pro formâ), Grág. i. 178; cp. rishöfde in the old Swed. law. The heipt hrísungs = stones, Ýt. 19, refers to the tale of the Sons of Jormunrek, of which one (Erp) is in Hðm. called hornungr. hrjá, f. a rout, (cp. slang Engl. row), struggle, Fms. vi. 212, Fas. ii. 505. HRJÁ, ð, to vex, distress, harass a person, Fms. vi. 204 (v.l.), viii. 78, Th. 77: neut. to struggle, wrestle, hann kvaðsk af hafa lagt at rjá (sic), Grett. 146 A: freq. in mod. usage and with the h, Pass. 9. 9; hrjáð er holdið líka, Stef. Ól. HRJÓÐA, pret. hrauð, pl. hruðu, part. hroðinn :-- to strip, disable, esp. a ship in a sea-fight; hann hrauð öll víkinga-skipin, Fms. i. 27; var þá hroðit þat skip stafna á meðal, 178; þau skip er þeir sjálfir ynni ok hryði af Ólafi konungi, ii. 303; hruðu þeir öll Dana skip þau er þeir fengu haldit, 314; hrauð Magnús konungr þat skip ok síðan hvárt at öðru, vi. 78, 84; þeir hruðu sum skipin Birkibeina, viii. 290; léttu þeir feðgar eigi fyrr en hroðit var skipit, Eg. 122. 2. of ships, to unload; þeir hrjóða skip sín ok setja landfestar, Al. 13; ok er rétt at h. skip ok bera farm af þótt Drottins-dagr sé, af ..., K. Þ. K. 82; skip skal eigi h. um helgi nema skips-háski sé, N. G. L. i. 142. 3. to be cleared; var þá enn hroðinn valrinn, the battle-field was cleared of the slain, Fms. v. 97; mun hroðit myrkvanum (the fog has cleared away) þar sem þeir eru, Hkr. iii. 94. II. impers. to belch or vomit forth, of steam, fire, expectoration, or the like; kongrinn hjó með Hneiti þá svo hrauð af eggjum báðum, so that both edges struck fire, Ór. 48; eldi hrauð ór hlunni, Lex. Poët.; kvað hann þat vera svelg ok hrauð stundum svá hátt upp ór sem fjall væri, Bret. 49 (1845); hrauð upp ór honum miklu vatni (he brought up much water) er hann hafði drukkit, Mag. 76; hrauð í himin upp glóðum, Edda (in a verse); hrýðr um krapit, Finnb. 310 III. reflex. hrjóðask, to be cleared, stripped, Jd., Hkm., Lex. Poët. hrjóðr, m. [A. S. hroder], poët. one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.); whence hrjóðr-leika, u, f. the sun, id. hrjóðr, m. a destroyer, Lex. Poët. hrjóna, u, f. [Old Engl. royne = a scab; roynous, roynish = scabby (Chaucer and Shaksp.); cp. also ronyon] :-- roughness, Edda (Lauf.), and hrjónungr, m. id., esp. from flaws in ice. The word, which is old, although not recorded in ancient writers, is interesting on account of its being akin to hraun, q.v. hrjónn, adj. rough; h. íshrufa, Edda. HRJÓSA, hraus, hrusu. subj. hrysi, a defect. strong verb: [A. S. hreosan = to shake; Ivar Aasen rysja; Swed. rysa; akin to hrista, q.v.] :-- to shudder; ok hraus þeim mjök hugr við hánum, Grett. 78 new Ed.; ávallt hrýs mér hugr við er ek sé þik, Krók. 7 new Ed. (1866). hrjóstr, m. a rough place, barren rocky place, Grág. ii. 282, Jb. 242. hrjóstugr, adj., mod. hrjóstrugr, rough, barren, Bs. i. 674. HRJÓTA, pres. hrýt, pl. hrjóta; pret. hraut, 2nd pers. hrauzt, pl. hrutu; subj. hryti; part. hrotinn :-- to rebound, fall, fly, be flung, with the notion of shaking or violence; öxin hraut ór hendi honum, Nj. 28, Fs. 101; björg hrutu ór stað, Rb. 318; hrutu fyrir borð höfuð ok limir, Fms. i. 171; hraut upp hurðin, vi. 121; annarr hraut í sundr, rent asunder, Hkr. ii. 143; barrarnar hrutu í sundr, were crushed, Sturl. ii. 49; hamrar sprungu en hrutu steinar, Krosskv. 13; vápnin hrutu af upp af skallanum, the swords rebounded from his skull, without hurting him, Fms. xi. 132; förunautar hans hrutu frá, they started back, Fbr. 40; hann blæss í nafars-raufina ok hrjóta spænirnir upp móti honum, Edda 49; en þó hraut þat upp fyrir Þorgrími, at ..., that (word) broke forth from Th., he was heard to say, that ..., Grett. 120 A. 2. metaph., eldr hraut ór törgunni, fire started from the target, Korm. 88; eldr hraut ór hlunnunum ok lönd öll skulfu, Edda 38, Gullþ. 9; hryti hár logi hús mín í gögnum, Am. 15; svá sýndist sem dust hryti ór hreinbjálfanum, the dust flew out of the cloak, Fb. ii. 356; hrýtr (sparkled) ór skallanum við höggin, Fms. xi. 132; hraut ór af vætu, it drizzled into a shower, Sturl. iii. 112; hrýtr blóð ór munni eða nösum, Grág. i. 149 new Ed. B. To snore, a different word, of which the older and better form was rjóta, as shewn by alliteration in old poems, see p. 227: [A. S. hrûtan; Old Engl. rout or rowt; Swed. ryta] :-- þá raut við enn reginkunni Baldr í brynju sem björn ryti, Hðm. 26; hann svaf ok hraut sterkliga, Edda 29; sofnar Skrýmir ok hraut fast, id., Grett. 154; konungr hraut mjök, Fms. ii. 139; flagðit hraut ógurliga hátt, Fb. i. 258; sofnar hann þegar fast, ok hraut mikinn, Finnb. 336; hann hraut mjök, Fas. ii. 133, Sturl. ii. 50. HRJÚFR, adj. [A. S. hreof = scabby; Engl. rough], rough, rugged to the touch; hrjúfr háls, Fas. iii. 37 (in a verse). 2. scabby, scurvy; líkþráir ok hrjúfir, 655 xi; þeir eru sem hrjúfir sé, er orðmargir eru, id.; hendr hans höfðu hryfar (i.e. hrjúfar) verit ok fætr ok vall hvárt-tveggja vági, Greg. 75, Ld. 232, v.l. hroða, að, to huddle up; h. e-u af. hroði, a, m. [hrjóða II], refuse, offal, Fær. 186; dún-h., refuse of eiderdown; medic. excretion. 2. = hrjá, a rout, riot, Fbr. 8; cp. also hryðja. hroða-vænligr, adj. likely to cause a row, Njarð. 366. II. metaph. a rough, brutal man. COMPDS: hroða-lega, adv. coarsely, badly (done). hroða-legr, adj. coarse, bad (workmanship): brutal. hroða-menni, n. a brutal person. hroða-skapr, m. brutality. hroðinn, hroðit, part. of a lost verb [ = A. S. hreôdan, to paint], painted, stained, only found once, hroðit sigli, Skv. 3. 47; and in the compd gull-roðinn, q.v. hroð-virkr, adj. doing hurried and bungling work, (hroðvirkni, f.) HROGN, n. pl. [Engl. roe; Dan. rogn; Swed. row], roe, spawn, Sks. 48, Landn. 117 (as a nickname), freq. hrogn-kelsi, n., proncd. hrokkelsi, the cyclopterus, lump-sucker, collectively; but the male fish is called rauðmagi, the female grámagi or grásleppa, Bjarn. (in a verse), freq. hrokkelsa-fjara, u, f. catching lump-suckers on the beach. HROKA, að, (see hraukr), to fill a vessel above the brim; cistera hrokuð af gulli, Hkr. iii. 245; hrokaðr (brimful) af úlyfjan, Th. 19: metaph., h. sig upp, to puff oneself up with pride: also hroka-fylla, t, to fill over the brim. hroki, a, m. the heap above the brim of a full vessel; með hroka færdæmingar, covered with disgrace, H. E. i. 514. II. metaph. insolence, overbearing manners, freq. COMPDS: hroka-fullr, adj. full of insolence. hroka-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), overbearing. hroka-yrði, n. swelling words, Jude 16. hrokk-áll, m. a kind of eel, old form hrökkvi-áll, Bragi. hrokkinn, part. (see hrökkva), curled: hrokkin-hárr, -hærðr, adj. curly-haired, Fms. vii. 101, Fbr. 5, 176, Bs. i. 127, Þiðr. 176: hrokkin-skinna, u, f. 'wrinkle-skin,' term of abuse for an old woman, Fms. ii.

HROLLA -- HRÓSA. 287

130: name of a MS. given to it by Torfeus, cp. Fagr-skinna, Grá-skinna, Gullin-skinna, Morkin-skinna, = Fair-skin, Gray-skin, Golden-skin, Rotten-skin, all names of Icel. vellum MSS. hrolla, d, to shiver, and metaph. to shudder; hrollir hugr minn, Fb. i. (in a verse); hroldi hotvetna, Am. 95; hrolla á hríslu, Fas. i. (in a verse), cp. Sól. 38. HROLLR, m. a shivering, from cold; hann hafði hroll mikinn í búknum, Fas. ii. 394; h. kom í hörund honum, Orkn. 184; h. og kuldi, Dropl. (Major); kulda-h., a shivering from cold: metaph. horror, Fas. i. 194. hropti, a, m. a word of uncertain sense; Ögmundr sagðisk eigi þá mundu sigla lengra en um þveran hroptann, Sd. 151. HROPTR, m. a mythical name of Odin, perh. the crier, prophet (from hrópa), Gm. 8, Kormak, Vsp. 61, Ls. 45, Eb. 78 (in a verse), Hd. (Edda); prop. an appellative, as seen from the compds Rögna-hroptr, m. the crier of the gods, the prophet = Odin, Hm. 143; Hropta-týr, m. the crying god = Odin, Hm. 161, Gm. 54. HROSS, m., spelt hors, Stj. 178: [A. S. hors; Engl. horse; O. H. G. hros; Germ. ross] :-- a horse, Hm. 70, Grág. i. 194, 432, 433, 599, Nj. 69, Sturl. iii. 227, Gþl. 190, Eb. 106, Fb. ii. 184, 313; stóð-h., a stud-horse, steed; mer-h., a mare; áburðar-h., a hackney. 2. spec. a mare, opp. to hestr, a stallion; litföróttr hestr með ljósum hrossum, Gullþ. 14, Hrafn. 6; hestr eða h., N. G. L. ii. 68; ef maðr á hest (a stallion), þá skal hann annathvárt kaupa hross (a mare) til, eða fá at láni, 125. COMPDS: I. hrossa-bein, n. horse bone, horse flesh, Sturl. i. 184. hrossa-beit, f. bite or grazing for horses, Jm. 20, Pm. 38. hrossa-brestr, m. a rattle. hrossa-fellir, m. loss of horses, from hunger or disease, Ann. 1313. hrossa-fúlga, u, f. fodder or pay given to keep a horse, Grág. i. 432. hrossa-fætr, m. pl. horses' hoofs, Rb. 348; troðin undir hrossa fótum, Fas. i. 227. hrossa-gaukr, see gaukr. hrossa-geymsla, u, f. horse keeping, Grett. 91. hrossa-hús, n. a stable, Fms. i. 108, xi. 407, Grett. 91, Orkn. 218, Bs. i. 285. hrossa-höfn, f. horse-keep, horse pasture, Íb. 6. hrossa-kjöt, n. horse flesh, horse meat, Fms. i. 36. hrossa-kyn, n. horse flesh, Fas. iii. 132. hrossa-letr, n. 'horse-letters,' a large coarse hand-writing. hrossa-maðr, m. a groom, Þorst. Stang. 48; Kjartan kvaðsk engi vera h. ok vildi eigi þiggja, Ld. 194. hrossa-móða, u, f. the dirt and loose hairs which come off the coat of an ungroomed horse. hrossa-móðugr, adj. covered with h. hrossa-reið, f. a horse-race, horse-riding, Grág. i. 432, 438. hrossa-skella, u, f. = hrossabrestr. hrossa-slátr, n. horse meat, Nj. 164, Hkr. i. 143, Fms. x. 300. hrossa-sótt, f. horse fever, a kind of horse's disease. hrossa-stuldr, m. horse stealing, Fms. iii. 147. hrossa-taka, u, f. id., Eb. 56. hrossa-vöndr, m. a horse-whip, Art. hrossa-þjófr, m. a horse-stealer, Hbl. 8. hrossa-þöngull, m. a kind of seaweed, fucus digitatus. hross-bak, n. horse-back, Sturl. i. 146, ii. 219, Jb. 262. hross-bein, n. a horse's bone, Sturl. i. 184. hross-eigandi, a, m. part. a horse owner, Grág. i. 437. hross-fellir, n. = hrossafellir. hross-fjöldi, a, m. a drove of horses, Glúm. 316. hross-fóðr, m. horse-fodder, N. G. L. i. 240. hross-gjöf, f. the gift of a horse, Sturl. i. 155. hross-görsemi, f. a 'treasure of a horse,' a valuable horse, Bs. i. 633. hross-hali, a, m. a horse's tail, Fms. ix. 18. hross-hauss, m. a horse's head, Fas. ii. 300: as a term of abuse, afgamall h. hross-hár, n. horse-hair. Hrosshárs-grani, a, m. one of the names of Odin, prob. from wearing a frock or hekla of horse-hair, hross-hófr, m. a horse's hoof, Al. 156. hross-hvalr, m. [A. S. horshwæl = horse-whale; the Germ. form being wall-ross; Engl. wal-rus], a walrus, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 30 new Ed., Korm. 164, K. Þ. K. 138: ropes of walrus skin (svörðr) were used of old for rigging ships, see king Alfred's Orosius. hross-höfuð, n. = hrosshauss, Eg. 389. hross-íss, m. ( = hrossheldr íss), horse-ice, i.e. ice safe to ride on, Sturl. iii. 21. hross-klyf, f. a horse pack, Karl. 382. hross-lifr, f. a horse's liver, Hkr. i. 144. hross-nautn, f. using a horse, Grág. i. 432, 441. hross-reið, f. horse-riding, a horse-race, Grág. i. 432, 433, 442. hross-rófa, u, f. a horse's tail, Fas. iii. 473. hross-síða, u, f. a horse's side, Orkn. 12. hross-spell, n. the damaging a horse, N. G. L. i. 176. hross-tagl, n. a horse's tail, Art. hross-tönn, f. a horse's tooth. hross-verð, n. the worth of a horse, Grág. i. 434, Jb. 273. hross-þjófr, m. a horse-stealer: name of a giant, Hdl. hross-æta, u, f. an eater of horse flesh, which by the old eccl. law might not be eaten. II. in pr. names, Hross-kell, Hross-björn, Landn.: local name, Hross-ey, in the Orkneys. HROSTI, a, m. [Dan. roste; perh. the Engl. roast is akin; in Ivar Aasen roste -- the mash] :-- the mash in a brewer's boiler, also the boiler and mash together; fánn h., the shining frothy mash, Stor. 18; whence hrosta-fen, hrosta-brim, n. the hot boiling fluid, Kormak, Arnór; hrosta-búð, f. a beer-shop, D. N. v. 763; hrosta-lúðr, m. a 'mash-box,' = the boiler; the word only occurs in poetry. hrota, u, f. the barnacle-goose, = hrotgás: as a term of abuse, karl-hrota, an old man. hrot-gás, f. [Dan. rodgaas; Norse rotgaas; Orkn. rood-goose] :-- a barnacle-goose, Edda (Gl.) hrotti, a, m., poët. a sword, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.: metaph. a coarse, rude fellow; sá inn heimski h., Fms. ii. 161; hinn gamli hrottinn, Grett. 118 A, Karl. 534. COMPDS: hrotta-legr, adj. coarse, crude, hrotta-skapr, m. coarseness. hrotur, f. pl. snoring. hró, see hræ. hróð-mögr, m. the great, famous son, Hkr. i. 114 (in a verse). HRÓÐR, m., gen. hróðrar and hróðrs: [A. S. hræð, hrôðer; O. H. G. hruodi; Goth. hrôþ is assumed as the subst. of hrôþeigs, 2 Cor. ii. 14] :-- praise, prop. fame, reputation; heyra hróðr sinn, to hear one's own praise, Fms. v. 174; bera hróðr e-s, 623. 36; hróðrs örverðr, unworthy of praise, Ad. 14, 15; njóta hróðrar, to enjoy one's praise, Edda (in a verse); mun þinn hróðr (thy honour) ekki at meiri þó at ek mæla berara, Gísl. 16; hróðr varlega góðr, Fas. i. 267 (in a verse); ú-hróðr, disgrace. 2. esp. an encomium; göra hróðr of e-n, to compose a poem in one's praise, Kormak; nemi hann háttu hróðrs míns, Edda (in a verse); hlýða hróðri sínum, to give ear to a song of praise, Sighvat. COMPDS (all from poems): hróðrar-gjarn, adj. willing to praise, of a poet, Rekst. 34. hróðr-auðigr, adj. rich in honour, famous, Sighvat. hróðr-barmr, m. the famous, fatal spray (the mistletoe), Vkv. 9. hróðr-barn, n. the glorious child, Lex. Poët. hróðr-deilir, m. a 'praise-dealer,' an encomiast, Gísl. 42 (in a verse). hróðr-fúss, adj. = hróðargjarn, Skv. 2. 21. hróðr-görð, f. 'praise-making,' an encomium, Lex. Poët. hróðr-kveði, a, m. a 'praise-singer,' a poet. Fas. iii. 36. hróðr-mál, n. pl. a song of praise, Hd. hróðr-smíð, f. = hróðrgörð, Lex. Poët. hróðr-sonr, m. = hróðmögr, Fms. vi. 348. hróðr-tala, u, f. praise, Lex. Poët. II. in a few instances the sense is ambiguous, and probably to be derived from hrjóða, to destroy, e.g. in Hróðvitnir, m. the fatal, murderous wolf, Edda 58, Gm. 39, Ls. 39: perh. also in hróðrbarmr (above). III. in pr. names as prefix (cp. O. H. G. Hruod-land = Roland), Hróð-marr, Hróð-geirr; assimil. in Hrol-leifr, Hrol-laugr: absorbed in Hró-arr (qs. Hróðarr = Hrod-here), Hró-aldr, Hró-mundr: as also in Hrœ-rekr (A. S. Hrêðric = Engl. Roderick), Hró-bjartr ( = Engl. Robert), Hrolfr (qs. Hróð-úlfr = Germ. Rudolph, Engl. Ralph): also, Hróð-ný, a woman's name, Landn.: the obsolete pr. names Hreið-arr and Hreið-marr may also belong to the same root; as also Hreið-Gotar or Reið-Gotar (A. S. Hrêðgotan), a division of the Goths, Hervar. S., Skjöld. hróðugr, adj. [Ulf. hrôþeigs; A. S. hréðig], triumphant, Vkv. 18, Ls. 45: glorious, Gm. 19, Ad. 9, Lex. Poët.: as also in poët. compds, vin-h., al-h.: freq. in mod. usage in the sense of boasting, triumphant. HRÓF, n. [A. S. hrôf; Engl. roof; Dutch roef], a shed under which ships are built or kept, Ld. 34, 112, Grág. ii. 400, Landn. 30, Krók. 10 new Ed.; Þangbrands-hróf, Bs. i. 14; Stíganda-hróf, Fs. 28: in local names, Hróf-á, Hróf-berg (proncd. Hró-berg), Landn. hrófl, n. scrapings; það er ekki nema hrófl, hann hefir hróflað því saman, of loose uncritical compilation. hrófla, að, to scrape together. 2. dep. to get out of order, Sks. 385. hrófna, að, to be dilapidated. HRÓKR, m. [Ulf. hruk = crowing; A. S. hrôc; Engl. rook; O. H. G. hruoh] :-- a rook, Edda (Gl.), Ht., Lex. Poët, passim. hróka-ræða, u, f. long-winded foolish talk, croaking; in the popular Icel. phrase, setja upp hrókaræðu, to set up long-winded talk, begin a 'long yarn,' which reminds one of the Goth. sense; um hann mælti Sæmundr bróðir Páls, at hann væri hrókr alls fagnaðar hvargi er hann væri staddr, referring to his conversation and cheerfulness in company, Bs. (Páls S.) i. 137. β. a term of abuse, a croaker, scurra garrulus, Kormak, Orkn. (in a verse); heimskr hrókr, Fbr. (in a verse). 2. a pr. name, Fas. II. [from the Indian roch = elephant's castle, through the Engl.], the rook or castle in chess; skáka í hróks-valdi, to check in the guard of the rook; eiga sér hrók í horni. hróks-mát, n. checkmate with the rook, Mag. hróp, n. [Ulf. hrôps = GREEK; North. E. and Scot. roup, a public auction, from the calling out of the articles] :-- cavilling, scurrility, Korm. 162, Fms. iii. 154; hróp ok háðung, Band. 31 new Ed.; hróp ok róg, Ls. 4; þú ert allra manna hróp (a laughing-stock) ok reklingr, MS. 4. 26. 2. [Germ. ruf], crying, screaming, mod. COMPDS: hróp-laust, n. adj. without taunt, Str. 69. hróps-tunga, u, f. a 'slander-tongue,' foul mouth, Anal. 175. hróp-yrði, n. pl. scurrility, Fms. iii. 154, Gísl. 53. HRÓPA, að, [Ulf. hrôpjan = GREEK; A. S. hreôpan; Hel. hrôpan; Scot. roup or rope; O. H. G. hruofan; Germ. rufen; Dutch roepen; Dan. raabe] :-- to slander, defame a person, Nj. 68, Eg. 62, Landn. 238, Stj. 192, Str. 15, Orkn. 120, Anal. 175, Ísl. ii. 238. II. [Germ. rufen], to cry, call aloud, freq. in mod. usage. hrós, n. [Swed., Dan., and Ormul. ros], praise, freq. in mod. usage. HRÓSA, að, [Old Engl. and Scot. roose; Dan. rose; Swed. rosa; Ormul. rosen] :-- to praise, often with the notion to vaunt, boast, with dat., Vkv. 24, Hbl. 4, Nj. 147, Fms. vi. 239, Hkr. ii. 299, Sks. 229, 743; h. sér, to boast, Karl. 291, Gísl. 37; h. sigri, to triumph, Ann. 1340; með hrósanda sigri, triumphant, Sks. 631; því herfangi er þeir áttu opt at h., to boast of, Fms. x. 253; Saul hrósaði (boasted), at hann hefði vel gört, Sks. 702.

288 HRÓSAN -- HRYNJA.

hrósan, f. praise, boasting, Str. 74. N. T. hrósari, a, m. a boaster, Karl. 165, 283. hrós-verðr, adj. praiseworthy. HRÓT, n. [Ulf. hrôt = GREEK, Matth. viii. 8, etc., = GREEK, ib. x. 27, Luke v. 19, xvii. 31] :-- a roof, only in poetry; hjarta hrót, poët. the 'heart's-roof,' the breast, Landn. (in a verse); hreggs hrót, the 'gale's-roof,' the sky; leiptra hrót, the 'lightning-roof,' the sky; heims hrót, the 'world's-roof,' the heaven, Lex. Poët. hrót-gandr, m. 'roof-wolf,' fire; or hrót-garmr, m. id., Lex. Poët. 2. the roof near the outer door is in mod. usage called rót, f. hruðning, f. a challenging of neighbours, judges, Grág. i. 39, 127, 178, ii. 85 (Kb.) hrufa, u, f. [hrjúfr], a crust, the rough surface of a stone. β. the crust or scab of a boil or the like; h. á sári, N. G. L. i. 162, 305, Stj. 345, Bs. ii. 23. hrufla, að, to scratch, Karl. 202, Mar.: reflex. to be scratched, of the skin, þar hefði hann hruflast og beinbrotnað, ... eins hrufluðust hans áræðnu hendr á klettunum, Od. v. 426, 435. hrufóttr, adj. rough, rugged to the touch, e.g. of a stone. HRUKKA, u, f. [Engl. ruck, wrinkle; Dan. rynke; Swed. rynka; Lat. ruga] :-- a wrinkle on the skin, but also of cloth, Barl. i. 174, Bs. i. 377, Thom. 518, Mar.: freq. in mod. usage, enga flekkan né hrukku, Ephes. v. 27. hrukkast, að, dep. to be wrinkled. hrukkóttr, adj. rugged, wrinkled, Lat. rugosus. hruma, ð, to enfeeble, make infirm; Þorvarði hrumði sárit, Lv. 86. II. reflex. to become old and infirm, Fas. iii. 204 (in a verse). hrumaðr, adj. infirm, worn by age, Sturl. i. 57, Al. 55, Fms. vii. 12 (v.l.) hrum-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), infirm, Mork. 92, Fb. iii. 376. HRUMR, adj. infirm, staggering, esp. from age, Thom. 464; hrumr í göngu, Band. 28 new Ed.; stirðr ok h., Bs. i. 344; h. af vási, Fms. ii. 59; haltr ok h., Stj. 501; h. at fótum, Fms. vii. 12; h. af elli, Eg. 393, Pr. 194. hrun, n. [hrynja], ruin, collapse. 2. = hraun, Skáld H. 2. 32. Hrund, f. name of a Norse island; freq. used in poetry of women, bauga h., hringa h., Lex. Poët. hrundning, f. [hrinda], kicking, pushing, Eg. 765, Vígl. 19. Hrungnir, m. the name of a famous giant, Edda; prob. akin to A. S. hrung, Germ. runge, = pertica: a shield is called the pedestal of the giant H., from the tale told in Edda 56-59. Hrungnis-hjarta, n., see hjarta. hrun-henda, u, f. = hrynhenda. hrunki, a, m. [akin to Hrungnir?], a clown, brute; skal sjá við mik berjask hrunkinn, Glúm. 332. hrun-sær, m. a breaker, Haustl. 11. hrunull, adj. (?); h. þefr, a bad smell, Sturl. i. 27 (in a verse). HRÚÐR, m., gen. hrúðrs, a crust, scab on a sore, Bs. i. 182, freq.: crusty, of moss on rocks. COMPDS: hrúðr-karl, m. crusted moss on rocks, Bb. 2. 13. hrúðr-urt, f., botan. scabiosa, the scabious, Hjalt. hrúðra, að, to become crusted, of sores. HRÚGA, u, f. [Shetl. rudge], a heap, Fs. 42, Stj. 628, Nj. 190, Glúm. 327, Fms. viii. 206, Fb. ii. 8; beina-h., Fas. i. 66; peninga-h., Mar.; fata-h., Grett. 151. II. a nickname, Glúm., Orkn. hrúga, að, to heap, pile up, with dat. hrúgald, n. a heap, mass, Fas. ii. 134. hrúkr, m. a nickname, Landn. HRÚTR, m. a ram, Grág. i. 427, 502, 503, Grett. 148, Rd. 260, Fs. 25. Stj. 580, Pr. 478, Fms. xi. 149: the zodiacal sign, Rb. 1812. 17: spec. phrases, svá sem börn göra hrúta með fingrum sér, as children make rams with their fingers, i.e. by twisting their fingers into the shape of rams' horns, Fms. v. 348, a child's game still well known in Icel.; skera hrúta, to snore aloud (cp. hrjóta B), Stef. Ól.; so, ic hrúti = sterto in king Alfred's Gr. II. as a pr. name Hrútr; in local names, Hrúts-staðir, Hrúta-fjörðr, Hrút-ey, Landn. COMPDS: hrúta-ber, n., botan. rubus saxatilis, the stone-bramble. hrútaberja-lyng, n. the rubus ling. Hrút-firðingr, m. a man from Hrútafjörðr. hrút-lamb, n. a ram lamb, Jb. 294. hrút-mál, n. and hrút-mánuðr, m. 'ram months,' the winter months, when sheep are at heat; frá vetrnóttum til hrútmáls, Vm. 7; in Edda 103 the ram month is the 3rd month of winter. hrúts-fall, n. a ram's carcase, Stj. 483. hrúts-gæra, u, f. the skin and fleece of a ram, Stj. 306. hrúts-horn, n. a ram's horn. hrúta-höfn, f. pasture for rams, Vm. 7. hrúts-höfuð, n. a ram's head, Rd. 260, 281. hrúts-mark (-merki, -líki), n. the sign Aries, Rb. hrúts-reyfi, n. a ram's fleece, MS. 732. hrúts-svið, n. pl. a roasted ram's head, the Scot. 'singed head.' hrúzi, a, m., dimin. from hrútr, a ramkin; hvað kemr til, hrússi minn, (GREEK), að þú fer síðastr af fénu út úr hellinum, Od. ix. 447. hryða, u, f. [hroði], excretion, Edda ii. 430. HRYÐJA, hruddi, = ryðja, [cp. hrjóða], to clear; hryðja dóm, h. kvið, a law phrase, to challenge, Grág. ii. 85, 237 new Ed. hryðja, u, f. [hroði and hrjóða II], rough weather, sleet, tempest; mörg er hryðja mótlætis um aldr, Stef. Ól.: medic. fits of coughing with excretion, of a sick person: metaph. an outrage, foul deed, hryðju-verk, n. a foul, brutal deed, Fas. iii. 445. hryfi, n. [hrufa], a scab, Bs. i. 181, ii. 23. hrygg-afl, n. strength of the back, Fas. ii. 345, Greg. 22, MS. 655 xi. 2. hrygg-boginn, part. bowed, bent, Thom. 356. hrygg-brjóta, braut, to break the back. hrygg-brotinn, part. broken-backed, Fms. x. 240, Greg. 48: metaph. an unhappy wooer is said to be hryggbrotin. hrygg-brotna, að, to break one's back, Bárð. 177. HRYGGÐ or hrygð, f. affliction, grief, sorrow, Fms. i. 135, vi. 61, 237, ix. 494 (v.l.), Johann. 97, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim. COMPDS: hrygðar-búnaðr and hrygðar-búningr, m. a mourning dress, Stj. 500, 642. hrygðar-dagr, m. a day of mourning and sorrow, Fms. vii. 157. hrygðar-efni, n. matter, cause of sorrow, Bs. i. 301. hrygðar-fullr, adj. sorrowful, rueful, Fms. ii. 162. hrygðar-grátr, m. wailing, lamentation, Mar. hrygðar-klæðnaðr, m. a mourning dress, Stj. 173, 207. hrygðar-lindi, a, m. a mourning belt, Stj. 208. hrygðar-mark, n. a token of sorrow, Bs. i. 144. hrygðar-mál, n. a sad case, Thom. 452. hrygðar-raust, f. a cry of sorrow, Pass. 41. 9. hrygðar-samligr, adj. mournful, Mar. hrygðar-svipr, m. a mournful look, 625. 96. hrygðar-söngr, m. a dirge, 625. 195. hrygg-dreginn, part. bowed, bent, Thom. 478. hryggi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mournful, sad, Fms. vi. 229, Sks. 227, Stj. 573, Róm. 239. HRYGGJA, ð, older form hryggva, hryggvir, Harms. 60; hryggvask, Pd. 36; hrvggvisk, Fms. ii. 42: [A. S. hreowan; Engl. rue] :-- to distress, grieve, with acc., Post. 645. 82, Karl. 481, Fas. i. 178, Ísl. ii. 238: impers., Fms. iii. 164, Band. 12 new Ed., Thom. 456, passim. II. reflex. to become grieved, Pd. 36, Fms. ii. 42, Sks. 225, N. T., Vídal., Pass., and in hymns; Mitt hjarta hvað svo hryggist þú?( = Warum betrübst du dich, mein herz?), Hólabók 208. hrygg-knýttr, part. humpbacked, Karl. 547. hrygg-leikr, m. (-leiki), affliction, grief, sorrow, 623. 57, Fms. x. 357, 368, Sks. 228, Bs. i. 78. hrygg-lengja, u, f. the back of a hide. hrygg-ligr, adj. = hryggiligr, Al. 59, 60. hrygg-lundir, f. pl. the loins, Fms. ii. 82, Eb. 109 new Ed.; in the Sdm. 1. 1, 'hrælundir' is no doubt a false reading for hrygglundir, the loins. HRYGGR, m., gen. hryggjar, pl. hryggir, [A. S. hrycg; Engl. rigg, ridge (but only in the metaph. sense); O. H. G. hrucki; Germ. rücken; Dan. ryg; Swed. rygg] :-- the back, spine, vertebrae dorsi, in men and beasts, the spine of a fish being called dálkr, q.v.; and even used of serpents, orma-h., Vsp. 44, Fms. v. 157, vii. 208, Nj. 129, 155, Gþl. 459, Karl. 426, Bs. i. 354, ii. 167, Grett. 90, 112. II. metaph. a ridge, Gísl. 34, Landn. 115; fjall-h., a mountain ridge; in local names, as Öldu-hryggr: the middle of a piece of stuff or cloth, opp. to jaðar (the edge); mæla (klæði) at hrygg eða jaðri, Grág. i. 498; hryggr bréfsins, the back of a letter, D. N. i. 593, v. 839: of an edge of a stud, Þiðr. 73. COMPDS: hryggjar-liðr, m. a vertebra. hryggjar-stykki, n. a kind of duck (from a spot on the back), the sheldrake (?), Edda (Gl.): metaph. the name of an old Icel. historical work, Fms. vii. (Mork.) HRYGGR, adj., old acc. hryggvan, with a characteristic v; compar. hryggri, Finnb. 224, and hryggvari; superl. hryggvastr: [A. S. hreowig; Engl. rueful] :-- afflicted, grieved, distressed, Ls. 31, Gkv. 3. 1, Fms. ii. 290, v. 210, 239, ix. 500, Al. 56, Stj. 520, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim. hrygg-spenna, u, f. a wrestling term, 'back-spanning,' clasping the arms round one another's back, Fas. iii. 414. hryggving, f. = hryggð, Mar. hrygla, u, f. [Dan. rallen], medic. a rattling in the throat or bronchial tubes; hósti og h., a cough and h.; dauða-h., the death-rattle. hrygna, u, f. [hrogn], a fish which has roe, Fas. ii. 112, Edda (Gl.) HRYLLA, t, [hrollr], to shudder; mig hryllir við því, I shudder at it. hrylli-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), ghastly, horrible. hrylling, f. horror. HRYMASK, ð, [hrumr], = hrumast, Pr. 409, Bs. ii. 155, Rb. 344, 346: hrymðr, part. infirm from age, Dropl. 15, Hrafn. 15. hrymja, ð, = hruma, Hb. 28. Hrymr, m. name of an old giant, Vsp., the old, infirm (?). hryn-henda, u, f. a kind of metre, the dróttkvæði (q.v.), containing eight syllables in each line instead of the usual six, Edda (Ht.) 62-64: name of poems composed in this metre, Fms. vi. 26. hryn-hendr, adj. composed in the metre hrynhenda, Edda (Ht.) HRYNJA, pres. hryn, pret. hrundi, part. hrunit :-- to fall to ruin, tumble down; björgin hrynja, Edda 41; veggrinn var hruninn (dilapidated), Fær. 111; veggrinn hrundi fyrir eldinum, Orkn. 350; hversu múrar hafa niðr hrunit, Karl. 130; grjót eða björg eða jörð hrynr, Skálda 169; þá munu þeir taka at segja fjöllunum, hrynið yfir oss, Luke xxiii. 30; og stjörnur himins hrundu á jörðina (better hröpuðu), Rev. vi. 13, cp. Matth. vii. 25, 27, where hrundi would be the right word, although féll is here used in the Icel. version. II. metaph. to stream, float; of garments, jafnskjótt sem klæðit hrundi ofan um hann, Orkn. 182;

HRYNJANDI -- HRÖKKVA. 289

látum und hánum hrynja lukla, Vkv. 16, 19: of fluids, to stream, pour down, ok er þeir vóru í brjósti hennar (of a wave), þá hrundi hón öll, Bs. i. 484; hrynja hafbárur, Fas. ii. 75 (in a verse): of blood, tears, water, hrynr blóðit ofan á kápu-skautið, Háv. 45; hvat berr nú þat við, faðir minn, at þér hrynja tár? Ld. 132, cp. the verse in Gísl. 2; sem regn það hraðast hrundi, himins í dimmu skúr (of rain), Pass. 23. 3: of floating hair, Edda ii. 500 (in a verse): of a song, hrynjandi háttr, a streaming, flowing metre, = hrynhenda, Edda (Ht.) 136. 2. of doors; hrynja á hæla e-m, to be shut on one's heels, of one who is turned out of doors, Skv. 3. 66, (in prose, skella á hæla e-m.) hrynjandi, a, m. (or f.?), a streamer fastened to a staff, Gísl. 103, 104, whereas the other Recension (20, 21) has hrímandi, which appears to be an error; see Mr. Dasent's Gisli the Outlaw, p. 39. hryssa, u, f. [hross], a mare; and hryssi, n., in compds, mer-hryssi, ung-hryssi. hryssingr, m. coarseness, brutality; see hreysingr. hrytr, m. a 'rowting,' snoring, Fas. i. 232, Bs. ii. 230. hrýgja, ð, [hrúga], to heap together, Lat. cumulare, Karl. 259. Hrýtlingar, m. pl. descendants of Hrútr (II), Landn. HRÆ, n., old dat. hrævi or hræfi, (spelt hreifi, Hkv. 2. 23), gen. pl. hræva (hræfa), Lex. Poët. passim: [Ulf. hraiv in hraiva-dubo = GREEK, Luke ii. 24; A. S. hreaw; O. H. G. hreô] :-- a dead body, carrion, Grág. ii. 88, Nj. 27, Bret. 68, Stj. 201, Sturl. i. 28, Fms. iv. 244: carrion, of a beast, x. 308, passim. II. the wreck, fragments of a thing; Austmenn brutu þar skip sitt, ok görðu ór hrænum (the wreck) skip þat er þeir kölluðu Trékylli, Landn. 157: scraps or chips of trees or timber, þá á hann at höggva til þess er hann þarf at bæta þat, ok láta eptir hræ, Grág. ii. 295; þá eigu þeir at taka við af fjöru manns, ok bæta farkost sinn, ok láta liggja eptir hræ, 356; en ef hann vill bæta bús-búhluti sína, þá á hann at hafa við til þess, hvárt sem hann vill ór skógi eðr ór fjöru, ok láta eptir liggja hræ, 339; cp. hráviði and hrár viðr. This sense still remains in the mod. hræið! hræið mitt, hræ-tetrið, poor wretch! poor fellow! as also in hró, n. a mere wreck, ruin, an old dilapidated thing; skips-hró, kistu-hró, etc.; and metaph. hróið, poor thing! hón hefir aldrei verið heima, hróið! það getr aldrei orðið maðr úr henni, hróinu, Piltr og Stúlka 26. COMPDS: hræ-barinn, part. [hræ II], crushed; hræbarnar hlimar, felled saplings, Stor. 2. hræ-dreyrugr, adj. bloody, Akv. 36. hræ-dýri, n. a carrion beast, N. G. L. i. 80. hræ-fasti, a, m. = hrælog, Mork. 142 (in a verse). hræ-fugl, m. a carrion bird, fowl, bird of prey, Stj. 464, Bret. 68, (raven, vulture, etc.) hræ-gífr, n. = hrædýri, Lex. Poët. hræ-kló, f. the claw of a hræfugl, K. Þ. K. 132. hræ-kvikindi, n. (hræ-kind, f.), a carrion beast, K. Þ. K. 132, Fas. iii. 265, Stj. 582. hræ-köstr, m. a pile of slain, Fms. vi. (in a verse). hræ-ljómi, a, m. = hrælog, Bs. ii. 109. hræ-ljós, n. = hrælog, Sturl. iii. 215. hræ-log, n. a 'carrion-lowe,' the light which gleams round decomposing matter, hrælog brunnu af spjótum þeirra, svá at af lýsti, Sturl. ii. 50: mod. hrævar-eldr. Hræ-svelgr, m. carrion swallower, name of a giant, Edda, Vþm. hræva-daunn, -þefr, m. a smell as of carrion, Fms. viii. 230, x. 213. hræva-gautr, m., poët. a sword, Edda (Gl.) hræva-kuldi, a, m. deadly cold, Gg. 12. hrævar-eldr, m. = hrælog. hrævar-lykt, f. a smell as of carrion. In poetry blood is called hræ-dögg, -lækr, -lögr, -pollr, -vín: weapons, hræ-frakki (see frakka, p. 169), -gagarr, -klungr, -leiptr, -linnr, -ljómi, -máni, -naðr, -seiðr, -síkr, -síldr, -skóð, -teinn: a shield, hræ-borð, -net: carrion crows, hræ-gammr, -geitungr, -skúfr, -skærr, Lex. Poët. HRÆÐA, d, [Engl. dread], to frighten, with acc., Fms. iii. 48, vi. 147, Ó. H. 119, passim. II. reflex. hræðask, to be afraid of, to dread, fear, with acc.; h. e-n, to fear one, Nj. 57, Fms. ix. 242; h. Guð, to fear God, Post. 656 C. 4; hræðumk ekki hót þín, Skv. 2. 9: with prep., h. við e-t, Fms. x. 358, Sæm. 131 (prose); hræðumk ek við reiði Óðins, Sighvat; h. fyrir e-m, Bær. 2: with infin. not to dare, hræðask at ljúga, 656 A. ii. 16; h. at gjalda, Fms. viii. 252. hræddr, adj. (prop. a participle, like Old Engl. adred), afraid, frightened, timid, Nj. 105, Sd. 144, Fms. vi. 118; manna hræddastr, i. 216; h. við e-t, frightened at a thing, Nj. 205; vera h. um e-t, to fear, be alarmed about a thing, Fms. vii. 156, x. 18: it seems to be used as a subst. in Al. 32, Fas. ii. 531; ú-hræddr, fearless. hræði-liga, adv. dreadfully, fearfully, Fms. i. 202, Fb. i. 417. hræði-ligr, adj. dreadful, fearful, terrible, Fms. i. 138, ix. 489, Ísl. ii. 418, Stj. 22, 477, Al. 37. hræðinn, adj. timid, Fms. vi. 155. hræðsla or hræzla, u, f. dread, fear, Nj. 142, Eg. 41, Sturl. ii. 5, passim. COMPDS: hræðslu-fullr, adj. in great fear, Sól. hræðslu-lauss, adj. fearless. hræfa, ð, (hreifa, Fas. i. 220, Fms. xi. 90), to tolerate, bear with; in the phrase, h. um e-t, menn þóttusk trautt mega um h. hans skaplyndi ok ofsa, Fms. xi. 90; ok mátti um h. meðan Högni lifði, Fas. i. 220, Am. 67; ok má ekki um þat hræfa lengr, it is no longer tolerable, Fs. 31. hræigr, adj. cadaverous, Ýt. 15. hræking, f. spitting, Hom. HRÆKJA, t, [hráki], to hawk, spit, Bs. i. 347, Fb. i. 330, Stj. 325, Róm. 740, Laudn. 247; h. út, to spit out, N. G. L. i. 11, Mark vii. 33; h. á e-n, to spit on one, Matth. xxvii. 30. hræla, að, older ræla, to beat a loom with a weaver's rod; hún hrælaði vefinn með gullhræl, Od. v. 62, hrælaðr örum, Darr.; h. dún, to shake eider-down on a frame to cleanse it. HRÆLL, m., but ræll seems the true form, the h being spurious, [cp. A. S. reol; Engl. reel, = Gr. GREEK, Od. v. 62] :-- a weaver's rod or sley, Nj. 275; dún-hræll, a stick to clean eider-down. hræmug-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hideous, disgraceful. hræpa, t, [hróp], to libel, defame, with acc., Niðrst. 6; h. Guð, to blaspheme, Mar. (655 xi. B. i); hrœpir hann Heimd&aolig;l, Frump. (pref.) HRÆRA, ð, i.e. hrœra: [A. S. hrêran; Engl. rear; O. H. G. hruorian; Germ. rühren; Dan. röre; Swed. röra] :-- to move: I. with acc., Hým. 33; h. herbúðir sínar, Stj.; þeir fluttu burt þá er hrærandi vóru, Fms. v. 97; þær gátu öngan múga hrært, Fb. i. 522; ef vér hrærum hann, ii. 129; h. tungu, to move the tongue, Stor. 1; Guð hrærir alla stjórn hugar þeirra, Sks. 479. II. to stir, so as to mix; hrærðu allt saman mold ok silfr, Fms. iv. 298 (Hkr. ii. 220): to stir with a ladle in cooking, hræra í katlinum, Eb. 70 new Ed.; h. í pottinum, h. í graut, súpu, to stir in the kettle, to stir the porridge, broth, etc.; vindr hrærir stór höf, Edda: metaph. to stir in a matter, Bs. ii. 115, Róm. 257; also, h. um e-t, Þorst. Síðu H. 6; h. e-t, id., Karl. 187, Bs. ii. 35; h. við e-u, to touch a thing, Þiðr. 165. III. reflex. to stir, move oneself; þá hrærisk heinin í höfði Þór, Edda; því at ek ætla héðan hvergi at hrærask hvárt sem mér angrar reykr eðr bruni, Nj. 201; þau sjálf megu hvergi hrærask ór stað nema þau sé af öðrum borin eðr dregin, Fms. i. 139, x. 373; allt þat er kvikt hrærisk, Sks. 715; limarnar hrærðusk, Eg. 377; hvat liggr þar, mér þykkir sem þat hrærisk stundum? Fas. ii. 507; mátti hann þaðan hvergi hrærask, Nj. 203. 2. metaph., af þessum hlutum hrærisk (arises) heipt ok hatr, Al. 6; tunga hrærisk til únýtra orða, Greg. 25. HRÆRAR, m. pl. [Ivar Aasen röyr; cp. Lat. crus], the groin, reins; hröra (acc.), Edda (Lauf.); hann hafði steinsótt, ok lá steinninn í hrærunum, sá er stemdi þurftina, Bs. i. 310; kom spjótið upp í hrærana, ok renndi ofan í lærit, Sturl. iii. 14. hræri-grautr, m. a mess of porridge, the Scot. 'stirabout.' hræri-ligr, mod. hræran-ligr, adj. movable; ú-hræriligr, immovable, Skálda 173, 204, Stj. 18. hræring, f. motion, stir, Edda 52, Bs. ii. 159; h. líkamans, Greg. 72; h. hafsins, Rb. 438; sjóvar h., Sks. 51; h. tungls, 438; bíðandi eptir vatnsins hræringu, John v. 3 ( = Gr. GREEK). II. metaph. emotion; girndir ok hræringar, Stj. 35; úleyfðar hræringar, Magn. 468; af sjálfra sinna hræringum, of their own impulse, H. E. ii. 75; geðs hræringar, emotions. hræringr, m. 'stirabout,' cp. hrærigrautr. hræsi-brekka, u, f., in the phrase, færa e-t á hræsibrekku, to expose to scorn and ridicule; see rækibrekka. hræsinn, adj. boasting, vaunting, Sighvat, Hm. 6. hræsna, að, to feign; h. fyrir e-m, to act hypocritically before one. hræsnari, a, m. a hypocrite, Matth. vi. 2, 5, 16, vii. 5, etc., Pass., Vídal. HRÆSNI, f. [hrós], vanity, self-esteem, self-glorification, Stj. 644; sjálfhól ok h., Fms. ii. 267, Bs. ii. 16, Barl. 51, Róm. 267; göra e-t til hræsni, Fs. 88; fyrir tíma h., 'pro vanâ humanae laudis jactantiâ,' Hom. 22; always so in old writers, but at the time of the Reformation it assumed the sense of II. hypocrisy (GREEK of the N. T.), and is constantly with its compds used so in the N. T., Vídal., Pass., etc. HRÖKKVA (also spelt hreyqua), pret. hrökk, pl. hrukku; pres. hrekk or hrökk, pl. hrökkva; subj. hrykki or hreykki; part. hrokkinn; with neg. suff. hrökkvat, Km. 23 :-- to fall back, recoil, be repelled, with the notion of a shrinking or reeling motion; Jarl hrökk ofan á Barðann, Fms. ii. 324; Hallvarðr hafði hrokkit fram ór lyptingunni ok á mitt skipit, viii. 388: with prep., þá gerðu þeir hríð ena þriðju ok vóru við lengi, eptir þat hrukku þeir frá, Nj. 115; kappa tvá þá er flestir urðu frá at hrökkva, Fms. v. 162: h. fyrir, to give way to a shock; gékk konungr svá hart fram, at allt hrökk fyrir honum, i. 45; ok sýndisk þegar sú fylking h. fyrir, viii. 14; ok svá ryðjask þeir nú um at allt hrökkr liðit fyrir, xi. 132: h. til, to suffice, cp. Dan. slaa til, of means, money: h. undan (to draw back) hrukku Baglar þá undan, ix. 30: h. við, to give way; ok verðr Sigvaldi nú við at h., xi. 95; ok muntú ekki annat mega en h. við, Nj. 90: to start up, from fear: h. upp, to be thrown open, of a door; to start up from sleep, h. upp með andfælum. 2. metaph., nær þótti hvert tré h. fyrir, every rafter seemed to give way, creak, Gísl. 31; at nær þótti skipit h. fyrir ok braka þótti í hverju tré, 115: til þess er hrökk undir miðdegi, till it drew nigh midday, Fas. i. 506 (where better rökk, from rökva); hrökk hræfrakki, Gísl. (in a verse). II. to curl, of hair; hár hans ok skegg er gull sem silki ok hrökkr sem lokar-spánn, Þiðr. 20; hann hafði gull hár ok hrökk mjök, Fms. vii. 239; dökkjarpr á hár ok hrökk mjök, Ld. 274: part. hrokkinn, curled; hrokkit hár, Sturl. iii. 122; hrokkin-hárr and hrokk-hárr, q.v.; með hrokknum (wrinkled) kinnum, Sks. 170.

290 HRÖKKVA -- HUGR.

hrökkva, ð and t, causal of the last verb, to drive back, beat, whip; ok beit eigi heldr á enn tálknskíði væri hrökt um, than if it had been beaten with a reed, Fas. ii. 534, 556: to spur or whip a horse, eptir þat hrökti hann hestinn, Sturl. iii. 50; þá hrökði Þórðr hestinn undir sér ok kvað þetta við raust, 317; Eldgrímr vill nú skilja ok hrökkr hestinn, Ld. 150; þeir hrökkva hann síðan brott, they whipped him off, Mar. II. reflex. to fall back; hann skyldi geyma at engir hreykðisk aptr, that none should lag behind, Sturl. ii. 211; þeir hröktusk (staggered to and fro) þar í lengi dags, Grett. 147 new Ed. 2. esp. to coil, wriggle, of the movement of a snake; ormr hrökvisk (hrøquesc) ok es háll, Eluc. 28, Stj. 96; undan honum hrökðisk ein naðra at Oddi, Fas. ii. 300; ormrinn vildi eigi inn í munninn ok hrökðisk frá í brott, Fms. ii. 179; gengu menn eptir orminum þar til er hann hrökðisk í jörð niðr, vi. 297; þá skreið hann í munn honum ok hrækðiz þegar niðr í kviðinn, x. 325; hrökkvisk hann um hans fótleggi, Stj. 96, cp. hrökkvi-áll. hrökkvi-áll, m. a wriggling eel, poët. for a snake, Bragi: hrökkvi-skafl, m., poët. = brák (q.v.), a tanner's tool, Fms. vi. (in a verse): hrökkvi-vöndr, m. a whip, Lex. Poët. hrökkvir, m. a giant, Edda (Gl.) hröklast, að, to reel, Mag. 158, freq.: used also of a snake. HRÖNN, f., gen. hrannar, pl. hrannir, a wave, esp. used in poetry, Stor. 6, Hkv. 1. 26, passim: a ship is called hrann-blakkr, -valr, the steed, hawk of the wave, (also hranna elgr, hranna hrafn, the elk, raven of the wave); gold is called hrann-blik, -eldr, wave-fire, Lex. Poët.: hrann-garðr, m. a wall of waves, id. II. in prose, old and esp. mod., hrannir, f. pl. the heaps or swathes of seaweed and shells along the beach; hræs hrannir, heaps of slain, Edda (Ht.) 2. dat. pl. hrönnum, adverb. in heaps, Lat. catervatim, = unnvörpum, drepr hann hirðmenn konungs hrönnum niðr, Fas. i. 105. III. one of the northern Nereids was called Hrönn, Edda. HRÖR, spelt hreyr and reyr, n. [A. S. hryre = ruina], a corpse, Lat. cadaver, Gkv. 1. 5, 11; köglar frænda hrörs, Stor. 4; sækja um hrör, Grág. ii. 141; ekki skulu þér taka á hrörum þeirra, því at þau kvikendi eru úhrein, Levit. xi. 8; alla fugla þá er fjóra fætr hafa, skal ekki eta, ok hvergi maðr er tekr á hrörum (not hræjum) þeirra, þá saurgask hann, Stj. 316. Levit. xi. 20. II. metaph. an old decayed thing, a ruin, wreck, a fallen tomb, akin to hreysi (q.v.), the h being borne out by alliteration in Ýt. 19; Yngva hrör, 6; Dyggva hrör, 7; fylkis hrör, Ht. (Yngl. S. ch. 26); as also Ýt. 19, where the sense is that the king was buried in the avalanche of stones, -- horfinn foldar beinum Högna hrörs: in local names, Tryggva-hreyr, Hkr. i. 178. hrörask, ð, = hrörna (?); fár er hvatr er hr&aolig;raz tekr, ef í barnæsku er blauðr, Fm. 6, a saying. hrör-ligr, adj. 'corpse-like,' ruinous, dilapidated, Fms. iv. 93 (of houses): of men, infirm, worn by age. hrörna, að, to fall into decay, of buildings or the like, K. Þ. K. 54, Fms. iii. 147, xi. 311, Eb. 6 new Ed.; heimr hrörnar, Hom.; þótt landit hrörni, Landn. 168, v.l.: to wither, tré hrörnar, Sks. 144, 665 6 A. ii. 11; hrörnar blóm, Eluc.; hrörnar þöll, Hm. 49; eigi losnuðu hans tennr né hrörnuðu, Stj. 348. 2. to become infirm, worn out by age; önd vár hrörnar, Stj. 332; mér gömlum karli, hrörnanda á hverjum degi, Sks. 730; mannsaldrar vóru þá meiri en nú, ok hrörnuðu menn seinna, Mag. 89. hrörnan, f. decay, dilapidation, Pm. 33. hu or hú, interj. ho! Sks. 304, 365. HUGA, að, or better hugði, (as from hyggja, q.v.), to mind, Lat. excogitare, to make out, think out; ráðit er nú hugat, Fms. xi. 21; hugat hefi ek mér ráð, Gísl. 15; Fátt er of vandlega hugat, a saying. 2. huga e-m e-t, to keep in store for one; verk hefi ek hugat þér, Nj. 53, Róm. 211; hverjar föðurbætr hann hefir hugat Hákoni konungi, Fms. vii. 261. 3. with prepp.; e-m er umhugat um e-t, one is concerned about; mér mun mest um hugat, Ísl. ii. 150; allt skulda-lið hans þat er honum var mest um hugat, Al. 21; svá at eigi þurfi um at huga félát, Vápn. 30; huga at e-u (see athuga, athugi), to attend to, look after; þá var at hugat sárum Kormaks, Korm. 244, Fms. vi. 137; ef rétt er at hugt, if it is rightly considered, Al. 86; huga fyrir e-u, to provide for, Fms. vi. 127; í-huga, at-huga, to consider. hugaðlát-liga, adv. amiably, lovingly, Bs. ii. 49. hugað-látr, adj. engaging, amiable; h. ok veglátr, O. H. L. 22, Fms. vii. 321, x. 152, v.l.; h. ok þokkasæll, ix. 246, v.l. hugað-liga, adv. attentively; heyra h., Hom. 86: boldly, Fms. vi. 141. hugaðr, adj. minded, disposed, Stor. 14; vera e-m vel h., Fms. x. 267; görðisk þá fólkit honum lítt hugat, 264, Þiðr. 311. 2. bold, stout-hearted, Nj. 164; h. vel, Bs. i. 36, Lv. 38, freq. hugað-samliga, adv. kindly, Stj. 6: carefully, Fas. i. 363. hugað-samligr, adj. devout; h. bæn, devout prayer, Greg. 49. hugað-samr, adj. gentle, engaging, Fms. viii. 447. hugall, adj. mindful, attentive, Hm. 14: kind, charitable, Skálda 163; and so in mod. usage, hugull = attentive to the wants and wishes of another; gör-h., Band. 4: neut. hugalt, carefully, Fas. i. 8. COMPDS: hugul-samr, adj. charitable in small things. hugul-semi, f. charitableness. hugan, f, a minding; hafa h. fyrir e-u, Fms. xi. 238: attention, Rd. 280. hugð, f. and hugða, u, f. [A. S. hyð and hygð; Engl. heed] :-- love, interest, affection; leggja hugðu til e-s, to take interest in, feel love for one, Fms. vi. 280; at konungr leggr enga hugðu til hests síns, he heeded it not, Bs. i. 633; mæla, ræða af hugðu, to speak from one's heart, Bjarn. 40, 58. COMPDS: hugðar-erendi, n. = hugðarmál, Skálda 173. hugðar-mál, n. matters which one has at heart, Ísl. ii. 98. hugðu-maðr, m. (hugðar-maðr), an intimate friend, Bs. i. 175; frændr ok hugðar-menn, Fms. viii. 103, 231, ix. 525, Bs. ii. 156. hugga, að, to comfort, with acc., Bs. i. 238, 318, ii. 149, Fms. v. 239, vi. 234, x. 367, Greg. 22: to soothe one crying or weeping, esp. hugga barnið; óhuggandi, crying bitterly: reflex. to be comforted, Fs. 38, Ld. 286, Fas. i. 205, Hom. 49, Hkv. 2. 27, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim. huggan, f. comfort, consolation, 623. 13, 52, Eb. 44 new Ed., Fms. iii. 173, v. 241, vi. 234, 371, Sks. 106, freq. COMPDS: huggunar-lauss, adj. 'comfort-less,' 623. 56. huggunar-orð, n. a word of comfort, Stj. 195, Greg. 39. huggunar-sýn, f. a comforting sight, Post. huggunar-ván, f. hope of comfort, Fms. vi. 234. huggandi, a, m. a comforter, Stj. 511. huggari, a, m. a comforter, 656 C. 42, Bad. 181, Th. 77, Stj. 30: eccl. = GREEK, the Holy Ghost, Sks. 132, N. T., Pass., Hólabók, Vídal. hugi, a, m. = hugr, Hbl. 21, Edda 24, Glúm. 323, Hkr. ii. 243, Stj. 5, and passim, the weak and strong forms being used almost indiscriminately both in old and mod. usage, as also in the compds, huga-góðr, huga-fullr, = hug-góðr, hug-fullr, q.v.; á-hugi, zeal; var-hugi, caution; at-hugi, attention. II. a pr. name, Fms.; cp. mid. Lat. Hugo, Engl. Hugh. Huginn, m. the wise raven of Odin, Gm., Edda. hugna, að, to please; e-m hugnar e-t, something pleases one, one likes it, is pleased, satisfied with it; h. vel, ílla, Eg. 395, Lv. 34, Fs. 27, 138, 152, Fas. i. 220, Glúm. 355, 365, Orkn. 14, Korm. 154, Ld. 328, Band. 7 new Ed.: reflex., e-m hugnask e-t, id., Ld. 50, Ó. H. 43, Eg. 96 (v.l.), Sturl. i. 24, Str. 19. hugnan, f. a pleasing, comforting, Háv. 57. HUGR, m., gen. hugar, dat. hugi and hug, pl. hugir; an older form hogr occurs in very old MSS., e.g. hog-g&aolig;ði, 655 xxv. 2, and still remains in the compds hog-v&aolig;rr etc., see p. 280: [Ulf. hugs = GREEK, but only once, in Ephes. iv. 17, whereas he usually renders GREEK etc. by other words, as fraþi, aha, muns; A. S. hyge; Hel. hugi; O. H. G. hugu; Dan. hu; Swed. håg; hyggja, hugga, hyggð, -úð (q.v.) are all kindred words and point to a double final] :-- mind, with the notion of thought, answering to Germ. gedanke; hugr er býr hjarta nær, Hm. 94; engi hugr má hyggja, Fms. v. 241; enn er eptir efi í hug mínum, 623. 26; í hug eða verki, in mind or act, Fms. vi. 9; koma e-m í hug, to come into one's mind, to bethink one, iv. 117, Fb. ii. 120, 325; vera í hug e-m, to be in one's mind; þat mun þér ekki í hug, thou art not in earnest, Nj. 46, Fms. iv. 143; hafa e-t í hug, to have a thing in mind, intend; renna hug sínum, to run in one's mind, consider, vii. 19; renna hug or hugum til e-s, Hom. 114; koma hug á e-t, to call to mind, remember, 623. 16; leiða e-t hugum, to consider, Sks. 623; leiða at huga, Skv. 1; ganga, líða, hverfa e-m ór hug, to forget, Ó. H. 157, Fms. vi. 272; snúa hug sínum eptir (at, frá) e-u, to turn one's mind after (to, from) a thing, iv. 87, Eb. 204; mæla um hug sér, to feign, dissimulate, Fær. 33 new Ed., Hkv. 2. 15, Am. 70; orka tveggja huga um e-t, to be of two minds about a thing, Þjal. 31; orkask hugar á e-t, to resolve, Grett. 207 new Ed.; ef þér lér nokkut tveggja huga um þetta mál, if thou be of two minds about the matter, Odd. 112 new Ed.; ok ljær mér þess hugar (thus emend.) at né einn fái fang af honum, I ween that none will be a match for him, Fms. xi. 96. II. denoting mood, heart, temper, feeling, affection; góðr h., a good, kind heart, Hm. 118; íllr h., ill temper, spite, id.; heill h., sincerity, Sól. 4; horskr h., Hm. 90; í góðum hug, in a good mood, Fms. vi. 110, ix. 500 (v.l.), Stj. 453; in plur., vera í hugum góðum, Fas. i. 441 (in a verse); or simply, í hugum, 'in one's mind,' cheerful, Hkm. 9, Hým. 11; bæði reiðr ok í hugum, both when angry and when glad, Post. 168; í reiðum hug, in angry mood, Fms. vi. 4; í hörðum hug, in hard (sad) mood, distressed, 655 xii. 3; í íllum hug, in evil mood; af öllum hug, from all one's heart, 686 B. 2 (Matth. xxii. 37), cp. Hm. 125: and adverb., alls hugar, from all one's heart, Hom. 68; all hugar feginn, Hom. (St.): reynask hugi við, to try one another's mind, make close acquaintance, Fb. iii. 446; því at hón vildi reynask hugum við hann (examine him), Fs. 128; hugir þeirra fóru saman, their minds went together, they loved one another, 138. III. denoting desire, wish; leggja hug á e-t, to lay to heart, take interest in, Nj. 46; leggja mikinn hug á um e-t, Eg. 42; leggja allan hug á e-t, Ó. H. 44, 55; leggja lítinn hug á e-t, to mind little, Fms. x. 61; to neglect, 96; leggja hug á konu, to love a woman, Fs. 137, Fb. i. 303; leika hugr á e-u, to long, wish for a thing, hón er svá af konum at mér leikr helzt hugr á, Fms. vii. 103, Rd. 254; hugir þínir standa til þess mjök, Hom. 53; e-m rennr hugr til e-s, to have affection for one, Fb. i. 279; e-m er hugr á e-u, to have a mind for a thing, be eager for, have at heart; mér er engi hugr á at selja hann, I have no mind to sell him, Fms. i. 80, iv. 30, vii. 276; er þér nú jammikill hugr á at heyra draum minn sem í nótt? Dropl. 22, Nj. ii. 2. in plur., personified, almost like fylgja or hamingja, q.v.,

HUGARANGR -- HUGSAN. 291

a person's ill-will or good-will being fancied as wandering abroad and pursuing their object; for this belief see the Sagas passim, esp. in dreams; þá vakti Torfi mik, ok veit ek víst, at þetta eru manna hugir, Háv. 55; þetta eru íllra manna hugir til þín, Þórð. 65; hvárt syfjar þik, Járnskjöldr faðir ? Eigi er, Járndís dóttir, liggja á mér hugir stórra manna, art thou sleepy, father? Not so, daughter, but the minds of mighty men weigh upon me, Fb. i. 258: popular sayings referring to the travelling of the mind, e.g. fljótr sem hugr manns, swift as thought (Germ. gedankenschnell), cp. the tale of the race of Hugi and Thjalfi, Edda, and of Odin's ravens Hugin and Munin. IV. with the notion of foreboding; svá segir mér hugr um, 'so says my mind to me,' I forebode, Fs. 127; kveðsk svá hugr um segja, sem konungr myndi úmjúklega taka því, Ó. H. 51; kvað sér ílla hug sagt hafa um hennar gjaforð, her wedlock had boded him evil, Ísl. ii. 19; en kvaðsk þó úvíst hugr um segja, hver ..., i.e. he had little hope, how ..., Fb. i. 360; e-m býðr e-t í hug, it bodes one, Ísl. ii. 32; bauð konungi þat helzt í hug, at ..., Ó. H. 195, Eg. 21 (see bjóða IV); göra sér í hug, to imagine, Fms. viii. 338; telja sér í hug, id., Fb. ii. 322, Eb. 204. V. denoting courage; hugr ræðr hálfum sigri, a stout heart is half the battle, a saying, Fms. vi. 429 (in a verse); hugr ok áræði, Stj. 71; með hálfum hug, half-heartedly, faintly; með öruggum hug, fearlessly; herða huginn, Eg. 407, Ó. H. 241; engi er hugr í Dönum, Hkr. i. 338; treysta hug sínum, Odd. 112 new Ed.; hugar eigandi, bold, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse), Korm. 200; bregðask at hug, Þórð. 48; þat segi þér, at mér fylgi engi hugr, Fms. vii. 297; engi hugr mun í vera, Glúm. 356, passim. VI. COMPDS: hugar-angr, n. heart's grief, Þjal. 11. hugar-beiskleikr, m. bitterness of mind, Stj. 290. hugar-bót, f. comfort, Dropl. 11. hugar-burðr, m. fancy, hugar-ekki, a, m. distress of mind, Fas. i. 171, iii. 81. hugar-far, n. state of mind, esp. in a moral sense, Bs. i. 317, 716, ii. 33, Thom. 40, N. T., Vídal. hugar-fýst, f. desire, Magn. 468. hugar-glöggr, adj. mean, narrow-minded, Fbr. (in a verse). hugar-góðr, adj. good of heart, kind, Sks. 437. hugar-hræring, f. emotions, Bs. i. 703. hugar-hvarf, n. frowardness of mind, Barl. 4. hugar-kraptr, m. strength of mind, Stj. 173. hugar-látliga, adv. = hugaðlátliga. hugar-lund, f. fancy, disposition of mind; eptir sinni h., after one's own fancy, Sks. 339, Stj. 451, Barl. 25, Fms. vi. 109; göra sér e-t í hugarlund, to fancy, imagine, freq. hugar-ótti, a, m. fright, terror, Fms. vi. 353. hugar-reikan, -ruglan, -ruplan, f. wandering of mind, insanity, Al. 55, Pr. 467, Stj. 121, 256. hugar-speki, f. wisdom, Hsm. 33. 3. hugar-styrkr, m., hugar-styrkt, f. strength of mind, Stj. 132. hugar-válaðr, m. hypochondria, despair, Bs. i. 366, 368, 644. hugar-víl, n. = hugarválaðr. hugar-æði, n. fury, Stj. 344. B. COMPDS: hug-ást, f., in the phrase, unna hugástum, to love with all one's heart, Hkr. iii. 194, passim. hug-blauðr, adj. timid, Hbl. 49, Km. hug-bleyði, f. cowardice, Hbl. 26. hug-blíðr, adj. merciful, Bs. i. (in a verse). hug-boð, n. foreboding, fancy, Fs. 18, 64, Eg. 82, Nj. 212, Fær. 202, Fms. viii. 118, Fb. ii. 38, passim. hug-boðit, n. part. what bodes one, Rd. 308. hug-borð, n. courage, metaph. from a ship, Fms. vii. 143, Lex. Poët. hug-borg, f., poët. the breast, Lex. Poët. hug-bót, f. comfort, mind's release, Hom. 104, Stj. 466. hug-brigðr, adj. fickle, Hm. 101. hug-dirfð, f. courage, Karl. 161. hug-dirfl, f. id., Karl. 346. hug-djarfr, adj. stout-hearted, Bs. i. 38, Karl. 312. hug-dyggr, adj. steadfast, Mar. hug-fallast, féllsk, dep., láta h., to lose heart, despair. hug-fastliga, adv. steadfastly, Str. 20. hug-fastr, adj. steadfast, El. 24. hug-fár, adj. gloomy, Fms. v. 169. hug-feldr, adj. agreeable, Barl. 49, 95. hug-festa, t, to fix in one's mind, Ld. 88, Sks. 237, Orkn. 54, Fms. i. 133: reflex., Fb. ii. 88. hug-fróun, f., hug-fró, hug-frói, a, m. the mind's ease, relief. hug-fullr, adj. full of courage, Hým. 8, Fms. xi. 270, Mart. 107. hug-góðr, adj. kind-hearted, merciful, O. H. L. 30, Fms. ii. 94, Bs. i. 166: cheerful, Sks. 446. hug-gæði, n. goodness of heart, mercy, 655 xxv. 2, Bs. i. 174, ii. 149, Stj. 155, Fms. v. 326, Þórð. 28 new Ed., Fagrsk. 29. hug-hraustr, adj. strong of mind, of good cheer, N. T. freq. hug-hreysta, t, to comfort one, cheer one's heart. hug-hreysti, f. a being of good comfort, Pr. 454, El. 5, Fas. i. 159. hug-hryggr, adj. sorrowful, Str. 42. hug-hvarf, n. change of mind; telja e-m hughvörf, to persuade a person to change his conviction, Fas. i. 530, Ld. 306. hug-hægr, adj., e-m er hughægt, easing one's mind, Glúm. 348, Bs. i. 358, Fas. ii. 91. hug-kvæmi, f. a 'coming to one's mind,' ingenuity, Hom. (St.) hug-kvæmiligr, adj. ingenious, Fms. vii. 225; -liga, adv. ingeniously, 351. hug-kvæmr (-kœmr), adj. ingenious; h. ok margbreytinn, Vápn. 3, Þorst. S. St. 46, Fms. vi. 217: of things, recurring to the mind, kvað þá hugkvæmra Vatnsdals-meyjum ef hann væri svá nær götu, i.e. they would sooner recollect him, Fs. 67; helzti hugkvæmt er um þau tíðendi, Fms. vi. 36, Valla L. 218, Bjarn. 7 (dear); hversu h. hann var eptir at leita við vini sína hvat þeim væri at harmi, Fms. vii. 103. hug-lauss, adj. heartless, faint-hearted, Ld. 232, Fbr. 35, Nj. 217, Fas. i. 192, iii. 616. hug-leggja, lagði, to lay to mind, consider, Fas. iii. 527. hug-leiða, d, to consider, reflect, 655 xi. 3, Ld. 204, Eg. 70, Fs. 69, Fms. i. 3, vi. 280, vii. 30, Stj. 25, Barl. 115, 122, Sks. 3, Grett. 161, passim. hug-leiðing, f. reflection, Gísl. 16, Barl. 113, freq. hug-létt, n. adj. light-hearted; e-m er huglétt, Stj. 290, 428, Edda 218. hug-léttir, m. mind's ease, comfort, Bs. ii. 225. hug-leikit, n. part., e-m er e-t h., with heart bent upon a thing, Fas. iii. 268. hug-leysa, u, f. timidity, Karl. 339. hug-leysi, n. id., Nj. 264, Fms. ii. 68, Karl. 318, passim. hug-lítill, adj. little-minded, timid, Rb. 348, Ísl. ii. 102. hug-ljúfi, a, m. a darling; vera h. hvers manns. hug-ljúfr, adj. engaging, kind. hug-maðr, m. a bold man, Þiðr. 174. hug-mannliga, adv. boldly, Fms. vii. 164. hug-móðr, m. moodiness, Safn i. 33, 116. hug-mynd, f. 'mind's-shaping,' a mod. rendering of idea. hug-prúðr, adj. stout-hearted, Fbr. 5. hug-prýði, f. courage, Fms. ii. 69, vi. 418, passim. hug-rakkr, adj. stout-hearted, Sks. 437, Al. 33. hug-raun, f. 'mind's-trial,' a trial, Sturl. iii. 145: trial of courage, Fms. v. 165. hug-reifr, adj. cheerful, Lex. Poët. hug-rekki, f. courage, Fms. ii. 322. hug-renning, f. 'mind's-wandering,' thought, meditation, Sks. 559, Hom. 47, 54, Greg. 13, Post. 656 C. 28, Barl. 32, 86, 180, N. T., Vídal. passim. hug-reynandi, part. a trusted, tried friend, Haustl. hug-ró, f. peace of mind, Str. 88: the name of a ship, Fms. viii. 385. hug-rúnar, f. pl. 'mind's-runes,' magical runes with a power of wisdom, Sdm. hug-sjó, f., Thom. 2, and hug-sjón, f. vision. hug-sjúkr, adj. 'mind-sick,' distressed, anxious, Nj. 9, Fms. i. 205, vi. 69, vii. 104, viii. 8, Hkr. ii. 11, Al. 73. hug-skot, q.v. hug-snjallr, adj. doughty, Lex. Poët. hug-sótt, f. sickness of mind, care, anxiety, concern, Bret. 24, Str. 4, Róm. 297, Mar. hug-spakligr, adj. sagacious, Sks. 627. hug-spakr, adj. wise. hug-speki, f. sagacity, foresight, Sturl. i. 206, Orkn. 166. hug-spæi, f. 'mind-spaeing,' prophecy, Sturl. i. 206 C. hug-steinn, m., poët. the heart, Lex. Poët. hug-sterkr, adj. strong-minded, Al. 8, MS. 4. 28. hug-stiginn, part. in high spirits, Grett. 177 new Ed., Mart. 100. hug-stoltr, adj. haughty, Pass. 21. 7. hug-stórr, adj. high-minded, Fs. 129. hug-styrkr, adj. = hugsterkr, Karl. 345. hug-stæðr, adj. steadfast; e-m er e-t hugstætt, fixed in one's mind, Fs. 180, Grett. 151 A; vera hugstætt til e-s, to busy one's mind with a thing, Ísl. ii. 19, where used of antipathy. hug-svala, að, to refresh the soul, comfort, Vídal., Pass. hug-svalan, f. consolation. hug-svinnr, adj. wise, Sighvat. Hugsvinns-mál, n. the name of a didactic poem. hug-sýki, f. anxiety, Luke xii. 25, Pass. 36. 6. hug-sýkja, t, to dishearten, Al. 6. hug-tregi, a, m. bereavement, grief, affliction, Bs. i. 645, Fms. v. 208. hug-trúr, adj. true, faithful, Nj. 258. hug-veikr, adj. weak-minded, Fas. i. 418. hug-vekja, u, f. 'soul's-waking,' the title of a religious tract. hug-vit, n. understanding, sagacity, Fms. ii. 286; hugvit til bóknæmis, Bs. i. 793; hvass í hugviti, Mar.; skilning ok h., Stj. 12; djúpsæi ok h., 560; skilja af sínu hugviti, Hom. 84; í hugviti smiðsins, Eluc. 7: mod. genius. hug-vitr, adj. clever, Mar. hugvits-maðr, m. a man of genius, esp. of an artist, mechanic, or the like. hug-værr, adj., see hógværr, Hom. 8, 129. hug-þekkliga, adv. engagingly; h. ok lítillátliga, MS. 15. 1. hug-þekkr, adj. endeared to one, after one's heart; h. hverjum góðum manni, Bs. i. 72, Fms. i. 140; h. allri alþýðu, vii. 102; öllum var hann h., x. 151. hug-þokkaðr, part. well disposed; var hvárt þeirra Hallfreðar öðru vel hugþokkat, Fms. ii. 88; vel er mér hugþokkat til Magnúss hins Góða, iii. 58. hug-þokkan, f, = hugþokki, Eg. 47, v.l. hug-þokki, a, m. mind, disposition, judgment; eptir hugþokka sínum, Eg. 47, Sks. 197; hefir þetta farit eptir hugþokka mínum, Fms. xi. 288: = hugskot, rannsaka vandliga í hugþokka þínum, Sks. 444 B; Saul mælti í hugþokka sínum, 706; meðalorpning (interjectio) sýnir hugþokka manns, Skálda 180. hug-þótti, a, m. disposition, with the notion of self-will, opinionativeness; eptir h. sínum. following one's own opinion, (mod.) hug-þungt, n. adj., e-m er h., to be depressed, Ld. 160. II. in pl. in a few words, mostly poëtical: hugum-prúðr, adj. = hugprúðr; Hjálmarr inn h., a nickname, Fas. hugum-sterkr, -stórr, -strangr, adj. = hugstórr, etc., Hkv. 1. 1, Korm., Jd. 38, Fas. i. 418. hug-ró, f. = höggró, Fms. i. 177, Hkr. i. 238, Þórð. 44 new Ed. HUGSA, að, [early Dan. hugse, mod. huske = to remember; for the mod. Dan. tænke and also Icel. þenkja were borrowed from the German, and do not occur until the time of the Reformation] :-- to think: I. absol. to think; því hefir oss þat gefit verit at hugsa, Dipl. ii. 14; þó at eigi megi auga sjá eðr eyra heyra né engi manns hugr hugsa, hversu ..., Fms. i. 229; h. til Guðs, Stj. 138; þeir hugsuðu hví þat mundi gegna, Edda (pref.); ek vissa hvat Símon hugsaði, Post. 656 C. 28. II. with acc. to think out, Lat. excogitare; ek mun hugsa yðr konung, Stj. 441; hugsaðu vandliga hvar hann liggr, 424; hugsat hefi ek kostinn, Nj. 3: to intend, þér hugsuðut mér íllt, Stj. 239; sagði at hann hafi þat helzt hugsat, Fms. i. 83: h. sik, to bethink oneself, ii. 133, Karl. 15, Bs. ii. 121. 2. with prepp.; h. sik um e-t, to take counsel with oneself (um-hugsan); h. sik fyrir, to have forethought, ponder over, Fms. xi. 442; h. fyrir sér, to ponder over, vii. 88, 289; h. um e-t, to think about a thing, Stj. 423, passim; h. eptir um e-t, Fms. x. 6. III. reflex., hugsaðisk honum svá til, at ..., Fms. vii. 88; e-m hugsast e-t, a thing occurs to one's mind. hugsan, f. thought, thinking, Sturl. iii. 242 (opinion), Fms. i. 185, Al. 163; bera h. fyrir e-u, Sturl. i. 206; h. ok ætlun, 656 A. i. 31, N. T.,

292 HUGSUNARAUGU -- HUNDRAÐ.

Pass., Vídal., very freq. COMPDS: hugsunar-augu, n. 'eyes of thinking,' intellect, Skálda 160; umhugsan, meditation. hugsunar-lauss, adj. thoughtless. hugsunar-leysi, n. thoughtlessness. hugsandi, part. gerund, conceivable, possible; ú-hugsandi, impossible. hugsanlegr, adj. attentive, Sks. 6: conceivable, Lat. cogitabilis, (mod.) hugsi, adj. ind. thoughtful, meditative; sem hann væri hugsi, Bjarn. 40; Gestr sitr nú hugsi um sitt mál, Ísl. ii. 294; fámálugr ok nokkut hugsi, 156; um slíkt liggr hann hugsi, Al. 15, 70; hann fór jafnan sem hugsi væri, as vacant, wandering, Bs. i. 170. hug-skot, n. [properly either 'mind's-recess,' from skot, a recess, or rather 'mind's-shooting,' analogous to hugrenning] :-- mind, soul; hryggt h., a bereaved mind, Sks. 24, Fms. x. 151; með réttu hugskoti, Blas. 41; hugskots-eyru, Hom. 53; hugskots hendr, 54; hugskots augu, the mind's eye, 47, Stj. 20, 132, Rb. 380; mitt h., my mind, Fms. i. 140; fjarlægr mönnum í hugskotinu, 272; vitnisburðr hugskotsins, K. Á. 50; blindr á hugskotinu, viii. 294; at faðir hann skyldi við hans h. sem síðast verða varr, Barl. 16; hreinsa h. sitt með iðran, Hom. (St.), Thom. 9, 13; freq. in the N. T. as to render GREEK or GREEK, e.g. elska skaltú Drottinn Guð þinn af öllu hjarta, af allri sálu, ok af öllu hugskoti, Matth. xxii. 37, Luke i. 35, Rom. xiii. 2, 1 Cor. ii. 16, 2 Cor. iii. 14, iv. 4, xi. 5, 2 Tim. iii. 8, Tit. i. 15, Vídal. passim. HULD, f. the name of a giantess, cp. Gr. GREEK. Huldar-Saga, u, f. the story of the giantess Huld, Sturl. iii. 304. HULDA, u, f. hiding, secrecy; drepa huldu á e-t, Fms. xi. 106; með huldu, in secret, i. 295: cover, nokkur hulda lá ávalt yfir, Fs. 22; mikil h. ok þoka liggr yfir eyju þeirri, Fas. i. 5; þeir vóru komnir á einn lítinn skóg ok var þat lítil h., Fms. x. 239: a cover, hafa huldu fyrir andliti eðr augum, 625. 23. II. hollowness; in the phrase, á huldu, ílla brotna bein á huldu, Ísl. Þjóðs.; brast sundr hulda í hrauninu, Pr. 411. COMPDS: huldu-fólk, n. pl. the hidden people, fairies, in the mod. Icel. lore; for the origin of this name see Ísl. Þjóðs. (begin.) i. 1, 2. huldu-maðr, m. a fairy, Fms. iii. 177 (in a tale of the 15th century). huldar-höttr, m. a hood of disguise, Fbr. (in a verse). hulfr, m. dogwood, = beinviði (q.v.), Sks. 90 B. huliðs-hjálmr, m., and hulins-hjálmr, less correct, Fms. iii. 184, Fas. iii. 219 :-- a hidden helm (see s.v. hjálmr), Fms. ii. 141, Gullþ. 27, Fbr. 34 new Ed. hulning, f. concealing, Stj. 12, 127, 315, Mar. hulstr, m. [Goth. hulistr; A. S. heolster; Engl. holster; Dan. hylster, from hylja; cp. Germ. hülse] :-- a case, sheath. huma, að, prop. to hum: in the phrase, huma e-ð fram af sér, to put a thing by. HUMALL, m. [Germ. hummel; Dan. humle; Fr. houblon; Engl. hop] :-- the humulus, hop-plant, Nj. 2 (v.l.), N. G. L. i. 244, Bs. i. 441, Boldt., D. N. passim: humla, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. i. 18; vall-humall, the wild hop. COMPDS: humla-garðr, m. a hop garden, Boldt. 41. humla-ketill, m. a hop boiler, D. N. humla-mungát, n. hop beer, D. N. humla-stæði, n. a place grown with hops, D. N. humla-stöng, f. a hop pole, Boldt. humla-tekja, u, f. hop-picking, Boldt. 53. HUMARR, m. [Dan. and Germ. hummer; Fr. homard], a lobster, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. humar-kló, f. a lobster claw, Mag. humótt, see húm. HUNANG, n. [A. S. hunig; Engl. honey; Germ. honig; Dan. honing; Ulf. renders GREEK by miliþ] :-- honey, Gþl. 491, Bs. i. 103, 433, Eg. 69, 79, 469, Fms. vii. 173, viii. 258, Stj. 309, 411. COMPDS: hunang-bakaðr, part. baked honey, Stj. 193. hunangs-dögg, f. honey dew, Pr. 401. hunangs-fall, n. honey dew, Edda 12. hunangs-fljótandi, part. flowing with honey, Stj. 642, Eluc. hunangs-ilmr, m. a smell of honey, Landn. 140. hunangs-lækr, m. a stream of honey, Fas. iii. 669. hunangs-seimr, m. [Germ. honig-seim = virgin honey], a honeycomb, Stj. 210, N. T. hunang-sætr, adj. sweet as honey. UNCERTAIN In olden times and throughout the Middle Ages, honey was one of the chief exports from England to Scandinavia (Norway and Iceland), see the passages above; as sugar was then unknown, the export of honey far exceeded that of the present day. hunang-ligr, adj. honeyed, Sks. 630, Bs. i. passim, ii. 131, Mar. HUND-, [Goth. hund only found in pl. hunda], a form of hundrað, only used in poët. compds, many, very, like Lat. multi-, Germ. tausend: hund-forn, adj. very old, Þd. 14; in mod. conversation hund-gamall and hund-margr, adj. hundred-fold, innumerable, Hkv. 1. 21; h. víkingr, Sighvat (Ó. H. 190); h. herr, Hallfred, Fms. xi. 208 (in a verse), Sighvat (Hkr. iii. 3), Hm. 17; hunnmörg hof, Vþm. 38. hund-villr, adj. utterly lost, quite astray, Eb. (in a verse): esp. of sailors, fóru þeir þá hundvillir, Nj. 267. hund-víss, adj. very wise, esp. used of giants and partly as a term of abuse; hundvíss jötunn, Hým. 5, Hkv. Hjörv. 25, Fas. iii. 15; hann var jötunn h. ok íllr viðreignar, Edda; at jötnar hundvísir skulu þar drekka, 57. The similarity of hundr, a dog, seems here to have given a bad sense to the word ( = dog-wise, cunning), which etymologically it did not deserve. hund-fiskr, m. a dog-fish. hund-gá, f. barking, Lv. 60, 655 xxxii. 9. hund-ligr, adj. dog-like, Clem. 55, 656 C. 29. HUNDR, m. [Ulf. hunds; A. S., O. H. G., Germ., Dan., and Swed. hund; Engl. hound; Lat. canis; Gr. GREEK] :-- a dog, Hm. 82, Gm. 44, Orkn. 150, Grág. ii. 119, Fms. ii. 224, iv. 314, Nj. 74, Stj. 464, passim; the shepherd's dog, watch dog, and deer hound were best known; -- smala-h. and fjár-h., a shepherd's dog; dýr-h., a fox hound; búr-h., varð-h., a watch dog; grey-h., a greyhound; spor-h., a slot hound, Orkn. 150, Ó. H.; mjó-h., Dan. mynde, a spaniel; [skikkju-rakki, a lap dog, Orkn. 114;] dverg-h., q.v.; hunda-gá, gnauð, gelt, gnöll, barking, howling, 656 A. ii. 12, Fas. i. 213; vera ór hunda hljóði, to be out of the dog's bark, have made one's escape, Orkn. 212, Gísl. 7, cp. hljóð B. 2; hunds hauss, höfuð, a dog's head (also as an epithet of abuse), Stj. 68, 498, Rb. 346; hunds eyru, dog's ears, in a book; hunds kjaptr, trýni, löpp, rófa, hár, a dog's mouth, snout, foot, tail, hair; hunda sveinn, a dog-keeper, Lv. 100: phrases and sayings, það er lítið sem hunds tungan finnr ekki; opt hefir ólmr hundr rifið skinn; as also hlaupa á hunda-vaði yfir e-t, to slur a thing over, scamp work; festa ráð sitt við hunds hala, Mag. 65 :-- a dog's age is, partly in fun, partly in contempt, counted by half years; átta vetra á hunda tölu = four years; whence, ek em maðr gamall, ok vánlegt at ek eiga hunds aldr einn ólifat, Fb. ii. 285 :-- allan sinn hunds aldr, throughout all his wicked, reprobate life. II. metaph., 1. as abuse; hundrinn þinn, GREEK! Ísl. ii. 176; eigi af hundinum þínum, Fms. vi. 323; drepum þenna hund sem skjótast, xi. 146; mann-hundr, a wicked man; hunds-verk, a dog's work, Sighvat: hund-eygr, adj. GREEK, Grett. (in a verse): hund-geðjaðr, adj. currish, Hallfred. 2. an ogre, destroyer, = vargr, Gr. GREEK; hundr segls, viða, elris, herklæða, Lex. Poët., Edda ii. 512. 3. a nickname, Þórir Hundr, Ó. H.: Hunds-fótr, m. a nickname, Fas.; cp. also the pr. names Hundi, Hundingi, Landn., Sæm.: Hunda-dagar, m. the dog-days: Hunda-stjarna, u, f. the dog-star, Sirius. 4. botan. = vulgaris; hunda-hvingras, hunda-sóley, etc., Hjalt.: hund-bítr, m. a biter, Bjarn. (in a verse): hund-heiðinn, adj. 'dog-heathen,' heathenish, Fms. ii. 130, Fas. ii. 186, Karl. 138, Flóv. 23. Favourite dogs recorded in the Sagas, king Olave's dog Vígi, the Argus of the northern Sagas, Fms. Ó. T. ch. 82, 208, 259; Gunnar's dog Sam, Nj. ch. 71, 77, 78; the dog Flóki, Rd. ch. 24; also Hálfs S. ch. 7, 8, -- þá ina sömu nótt gó hundr hans Flóki er aldri gó nema hann vissi konungi ótta vánir: mythol. the dog Garm, Vsp., Gm.; the dog Saurr, who was made king over the Thronds, (þeir létu síða í hundinn þrjú manns-vit, ok gó hann til tveggja orða, en mælti it þriðja,) for this curious tale see Hkr. Hák. S. Góða ch. 13: pet names, seppi, rakki, grey; and pr. names, Vígi, Snati, Loddi, Lubbi (a rough dog), Stripill (smooth), etc. HUNDRAÐ, n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q.v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to -ræðr in átt-ræðr] :-- a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred ( = 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says, -- hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s.v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives, -- tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e.g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e.g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A.D. 1200) 'tíræð' is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i.e. from about 874-997 A.D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i.e. from about A.D. 874-1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e.g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all 'two hundred' men, i.e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald

HUNDRAÐASTI -- HÚFR. 293

had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l.c. 2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10. B. As value, a hundred, i.e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a 'twenty, sixty, hundred' estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e.g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow's value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used, -- the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i.e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i.e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase 'three ells to an ounce' (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man's life) was one hundred, Njála passim. 2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred's value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred's value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent's Essay in Burnt Njal. C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm's Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer's misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i.e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel. hundraðasti, adj. an ordinal number, the hundredth. hundrað-falda, að, to 'hundredfold,' Stj. 545. hundrað-faldliga, adv. hundredfold, Barl. 200: -ligr, adj., 19. hundrað-faldr, adj. hundredfold, Stj. 94, Bs. ii. 157, Matth. xiii. 8. hundraðs-höfðingi, a, m. a centurion, Stj. 630, N. T., Fms. i. 142, Post. 656 B. 2, Róm. 260. hundraðs-blót, n. a hecatomb, (mod.) hunds-ligr, adj. currish, Barl. 160. hundtér, m. a hunter, (Engl. word,) Thom. 16. hund-tík, f. a 'she-tyke,' bitch, Fs. 71, Fas. iii. 231. HUNGR, m., but in mod. usage neut., as in Bs. ii. 135; [Ulf. huhrus = GREEK; A. S., Engl., Dan., Swed., and Germ. hunger; O. H. G. hungar] :-- hunger; hungr várn, Greg. 58; mikinn hungr, Sól. 50; fyrir hungrs sakir, Gþl. 531; seðja fenginn hungr, Al. 83; svelta hungri heill, to starve, Ls. 63; þungan hungr, Gd. 49; sinn sára hungr, Fas. ii. 222; svelta hungri heill, to starve, Ls. 62. hungra, að, [Ulf. huggrjan], to be a-hungred, to hunger, impers., þá hungraði hann (acc.), Stj. 144, Greg. 30; oss hungrar, 28; hungrandi = hungraðr, Sks. 632. hungraðr, adj. hungry, Stj. 145, 152, Sks. 632, Hom. 18, Bs. i. 46, Str. 45. hungran, f. = hungr, Bs. ii. 135. hungr-morða, adj., verða h., to die of hunger. hungr-vaka, u, f. the hunger-waker: the name of an old historical work, from its exciting hunger (thirst) for more knowledge, Bs. i. 59. HUPPR, m. [Ulf. hups = rib; A. S. hype; O. H. G. huf; Engl. hip; Germ. hüfte] :-- a hip, Vígl. 21, passim: the loins of a carcase, as in the ditty, þegar eg rís aptr upp ei mun kjöt að fá, fáið þér mér heitan hupp, hólpinn verð eg þá, Jón Þorl. HURÐ, f. [Goth. haurds = GREEK; A. S. hyrdel; Engl. hurdle; O. H. G. hurt] :-- a door, = Lat. janua; drepa, berja á hurð, Th. 3, Ísl. ii. 31, Hom. 96, Vm. 34, Jm. 8, Stj. 402; reka aptr hurð, Ísl. ii. 158, Korm. 10, Eg. 749; úti-hurð, stofu-hurð, búr-hurð, eldhús-hurð, N. G. L. i. 38; hurð er aptr, shut, Ísl. ii. 31, passim: a hurdle, Grág. ii. 328: a lid, Eg. 234. II. metaph. phrases, eigi fellr honum þá hurð á hæla ef ek fylgi honum, the door shuts not on his heels if I follow him, i.e. I go in with him, he is not alone, Fas. i. 204; ef hér hafa hurðir verit loknar eptir þessum manni, if he has been taken in-doors, Ld. 42; hurð hnigin, a shut door, for this phrase see hníga; at seilask um hurð til lokunnar, to stretch oneself across the door to the latch, to try to reach farther than one can, Grett. 67 new Ed. COMPDS: hurða-naust, n. a shed of hurdles, Háv. 26 new Ed. hurðar-áss, m. a 'door-beam;' hurðás or hurðásar were the roof-rafters nearest the door, where things (weapons, fish, meat) were hung up, almost answering to the rót or dyra-lopt in mod. Icel. dwellings, cp. Eg. 182, 183, Bs. i. 209, N. G. L. i. 349, 397: the phrase, reisa sér hurðarás um öxl, to carry the door-beam on one's shoulder, to undertake a thing one is not equal to. hurðar-bak, n. the back of a door; ab hurðar-baki, behind the door, Stj. 118, Fms. vi. 188, Ísl. ii. 45, Fas. ii. 115, Barl. 70. hurðar-bora, u, f. a key-hole, Grett. 137 A. hurðar-flaki, a, m. a hurdle, Grett. 114 A. hurðar-hringr, m. a door-ring, Ísl. ii. 158, Pm. 113, El. 26. hurðar-hæll, m. = hurðás, N. G. L. i. 349, v.l. hurðar-járn, n. a door-hinge, Am. 16, Þiðr. 364, Rétt. 2, 10, Fms. ii. 163. hurðar-klofi, a, m. a door-groove, = gátt, q.v., Eb. 226. hurðar-lauss, adj. 'doorless,' without a door, Pm. 14, 66. hurðar-loka, u, f. a door-bolt, MS. 4. 29. hurðar-oki, a, m. a cross-plank joining the boards of the door, Eb. 182. hurð-áss, m. = hurðar-áss. hurr, m. [cp. Engl. hurry], a hurley-burley, noise, Thom. (Ed.) 96, 97, 103. hussun or hoson, interj. of dislike, cp. Engl. hiss! Dan. hysse! o hoson yðr er hlæið! þvíat ér monoð sýta ok gráta, Hom. (St.); hussun þér gömlum! Karl. 532. hutututu, interj., to express shivering from cold, Orkn. 326. HÚÐ, f. (húðna, acc. with the article, Edda i. 370); [A. S. hûð; Engl. hide; O. H. G. hût; Germ. haut; Dan.-Swed. hud; Lat. cutis] :-- a hide, of cattle; húð af nauti (neat), en skinn at sauði (sheep), N. G. L. i. 420; nauts-húð, but sauð-skinn; hörund, of a man; há (q.v.), of a horse; skrápr, of a shark; roð, of a fish; hvelja, of a whale, cyclopterus, etc., Eg. 69, Nj. 201, K. Þ. K. 38, Grág. ii. 403, Sturl. ii. 50, Dipl. v. 18; of a seal's skin, Sks. 168, 179; húða-vara, Eg. 69; húða-fang, a supply of hides, N. G. L. i. 101. II. metaph. as a law term, of flogging or 'hiding' (as the phrase still is in vulgar Engl.); fyrirgöra húð sinni, to forfeit one's hide; leysa húð sína, to redeem one's skin from flogging, N. G. L. ii. 133, 168; berja húð af e-m, to flog, i. 10, 85. COMPDS: húðar-lausn, f. saving one's hide, N. G. L. i. 349. húð-fat, n., naut. a 'hide-vat,' i.e. a hammock, Sturl. ii. 50, Fms. vi. 168, 244, vii. 166, viii. 316, Fb. i. 539, Boll. 344, Fs. 64, Finnb. 232, Gþl. 94, Orkn. 274: the hammocks were leather bags, and sailors used to bring them ashore and keep them in the harbour-booths (see búð). húðfats-beðr, m. a hammock bed, D. N. iv. 475. húðfats-félagi, a, m. a hammock mate, Fms. ix. 321. húð-keipr, m. a canoe of skin, such as is used by the Esquimaux and savages of Vínland (America), Þorf. Karl. passim, Fs. 145, Fb. i. 541. húð-lát, n. loss of one's hide, i.e. a flogging, Grett. 161, Bs. i. 792. húð-sekkr, n. a hide-bag, Jb. húð-skór, m. a shoe of a raw hide, Hbl. 35. húð-stroka, u, f. a 'hiding,' flogging, Grett. 135, Thom. 331, Mar. húð-strokinn, part. flogged. húð-strýking, f. flogging, Pass. húð-strýkja, t, to flog, flagellare, Clar., Bær. 20, N. T. HÚFA, u, f., proncd. húa, [Scot. how; O. H. G. hûba; Germ. haube; Dan. hue] :-- a hood, cap, bonnet; húfa hlaðbúin, Fms. vii. 225; höttr né húfa, Sks. 290; bar kona vatn í húfu sinni, Bs. i. 461, Gísl. 24, Bs. ii. 21, Dipl. v. 18 (belonging to a priest's dress), passim; stál-húfa, a steel hood; skott-húfa, a tasseled cap; koll-húfa, a cowl or skull-cap; nátt-húfa, a night cap. 2. the name of a cow with a white head; heimsk er hún Húfa, Stef. Ól., Kveld. ii. 197; Skinn-húfa, a nickname. húfu-lauss, adj. hoodless, bare-headed. II. ( = húfr), part of a church, in the old timber churches, Ísl. ii. 402 (of a temple); hann lét færa innar háaltarit í húfuna, Bs. i. 830, 890, D. N. v. 586. húfu-viðr, m. timber for the húfa, Bs. i. 144. HÚFR, m., an older form hófr, Fms. i. 176 (in a verse), as also in hófregin (q.v.), and in the phrase, eiga mikið í hófi (below) :-- the hulk or hull of a ship; hann þrífr upp fork ok rekr út í húfinn á skipi þeirra, hann færði forkinn í þann húf skipsins er seglit hafði ofan farit ok seglit hallaðisk áðr, Fær. 165; upp í naustið ok settu undir húfinn á skipi Orms, Ísl. ii. 81; kjöl eða stafna, húf eða hálsa, N. G. L. i. 100, freq. in Lex. Poët.; skeiðar-húfr, a ship's hull, Arnór; stíga fyrir húf,

294 HÚFLANGR -- HÚSENDI.

to go overboard, Jd.; hafskips húfar, Fms. vi. (in a verse); héldir húfar, the frosted ships, Jd.; skörum hveldr húfr, Arnór; svelldr húfr; breið-húfaðr, broad-hulled. COMPDS: húf-langr, adj. long-hulled, of a ship, Lex. Poët. hóf-regin, i.e. húf-regin, m. and húf-stjóri, a, m. the guider or steerer of the hull = Thor the Thunderer driving through the air, Haustl., Þd. II. metaph. phrases, vera heill á hófi, to be 'hale in hull,' i.e. to be safe and sound; eiga mikit í hófi (húfi), to own much in a ship, to have much at stake, metaph. of a merchant. húka, t, to sit on one's hams, Sturl. ii. 220, Mag. 64, Art.; see hokra. húkr, m. a nickname, Fb. iii. HÚM, n., poët. the sea, from its dusky colour; salt húm, the salt sea, Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.), also in poët. compds. II. in prose, twilight, dusk; um kveldit í húmi, Fb. iii. 333; en húm var á mikit, Fas. ii. 284, Grett. (in a verse); í húminu, in the dusk of evening, Gísl. 138, Thom. 308: of the grey dusk in the morning, Fms. vi. 284; hence comes prob. the mod. phrase, að koma, fara í humótt (hámóti) á eptir, to lag behind, sneak behind another. humóttu-legr, adj. sneaking and ashamed. húma, að, to grow dusk; var nú mjök húmat, Fas. iii. 223, 545; meðan lífs ei húmar húm, a ditty; see hýma. Húnar, m. pl. (but also Hýnir), the Huns, and Húna-land, Hún-mörk, f. the land of the Huns; Húnlenzkr and Húnskr, adj. Hunnish: the words occur in several of the old poems, esp. Kormak, Akv., Hðm., Og., Gkv. 1, Hornklofi, but only in mythical songs or tales, Fas. passim; the word is derived from the Tartar Huns. COMPDS: Húna-herr, m. a host of Huns, Hervar. S. Húna-kappi, a, m. the champion of the Huns, the nickname of the mythical hero Hildebrand, Fas. ii. hún-bogi, a, m. a kind of bow, Sks. 408: a pr. name, Landn. HÚNN, m. [Gr. GREEK], a knob: naut. the knob at the top of the mast-head; draga segl við hún, or í hún upp, or vinda upp segl við húna, to hoist a sail to the top, Ó. H. 17, Tríst. 8, Fas. iii. 410. COMPDS: hún-bora, u, f. the hole in the mast-head through which the halyard went; vinda segl við húnboru, to hoist the sail, Fær. 203. hún-dreginn, part. hoisted to the top, Sks. 394. hún-kastali, a, m. the crow's nest or 'castle' at the mast-head, Sks. 393, Fms. vii. 256, 262. hún-spænir, m. pl. ornaments at the mast-head, Edda (Gl.) 2. the knob at a staff's end; stafs-húnn, the knob on a door handle etc.: a slice, skera svá breiðan hún til beins er bast er langt, of a whale's blubber, N. G. L. i. 59. 3. a piece in a game, prob. from its cone-like shape: from the phrase, verpa húnum, to cast (throw) the piece 'hún,' it seems to follow that this game was either similar to the Gr. GREEK or rather to the mod. nine pins; þeirs í Haralds túni húnum verpa, Hornklofi, Fagrsk. 5 (in a verse); in Rm. 32 the 'hundum verpa' is no doubt a false reading for 'húnum verpa;' the riddle in Hervar. S., (where the answer is, þat er húninn í hnettafli,) is obscure and corrupt in the text, for the hnettafl or hneftafl (q.v.) was quite a different game. HÚNN, m. a young bear, Kormak, Fas. i. 367, Fb. i. 253, Nj. 35, Landn. 176, Fs. 26, Stj. 530, passim; bjarnar-húnn, a bear's young: in local names, Húna-flói, Húna-vatn, Húnavatns-þing, -sýsla, Landn.; Húnavatns-leið, Fms. iii. 21. II. metaph. an urchin, boy, Vkv. 22, 30, 32, Gh. 12. HÚS, n. [Ulf. renders GREEK by gards and razn, and GREEK by hrôt, whereas hûs only occurs once in the compd gudhus = GREEK, John xviii. 20; in all other Teut. languages, old and new, hûs is the general word; A. S., O. H. G., Dan., and Swed. hûs; Engl. house; Germ. haus; Dutch huys] :-- a house; hús eru þrjú í hvers manns híbýlum, ... eitt er stofa, annat eldhús, þriðja búr, Grág. i. 459; leita nú um hvert hús á þeim bæ, 215, x. 270; þeir fara til bæjarins ok hlaupa þar inn í hús, Eg. 385; í næsta húsi, Ld. 318; af hverju húsi, from every house, Fms. x. 226; eitthvert mikit hús, Sks. 62; eitt fagrt hús, Fb. i. 467; at húsinu, nær dyrrum hússins, id.; bæn-hús, a prayer-house, chapel; söng-hús, a choir; eld-hús, fjós (fé-hús), hest-hús (qq.v.) 2. a house, family, rare in old writers; sonr húss, the son of the house, Rm. 11: freq. in eccl. writers, í húsi Heber, 625. 11; af annars-háttar ættum ok húsi, Stj. 246: freq. in the N. T., af húsi Davíðs, Luke ii. 4: a religious house, monastic order; af Prédikara húsi, from the house of the Preaching Friars, the Dominican order, Bs. passim. 3. a case = húsi (q.v.), corporale með hús, B. K. 84, Vm. 83, 189, Pm. 73, Rb. 358. II. in pl. = bær, the group of buildings of which a house consists, built in a row, the front (hús-bust) facing the sea, or a river if in a dale, or looking south; the back (húsa-bak) turned to the mountain; the pavement along the front is in Icel. called stétt, the open place in front hlað, q.v.; the buildings are parted by a lane (sund, bæjar-sund); the whole surrounded by a wall, called húsa-garðr; a lane, called geilar or tröð, leads up to the houses and house-yard, see Eggert Itin. 22; distinction is made between bæjar-hús or heima-hús, the 'home-houses,' homesteads, or úti-hús, the out-houses, and fjár-hús, sheep-houses, which are at a distance from the homesteads; geymslu-hús, store-houses. That this was the same in olden times is borne out by the freq. use of the plur., even when referring to a single house (cp. Lat. aedes, tecta); konur skulu ræsta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175, 220; þeir sóttu at húsunum, 115; þeir hlaupa upp á húsin, Eb. 214; biðjast húsa, skipta húsum, ráða sínum húsum, N. G. L. i. 109; hér milli húsa, Ld. 204; taka hús (pl.) á e-m, to take a person by surprise in his houses, Fms. viii. 172; inni í húsum, Sturl. i. 181; þeir stigu af baki fyrir sunnan húsin ... ok gengu þá í einum dun heldr hljóðliga heim at húsum, iii. 185; varð þá brátt reykr mikill í húsunum, 189; tóku þá húsin mjök at loga, 186; nú tóku at loga öll húsin, nema elda-hús brann eigi ok litla-stofa ok skyrbúr, 191; þar vóru öll hús mjök vönduð at smíð, 193; hann hljóp upp á húsin ok rifu þakit, 218; rofin húsin yfir þeim, 220. Passages in the Sagas referring to buildings are very numerous: for Iceland, esp. in Sturl. 4. ch. 33, 50, 5. ch. 3-8, 6. ch. 31, 32, 35, 9. ch. 1-5, 8, 20, 52, Nj. ch. 34, 48, 78, 80, 117, 128-133, 137, Gísl. 28 sqq., Dropl. 28 sqq., etc.; for the Orkneys, Orkn. ch. 18, 33, 34, 70 (interesting), 105, 113, 115; for Norway, Eg., Hkr., Ó. H. passim. COMPDS: I. in plur., húsa-bak, n. the back of the houses; at húsa baki. húsa-búnaðr, m. = húsbúnaðr UNCERTAIN, Ó. H. 175. húsa-bær, m. buildings, farms, Rm. (prose), Nj. 130; mikill húsabær, Orkn. 244; góðr h., Fms. xi. 192, Fas. iii. 20; lítill h., Ó. H. 152. húsa-garðr, m. = húsabær, the yard-wall, Nj. 120, v.l. húsa-gras, n. herbs growing on a house roof, such as house-leek, Stj. 644. húsa-hagi, a, m. home pasture, Gþl. 404. húsa-kostr, m. lodgings, a means of dwelling, Ísl. ii. 139. húsa-kot, n. a cottage, Sturl. ii. 50, Ó. H. 152. húsa-kynni, n. a dwelling; mikil, góð húsakynni, Bs. i. 700, Fms. ii. 84; h. ok borðbúnaðr, Ó. H. 175. húsa-leiga, u, f. house rent, Barl. 194. húsa-mót, n. pl. the joining of buildings, Sturl. ii. 59, Fms. ix. 24. húsa-skildagi, a, m. a contract for the tenure of a house, Gþl. 330. húsa-skipan, f. the order, arrangement of buildings, Gísl. 28, Eg. 235, Post. 656 B. 8. húsa-skipti, n. a sharing of houses, Gþl. 341. húsa-skjól, n. house shelter. húsa-skygni, n. a 'house-shed,' shelter, Stj. 121. húsa-smiðr, m. a house-wright, Post. 153. húsa-smíð, f. house-building, Post. húsa-snotra, u, f. a 'house-neat,' house-cleaner; the exact meaning of this word is dubious; Finn Magnusson suggested a broom: the word only occurs in Fas. ii. (see hnísa) and in Fb. i. 548 (Symb. 14, Ant. Amer. 291); the latter instance is esp. interesting, as the 'house-neat' which is there mentioned (about A.D. 1002) was made from an American tree. húsa-staðr, m. a house-stead, the site of a building, Post. húsa-timbr, n. house timber. húsa-torf, n. house turf for walls and roof, Dipl. v. 5. húsa-tópt, f. house walls, without the roof, Lat. rudera, Fs. 158 (a local name). húsa-umbót, f. house repairs, Jb. 215. húsa-viðr, m. house timber, Grág. i. 200, Nj. 82 (v.l.), Ld. 32, Bs. i. 144. húsa-vist, f. abiding, an abode, Fb. ii. 456. II. in local names, Húsa-fell, Húsa-garðr, Húsa-vaðill, Húsa-vík, Landn., Dipl. i. 7: Hús-víkingr, Hús-fellingr, m. a man from H. húsa, að, 'to house,' build houses; húsa konungs garð, Ó. H. 43; húsa land, Grág. ii. 211; þann hluta landsins er ekki var húsaðr, Glúm. 335; Uni húsaði þar, Landn. 246; húsa ok göra kirkju, Fms. vii. 110; húsa upp, to repair, Fas. ii. 342. 2. to shelter (= hýsa), N. G. L. i. 322. 3. [húsi], to case, B. K. 34, of laths. húsan, f. house-building, Sd. 180: a casing, B. K. 17 (twice). hús-bak, n. = húsabak, Hðm. 32, Nj. 28, Sturl. i. 63. hús-bóndi, a, m., pl. húsbændr; in mod. usage the æ is kept throughout the plural, but not so in old writers; húsbóndi is prop. a participle contracted from húsbóandi or húsbúandi; [see bóndi, p. 74, and búa, of which the older form is bóa, Dan. boe, p. 86; Engl. husband; Swed. husbonde] :-- prop. a house-master, master, the Scot. good man ( = Swed. husbonde); sínum húsbóanda, Hom. 121; þann klæðnað er húsbóndi átti, Grág. i. 460; ek hefi áðr verit missáttr við húsbónda minn, Ld. 278, Fb. ii. 385, Nj. 97; hann var með þeim húsbónda lengi, he served that master long, Fms. i. 78: a household word in Icel., where the plural húsbændr is used collect. even of master and mistress = Germ. herrschaft, and is opp. to hjú, servants; biddu húsbændrna; húsbondi góðr! is an address of servants to the house-master. In Norway the húsbóndi as the landlord was opp. to the húsmaðr or garðsmaðr or cottager, N. G. L. ii. 207, D. N. v. 54: a host, Fms. vii. 30. II. a husband, answering to húsfreya II; ef húsbóndi hennar er í brottu, Jd. 372; minn húsbóndi, Stj. 119; see bóndi I. 2; but not freq. in mod. usage in that sense: the household phrase being, maðrinn, or maðrinn minn! COMPDS: húsbonda-hollr, adj. faithful to one's master. húsbónda-lauss, adj. without a master. hús-bót, f. house repairs, Am. 110. hús-brenna, u, f. house-burning, arson, Grett. 103 new Ed. hús-brot, n. a law term, house-breaking, burglary, N. G. L. i. 38, Gþl. 345, H. E. i. 496: in pl. ruins, Ann. 1390. hús-bruni, a, m. house-burning, Bs. i. 78, Rb. 572. hús-bust, f. a house front. hús-búnaðr and hús-búningr, m. house furniture, esp. hangings, tapestry, Js. 78, Fms. vii. 148, Ó. H. 175, Eg. 94, Sturl. ii. 35, Fbr. 138, Vm. 65. Hús-drápa, u, f. name of an old poem describing the mythical representation on the wall of an old hall, Ld. 114, Edda. hús-dróttinn, m. the master of a house, 656 C. 16. hús-dyrr, n. pl. house doors, Sturl. ii. 222. hús-endi, a, m. a house end, gable, Orkn. 450.

HÚSFAÐIR -- HVALFISKE. 295

hús-faðir, m. the house father, master, Matth. xiii. 27, 52, xxi. 33. hús-fastr, adj. 'house-fast, ' domiciled, Grág. i. 207, ii. 409, N. G. L. ii. 258, Fms. vi. 13. hús-freyja, u, f., and by way of popular pronunciation huspreyja, Bs. i. 535, Glúm. 349, N. G. L. ii. 6; or húsfrú (Swed, husfru), indecl. in sing., freq. in Stj. 123, Orkn. 326, Fms. vi. 166, xi. 437: whence by corrupt pronunciation hústrú (Dan. hustru), which form is freq. in late MS. deeds, Dipl. iv. r, 3, v. 15, Vm. 31, 52, Bs. i. 117, 119 :-- a house- wife, lady, mistress; bóndi ok húsfreyja, Bs. i. 535, Grág. i. 157; Unnr húsfreyja, Orkn. 210; Gyða h., Eg. 478; ein rík húsfrú, a great lady, Fms. vi. 166; húsfrú Geirdís, h. Salgerðr, Dipl. iv. 3, Vm. 52; see frú, p. 175, and the references there given. II. a wife, answering to húsbóndi II; sér ok húsfreyju sinni (his wife), Ísl. ii. 201, Stj. 123, Dipl. iv. 1; Sölmundr ok hústrú hans, Vm. 31, Dipl. v. 15; leitandi hvar húsfrú muni sofa, where his wife would be sleeping, Fms. xi. 437. hús-fyllir, m. a houseful, of guests at an inn. hús-gafl, m. a house gable, Ísl. ii. 20, þórst. Síðu H. 15. hús-ganga, u, f. 'house-walking,' visits, Fs. 32, Glúm. 372, Bjarn. 61. hús-gangr, m. a begging from house to house, Grág. i. 301; fara á hus- gang, Háv. 54, passim: a beggar = húsgangs-maðr, m., Grág. i. 163. hús-gisting, f. a lodging, Greg. 50. hús-grind, f. a house frame. hús-gumi, a, m. the master of a house, the good man, Rm. 25, Gkv. i. 10. hús-göngull, adj. making many visits, Grett. 96. hús-görð, f. house-making, Js. 92, Fms. ii. 230, Jb. 211, Odd. 18, Stj. hús-herra, m. lord of the house, Mar., Art., Pr. 416, Mag. 150. húsi, a, m. a case, Gullþ. 22; skæris-húsi, a scissors-case, id. hús-karl, m. a house-carle, man-servant, opp. to húsbóndi, a master; Halli var huskarl undir Felli, Sturl. i. 55; hanu kvaddi húskarla sína með sér, Nj. 18; var skipat verkum með húskörlum, Ld. 58, Grág. i. 435, 456, Gísl. 21, Eg. 4, 52, 565, Bs. i. 645, passim; but in mod. usage vinnumaðr. II. the king's men, his body-guard, Sks. 249 B; allir þeir menn er handgengnir eru konungi þá eru húskarlar hans, þeir konungs-menn ... þá hafa þeir auknafn með húskarla-nafni at þeir heita hirðmenn, 272; enn eru þeir húskarlar konungs er heita gestir, 249, 257, 259, 261; görðusk sumir hirðmenn hans en sumir gestir, sumir húskarlar, Fms. viii. 24. COMPDS: húskarla-hvöt, f. name of a poem, Ó. H. 208. húskarla-lið, n., and húskarla-sveit, f. a body of house- carles, Hkr. ii. 294, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Ó. H. 67. húski, a, m. a niggard, húska-legr, adj., húski-skapr, m. hús-kona, u, f. a housewife, lady of the bouse, Rm. 25. hús-kveðja, u, f. 'house-farewell;' at Icel. funerals of persons of note, a brief sermon is delivered at the home of the deceased when the body is removed from the house (see hefja A. 3); this sermon is called húskveðja, and a brief account is therein given of the life, character, family, pedigree, etc. of the deceased; when the 'house-farewell' is ended, the body is carried out of the house, the last verses of the 25th Passion hymn (En með því út var leiddr), and the following verses on John xix. 5, being sung; after which the coffin is carried to the church, which is sometimes a long way off. See a description of the funeral of an Icel. lady in Þjóðólfr, 17th Aug. 1869, p. 166. hús-kytja, u, f. a cottage, hovel, Fms. v. 95. HÚSL, n. [Ulf. hunsl = GREEK and GREEK, John xvi. 2; A. S. húsl; E. Engl. housel; Swed. husl] :-- the housel, Corpus Domini, a word only used during the Roman Catholic times, never in heathen rites, although the word is Teutonic; at the Reformation it was disused, Hom. 34, 157; taka húsl, N. G. L. i. 144, Karl. 27, passim. COMPDS: húsl-ker, n. a housel box, Vm., Pm. húsl-þungr, m. a housel bag, Vm.129. húsl-taka and húsl-tekja, u, f. taking the housel, the communion, N. G. L. i. 144, Hom. (St.) 15. húsla, að, to housel, to give the Corpus Domini to a sick person; oleaði hann Ásgrím ok húslaði, Bs. i. 746; hann var húslaðr ok dó síðan, Sturl. ii. 7; húslaðr ok oleaðr, 150, Bs. ii. 70; láta húsla sik, N. G. L. i. 390; -- only used of the Roman Catholic service. húslan, f. the Holy Communion, Hom. (St.) 68. hús-langr, adj. 'house-long,' nickname of a man who built a long hall, Landn. (App.) 324. hús-lauss, adj. homeless, D. N. hús-lestr, m. a house-reading, home-service, family prayers, at which hymns are sung and a sermon or lesson read; such services are held in Icel. on Sundays all the year round, in the middle of the day, for the people who cannot get to church; the húslestr consists of the Gospel for the day and a printed sermon (Vídalíns Postilla), a short prayer, the Lord's Prayer, and a hymn before and after. During the winter an evening ser- vice is held every week day (from November to April), which consists of a brief sermon (hugvekja), a prayer, the Lord's Prayer, and a hymn: hence hús-lestrar-bók, f. a house-reading-book, a postil or the like; húslestrar-fær, adj. able to read a huslestr, of one who has learnt to read well; vera við húslestr, to attend a h. During Lent the Passíu- Sálmar are by popular consent appointed for the húslestr. This old and pious custom is entirely spontaneous, and not ordered by any church authority. hús-leysi, n. being homeless. hús-móðir, f. a 'house-mother,' housewife, mistress; servants address their mistress as ' h. góð. ' hús-mænir, m. a house ridge, Ísl. ii. 196. hús-næði, n. a lodging, shelter. hús-prúðr, adj. = híbýla-prúðr (q.v.), Fms. v. 191. hús-rúm, n. house-room, lodging, shelter, Grág. ii. 333. hús-veggr, m. a house wall, Eg. 187, Fms. viii. 347. hús-verð, n. the price of a house, Js. 92. hús-vitja, að, to go on a húsvitjan. hús-vitjan, f. a 'house-visitation,' a circuit which the parish priest has to make every winter from farm to farm in his parish, to enquire into the religious state of his people, the education of children, and so on. Hús-víkingr, m., Hús-víkskr, adj. a man from Húsavík, Landn. hús-vörðr, m. a house-ward, 'house-keeper' of. Shaksp., Gr. GREEK , i. e. the house dog, N. G. L. i. 235. hús-þekja, u, f. house-thatch, Hkr. iii. 61, Fbr. 24, Stj. 402. hús-þing, n. [cp. Engl. hustings], a council or meeting, to which a king, earl, or captain summoned his people or guardsmen; skaut konungr á húsþingi ok segir fyrirætlan sína, Eg. 357; Ásbjörn jarl skaut þá á hús- þingi, Fms. xi. 267; þá lætr Pálnatóki kveðja húsþings, 67; Sigurðr konungr ... ok áttu þar húsþing; talaði Sigurðr konungr, vii. 151, Ó. H. 45, 155; Þá átti Ólafr konungr h. í garðinum ok stóð upp á stein þann inn mikla er þar stóð, Hkr. i. 252; Eysteinn konungr hafði þá h., Fms. vii. 249; keisarinn hafði h. við ráðgjafa sína ok aðra höfðingja, hann sagði svá, i. 126; þá átti Arinbjörn húsþing við lið sitt, ok sagði mönnum fyrir- ætlan sína, Eg. 533; hann kvaddi þá húsþings (rendering of Sallust's 'concionem populi advocavit'), Róm. 146. hús-þjófr, m. a house-breaker, Ýt. 20. hús-þröng, f. ' house-throng,' a house-full, Jb. 264. hvaða, pron., indecl. throughout all cases and genders [see hverr], what, which, but only as an adjective, never as a subst. pronoun, e. g. hvaða menn, hvaða konur, hvaða skip ? whereas hverr (q.v.) is used as a substantive; hvaða is a mod. form from the old hvat or hvatta (q.v.), and is hardly found in old vellums, except with a dat.; hvaða snúð (dat.), Sks. 266; hvaða burði, Fms. viii. 8; whereas in mod. speech hvaða as an adj. pron. has almost displaced the old hverr, which is at present only used in the substantive sense. hvaðan, adv. interrog. [Ulf. waþro = GREEK ; A.S. hwanon; Engl. whence; Germ. woher] :-- whence, Nj. 2, 125, Fms. ix. 55: absol. of the wind, hvaðan er hann? whence (from what quarter) is the wind? the answer, sunnan, norðan; þóttisk engi vita, hvaðan veðr var á, whence the wind blew, Fms. viii. 55; h. af löndum? Ísl. ii. 222, Vþm. 22, 24, 26, Pr. 416, passim. β. spec. usage; meðan ek veit eigi víst hvaðan Guðmundr hinn ríki stendr at, mágr minn (as long as I know not what side G. takes'), því at ek aetla honum at veita, hvaðan sem hann stendr at, Nj. 214. II. indef. = undecunque, koma þeir heilir hvaðan, Hm. 157; hvaðan sem, whenceso- ever; hann siglir hvaðan sem á er, he sails whencesoever the wind may blow, whatever wind may blow, Fms. x. 204; blóðrás hvaðan sem renn, Pr. 473; hvaðan af sem hann hafði þann spádóm, Hkr. i. 224. III. as relative, Stj. i. hvaðan-æva, adv. [æva answers to Engl. - ever in wherever, whenever, whatever, but in Icel. only remains in the adverb denoting the place from which] :-- from whencesoever, Fms. vii. 75 (in a verse); drífa h., to throng together from every side, Hkr. i. 54; þustu þá borgarmenn h. at þeim, Fms. i. 104; þar drósk saman mikit lið ok kom h. til, viii. 411; þá gaf þeim glámskygni, sýndisk þeim sem menn færi h. at þeim, Sturl. i. 179; úvina er h. herja á oss, Stj. 398, 444 :-- phrases, þótti konungi sem h. væri augu á honum, of a wild, fugitive look, Fms. ii. 180; ok hvaðan- æfa augun á sem á hrakdýri, with a look as wild as a hunted deer (as if be had eyes all over him), Korm. 60; hann vann svá at h. vóru á honum hendrnar, he worked as if be had hands all over him, Grett. 101 new Ed. HVALR, m., pl. hvalar, Sks. 180 B; hvala, acc. pl., K. þ. K. 138; hvalana, Grág. ii. 387; hvala alla, 359; mod. hvalir: [A. S. hwœl; Germ, wall-fiscb; Dan. hval] :-- a whale, Hým. 21, Rb. 1812. 17, Grág. 1. 159, ii.337: as to the right to claim whales as jetsum, see the law in Grág. and Jb., the Reka-bálkr and the Sagas passim, e. g. Grett. ch. 14,Eb. ch. 57, Háv. ch. 3, Fbr. ch. 9 :-- there was always a great stir when a whale was driven ashore, flýgr fiskisaga ferr hvalsaga; í hvals líki, Fms. xi. 182, Fas. ii. 131; hvals auki, amber, old Dan. hvals- öky, Sks.; hvals hauss, a whale's head; hvals ván, expectation of a whale being drifted ashore, Vm. 174; hvals verð, a whale's value, Grág. ii. 373; hvala blástr, the blowing of a whale; hvala-kváma, arrival of shoals of whales, Eg. 135; hvala-kyn, a species of whale, Sks. 121; in Edda (Gl.) and in Sks. 1. c. no less than twenty-five kinds of whales are enumerated and described; hvala-skúfr, whale guts, a nickname, Landn.; hvala- vetr, a winter when many whales were caught, Ann. 1375: in local names, Hvals-á, Hvals-nes, Hval-fjörðr, Hvals-eyrr, Landn. etc. COMPDS: hval-ambr, m. whale amber. hval-fiskr, m. a whale.

296 HVALFJARA -- HVARVETNA.

hval-fjara, u, f. a whale beach, on which a whale has drifted and is cut up. hval-fjós, f. whale blubber, Ám. 83, Rd. 251. hval-flutningr, m. carrying blubber, Ám. 78. hval-flystri, n. = hvalfjós, Rétt. 10, II. hval-fundr, m. the finding a (dead) whale, N. G. L. hval-föng, n. pl. stores of whale (blubber), Bs. i. 549, Fbr. 41. hval-grafir, f. pl. whale pits where blubber was kept, Sturl. i. 136: a local name in western Icel. hval-gæði, n. pl. = hvalgögn, H. E. ii. 130. hval-gögn, n. pl. gain derived from whales, Ám. III. hval-járn, n. a whale-iron, harpoon, Sturl. iii. 68. hval-kaup, n. purchase of whale-blubber, Lv. 59. hval-kálfr, n. a whale-calf, young whale, Fas. iii. 546. hval-klippa, u, f. = hvalfjós, Grett. (in a verse). hval-kváma, u, f. a drifting of whales ashore, Sturl. i. 190, Bs. i. 665. hval-látr, m. 'whale-litter,' a place where whales cast their young: a local name in Icel. hval- magi, a, m. whale-maw, a nickname, Landn. hval-mál, n. 'whale- case, ' i. e. a claim to whales as jetsum, Bs. i. 666. hval-reið, f. = hval- reki, Lv. 58. hval-reki, a, m. a drift of whales, Grág. ii. 210, 366, Ld. 4. hval-rekstr, m. whale hunting (as described by Sir Walter Scott in the Pirate), Gþl. 458, Ann. 1296, Bs. i. 801, Boldt. 143. hval-rétti, n. 'whale-right,' as to jetsum, N. G. L. i. 59. hval-réttr, m. whale hunting, Ann. 1296. hval-rif, n. a whale's rib, Háv. 48, Grett. 89. hval-ró, f. a nickname, Landn. hval-saga, u, f. whale news, Bs. i. 463. hval-skipti, n. whale sharing, Grág. ii. 381, H. E. ii. 126. hval-skíð, n. whale gills. hval-skurðr, m. whale carving, cutting up whales, Fbr. 41, Bs. i. 666, Am. 36. hval-skyti, a, m. a whale harpooner, Grág. ii. 377, Jb. 326. hval-taka, u, f. taking, stealing blubber, Sturl. ii. 29, Rd. 251. hval-tíund, f. a tithe paid from whales, Vm. 76, B. K. 53. hval-vágr, m. a whale creek, where whales are caught, Gþl. 464. hval-ván, f. a whale expected to be driven ashore, Vm. 174. In poetry the sea is called hval-frón, -jörð, -mænir, -tún, = the abode ... town of whales, Lex. Poët. HVAMMR, m. [Ivar Aasen kvam] :-- a grassy slope or vale; þar var byggilegr hvammr, Fs. 22; kaus hann sér bústað í hvammi einum mjök fögrum, 26; sá var einn h. í landi Geirmundar, at hann kvaðsk vilja kjósa í brott or landinu, -- varð búfé hans statt í hvamminum, -- hann eltir féð ór hvamminum, Sturl. i. 5; með þeim viði er í þeim hvammi er vaxinn, 6; þeir kómu at því síki er leið liggr til Kirkjubæjar ok skamt var frá þeim hvammi er þeir Ögmundr sátu í, Sturl. iii. 112: very freq. as an appellative in every Icel. farm or as a local name, Hvammr, Landn.: the best known is the seat of the Sturlungar in Broadfirth, Hvamms- dalr, Hvamms-fjörðr, Landn.; Hvamms-land, Hvamms-verjar, or Hvamms-menn, m. pl. the men from Hvam, Sturl.; Hvamm- Sturla, m. Sturla from H., the father of Snorri. hvann-garðr, m. [hvönn], an angelica garden, N. G. L. i. 38, 241, 253, Gþl. 347, Js. 134. hvann-jóli, a, m. (see jóll), a stalk of angelica, Fms. ii. 179, x. 336, 337. hvann-kálfr, m. a young angelica, Hervar. (Hb.) hvann-stóð, n. a bed of angelica, Vm. 143: as a local name. hvap, n. [cp. Goth. hwapjan = to suffocate, extinguish], dropsical flesh, holda-hvap. hvap-ligr, adj. dropsy-like, dropsical. HVAR, adv. interrog. and indef., [Ulf. hwar = GREEK A. S. hwær; Old Scot. qubar; Engl. where; Germ, wo; Dan. hvor]: I. interrog. where? direct and indirect; in endless instances indirect after the verbs vita, sjá, heyra spyrja..., hvar, to know, see, hear, ask..., Vsp. 5, 22, Hm. i, Ýt., Höfuðl. 3; kveða á, hvar koma skal, Grág. i. 46; hvar við skyldi auka, Ib. 5; þeir fundu hvar upp var rekin kista Kveldúlfs, Eg. 129 and prose passim. β. followed by a subj., hvar viti? hvar hafi? hvar muni? Lex. Poët. γ. with a prep.; hvar skulum vit á leita, where shall we go and seek? Nj. 3; greina hvar þetta heyrir til, whereto, Fms. ii. 260. 2. with the notion of whither; eigi vitum ver hvar hann for, N. G. L. i. 218; hvar hann skyldi stefna, Fas. iii. 543; sé ek nú hvar sök horfir, Hrafn. II. 3. with particles; hvar fyrir? wherefore? why? Fms. iv. 47; þeir spyrja, hvar til þessi svör skulu koma, i. 3, passim; hvar kvómu feðr okkrir þess (staðar understood) at..., hvar nema alls hvergi, Ísl. ii. 236; hvar landa ertu þess faeddr, where in the world art thou born ? Lat. ubi terrarum? Fas. ii. 534. II. indef. anywhere; allir hlutir verða bjartari á glerinu í sólskini en hvar annarstaðar, Hom. 128; hér eru vötn verri en hvar annarstadar, Stj. 609; hér framar enn hvar annar- staðar, Fb. i. 236. 2. in each place; urðu þrjú þing í hverjum fjórðungi ok skyldu þingu-nautar eiga hvar (in each) saksóknir saman, Íb. 9; Duná (Danube) kemr í sjau stöðum mikil hvar (IB seven arms, each of which is great) saman í sjó, Rb.; turturar eru fair hvar saman, Hom. 65. 3. hvar sem, hvar es, and in old MSS. and poems contracted hvars, wheresoever; hvar sem hann for, hvar sem þeir kvámu, Fms. i. 62, vii. 21: with a local genitive, hvar lands er kom, wherever he came, Ód. 8; hvar þess er (wheresoever that) maðr hefir þann eið unninn, Grág. i. 56; hvar landa sem þú ert, Fs. 23; hvar þess er aðrir taka fyrst arf, 191; hvar helzt, id., Hom. 155. 4. hér ok hvar, here and there, now here now there, Nj. 142, Fms. i. 136, vii. 294, 301, 324, viii. 61, ix. 362, Sks. 566; víða hvar, far and wide, in many places; víðast hvar, in most places, in most instances, Skald. H. 3. 42, freq. in mod. usage. 5. eve r so, very; hvar fjarri, ever so far, very far off; en þegar er Arnljótr laust við geislinum þá var hann hvarr fjarri þeim, Ó. H. 153; honum kastaði mjök upp or húsunum svá hátt at hvar fjarri kom niðr, Sturl. i. 161 C, Orkn. 114; hann laust hann svá mikit högg at hann kom hvar fjarri niðr, El. 100; hugr þinn er mér h. fjarri, Stj. 417, Hom. (St.) 43: with a compar., um allt Hálogaland ok þó víðara hvar, in all H. and ever so much farther, Fas. ii. 504; hvar meiri, evermore; ek skal þó hvar meiri stund (with ever more zeal) á leggja hennar mál en ek ætlaða, Fms. x. 106. III. relat. only in later writers, Dipl. v. 3, Mar. passim; hvar til (whereunto, to which) Bjarni bauð ekki fremr en áðr, Dipl. iii. n. B. In COMPDS, intens. = ever, mostly in poetry: hvar-brigðr, adj. ever shifty, fickle, Fms. x. (in a verse). hvar-dyggr, adj. ever true, faithful, Lex. Poët. hvar-gegn, adj. 'ever-gain,' straightforward, upright, Fms. xi. 314 (in a verse). hvar-góðr, adj. ever good, Lb. 13. hvar-grimmr, adj. savage, Lex. Poët. hvar-kunnr, adj. ' ever-known,' famous, Hallfred. hvar-kvæntr, part, polyga- mous, having 'a wife in every port;' a rendering of 'gentern procacissi- marn,' of the Vulgate, Deut. xxviii. 50, Stj. 345. hvar-leiðr, adj. 'ever-loathed, 'detested, Hkv. i. hvar-lofaðr, adj. ever praised, Geisli 16. hvar-mikill, adj. ever great, Clem.47. HVARF, n. [hverfa], prop, a 'turning away,' disappearance: of a thing being stolen, hvörf ok stuldir, Fbr.; hvarf Iðunnar, Edda 46, Ld. 206, Band. 12 new Ed.: cp. sól-hvörf, sun-turn, i. e. the solstice. βrann hann þeim þar hvarf (mod. á hvarf), he ran out of their sight, Sturl. ii. 145; hlaupit í burt með ok runnit þeim skjótt hvarf, Bs. i. 704: in mod. usage a hill on the horizon is called hvarf; á hvarf, to go to the other side of a hill so as to be out of sight: vera á hvörfum, to waver, Skv. 3. 38. 2. shelter; því ek hefi nú leitat áðr allra hvarfa, Barl. 59; ef björn er horfinn í híði, lýsi því í fjölda manna at þat er hans hvarf (lair), N. G. L. i. 46; at-hvarf, shelter; göra sér e-n at hvarfi, to call on a friend, Fms. iv. 292. II. a local name for Cape Wrath in Scotland, Bs. i. 483; Hvarfs-gnipa, u, f. Cape Farewell in Greenland, A. A. hvarfa, að, [Ulf. hwarbon = GREEK , GREEK ], prop, to turn round; let hann sér í hendi h. her gullit, Hðm. 21, obsolete. 2. to wander, stroll about, Fms. x. 412, Eg. (in a verse), Pr. 136. βmetaph., h. i millum, what is between, as a matter of dispute or dissent, Gþl. 364; sakir stórra hluta er her h. milli, Nj. 177, v. 1., ok h. þar í millum, run on these numbers, i.e. between the length of ten and twenty ells, Sks. 120, Anecd. 16: e-m hvarfar hugr, one's mind wavers, Fms. x. 270. hvarfan, f. strolling, Skv. 3. 38. hvarf-fúss, adj. shifty, Hel. 2. hvarfla, að, = hvarfa, Eg. 766, Lv. 54, Sks. 141, Bs. ii. 62, Fs. 152: to waver, Aroni hvarflaði hugrinn, Sturl. ii. 84. hvarf-lauss, adj. ' swerveless,' unswerving, Barl. 146. hvarf-semi, f. shelter, refuge, Clem. 44. hvargi, adv. indef. (for the particle -gi see p. 199); a clear distinction is made in the MSS. between hvargi, everywhere, and hvergi (q. v.), nowhere, (Hkr. i. 269, 278, ii. 208 in the folio Ed. are misprints) :-- wheresoever, with the particle er (es) or sem; hvargi sem menn verða staddir, 655 iii. 4; hvargi er hann kvángask, Grág. i. 181; hvargi er maðr drepr mann ok varðar þat skóggang, ii. 14; hvargi er menn eru staddir, 20; h. er hann tók, i. 210; h. er þú tekr land, Landn. 43, v. 1.; h. sem þeir herja, N. G. L. i. 103; h. er hann for, Fms. xi. 40, Hkr. i. 100, 269; h. sem vér komum, Post. 645. 71; h. er þjóð heyrir, Am. 103. 2. in each, every place, without the particle; sýna mér, af hverju gefit er hvargi, what is given in ea c h place, Nj. 76; en þá hit næsta sumar gat nær hvargi (almost everywhere) ber á Íslandi, Bs. i. 135, (the MS. has hvergi erroneously, cp. the Annals of the year 1203.) HVARMR, m. the eyelid; brá eða brúna, hvarma ok ennis, Edda ii. 499, Róm. 326; hann þenr upp hvarmana, Stj. 475, Í Sam. xxi. 13; hann let leggja lit í augu sér ok sneri um á sér hvörmunum, Fs. 98; þá skauzt hællinn af auga-steininum ok sleit af honum hvarminn, síðan tók Einarr hvarminn með hendi sinni, ok sá at auga-steinninn var þar, Hkr. iii. 365; greri ör hvítt á hvarmi hvárum-tveggja, 367; utan á hvarmana, 655 xxx. 4: in the poets the eye is called stjörnur, tungl, geisli hvarma, the stars, moon, beam of the h.: tears are hrynregn hvarma: eyelashes, skogr hvarma etc., Lex. Poët. COMPDS: hvarm-rauðr, adj. with red eyelids, Korm. hvarm-skogr, m. 'eyelid-shaw,' eyelashes, Lex. Poët. hvarm-tengr, f. pl. 'eyelid-tongues,' drooping eyelids, Egil. hvarmrþeyr, m., poet. ' eyelid-thaw,' tears, Edda (in a verse). hvars, adv. = hvar es, wheresoever, freq. in old poetry and MSS.; see er, p. 131, and Lex. Poët. hvar-vetna, adv., hórvetna, Grág. ii. 282, Post. 686 B. 2, Fms. ii. 269; but usually, as also in mod. usage, though less correctly, hver- vetna, Nj. 32, Fms. vi. 16. 296, Karl. 534, and passim; [from hvar and vetna, a gen. pl. from an obsolete vetta = wight]:-- everywhere; tók herr hans hvarvetna at láta undan siga, Fms. i. 174; hvarvetna milli steinanna, 230. 2. with a local gen., h. þess er, wheresoever that, Grág. i. 36, ii. 292, 342, N. G. L. i. 42, cp. 74, where the gen. is dropped; munu þér hljóta at ráða okkar í millum h. er, in every case where, Fms. ii. 269, (thus Fb. 1. e., cp. Cd.)

HVASS -- HVATVISLIGA. 297

HVASS, adj., hvöss, hvasst, gen. pl. hvassa, Sdm. 20; [the Goth. form is supposed to be hwass, cp. hivassaba, Tit. i. 13, and bwassei = GREEK Rom. xi. 22; cp. hvessa, hvetja, hvatr, as well as O.H.G. hwassi, which seem to be kindred words] :-- pointed, tapering; hvass hjálmr eða kuml, Sks. 167; hvasst niðr sem hæll, id.; með hvössu enni, 170; hvöss vörr, Sturl. ii. (in a verse); hvass hringr, Fms. v. 343; hvass þyrnir, sharp thorns. 2. sharp, keen, whetted, of edged tools; öngull sá enn hvassi, Niðrst. 3; hvasst vápn, Grett. 137; hvassan kníf, 91; hvasst sverð, Barl. 155; h. hjörr, Fm. 6; odd-hvass, pointed; egg-hvass, q. v. II. metaph. of intellect, keen; hvasst næmi, Bs. i. 235; hvass í skilningi, 681; hvass í hugskoti. Hom.; hygginn ok hvass, id. 2. of the eyes or sight; hvöss augu, Sks. 170, Skáld 160, Ó.H. 109, Hkv. 2. 2; hvöss sjón, a keen sight; hvassar sjónir, piercing eyes, Sighvat; hvassir geislar, s harp beams of light, MS. 732. 17. 3. sharp, acute; hvöss hljóðs grein, a sharp sound, Skálda 175, 179; hvasst hljóð, 160, 169; hvöss samstafa, 175. 4. of wind, sharp, fresh; hvasst veðr, Eg. 99; veðr var miklu hvassara, 196; hvöss sunnan veðr, Fms. vii. 310; hvasst andviðri, Eg. 87; hvass byrr, Fms. i. 165; h. útnyrðingr, hann er hvass á sunnan, það er hvasst, hann (the wind) er hvass, etc., passim; hvassir straumar, Sks. 14 new Ed.: neut. hvasst, blowing hard; þeir höfðu hvasst mjök á firðinum, Háv. 26, 42 new Ed.: freq. in mod. usage, æði-hvass, blowing very hard; bál-hvass, blowing a gale (so as to lash the sea into tongues like flame). 5. sharp fighting, Korm., Hkv. 2. 10, Lex. Poët.; hvassir menn, Fms. v. 137; kveðsk mundu fá honum annan hest, ef nokkurir væri hvassari en sjá, Rd. 298, of a horse. 6. neut. precisely; ekki hvasst umhyggju-laust, Fms. vi. 204; þat verðr hvasst (precisely) tveir hlutir átjándu álnar, N. G. L. i. 78; þá taka hvárir eigi hvasst (not quite) sjau penninga, 107: in poets, ríða, ganga, sigla, líða, skjóta hvasst, to ride, walk, sail, shoot fast, Lex. Poët.; bita hvassara, to eat heartily, Þkv. 25. 7. coarse; hvassar hosur, Karl. 363, (rare.) COMPDS: hvass-eygr, adj. keen- eyed, Stj. 270. hvass-fleygr, adj. swift-winged, Lex. Poët. hvass- kömbóttr, adj. with a sharp comb or crest, Stj. 77. hvass-leikr, m. sharpness; h. klungra, Barl. 18, 732. 18; h. veðrsins, Fms. viii. 55, Sks. 212: of intellect, Hom. hvass-leitr, adj. sharp-looking, Fas. i. 179 (in a verse). hvass-liga, adv. sharply, Stj. 181, Sks. 228. hvass-ligr, adj. sharp, Edda (in a verse). hvass-nefjaðr, adj. sharp- nebbed, Sks. 418. hvass-oddaðr, adj. sharp-pointed, Ht. R. hvass- orðr, adj. sharp-worded, Hsm. hvass-tenntr, adj. sharp-toothed, Sks. 418. hvass-viðri, n. a sharp gale, Ld. 58, Stud. iii. 56, Fms. iv. 57, passim. hvass-ögnóttr, adj. sharp-pointed, Sks. HVAT, neut. pron. of an obsolete hvar; for the other kindred forms see hverr, hví, and hót. A. Interrog. direct and indirect, what; eiga at bíða hvat ek skal á kveða, Nj. 3; vita, hvat hann skal við kveða, Hm. 28, Vþm. 55; veit ek eigi hvat til annars kemr, Band. 36 new Ed., passim. β. = Germ, was für ein ... ? North. E. what for a ... ? for what sort of a ... expressing wonder or the like; hvat Ögmundr ertú, what sort of an O. art thou ? Fas. ii. 534; hvat fé er þat? Nj. 55: indirectly, þeir vissu eigi hvat lið þat var, Hkr. i. 268. 2. with gen., hvat er manna þat mér ókunnra? Vtkv. 5; hvat er þat fíra, flagða, drauma, fiska, what sort of men, witches, dreams, fishes? Alm. 2, 5, Skv. 2. 1, Fsm. 2, Em. i; hvat mun enn verða æfi minnar? Skv. 1. 12, 14, 18; hvat manna ertú, what sort of a man art thou? Fms. ix. 55; hvat kvenna ertú? Dropl. 4; hvat karla er þat? Fms. vii. 152; hvat íþrótta er þat? Edda 31; hvat undra varð þess? 623. 35: indirect, hann spurði hvat manna Hallfreðr var, Fms. ii. 54, vii. 166; hvat sveina þat myndi vera, x. 219; hann spurði hvat væri ráðs hennar, he asked what she intended to do, i. 186; hvat hann vildi ráða sinna, vii. 154; spurði hvat veðrs væfi, Bjarn. 54. β. with dat., hvat liði er þetta? Fms. ix. 50; hvat rani var þat? Ísl. ii. 142; hvat húsi stendr þar? Hkr. iii. 187, Stj. 626, 650: indirect, spurði hvat mönnum þeir væri, Eg. 162; hann spyrr hvat mönnum þeir sé, Fær. 64; vita hvat mönnum þeir væri, Hkr, i. 268; hvat erendum, Fs. 11; er hestrinn kenndi hvat hrossi þetta var, Edda 26; Þá þóttisk þórr skilja hvat látum verit hafði um nóttina. 29; hvat matvistum, Str. 81. 3. what, why, how? in asking, denot- ing surprise, indignation, or expecting an answer in the negative, Lat. numquid? hvat skal rögum manni langt vápn, to what use? hvat skaltú sveinn í sess minn ? Eg. (in a verse); hvat hæfir ykkr með mér at vera ? Stj. 420; hvat þarftú at spyrja at nafni minu ? 399, 410, 476; hvat ek veit, segir Gunnarr, hvárt... ? Nj. 85; hvat mun ek þat vita, how should I know that? Bs. ii. 104. 4. how = hve; fréttir hann nú hvat liði bónorðs-málum, Ld. 92; hvat hlýðnir landsmenn vóro, Íb. 16; hvat grimm, how cruel! Mar. 5. causal, why? hvat spyrr þú mik? Hom.; hvat lystr þú mik? id., freq. B. Indef. pron. each, every, with the particle er (es) or sem, whatso- ever; hvat sem, or hvat es, whatsoever; hvat dýr sem er, Gþl. 457, Fms. vii. 29; hvat sem hann kostaði til, Edda 29; hvat fjarlægr sem..., howsoever remote..., Stj. 93: with suffixed es, hvaz or hvats, id., see er, p. 131. 2. with the possess, pron. sinn; hvat bíðr sinnar stundar, Lat. horam quodque suam expectat, there is a time for everything, Nj. 79; flýr sér hvat, they run each his own way, i.e. were scattered in all directions, Fms. x. 268. 3. hvat af öðru, from one to another, in succession, Fms. i. 128; hvat af hverju, 'what from which,' i.e. soon; hans er von hvað af hverju, he is expected every moment, (mod.) 4. with compar. ever so much; hann var til hans hvat betr enn til sinna barna, he was ever so much kinder to him than to his wn children, Ld. 304. II. as interj., hú, há, eðr hvat! Sks. 365 B; vaknaði hann alltrautt ok mælti nær í úvitinu, hvat! hvat! Fms. ix. 24. HVATA, að, to make speed, hasten with a thing, with dat.; hvata för sinni, h. ferðinni, to hasten one's journey, 655 iii. 3, Fms. iv. 144; hvata göngunni, to quicken one's pace, Edda 7; h. þessu, Lv. 20; h. báli, make speed with the bale-fire, Fms. x. 379: absol. to hasten, speed, hann eggjar at menn skulu hvata, Fær. 262; hvata til skipa, Eg. 357; hvata heim, Ísl. ii. 387; h. í brott, Rd. 16: with prep., hvata at e-u, to make haste with a thing, Hkr. i. 103. II. also spelt hvota, Band, and Thom. 1.c., cp. hóta (II): to stretch forth with, with dat.; hvata hnefa at e-m, to threaten a person with the fist, but without striking, Grág. ii. 14; hvota skálm at e-m, Band, (in a verse); hvotandi sverðinu ofan í toman hausinn, Thom. 442: in mod. usage ota. hvata-buss (-bussi), m. a busybody, Fbr. 191, v. 1.; gættú hans þá, Þórarinn, at hann komizk eigi í brott, ok ertú jafnan hvatabuss mikill, Fms. iv. 266. hvatan, f. an urging on, pushing on, Skv. I. 50. hvat-færr, adj. quick, Eg. 73. hvati, a, m. hurry, Mork. 110. an inciter, Lex. Poët. hvatki, pron. indef. [see -gi, p. 199]: 1. each thing, every thing for itself; munu þér þá vita til hvers hvatki kemr, Fms. xi. 103; því at h. var þar, gnógar vistir, etc., Karl. 203; hversu hann vill h. göra, Eluc. 56; at skynja hverja jartein hvatki hefir, Hom. 139. 2. with er; hvatki er, whatsoever, Sighvat, Lex. Poët.; hvatki er yfir fjóra fætr gengr, þat skulu þér eta, Stj. 416; hvatki es missagt es í fræðum þessum, Íb. (pref.); h. es honum var í hug, Hkr. ii. 156; hvakki er lifi hans hefir lukt, Fms. x. 395; hvatki málum er lýzk hafa, N. G. L. i. 250; h. mönnum sem inni eru, 61; hvatki er þess þrýtr, er honum er á hendi, Grág. i. 94; hvatki er maðr görir, id., Am. 20. II. hveskis, gen. of or for whatso- ever, cujuscunque; hveskis er vér biðjum, Hom. (St.) HI. hvígi, dat. to whatsoever, cuicunque; skynja hvaðan af hvígi er nafn gefit, Hom. 139. 2. = hvegi, q. v. hvat-látr, adj. quick, Fms. ix. 489, v. 1. hvat-leikr (-leiki), m. boldness, energy, alacrity, presence of mind, Sturl. iii. 42, Fms. vi. 166, Sks. 59 new Ed.; h. ok áræði, Nj. 271; vits- munir ok h., 262. hvat-liga, adv. quickly; ríða h., Nj. 192, Sd. 156; búask h., Ísl. ii. 338; fara h., Rd. 277, Th. 77. hvat-ligr, adj. quick, brisk; hvatlegt lið, active troops, Fms. xi. 33; verjask et hvatligsta, 142; hvatligt verk, a manly feat, x. 391. HVATR, adj., fem. hvöt, neut. hvatt, bold, active, vigorous; in the say- ing, engi er einna hvatastr, Hm. 63; h. maðr, Fms. vii. 160, Fm. 6. 24, 30, 31; ef engi hefði verit hvatari höfðingi í her þessum en þú, Fms. vi. 160; hvatr hugr, Fm. 26: acc. as adv., ríða hvatan, to ride at a quick pace, Ld. 260: neut. hvatt, id.; ríða hvatt, Fb. ii. 125, Sighvat; hann bað menn sína fara sem hvatast, Eg. 217. II. male, opp. to blauðr, female, of beasts; h. köttr, freq. in mod. usage. hvat-ráðr, adj. headlong, Lex. Poët. hvat-ræði, n. quick action, Glúm. 377. hvat-skeyti, f. precipitancy, Karl. 393. hvat-skeytliga, adv. precipitately, Stj. 4, K. Á. 202, Fms. ii. 33. hvat-skeytligr, adj. hurried, headlong, K. Á. 202. hvatt, n. [hvetja], a c ut or mark on a sheep's ear, a slice cut off one side of the ear; hvatt framan, aptan hægra, vinstra; whence hvat-rifað, n. adj. a hvat with a rift: when the slice is cut on both sides of the ear so as to make it like a spear's point, it is called fjöður, a feather. hvattá, adv. or interj. = hvatþá, what! what then! Fms. xi. 118; hvattá! láttú góðra gjalda vert ef þú kömsk með fjörvi á braut, Mork. 139. hvat-vetna, hvat-vitna, pron. used as subst. (hvetvetna is a false form), in old MSS. often spelt hótvitna, Hm. 47, Am. 67, 95, Skm. 28, Niðrst. 6, Fms. xi. 36, 68, 78, 122; [from hvat and vetna, q.v.] :-- any- thing whatever; vex þér hvatvetna í augu, Nj. 53; h. íllt, Fms. vi. 283; þér látið honum h. hlýða, Eg. 71; hann kvaðsk h. mundu til vinna, Fs. 59; eigi eru búar skyldir at bera um hvatvetna, Grág. i. 167; h. var upp brotið, Fms. vi. 381; hvatvetna þar nokkvat es, Greg. 12; Guð leysir hótvetna, Niðrst. 6; fyr hótvetna fram, above all, Fms. xi. 68. II. dat. hví-vetna, to anything whatever, cuivis; ræntu þar hvívetna. Orkn. 294; var Hrafn fyrir þeim í hvívetna, Ísl. ii. 208; hvívetna (hvívitni MS.) er illt er, Hom. 35; miklu er sjá framarr at hvivetna, Fms. vii. 148; görr í hvívitna hornungr bróður sins, i. 255; fyrir h. fram, above all, xi. 28. III. gen. hvers-vetna, of anything whatever, cujusvis; hann kann til hversvetna ráð, Nj. 67; ok sýnir sik svá vera hversvetna Dróttinn, Greg. 4; fyrir hversvetna sakir, Fas. i. 188, Fms. xi. 104. hvat-vísi, f. temerity, Fms. vi. 8, vii. 124, xi. 98. hvat-vísliga, adv. recklessly, rashly, Fms. ii. 33, v. l.

298 ÏIVATVISS -- HVÁRZ.

hvat-víss, adj. headlong, reckless, foolhardy, Hkr. iii. 225, Fms. ii. 211, xi. 12, 75, Bjarn. 14. hvaz, pron. = hvat es, whatsoever; see hvat (II), and er, p. 131. hvá, ð, to say what! (há, q. v., eh), of one not hearing; eins og ganti roðið hvert við hváði, Snót 214. HVÁÐA, u, f., not kváða, [Ulf. hwaþo = GREEK Luke ix. 39, and hwaþ- jan = to froth] :-- glue, lime, resin, esp. from trees, freq. HVÁLF, n., mod. form hólf, [A. S. hwealf], a vault, Bs. i. 177, Sks. 633, Al. 89; gufu-hvolf, or dampa-h., 'steam-vault,' the atmosphere, (mod.): of the concavity of a shield, Boll. 340; vera á hválfi, keel uppermost, of a boat or vessel; see hólf. hválfa, d, in old writers spelt hólfa or hölfa; but hvolfa is the mod. form :-- to turn vpside down, keel uppermost; sjá at þar hólfir skip á sjónum, Fb. ii. 223, as also Hb. l. c., Fbr. 103 new Ed.; þar hvolfði skip, Njarð. 376 (paper MS.); hóf upp knörr ok sneri á lopti ok kom hólfandi niðr, Bs. i. 30; ok hugðu nú mundu fullkomlega yfir hólfa, it would be over- whelmed, 769. HVÁLL, m., mod. hvoll, [akin to Gr. GREEK also akin to hvel, hválf, prop, denoting what is convex, cp. Germ, hügel] :-- a bill; not much used, holl (q. v.) being the common word; but it is still used of a 'dome-shaped' hill; and in local names of farms lying under such hills, as Hváll in Saurbær in the west, Berg-þórs-hváll and Stórólfs- hváll in the south, Beigaðar-hváll in the north, Landn.; Kálfs-hváll in the east, Dropl.; Orrostu-hváll, Eg.: Hváls-maðr, m. a man from H., Sturl.; þeir stefna upp á hválinn, Nj. 69; dalr var í hválinum ok riðu þeir þangat, 197; vér vildum á hválinn ok kómumk ekki, Dropl. 22; hvála eðr hálsa, Róm. 315. hváma (hvoma), að, to swallow, devour. hvámr (hvomr), m. a glutton. HVÁPTR, m., mod. hvoptr, the cheek, Lat. bucca; kemr á kinnina ok í hváptinn, Ísl. ii. 399; mér renna hróðrmál um hvápta, Húsd.; úrakaða hváptana, Orkn. 288, Fb. i. 395: the mouth, gape, Lat. rictus, of a beast, 416, 417, 530, Sks. 52, 53 new Ed.: the phrase, gott er at hafa tvá hváptana ok sitt með hverjum mæla, Fas. ii. 429, Þjorst. S. St. 51; cp. kjaptr or kjöptr. hvárgin-ligr, adj. neuter, Skálda 185. hvárigr, m., mod. hvorugr, either, each; see hvárrgi. hvárki, see hvárrgi. HVÁRR, pron. interrog. and indef., contr. from hvaðárr, which is obsolete, but occurs thrice in poets of the 10th century, Kormak, Fas, i. 297 (in a verse), Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse): mod. form hvorr, still so proncd. in the south of Icel.: [Goth, hwaþar; A. S. hwæðer, cp. Engl. whether; Hel. hweðar, cp. Germ, weder]: I. interrog. direct and indirect, whether, which of two, Lat. uter, in a dual sense, distinguished from hverr in plur.: in plur., like Lat. utri, of two parties, hvárir sigrask, either, which of both (hosts) will gain the day, Nj. 198, Fms. x. 199; hvárir ná máli annarra, Nj. 8: in sing., hvárr þeirra, each of them, both, Grág. i. 120: with a possess. pron., hvárr okkar, Nj. 202: hvárr -- annarr, one -- another, either ... the other; hvárr sem (either) annars frændkonu á, Grág. i. 29; hvárr við annan, Fms. ii. 366; hvárr okkarr við annan, one to another, Fær. 174; annarr hvarr (q. v.), either. II. indef., each of two; hvárir við aðra, Fms. x. 299, Grág. i. 70; hvarir til annarra, Eg. 126; selja grið hvárir öðrum, Grág. ii. 20; tveggja (gen.) hvárr, either of the twain, 623. 24, Blas. 40, Fms. vii. 157; hvárt... eða, either ... or; hvárt er þú vill, láta okkr lifa eðr deyja, Fms. i. 205; á hvára hlið, Rm.; sextigu barna, jafnmart hvárt, syni ok dætr, Stj. 408; hætt er þeirra hvárt, Hm. 87; sinn dag hvárir, Fbr.; sinn veg hvárr, Róm. 347; á sínum stól hvárr þeirra, Stj. 602; mánaðar mat hvars, N. G. L. i. 67, 98, 99; hann kastaði á öxl sér hvárum tveimr, two on each shoulder, Grett. 134 A. 2. adverbial, at hváru, yet, nevertheless, however, often spelt at-vóru, Hom. 116, 119, cp. Hkr. iii. 288; att varu, Al. 30, 137, Hom. 158; sár mun gramr at hváru, but however that may be ..., Hallfred; þó at hváru, yet, N. G. L. i. 48; þá á hinn þó at hváru at skuldfesta hann, Grág. i. 233; en hinn selr þó at hváru, yet neverthe- less, ii. 253; þót hváru (=þó at h.), 313; þá freistum attvóru, Al. 137, this phrase is now obsolete, and is rare even in old writers. B. Neut. hvárt, interrog. adverb, whether, direct and indirect; commonly in the first of two correlative clauses, hvárt ..., eða or eðr ..., whether..., or..., Lat. utrum..., an..., Nj. 205, etc., passim; hvat?... hvárt mægð eðr frændsemi, what?... whether is it affinity or kin ? Fb. i. 328; hvárt (better hvat) segi þér til? hvárt skal ek fara eðr eigi, whether shall I go or not? Stj. 602; fæ ek nú varliga séð, hvárt Hrærekr mun fá nauðgat mik til eða eigi at ek láta drepa hann? Ó. H. 74 :-- but the latter of the two clauses is often dropped; hvárt grætr þú, whether dost thou weep (or not)? what! art thou weeping? Nj. 202; hvárt er rétt, bóndi, whether is it true ( or not) ? 79; eld kveyki þér nú sveinar, eða hvárt skal nú búa til seyðis? 199; hvárt er Flosi svá nær, at hann megi heyra mál mitt? 200; hvárt er nú engi kona sú er þér er eigandi? Stj. 411, 602; hvat sagðir Þú? hvárt eigi þetta? þiðr. 59; hann vildi vita hvárt hann var í brynju, Ó. H. 74. 2. with adv. er (es, sem), either ... or; hvártz sem (sic) maðr verðr sekr at sátt eða á várþingi, Grág. i. 121; hvárt er Hákon Gamli vill eðr eigi, Fms. i. 74; hvárt sem þat er at lögbergi eða í lögréttu, whether it be at the bill of laws or in the legislative chamber ? Grág. i. II; hvárt sem þat var í löndum eða í lausa-aurum? Íb. 16; hvárt er friðr er betri cða verri ? Ó. H. 208, Fms. iv. 79; hvárt sem þat er heldr í þessarri eðr annarri bók, Stj. HVÁRRGI or hvárgi, pron. indef. A. Forms :-- the older form was nom. hvárrgi, Grág. i. 114, ii. 307, Eg. 286, Ísl. ii. 354: neut. nom. and acc. hvártki, or with elided t, hvárki, mod. hvorki, Fms. i. 68, passim: gen. hvárskis, Grág. i. 494, N. G. L. i. 350, Fms. viii. 163, Rd. 292; hvárkis, Sks. 558: dat. m. hvárungi, Grág. i. 10, ii. 266; neut. hvárugi, i. II, 131: acc. m. hvárngi, Grág. (Kb.), see -gi, signif. B, p. 199. II. afterwards it changed into a regular adjective, hvárigr, mod. hvorugr, pl. hvárgir, Gþl. 114; but usually uncontracted, and so in mod. usage, hvárugir, Grág. ii. 51, Ísl. ii. 267, Fms. i. 36, viii. 193, Hkr. iii. 243, Sks. 650, passim: dat. sing. fem. hvárugri, Fms. iii. 214, passim: acc. m. pl. hváruga, passim: irreg. and intermediate forms are, acc. masc. sing, hvárngan, Egill tekr því mjök hvárngan veg, Sturl. iii. 99 C, Fms. viii. 88, Thom, III. B. Usage: I. neither, of two, Lat. neuter. The old form hvárgi is usually substantival; with gen., hvárrgi or hvártki þeirra, neither of them, Eg. 286, Grág. i. 237; miklu meiri sök en hvárgi hinna var, Sks. 655, passim: with a possess, pron., hvártki okkat, neither of us, Nj. 10: rarely adjectival, hvártki sverðit, Korm. 112: on the other hand, the form hvárigr is used indiscriminately as substantive or adjective; for references see the Sagas passim. II. special usages; with annarr, neither... other, hvarigr at öðrum, Landn. 57; hvárigir kunnu öðrum þar tíðendi at segja, Ísl. ii. 349; réð hvárrgi á annan, Lv. 3; svá hvárigr réð at öðrum, Fas. i. 506; sem hvárrgi tryði öðrum, Fms. i. 217; hvárigir skildu annars mál, Fb. i. 545; ok heri hvárigir á aðra, Eg. 282; því at hvárigir vildu öðrum samneyta, Kristnir eða heiðnir, Fms. i. 265. III. neut. as adv. hvárki, mod. hvorki; hvárki... né, neither... nor; hvárki til laga né til úlaga, Grág. i. 75; hefir h. heyrt til hans styn né hósta, Nj. 201; ok var málit hvárki sótt ne varit þaðan af, 37, Fms. i. 27, N. G. L. i. 61, Hkr. i. 196, Sturl. iii. 99, 236, Grett. 94 B, Sks. 356, passim; hvárki... né ... né, Sks. 157 new Ed.; hvárki... né, ... eða, Sks. 365 B, H. E. i. 419; hvárki ... eða (less correct), Sks. hvárr-tveggi or hvárr-tveggja; an older form, hvaðar-tveggi, occurs in Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse), and acc. m. hvaðran-tveggja, Korm. 224 (middle of the loth century). A. Forms :-- the older declension is hvárr-tveggja, originally in two words, of which the latter is a gen. of tveir, literally = uter duorum, whether of twain; this form freq. occurs in old writers, the latter part being indecl., thus, neut. hvárt-tveggja, utrum duorum, Grág. i. 113, Hom. 156, Eg. 61, v. 1.: gen. hvárs-tveggja, Fms. i. 19, Grág. ii. 144: dat. hvárum- tveggja, hváru-tveggja, Fms. ii. 310, vii. 251, x. 304, Hkr. iii. 8, Grág. i. 113, Nj. 64, Eg. 181, Ísl. ii. 332; dat. fem. hvárri-tveggja, Sks. 215 B: acc. hvárn-tveggja, Nj. 145, Fms. i. 12, 13, K. Þ. K. 158: nom. pl. hvárir- tveggja, Sks. 272: gen. pl. hvárra-tveggja, Fms. x. 276. II. tveggja afterwards took a kind of weak inflexion, viz. tveggi in nom. sing., tveggju in the oblique cases and in plur., in dat. tveggjum, but these forms are often applied with great irregularity; nom. sing, hvárr-tveggi, Grág. i. 6l, Fms. i. 17, 265, x. 249, Nj. 39, 55, 59, Ld. 290, Landn. 47, Ísl. ii. 360, 366, 369, Eg. 765, Js. 8, Hkr. iii. 8, passim: gen. fem. hvarrar tveggju, Boll. 326 C: dat. fem. sing, hvárri-tveggju, Grág. ii. 228, Nj. 210, v. 1.: acc. fem. hvára-tveggju, Fms. i. 62: pl. hvárir-tveggju, 655 xvii. i, Grág. i. 69, 107, Fms. i. 38, Eg. 267, Fb. ii. 103, 211, Fbr. 98, passim: acc. pl. hvára-tveggju, Grág. i. 78, Ld. 210: gen. pl. hvárra-tveggju, Eg. 32, Fms. ii. 14: dat. pl. hvárum-tveggjum, Grág. i. 30, ii. 44, Fms. i. 114, Landn. 160, passim. 2. mixed irreg. forms, nom. pl. hvárir-tveggi, Grág. i. 69; hváru-tveggju (as nom. pl.), Ísl. ii. 254, scarcely occurs in good old MSS., but is freq. in mod. usage even as an indecl. form. B. Usage: I. either, each of two, both, Lat. uterque, Gr. GREEK used both as adjective and substantive: 1. as adjective; ór hvárritveggju hlustinni, Nj. 210; ór hvárutveggju liðinu, Hkr. iii. 8; hvárumtveggjum leysingjunum, Fms. i. 114; ór hvárutveggja því vatni, vii. 251; hvárrtveggi herrinn, Hkr. iii. 8; um Mæri hváratveggju, Fms. i. 62; at hvárritveggju tiltekju þessi. Grág. ii. 228; á Bálkastöðum hvárum- tveggjum, Landn. 160. 2. as substantive, with gen.; hvárrtveggi þeirra, Grág. i. 61; hvárumtveggja þeirra, Nj. 64; hugr hvárstveggja þeirra, Fms. i. 19: with a possess, pron., hvárrtveggi okkarr, Nj. 55. β. absol., til hvárstveggja, góðs ok ílls, Grág. ii. 144; hvárttveggja, fuglar ok aðrar skepnur, Sks. 103 B; við skaplyndi hvárratveggju, Fms. ii. 14; hvárt- tveggja, ok þó ..., Sks. 351 B; at hvárirtveggi nemi orð annarra, Grág. i. 69. II. the neut. hvárttveggja, used as adverb, both; þá hefir þat h. tynt góðum siðum ok dugandi mönnum, Sks. 348; very freq. in mod. usage with the particle enda ironically expressing dislike, það er hvortveggja hann kann mikit, enda veit hann af því, 'tis true he knows much, but he lets it be seen. hvárz = hvárts, = hvárt es, = hvárt er, pron. neut. from hvarr, q. v., either, used adverbially; hvárz ... eðr, either... or; hvártz hann hefir farit til þessa eðr eigi, Grág. i. 48; h. er til sóknar eða varnar, 56; hvárz þeir eru

HVE -- HVERFA. 299

bændr eðr griðmenn, 57; hvárz hverfa til lofs eðr löstnnar, Greg. 10; hvárz verit hafa góð eðr íll; hvárz hann er lærðr eðr úlærðr, h. hann svimr á sjó eðr vatni, Hom. (St.) passim: adding a superfluous sem, hvártz sem maðr verðr sekr at sátt eðr á várþingi, Grág. i. 121. HVE, adv., hvei, Gþl. 495 A; the vowel was prob., as in all similar monosyllables, sounded long, qs. hvé; prop. an old instrumental case from hvat: [Ulf. hwaiva; A. S. hwu; Engl. how; Germ. wie; Swed. huru; Dan. hvor-ledes] :-- how, interrog.; ok freista hve þá hlýddi, Ib. 7; bera vætti, hve fyrir sekð hans var mælt, Grág. i. 83; hve for með þeim, Ísl. ii. 341; kveða á, hve þing heitir, Grág. i. 100 (see heita A. II); hve þú heitir, how art tbou named ? hve margir, how many ? Ld. 74; hve mjök, how much ? Nj. 24; hve mikill? Fms. vi. 286, Þiðr. 273, Hom. 35; þeir vissu eigi, hve fram var (mod. hvað framorðið var), they knew not the time, of the day, K. Þ. K. 90; spurði, hve gamall maðr hann væri, Ld. 74; þat var með miklum úlíkindum hve (how violent) stormr var eðr snæfall, Finnb. 312: hve nær, when?; Stj. 339, Fb. ii. 394, Nj. 142, Hom. 9, passim; but see hvenar below. hveðnir, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.) hvegi, adv., qs. hve-gi; hvigi, Grág. (Kb.) i. 144, 147, N. G. L. i. 71; hveregi = hvegi, Skálda 169 (Thorodd), see p. 199 :-- howsoever, always with a following particle er (es) or sem; hvegi er mál fara með þeim, Grág. i. 330; hvegi er um hlaup bersk, Kb. i. 147; h. vandr sem væri, Hom. (St.) 53, Am. 33; hvigi mikinn rétt sem erfingi hennar á á henni, N. G. L. i. 71; hvegi er margir viðtakendr eru, Grág. (Kb.) i. 195; hvegi margir sem eru, N. G. L. i. 79; hvegi er síðan görisk, 19; h. skyllig er hón væri, howsoever important it may be, Post. 686 C. I; hvegi er fundr ferr, Fms. viii. 118 (in a verse); h. úvænt sem þeim hyrfði, xi. 76; hvegi lengi sem, h. víða sem, x. 392, 395; h. litla hríð sem, H. E. i. 243; h. náin at frændsemi er, Grág. i. 227: a kind of gen., hvegis lítt sem eptir var af öskunni, þá stóð ljós af mikit, Blas. 37. hveim, dat. to whom, = Lat. cui: I. interrog.; direct, hveim eru bekkir baugum sánir ? Vtkv. 6: indirect, aesir vitu hveim ..., Ls. 8; hveim ofreiðr, Skm. I, 2; hann skal segja hveim á hendr var, Grág. i. 65; hveim ek hefi þá jörð selda, N. G. L. i. 88. II. indef. to any, with gen.; hveim hölda, to any, every man, Skv. 3. 12; manni hveim, Skm. 7; but manna hveim, 27; hveim snotrum manni, Hm. 94; hón hratt hveim af hálsi, Skv. 3. 42. 2. with er; hveim er, to whomsoever, Lat. cuicunque; nefni ek þetta vætti hveim er njóta þarf, Grág. i. 7; hveim er sér góðan getr, Hm. 75; hveim er þær kná hafa, Sdm. 19; hveim er liðinn er, 34; hveim er sína mælgi né manað, Ls. 47; hveim er sér góðan getr, Hm. 75; hveim er við kaldrifjaðan kemr, Vþm. 10. This form remains in the mod. hvim-leiðr or hvum-leiðr, qs. hveim- leiðr, adj. loathsome to everybody, detested, hateful. HVEITI, n. [Ulf. hwaiteis = GREEK , John xii. 24; A. S. hwæte; Engl. wheat; Hel. hueti; O. H. G. hwaizi; Germ, waizen; Swed. hvete; Dan. hvede] :-- wheat, Eg. 69, 79, 460, Stj. 255, 413. COMPDS: hveiti- akr, m. a wheat field, Stj. 413, Fas. iii. 373, Fb. i. 540. hveiti-ax, n. an ear of wheat, Þorf. Karl. 412. hveiti-brauð, n. wheaten bread, Stj. 221. hveiti-hleifr, m. a wheaten loaf, Bev. hveiti-korn, n. a grain of wheat, Stj. 99, Hom. 37, Pass. xvii. 27. hveiti-mjöl, n. wheat meal, flour, K. Þj. K. 74, Fms. xi. 157. hveiti-salli, a, m. the finest flour, Stj. 294, 309, 318. hveiti-sekkr, m. a wheat sack, Stj. 217. hvekkja, t, to tease, vex. hvekkr, m. a bad trick, of an urchin. HVEL, n., later form hjól, q. v.; the vowel was prob. long, qs. hvél, as in the Engl.; for in þd. 6 hvél and hál form a half rhyme; a weak neut. hvela occurs, Rb. 1812. 92, MS. 415. 8: [A. S. hweowol; Engl. wheel; cp. Gr. GREEK ] :-- a wheel; á hverfanda hveli, on a turning wheel, Hm. 83, Grett. 119 A, Fms. i. 104, Sks. 338: of the moon, Alm. 15; á því hveli er snýsk und reið Rögnis, Sdm. 15; mörg hvel ok stór, Bret. 90; hálfu hvela sólarinnar, Rb. 112; með fjórum hvelum, Sks. 421; hann hjó hvel undan skipi sínu, Krók. 59; þar sem hón velti hveli sínu, Al. 23; brjóta í hveli, to break on the wheel, Hom. 147: an orb, geislanda hvel, a beaming orb, the sun, Sks. 94; fagra-hvel, fair wheel, poët, the sun, Alm.; himins hvel, heaven's orb, the sun, Bragi; hvela sólarinnar, the sun's disk, MS. 415. 8; hvel á tungli, Rb. 452: a circle, vofit (woven) með hvelum ok hringum, Str. 17. COMPDS: hvel-görr, part. circular, Str. 80. hvel- vagn, m. a wheel wain, Akv. 28. hvel-vala, u, f., poët. a pebble, Þd. 6. HVELFA, ð, causal from hválfa: to arch, vault, with acc.; allt húsit hvelfði hann innan, Stj. 563; var þar upp af hvelft ræfrit, Fms. v. 339: hvelfðr, vaulted, Stj. 12. II. proncd. hvolfa, to turn (a ship or vessel) upside down, with dat.; ef maðr hvelfir skipi undir manni, Grág. ii. 130; hann kastaði árunum ok hvelfði nökkvanum undir sér, Fms. ii. 182; hann hvelfir skipinu undir þeim, Fb. ii. 220. 2. impers. to capsize; hvelfði þar skipinu undir þeim, Fms. i. 293; hallaði því næst skipinu svá at inn féll sjórinn ok því næst hvelfði, ix. 320, v. 1.; réru dvergarnir á boða ok hvelfði skipinu, Edda 47; þá laust hviðu í seglit ok hvelfði skipinu, Ld. 326; þá rekr á hvassviðri mikit ok hvelfir skip- inu, 58, Fs. 150. 3. to pour out of a vessel; h. vatni úr fötu, to pour water out of a bucket; tveir vóru at hvölfa elfum ölva í iðra sá, Stefr Ól.: cp. Engl. to whelm, overwhelm, which may be a kindred word. hvelfing, f. a vault. HVELJA, u, f. [hvalr, cp. Engl. wheal] , the skin of a cyclopterus or whale, etc.: in pl. the metaph. súpa hveljur, to sup on hveljur, i. e. to lose the breath, to gasp as when about half drowned; ekki þurfti hann Oddr staup, hann ýmist sökk eða hveljur saup, Stef. 01. hvellr, m. a shrill sound. HVELLR, adj. [cp. Germ, hell, hallen], shrilling, thrilling, of sound as from an explosion; hvellr hamarr, Thom. 325; hvellr lúðr, Karl. 359; hvellast óp ok skjal, Bær. 18; hveli rödd, Fas. i. 272; hvellar hurðir, Al. 70; hvellr hneri, Orkn. 448; tala hvellt, Fms. i. 215; hátt ok hvellr, Thom. 451, 478. HVELPR, m., not hvalpr. but proncd. hvolpr; [A. S. hweolp; Engl. whelp; Dan. hvalp] :-- a whelp, Fms. xi. 10, 12, Gkv. 2. 41, passim: metaph. an urchin, cp. hunn, Fms. vi. 323, Nj. 142: of a lion's, tiger's whelp, Stj. 71, 80, 572, Al. 3, Fas. ii. 165; a wolf's, Al. 31: a nick- name, Orkn.: the phrase, bera hvelpa undir hondunum, to pull with the elbows stuck out, of awkward rowing. hvenar or hvenær, spelt hvenar in Dropl. 20, 21, and proncd. so at the present day; [hvenar seems to be the true form, as the word is prob. derived not from hve and nær, but is like Engl. when-e'er, from Goth. hwan -- GREEK A. S. hwænne; Engl. when; Hel. huan; Germ, wann] : -- when, Nj. 142, Ld. 204, Grág. i. 103, 350, passim. hvepsa, að, [hváptr], to snap, snap at, bite. hvepsinn, adj. snappish, of a dog: hvepsni, f. hveregi, see hvegi. hver-einn, pron. every one; see hverr. hverf, n. a scoop or basket for herring-fishing; með hverfum ok roð- háfum, Gþl. 427; en hverr er síld fiskir ... greiði hann hverf af lest hverri, N. G. L. i. 140. HVERFA, pret. hvarf, pl. hurfu; subj. hyrfi; part, horfinn; in mod. pronunciation inserting the v throughout, hvurfu, hvyrfi, hvorfinn; akin to horfa, q. v.: [Ulf. hwairban = GREEK ; A. S. hweorfan; O. H. G. hwerban; Germ, werben] :-- to turn round; hverfanda hvel, Hm. 73 (see hvel); nú mátt þú engi veg þess hverfa (thou canst turn to no side) at Guðs miskunn sé ekki fyrir þér, Hom. 156; h. í móðurátt, föðurátt, to devolve upon, of right or duty, Grág. i. 177, 237; hafa horfit í Guðdóm, 625. 59; hverfa af lífi, to depart from life, die, Stor. 10: with acc. of place, himin hverfa þau skulu hverjan dag, they shall pass round the heaven every day, of the sun and moon, Vþm. 23. 2. with prep.; h. aptr, to turn back, return, Fms. vii. 298, x. 231, Stj. 606, Hom. 98; to recoil, aptr hverfr lygi þá er sönnu mætir, a lie recoils before the truth, Bs. i. 639; h. aptr til sin, to recover one's senses, Mar.; hurfu at því ráði allir þrændir, all the Th. turned that way, took that part, Fms. i. 18, vii. 206; þá hurfu menn þegar at honum, thronged around him, xi. 193: h. af, to leave off; þá hvarf af Pálnatóka þyngd öll, i. e. P. recovered, Fms. xi. 69; þegar er þú vilt af h. at unna Ólafi, Hkr. ii. 322 . h. frá e-u, to turn from, cut short, leave off; þar var fyrr frá horfit Konunga-tali, Fms. i. 139; nú verðr þess at geta er ver hurfum frá, Rd. 171 (of episodes in a story); taka þar til er hinn hvarf frá, Grág. i. 139; áðr frá hyrfi, áðr sundr hyrfi, before they parted, Am. 34, 35: h. eptir, to follow; fræ-acute;ndr hans ok vinir þeir er eptir honum hurfu, Fms. iv. 287; eptir honum hurfu margir menn, Ver. 47: h. með e-m, to turn with one, follow, Grág. i. 8, 9; þá hurfu saman fjórir tigir, gathered together, 655 xvi. B. 4: h. til e-s, to turn towards a place, Hým. 17, Gh. 7; to turn to one and take leave, Fms. vii. 224, Am. 44: h. undan, to be withdrawn, lost; hvarf ríki í Noregi undan Dana-konungum, Fms. xi. 183; þat ríki er undan var horfit, 42: h. um, to encircle, surround, (um-hverfis = all around); innan garðs þess er hverfr um akr eða eng, Gþl. 136; þær hverfa um hodd goða, Gm. 27. II. metaph. to turn out of sight, disappear, be lost, stolen, or the like; maðrinn hvarf þar, there the man was lost from sight, Nj. 95, 275; stjörnur hverfa af himni, Vsp. 57: to disappear, skip hvarf, Landn. 305; ef skip hverfr, Grág. 1. 215; hverfi féit or hirzlu hans, 401; motrinn var horfinn (stolen), Ld. 206; Steinólfi hurfu (St. lost) svín þrjú, Landn. 126; Ingimundi hurfu svín tíu, 177; see hvarf. III. part, horfinn: I. surrounded; björn horfinn i híði, much the same as híðbjörn (see híð), Gþl. 444; horfinn foldar beinum, Ýt. 19; bærinn var h. mönnum, surrounded by men, Sturl. ii. 144, Orkn. 112. β vera vel vinum horfinn, to be well backed by friends, Nj. 268; vel um horfit (in good condition), þar stóð naust ok var vel um horfit, Háv. 48; whence the mod. phrase, vel um-horfs, in a good state. 2. abandoned, forsaken; heillum horfinn, forsaken by luck (horfin-heilla), Fs. 48; héraði horfinn, bereft of a dwelling in the dis- trict, Sturl. iii. 255; sok horfinn, having lost the suit, Nj. 234; mun bann eigi horfinn heimsóknum við mik, he has not left off attacking me, Sturl. iii. 228; eigi ertú enn horfinn í fyrirsátunum við mik, Þórð. 41 new Ed.; þögn horfinn, bereft of silence, i. e. noisy, Gs. 3. hverfa, ð, causal of the last verb: I. to make to turn, turn, with acc.; h. e-m hugi (acc. pl.), to turn a person's mind, Hm. 162; sneru þeir krossinum, ok hverfðu (turned) hendr hans niftr, ok höfuð tíl jarðar, 656 C. 37; hann sneri sverðinu í hendi sér ok hverfði fram eggina, Fas. ii. 139; hann ofrar vápni sínu at manni, ok hverfir hann fram hamar, N. G. L. i. 67; h. at sér hinn mjóvara hlut, Ýt. 13; vér hverfum oss í

300 HVERFI -- HVERR.

austr (we turn our faces towards the east) þá er vér biðjum fyrir oss, Hom. 156, 158. II. to enclose; h. garði um e-t, to enclose with a fence, Gþl. 407 (garð-hverfa); himinn þann er hverfðr er útan um lopt öll, Fms. v. 340; hverfðr við e-t, stirred so as to be blended with, Sdm. 18. hverfi, n. a cluster of farms, such as almost to form a village, freq. in Icel. local names, Fiskilækjar-hverfi, Skóga-h., Rangár-h., Ingólfshöfða-h., Fljóts-h., Landn.: metaph., vizku-h., the abode of wisdom = the breast, Fbr. (in a verse); tanna-h., the 'tooth-abode,' i. e. the mouth, Kristni S. (in a verse): a shelter, verða e-m at hverfi, Sturl. i. (in a verse). hverfi-legr, adj. ugly, Nj. 147, v. 1.; whence mod. herfilegr (-liga), q. v., wretched, miserable. hverfing, f. turning, in sjón-h., eye-deceit, glamour. hverfingi, a, m. a froward ERROR person, Post. 201. hverfi-steinn, m. a grindstone, Vm. 177. hverf-lyndi, n. 'turn-mind,' fickleness, Str. 61, Róm. 305. hverf-lyndr, adj. shifty, fickle-minded, Rd. 295, Str. 26. hverfr, adj. shifty; hverf haustgríma, Hm. 73; hverfr hugr, a shifty mind, Sol. 31: crank, of a ship, freq. in mod. usage: also in the phrase, stýra hverft, to steer wrong. Fas. ii. 178. 2. metaph., ráða hverft, to give false counsel, Karl. III; fara hverft, t o s t a rt, stagger, as if . frightened, Nj. 197, Sd. 154; whence the mod. verða hverft, to be startled, be fright- ened: of clothes, rétt-hverfr, turning right; út-hverfr, turning outside; as also út-hverfa, rétt-hverfa, u, f. hverf-ráðr, adj. fickle, wavering, Fms. viii. 447, v. 1. hverfull, adj. shifty, changeable, of things, Barl. 32, 97; ú-hverfull, not shifty, abiding firm, hverfull-leiki, a, m. shiftiness, freq. hvergi, pron., see hverrgi. hvergi, adv. [see -gi, p. 199], nowhere; hann undi h., Landn. 174, Vsp. 3; áðr var h., before there was none anywhere, Íb. 16; sá þeir h. konung, Fms. ii. 332; hvergi á bæjum, Sturl. iii. 55; h. annarsstaðar, nowhere else, passim: with gen., hvergi lands, Helr. 9; hvergi jarðar né upphimins, Þkv. 2; moldar h., Fas. i. 521 (in a verse), Merl. 1. 59. II. metaph. in no manner, by no means, not at all; uggum hvergi, be not afraid! Kormak; varðar honum slíkt sem hvergi sé léð, Grág. i. 438; ef þú bregðr h. af, Nj. 31; at þeir skyldu h. at göra, 189; hvergi á fé at taka frá kirkju, K. Þ. K. 20 new Ed.: fara hvergi, to 'fare nowhere,' to stay at home, 9 new Ed., Fms. i. 10; ek vil hvergi fara, I shall not go at all, Ísl. ii. 32; vil ek at hvergi sé eptir riðit, nopursuit, 358; vera hvergi færr, to be quite unable to go, Eg. 107, Hkr. i. 269, Ó. H. 128. 2. with compar.; þat þykki mér hvergi úvænna, Fms. xi. 94; h. úframar, noways inferior, 48; h. betr, no better, Bs. i. 633; hvergi nær (mod. hvergi nærri), nowhere near, far from it, Eg. III. 3. alls hvergi, not at all, Grág. i. 141; hvar nema alls hvergi, where but nowhere, Ísl. ii. 236. hverigr, adj., see hverrgi. HVERN or hvörn, f. [proncd. kvörn or kvern, but distinction is to be made between kvern, mola, and hvern, cerebrum; for in the latter word h is the true initial, as is shewn by comparison with Ulf. hwairnei = GREEK , Mark xv. 22; Scot, harns; Germ, hirn; Swed. hjerna; Dan. hjerne, which stand in the same relation to hvern as hjól to hvel] :-- the two boat-formed white bones embedded in a fish's brains. These bones, as well as shells, are in Icel. collected and used by children in the game of guessing, as nuts etc. are in England; hann lauk þá upp höfuðskeljum mannanna, og tók hnefa-fylli úr hverju höfði og hugði vandliga að; eintómar hvarnir, og ekki nema tvær í þorsk-kindinni, Fjölnir (1845) 52. hvarnar-skeljar, f. pl. = hvarnir. hverna, u, f. [hverr, m.], a pan, basin, Nikd. 28. hvernig, qs. hvernveg, [see hverr], interrog. direct and indirect; the forms vary, hverneg or hvernig, Eg. 19 A, 106, 123, 292, 394, Hkr. i. 170, 287, Korm. 130, 148, Glúm. 327, Band. 18 new Ed., passim: hvernog or hvernug, Orkn. 83 (v. 1.), Hkr. i. 120, 347, Al. 63, 65, and passim in old MSS.: the mod. form is hvernin, proncd. hvurinn or kvurninn, qs. hvernveginn, from vegr with the article, which form is also now and then found in old MSS., Fs. 105 (MS. Arna-Magn. 132), Bs. Hungrv. passim, as also later MSS. :-- how? in what way? the refer- ences passim. HVERR, m., pl. hverar: I. a cauldron, boiler; hver kringl- óttan af eiri, Stj. 564; heyrði til höddu er Þorr bar hverinn, Skálda 168, Hym. 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 27, 33, 34, 36, 39 (of a boiler); hefja af hvera, Gm. 42,= mod. taka ofan pottinn; in Gkv. 3, 6, 9, 10, ketill and hver are synonymous: hver-gætir, m. a cauldron-keeper, cook, Am. 58: hvera-lundr, m. a cauldron groove, Vsp. 39: Hver-gelmir, m. local name of the northern Tartarus, the abyss, Edda. II. metaph. in volcanic Icel. this word was taken to express the hot springs, and it is so used to the present day (in pl. often hverir), Sd. 191, Grett. 141 (hverar), Bs. i. 322, Ann. 1294, and freq. in local names. In the west the largest hverar are those in Reykjahólar, Eggert Itin. 382; in the north the Reykja-hver; Hvera-vellir in the wilderness Kjöl, 637; Reykjadals-hverar, among which the largest is the Uxa-hver, and Bað- stofu-hver, 640, 641. In the east there are only a few, see Itin. 798; whereas the south is very rich in such springs, especially the neighbour- hood of Haukadal (Geysir, Strokkr), see Ann. 1294; Grafar-hver, 890- Reykjaness-hverar, 895, (whence Hver-holmr, the name of a holm); the springs in Krísuvík, 897; the hverar in Reykja-holt and Reykja-dalr: they are found even in glaciers, as in Torfa-jökull, 766. COMPDS; hvera-fuglar, m. pl. fabulous birds, Eggert Itin. 890. hvera-hella, u, f. = hverahrúðr, Itin. 142. hvera-hrúðr, m. the tophus or tuf-stone deposited by hot springs, Itin. 145. hvera-leir, m. a kind of lime Itin. 127. hvera-slý, n. the soft pulp deposited by hot springs, Itin. 109. hvera-steinar, m. pl. a kind of tuf-stone, Itin. 660. hvera- vatn, n. water from a hver. For old dried up hverar see Itin. 295; cp. also the remarks s. v. Geysir and Ann. 1294. From hvera-lundr in Vsp. an Icel. origin of this poem is suggested by Prof. Bergmann in his Poëmes Islandaises, Paris 1838, p. 183, as the verse seems to refer to volcanic agencies. HVERR, pron. interrog. and indef.; at the present day proncd. hvur, with u throughout, and in mod. printed books usually spelt hvör, a form no doubt derived from the dual hvárr (hvorr), used in a plur. sense: for its declension, see Gramm. p. xxi; an acc. hverjan, Hým. 39; hverjan morgin, Vsp. 22, Fb. ii. 71 (in a verse); hverjan dag, Vþm. 11, 18, 23, 41, Gm. 8, 14, 20, 29; hverjan veg, Vþm. 18; whence the contracted form hvern. [The Gothic has a threefold interrog. pron., a sing, hwas, hwo, hwa; a dual, hwaþar; and a plur. hwarjis, hwarja, hwarjata. To the first of these pronouns answers the old Icel. form hvar, A. S. hwa, Scot. who, Engl. who, Swed. ho, Dan. hvo, cp. Lat. quis; but this pronoun is defec- tive, and remains only in the neut. hvat, q. v., Ulf. hwa, A. S. hwat, Engl. what, Germ, was, Dan. -Swed. hvad, Lat. quid: the dat. masc. hveim is obsolete, Goth, hvamme, Engl. whom, Dan. hvem: the dat. hvi (see hvat II, III): a nom. masc. hvar (hva-r) seems to be used a few times in old MSS. (e. g. Kb. of the Grágás), but it is uncertain, as the word is usually abbreviated UNCERTAIN or UNCERTAIN : a gen. sing, hves (Goth, hwes, North. E. whese) occurs, hves lengra, how much farther? Hom. (St.) 50; til hves, to what? 65: possibly the GREEK hós, Ls. 33, is a remnant of the old gen. To the Goth, dual answers the Icel. hvárr (hvaðarr), q. v. To the Goth. plur. answers the Icel. hverr, with characteristic j, which is used in sing, and plur. alike. In the neut. sing, the two forms, hvat and hvert, are distinguished thus, that hvat (hvað) is interrog., hvert indef., e. g. hvað barn, what bairn ? but hvert barn, every bairn.] A. Interrogative, = Lat. quis, quae, quid? who, what, which ? as sub- stantive and adjective, direct and indirect; hvers fregnit mik? Vsp. 22; hverjar ro þær meyjar ? Vþm. 48; hverir æsir ? 30, Fsm. 8, 34; hverr er sá enn eini? Fas. ii. 529; hverir hafa tekið ofan skjöldu vára? Nj. 68; hverju skal launa kvæðit? Ísl. ii. 230; hverr er sá maðr? Fms. ii. 269; telja til hvers hann hafði neytt eði hvers úneytt, Grág. i. 155; spyrja hverja þeir vilja kveðja, ii. 24; kveða á þingmörk hver eru, i. 100; (segja) hverjar guðsifjar með þeim eru, 30; hugsa til hvers þú munt færr verða, Fms. i. 83; vita hverr þú ert, ii. 269; vita hvert biðja skal, Edda; þeir þóttusk sjá til hvers aetlað var, Fms. ix. 461; eigi veit ek til hvers ek má ætla, Bs. i. 541; hón segir honum hvers efni í eru, how matters stood, 539; þeir vissu hverju hann ætlaði fram at fara, Fms. i. 291; hann segir hverrar ættar Ólafr var, 81; sögðu með hverju (erendi) þeir höfðu farit, Eg. 281. 2. with the notion of Lat. qualis; en hvat kemr þér í hug, hverr (qualis) ek muna vera þeim Írum, ef ? ..., Fas. ii. 529; þeim þótti úsýnt hverr friðr gefinn væri, Fms. v. 24; sá einn veit, hverju geði styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17. B. Indefinite pronoun, = Lat. quisque, every one, each, used both as substantive and as adjective: 1. as subst.; with gen., þat sæti ætlaði sér hverr sona hans, Fms. i. 7; manna, seggja, lýða, gumna hverr, every one of the men, every man, Hm. 14, 17, 53-55, Sól. 49; fróðra hverr, every wise man, Hm. 7; ráðsnotra hverr, 63: absol., as in the sayings, hverr er sjálfum sér næstr; bærr er hverr at ráða sínu; djarfr er hverrum deildan verð; fróðr er hverr fregnvíss; hverr er sinnar hamingju smiðr; dauðr verðr hverr, Hallfred; hail er heima hverr, Hm.; kveðr hverr sinnar þurftar: lét harm þar tala um hvern þat er vildi, Eb. and passim: with a possess, pron., ef sér ferr hverr várr, each of us, Glúm. 329. 2. as adj., á hverju þingi, Hkr. ii. 300; hverjan dag, every day, Vsp., Vþm., Gm.; í hverri tíð, at any time, Hom. 112; hver undr, Fs. 115; hverjum manni, Nj. 6; meiri ok sterkari hverjum manni, Hkr. i. 148; hver spurning liítr til svara, Sks. 307; hverr gumi, Hm. 13, passim. 3. as adv., í hverju, evermore; veðrit óx í hverju, Fms. vi. 379; þykir harðna sambúðin í hverju, grew ever worse and worse, xi. 441; veðrit óx í hverri, Skáld. H. 4. 14. II. any; fyrir utan hverja hjálp, Hom. 159: esp. if following after a compar., es meiri fögnuðr boðinn á þessi tíð en á hverri annarri, Hom. (St.); hefir þetta með meirum fádæmum gengit heldr en hvert annarra, Band. 33 new Ed. III. adding the relat. particle er or sem, whosoever, which- soever, whatsoever; hvers sem við þarf, Fms. i. 306; þá á þá sök hverr er vill, Grág. i. 10; hverr er svá er spakr, Hom. 2; hverju sinni er, whensoever, Str. 27 and passim. IV. with another pron. or adj.; hverr at öðrum, one after another, Eg. 91, Fs. 158; hvert at öðru, Fas. ii. 556; hvert sumar frá öðru, Grág. i. 92; hverja nótt eptir aðra, Þiðr. 53, 150; at öðru hverju, now and then, adverbially; hverir tveir, every two and two, by twos, Fms. iv. 299; þriðja hvert ár, every three years,

HYEERGI -- HVIRFILL. 301

Fas. ii. 64; á hverjum þremr árum, id., Stj. 573; dag inn sjaunda hvern, K. ÞK.; þriðja hvert sumar, Landn. 299; annan hvern dag, níundu hverja nótt, Skm. 21, Nj. 190. 2. hverr ... sinn, every ... his; hverr maðr í sínu rúmi, Nj. 51; hverr sér, each separately; sér hverr, each in particular, every one; at serhverju hofi, at every single temple, Landn. 336 (App.); þó at ek greina eigi ser hvat, though I do not tell each thing in detail, Bs. i. 64; sérhverja atburði, 134; sérhverjum hlut, Fms. v. 333; sérhverjum þeirra, Nj. 256, Landn. 35, Sturl. ii. 175; sér- hvern fingr, Fas. iii. 345; sérhvern mann, Fms. i. 149; allir ok sérhverir, all and several, i. e. everyone, Grág. ii. 36, 140, Eluc. 43, H. E. i. 468; einn ok sérhverr, one and all, every one, Skálda 161; hverr sem einn, each as one, all like one man, 165, Al. 91, 93, Bad. 40, Stj. 4; hvereinn, every one. C. Relative, = Lat. qui, quae, quod, Engl. who, which, only in later writers of the end of the 13th and the 14th centuries, and since freq. in N. T., Vídal., Hymns; at first it was seldom used but with the particles er, at, as in Engl. who that ...,which that...; þat herbergi, í hverju er ..., in which that..., Stj.; takandi vátta, hverir at sóru fullan bóka- reið, Dipl. ii. 2; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at þekkr mun verða, Fms. v. 159 and passim: singly, tvær jarðir, hverjar svá heita, Dipl. v. 27; Guðs orð, hver frjófgask munu, Fms. v. 159; Gerhardus, hverr með fögrum píslar-sigri fór brott, Mar.; með hverjum hann hugar-prýði vann, Fb. iii. 567. HVERRGI or hvergi, indef. pron. each, every, Lat. unusquisque. A. Forms: I. declined like hvárrgi, viz. nom. hverrgi, passim; gen. hverkis, N. G. L. i. 126; dat. masc. hverjumgi, Grág. (Kb.) 14; fern, hverrigi, 655 iii. 4; acc. masc. hverngi, Grág. passim; neut. hvertki or hverki, passim; see more references s. v. -gi, p. 199 A. II. de- clined as an adjective, hverigr; acc. sing. fern, hverega, Thorodd; dat. sing. fem, hveregri, N. G. L. i: nom. plur. hverigir, Grág. i. 392; hverigar, 94; hverigra (gen. pl.), ii. 20: hveriga (acc. pl.), Nj. 101; hverigar (acc. fem, pl.), 623. 48, Ó. H. 74. 2. mixed forms, acc. hverngan, Grág. ii. 13; hvernegan, Hkr. ii. 79; hveregi handsöl (acc. pl.), Grág. i. 140. B. Usage: I. alone, mostly as subst.; hvat hverigum hentir, Fms. iv. 147; hvat hverrgi hefir, Skálda 160; hverr hverrgi er, Fms. viii. 314; hverr hverrgi sé, xi. 152; hvat sem h. segði, ix. 256; hvat hverrgi talaði, ii. 67; hverju heilli hverrgi kemr, Fas. iii. 41; Njáll vissi þá görla hverr hverrgi hafði verit, Nj. 104; hann sagði fyrir heima-mönnum sínum hvat hverrgi skyldi starfa meðan hann væri í brottu, 196; hvat hverrgi þeirra hefir af sér tekit, Skálda 159; vant er þat at sjá hvar hverrgi berr hjarta sitt, Orkn. 474; skipar jarl til hvar hveregir skyldu at leggja, 360; af hverjungi bætil hverrar kirkju, K. Jj. K. l. c.; hvar hverrgi þeirra mundi jarðaðr verða, Al. 14, Fms. x. 323; ok eigi vitu hvar hverkis skulu leita, N. G. L. i. 126. 2. as adj., hverngi dag, every day, Rb. 1812. 57; hvar hvergi hús höfðu staðit, Fas. ii. 558. II. adding er, whosoever, Lat. quicunque, subst. and adj.; hverrgi er þá beiðir, Greg. 53; hvertki þess er þrýtr, Grág. i. 48, 2 77; hverngi veg (howsoever, Lat. quocunquemodo) er þeir hafa áðr setið, 69, 174, ii. 13; hverrgi er fyrr let göra, Kb. 14; hvernegan veg sem hann vill svara, Hkr. ii. 79; hverngi (staf) er ek rít, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; nú hverngan veg sem aðrir vilja, Hkr. iii. 370; hverega tungu er maðr skal ríta annarrar tungu stöfum, þá verðr sumra stafa vant, Skálda (Thorodd) 160; á hverega lund er, K. Þ. K. (Kb.) 23; hverega helgi sem hann vill á leggja þingit, Eb. 24; þá skalt þú aldri vera í móti mér, við hverega sem ek á um, Nj. 101; hveregir aurar, sem ..., Grág. i. 392; hverngi annarra sem hana berr, Rb. 46; hverigar úhæfur sem hann tekr til, Fms. iv. 259; með hveregi skepnu sem er, N. G. L. i. hvers-dagliga, adv. every day, Fms. ix. 267, 384, Skálda 199, Eb. 32, 258, Gullþ. 20, Jb. 33, Eg. 598, Ld. 22, of week days. hvers-dagligr, adj. daily, every day, Gþl. 42, Greg. 42, 625. 178; h. hættir, Bs. i. 164; h. búningr, a dress to be used on week days, K. Þ. K. 82, Vm. 46; h. maðr, Nj. 258. hvers-dags-, mod. pronunciation hvundags, every day: in compds, hversdags-búningr, m. (-föt, n. pl.), one's every-day dress, work-a- day clothes, K. Þ. K. 140: hversdags-hökull, m., -klæði, n., Vm. 52, Grág. i. 323: -leika, n., Sturl. iii. 127; -maðr, m., Nj.: in mod. usage, hvundags, -búningr, -föt, etc., Vm. 38; opp. to spari-föt. hvers-konar, adv. of every kind, Hom. 87, 91, passim. hvers-kyndis = hverskyns, Thom. 113. hvers-kyns = hverskonar, Fms. x. 379, passim. hversu, adv., proncd. hvursu, (hversug, N. G. L. i. 27, 91, qs. hvers- veg, what way, = hve) :-- how, Nj. 2, 68, Al. 10, Fms. x. 404, Ísl. ii. 364, N. G. L. i. 91, Hom. 103, passim; for hversu is the common word, whereas hve is obsolete. hversu-gi, adv. howsoever, = hvegi, q. v.; with the particle sem or er, Fms. viii. 59; h. mikit fé er þeir gefa með sér, Grág. i. 223; h. margar sem fígúrur eru, Alg. 360. hvert, proncd. hvurt, neut. sing, of hverr, used as adv. whither, Germ, wohin, interrog.; Gunnarr sagði þeim hvert hann ætlaði, Nj. 76; Jarl spurði hvert hann færi þaðan, 132; gera ráð hvert hann sneri þaðan, Fms. v. 24. II. hvert er, whithersoever; hvert er hann ferr, Nj. 129; hann let reka skipit hvert er vildi, Fms. i. 293; hvert er hann ferr fullum dagleiðum, þá er ..., Grág. i. 93; gefi gaum at, hvert er hann er (in what direction) frá merki því er hann skal fylgja, O. H. 204. hvertki, adv. whithersoever; h. sem hann fór, Greg. 53, Þjal. 351. hver-vetna, see hvarvetna, everywhere, passim. HVESSA, t, [hvass], to sharpen; hvessa ok hvetja, Fms. vii. 37; hvessa sýn, Pr. 474; h. augu, to look with a piercing glance, Hkv. I. 6, Edda 36, Eg. 44, 457, Fms. ii. 174, vii. 172: to make keen for a thing, en- courage, Al. 33, Fms. vii. 37, Bs. i. 750: of weather, to blow keenly, blow up a gale, impers., veðr (acc.) tók at hvessa mjök, Ld. 326; hvesti veðrit, Fms. ix. 21; þá hvessti svá, at ..., 387, freq.; það er farit að hvessa, það fer að hvessa, it 'fares to blow sharp.' hvessir, m. a wbetter, sharpener, Lex. Poët. HVETJA, hvatti, hvatt, pres. hvet, part, hvattr, Gh. 6; a middle form hvöttomc, Hom. 29; [A. S. hwettgan; Engl. whet; Germ, wetzen; cp. hvass] :-- to whet, sharpen a cutting instrument; h. sverð, Kormak; h. spjót, Fb. i. 189; Skarphéðinn hvatti öxi, Nj. 66, Fs. 72, Landn. 293; h. gadd, Stj. 77. II. metaph. to make one keen, encourage; þats mik hvatti hugr, Ls. 64; síðan hvatti hann lið sitt, Fms. ix. 509, Hðm. 2 ; hvat hvatti þik hingat, what urged thee to come here ? Nj. 6; h. ok hvessa, Fms. vii. 37; hugr mik hvatti, Fm. 6; heilög ritning hvetr oss opt at fara, Hom. 9, Fs. 6, passim: part, hvetjandi, an inciter, instigator, Mar. 656 A. i. 12: pass, hvatinn, cut; hvatinn spjóti, pierced with a spear, Fas. ii. (in a verse), GREEK cp. hvatt (q. v.), of the sheep mark, which seems to point to an affinity between Engl. to cut and Icel. hvetja. hvet-vetna, adv. = hvatvetna, q. v. HVIÐA, u, f. [A. S. hwiða], a squall of wind, Ld. 326, freq.: medic. a fit; hósta-h., a fit of coughing. hviðuðr, m. the 'squatter, ' poet, the wind, Aim. 21. hvik, n., mod. hik, a quaking, wavering. COMPDS: hvik-eygr, adj. with wandering eyes, Bs. i. 671 (in a verse, v. l.) hvik-lyndi, n. fickleness. hvik-lyndr, adj. fickle. hvik-mál, n. pl. slander, Bjarn. 57 (in a verse), emend. MS. hvitmál, qs. hvicmal. hvik-saga, u, f. an idle tale, nonsense, Al. 4, Sturl. iii. 125. hvik-tunga, u, f. a slander-tongue, tale-bearer, N. G. L. ii. 437. HVIKA, að, mod. hika (a strong pret. hvak occurs in Fms. x. (Ágrip) 383) :-- to quail, shrink, waver; ok hvikaði (Ed. hinkaði wrongly) hestrinn undir honum, Fs. 159: of ranks in battle, Karl. 364; hvika undan, io quail; konungrinn hvak undan lítt þat, shrank from the blow, Fms. x. 383; hefir þú jafnan undan hvikat, Korm. 202; þat er nú ráð at h. eigi undan, Vígl. 72 new Ed.; hvikit ér allir, Nj. 78, Bs. ii. 229; Sigmundr kvað nú ekki göra at h. um þetta, Fb. i. 148: impers., hví hvikar þér svá, why quakest tbou thus? Nj. 143. hvikan, f. a quaking, Lv. 54: wavering, Bs. i. 654 (in a verse). hvikari, a, m. a coward, Karl. 363. hvikr, adj. quaking, epithet of a stag; hviks í hjartar liki, Pd. 7. hvikull, adj. shifty, changeable; ú-hvikull. firm. HVILFT, f. [Ulf. hwilftri = GREEK , a coffin, Luke vii. 14] :-- a grassy hollow, a combe or corrie, Edda ii. 482; 566, l. c., spells hvilmt; freq. in mod. usage. II. a local name in western Icel. HVIMA, að, [cp. Engl. whim], to wander with the eyes, of a fugitive look, as of one frightened or silly; hvirna og skirna í allar áttir. hvim-leiðr, adj. loathed, detested, Bjarn. 71 (in a verse); see hví. hvimpinn, adj. shaking the bead from fright, of a horse. hvimsa, adj. [cp. hvima], blank, discomfitted, Grág. ii. 55, Fas. iii. 290: freq. in mod. usage, and proncd. hvumsa. hvinand-orði, a, m. ' whining-speaker,' a nickname, Fms. vii. hvinnir, m., poët, a stealer, i. e. the wolf, Edda (Gl.) HVINNR or hvinn, m. a pilferer, Fbr. (in a verse); distinguished from a thief; ef maðr stell örtug eða örtug meira, þá er sá þjófr;... enn ef maðr stell minna en örtog, þá er sá torfs-maðr ok tjöru;... en ef minnr stelr en þveiti, þá skal sá heita hvinn um allan aldr síðan ok eigi engan rétt á sér, N. G. L. i. 253, Edda ii. 495; ef maðr stel einhverju þessu (viz. a plough, harrow, etc.), þá heiti æ hvinn at úsekju, Gþl. 359; ef maðr stelr hundi manns, eða ketti, knífi eða belti ok öllu því er minna er vert en eyris, þá er hvinnska, N. G. L. ii. 172; hvinna-ætt, Sighvat. Hvinn- gestr, m. a pr. name, Fms. vi. (in a verse). hvinnska, u, f. petty theft, larceny, Gþl. 197, cp. Jb. l. c., N. G. L. HVINR, m. (hvimr in Eb. 182, but wrongly, as hvína is the root word), a cracking, whizzing, whistling, as of a whip or missile; hann heyrir hvininn af högginu, Fms. vii. 230; hvin örvarinnar, ii. 272; Arnkell heyrði hvininn (of a stroke), Eb. 182; hann heyrir hvininn af for þÞ Fbr. 40. Hvin-verskr, adj. from the county Hvin in Norway, Fms. Hvin- verjar, m. pl. the men from Hvin: Hvinverja-dalr, a local name, Landn. hvirfil-fóylr, m. a squall of whirlwind. HVIRFILI, m., dat. hvirfli; [Engl. whirl, whorl; Germ, wirbel; Dan. hvirvel] :-- prop, a circle, ring, = hvirfingr; þeir ráku saman í einn hvirfil heiðingja, Karl. 360: but esp., II. the crown of the head, where the hair turns all ways as from a centre, Lat. vertex, Germ, wirbel, (cp. Icel. sveipr); fra iljum til hvirfils, Sks. 159; milli hæls ok hvirfils,

302 HVIRFILVINDR -- HVÍTR.

Stj. 617; frá hvirfli til ilja, Job ii. 7; lýstr ofan í miðjan hvirfil, Edda 30; dreyrði or hvirflinum, Fms. ii. 272, Fb. iii. 406, Ísl. ii. 343, Bs. i. 190; fyll skóinn af blóði ok set í hvirfil mér, 229. 2. a top, summit, Sks. 728; hvirflar heimsins, the poles, Pr. 476; h. fjallsins, Stj. 306, Mar. hvirfil-vindr, m. a whirlwind, Fms. x. 201, Ld. 156, Bs. i. 724, ii. 5, Stj. 114, Barl. 162. hvirfing, f. or hvirfingr, m. a circle of men; setjask í hvirfing, to sit in a circle, Fms. vi. 279; þeir sömnuðu þeim saman í eina hvirfing, Karl. 249; Helgi spurði hvárt þeir sæti í hvírfingi eðr hverr út fra öðrum, Ld. 272; þeir setjask niðr í einn stað í hvirfing, Band. 33 new Ed.; síðan vóru goð hennar sett í hvirfing úti, Fms. v. 319. II. a drinking match, at which the cup was passed round, cp. the Engl. loving cup; it is opp. to tvímenningr, when two persons pledged one another in the same cup; drekka hvirfing, Ó. H. 61. COMPDS: hvirfings- bróðir, m. a club-mate, club-brother, Fms. vi. 440. hvirfings- drykkja, u, f. a drinking bout, a kind of club in Norway in olden times as opposed to the later gildi, q. v.; hann kvað þá engar veizlur hafa haft þat haust nema gildi sín ok hvirfings-drykkjur, Hkr. ii. 165; Ólafr konungr (who died A. D. 1193) lét setja Mikla-gildi í Níðarósi, en áðr vóru þar hvirfingsdrykkjur, Fms. vi. 440. hvirfings-klukka, u, f. a bell in such a club, Fms. vi. 440. hvirfla, að, to whirl; h. heyit, Fb. iii. 522, in mod. usage with dat. hviss, interj. whew! to imitate the sound of whistling, Bs. i. 420. hvissa, að, [Engl. hiss], to run with a hissing sound, e. g. of a stream; það hvissar í honum. HVÍ, prop, a dat. of an old and partly obsolete pron. hvat, [see hvat and hverr] :-- Lat. cui, for what: I. interrog., þá var séð yfir hví stafrinn hafði búit, 655 iii. 2; kviðr berr hví hann orkar, of what it is capable, Grág. i. 252; at hví neyt sé, w hat it is good for, ii. 260; þá spurði Hallr hví þat sætti, H. asked what was the matter, Fms. ii. 193; hvi saetir hark þetta ok hlaup ? Ó. H. 109; fyrir hví, wherefore ? (in vulgar Engl. still, for why?), fyrir hví biðr þú eigi lækningar? 222; spurði hann fyrir hví þeir væri þar? Eg. 375, Eluc. 4: with compar., hví verri, how much the worse, quanta pejor; skulu búar telja hví hann var þá verri at hafa er hann var sjúkr en þá er hann tók vistina, Grág. i. 155, 475. II. indef. any; Guð mun við hví (= hverju) faðerni ganga, er hann játar oss í skirninni, 655 i. 2. B. Adverb interrog., prop, ellipt. [cp. Goth, du hwe = GREEK ; A. S. hwi; Engl. why; Germ, wie] :-- why ? (see fyrir hví above); hví freistið mín ? Vsp. 22; hví þú einn sitr ? Skm. 3; hví sitið ? Gk. 2; hví þá, why then? Vþm. 9, Ls. 47 is dubious; hví þykkir dóttur minni svá íllt vestr þar? Nj. 11; hví skal eigi þegar drepa hann? Eg. 414; eigi veit ek hví þú gengr með slíku máli, 523; mun ek ákveðit gera hví þannig er til skipt, Ísl. ii. 346: hvi-ligr, adj. (q. v.), Fms. x. 107: hví-likr, adj. = Lat. qualis, (q. v.) 2. with subj.; hví um segjak þér? Skm. 4; hvi þú vitir? Vþm. 42; hví sé drengr at feigri? Km. 22. 3. = hve, instrumental, Skm. 17, (q.v.). hví, interj. imitating a gull's cry, Bb. hvía, að, to squeal, of a vicious horse when fighting. HVÍLA, d, to rest, esp. to rest, sleep in a bed; í hvíluna þar er hón hvildi, Eg. 567; h. í rekkju sinni, Fb. ii. 195, Stud. iii. 282, Fms. vii. 222; h. tveim megin brikar, Korm.; the old beds stood with the side to the wall, hence the phrase, hvíla við stokk, or þil, cp. Sturl. i. 207, 208; see also brík; h. í sama sæing konu, Grág. i. 329; h. hjá e-m, Hbl. 17. 2. metaph. of the dead, to rest, sleep, Fms. vii. 240, N. G. L. i. 348, Sighvat, but only in a Christian sense, so that 'her hvílir' (= Dan. her hviler) on Runic stones is a sure test of a Christian age. 3. hvíla sik, to take rest, pause, Eg. 492, 586; h. lið sitt, to let one's troops rest, Karl. 370. II. reflex., hvílask, to take rest, pause, 623. II, Vkv. 28, Nj. 132, Lv. 59, Fms. v. 64, vii. 193, Sks. 550: to pause, vil ek nú láta þá ræðu hvílask, Sks. 240; nú verðr þar at hvílask, Gísl. 18. HVÍLA, u, f. [Ulf. hweila = GREEK ; A. S. hwîl; Engl. while; O. H. G. hwila; Germ, weile; Hel. hvîla; all of them in a temp, sense, = a while, an hour; whereas the Scandin. word has the notion of rest, making a distinction between hvíld in a general, and hvíla in a special sense; Dan. hvile; Swed. hvila] :-- a bed, Sturl. i. 207, 208, iii. 282, Nj. 14, Eg. 567, Fms. xi. 290, Gísl. 16, Am. 9, Sól. 72; vers-hvíla, Grág. ii. 183, passim. COMPDS: hvílu-ábreiða, u, f. a bed-blanket. hvílu- brögð, n. pl. cohabitation, Fas. iii. 305, 470. hvílu-felagi, a, m. a bedfellow, Fms. ix. 321. hvílu-gólf, n. a bed closet, Fms. ii. 85, 197, Eg. 603, Dropl. 29, Háv. 31 new Ed., Gísl. 30, Ld. 138; also called lok-hvíla, cp. Gísl. 29, Eb.; thalamus is rendered by hvílugólf in Hom. (St.) 101. hvílu-höll, f. = hvílugolf, Karl. 20. hvílu-klæði, n. pl. bedclothes, Vm. 109, Finnb. 216, N. G. L. i. 358. hvílu-neyti, n. the sleeping in one bed, Stj. 197, Bær. 17. hvílu-stofa, u, f. = hvilu- gólf, D. N. hvílu-stokkr, m. the outside edge of a bed, 623. 52, Pr. 439. hvílu-tollr, m. hire of a bed, Fas. iii. 372. hvílu-váðir, f. pl. bed sheets, (mod. rekkváðir or rekkjóðir), Vm. 177. hvílu- þröng, f. the taking up one's bed, Gísl. 16; lok-hvíla, q. v. hvíl-beðr, m. a bed of rest, Akv. 31. hvíld, f. rest, repose, Nj. 43, Eg. 492, Fms. v. 307, vi. 420, vii. 193, Sks. 235, Stj. 613, passim: pause, Nj. 248; í hvíld, in baiting, in rest, Hbl. 2. COMPDS: hvíldar-dagr, m. a day of rest, Magn. 502: esp. eccl. the Sabbath, halda skaltú helgan hvíldar-daginn Drottins Guðs þíns, the Fourth Commandment, Stj., Vidal. passim. hvíldar-hestr, m. a relay horse, Sturl. iii. 23. hvíldar-lauss, adj. restless, without rest, Sks. 235. hvíldar-staðr, m. a place of rest, Stj. 155, Pass. 10. 3. hvíl-dagr, m. = hvildardagr, Rb. 1812. 48. hvílig-leikr, m. = Lat. qualitas, Alg. 372, Edda ii. 90. hví-ligr, adj. = Lat. qualis, Fms. x. 107. hví-líkr, adj. interrog. [Ulf. hweileiks; A. S. hwylc; Engl. which; Early Engl. and Scot, while, whilk] :-- what like? (as still used in North. E. for of what kind?), Lat. qualis, Fms. ii. 220, v. 302, Nj. 269, passim in old and mod. usage. II. relative, Stj. 85. HVÍNA, pret. hvein, hvinu, hvinit, [A. S. hwînan; Engl. whine; Dan. hvine; Swed. hvina] :-- to give a whizzing sound, as the pinions of a bird, an arrow, shaft, gust of wind, or the like; hein hvein í hjarna maeni, the bone whizzed into his skull, Hausrl. 5; örvarnar flugu hvínandi yfir höfuð þeim, Fms. viii. 39; örvar hvinu hjá þeim öllu megin, 179; sær fell at landi hvínanda, Clem. 48; láta hein-þynntan hryneld h., Edda 88 (in a verse). hvískra, að, [Dan. hviske; Swed. hviska], to whisper, Karl. 211. hvískran, f. (hviskr, n.), a whispering, Karl. 236. hvísl, n. (and hvísla, u, f., Thom. 535), a whispering, THom. 447. HVÍSLA, að, [A. S. hwîslan; Engl. whistle]: to whisper; h. við e-n, Fms. v. 201; h. með e-n, Karl. 53; h. sin í millum, Karl. 356: mod., hvísla at e-m: recipr. hvíslask, to whisper to one another, Fms. xi. 425. hvíta, u, f. the white in an egg. hvíti, f. whiteness, fair hue, Ísl. ii. 211. hvítill, m. (Ivar Aasen kvitel, the Engl. quilt), a white bed-cover, Sir., N. D. hvítingr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 123, Gkv. 2. 42; mod. mjaldr: name of horses, Bjarn. 20: of drinking horns, Fms. iii. 189. hvít-leiki, a, m. whiteness, Stj. 92, Mar. hvít-mata, að; það hvítmatar í augun á honum, of milky white eyes. hvítna, að, to become white, Edda 28, Sir. 64. HVÍTR, adj. [Ulf. hweits = GREEK; A. S. hwít; Engl. white; Hel. huît; O. H. G. hwîz; Germ, weiss; Swed. hvit; Dan. hvid] :-- white; hvit skinn, white fur, 4. 24; h. motr, a white cap, Ld. 188; h. skjöldr, a white shield, Fms. x. 347; hit hvíta feldarins, Fbr. 148; hvítt blóm, white blossom, 4. 24; hvítt hold, white flesh (skin), id.; hvít hönd, a white band, Hallfred; h. háls, a white neck, of a lady, Rm.; h. hestr, a white horse, Fms. ix. 527; hvítr á har, white-haired, vi. 130; h. maðr (fair of hue) ok vænn í andliti, x. 420; hvítan mann ok huglausan, Ld. 232; hvít mörk, white money, of pure silver, opp. to grátt (grey) silver, B. K. 95; hvitr matr, white meat, i. e. milk, curds, and the like, opp. to flesh, in the eccl. law, K. Þ. K. 126; hvítr dögurðr, a white day meal, Sighvat; hvíta-matr, id, K. Þ. K. 102; mjall-hvítr, fann-h., snjó-h., drift-h., white as driven snow; al-h., white allover. B. Eccl. use of the word white: I. at the introduction of Christianity, neophytes in the week after their baptism used to wear white garments, called hvíta-váðir, f. pl. white weeds, as a symbol of baptism cleansing from sin and being a new birth; a neophyte was called hvít-váðungr, m. a 'wbite-weedling,' one dressed in white weeds, Niðrst. II: the Sagas contain many touching episodes of neophytes, esp. such as were baptized in old age, and died whilst in the white weeds; þat er sögn flestra manna at Kjartan hafi þann dag görzt handgenginn Ölafi konungi er hann var færðr ór hvíta-váðum ok þeir Bolli báðir, Ld. ch. 40; síðan hafði konungr þá í boði sínu ok veitti þeim ena virðuligustu veizlu meðan þeir vóru í hvítaváðum, ok lét kenna þeim heilög fræði, Fms. i. 230; Glúmr (Víga-Glúm) var biskupaðr í banasótt af Kol biskupi ok and- aðisk í hvítaváðum, Glúm. 397; Bárðr tók sótt litlu síðar enn hann var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fms. ii. 153; Ólafr á Haukagili var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fs. (Vd.) 77; var Tóki síðan skírðr af hirðbiskupi Ólafs konungs, ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fb. ii. 138; síðan andaðisk Gestr í hvítaváðum, Bárð. (sub fin.) Sweden, but above all Gothland, remained in great part heathen throughout the whole of the 11th century, after the neighbouring countries Denmark and Norway had become Christian, and so we find in Sweden Runic stones referring to Swedes who had died in the white weeds, some abroad and some at home; sem varð dauðr íhvítaváðum í Danmörku, Baut. 435; hann varð dauðr í Danmörku í hvítaváðum, 610; þeir dó í hvítaváðum, 68; sem dó í hvítaváðum, 271; hann varð dauðr í hvítaváðum, 223, 497. Churches when consecrated used to be dressed out with white; var Kjartan at Borg grafinn, þá var kirkja nyvígð ok í hvítaváðum, Ld. 230. II. the white garments gave rise to new words and phrases amongst the first generation of northern Christians: 1. Hvíta-Kristr, m. 'White- Christ,' was the favourite name of Christ; hafa láti mik heitan Hvita-Kristr at viti eld, ef..., Sighvat; another poet (Edda 91) uses the word; and in prose, dugi þú mér, Hvíta-Kristr, help thou me, White-Christ! Fs. 101; ok þeir er þann sið hafa taka nafn af þeim Guði er þeir trúa á, ok kallaðr er Hvíta-Kristr ok því heita þeir Kristnir, mér er ok sagt at H.

HVlTABJÖRN -- HYGLI. 303

æ-acute; sé svá miskunsamr, at..., Fms. i. 295; en ef ek skal á guð nacquat trúa, hvat er mér þá verra at ek trúa á Hvita-Krist en á annat guð ? Ó. H. 204; Arnljótr svarar, heyrt hefi ek getið Hvíta-Krists, en ekki er mér kunnigt um athöfn hans eða hvar hann ræðr fyrir, 211; en þó trúi ek á Hviíta- Krist, Fb. ii. 137. 2. the great festivals, Yule (see Ld. ch. 40), Easter and Pentecost, but especially the two latter, were the great seasons for christening; in the Roman Catholic church especially Easter, whence in Roman usage the first Sunday after Easter was called Dominica in Albis; but in the northern churches, perhaps owing to the cold weather at Easter time, Pentecost, as the birthday of the church, seems to have been specially appointed for christening and for ordination, see Hungrv. ch. 2, Thom. 318; hence the following week was termed the Holy Week (Helga Vika). Hence; Pentecost derived its name from the white garments, and was called Hvíta-dagar, the White days, i. e. Whitsun-week; frá Páskadegi inum fýrsta skulu vera vikur sjau til Drottins-dags í Hvíta- dögum; Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum skulu vér halda sem hinn fyrsta Páskadag, K. Þ. K. 102; þváttdag fyrir Hvítadaga = Saturday next before Whitsunday, 126, 128; Páskadag inn fyrsta ok Uppstigningar-dag ok Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum, 112; þá Imbrudaga er um Hvítadaga verða, 120; vóru afteknir tveir dagar í Hvítadögum, Bs. i. 420; um várit á Hvítadögum, Orkn. 438: Hvítadaga-vika, u, f. White-day week = Whitsun-week, K. Þ. K. 126: in sing., þeir kómu at Hvítadegi (= Whit- sunday) til Björgynjar, Fms. x. 63, v. 1.: Hvíitadaga-helgi, f. the White-day feast, Whitsuntide, Fms. viii. 373, xi. 339, Sturl. iii. 206: Hvítadaga-hríð, a snow storm during the White days, Ann. 1330: Hvit- Drottins-dagr, m. the White Lord's day, i. e. Whitsunday, the northern Dominica in Albis, Rb. 484, Ems. vii. 156, Bs. i. 62, where it refers to the 20th of May, 1056, on which day Isleif the first bishop of Iceland was consecrated. The name that at last prevailed was Hvíta-sunna, u, f. Whitsun, i. e. White-sun, D. N. ii. 263, 403: Hvítasunni-dagr, m. Whitsuday, Fb. ii. 546, Ems. viii. 63, v. l.: Hvítasunnudags-vika, u, f. Whitsun-week, Fb. ii. 546; Páskaviku, ok Hvítasunnudags-viku, ok þrjár vikur fyrir Jónsvöku, ok svá fyrir Michials-messu, N. G. L. i. 150; hvítasunnudagshátíð, Thom. 318. As the English was the mother-church of that of Norway and Iceland, the Icelandic eccl. phrases are derived from the English language. See Bingham's Origg. s. vv. White Garments, and Dominica in Albis, where however no reference is given to Icel. writers. In modern Denmark and Norway the old name has been displaced by Pindse, i. e. Pfingsten, derived from the Greek word, whereas in Icel., as in Engl., only the name Hvitasunna is known, UNCERTAIN In Denmark the people make a practice of thronging to the woods on Whitsun morning to see the rising of the sun, and returning with green branches in their hands, the trees being just in bud at that season. C. COMPDS: hvíta-björn, m. the white bear, K. Þ. K. 110, Sks. 191, Landn. 174; see björn. hvíta-dagar, see B. II. 2. hvíta-gnípa, u, f. white peaks, the foaming waves, Lex. Poët. hvíta-logn, n. a white calm, of the sea. hvíta-matr = hvítr matr, K. Þ. K. Hvíta-sunna, see B. II; hvíta-váðir, see B. I. hvíta-valr, m. a white/ al co n, Sks. 189. hvít-armr, adj. white-armed, Hm. 162 (epithet of a lady). hvít- bránn, adj. white-browed, Fas. iii. (in a verse). hvít-brúnn, adj. white-browed, Ems. x. 321. hvít-dreki, a, m. a white dragon, Merl. 2. 41. Hvítdrottins-dagr, see B. II. 2. hvít-faldaðr, part. white-hooded, of the waves, Fas. i. (in a verse). hvít-fjaðraðr, part. white-feathered, of a swan, Fas. i. (in a verse). hvít-flekkóttr, adj. white-decked, white-spotted, Stj. 93, 250. hvít-fyrsa, t, to be white with foam, of a current, Fas. ii. 252. hvít-fyssi, n. a white foaming stream, Thom. 303. hvít-haddaðr, part, white-haired, Lex. Poët. hvít-hárr and lavít-hærðr, adj. white-haired, 4. 25, Sks. 92. hvít- jarpr, adj. white-brown, blond, of a woman, Fms. (in a verse). hvít- klæddr, part. clad in white. hvít-melingar, f. pl., poët, arrows, Edda (Gl.) hvít-röndóttr, adj. white-striped, Stj. 93. hvít- skeggjaðr, part. white-bearded, Flóv. 41. hvít-skinn, n. white fur, D. N. hvít-váðungr, m., see B. II. as pr. names, Hvítr, Engl. White, Dan. Hvid, Landn.; esp. as a surname, Hvíti, the White, Óláfr Hvíti, Þorsteinn Hvíti, Landn.: Hvít-beinn, m. White-hone, a nickname, Landn.; as also Hvíta-skáld, Hvíta-ský, Hvíta-leðr, Hvíta-kollr, Landn.: in local names, Hvíta-býr, Whitby; Hvíta-nes, Hvíta-dalr, Landn.; Hvít-á, the White-water, a name of several Icel. rivers flowing from glaciers, Hvítár-vellir, Hvítár-síða, Landn.; Hvítramanna-land, White-men's-land, old name of the southern part of the present United States, Landn. HVÆSA, t, [Engl. hiss; Dan. hvœse; akin to hvísla] :-- to hiss; h. sem höggormr, to hiss like a serpent, Greg. 50, Róm. 238; þá nam jötunn h. halt, Ülf. hvæsing, f. hissing, Al. 168. HVÖNN, f., gen. hvannar, pl. hvannir, [Norse kvanne], angelica, arcbangelica L., Grág. ii. 348, Fms. ii. 244, Fbr. 87, 88: wild angelica being common in Icel., the word is freq. in local names, Hvann-á, Hvann-eyri, Hvann-dalr, Landn. In olden times the angelica seems to have been much used to give flavour to ale; see jóll. HVÖT, f., gen. hvatar, pl. hvatir, instigation, impulse, Al. 119, passim, as also in mod. usage, fram-hvöt, q. v.: alacrity, Lex. Poët.: names of poems, Guðrunar-hvöt, Sæm.; Húskarla-hvöt, Ó. H. COMPDS: hvata- buss, m., q. v. hvata-maðr, in. an instigator, Ld. 240, Fms. xi. 263. hvötuðr, m. an instigator, author, Lex. Poët, chiefly in poët. compds. hvötun, f. = hvatan. hyggiliga, adv. wisely, with circumspection, Hkm. ii, Ld. 178, Glúm. 337, Karl. 442. hyggiligr, adj. wise, circumspect, Bs. i. 294, Niðrst. 3. hyggindi, in mod. usage a n. pl., but in old writers often a f. sing, and spelt hyggjandi, Edda (Gl.), Hm. 6, Skv. 3. 49, Fms. iv. 132, Hðm. 28, Hom., Grág. i. 176 :-- circumspection, wisdom, svo eru hyggindi sem í hag koma, a saying; at viti ok hyggindi, Fms. v. 342; at hyggindum, Landn. 259; at hyggindi ok réttlæti, Fms. iii. 106; vill hyggjandi (gen. sing.), out of one's senses, Fas. i. 436 (in a verse); hyggindis-munr, Grett. 147 A- hygginn, adj. clever, intelligent, discreet, Ísl. ii. 341, Fms. v. 221, xi. 17, 33, Sd. 178, Grág. i. 175. N. G. L. i. 231; hyggnir menu, Post. 33, Karl. 352, 359. HYGGJA, pres. hygg. pl. hyggjum; pret. hugði; part. hugt or hugat; pres. reflex, hyggjumk, Stor. 13; pret. hugðumk, Em. I; pres. 1st pers. hykk = hygg ek, Lex. Poët, passim; and with neg. hykk-at, id.; [Goth. hugjan] : -- to think, mean, believe; hugðu þó mjök sér hvárir-tveggju, were of different opinions, Fms. vii. 176; ek hygg at á ekki kaupskip hafi komit jafnmikit fé, Eg. 72; ferr þetta mjök annan veg en ek hugða, 127; minni þurðr en hann kvaðsk hugat hafa, Bs. i. 778; hugði (suspected) því hestvörðrinn úfrið, Fms. ix. 351: to guess, far hyggr þegjanda þörf, a saying, none can make out the wants of the silent, Sól. 28; þær of hugði, made out, Sdm. 13: to observe, muse, sat ek ok hugðak, Hm. 11. 2. to intend, purpose; sóknar-gagna þeirra sem hann hugði fram at færa, Nj. 110; at hann hafi fram færða sókn sem hann hyggr, Grág. i. 60; mæla fagrt en h. flátt, Fms. ii. 91, Hm. 44, 90. 3. to imagine, appre- hend; fleiri en þat of hyggi hverr ósviðra apa, Gm. 34; er eigi má eyra heyra né hjarta manns hyggja, Blas. 44; máka ek hyggja hvé ..., Korm., Am. 12; þat hugðum vér, at vér hefðim þá höndum himin tekit, Fms. i. 33 ; hyggja e-m vel, to be well-disposed towards a person, Sturl. iii. 150; h. e-m gott, Am. 33; h. vel ráði e-s, to he pleased with, Eb. 206 (in a verse); h. vel, to be of good comfort, Gísl. 71 (in a verse); ok munu þau vel hyggja (they will be glad) er þau hafa akrinn, Glúm. 343; h. e-u ílla, to be ill-dis- posed, dislike, Fas. ii. 486, Skv. i. 24, 40: with infin., er hann hygði úhætt fjörvi sínu vera munu, Grág. ii. 32. II. with prepp.; hyggja af e-u, to 'think off' a thing i. e. leave off thinking of it, drop or forget it; h. af heimsku, Hkr. 1. 103; h. af harmi, Fms. vi. 389; hannhugði seint af andláti hans, vii. 17; af hyggja um e-t, to give up, vi. 381: hyggja at, to 'think to' attend to, mind, behold, Rm. 25, Am. 3, Hým. 3, Hm. 23, Stor. 13, Höfuðl. 3; hugði hann at vandliga hvat þar var á markat, Fms. i. 134; konungr hugði vandlega at manninum, Nj. 6; var þá vandliga at hugt siðum allra þeirra, Sks. 245 B, 278 B; Flosi gékk í lögréttu at hyggja at fénu, Nj. 190; hón hugði at spámanna bókum, Mar.; hón hugði at sér vel um messuna sem hón var vön, Bs. i. 435; h. at eigi spilltisk, Fms. ix. 308; hugðu þeir at eldinum, Bs. i. 669 :-- hyggja á e-t, to 'think on' (as in North. E.), attend to a thing; hyggja á flótta, to think of flight, Fms. ii. 306, Am. 101, Ed. 88 (in a verse) :-- hyggja fyrir e-u, to take thought for; eiga bú ok bórn fyrir at h., Fms. v. 24; h. fyrir orði ok eiði = Lat. mentis compos, Grág. i. 461 :-- hyggja um e-t, to think about a thing; h. um meô e-m, to deliberate with one about a thing, Fms. vii. 139; h. um sik, to think about oneself, Fm. 35: e-m er um hugat um e-t, to have a thing at heart, be concerned about it, Glúm. 332. III. reflex., hyggjask, to bethink oneself, suppose, deem; ek hugðumk rísa, me thought I rose, Fm. 1; einn rammari hugðomk öllum vera, Fm. 16, Ísl. ii. 249 (in a verse); hann hugðisk við Esau mæla, 655 vii. 2; ef maðr er kvaddr þess vættis er hann hyggsk eigi í vera, Grág. i. 44; hann hygðisk eiga, 415; hyggstú betr göra munu, dost thou think that thou canst do it better? Nj. 19; hugðusk menn þaðan mundu föng fá, Fms. i. 86: to intend, þú hugðisk ræna mundu Þorstein landeign sinni, Eg. 737; hann hugðisk til áreiðar, Fms. x. 413; hyggjask fyrir, to thinkon before, premeditate, Ls. 15 :-- impers., hugðisk honum svá, it appeared to him so, Landn. 57. IV. part. hugðr, as adj.; nauðleytar-manna, eðr annarra hugðra manna, or other beloved person, 625. 192; af hugðu, intimately, Bjarn. 58; hann ræddi ekki af hugðu, 40; ræða hugat mál, to speak what one has at heart, Korm. (in a verse); mæla hugat, to speak sincerely, Skv. ï. 10, Höfuðl. 13; hugðan hróðr, a song of praise, encomium, Jd. I. hyggja, u, f. thought, mind, opinion; h. ok hugleiðing, MS. 4. 7; at sinni hyggju, N. G. L. ii. 173; Guðleg h., Róm. 308: understanding, mannleg h., Stj.; fyrr fullkominn at hyggju en vetra-tölu, Ld. 18: á-hyggja, care, anxiety; fyrir-h., forethought; van-h., want of forethought; um- hyggja, concern. COMPDS: hyggju-lauss, adj. thoughtless, hyggju- leysi, n. thoughtlessness, Ld. 60. hyggjaðr, part. minded, intending, Gh. 16. hyggjandi, f., see hyggindi. hyggnask, að, to give an insight, Þjal. 20. hygli, f. consideration, K. Á. 104.

304 HYLBAUTI -- HÆFA.

hyl-bauti, a, m. 'depth-beater,' poët. a ship, Edda (Gl.) HYLDA, d, [hold], to slash, N. G. L. i. 381, Am. 55; h. hval, Fms. v. 178 (in a verse). II. reflex. to grow fat, get flesh, K. Þ. K. 130: hyldr, part. fleshy, Grett. 91. hyldga, að, to get flesh. hyldgan, f. getting flesh; of-hyldgan, medic. HYLJA, pres. hyl (hylk = hyl ek, Hbl. 11), pl. hyljum; pret. hulði (huldi); part. huliðr, huldr, and hulinn; [Ulf. huljan = GREEK; A. S. helan; Old Engl. to hele, hull; O. H. G. huljan; Germ. hüllen; Swed. hölja; Dan. hylle and hæle] :-- to hide, cover; hylja hann allan, Edda 72; hann hulði höfuð sitt, Fms. x. 255; huldi andlit sitt, 361; hón huldi dúk, bjóð, Rm.; hann huldi hræ hans, Nj. 27, Grág. ii. 88; ok svá mikit hárit at hón mátti h. sik með, Nj. 16: to bury, jörðu hulinn, buried in the earth, Magn. 506; hylja auri, Korm. (in a verse); huliðr sandi, Geisli 25: to conceal, limi okkra hyl ekki, Sks. 504: part. huldr or huliðr, id.; fara huldu höfði, to go with the head covered, i.e. in disguise or by stealth, Eg. 406, Fms. i. 222; cp. huliðshjálmr. hyljan, f. a covering, hiding, Sturl. iii. 234. hylki, n. a hulk, of an old tub or vessel. HYLLA, t, hylda in N. G. L. ii. l.c.; [cp. hollr; Germ. huldigen; Dan. hylde] :-- to court a person's friendship; h. sik fjándmönnum e-s, Fms. vi. 174; h. sik svá við menn, Gþl. 25; h. fyrir e-m, to recommend one, Lv. 6; h. ok samþykkja, N. G. L. ii. 65, 220; h. hug með e-m, to consent, 183. II. reflex., hyllask e-n at (athyllask, q.v.), to cultivate, pay homage to, Fs. 130, Fms. iv. 448: eccl. to worship, hyllask at Guð, hyllisk nú at Thomas biskup, pray to bishop Thomas! Sturl. iii. 234. hylli, f. favour, grace, Þkv. 29, Fas. ii. 69; Guðs h., Grág. ii. 167, Ísl. ii. 382, passim. hylling, f. homage. HYLMA, d, [akin to hylja], to hide, conceal; used only as a law phrase, and with the prep. yfir; yfir h. verk sitt, Stj. 42; nú mundi elligar yfir hylmask mál Odds, Fms. vi. 384; þarf ekki lengr yfir þessu at hylma, vii. 20, Fas. i. 195. hylming, f. a concealing, of a sin, Pass. 5. 3. HYLR, m., gen. hyljar, pl. ir, [akin to holr], a hole or deep place in a river, e.g. places where trout and salmon lie hidden, Bs. i. 46, Hrafn. 23, Fs. 48: freq. in local names, Skip-hylr (a dock in a river), Þúfu-h., Hörgs-h., D. I. hyltingr, m. [from holt; cp. hultiggir in the Golden horn], the 'holt-dwellers,' in compds, Hjarð-hyltingar, etc. hymni or ymni, proncd. himni, a, m. [a for. word], a hymn, Ám. 54, Bs. hymna-bók, -skrá, f. a hymn book, B. K. 83, Pm. 24, 29; but out of use except in the word hymna-lag, n. a hymn, melody; með hymnalag, Pass. (begin.) hyndask, d, [hund = hundrað], to be multiplied, a GREEK; unz fé hyndisk, till the money increases, N. G. L. i. 23. hyndla, u, f. [hundr], a little dog, doggie, Mar. 494, v.l.: name of a giantess, whence Hyndlu-ljóð, n. pl. the name of an old song. hypja, að, [hjúpr], to huddle the clothes on; h. sig í fötin, to dress oneself in a hurry. hypja, adj. in tötrug-hypja (q.v.), Rm. HYRJA, pres. hyrr, [hurr], to knock at; hann hyrr hurðir = impingebat in ostia portae of the Vulgate, Stj. 475 (v.l.), 1 Sam. xxi. 13. hyrja, u, f. name of a giantess, Edda. hyrna, n, f. [horn], one of the horns or points of an axe-head, öxar-h., Bjarn. 36, Fms. vii. 191, Nj. 198: of a mountain, a peak, freq.: of a house, Hornklofi: a horned ewe is called hyrna; Mó-hyrna, Grá-h. II. a nickname, Landn.: in compds, Vatns-h., the book from Vatnshorn, etc. hyrndr, adj. horned, Rb. 356, Grág. i. 501, Fms. xi. 6, Stj. 314: angular, mathem., þrí-h., fer-h., átt-h., Alg. 195. hyrning, f. a corner, nook of a house, Skálda 162, Stj. 152, Eg. 91, Fbr. 168, Grett. 57 new Ed., Fas. ii. 427, Thom. 80. hyrningr, m. a horned man, used mockingly of a bishop with his crosier; margt mælir h. hjá, Ó. H.; karp þess hyrnings er ér kallit biskup, id. 2. a pr. name, Fb. iii. II. an angle, mathem.; þrí-hyrningr, a triangle; fer-h., a square; átt-h., an octagon. HYRR, m., gen. hyrjar, [cp. Ulf. hauri = embers, John xviii. 18, Rom. xii. 20] :-- embers of fire, but only in poetry, Vþm. 31, Hdl. 45, Ýt. 20, Haustl. 14, Vellekla, passim, as also in a great many compds denoting weapons ( = the fire of the battle or of Odin), or gold ( = the fire of the sea), see Lex. Poët. pp. 431-433. Hyrr-okin, the name of a giantess, from hyrr, and rokinn from rjúka, Edda. HYSKI, n. [better hýski, from hús], a household, family, cp. hjú, Edda 5, Hkr. 197, Fms. vi. 368, Al. 21, N. G. L. ii. 473, Hom. 152, Stj. 57; but, in mod. usage at least, used almost exclusively in a low sense, of beggars and low people. hyskinn, adj. slothful. HÝ, n. the down of plants, hair, feathers, Lat. lanugo; skalf á hnakka hý, Sturl. i. 22 (in a verse); hý eðr fífa, Stj. 40. hý-nefr, m. downy nose, a nickname of one with a tuft of hair on his nose, Landn. hýaðr, part. fledged, Bb. 2. 26. hý-býli, n. pl. home; see híbýli. hýða, d, [húð], to flog, Fms. vi. 187, ix. 349, N. G. L. i. 13, 85. hýði, n. a husk, shell, pod, Lat. legumen. hýðing, f. a 'hiding' (slang Engl.), flogging; sá skal hýðing valda er heimskastr er á þingi, a saying, N. G. L. i. 349, Grág. i. 456, Stj. 396. hýi, a, m. [hjú], a domestic, servant, Grág. ii. 40, a GREEK. hý-jafn, adj. quite even, Lex. Poët. hýma, d, [húm], to sneak in the dark, Fas. ii. 284; but see híma. Hýmir, m. [húm], name of a giant, Edda; Hymis-kviða, u, f. the name of a poem. hý-nótt, f. [hjú], the 'wedding-nights,' i.e. the three nights either just before or rather just after the wedding (Skm. 42): that they were three is stated in Fas. i. 250 (in a verse), where hýjar-nætr = hýnætr seems to be the true reading; the same number is hinted at in the Skm. l.c., -- hve um þreyjak 'þrjár.' May not the Engl. honeymoon be derived from this old word, qs. hýnóttar mánuðr = the wedding-night month? Hýnskr, adj. [Húnar], Hunnish, Fas. i. 207. hýra, u, f. a mild expression, sweetness; hýran af henni skein, Stef. Ól.; má ek vel lofa mína hýru (my love), Bb. 3. 27; from the saying, hverr lofar sína hýru, every one praises his love. hýrask, ð, dep. to be gladdened, brighten up; hýrðisk hann skjótt í viðbragði, Fs. 184, freq. in mod. usage. hýring, f. a kindling, Mar. 23. hýrlega, adv. sweetly, with a smiling face, Fas. i. 57, iii. 209, Bs. ii. 55. hýrligr, adj. smiling, sweet, of the eyes, face, Bs. i. 217, freq. in mod. usage. hýrna, að, to brighten up. hý-rógi, n., qs. hýrúgr, [hý-], bearded rye (?), Hm. 138; see haull. HÝRR, adj. [O. H. G. ga-hiuri; Germ. ge-heuer], sweet, smiling, mild; Vkv. 15; hægr ok hýrr, Bs. i. 345; þessi dýr vóru hýr, Fas. iii. 78; hýrr ok hug-þekkr, Stj. 588, Bs. ii. 13; hægt og hýrt, Pass. 12. 16; huga-h., 23; bæn af iðrandi hjarta hýr, 40. 6: the saying, vera aldrei með hýrri há, to be never in good cheer, always melancholy: in mod. usage bright, sweet, of the face. hýsa, t, [hús], to house, harbour, Stj. 152, Gþl. 144. hýungr, m. [hý, n.], downy hair on the chin. hý-víg, n. [hjú], a law term, homicide, where the person slain is another person's bondsman, Grág. ii. 152. hæ, an interj. of shouting from exultation. HÆÐ, f. [Ulf. hauiþa = GREEK and GREEK; A. S. heahðo; Engl. height; Dan. höjde; Germ. höhe; Swed. höjd] :-- height; hlaupa hæð sína, Nj. 29; hæð trjánna, Stj. 74; breidd, lengd, þykt, hæð, Alg. 372, passim; manns-hæð, a man's height; fjalis-hæð: of hair = lengd, Fms. x. 177, etc. 2. a height, hill; hæðir þær er nú heita Hallbjarnar-vörður, Landn. 152; þeir fóru á hæðina, í ena syðri hæðina, því eru þrjár vörður á þeirri hæðinni, 153; sat Ljótr á hæð einni, 147; gengu þeir upp á hæð nokkura, Nj. 267; dalr ok hæð, Fms. ix. 490; hæðir eða haugar, Ó. H. 67; er þeir ganga ofan ór hæð, Stj. 444; skaltú ganga upp á hæð með mér, 443; hólar, hæðir, Núm. 2. 100; leiti né hæðir, Grág. i. 433. β. a top, summit, Stj. 66; í hæð borgarinnar: of the heaven, Hom. 90; hæðir himna, Hólabók; Faðir á himna hæð, id.; níu eru himnar á hæð talðir, Edda (Gl.); hæða blót, fórnfæring, göfgan, hof, sacrifice, worship, a temple on the high places, Stj. 635, 640, 641. II. metaph. highness, shrill tone, of the voice, Skálda 175; tala í hæð eða í leynd, to speak aloud or secretly, Sks. 365. 2. amount, of price; kaupa með sama hæð, Dipl. v. 21; upp-hæð, amount: highness, exaltation, Hom., Mar. HÆÐA, d, [háð], to scoff at, mock; with acc., Al. 170, Fms. ii. 46, Stj. 411, 583; also, h. at e-m, Eg. 755; hæðit þit nú at mér, Fms. ii. 101, Flóv. 34, Karl. 477. hæði-liga, adv. mockingly, scornfully, Fms. vi. 110, 152, viii. 171, Stj. 395, 418. hæði-ligr, adj. ludicrous, Fms. i. 14, vii. 210, Sturl. ii. 90, Fs. 159, Orkn. 240, Stj. 396, 431. hæðing, f. a scoffing, Bret. 36, Barl. 125. hæðinn, adj. scoffing, Hm. 30. hæði-yrði, n. pl. taunts, Nj. 27, Korm. 34. hæðni, f. mockery, scurrility, Fms. iii. 21, Hom. (St.), Pass. 14. 14. hæðnis-gjarn, adj. scoffing, Pass. 27. 3. HÆFA (hœfa), ð, [hóf and hafa], to hit, with acc.; hann hæfði allt þat er hann skaut til, Nj. 29, Fms. i. 9, viii. 140; þeir hæfa aldri dýr, Fas. ii. 543, Fms. viii. 385, Grág. ii. 7, passim: hæfa á e-t, hæfði hann eigi á spjótið, Fms. ii. 250; á sama hæfi ek um draumana, Ld.; hæfa skoti sínu, to take an aim, Þiðr. 94: hæfa til, to aim at, aim; svá hafði smiðrinn til hæft, so well had he aimed, Fms. x. 321; svá hafði hann glöggliga til hæft um gröftinn, vi. 149. II. with dat., mostly metaph. to moderate, mete out justly; hæfa refsingum, Stj.; hæfa hófi e-s hlutar, to hit the right mean, Grág. xvii, cxv; ek skal þat (því?) hæfa, I will put that right, Lv. 8. III. to fit; hæfa e-m, hæfðu Kjartani þau, they (the clothes) fitted K., Fms. ii. 79. 2. to behove, be meet; hæfir oss þá eiða vel at halda, Fb. ii. 119; segir varla h. minni fávizku, Fms. i.

HÆFA -- HÆRULANGR. 305

140; sva vitr sem spökum konungi hæfði at vera, 259; hvat yðr hæfir at göra, 281; eigi hæfir at drepa svá fríðan svein, 80; svá hæfir eigi, it will not do, xi. 123; skyldir þú kunna þér hóf, hvat þér hæfir, iii. 330; þat hæfir honum (it is meet for him), at sverðit er fast í umgörðinni, Fas. i. 70; þess hlutar sem þeim hæfir til, which is due to them, K. Á. 54. IV. reflex. to correspond; spjótið mun hæfask ok sár þat, the shaft and the wound will correspond, Hkr. ii. 203; vilda ek at þat hæfðisk mjök á, at lið þat kæmi, ok vér slítim talinu, Ld. 320; ef mjök hæfisk á með mönnum um búa-kvöð, Grág. ii. 52. hæfa, u, f. a foundation; það er engin hæfa fyrir því, there is no foundation for it; ú-hæfa, what is shocking; til-hæfa, a foundation. hæfi, n. fitness; vera við e-s hæfi, to fit one, be convenient, what one can wield, Eg. 109, Fas. ii. 521; ó-hæfi, what is unfit, monstrous. hæfis-liga, adv. fitly, Flóv. 22. hæfi-látr, adj. meet, moderate, Sks. 435, Sturl. iii. 169, Þiðr. 131. hæfi-liga, adv. fitly, Grág. i. 441; ú-hæfiliga, unfitly. hæfi-ligr, adj. fit, due, Anecd. 58, 66, Fs. 46, Ísl. ii. 369, Fms. ii. 86, vi. 69, Sks. 13; ú-hæfiligr, unfit. hæfindi, n. pl. what fits, behoves, Fms. vi. 121, Sturl. i. 60 C. hæfing, f. aiming at; göra h., to aim at, Fas. ii. 344. hæfinn, adj. aiming well, making a good hit, Sturl. ii. 135. hæfni, f. being hæfinn, Fb. i. 463. hæfr, adj. fit, proper, Fms. xi. 94, Stj. 92: fit for use, Germ. brauchbar, bækr hæfar, opp. to fánýtar, Am. 73; vaðmál hæft til klæða, Grág. ii. 341 B; engu hæfr, useless, worthless, Fms. ii. 123; ú-hæfr, unfit, useless, Karl. hægð, f. [hog-], ease, facility; með hægð, with ease, easily: in pl. hægðir, medic. stools, hægðar-leikr, m. an easy game; það er enginn hægðarleikr, 'tis no easy game. hægindi, n. pl. relief (e.g. for the sick and poor); vitja sjúkra ok leita þeim hæginda, 686 B. 2; þá var hœgenda leitað jarli, 623. 31; ó-hægindi, pains, Bs. i. 69, 70; e-m til hæginda, 655 xi. 4; göra e-t til hæginda, to do a thing so as to make matters easier. 2. comforts; auðræði ok h., Bs. i. 68; skiljask við svá mikil hægindi, Sturl. i. 97 C; snúask til hæginda, to turn to advantage, for the better, Fms. vii. 263; með hægindum, Sturl. i. 60, (better hæfíndum, C.) II. sing, a bolster, pillow, cushion; áttján skinnbeðir, hálfr fjórði tigr hæginda, Dipl. iii. 4; undir hægindit í hvíluna, Eg. 567; hón vildi vekja hann ok tekr eitt h. lítið ok kastar í andlit honum, Ísl. ii. 393; dýnur ok h., Eb. 96, 264, Fms. vii. 197, 198, xi. 290, Hom. 95; hægindis-ver, a pillow case, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. III. eccl. hægindi or hægindis-kirkja, u. f. a private chapel; N. G. L. i. 8 distinguishes between a fjórðungs-, áttúngs-, héraðs-, and hægindis-kirkja; ef maðr görir sér hægindis-kirkju á jörð sinni, 344. hægindis-prestr, m. a priest in such a chapel, N. G. L. i. 136: Hægindi, n. a local name, D. I. i: cp. also hæginda-hús, n. a house which a tenant builds at his own expense on the estate of his landlord, Gþl. 332. hægja, ð, to abate, with dat.; hægja rás sinni, to slacken one's course, Landn. 251, passim. 2. metaph. to relieve; h. válaði sitt (sínu), 655 iii. 1: to seek relief for one, of a sick person, var þeim hægt í öllu sem mátti, Fms. xi. 290. II. impers., of a storm or high sea, to abate; veðrið hægir, það er farið að hægja; as also, III. reflex. to abate; sjór tók at hægjask, Fms. x. 150: to get smoother, kann vera at hægisk ráðit, Band. 8; er Guð vill láta nokkurn veg hægjask um hans mál, Fms. viii. 19: impers., eptir allt þetta hægisk Fróða lítið, F. became more at ease, Fas. i. 5. hæg-liga, adv. with ease, gently, Karl. 508, Odd. 2; lifa h., Hom. (St.); sættask h., readily, Lv. 75; sem hægligast, Finnb. 336. 2. easily; eg get það h., freq. in mod. usage. hæg-ligr, adj. easy, convenient; h. umbúnaðr, Odd. 2, 4, Barl. 9; h. samfarir, Sturl. ii. 148; h. færi, Fms. vii. 30. hæg-lífi, n. an easy life, Str. 36, Stj. 36, 423, Barl. 9, Hkr. ii. 38; ár mikit ok h., Orkn. 6 old Ed. HÆGR, adj. [hóg-], easy, convenient, Germ. behaglich, Fms. vi. 240, 261, viii. 154; e-m er e-t hægt, Eg. 507; h. ok mjúkr, Fms. ii. 201; sem honum var hægt, at his ease, Sturl. i. 197 C; hæg hvíla, Fms. xi. 290; hægjar náðir, Stj. 420; taka hæga hvíld, Sks. 42; ef honum þykir sér þat hægt, Grág. i. 355; er þeim þykir sér hægst, 486; ykkr er þat hægst um hönd, it is most at hand for you, Nj. 25: hægr byrr, a gentle, fair wind; hægja byri, Fms. ix. 497, Fas. ii. 520; hafa útivist skamma ok hægja, Fms. i. 285; ekki var samlag þeirra hægt, they were not on good terms, Sturl. i. 139 C; hinn síðara vetrinn var hægra með þeim = they lived on better terms, id.: medic. painless, hæg sótt: gentle, hægr sem sauðr, Bær. 11; hægr ok hýrr, Bs. i. 345; hægr ok hógvær, Fms. x. 409; hægr í biðum, long-suffering, Lv. 75; hægr viðskiptis, Fms. xi. 91. B. Compar. hægri, [Dan. höjre; Swed. högra] :-- the right hand, opp. to vinstri, the left; skógrinn var til hægra vegs, on the right hand, Eg. 295; hægri hendi, Fær. 76, Ls. 61, Fms. vi. 165, Nj. 28; hægri handar, Hom. 102; hægri fótr, N. G. L. i. 209; hægra auga, hægra eyra, etc.; hægra megin, on the right side, passim. hæg-værr, adj. = hógværr, Barl. 119. hækil-bjúgr, adj. bowed, crouching, Band. 8. hæki-liga, adv. [hákr], voraciously, savagely, Róm. 353. HÆKILL, m. [hykjel, Ivar Aasen], a 'hough,' or hind-leg, of a hide; flá af heming fyrir ofan hækilinn, N. G. L. i. 209: freq. in mod. usage, but only of a skin: a nickname, Fms. ix. hækja, u, f. a crutch, Grett. 161, Mag. 66, Fb. i. 210, Fas. iii. 154; ganga á hækjum, to go on crutches. hækka, að, [hár], to become higher, to rise, of a hill; fjallið hækkar, opp. to lækka, to become lower, to drop. 2. causal, to heighten. hæla, d, to kick with the heel, N. G. L. i. 164. 2. to secure by a peg. HÆLA (hœla), d, [hól], to praise, flatter, with dat., Eb. 164; hrósa ok hæla e-u, Karl. 438: to glory, boast, hann hældi, at Haraldr hefði hefnt Gamla, Fms. i. 48; eigi má ek af því hæla, Lv. 10, passim. II. reflex. to boast, vaunt; hælumk minnst í máli, Fms. viii. (in a verse): hælask e-u, to glory in a thing, 85, Karl. 412, Fagrsk. 93, Nj. 204, 237: hælask um e-t, to brag about, 54, Grág. ii. 145, Karl. 372, Valla L. 212: hælask af e-u, to boast of, 655 xx. 8: absol., Grág. ii. 145, Thom. 84: hælask við e-n, to boast over one, Grett. 128, Fms. vi. 399. hæli, n. a shelter, refuge; leita sér hælis, eiga hæli, Fms. i. 210, vi. 74, xi. 367, Eg. 139, Barl. 118, Rd. 258. hælis-lauss, adj. homeless, helpless. hælinn, adj. boasting, Sks. 383, Þórð. 29 new Ed.; sjálf-h., id. HÆLL, m. [Engl. heel, cp. Lat. calx: this is a Scandin. word, for the A. S. term is hóh, the Goth. fairzna,, the Germ. fersen] :-- the heel, Bs. i. 423, Hým. 34, N. G. L. i. 339, Stj. 37, passim. 2. in phrases, hlaupa á hæla e-m, to follow at one's heels, Nj. 202; falla á hæla e-m, to shut upon one's heels, of a door; fara, ganga á hæla e-m, Edda 2, Fms. v. 316, viii. 36; fara aptr á hæli, to return immediately, like the Gr. GREEK, Gísl. 272; mod. um hæl, adverb., in return, e.g. skrifa um hæl aptr, to write by return of post; hopa, fara (undan) á hæli, or á hæl, to recede, draw back, Eg. 296, 506, Fms. vii. 70, 298, viii. 134, x. 139, xi. 95, Bret. 46, Nj. 258, Karl. 375; milli hæls ok hnakka, between heel and neck: brjótask um á hæl ok hnakka, to struggle heel and neck, of one restless in sleep :-- proverb. phrases, hann stígr aldrei þangat tánum sem hinn hafði hælana, he will never reach with his toes where the other had his heels, i.e. he is far inferior to his predecessor; það er undir hælinn lagt, it is laid under one's heel, i.e. 'tis very uncertain. II. metaph., kjalar-hæll, 'keel's heel,' the hindmost part of the keel; stýris-hæll, 'rudder's heel,' the hindmost point of the rudder. COMPDS: hæl-bein, n. the heel bone, Fms. vi. 15, Fas. ii. 354, Þiðr. 86. hæl-bítr, m. a heel biter, Hbl. hæl-drepa, u, f. a kicking with the heel, Mag. 63. hæl-drepa, drap, to kick with the heel, Stj. 431. hæl-krókr, m. 'heel-crook,' back-heel, a trick in wrestling, Fas. iii. 392, 547. hæl-síðr, adj. 'heel-long,' of a garment, 625. 183, Stj. 194. hæl-staðr, m. the place of the heel, N. G. L. i. 339. B. A peg fastened in the earth, either for mooring a vessel (festar-h.) or by which a tent-rope is fastened (tjald-h.); jarðfastr hæll, Stj. 417, Korm. 86, Fms. vi. 334, Hkr. iii. 365, Blas, 48: the handle in a scythe shaft (orf-hæll), Fb. i. 522; hurðar-hælar, door pegs, N. G. L. i. 397, v.l.: belonging to a ship, Edda (Gl.) C. Prob. a different word, a widow whose husband has been slain in battle, Edda 108, cp. the pun in Eg. 763 (in a verse). hælni, f. vain-glory, boasting, Sks. 703, Str. 74, Karl. 367, Hom. 24, 86; sjálf-hælni, self-praise. HÆNA (hœna), u, f. [hani, formed on the same analogy as dal and dæl, hag and hóg] :-- a hen, Al. 160, Fms. vii. 116, Fs. 156, Stj. 3, passim: in pr. names, Lopt-hana, Skálp-h., Landn. hæna, d, to allure, attract; hæna e-n að sér: reflex., hænast að e-m, to take a liking for one; a mod. word. hængi-vakr, m. a bird, the kittywake (?), Edda (Gl.) HÆNGR, m., older and better hæingr, m. a male salmon, called hungell in Shetl., Edda (Gl.), Fb. ii. 520 (in a verse) spelt hængs, Fas. ii. 112, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Landn. Hænir, m. the name of the mythol. god Hænir, Vsp., Edda, Clem. 44. hæns (hœns), n. pl., mod. hænsn or hænsni, also spelt hæsn, K. Þ. K. 34 new Ed., Hkr. iii. 62; [Dan.-Swed. höns] :-- hens, fowls, poultry, Bret. 32, K. Á. 196, Ísl. ii. 124, Karl. 472, Rétt. 70, passim; Hænsa-Þórir, Thorir the poulterer, a nickname, Ísl. ii, whence the name of the Saga. hænsa-fiðri, n. feathers of poultry, Þorf. Karl. 374. hæpið, n. adj. doubtful: in the phrase, það er hæpið, 'tis very uncertain: prop. scanty, a corrupt form for hneppt, qs. hept, as the word is indeed spelt in Grett. 169 new Ed., whence hæpið. HÆRA, u, f. grey hair, hoariness; ok hæra nekver í hári hans, Post. 645. 66; skegg hvítt af hæru, Ísl. ii. 438; fá elli ok hæru, to live to a hoary old age, Hkr. i. 123: in plur., hafa hærur í höfði, Grett. 16, 20 new Ed.; hvítar hærur, Barl. 119: esp. in pl., in phrases as, grár, hvítr, snjóhvitr fyrir hærum, Fas. ii. 557, Fms. viii. 25, Eb. 330, Stj. 447; hár hvítt af hærum, Karl. 280; hvítr af hærum, Fms. vii. 321 (v.l.), Barl. 15: the phrase, kemba ekki hærur, to comb no grey hairs, of one who dies in the prime of life; hann kembdi ekki hærur í húsi sínu, Od. viii. 226. COMPDS; hæru-karl, m. a hoary carle, Grett. 143, Barl. 94. hæru-kollr, m. hoary head, a nickname, Grett. hæru-langr, adj. 'long-

306 HÆRUSKEGGI -- HÖFGI.

hoary,' a nickname, Grett. hæru-skeggi, a, m. a hoary beard, Clem. 32. II. = hár, hair, esp. the long hair of wool, whence hæru-poki, a, m. a hair-poke, bag made of hair. hærðr, part. haired, hairy; hærð kvenna bezt, Korm. 24, Landn. 151; vel h., Fms. vii. 199, Nj. 39. hæringr, m. a hoary man; svá öttum vér hæringinum nú at hann lá eptir, referring to the death of earl Erling, Fms. viii. 104, v.l. :-- a pr. name, Landn. hæsi, f. [háss], hoarseness, Mar. HÆTA (hœta), t, [hót; Uif. hwôtian = GREEK; early Dan. höde] :-- to threaten, with dat. of the person and thing; h. e-m e-u, Ls. 62, Fms. vii. 220, ix. 18, x. 316, Fs. 35, 165, Karl. 397, 437, Þiðr. 225, Al. 47, Ölk. 35; see hóta. hæting, f. a threat, Stj. 35: taunts, Hbl. 53, where masc. hætinn, adj. threatening, Karl. 491. hætta, u. f. danger, peril, Fms. iv. 122, 132; leggja á hættu, to run a risk, Eg. 86, 719; leggja sik, líf sitt í hættu, Fs. 4, 21, 41, Fms. iv. 86; eiga mikit í hættu, to run a great risk, Nj. 16, Fms. x. 232. COMPDS: hættu-efni, n. a dangerous matter, Fs. 57. hættu-ferð, -för, f. a dangerous exploit, Fs. 50, Fms. iv. 135, viii. 431, Nj. 261. hættu-lauss, adj. free from danger, without danger, Fms. iii. 155, Bs. i. 286. hættu-ligr, adj. (hættu-liga, adv.), dangerous. hættu-lítill, adj. with little danger, Sturl. iii. 68, 71. hættu-mikill, adj. very dangerous, Nj. 149. hættu-ráð, n. a dangerous plan, Lv. 22. HÆTTA, t, to risk, stake, with dat., Hm. 106; hætta út mönnum sínum, Sd. 153; hætta til þess virðing þinni, to stake thy honour on it, Eg. 719; hættið þit ok mestu til hversu ferr, Nj. 49; litlu hættir nú til, there is but small risk, Fms. vi. 243: absol., hefir sá er hættir, he wins who risks, 'nothing venture nothing have,' Bjarn. 7, Hrafn. 16. 2. with prepp.; hætta á e-t, to venture on a thing (áhætta, q.v.), Nj. 48; hætta á vald e-s, Fms. xi. 285: h. til e-s, id., Eg. 57, Nj. 73; eigi veit til hvers happs hættir, Sturl. iii. 228; kvað þar hóflangt til hætta, 44. HÆTTA, t, to leave off, with dat.; hætta seið, to leave off witchcraft, Fms. i. 10; hann bað bændr h. storminum, 36; h. heyverkum, Nj. 103; h. máli, 10: absol. to leave off, desist, Hákon bað hann h., Fms. vii. 154; heldr vildu vér h., N. G. L. i. 348: with infin., h. at tala, Fb. ii. 83 :-- impers., hætti þysnum, the tumult ceased, Fms. vi. 16. hætting, f. danger, risk, Fms. viii. 431, Hkr. ii. 79, Lex. Poët.; hættingar-ferð, f. = hættuferð, Fms. viii. 431. hættinn, adj. [háttr], behaving so and so; ílla h., Sks. 239. hætt-leggja, lagði, to risk, Bs. ii. 66. hætt-leikr, m. danger, Grág. i. 383. hætt-liga, adv. dangerously, Fms. viii. 144, Stj. 189. hætt-ligr, adj. dangerous, serious, Fær. 263, Fms. viii. 98, ix. 291, xi. 367, Bs. i. 536, 766, Edda 36, Stj. 604; þá er ok hættligt, 'tis to be feared, 686 B. 5; í hættligra lagi, in a dangerous case, Lv. 86 :-- medic. = hættr, kölluðu hættligan mátt hans, they said that he was sinking fast, Fms. ix. 390. hættr, adj. dangerous; slíkr maðr er hættastr, ef hann vill sik til þess hafa at göra þér mein, Fms. i. 199; grýttu þeir þaðan á þá, var þat miklu hættara, Eg. 581. 2. exposed to danger; hest þarf svá at búa, at ekki sé hann hættr fyrir vápnum, Sks. 403. 3. medic., hættr við dauða, dangerously ill, Jb. 406; þá er herra Rafn var mjök hættr, when R. was sinking fast, Bs. i. 784; hón lá hætt, Korm. 164, (einhættr, q.v.): in mod. times hætt is used indecl., hann, hón, liggr hætt; þeir, þær liggja hætt, he, she, they lie dangerously ill. 4. neut., e-m er hætt við e-u, to be in danger of; var Þuríði við engu meini hætt, Th. was out of danger, Ísl. ii. 340; mun Þorkatli bróður þínum við engu hætt? Gísl. 28; nú hyggr maðr sér hætt við bana, Grág. i. 497; öðrum ætlaða ek þat mundi hættara en mér, methought that would be more dangerous to others than to me, Nj. 85, 260. hættr, part. of hætta, having left off, having done; eg er hættr að lesa, I have left off reading. hættur, f. pl. [hætta], the time of leaving off work and going to bed, used chiefly of dairy and household work (cp. the Homeric GREEK;) hafa góðar hættur, to go early to bed; seinar hættur, being late at work. hæveska, u, f., höveski, Sks. 273, 274, 276 B; also spelt hoverska; [a for. word from mid. H. G. hovesch; Germ. höflich, etc.] :-- courtesy, good manners, esp. in regard to behaviour at table and the like; íþróttir ok h., Fms. i. 78; siðir ok h., vi. 71; þat er h. at hann kunni hversu hann skal haga klæðum sínum, Sks. 433; þat er h. at vera blíðr ok léttlátr, 264, 432; h. eða góðir siðir, 266: in mod. usage, of priggish ceremonies: fashion, höttr uppá hövesku Franseisa, Karl. 178. hæversku-lauss, adj. rude, Sks. 246. hævesk-liga, adv. courteously, politely, Fas. i. 460, Odd. 30: fashionably, h. klædd, Fms. ii. 187. hævesk-ligr, adj. well-mannered, polite, Fms. vi. 131; h. siðr, Al. 4. hæveskr, adj., also spelt heyveskr, Str. 75, or heyskr, Art. :-- well-mannered, polite, Fms. ii. 133, vi. 1, Sks. 246, 276, 277; h. siðir, polite manners, Sks. 8. HÖD, f. [A. S. heaðu- in several poët. compds; cp. Sansk. çatru and çâtayâmi; Lat. caedo; Gr. GREEK] :-- war, slaughter, but only in compd pr. names, Höð-broddr, Fb.; Höð, f. the name of a Valkyria (also Geira-höð), Gm.: as also of a woman, but mythical, Fas.: the name of an island in Norway: Höðr, m., gen. Haðar, dat. Heði, the name of the blind brother and 'slayer' of Baldr, the 'fratricide' or 'Cain' of the Edda, Vsp. 37, Vtkv. 9, Edda 17, 56: also the name of a mythol. king, whence Heðir, pl. a Norse people; and Haða-land, the county, Fb. iii. Haðar-lag, n. the metre of Höd, a kind of metre, Edda. höfða, að, [höfuð], to 'head,' but esp. used as a law term, to sue, prosecute; h. mál, sök á hönd e-m, to bring an action against, Grág. i. 19, 81, 142, Nj. 234, Fms. vii. 133, passim. II. to behead ( = afhöfða;) h. fisk, Fas. i. 489: to execute, Karl. 371. höfðaðr, part. headed so and so; h. sem hundr, 310. 99. höfði, a, m. a headland, Landn. 54, Fb. i. 541, 542, Eb. 62, Rd. 267, Krók. 46, 52. II. local name of a farm, whence Höfða-menn, m. pl. the men from Höfði, Landn. III. a carved head, ship's beak; amb-höfði, hjart-h., arn-h., hest-h., karl-h., orkn-h., svín-h.; whence höfða-skip, n. a ship with beaks. HÖFÐINGI, a, m. a head, chief; Þórðr Gellir varð h. at sökinni, Íb. 8; formaðr eða h., 671. 5; sá er h. görisk í (ringleader), N. G. L. i. 313, Gþl. 387; h. ráða-görðar, Eg. 48; h. fyrir útferð Gerhardi ábóta, Mar. 2. a captain, commander; setti konungr þar yfir höfðingja Þórólf ok Egil, Eg. 272; víkinga-höfðingi, Fms. vi. 389; at allir höfðingjarnir fari frá liðinu, xi. 134; ok kvað Ketil Flatnef skyldu höfðingja vera yfir þeim her, Eb. 2; hers-h., hundraðs-h., sveitar-h., q.v. 3. a ruler, used of all governors from a king downwards; esp. in pl., the gentry, opp. to almúgi, the common people; höfðingjar ok góðir menn, Íb. 14; höfðingjar ok ríkis-menn, 13; Ísleifr átti þrjá sonu, þeir urðu allir höfðingjar nýtir, 14, 17; hann lagði undir sik Suðreyjar ok görðisk h. yfir, sættisk hann þá við hina stærstu hofðingja fyrir vestan hatit ... at Ketill var h. í Suðreyjum, Eb. 4; Hrólfr var h. mikill, 6; þá er Gizurr biskup andaðisk vóru þessir mestir höfðingiar á Íslandi, Bs. i. 31; þessir vóru þá stærstir höfðingjar á landinu, 4; hann var ríkr h., Nj. 1; biðja alla höfðingja liðsinnis, 213; auðigr at fé ok h. mikill, Ísl. ii. 290; Bárðr görðisk brátt h. mikill, Eg. 31; einn hverr konunganna, eða einhverr höfðingja annarra, Sks. 278; Erkibiskup þeirra hefi ek séð ok þykki mér hann líklegr til góðs höfðingja, Fms. x. 9; Þorsteinn görðisk h. yfir Vatnsdælum, Fs. 44; Snorri görðisk þá h. mikill, en ríki hans var mjök öfundsamt, Eb. 42; Brúsi var h. yfir dalnum, Hkr. ii. 310; þá vóru höfðingjar í Noregi, Tryggvi konungr ..., Fms. i. 47; er þetta ákafi höfðingja, ok þar með alls fólks, 35; urðu þeir höfðingjar heims, Augustus ok Antonius, Rb. 412; h. lífsins, lord of life, Sks. 160; h. dauðans, prince of death, id.; heims h. = Satan, Niðrst. 1; myrkra h., prince of darkness, 623. 28, Greg. 42: with the article, the great, hvað höfðingjarnir hafast að hinir ætla sér leyfist það, Pass. 22. 10; í yztu myrkrum enginn sér, aðgreining höfðingjanna, 8. 20. COMPDS: höfðingja-ást, f. love for one's chief, Fb. i. 499. höfðingja-bragð, n., -bragr, m. the manners of a h., Ísl. ii. 204: a noble feat, Orkn. 144. höfðingja-djarfr, adj. frank and bold in one's intercourse with the great, Fms. ii. 15, vi. 205, vii. 162. höfðingja-dómr, m., -dæmi, n. dominion, power, Stj. 85, 226, Barl. 169, Hom. 2. höfðingja-efni, n.; gott h., Nj. 174. höfðingja-fundr, m. a meeting of chiefs, Fms. ix. 324. höfðingja-hlutr, m. a chief's lot or share, Orkn. 306. höfðingja-kyn, n. noble kin. höfðingja-kærr, adj. in favour with the great, Ó. H. 59. höfðingja-lauss, adj. chiefless, Fms. i. 220, vii. 182. höfðingja-merki, n. a chief's standard, Fms. viii. 356. höfðingja-nafn, n. a chief's title, Hkr. iii. 195, Fms. xi. 62. höfðingja-skapr, m. = höfðingskapr, Sks. 479, 610. höfðingja-skipti, n. change of chief or king, Germ. Thronwechsel, Nj. 41, 156. höfðingja-son, m. the son of a h., Hrafn. 14. höfðingja-stefna, u, f. = höfðingjafundr, Hkr. iii. 146. höfðingja-styrkr, m. the support of great folk, Fms. i. 221. höfðingja-val, n. chosen people, Stj. 628. höfðingja-veldi, n. power, empire, rule, Rb. 374, 655 xiv. 3. höfðingja-ætt, f. noble extraction, high birth, Magn. 466, Sks. 616. II. with gen. sing.: höfðings-maðr, -kona, -fólk, etc., a man, woman, people of noble extraction, as also generous, magnificent people. höfðings-gjöf, f. a princely gift, and many similar compds. höfðing-liga, adv. in princely wise, nobly, generously, Eg. 410, Nj. 228, 254, Orkn. 144. höfðing-ligr, adj. princely, noble, magnificent, Fms. vi. 206, vii. 63, ix. 277, Stj. 207, passim. höfðing-skapr, m. power, dominion, Sturl. i. 213, Sks. 610, Fms. xi. 205: authority, prestige, Nj. 33, 266: liberality, magnificence, Fms. vii. 65. höfga, að, to make heavy, weight, Greg. 80; þeir höfgaðu hirzlur þeirra með grjóti, 656 B. 1. II. impers., e-m höfgar, to become heavy, sleepy, Fas. iii. 526, Bs. i. 354: with acc., 369. III. reflex. to grow heavy, increase, 655 vii. 4. höfgi, a, m. heaviness, weight; h. jarðar, Sks. 627; h. krossins, Hom. 103; gefa e-m höfga, to weigh upon one, Anecd. 20. II. metaph. a sleep, nap, Fb. i. 542; léttr h., Th. 77; rann h. á Svein, Fms. xi. 288; svefn-h., ómegins-h. höfga-vara, u, f. heavy wares, Grág. ii. 402.

HÖFIGBÆRR -- HOFUÐMIKILL. 307

höfig-bærr, adj. heavy to bear, Greg. 43. höfig-leikr, m. heaviness, Edda 4. HÖFIGR or höfugr, adj., acc. contr. höfgan, höfgir, höfgum, [A. S. heafig] :-- heavy, Hkr. iii. 199; h. steinn, Bs. i. 640; höfug byrðr, Grág. ii. 166, Fms. x. 203, Hkr. iii. 184: neut., hann kvað svá höfugt á sér, at hann mátti hvergi hrærask, Sturl. i. 119 C. 2. heavy with sleep, sleepy; e-m er höfugt, Fms. viii. 89, 655 iii. 2; svefn-höfugt. II. metaph. hard, rude; höfigt orð, Bs. i. 341: heavy, difficult, 169: irksome, 155. HÖFN, f., also spelt hömn, gen. hafnar; [hafa]: 1. a holding, possession, esp. tenure of land; þá skal þeim dæma eingis-höfnina er heimild kemr til, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 86; jarðar h., tenure of land; at jarðar-höfn ok at fjár-megni, N. G. L. ii. 38; nú skal görðum skipta eptir jarðar-höfn ok öllum áverka, 122; hafnar-vitni, testimony as to tenure of land, opp. to óðals-vitni, N. G. L. i. 246, 247: the allit. phrase, hönd ok höfn, hand and having, absolute power; nema þeim sem hann leggr hendr ok höfn sem hann vill, cp. Dan. 'skalte og valte med,' Bs. i. 706, v.l., -- no emend. seems necessary. 2. a foetus; lýstr maðr kviðuga konu, svá at höfn sú deyr, er hón ferr með ok skilsk hón við höfnina, Stj. 302; taka við höfn, Lat. concipere, Flóv., Bs. ii. 173, Hom. (St.): the time of pregnancy, á enum níunda mánaði hafnarinnar, 686 B. 14. 3. pasture; sauða-höfn í Múla-fjall, Vm. 64; nauta tröð ok hömn, N. G. L. i. 379, D. N. ii. 146, iii. 120. 4. a coat, cp. Lat. habitus, esp. = a cloak; hann tók af sér höfnina ok sveipaði um konunginn, Fms. ix. 25; yfir-h., a cloak, cp. Ísl. ii. 245 (in a verse): a kind of stuff, Grág. i. 504, Nj. 7, D. N. i. 134, ii. 6, iii. 8, 451, Vm. 103, 117, Pm. 57; hence hafnar-feldr, m., hafnar-vaðmál, n., hafnar-váð, f. denoting a plain stuff, as it was sold in trade. 5. skips-höfn, a ship's crew; munns-höfn, 'mouth-habit,' language. B. [Engl. and Dutch haven; Germ. hafen; Dan. havn; Swed. hamn] :-- a haven, harbour, Fms. xi. 74, Eg. 79, Hkr. iii. 248, Grág., etc.: eccl., sælu-höfn, lífs-h., passim: sometimes spelt hafn, Ísl. ii. 398: as also in local names, Höfn, Landn.: Hafnar-menn, m. pl., Sturl. ii. 91; Kaupmanna-höfn, Copenhagen; Hraun-höfn, Eb., etc. COMPDS: hafnar-austr, m. pumping in harbour, Jb. 407. hafnar-búi, a, m. a law term, a harbour-neighbour, i.e. the member of a kind of naval court composed of persons summoned from a harbour, Grág. ii. 401. hafnar-dyrr, n. pl. doors, entrance of a haven, Fms. xi. 88. hafnar-kross, m. a cross-shaped hafnarmark, q.v. hafnar-lykill, m. 'haven-key,' a nickname, Landn. hafnar-mark (and -merki, Fas. ii. 336), n. a harbour mark, a kind of beacon, being a pyramid of stone or timber, or often a carved figure in the shape of a man, Bjarn. 33, Hkv. Hjörv., Bs. i. 563, Rb. 468; or in the shape of a cross, Bs. i. 607, ii. 80. hafnar-rán, n. a law term, thronging or annoying one in harbour, defined in Jb. 396. hafnar-tollr, m. a harbour toll, Grág. ii. 401, Fs. (Flóam. S.) 157. hafnar-vágr, m. a creek, Str. 4. höfnun, f. = hafnan, q.v. höfrungr, m. a dolphin, prop. a 'he-goat,' from hafr, because of the dolphin's tumbling; the word is not found in old writers. höfrunga-hlaup, n. a kind of athletic sport, 'dolphin-leap,' a kind of leap-frog. HÖFUÐ, n., dat. höfði; gen. pl. höfða, dat. höfðum; in Norse MSS. often spelt hafuð, Anecd. 4 (without umlaut); the root-vowel seems in very early times (8th century) to have been a diphthong; thus Bragi uses the rhymes, laufi -- haufði, and rauf -- haufuð, Edda; the old ditty with a half rhyme, höfðu vér í haufði, Hkr. i. 104, wou'd be faulty unless we accept a diphthong in the latter word: in good old MSS. (e.g. Sæm. Cod. Reg.) the word is always spelt with &avlig; or au, never o, and probably never had a diphthongal sound; the Norse spelling havuð however points to a short vowel; and later Icel. MSS. spell o or &aolig;, e.g. Hb. in Vsp. l.c. It is probable that the short vowel originated in the contracted form, as haufði sounds hard; [cp. Goth. haubiþ; A. S. heâfod; Engl. head; Hel. hôbid; O. H. G. houpit; mid. H. G. houbet; mod. G. haupt; Dan. hôved; Swed. hufvud; Ormul. hæfedd (the single f marks a preceding long vowel); thus all old Teut. languages except the Icel. agree in the length of the vowel, whereas Lat. c&a-short;put, Gr. GREEK have a short root vowel.] A. A head, Vsp. 38, Sdm. 14, Vþm. 19, Þkv. 16, 19, Skm. 23, Nj. 19, 275, Grág. ii. 11, Fms. x. 381, Eg. 181, Edda 59, passim; mátti svá at kveða, at náliga væri tvau höfuð á hverju kvikendi, Hrafn. 22 (of a great increase in stock); Grímr rakaði bratt fé saman, vóru tvau höfuð á hvívetna því er hann átti, Ísl. ii. 14. II. phrases and sayings, láta höfði skemra, to make one a head shorter, behead, Hým. 15, Fm. 34; strjúka aldrei frjálst höfuð, to stroke never a free head, be never free, never at ease; (sagði) at þeir mundi aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, er vinir hans væri, meðan Þórðr væri höfðingi í Ísafirði, Sturl. ii. 124; eg má aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, I never have any time to spare; sitja aldrei á sárs höfði, to be always quarrelling; skera e-m höfuð, to make a wry face at one, Grett. 17; heita í höfuðit e-m, to be called after a person; hón jós sveininn vatni ok kvað hann skyldu heita í höfuð föður sínum, ok var hann kallaðr Gestr, Bárð. 24 new Ed.: the mod. usage distinguishes between heita í höfuð á e-m, when a person is alive when the child was born, and heita eptir e-m, when that person is dead; halda höfði, to hold one's head up, Flóv. 43, Og.; bera hátt höfuð, to bear one's head high, Sturl. iii. 147, Sighvat; hefja höfuðs, to lift one's head, Thom. 535; drepa niðr höfði, to droop one's head, Bs. i. 625; þoku hóf af höfði, the fog lifted, Ld. 74; búa hvárr í annars höfði, to be at loggerheads, Sks. 346; fara huldu höfði, to go with a hidden head, in disguise, to hide oneself, Fms. vi. 12; færa e-m höfuð sitt, to surrender oneself to an enemy, Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fms. x. 261; stíga yfir höfuð e-m, to pass over one's head, overcome one, 304; er á engri stundu örvænt nær elli stígr yfir h. mér, Eb. 332; hlaða hellum at höfði e-m, to leave one dead on the spot, Dropl. 18; ganga milli bols ok höfuðs, 'to gang between bole and head,' i.e. to kill outright, Eb. 240; hætta höfði, to risk one's head, Hm. 106; leggjask e-t undir höfuð, to lay under one's pillow, to put aside; leggjask ferð undir höfuð, Fær. 132, Orkn. 46; þú munt verða fátt undir höfuð at leggjask ef ek skal við þér taka, Sturl. i. 27; vera höfði hærri, to be a head taller, Fms. x. 381; setja höfuð á höfuð ofan, to set head upon head, Bs. i. 73, (viz. to consecrate a second bishop to a see, which was against the eccl. law); cp. kjósa annan konung í höfuð Davíð, Sks. 801. III. in a personal sense, in poets, a person, = Lat. caput, Gr. GREEK, GREEK; fárgjarnt höfuð, thou fearful woman! Fas. ii. 556; hraustara höfuð, a bolder man, 315; berjask við eitt höfuð, 49; heiptrækt höfuð, Ýt. 25; andprútt höfuð, high-minded man! Sighvat; tírar h., glorious man; leyfðar h., id., Geisli 56; vina höfuð = cara capita, Bm. 2; frænda höfuð, kinsmen, Skáld H. 3. 40; hvarfúst h., thou fickle woman! Hel. 2. 2. a number, tale, head, of animals; fádygt höfuð, of a fox, Merl. 1. 39: head, of cattle, þeir eiga at gjalda þingfarar-kaup, er skulda-hjóna hvert hefir höfuð, kú skuldalausa eða kúgildi, Grág. (Kb.) i. 159, referring to the old way of taxation, which is still the law in Icel., that a freeholder has to pay tax (skattr) only if he has more head of cattle (kúgildi, q.v.), than persons to support. IV. a head, chief; höfuð lendra manna, Fms. vii. 273; h. ok höfðingi, Stj. 457; Þrándheimr er h. Noregs, Fms. vi. 38; höfuð allra höfuð-tíða (gen.), Leiðarvís. 23. V. of head-shaped things: 1. a beak, of a ship; með gylltum höfðum, Fms. viii. 385, x. 10, 417, passim; dreka-höfuð, q.v.: the beak was usually a dragon's head, sometimes a bison's, Ó. H.; a steer's, Landn. 5. ch. 8; or it was the image of a god, e.g. of Thor, Fms. ii. 325, (Ó. T. ch. 253); or of a man, Karl-höfði, Ó. H., the ship of St. Olave; cp. the interesting passage, þat var upphaf enna heiðnu laga, at menn skyldu eigi hafa höfuðskip í hafi, en ef þeir hefði, þá skyldi þeir af taka höfuð áðr þeir kæmi í lands-sýn, ok sigla eigi at landi með gapandum höfðum eðr gínandi trjónum, svá at landvættir fældisk við, Landn. (Hb.) 258, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse), vii. 51 (in a verse). 2. the capital of a pillar, Al. 116, Fb. i. 359 (of tent poles): of carved heads in a hall, sér þú augun útar hjá Hagbarðs-höfðinu? Korm. ch. 3: heads of idols carved on chairs, Fbr. ch. 38: carved heads on high-seats, Eb. ch. 4: that these figures sometimes represented fairies or goddesses is shewn by the word brúða (q.v.) and stólbrúða; heads of bedsteads seem to have been carved in a similar way; cp. also Korm. 86, see tjasna. 3. the head-piece of a bridle; týndi maðr höfði á beisli því er görsema-vel var gört, Bs. i. 314, v.l.; the head of a rake, hrífu-h., etc. COMPDS: höfða-búza, u, f. name of a ship, Fms. viii. höfða-fjöl, f. the head-board of a bedstead, Sturl. ii. 50, Fas. i. 489, Fb. ii. 297; opp. to fótafjöl, q.v. höfða-lag, n. the head of a bedstead, Fas. iii. 543; brast upp þilfjöl at höfðum Þorsteins, Fms. iii. 196. höfða-skip, n. a ship with a beak, Fms. ii. 302, Fb. iii. 448. höfða-tal, n. a 'tale of heads' Gþl. 396, Al. 75, Sks. 340. höfða-tala, u, f. = höfðatal. höfuð-band, n. a head-band, snood, Edda 71. höfuð-bani, a, m. (and höfuðs-bani), 'head's-bane,' death, destruction; tunga er h., a saying, Hm. 72, Landn. 307, Edda 73, Nj. 68, 71, Ld. 132, 246. höfuð-bein, n. head-bones, Fms. vi. 30, Bs. i. 178, Grett. höfuð-burðr, m. the bearing of the head: metaph. help, backing, support, lízt mér sem lítill h. muni mér at því, it will be of little avail for me, Ísl. ii. 125, Bs. i. 464, ii. 156, Sturl. i. 209, Fms. x. 170, Fs. 123, Mar. höfuð-búnaðr, höfuð-búningr, m. head-gear, Stj. 627, Sks. 225. Höfuð-dagr, m. 'Head-day,' i.e. Aug. 29, the Beheading of St. John Baptist. höfuð-dúkr, m. a head-kerchief, hood, Nj. 200, Stj. 208, Gísl. 21, Þiðr. 226, D. N. iii. 106, iv. 217. höfuð-faldr, m. = höfuðdúkr, Str. 82. höfuð-fatnaðr, m. head-gear, D. N. v. 263. höfuð-fetlar, m. pl. the head-piece of a bridle, Ýt. 10. höfuð-gerð, f. (Dan. hoved-gjerde), the head of a bedstead, Mar. höfuð-gjarnt, n. adj. fatal, dangerous to one's life; at honum mundi h. verða, Fb iii. 550; segir mér svá hugr um, at h. (höfuðgrant, Ed.) verði nokkurum vina Páls, ef ..., Sturl. i. 104. höfuð-gull, n. 'head-jewels,' Stj. 396, Bs. ii. 142, Art., Mar. höfuð-hlutr, m. the 'head-part,' upper part of the body, opp. to fótahlutr, Eg. 398, Fms. v. 352, xi. 277. höfuð-högg, n. a blow on the head, Grett. 119. höfuð-lausn, f. head's lease, is the name of three old poems, Ad. 8, where this is the true reading, see Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fb. iii. 241-243, Knytl. S. ch. 19. höfuð-lauss, adj. headless, without a head, Nj. 203, Fær. 185, Stj. 93, Rb. 344: without a leader, Fær. 169, Fms. viii. 264; h. herr, ix. 253; dauðr er höfuðlaus herr, a saying. höfuð-leðr, n. the head-piece of a bridle, Bs. i. 314. höfuð-lín, n. a linen hood, belonging to a priest's dress, Vm. 26, 29, 70, 73, Dipl. v. 18. höfuð-mein, n. a boil or sore on the head, Bs. i. 196. höfuð-mikill, adj. big-

308 HÖFUÐMUNDR -- HÖGGORMR.

headed, Bárð. 165. höfuð-mundr, m. head-money, blood-money, for the slaying of an outlaw, Sturl. ii. 2. höfuð-órar, f. pl., medic. delirium, Sks. 703, Post. 656 C. 11, Mirm. ch. 20. höfuð-rót, f., botan. rose-root, a kind of sedum. höfuð-sár, n. a head-sore, wound in the head, Gþl. 180. Ísl. ii. 269, Fbr. 211. höfuð-skél, f. the 'head-shell,' skull. höfuð-skip, n. = höfðaskip, Landn. 258. höfuð-skjálfti, a, m., medic. a trembling of the head, palsy, Stj. 43. höfuð-smátt (smótt from smjúga), f. [hovud-smotta, Ivar Aasen], an opening for the head, in a coat, Ld. 134, 136, Fas. i. 165, Sæm. 139. höfuð-snauðr, adj. headless, Bjarn. höfuð-sótt, f. the turning disease, falling sickness, of sheep. höfuð-steypa, u, f., fara höfuðsteypu, to be overset, Fas. i. 272. höfuð-sundl, n., höfuð-svími, a, m. dizziness in the head. höfuð-svörðr, m. the head skin, scalp; in the phrase, standa yfir e-s höfuðsvörðum, to have an enemy's head at one's feet, slay one, Fms. iii. 104, Ld. 132, 172, Al. 106, 116. höfuð-tíund, f. a tithe from stock or investment, opp. to áváxtar-t., that on interest, K. Á. 58, N. G. L. i. 346. höfuð-verkr, m. head-ache, Bs. i. 179, 183, 253, Lækn. 471. höfuð-víti, n. capital punishment, Sturl. (in a verse). höfuð-vörðr, m. a body-guard, Stj. 488, Al. 103, Sks. 258, Fms. vii. 203, x. 150, Hkr. i. 244. höfuð-þváttr, m. head-washing, Lv. 84, Vígl. 30. höfuð-þyngsl, n. pl. heaviness in the head. höfuð-ærr, adj. insane, Mar., Art. höfuð-ærsl, n. pl. = höfuðórar, Sks. 703. B. Chief, capital, found like the Gr. GREEK in countless COMPDS: höfuð-atriði, n. a chief point. höfuð-á, f. a chief river, Stj. 68. höfuð-árr, m. an archangel, Greg. 35, Hom. 145. höfuð-átt, f. one of the cardinal points, Rb. 440, Hkr. i. 49. höfuð-barmr, older höfuð-baðmr (Ad. 19, Eg. 316 (in a verse), Edda Ht.), m. the head stem, a Norse law term of an agnate lineage, opp. to kvennsift (q.v.), N. G. L. i. 49, 52, Edda. höfuðbarms-maðr, m. an agnate, N. G. L. i. 28, Js. 61. höfuð-baugr, m. the head-ring, in weregild. see baugr, a law term in Grág. ii. 171. höfuð-benda, u, f. 'head-rope' naut. the stays, Bær. 5, Fær. 164, Fas. iii. 118, N. G. L. i. 199, ii. 283, Krók. 59: metaph. a stay, help, Fms. vii. 362, Finnb. 298; fá sér nokkura höfuðbendu, Fms. iv. 79. höfuð-biti, a, m. the chief cross-beam in a ship. höfuðbita-rúm, n. the place of the h., N. G. L. i. 335. höfuð-blót, n. the chief sacrifice, Hkr. ii. 97, Rb. 412. höfuð-borg, f. a 'head-burgh,' metropolis, Fms. i. 101, Rb. 398. höfuð-ból, n. a manor, domain, Gþl. 233, N. G. L. i. 43, Fms. x. 393. höfuð-bæli, n. = höfuðból, Gþl. 387, Fagrsk. 57. höfuð-bær, m. = höfuðbúl, Fms. x. 265, xi. 422. höfuð-drottning, f. a sovereign queen, Sks. 759. höfuð-efni, n. = höfuðskepna, Hb. höfuð-engill, m. an archangel, Nj. 157, Hom. 133. höfuð-faðir, m. a patriarch: a father of the church, Stj. 87, 132, Al. 64, Niðrst. 10, Fb. i. 264. höfuð-firn, f. a great scandal, Fb. iii. 327. höfuð-fól, m. a great fool, 4. 20. höfuð-gersemi, f. a great jewel, Hkr. i. 264. höfuð-gjöf, f. a capital gift, Sks. 609, 738. höfuð-glæpr, m. a capital sin, Sks. 332, Mar. höfuð-goð, n. a principal god, Fms. xi. 386. höfuð-grein, f. a chief article, Barl. 167 (of faith). höfuð-gæfa, u, f. capital luck, Fms. vii. 88, x. 185. höfuð-hátíð, f. a principal feast, Fms. ii. 38, Mar. höfuð-hetja, u, f. a great champion, chief, Fas. ii. 242. höfuð-hof, n. a chief temple, Eg. 256. höfuð-innihald, n. chief contents. höfuð-ísar, m. pl. great masses or clumps of ice (on a river), when a channel is open in the middle, Fs. 52, Ld. 46, Nj. 142, 144, Sturl. i. 14. höfuð-íþrótt, f. a principal art, Mar. höfuð-kempa, u, f. a great champion, Sturl. iii. 65. höfuð-kennimaðr, m. a great clerk or scholar, ecclesiastic, Bs. i. 153. höfuð-kirkja, u, f. a high-church, cathedral, 623. 15, Fms. viii. 126, ix. 369, Bs. i. 48, Karl. 545, N. G. L. i. 7, D. N. ii. 4, Al. 10. höfuð-klerkr, m. a great clerk or scholar, Sturl. i. 95. höfuð-konungr, m. a sovereign king, Fas. ii. 11, Edda (pref.), Karl. 410. höfuð-kostr, m. a cardinal virtue, Hom. 134. höfuð-kvöl, f. a great torment, Mar. höfuð-list, f. = höfuðiþrótt, Sks. 633. höfuð-lýti, n. a capital fault, N. G. L. ii. 417. höfuð-læknir, m. a chief physician, Hkr. iii. 35. höfuð-lærdómr, m. a chief doctrine. höfuð-löstr, m. a cardinal sin, deadly sin, Sks. 609. höfuðs-maðr, m. a head-man, chief, leader, Fms. x. 40, xi. 243, Hkr. i. 139; in Icel. in the 16th and 17th centuries this was the title of the governor, see hirðstjóri. höfuð-meistari, a, m. a head-master, Sks. 634, Stj. 564, Bs. ii. 223. höfuð-merki, n. the chief mark, characteristic, Rb. 80: the chief standard, Karl. 158. höfuð-musteri, n. = höfuðkirkja, Lex. Poët. höfuð-nafn, n. the principal name, Rb. 112. höfuð-nauðsyn, f. high need, Ld. 296, Fms. ix. 509, Karl. 140. höfuð-niðjar, m. pl. the head-kinsmen, agnates, = hofuðbarmsmenn, Bragi, Gkv. 3. 5. höfuð-prestr, m. a 'chief priest,' the priest of a höfuðkirkja, H. E. i. 474, 655 ii. 1, D. N. passim, N. G. L. i. 378, 390: a chief priest, high priest, N. T. höfuð-ráð, n. a head-council, chief council, Gþl. 6l, Fms. viii. 438, ix. 240. höfuð-ráðgjafi, a, m. a chief adviser, Barl. 109, Fms. ix. 293. höfuð-skáld, n. a 'head-scald,' great poet, Fms. vi. 386, Fbr. 116, Edda 49, 154, O. H. L. 57, Geisli 12. höfuð-skepna, u, f. a 'head-creation,' prime element, Bs. i. 145, Skálda 174, 175, Barl. 131, Eluc. 8; himnarnir munu forganga með stórum brestum, en höfuðskepnurnar bráðna, 2 Pet. iii. 10. höfuð-skutilsvein, n. a head cup-bearer, Karl. 84. höfuð-skömm, f. a chief shame, scandal, Fms. vi. 262, Al. 147. höfuð-skörungr, m. a great and noble person, of a woman, Sturl. iii. 6. höfuð-smiðr, m. a chief workman, architect, 656 B. 8, Stj. 23, Bs. i. 81, Fms. x. 320, Fbr. 12. höfuð-spekingr, m. a great, wise man, Sks. 14. höfuð-staðr, m. a 'head-stead,' capital, chief place, Fms. iv. 236, vii. 159, xi. 202, 299, Eg. 267, Sks. 647, Edda 10, Bs. i. 90. höfuð-stafn, m. a 'head-stem,' raven's beak, Höfuðl. höfuð-stafr, m., gramm. a 'head-stave,' head letter, capital, initial, used freq. in this sense by Thorodd: but grammarians use it specially of the letters h, q, v, þ, which can stand only at the beginnings of syllables, (see Gramm. p. xv, col. 1 at the bottom; Skálda 165-171) :-- in prosody, the third of the alliterative letters (ljóðstafir) standing 'ahead' of the second verse line, the preceding two being called stuðlar; thus in 'þá var grund groin | grænum lauki,' the g in 'grænum' is a höfuðstafr, but in 'grund' and 'gróin' a stuðill, Edda 120: in mod. usage höfuðstafir in pl. is used of all the alliterative letters, skáldskapr þinn er skothent klúðr | skakk-settum höfuðstöfum með, Jón Þorl. höfuð-stjarna, u, f. a chief star, Rb. 440. höfuð-stóll, n. a chief seat: a trade term, capital, opp. to interest. höfuð-stólpi, a, m. a chief girder, Sks. 633. höfuð-styrkr, m. principal strength, N. G. L. ii. 416. höfuð-synd, f. a deadly sin, Hom. 33, 74, 671. 17. höfuð-sæti, n. a chief seat, Sks. 108, 460. höfuð-tunga, u, f. a chief language, Edda (pref.) höfuð-vápn, n. a principal weapon, Sks. 430. höfuð-veizla, u, f. a chief banquet, Fms. xi. 422. höfuð-vél, f. a chief device, Sks. 528, 633. höfuð-vindr, m. a wind from one of the cardinal points, Rb. 438. höfuð-vinr, m. a bosom friend, Fms. ix. 308, 451. höfuð-þing, n. a great jewel: a chief meeting. höfuð-ætt, f. a chief family. HÖFUNDR, m., gen. ar; the masc. inflex. -undr reminds one of the Gothic (Gramm. p. xxxii. B. V); in old writers the word is found only four times, always in the sense of a judge, and referring chiefly to Gothland in Sweden; Höfundr (a mythol. pr. name) var manna vitrastr, ok svá réttdæmr, at hann hallaði aldri réttum dómi, ... ok af hans nafni skyldi sá höfundr heita í hverju ríki er mál manna dæmdi, Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 523, cp. 513: as also in Hrólfs S. Kraka (referring to Gothland), höfundr einn var þar til settr at skora þetta mál með sannindum, settusk margir í þetta sæti, ok kallaði höfundr öngum sæma, Þórir gengr seinastr ok sezk hann þegar í stólinn; höfundr mælti, þér er sætið hæfiligast, ok muntu dæmdr til þessarar stjórnar, Fas. i. 58: sigr-höfundr, the judge of victory, the Lord of battle, a name given to Odin by Egil, Stor. 21: lastly in Thorodd, skáld eru höfundar allrar rýnni eða máls-greina, sem smiðir málmgripa (?), eðr lögmenn laga, the poets are judges in all matters of grammar and syntax, as smiths in workmanship, and lawyers in law, Skálda (Thorodd) 164; this passage as well as the preceding is erroneously rendered in the earlier translations, as also in Lex. Poët. II. an author, originator; the revival of this ancient word, in quite a different sense, is curious; it does not occur in any of the earliest glossaries of the 17th century nor in the Bible nor in Vídalín, but, as it seems for the first time, in the Lexidion Islandico-Latinum, published at Copenhagen A.D. 1734, as a rendering of the Latin auctor, and was probably inserted by some learned philologer (Jon Ólafsson?) from the passage in Skálda, by a mistake. 2. by the end of the century it came to be used = a writer, and is now freq. in that sense, either rit-höfundr or singly; but still in 1781, in the preface to Fél. of that year, ritsmiðr (writ-smith) and höfundr are both used, shewing that the latter was not yet settled, though at present the use of this word is quite fixed. HÖGG, n., old dat. höggvi, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 230, Nj. passim; gen. pl. höggva; [Shetl. huggie; Scot. hag; Dan. hug; Swed. hugg; cp. the verb höggva] :-- a stroke, blow, esp. a stroke with an edged weapon, but also with a blunt one, Fms. vii. 191, 230, 297; laust hann selinn í svíma et fyrsta högg, Bs. i. 342; ljósta högg á dyr, to knock, Fs. 131, Nj. 28; í einu höggvi, of throwing a stone, Edda 72; högg loptsins, Skálda 174: sayings, skamma stund verðr hönd höggvi fegin, Nj. 64, 155, 213; eigi fellr tré við it fyrsta högg, Nj. 163, 224; eiga í höggvi við e-n, to have a quarrel, come to blows with a person; það sér ekki högg á vatni, a stroke in water is not seen, leaves no mark, of efforts without effect. 2. slaughter, a beheading; leiddr til höggs, Grett. 85, Karl. 518, Clem. 58; dæma e-n til höggs, Blas. 49; slaughter of cattle, yxn er hann ætlaði til höggs, Eg. 181; strand-högg, q.v. 3. a hewing down of trees, Dan. hugst, Grág. ii. 297; skógar-högg, 292; högg ok höfn, D. N.: a gap, kom þá skjótt högg í liðit, Fms. ix. 305. 4. of an instrument; þela-högg, q.v.; saum-högg, q.v.; fjal-högg, a chopping-block. 5. a ravine or a cut-like gap in a mountain. höggva-skipti, -viðskipti, n. exchange of blows, Fms. i. 38, v. 165, Eg. 581, Korm. 212, Fs. 48. högg-eyx, f. a hewing axe, hatchet, Fbr. högg-færi, n. the being within sword's reach, so as to have a chance of striking, Nj. 97, Gullþ. 30, Al. 33, passim. högg-járn, n. a 'hewing iron,' chopper, Ld. 38, K. Þ. K. 112: a chisel. högg-ormr, m. [North. E. hagworm; Swed. huggorm], a viper, 623.

HÖGGORMABIT -- HÖLL. 309

26, Skálda 176, Edda 37, Stj. 28, passim. COMPDS: höggorma-bit, n. a viper's bite. höggorms-tönn, f. a viper's tooth. högg-orrosta, u, f. a close fight, Eg. 231, Fms. vi. 78, passim. högg-ró, usually spelt hugró, f. a clinch on a sword's hilt, Edda (Gl.), Fms. i. 177, Hkr. i. 238, Þórð. 75: name of a ship, Fms. viii: in Hkv. Hjörv. the true reading is prob., hugró í hjalti, ... önn er í oddi, for the MS. reading 'hugr er í hjalti' yields no meaning; hugró and önn (q.v.) were parts of the sword. högg-rúm, n. room to draw a sword, Þórð. 47, Eg. 492. högg-sax, n. a kind of hatchet, Fbr. 58. högg-skógr, m. [Dan. skovhugst], felled trees; þat er h. er menn höggva upp, Grág. ii. 264. högg-sledda, u, f. = höggsax, Safn i. 689. högg-spjót, n. a kind of halberd, Fms. iv. 338, vi. 113, vii. 143, Fær. 207, Eg. 374, 378, = kesja. högg-staðr, m. a place for a blow, Eg. 507, Fms. vi. 99, vii. 290, viii. 404, Hkr. iii. 165. högg-stokkr, m. a chopping-block, Ó. H. 117: a block for execution. HÖGGVA, also spelt heyggva, Sæm. (Kb.); pres. höggr, mod. also heggr; pl. höggum, mod. höggvum; pret. hjó, hjótt, hjó, mod. hjó, hjóst, hjó; pl. hjoggum and hjuggum, mod. only the latter form; a Norse pret. hjoggi = hjó, D. N. ii. 331; pret. subj. hjöggi and heyggi, mod. hjyggi; part. högginn, mod. but less correct, höggvinn, which also is freq. in the Editions; but in the MSS. usually abbreviated, hög&g-long;, höggt UNCERTAIN, = högginn, höggit: [not recorded in Ulf.; A. S. heawan; Engl. hew, hack; Hel. hauwan; O. H. G. houwan; Germ. hauen; Dan. hugge; Swed. hugga] :-- höggva denotes to strike with an edged tool, slá and drepa with a blunt one: 1. to strike, smite with a sharp weapon; höggr sá er hlífa skyldi, he strikes who ought to shield, a saying: to deal blows with a weapon, hann görði ymist hjó eða lagði, Nj. 8; hann hjó títt ok hart, passim; höggva báðum höndum, 29; h. sverði, öxi, strike with, i.e. to brandish, a sword, axe, Fms. v. 168, Gs. 6; h. til e-s, to deal a blow to one, smite, Grág. ii. 7, Al. 78; h. e-n bana-högg, to smite with a deathblow, Eg. 220: to cut down, destroy, þeir hjuggu drekann mjök, Fms. vii. 249: to maim, ef maðr höggr hund eða björn til háðungar manni, Grág. ii. 121; h. rauf á hjálmi, Al. 78: the phrases, h. sik í lends manns rétt, Fms. ix. 399: spec. phrases, höggðú allra manna armastr, nú hjóttu Noreg ór hendi mér! Ek þóttumk nú Noreg í hönd þér höggva, Ó. H. 184. 2. to put to death, behead, Fms. vii. 250, 251, xi. 148-152: to kill, högg þú hestinn, Nj. 92: to kill cattle, slaughter, h. bú, búfé, kýr, geitr, naut, Landn. 293, Eg. 532, Fms. vi. 95, xi. 123, Fb. i. 186: höggva strandhögg, Eg. 81. 3. to fell trees; höggva skög, Grág. ii. 294; h. keyrivönd, id.: absol., hann hefir höggit í skógi mínum, Nj. 98, passim: to cut grass (rarely), ef maðr höggr hey á hlut annars manns, N. G. L. ii. 112; upp höggvit gras, cut grass, Dipl. iv. 9, Jm. 7, (else always slá of mowing.) 4. to bite, of snakes (högg-ormr); Miðgarðsormr hjó hann til bana, Edda 155; naðran hjó fyrir flagbrjóskat, 76: of a wound from a boar's tusk, ef svín höggr mann, Gþl. 190: the phrase, h. hest sporum, to prick a horse with the spur, Mag. 9. II. with prepp.; höggva af, to hew or cut off; h. af kampa ok skegg, to cut off the beard, K. Þ. K.; h. af lim, Sks. 555; to kill, slaughter, h. af fé, Ld. 64; höggva af sér, to parry off, Fms. v. 13 :-- h. niðr, to cut down, i. 38; to kill, butcher, vii. 261, Orkn. 120; hjuggu þeir niðr mungát sitt (by cutting casks to pieces), Fms. vii. 249 :-- h. upp, to cut down a tree, Greg. 48, Matth. iii. 10; h. upp skip, to break a ship up, Fms. iii. 228, ix. 381; h. upp hús, to break a house up, viii. 166 :-- h. ór, to cut out, metaph. to make even; vóru margar greinir þær er ór þurfti at h. milli biskups ok leikmanna, Bs. i. 751; láta konung ok erkibiskup ór h. (smooth) sagðar greinir, 773. III. reflex. to be cut, hacked; hjósk skjöldr Helga, Dropl. 24. 2. recipr. to exchange blows, fight; þeir hjuggusk nokkura stund, Háv. 56; þeir h. til í ákafa, Bret. 74. 3. metaph., höggvask í mitt mál, to begin abruptly, in the middle of a sentence; taka heldr at upphafi til, en höggvask í mitt mál, Landn. 275, v.l.; ef enn höggsk nokkurr í ok mælir svá, cuts in, objects, Skálda 168: þótti honum nú taka mjök um at höggvask, things looked hard, Grett. 142; þótti honum hart um höggvask, Bs. i. 423. höggvandi, a, m., part. a hewer, as a nickname, Fms. xi. 115: a headsman, Post. 645. 65. högg-vápn, n. a cutlass, Eg. 580, Fms. vi. 158. höggvin-kinni, a, m. cut cheek, a nickname, Landn. HÖGLD, f., pl. hagldir, a kind of buckle (shaped like ∞), commonly made of horn, used to run the rope through with which hay is trussed: hann tekr reip á tíu hesta ok leysir af hagldir, Fb. i. 523: in metaph. phrases, hann þóttisk nú hafa hagldir fengit á sínum málum, Bs. i. 730; and the mod. phrase, hafa bæði töglin ok hagldirnar, to have it all one's own way. haglda-brauð, n. buckle-gingerbread. högldungr, m. = högld. högldungs-reip, n. a rope with buckles; kirkja á tíu högldungsreip, Vm. 177. högni, a, m. a tom cat, freq. in mod. usage. II. a pr. name, mid. H. G. Hagene, Landn. hökta, t, to limp, Bárð. 167; h. kyrr, Fas. ii. 369. höku-, see haka. hökul-brækr, f. pl., also by dropping the aspirate, ökul-brækr, Fas. iii. 41 :-- 'cloak-breeks,' a kind of dress, perhaps like a Highlander's kilt, prob. derived from hökull, hekla, and not from ökla, an ankle; it is used of beggarly attire, Ísl. (Kjaln. S.) ii. 417, Fas. iii. 41. HÖKULL, m., dat. hökli, [Ulf. renders by hakul the Gr. GREEK, i.e. GREEK, Lat. paenula, a mantle, 2 Tim. iv. 13; A. S. hacela; O. H. G. hachul; old Fr. hekil; Dan. messe-hagel; akin to hekla, q.v.] :-- a priest's cope; purpura-h., Bs. i. 67; hann hafð ok út pell þat er h. sá er úr görr er Skarbendingr heitir, 77, Vm. 13, 92, Fms. iii. 168, viii. 197, D. I. passim. hökul-lauss, adj. 'cope-less,' without a cope, Vm. 22. hökul-skúaðr, part., prob. wearing a kilt and brogues like a Highlander, Fms. ix. 512; this word is also, in the various MSS. to l.c., spelt with or without the h, see Fb. iii. 151 (ökulskoðr). höku-nótt, f. mid-winter night, about the time of Epiphany, when the heathen Yule began; a GREEK: hann setti þat í lögum at hefja Jólahald sem Kristnir menn ..., en áðr var Jóla-hald hafit Hökunótt, þat var miðsvetrar-nótt (thus in Fms. i. 32, l.c.), ok haldin þriggja (þrettán?) nátta Jól, Hkr. i. 138 (Hák. S. Aðalst. ch. 15). The Scot. hogmaney, = the last day of the year or a feast given on that day, is a remnant of this ancient word. The heathen Yule seems among the Scandinavians to have been celebrated about three weeks later than Christmas; but the Norse king Hakon, who had been brought up in Christian England, altered the time of the festival, so as to make it correspond with the English Yule or Christmas; and so the heathen hökunótt came to represent our Christmas Eve. The etymology is not known. höld-borinn, part. born of a höld (see höldr), enjoying a höld's right, Hdl. 11, 16, N. G. L. i. 346. höld-maðr, m. = höldr, N. G. L. i. 44, 55, 71, 175. HÖLDR, m., in old MSS. spelt h&avlig;lðr or h&avlig;lþr, denoting that the d is inflexive, not radical; [the word therefore is not to be derived from halda, but is identical with A. S. hæleð, Germ. held, whence mod. Swed. and Dan. hjälta and helt, see halr] :-- a Norse law term, a kind of higher yeoman, like the statesman of Westmorland, i.e. the owner of allodial land, mod. Norse odelsbonde; the höld is to be distinguished from a hersir (q.v.) or a lendr maðr, who held land in fee from the king, see the interesting story in Har. S. Harðr. ch. 62 (Fms. vi. 278); the höld is thus defined, sá er h&avlig;ldr er hann hefir óðöl at erfðum tekit bæði eptir föður ok móður, þau er hans forellrar (forefathers) hafa átt áðr fyrir þeim, N. G. L. ii. 146; hölda tvá eða bændr ina beztu, i. 251. In old Norway the churchyards were divided into four parts; in the first were buried the lendir menn, next them the hölds and their children (hölds-lega), then the freed men (leysingjar), and lastly the thralls (man, q.v.) nearest to the wall; the höld had right to twice as much as the simple franklin, and half as much as the lendr maðr, e.g. bóandi hálvan annan eyri, höldr þrjá aura, lendr maðr sex aura, jarl tólf aura, konungr þrjár merkr, N. G. L. i. 45, cp. 55, 71, 81; þegnar ok h&avlig;lðar, svá eru búendr kallaðir, Edda 107; haulðar, þat er búendr þeir, er gildir eru af ættum eða réttum fullum, 94; Björn hlaut annan bústað góðan ok virðilegan, görðisk hann ekki handgenginn konungi, því var hann kallaðr Björn hölðr, Eg. 198; lends manns son skal taka hölds rétt ef hann fær eigi lönd, N. G. L. i. 71; hann veltisk ór jarldóminum ok tók hölds rétt, Orkn. 12: for the weregild to be paid for a höld (hölds-gjöld) see N. G. L. i. 81: a law of king St. Olave ordered that Icelanders whilst in Norway should enjoy the right of a höld; Íslendingar eigu at hafa hölds-rétt í Noregi, D. I. i. 65. 2. in poetry, a man, Hm. 41; hölda synir, the sons of men, 93, Fm. 19, Hkr. i. 101, where the mother of Ganger-Rolf calls him 'the kinsman of the hölds,' cp. also Rm. 21, Gs. 17; h. inn hvíti, Ísl. ii. 251 (in a verse): in mod. Icel. usage it remains in bú-höldr, q.v. hölfa, að, see hválfa. Hölgi, a, m. a pr. name, in the Hb. spelt Hœlgi; this is the old Norse form, whereas the old and mod. Icel. form is Helgi, and of a woman, Helga, u, f., Landn.; prob. contracted from Hálogi, cp. the Dan. Holger and Russian Olga: Hölgi was the name of a mythol. king, Edda 83, whence Hölga-brúðr, f. the bride of Hölgi, or Hölga-tröll, n. (Skálda 168, Fms. xi. 134), the giantess of H.: hölda-brúðr and hörga-brúðr are less correct forms, Nj. 131 (v.l.), Fb. i. 213; for the various readings in different MSS. see Jóms S. ch. 44, Nj. ch. 89: this is the name of two weird sisters worshipped by the earls of Hlaðir; the passage in Skálda l.c. refers to some lost myth concerning these sisters. HÖLKN, n. a rough stony field, almost = hraun, q.v.; á hölkni einu, Fas. iii. 625; hann setsk niðr á hölknit fyrir ofan búðirnar, Ld. 290 (v.l. hraunit); þá er undir svá hart sem hölkn, Hrafn. 26; hölkn eða hreysar, N. G. L. i. 38; í fjöru eða á hœlkn, ii. 111, 146, Hým. 24; um hölkn ok skóga, Karl. 243: in local names, Hölkna-heiðr, see the map of Icel. hölkvir, m., poët. a horse, Edda (Gl.); h. hvílbeðjar, poët. a clothes' horse, cp. Dan. sænge-hest (?), Akv. 31; gólf-h., a 'closet-horse,' poët. a house, Bragi; borð-h., a 'board-hobby,' a ship, Lex. Poët. II. the name of a mythol. steed, Edda. HÖLL, f., gen. hallar, often spelt hall without umlaut, Fb. i. 212,

310 HALLARBUNAÐR -- HÖND.

l. 26, Fas. iii. 42, 87, Fms. viii. 191, v.l.; as also rhymed so in poets, e.g. Geisli 11; [A. S. heal, gen. healle; Engl. hall; Hel. halla; but not found in old and mid. H. G., the mod. Germ. halle being a borrowed word, Grimm's Gr. iii. 427] :-- a hall, but in the Norse only of a king's or earl's hall, whereas a private dwelling is called skáli, eldhús, q.v.; and thus 'hall' never could be used of an Icel. dwelling. In earlier times it seems to have had a more general sense, which remains in a verse of Kormak, Korm. 42 :-- in the mythology and old poems 'hall' is also used of the hall of gods, giants, Vþm., Hým., Lv.; Val-höll, Valhalla, the hall of the slain, of Odin, Gm., Edda: as also Guðs höll, God's hall = the heaven, Geisli; dags höll, days' hall, the sky; höll fjalla, mountain hall, the sky; lífs höll, life's hall, the breast, Lex. Poët. :-- in prose constantly, konungs-höll, a king's hall, or hall simply, passim. For the building, structure, seats of a hall, see the Sagas passim, Fagrsk. ch. 219, 220, Hrólfs S. Kr. ch. 34, 40, Jómsv. S. ch. 5, 22, Völs. S. ch. 3, Hálfs S. ch. 12, Eg. S. ch. 8, Edda 2, 30-33, 82. As all heathen Scandinavian buildings were of timber, the hall of stone of Nj. ch. 6 is no doubt an anachronism. COMPDS: hallar-búnaðr, -búningr, m. the hangings of a hall, Fms. x. 235, xi. 16. hallar-dyrr, n. pl. hall-doors, Edda 2, Fas. i. 15, Al. 70. hallar-gólf, n. a hall-floor, Edda 31, Fms. iii. 188, vii. 157, Fas. i. 284. hallar-veggr, m. the wall of a hall, Fms. iv. 189, Sks. 709: Höll, name of an Icel. farm, Skáld H., whence Hallar-Steinn, a pr. name. hölzti, see heldr B. III. HÖM, f., gen. hamar, [A. S. and Engl. ham], the ham or haunch of a horse; Grettir hljóp undir hömina á hesti sínum, Grett. 108; kom á hömina hestinum, Karl. 124; skjóta þeir upp höminni allir í senn, Od. xiii. 83; standa í höm = hama, q.v., of horses in a tempest. hömul-grýti, n. [provinc. Norse humul, Shetl. hammers], heaps of earth-fast stones; í klungri eða humulgrýti, Barl. 19. hömungr, m. = hemingr (q.v.), N. G. L. ii. 511. HÖND, f., gen. handar, dat. hendi, acc. hönd, pl. hendr, mod. proncd. höndur, gen. handa; [Goth. handus; A. S. and Engl. hand; O. H. G. hant; Germ. hand; Dan. haand; Swed. hand] :-- a hand; beit höndina þar er nú heitir úlfliðr, Edda 17; armleggir, handleggir ok hendr, Anecd. 6; kné eðr hendi, Grág. ii. 8; ganga á höndum, Fms. vi. 5; með hendi sinni, K. Þ. K. 5 new Ed.; taka hendi á e-u, to touch with the hand, Fms. x. 110; taka höndum um háls e-m, Nj. 10; hvítri hendi, Hallfred; hafa e-t í hendi, to hold in hand, wield, Eg. 297, Nj. 84, 97, 255; hrjóta ór hendi e-m, Fms. xi. 141; hafa fingrgull á hendi, Nj. 146; handar-högg, Fms. xi. 126, Fas. ii. 459; sjá ekki handa sinna skil (deili), not to be able to see one's hands, of a dense fog. 2. the arm and hand, the arm, like Gr. GREEK, Nj. 160, 253; á hendi heitir alnbogi, Edda 110; hendr til axla, Fas. i. 160; leggir handa ok fóta, Magn. 532; hönd fyrir ofan úlnlið, Nj. 84; hafa hring á hendi, of an arm-ring, Nj. 131; hring á hægri hendi fyrir ofan ölnboga, Fms. iv. 383 :-- the arm and arm-pit, ná, taka undir hönd (arm-pit) e-m, Gþl. 380; var eigi djúpara en þeim tók undir hendr, the water reached to their arm-pits, Ld. 78; taka undir hönd sér, to take hold under one's arms, Eg. 237, Nj. 200; sjá undir hönd e-m, Fas. ii. 558; renna undir hendr e-m, to backspan one, Háv. 40, 41; þykkr undir hönd, stout, Ld. 272. 3. metaph. handwriting, hand; rita góða hönd, to write a good hand; snar-hönd, running hand, italics. II. the hand, side; hægri hönd, the right hand; vinstri hönd, the left hand; á hvára hönd, on either hand, each side, Landn. 215; á vinstri hönd, Nj. 196; á hægri hönd; á tvær hendr, on both hands or sides, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384; á báðar hendr, Grág.; hvat sem á aðra hönd ber, whatsoever may happen; á aðra hönd ... en á aðra, Ld. 46; til hvárigrar handara, Fms. x. 313; til annarrar handar, Nj. 50, 97; til sinnar handar hvárr, 140; til beggja handa, Eg. 65; til ýmsa handa, Bs. i. 750; þver-hönd, a hand's breadth; örv-hönd. III. sayings and phrases referring to the hand: 1. sayings; sjálfs hönd er hollust, one's own hand is best, i.e. if you want to have a thing well done, do it yourself, Glúm. 332, Ó. H. 157; blíð er bætandi hönd, blessed is the mending hand; gjörn er hönd á venju, Grett. 150, Nj. (in a verse), and Edda (Ht. 26); margar hendr vinna létt verk; fiplar hönd á feigu tafli; betri ein kráka í hendi en tvær á skógi, Ld. 96; skamma stund verðr hönd höggvi fegin, see högg. 2. phrases; drepa hendi við, to refuse, Nj. 71; halda hendi yfir e-m, to hold one's hand over, protect, 266, Fbr. 22, Anecd. 14; taka e-n höndum, to take hold with the hands, seize, capture, Fms. x. 314, Nj. 265, passim; eiga hendr sínar at verja, to act in self-defence, 84, 223; hefja handa, to lift the hands, stir for action, 65, Ld. 262; bera hönd fyrir höfuð sér, to put one's hand before one's head, stand on one's guard, defend oneself; vera í hers höndum, óvina höndum, to be in a state of war, exposed to rapine; vera í góðum höndum, vina-höndum, góðra manna höndum, to be in good hands, among friends. β. læknis-hendr, 'leech hands,' healing hands; pains and sickness were believed to give way to the magical touch of a person gifted with such hands, Sdm. 4, Magn. S. Góða ch. 36 (Fms. vi. 73), cp. Rafns S. ch. 2; hönd full, a handful, Fms. ii. 302, vi. 38, viii. 306; fullar hendr fjár, hands full of gold :-- kasta hendinni til e-s, to huddle a thing up; með harðri hendi, with hard hand, harshly, rudely; með hangandi hendi, with drooping hand, slothfully; fegins hendi, with glad hand, joyfully; sitja auðum höndum, to sit with empty hands, sit idle; but með tómar hendr, empty-handed, portionless, Thom. :-- láta hendr standa fram úr ermum, to work briskly; víkja hendi til e-s (handar-vik), to move the hand to do a thing; það er ekki í tveim höndum að hafa við e-n, of double handed (i.e. faltering) half measures, when the one hand undoes what the other has done; kann ek þat sjá at ekki má í tveim höndum hafa við slíka menn, Band. 3; láta hönd selja hendi, of a ready bargain; láta e-t ganga hendi firr, to let go out of one's hands, lose, Ld. 202; ok lét sér eigi hendi firr ganga, and never lost sight of him, 656 ii. 4; e-m fallask hendr, to be discomfited, lose one's head (see falla); leggja görva hönd á allt, to be a ready hand, adept in everything, Thom. 300 (see göra F. 2); taka í hönd e-m, to join hands, Nj. 3; takask í hendr, to join, shake hands, Grág. ii. 80; leggja hendr saman, id., Gþl. 18, -- of shaking hands as symbolical of a bargain, see the compds hand-lag, hand-festi, handa-band; eiga, taka, jöfnum höndum, to own, take with even hands, i.e. in equal shares, Grág. i. 171, ii. 66, Hkr. i. 318; vinna jöfnum höndum, to work even-handed, to help one another; e-m eru mislagðar hendr, one's hands are amiss, when bad work is done by one from whom better was expected; honum hafa verið mislagðar hendr, etc. B. Metaph. usages: I. dat., sverja sér af hendi, to forswear, Fms. vii. 176; færa af höndum sér, to dismiss, Grág. i. 248; hefjask af höndum e-m, Fms. xi. 59 :-- af hendi e-s, on one's behalf, part, Landn. 154; af hendi Hákonar, Fms. i. 20, iv. 118; af hendi landsmanna, ix. 359; af sinni hendi, of one's own hand, for one's own part, Grág. i. 392; reiða, greiða, gjalda, inna af hendi or höndum, to discharge, pay off, Fms. vii. 230, Nj. 146, 190, 232, 239, 257, 281, Grág. i. 82, ii. 374; selja, láta af hendi (höndum), to part with, dismiss, Nj. 186, 231, Fms. vii. 173, Rb. 12; líða af hendi, to pass, of time, Ísl. ii. 144, Fms. iv. 83: koma, bera at hendi, to happen, Nj. 71, 177: at hendi, as adv. in turn; hvern at hendi, each in turn, Fms. i. 150: þar næst Gunnarr, þá Loðinn, þá hverr at hendi, Nj. 140; hverr segir at hendi þat er frá honum hefir stolit verit, Mar.: felask á hendi e-m, to be under one's charge, protection, Nj. 201, Bs. i. 167, 173. vera e-m á hendi, id., Fms. vii. 243; vera bundinn á hendi e-m, Sturl. i. 57: hafa e-t á höndum (hendi), to have a thing in hand, of duty, business to be done, Grág. i. 38; eiga ferð á höndum, Ld. 72; hvat er þér á höndum, what hast thou in hand? for what art thou concerned, distressed? Nj. 133, Ld. 270; ella eru þér stórir hlutir á höndum, Fms. vii. 30; ef honum væri ekki á höndum, if he had nothing in hand, if his hands were free, Ld. 42: eiga e-t fyrir hendi (höndum), to have in hand (duty, business, engagement), Fas. ii. 557; farvegr langr fyrir hendi, Fms. xi. 316; tveir kostir fyrir höndum, Nj. 264, Grág. i. 279; hafa sýslu fyrir höndum, Ísl. ii. 344; eiga vandræði fyrir höndum, Ld. 4; eiga gott fyrir höndum, Hkr. iii. 254: vera í hendi, to be at hand, within reach, at one's disposal, in one's power; hann er eigi í hendi, Fms. vi. 213; þat er eigi í hendi, 'tis no easy matter, v.l.; hafa raun (evidence) í hendi, Bs. i. 708; hafa ráð e-s í hendi sér, Ld. 174, Fas. i. 260; hafa vel, ílla í höndum, to behave well, badly, Ísl. ii. 387, Eg. 158; varð honum þat vel í höndum, 50: hafa e-t með höndum (fé, auðæfi, embætti, etc.), to have in hand, manage, discharge, Grág. ii. 389, Greg. 25, Stj. 248, Hkr. iii. 131; to design, hafa ráð, stórræði með höndum, 623. 51: hljóta undan hendi e-s, from one, at one's hands, Fas. i. 365: undir höndum, eigi lítill undir höndum, not a small man to handle, Fms. vii. 17; vera undir höndum e-m, to be under or in one's hands, under one's protection, in one's power, Sks. 337, Fms. i. 7, 13; sitja undir hendi e-m, Hkr. i. 166, -- um hendr, Fms. iv. 71, is prob. an error = undir hendi. 2. absol., annarri hendi, on the other hand, Fms. vii. 158; en annarri hendi vildu þeir gjarna veita konungi hlýðni, ix. 258. II. acc., with prepp.; á hönd, á hendr, against; höfða sök, lýsa vígi (etc.) á hönd e-m, to make a suit ... against, Grág. i. 19, Nj. 86, 87, 98, 99, 101, 110, 120, 230; hyggja e-t á hendr e-m, to lay a thing to a person's charge, Hom. 115; reynask á hendr e-m, to have a charge brought home to one, Fms. xi. 76; snúa vanda á hendr e-m, to throw the responsibility upon ..., Nj. 215; færa, segja stríð á hendr e-m, to wage, declare war against one; fara geystr á hendr e-m, to rage against, Fms. vii. 230; færask e-t á hendr, to undertake, Nj. 126; ganga á hönd e-m, to vex one, 625. 33; sótt elnar á hendr e-m, Eg. 126; leggja e-t á hendr e-m, to lay (a burden) on one's hands, Fms. xi. 98; in a good sense, ganga á hönd, to pay homage to, submit, Ó. H. 184; dreif allt fólk á hönd honum, submitted to him, filled his ranks, Fms. i. 21; bjargask á sínar hendr, by one's own handwork, Vápn. 28; (for at hönd, Grág. i. 135, read á hönd): selja, fá, gefa e-t í hönd, hendr e-m, to give into one's hands, hand over; selja sök í hönd e-m (handsöl), Grág. ii. 80, Nj. 4, 98, 112, 186; so, halda e-u í hönd e-m, Ísl. ii. 232, Fms. vii. 274; búa í hendr e-m, to make it ready for one, Ld. 130; veiði berr í hendr e-m, Nj. 252; kalla til e-s í hendr e-m, to lay claim to a thing at the hands of another, Ld. 300, Eg. 350, Fms. iv. 222, ix. 424; þegar í hönd, offhand, immediately, Bs. i; þá sömu nótt er fór í hönd, the following night, Fms. viii. 397, Glúm. 341; gjalda í hönd, to pay in cash, Vm. 16; veðr óx í hönd, the wind rose higher and higher, Fb. i. 432: undir jafna hönd, equally, Sturl. iii. 243; standa óbrigðiliga undir jafna hönd, Dipl. v. 26: væra hægt

HANDAAFL -- HÖRR. 311

um hönd, to be easy in hand, Nj. 25; þegar eg vil er hægt um hönd, heima á Fróni að vera, Núm. 1. 10; but mér er e-t um hönd, it is awkward, costs trouble: hafa við hönd sér, to keep at hand, Fms. x. 264; tóku konur manna ok dætr ok höfðu við hönd sér viku, Grett. 97; hafa e-t við höndina, to have it at hand. III. gen., with prepp.; til handa e-m, into one's hands; fara Guði til handa, to go into God's hands, Blas. 51; ganga til handa e-m, to put oneself in another's hands, submit to him, Rb. 404, Eg. 12, Fms. vii. 234, Fas. ii. 522; ef þat berr þér til handa, if it befalls thee, i. 135; þá skömm kýs ek mér eigi til handa, I will not have that shame at my door, Nj. 191: for one, on one's behalf, biðja konu til handa e-m, 120, 180, Grág. i. 353; í þeirri bæn er hann orti oss til handa, for its, for our use, our sake, 655 i. 2; hann hélt fénu til handa Þrándi, Landn. 214, Nj. 151; safnar konungr liði (til) handa Oddi, Fas. ii. 553; til handa Þorkatli, Fs. β. dropping the prep. til; mikit fé handa honum, Rd. 195 (late MSS.): whence, handa has become an adverb with dat., handa e-m, for one, Lat. alicui, which is freq. in mod. usage. 2. adverbial; allra handa, Dan. allehaande, of every kind; allra handa árgæzka, Edda (pref.); allra handa ganganda fé, Þórð. 51 new Ed.; fjögurra handa, of a fourfold kind, H. E. i. 525. 3. absol., minnar handar, for my part, Ísl. ii. 356; yðvarrar handar, for your part, Fms. ix. 498; hvárrar-tveggju handar, on either hand, Skálda 164; innan handar, within one's hands, easy, Ld. 112; þótti þeim innan handar falla at taka land þetta hjá sér sjálfum, 210. C. COMPDS: I. plur., handa-afl, n., Edda, = handafl, p. 237. handa-band, n. a joining or shaking of hands, as a law term = handlag, Dipl. i. 11, iv. 2, Vígl. 23; in plur., Bs. (Laur. S.); heilsa, kveðja með handabandi. handa-festi, f. a hold for the hands, Fms. ii. 276. handa-gangr, m. grasping after a thing with all hands, Fas. iii. 345. handa-görvi, f. 'hand-gear,' gloves, Sd. 143, Fbr. 139. handa-hóf, n., in the phrase, af handahófi, at random. handa-kenning, f. hand touching, Eluc. 20. handa-klapp, n. a clapping of hands, Skálda 174. handa-læti, n. pl. gestures with the arms, Sks. 116. handar-mál, n., in the phrase, at handarmáli, in heaps; var þá drepit lið hans at handarmáli, Fas. i. 41. handa-saumr, m. tight gloves, Bs. ii. 10. handa-síðr, adj. = handsíðr. handa-skil, n. pl., in the phrase, sjá ekki h., not to see one's own hands, as in the dark, in a dense fog. handa-skol, n. pl. maladroitness; það er allt í handaskolum. handa-skömm, f. shameful work, a scandal; það er mesta h.! handa-staðr, m. the print of the hands. Fas. i. 285. handa-tak, n., -tekt, f., -tekja, u, f. a taking of hands, as a bargain, Háv. 42, H. E. ii. 194, D. N. i. 398. handa-tæki, n. pl. a laying hold, a fight, Bs. i. (Laur. S.): a pledging of hands, Dipl. ii. 6, D. N. passim. handa-upphald, n. a lifting the arms, Stj. 296. handa-verk, n. pl. one's handiwork, doings, N. G. L. i. 76, Fms. vii. 295, Stj. 198; í handaverkum eða bókfræði, 46; handaverk manna, men's handiwork, Blas. 47; Guðs h.; ek em þín h., Sks. 610; hans h., Fms. viii. 406. II. sing., handar-bak, n. the back of the hand, Sdm. 7. handar-gagn, n. a being ready to the hand; leggja e-t til handargagns, to lay it so as to be ready at hand, Hkr. ii, 158, 249. handar-grip, n. a measure, = spönn, Karl. 481. handar-hald, proncd. handarald, n. a handle, Fas. ii. 355. handar-jaðarr, m. the hand's edge; in the phrase, vera undir handar-jaðri e-s, to be in one's hands, in one's power, Fær. 201. handar-kriki, a, m. 'hand's-creek,' the arm-pit, Eg. 396, Fms. vi. 348, Sturl. ii. 37. handar-mein, n. a sore in the hand, Bs. i. 115, 187, Sturl. ii. 177. handar-stúfr, m. a 'hand-stump,' stump of the arm, the hand being hacked off, Fms. x. 258, xi. 119. handar-vani, a, m. maimed in hand, Hm. 70, Matth. xviii. 8. handar-veif, n., í handarveifi, in a 'wave of the hand,' in a moment. handar-vik, n. the hands' reach, movement, work; lítið handarvik, a small work. handar-væni, a, m. want of hands (?), Hm. 72. UNCERTAIN For the compds in hand- see pp. 237, 238. HÖNDLA, að, (handla, Stj. 22, 47), to handle; h. heiðarliga, Karl. 51; h. úvarliga, Stj. 22: to manage, Gkv. 1. 8; h. e-n ílla, to treat one ill, Stj. 47; h. um e-t, Mar.; h. kaup, to strike a bargain, to handsel (North. E.), Gþl. 493. II. as a law term, to seize, catch, Hrafn. 7, Ld. 148: to arrest, 623. 62, Nj. 267, Symb. 59, Pass. 8. 1; h. glæpamann, Fms. ii. 85. höndulega, adv. adroitly; honum fórst það hönduliga. HÖNK, f., gen. hankar, pl. henkr, hankar, Fs. 132, l. 12, mod. hankir; [Engl. hank, cp. Germ. henker] :-- a hank, coil, skein; toga hönk, Fms. vi. 312, Fs. 146; þar var hönk í meðalkaflanum, ok dró hann hana á hönd sér, Eg. 378, Grett. 101; henkr tvær af viðjum, Gþl. 413; festa með hönkum, 381; sterkar henkr (clasps), Fs. 132. Hörðar, m. pl. the Hords, a people of Norway; whence Hörða-land, n. the land of the Hords: Hörða-konungr, -kappi, m. the king, champion of the Hords, Fms. passim: Hörðu-ból, n., Hörðu-dalr, m. a local name in Icel.: Hörð-dælir, m. pl. the men from H., Sturl. Hörðr, m., Herði, Hörð, a pr. name, Landn. Harðar-saga, u, f. the story of Hörð. HÖRFA, að, [akin to hvarfa, q.v.], to retire, Fas. iii. 34; h. frá í brott, Nj. 216; hvárt sem þeir h. með ánni norðr eða suðr, 228; h. fyrir, to give way, Grett. 114; h. undan, Sd. 175, Fbr. 41 new Ed., Fs. 45; nú h. þeir innar eptir höllinni, Fas. ii. 261; hann hörfaði at borðinu út, Fms. vii. 264; þá skal ganga á feld þó áðr hafi af hörfat, Korm. 86: to pass round, hefir þat (viz. the moon) hörfat hring sinn, Rb. 116: reflex., láta hörfask undan, Ísl. ii. 447. hörfan, f. retrogression; h. heimsins, Mag. 69. hörg-brjótr, m. a breaker of horgs, of a missionary king, Hallfred. HÖRGR, m., never f., for the form hörg (Landn. 111) is merely an error; [A. S. hearg; O. H. G. haruc] :-- a heathen place of worship. Distinction is to be made between hof (temple) and horg; the hof was a house of timber, whereas the horg was an altar of stone (the hátimbraðr in Vþm. is not literal) erected on high places, or a sacrificial cairn (like haugr), built in open air, and without images, for the horg itself was to be stained with the blood of the sacrifice; hence such phrases as, to 'break' the horgs, but 'burn' the temples. The horg worship reminds one of the worship in high places of the Bible. The notion of a 'high place' still remains in the popular Icel. phrase, það eru ekki uppi nema hæstu hörgar, only the highest horgs jut out, when all lies under a deep snow. In provincial Norse a dome-shaped mountain is called horg (Ivar Aasen). The worship on horgs seems to be older than that in temples, but was in after times retained along with temple worship, and then, it seems, specially reserved for the worship of the goddesses or female guardians (dísir), Hervar. S. ch. 1, Hdl. l.c., Edda l.c., cp. also Hörga-brúðr, f. the bride of the horgs, see Hölgi. Many of the old cairns and hows are no doubt horgs or high places of worship of the heathen age. A third way of worshipping is recorded, viz. a portable booth or tabernacle in which the god was carried through the land, mentioned in Tacit. Germ. ch. 40; traces of this ancient worship were still found in Sweden at the close of heathendom, see the interesting tale of Gunnar Helming in Fms. ii. 73-78. II. references; hörg hann mér görði hlaðinn steinum, nú er grjót þat at gleri orðit, etc., Hdl. 10; hofum ok hörgum, Vþm. 38; þeir er hörg ok hof hátimbruðu, Vsp. 7; hof mun ek kjósa, hörga marga, Hkv. Hjörv. 4; hátimbraðr h., Gm. 16; hamra ok hörga, skóga, vötn ok tré, Fms. v. 239; brjóta ok brenna hof ok hörga, Fms. i. 283, ii. 41; Oddr brenndi hof ok hörga braut, Fas. ii. 288 (in a verse); hauga né hörga, en ef maðr verðr at því kunnr eða sannr, at hann hleðr hauga, eðr gerir hús, ok kallar hörg, eða reisir stöng, N. G. L. i. 430, cp. ii. 496; höfðu frændr hennar síðan mikinn átrúnað á hólana, var þar görr UNCERTAIN hörg(r) er blót tóku til, trúðu þeir at þeir dæi í hólana, Landn. 111; þar vóru áðr blót ok hörgar, Kristni S. ch. 11; eitt haust var gört dísablót mikit hjá Álfi konungi, gékk Álfhildr at blótinu, en um nóttina er hón rauð hörginn ..., Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 413; þat var hörgr er gyðjurnar áttu, Edda 9, a paraphrase of the passage in the Vsp. l.c.; blóthús ok hörga, Rekst. 2. poët., brúna-hörgr, the 'forehead-horg' or peak = the horns of a steer, Ýt.; gunn-hörgr, a 'war-horg' = a helmet (not a shield), Hkr. i. 135 (in a verse); hörga herr, the host of the horgs = the heathen host, Knytl. S. (in a verse). III. in Icel. local names, but not so freq. as Hof; Hörg-á and Hörgár-dalr, in the north; Hörga-eyrr, in the west; Hörgs-dalr and Hörgs-land, in the east; Hörgs-holt and Hörgs-hlíð, in the west, Landn., Kristni S., map of Icel.; Hörgs-hylr, Dipl., Ísl. Hörg-dælir, m. the men from Hörgárdalr, Sturl. In Norway, Hörg-in, Hörga-setr, Munch's Norg. Beskr. hör-hnoða, n. a clew of flax, Fms. vi. 296. hörkla, að, [hark and harki], to hobble, go with difficulty, as if walking on rough ground; hann hörklar af heiðinni ofan, Bs. i. 443. hörkn, n. = hölkn, Bs. i. 452, v.l. hörkull, m. roughness; hann segir svá meðr hörðum hörkul, 732. 15; skal ek göra þeim mikinn hörkul, I will work them much annoyance, MS. 4. 16: noise, din, hófsk þá bardaginn með miklum hörkul, Karl. 289; mátti þá heyra mikinn gný ok ógurligan hörkul, 307; þeir heyrðu hörkul ok stór högg Frankismanna, 354: hence comes prob. the mod. hörgull, meaning dearth; það er mesti hörgull á því: as also in the phrase, spyrja e-n út í hörgul, or segja e-t út í hörgul, to ask or tell minutely. hörmugr, adj. afflicted, Gkv. 3. hörmuliga, adv. sadly, 4. 15, Gþl. 45, Stj. 51, Hom. 116, passim. hörmuligr, adj. sad, distressing, Sturl. i. 13, Þiðr. 174; h. tíðendi, Nj. 170; h. villa, Stj. 250; h. hrygð, 494; h. glæpr, Fms. i. 205: neut. a distressing thing, Fms. vii. 160, x. 400: also with the notion of indignation, það er hörmulegt að sjá það! HÖRMUNG, f. [harmr], grief, affliction, Fms. vi. 94, Str. 24, 453, Fas. iii. 303; hörmungar tala, lamentation, Fms. iv. 165; hörmungar orð, H. E. i. 255; hörmungar víg, Fs. 8; freq. in mod. usage, N. T. = GREEK, esp. in plur., Mark xiii. 19, Acts vii. 10: in sing, with the notion of indignation, það er hörmung að vita til þess. Hörn, f. one of the names of the goddess Freyja, Edda. hörpu-, see harpa. HÖRR, m., old dat. hörvi, mod. hör, pl. hörvar, Höfuðl. 12 :-- flax, but also = linen, Lat. linum, Sks. 287, Rm. 28; dúkr hvítr af hörvi, a white linen table cloth, id.; hörfi glæst, clad in linen, of a woman, Kormak; from the wearing of linen a lady is in the poets called hör-bil, -brekka, -fit, -gefn, -gerðr, -nauma, -skorða, -veig, -þella, Lex. Poët. 2.

312 HÖRSKRYDD -- I.

a cord of hemp, as a bowstring or the like, Höfuðl. 12; boga fylgði hörr, toginn hörr, Edda (in a verse); hörfa sleipnir, the hemp horse = the gallows, Ýt. 12. hör-dúkr, m. a linen cloth, Hallfred. hör-skrýdd, part. f. clad in linen, Skv. 3. 49. hörtl, n. [qs. hörkl or hörkull?], the roughness of frozen ground; það er hörtl í götunum, hörtl að ríða. hör-týgill, m. a hempen cord, Stj. 416. Judges xv. 14. HÖRUND, n. the skin, of a person, prop. the cuticle or inner skin, as shewn by the phrase, milli skinns ok hörunds, between the skin and hörund, Bs. i. 252; verðr hörundit ok skinnit allt blátt sem drep, Mar.; e-m rennr kalt vatn milli skinns og hörunds, one feels a cold chill between the skin and hörund; allt hans hörund er svá hart sem horn, Þiðr. 183 (of the 'Gehörnete,' Sigfried); þá koma bláir flekkir í hörundit, Bs. i. 611; þá kom hrollr á hörund honum, Orkn. 182; allir synir hans stóðusk eitr á hörund utan, Sæm. 118; var allr þroti ór hans hörundi, Bs. i. 644; sár vóru mörg fallin á hörund hans, 298; h. ok líkamr, Mar., Karl. 524, v.l.; ef þrútnar hörund, Grág. ii. 129: hence skin, complexion, bert hörund, 129, Fms. vi. 143; svartr (hvítr) á hár ok hörund, swart (fair) in hair and skin, vii. 157; allra manna fegrstr á hörund, viii. 446: the flesh, var sem elds-hiti kæmi í h. honum, Hkr. i. 102; nálgaðist kuldi hans hörund, Sks. 758; meyjar h., id., 1 Kings i. 1, 2; vatn þat rennr í h. sem mungát, Sks. 164; allar æðar í hans hörundi, Fbr. 149: genitalia, euphemistically, þegar hann kemr við mik þá er hörund hans svá mikit, at hann má ekki eptirlæti hafa við mik, Nj. 13. COMPDS: hörunds-bjartr, hörund-hvítr, hörund-ljóss, adj. of bright complexion, Hkr. iii. 179, Landn. 120, Bs. i. 127, Bret. ch. 9. hörunds-litr, m. complexion, Bs. ii. 180, Fb. ii. 300. B. Fem. the flesh; svá sem hörundin dró oss í glæpinn, Stj. 149; hörundar hungr, the lusts of the flesh, Sól. 50; fara hungri hörund, 71; kipp svá ór sárinu at eigi slái hörundinni saman, O. H. L. 73; hörundar litr, complexion, Edda 19, Fms. v. 347. hörund-fall, n. impotentia (?); þat má skilja festar-mál, ef h. kemr á annat-tveggja, N. G. L. i. 27, cp. ii. 320, H. E. i. 247, (a lawful cause for divorce.) hörund-kuldi, a, m. coldness of the skin, chill, Sks. 758. hörund-mjúkr, adj. soft-skinned, of a woman, Orkn. (in a verse). Hörzkr, adj. from Hörðaland, Landn. hör-þráðr, m. a linen thread, Bs. i. 644. hös-magi, a, m. a sheep with a gray, dusky belly, Grett. 154: the spelling haustmagi is caused by a false pronunciation. hös-mögóttr, adj. gray on the belly, Grett. 148. HÖSS, adj., acc. hösvan, with a characteristic v; [A. S. hasu, gen. hasweg and haswig; Engl. hazy; Lat. caesius] :-- gray, of a wolf; úlfr enn hösvi, Em. 6; hösvan serk hrísgrisnis, a gray wolf's coat, Hl., Edda 86; höss örn, a gray eagle, Fms. vi. 159 (in a verse); and höss sverð, a dusky sword blade (or = hvöss?), Lex. Poët.: in pr. names, Hös-kollr, in common pronunciation Höskuldr, the gray Coll; the old form is freq. presented in good MSS., e.g. Arna-Magn. 468, as also in the old ditty, trautt man ek trúa þér | troll kvað Höskollr, Sturl. ii. 136; but that even in the 13th century the name was pronounced as at the present day is shewn by the pun in the words Höskuld and haustskuld, Sturl. iii. 216. The word is quite obsolete, and does not occur elsewhere in prose. höstugr, adj. [hastr, herstr], harshly, Pass. 40. 4. hösvask, að, dep. to slink (as a wolf?), sneak, Fms. iii. 189. hösvir, m. a gray wolf, Edda (Gl.): name of a slave, from his dress, Rm. höttóttr, adj. hooded, of cows or sheep with heads differing in colour from the body. HÖTTR, m., hattar, hetti, acc. pl. höttu, a later form hattr, Dropl. 13, Eg. 407, Nj. 32, 46, Gísl. 55, O. H. L. 46, as also in mod. usage; [the A. S. hôd, Engl. hood, O. H. G. huot, Dutch hoed, Germ. hut may perhaps be identical; but A. S. hæt, Engl., Dan., and Swed. hat certainly answer to the old höttr, cp. also hetta, q.v.] :-- a hood, in olden times only a cowl fastened to a cloak, as is seen from numerous instances. Fms. i. 149, ii. 72, viii. 368, x. 225, 229, 301, Eg. 375, 407, Grág. ii. 132: a cowl of felt, þófa-höttr, Dropl. 13, Nj. 179. 2. of a gorgeous foreign hood or turban from the east, Fms. xi. 77, 85; called Gerzkr (Russian) in Nj. 46, Gísl. 55, or Girskr (Greek) in O. H. L. 46; Danskr höttr, a Danish hood, Ó. H.: a hat in the mod. sense was unknown to the men of old; even the hat-like helmet was called stál-húfa, a steel cap, not stál-höttr. II. in poetry the head is called hattar land, hauðr, -stallr, -fell, -steði, the land, knoll, fell, stithy of the hood; or hatt-staup, n. a hat-knoll, Ad.: Odin is represented wearing a hött, and so the helmet is called the hood of Odin, etc.; as also Ála höttr: the vaulted sky is foldar höttr = earth's hood, Lex. Poët.: dular-h., huldar-h., a hiding hood, hood of disguise. hattar-maðr, m. a hooded man, man in disguise, Rd. 272; Síð-höttr, 'Deep-hood,' was a favourite name of Odin from his travelling in disguise, cp. Robin Hood. III. a pr. name, Fas. hötuðr, m. [hata], a hater, Lex. Poët. I Í J I is the ninth letter; in the old Runic alphabet it was called íss or ice (Skálda 176), and represented by RUNE (ís köllum brú breiða of the Runic poem), a form borrowed from the Greek or Latin: but 'stunginn Íss' (RUNE) was in later Runes used to represent e. A. PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING. -- I is either a vowel (i), or consonant (j), called joð: these are here treated separately: 1. the vowel i is sounded either short (i) or long (í), the short (i) like Engl. hill, prolonged with a breath; but it is almost certain that in olden times it was sounded short, as in Engl. wit. 2. the long (í) is sounded as Engl. e or ee in evil, feet. 3. the j is sounded as Engl. y before a vowel, jata, jarð, jól, as yata, yard, yole. The oldest writers bear witness to the use of j as a consonant; thus Thorodd says, -- i þá er hann verðr fyrir samhljóðanda settr, Skálda 164; and the second grammarian, -- en ef hljóðstafr (vowel) er næstr eptir hann, þá skiptisk hann í málstaf (consonant), svo sem já, jörð eða jór, 170; and Olave Hvítaskáld, -- i ok u hafa því fleiri greinir, at þeir eru stundum samhljóðendr, sem í þessum orðum, iarl and uitr, 176; but in syllables beginning with j (ja, jo, ju) in old alliterative poetry it always stands for the vowel, from the earliest poems down to the 15th century, e.g. jörð or ægi -- iðja-græna, Vsp. 58; viltú nokkut jötuninn eiga | ýtum görir hann kosti seiga, Þrymlur 2. 2; Ölmóðr hafði annan dag | járnið þetta at sýna, Skíða R. 64, which, as now pronounced, would sound harsh, since in modern poetry syllables beginning with j cannot be used alliteratively with any other letter, cp. Pass. 37. 1, 10, 40. 8, 46. 3, 11, etc.; only in such words as eg (jeg), eta (jeta) can i serve both as a vowel and consonant, see Pass. 6. 2; but jeg in 5. 5, 10, (the verse 6 of the same hymn is a poetical licence); so also the name Jesús is now and then used alliteratively with a vowel, 47. 18, 21; the hymns of the Reformation follow the same usage. The pronunciation of j seems therefore to have changed: in early times it was probably similar to Engl. e in ear, tear, hear; an additional proof of this is, that the oldest spelling was, as in Anglo-Saxon, ea, eo ...; and Thorodd himself probably wrote ea, e.g. eafn, eárn, earl, for jafn, járn, jarl, see his words: in old poets ea sometimes makes two syllables, e.g. in the verse cited in Skálda 164 (of A.D. 1018); as also in the name Njáll (Niel), which is dissyllabic in the verses, Nj. ch. 136, 146. At a still earlier time j was probably sounded purely as a vowel. II. in ancient MSS. i serves for both i and j; in MSS., esp. of the 15th century, j is used ornamentally for initial i, e.g. jnn = inn, as also in the double ij = í, e.g. tijd = tíð, mijtt = mítt, the j was introduced into print only in the last year of the eighteenth century. 2. an i is often inserted in MSS., esp. after g, k, so as to mark the aspirate sound, e.g. gieta = geta, giæta = gæta, kiær = kær, etc.: in inflexions it is also more correct to write eyjar, bæjar, than eyar, bæar :-- ji is not written, but pronounced, e.g. vili ( = vilji), but vilja. B. CHANGES. -- The i and e are exchanged in many root syllables, but i is usually the older, e the later if not the modern form, as, if and ef, brinna and brenna, tvinnr and tvennr, þrimr and þremr, miðil and meðal, snimma and snemma, gingu and gengu, fingu and fengu, tigr and tegr: the article varies between enn and inn :-- the inflex. -endi and -indi :-- Norse MSS. spell mek, þek, sek, = mik, þik, sik (e.g. Thom. Cd. Holm.); -ligr and -legr, gagnligr and gagnlegr: for the inflexive e and i see introduction to letter E (signif. B), p. 114 :-- i for y in old MSS., in firir, ifir, mindi, skildi, minni (mouth), minnast (to kiss, mouth) :-- i and u are interchanged in inflexion, as, morginn and morgunn, vandill and vöndull; but esp. in the adjective inflexions - igr and -ugr, blóðigr and blóðugr, auðigr and auðugr. II. the j in most instances originates from an e, either through absorption or contraction, as in jór (q.v.), or through the dissolution or breaking of e, as in jörð (q.v.); again, the i as initial is in most instances caused by absorption; as of n in í (in) and compds; of v or b in íllr (evil) and compds; of d in some compds in í- from ið; -- in Gothic there is only a single word (eisarn, i.e. ísarn = iron) with a long í initial. III. by comparison with other Teutonic languages it is seen that a radical initial i or j has in the Scandinavian been dropped in a few words, while it has been kept in Gothic, Saxon, and German, thus Icel. ár, Goth. jêr, Engl. year, Germ. jahr; Icel. ungr, Goth. juggs, Engl. young; Icel. ok, Goth. juk, Engl. yoke, Germ. joch, Lat. jugum; Icel. ami, ömurligr, and O. H. G. jamar, Germ. jammer; Icel. upp, Goth. jup, Engl. up; Icel. ér (ye), Goth. jus; Icel. ostr (a cheese), cp. Engl. yeast: in two words, jarteign and jurt, both of them probably foreign, the j stands for w: on the other hand, because of the resolution or breaking of vowels (Gramm. p. xxix, bottom), words which in Engl. and Germ. begin with e are in Icel. often to be found under j, thus Icel. jörð (old Scot. yerth) = Engl. earth, Germ. erde: there are also a few stray words, -- jata (a manger) for eta, jeta for eta, jeg for eg (ek). IV. the Icel. í answers to Ulf. ei (rísa, Goth. reisjan), to mod. Germ. ei in zeit, Engl. i as in time, Icel. tími; in early German the diphthongs ei and í were, as in Icelandic, distinguished (zît, îsarn, = mod. zeit, eisen). V. in

313 I -- INGI.

mod. Dan. in a few words the Icel. short i is represented by an e, thus Icel. við, liðr, viðr, siðr, biðja, limr, vinr, sin, = Dan. ved, led, ved, sed, bede, lem, ven, sene, probably owing to the fact that the old Danish pronunciation of i was not the same as the present Icelandic. I IÐ, f., the gen. iðjar, Hkr. ii. 227, points to a root iði; [this root word with derivatives, which in cognate languages is of rare occurrence, seems prop. to mean a perpetual motion, cp. Swed. and poët. Dan. id] :-- a doing; orð ok iðir, words and deeds, Nj. (in a verse); ymissar iðir, Sighvat; leyfð ið, id.; tregnar iðir, sorrows, tears, Hðm. 1; þjóð veit þínar iðir, thy feats, Edda (in a verse); því verðr eigi til iðjar né verðs haldit, it can neither be worked nor sold, Hkr. l.c. ið, n. a restless motion; vera allr á iði. IÐ- (iðja-, Vsp. 58), a particle only used in compds, chiefly poetical, answering to Goth. iþ-, = Lat. contra, O. H. G. id- and ida-, A. S. ed-, = Lat. re-; but in Icel. esp. in an intensive sense. COMPDS: ið-gjöld, n. pl. recompense; íll iðgjöld, Hm. 106; sonar iðgjöld, Stor. 16; iðgjöld e-s, of one dead, Fs. 13, 61; en þat kom ásamt með mönnum, at hans þóttusk aldrei iðgjöld fá, Bs. i. 70; höfum vér þá nokkut svá iðgjöld föður þíns, Ísl. ii. 175. ið-glíki, n. a counterpart, Eb. (in a verse). ið-glíkr, adj. exactly like, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse). ið-gnógr, adj. abundant, Hkr. 1. 21. ið-gnótt, f. abundance, Ad. 19. ið-líka, adj. = iðglíkr, Mag. 580. 9. ið-vandliga, adv. honestly, Gd. 20. ið-vandr, adj guileless, Geisli 4, Rekst. 24. II. contracted in a few words, even in mod. usage; í-líkr, much like; í-nógr, e-nough, plentiful; í-lítill, very small. ið, pron. dual = it, þit. q.v. IÐA, að, an eddy, whirlpool, Grett. 141 A; ok muntú finna saman rekit í eina iðu, 623. 37, passim; hring-iða, q.v. iðu-kast, n. a whirling eddy, Mag. iða, að, to move to and fro, be restless, like an eddy or mercury; eg iða öll af kæti, Snót; fram og aptr iðar, út á báðar hliðar, Sig. Pétr.; þetta eru þínir smiðir, því er von þú iðir, úr einum í annan stað, Jón Þorl.; freq. in mod. usage. ið-gjarn, adj. eager for. Iði, a, m., gen. iðja, name of a giant, Edda. iðinn, adj. [Scot. ithand, ythen], assiduous, steady, diligent, Sks. 437, Bs. i. 166, Fas. i. 85, freq. in mod. usage; iðinn að lesa, læra, vinna. iðja, að, [Old Engl. ithe = thrive, Chaucer] :-- to do, perform, be active, busy; þeir skyldu engan hlut eiga at iðja, Lv. 13; veit engi maðr hvat þeir hafa iðjat, Fas. i. 71; víst ávalt þeim vana halt, vinna, lesa og iðja, Hallgr.; segðu þegar þú iðja átt, íllt sé þér í hendi, a ditty. iðja, u, f. [Dan. id = a pursuit] :-- activity, doing, business, profession, Eg. 134 C, Hrafn. 5, Fas. i. 244, Bs. i. 83, Fms. ii. 199, Þiðr. 25. COMPDS: iðju-fullr, adj. hard-working, Njarð. 366. iðju-lauss, adj. [Dan. idløs], idle, Grett. 123. iðju-leysi, n. idleness, Rb. 196. iðju-maðr, m. a hard-working man, Eg. 134, Fas. iii. 205. iðju-samr, adj. (iðju-semi, f.), assiduity. iðja-grænn, adj. [Dan. idelgrön], ever-green, Vsp. 58. iðjan, f. = iðn, Skáld H. 7. 53. iðka, að, to study, cultivate, Rb. 312, Thom., freq. in mod. usage. iðkan, f. a studying, performing steadily, cultivating. iðn, f. occupation, business, = iðja, Fs. 35, 72, Bjarn. 12, Fms. x. 233, Landn. 205 (v.l.), 217, Fms. iii. 102, MS. 4. 6: in mod. usage, handiwork, profession. iðnar-lauss, -maðr, = iðjulauss, Fms. iv. 35. iðna, að, = iðja, to work, Grág. i. 147-150, Str. 2; íllt iðnandi, Stj. 652; ekki munu vér hér iðna at sinni, Eg. 351. iðnaðr, m. handicraft, profession. iðnaðar-maðr, m. a workman, Hom. 150. IÐR, n. pl.; [this word cannot be derived from inn (ð = nn), for even the Gothic idreiga and idreigon have the d; O. H. G. in-adiri; the word is prob., as suggested by Grimm, akin to Germ. ader, Icel. æðr (a vein)] :-- the bowels, entrails (see innyfli), Grág. ii. 371, Bs. i. 346, Orkn. 458, Landn. 217, Ld. 222, Gullþ. 23, Fbr. 208, Fms. iii. 77, viii. 326; iðr ok innyfli, Stj. 280, Post. 238. II. metaph., freq. in eccl. usage like GREEK; miskunar-iðr, bowels of mercy, N. T.; skaka ok skelfa iðr ok alvöru síns föður, Stj. 132. iðra-kveisa, u, f., iðra-verkr, m., North. E. and Scot. 'belly-work,' a pain in the bowels, 655 xii. 3, Al. 23, Stj. 436. IÐRA, að, usually dep. iðrask, [Ulf. idreigon = GREEK] :-- to be moved inwardly (from iðr), but only used metaph. like Gr. GREEK, to repent: I. act., impers. with gen. of the thing, to repent of; hvers engan iðrar, 2 Cor. vii. 10: with acc. of the person, nom. of the thing, Guðs gjafir og kallan kunna eigi að iðra hann, Rom. xi. 29. 2. pers., það (sic) iðrar mig ekki, 2 Cor. vii. 8; eigi iðra mik mínar görðir, Mar.: absol., heldr en þik iðri eptir, Sks. 250. II. more often in reflex. form, iðrask e-s, to repent of, rue; opt ætla ek at vér iðrimk þessa, Eg. 732; iðrumk ek þess mjök, Sks. 720, Nj. 78, 79. Eg. 176, Fs. 8, Fms. iv. 369, viii. 54, Barl. 172, 180, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim. III. part. iðrandi, repentant, Magn. 430, Mar.: as subst., Greg. 39; iðrandans, Hom. 78. iðran, f. [Ulf. idreiga = GREEK], repentance, 623. 23, Greg. 20, 38, 45, Fms. x. 327, K. Þ. K. 36, H. E. i. 585; iðranar grátr, tár, iðranar tími, Stj. 55; iðranar skírn, 656 C. 14; iðranar mark, a mark of repentance, H. E. i. 486, Stj., Greg. 38, Mar., Pass. passim :-- in the N. T. = GREEK, Mark i. 4, vi. 12, Luke iii. 3, 8, v. 32, x. 13, xv. 7, 2 Cor. vii. 9, 10, Pass., Vídal. passim. COMPDS: iðranar-lauss, adj. unrepentant, Sturl. ii. 12, Fms. vii. 118. iðranar-leysi, f. impenitence. iðrar, f. pl. bowels, = iðr, Gkv. 2. 23: metaph. ruth, repentance, Am. 65. iðri, see innri. iðula, adv. = iðurliga, Lex. Poët. iðuliga and iðuligr, see iðurliga and iðurligr. Iðunn, f., pr. name of the goddess, Edda: she was the wife of Bragi (the god of poetry), Edda 17; for tales about her, see Edda 46 and Haustl.: hence in mod. poetry a poet is called the husband of Idun, -- Sjálfr Iðunnar annar ver, Snót. II. a pr. name. IÐUR-, a prefixed particle; [perhaps akin to ið- (above); Goth. id-; O. H. G. it-, ita; A. S. ed-, answering to Lat. re-; cp. Lat. iterum, iterare, Grimm's Gramm. ii. 757] :-- frequently, passim. iður-liga, adv., iðrliga, O. H. L. 78; iðuliga, Hom. 113, Sks. 66, 174, 231 B, Barl. 93, Anecd. 24, Fms. x. 392: mod. iðugliga, Bs. i. 849, Sks. 121, 359: iðula or iðola, Hom. 140, Pr. 471 :-- frequently, passim. iður-ligleikr, m. repetition, frequency, Barl. 196. iður-ligr, adj. frequent, continuous, Barl. 94, 100: iðuligr, H. E. i. 511, Stj. 71, Barl. 93. iður-mælt, n. adj. a kind of metre, repeating the same syllable, Edda (Ht.) 47, Skálda 210, -- e.g. eim-þverrir gefir seima | seim-örr liði beima. IF, ifa, and derivatives, see ef, efa, p. 115. ifill, m., pl. iflar, a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.), see Lex. Poët. ifjungr, m., poët. a bear, Edda (Gl.) if-röðull, m., poët. the sun, Edda (Gl.) IGÐA, u, f. a kind of bird, the nuthatch, Norse egde, sitta Europaea L., Edda 74, Fas. i. 164, 332, Sæm. 136. ikt, f. the gout. ikt-sýki, f. id.: mod. ikt-sjúkr, adj. gouty. IL, f., pl. iljar, the sole of the foot, planta pedis, Edda 110, Stj. 160, Hom. 17; hann steyptisk fyrir borð, ok sér í iljar honum, Edda 36, Grett. 141, Fms. iii. 101; millum hvirfils ok ilja, Sks. 159; undir ilinni á hægra fæti, Fms. viii. 265; neðan í ilina, Sturl. iii. 68, passim: in poetry, ilja gaupnir, the 'gowpens,' i.e. soles, of the feet, Þd.: the toes were in poetry called il-kvistir, m. 'sole-twigs,' and il-þorn, m. 'sole-thorns,' Am., Lex. Poët. il-band, n. a strap under the foot. ilbanda-brækr, f. pl. a kind of breeks, Hkr. iii. 282. il-breiðr, adj. having a broad sole, flat-footed, a nickname, Fms. ilki, a, m. = il, Orkn. (in a verse). ILLR, illa, and derivatives, see íllr. ILMA, ð, (irma, Sks. 633 B), to smell sweet; þú ilmir alla, Hom. 153; ilmdi allskonar sætum grösum, Str. 69: to scent, þeir megu eigi ilma af aldininu, Rb. 346; þefja ok ilma, Anecd. 4: part. ilmandi, sweet-smelling, ilma grös, Sks. 48, 633, passim in mod. usage. ilmaðr, adj. sweet-smelling; þar þótti Grelöðu ílla ilmat, Landn. 140; sætt ok ilmat vel, Fb. i. 544. ilman, f. smell, scent, (mod.) ilming, f., spelt hilmning in Best. 20, smell, scent; ilming ens sætasta grass, Mar.: ilmingar vit, the sense of smell, Hom. 53, Best. 20. ILMR, m., spelt hilmr in Hom. 28, Fms. x. 241; hirmr in Sks. 632 B :-- a sweet smell; ilm af eplum ok grasi, Rb. 346; dýrðligr ilmr, Fb. ii. 375; himneskr ilmr, Orkn. 174; daun en eigi ilm, Anecd. 8. ilm-sætr, adj. sweet-smelling. il-sporna, að, to tread, Lat. calcare, Lex. Poët. ilstri, n., the Swed. jolster = salix pentandra, a kind of willow, Edda (Gl.) IM and derivatives, see ím. Imbru-dagar, m. pl. = Ember-days, corrupted from tempora (i.e. quatuor tempora), the seasons set apart for Ordination (as is seen more plainly in the Dan. Tamper-dage), K. Þ. K., K. Á., Rb., N. G. L. passim: Imbru-dægr, n. = imbrudagar, Fms. viii. 356: Imbru-nátt, f. Ember-night, K. Þ. K.: Imbru-vika, u, f. Ember-week, D. N. The word was no doubt borrowed from the English along with the eccl. rule; but the etymology was lost, so that the ancients derive it from Lat. imber, see Lex. Poët, (pref.), or even trace it to an old woman called Imbra. in, part., see en, the temp. adv. (2. β), pp. 127, 128. India-land, n. India, passim: also in mod. usage Ind-land or Indíin, n. pl.: India-maðr, m. an Indian, 655 xiii. B: Ind-verskr, adj. Indian, Al. 147, Stj. 70: Ind-verska, u, f. the Hindu tongue, Al. 172. Ingi, a, m. a pr. name: freq. also in compds; of women, Inga, Ingi-björg, Ingi-leif, Ing-veldr, Ingi-ríðr, Ingi-gerðr, Ing-unn or Ing-uðr; and of men, in Ingi-marr, Ingi-mundr, Ingj-aldr,

314 INN -- INNGROINN.

Ing-ólfr, Landn.: many more compds are found in the Swedish-Runic stones, as this name was national among the ancient Swedes; cp. also Yngvi and Ynglingar. INN, adv., compar. innar, superl. innst, [Ulf. inna; A. S. in; Engl. in; Germ. ein; Dan. ind; Swed. in; Lat. intus] :-- into, in, denoting motion towards the place; ganga inn í búðina, Nj. 3; ganga inn, to go in-doors, Rm. 2; í búð inn, Grág. i. 31; út ok inn, Nj. 104, Vkv. 4; setja inn, to shut in, Grág. i. 418, 436; hafa e-n inn, to take a person in, give him lodging, Grág. i. 229 new Ed.; kasta inn, to cast into prison, Fms. x. 155; leggja inn skipi, to berth a ship, xi. 323. II. with prepp., inn at, inn á, inn eptir, inn um, etc., denoting direction; hann nam land, ... alt hit ytra, inn, öðru-megin, at Þernunesi, Fb. i. 250, cp. Landn. 253; land inn til Leirulækjar, Eg. 140; hann sigldi inn á Borgarfjörð, ok inn í Langá, he stood into Borgfirth, id.; inn á meginland, Fas. ii. 517; bergsnös þá er vissi til lands inn, snúa e-u inn á land. Eg. 389; miklar bygðir vóru inn á landit, Fms. i. 226; var þar glaumr mikill inn at heyra, i.e. into the house, ii. 30; inn í Þrándheimi, i. 55; inn í Naumudal, Eg. 53; inn við sjá, Ld. 130; inn við Vágsbotn, Fms. x. 30; ríða inn til Borgar, Eg. 394; inn til Veradals, Anal. 91; inn eptir firði, inwards along, Eb. 254; inn um, in through, Vsp. 44; inn undir, in and under (as in North. E.), Njarð. 378; inn undir virkit, Fms. xi. 34; inn yfir, to pass inwards, over, through; inn yfir háls, fjörur, heiði; út ok inn með (along) hverjum firði, Eg. 48; fram ok innar, out and in-doors, Bs. i. 343 :-- innar [Old Engl. ynnere], more inward, farther in; innar af (frá) seti, Ísl. ii. 262, Bs. i. 523; innar í húsinu, 342; innar frá, farther in, Nj. 50; innar í bæinn, Fms. ii. 71 :-- innst [Old Engl. ynneste], innermost, inmost; innst sat Auðunn, Eg. 27; innst í vökinni, Hkr. iii. 140. INN, the article, see hinn. INNA, t, to do, perform; inna íþrótt, Edda 31; inna skýrslu, Ld. 60; freista ef hann megi þessa dagleið upp inna, Str. 51; er hann útlagr ef hann innir eigi máldaga, Grág. ii. 267; hafði hann þá af hendi innt alla sætt sína, Nj. 281; öll lögmælt skil af hendi inna, 232; inna af hendi suðrgöngu, Fms. vi. 36. 2. to pay, discharge; inna fúlgu, Grág. i. 154; inna tíund af hendi, Grág.; inna gjald af hendi, K. Þ. K. 152; inna kirkjunni fé sitt, id.; inna e-m kostnað sinn, Js.; hvat áttu mér íllt at inna, what evil hast thou to repay me? what evil have I done thee? Fas. ii. 204: hence the mod. phrase, eiga e-m gott (íllt) upp að unna, to have an account of good (evil) against one. II. to relate, tell; inna sín vandræði, Fms. viii. 154; tekr Kolbera at líta á rúnarnar, ok innti stafina, and told, read the Runes, Fas. i. 211; er hann hafði þetta mælt ok innt allan veg þenna, Hkr. ii. 206; minnisk á ok innir vandlega, Bs. i. 198; innti hann ok þat, hversu ..., Fms. vii. 101; hann innti svá eiðstafinn, vi. 53; inna spurning, to answer a question, Sks. 686; eru mörg hans verk góð at inna, Fms. x. 409. 2. with prep.; inna e-t til, to hint at, allude to, mention; en er þú innir til þessa, as thou alludest to it, Valla L. 209; þá skatta sem nú mon ek til inna, Fms. xi. 21; konungr innti til (the king replied), hví kvattu svá at? v. 318: to utter, say, þá innti Sigurðr konungr til þess, at hann vildi ekki ..., vii. 140; þá innti Antenor til þess fyrst, hverja ..., Bret. 80; þú skalt fyrst inna til máldaga við Svein, thou shall first remind Sweyn of the agreement, Fb. ii. 8; litlu síðar inntu þeir til við Ketil, Nj. 139; nú innir konungr til um heitstrengingar þeirra, Fms. xi. 113: inna upp (to expound, sum up) allan málavöxt, Eg. 473; má ek þat eigi nú upp inna í skömmu máli, Fms. xi. 89. III. reflex., recipr.; inntusk þeir til um kaupa-kosti, they discussed the bargain, Ld. 322; við skulum innask þá til nokkut áðr um þat mál, Fms. vi. 205: mun þá ok samþykki okkat vera mest, at vit innimst lítt til um þann hlut landa, Orkn. 88; við skulum enn innask orð við áðr, exchange words, Fms. xi. 29. innan, adv. [Ulf. innana = GREEK], from within, from an inner part; Ólafr hélt útan í fjörðinn ..., þar reri innan í móti Erlendr, Hkr. i. 251; réru þeir innan í móti þeim, Fms. vii. 201: adv. from the inside, læsti hón loptinu innan, Nj. 7. II. [A. S. innan; Dan. inden], within, chiefly with a prep., innan um, í, etc., with or without motion; láta boð fara hérað innan, N. G. L. i. 352: inwardly, within, inside, Greg. 19: within, sitja í dómhring innan, Grág. i. 78; um veröld innan, in all the world, 625. 163; senda um heim innan, Hom. 149; örkina reiddi um haf innan, Ver. 8; í valhnotar skurn innan, Fms. vii. 225; ok fannsk þar í innan eirteinn, ii. 129; hón seri því um gamman bæði útan ok innan, i. 9; rak þau síðan um haf innan, 226 :-- fyrir innan, see fyrir, p. 182, C. xi; fyrir innan Agðanes, Fms. i. 12; fyrir innan Þórsbjörg, iv. 12; fyrir innan Skarðsheiði, Eg. 754; svá mikit átti kirkjan fyrir innan sik, Vm. 36; fyrir innan stokk, in-doors, opp. to útan stokks, out-of-doors, Nj. 11, Grág. i. 333, Ísl. ii. 401: dropping the prep., kirkja á innan sik (i.e. as in-door's inventory) krossa tvá, Vm. 1; þat sem henni (viz. the church) innan sik ok útan til heyrir, Dipl. ii. 13. B. With gen. within; innan lítils tíma, within a short time, presently, Fms. iii. 133; innan mánaðar, within a month, Ann. 1362; innan þrjá tigi daga, Sks. 592; innan fára ára, Landn. 271, v.l. II. but esp. in a great many adverbial COMPDS, followed by a genitive, within, inside of: innan-borðs, [Dan. inden-bord], on board, Eg. 161, Fms. iii. 181, Gísl. 49. innan-borgar, within the town, Fms. xi. 74, 76, Stj. 505. innanborgar-maðr, m. a townsman, 655 iii. 4. innan-brjósts, within one's breast, inwardly. innan-búðar, within the booth, K. Þ. K. 26. innan-bæjar, innan-býjar, [Dan. ind-byggir], within town, in-doors, (see bær), Gþl. 139, Fms. ix. 465. innan-dura, in-doors, Gg. 15. innan-fjarðar, within the firth (district), Gþl. 11. innan-fjórðungs, within the quarter, Grág. i. 470. innanfjórðungs-maðr, m. the inhabitant of a fjórðung, Grág. i. 351, ii. 198. innan-fylkis, within a fylki (q.v.), Gþl. 289. innan-garða, [Dan. inden-gierds], within the 'yard,' inside the fence, Pm. 102. innan-garðs, [Dan. inden-gaard], within doors. innan-gátta, within the door-groove, in-doors, Vm. 95. innan-gengt, n. adj. having a thoroughfare from within; var innangengt ór stofunni í matbúr; innangengt var í fjósit, Valla L. 218, Gísl. 28. innan-hallar, within the hall, Fas. i. 60. innan-handar, in hand, within reach, Nj. 105, Ld. 112, Fs. 24. innan-héraðs, within the hérað, Jb. 75, 338, 363, 422. innanhéraðs-maðr, m. an inmate of a hérað, Grág. ii. 405. innan-hirðar, within the hirð, Sks. 249, Nj. 6, Fms. xi. 72. innan-hrepps, within a Rape. innanhrepps-maðr, m. the inhabitant of a Rape, Grág. i. 293. innan-húss, within the house, in-doors, Fms. xi. 438, Gþl. 376, K. Þ. K. 3. innan-kirkju, within church, Fms. xi. 429, Vm. 6. innan-lands, [Dan. inden-lands], within the land, at home, opp. to abroad, Fms. i. 5, Hkr. i. 175. innanlands-fólk, n. the people of the land, opp. to foreigners, Fms. i. 37. innanlands-höfðingi, m. a native chief, Fas. i. 341. innanlands-menn, m. pl. natives, Fms. xi. 226. innan-rifja, within the ribs, inwardly, Bs. i. 305, Th. 15, Fas. i. 286. innan-skamms, yet a little while. innan-sóknar, within a parish. innansóknar-maðr, m. a parishioner. innan-stafs, within a paling, N. G. L. i. 244, Gþl. 437. innan-stokks, in-doors, Vm. 177 (of movables). innan-veggja, within the walls, Am. 45, Sd. 179, Vm. 108, Dipl. v. 12. innan-þinga, pl. within the parish, Vm. 92. innan-þings, within a þing (jurisdiction). innanþings-maðr, m. the inhabitant of a þing, Grág. i. 101. innan-mein, n. an internal complaint, 655 xi, Bs. i. 323. innan-tökur, f. pl., medic. colic. innan-vátr, adj. 'in wet;' hafa innanvátt, a naut. term, to have the sea washing over, Fær. 256; þeir fengu mjök innanvátt, they had a wet passage, Háv. 48. innan-verðr, adj. inward, inner, interior; í innanverðri búðinni, Nj. 3; í innanverðum firðinum, Fms. ix. 429; at setum innanverðum, Eg. 397; í innanverðum skála, Eb. 256; í innanverðri hendinni, Fms. vi. 165. innar-liga, adv. far inward, Ísl. ii. 156. inn-blástr, m. inspiration, Fas. iii. 491, Vídal. passim. inn-borg, f. the inner castle, keep, Fms. viii. 178. inn-borinn, part. in-born, Stj. 87, 253; innbornir menn, natives, 238. inn-búi, a, m. an inhabitant. inn-byggjandi, part., and inn-byggjari, a, m. = innbúi. inn-byrðis, adv., naut. on board, Gísl. 46, Eg. 358, Fs. 143: mod., metaph. [Dan. indbyrdes], amongst one another; á meðal vor i., amongst ourselves, N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim. inn-drótt, f., poët. a king's body-guard, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. inn-dælgirni, f. an easy life, Hom. (St.) inn-dæli, n.; this and the following word are derived not from inn-, but from ein-, qs. eindæli, eindæll, ease, comfort; skemtan eðr i., Fms. vii. 277; með inndaeli (pleasure) líkams-losta, Hom. 159: mod. delight, charm, mesta inndæli, delightful. inndælis-lega, adv. (-legr, adj.), delightfully. inn-dæll, adj., qs. eindæll (q.v.), quite easy; þat mun þér inndælt, því at fáir munu gera móti þér, Fms. iii. 161; nema sá vili inndælla göra honum, unless he will make it still easier for him, Js. 9, Gþl. 28, N. G. L. i. 19; eindæll, Fas. ii. 492: mod. delightful, charming. inn-eygr, adj. in-eyed, hollow-eyed, Háv. 53, Barl. 199. inn-fall, n. [Germ. einfall], fancy, (mod.) inn-firðingr, m. a man from the inner part of a fjord (district), Sturl. i. 176, 178. inn-fjálgr, adj., see fjálgr, Hkv. 2. 43. inn-fæddr, part. native, in-born, D. N. ii. 95, freq. in mod. usage. inn-ganga, u, f. going in, entering, Fms. i. 16, Hom. 51, Niðrst. 9; inngöngu-leyfi, leave to enter, Fms. ii. 160; mánaða inngöngur, the entrance, beginning of a month, Rb. 56; kirkju-i., a going into church; kvenna-i., the churching of women; klaustr-i., the entering a cloister, as a monk. 2. an entrance, door-way, Stj. 41. inn-gangr, m. = innganga, Eg. 519, Bs. i. 783. 2. = Lat. introitus; inngangr messunnar, Hom. (St.); Föstu-inngangr, the beginning of Lent, Bs. i. 744 :-- introduction, to a book etc. (mod.) inn-gerðis, adv. within the pales, D. N. inn-gipta, u, f. endowment (of a monastery), D. N. inn-gjald, n. an income; biskups rentur ok inngjöld, H. E. i. 434: paying in, opp. to útgjald, an outlay, Bs. i. 751: a tax, hann tók af þeim stór inngjöld, Stj. inn-gróinn, part. in-grown, inveterate, (mod.)

INNGRÖPTR -- Í. 315

inn-gröptr, m. an engraving, Bs. i. 791 (on a seal). inn-hallt, n. adj. standing near the shore, Fb. i. 475. inn-hlaup, n. a refuge; eiga i. hjá e-m. inn-hýsa, t, to house, harbour, Fms. vi. 14, Sturl. ii. 83; vera innhýstr, to be an inmate of a house, Bs. i. 350. inn-hýsingar, m. pl. a household, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. inn-hýsis, adv. = innanhúss, 671. 1. INNI, adv. in-doors, denoting remaining in a place; bæinn ok lið þat allt er inni var, Fms. i. 12, Fs. 42; úti eðr inni, Grág. ii. 19, Eg. 407; brenna inni, to be burnt to death in a house, Nj. 285: in one's house, ef göngumaðr verðr dauðr inni at manns, Grág. i. 191; hafa brullaup, veizlu inni, to hold a wedding, a feast at one's home, 333; hafa boð inni, id., Nj. 24, 152. INNI, n. [Engl. inn], an inn, abode, home; engin hendi né hitti sitt inni, Eg. 390; gengu síðan aptr í bæinn, ok til sama innis, and to the same house, Fms. viii. 108; ná sínu inni, to get home, Fas. ii. 327; til þess innis er heilagr Blasius var í, Blas. 39; ek hefi gört þat, at brenna innin fyrir þeim, Hkr. ii. 343. inni-hald, n. contents of a book. inni-hús, n. a dwelling-house, opp. to úti-hús, Grág. ii. 333 (v.l.), D. I. i. 320. inni-höfn and inn-höfn, f. a harbouring, housing, Grág. i. 73, Nj. 150 (v.l.), Þorst. Síðu H. 6. inni-liga, adv. exactly; muna i., to recollect exactly, Sks. 236; at þelta sé i. skilat, 685; skýra e-t i., 487; segja i. (minutely) frá, Fms. x. 371, Ld. 282; marka örn á baki honum sem inniligast, nicely, exactly, Fas. ii. 292. 2. [cp. Dan. inderlig], intimately; taka vel ok i. við e-m, to receive one in a friendly way, Stj. 85: as also in mod. usage. inni-ligr, adj. [Dan. inderlig], kind, hearty. inni-lykja, ð, to encompass, enclose. inning, f. [inna], a discharge; inning ok efning máldaga, Grág. i. 316. innir, m. a performer, Lex. Poët. inni-vist, f. a dwelling in, abiding, Greg. 50, Grág. ii. 158, 333, Þorst. Síðu H. 6. inn-kaup, n. pl. buying in, Rétt. inn-kulsa, adj. catching cold, (mod.) inn-kváma, u, f. a coming in, arrival, Fms. ii. 72 (Fb. i. 337), Fs. 174. inn-kvæmt, n. adj. passable into, Ísl. ii. 414. inn-land, n. the inland, Fms. viii. 305. inn-láss, m. a lock on the inside, Vm. 129. inn-leið, f. a naut. term, a coasting along, course along the shore, opp. to útleið, Fms. iii. 43, passim. II. = innyfli, innleið dýra, a GREEK, Gkv. 2. 22. inn-leiða, d, to introduce, lead in. inn-leiðsla, u, f. introduction, Bs. i. 700, Th. 19. inn-lendr, adj. native, opp. to útlendr, Sks. 375, N. G. L. i. 170: residing in one's country, Bs. i. 76. inn-lenzkr, adj. indigenous, Eg. 264, Hkr. i. 212, Gþl. 490. inn-líkr, adj. similar, alike, K. Á. 216; cp. iðglíkr. inn-máni, a, m.; i. ennis, 'forehead moon,' poët. the eye, Hd. inn-planta, að, to plant: mod. esp. in a metaph. sense. inn-raptr, m. an inner rafter, Ld. 280. inn-reið, f. a riding in, Flov. 28: eccl., innreið Krists, on Palm Sunday. inn-renta, u, f. income, Bs. i. 844, D. N., Thom. INNRI, a compar., in old MSS. almost always spelt iðri, and so used in poets; liðhraustr konungr sár in iðri, Fms. xi. 314 (in a verse of the beginning of the 12th century); superl. innstr :-- the inmost, Lat. interior, í en iðri sundin, Eg. 358; í Eynni iðri, Hkr. i. 144; at Hólmi enum iðra, Landn. 52; hann bjó undir Felli eno iðra = the present Staðarfell, Sturl. i. 9 (MS.); fara hit iðra, to go by the inner road, Eg. 13, Rd. 268; it iðra, inside the house, Kormak; konungs skip lágu innst (innermost) í vökinni, Fms. vi. 337; sitja iðri, to sit innermost, Konr.; þeir skulu sitja innstir á hirðpall, N. G. L. ii. 447. II. metaph., ens ytra manns ok ens iðra, Hom. 53; hin innri augu, H. E. i. 513; ens iðra vegs, Greg. 25; ef eigi er kennandi innra, sem læri hjartað, 19; af enum innsta sárleik hjartans, Hom. 11: enu innstu hluti himins, 57. inn-ræta, t, to root in one's breast: metaph., part. innrættr, rooted. inn-setning, f. putting in, Gþl. 386: instalment. inn-setningar-orð, n. pl. the words of consecration in the Holy Communion, see 1 Cor. xi. 22-24. inn-sigla, að, [for. word, Lat. insigillare], to seal, Hkr. ii. 267, Fms. x. 57, Bs. i. 641, N. G. L., passim in mod. usage, Matth. xxvii. 66. inn-siglan, f. sealing, B. K. 126. inn-sigli, n. [A. S. insegel], a seal, a seal-ring, as also the wax affixed to a deed, Sturl. ii. 222, Mar., Eluc. 18; bréf ok i., Fms. vii. 104, Ó. H. 162; bréf með i., Bs. i. 61; rit ok i., K. Þ. K. 74, Gþl. 133; inn-siglis gröftr, Stj. 158: freq. in mod. usage, undir beggja inniglum, Bs. i. 751. inn-skeifr, adj. 'in-legged,' bandy-legged, Lat. varus; opp. to útskeifr. inn-skrifa, að, to matriculate, put into a book, inscribe, (mod.) inn-stafr, m. an inner pillar, Fms. x. 16, v.l. inn-steri, n. pl. = innyfli, Hom. 82, 84, Pr. 186. inn-stofa, u, f. the inner part of a stofa (chamber), Fms. x. 16. inn-stólpi, a, m. = innstafr, a pillar, O. H. L. 9. inn-strönd, f. the inner strand, Grett. 86. inn-stæða, u, f, [inn, standa], 'in-standing,' investment, capital, opp. to rent or interest, Grág. i. 188, 195, Vm. 97, Bs. i. 725, N. G. L. ii. 353, 380. COMPDS: innstæðu-eyrir, m. an investment, Gþl. 258. innstæðu-kúgildi, see kúgildi. inn-stæði, a, m. = innstæða, Grág. i. 182, 184, 189, 408, N. G. L. ii. 485. inn-tak, n. the contents of a book, letter, Bs. i. 729. inn-tekja, u, f. 'in-taking,' income, revenue, Bs. i. 752, D. N. ii. 63, 93. inn-tekt, f. = inntekja, Dipl. v. 18, Stj. 157. inn-viðr, m., usually in pl. the 'in-timber,' timber for the ribs of a ship, Fms. i. 293, vii. 82, ix. 33, 447, Lv. 100, Ld. 326, Greg. 59, 60; innviðar tré, id., N. G. L. i. 100: cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. interamenta. inn-virðiliga and inn-virðuliga, adv., qs. einvirðiliga, closely, minutely, strictly; rannsaka i., Gþl. 33; spyrja i., Stj. 215; undirstanda i., Mar.; geyma, halda i., K. Á. 202, Mar., Stj. 264; skoða i., Dipl. v. 16; sem hann hefði i. sét ok heyrt, Stj. 6; hugsa i., H. E. i. 470; telja i., 487; segja i. frá e-u, Bs. i. 9. inn-virðiligr, adj. seeming, Al. 155. inn-vortis, adv. [from Germ. inwärts], inwardly, internally, opp. to út-vortis, (mod.) inn-vörðr, m. a keeper, porter, Al. 72, 106. inn-yfir, prep. 'in-over,' through, = inn yfir. inn-yfli, n. pl., spelt innylfi, Fms. ix. 467 (Cod. Fris.), El. (twice); [A. S. inelfe; O. H. G. innuovili and innôdi, in-adiri; cp. Germ. eingeweide; Grimm, Gr. iii. 407; originally a distinction seems to have been made between innylfi, the bowels, and iðr, the nobler parts, viscera, the seat of feeling and sense, see iðr] :-- the entrails, bowels, Ld. 216, Stj. 77, MS. 4. 20, 22, Al. 34, Sks. 135, Fms. ix. 467. Inn-þrændir, m. pl. (Innþrænzkr, adj.), the Inner Thronds, people of Norway, Fms., N. G. L., Ann. instr, see hindri. Irpa, u, f. the Brown, from jarpr, a mythical name, Fb. iii. isja, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 108. Í Í, prep., often used ellipt. or even adverbially, [Goth., Saxon, and Germ. in; contracted to í in the Scandin., but in earlier times pronounced with a nasal sound, as seen from Thorodd's words, 'í sá ísa,' Skálda 162] :-- in, denoting the inside of a thing (for the comparison with prep. á see p. 36 sqq.), with dat. and acc.; in the first case denoting remaining in a place, in the latter denoting motion towards a place. WITH DAT. A. LOC.: I. in, within, generally; fela fé sitt í jörðu, to hide it in the earth, Fms. i. 50; fastir í vellinum, fast in the ground, Ld. 58; í steini, in the stone; í hendi, in the band; í skógi, in the wood, Nj. 98; í götunni, in the road, 75; í mörkinni, 625. 93. 2. vera í sveit, to be (live) in a parish or district, Nj. 81, (but vera á sveit, to be a pauper, a 'burden' on the parish); í héraði, in a district, Fms. xi. 43; hér í þingbrekkunni, Eg. 727; sær var í miðjum hlíðum, the mountains were half below the sea, a naut. term denoting distance off land, Hkr. ii. 244; setja lög í landi, Eg. 400; í öðrum löndum, in foreign lands, Nj. 107; í várum lögum, in our law-district, Grág. i. 181; í Þrænda-lögum, Fms. i. 13. II. with local names, denoting low land, firth or inlet, dale, island, holt, wood, haven; í Borgarfirði, Vestfjörðum, Laxárdal, Hrappsey, Viðey, Orkneyjum, Suðreyjum, Sauðeyjum, í Trollaskógi, Mörk, Skálaholti, Lundi, í Höfn, Kaupmannahöfn, Fms. x. 2, Landn., Nj., Fms. passim; í Hvammi, í Vestr-hópi, í Eyrarsundi, í Fljótshlíð, passim; í Vági, Vík, Ósi, í Elliðar-vík, í Rögnvalds-vági, í Salteyrar-ósi, í Laxár-ósi, í Elfinni, Fms. x. 101, 124, 125, Eb. 54, Ld. 32; í Lóni, Landn., Am. 135; í Körmt, í Myl, í Storð (islands), Fms. passim; í Víkinni, i. 28; í Hólmi, Bjarn.: of towns, í Lundunum, in London; í Jórvík, Túnsbergi, í Björgyn, passim: circumlocutory, heitir þar síðan í Geitdal, Hrafn. 3; þar er síðan heitir í Hvammi, Ld. 10; bær heitir í Vestrhópi, Ísl. ii. 325; þrír bæir er í Mörk heita allir, Nj. 257; kaupstaðr er heitir í Lundi, Eg. 241; staðinn í Lybiku, Fms. x. 48; at staðnum í Skálaholti, vii. 198: of countries, í Noregi, Svíþjóð, Danmörku, in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, passim; í Austrríki, in the East, Niðrst. 4; í Englandi, in England, Fms. i. 26, ix. 373, (but á Englandi, i. 15, 20); í Skotlandi, Nj. 281, (but á Skotlandi, Fms. iv. 229.) III. with words denoting a hall, inn, vessel; í turn einum, Fms. ix. 3; í húsi, Bs. i. 182; í litlu húsi, Fms. i. 35; í loptinu, Nj. 7; í eldhúsi, skála, höll, etc., passim; í kerum eða kistum, í byrðum eða í örkum, N. G. L. i. 383; hús í lási, a locked-up house, Mar.; ef fundit er í lásum, under lock, N. G. L. i. 158; í kili niðri, in the keel, Fbr. 131;

316 í.

hann var í stafni á skipi hans, he was an inmate of the stern of the ship, Eg. 177: as also local names, í Þrándheimi, í Bæ, Kirkjubæ, Landn. passim: of a river, sea, lake, í ánni, in the river, passim; í læknum, in the brook; er mikill fjöldi eyja í því vatni, there are many islets in that water, Fms. x. 134; fengu þeir í hafi storm mikinn, vii. 51; skiljask í hafi, x. 122; liggja í lægi, in harbour, Grág. i. 92: of a place, í einum stað, í þeim, hverjum stað, in one, that, every place, Nj. 3; í heimi, in the world; liggja í valnum, Vígl. 26; standa í höggfæri, within sword's reach, Nj. 97; í miðri fylkingu, 274. IV. ganga allir í einum flokki, all in one flock, Nj. 100; í bókum, in books, Fms. xi. 49, (á bókum, Landn. 23); í Aldafars-bók, Landn. 23. 2. in, among; í Gyðinga-fólki, among the Jews, Ver. 12; var þá íllr kurr í Böglum, Fms. ix. 45; engi í kvenmönnum, not one of the women, Str. 18. V. in, within; hafa, halda í hendi, to wield, hold in the hand; hafa staf, spjót, vápn, sverð, etc., í hendi, Nj. 91; reiða í knjám sér, to carry on one's knees, Eg. 396. 2. of dress, clothes; vera í ..., to be in, wear; hann var í blám stakki, treyju, kyrtli, skarlats-klæðum, geithéðni, litklæðum, Nj. 48, 83, 91, 143, 175, 211, Fms. xi. 85. B. TEMP, in, during; þenna vetr í Jólum, during Yule, Fms. x. 159; í Jóla-föstunni, in Advent, Dipl. ii. 14; í hinni fyrri æfî, in olden time, Ver. 59; í fyrsta heims-aldri, 7; aldrei optar í öldinni, never more during the period, Rb. 78; í hverri tíð, at any time, Hom. 112; í fornöld, in days of yore; í ári, this year, Sighvat, Lex. Poët.; í sumri, this summer, Bjarn. 7; í hausti, this autumn, Fms. vii. 70 (in a verse); í vetri, this winter, Eb. (in a verse); í degi, to-day, Fas. ii. 33 (in a verse); í kveldi, to-night, (mod. í kveld), Skíða R. 108, Sturl. iii. 275, see p. 37 (B. IV); í fyrstu, at first, Fms. i. 147, x. 4; í upphafi, in the beginning; í því bili, in that moment, 389; í þessu bili, 103; í því sinni, at that time, Sturl. ii. 3; í fyrsta ..., öðru sinni, the first ..., second time, Ísl. ii. 211, v.l.; í því (bili understood), adverb. in the very moment, then, Nj. 114; í því er Gunnarr stendr upp, ríðr ..., 82; í þessu, in the same moment, 125; Drottins-dag hinn fyrra í þingi, during the 'Thing-time,' Grág. i. 48: also, fyrsta, síðasta dag í sumri, vetri, viku, mánaði, the first, last, day of summer, winter, week, month; í augabragði, in a moment, Barl. 124. C. METAPH. in various relations: I. denoting action, engagement, condition, often in Engl. to be rendered by a participle; vera í för með e-m, to be in the suite of another, travelling in his company; þar var ok brúðr í för, the bride was also in the party, Ld. 94; Skammkell var í för með Oddkatli, Nj. 81; ef maðr andask í þingför, on the way, Grág. i. 138; hafa kaupskip í siglingu, í förum, to have a ship in trade, voyage, Nj. 3; vera í víkingu, to be engaged in freebooting, Eg. 178; vera í bardaga, to be in the battle, Nj. 97; ef hann hittir hann í verki (working, at his work) úti ..., ef hinn er í verki (at work), Grág. i. 244; vera í smíð tíutigi vetra, to be a hundred years in building, of a house, Ver. 8; vera í gæzlu, to be in custody, Fms. ix. 3; vera í góðu yfirlæti, to be in good quarters, live well, x. 63; vera í boði e-s, to be in a person's invitation, bidden by him, his guest, ix. 497: í trausti, í nafni e-s, to do a thing in one's confidence, in one's name, passim; í minni eigu, in my possession, Ld. 30; eg á það ekki í eigu minni, ala barn í ánauð, Grág. i. 363; vera í skuld, to be in debt, id.; sitja í festum, Nj. 4; í trausti e-s, in his trust, under his protection, Eg. 465; göra e-t í banni, leyfi, orlofi e-s, to do a thing with the ban, leave, consent of one, passim; í nafni Guðs, in God's name, Niðrst. 8, N. T.; sitr Gunnarr nú heima í sæmd sinni, in all his glory, Niðrst. 88; eiga mikit í ábyrgð, to have much at stake, passim; í hljóði, in silence, in hearing, (see hljóð); hafa e-t í hug sér, to have in mind, Ld. 40. 2. denoting state; liggja í úviti, to lie in a swoon, Nj. 91; í sárum, Eg. 34; í helsótt, Grág. i. 201; menn vóru í svefni, asleep, Hrafn. 26, Barl. 66; láta ílla í svefni, Nj. 94; sofa í ró, to sleep in peace, Fms. vii. 317; vera í blíðu, góðu, íllu skapi, to be in a blithe, good, ill humour, Sks. 285; í reiði, in anger, Barl. 86; í hörðum hug, 655 xii. 3; vera í valdi e-s, in one's power, Barl. 86; í kafi, under water. II. denoting capacity, regard to, quality, in; hinir mestu íllvirkjar í ránum, great evil-doers in robbery, Fms. ix. 372; roskinn í orðum, mature in words, 241; léttr í máli, cheerful in speech, Ld. 228; þótti sem engi hestr mundi hafa við þeim í vígi, Nj. 89; hann gafsk bezt í öllum mannraunum, in all trials, Ld. 60; ef þér prettið hann í engu, in naught, Nj. 90; í öllum hlutum, in everything, Barl. 115; í allri atferð sinni, in all their ways, Dropl. 7. 2. by means of, through; opt kaupir sér í litlu lof, Hm. 51; hann sveik tvá sveina í fjölkyngi sinni, 623. 49; hvárt sem þeir göra þat í ráðum eðr í öðrum hlutum, Grág. i. 314; sakir þær er þú hefir gjört á hönd þér í björgum við Þórólf, Ld. 44; fannsk þat á í öllu, at ..., Nj. 90. III. denoting substance, matter, value, in; það er gott efni í e-u, it has good stuff in it; gott silfr í hring, gott manns-efni í e-m, the stuff of a good man is in one; varat (var Ed.) ílls þegns efni vaxit í syni mínum, i.e. my son would have made no bad thane, Stor. 11; hafa góða forystu í e-m, to have a good leader in a person, Skálda 200 (in a verse); at eigi hafi komit meiri gersemi í skikkju (never had come such a jewel of a cloak) til Noregs, Fms. x. 200; fé er í því, there is value in it, vii. 197; Hallr kvað góðan kost í henni, H. said she was a good match, Nj. 180; í þessu var þeim skömm, it was a disgrace to them, Barl. 139; meiri er veiðr í Flosa, en mörgum öðrum, there is more in F. than in many of the rest, Nj. 232; hefnd væri í honum, he would be a fit object for one's revenge, Hrafn. 26; það er gagn, lið í e-u, a thing is of use; ekkert gagn, lið, í e-u, useless; spyrr Þórólfr eptir, hvat verið hefir í erendum þeirra, Th. asked what their errand had been, Eg. 19; hvat er í því, how is that? what is the matter? Nj. 67; þat var mest í því (that was the chief reason) at allir vildu leita þér vegs, 78. 2. mikit í sér, much, good in itself, Fms. ix. 227, Hkr. i. 275; góðr í sér, H. E. i. 517. 3. denoting payment, in; var þat sumt í silfri, sumt í grávöru, some in silver, some in fur, Eg. 375; í löndum eðr í lausum aurum eðr í kirkju-búnaði, K. Þ. K. 40; skal gjalda þat fé í vaðmálum ok varar-feldum, í gulli ok í brendu silfri, 44; í jörðum, in land, Bs. i. 853; lausa-fé í gulli ok silfri, Nj. 257; skal lögaura við bjóða, en ekki í landi, Grág. ii. 245; í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, Nj. 259; inna alla sekt sína, bæði í utanferðum ok fégjöldum, 281. IV. denoting specification; bjúgr í hrygg, bowed in the back, Bárð. 175; fót í ristar-lið, the joint in the foot, Nj. 70; hönd í olbuga-bót, 97; í miðju, in the midst, Eg. 212; spjótið brotnaði í falnum, Nj. 108. 2. circumlocutory for a gen. or possess. pron. with the parts of the body, see p. 37, C. IV; augu, tunga, tennr, hjarta, bein, hryggr, iðr, æðar í e-m, one's eyes, tongue, teeth, heart, bones, back, bowels, veins, cp. the Engl. phrase 'the spirit within me;' hann braut hrygg í henni, he broke her back, Bárð. 170; í sundr gékk í Hrafni handleggrinn, Rafn's arm broke, 169; hann knýtir saman alla halana í nautunum, all the cows' tails, Gísl. 27. V. denoting parts of the whole, ellipt.; sá maðr er hlut á í úmögum, who has a share in the ú., Grág. i. 242; eiga fjórðung í viðreka, Am. 135: ellipt., hlutr or the like being understood, þeir menn er í hvalnum eigu, Grág. ii. 378; svá sem þeir eigu í skipi, i. 186. VI. the prep. can also be put after its case, esp. in poetry, old as well as mod.; Háva höllu í, Hm. 112; svik hans lægi svo hylming í, Pass. 2. 3; víngarði Drottins í, 15. 8; himneskri sælu í, Hallgr. VII. either the noun or pronoun is dropped, and the sentence becomes elliptical; hann þóttisk þar sjá helvítis kvalar í niðri, beneath (in the river), Nj. 275; hann fann stóran ás ok eld í, and fire in it, Ísl. ii. 462; engi ván í (viz. því) at, it was not to be expected that ..., Fms. ix; ef engra ráða er í leitað, if no steps are taken, i. 68; fás þykki mér í leitað, Bs. i. 352; görðusk þá í (there arose) fáleikar af þeirra hendi til Höskuldar, Nj. 169; segja konungi, hvat er þá hefir í görsk, they told the king what had happened, Fms. xi. 26; missa, sakna e-s í, to miss a thing, where 'í' has almost become an adverb in an intensive sense. WITH ACC. in, into, towards. A. LOC.: I. (answering to dat. A. I-V, see above), in, into; spjótið fló niðr í völlinn, Nj. 84; ganga í spor e-m, to tread in one's steps, 108; þeir kómu í túnit, 79; í skóginn, into the wood, Eg. 237; ganga upp í þingbrekku, 727; berit söðla yðra í haga, Nj. 33; ríða fram at Rangá, í nesit, 95; fóru þeir norðr í Víkina, Fms. x. 101; norðr í Noreg, 160; koma í England, to come into E., 254; fara allt í Saxland, as far as S., 100; suðr í Mön, 159; settisk konungr í borgina, Eg. 275; koma í þann stað, er ..., Grág. i. 485; koma í skotfæri, Nj. 108; koma í augsýn e-m, to come before one's eyes, Eg. 458: in, among, ef fé kömr í fé manns, Grág. ii. 305; nú koma hrútar eða hafrar í sauði manns, 310: þeir festa skjöldu sína í limar, Nj. 104; þeir settusk niðr í búðar-dyrnar, Ísl. ii. 194; hús er þeir kómu í, Eg. 234; ríða heim í bæ, ríða í garð, Fms. iv. 77; færa í naust eða í sel, N. G. L. i. 38; leggja í kistu, to put into a coffin (chest), Eg. 127; hann verpr sér í söðulinn, into the saddle, Nj. 83; hann stakk sverðinu í bug hringnum, Eg. 306; steinninn kom í höfuð bóandanum, hit him in the head, Nj. 96; tros féll í höfuð mér, Edda 30 :-- sigla, láta í haf, to stand out to sea, Fms. x. 76, Ld. 72, Eg. 514; halda skipi í höfn, to stand into harbour, 515; koma í Hvítá, to land in Whitewater, Fms. x. 12; leggja (to land) í Laxavág, 106 :-- of dress, fór konungr í annan búnað, he got into another dress, 16, Barl. 81; fara í brynju, kyrtil, föt, yfirhöfn, to put on, dress. II. connected with adverbs denoting direction, -wards, (southwards, etc.); stefna suðr í land, Eg. 32; riðu sex í suðr (southwards), sex í norðr (northwards), Nj. 279; snúa fram í nesit, 96; fellr áin sum í austr, sum í landsuðr, 263; sá dalr gengr vestr í fjöllin, Ld. 138; sá fjörðr skersk í landnorðr, 20; þeir ísar liggja meir í landnorðr, Sks. 173; ór útsuðri í norðrætt, ór austri ok í vestr, Fms. x. 272; lýsti í lopt ok á lög, it beamed into the sky, Edda 22; at í austr horfi botninn á Hjörungavági, Fms. xi. 125; sex dægra sigling í norðr frá Bretlandi, Landn. 36. 2. with a fancied or indirect motion; tekr veðrit at ylgjask í norðrit, Fms. xi. 136; hón veifaði kofra sínum í austrætt, Vígl. 22; ganga e-m í drauma or svefna, to appear to in a dream, in one's sleep, of a vision, Lex. Poët. III. even with verbs not denoting motion, e.g. such as signify to be drawn up in ranks, to stand, as also to see, to hear 'towards' a place, and in many of which a modern language would use dat.; var þat sagt Gunnari inn í búðina, the news was told G. 'into' the booth, reported into the booth to G., Nj. 80; giptask í önnur lönd, to marry into other countries, marry an alien, Ld. 264; deyja í Þórisbjörg, Mælifell, to die into, pass into after death, 78,

Í -- ÍKORNI. 31

192, Eb. 7 (v.l.) new Ed.; deyja í helvíti, to die 'into hell,' Niðrst. 9; lágu skip í þann arminn, the ships were placed on that flank, Fms. i. 174; Bróðir var í annan fylkingar-arminn en Sigtryggr í annan, Nj. 274; í annan enda hússins var lopt, in (towards) the other end of the house was a closet, Ó. H. 153; í þann hóp, among those, Skáld H. 6. 47: this remains in the mod. phrase, sofa upp í þann arminn, to sleep turning one's head to that end of the bedstead; hann sá eyjar liggja í útsuðr til hafs, Landn. 36; getr Stígandi sét öðru-megin í hlíðina, Ld. 156; Þórðr svaf ok horfði í lopt upp, turning the face uppermost, 140; heyrðu þeir hark mikit í búrit, Eb. 266; ef lögsögu-maðr kann þar eigi mann fyrir í þá sveit, Grág. i. 10; beiða mann í annat þing ok et þriðja, id.; taka vandræði annarra í aðra fjórðunga, Nj. 181: the acc. is here caused by the fancied notion of 'seeking.' B. TEMP, in, during; í þat mund, at that hour, Korm. 128, Fms. xi. 136, Lv. 74, Niðrst. 3, Ld. 104; í þær mundir, Fms. iii. 223; í þann tíma, Eg. 15; í þenna tíma, Fms. x. 27; í annan tíma, a second time, Pass.; í þann tíð, Blas. 43, Jb., Grág. i. 500; í mál, each meal, i.e. morn and eve; oxa þarf hann í mál, Fas. i. 238; gefa fátækum mönnum mat í þrjú mál (three meals a day), en Kolbeinn lét gefa þeim í eitt mal, Bs. i. 477; þá skal maðr ala (fæða) í eitt mál, í tvau mál, Grág. i. 293, 400; í annat mál, Dipl. v. 28; í nefndan dag, the appointed day, Mar.; þá skein sól í miðja nótt, in the middle of the night, Hom. 30; miðvikudag í mitt þing, the Wednesday in the midst of the parliament, Grág. i. 199; í morgin, this morning, Bs. i. 810, Fms. vi. 254 (in a verse); í morgin skulu þeir koma til mín, 655 ix. A. 2; í miðjan morgin, at six o'clock, K. Þ. K. 40; í kveld. this evening, Nj. 252; í nótt, this night, to-night, Eg. 283, 416; = the last night, 564, Ísl. ii. 156, Barl. 66; í dag, to-day, Grág. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36; enn í dag, Barl. 65, passim; í gær-dag, yesterday; í fyrra-dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í vetr, this winter, Nj. 4; í allan vetr, all this winter, Ld. 42; í allan dag, all the day, to-day, Nj. 252; í alla nótt, all this night, Eg. 418, Nj. 55; í vár, last spring, Eg. 235; í sumar, this summer or the coming summer, Ld. 104, Nj. 113, Eg. 74, Fs. 51; í haust, last autumn, Nj. 168, (but á hausti, v.l.); í ár, this year, Fkv.; í fjórtán vetr, for fourteen winters, Hkr. iii. 169; í nokkurar vikur, for some weeks, Bárð. 173: thus also in mod. usage, í nokkra dag, mánuði, í nokkur ár, for some days, months, years, but also without the prep. C. METAPH. and various usages: I. denoting entrance into a state, condition, in, into; kom honum í málit með þér, bring him into the case, Nj. 102; ganga í lið með e-m, to help another; ef fé kemr í för manns, Grág. i. 262; hversu marga menn munu vér þurfa í fyrirsát? Nj. 93; ganga í bönd ok eiða, to enter into bonds and oaths, Band. 20 new Ed.; ljósta e-n í öngvit, í rot, to strike a person into sorrow, so that he swoons, Grág. ii. 16; falla í úvit, to fall into a swoon, Nj. 91; berja, drepa í hel, to smite to death, Eb. 98, (see hel); mæla sik í úfæru, to talk oneself into destruction, Boll. 352; þegia sik í fjörbaugs-garð, to fall into outlawry by default of silence, Grág. i. 69; höggva sik í hölds rétt ...; taka e-n í frið, to pardon one, Fms. x. 161; taka í vald konungs, to confiscate, 23. 2. law phrases, bera vætti í dóm, to produce a witness in court, Grág. i. 22; sækja sök í dóm, Nj. 225; skal í þann dóm sækja, sem frumsökin er í sótt, in the same court in which the case was first brought, Grág. i. 56; festa mál í konungs dóm, Fms. x. 8; bjóða búum í setu, to call on the neighbours to take their seats, Nj. 87; nefna sér vátta í þat vætti, at ..., to call on witnesses to testify, that ..., Grág. i. 77; nefna Guð í vitni, Fms. x. 246. II. denoting change, into; skjöldrinn klofnaði í tvá hluti, split in twain, Nj. 108; í tvau, in twain, passim; í þrennt, into three pieces; brotna í spán, to be shivered, Eg. 405, Nj. 267, 282; í mola, id.; rísta í sundr klæði sín í streng, to cut one's clothes into strings, Fms. ix. 3; skipta íllu í gott, Barl. 119; snúask í sút ok grát, to be turned into woe and wailing, Fms. xi. 425. 2. denoting investment, payment, discharge, into; mæla mörgum orðum í sinn frama, Hm. 104; verja fé sínu í lausa-eyri, to convert one's money into movables, Eg. 139; þiggja e-t í vingjafir, as a friend's gift, Eb. 116; gefa í mála, í kaup, to give in pay, wages, Fms. i. 1; gjalda í sonar-bætr, paid in the son's weregild, Nj. 102; játuðu upp í jarðir sínar, as payment for their estates, Bs. i. 853; þá skal skeytt þangat Hernes mikla í proventu hans, Fms. vii. 196; taka fé í skuld, Hkr. ii. 136; taka, gjalda í gjöld, í sakfé, í skatt, N. G. L. i. 75, Sks. 104 new Ed.; kaupa e-t í skuld, to buy on credit, Hrafn. 22, Band. 1; skyldi horn drekka í minni hvert, a horn should be emptied to every toast, Eg. 206; hefir oss jafnan dugat í nauðsynjar, Fms. iv. 242; í mun e-m, to one's delight, to please one, Korm.; göra e-t í hag, vil, skaða e-m, in one's favour, to one's scathe; í engan mun, not a bit, by no means, Fms. iv. 254; stórættaðr í móður-kyn, high born on his mother's side, Ld. 102; þrælborin í allar ættir, Ó. H. 112; óðalborin ok lendborin ok tiginborin fram í ættir, Eg. 343. III. with verbs, langa í e-t, to long after; sjá, horfa í e-t, to grudge, (í-langan), etc. IV. ellipt., þeir gáfu heyvöndul ok létu hestana grípa í, Boll. 348: adverb., þótt bresti í nokkut, though something should fall short, Nj. 102; hér vantar í, here something is wanting; vantar mikið í, Lat. multa desunt. UNCERTAIN Used before or after adverbs or prepositions: I. prefixed; í hjá, besides, aside, Jb. 11, passim, (see hjá); í gegn, against, Bs. i. 22, passim, (see gegn); í braut, í burt, away, passim, (see braut); í frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from, passim, (see frá); í fyrir, in front, Fms. iv. 137; í framan (q.v.), in the face; í frammi (q.v.); hafa í frammi, to hold forth; í meðal and í milli (q.v.), among, between: í kring, í kringum (q.v.), all around; í mót (q.v.), í móti, í móts, against, towards, passim; í samt, together, continually, Fms. xi. 4, 73; í sundr (q.v.), in sunder; í senn (q.v.), at once, Gþl. 354, Ísl. ii. 378. 2. after local adverbs, towards or into a place; niðr í, aptr í, fram í, upp í, downwards, afterwards, forwards, upwards; or niðri í, aptr í, frammi í, uppi í (proncd. niðr' í, framm' í, upp' í), framan í, aptan í, all proncd. as one word. II. prefixed to nouns and verbs, í-blástr, see the following list of words. 2. in a few instances this í- conveys a diminutive notion, esp. in mod. usage, e.g. í-beiskr, í-bjúgr, í-boginn, í-lítill, proncd. ei-lítill; this í- is no doubt etymologically different, perhaps qs. ið-. β. in other cases intensive or iterative, as in í-grænn, ever-green, contracted from ið-grænn; í-nógr, qs. ið-gnógr; í-þrótt, q.v.; as also í-treka, q.v., etc. í-beiskr, adj. a little hot to the taste. í-bjúgr, adj. a little crooked. í-blár, adj. a little blue, Bs. ii. 182. í-blástr, m. 'in-breath,' inspiration, Fas. iii. 237, Hom. 123, Bs. i. 231. í-boginn, part. = íbjúgr. í-brosligr, adj. ludicrous, to be smiled at, Sturl. i. 23. í-búa, u, f. a female inmate, Lex. Poët. í-búð, f. in-dwelling; til íbúðar, Stj. 487, 609. í-bygginn, adj. brooding over, conceited. í-byggjari, a, m. an inmate, inhabitant, Mar., Lil. 71. íðrótt, see íþrótt. ídus-dagr, m. (Lat.), the Ides of a month, Fms. iii. 11. í-endr, adj. [önd], 'in breath,' still breathing, Fms. xi. 141. í-fang, n. an undertaking, grappling with, Bs. i. 757, Mar. í-fellt, n. adj. of the wind, filling the sails, Sturl. iii. 59. í-ferð, f. a 'faring into;' íferð í fjöru, gathering weeds, Vm. 97, Jm. 20, Pm. 38. í-fjörvan, adj., acc. m. = íendan, 'in-life,' living, Ýt. 20. í-frá, see frá. í-færa, u, f. a kind of fisherman's hook or boat-hook, Sks. 30, v.l. í-ganga, u, f. an entering, undertaking, Sturl. iii. 3, Grág. i. 485: introitus, föstu-í. = inngangr; ígangs-fasta, id., D. N. í-gangr, m. a wearing of clothes, a suit; ígangs-klæði, wearing apparel, Eg. 75, Orkn. 462, K. Á. 166, Hkr. ii. 280. í-gegn, prep. through; see gegn. í-gerð, f. suppuration of a sore. í-gildi, n. = iðgildi, Sks. 262; hún er karlmanns í., she is a match for a man, as strong as a man. í-gjarn, adj. = iðgjarn. í-grár, adj. grayish. í-gróðra, adj. in blossom; jörð var ekki ígróðra at várþingi, Bs. i. 172. ÍGULL, m. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. echinus; A. S. îl; Germ. igel], a sea-urchin, echinus esculentus, Eggert Itin. 612: also called ígul-ker, n. from its ball-formed shape. ígul-köttr, m. a hedgehog, Art.: a kind of war engine, Sks. 418. ígul-tanni, a, m., poët. a bear, = júgtanni, q.v. í-hlutan, f. meddling, ihlutunar-mikill, -samr, adj. meddlesome, Fms. ii. 69, Eg. 512, Boll. 346. í-hræddr, adj. a little timid, Nj. 210. í-huga, að, to consider, Rd. 303, Fms. vi. 191, viii. 101, xi. 20: to muse over, x. 259, Sks. 594: absol. to mind, Ld. 260. í-hugan, f. a minding, consideration, Fms. viii. 358, Barl. 157. í-hugi, a, m. a minding, = íhugan, Fas. i. 69, Hom. (St.): sympathy, O. H. L. 35; mjök var Hárekr þó raunar með íhuga sínum með Knúti, 51. COMPDS: íhuga-fullr, adj. full of care, Mar.; hugsjúkr ok í., Fms. x. 25, viii. 25. íhuga-verðr, adj. worthy of consideration, doubtful, Valla L. 236. í-hvolfr, adj. a little convex. í-hyggja, u, f. consideration, íhyggju-samr, adj. = íhugasamr, Lv. 91. í-högg, n. striking in, Sturl. iii. 66. ÍKORNI, a, m. a squirrel. This word is undoubtedly, as Grimm suggests (s.v. eichhorn), not of Teut. origin, but a popular corruption of the Gr. GREEK ( = shade-tail), from which word all mod. European languages have borrowed the name of this animal; A. S. âcvern; early Dutch êncoren; Dutch eekhoren, eikhoren, inkhoren; O. H. G., mid. H. G., and Germ. eichorne, eichorn; Dan. egern; Swed. ickorn, ekorre: in the Romance languages, old Fr. escuriere; Fr. ecureuil; Ital. schiriuolo; whence Engl. squirrel. The word íkorni occurs in the heathen poem Gm., but the word is outside the metre, spoiling the flow of the verse, and was no doubt added afterwards; therefore, instead of 'Rata-töskr heitir íkorni | er renna skal,' read 'Rata-töskr heitir | er renna skal.' Perhaps the ancient Scandin. name of the animal was töskr, akin to Engl. tusk, A. S. tux, from its sharp teeth, and then Rati ( = the climber?) would in the verse be the pr. name, töskr the appellative

318 ÍKYNDASK -- ÍLLSKA.

of that animal; and thus Rata-töskr would stand for Ratitöskr = Rati the squirrel; see also Edda, Ó. H. 85, Sks. 115, Gþl. 448. í-kyndask, d, dep. to be kindled, take fire, Fms. x. 29. í-lag, n. a mortgage, Bs. i. 876, H. E. i. 195, 220; tíu hundraða ílag, sem staðrinn á Möðruvöllum átti í jörð á Ásláksstöðum, Dipl. v. 9. í-lát, n. a vessel, cask into which a thing is put, Bs. i. 461, Korm. 154; sekkr er ílát, Skálda 168; mælir eða annat ílát, Mar. í-leiða, d, to lead into, induce, H. E. i. 490. í-leiðing, f. introduction, H. E. i. 190, 490. í-lenda, d, to make ílendr, to naturalise, a law term, N. G. L. i. 170: reflex. to settle in a country, Fas. ii. 395, Þorst. Hv. 46. í-lendr, adj. naturalised, settled in a place, Gþl. 89, Eg. 346, Fms. i. 257, vi. 254. í-lengjast, d, to make a longer stay, settle in a place. í-lit, n. the looking to a mark; at hvárki verði at örkuml né ílit, Grág. i. 347; ef hundr bítr svá at örkuml verði eptir eðr ílit, ii. 120; meta ílit ok lemð alla, N. G. L. i. 67. í-líkr, adj. = iðglíkr; nokkut ilict því sem Gyðingar gerðu við Dróttinn vóru, O. H. L. 37. í-lítill, adj. very little; proncd. in the south of Icel. eilítill. ílla, d, to harm one; íllir engi maðr farar hans, N. G. L. i. 32. ílla, adv., compar. verr, superl. verst (see verr), badly, ill; líka ílla, to like ill, dislike, Hkr. ii. 138; þeir kváðu sér við Örn verst líka, Landn. 287; kurra ílla, to grumble sorely, Fms. vii. 151; heyra, sjá ílla, to bear, see badly, Fb. ii. 171; var hann ílla til frænda sinna, he behaved ill to his kinsmen, Nj. 38; ílla Kristinn, an ill Christian, Fms. vii. 151; ílla ært, a bad year, Nj. 10; það er ílla farið, it is a great pity; ílla heill, in ill health, Hm. 68; ílla ok úmannliga, Fb. i. 280. íllendi or íllindi, n. pl. spite; til áleitni eðr íllenda, Fb. iii. 248; en er Brandr varð varr við flimtan þeirra, bað hann þá eigi fara með slík íllendi, Sturl. iii. 80; vera hér við íllindi (Ed. íll-lyndi) sona þinna, Fs. 34; at sjá þik í íllindum (in troubles) ok erfiðis-munum, Fb. i. 280. 2. medic. gangrene; þat sár greri ílla svá at blástr hljóp ok íllendi í, Þórð. (Ed. 1860) 96. ílli-liga, adv. hideously; láta í., Fms. vii. 102; grenja í., Grett. 101 A. ílli-ligr, adj. grim, frowning; íllileg (hideous) gaulan, Ó. H. 135; mikill vexti ok ekki íllilegr, ill-looking, Fb. i. 254; uxi ógurliga stór ok í., 257, 261; svá íllilegr sem genginn sé út ór sjávar-hömrum, Nj. 182; dökkr ok íllilegr í ásjónu, Bs. i. 40; fann hann á fæti hans flekk íllilegan, fullan af eitri, Fms. x. 332. ílling, f. evil, calamity; nauð ok í., Fms. x. 399, O. H. L. 61. íllingr, m. a bad man. íllinga-seta, u, f. a set of rogues, Bs. i. 142. ÍLLR, adj., compar. verri (q.v.), superl. verstr; íllr is still often pronounced with a long vowel, esp. in the forms íllt, ílls, as also íllr and illr, although it is usually in mod. books spelt with i; the long vowel is a remains of the contraction which in the Scandin. languages has taken place in this word: [Ulf. ubils; A. S. yfel; Engl. ill, evil; Hel. ubil; O. H. G. ubil; Germ. übel; Dan. ild; Swed. ill-; in mod. Engl. ill is of Scandin., evil of Saxon origin] :-- ill, evil, bad, in a bodily and moral sense: in sayings, íllt er at eiga þræl at einga-vin, Grett. 154; íllt er at eggja óbilgjarnan, or íllt er at eggja íllt skap = GREEK; erat maðr svá íllr at einugi dugi, Hm. 134; fátt er svo fyrir öllu íllt, að ekki boði nokkuð gott, = 'tis an ill wind that blows nobody any good; ílla gefask íll ráð, Nj. 20; opt stendr íllt af kvenna tali, Gísl. 15; opt hlýtr íllt af íllum (or íllt má af íllum hljóta), Ísl. ii. 151; frest eru ílls bezt, Fms. v. 294. 2. ill, bad, of quality, capacity; íllr búþegn, a bad farmer, Fms. i. 69; íllr hestr, a bad horse, Þiðr. 191; íllt skáld, a poetaster. 3. evil, wicked; góða frá íllum, Eluc. 37; íllr maðr, Hm. (íll-menni); íll ráð, evil counsel, 9; til góðs ok ílls, for good or evil, Grág. ii. 144; sjá við íllu, beware of evil, Sdm. 39; íllt eitt, all wickedness, as a nickname, Fms. ix. 419 (423 sqq.) 4. bad; íllum huga, an evil mind, spite, Hbl. 21; ílls hugar, Hým. 9; íllt skap, ill humour; vera í íllu skapi, to be in an ill mood; það er íllt í mér, to be angry; mæla íllt, to use foul language, Bjarn. 32; íll orð, evil words, Skm. 2; varð honum íllt til liðs, Fms. i. 22; íll öld, evil times, vi. 96; íllt veðr, ill weather, v. 295; íllar álögur, evil, oppressive burdens, vii. 75, v.l.; íll heilsa, ill health; íllt, unwholesome; er þat íllt manni, Eg. 604; medic., e-m er íllt (mér er íllt), to be ill; íllt er ('tis a pity) at eiga dáðlausa sonu, Ld. 236; honum þótti íllt (he was sorry) at heyra læti þeirra, Fms. iv. 368: denoting harm, hurt, grunaði at mikit íllt mundi af þér hljótask, Ísl. ii. 151; verðr hann þeim stórhöggr, ok fá þeir íllt af honum, Fms. xi. 135. 5. with gen. ill, difficult; íllr viðr-eignar, ill to deal with, Nj. 18, Eg. 147; íllir heimsóknar, Fms. vii. 299; flestir verða íllir aptrhvarfs, 315: with dat. ill to one, íllr e-m, (cp. Scot. 'ill to his friend, waur to his foe'), 655 A. 4. 6. close, stingy, cp. góðr (II. β); íllr af aurum, Jd. 35; íllir af mat, Hkr. i. 140; hinn matar-ílli, a nickname, Hkr. COMPDS: íll-brigði, n. pl. a bad trick, Hkr. ii. 287, Grett. 111 A. íll-býli, n. a wretched home; göra e-m í., Ísl. ii. 141. íll-deildir, f. pl. and íll-deilur, ill-dealings, hostilities, quarrels, Ld. 158, Fms. vii. 144, Nj. 77, Vígl. 29. íll-dýri, n. an ill beast, noxious animal, Ísl. ii. 300. íll-felli, n. mishap, Barl. 115. íll-fengr, adj. ill-natured, Fms. iii. 143, Grett. 144. íll-ferli, n. pl. ill doings, evil ways, Bs. i. 279. íll-fúss, adj. ill-willed, Ld. 258. íll-fygli, n. an ill bird, noxious bird, Pr. 186. íll-fýstr, part. bent on evil, Nj. 72. íll-gengr, adj. rough, of a horse, opp. to góðgengr. íll-geta, u, f. 'ill-guess,' imputation. íll-girnd and íll-girni, f. ill-will, ill-nature, wickedness, Fms. vii. 37, Rd. 236, Grág. i. 131, Bs. i. 45. íll-gjarn, adj. ill-willed, ill-natured, wicked, Nj. 38, Hom. 19, Bs. i. 40: superl., Fms. ii. 46, x. 327. íll-gjarnligr, adj. ill-natured, spiteful, Hom. 19, 53, Sks. 445. íll-gresi, n. 'evil-grass,' tares, Magn. 502, Sks. 549, Barl. 34, N. T., Vídal. passim. íll-grunaðr, part. suspected of evil, Mar.; vera íllgrunaðr um e-t, Bs. i. 264. íll-gæfa, u, f. ill-luck, Barl. 55. íll-gæti, n. ill fare, Barl. 55. íll-görð, f., esp. in pl. ill doings, Fms. vi. 291, Sks. 583, Stj. íllgörða-flokkr, m. a gang of rogues, Fms. viii. 232. íllgörða-maðr, m. an evil-doer, of thieves, robbers, Eb. 300, Fms. i. 43, N. T., Vídal. íllgörða-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), evil-doing, Fms. xi. 90. íll-hreysingr, m. (see hreysi), a savage, miscreant, Sturl. i. 14, iii. 26. íll-hveli, n. an evil whale, Fas. iii. 507. íll-kvikendi, íll-kykvendi, n. an evil beast, e.g. a snake, toad, etc., 655 xii. 2, A. A. 284. íll-kvittinn, adj. slanderous. íll-kvittni, f. calumny. íll-kyndugr, adj. lewd, Bs. i. 256. íll-kyngi, f. lewdness, Mag. 129. íll-leikni, f. ill-treatment, Fms. ii. 185, viii. 41. íll-lifnaðr, m. an evil life, lewdness, Stj. 386. ílllifnaðar-maðr, m. a man of an ill life, Fb. i. 233. íll-lífl, n. a wicked life, Barl. 138, Fms. viii. 54. íll-lífr, adj. wicked, Þiðr. 69. íll-lyndi, n. an ill temper. íll-lyndr, adj. ill-tempered. íll-læti, n. pl. hideous grimaces, Konr. íll-mannliga, adv. wickedly, cruelly; ílla ok í., Fms. v. 265; í. ok grimmliga, Ld. 246, Mar. íll-mannligr, adj. ill-looking, rogue-like, cruel, wicked, Fas. ii. 84, Fms. iii. 116: neut., Mar.: compar., Fas. ii. 534: superl., Nj. 78. íll-máligr, adj. foul-mouthed, slanderous, Finnb. 280, Háv. 38, Str. 15. íll-menni, n. a knave (of thieves and robbers), a wicked, cruel man, Fms. ii. 4, vi. 60, Symb. 59, Nj. 32. íll-mennska, u, f. wickedness, cruelly, Háv. 44. íll-mæla, t, with acc., in mod. usage with dat., to libel, slander, talk evil of, Str. 15, Hkr. iii. 262; vera íllmæltr af e-u, to have evil reputation from, Bs. i. 759. íll-mælgi, f. slander, calumny, 623. 30. íll-mæli, n. a libel, Nj. 183, Lv. 53, Boll. 350, Dropl. 11, Krók. 7. íll-orðr, adj. 'ill-worded,' abusive, Fms. iii. 143, Nj. 66. íll-ráðigr, adj. giving wicked counsel, Fms. x. 380. íll-ráðr, adj. wicked, Sturl. iii. 281: a nickname, Fb. iii. íll-ræða, u, f. bad language, Sks. 25. íll-ræði, n. evil doings, crime, Fms. x. 390, Róm. 256. íllræðis-maðr, m. an evil-doer, criminal, Sturl. i. 137, Fms. iii. 155, Fs. 20. íll-ræmdr, part. of evil report. íll-sakar, f. pl., in the phrase, troða íllsakar við e-n, to have a rough fight with one, Nj. 219. íll-skái, a, m. the less of two evils; hvárt þykkir þér betr? ... þat þykki mér íllskáinn at þú hafir, Band. 21 new Ed. íll-skárri, compar., íll-skárst, superl. the less of two evils; það er íllskátra, íllskást. íll-skeptr, part. 'ill-shapen,' i.e. ill-natured, Stj. 43: wroth, Th. 76. íll-skælda, u, f. a poetaster, Eg., Hkr.; a nickname given to a poet for having stolen the burden of another poem, see Fms. iii. 65. íll-spár, f. pl. evil prophecy, croakings, Glúm. 354, Fas. i. 372, Bret. 38. íll-svipligr, adj. ill-looking, Fb. i. 260. íll-tíðindi, n. pl. evil tidings, bad news, Sturl. iii. 210. íll-tyngdir, f. pl. [tunga], 'evil tongues,' slander, Grág. i. 361. Íll-ugi, i.e. Íllhugi, a pr. name, cp. hugr (II). íll-úð, f. ill-nature, Vkv. 19, 22. íll-úðigr, adj. evil-boding, Am. 13, Hkm. 15, Fas. i. 192. íll-úðligr, adj. ill-looking, grim, Bárð. 167. íll-verk, n. an evil deed, Háv. 38. íll-viðri, n. bad weather, Fms. i. 275, ix. 233, Rb. 102, Str. 88, Sks. 211. íllviðris-klakkar, m. foul-weatber clouds, Sks. 234. íllviðris-kráka, u, f. an evil crow. íll-vili, a, m. ill-will, Fms. i. 71, vii. 312, xi. 250, Orkn. 264. íll-vilja, adj. = íllviljaðr, Fagrsk. ch. 272. íllvilja-fullr, adj. ill-willed, Bs. i. 45. íllvilja-maðr, m. an ill-wisher, Sturl. iii. 227. íll-viljaðr, part. ill-willed, Fms. ix. 335, Sks. 160, Barl. 38. íll-virki, n. a cruel, evil doing, crime, Háv. 38: as a law term, an outrage, done with an evil intention, defined in Grág. i. 130, 131: robbery, ravage, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 57. íll-virki, a, m. an ill-doer, criminal (thief, robber), Grág. i. 130, Greg. 40, Fas. i. 56 (Ed. íllvirkr), Fms. xi. 445, Al. 108. íll-viti, a, m. evil-boder, a nickname, Bjarn.: name of certain crags, among which sounds are heard when a storm is coming. íll-vært, n. adj. what is not to be stood; þá kom regn svá mikit, at í. var úti, a pelting rain, so that one could hardly stay out-of-doors, Bs. i. 172. íll-yrða, t, to abuse, speak evil to, Fas. ii. 229, Finnb. 228, Stj. 529. íll-yrði, n. pl. foul language, libel, Nj. 64, Boll. 360, Karl. 509. íll-yrmi, n. [ormr], vermin, Fms. x. 380. íllyrmis-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), like vermin. íll-ýðgi, f. = íllúð, Hom. (St.) íll-þolandi, part. intolerable. íll-þræli, n. a wretched thrall, Am. 59. íll-þýði, n. [þjóð], a rabble, gang of thieves and robbers, Fms. vii. 8, 16, Bs. i. 142, Hkr. iii. 208, Fb. ii. 349. íllþýðis-fólk, n. = íllþýði, Hkr. i. 36, Fms. vi. 162, ix. 384, v.l. illþýðis-maðr, m. a thief and robber, Fms. viii. 73, v.l. íllska, u, f. ill will, wickedness, cruelty, Fms. x. 304, xi. 445, Fb. ii. 388, Nj. 82, Js. 27, Hom. 4, 151, Stj. 314, Sks. 606, N. T., Pass., Vídal.

ÍLLSKASK -- ÍVIÐGJARN. 319

passim: as also fury, rage, það er íllska í honum: íllsku-fullr, full of wickedness, Fms. ii. 137; íllsku-limr, a limb of wickedness; íllsku-kraptr, íllsku-íþrótt, 188, 656 B. 1, Hom. 27; íllsku-verk, a wicked work, 14; íllsku-vættr, an evil wight, Str. 43; íllsku-maðr, a wicked, cruel man, Bær. 8; íllsku-þrá, doggedness, Stj. 268: mischief, evil, Fms. i. 184: as also in mod. usage, íllsku-veðr, a fiery gale. íllskask, að, dep. to wax wroth and furious, Fas. iii. 657. í-löngun, f. longing after. ÍM, n. [no doubt akin to eim in eimyrja, Engl. embers], dust, ashes, embers; hann hreinsar þat skjótt af, þóat nokkut ím hafi á oss dregit af samneyti annarlegs siðferðis, Fms. ii. 261; hann brennir af oss synda ím, Greg. 19, 46; nú tók ím af honum, at hann var sannr propheta, Fms. x. 392. íma, u, f. = ím; elds íma, embers, Harms. 39: poët. a she-wolf, from the ember-like colour (?), Edda (Gl.): a giantess, id. ímð, f. name of an ogress, Edda, Hkv. 1. 39. ím-gerðr, f. name of a giantess. ími, a, m. (ímarr, ímr, m.), a giant, Edda (Gl.), Vþm. 5: a pr. name, Bs. i. ími-gustr or ímu-gustr, m. 'giants'-gush:' disgust, in the metaph. phrase, hafa ímigust á e-u, to feel dislike, abhorrence for a thing. ím-leitr, adj. dusky, gray-coloured, of a wolf, Lex. Poët. ímun, f., poët. a fight, battle, Lex. Poët., Ól. 33, Hkv. 1. 49. COMPDS: ímun-borð, n. a shield, Vellekla. ímun-dís, f. a war-goddess, Haustl. ímun-laukr, m. a sword, Eyvind. í-mynd, f. the very image. í-mynda, að, to imagine; eg ímynda mér, I fancy. í-myndan, f. imagination, fancy. í-neyzla, u, f. participation in; íneyzla í jörðu, Gþl. 367. Írar, m. pl. Irishmen; Írland, n. Ireland; Íra-konungr, m. the king of the Irish; Írskr, adj. Irish; Írska, u, f. the Irish tongue, Ld. 72, Fs. 78, Bs. i. 227, the Sagas passim. II. Írland it mikla, Great Ireland, was the name of Southern America, just as Eastern Russia was called Great Sweden. írask, að, dep. to be rumoured abroad; mætti ok þá þat írask, at (then it may be that people would say, that) þær eignir fylgði henni þá heiman, er hón átti í Noregi, O. H. L. 30. í-rauðr, adj. reddish, a little red, Mar. ÍRI, a. m. gossip, rumour, tattle; höfum vér heyrt nokkurn íra á, hvárt þú sér konungs-son eðr eigi, Fms. ix. 278, v.l., a GREEK, hence prob. the mod. íra-fár, hurly-burly; í mesta írafári. ísa, að, to 'ice,' freeze; þá ísaði þegar sem áðr, Fms. ix. 400; ísaðr, iced, frozen, 386, Rd. 277. ísarn, n. iron; see járn. ís-brot, n. broken ice, Fas. ii. 501. ís-brún, f. the edge of an ice-field, Fms. i. 211, Grág. ii. 386, Jb. 330. í-seta, u, f. a sitting in judgment; íseta í dómi, Grág. i. 78: occupation, unlawful, rán ok íseta, Jb. 159, N. G. L. i. 53. ísetu-arfr, m. inheritance by right of occupancy, N. G. L. i. 207. ís-heill, adj. dub., Bárð. 34 new Ed. ís-héldr, part. [héla], covered with rime, Sks. 229. ís-högg, n. ice breaking, Hkr. iii. 140, Vígl. 26. ísing, f. sleet, Stj. 14. í-sjá, f. attention, Konr. í-sjáverðr, adj. worth looking after, Ld. 66, Nj. 155, Karl. 547: mod., það er ísjárvert, 'tis rather dangerous. í-sjón, f. a looking into, Fbr. 147. ís-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, Al. 51, Sks. 153. í-skilja, ð, to bargain, stipulate, Dipl. i. 5. í-skipan, f. a putting in or upon a place, Vm. 87. í-skyggilegr, adj. dark-looking, suspicious. í-skyld, f. = ítak, q.v.; svá margar ískyldir á kirkjan í Odda, Vm. 27; taka jörð með öllum ískyldum, Dipl. v. 26. ís-leggir, m. pl. ice-legs, shin bones of sheep used for skates, Fms. vii. 120. ís-lög, n. pl. layers of ice, Fs. 26, Eb. 186, Fms. vii. 246, ix. 368, Ld. 286. í-smótt, f. [smjúga], a cloak with a hole for the head to pass through, Sks. 117 new Ed. ís-möl, f. ground ice, broken ice; sem á ismöl sæi, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 365; var allt at sjá sem á eina ísmöl sæi er vápnin glóuðu, vi. 412. ísópi, a, m. [for. word], hyssop, Bær. í-spen, f., pl. íspenjar, a kind of sausage filled with lard and suet. ís-reki, a, m., and ís-rek, n. an ice-drift, ice-floe, Fms. ix. 350. ÍSS, m. [A. S. îs; Engl. ice; O. H. G. îs; Germ. eis; Swed. and Dan. is] :-- ice; íss is ice on sea and water, svell on a plain or meadow; klaki = frozen ground, etc.; distinction is made between hafíss, drift ice or Polar ice, and lagnaðar-íss, 'lay-ice,' common ice; in plur. ísar, of large sheets of ice; en er ísa lagði á vötn, Fms. vii. 54; ísa leysir, the ice thaws, 55; íss var lagðr á Hofstaða-vág, Eb. 236; á ísinum (mod. ísnum), Nj. 143: for sliding, á ísi skríða, Hm. 82; see also ísleggir. Severe winters are marked in the Annals by the extent of frozen water; A.D. 1047 (a sheet of ice between Norway and Denmark), 1306 (ice from Rostock to the Sound), 1126, 1197; Polar ice in Iceland in 1145, 1233 (hafísar allt sumar), 1261 (hafíss umhverfis Ísland), 1275 (kringdi þá hafíss nær um allt Ísland), 1306 (hafíss fyrir norðan land nær allt sumar), 1319 (ísa-vár, hafísar lágu umhverfis Ísland fram um mitt sumar), 1348 (snjóar svá miklir ok íslög at fraus sjóinn umbergis landit, svá at ríða mátti umbergis landit af hverju annesi um alla fjörðu), 1375 (hafísar framan til Bartholomeus-messu), cp. also Vd. ch. 15, Eb. ch. 57, 61: for later times and for the currents driving the ice around Icel. see Eggert Itin. ch. 645, 853 :-- the name of the Rune RUNE, Skálda 176. COMPDS: ísa-fjöldi, a, m., ísa-för, f., ísa-gangr, m. drifts of ice, Sks. 192, Grett. 133, Bs. i. 338 (of a river). ísa-lauss, adj. ice-free, Landn. 26, v.l. ísa-lög, n. pl. layers, strata of ice, Fs. ísa-válk, n. being tossed about in ice, Sks. 174. ísa-vár, n. an icy spring, cold spring, Ann. 1319. ísa-vök, f. an open hole in ice, Sks. 174: in local names, Ís-eyri, in Denmark; Ísa-fjörðr, m. in Denmark and Iceland; Ís-firðingr, m., Ís-firzkr, adj. from Icefjord; Ís-land, n. Iceland, for the origin of the name see Landn. 30, -- hann sá norðr yfir fjöllin fjörð fullan af hafísum, því kölluðu þeir landit Ísland. Ís-lendingr, m. an Icelander, Landn. etc. passim. Íslendinga-bók, f. the Icelanders' Book, the historical work of Ari, Íb. (pref.), Ó. T. (1853) 33. Íslendinga-saga, u, f. the old name of the Sturlunga Saga, as opp. to Konunga Sögur or Histories of the Kings, Sturl. i. 107, Bs. i. 589, 591: in mod. usage Íslendinga Sögur means the Lives of Icelanders, recorded in the Index D. ii. Íslendinga-skrá, f. the Icelandic scroll, prob. = the Landnáma, Fb. i. 526. Íslendinga-þáttr, m. a section or chapter treating of Iceland, Fms. x. 294. Íslenzkr, adj. Icelandic, passim. Íslenzka or Íslenzk tunga, u, f. the Icelandic tongue. í-stað, n., usually in pl. ístöð, a stirrup, Sks. 372, freq. in mod. usage, but stígreip (q.v.) is older, being of rope, whereas the ístöð are of metal. ístaða, u, f., in ístöðu-lauss, Fas. iii. 548; ístöðu-lítill, adj. who stands but little, delicate, sensitive, esp. of children who cry readily at harsh words; hann er svo ístöðulítill. í-stangan, f. instigation, pricking, Karl. 197, Mar. í-stig, n. = ístað, Flóv. 24, Str. 39, Thom. 208. ístr, n. = ístra, Þiðr. 341 (v.l.), Hb. (1865) 22. ÍSTRA, u, f. the fat of the paunch, of persons, Stj. 383, Þorf. Karl. 432, Þiðr. 341. ístru-magi, a, m. paunch-belly, a nickname, Fms. ísungr, m. an ice-bear (?), a nickname, Sturl. iii. 270. í-tak, n. a law term, a partial right of property in another's estate, esp. of glebes (Kirkju-ítök), Grág. ii. 207, D. I. i. 522, passim. ítaka-lauss, adj. without ítök, i. e. full possession, Vm. 108, D. I. i. 507. í-tala, u, f. a proportionate share in a right or in an estate, Grág. ii. 254: = ítak, Vm. 164, Dipl. ii. 10, Fms. vi. 103, v.l. ítölu-lauss, adj. = ítakalauss; ítölulauss eign, unshared, full possession, Am. 99, Dipl. ii. 3. Ítalía, u, f. Italy, passim: Ítalía-land, n. id., Ver. 37, Bret. 108: Ítalskr, adj. Italian. ítar-legr, adj. fine, glorious; dýrleg ok ítarleg kirkja, Symb. 10; þat hús er bazt hefir verit ok ítarlegast, Ver. 27; ítarleg fæðsla, lordly fare, Greg. 22, 97; þessum enum ítarlega Guðs vín, Clem. 48; allt var ítarlegt um órar ferðir, Am. 91; í. at áliti, Lex. Poët.; í. hilmir, a lordly king, Merl. 2. 34. ítar-liga, adv. exquisitely; í. búinn, fine dressed, Fms. xi. 85; herbergi í. búin, well furnished, iv. 194; klæðask í., to dress fine, Hom. 98; búa í. um e-t, Ver. 56. ÍTR, adj., the r is radical, [this word is hardly to be found in any other Teut. language] :-- glorious, excellent, mostly in poets; ítr áliti, beautiful to behold, Sks. 1. 7; ítr konungr, ítr yngvi, a great king, 10, Fms. vi. 87 (in a verse); inn ítri öðlingr, Skv. 1. 23; ítrum Ólafi, ítr Haraldr, epithet of kings, Lex. Poët.; ítran ættbæti Einars, Arnór; í ítru liði, in the valiant host, Ó. H. (in a verse): of things, ítr rönd, a fine shield, Edda (Ht.); ítran sal fjalla, of the sky, Edda (in a verse); til ítrar elli, to a glorious, golden age, Edda (Ht.); ítr lausn, glorious redemption, Líkn. 39. In COMPDS, only in poets, = glorious: ítr-borinn, part. high-born, Am., Hkv. ítr-ból, n. the glorious abode, Rekst. 33. ítr-geðr, adj. gentle, Geisli. ítr-hugaðr, adj. high-minded, Geisli 10. ítr-laukr, m. garlic, Hkv. 1. 7 (ímun-laukr?). ítr-maðr, m., ítr-menni, n. a noble man, Lex. Poët. ítr-mannligr, adj. of stout, noble bearing, Hkr. iii. 160. ítr-skapaðr, part. beautifully shaped, Hkv. 2. 36. ítr-tunga, u, f. epithet of a sword, Landn. (in a verse). ítr-vaxinn, part. of beautiful stature, epithet of a lady, Kormak. ítr-þveginn, part. clean-washed, bright, clean, epithet of a lady's arms, Ls. 17. ítreka, að, (qs. ið-vreka = to wreak again?); this word seems not to occur in old writers, but is freq. in mod. usage :-- to iterate, repeat. ítrekan, f. repetition. Ívaldi, a, m. a mythical name of a dwarf, Edda. í-vasan, f. bustle, fuss; varaldar í., worldly affairs, H. E. i. 255. ívið-gjarn, adj. [Hel. inwid = fraud], wicked, evil, a GREEK, Vkv. 26.

320 ÍVIÐI -- JAFNFRAM.

íviði, n. a dub. word, Vsp. 2, prob. an ogress = íviðja, which is the reading of the Hb. l.c.; see Sæm. (Möbius), p. 265. í-viðja, u, f. an ogress, prob. from inwid, and not from í and viðr, Hdl. 44, Edda (Gl.); see the preceding word. í-vist, f. an abode, in-dwelling, N. G. L. i. 47. II. a local name, Uist, one of the Hebrides, Fms. ÍÞRÓTT, f., also spelt iðrótt, prob. from ið- and þrótt or þróttr, power, qs. ið-þrótt; the long vowel seems due to absorption, analogous to Svíþjóð = Svið-þjóð; the rhyme, iþróttir ... níu, Orkn. l.c., shews that the vowel was sounded long: [Dan. idræt; Swed. idrott; but not in Saxon nor Germ.] :-- accomplishment, art, skill, in olden times esp. of athletic exercises, but also of literary skill; king Harold (in the verse in Mork. 15, íðróttir kann ek átta) counts eight íðróttir, -- poetry, riding, swimming, sliding in snow-shoes, shooting, rowing, playing the harp, and versification; earl Rognvald (in the verse in Orkn. ch. 61) counts nine, -- chess playing, Runes, 'book,' smíð, sliding on 'skíð,' shooting, rowing, playing the harp, and versification; cp. also the tale in Edda of Thor and Útgarða-Loki, where running a race, eating fast, drinking, lifting the cat, and wrestling are among íþróttir. In mod. usage the word is applied especially to the fine arts (painting, sculpture); kann ek þá íþrótt, at engi er hér sá inni er skjótara skal eta mat sinn en ek, Edda 31; vel búinn at íþróttum, Nj. 61; vel at sér görr um íþróttir, Eg. 111; hann lét Gunnar reyna ymsar íþróttir við menn sína, ok vóru þeir engir er né eina íþrótt hefði til jafns við hann, Nj. 46, Edda 31; nú sýnir Sigmundr íþrótt sína, Fær. 76; inna íþrótt, Edda 31; góð íþrótt. id.; með ágætri iðrótt, of music, Bs. i. 155; iðrótt sú er Grammatica heitir, 163; iðrótt þá er grammatica heitir, Clem. 33; af iðrótt þeirri er dialectica heitir, Al. 3. COMPDS: íþrótta-lauss, adj. unskilled, Sks. 25; úfróðir menn ok íþróttalausir, Clem. 33. íþrótta-maðr, m. a man skilled in exercises, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 199, Finnb. 336; í. ok vitr, Bret. 8; haun görðisk enn mesti íðróttamaðr (master) í þess-konar námi (viz. in grammar), Bs. i. 163. íþrótt-ligr, adi. skilful; í. fimleiki, a dexterous feat, Fms. vi. 225; torvelt er at týna öll ágæti íþróttligrar lækningar hans, Bs. i. 646. J J is really the tenth letter of the alphabet, but since it is usually regarded as another form of I, K is commonly reckoned as the tenth letter. jaðar-flár, adj. loose in the edge, of stuff, Grág. i. 498. JAÐARR, m., dat. jaðri, pl. jaðrar; a form jöðurr (as vaðall and vöðull) occurs in Vsp. 5: [A. S. and Hel. edor = septum; provinc. Bavarian ettor, Schmeller] :-- the edge, selvage, of cloth, Grág. i. 408, Nj. 176, v.l.; of a tent, Stj. 307, Str. 40: of a sail, Mag.: of the limb of the moon, Rb. 34: the edge-beam or rail of a paling, sá garðr er gildr, er öln er á meðal staurs hvers, en hjástaurr enn þriði, ok jaðarr er yfir, N. G. L. i. 246: poët., himin-jöður, the 'sky-border,' horizon, Vsp.; ský-jaðarr, 'cloud-border,' the heaven, Geisli 2; sólar-jaðarr, id.: the edge of the hand (handar-jaðarr), Edda 110: the border along the shore, með Blálands jaðri, Lex. Poët.; fróns jaðarr, id.; Eylands jaðarr = ora maritima, Merl. 2. 5: whence a local name of the Norse district, Jaðarr, m. Jæderen; also Jaðar-byggð, f., and Jaðar-byggjar, m. pl. the men of the country J., Fb., Fms. passim. II. metaph. [A. S. eodor, Beow.], the foremost, best, with gen.; Ása jaðarr, the best of all the Ases, Ls. 35: fólks jaðarr, the best of men, Hkv. 2. 40; goðs jaðarr, the highest god -- Odin, Stor. 22; hers jaðarr, Fm. 36, Merl. jaðar-skegg, n. whiskers, Sks. 288, (recorded as a German fashion.) jaðra, að, to brim, border; jaðraðr, part. bordered, Gþl. 308. jaðrakan, n. a kind of Icel. bird, numenius: mod. jarðreka, Edda (Gl.) JAFN, adj., also spelt jamn, f. jöfn, neut. jafnt, often spelt as well as proncd. jamt; compar. jafnari, superl. jafnastr: [Ulf. ibns, Luke vi. 17; A. S. efen; Engl. and Dutch even; old Fr. ivin; O. H. G. eban; mod. Germ. eben; Dan. jevn; Swed. jemn; akin to Lat. aequus by interchange of palatal and labial, see Grimm's Dict. s.v. eben] :-- even, equal, but, like Lat. aequus, mostly in a metaph. sense, for sléttr (q.v.) answers to Lat. planus; often followed by a dat., jafn e-u, equal to a thing, in comparison: I. equal, equal to; jöfn eyri (dat.) gulls, K. Þ. K. 72; jafn Guði, equal to God; jafn mér, passim. 2. equal, the same; enda er jöfn helgi hans meðan hann ferr svá með sér, Grág. i. 93; ella er jöfn sök við hann fram á leið, 322; at ek verða jafn drengr í hvert sinn, Sd. 188; þínar verða flestar jafnastar, thy acts are mostly the same, i.e. all bad, Fms. viii. 409. 3. fixed, unchanged; með jafnri leigu, jöfnum kaupum, jöfnum skildaga, Rétt. 2. 7, Stat. 264, Fb. ii. 137; hann var ellefu vetra eðr tíu, ok sterkr at jöfnum aldri, and strong for his age, Eg. 188, 592; eiga þeir jöfnum höndum (see hönd) allt þat er þeir taka, Grág. ii. 66. 4. even, even-tempered; jafn ok úmíslyndr, Mar.: of numbers, jöfn tala, even in tale, equal, opp. to odda-tala, Alg. 356. II. neut. jafnt or jamt, almost adverbially, equally, just; jafnt utan sem innan, Grág. i. 392: as, just as, ok hafa eitt atferli báðar jamt, both together, both alike, Fms. xi. 137; jafnt er sem þér sýnisk ('tis as it appears, indeed), af er fótrinn, Nj. 97; jafnt þrælar sem frjálsir menn, Fms. i. 113: jamt sem, just as, equally as; jafnt sem í fjórðungs-dómi, jamt skal eiga féránsdóm eptir fjörbaugs-mann sem eptir skógar-mann, Grág. i. 87; skal hann láta virða fé þat jamt sem úmaga-eyri, 189; menn skulu svá sakir hluta, jamt sem á alþingi, 122; jafnt hefir komit er þú spáðir, it has happened just as thou didst foretel, Niðrst. 8: ellipt., ok skal hann þá jamt (sem þeir) allri bót upp halda, Grág. ii. 182. 2. temp. at the same time, just; ek skíri þik, ok nefna barn, í nafni Föður, ok drepa barninu í vatn um sinn jafnt fram fyrir sik, and dip the bairn each time info the water, K. Þ. K. 10: just, precisely, in the very moment, þat var jamt Jóla-aptan sjálfan er þeir börðusk, Fms. xi. 15; jamt í því hann stakaði. 133. 3. adverb., at jöfnu, equally, in equal shares, Fms. xi. 131. 4. til jafns, vóru þeir engir at né eina íþrótt hefði til jafns við hann, Nj. 46; halda til jafns við e-n, Ld. 40; komask til jafns við e-n, Fb. i. 261. B. COMPDS: I. such a, so ... a; Karvel jafn-frægum dreng, so fine a fellow as K., Karl. 103; er þat skömm jafn-mörgum mönnum, 'tis a shame for so many men, Gísl. 51: with the particle sem, jafn-ungr sem hann var, young as he was, i.e. so young as he was for his age, Vápn. 5; vel hafi þér mínu máli komit, jafn-úvænt sem var, Þiðr. 136; kvað þat ekki hæfa á jafn-mikilli hátið sem (in such a feast as) í hönd ferr, Fb. i. 376; at eigi skyldi Hugon keisari yfir þá stíga jafn-reiðr sem hann varð þeim, Karl. 478; undraðisk hón hversu fríðr ok fagr hann var jafn-gamall maðr (for his age), Stj. 225; mikill maðr ertú þó Þórir, jafn-gamall, Ó. H. 176; Þórir Oddsson var sterkastr jafn-gamall, Gullþ. 4. II. mod. phrases such as, það er jafngott fyrir hann, it serves him right; hann er jafngóðr fyrir því, it won't hurt him; or honum er það jafn-gott, it will do him good, serve him right; vera jafn-nær, to be equally near, i.e. none the better; hann fór jafnnær, it was all of no use. III. in countless COMPDS (esp. adjectives) with almost any participle or adverb, rarely with verbs and nouns, and denoting equal, as, the same, as seen from the context often followed by a dat., e.g. jafn-gamall e-m, of the same age as another person :-- of these compds only some can be noticed: jafn-aldri, a, m. one of the same age, Fms. i. 13, vii. 199, Bs. i. 179, Eg. 25, 84. jafn-auðigr, adj. equally wealthy, Band. 2: equally happy, hann setr hund sinn jafnaudigan okkr undir borði, Bjarn. 27. jafn-auðsær, adj. as perspicuous, Eluc. 41. jafn-auðveldr, adj. as easy, Ld. 78. jafn-ágætr, adj. as good, as noble, Nj. 129. jafn-ákafr, adj. as impetuous, Fms. xi. 137. jafn-beinn, adj. as straight, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-berr, adj. equally bare, Fas. i. 67. jafn-bitinn, part. evenly bitten or grazed, of a field, Gþl. 407. jafn-bitr, jafn-beittr, adj. as sharp, keen. jafn-bjartr, adj. as bright, Nj. 208: neut., Sks. 69. jafn-bjóða, bauð; j. e-m, to be a match for one, Finnb. 260: to be equal to, contest on equal terms with one, Fms. ii. 27, vii. 22; gripr betri en þeim peningum jafnbjóði, 655 xxx. 10. jafn-blíðr, adj. equally mild, Fær. 154. jafn-borinn, part. of equal birth, Ld. 332, Fms. x. 79 (v.l.), Gþl. 133; j. til e-s, having equal birthright to, Fms. vii. 8, x. 407. jafn-brattr, adj. as steep. jafn-brátt, n. adj. as soon, at the same moment, Hom. 114. jafn-breiðr, adj. equally broad, Edda 28, Gþl. 355. jafn-búinn, part. equally 'boun' or armed, Fms. ii. 165: ready, prepared, Stj. jafn-deildr, part. equally shared, Hom. 148. jafn-digr, adj. as stout, Sturl. iii. 63. jafn-djúpr, adj. as deep. jafn-djúpvitr, adj. as deep-scheming, Orkn. 214, Hkr. iii. 95. jafn-drengilegr, adj. as gallant, Ísl. ii. 446. jafn-drjúgdeildr, part. going as far, of stores, Sturl. i. 166. jafn-drjúgr, adj. keeping as long, Sturl. i. 216, Rb. 18. jafn-dýrligr, adj. equally splendid, Bs. i. 454. jafn-dýrr, adj. as costly, glorious, of the same price, K. Þ. K. 28, Nj. 56, Grett. 104 A, N. G. L. i. 150, 348. jafn-dægri, n. (mod. jafndægr), the equinox, both dægr (q.v.) being equally long, Edda 103, Rb. 454, 456, 472, and passim: equal length, of day and night, Fb. i. 539; see eykt. jafn-dæmi, n. equal judgment, justice, Fms. vi. 431, Pr. 413. jafn-dæmr, adj. just, giving equal judgment, Rb. 364. jafn-einfaldr, adj. as simple, guileless, Hom. 50. jafn-fagr, adj. as fair, Nj. 112. jafn-fallegr, adj. as handsome. jafn-fastr, adj. equally firm, Grág. i. 7, K. Þ. K. 166: as adv., Fms. x. 270, Finnb. 338. jafn-fáir, adj. as few. jafn-feigr, adj. as fey. jafn-feitr, adj. as fat. jafn-fimlega, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as alert, Fms. ii. 273. jafn-fimr, adj. as alert, Fær. 272, Hkr. i. 291, v.l. jafn-fjær, adv. as far. jafn-fjölmennr, adj. with as many men, Nj. 222. jafn-flatt, n. adj.; fara j., to fare so ill, Fms. vi. 379; see flatr. jafn-fljótr, adj. as swift. jafn-fram, adv. equally forward, side by side: with dat., jafnfram skipi Rúts, Nj. 8: locally, of places, over against, ( = gegnt and gagn-vart, q.v.); with dat., er hann kom jafnfram Borgund, Hkr. ii. 309; j. Eiðsvelli, Vermá, Fms. ix. 408; j. gagntaki konungs sonar, j. boðanum, vii. 170, ix. 387 (v.l.): as adv., standa jafnfram, to stand evenly, in a straight line; standa allir j. fyrir konungs borðinu, i. 16, Eg. 581, Nj. 140, Rb. 466, Sturl. iii. 244: temp. at the same moment, of two things happening together, Fms. vi. 24; þeir riðu til þings jafnfram Skeggja, Þórð. 18 new Ed.; hann ferr ávalt jafnfram í frásogn æfi Guðs-sonar, follows parallel in the story, 625. 83:

JAFNFRAMARLA -- JAFNSLETTR. 321

in equal share, taka aff j., Gþl. 248; at the same time, also, hugsa þat j., at the same time consider, Stj. 156; jafnfram sem, jafnfram ok, as soon as, Karl. 158, Pr. 413. jafn-framarla, -framar, -liga, adv. as forward, as far, just as well, Ld. 254, Bs. i. 778. jafn-frammi, adv. = jafnframt, Sks. 364, Sturl. i. 32: temp., Fms. iii. 218. jafn-framt, adv. = jafnfram, Háv. 42: temp., Sturl. i. 1: along with, with dat., Pass. viii. 9: equally, in the same degree, Ld. 62. jafn-fríðr, adj. as fair, Fms. i. 8: as valuable, K. Þ. K. 172. jafn-frjáls, adj. equally free, Fas. iii. 8. jafn-frjálsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as freely, as liberally, Hkr. i. 78. jafn-fróðr, adj. as wise, as knowing, Sks. 544. jafn-frægr, adj. as famous, Fas. i. 277. jafn-frækn, adj. equally gallant, Edda. jafn-fullr, adj. as full, Grág. i. 20, 68, Gþl. 477. jafn-fúinn, adj. equally rotten, jafn-fúss, adj. equally willing, Sturl. i. 190. jafn-færr, adj. as able, Nj. 97. jafn-fætis, adv. on equal footing; standa j. e-m, Sturl. ii. 134, Hkr. ii. 153. jafn-gamall, adj. of the same age, Ld. 108, Fms. i. 60, xi. 96. jafn-geði, n. evenness of temper, Sks. 435. jafn-gefinn, part. equally given to, Fas. i. 268. jafn-gegnt, adv. just opposite to, Sks. 63, Fms. ix. 463; see gegnt. jafn-girnd, f. and jafn-girni, f. fairness, equity, Sks. 273, 639, Hom. 17. jafn-gjarn, adj. as eager, Hom. 19: as equitable, Sks. 355, Hom. 135, Karl. 495. jafn-gjarna (-gjarnliga), adv. as willingly, as readily, Fms. iii. 45 (v.l.), ix. 508, Stj. jafn-glaðr, adj. as glad, as cheerful, Eb. 88: neut., mér er ekki jafnglatt sem áðr, Fas. i. 106. jafn-glöggt, n. adj. as clearly, Bs. i. 352. jafn-góðr, adj. equally good, as good, Nj. 18, Eg. 54, Gþl. 233, N. G. L. i. 347, Dipl. v. 16: unhurt, none the worse, see (II) above. jafn-góðviljaðr, adj. with equally good will, Stj. 629. jafn-grannr, adj. equally thin. jafn-grimmliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as fiercely, Th. jafn-grimmr, adj. as fierce, Sks. 79. jafn-grunnr, adj. as shallow. jafn-gæfr, adj. as meek, Rb. 397. jafn-göfigr, adj. as good, as famous, Sturl. iii. 11, Bs. i. 133. jafn-görla, adv. as clearly, Grág. i. 299, Fms. ii. 171, Fas. i. 271. jafn-hafðr, part. equally used, N. G. L. i. 249. jafn-hagliga, adv. as skilfully, Krók. 53. jafn-hagr, adj. as skilful in handiwork, Nj. 147. jafn-harðr, adj. as hard, as severe, Nj. 79: neut. jafn-hart, as fast, Fas. iii. 488: jafn-harðan, adv. instantly. jafn-harðsnúinn, part. as hard-twisted, as tight, Nj. 79. jafn-hár, adj. as high, as tall, as loud, Rb. 112, 474, Fas. ii. 79: of metre, see hár (I. 3), Fms. vi. 386, Skálda 182, 190: neut., Stj. 79. jafnhátta-góðr, adj. as well-mannered, Ld. 174. jafn-heilagr, adj. as holy, as inviolable, Sks. 674, Grág. i. 90. jafn-heill, adj. as hale, as whole, Eg. 425, v.l. jafn-heimoll, adj. equally open to use, Eg. 47, Ld. 70, Gþl. 214, 353: equally bound, 57. jafn-heimskr, adj. equally stupid, Fms. ii. 156, Sd. 178. jafn-heitr, adj. as hot, Sks. 540. jafn-hentr, adj. as well fitted, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-hlær, adj. equally snug, Rb. 440. jafn-hollr, adj. equally sincere, Orkn. 166. jafn-hógværliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as meekly, Krók. 36. jafn-hógværr, adj. as gentle. jafn-hraustr, adj. as valiant, Fms. ii. 356, Krók. 51. jafn-hryggr, adj. as distressed, Hkr. iii. 269. jafn-hugaðr, adj. even-tempered, Sks. 24: of one mind, 300: as daring. jafn-hvass, adj. as sharp, Ld. 306: blowing as hard. jafn-hvatr, adj. as bold, as quick, Sturl. i. 112, v.l. jafn-hvítr, adj. equally white. jafn-hæðiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as ridiculous, Fas. iii. 91. jafn-hægr, adj. equally easy, ready, meek, Fms. ii. 106, Fær. 69, Grág. i. 264, ii. 257. jafn-hættr, adj. as dangerous, Sks. 540. jafn-höfigr, adj. as heavy, Rb. 102, Edda 38. jafn-ílla, adv. as badly, Fms. viii. 140 (v.l.), Ísl. ii. 181. jafn-ílliligr, adj. (-liga, adv.) as ill-looking, Fas. ii. 207. jafn-íllr, adj. equally bad, Grág. ii. 145, Fas. ii. 513. jafn-kaldr, adj. as cold, Sks. 215. jafn-keypi, n. an equal bargain, Fs. 25. jafn-kominn, part. on even terms, Sks. 455: neut. an even match, jafnkomit er á með ykkr, ye are well-matched, Nj. 59; hann kvað jafnkomit með þeim fyrir aldrs sakir, Fms. iii. 76; jafnkomnir til erfðar, with equal title to, Grág. i. 304; jafnkomnir til fyrir ættar sakir, Fms. i. 220; jafnkomnir at frændsemi, Ísl. ii. 315. jafn-kosta, adj. well-matched, good enough, of wedlock, Stj. 204. jafn-kostgæfinn, adj. equally painstaking, Bs. i. 681. jafn-krappr, adj. as straight, narrow; í jafnkrappan stað, in such a strait, Ld. 168. jafn-kringr, adj. equally dexterous, Sks. 381. jafn-kristinn, adj. a fellow Christian, Jb. 92, Barl. 44. jafn-kunnigr, adj. as well known, Grett. 162 A: knowing as well. jafn-kunnr, adj. as well known, Hom. 90. jafn-kurteis, adj. as courteous, Sturl. i. 165. jafn-kyrr, adj. as quiet. jafn-kýta, t, with dat. = jafnyrða. jafn-kænn, adj. as 'cunning,' as well versed, Stj. 561. jafn-kærr, adj. as dear, as beloved, Fms. i. 215, xi. 319. jafn-langr, adj. as long, equally long, Fms. xi. 376, Gþl. 350, 355, Ísl. ii. 219, Grág. i. 406, Edda 138 (of the same length): neut., en ef þær segja jafnlangt, if they say both the same, Grág. i. 7. jafn-lágr, adj. equally low. jafn-leiðr, adj. equally loathed, Fms. viii. 240. jafn-leiki, n. = jafnleikit. jafn-leikit, n. part. an equal game, Fms. xi. 131. jafn-lendi, n. a level, even piece of ground, Eg. 584. jafn-lengd, f. 'even-length,' the return to the same time in the next day, week, month, year, etc.: of a day, til jafnlengdar annars dags, Grág. ii. 16, Stj. 49; þann sama dag tók Gormr konungr sótt, ok andaðisk annan dag at jafnlengdinni, Fms. i. 119, Fas. ii. 30, 37: of a year, anniversary, skal eigi brullaup vera fyrr en at jafnlengd, Grág. i. 311; tíu aurar sé leigðir eyri til jafnlengdar (a year's rent), 390; at jafnlengd it síðasta, 487; eigi síðarr en fyrir jafnlengd, Fms. xi. 397; halda hátíð at jafnlengdum, Greg. 13, Hom. 98; jafnlengdar-dagr, 129, Fms. v. 214, Dipl. v. 8; jafnlengdar hátíð, an anniversary, Greg. 13. jafn-lengi, adv. as long, Grág. i. 423, Fms. iii. 9, MS. 732. 7. jafn-léttmæltr, adj. equally easy, just as pleasant in one's speech, Fms. vii. 227. jafn-léttr, adj. as light, as easy, Sturl. iii. 90: neut. (adverb.), Kjartani var ekki annat jafn-létthjalat, K. liked not to speak of anything so much, Ld. 214. jafn-léttvígr, adj. as ready in wielding arms, Sturl. iii. 90. jafn-liða, adj. with an equal number of men, Eb. 144. jafn-liga, adv. equally, fairly; sýnisk mér eigi j. á komit, Bs. i. 531, Vm. 169; skipta j., Fb. ii. 300: perpetually, all along, always, usually, Fms. i. 191, x. 88, 89, Dipl. v. 8, Rb. 348, 472, Stj. 77. jafn-ligr, adj. equal, fair, Hkr. ii. 149, Háv. 57, Eg. 488; er þat miklu jafnligra, a more equal match, Fms. vii. 115. jafn-líkligr, adj. as likely, Sturl. iii. 7, Lv. 77. jafn-líkr, adj. as like, Lv. 58, Fas. ii. 478: equal, alike, j. sem hornspónar efni, Bs. i. 59. jafn-lítill, adj. as little, Fas. iii. 487. jafn-ljóss, adj. as bright, Bret. 62. jafn-ljótr, adj. as ugly, Fms. iv. 175. jafn-ljúfr, adj. as willing. jafn-lygn, adj. as 'loun,' as calm, of the wind. jafn-lyndi, n. evenness of temper, Stj., Fagrsk. 132, Bs. i. 141, Mar. passim. jafn-lyndr, adj. even-tempered, Fms. vi. 287, viii. 447 (v.l.) jafn-lýðskyldr, adj. equally bound, as liegemen, Sks. 270. jafn-lærðr, adj. as learned. jafn-magr, adj. equally meagre. jafn-maki, a, m. an equal, a match, Sks. 22, 255. jafn-mannvænn, adj. equally promising, Þorf. Karl. 382. jafn-margr, adj. as many, Nj. 104, Grág. ii. 210, 403, Fms. i. 152, ii. 34. jafn-máttugr, adj. as mighty, Fms. ii. 157, Eluc. 6. jafn-máttuligr, adj. equally possible, 655 xxii. B. jafn-menni, n. an equal, a match, Ld. 132, Ísl. ii. 358, Fms. vi. 345, vii. 103. jafn-menntr, adj. of equal rank, Hrafn. 10. jafn-merkiligr, adj. equally dignified, Bs. i. 148. jafn-mikill, adj. as great, Grág. ii. 264, 403, Fms. i. 1, Gþl. 363: equally big, tall, Fms. x. 202, Nj. 11: neut. as much, Fms. vii. 240, Skálda 168. jafn-mildr, adj. as mild, as gracious, Rb. 366. jafn-minnigr, adj. having as good a memory, Bs. i. 681. jafn-mjúkliga, adv. as meekly, as gently, Lv. 50. jafn-mjúkr, adj. equally soft. jafn-mjök, adv. as much, as strongly, Grág. ii. 140, Skálda 168. jafn-myrkr, adj. equally dark, Skálda 209. jafn-mæli, n. fair play, equality, Fb. i. 407, Fms. vi. 206, Grág. i. 88, 200, Ld. 258, H. E. i. 247, Karl. 99. jafn-naumr, adj. as close. jafn-náinn, adj.; j. at frændsemi, equally near akin, Grág. i. 171, ii. 67, Eb. 124, Ísl. ii. 315, (jafnan, Ed.) jafn-nær, mod. jafn-nærri, adv. equally near: loc., er Ólafs mark j. báðum, Fms. vii. 64, 268, Sks. 63, 216: as near, at honum væri úvarligt at láta jafnmarga heiðna menn vera j. sér, Fms. ii. 34: equally near (by birth), i. 123: metaph., eigi hefir honum jafnnærri gengit újafnaðr þeirra sem mér, Sturl. iii. 238: also jafn-nær, adj. equally nigh, not a whit the better, see (II) above. jafn-nætti, n. the equinox, 673. 54, Stj. 15. jafn-oki, a, m. = jafnmaki, an equal, a match for one, Sks. 22: a play-fellow, Stj. 497, Þiðr. 213. jafn-opt, adv. as often, Nj. 211, Rb. 566, Grág. i. 186. jafn-ótt, adj., neut. as adv., at the same, time, immediately. Pass. 20. 2: one after another, taka e-ð jafnótt og það kemr. jafn-rakkr, adj. as strong, as straight, Ld. 168. jafn-ramr, adj. as mighty, as great a wizard, Vþm. 2. jafn-rangr; adj. as wrong. jafn-ráðinn, part. equally determined, Grett. 149. jafn-reiðr, adj. equally angry, Háv. 52. jafn-rétti, n. an equal right. jafnréttis-maðr, m. a man with equal right, N. G. L. i. 31. jafn-réttr, adj. as right, as lawful, Edda 93, Grág. i. 18: of equal authority, Hkr. iii. 79. jafn-réttvíss, adj. equally just, Sks. 670. jafn-rífligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as large, Lv. 75. jafn-ríkr, adj. as rich, equally mighty. jafn-rjóðr, adj. as ruddy, Hkr. i. 102. jafn-rúmr, adj. equally large, Bjarn. jafn-ræði, n. an equal match, Fms. ii. 22, Glúm. 350, Nj. 49, Gþl. 215. jafn-röskr, adj. as brisk, as quick, Fms. iii. 225, vi. 96. jafn-saman, adv.; fyrir þessa hugsan alla jafnsaman, all at once, all together, Fms. i. 185, Ld. 326, Ó. H. 46, Stj. 86, 121, Barl. 191. jafn-sannr, adj. equally true, 671. 1, Edda 19, Stj. 471. jafn-sárr, adj. as sore, as smarting, Mar. jafn-seinn, adj. as slow. jafn-sekr, adj. just as guilty, Grág. ii. 64, 89. jafn-síðis, adv. along with. jafn-síðr, adj. as long, of a garment (síðr), Stj. 563. jafn-sjúkr, adj. as sick, Fms. v. 324. jafn-skammr, adj. as short, Al. 129. jafn-skarpliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as briskly, Nj. 199, v.l. jafn-skarpr, adj. as sharp, as keen. jafn-skipti, n. equal, fair dealing. jafn-skiptiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally, mutually, Stj. 159. jafn-skiptr, part. equally shared. jafn-skjótr, adj. as swift, Fms. vii. 169, Rb. 454 :-- jafn-skjótt, neut. as adv. immediately, at once, Eg. 87, 291, 492, Fms. ii. 10; jafnskjótt sem, as soon as, Nj. 5, Barl. 176, Karl. 409, 441. jafn-skygn, adj. as clear-sighted, 655 xiii. A, Bjarn. 59. jafn-skyldliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as dutifully, Ver. 3. jafn-skyldr, adj. equally bound or obliged, Grág. ii. 362, 403, Gþl. 70, 477, Fms. vii. 274. jafn-sköruliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally bold, Nj. 199. jafn-slétta, u, f. even, level ground. jafn-sléttr, adj. equally level, Stj. 79: as easily, Fas. ii. 48.

322 JAFNSLÆGR -- JAGT.

jafn-slægr, adj. as cunning, Fær. 99. jafn-snarpr, adj. (-snarpligr, adj., -liga, adv.), as sharp, Fms. vi. 156. jafn-snarr, adj. as alert. jafn-snart, adj., neut. as adv., as soon, instantly, Fas. iii. 434, Matth. xxvii. 48. jafn-snauðr, adj. as poor. jafn-snemma, adv. at the very same moment, of a coincidence, Eg. 425, Nj. 253, Fms. vi. 221; allir j., all at once, ix. 506, xi. 368 (both together); vóru þessir atburðir margir jafnsnemma, en sumir litlu fyrr eðr síðar, Hkr. ii. 368. jafn-snjallr, adj. equal, Glúm., Bjarn. (in a verse). jafn-spakr, adj. equally wise, Hm. 53. jafn-sparr, adj. as saving, as close, Grág. i. 197, 222. jafn-sterkr, adj. as strong, Fms. i. 43. jafn-stirðr, adj. as stiff. jafn-stórlátr, adj. as proud, Ld. 116. jafn-stórliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as proudly, Ölk. 34. jafn-stórr, adj. as big, as great. jafn-stórættaðr, adj. of equally high birth, Fms. iv. 26. jafn-stríðr, adj. as hard, severe, Sks. 639. jafn-stuttr, adj. equally short, brief. jafn-syndligr, adj. as sinful, Sks. 674. jafn-sætr, adj. as sweet, Fb. i. 539. jafn-sætti, n. an agreement on equal terms, Nj. 21, Sturl. iii 253, Fb. i. 126. jafn-tamr, adj. equally alert. jafn-tefli, n. an equal, drawn game, Vígl. 32. jafn-tengdr, part. in equal degrees of affinity, Grág. ii. 183. jafn-tíðhjalat, n. part. as much talked about, Nj. 100. jafn-tíðrætt, n. adj. = jafntíðhjalat, Nj. 100. jafn-tíguliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally lordly, Fms. x. 109. jafn-títt, n. adj. as often, as frequent, Niðrst. 10. jafn-torogætr, adj. as rarely to be got, choice, Bs. i. 143. jafn-torsótligr, adj. as hard to get at, Fms. x. 358. jafn-trauðr, adj. as unwilling. jafn-traustr, adj. as much to be trusted, Fms. vi. 244. jafn-trúr, jafn-tryggr, adj. as faithful. jafn-undarligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as strange, Sks. 80. jafn-ungr, adj. as young, Fms. iii. 60, iv. 383. jafn-úbeint, n. adj. as far from the mark, of a bad shot, Fms. viii. 140. jafn-úfærr, adj. as unpassable, Sturl. iii. 163. jafn-úhefnisamr, adj. as tame, Rb. 366. jafn-úráðinn, part. as irresolute, Grett. 153. jafn-úspakr, adj. as unruly, Sturl. ii. 63. jafn-útlagr, adj. having to lay out the same fine, N. G. L. i. 158. jafn-vandhæfr, adj. as dangerous to keep, treat, Grág. i. 89. jafn-vandliga, adv. as carefully, Grág. ii. 249. jafn-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as warily, Fms. vii. 127. jafn-varmr, adj. as warm, Sks. 217. jafn-varr, adj. as well aware, as much on one's guard, Dropl. 28. jafn-vaskliga, adv. as gallantly, Fms. vii. 127, Ld. 272. jafn-vaskligr, adj. as gallant. jafn-vaskr, adj. as bold, Str. 3. jafn-vátr, adj. equally wet. jafn-veginn, part. of full weight, Stj. 216. jafn-vegit, n. a law phrase, used when an equal number has been slain on both sides, in which case there were no further proceedings, Glúm. 383, Fas. ii. 208. jafn-vel, adv. as well, equally well, Nj. 48, Eg. 111, Gþl. 354: likewise, hafa fyrirgört fé ok friði ok jafnvel óðals-jörðum sínum, 142; en þenna eið skulu jafnvel biskupar ábyrgjask við Guð ..., jafnvel sem (as well as) hinir úlærðu, 57; jafnvel af sænum sem af landinu, Al. 2; ok jamvel sendir jarl þeim mönnum orð, sem ..., Fms. xi. 120: even, dögföll um nætr jafnvel at heiðskírum veðrum, Stj. 17; jafnvel eptir þat er þau misgörðu, 40; jafnvel sýniliga, j. oss önduðum, 9, Bs. i. 549, Barl. 170, 176, Gísl. 83; this last sense is very freq. in mod. usage. jafn-velviljaðr, part. as well wishing, Sks. 312. jafn-vesall, adj. as wretched, Krók. 54. jafn-virði, n. equal wirth, Bs. i. 9, Al. 48. jafn-vægi, n. equal weight, equilibrium, Hkr. ii. 250, Fas. i. 121; bóandi ok húsfreyja j. sitt, i.e. both of them equally, N. G. L. i. 6. jafn-vægja, ð, to weigh the same as another, Fms. iii. 120. jafn-vægr, adj. of equal weight, Sks. 644. jafn-vænn, adj. equally fine, handsome, promising, Fms. x. 429, Sturl. iii. 67. jafn-vætta, t, to weigh against, counterbalance, Stj. 13, Þorst. Síðu H. 14. jafn-yrða, ð, with dat. to altercate, bandy words, Sturl. iii. 213. jafn-þarfr, adj. as useful, Arnor. jafn-þéttr, adj. pressed as closely together. jafn-þjófgefinn, adj. as thievish. jafn-þolinmóðr, adj. as patient, Rb. 366. jafn-þolinn, adj. as enduring. jafn-þreyttr, part. as weary. jafn-þrifinn, adj. as cleanly. jafn-þröngr, adj. as tight. jafn-þungr, adj. as heavy, pressing, Fms. v. 264, Stj. 278. jafn-þurr, adj. equally dry. jafn-þykkr, adj. as thick, Hkr. iii. 159. jafn-þyrstr, part. as thirsty. jafn-æfr, adj. as impetuous. jafn-æstr, part. equally excited, Band. 34 new Ed. jafn-örr, adj. as eager, as liberal. jafn-öruggr, adj. as firm, steadfast. JAFNA, að, jamna, [Ulf. ga-ibnjan: cp. jafn], to make even, but seldom in its original sense, see slétta: to cut even, Katla lék at hafri sínum ok jafnaði topp hans ok skegg, Eb. 94; mörum sínum mön jafnaði, Þkv. 6. II. metaph. to make equal; svá sem skálir jafna (make to balance) tvær vágir, 732. 18; en í arfinum megi jafna hlut þeirra, Grág. i. 173; búar skulu j. hlut manna, ii. 343. 2. with dat. and with a prep.; jafna e-u saman, to compare, to set off one against the other; var þá jafnat saman vígum, Nj. 250; búar skulu jamna þar nesjum saman, Grág. ii. 262: jafna e-u við e-t, to compare one thing with another; en hvat of jafni öðrum mönnum við hana, Mar.; er hinum fornum lögum jafnat við blót, Eluc. 39; jamnit ér auðæfum yðrum við sönn auðæfi, Greg. 27: jafna e-u til e-s, to liken one thing to another; því hefi ek jafnat þessu til hornspónsins, at ..., Bs. i. 59; Gunnhildi þótti hyggjuleysi til ganga, eðr öfund, ef nokkurum manni var til Hrúts jafnat, Ld. 60; svá má ek helzt til jafna þessum konungum, Fas. iii. 60: absol., svo til að jafna, sem ..., so for example, as if ... III. reflex. to compare oneself, to be equal to, call oneself a match for another; nú veit ek eigi hvárt ek mætta þá við þik jafnask, Glúm. 337; segir at þeir hafa of dregit fram þræla, er slíkir skulu honum jafnask, when such fellows presume to be his equals, Fms. x. 421; jafnask til við e-n um e-t, to compare oneself with another in a thing, Fb. i. 261: with dat., hann rak engilinn frá sér er honum vildi jafnask, Fms. viii. 240: jafnask í orðum við e-n, to bandy words with one, 308, v.l. 2. pass. to become equal; kvað þá jafnask með þeim, then would all be made straight among them, Sturl. i. 77. jafna, u, f. [O. H. G. epani; Germ. ebene], level ground, a plain, Lat. planities; hann flýði af hálsinum ofan á jöfnu, Hkr. i. 151; er þar þriggja mílna för af jöfnu til þorpsins, Greg. 80; koma niðr á jöfnu, Stj. 380, Róm. 272. jafnaðr, m. and jöfnuðr, gen. ar, [Ulf. ibnassus = GREEK], an equal share; en þaðan af höfum vit jafnað af báðir, Hrafn, 17; slíkt sem honum sýndisk jöfnuðr milli þeirra, Fms. xi. 87; skyldi fimm tigir hundraða í jafnað Sigríðar, Dipl. v. 3; í jafnað við þat góz, sem ..., id.; at jafnaði, in equal proportion; eiga e-t at jafnaði, Grág. ii. 72; skipta e-u at jafnaði, i. 442, Fms. xi. 401, Fb. ii. 55, 256: in temp. sense, usually, ekki að jafnaði, Fas. iii. 226, Mar.; með jafnaði, id., Mar. 2. the dat. plur. jafnöðum (in mod. pronunciation jafnóðum) is used in adv. sense; hann mæðir sik í föstum ok vökum ok á bænum at liggja, ok jafnöðum svá talandi, Th. 7: in mod. usage, bit by bit, one by one, each in its turn ..., eg vil spyrja þá jafnóðum ok þeir koma, I will ask them one by one as they come in; as also jafnótt, see jafn B. II. metaph. equity, fairness, justice, Karl. 554, freq. esp. in mod. usage. COMPDS: jafnaðar-boð, n. a fair offer, Fas. ii. 444. jafnaðar-dómr, m. a law term, arbitrium; leggja mál til jafnaðardóms, to put a case for an umpire, Nj. 101; tvennir kostir ..., bjóða Þórgilsi jafnaðardóm, ok mundi hann svara fégjöldum eptir því sem dómr félli á, sá annarr at unna Þorgils sjálfdæmis, Sturl. iii. 170 (where jafnaðardómr is opp. to sjálfdæmi), Sks. 736. jafnaðar-eiðr, m. a law term, Gþl. 199; for this word see eiðr. jafnaðar-fundr, m. a meeting for making an agreement, Sturl. ii. 134. jafnaðar-geð, n. an even temper, Sks. 448. jafnaðar-gjöf, f. a law term, an equal gift, equal portion; gaf hann henni tuttugu hundruð af sínu gózi, ok reiknaði þat j. við Halldóru dóttur sína, Dipl. iv. 7. jafnaðar-hlutskipti, n. an equal share, equal portion, Dipl. v. 3. jafnaðar-hönd, f.; leggja e-t undir jafnaðarhönd, to share a thing in common, N. G. L. i. 220. jafnaðar-kaup, n. an equal bargain, Ld. 96. jafnaðar-leiga, u, f. a fair rent, Jb. 392. jafnaðar-maðr, m. an equal match; taka sér jafnaðarmenn, Fms. vii. 119, Band. 37 new Ed.: as a law term, an umpire, Fms. ix. 327: a fair, forbearing man, vizkumaðr mikill ok jafnaðarmaðr, x. 170; ofsa-maðr mikill ok ekki j. (overbearing), Sturl. ii. 143; lítill j., Fb. i. 520; jarl þótti engi j., Orkn. 44. jafnaðar-máli, a, m. a law term, an agreement, Dipl. iv. 2. jafnaðar-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), fair, Sturl. ii. 143. jafnaðar-skipti, n. fair dealing, Grett. 105 A. jafnaðar-þokki, a, m. mutual affection; j. er á með ykkr, ye love one another, Korm. 26, Grett. 162 A, Fas. i. 176. jafnan and jamnan, adv. constantly, always, Fms. ii. 37, Barl. 78; sem þú sagðir jafnan, as thou didst say always, Nj. 17; næsta jafnan, Sks. 18; æ jamnan, ever and ever, Sks. 193 B, passim. JAFNI, a, m. an equal, a match for one: of a thing, mæl til jafna ( = til jafna) við e-n, Fb. i. 250: mathem. an even number, í odda en eigi í jafna, Hom. (St.) JAFNI, a, m., botan. lycopodium clavatum, a herb used by dyers, Hjalt., mentioned in Sd.; jafna-baggi, jafna-belgr, a bag full of jafni, Landn. 208. COMPDS: jafna-bróðir, m. = jafni, Hjalt. jafna-kollr, m. a nickname, from hair as dyed (?), Landn. jafnindr (jamyndir menn), prop. a part. pl., a law term, 'day's men,' umpires; in Norse law, these day's men served as a kind of neighbours or jurors in matter of compensation; bæta ... sem jamyndir menn (as adj.) meta, N. G. L. i. 75; en ef hins verðr lóð, er lög festi fyrir, þá skolu jamnyndir menn meta, hve mikit hann neytti til laga stefnu, 248; bæta munda-baugi, sem jafnendr unno, þeir er okkr vilja sætta, Hbl. 42, analogous to the Icel. law phrases, sem búar meta, of the Grágás. jafningi, a, m. an equal, a match, Nj. 29, Fms. vi. 104, xi. 76: the saying, æ kemr maðr manns í stað, en ei jafningi jafnan, passim: in Þiðr. and Karl. the peers of Charlemagne are called jafningjar. jag, n. a quarrel, squabble, Lat. rixa. JAGA, að, [O. H. G. jagon; mid. H. G. jage; Germ. jagen; whence mod. Dan. jagen, pret. jog = to drive, whence to hunt, but in Icel. only in a particular sense] :-- to move to and fro, e.g. as a door on its hinges. 2. metaph. to harp on one string; hvat þarf ek um slíkt at jaga, Mkv.; jaga ávallt á enni sömn sök, to be harping all along on the same case, Mork. 183. 3. reflex. jagast, to altercate, Lat. rixari; cp. jag. II. to hunt; jaga dýr, Fas. iii. 273; in this sense however the word can hardly be said to be Icelandic. jagt or jakt, n. [jaga], a yacht, (mod.)

JAKI -- JARL. 323

JAKI, a, m. [cp. A. S. gicel], a piece of ice, broken ice, Fas. i. 472, Eb. 236-240, Grett. 140, passim. COMPDS: jaka-för, f. and jaka-hlaup, n. broken ice in a river, Grett. l.c.; see jökull: bel-jaki, a bulging piece of ice, metaph. a rough strong man; hann er mesti beljaki. Jakob, m. James: Jakobs-land, n. St. James' land, Compostella in Spain: Jakobs-messa, -vaka, St. James' mass, vigil, Fms.: botan., Jakobs-fífill, m. erigeron Alpinus, Alpine flea-bane, Hjalt. JALDA, u, f. [provinc. Swed. jälda], a mare, only in poetry, gömul jalda í stóði, Kormak (twice); í jöldu líki, Fms. xi. 42 (in a verse); ríða jöldu, Grett. (in a verse). Jöldu-hlaup, n. Mare's-leap, a local name in the north of Ireland, Landn. jam- and jamn-, see jafn-. jamla, að, to grumble, (slang.) Jamtr, m. pl. men from Jamtaland in Sweden, Fms. japla, að, to mumble, as with a toothless mouth. jappa, ad, to harp on the same thing. JAPR, m. [Norse jever], poët. a kind of snake, Edda (Gl.) japra, u, f. = japr, Edda (Gl.) JARA, u, f., poët. a fight, battle, Edda (Gl.), Ísl. ii. 353 (in a verse); jöru skript, a 'war-tablet,' i.e. a shield; jöru-þollr, a warrior, Lex. Poët. II. in pr. names; of women, Jar-þrúðr (mod. Jarð-þrúðr), Fms. vii; of men, Jör-undr, Landn. jarða, að, [Engl. to earth], to earth, bury, Bjarn. 69, Nj. 99, Eg. 130, Ísl. ii. 19, Mar.: reflex., H. E. i. 510. jarðan, f. earthing, H. E. i. 493. jarðar-, see jörð. jarð-bann, n. 'earth-ban,' when, from the earth being frozen or covered with snow, there is no feed for cattle, Eb. 290, Fb. i. 522, Bs. i. 873. jarð-borg, f. earth-works, an earth stronghold, Hkr. ii. 69. jarð-bugr, m. the earth's convexity, Rb. 474. jarð-búi, a, m. an earth-dweller, a dweller in underground caves, Fms. iii. 119. jarð-byggjandi, part. a tenant, Gísl. 83. jarð-byggvir, m. = jarðbyggjandi, Vellekla. jarð-díki, n. an earth-dyke, Stj. 194, v.l. jarð-eigandi, part. a landowner, Gþl. 348. jarð-eign, f. landed property. jarð-eldr, m. 'earth-fire,' volcanic fire, Landn. 78, Symb. 27, Bret. 8, Stj. 89, Grett. 141 new Ed. jarð-epli, n. pl. [Germ. erd-apfeln, Fr. pommes de terre], potatoes, (mod.) jarðeskr, adj. = jarðneskr, Barl. 36. jarð-fall, n. an earth-slip, Gísl. 33, Glúm. 341, Sks. 50, Pr. 381, Ísl. ii. 10. jarð-fastr, adj. earth-fast, fixed in the earth; j. steinn, Fms. xi. 442, Fas. ii. 256, Finnb. 324; j. hæll, Stj. 417, v.l. jarð-fé, n. treasure hidden in the earth, Grág. ii. 403, Hkr. i. 12. jarð-fjúk, n. a snow-drift, Valla L. 218: mod. skafrenningr. jarð-fólginn, part. hidden in the earth, Gþl. 310, Barl. 199. jarð-gjá, f. an earth-pit, Stj. 193. jarð-gróinn, part. = jarðfastr, Eg. (in a verse). jarð-göfigr, adj. 'lord of earth,' epithet of a king, Eg. (in a verse). jarð-hellir, m. an underground cave, Stj. 89. jarð-hita, u, f. = jarðhiti, Stj. 82, Bs. i. 306. jarð-hiti, a, m. subterranean, volcanic heat, Bs. i. 118, Grett. 136. jarð-hlutr, m. a land-allotter, liege-lord, Kormak. jarð-hola, u, f. an earth-hole, Eg. 767, Edda (pref.), Al. 166, Stj. 89. jarð-humall, m. wild hops, Hjalt. jarð-hús, n. an earth-house, underground home, Landn. 32 (in Ireland), Fms. vi. 149 (in besieging), Eg. 234, Fær. 169; or an underground passage opening into a dwelling house, and used for hiding or as a means of escape, freq. mentioned in the Sagas, Dropl. 28, Gísl. 44, Háv. 49, Fms. i. 15. jarðhús-nautr, in. a sword taken from a j., Fs. jarð-kerald, n. a large vat fixed in the floor, for keeping butter or the like, Pm. 91; mod. birða. jarð-kol, n. pl. fossil coal or saltpetre (?), Sks. 392; jarðkol ok brennusteinn = saltpetre (?) and brimstone. jarð-kostr, m. a choice of land, land to be had, Stj. 190. jarð-kross, m. a cross-shaped sod, cut so as to serve for a mark or boundary, K. Þ. K. 90, Valla L. 208, Dipl. i. 7. jarð-kykvendi (-kvikendi), n. a land animal, Ver. 2. jarð-laug, f. a bath in a warm spring from the earth, Ísl. ii. 412. jarð-laust, n. adj. furnishing no grazing; cp. jarðbann. jarð-leiga, u, f. land-rent, Js. 83. jarð-leysi, n. = jarðbann. jarð-ligr, adj. earthly, Lat. terrestris, Edda (pref.), Fb. iii. 465, Fms. x. 317, Niðrst. 6, Greg. 44, Hom. 38, Hem. 33. 2. jarð-litr, m. earth colour, dark colour, MS. 544. 39. jarð-lús, f. an 'earth-louse,' pediculus calcareus (Mohr), or rather a kind of beetle, cp. A. S. earðwicge, Engl. earwig: used in contempt, munu jarðlýsnar, synir Gríms, verða mér at bana? Landn. 146. jarð-lægr, adj. lying on the ground, of a keel, Fms. x. 319. jarð-munr, m. [Dan. jords-mon], a strip of land, portion, D. N. jarð-neskr, adj. earthly, esp. in an eccl. sense, Fms. x. 342, Stj. 14. 20, O. H. L. 11, Játv. ch. 3, N. T., Vídal., Pass. jarð-næði, n. a home, tenancy. jarðnæðis-lauss, adj. homeless, of a tenant. jarð-plógr, m. ploughing, Stj. jarð-ríki, n. the earth, the world, Edda (pref.), Sks. 491, Fms. i. 225, Barl. 84, etc.: esp. the kingdom of earth, eccl., opp. to himinríki, N. T., Vídal. jarð-setja, t, to bury, Pr. 413. jarð-skjálfti, a, m. an earthquake, Sks. 143, Hom. 139, Mar., freq. in mod. usage; cp. landskjálpti. jarð-stofa, u, f. = jarðhús, Fms. vii. 32: the floor = Germ. erdgeschoss, D. N. i. 350, iv. 395, (Fr.) jarð-varp, n. the act of throwing to the earth. jarð-varpa, að, to throw one to the earth, a law term. jarð-vegr, m. the earth, Mag.: in mod. usage a soil, góðr j., íllr j., sendinn j., etc., good, bad, sandy soil. jarð-yrkja, u, f. agriculture, (mod.) jarganlega, adv. querulously, (mod. and slang.) JARKI, a, m. [akin to jaðarr, qs. jaðrki], the outside of the foot, Edda 110, freq. in mod. usage; hoppa út á jörkum, to walk on the jarki: in the Færoic dialect jarki is used of the hand = handar-jaðar. jarkna-steinn, m. [prob. a for. word derived from the A. S. eorcnan-stân] :-- a gem, it occurs only in the following poems, Vkv. 23, 33, Gkv. 1. 18, 3. 9, which may all have been composed by one man, who borrowed the word from the A. S. JARL, m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; Engl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old and common to the Saxons as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specifically Norse, which afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was finally established by the Norman Conquest. A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk, as opp. to the churl folk or common people (karlar, búendr); thus the old poem Rígsmál distinguishes three classes, earls, churls, and thralls (jarla-ætt, karla-ætt, þræla-ætt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost proverbially opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, 'erl' is used about a hundred times = a man. Prof. Munch suggested that the name of the Teutonic people Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative (warriors), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countries this use of jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in poët. phrases, in old saws, and in law phrases; oddar görva jarli megin, spears make the earl's might, Mkv.; rudda ek sem jarlar forðum mér til landa, I won me lands like the earls of yore, Glúm, (in a verse): jarls yndi, an earl's delight = a man's delight, Hm. 96; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21; hlaðit ér, earlar, eikiköstinn, 20; ítrar jarla-brúðir, 'earl's-brides,' ladies, Gkv. 1. 3; alsnotrir jarlar, the gentle earls, 2; eggja ek yðr, jarlar, Am. 54; jarla einbani, 'earl-slayer' = GREEK, Em., Hkm.; karl-fólk ok jarla, churlfolk and earl folk, Sighvat; eitt mein sækir hvern jarl, every earl (man) has his ill luck, Fb. ii. (in a verse): in the law, jarls jörð, an earl's estate, is opp. to konungs jörð, a king's estate, in the phrase, hálfan rétt skal hann taka er hann kömr á jarls jörð, en þá allan ok fullan er hann kömr á konungs jörð, Grág. (Kb.) i. 192, for this is undoubtedly the bearing of this disputed passage; jarlmaðr is opp. to búkarl, Fms. vii. (in a verse); so also karlmaðr (q.v.) in its oldest sense is opp. to jarlmaðr, = churl-man and earl-man; hirð-jarl = hirðmaðr, Fms. xi. 302, v.l.; berg-jarl, poët. a 'crag-earl' = a giant, Edda (in a verse); bak-jarl, a 'back-earl,' an enemy in one's rear; of-jarl (q.v.), an 'over-earl,' an overbearing man. B. A chief, as a title, specially Norse and Danish. The Landnáma, which is almost our only source for the political and personal history of Norway before king Harald Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland, records several chiefs of the 8th and 9th centuries who bore an earl's name as a family dignity; Ívarr Upplendinga-jarl (Upplönd, a Norse county), Asbjörn jarl Skerja-blesi, Eyvindr jarl, 317; Atli jarl Mjóvi af Gaulum (a Norse county), Þorkell Naumdæla-jarl (earl in Naumdale, a Norse county), 281; Grjótgarðr jarl í Sölva (a county), 297: and as a family title, the famous Háleygja-jarlar (the earls of the Norse county Hálogaland, whose pedigree from Odin was drawn out in the old poem Háleygja-tal; Hákon jarl Grjótgarðsson, etc.): so also the Mæra-jarlar, the earls of Mæri (a Norse county), the foremost of whom was Rögnvaldr Mæra-jarl, the forefather of the earls of the Orkneys (Orkneyja-jarlar) and the earls of Rouen (Rúðu-jarlar = the dukes of Normandy). II. along with the Danish and Norse invasion the name appears in England, Bjartmár jarl in Ireland, Landn.; Hunda-Steinarr, an earl in England, id.; see also the Saxon Chronicle passim, where the very name indicates a Danish or Norse connexion. It is very likely that many of the earls of the Landnáma were sovereign chiefs, differing from kings only in title, for in old poetry a king and an earl were addressed in the same way. III. about the time of Harald Fairhair all the petty chiefs became liegemen under one king, the earl being in dignity nearest the king, answering to comes

324 JARLAKAPPI -- JÁNKA.

in mid. Lat. and graf in Germ. In Scandinavia both name and office became extinct about the 13th century: in Iceland, being a commonwealth, it never took root; see however Gizur jarl (died A.D. 1268) in the Sturlunga. -- For references see the Sagas passim, esp. Har. S. Harf. ch. 6. IV. in eccl. translation the Roman procurator provinciae is often rendered by jarl, e.g. Pílatus jarl, earl Pilate, Ver. 67, Pass. 20. 2. COMPDS: jarla-kappi, a, m. champion of earls (of Orkney), a nickname, Landn. jarla-skáld, n. poet of earls, a nickname of the poet Arnor for his poems on the earls of Orkney. Jarla-sögur, f. pl. Earls' Sagas (earls of Orkney), the old name of the present Orkneyinga Saga, Fb. ii. 347, Ó. H. 100. jarls-efni, n. a young earl, earl's heir, N. G. L. jarls-maðr, m. an earl's man, follower, Nj. 127. jarls-níð, n. earl's libel, name of a poem, Fb. i. jarls-ríki, n. an earldom, Hkr. i. 101, Fms. xi. 179. jarls-sæti, n. an earl's seat, Hkr. i. 81. jarl-borinn, part. earl-born, Fs. 125. jarl-dómr or jarls-dómr, m. an earldom, Landn. 260, Fms. i. 6, vii. 315, Hkr. i. 263. jarl-dæmi, n. = jarldómr, Fms. jarl-maðr, m. an earl. 2. freq. as a pr. name on Swed. Runic stones, Baut. passim. II. an earl's man, Lex. Poët. jarma, að, to bleat, of sheep and goats, Grett. 137 A, Greg. 50 passim. JARMR, m. [prob. identical with A. S. geomor; Hel. jamar; North. E. yammer; O. H. G. jamar; Germ. jammer, which words are else alien to the Scandin.] :-- a bleating, Gullþ. 19; sauða-jarmr, the bleating of sheep, Hrafn. 7; fugls-jarmr, the 'bleating,' crying of birds, as the giantess calls the birds' song, poët., Edda (in a verse), passim. jarpi, a, m. a kind of bird, tetrao bonasia (?), Norse jerpe, Edda (Gl.) JARPR, adj., fem. jörp, brown, of the hair; jarpr á hár, jarpt hár, Fms. vii. 112, 238, x. 397, Nj. 39; jarpa skör, Hðm. 21; skarar jarpar, Gkv. 2. 19: as epithet of a lady, Fms. vii. 62 (in a verse); hvít-j., id.: of horses, jarpr hestr, Flov. 33; in mod. usage, of horses only, Jarpr of a stallion, Jörp of a mare. jarp-skamr, Hðm. (doubtful.) jarp-skjóttr, adj. skew-ball, i.e. bay piebald, Sturl. ii. 177. jartegn or jartein, later form jarteikn or even jarðteikn, but not so in good MSS.; in Thom. S. even spelt hjartegn; jargtegn (badly), Fms. xi. 38: that the syllable tein was sounded guttural is also shewn by the rhyme, slíks eru jarteignir, Eb. (in a verse); and fregnar jartegnir, Leiðarv. 6; but also hrein ... jarteinir, 36: in the Rekst. the former syllable jart is rhymed on bjart: [Hel. word-têkan, O. H. G. and mid. H. G. wort-zeichen shew the true etymology to be word-token, whence, by a false etymology, arose the mid. H. G. and mod. Germ. war-zeichen; in the Scandin. the w was changed into j, Dan. jertegn, Grimm's Gramm. ii. 481, note; the word is however scarcely genuine Scandinavian, although it occurs in poems of the former part of the 11th century, e.g. the Rekst., as also in Eb. in the Hrafnsmál; but it is freq. used in the Sagas]: I. a token, a ring, knife, belt, sword, or the like; properly, 'a word's token,' which a messenger had to produce in proof that his word was true; orð ok jartegnir, orðsending ok jartegnir, Fms. i. 21. Eg. 36. 167, 467, 477; erendi ok j., 472; bréf ok j., Fms. vii. 47, (see bréf); með skilríkum vitnum ok jartegnum, Gþl. 60; senda menn með jartegnum, Eg. 67; fá e-m jartegnir sínar, bera fram jartegnir e-s, 96; bera upp örendi sín ok sýna jartegnir, Ó. H. 53; fingrgull þetta fær þú Rögnvaldi jarli, þær jartegnir mun hann kenna, id.; bar hann fram orðsendingar konungs ok sýndi þat með jartegnum, Eg. 38; þeim er taka vilja við vináttu minni ok jartegnum, Ó. H. 75; vera til jartegna, to be a token or proof of a thing, Eg. 49, 768; hafa e-t til jartegna, use as a token, proof, Sks. 725 B, Fms. viii. 197, Gísl. 97; nú tak hér gullit ok haf til jartegna, Fs. 8; nú er hér gull er þú skalt bera til jarteigna, at ek sendi þik, 7; fluttu sendimenn hér með konungi berar jarteignir af jarli at þeir fóru með sönnum hans eyrendum, Hkr. i. 327; sannar jartegnir, til sannra jartegna at þú segir satt, þá fær þú honum, Fms. iii. 61, Eg. 28, 476; þat eru miklar jartegnir, hve hlyðnir ..., it is a great token, how ..., Íb. 16; þat vóru jarteinir, at herr var í landi, it served as a token, that ..., Fms. i. 167. II. in sing, as well as plur. a miracle, esp. as a token or proof of the holiness of a saint, Nj. 162, Clem. 47, 59, Fms. vii. 351, xi. 38, Rb. 374, 418, Hkr. ii. 393; þat mun þér þykkja jartein -- Þat kalla ek atburð, segir hann, en eigi jartein, Sturl ii. 54; báru jarteinir vitni heilagleik hans, Greg. 57; Guðs jarteinir, Fms. i. 133. 2. a mystery; vita jartegnir ríkis Guðs, Hom. 67 (Mark iv. 11): in mod. usage, N. T., Pass., Vídal., krapta-verk, and not jarteikn. III. gramm. token, value, of a letter; hafa eitt hljóð ok jartein, Skálda 166 (Thorodd); þeirra stafa má þarnask ef vill í váru máli, þvíat engi er einka jartein þeirra, 167; líkneski, nafn ok j., id. COMPDS: jarteina-bók, f. a miracle-book, Bs., Orkn. 174, v.l. jarteina-görð, f. the working of miracles, Stj., Hkr. ii. 328, Fms. xi. 207, Orkn. 174. jarteina-kraptr, m. the power of working miracles, Greg. 54. jarteina-maðr, m. a worker of miracles, Greg. 55. jarteinar-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), wonderfully, Stj. jarteina, d, earteina, Skálda 166; jartegna, jargtengna, Bret. 59, Cod. B. (badly); mod. jarteikna :-- to betoken; mun sá siðr j. þau en fögru epli, Fms. xi. 12; jarteindu þat þau in miklu slátrin, er Barði lét þangat færa, Ísl. ii. 342; þat jartegndi blóma ríkis hans, Hkr. i. 123; Davíð konungr jartegnir Krist, Rb. 390: gramm. to represent, of a letter, hann (the character) læt ek jarteina jafnt sem hina tvá,, Skálda 166; sá stafr jarteinir tuttugu, id.; ok skolu tvá stafi earteina, id. JASTR or jast, n. [Engl. yeast; mid. H. G. jest and gest; Germ. gischt; Ivar Aasen jest and jestr; akin to ostr (q.v.) = a cheese] :-- yeast, leaven; jastri, dat., Nikd.: jast-ostr, m. a kind of cheese, Fms. vi. (in a verse): jast-rín, f., poët. the 'yeasting-stream' = poetry, song, Kormak: in mod. usage jastr means the skin on curdled milk, whence jastr-súr, adj. curdled, acid, of milk, Lex. Poët.; hence the mod. hjastr, n. a frothy, light work; það er mesta hjastr. jata, u, f. a manger (mod. = eta, q.v.), Gísl. 131, Luke ii. 7, 12, 17, passim in mod. usage. jötu-band, n. a manger rail. JAUR, adv., also spelt júr, Skálda 163 (Thorodd), Art. 126: in mod. usage proncd. double, jur-jór or jir-jór (sounded yer-yor), which word was at the end of the last century still used in the north of Iceland (Thingeyjar-sýsla): [it is a compd particle, from já = yea and r, which may be a pers. pron., analogous to the early Gmn. jâ ich! jâ dû! jâ sî! jâ ir! Grimm's Gramm. iii. 765; other Teutonic languages have preserved this particle, although in a somewhat different sense, mid. H. G. jâra or jâr-ia, jâra-ja] :-- yea, yes! with emphasis, yea, in sooth, yes indeed, yes certainly, as a reply to an expression of doubt or denial. Of this interesting particle only six instances are found in old writers: -- three in O. H. L., biskup leit útar í kirkjuna ok sá hvar Ólafr stóð ok mælti, nú er konungr út kominn, þeir sögðu at hann var eigi út kominn. -- Answer, Jaur, sagði biskup, sá er sannr konungr, er nú er út kominn, 10; hvat er nú um félag þat er konungrinn á með yðr? þeir drápu niðr höfði ok kváðusk ekki haus félag hafa. -- Jaur, sagði hann, þér sögðusk víst vera hans félagar, 45; Maðr svarar, hvá mælir þú þat ? -- Jaur, segir hann, þat var mér þá í hug, etc., 69; one in Thorn, (the Norse Recension), ekki var ek þar nærri, ok því sá ek enga þessa hluti, ekki heyrða ek ok þat er þú segir í frá. -- Jaur, segir hann, Guð þat veit, at ek em uruggr um þat at ek sá þik þar, 246; one in Valv. S. 126 (spelt júr); and lastly, one in Thorodd, austr, eárn, eir, júr, eyrir, vín, Skálda 163. Gudmund Andreae mentions this particle as in use in his time, and as sounded jör-jur, e.g. er ekki dagr? -- answer, jör-jur! viltú ekki þetta? -- answer, jör-jur! but his derivation from Lat. jure is erroneous. JAXL, m. [Shetl. yackle], a jaw-tooth, grinder, Lat. dens molaris, Am. 79, Eb. 60, Nj. 144, 203, Fas. i. 331, Stj. 414, N. G. L. i. 80; tennr ok jaxlar, Edda 5, Háv. 43, 49; jaxla verkr, tooth-ache, Bs. i. 195. jaxl-bróðir, m. = jaxl, Eg. (in a verse). jaxl-garðr, m. the jaw-bone, Fas. i. 331. JÁ, adv. [Ulf. jâi and jâ; O. H. G., Germ., Dutch, Swed., and Dan. jâ; Old Engl. and North. E. aye; A. S. gea; Old Engl. yea: the Saxons and Germans however prefer a compd; thus the A. S. ge-se, from gea = yea, and the subj. se ( = Lat. sit), whence Engl. yes (qs. ye-s = yea be it); the Germans say ja wohl! ja freilich! in preference to ja singly; as also Dan. ja-vist; analogous is the A. S. ne-se = no (Grimm's Gramm. iii. 764); as also jaur above] :-- yea, yes; já, sagði Kári, Nj. 263, passim: even, höfðingja, minni menn, já, hverja herkerlingu, Sturl. i. 36: as subst., já sem já er, nei sem nei er, K. Á. 200: fá já e-s, to get a person's 'yes,' his assent, N. G. L. i. 33; með jám (dat. pl.) ok handsölum, D. N. ii. 101. II. as interj., aye! yes! já, segir hann (hón), Ísl. ii. 144, 348, 353, Band. passim, esp. in Cod. Reg.: doubled, aye, aye! yes, yes! já, já! segir Hermundr, Band. 33 new Ed., Trist. 12; já, já? vel, vel! Bs. i. 421; já, já! sagði hann, kaupmaðr víst, O. H. L. 16. já, ð, part. jáð, to say yes, assent, consent, Lat. aio, with dat.; eptir sem honum þótti biskup sér jáð hafa, Fms. ix. 378; frekara en þeir jáðu, 52; hann jáði því, Finnb. 224; ok hann jár (pres.) honum at halda, Bs. i. 281; þann kost er mér var jáð, Fms. vi. 160; gengu allir bændr undir Þorgils, ok jáðu honum (confessed him) til yfirmanns, Sturl. iii. 270: with prep., já e-u undan sér, to yield up, Bs. i. 281; já e-u upp, to yield up, Fms. vi. 194; alla þá hluti sem nú eru upp jáðir, H. E. i. 398. já-eiðr, m. = jáorð, H. E. i. 465. já-kvæða, ð, to say yes, with dat., Sks. 772, Fms. vii. 280. já-kvæði, n. assent, consent, Orkn. 50, Fms. iv. 87, Anecd. 74. já-kvæðr, adj. assenting, consenting, 623. 24. jálfaðr, m. a name of Odin, from jálmr. JÁLKR, m. [Norse jelk: Dan. vallak], a gelding; ef graðr hestr bítr jálk, Gþl. 392: in mod. usage a hackney, freq. II. a pr. name of Odin, Gm., Lex. Poët. jálma, að, to clatter, Lat. stridere, Fb. i. 405 (in a verse). JÁLMR, m. a noise, bustle, poët., Landn. 162 (in a verse); j. málma, a clash of weapons, Fms. v. (in a verse); geira j., the clash or ring of spears, Orkn. 76 (in a verse). jánka, að, to say yes; hann jánkaði því, (convers.)

JÁORÐ -- JÁTARI. 325

já-orð, n. a 'yea-word,' assent, consent, Fms. vii. 305, Sturl. i. 141. JÁRN, n., in older spelling earn, Thorodd; járn is a contracted form; the older poët. form is ísarn, which occurs only five times in old poetry, Eb. 26 new Ed. (in a verse of A.D. 981); ísarn gullu, Hornklofi: ísarn-leikr, m. iron play, Haustl.: ísarn-meiðr, m. a blacksmith, Eg. (in a verse); Edda (Gl.) distinguishes between ísarn and járn. The contracted form jarn or earn however occurs even in the oldest poems, (járnviðr, Vsp.), and is dissyllabic in such verses as gunnþings earn-hringar (a verse of the beginning of the 11th century), Skálda (in a verse); but monosyllabic in járn, rhyming with orna, Fms. vii. 35 (in a verse); féksk arnar matr jörnum, Skálda: [Goth. eisarn; A. S. îsen; Engl. iron, still often pronounced iern; O. H. G. îsen; Hel. îsarn; mod. Germ. eisen; Dan. jern; Swed. järn] :-- iron; þú ritaðir earn þar sem ek munda járn ríta, Skálda 164; hagr maðr á tré ok járn, Eg. 4; ór járni, of iron, Nj. 272, passim. 2. in the phrase, bera járn (as an ordeal), to bear iron; sitja til járns, etc., Fms. ix. 280; for references see bera A. III. 1, p. 58. II. in plur. irons, fetters; setja í járn, Fms. ii. 143, xi. 246, 285; sitja í járnum, 287, passim: iron spikes, þar vóru járn á trjám fyrir, vii. 266: iron chains, irons, hann hafði járnum komit fyrir Stokksund, Hkr. ii. 5; iron hinges, lék þar grind á járnum, Fms. v. 331: horse-shoes, either járn or hesta-járn, (mod.): arms, weapons, Edda (Gl.) passim: also in sing., Nj. 193. III. in pr. names, Járn-gerðr, Landn., and Eld-járn, id. COMPDS: járna-far, n. an iron-print, a mark of weapons, Fas. ii. 400: iron-plating on a ship, Orkn. 362. járna-gangr, m. the clash of arms, Fms. xi. 288. járna-lauss, adj. without hinges (a chest), Pm. 6: unshod, of a horse. járna-staðr, m. a mark, print of irons, Hkr. iii. 290. járns-litr, m. iron colour, Stj. B. In endless COMPDS: járn-auga, n. 'iron-eye,' a nickname, Sturl. iii. 68. járn-band, n. an iron borer, Barl. 179. Járn-barði, a, m. 'Iron-boarder,' name of a battering ram, Ó. T. járn-benda, d, to band, gird, hoop with iron. járn-borg, f. an 'iron castle,' used of a ring of iron-clad ships, Hkv. Hjörv. járn-brandr, m. an iron bar, Niðrst. 106. járn-broddr, m. an iron prod or spike, járn-bundinn, part. iron-bound, of a shield, Karl. 240, 262, 349. járn-burðr, m. iron-bearing, the ordeal of carrying hot iron, mid. Lat. ferrum candens, for references see bera A. III. 1. járn-bútr, m. an iron stump, Þorst, Síðu H. 10: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 217. járn-dragi, a, m. an 'iron-drawer,' magnet, Konr. 33. járn-drepsleggja, u, f. an iron sledge-hammer, Eb. 272. járn-faldinn, part. hooded in mail, Eb. (in a verse). járn-festr, f. an iron bond, Vm. 70, 165, Greg. 54, Fas. iii. 213. járn-fjöturr, m. an iron fetter, Edda 20. járn-fleinn, m. an iron bar, Fas. iii. 125. járn-gaddr, m. an iron goad, Landn. 212, Fb. iii. 300, Bs. i. 820. járn-gerð, f. an iron girdle, Fms. v. 345. járn-glófi, a, m. an iron glove, Edda 15 (of Thor). Járn-glumra, u, f. name of an ogress, Edda (Gl.) járn-góðr, adj. of good iron, Fas. ii. 466. járn-grár, adj. iron-gray, Dipl. iii. 14 (of stuff); in Edda (Ht.) of a coat of mail. járn-greipr, f. pl. = járnglófi, Edda 60, 61. járn-grind, f. an iron grate, Niðrst. 106, Symb. 58. járn-görð, f. iron-forging. járngörðar-maðr, m. a blacksmith, Grett. 129 A. járn-hanki, a, m. an iron hoop, Sd. 191. járn-hattr, m. an iron hat, a kind of helmet, Ann. 1394, D. N. i. 321. Járn-hauss, m. Iron-skull, a nickname, Fær. járn-hespa, u, f. an iron hasp, Fas. iii. 383. járn-hlekkr, m. an iron link, chain. járn-hlið, n. an iron gate, Lil. 61. járn-hosa, u, f. = brynhosa, Þiðr. 169. járn-hólkr, m. an iron tube, Þjal. 8. járn-hringr, m. an iron ring, Hkr. ii. 12 (in a verse), iii. 266, Þiðr. 187: spelt earnhringar, Skálda 164. Járn-hryggr, m. Iron-back, a nickname, Fas. járn-hurð, f. an iron hurdle, door, Fms. i. 104, xi. 74, Þiðr. 169. járn-hvalr, m. a whale found with a harpoon in it, Jb. 108, 312, Js. járn-kambr, m. an iron comb, Fas. iii. 612, Blas. 46. járn-karl, m. an iron hoe, Vm. 177, passim in mod. usage. járn-kertistika, u, f. an iron candlestick, Vm. 34. járn-ketill, m. an iron kettle, Grág. i. 501. járn-kló, f. an iron claw or fang, Ísl. ii. 195. járn-klukka, u, f. an iron bell, Landn. 42. járn-klæddr, part. iron-clad, Hkr. iii. 201. járn-kola, u, f. a small iron lamp, Jm. 31, Vm. 177. járn-krókr, m. an iron crook, Fms. v. 157. járn-kylfa, u, f. an iron club, Fas. iii. 324. járn-lampr, m. an iron lamp, Pm. 126. járn-leikr, m. an iron game, poët. a battle, Höfuðl. 8. járn-ligr, adj. of iron, Lat. ferreus, Stj. 345. járn-litr, m. iron colour. járn-loka, u, f. an iron lock, Fas. iii. 380. járn-lurkr, m. an iron cudgel, Hbl. járn-lykkja, u, f. an iron clasp, Gísl. 88. járn-meiss, m. an iron basket: name of a ship. Nj. 163. járn-mél, n. pl. the iron mouth-piece of a bridle. járn-mikill, adj. of solid iron, Fb. i. 524. járn-milti, n. an iron bar. járn-munnr, m. an iron mouth, poët. of a beak, Lex. Poët. járn-nagli, a, m. an iron nail, Bs. i. 860, passim. járn-nef, n. an iron neb or beak, Fas. iii. 507. járn-nökkvi, a, m. an iron boat, used of a giant seen rowing in a boat of iron, Landn. 78. járn-ofinn, part. iron woven, of a coat of mail, Fas. i. (in a verse). járn-port, n. an iron gate, Stj. 205, járn-rekendr, part. pl. iron chains, barring a strait, Fms. vii. 183, xi. 322: shackles, Sks. 416; þá svaf Petrus bundinn tvennum járnrekendum, Post. 656 C. 11. járn-rending, f. [rönd], an iron brim, Korm. 120. járn-rendr, part. bordered with iron, Korm. 68, Grett. 119 A. járn-saumr, m. iron nails, N. G. L. i. 101. járn-sax, n. an iron cutlass, Lex. Poët. Járn-saxa, u, f. Iron-chopper, name of an ogress, Edda: a nickname, Nj. járn-serkr, m. an iron sark, coat of mail, Lex. Poët. járn-sía, u, f. a red-hot iron bar, Edda 61. Járn-síða, u, f. Ironside, nickname of a mythical warrior king, Ragn. S.; cp. the A. S. king Edmund Ironside: name of an Icel. code of laws (1271-1280), prob. from being cased in iron, Ann. Resen. 1271. járn-skip, n. a ship's model in iron, Pm. 51, 79. Járn-skjöldr, m. Iron-shield, a pr. name, Fb.: as also a nickname, Hdl. járn-skór, m. an iron shoe, Bárð. 179, Edda 56, (of the mythol. shoe of the god Vidar.) jára-slá, f. an iron bar, Fms. i. 129, Gísl. 88, Sks. 631, Fas. i. 415. járn-sleggja, u, f. an iron sledge-hammer, Bs. i. 120, Karl. 338. járn-sleginn, part. mounted with iron. járn-smiðr, m. a blacksmith, Eg. 141, Landn. 118, Fms. vi. 361, Stj. 451: metaph. a black insect, so called as opp. to gullsmiðr, q.v. járn-smíð, f. the forging of iron, Fms. xi. 427. járn-smíði, n. smith's work, Sturl. i. 47. járn-spjót, n. an iron spear, Karl. 365. járn-spöng, f. an iron clasp, Gþl. 105: iron-plating, Fms. ii. 310. járn-stafr, m. an iron staff, Nj. 211, Hkr. i. 229, Landn. (in a verse), járn-stika, u, f. an iron candlestick, Vm. 2, 6, Dipl. iii. 4. járn-stóll, m. an iron chair, Dipl. v. 18, D. N. járn-stólpi, a, m. an iron post, Sks. 631. járn-stúka, u, f. the sleeves of a coat of mail, Sighvat. járn-stöng, f. an iron bar, Bárð. 164. járn-súla, u, f. an iron column, Edda 61, Fb. i. 527. járn-svipa, u, f. an iron lash, Clem. 57, 656 C. 36. járn-teinn, m. an iron prong, Eg. 285, Bs. i. 854: iron wire, Fms. ii. 129, v.l.: an iron fork, Fas. iii. 123. járn-tíund, f. a tax on iron, N. G. L. i. 462. járn-vafinn, part. wound round with iron, Eg. 285, Sturl. i. 63, Krók. járn-varðr, part. mounted with iron, Darr. 2, Stj. 387, Fms. vi. 145. járn-vápn, n. an iron weapon, Fas. ii. 178. járn-viðjar, f. pl. iron withes, iron wire, Fas. iii. 211, Symb. 57, Gullþ. 52. Járn-viðr, m. the Iron Wood, a mythical wood with iron leaves (Vsp. 32), peopled by ogresses, called Járn-viðjur, f. pl., Edda, Eyvind (Yngl. S. ch. 9): also the local name of a wood in Holsten, -- den stora Holstenska skov Isarnhow, der af de Danske oversættes Jarnwith, Nord. Tidskr. for Oldk. i. 272. járn-völr, m. an iron bar, Bev. járn-æðr, f. iron vein, ore, 544. 39. járn-ör, f. an iron shaft, N. G. L. i. 102: also = herör, q.v. (sub herr B, at end). járna, að, to mount with iron; járnaðir vagnar, wains mounted with iron, Stj.; járnuð kerra, 386; járnaðr skjöldr, Valla L. 213; járnuð hurð, Bær. 15; róðrgöltr með járnuðum múla, Sks. 395: with hinges, járnaðr kistill, kista, D. N. iii. 421, Pr. 413; járna kistu, Rétt. 2. 10, Pm. 120, Vm. 121. II. spec, usages, to put in irons, Fms. xi. 445: to be mailed, 365. 2. to shoe a horse; járna hest, Boll. 346, Fms. viii. 182; hann léði honum hest járnaðan öllum fótum, Sturl. ii. 145; hánn lét sér til ferðarinnar járna tvau hross, Bs. ii. 184; al-járnaðr, shod on all the feet; ílla, vel járnaðr; blóð-járna, to 'blood-shoe,' shoe to the quick: the ancients usually said skúa (to shoe) hest, but járna is the mod. term. JÁTA, að, or játta, t: it varies between the 1st and 2nd conjugation, the older forms being, pres. játi, játir, as still used in the north of Icel., pret. játti, part. játt; the later, pres. játa, játar, pret. játaði, part. játað: [mid. H. G. jaze] :-- to say yes: I. with dat. or absol. to say yes, assent; allir játtuðu því, Fms. vii. 281; þessu játtar Þrándr, vi. 190; þessu játir hann, Glúm. 360, 361: to acknowledge, confess; játta ek því, at ek hefi ..., Fms. vii. 305; sagði at Erkibiskup hafði því játtað (v.l. jáð), viii. 258; nú játar ek Dróttni, Stj. 174; ef þeir göra iðran játandi þínu nafni, 567; játa Guði, Greg. 20; hann neitaði Guðs nafni en játaði guðuni sínum, Fms. x. 324: to consent, þóat játtat hafi verit, Sks. 776 B; eptir lögum ok því sem þá var játtat, Gþl. 47; játuðu ok samþyktu allir, at ..., id.; ek mun jata (consent) at görask hans eiginkona, Fms. i. 3; þeir beiða þess at Sturla játaði í dóm Jóns Loptssonar um málit, Sturl. i. 105; Dana-konungr játtaði gjöfinni, Fms. x. 84; nú játti jarlinn hváru-tveggja, Kristninni ok vingan konungs, 277; játta e-u undan sér, to yield up, Orkn. 52; játaði biskup upp (yielded up) öllum stöðum, Bs. i. 730: to promise, þann Finninn er hann hafði játt (ját), at ..., Fms. x. 379; mun ek þessu játa fyrir mik ok heimamenn mína, Nj. 162; játtir þú ferðinni, didst thou promise to go? Fms. iii. 72; játa skuldar-stöðum, Ld. 212. II. with acc. of the thing, to acknowledge, confess; játa syndir, Fb. ii. 434, Sks. 129 new Ed., Th. 23, 625. 92: to grant, játtuðu allir þér konungdóm, Fms. vii. 153; Jesús Christr sá er ek trúi á, ok játi með munni, Blas. 41: to yield, give, játa konungi þat alt er hann beiddi, Fms. xi. 224; konungr bað bændr játa sér reiðskjóta, 223; játa sik, to confess one's sins, Bs. i. 121; þann tíma er herra Gyrðr hafði sik til játtat (promised), H. E. i. 528; játta sik undir e-t, to engage oneself, Dipl. ii. 11, Fms. ii. 238. III. reflex., játask undir e-t, to engage oneself to, accept, profess, Nj. 122, Fms. x. 24, xi. 38: to promise, hvárt-tveggja játask öðru til hjúskapar, H. E. i. 247. játan and játtan, f. confession, Edda ii. 192, H. E. i. 484. játari, a, m. a confessor, Hom. 147, Bs. i. 48.

326 JÁTING -- JÓRSALAFARI.

játing, f. = játning, Hom. 4. játning, f. confession, esp. in an eccl. sense; játning heilagrar trúar, Fms. i. 142; Trúar-játning. the Creed, confession of faith; Augsborgar-trúarjatning = the Augsburg Confession, Confessio Augustana, Vídal. passim: synda-játning, confession of sins, H. E. i. 476, Bs. i. 746, 846, passim. játsi, adj. indecl. saying yes, confessing; konungr varð honum þess játsi, Fms. x. 379. já-yrði, n. = jáorð, Fms. ii. 291, vii. 359, xi. 218, Sturl. iii. 315, K. Á. 112. JÓÐ, n. [this interesting word is prob. akin to óðal, auðr, eðli, referring to an old lost strong verb, jóða, auð, throwing light upon the sense of these words] :-- a baby, Edda 108, Rm. 38; jóð ól Edda, jósu vatni, Rm. 7; ól ek mér jóð, Gh. 14, Skv. 3. 60 (Bugge); eiga jóð, Vkv. 31; fæða jóð, Am. 103; jóðs aðal, a baby's nature, poët. of one sucking like a baby, Ýt. 13: poët., arnar-jóð, úlfs, gyldis, örnis jóð, an eagle's, wolf's, giant's kin, Lex. Poët.; hauk-jóð, a hawk's offspring, Rekst.; hún (the fox) á sér í holu jóð, hvað eiga þau að eta? Snót. jóð-dís or jó-dís, f. a sister, poët., Edda 109, Ýt. 7: as a pr. name, of women, Jó-dís, Jó-fríðr, Jó-reiðr, Jó-runn; of men, Jó-steinn, see the remarks under dís. jóðla, að, [jóð], to drawl like a baby. jóð-ligr, adj. blooming like a baby; hón mun barn fæða ok mun þat sveinn vera bæði mikill ok jóðligr, Fb. ii. 9; hón fæddi meybarn bæði mikit ok jóðligt, Ísl. ii. 19. jóð-móðir, f. [Dan. corrupt jorde-moder], a midwife. jóð-sjúk, f. adj. 'baby-sick,' in labour, Ann. 1371. jóð-sótt, f. the pains of childbirth, travail-pains, Fms. iv. 32, Mar. passim. jóð-ungr, adj. 'baby-young,' infantile, Skv. 3. 37. jóð-verkr, m. = jóðsótt, Mag. 95. JÓL, n. pl., in rhymes, gólig, Jóla, Ó. H. (in a verse); [A. S. geôl, sometimes used of the whole month of December, whereas December is also called æra geola = fore Yule, and January æftera geola = after Yule; the plur. in Icel. perhaps refers to this double month. The origin and etymology of the word Yule is much contested, and has been treated at length by Grimm (Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache), who tries to make out a relation between the Lat. J&u-long;lus or J&u-long;lius and the Teut. Yule, the one being a midsummer month, the other a midwinter month; like former etymologists, he also derives the word from hjól, a wheel, as referring to the sun's wheeling round at midwinter and midsummer time. The resemblance of the words is striking, as also the old northern celebration of the midsummer feast Jónsvaka (see below), which was in fact a kind of midsummer Yule.] B. Yule, a great feast in the heathen time, afterwards applied to Christmas (as still in North. E.) In Icel. popular usage Yule-eve is a kind of landmark by which the year is reckoned, so that a man is as many years old as he has passed Yule nights, hafa lifað (so and so) margar Jóla-nætr; for the year counts from Yule night, whence the phrase, vera ílla or vel á ár kominn, to become well or ill in the year; thus a person born shortly before Yule is 'ílla á ár kominn,' for at next Yule he will be reckoned one year old, whereas one born just after it is 'vel á ár kominn.' The heathen Yule lasted thirteen days, whence are derived the names Þrettándi, the thirteenth = Epiphany, i.e. the 6th of January, as also the Engl. 'Twelfth-night;' it is however probable that the heathen feast was held a little later than the Christian (see hökunótt). The heathen Yule was a great merry-making, and tales of ghosts, ogres, and satyrs were attached to it, esp. the Jóla-sveinar or 'Yule-lads,' a kind of goblins or monster satyrs, thirteen in number, one to each day of the feast, sons of the kidnapping hag Grýla (q.v.), whose names were used to frighten children with, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 219, 220. As the night lengthens and the day shortens, the ghosts gain strength, and reach their highest at Yule time, see Grett. ch. 34-37, 67-70, Eb. ch. 34, Flóam. S. ch. 22. The day next before Yule is called atfanga-dagr (q.v.) Jóla, when stores were provided and fresh ale brewed, Jóla-öl. Passages in the Sagas referring to Yule are numerous, e.g. Hervar. S. ch. 4, Hálfd. S. Svarta ch. 8, Har. S. Hárf. ch. 16 (in a verse), Hák. S. Góða ch. 12, 15, 19, Ó. H. ch. 151, Eb. ch. 31, Landn. 3. ch. 15 (in the Hb.), Bjarn. 51 sqq., Sturl. iii. 127. As for Yule games cp. the Norse and Danish Jule-buk, Jola-geit (Ivar Aasen) = a Yule goat, Dan. Jule-leg = a Yule game. II. in poetry a feast (generally); hugins jól, a raven's feast, Fms. vi. 255 (in a verse), cp. Bjarn. 36. COMPDS: Jóla-aptan, m. Yule-eve, Landn. 215, Fms. vii. 183, ix. 480, xi. 15. Jóla-bál, n. a 'Yule-bale,' Yule-fire, a bright blazing fire, Skýr. 265. Jóla-boð, n. a Yule banquet, Eg. 516, Fms. ii. 39, Hkr. ii. 70. Jóla-bók, f. a Yule book, lessons for Christmas Day, Am. 30, Pm. 14. Jóla-dagr, m. a Yule day (first, second, etc.), K. Þ. K., Nj. 165, 270, Rb. 44, 436. Jóla-drykkja, u, f. Yule drinking, Landn. 216, Fbr. 138, Bjarn. 51, Fms. vii. 274. Jóla-fasta, u, f. Yule-fast, the preparation for Christmas = Advent, K. Þ. K., Rb., Eb. 272. Jóla-friðr, m. Yule-peace, sanctity, Sturl. iii. 127. Jólaföstu-bók, f. lessons for Advent, Pm. 79. Jólaföstu-tíð, f. (-tími, a, m.), Advent time, K. Á. 188. Jóla-gjöf, f. a Yule gift, Christmas box, Eg. 516, Hkr. ii. 70: a tax paid to the king, N. G. L. i. 58, Fms. vii. 1, x. 410. Jóla-grið, n. pl. = Jólafriðr. Jóla-hald, n. a keeping of Yule, Fms. i. 31. Jóla-helgi, f. Yule holiday, K. Þ. K. Jóla-höll, f. a hall where Yule is held, Fms. ix. 372. Jóla-kveld, n. Yule-eve, Fms. i. 76, iv. 82, vii. 161. Jóla-les, n. a Yule lesson, Pm. 31. Jóla-morgin, m. Yule morning, Fs. 143. Jóla-nótt, f., see above, Fms. i. 31, x. 296, K. Þ. K. 126. Jóla-skrá, f. a Yule scroll, see Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 561, a kind of almanack with weather prophecies. Jóla-sveinar, m. pl., see above. Jóla-tíð, f. Yule-tide, N. G. L. i. 350: in plur., Jóla-tíðir, Christmas service, Fms. ii. 37. Jólatíða-bók, f. lessons for Christmas, Am. 72. Jóla-tungl, n. the Yule moon. Jóla-veizla, u, f. a Yule banquet, Fms. i. 31, x. 178. Jóla-vist, f. holding, staying the Yule, Eb. 236, Hkr. i. 72, Fms. ix. 290, x. 410, Sturl. i. 216. Jóla-öl, n. Yule ale, Eb. 274. Jólfuðr, m. a name of Odin, Edda; as also Jólfr, a pr. name, Fas. ii. JÓLL, m.; the mod. form njóli is no doubt a corruption from hvannjóli (q.v.), by dropping the former part of the compd, but retaining the final n, which was transferred to the latter part of the compd, just as in Dan. paa = opp-aa: [jol = angelica sylvestris, Ivar Aasen] :-- wild angelica; the word is recorded in the Edda Lauf., and occurs in Ls. 3, -- jól (acc.) ok áfu færi ek Ása sonum ok blend ek þeim svá meini mjöð, denoting that Loki threatened to poison their ale with ill-flavoured herbs (the passage must certainly be so taken, and not as suggested s.v. áfr, p. 40). Jól-mánuðr, m. the Yule month, Rb. 556, Fms. x. 222. Jólnir, m. a name of Odin: in plur., jólnar, the gods, Edda (Gl.), Ht. JÓM, n. a county in Pomerania, where the Danes had an ancient colony and stronghold called Jóms-borg, f. and Jóms-víkingar, m. pl. the Vikings of Jom: Jómvíkinga-bardagi, a, m. the battle of J. (in the year 994), Fms. passim: Jómvíkinga-saga, u, f. the Saga of J. Jómali, a, m. [a Tchudic word], the idol of the Finns at the White Sea, Ó. H. ch. 122. jóm-frú, f. a maid, miss; see jungfrú. JÓN, m. (Jónn, Fb.), a pr. name, contraction of the older dissyllabic Jóann, John, Johannes, see Íb. 17: of the same origin are Jóhann, Jóhannes, Jens, which have come into use since the Reformation, whereas Jón or Jóan appears in Icel. at the middle of the 11th century, and soon afterwards became so popular that in the K. Á. (of 1276) it is made to serve for M. M. (N. or M.) in the baptismal formula, as also in the law formula, yfir höfði Jóni, against M. M., see Njála. Jóns-bók, f. John's book, the code of laws of 1281, named after John the lawyer (lögmaðr), who brought the book from Norway to Icel., Ann. 1281, Árna S. II. St. John Baptist's Day (June 24) is in the northern countries a kind of midsummer Yule, and was in Norway and Sweden celebrated with bonfires, dances, and merriment; and tales of fairies and goblins of every kind are connected with St. John's eve in summer as well as with Yule-eve in winter. The name of the feast varies, -- Jóns-dagr, m., Jóns-messa, u, f., Jónsvöku-dagr, m. the day, mass of St. John = the 24th of June; Jóns-nótt, f., Jóns-vaka, u, f., St. John's eve, 'John's-wake,' Rb. 530, Sturl. iii. 59, N. G. L. i. 340, 343, Fms. viii. 357, ix. 7: Jónsvöku-skeið, Fms. x. 49: Jónsvöku-leyti, id. In Norway the feast is at present called Jonsoka = Jónsvaka, and the fires Jonsoku-brising (cp. the Brisinga-men of the Edda). The origin of this feast is no doubt heathen, being a worship of light and the sun, which has since been adapted to a Christian name and the Christian calendar. For the fairy tales connected with this feast, see Ísl. Þjóðs., which tales again call to mind Shakspeare's Midsummer Night's Dream: Jónsmessu-öl, n. ale brewed for St. John's day, N. G. L. i. 137; þá var sumar-tíð ok hátíð mikil Jónsvöku-nótt, Bær. 17. 2. Jóns-dagr, Jóns-messa are also used to signify the day or mass of the Icel. bishop John (died A.D. 1121), April 23 and March 3, see Bs.: Jóns-höfuð, Jóns-skript, f. the head, tablet of St. John, B. K., Vm., etc.: Jóns-stúka, u, f. chapel of St. John, Sturl. i. 125. JÓR, m., gen. jós, Ls. 13; dat. jó, Hm. 89; acc. jó, Hkv. 2. 47, Skm. 15, Kormak: plur. jóar, dat. jóm, Gm. 30, Hðm. 3; acc. plur. jóa, Hkv. 2. 38, but jói, 39; gen. plur. jóa, Gm. 43: [O. H. G. and Hel. ehu; in Goth. prob. aihvus; but as the Acts, Apocalypse, and Epistle of St. James are lost in the version of Ulf., we do not know the exact Goth. word for a horse: the Gr. GREEK (GREEK) and Lat. equus represent the uncontracted, the Teut. ehu, eô- (jó-r) the contracted form] :-- a stallion, but only used in poetry; in mod. poets the r is wrongly kept as radical in plur. jórar, dat. plur. jórum: poët. also, borð-jór, siglu-jór, 'board-steed,' 'sail-steed,' = a ship. jór-bjúg or rather jór-bjúga, n. [from jöfur, a boar, and bjúga, q.v.] :-- a kind of sausage (?), a GREEK, Gkv. 2. 24, referring to iðrar blótnar and svíns-lifr soðin in the preceding verse. jó-reið, f. horsemen (?), Hkv. 1. 47. jó-reykr, m. the cloud of dust seen afar off above a body of horsemen, Fms. vi. 411, vii. 68, Al. 31, Fas. i. 497. Jór-salir, m. pl. Jerusalem. COMPDS: Jórsala-borg, f. Jerusalem. Jórsala-fari, a, m. Jerusalem-traveller: as an appellative,

JÓRSALAFÉ -- JARÐARMEN. 327

Sigurðr J., Fms. vii; Björn J., Ann. Jórsala-fé, -gjöf, -tíund, f. a Jerusalem fee, penny, tithe (referring to the Crusades), Fms., Ann., Sks., Bs., Rb., Hom. passim. Jórsala-ferð, -för, f. a journey to J. Jórsala-haf, n. the sea of J. = the Mediterranean. Jórsala-heimr, m., -land, -ríki, n. the land of J. = Palestine. Jórsala-konungr, m. the king of J. Jórsala-menn, -lýðr, m. the people of J. jórtr, m. rumination, of animals: jórtr-dýr, -kvikendi, n. ruminating animals. JÓRTRA, að, prob. qs. jótra, from jótr (q.v.), to ruminate, Stj. 316 :-- jórtruð húð, a rugged hide, rough as an animal's maw, Fas. iii. (in a verse). Jór-vík, also in later writers Jórk, contr. from A. S. Eoforwic, York (Lat. Ebor&a-short;cum), Fms. Jótar, m. pl. the Jutes, a Dan. tribe. Jótland, n. Jutland: Jótlands-haf, n. the Cattegat: Jótlands-síða, u, f. the west coast of Jutland, Fms., Eg. JÓTR, m., gen. jótrs, Þd. 17, a canine tooth, Edda (Gl.): medic., andlits mein (face disease) þat er menn kalla jótr, similar to gaddr (q.v.) in sheep, Bs. i. 611. Jótskr, adj. Jutish, from Jutland, Fms. juð, n. a maundering. juða, að, to maunder; vertu ekki að juða! (slang.) jukk, n. a mess, medley; allt í jukki, all in a mess. jula, u, f. a yawl, (mod.) jung-frú, f., junk-frú, Fms. x. 86, v.l.; jung-frúva, Mork. 14; whence the mod. jóm-frú, Dan. jomfru; both words are foreign and derived from Germ. jungfrau, as is shewn by the initial j; the word however appears in the 13th century, mostly in the sense of a princess, esp. those of foreign birth, as in Fms. vi. 59, 132, of a Saxon and Russian princess; but also jungfrú Margrét, of a daughter of Skúli hertogi, ix. 292, 412; jungfrú Kristín, 220, of an earl's daughter; but esp. in the Hák. S. Gamla (Fms. ix, x), passim: of the Virgin Mary, Dipl. ii. 14, B. K. 83. jungfrú-aldr, m. maiden age, time of maidenhood, Stj. jungfrú-dómr, mod. jómfrúr-dómr, m. maidenhood, Clar. jungfrú-ligr, adj. maiden-like, Mar. jung-herra, m., or junkeri, a, m., the Germ. jungherr, junker, prop. a young lord, in old writers esp. used of a prince, Fms. vi. 51, Magn. 462, Ann., Fms. ix. passim, Fas. iii. 358. jung-ligr, adj. = ungligr, Fb. ii. 538. jung-menni, n. a young man, Barl. 112, 156. jungr, adj. young ( = ungr); this Germanized form is freq. in some MSS. of the 14th and 15th centuries (see Fb. pref. xxii), as also in ballads (rímur) of that time (Skíða R. 199, Þrymlur 7), but was afterwards disused, and never took root in the spoken language. JURT, f., later urt, which forms also occur in old writers, Al. 85, Hom. 53, no doubt a borrowed word from the Germ. or Saxon; the j being a substitute for the Germ. w, which cannot be sounded in Icel. before the letter u; [A. S. wyrt; Engl. wort; O. H. G. wurz; Germ. würze; Dan. urt] :-- aromatic herbs, used to season wine, dishes, ointment; in old writers only in that sense, whereas in mod. usage = a herb; smyrsl ok jurtir, Magn. 430; smyrja með dýrustum jurtum, Al. 30; skaltú laugask ok smyrja þik ágætum jurtum, Stj. 423; dýrligra urta, Eluc. 53; dýrar jurtir, Fas. iii. 359; allar þær urtir er bezt ilma, Al. 85; ágætar jurtir, Bs. i. 258; krydd ok jurtir, Stj. 194; ilmandi urtir, Hom. 53. II. mod. a herb; grösin og jurtir grænar, Hallgr. COMPDS: jurta-garðr, m. [Dan. urtegaard], a garden of herbs, a kitchen-garden. jurta-klefi, a, m. a room for spices, Stj. 205. jurtar-legr, adj. spicy, Stj. 74. jurta-teinungr, m. a stick of spice, Stj. 74: but, mat-jurtir, herbs, garden stuff (mod.); matjurta-bók, a book about herbs. justa, u, f. [for. word; justa, Du Gauge], a kind of measure for liquids, four justur making a bolli (q.v.), Gþl. 525, MS. 732. 16 (of a vessel), Nj. 43. justis, m. [for. word], justice, H. E. i. 503, Thom. jú, adv. [cp. Dan. jo; O. H. G. jû; Germ. je], yes; jú jú, yea yea; ó-jú, id. (convers.) Júdi, a, m. a Jew, Lat. Judaeus, (rare); cp. Gyðingr. JÚGR, n. [Engl. udder; North. E. yure or yower; Germ. euter; Dan. yver; Swed. jur; Gr. GREEK; Lat. uber] :-- an udder, Bs. i. 194, Fb. ii. 165, freq. in mod. usage; þvíað stálmi var farinn að koma í júgrin, Od. ix. 440. júgr-bólga, u, f., júgr-mein, n. an udder disease. júg-tanni, a, m., qs. jótr-tanni (?), 'tusk-tooth,' poët. for a bear, Korm., Lex. Poët. júr, yes, Skálda 163, Art. 126; see jaur. júristi, a, m. [for. word], a lawyer, Bs. i. Laur. S. jæ-ja, interj. aye aye! yes! denoting hesitation, Piltr og Stúlka 8. jöfnuðr, m. equity; see jafnaðr. JÖFURR, m., dat. jöfri, pl. jöfrar: I. [A. S. eofor; O. H. G. epar; Germ. eber; Lat. aper] :-- a wild boar; but it occurs in this sense only twice or thrice in poetry, Merl. 1. 39, Gkv. 2. 24. II. metaph. a king, warrior, prob. from the custom of wearing boar's heads as helmets, cp. A. S. eofor-cumbol and Hildigöltr; jöfurr in this sense is not used in prose, but is freq. in old poetry, even in poems as old as the Ýt., see Lex. Poët. Sense I. is unknown to the Scandin., and sense II. to the Teut. languages. jöklaðr, part. covered with icicles, Sks. 229, of the beard. jökul-barinn, part. storm-beaten, stiffened with ice, Lv. 86. jökul-hlaup, n. an 'ice-leap,' ravine. jökul-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, Flóv. JÖKULL, m., dat. jökli, pl. jöklar, prop. a dimin. from jaki, q.v.; [A. S. gicel, i.e. îs-gicel, whence Engl. icicle; Low Germ. jokel] :-- an icicle; gékk inn í sal, glumdu jöklar, var karls er kom kinnskógr frörinn, Hým. 10, of the icicles in the giant's beard; síðan tóku þeir jöklana ok bræddu, Fms. ix. 155: so also in poët. phrases, where silver is called jökull handar or mund-jökull, the icicle of the hand, Hallfred, Lex. Poët.: as also böðvar-j., the war-icicle = the sword, or sár-j., the wound-icicle, see Lex. Poët. II. a metaph. sense, ice, gener.; vatnið snýsk í jökul, Sks. 196; settu þeir þat upp með öllum sjánum sem í var ok jöklinum, en þat var mjök sýlt, i.e. they launched the ship with all the ice in it, Grett. 125: snjór ok jökull, Sks. jökla-gangr, m. an ice-drift, Grett. 132 new Ed. 2. in specific Icel. sense, a glacier; this sense the Icelanders probably derived from the Norse county Hardanger, which is the only county of Norway in which Jökul appears as a local name, see Munch's Norg. Beskr.; in Icel. it is used all over the country both as an appellative and in local names, whereas the primitive sense (icicle) is quite lost, Fs., Fb., Eg. 133, Nj. 208, passim. 3. in local names, Ball-jökull, Eyjafjalla-j., Snæfells-j., Vatna-j., Mýrdals-j., Öræfa-j., Dranga-j., Langi-j., Eireks-j., etc., see the map of Icel.; the glaciers of the Icel. colony in Greenland are also called jökuls: of rivers, Jökuls-á, f. Ice-water; Jökuls-dalr, m. Ice-water-dale; Jökla-menn, m. pl. the men from the county Jökul (i.e. Snæfells-jökull), Sturl. ii. 158; Jöklamanna-búð and goðorð, see búð and goðorð. jökul-vatn, n. ice-water from a glacier, Fas. iii. 570, Mar. jökul-vetr, n. an icy, hard winter, Ann. 1233. JÖRÐ, f., gen. jarðar; dat. jörðu, mod. also jörð; pl. jarðir; in old writers dat. and acc. are carefully distinguished; in mod. prose and conversation the apocopated dative is mostly used, whereas the poets use either form, as is most convenient for the flow of the verse and the metre, as in the Passion hymns, α. the full form; og hindra gjörðu, | Guðs dýrðarljós svo lýsi mér á lifandi manna jörðu, 9. 9; merk að úr jörðu mátti ei neinn, 46. 10; hróp og háreysti gjörðu ... | kringum krossinn á jörðu, 39. 7; nakinn Jesum á jörðu ... | með heiptar sinni hörðu, 33. 4; Lausnarinn niðr á jörðu, 34. 1; blóðsveitinn þinn eg bið mér sé, | blessan og vernd á jörðunni, 3. 12; eins hér á jörðu upp frá því, 21. 10; þó leggist lík í jörðu ... | hún mætir aldrei hörðu, Hallgr. β. the apocopated form; en Jesú hlýðni aptr hér, allri jörð blessan færir, Pass. 24. 6; heiðr, lof, dýrð á himni og jörð | hjártanleg ástar þakkar-gjörð, 3. 18; þó heiðarleg sé hér á jörð | holdi útvaldra líkför gjörð, 49. 14; ef hér á jörð er hróp og háð, 14. 16; hvað göra þeir sem hér á jörð | hafa að spotti Drottins orð, 10: [Goth. airþa; A. S. eorde; Hel. ertha; old Scot. yearthe; Engl. earth: O. H. G. erda; Germ. erde; Dutch aarde; Fris. irth; Swed.-Dan. jord.] A. The earth; jörð ok himin, Nj. 194; jörð ok upphimin, Vsp. 3; jörð iðja-græna, 58; íllt er á jörð of orðit, Glúm. (in a verse), Hm. 138, and prose passim; jarðar yfirbragð er böllótt, Rb. 460, 465; jarðar bugr, böllr, hringr, hvel, mynd, endi, bygð, the earth's bight, ball, ring, wheel, shape, end, habitation, 440, 466, 472: for the mythol. genesis of the earth see Vsp. l.c., Vþm. 20, 21, Gm. 40: as a mythical goddess, the Earth was daughter of Ónar (Ónars-dóttir) and Nótt (the night), and sister of Day on the mother's side, Edda 7: Thor was the Earth's son, Jarðar-sonr, m., Haustl. II. the surface of the earth, earth; falla til jarðar, Nj. 64; koma til jarðar, to throw down, Fms. v. 348; falla frjáls á jörð, N. G. L. i. 32, Grág. ii. 192; á jörðu ok í jörðu, Finnb. 290; bíta gras af jörðunni, Fms. xi. 7; skeðja jörðu, K. Þ. K. 22; jörð eða stein, Sks. 88; erja jörð, to 'ear' the earth, plough, Rb. 100; flestir menn séru jarðir sínar, Fms. i. 92: jarðar aldin, ávöxtr, blómi, dupt, dust, dýr, kvikendi, skriðdýr, etc., the earth's fruit, produce, blossom, dust, deer, beasts, reptiles, etc., H. E. ii. 188, Grág. ii. 347, Ver. 17, Fas. iii. 669, Sks. 527, 628, Stj. 18, 77. 2. pasture; görði kulda mikla með snjóum ok íllt til jarðar, Grett. 91 A; taka til jarðar, to graze, Skm. 15: freq. in mod. usage, góð jörð, lítil jörð, jarð-leysi, jarð-laust, jarð-bann, q.v. 3. mould, Lat. humus; jörð sú er á innsigli er lögð, Lækn. 472: soil, sand-jörð, sandy soil; leir-jörð, clayey soil, etc. COMPDS: jarðar-ber, n. pl., Germ. erd-beeren, strawberries. jarðar-för, f. burial. jarðar-megin, n. 'earth-main,' power, in a mythol. sense, Hm. 138, Hdl. 37, Gkv. 2. 21. jarðar-men, n. [Dan. jordsmon], a sod, turf, Lat. caespes, Landn. 293 (in a verse), Eb. (in a verse); ganga undir jarðarmen: for the heathen rite of creeping under a sod partially detached from the earth and letting the blood mix with the mould, see Gísl. 11, Fbr. 6 new Ed.: as an ordeal, Ld. ch. 18: as a disgrace, similar to the Lat. jugum subire, Nj. 181, Vd. ch. 33. B. Land, an estate, very freq. in Icel., answering to Norse bol, Dan.

328 JARÐARBRIGÐ -- KAFNA.

gaard; thus, túlf, tuttugu, sextíu, ... hundraða jörð, land of twelve, twenty, sixty, ... hundreds value; byggja jörð, to lease a farm; búa á jörð, to live on a farm; leigja jörð, to hold land as a tenant (leigu-liði); góð bú-jörð, good land for farming; harðbala-jörð, barren, bad land; plógs-jörð, land yielding rare produce, eider-down or the like; land-jörð, an inland estate, opp. to sjóvar-jörð, land by the sea side; Benedikt gaf sira Þórði jarðir út á Skaga hverjar svá heita ..., Dipl. v. 27. COMPDS: jarðar-, sing. or jarða-, pl.: jarðar-brigð, f. reclamation of land, N. G. L. i. 238, Jb. 190. jarðar-bygging, f. a leasing of land. jarðar-eigandi, part. a landowner, Gþl. 337. jarðar-eign, f. possession of land, Pm. 45: an estate, Dipl. iii. 10, iv. 9. jarðar-hefð, f. a holding of land, tenure, Jb. 261. jarðar-helmingr, m. the half of a land or farm, Dipl. iv. 2, v. 24. jarðar-hundrað, n. a hundrað (q.v.) in an estate. jarðar-höfn, f. = jarðarhefð, Gþl. 91. jarðar-flag, n. mortgaged land. Dipl. v. 9. jarðar-kaup or jarða-kaup, n. the purchase of land, Dipl. iii. 8. jarðar-leiga, u, f. rent of land, Gþl. 260. jarðar-lýsing, f. the publication of a conveyance of land, Gþl. 307. jarðar-mark, n. a landmark, march or boundary of land, Dipl. v. 7. jarða-mat, n. a survey of land for making a terrier: jarðamats-bók, the terrier of an estate :-- so also jarða-máldagi, a, m. jarðar-máli, a, m. a lease, MS. 346, 167. jarðar-megin, n. a certain portion of land; þá skulu þeir svá halda garði upp sem þeir hafa j. til, N. G. L. i. 40; halda kirkju-góðs eptir jarðarmagni, H. E. i. 459; sá leiðangr er görisk af jarðarmagni, Gþl. 91. jarðar-partr, m. a portion of land, Dipl. iv. 13. jarðar-rán, f. seizure (unlawful) of land, Gþl. 357. jarðar-reitr, m. a parcel of land, Jm. 8, Pm. 52. jarða-skeyting, f. escheatage of land, N. G. L. i. 96. jarðar-skipti, n. a parcelling of land, Gþl. 286, 287: mod. jarða-skipti, n. pl. = exchange of lands, Dipl. i. 12. jarðar-spell, n. damage of land, Rd. 274, Gþl. 311. jarða-tal, n. a 'land-tale,' a register of farms. jarðar-teigr, m. = jarðarreitr, Dipl. iii. 12. jarðar-usli, a, m. = jarðarspell. jarðar-verð, n. the price of land, Dipl. v. 17, 22. jarðar-vígsla, u, f. consecration of land by sprinkling holy water, N. G. L. i. 352. jarðar-þjófr, m. a 'land-thief,' a law term of a person who removes the mark-stones, N. G. L. i. 44. JÖRFI, a, m. gravel; hann jós á þá jörfa ok moldu, Stj. 529. 2 Sam. xvi. 13, 'lapides terramque spargens' of the Vulgate :-- gravel, gravelly soil; þar var þá víða blásit ok jörvi, er þá vóru hlíðir fagrar, Fas. ii. 558; Þorsteinn gékk frá at jörva nökkurum, Þorst. Síðu H. 183: in local names, Jörfi (Eb.) in the west, and in the south Klifs-jörfi, also called Klifs-sandr, Bjarn. (in a verse). Jörva-sund, n., Hkv. 1. 24 (Bugge), Vídal., Skýr. 302. JÖRMUN-, a prefix in a few old mythical words, implying something huge, vast, superhuman: [cp. the A. S. eormen- in eormcn-cyn, -grund, -lâf, -strind, -þeôð; and Hel. irmin- in irmin-got = the great god, irmin-man = the great man, irmin-sul = a sacred column or idol, irmin-thiod = mankind, see Schmeller] :-- great; the compds. of this word, which occur in old Scandin. poets only, are, Jörmun-gandr, m. the Great Monster, a name of the northern Leviathan, the Midgard Serpent, Vsp. 50, Bragi (Edda i. 254): Jörmund-grund, f. = A. S. eormen-grund (Beowulf), = the earth, Gm. 20: Jörmun-rekr, m. a pr. name, A. S. Eormenric (the Goth. form would be Airmanariks), Edda, Bragi: Jörmun-þrjótr, m. the Great Evil One, of a giant, Haustl. jörmunr, m. a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.): name of an ox, id. jöstr, m., gen. jastar, [ister, Ivar Aasen], a kind of willow, Bragi (Edda) twice. Jösurr, m. a pr. name, Hdl.; perhaps derived from Norse jase = a hare, Ivar Aasen. jötun-bygðr, part. peopled by giants, Ýt. Jötun-heimar, m. pl. Giants'-land, Edda, Haustl., Vsp., Stor., Sæm. 70. jötun-kuml, n. the giant-badge, the stamp of the giant, Fas. iii. (in a verse). jötun-móðr, m. giant's mood, giant's fury, a kind of berserksgangr, Vsp. 50; færask í jötunmóð, Edda 136, Fms. iii. 194.; opp. to Ás-móðr. JÖTUNN, m., dat. jötni, pl. jötnar; [this word, so popular in Icel. and still preserved in the form jutel of the Norse legends, hardly occurs in Germ. or Saxon, except that A. S. eoten, ent, and entisc occur perhaps ten or a dozen times, see Grein] :-- a giant, Vþm. passim, Vsp. 2; jötuns brúðr, a giant's bride, Hdl. 4; jötna synir, the giants' sons, opp. to 'sons of men,' Vþm. 16; jötna vegir, the giants' ways, the mountains, Hm. 106; jötna rúnar, the giants' mysteries, the mysteries of the world, Vþm. 42, 43; jötna garðar, the giants' yard or home, Skm. 30; jötna mjöðr, the giant's mead, poetry, see Edda 47, 48; jötuns hauss, the giant's skull = the heaven (cp. Vþm. 21), Arnór; jötuns und, the giants' wound = the sea, Stor. 2; gold is called the speech of giants (orð, munntal jötna), Lex. Poët.; Thor is the bane of giants, jötna-bani, -dólgr, Lex. Poët. For the genesis of the Jötnar see Edda. Famous giants of whom the Edda records tales were, Ýmir, Hýmir, Hrungnir, Þjazi, Örvandill, Gýmir, Skrýmir, Vafþrúðnir, Dofri, see Edda (Gl.): for appearances of giants in the Sagas see Nj. ch. 134, Hkr. i. 229, Landn. 84, Fb. i. ch. 453-455. jötun-uxi, a, m. 'giant-ox, ' a kind of beetle, scarabaeus. K K (ká) is the tenth letter of the alphabet; in the common Runes it was represented by RUNE (kaun); the Anglo-Saxon k was called ceân or cên = Germ. kien, a pine or fir-tree; but as this was not a Norse word, the Scandinavians represented it by the Norse word nearest in sound to it, kaun (a boil or scab), which bears witness of the Anglo-Saxon origin of the old Norse Runic poem. B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The k is sounded hard or aspirate, the pronunciation varying as that of g does, see p. 186; it is hard in kaldr, koma, kunna, aspirate in kel, kem, kenna, kið, kyssa, kæti, keyri, vekja, etc.; the only difference is that k has the same sound, whether initial or medial, kaka, kíkir, just as in English: in modern Danish the medial k has been softened into g, e.g. Icel. sök, vaka, líka, Engl. sake, wake, like, are in Danish sounded sag, vaage, lige, whereas Sweden and Norway as well as Iceland have kept the old pronunciation. 2. the letter k before t and s is sounded as g, thus okt and ogt, þykkt and þygt, slíks and slígs are sounded alike; and so k is now and then misplaced in MSS., e.g. lakt = lagt, heilakt = heilagt. The spelling and other points referring to k have already been treated under C, p. 93; for qu = kv see Gramm. p. xxxvi. (II. i. δ). C. CHANGES. -- The change of initial kn into hn has been mentioned in the introduction to letter H (B. II. 2. γ), where however 'hnefi' ought to be struck out of the list: for the changes of nk into kk see the introduction to letter N. II. according to Grimm's law, the Teut. k answers to the Gr. and Lat. g; thus Lat. genus, genu, gent-is, Gr. GREEK = Icel. kyn, kné, kind, etc.: but in borrowed words no change has taken place, as in Keisari, kista, kerti, kjallari, = Lat. Caesar, cista, cera, cella; the words borrowed in that way are verv numerous in this letter, but there are some slang or vulgar words, which seem not borrowed, and yet no change has taken place. kaðall, m., dat. kaðli, [prob. like Engl. cable, borrowed from mid. Lat. capulum, caplum; the word perhaps denotes twisted ropes, for in olden times the Scandinavians made their cables of walrus skin, svörðr] :-- a cable, esp. as a naut. term, Fms. ii. 279, vii. 82, 283, Ó. H. 28, Fas. ii. 543, Gullþ. 8, passim. KAF, n. [akin to kvef, kóf, kæfa (q.v.), dropping the v] :-- a plunge into water, a dive, diving; fær hann þá annat kaf at öðru, one dive after another, Fb. ii. 215; á kaf and í kaf, into water, under water; hlaupa á kaf. to plunge into water, dive, Fs. 48, Eg. 123, Fms. vi. 318, vii. 224, passim; sigla skip í kaf, ii. 64; fara í kaf, to go under water, duck, Bs. i. 355: as also of land covered with water or flooded, or even covered with snow, passim; falla í kaf, færask ymsir í kaf, they ducked one another, Fb. ii. 215; á kafi and í kafi, under water, diving, swimming, Bs. i. 355, Eg. 387, Fms. iii. 4, vii. 232, xi. 383, Grág. ii. 309: of snow, lágu hestarnir á kafi í snjónum svá at draga varð upp, Eg. 546: also metaph., standa á kafi, to sink deep, so as to be hidden, of a weapon in a wound; öxin stóð á kafi, Fms. vi. 424; kom annat hornit á kviðinn, svá at þegar stóð á kafi, Eb. 326: opp. to these phrases is, koma upp úr kali, to emerge, Stj. 75: plur. köf, gasping for breath, Bjarni 142, (and-köf, choked breath.) 2. poët. the deep; kafs hestr, the horse of the deep, a ship, Sighvat; kaf-sunna, the sun of the deep = gold, Eb. (in a verse). COMPDS: kafa-fjúk, n. a thick fall of snow, Fms. ix. 233, Bs. i. 442, Fs. 54. kafa-hríð, f. id., Sturl. i. 212, Fas. ii. 133. kafa, að, to dive, swim under water, Jb. 403, Eg. 142, Fs. 92, Fms. iii. 4, Stj. 75, Fbr. 100 new Ed., Grett. 131, 141; kafa upp, to emerge, Stj. 249, passim: of a ship, to be swamped in a heavy sea, síðan kafaði skipit, Fas. ii. 492: reflex. to plunge into water, Sks. 116, N. G. L. ii. 284. kafald, n. a thick fall of snow, freq. in mod. usage; mold-k. kafalds-fjúk, n. id. kaffe, n. coffee; kaffe-kvern, kaffe-bolli, kaffe-ketill, a coffee-mill, coffee-cup, coffee-pot; derived from the Fr. café through Dan. caffe, and not older than the 18th century, for the satirical poem Þagnarmál of 1728 and Eggert Ólafsson (died 1768) mention tea and tobacco, but not coffee, which came into use in Icel. as a popular beverage not earlier than the end of the 18th century. kaf-færa, ð, to duck another, Mag. 77. kaf-för, f. a ducking, Þórð. 11 new Ed. kaf-hlaðinn, part. deep-laden, of a ship, Ó. H. 115, Bs. ii. 81, kaf-hlaup, n. a deep snow-drift, Eg. 74, Fms. viii. 400, ix. 366, v.l. kaf-hleypr, adj. impassable, of snow, Fagrsk. 186. KAFLI, a, m. [akin to kefli, q.v.; Swed. bud-kafle], a piece cut off; esp. a buoy fastened to a cable, net, or the like, Gþl. 427, 428; meðal-kafli, a 'mid-piece,' a sword's hilt. 2. metaph., tók at leysa ísinn köflum, the ice began to thaw into floes, Þórð. 11 new Ed.: in mod. usage, köflum and með köflum (adverb.), now and then, 'in bits.' II. mod. a piece, bit, episode, and the like; lesa lítinn kafla, miðkafli, a 'mid-piece.' kafna, að, (older form kvafna, Sks. 108), to be suffocated, choked, in water, steam, or the like; kafna af sandfoki, Al. 50; sögðu at Kvásir hefði kafnat í mannviti, Edda 47; k. í stofu-reyk, Grett. 116: of light, to be extinguished, Sks. 208: of a horse, kafna eðr springa, Fas. iii. 74.

KAFNAN -- KALLA. 329

kafnan, f. suffocation, Bs. i. 18. kaf-rjóðr, adj. crimson red, of the cheeks. kaf-setja, t, = kaffæra. kaf-steyting, f. a diving, a plunge, Gþl. 174, Mar. kaf-sund, n. a dive, Hkr. iii. 323, v.l. kaf-syndi, n. a plunge into deep snow. kaf-syndr, adj. good at diving, Fms. vii. 120. kaf-þykkr, adj. thick, foggy; veðr kafþykkt ok drífanda, Sturl. iii. 50. KAGA, að, [kaga, Ivar Aasen; cp. Old. Engl. kyke (Chaucer); Scot. keek; Germ. kucken; Dan. kige] :-- to bend forward and peep, pry, gaze; hón kagar hjá gáttinni, Fbr. 18, v.l.; kom út maðr ok kagaði hjá dyrrum, Fs. 42; kaga upp í himin, Hom. 89; hjartans augum til hans kaga, 90; köguðu til hans óframliga, Niðrst. 5; see kögla. kaggi, a, m. [Engl. cag or keg; Swed. kagge; mid. Lat. caga, whence Engl. cage; the Dutch and Low Germ. kaag and kag = a ship used in rivers and canals] :-- a keg, cask, Bs. i. 790, freq.: a nickname, Bs. KAKA, u, f. [Engl. cake; Dan. kage; Swed. kaka; Germ. kuchen] :-- a cake, freq. in mod. usage. kakali, a, m. a nickname, Sturl.; [cp. Germ. kachel, O. H. G. chachala] : = an earthen pot; whence the mod. kakal-ofn, m., Germ. kachel-ofen, an oven, prop. of clay. kakari, a, m. a potter, Germ. kachler; kakari minn ertú ok skjól mitt, Guð minn, 623. 30, with reference to Rom. ix. 20, 21 (?). kakka, að, [Germ. kachen], to heap up in a mess or lump, e.g. of wet hay; að kakka saman blautu heyi; cp. kökkr, a lump. kakkildi, n. a lump. KALA, pret. kól, kólu; pres. kell, mod. kelr; part. kalinn: [cp. Engl. chill, cool; Germ. kühl] :-- to freeze, esp. impers. of limbs to be numb and dead from frost; ok er sveininn (acc.) tók at kala, Landn. 77, v.l.; ok kól hana í hel, she froze to death, Sd. 143; svá at þik kali, Fas. i. 30; alla kól þá um nóttina, 78; kell mik í höfuð, Vkv. 29; mik tekr nú at kala, en mér var heitt fyrir stundu, Fb. ii. 112; var bæði at hann kól mjök ok hungraði, en veiddi ekki, Bs. i. 350; hann var kalinn á fótum svá at af leysti sumar tærnar, Orkn. 432, Sturl. iii. 198; hann kól sem aðra hundtík, Fs. 71; ok mun þik kala ef ek sit svá lengi ok útarliga sem ek em vanr, Edda 35; dýrit var kalit á fyrra fæti, Fs. 179; kalit í hel, frozen to death, Fær. 185; sveinar tveir, veslingar, kalnir ok máttdregnir, 42; á kné kalinn, Hm. 3; kalinn ok klæðlauss, Fas. iii. 8; klæða kalna, O. H. L. 22 :-- part. kalinn [ = Germ. kahl], of a field barren from cold or frost. II. naut., of a sail, to lose the wind; seglið (acc.) kelr, whence kalreip, q.v. kalda, að, to become cold, Bs. ii. 148: to blow cold, án dvöl kaldar af boða-fallinu, a gust of cold air arose, Bs. ii. 49; en þar kaldar í mót af Sighvati, 112. kalda, u, f. a fever with cold fits, an ague: also köldu-sótt, f., N. T. kald-brjóstaðr, part. malignant, cunning. kald-hamra, að, to hammer (iron) cold. kald-liga, adv. coldly, Sks. 230. kald-ligr, adj. cold, Sks. 230. kald-munnr, m. cold-mouth, a nickname, Landn. kald-nefr. m. 'cold-neb,' poët. an anchor fluke, Fms. vi. (in a verse). KALDR, adj., köld, kalt; compar. kaldari; superl. kaldastr; [from kala, as aldr from ala, galdr from gala, stuldr from stela: Goth. kalds; A. S. ceald; Engl. cold; Dutch kolt; Germ. kalt; Swed. kall; Dan. kold; common to all Teut. languages; cp. Lat. gelu, gelidus] :-- cold; kalt jarn, cold iron, Fb. ii. 197; kalt veðr, Fms. v. 178, viii. 306; kaldr nár, Pass. 44. 7; ef maðr grefr lik áðr kalt er, K. Þ. K. 26; líkin vóru enn eigi köld, Fms. iv. 170; svá sem kalt stóð af Niflheimi, Edda; köld kol, cold coals, ashes, = kalda kol, Fb. i. (in a verse); brenna at köldum kolum, to be burnt to cold ashes, utterly destroyed, Fms. xi. 122, passim. 2. impers., e-m er kalt, one is cold; mér er kalt á höndunum, fútum ..., Orkn. 326 (in a verse); konungi görði kalt, the king began to get cold, Fms. v. 178. 3. acc., kaldan as adv.; blása kaldan, to blow cold, Sks. 216: ís-kaldr. ice-cold; hel-k., death cold; svið-k., burning cold; ú-k., not cold; hálf-k., half cold; sár-k., sorely cold. II. metaph. cold, chilling, baneful, fatal, Lat. dirus, infestus; héðan skulu honum koma köld ráð undan hverju rifi, Ó. H. 132, Ls. 51, Vkv. 30; so in the saying, köld eru opt kvenna-ráð, women's counsels are oft-times fatal, Nj. 177, Gísl. 34; kann vera í at nokkurum verði myrkari eðr kaldari ráð Haralds konungs en mín, Fms. vi. 229; köld öfund, envy, Geisli; köld rödd, an evil voice, Akv. 2. 2. sometimes in translations in the metaph. sense of cold; kalt hjarta, Greg. 19; kaldr ok afskiptr, Stj. 195. COMPDS: kalda-hlátr, m. sardonic laughter, Nj. 176; see hlátr. kalda-kol, n. pl. a law phrase, 'cold-ashes;' göra kaldakol á jörðu, to make the hearth cold, to desert a farm, punishable on the part of a tenant, Gþl. 339, Jb. 210, cp. Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 9. kalda-ljós, n. cold light, ignis fatuus (?), a nickname, Sturl. kald-ráðr, adj. cunning, Sturl. i. 104, Hkr. iii. 452. kald-rifjaðr, part. 'cold-ribbed,' scheming, cunning, Vþm. 10. kald-skúfaðr, part. 'cold-curled,' covered with icicles, Sks. 230. kald-yrði, n. 'cold-words,' sarcasm, Fb. i. 214, ii. 78. kalekr, m., Fms. iii. 28, vii. 198, Dipl. ii. 11, Fs. 115, Bs. i. 76; kalíkr, Hom. 139, B. K. 83; mod. kaleikr, the chalice, Matth. xxvi. 27, Mark xiv. 23, Luke xxii. 20, 1 Cor. xi. 24-27, Vídal. passim; see kalkr below. kalendis-dagr, m. [Lat. calendae], the kalends, Stj. 471. kali, a, in. a cold gush: metaph. coldness, unkindness. kalk, n. [A. S. cealc; Engl. chalk], chalk, (mod.) kalka, að, to chalk, lime: kalkaðr, limed, Konr. KALKR, m. [borrowed from Lat. calix; A. S. calic and calc; Engl. chalice; O. H. G. chelih; Germ. kelk; Dan.-Swed. kalk; the word came in with Christianity from the Engl.; for, though it occurs in ancient poems, none of these can be older than the Danish settlement in England: the form kalkr is used in a heathen sense, whereas the later form kaleikr is used in the ecclesiastical sense only] :-- a chalice, cup, goblet, it occurs in the poems Hým. 28, 30, 32, Akv. 30, Rm. 29, Skv. 3. 29; hrím-kalkr, Ls. 53; silfr-k., a silver cup, Hkr. i. 50; nú er hér kalkr, er þú skalt drekka af, eptir þat tók hann kalkinn, þá var enn eptir í kalkinum, er hann hafði af drukkit kalkinum, Gullþ. 7; nú tók hann kalkinn ok hönd hennar með, Hkr. i. 50. kall, n. a call, cry, shouting; óp ok kall, Nj. 236; heyra kall mikit, Fs. 179; með hátíðligu kalli, Sks. 748; kall ok eggjan, Ó. H. 215; kall ok lúðra-þytr, Þiðr. 324. 2. a calling on; Eyjólfr heyrir kallit, ok lítr við, Fbr. 61 new Ed.; eigi skaltú herstask á annan mann í kalli þínu, Hom. 16. 3. a call, name; nefna jarl enn ílla ... var þat kall haft lengi síðan, Hkr. i. 254; þessi eru at kalli (are by name, are called) in mestu ref-hvörf, Edda (Ht.) II. eccl. a call, cure of souls, (cp. Scot. 'call' of a minister); kjól ok kall, Dan. præste-kald, mod. 2. a claim; kalls-lauss, adj. free from claim, Fms. ix. 409. KALLA, að, with neg. suff., pres. kalliga, I call not, Gkv. 3. 8; kallar-a, Akv. 37; [an A. S. ceallian occurs once in the poem Byrnoth, and hilde-calla in Exodus, but in both instances the word is Danish; the word however occurs in O. H. G. challon, mid. H. G. kalle, but only in the sense to talk loud, and it is lost in mod. Germ.] :-- to call, cry, shout; hver er sá karl karla er kallar um váginn? Hbl. 2; kallaði konungr ok bað létta af, Eg. 92; þá kölluðu allir ok mæltu, 623. 26; bónda-múgrinn æpti ok kallaði, Fms. i. 21; kalla hátt, Sturl. ii. 203; ek em rödd kallanda í eyðimörk, GREEK, 625. 90; kalla kaldri röddu, Akv. 2: of the raven's cry, hrafn hátt kallaði, Bkv. 11; hann kallaði þegar, bað þá eigi flýja, Fms. viii. 142; Þórir kallaði út á skipit, Ó. H. 136; þá lét hann kalla skip frá skipi, 182; þá kallaði Erlingr ok hét á lið sitt, id. 2. to call, send for; síðan lét konungr kalla bændr, ok sagði at hann vill eiga tal við þá, Ó. H. 109; gékk hann til húsþings síns ok lét þangat kalla menn Svía-kouungs, 45; um kveldit kallaði konungr Áslák, Fms. vii. 161; konungr lét kalla til sín þá bræðr, Eg. 73: eccl., til þess er Guð kallaði hann af heiminum, Fms. ix. 383. II. to say, call; þat kalla menn at ..., people say that ..., Fms. x. 277; Svíþjóð ena miklu kalla sumir eigi minni en ..., Hkr. 5; at blótmenn kalla eigi, at ..., Fagrsk. 18; en ef lands-dróttinn kallar svá, at ..., N. G. L. i. 249; þér kallit guð ykkarn margar jartegnir göra, O. H. L. 108; kalla ek betra spurt en úviss at vera, Sks.; sumir menn kalla at eigi sé sakleysi í, þótt ..., Ld. 64; þótt þeir kalli fé þetta með sínum föngum, 76. 2. at kalla, so to say, nominally, not really; sáttir at kalla, nominally on good terms, Fms. vii. 246; ok vóru þá sáttir at kalla, Ó. H. 112, Gullþ. 66; létu sér líka þessa tilskipan at kalla, Ísl. ii. 355; þóat menn væri skírðir ok Kristnir at kalla, Eb. 274; Helgi var Kristinn at kalla (Christian by name) ok þó blandinn mjök í trúnni, Fms. i. 251; greri yfir at kalla, Fs. 67; menn héldusk at kalla, ok gengu á land, Fb. ii. 73; þóat þeir hefði líf at kalla, Stj. 436. 3. to assert; skal þess at bíða, ok kalla hann rjúfa sætt á yðr, Nj. 102; eru synir þínir heima? þat má kalla, segir hón, Fær. 264. III. with prepp.; kalla á, to call on; hann kallaði á Karla, Ó. H. 136; Höskuldr kallar á hana, farðú hingat til min! segir hann, Nj. 2: to call on, invoke, þá kallaði hann á Guð ok hinn helga Ólaf konung, Ó. H. 242; kallaði hann þá til fulltings ser á Bárð, Bárð. 16. 13 new Ed.: to lay claim to, Snækollr kallaði á bú nokkur þar í eyjunum, Fms. ix. 423 :-- kalla eptir, to protest; en Kolbeinn kallar eptir ok vill eigi biskups dóm, Sturl. ii. 4 :-- kalla til e-s, to lay claim to (til-kall, a claim), to claim, demand; þótti nú sem dælst mundi til at kalla, Eg. 264, Fms. ix. 327; þessar eignir er hann kallaði áðr til, x. 414; kallaði hón til alls þess er aðrir áttu í nánd, Nj. 18; hann kallaði til fjár í hendr þeim, Ld. 300: to invoke, Bárð. 173 :-- kalla aptr, to recall, revoke, N. G. L. iii. 150, H. E. i. 477. IV. to claim for oneself; kalla sér e-t; konungr kallaði sér allar Orkneyjar, Fms. i. 201; ok kallaði sér þá landit allt, vii. 180; at jarl kalli sér þat, Fs. 132; ef menn skil á, ok kallar annarr sér, en annarr almenning ..., hann er jörð þá kallar sér, Gþl. 451; kallaði Grímr hersir konungi allan arf hans, Landn. 213. V. to call, name; kölluðu Karl, Rm. 18; skal þar kirkju kalla er hann vill, K. Þ. K. 42; köllum karl inn skegglausa, Nj. 67; Mörðr hét maðr er kallaðr var gigja, 1; Einarr er þá var kallaðr Skjaldmeyjar-Einar, Fms. xi. 127; þessir menn vóru kallaðir skírðir, baptized nominally, called Christians, Ísl. ii. 399; Þórr sá er kallaðr er Ása-

330 KALLAN -- KAPP.

Þórr, Edda: ok má þat kalla hátta-fall,UNCERTAIN Skálda 210; þeir taka hann ok kalla njósnar-mann, Sturl. ii. 247; ef maðr kallar annan mann tröllriðu, N. G. L. ii. 326. VI. reflex, to call, tell, say of oneself; kallask sumir hafa látið fé, Ó. H. 58; hón talði upp harma sína þá er hón kallaðisk hafa fengit af Ólafi konungi, 191; konungr kallaðisk hann reynt hafa at góðum dreng, Ld. 60, Geisli 2. 2. recipr., kallask á, to shout to one another; er okkr þá alhægt at kallask á fyrir tíðindum, Fas. ii. 65, Skálda 210. 3. pass, (rare), to be called; speki hans kallask sonr hans, Eluc. 4; er at réttu má kallask postuli Norðmanna, Fms. x. 371; þat er kallat, it is said, 656 C. 1; ok vísar svá til í sögu Bjarnar, at þeir kallaðisk jafnir at íþróttum, Grett. 133, cp. Bjarn. 38, -- þeir lögðusk ofan eptir ánni, ok vóru 'kallaðir' jafnsterkir menn. kallan, or köllun, f. a call, vocation, freq. in mod. and eccl. usage. kallari, a, m. a crier, herald, Stj. 604: as a law term, a kind of beadle or town clerk, N. G. L. i. 306, ii. 251. Kall-bak, n., qs. kaldbak, Cold-back, name of a mountain, whence Kall-baklingar, m. pl. the men of C., Landn. kalldýr, m., mod. kalldór, a kind of iron, Merl. 2. 95. Kall-grani, a, m. Cold-beard, name of a giant, Edda (Gl.) kall-rani or kald-rani, a, m. a taunt, sarcasm. kaldrana-legr, adj. sarcastic. kall-sókn, f. a calling to service, H. E. i. 392. KALLZ, n. [kaldr II], taunting, sarcasm, raillery, Bs. i. 793, ii. 93, Þorst. St. 49, Fms. ii. 268, v. 231, Pass. 30. 7, Stj. 163, 218, Barl. 60: vituperation, Bs. i. 686. II. [kalla], a claim, Dipl. ii. 13, Karl. 52, Fms. vi. 371. kallz-yrði, n. pl. gibes, Fms. vi. 194. kallza, að, to taunt, mock, Barl. 60, Bs. ii. 37, Stj. 16, 216, Fas. ii. 344: to vituperate, Stj. 254: to molest, Dipl. i. 3, Stj. 199. II. [kalla], to call on; hví kallsar þú eða kallar upp á mik? Stj. 286: to claim, demand, hinn kallsaði þá fæðsluna at fá, 161. kal-reip, n. [kala II], a rope attached to a sail, so as to prevent it from shaking out the wind. kamarr, m., dat. kamri, [O. H. G. chamara; Gr. GREEK whence Engl. chamber, etc.] :-- a privy, Eb. 120, Grág. ii. 119, Sturl. ii. 95, 101, Landn. 247, Fb. iii. 567 (in a verse), Þiðr. 77, Mar. kamban, n. a nickname, prob. Gaelic, Landn. 47. kambari, a, m. a comb-maker, N. G. L. ii. 204, iii. 2, 10; a nickname, Fb. iii. kamb-höttr, m. a nickname, Fær. 14. kamb-pungr, m., proncd. kampungr, a 'comb-purse:' in mod. usage, a letter-bag. KAMBR, m. [A. S. camb; Engl. comb; O. H. G. champ; Germ. kamm; Dan. kam] :-- a comb, Dipl. iii. 4; ladies used to wear costly combs of walrus-tusk or gold, whence the place in Icel. at which Auda lost her comb was called Kambsnes; þau lendu við nes þat er Auðr tapaði kambi sínum; þat kallaði hón Kambsnes, Landn. III; eigi berr hann kamb í höfuð sér, Þiðr. 127; see Worsaae, No. 365. 2. a carding-comb (ullar-kambr), Grett. 91 A, Fb. i. 212. II. a crest, comb, Al. 171; hreistr-k. (q. v.), hana-k., a cock's crest, cp. Gullin-kambi, Gold crest, Vsp. 2. a crest, ridge of hills; malar-kambr, a ridge on the beach, Háv. 48 (where spelt kampr), Grág. ii. 354; as also bæjar-kambr, the front wall of a house. III. freq. in local names, Kambr, of crags rising like a crest, Landn., Finnb. ch. 27. kamb-staðr, m. a law term, a scar in the head, such as to cause pain when the hair is combed, N. G. L. i. 68. kamelet, n. [for. word], camelot or camlet, Karl. 60. kamell, m. [for. word], a camel, Karl. 502; usually úlfaldi, q. v. kampa, að, to devour, used of a whiskered wild beast. kamp-hundr, m. a dog with whiskers, Sturl. i. 139. kamp-höfði, a, m. a 'whisker-head,' Fagrsk. § 174, v. 1. knapp-höfði, q. v. kampi, a, m. a bearded person, Sturl. ii. 50 (Bs. ii. 109): as a nickname, Sturl. iii. 185, Fs. KAMPR and kanpr, m. a beard, moustache; stutt skegg ok snöggvan kamp, Sks. 288; skegg heitir barð, grön eða kampar, Edda 210; hendi drap á kampa, Hðm. 21; hann hafði bitið á kampinum, Nj. 209; höggva kampa ok skegg, K. Þ. K.; hann (the idol) hafði kanpa af silfri, Fms. x. 386; af könpunum, langa kanpa, hár ok kanpar, Ó. H. 229; efri ok neðri kampr, Fas. ii. 253; því næst hvetr hann that (the spear) svá bat stóð á kanpi, i. e. till it was as keen as a rasor, Krók. 49: the whiskers of a seal, cat, and lion, Fb. i. 462 (of a seal). kamp-loðinn, adj. with long whiskers, of a lion. kampa-síðr, adj. long-bearded, Skíða R. 90, Þryml. 41. II. a crest or front wall = kambr; var Aron úti hjá duronum, ok stóð við kanpinn er hlaðinn var af vegginum, Bs. i. 544 (Sturl. ii. 86): mod. bæjar-kampr, id.; malar-k. kangin-yrði, n. pl. jeering words, Hbl. 12. KANK, n. (kank-yrði), gibes, as also kankast, dep. to jeer, gibe (mod. conversational), akin to kanginyrði. kank-víss, adj. jeering, gibing. KANNA, u, f., gen. kanna, Snót 172, [A. S. canne; Engl. can; O. H. G. channa; Germ, kanne; Dan. kande; from Lat. cantharus] :-- a can, tankard, jug; vín var í könnu, Rm. 29, Stj. 207, Fms. viii. 413 (v. 1.), Dipl. iii. 4; könnu-brot, Pm. 137, Dipl. iii. 4; könnu-stóll, a can-stand, Pm. 113: a measure, Rétt., D. N. kanna, u, f. a mark on cattle; oxi er hans k. væri á, Fs. 173; allt þat sem þeirra kanna leikr er á, D. N. i. 80, 91, iii. 144; see einkanna and einkunn. KANNA, að, [kenna = to know, but kanna = to enquire] :-- to search; kanna land, of an explorer, to explore a land; þeir könnuðu landit fyrir austan ána, um várit kannaði hann austr landit, Eg. 100, Landn. passim; þykkir maðr við þat fávíss verða ef hann kannar ekki víðarr en hér Ísland, Landn. 310; fara víða um heim at kanna helga staði, Fms. i. 276; kanna heim allan, to travel through all the world, Edda: the phrase, kanna ókunna stigtu, to 'try unknown ways,' to travel where one has never been before; kanna ríkra, annara, manna siðu, i. e. to travel abroad, Ld. 164, Fms. i. 276; kanna lið, to review, muster troops, ix. 478, Hkr. i. 23, 30; kanna val, to search the field for slain, Nj. 45, Fms. i. 182. II. with prep.; kanna e-t af, to find out, make out; konungr spurði Úlf hvat hann kannaði af um siðferði Eindriða, Fms. ii. 193; spurði, hvat hann kannaði af um Rögnvald, iv. 193; þat kannaða ek af, at sá herr myndi kallaðr vera Jómsvíkingar, xi. 119; ferr Brandr biskup norðr á Völlu, ok kannar þat af, at ..., Bs. i. 450. III. reflex., kannask við e-t, to recognise, know again, recollect; kannaðisk hón við hann ok kynferði hans, Hkr. ii. 129; Sigurðr kannaðisk þá við ætt hans, Fms. i. 79, Þorst. Síðu H. 169; þá kannaðisk hann við ok mælti, nafnfrægir eruð þér fcðgar, Nj. 125; Þórólfr hitti þar marga frændr sína þá er hann hafði eigi áðr við kannask, whose acquaintance he had not made before, Eg. 30; kannask þá margir við ef heyra viðrnefni mitt, Finnb. 338; sögðu þessir mean öll sönn merki til hvar þeir höfðu barninu komit, svá at hinir þrælarnir könnuðusk við er sveininn höfðu fundit, Fms. i. 113; hefi ek hér gull or hann kvað yðr mundu við kannask, Fs. 9: to recognise as one's own, kannask við skot, fé, sauði, Grág. ii. 312, 352, 374; með því at engi kannask við svein þenna, Fms. i. 294: to remember, vóru þar þeir menn er við könnuðusk, at Hallfreðr hafði til góða við gört, ii. 55. 2. recipr., kannask við, to recognise one another, make one another's acquaintance; hafi þeir þá við kannask, Grág. i. 224; síðan könnuðusk þau við, then they knew one another, Fms. i. 186; könnuðusk menn hugi við, Fs. ii;UNCERTAIN féll mart áðr þeir kannaðisk við, Ó. H. 216; ok eptir þetta þá kannask þeir viðr með öllu, Bs. i. 228. kannaðr, könnuðr, m. an explorer, Lex. Poët.; land-k., q. v. kann-ske, adv. [Dan. kanske] , may be! (mod.) kanoki and kanuki, a, m. [mid. Lat. canonicus; Dan. kanik; Engl. canon] :-- a canon of a church, Fms. viii. 376, ix. 532, Bs., H. E., D. I. passim; kanoka klaustr, setr, lifnaðr, vígsla, búningr, a canon's cloister, seat, order, ordination, dress, Ann. 1295, Bs. passim. kansellera, að, [for. word], to cancel; k. hendr sínar, Stj. 229. Kantara-borg, f. (-byrgi), [A. S. Cantuarbyrig] , Canterbury, Bs. kantari, a, m. in kantara-kápa, u, f. [eccl. Lat. cantare], a bishop's gown, Fms. viii. 197, Hkr. ii. 175: a priest's gown, Am. 95, Bs. i. 324, 847. kantara-sloppr, m. id., Bs. i. 324, v. 1. kanzellari, kanselleri, a, m., kanceller, m. [mid. Lat. cancellarius], a chancellor, Ann., Bs., Fms. ix, x, Thom. kapalín, m. (mod. kapellan), [mid. Lat. capellanus], a chaplain, Landn. 172, Fms. vii. 311, Bs. passim. KAPALL, m., pl. kaplar, [Lat. caballus; whence Fr. cheval] :-- a nag, hack, in mod. usage also a mare; naut ok kapla, Rd. 284, Pd. 49; þrjú hundrað í köplum, Vm. 32; lifði engi kvik kind eptir nema öldruð kona ok kapall, D. I. i. 246; lestfæran kapal járnaðan ok alfæran, H. E. ii. 505; kapal-lán, lending a k., id. kapal-hestr, m. and kapal-hross, n. = kapall, Eg. 730, Fms. ii. 231. II, in mod. usage, a truss of hay; fimtán kaplar heys, five trusses, of a known weight or bulk. kapella, u, f. [for. word], a chapel, K. Á. 36, Symb. 31, Bs. i. 800, H. E. i. 241, Fms. x. 153, Hkr. ii. 390, iii. 69. kapellu-prestr, m. the priest of a chapel, H. E. i. 477, Stat. 247, 266, 307: a chaplain, Bs. 1. 795. kapituli, a, m. [Lat. capitulum], eccl. a chapter, Mar., Dipl. iii. 5: a chapter of a book, Grág. i. clxviii: freq. in mod. usage, kapitula-skipti, a new chapter. KAPP, n. [a word common to all Teut. languages; A. S. camp; O. H. G. champh; Germ, kampf; Swed. and Dan. kamp; in the Icel. the m is assimilated; and in Danish also kap] :-- contest, zeal, eagerness, energy, but throughout with the notion of contest, which is the old sense; even in early Germ, kamph is still duellum, whence it came to mean bellum: deila kappi við e-n, to contend, contest with one; megu vér eigi deila kappi við Hrafnkel, Hrafn. 10; þungt get ek at deila kappi við Hrafnkel um múla-ferli, 11; er hann deildi kappi við Þorgrím goða á Þórness-þingi ok við sonu hans, Ísl. ii. 215; deila kappi við konunga, Fagrsk. 10; mikit er upp tekit, ef þú vill kappi deila við Ólaf Svía&dash-uncertain;konung ok við Knút, Ó. H. 33; ok ætla þér aldri síðan at deila kappi við oss bræðr, Fs. 57, cp. deila I. 4: brjóta kapp við e-n, to wage war against; hæfir þat ekki konungdómi yðrum at brjóta kapp við kvenn-

KAPPSFULLR -- KA11LSUNGL 331

menn, Fagrsk. 10, Fms. vii. 45 (in a verse): at halda til kapps ok jafns við þá höfðingjana, Fb. ii. 46; siigðu hoiuim þat bc'r s;una, at halda eigi. til kapps við þá Hofs-menn, Fs. 35: kosta kapps um e-t, to strive. 2. a race; in the phrase, bað haini renna í köpp við (run a race with) jpjulfa, Edda 31; at vit at kiippum keundar vórum, we were noted for our matches, Gs. 14; ekki dy'r er þat, at renna mstti í köpp við hann, Karl. 514, cp. Dan. lobe omkaps med en -- to run a racc. II. eagerness, vehemence; er konungi mikit kapp á því, Eg. 16; eigi veil ek hvar kapp þitt er mi komit, Ld. 166; hann heir engi mann þora at mæla við sik nema þat eilt er hann vill vera luta, ok hefir hann þar við allt kapp, 0. H. 68; mæltu þá sumir at honum hlypi kapp í kinn, Sturl. iii. 232; at þat væri konungi vegsemd en eigi fyrir kapps sakir við hann, Eg. 44; honum gürðisk svá mikit kapp á þessi veiði, at hann skreið þar eptir allan dag, (5. 11. 85; kapps lystr, eager, Hornklofi; lügðu þeir á~ þat it mcsta kapp hverr betr reið eðr betri hesta átti, Hkr. i. 27; Onundr konungr lagði á þat kapp mikit ok kostnað, at ryðja markir ok byggja eptir ruðin, 44; með kappi ok ágirnd, D. N. i. 3; berjask af miklu kappi, jþiðr. 326; gangask þær tvennar fylkingar at móti með iniklu kappi, 328; verja með ka[)pi, Eg. 7:o; þessi íctlan er mcir af kappi en forsji'i, Ó. H. 32; var sú veizla gör með enu mcsta kappi, 31; hón gékk at með öllu kappi at veita Ülalï konungi, 51; mcir sækir þú þetta n;eð fiár-ngimd ok kappi (ob-tinacy) heldr en við góðvild ok drengskap, Nj. 15. III. gun. kapps, intens. kapps-vel, mighty well, Bjarn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 45 (in; verse); kapps-auðigr, mighty wealthy, merl. I. Q; kapps-húr, mighty high (cp. Dan. kjephöj), Lex. Poët.; kona kapps gálig, a very gentle woman, Akv. 6; or even singly. COMPDS: kapps-fullr, adj. /W/ of energy, vigorous, impetuous, Lv. 32; harðr ok k., Bjarn. 48, Sks. 649. kapps-maðr, m. a man of energy, Eg. 9: headstrong, 710. kapp-alinn, part, well fed, of a horse kept in a stall. kapp-dregit, n. part, bard to pull, difficult, Nj. 100, v. l. kapp-drykkja, u, f. a dri?iking-match, 0. H. 151. kapp-drægt, adj. hard to pull; varð þeiin k. í leiknum, it was a hard contest, Bs. i. 620; kvað þeim þetta mundu k., it would be a hard task, Nj. loo. kapp-fúss, adj. = kappgjarn, Lex. Poët. kapp-girni, f. energy; hreysti ok k., Fbr. 116, Fas. i. 119. kapp-gjarn, zdj. full of energy and zeal, Fms. vi. 105. kapp-góðr, adj. very good, Merl. 2. 79. KAPPI, a, m. [a Teut. word, noticed by Plutarch, Marins ch. n -- KÍn~povs bvopa^ovai Tfpftavol rovs \yaras; see also kapp] :-- a hero, champion, man of valour; konungr s;'i er kappi pykkir, Hkm. 14; t'hisk í ætt þar æztir kappar, Hdl. 17; átti áðr kappi, Am. 98; þá bjií Arnórr í Reykjahlíð, kappi mikill, ... ok mú af því marka hverr k. hann var, Lv. 3; þessa búð á -þorkell hákr, kappi mikill (cp. Germ, handegen] , Nj. 184; eru í Reykjadal kappar miklir? 32; gíslinn var kappi mikill, ok banð þangbran'di á pataldr, Bs. i. 9; hverjir berjask skulu nu'ti þess köppum af þeirra liði, Fms. xi. 126. 2. in a special sense, an elect champion, answering to the knight of the Middle Ages; þessir kappar vóru með Haraldi konungi, Fas. i. 379; því var Bjiirn síðan Kappi kallaðr, Bjarn. 11; Hrulf Kraka ok Kappa hans, Fb. ii. 136; mco honum (the king) ok bans Koppnm, Fas. i. 35: Kappar konungs, 69; Hrolfr konungr ok allir hans Kappar ok stórmenni, 76, /f), 91, 95, 101, 102, 105, 108; Hroltr konungr bysk nú til ferðar með hundrað manna, ok auk Kappar hans ti'lf ok berscrkir túlf, 77; i;pp upp, allir Kappar ! 100, Skjöld. S. ch. 8, 9 (Fas. i. 379-385); kappa-lið, a troop of champions, warriors, Grett. 84; kappa-tala, a tale or ro ll of champions, Fms. iii. 157; kappa-val, c hoi c e of champions, ii. 315. II. even as a nick- name of some choice champions; Bjiirn Breiðvíkinga-kappi, Eb.; Bjorn Hitdæla-kappi, Bjarn.; Ví'björn Sygna-kappi, Landn.; Hildibrandr Iluna- kappi; Asmundr Kappa-bani, a slayer of champions, Fas. kappi, a, m. the hand at the back of a bound too k. kapp-kosta, að, to strive, endeavour, Bárð. 176. kapp-leikr, m. afghting-match, Róm. 269 = Lat. cer. 'amen. kapp-mella, u, f. a loop. kapp-mæli, n. a dispute, tsl. ii. 236, Fms. i. ii, x. 312, Fb. ii. 271. kapp-nógr, adj. plentiful, Sturl. iii. 88. kapp-orðr, adj. wrangling, Flóv. 44. kapp-róðr, m. a rowing-match, Fms. x. 312. kapp-samliga, adv. impetuously, with energy, Fms. x. 356, Sks. 572; richly, abundantly, gcfa k. mat, Ísl. ii. 337, Fb. i. 374; griðungr k. alinn (= kappalinn), Hkr. i. 37. kapp-samligr, adj. impetuous, vehement: k. reiði, Sks. 227: ri c h, liberal, veizla fögr ok kappsamlig, Fms. vi. 182. kapp-samr, adj. pushing, eager, impetuous, 0. II. 27, Nj. 51; höfð- ingi mikill, manna kappsamastr, 147; k. ok reiðinn, Eg. 187; k. ok úvæginn, O. H. L. 35. kapp-semd, f. -- kappscmi, Eg. 257. kapp-semi, f. energy, headstrong character; k. ok frrcknleikr, Bret. 36, fjiðr. 207. kapp-sigling, f. a sailiiig-matcb, Fms. x. 278, xi. 360. kapp-svinnr, adj. very noble, Am. 74. kapp-ærinn, adj. more than sufficient, abundant; k. lið, Bjarn. 71. kaprún, n. [for. word], a kind of cowl or c ap, Jb. 187, Sturl. ii. 145, iii. 306, B. K. 98, Siat. 299, D. N. passim. kar or karr, n. the mucus or s lime on new-born calves and lambs: metaph., kar er 4 kampi voruni, kystu mær ef þú lystir, a ditty in a ghost story. KARA, að, to clean ojf the kar, as cwcs and cows do by licking their young. II. metaph. to finish ojf; það er allt ókarrað, V i s all unlicked into fhape, in a rough state; or, það er ekki nema húlí-karað, it i s but half finished. karar-, see kor. karbunkli, a, in. [for. word], a carbuncle, FIuv. kardinali, a, m. [for. word!, a cardinal, Ann., Bs., Fins, vii, x. karfa, u, f., or körf, f., [Lat. c or bi s], a basket; akin to kerfi (q. v.), a bunch, a mod. word, the old being vand-laupr. karfasta, u, f. = karina, Sturl. KARFI, a, in. [By/ant. Gr. /:apa~os; mid. Lat. carabiis; Russ. koralii] :-- a kind of galley, or swift-going ship, with six, twelve, or sixteen rowers on each side, esp. used on lakes or inlets, Gretl. 95, 97; k. fimtun-sessa, 0. II. 42, 62 (to be used on the lake Mjürs); þeir höfðu karfa þann er rmi á borð túlf menu eðr sextan, Ea;. 171; Riign- valilr koumiss son átti karfa elnn, reru sex (sextan?) menu á bora, 371, 386; karfar þeir seni til landvarnar eru skipaðir, Réît. 42, Fms. ix. 408, Fb. i. 194; síðan túk hann karia nokkurn ok 16; draga ut urn cyjarnar þverar, Fins, viii. 3/7, 424; eikju-karfi, q. v.; they were long, narrow, and light so as to be easily carried over land, valtr karii, a crank, unsteady karti, Sighvat; whence the phrase, karfa-fútr, of reding, tottering steps, Ó. H. 72. karfi, a, m. [Engl. carp; O. H. G. cha r/ h o; Germ, iarpfii] , a kind of ~fid\ a carp, Edda (Gl.): so in the phrase, rauðr seni karti, red as a k., Flor. 71; karfa-rjóðr, blushing like a goldfuh. karfi, a, m., botan. cumin, freq. in Norway, Ivar Aascn, but in Icel. this old word appears to be lost. kargr, adj. [mid. H. G. karc; Germ, karg; Dan. iarrig] , lazy, stub- born, as an ass; hann er svo kari:r, heiilin niin, hann nennir ekki neitt að gera, látuni við strákinn stúdíera, Gründ. kar-koli, a, m. a kind offîsb, a sole. KARL, m. | a word common to all Teut. languages, although not recorded in Ulf.; A. S. car l, ceorl; Engl. carle, churl; Germ, kerl, etc.] :-- a man, opp. to a woman; brigðr er karla hugr konuin, Hm. 90; kostum drcpr kvenna karla ofriki, Am. 69; often in allit. phrases, karla ok konur, konur ok karlar, etc.; bæði karlar ok konur, Fms. i. 14, Kb. 276, 298; kvenna ok karla, Edda 21; drápu þeir menu alia, unga ok gamla, konur sem karla, Fms. ii. 134, viii. 432; er þat ekki karla at annask um matreiðu, Nj. 48; taldi hón afleiðis þoka kurteisi karlanna, er þá skyldi heita vtrða fyrir þeim sem ohraustum konum, Bs. i. 340; karlar tólf vetra gamlir eða ellri cru log-segendr eða lög-sjácndr, Gr;ig. ii. 31; yngri menn en sextan vetra gamlir karlar, eða konur yngri en tuttugu, K. Þ. K.; samborin systir, bæôi til karls ok konu, a sister on the father's and mother's side, D. N. ii. 528; spurði hvat konu varðaði ef turn vicri í brókum jafnan svá sem karlar, Ld. 136; svu er ir. ælt um karla ef þeir klæðask kvenna klæðnaði, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 204. COMPDS: karla-fólk, n. male folk; brenndu hann itiui ok allt karla-fólk en konur gengu ut, Dropl. 4. karla-fot, n. pl. metis attire, Bs. i. 653, Sturl. i. 65, Ld. 276, v. 1. karla-siðr, m. habits of men, Grág. i. 338. karla- skííli, a, m. a room for men, Dipl. v. 18. karla-vegr, m. the male side, side where the men sit, the right hand in a church, etc., i. e. opp. to kvenna vegr, D. N. iv. 283. karls-efhi, n. a nickname, one who promises to be a doughty man, Landn. karls-ungi, a, m. a nick- name, Sturl. iii. 258. B. In a political sense, the common folk, opp. to great folk, see jarl; vér karla born ok kerlinga, we bairns of carles and carlines, Hkr. i. (in a verse), opp. to hróðniögr Haralds, the king's son; þaðan eru komnar Karla rettir, Rm. 22; era þat karls sett er at kvernum stendr, Hkv. 2. 2; kiilluðu Karl, Rm. 18; ek em konungs dóttir en eigi karls, I am a king's daughter and not a carle's. Fas. i. 225; skyldi hón gacta hjarðar ok aldri annat vitask, en hón vxri karls dóttir ok kerlingar, 22 (of a king's daughter in disguise): in the allit. phrase, fyrir konung ok karl, /or king and churl, D. N. i. 523, ii. 747, Gþl. 137; so in the saying, þat er margt Í karls hiisi sem eigi er í konungs garði, there are many things in the carle's cottage that are no! in the king's palace, Gísl. 79, Fas. iii. 155, Mag. 73: mod., það er mart í koti karís sem kongs er tkki í ranni; so also in the popular tales, which often begin with the phrase, that there was a Kongr og druttning í riki sinn og karl og kerling í Garðs-horni, and have as a standing incident that the churl's son marries the king's daughter, Ísl. Jjjóðs. ii, cp. also 0. T. (1853) pref.; svo byrjar þessa sögu at karl bjó ok átti sér kerlingu, Pare, (begin.); karl hefir bi'nt ok kona öldruð, Fb. ii. 331 (in a verse); karls son, a churl's son, Fms. ix. 509. karla-cettir, f. pl. the churls, Rm, II. a house-carle, servant; hrundu þeir fram skútv., ok hlupu þar á sex karlar, Nj. 18; bun

332 KARLAMAGNUS -- KASTA.

hafði á skipi með sér tuttugu karla frjálsa, Landn. 109, cp. Fb. i. 265; hús-karl, bú-karl, salt-karl, q.v.; Sléttu-karlar, Fbr.; cp. Swed. Dale-karlar. III. in contempt; fret-karl, q.v.; staf-karl (Norse stakkar, Dan. stakkel), a 'staff-churl,' beggar: in the phrase, karl ok kýll, beggar and bag, Nj. 274; bragða-karl, a cunning fellow; lítill karl, you little wretch! þú þorðir ekki, lítill karl, at segja satt til, Fbr. 39 new Ed.: in mod. usage also in a good sense, góðr karl, a good fellow; harðr karl, a hardy carle: as also with the article, karlinn = Germ. der kerl. C. An old carle, old man, opp. to kerling; svá skal körlum skipta ok kerlingum, sem öðrum skuldum, N. G. L. i. 51; heyrit þér hvat karlinn mælir, Nj. 143; karl inn skegglausi; Þorbjörn karl, the old carle Th., Eb. 176; Arngeirr karl, Bjarn. 59, 69, 71; einn gamall karl, Barl. 74; karl afgamall, a decrepit old carle, Eg. (in a verse); hann glíkir sik gömlum karli, Stj, 475, passim in old and mod. usage. Karla-magnús, m. Charlemagne; Karlamagnús Saga, the History of Charlemagne, Jm. 32. karl-askr, m. a full measure, opp. to kvennaskr, a kind of half measure, Jb. 375. karl-barn, n. a male child, Stj. 248. karl-dyrr, n. pl. the men's door; in ancient dwellings the wings (skot, set) were occupied, the one side by the men, the other by the women; hence the door leading to the men's side was termed karldyrr, as opp. to the entry leading to the females' side, Nj. 14, K. Þ. K. 9, 14 new Ed., Grág. ii. 228. karl-dýr, n. a male beast, Stj. 71. karl-erfð, f. a male inheritance, of agnates, N. G. L. i. 49. karl-fátt, n. adj. wanting in males; var k. heima, Sturl. i. 142. karl-fjöldi, a, m. a multitude of male persons, Sturl. ii. 144. karl-fólk, n. common folk, Sighvat. karl-fugl, m. a male bird, Stj. 77, Pr. 409. karl-föt, n. pl. male attire, Ld. 276, Grág. i. 338. karl-gildr, adj., a law term, meaning full, complete; thus karlgildr úmagi means, not a 'male-úmagi,' but a 'complete invalid,' one who can contribute nothing towards his sustenance, e.g. an infant, a sick or aged person, male or female. The word is a standing term in the old church deeds, where the donor charged the gift with the support of a karlgild úmagi for ever, D. I. passim. The old Swedish laws present the same use of the word, e.g. karlgild mark = good money, money of full value, see Verel. s.v. karl-höfði, a, m. a carved man's head, figure head; bað hann Þorgeir reisa þar upp ás, ok skera á karlhöfða á endanum, an effigy 'in contumeliam,' Rd. 305; cp. Fs. 56, -- Jökull skar karlshöfuð á súlu-endanum ok reist á rúnar; as also Landn. 4, ch. 4: name of a ship with a man's head carved on her prow, Ó. H. karlinna, u, f. a woman; þar fyrir skal hún k. kallask af því hún er af karlmanni tekin, Gen. ii. 23. karl-kenndr, part. masculine, Edda 68. karl-kind, f. the male sex, Stj. 74, 115, 283. karl-klæði, n. pl. men's clothing, Grág. i. 338, N. G. L. i. 75. karl-kona, u, f. false reading for karlmenn, Ld. 136. karl-kostr, m. a (good) match, of a man, Sturl. i. 207. karl-kyn, n. the male kind, Stj. 56. karl-leggr, m. the male lineage, the agnates, Gþl. 244, passim; opp. to kvennleggr. karl-ligr, adj. masculine, Al. 172. karl-maðr, in. (spelt karmaðr, N. G. L. i. 50, Eluc. 4), a man, male, opp. to kvenn-maðr, a woman; karlmaðr eða kona, N. G. L. i. 51; sambúð milli karlmanns ok konu, Stj. 21; karlmaðr ok kona, Eg. 247, Ó. H. 152; skal karlmann tólf vetra gamlan eða ellra nefna í dóm, Grág. i. 16; karlmaðr sextán vetra gamall skal ráða sjálfr heimilis-fangi sínu, 147; hann er karlmaðr, því at hann hefir sonu átt við konu sinni, 190; er hann lét eigi aka í skegg sér, at hann væri sem aðrir karlmenn, ok köllum karl inn skegglausa, 67; slíkt víti á honum at skapa fyrir þat á sitt hóf, sem karlmanni, ef hann hefir höfuð-smátt svá mikla at sjái geirvörtur hans berar, Ld. 136; skerask í setgeira-brækr sem karlmenn, id.; gefa karlmanns-verð, a meal for a man, a full meal, D. I. i. 201, Vm. 169. 2. metaph. a man of valour; styrkr ok fálátr ok inn hraustasti karlmaðr, Nj. 177; svá sé ek fara, at flestum bilar áræðit, þóat góðir karlmenn sé, Fms. ii. 31; ef hann þorir, ok sé hann úragr karlmaðr, xi. 94; vér skyldim hafa karlmanns hjarta en eigi konu, 389; k. at lunderni, Bs. i. 709. II. in a political sense = karl, a 'churlman,' a churl, commoner; cp. jarl and jarlmaðr: this sense is obsolete, but is represented in the Frank. pr. name Karloman, Latinized Carolus Magnus, whence Charlemagne, Germ. Karl der Grosse, without regard to the true etymology. karlmann-liga, adv. in a manly way, Nj. 144, Fb. ii. 674. karlmann-ligr, adj. masculine, Th. 23, Skálda 185. 2. manly, bold, Fms. vi. 209, Nj. 70, Eg. 322; k. kappi, 623. 33; k. skap, 36, passim. karl-menni, n. a stout, valiant man; hann er mesta k. karl-mennska, u, f. manhood, valour, Nj. 176, Fs. 4, Fms. vii. 168, xi. 80, 110, passim; karlmennsku bragð, prowess, iii. 134. karl-sift, f. 'carle-sibness,' relationship by the father's side, Lat. agnatio, opp. to kvenn-sift, Grág. ii. 176, Fms. i. 220. karlsiftar-maðr, m. an agnate, N. G. L. i. 78. karl-sköp, n. pl. genitalia, Ver. 70, Mar. kar-maðr, m. = kararmaðr, bedridden. kar-mannliga, adv. wretchedly, Nj. 229, v.l. (Johnson.) KARMR, m. [Dan. karm = a frame; vindues-karm, dör-karm = a window-frame, door-frame] :-- a closet; slæðu-karmr = vestiarium, Hallfred; öl-karmr, an ale cask, Landn. (in a verse); mjöð-k., a mead cask, Lex. Poët.; bekk-k., a bench frame, couch = Lat. triclinium, id.; kastalar ok karmar, Fms. iv. 49. 2. a cart, B. K. 20, still used in that sense in Dan. and Norse. karn (?), a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.) karnaðr, m. [kör = a bed (?)], concubinage; kaupa ambátt til karnaðar, Grág. i. 358. KARP, n. bragging; var minna karp þitt meðan Hákon konungr, fóstri minn, lifði, Mork. 139; sýnisk mér sem minna sé nú karp þitt heldr en inn fyrra daginn, O. H. L. 27. karpa, að. to brag, boast. karp-málugr, adj. bragging, Karl. 429. karp-yrði, n. pl. braggart words, boasts, Flóv. 29. karra, að, to card wool :-- karra kalf, see kara. KARRI, a, m. in rjúp-karri, a male ptarmigan. karri, a, m. a card, for combing. karsk-liga, adv. briskly. Fas. iii. 625. karsk-ligr, adj. brisk, doughty. KARSKR, adj., fem. körsk, karskt, proncd. kaskr; [from karl or karr, qs. kariskr; Germ. karsch, a north Germ., word, Grimm's Dict. by Hildebrand; Dan.-Swed. karsk] :-- brisk, bold, Nj, 120, v.l.: hale, hearty, era karskr maðr sá er ..., he is not a hale man, i.e. he suffers much who ..., Stor. 4: freq. in mod. usage. karta, u, f. a short horn: metaph., þín krakka karta, thou urchin! Grönd. kart-nagl, m. a hangnail, Nj. 52, Snót 209, passim. KARTR, m. a cart; karta at görva, Rm. 19; sá er áðr sat í gyltri kerru er nú settr í hervilegan kart, Al. 107; fjögr hundruð, vagna ok þúsund karta, 166. KASA, að, [kös], prop. to heap earth or stones upon, to earth, commonly used of witches, miscreants, carcases of men or beasts, Grág. ii. 156 (of an outlaw); lík Þóris var upp rekit ok kasa þeir hann hjá Sigmundi, Fær. 177, Fs. 62; vóru þeir færðir út í hraun ok kasaðir í dal þeim er þar var í hrauninu, Eb. 138; þar heitir Knarrarnes er hann var kasaðr, Ld. 156; vildu þeir eigi jarða hann at kirkju ok kösuðu hann utan-borgar, Mar.: to bury in snow, eru þeir kasaðir í mjöllinni, Fs. 143, Sturl. iii. 215; báru síðan at stórt grjót ok kasaðu þá, Stj. 370: metaph., þeir kasaðu þetta með sér, Fms. iv. 284, v.l.; kváðusk hlaða mundu vegg í dalinn ok kasa þar metorð Guðmundar, Sturl. i. 155. II. in mod. usage, to pile in heaps, esp. of the blubber of whales or sharks. kass, m., mod. kassi, a, m. a case, large box, Stj. 253, 357, v.l.; kasta kössunum, to take to the heels, run, Fms. viii. 421, v.l.; komi þér eigi þeim kassa á mik, you shan't lay this box on my back, Grett. 127: a fishing case, ker ok kassa, D. N. ii. 35; kassa-fiski, fishing with creels, (mod. silunga-kista, laxa-kista), D. N. kassaðr, part. cased, Pm. 103. kast, n. a cast, throw of a net; eignask þeir síld alla er kast áttu, Gþl. 427, Boldt. 53; um kast ef menn hitta í storma, N. G. L. ii. 278, :-- in the phrase, koma í kast við e-n, to come in collision with one (Dan. komme i kast med en), Nj. 260; koma í kast saman við e-n, H. E. i. 524. β. a throw of dice, Sturl. ii. 159, Ó. H. 90, Sks. 26. 2. köstum saman, by heaps, Þórð. 62; at seinustum köstum, at the last moment, D. N. ii. 535: metaph., kemr til e-s kasta, one's turn comes, mun þá þykkja koma til várra kasta, at veita lið málum yðrum, Valla L. 221; nú hafa kappar kveðit í hring, kemr til minna kasta, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7. II. a kind of cloak, a dust cloak; hlógu at honum er hann var í kasti mórendu, Nj. 179: in mod. usage, a cloak worn by milkmaids whilst milking. KASTA, að, [a Scandin. word; Dan.-Swed. kaste, not found in Saxon and Germ., so that Engl. cast must be of Dan. origin] :-- to cast, throw, with dat. of the thing (to throw with a thing), but also absol.; Egill kastaði þegar niðr horninu, E. flung the horn away, Eg. 215; smala-maðr kastar höfðinu niðr, Nj. 71; en er skjöldr Atla var únýttr, þá kastaði hann honum, Eg. 507; hann kastar aptr öllu ok vill ekki þiggja, Man.; kasta brynju, Hkv. 2. 42; kasta akkerum, to cast anchor, Eg. 128; k. farmi, to throw the cargo overboard, 656 C. 21, Sks. 231 B; kasta verplum, to cast with the dice, Grág. ii. 198; Suðrmenn tveir köstuðu um silfr (gambled); Magn. 528; hana kastaði, ok kómu upp tvau sex, Ó. H. 90: to throw, toss, ef griðungr kastar manni, Grág. ii. 122; k. e-m inn, to cast into prison, Fms. ix. 245. II. with prepp.; kasta um hesti, to turn a horse at full gallop; ven þú hest þinn góðan um at kasta á hlaupanda skrefi, Sks. 374; Jóns-synir köstuðu um hestum sínum, Sturl. ii. 75: metaph., biskupi þótti hann hafa kastað

KASTALI -- KAUPANGSMENN. 333

tér um til mótstöðu-manna kirkjunnar, that he had turned round to the . tnemies of the church, Bs. i. 722; k. um hug sinum, to change one's mind, Stj. 285: k. til e-s, to ca s t at one, pelt one, Gnig. ii. "J: ef hvarrgi kastar fyrir annan, lay snares for another, Gþl. 426. III. to cast off; kasta trti, to cast off one's faith, be a renegade, Nj. 166, 272; kasta Kristni, to apostatize, Fms. i. 108, vii. 151. IV. phrases, kasta orðum a e-n, to address one, Oik. 37; k. kallz-yrðum at e-m, t o throw taunts at one, Fms. vi. 104, Fb. i. 214 (at-kast); kasta reiði á e-n, Fms. vii. 228; k. á sik suit, to feign illness, Nj. 14: k. fram kviðlingi, vísu, stöku, to extemporise, cast abroad, a ditty, Fms. ii. 207; kasta sinni eign á e-t, t o s? i z e upon: k. niðr, to cast down, Eg. 730: k. e^u til, to insinuate, Fb. ii. 148; k. móti e-m, to cast in one's teeth, Stj. 173: kasta upp, to forward, bring forth, Nj. 88. V. impers., of bei ng" ca s t, thrown, flung, esp. by wind, waves, etc.; varð svá mikill eldsgangrinn, at logbründunum kastaði upp í borgina, Fms. x. 29; er hann fretti at skipinu hafði kastað, capsized, Rs. i. 389; þær siur ok gneista, er kastað hafði or Múspells-heimi, Edda 5; köldum draug kastar upp á búnka, Skald H. 4. 19; kastaði þú fram seglinu á akkeris- fleininn, Fms. ix. 387; menu dasask, skips-farmi kastar, Sks. 231; enda kasti hvölum eða viði yfir malar-kamb, Grág. ii. 354; þat fé er kastar á land, 388; þá kastar þegar vindi á eptir þeim, it blew tip to a breeze, Bs. i. 461; nú kastar á vindi innan eptir firðinurn, Fms. ii. 72; henni var kastað skinni at beini, the skin was as it were thrown over her bones, of leanness, Bárð. 176. VI. reflex, or recipr., kastask i nioti, to c as t against one another, Gþl. 426; kastar-k orðum á, to ex- change words, Eg. 547, jþorst. St. 52. 2. pass, to be thrown, Fms. ix. 245, x. 49. kastali, a, m. [from Lat. caslellutA] , a castle, stronghold, Fms. vii. 94, 159, 194, viii. 177, 418, x. 358, Al. QOi Sks. 597, Fas. i. 497, Ver. 10, Sturl. ii. 42, Fs. 70, Orkn. 344-354; kastala hurð, dyr, veggr, vígskörð, a ca s tle d oo r, wall, rampart, Hkr. iii. 312, Orkn. 350. Sks. 416; kastala stafr, a castle pillar, Fms. viii. 429; kastala-kirkja, a castle church, vii. 189; kastala-menn, defenders of a castle, Orkn. 350, Fms. vii. 192, Fs. 70. 2. a kind of war engine, Sks. 3. naut., hún-kastali, q. v. 4. a dome-shaped hill is in Icel. called kastali; cp. borg. kastan-razi, a, m. a nickname, Bs. kast-möl, f. coarse gravel. kast-vella u, f. boiling, Bs. ii. 9. KATI, a, m. a kind of sm all ship, a ' cat, ' Edda (Gl.); þá gaf Hürðr nafn nesinu ok kallaði Katanes, því at honum þótti þar margr kati fyrir fara, Ísl. ii. 85 :-- ketill (kettle) seems to be a diminutive from this old word. II. local names; Kata-nes, n. Caithness in Scotland: Katnesingar, m. pl. the men of Caithness, Orkn.: Katneskr, adj. from Caithness, Grág. i. 299, Orkn. katlari, a, m. a kettle-maker, Rétt. 59. Katrín, f. a pr. name, Catherine; Katrinar-messa, -saga, Catherine's mass, saga, PITK, Vm. katt-belgr, m. a cat's skin, Grág. i. -501. katt-skinn, n. a cat's skin, jaorf. Karl. 374; kattskinns glófar, cat-skin gloves, id. kauða, u, f. = kauði, a nickname, Fms. vii. 217. kauði, a, m. a rascal, Edda (Gl.) ii. 496, freq. in mod. usage. KAUN, n. a sore, of wounds and scabs, Bs. ii. 20 (in a verse), Mar.; fullr kauna, Luke xvi. 26: freq. in mod. usage is the phrase, blása í kaunin, to bl ow on one's sores, of fingers burnt, sore, or cold, Grönd. 46, -- o 6" aA. 7te KOÍ \tp' tyvo-r] of Theocr. 19. 3. 2. the Rune p, see introduction to letter K. KAUP, n. a bargain; illt kaup, a bad bargain, Þorst. St. 54; daprt kaup, a s ii d bargain, Sighvat; kropp kaup, Grett. (:n a verse); gott or góð kaup, a good bargain; af-kaup, q. v.; lion gaf fyrir heklu fkkkótta, ok vildi kaup kalla, s he paid a spotted frock for it, thus making it a bargain, Landn. 319; oil skulu kf. up haldask með mönnum vátllaus, nema fjögr, Grúg. ii. 406; kona á at ráða fyrir hálfs-eyris kaupi, a woman has a right to make a bargain amounting to half an ounce, i. 333: phrases, slá kaupi við e-n, and s!a kaupi saman, to strike a bargain, Fms. ii. 80, Fb. ii. 79; slyngja kaupi, to strike a bargain, Lá. 96; kaup ok sölur, buying and selling; ganga kaupum ok sölum, to go into trade; eiga kaup við e-n, Fms. vi. 103; verða at kaupi, to come to a bargain, Ld. 96; semja kaup, Fb. i. 124; kaupa smám kaupum sem storum, ii. 75; eiga kaup við e-n, to exchange, bargain, trade with one, Nj. 157, passim. II. a stipulation, agreement; allail i'iverka þann er í kaup þeirra kom, Gþl. 329; ek mæli til kaupa við þik, vill Rútr görask nn'igr þinn ok kaupa dóttur þína (of marriage, see brúð-kaup), Nj. 3; þá tala þeir um kaup, ok verða á allt sáttir, 51; skulu vit korna saman á þessi nótt at því kaupi sem þá vill verða, Fms. vii. 244. III. wages, pay; eigi kann ek kaups at meta, to take pay for a thing, O. H. L. 66; utan kaups, without pay, gratuitously, |jiðr. 312; vera af kaupi, to be off one's bargain, to have forfeited it, Edda 26; skal hann eigi laka meira kaup en hálfa mörk, Grág. 1. 147; at niaðr taki tvá aura at kaupi, 466, Rétt. 2. 10; hvat kaup viltii hafa fyrir skemtan þína ? O. H. L. 66; mæla sér kaup, Bs. i. 171, Stj. 176; konungr gaf honum mikit kaup, n Fms. x. 320; fara með kaup sin, to let oneself for hire, Grág. i. 468; prests-kaup, a priest's pay for singing mass, Bs. i. 759; hann gait engum manni kaup, Grett. 109. COMPDS: kaupa-bálkr, m. a section of the law referring to trade and exchange, Grág., Gþl., Jb. kaupa- brefj n. a deed of a bargain, D. N. kaupa-jörð, f. purchased land, opp. to óðalsjörð, N. G. L. i. 75. kaupa-kostir, m. pl. terms of a bargain, Ld. 322, Rd. 260. kaupa-land, n. =kaupajörð, Bs. i. 684. kaupa-maðr, m. a hired labourer during haymaking in the summer, opp. to vinnu-maðr = a servant hired for the whole year, kaupa-mang, n. barter, Sturl. ii. 125. kaupa-markj n. a purchased mark, opp. to one inherited (in cattle), Grág. ii. 307. kaupa-vattr, m. (and kaups- váttr, Grág. ii. 204), a witness to a bargain, Dipl. v. 26. kaupa- vinna, u, f. working for wages, of mowers. kaups-vætti, n. id., Gnig. ii. 272. KAUPA, kaupir, pret. keypti, part, keypt; [Ulf. kaupatjan = Ko\a(þl- feic and kaupon = irpayfj. arfvfa6ai, Lukexix. 13; A. S. ceâpian; Old Engl. chop; North. E. coup; cp. Engl. cheapen, chaffer, couper, chap-man, etc. (see angr); Germ, kanfen; Dutch koopen; Swed. köpa; Dan. kjobe; a word common to all Teut. languages. The derivation from Lat. caupona is hardly admissible, whereas Grimm's ingenious suggestion (Diet. iii. i9S)-connectiiig it with Goth, kaupatjan, which Ulf. uses = t o strike in the face, is strongly borne out by the very form of the Icel. word; -- since, first, this word, although having au as its root vowel, follows the 2nd and not the 1st weak conjugation; secondly, the vowel changes in preterite and participle, which is characteristic of a verb with an inflexive or characteristic^'; thirdly, the t in the preterite (so far as is known) is never spelt with ð or þ, -- keypti, notkeypði or keypþi (see introduction to letter D, C. III. 2), -- which indicates that the t is here radical and not inflexive. The Icel. word therefore represents in its tenses both the Gothic words, -- kaupan in the present tense, kaupatjan in the preterite: the bargain was symbolized by ' striking, ' hence the phrase 'to strike' a bargain, Dutch koopslagen. ~] B. To buy; magran mar kaupa, Hm. 83; kaupa frið, Skm. 19; opt kaupir sér í litlu lot, Hm. 51; vel-keyptr, 107; allan harm varning er þú kaupir ok selr, Sks. 20; hann keypti skip til ferðar, Mar. passim; kevpti Njall lahd í Ossabse, Nj. 151, Grág. ii. 243; Vill Riitr gorask mágr þinn ok kaupa dóttur þína, Nj. 3 :-- the bargain or price in dat., skal öln (dat.) kaupa geymslu á kii, Grág. i. 147, 466; kaupa land veroi, ii. 243; k. sex álnum, i. 466; kaupa mey (konu) mundi, þá er kona mundi keypt, er mork sex álna aura er goldin at mundi eðr hand" siihiö, eðr meira fo ella, 1/5; gulli keypta léztú Gymis dóttur, Ls. 42. 2. absol. to make a bargain; þútt vér kaupim eigi, Nj. 49: kaupa kaupi, to bargain; eigi kemr mer þat í hug at Snorri kaupi sinu kaupi betr þótt hann gefi þt'T mat, Eb. 182; k. dy'rt, to buy dtarly, metaph., Pare., Str. 50. II. with prepp.; kaupa saman, to bargain, Hkv. Hjörv. 3; kaupa á braut, to buy one off; þess vaentir mik, at þú sér vel þessu ú braut kaupandi, well worth being bought off at this price, Fms. xi. 56 :-- k. við e-n, to make a bargain, come to terms with one, Nj. 40, Fb. ii. 75 :-- k. um, to barter, exchange; keypti hann um lönd við Guðrúnu Ösvífrs-dóttur, E'o. 282; kaupa klæðum (klæði um ?) við e-n, to exchange clothes with one, Fms. ii. 156; mælt var at þau mundi kaupa um loud, Snorri ok Guðrún, Ld. 248; drottning keypii um sonu við ambátt, Fas. ii. 59 :-- k. e-t at e-m, to buy of one; hann keypti at jborgeiri, lb. 11 (carpti MS.); þat er mitt eyrendi at k. at per kvikfé, Fms. vi. 103, Ld. 96, Fb. ii. 75. III. reflex., rétt er at maðr láti kaupask verk at, hire oneself out, Gnig. i. 468: svá ni'kit sem mer kaupisk i, as much as í gain by it, Band. 31 new Ed.; ef ek vissa, at þat keyptisk i, at ..., that it would be gained by it, Fms. v. 138; mikit kaupisk mi i, much is gained, vii. 116; slikt sem mer kaupisk i, xi. 285. 2. recipr., þar sem menu kaupask saman at lögum, to bargain with one another, Gþl. 477; ú þat urðii vit sáttir er vit keyptumk við, Fb. ii. 78; þegar er or kaupisk við, Eb. 112; üðrum- tveggja þeiiti er við hafa keypzk, Gnig. i. 227: the phrase, komask at keyptu, to pay dearly fur, smart for it, Eg. 64, Húv. 46, Karl. 401. 3. pass., ekki munu frændr Grettis ausa út ic fyrir verk hans ef honum kaupisk enginn friðr, Grett. 126 A; sem í þessi ferð muni mér þá engi frami kaupask, St. Odd. 10. kaup-angr, in. [kaup and vangr, dropping the v, rather than angr, q. v/j :-- a market-place, village, town; ef maðr á hús í kaupangi en bii í héraði, Gþl. 93; Í kaupangi sem í húraði, N. G. L. i. 303; allt þat sem í kaupangri er gört, þat skal at kaupangrs-rotti skipta, 53; þ;i skal hann fara til kaupangrs með f(it sin, 304. II. it is also freq. in Scandin. local names denoting o ld market-towns, Dan. Kjöbing, Nfkj'ob- ing, Kj'oben-bavn, Swed. Koping, NorKping, Engl. Cheap-side, Cbifping- Ongar; Chipping-Norton, etc.: the Norse town Níðaróss was specially called Kaupangrj Fms. ii. 232, iii. 40, iv. 314, 340, v. 104, 117, x. 448, xii. passim, Ísl. ii. 391: also as a local name in northern Iceland, Lv., Rd. 274. COMPDS: Kaupangs-fjall, n. a local name in Norway, Fms. viii. kaupaiigs-konur, f. p!. town-women, the women of NWaróss, . Fms. vi. kaupangrs-lýðr, m. town-folk, Fms. x. 411. kaupangs-menn, in. pl. town-men, people, Fms. viii. 35. kaupangs- u

334 KAUPANGRSRETTR -- KÁRR.

manna-lög, n. pl. = kaupangrsrúttr, Gþl. 263. kaupangrs-réttr, m. town-law, Gþl. 264, N. G. L. i. 53. kaup-bréf, n. a deed of purchase, Dipl. v. 16. kaup-brigði, n. a breach of contract, |)orst. hv. 40. kaup-bær, m. = kaupangr, Hom. 118, Fms. iv. 93, vii. 112, 151, Ísl. ii. 391. kaup-drengr, m. = kaupmaðr, Fms. vi. 36, fsl. ii. 126. kaup-dýrr, adj. exorbi'ant, demanding n high price, Ld. 176. kaup-eyrir, m. articles of trade, wares, cargo; kaupskip ok kaupeyri, ship and cargo. Eg. 157; hann for með kaupmó'nnum vestr til Englands ok hafði gúðan kaupeyri, Orku. 204, Fs. 131, Ld. 254 (money] ; af kaup- eyri ok garðleigum í kaupstað, Gþl. 93; fá e-m kaupeyri, Fs. 84. kaup- eyris-tíund, f. a lithe or tax on trade, excise, H. E. ii. 98. kaup-fang, n. a purchase, Nj. 131, v. 1. kaup-ferð, f. a journey; sigla kaupferð, Eb. 140; stundum í viking stundum í kaupferðum, Eg. 154; optliga í kaupferoum en stundum i hcrnaði, Fms. i. 185; hitt hafða ek heldr nú ætlað at hætta kaupferðum, Nj. 22; hann rak kaupferðir til ymissa landa, O. H. 50; Loðinn tor kaup- ferð í Austrveg, Fb. i. 207; þá settisk friðr ok kaupferðir úr þrúndheimi til Jamtalands, 0. H. 142: metaph. phrases, ok munu þessir hafa þvilika kaupferð sein hinir fyrri (= fara soma for), Fms. viii. 405; ok enginn sækir sá at honum, at eigi hefir þvílíka kaupferð, þiðr. 326. kaup-fox, n. cheating, fraudulent dealing, Gþl. 496, Jb. 359. kaup-friðr, m. ' trade-peace, ' security for trade, Fms. vi. 7, O. H. L. 39. kaup-för, f. = kaupferð, esp. in pl.; iara kaupförum o, k afla sér svá íjár, Sks. ~ 251; er hann rænti mik skipi því er eitt er bezt haft Í kaup- fimim, 0. H. 215. kaup-gegn, adj. g-oo d at trading, Fb. ii. 138. kaup-gjald, n. mages, pay, Stj. 182. kaup-hlutr, m. a bargain, Mar. kaup-hús, n. a shop, Symb. 23. kaup-höndlan, f. [Germ, handling] , trade, (mod.) kaupi, a, m. a buyer, Jb. 56, Pr. 128; búðir, kaupi ok sali, N. G. L. ii. loo: = kaupunautr, jþiðr, 104. kaup-lag, n. a tax, price, Grett. 95. kaup-laust, n. adj. without charge, gratuitously, 656 B. 2, Fs. 92, Fb. i. 122, Al. 135, Korm. 68: without bargain, profit, Germ, itnverricbleter sache, Ld. 322, Konr. 38. kaup-lendingr, adj. a law term, owner of purchased land (opp. to an allodial owner), N. G. L. i. 247. kaup-ligr, adj. mercantile, Fms. iii. 159. kaup-löstr, m. a flaw in a bargain, N. G. L. i. 75- kaup-maðr, m. [cp. Engl. c h a p waw; Germ. kaufmann; Dan. kjübmand; Svfed. kopma/i] :-- a merchant, traveller; in old times, trade was held in honour, and a kaupmaðr (merchant] and farmaðr (traveller] were almost synonymous; young men of rank and fortune used to set out on their travels which they continued for some years, until at last they settled for life; even the kings engaged in trade (see e. g. the pref. to the Hkr., of king St. Olave and Hall í Haukadale); whence in after-times arose the notion of royal trade monopoly. Numerous passages injthe Sagas refer to journeys taken for trade; kaupmaðr ok smiðr mikill, O. H. 5, 214, Nj. 124, Fms. viii. 234, 303, Ísl. ii. J 26, Fs. 24, Eb. 140; kaupmanna görii, a merchant's attire, Fms. v. 285; kaupmanna-log, a league of merchants; kallaði hann þeirra manna auðgastan er verit höfðu í kaupmanna-logum, Ld. 28. kaup-manga, ad, to bargain, Sturl. i. 171. kaupmannliga, adv. in a merchant-like manner, Fb. ii. 75- kaupmannligr, adj. merchant-like, mercantile. kaup-máli, a, m. a bargain, contract, Grág. i. 225, Nj. 17, Fms. x. 12, 300, Th. passim; kaupmála-briíf, a deed, Dipl. iii. 4. kaup-rein, f. a market-place, N. G. L. i. 26. kaup-rof, n. a breach of bargain, N. G. L. i. 237. kaup-sáttr, adj. agreed to as a bargain, Sturl. iii. 133- kaup-skapr, m. stores of merchandise, wares, Eg. 41, Fms. i. 185; hafði hann með sér hæas ok seldi þau með öðruin kaupskap, Ísl. ii. 124: -- mod. trade, trading. kaup-skattr, m. = kaup-skapr, H. E. i. 492, ii. 72. kaup-skil, n. pl. dealings; fara með réttum kaupskilum, bargains; þcirri eigu er þá kom í kaupskil þeirra, D. N. i. 83. kaup-skip, n. a merchant ship, O. K. 215, Eg. Si, Nj. 3, Fœr. 249, N. G. L. i. 48, Eb. 49 (v. 1.) new Ed., Fs. 70, 85, 92. kaup-slaga, að, [Dutch kopslagen, whence Dan. kj'abslaae~\, to ' strike a bargain, ' to bargain, Ann. 1414, Fb. i. 209. kaup-staðr, m. a market town, a town, Ísl. ii. 232, Eg. 119, 241, Fms. ii. 27, vi. 440, vii. 235, Fser. 5. kaup-stefna, u, f. a fair, a market, Eg. 41, 69, 599, 0. H. 64, 134, Grág. i". 463, Fms. i. 185, x. 227, Ísl. ii. 126, 192, Fs. 100: a bargain, Ó. H. II4. kaup-sveinn, m. = kaupdrengr, Fms. vi. 238, Fas. iii. 165. kaup-tíð, f. market time or season (July and August). kaup-tún, n. a 'cheap or chipping town, ' market town, Fb. ii. 122; þorp eðr k., Stj. 183, 570, O. H. L. 13. kaupu-bréf, n. = kaupbref, D. N. kaupu-nautr, m. a customer, Fms. iii. 91, Sd. 186, O. II. 114, Fb. i. 209. kaupungr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 226. kaup-varningr, m. merchant wares, Dropl. 9. kaup-váttr, m. a witness to a bargain, Dipl. iv. 4, N. G. L. í 223 B. K. í 24. kaup-verzlan, f. tr a de, (mod.) kaup-vitni, n. -- kaupváttr. kaup-þorp, n. -- kauptún, Fms. x. 67, v. 1. KAUSI, a, in. \~kattse, Ivar Aascn], a cat, = kisa, q. v,; Snorri mælti við son sinn þórð kausa, sér köítrinn músina, sees the cat the mouse? Ísl. ii. 309 :-- a nickname, Eb. KÁ, ð, to harass; enna grimmustu úvina er kallza oss ok ká, Barl. 60: reflex., kásk í e-u, to meddle in a thing, Sir. 24. ká-beinn, m. a nickname, Fb. káf, n. a stirring about: metaph. pretence of work, no real work, það er ekki nenia káf. káfa, að, to stir; káfa í heyi, to stir the hay ivith a rake. kák, n. bungling; það er onytt kák. káka, að, [from Engl. quack] , to bungle, play the quack; kaka við e-t. káklast, að, dep. to pick up quarrels; þér mun kostr at káklast um, komir þú austr þangat, Skiða R. 61. KÁL, n. [A. S. cawl; Engl. co le; Scot, kale; Germ, kohl; Dan. kaal] :-- a cabbage; mun hann einn ætla at óta allt kál á Englandi ? 0. H. 131; græn ká!, Stj. 61: kale broth and bacon, Fas. iii. 381; e-m fcllr flesk í kál, Bs. i. 717, Fms. x. 348, see flfsk: in the saying, ekki er sopit kálit þó í ausuna so komit, the kale is not supped though it be in the ladle, i. e. there is many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip, Grett. 132 A; er þat vel at vór deilim kulit, 168 new Ed. COMPOS: kál-frœ, n. kale seed. kál-garðr, in. a kale garden, Bs. i. 765, D. N. kál- ineti, m. kale food. kál-súpa, u, f. kale broth. kálf-bær, f. adj. a cow that will bear calves, Grág. i. 501, N. G. L. i. 75. kálf-full, adj. with calf, of a cow. KÁLFI, a, m. the calf of the leg, Orkn. 12, Eb. 60, Nj. 247, Fas. i. 61, ii. 343, 354, N. G. L. i. 339, Bs. i. 229. kálfa-bót, í. = the ham = kruísbót, þiðr. 86. KÁLFR, m. [Goth, kalbo = 8apa\is; A. S. cealf; Engl. calf; O. H. G. chalbâ; Germ. kalb; Dmi. kalv; Swed. kalf~\ :-- a calf; kyr ok kálfr, Fms. i. 168, vi. 260, 368, Njarð. 374, Gísl. 80, Eb. 316, 318, Fas. iii. 34, Grág. i. 502, N. G. L. i. 25: the phrase, ala i. ðrum þræl kálfs-eldi, to feed a thrall for another man as a calf, i. e. to feed a person who does nothing but cat, 31; hindar-k., a fawn, Str. 3: a whale-calf. II. metaph. of a small island near a large one, cyjar-k.; Mar. ar-k., the Calf of Man, at its southern extremity; Rastar-kalfr, the Calf of the island Rost. p. hvann-kálfr, young angelica, Hervar. (Hb.) Gsp., cp. Gr. fj. 6crx. os: kálfa-kjöt, n. ' calf-flesh, ' veal, Stj. 91: kálfs-belgr, in. a calf's skin, Gísl. 118, Fas. iii. 621: kálfs-fætr, m. pl. a calfs legs; flegnar kálfs fætr, flayed calves feet, of the stockings hanging about one's legs. III. metaph. a calf, i. e. a silly person, dunce; þú ert mcsti kálfr ! kálf-skinn, n. a calf-skin; kúlfskinns skór, Sturl. iii. 199: the phrase, eigi þótti honum meiri himinn en kálfskinn, svá þótti honum konungr ogurligr, the heaven seemed to him not bigger than a calf-skin (he was so dazzled), so frowning seemed the king, Hkr. iii. kálf-suga, u, f. the caul of calves, Bjorn; tregar kúifsugur, Hallgr., Snot (1866). KÁM, n. [West Engl. keern -- scum on cider; Germ, kahm, kahn, keim~\, grime, film of dirt, kám-leitr, -AÁ] . grimy in the face, kámugr, adj. 'kcamy' grimed. KÁPA, u, f. [A. S. cappe; Engl. cape, cope; O. H. G. chappa; Germ. kappe; Dan. kaabe; also the Romance languages, from the mid. Lat. cappa~\ :-- a cowled cloak, cloak with a hood, Fms. iv. 166, Nj. 143, Eg. 726, Jb. 187; bli'i kápa, Gísl. 37; kápu-ennr, -hour, -skaut, -grima, a co pe's sleeve, hood, lap, Eb. 250, Bs. i. 623, Band. 33 new Ed., Fas. i. 143, ii. 133, Gísl. 37, Háv. 45; loð-kápa, a furred cloak, Fms. vii. 19; tvíbyrð ktipa, Rétt. 2. 10; kantara-kápa, q. v.: the phrase, honum verðr ekki kápan lír því klæðinu, he will never get a cloak of that cloth = he will fail, be disappointed in that. 2. the cover of a book, (mod.) kár-höfðaðr, part, curled, þiðr. 175, 181. kár-höfði, a, m. one with curled hair, a nickname, Bs. kári, a, m., poet, the wind, freq. in mod. usage: a pr. name. kárína, u, f. [through Fr. carZme, from Lat. quadragesimal, a fast of forty days, ordered as a penance in the old eccl. law, H. E. i. 521, ii. 189, 191. kárínu-fasta, u, f. = karina, Sturl. ii. 231. kárna, að, [either from the preceding word or rather from Goth. kaurs = heavy, kaurei/is = heaviness] :-- to become distressed; heldr tók að kúrna fyrir Arna, Jón Arason. KÁRR, in. [A. S. eerre; Ivar Aasen kaara] , a curl or C7/ rl s in the hair; svartr á harslit ok k;'irr í hari hans mikill, Post. 645. 66; rendering of

KÁSSA -- KENNA. 335

' capillo nigro et crispo:' a pr. name, Kárr, Landn.; and as a nickname in bunn-kárr, lhin~haired; gull-kárr, g" old curl; Örðlu-kárr, Landn. kássa, u, f. a mess, muddle; allt í einni kassu. kássast, að, dep.; k. upp a e-n, to pick a quarrel wilb. kátína, u, f. merriment, merry pranks. kátliga, adv. in an odd, funny manner, Barl. 74- kátligr, adj. cheerful; k. ok með gleði-bragði, Nj. Il8; funny, comic, Grett. 127 A, Bs. ii. 148; all-k., Grett. 112. KÁTR, adj. [Dan. kaad], merry, cheerful, in good spirits, of mood, temper, Eg. 44, 483, Fms. i. 202, vii. 152, 157, 175, ix. 477, Ó. H. 70; nll-ka. tr, in excellent humour, 57; ú-kátr, downcast. ká-vísi, f. archness, Karl. 123. ká-víslega, adv. archly, Stj. 16. ká-vísligr, adj. wily; k. orð, Pr. 166. ká-víss, adj. arch, wily, Fms. ix. 304. keðja, u, f. [Germ, kette; Lat. catena; Dan. k/' ede], a chain, (mod.) KEFJA, older form kvefja, Sks. 1. c.; pres. kefr, pret. kafði, part, kafinn, [kaf; mid. H. G. quebe^ :-- causal, to dip, put under water; mantú hversu for urn sundit með okkr, ek mátta kefja þik ef ek vilda, Fms. vii. 119; sem þat kvefi (kvæfi, new Ed.) reykr eða mjorkvi, Sks. 211; þá kafði hón ïujfuðit svá at þar dó hann, Hkr. Yngl. S.; er ríki þitt klandar ok sjálfan þik vill kefja, MS. 4. 26: the saying, þann má eigi kefja er Guð vill hefja, Fb. iii. 408. II. impers. to be swamped, founder, sink, of a ship; skipit kafði undir þeim, Eg. 600; þá kafði skipit undir þeim ok lótusk þar allir, Hkr. i. 115, Mar.; svá er veðr þetta mikit at við þvi þótti bait, at kefja mundi skipin undir þeim, Fas. ii. 180. III. reflex, to dip oneself, duck, dive; þat ír athæfi þessa sljrimsl, at þat heíir opt kafsk, Sks. 170 :-- to be quenched, ok er þá því líkast at Ijúsit kvefisk þá í þeim reyk, 47 new Ed.; at Ijós vili kt-fjast (old Ed.) 2. part, kafðr, drowned; sumir vóru í vatni kafðir, Hom. 147: metaph. overwhelmed, kafðr í úhyggjum, Mar.; önnum kafinn, overwhelmed wilb business. kefla, ð, ío gag a lamb, so as to prevent its sucking; sagði at lömbunum væri tregast um átið fyrst er þau eru nykefld, Eb. 244. II. t o mangle; kefla þvátt, to mangle linen, freq. in mod. usage; ' þar vartú at er maðr kefldi þvátt' is prob. the true reading of the corrupt passage ' er feaðr kleði þvátt' in Skálda 162 (Thorodd); the MS. prob. had kelþi = kelfði (as the word is sounded), and GDaþr, which two words the transcriber mistook for kleþi and peaþr. KEFLI, n. [kafli], a cylinder, stick, piece of wood; alnar long kefii oil ok smaeri, Jb. 317; vioar-reki fylgir allr nema kefla reki, Vm. 1 30, Grett. 169 new Ed., Fms. vii. 170, xi. 347, Fs. 137; rista runar á kcfli, t o ca r f e Runes (magical characters) on a k., Gísl. 67, Eg. 605, Grett., Sd. 140, 141: a gag, Fms. ii. 179. II. a mangle; svá cru Flosa ráð sem fari kefli, F. 's plans are a rolling cylinder (=-Gr. of Si Kv\iv5pcis áAAoT' tff'ü, \A. á (pípovrai), the metaphor being probably taken from a mangle :-- laga-kefli, see log. kefling, f. gagging, Bs. i. 528. kefli-völr, in. a cane, stick, Fms. vii. 193, N. G. L. i. 334. kefsir, m. = Germ. kebs-mann, Edda (Gl.) kegill, m. a nickname, Sturl. keikan, n. a nickname, Fb. iii. keikja, t, to bend backwards, Eg. 397, v. 1. to kneykja; Flosi keiktist mjök, of a wrestler, = kikna or lykna (q. v.), Fms. iii. 188. KEIKR, adj. bent backwards, the belly jutting forwards; svá at gerðu eik | gúkk heldr keik, Bjarn. (in a verse); stendr heldr keikari, Band. II, Fas. iii. 557; k. í hálsi, Mag. keila, u, f. a fish, gadus longus, Edda (Gl.): ref-kcila, a female fox. keilir, in. a wedge (cp. Germ, keil); ef maðr brytr há af skipi maims eðr keili, N. G. L. u 325, Edda (Gl.) keili-selgr, keilis-múli, a, m. a nickname, Landn.: a cone-formed mountain, a local name in the south of Icel. keimr, m. flavour, taste; bera keim af e-u, to have a taste of; illr keimr, a bad flavour, keim-likr, adj. of like flavour. keipa, að, to pull an angler's line up and down, with dat.; forgefins hafði fiskimann, færinu keipat lengi dags, Jún þor.: metaph. to fret, be cross. keipóttr, ad] , fretful, fickle, shifty. KEIPR, m. a rowlock, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vii. 66, freq. II. = húðkeipr (q. v.), a canoe, Fb. i. 525, Skald H. 4. 17, 20. keip-nagli, a, m. and keip-nef, n. a rowlock thrall, a rower. III. metaph. fretful fits, of children; seldu mér hana keipa-stelpu þina, Snót 298. keipull, m. a kind of boat, the coble of the north-east coast of Eng- land and south-eastern of Scotland, lb. 9. KEIS, f. [akin to keikr], a round belly, freq. in mod. usage: a nick- name, Sturl. iii. 225. keisa, t, to jut out; keisti fald, perhaps keikti fald, Rm. 26. keisari, a, m. Caesar, Germ. Kaiser, an emperor, Ver. 40, Hkr. iii. 343, passim; keisara riki, a n empire; keisara garðr, hull, stull, vigsla, the imperial residence, ball, chair, consecration, Ver. 47, Fms. vii. 94, Stj. i, Ann. 913, Fas. i. 323. COMPOS: keisara-dómr, m., -dœmi, n. an empire, Fms. xi. 329, 417. keisara-inna, u, f. [Germ, baiserin] , an empress, Ann., THom. 162. kekkja, u, f. [kokkr], a nickname, Fas. kektunar-maðr, m., Nj. 105; see klektun. KELDA, u, f. [mid. H. G. qual and quil; Germ, quelle; Dan. Jtilde ', Swed. källa; cp. Engl. well, North. E. keld -- a spring^ :-- a well, spring; krjúpa at keldu (mod. vatna lömbum), þorf. Karl. (in a verse); kelda er ok þar nær hellinum, ok þú konungr sér í, ó. H. 187; af sannri lífs æð sem lífs keldu, Barl. 84; í læk þann eðr keldu er fell or brunninum, Bs. i. 462; um ker ok keldur, þar skal ker vera í garði sem eigi er kelda til ok vatn í, N. G. L. ii. 248, Sks. 91, Bret. 30; útan garös ok innan með keldu, D. N. i. 527; at keldunni þeirri er mitt er í garðinum, ii. 498, iii. 98; keldu-lækr, a stream from a well, Karl. 266: and so in Dan. and Swed. local name, Roes-kilde, as also in mod. Dan. and Swed. II. specific Icel. a stagnant pit in a swampy ground, Eb. 266, Ld. 204, Lv. 5, Jb. 278, Dipl. ii. i, Fb. i. 731. COMPDS: keldu- skitr, m. = myri-skitr, a snipe: a nickname, Fms. vii. keldu-sog, n. the outlet of a k., Dipl. v. 19. keldu-svin, n. a hedge-bog: local names, Keldur, f. pl., Keldu-hverfi, n., Landn.; whence Keld- h. verfmgar, m. pl. the men from K., Grett. keldóttr, adj. miry, marshy. KELFA, d, to calve, Gþl. 504, see Pal Vídal. Skýr. s. v. kelft. kelfing, f. calving, Gþl. 498. kéli-, [Swed. kel; Dan. kjelen, kjele = to fondle; cp. also ein-kili] :-- it occurs only in COMPDS: kéli-sjúkr, adj. hysterical; fyrir kelisjúkar konur, Fsm. 23. kéli-sótt or kéli-sýki, f., Swed. kelenhet = hysterics, Ful. kelkinn, adj., in þrá-kelkinn, obstinate, and þrú-ke!kni, obstinacy. kelli, kella, see kerli, kerla. kelpa, u, f. a trap for otters, Fms. vii. 21; see kilpr. KEMBA, d, [kambr], to comb; skera hár silt ne k., Eg. 6; k. höfuð, Vsp. 38, Vikv. ii; kenibdr ok þveginn, Skv. 2. 25; laug skal gora hveim er liðinn er, hendr þvá ok höfuð, kemba ok þerra áðr í kistu fari, Sdm. 34 (Bugge); k. sik, Stj. 138; usually k. súr, Karl. 409, Sturl. i. 168, Bs. i. 560; inegi þér k. þeim eigi hagligar tjaldkúlur, Fas. ii. 448; k. hærur, to comb gray hairs, see hæra. II. t o co rd wool; kemba ull, Bret. 32, Stj. 78. kemba, u, f. a s kein of carded wool. kembir, m. a comber, a nickname, Fb. iii. kempa, u, f., spelt kenpa: I. [kappi], a champion, Dan. kjempê, þiðr. 123, Stj. 384, Fms. viii. 158, x. 383, xi. 97, 389, 439. II. [kampr], plur. kempur, the gunwale of a keng-boginn, part, crooked. KENGR, m. [cp. Shell. keeng = a brook; North. E. and Dutch kink = a creek, fold; mod. Engl. kink or twist in a rope] :-- a horseshoe-formed crook of metal, Safn 67, 84, Munk. 103, hurðar kengr; Vm. 56 (of a bell): a bend, bight, en köttrinn be3'gði kt-nginn, Edda (Ub.) ii. 285; beygja sik í keng, to crouch; þo var upp or kryppu kengr, Skíða R. 8: a nick- name, Landn. kenjar, f. p\. freaks, whims: kenjóttr, adj. whimsical. KENNA, d, kennig, Hm. 164; part, kennandisk, Bs. i. 322, H. E. i. 499, Dipl. iv. 8; [Goth, kunnan; A. S. knaivan; Old Engl. and Scot. ken; Dan. kjende; Swed. ku, nna~\ :-- to ken, know, recognise; þú kennir konu þá er heitir Oddny, Fms. vii. 103, Hkv. 2. 12; hann kenndi hann þegar, Nj. g; FJosi kenndi Kara er hann kom í stofuna, 282; hann kenndi skipit, því at hann hafði þat skip scð fyrr, Eg. 120; þar kenndi Inginuindr lönd þau er honum var til visat, Landn. 175, Sd. 186; þóttisk hann kenna sitt mark á vísu þessari, Fms. iii. 20: with infin., þeir kenndu at þat var Eirekr viðsjá, Is!, ii. 335; er þetta hann Skalla-grimr ? Grimr sagði at hann kenndi rétt, Eg. 112; keiuur þú uökkut til gripa þessara ! Nj. 75. II. kenna sér e-t, to know as one's own, claim; kenna sér laud, Grág. ii. 204; hann á eigi þat er hann kennir sér, 219; Ingimundr kenndi sur fimni vintunnur ... þú munt kenna þér þat er aðrir menu eigu, Bs. i. 433; því keundi hvurr-tveggi ser nautiu, Landn. 47; at enginn dirfi sik at kenna súr þat er hann giirir eigi, Al. 88; ek spyrr hverr sir kenni M. M. at þingmanni, Grág. i. 19. III. t o acknowledge as belonging to another, attribute to him; oil vúr góð- verk eru honum at kenna ok eigna, Stj. 25; þá var ok ur um oil loud, kenndu Svíar þat Frey, Hkr. i. 16; ht';r er tunglinu kennt embætti si'ilarinnar, Skiilda 211; k. e-m barn, to father a child upon one, Bs. i. 807, K. Á. 16; var sveinn sá kenndr Jóni er þúrarinn hot, bturl. i. 223; þó at haim so kenndr nokkurum manai at syni, Grig. ii. 113, (kenningar-son, a natural son): cp. the phrase, þar er enginn kenndr sem hann kemr ekki, n o o ne i s known where he comes not, i. e. men had better keep aloof from where they have no business to be. 2. to lay to one's charge, impute; Ásbjöni kenndi ser void um þat harðrútti, Rd. 249; Eva kenndi sina synd orminum, Stj. 37; ef þeim eru engir laga-lestir kenndir, Grág. ii. 4!; ef meiri eru ráð kennd um konu-nám þeim manni, i. 335; ef hann væri sannr verks þessa er honum var kennt, Fms. ii. 73; Sigurðr taldi þat úsatt sem Ingi konungr kenndi þeim, vii. 242; þeir kenndu honum, , at hann hefði verit at vigi Benteins, 224; kenndi þat hvúrr öðrum, at

336 KENNA -- KENNISEMI.

ekki héldi þat er mxh var, 248; það er mér að kenna, it is brought home to me; yðr er þat kenna, Am. 51: k. e-m um e-t, to charge one with a thing; þorgeirr vildi ekki at bræðrum hans mztti um kenna, hvat sem í gürðisk, Nj. 252; kennJu þeir því mest um, at Kjartan hafdi þegit skikkjuna, Fms. x. 295. IV. to know, perceive, feel, taste, scent; þegar hirðin hafði kennt (tasted) fyrsta rétt, Fas. iii. 302; þeir kenna svu saetan ilm at þeir hüfðu aldri fyrr slikan kenndan, Fms. i. 228; kenna fult, to perceive afoul smell, Hallfred; kenna daun, Fms. viii. 230; þeir brugðu í munn sér ok þóttusk ekki jufnsætt kennt hafa, Fb. i. 539; hundarnir röktu sporin, þvíat þeir kenndu (n- ot sc ent of) af hreinstökunum, 0. H. 152; kenndi djákninn ekki (he felt not) at þeir lægi á honum, Bs. i. 464; hón kenndi (she felt pain) í meira lagt, þá er nálgaðisk hátíð þorláks biskups, 323. /3. kenna niðr (or niðri), to touch the bottom; en er skipin kenndu niðr þá gékk jarl á land, Hkr. i. 206; ok er skipit kenndi niðr, hlupu þeir fyrir borð, Grett. 97, Fms. viii. 317, ix. 23; svá var djúpt á bæði borð, at forkarnir kenndu eigi niðr, it was so deep that the boat-hooks did not reach the bottom, Ld. 56; þá er skipit flaut ok eigi kenndi niðr, 78. y. absol., þá er þeir kórnu upp í heiðina, kenndi at bra lit, the colour was felt to change, i. e. it began to darken, Stud. iii. 2170; þá kenndi (one could scent) or laukinum, Fbr. 215; þá er maðr heüundi er köra (acc. or gen. ?) kennir inn til heila-basta, Grág. ii. 91. 2. with prepp.; kenna af (á, at), to perceive, see; þess kennir nu at (af?) at þér þykkir ek févani, it i s clear that..., í see that..., Eb. 38; kenndi |)ess mjök á (it was much to be seen) um marga Upplendinga, at ilia hafði 1 kat aftaka jþóris, Ó. H. 188; þess kenna margir af, at þú ert frænd- stórr, Fb. ii. 270; deyr allt þat er af kennir (a ll die that taste or smell of it), þeir deyja þegar er þeir kenna af, Rb. 352 :-- kenna til, to smart, feel pain, ache, freq. in mod. usage. 3. with gen. to have feeling of, feel; kenna mæði, lo be exhausted, Eg. 124; hjarta maims kennir alls, Skálda 169; kenna sóttar, to feel sickness; kona kennir sér sóttar, of child- birth, Fs. 26, Fas. ' ii. 504, Sd. 176: kenna karlmanns, t o ' know' a man, cohabit with, Mar.; ek kennda eigi karlmanns, barn at bera, Hom. 30; kenna aflsmunar, liðsmunar, rikismunar, to feel the odds, be overmatched, Hkr. i. 286, Fms. iv. 331, Ld. 38; kenna hnrðinda, Fms. vi. 110; kenna kulda af e-u, to feel cold from, Eb. 42; k. hita af e-u, Bs. i. 42; k. odds, bcnja, to feel the point, the wound, Am. 59, 88; virðisk mér ákall þetta meir kenna ranglætis e:i réttvísi, it is more prompted by overbearing than by justice, Fb. i. 19; hón kenndi þess at bar stóð ör Í, ii. 365; mi ma vera at mér kenni heiptar við suma menu, that í feel haired against some- body, Sturl. iii. 233; tók þá at kenna annars litar, it began to grow dark, 171; vínviðr var efst þar sem holta kenndi, the holts were covered with vines, |jorf. Karl. 420; kenna fæðu, to taste food, 8^. 490, 492; but also k. á fæðu, 453, 517; kenna grunns, to touch the bottom, of a ship or anything afloat, Gn'ig. ii. 353; k. endi-skeiðs, Bragi. V. to call, name; kenna e-t við e-n, to call after one; Helgi trúôi á Krist, ok kenndi því við hann bnstað sinn, i. e. called it after C hri i' t(Christness), Landn. 207; í þeirn fjórðnngi er dómrinn er við kenndr, in the quarter by which name the court is called, Grág. i. 65; at helga þór allt landnain sitt ok kenna við hann, Landn. 97; k. mánuðinn við þann maun sem vatnsins jæ;ir, Rb. 104; við þann er kennt Gunnars-holt, Nj. 29; Oddbjörn er Odd- bjarnar-Ieið er við kennd, Eg. 102; Fleiri hlupu þeir fyrir berg, þar sem við bá er kennt síðan, Landn. 36; kenna þá með margfjölda atkvæði, address them in the plural, Sks. 312; sú var kenndr (nicknamed) Knarrar-srniðr Ór, 43; Nutt en Nörvi kennda, i. e. Night, the daughter of Norvi, Aim. 30; hvar eru Hjörvarði haugar kenndir, where are the hows called Hjorward's? Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); Mæringr mer of kenndr, my own sword M., Bjarn. (in a verse); hlutir er þú skal varask, at þú verðir eigi við kenndr, Sks. 358, 780; kenndr við styr, morð, connected with, Korm. 2. in poetry, t o c all by a periphrasis or descriptive name; rétt er at kenna (to call) hana (a woman) svá, at kalla hana selju þess er hón mi&lar, Edda; hvernig skal kenna þór? -- Svá at kalla hann son Óðins ..., how is 7'bor to be called? -- Thus, call him the ' son of Odin, ' 53: hvernig. skal kenna maim? -- Hanna skal k. við verk sin, 67: with prep., kona er kennd við stein, Edda; ok kenn þó hvárn til sinnar ionar, Fms. vi. 362; konu skal k. til alls kvenn-búnaðar, Edda, etc., see Edda (Skúldskm.) passim; hence kennd heiti (compound or circumlocutory names), opp. to ókennd heiti (plain appellatives), Edda 49. B. In a causal sense, [Goth. kannjan = fveapi^eiv] :-- to teach, with acc. of the thing, dat. ot" the person, or with infin. of the thing or absol.; kenna e-m íþróttir, F'ms. v. 334; kenna e-m rétta trú ok góða siðu, i. 17; kenn mér engan sann, iii. 85; Gunnarr for incð öllu sem honum var ráð til kennt, as he w a s taught, Nj. 100; kenn þú ráðit til, Fms. x. 334; kenna e-m at flvja, Hkr. i. 149; ek hefi kennt bur Irsku at m;ela, Ld. 72; kenna helgar rilningar, 623. 18; þing-kenna, to proclaim in public, N. G. L. i. 7; far sem ek kenni þe:r, a s 7 tell thee, Sd. 182; ek em sunr Áka, svá er mér til kennt, io / am told, Fms. xi. 153. 2. to teach in school; Andresi syni þeirra let Herra biskup kenna ok vígði síðan, Bs. i. 716; kenna kenningar, to preach, 140; þá heyrði hann til er prestlingum var kennd íþrótt sn er grammatica heitir, 163; k. prestlingum, id.; þat kann ek it átjúnda er ek æva kennig mey né manns konn, HITU 164; ungr kenndak nu'r armatj 7 was taught otherwise when young, Fms. vi. 401 (in a verse); slikt kennir múr at sofa lítið, Fas. ii. (in a verse). 3. to te ac h, make one to do; kenna e-m falda rauðu, Edda (Ht.); kenna e-m bíta, lúta í gras, Lex. Poët.; kenna e-m at drúpa, Sighvat; k. e-m brautir, to shew one the way, Hom. 12, Hbl. 56; ek mun þ'ér stüðna kenna, 6. 4. to tell; kennit mér nafn konungs, Hkv. Hjörv. 12. C. REFLKX. to feel, seem to oneself; þar er hann lætr kennask svá ágætan ilm, Fms. i. 229; L'lfr kennisk nier (appears to one to be) vitr maðr, v. 334 :-- with prep., kennask við, to recognise; kenndisk hann af því þegar við mennina, Nj. 267, Bret. 48; cf engi kennisk viðr, N. G. L, i. 345; dilkunum þeim er eigi kennask ær við, Grág. ii. 312: to confess, kennask við sannan Guð, 625. 66; þeir eigu at kennask við sik, at þeir hafa vald af Guði, Gþl. 43; at þeir mætti við kennask sinn lítilleik, Edda. (pref.); ekki kennumk ek við þetta, segir Hrói, Fb. ii. 76; nefndr Skeggi viðr-kenndisk, at..., Dipl. ii. 8; mi em ek eigi svá heimskr maðr, at ek kennumk eigi við at ek hefi talat ilia, Fms. ii. 33; goldit var honum þetta svá, at hann mun lengi kennask, feel it, remember it, Edda. 30; kenndisk svá, Kálfr, at, Vm. 48; ek kennumst með þessu mSnu bréfî, at ..., Dipl. v. 5. 2. to feel, taste, touch; mold sy'nisk mor, ok svá kennisk (t a stes) mér eigi síðr ostrinn er ek et, Ísl. ii. 353; hón þreifar um harm, -- Barði mælti, hvé kennisk þér til, h ow is it tothe touch ? 342; sliks ek mest kennumk, Am. 52. II. recipr. to know, recognise one another; svá var myrkt at þeir kenndusk eigi, Fms. ix, 50; ef þeir höfðu her åðr við kennsk, Grág. ii. 72. III. pass., þá kenndust (were taught) margar astir, Edda pref. (rare). IV. part, kenndr, vinsaell ok vel kenndr af sinuin undirmönnum, Mar.; ilia kenndr, having ill report, Fs. 49. 2. tipsy; kenndr af drykk, Stj. 172; hann er dálítið kenndr. kennandi, part, a teacher, Greg., Post., passim: as a law term, a wit- ne ss for recovering and identifying a lost thing; sá inaðr er kennendr vill færa til fjar sins, hann skal vinna eið at því at hann átti fú þat, Grág. i. 424; þá á sá, er fé;itti, allt þat er hann kennir ..., nema kennendr komi til, N. G. L. ii. 46. kennanligr, adj. to befell, tangible, Mar. kennari, a, m. a teacher, tutor, master, Bs. i. 733, 625. 79, Greg. 23 j barna-k., skola-k., passim. kenni, - n. a mark, Germ, kennzeicheti; þeir morku&u kennum Orms þetta fé, Bs. i. 748; ein-kenni, q. v. kenni-dómr, m. doctrine, Stj. 2, 67r. 22: mod. a body of learned men, the clergy. kenni-faðir, m. a teacher, Stj. 5: esp. patres eccle'siae; heilagra manna ok kennifcðra, Mar.; kennifeðr Kristninnar, 671. 22. kenni-maðr, m. a teacher, but only used of a cleric or priest, opp. to leikmenn (laymen), Rb. 396; bisknp ok aðrir kennimenn, Fms. i. 32; þriðja hlut (of the tithe) skyldn hafa kennime;m, Bs. i. 68; ok sagt upp í lögréttu af kennimiinnum sumarit eptir, Ib. 17; ganga til skriptar via kennimann, K. þ. K. 33, Bs. i. (e. g. Arna S.) passim; kennimanns- búningr, -k'æði, a priest's dress, 655 xiv, Stj. 110; kennimanna fundr, an oecumenical council, Ann. 485, Mar.; kennimanna setr, skyld, vist, a priest's maintenance, residence, Fms. x. 317, Vm. 5, 108, Stj. passim; kennimanna kór, the choir, Bs. i. kennimanns-dómr, m. priesthood, Anecd. 12, Th. 52, Fms. viii. 9. kennimann-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), clerical, 625. 85, Sks. 490: with the air, dignity of a priest, Bs. i. 183. kennimann-skapr, m. priesthood, 415. i, Sturl. i. 100, Stj. 241, 251, 301, passim. kenni-mark, n. a mark (= kenni), Fas. ii. 300, Sd. 137. kenni-nafn, n. a surname, Yt. 27. kenning, f. doctrine, teaching, lesson, esp. of preaching, Fms. i. 148; kenna kenningar, to teach, preach, 625. 24, K. Á. 22, Bs. i. 140, N. T., Vídal.; tíðagörð ok k., passim; a-kenning, q. v.; viðr-k., acknowledg- ment. 2. a mark of recognition, Grett. 132 A; kenningar-orð, words of admonition, Hkr. iii. 23, Fb. iii. 279; kenningar-maðr = kennimaðr, Rb. 366; kenningar-sveinn, an apprentice, N. G. L. ii. 204. II. apoetical periphrasis or descriptive name (see kenna A. V. 2), Edda passim, opp. to ókennd heiti (simple appellatives); a kenning is cither simple (kennt), double (tvi-kennt), or triple (rekit). The ancient circumlocutions were either drawn from mythology, as to call Thor the son of Earth (Jarðar sunr), and the heaven the skull of Ymir; or from the thing itself (saniH kenning'), as to call the breast the mind's abode: similar phraseology is found in all ancient poetry, but in the old northern poets it was carried farther and was more artificial than in other languages. COMPDS: kenningar-faðir, m. a father by name, Joseph var k. Jesu, Hom. (St.) kenningar-nafn, n. a surname, Ld. 52, Nj. 22, O. H. 139, Fms. ii. si, Fbr. 80, Stj. 139, Bs. i. 589, Eluc. 12. kenningar-son, in. a natural son (see kenna A. 111. i); Freysteinn var fóstri Þorbrands ok k., því at bat var flestra manna sögn at hann vaeri hans son, en ainbatt var múðir hans, Eb. 156, Fms. xi. 162. kennir, m. a knoiuer, Lex. Pout. kenni-semi, f. sen s e, Hom. (St.)

KENNISPEKI -- KETILL. 337

kenni-speki, f. tie faculty of recognition, Bs. i. 328, Greg. 26, Fas. ii. 446; cp. Scot. kenspeckle -- easy to be recognised, remarkable. kennsl, n. pl., in the phrase, bera kennsl á e-t, to recognise, identify, 0. H. 72, Fms. xi. 85, Mag. 97. II. a charge made on evidence, N. G. L. i. 72J bar konungr á hendr bændum þessi kennsl, O. H. 103; vúru þá þessi k. borin á hendr honum, en hann synjaði þverliga ok bauð skírslur fyrir, Fms. vii. 186; þat var kennt Margretu drott- ningu at hón hefði ráðit mann til at svíkja konunginn í drykk, þann mann tóku Birkibeinar ok höfðu þessi kennsl á honum, en hann setti þar syn fyrir ok bauð skírslur..., ix. 5. kennsla-mál, n. c a s e s of circumstantial evidence; dular-eiðar ok um kennsla-mál, þar sem eigi eru lögleg vitni til, Gþl. 199; þar at skyldu allir eiða sverja um kennsla- mál oil, ís). ii. 403, -- for these cases were disposed of by an oath of compurgators or by ordeal. kennsla, u, f. teaching (kenning is properly preaching, kennsla teach- ing), Dipl. v. 3, Sturl. i. 126, iii. 242, Bs. i. 431, 846, passim; barna-k., teaching children; skola-k., school-teaching. COMPDS: kennslu- laun, n. pl. wages for teaching. kennslu-piltr, m. a sc hool-to y, Bs. i. 792. II. = kensl (II), N. G. L. i. 410. kenpa, u, f. a champion; see kempa. KEPPA, t, [kapp], to contend, strive hard, Am. 54, 61; keppa um e-t, Fms. iii. 214, Grág. i. 410; ef tveir menn keppa um einn hlut, Fb. i. 150; keppa við e-n, to contend with one, Nj. 29, Hkr. iii. 264. II. reflex, to contest; þá kepptusk þeir svá mjök, at þeir rérusk svá nær, at þeir brutusk árarnar fyrir, Fms. viii. 216; kepptusk þau mjök um ágæta menn, vildi hvártveggja til sin hafa, i. 100; keppask til e-s, to strive after a thing; svá at hann keppisk til smárra hluta ok fxrþó eigi, O. H. 87; eigi keppiumk ek til konungdómsins, Fms. viii. 219: k. við e-n, to contend with or against; eigi kepptisk hann auð við auðga menn, Róm. 347; Knúti konungi þótti hann keppask um skrautgirni við sik, Fms. v. 181; varask þú þat at þú keppisk við þér meiri menn, Eg. 21: absol., keppask við, to strive hard, do one's best, Al. 154, Mag. 53: to be busy, work bard, freq. in mod. usage. keppi-kefli, n. a thing worth fighting for: in the phrase, það er ekkert k., it i s not worth having, metaphor prob. from the lagakefli, q, v. keppilega, adv. impetuously, Róm. 314. kepping, f. a beating with a keppr, Mar. keppinn, adj. contentions, Háv. 42, Arnór. KEPPR, m. [Dan. kjep] , a cudgel, club, Skíða R. 136, Fas. iii. 345: a nickname, Sturl. II. a sausage (= ispen, q. v.), from the shape. keptr, m. = kjaptr or keyptr, biðr. 122, Edda ii. 291. KER, n. [Goth. ka s= cr/ctvos; O. H. G. char; mid. H. G. kar; Dan. kar] :-- a tub, vessel, Gn'tg. ii. 339, Fs. 137, Bs. i. 336, 339, 340, Fins, vii. 150; hvert ker kann verða svá fullt at yfir gangi, Sturl. iii. 282: for fishing, göra garða eðr ker, Grág. ii. 350: valit ker, a chosen vessel, 656 C. 13, Matth. xxv. 4, Mark xi. 16, Luke viii. 16, Róm. ix. ai, 22, 1 Thess. iv. 4, 2 Tim. ii. 21, Rev. ii. 27: a goblet, Fms. x. 236, Js. 78, Hm. 18, 51:0 chest, Gh. 7; aus-ker, a bucket, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 14; ol-ker, an ale casf:, Orkn. 246; vin-ker, a wine cask; sýru-ker, Bs. i. 336; váð- ker = vestiarium; skap-ker = Gr. Kpa. T/] p; gull-ker, leir-ker, silfr-ker, a gold, earthen, silver vessel: poet., vind-ker, the wind basin -- the sky, Egil; ker svefna, ' basins of sleep' or ' tear-basins' = the eyes, Gísl. (in a verse). kerald, n., proncd. kjarald, a ca s k, Matth. xiii. 48, Blas. 43; þeir kváðusk rakit hafa spor svá stór sem keralds botna, Grett. ill A, esp. in dairy-work :-- a measure, K. Á. 206. ker-bað, n. a tub-bath, Fms. x. 147. kerf and kerfi, see kjarf. KERFI, n. [A. S. cyrf; Scot, ca r/; Germ, kerbe] :-- a bunch, wreath; blomstr-k. :-- sina-k., the nervous system, etc. (mod.) ker-ganga, u, f. a kind of fight in a tub, Fs. 137. kergi, f. or kergja, u, f. [kargr], doggedness. kerla, u, f. = kerling, kerla niin ! Fas. iii. 65, Hrólfs S. 236 (Ed. 1664). ker-laug, f. ' tub-washing, ' bathing in a tub, Lv. 118, Bjarn. 19, Fas. i- 377, cp. Fms. vii. 150. kerli, proncd. kelli, = kerling, kelli min ! Piltr og Stulka, (convers.) KERLING, f. [answering to karl, q. v.], a woman; þessi skal kerling heita því at hon er af karlmanninum komin, Stj. 34. II. used, like Scot, carline, almost always of an old woman, and only of a common per- son, not of a lady, see karl; mær heitir fyrst hver, en kerlingar er gamlar eru, Edda 108; gaman þykkir kerlingunni at, móður várri, Nj. 68, Eb. 44; kerling ein gömul, an old woman, 318; kerlingin móðir konungs, Fms. i. 76; þar sem ek ligg einn í hiisi ok kerling min, I myself and my old wife, Grett. 127; kiirlum ok kerlingum, Gþl. 257; karls dóttir ok kerlingar, Fas. i. 22; karla born ok kerlinga, Hkr. i. (in a verse); karl og kerling, karl og kerling í garðs horni, see karl; kellingar gamlar, hrumar ok orvasa, Fb. i. 423: in the phrase, fleyta or flytja kerlingar, t o 'float witches, 'to play at ducks and drakes; kerlingar nef, a nickname, Fb. iii; kellinga bani, a nickname, Fms. xi. COMPDS: kerlingar-eldr, m. a kind of mushroom. kerlingar-eyra, n. a kind offucus. kerl- inga-saga, u, f., kerlinga-bók, f. an old woman's story, nonsense. kerlingar-tönn, f., botan. lotus, lljalt. kerlinga-villa, u, f. an old woman's tale, nonsense, superstition, Sæm. 118. II. as a rr. name, Gullþ.; cp. Carolina. III. naut., like Engl. carling, one of the fore and aft timbers supporting the planks of the deck, Edda (Gl.) KERRA, u, f., gen. pl. kerrna, Stj. 288, [for. word], a ca r, chariot, Bret. 68, Stj. 204, 288, 387, Al. 42, Fb. i. 320; kerra sólarinnar, Edda 7; kerra bórs, Nj. 131; eldligk., Niðrst. 9; kerru gsetir, a charioteer, Skálda 194, Pr. 477: the zodiacal sign, Rb. kerru-sleoi, a, m. a kind of sledge, D. N. KERRA, t, to force or throw the neck backwards; hnakka-kertr (part.), throwing the neck backwards; heldr en ekki hnakka-kertr, hondum stingr mjaðmir á, Hallgr. KERSKI, f., often spelt and proncd. keski, [karskr]^ cheerfulness, mirth, fun, Fas. i. 525; mæla sér gaman ok k., Karl. 473, O. H. 170 (in a verse), Korm. (in a verse). COMPDS: keski -flmr, adj. witty, Bs. i. 81. kerski-látr, adj. id., Skald H. 2. 27. kerski-mal, n. a jest, Fbr. 207. kerski-máll, adj. facetious, Fas. iii. 195. kerski-orð, -yrði, n. pl. jo ke s, Orkn. 302, Sturl. i. 21. keraki-orðr, adj. = kerskimáll, Skáld H. 3. 19. kerskinn, adj. scurrilous: keskni, f. scurrility. kerskr, adj. = karskr; kersk þjó&, Lex. Poët.; ókerskr, enn ókerskari, the weaker (the poorer), Grág. (Kb.) i. 172. ker-staða, u, f. the placing of a fishing-creel, Vm. 85. KERTI, n. [from La t. c era, cp. Germ, ker z e] :-- prop, a wax candle, taper, used in church service, as also in attending great men, Dipl. iii. 4; stoftu kerti-sveinar með kertum, Fms. x. 149; brunnu kerti um allan kor, Bs. i. 311: of votive candles, en kertið var fimm álna langt, 347; hétu þeir at göra kerti þat er taki um oxann, id.; með steyptum kertum, Stj. 43, Sturl. iii. 266; kertis görð, candle making, Bs. i. COMPDS: kerta-grind, f. a candle-frame, Am. 8. kerta-hjalmr, m. a chandelier, Vm. 35, H. E. ii. 107. kerta-klofi, a, m. snuffers, Stj. 565. kerta-pipa, u, f. a candlestick, Pm. 103. kerta-stika, u, f. a candlestick, Fms. iii. 28, Fs. 115, Rb. 384. kerta-stokkr, m. a candle-box, Vm. 47. kertis-ljós and kerta-ljós, n. candle-light, Rb. 358, Fb. ii. 272. kertis-log, n. id., Ó. H. 2-25. kertis-rak, n. a candle-wick, Bs. i. il8, 306. kertis-stafr, m. a ' candle-staff, ' candlestick, Bs. i. 316. kerti-hjálmr, m. -- kertahjálmr, B. K. 83. kerti-kista, u, f. =kertastokkr, Pm. 25 kerti-klofi, a, m. = kertaklofi, Vm. 25. kerti-stika, u, f. = kertastika, Stj. 565, Fn. s. i. 124, v. 339. kerti-stokkr, m. = kertastokkr, Am. 8. kerti-sveinn and kerta-sveinn, m. a ' candle-boy, ' link-boy, an attendant on a great man, Hkr. iii. 181, Fms. vi. 422, vii. 159, ix. 421, x. 137, 147, 157. ker-veiðr, f. fishing with creels, D. I. i. 179. KESJA, u, f. [prob. a Celtic word from Celtic-Latin gaesum, cp. yataos in Polyb.] :-- a kind of halberd, Eg. 202, 285, 289, 378, 380, 387, Sks. 407, Fms. i. 43, iv. 65, vi. 76, 336, 411, 413, vii. 69, 72, 265, viii. 97, 120, 124, 318, 350, ix. 55, x. 314, Stj. 475, 486, Karl. 123; kesju fleinn, Fas. ii. 419; kesju lag, a thrust with a halberd, Fms. viii. 138; kesja skammskept, ii. 330, x. 363; -- kesja, atgeir, and höggspjót appear to be the same thing. 2. a nickname, Fms. xi. keski, f., see kerski. ketil-botn, m. the bottom of a kettle, Ext. 8. ketil-garðr, m. a kiln (?), N. G. L. ii. 246. ketil-hadda, u, f. a kettle-handle, Fms. i. 36. ketil-hrím, n. kettle-grime, soot, Fas. iii. 621, Bar!. 41. ketil-járn, n. a gridiron, D. N. iv. 457. KETILL, m., dat. katli, pl. katlar, [Goth. katil s = Mark vii. 4; A. S. cy/ el; Engl. kettle; O. H. G. ke z il; Germ, kessel; Swed. kettel; Dan. k/Æ del] :-- a kettle, cauldron, Eb. 198; í elda-húsinu var eldr mikill ok katlar yfir, Eg. 238, Bs. i. 342, ii, 135, B. K. 52, Fms. vi. 364, Edda 28; elda undir katli, kljufa við undir ketil, Fbr. 72 new Ed., Fs. 150; var honum goldinn k. mikill ok góðr, borst. Siðu H. 171; búðar-k., Eb. 198; eir-k., Eg.; jarn-k., stein-k., an iron, an earthen kettle, O. H. 223: in old usage as a general name for every kettle, boiler, cauldron; in mod. usage, esp. of a kettle of a certain shape or of a small kettle, kafle-k., a coffee kettle; but pottr = cauldron; the same distinction is made in Dipl. v. 4. -- sex katlar, tiu pottar: katla-máls skjóla, a measure, Grng. i. 501: the phrase, e-m fellr allr. ketill í eld, o ne's kettle falls into the fire, of consterna- tion. 2. the earliest northern eccl. law prescribed as an ordeal for a woman to take hot stones out of a boiling kettle, whereas a man had to take up hot iron; ganga til ketils, taka í ketil, Gkv. 3. 7, (the ordeal being called ketil-tak, n.); beri karlmaðr jam en kona taki í ketil, N. G. L. i. 152; karlmaðr skal ganga til arins-járns en kona til ketiltaks, 389; eðr berr hón járn eðr tekr hón Í ketil, Grág. i. 381. II. as a pr. name of men, Ketill, Ketil-björn j of women, Katla, Ketil-ríðr: but chiefly used as the latter part in compd names of men, contr. into ' kel, ' As kell, Arn-kell, Grím-kell, Hall-kell, Stein-kell, Úlf-kell, bór-kell, Vé- kell: of women, Hall-katla, bór-katla. In poets of the loth century the old uncontracted form was still used, but the contracted form occurs in verses of the beginning of the nth century, although the old form still occurs now ami then. The treq. use of these names is no doubt derived

338 KETLA -- KIPPA.

from the holy cauldron at sacrifices, as is indicated by such names as Ve-kell, Holy kettle; cp. Keiilby in Yorkshire. ketla, u, f. a kind of ? mall boat, Edda (Gl.) ketlingr, in., dimin. a Id'ten, Fms. vii. IK.). ketta, u, f. a she-cat: of a giantess, Fb. i. 526, Grett. 151 new Ed.: kettu-hryggr, m. A nickname, Bs. i. keypiliga, adv. bargain-like, businesslike, Grett. 1 20. KEYRA, if1, Dan. Ifjorf] , to u'hip, lash, prick on; hann kcyrði þá hest sinn, Nj. 55; villt þú;tt ek keyra hest þinn? 91; k. hest sporum, FJdda 38; k. jóa oddum. Hkv. 2. 38; ok hürðum mik högguin keyrði, Gkv. 1; látið þá kcyra upp (whip up. ra i se) fo'. kit, Fms. vii. 182; hann hafði svipu í hendi ok kvyrði hana, Sd. 185; hann stígr á stafum ok keyrir sem börn eru vön at göra, Fms. iii. 176. 2. to drive, ride; keyrir siðan sem hardest til sinna manna, Karl. 241; keyra plug, to drive a plough, Rtn. ID. II. to drive; höggit ok leg^it til þt-irra ok keyrit þá í broít héôjn, Nj. 2. 17. 2. to fling; þá grcip bæiar-maðrinn Kjartan, ok keyrði í k;if, Fms. ii. 28; brea;ðr hoiuim á lopt ok keyrir hann ut á Rangá, Nj. loS; keyra e-n útbyrðis, to fling overboard, Fms. vi. 16: Grinir greip upp bórð ok keyrir niðr svá hart, at hann lamdisk allr. Eg. 192. 3. to drive, thrust, of a weapon; hann kcyrði til spörðu, (). H. 95; hann skal taka kníf þann ok keyra í gegnuin hinid þess er lagði, Gþl. 165; keyra nagla, to drive a nail, Likn. iff, prestr keyrði hx. á bjarginu (drove a peg into the rock) ok bar á grjót, Grett. 14! A; k. sverð í höfuð e-m, Gísl. 51; fundu þeir reyði nydar. ða, keyrðu í festar (forced ropes through it) ok sigldu með, Glúm. 391; eða ek keyri üxina í höfuð þér ok klyf þik í herð. ir uiðr. Nj. 185; Jórunn tók sokkana ok kt-yrði um htifuð henni, y. struck her about the head, Ld. 36. III. impers. it drives one, i. e. one is driven, tossed bv the wind, waves; lystr vindinum í holit verplanna, ok keyrir (þ. -'i) út at virkinu, Fms. xi. 34; veðr stóð at laudi, keyrir þar at skipit (acc.), Finnb. 242; keyrir skipit vtstr fyrir Skálmarnes, Ld. 142; fundu þeir eigi fvrr en þá keyrði á land upp, Nj. 267: the phrase, e-ð ktyrir úr hóíi, ilexceeds all measure, Fb. i. 41 7; veðrit keyrði nr hótî, it blew a violent gale: part., fireggi keyrðr, storm-beaten, Jd. 3 2; þjósti keyrðr, driven by anger, Glum, (in a verse). keyri, n. a whip, Sturl. iii. 105; keyris-hiigg, 11 7; keyris-vöndr, a ' it'bip-wnnd, ' Grág. ii. 295. keyrsla, u, f. driving, I). N. keyta, u, (. foul water (= veisa), Konr. 39: mod. stinking urine. KIÐ, n., gen. kiðja, foorf. Karl. 1. c.; but better kiði, dat. kiðum, Grág. i. 503; [Engl. and Swed. kid] :-- a kid, Fms. vi. 260, Bad. 53, Mork. 227; gciîr með kiðum, Grág. i. 503; kið eðr kálf, Fms. i. 53; kiðja-mjólk, kid's milk, borf. Kar!. 376; þar lá-qu kið tvau bundin, Gullþ. 63: in local names. Kið-ey, Kiða-fell, etc., Landn. kiðlingr, m. a ladling, young kid, Mork. 227, Pr. 472, 477, Stj.: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 209. kiðlings-munnr, m. a nickname, Fms. kið-skinn, n. a kid-skin, Stj. 165, Rétt. 2. 10. Kikini, a, m. a nickname (cp. Engl. Kitchin), in Kikina-skáld, the poet of K., Fms. vi. KIKNA, að. [cp. keikr], to sink at the knees through a heavy burden; kikna í knósbótum, Fbr. 159, v. l. (but lyknar, Fb I. e.); rekr klænuir framan í fangit svá at Onnr kiknar við, Fb. i. 530; ok er hann bar af sér lagit kiknaði hann við, Grett. 3 new F, d.; lá við at hann mundi kikna, F. ms. iii. 187. kikr, m. a nickname, Fms. ix. 326. kili, a, m. [cp. Dan. k/ elen], only in the compd cin-kili, q. v. kilja, að, to fondle^] ; kiliar kvan ok clja, Edda ii. 491 fin a verse). kilpr, m. a handle of a vessel (= hadda); mosurbolli ok yfir gylltr kilpr, Fagrsk. 115; ok yfir kilpr gyldr afsiifri, Mork. 19: in mod. usage kilpr is a loop of whalebone fastening the handle to the bucket. KILTING, f. [Scot, kilt], a fkirl; hann hafði Inga konung í kilting ser, Fms. vii. 208 (i kiltingu si'r, Mork. 208), xi. 34(1; bórólfr bar hanii i kiltingu sinni til skógar, vi. 325; steypði hann silfrinu í kilting sina, 0. H. 135; í kjöltungu sór, Fb. iii. 365; see kjalta. kimbi, a, m. a nickname, Eb. kimbill, m. [kumbl], a little trunk, a bundle ( = auka-pinkill); kimbill næfra, N. G. L. i. 101. kimla-bönd, n., prop, trusses, a metrical term, in which a foot is added (trussed) to the end of each line, Edda 135, 136; brands hmgþili randa stranda, where 'stranda' is the additional foot (kimbill). kimbla, að, to truss rip; at k. yðrum vandræðum á mínar áhyggiur, t o make your troubles into a truss with my cares, Fms. viii. 20, v. l. KIND, f., pl. kindir, mod. kindr; [A. S. ciwd. gecynd; Engl. kind; cp. Lat. gent-em (gens)~] :-- kind, kin, kith, of men and beasts; heljrar Jcindir, ' holy-kind' = the gods, Vsp. i, opp. to mann-kind, mankind; ok . ólusk þaðati af mannkindir, F. dda 6; bæði karl-kindar ok kvcnn-kindar, both of male kind and female kind, 79; mellu kind, the giantess kind, Nj. (in a verse); Urimnis kind, giant kind, Hdl.; Fenris kind, the kith of F. = the wolves; Ellu kind, the kith of Ella = the English; Gamla kind, Fjölnis kind, the kindred of G. (Fjolni); Jamta kindir, the Jarnt people; Bjarmskar kindir, the Perms; Syslu kind, the Osel people, Vsp. 32, O. H. (in a verse), Fagn-k. (in a verse). Hallfrcd. Hkr. i. mi a verse), & it.; Svia kind, the Swedish people, id.: mann-kind. q. v.; firða kind, virða, Ijóna, skatna. segííia, ginnna, yta kind or kindir, the kind (sons) r:f men = mankind, Sol. 1. Rekst. 4, Vsp. 14, Likn. 3;, Lex. Foot, passim; þær kindir, thoie people, Gkv. 2. 31; liver kind, tvhat kind of people ? = who 'I Kurmak; þvi íólki er svá liátîað at bat er miklu stærra ok sterkara •011 nokkur kind iniiutr, than any other creature, Fas. ii. 234; hveriar kindir æt.;r cm, what kind (of be:isls) may be eaten f K. b. K. í ío; lifðj engi kvik kind eptir (n o ' quick kind, ' living creatures, lived af. 'er), útan ein oldrud kona ok k. -ipall, U. I. i. 24*1; ailar konur sem annars kyns ok kindar eru en hann, Stj. 207; allir ok sorhverir klerkar, hverrar stéttnr, vigshi cða tignar sem hverr cr, N. G. L. iii. 280: a child, Germ. kind, leysa kind frá konum, of a midwife. ?dm. 9. II. in mod. usage, sheep, plur. kindur, ell'pt. from sauð-kind, 'sheep-kind;' si. 'r cignar smalamaðr K, þo enga eigi hann kindina, the shepherd calls ibe sheep his own, though he owns no sheep thereof, a saying; kindrnar hlupti allar saman í einn hnapp, ... kindrnar liðu hægt og hægt og smábítandi undan piitinum,, . . nu verð eg að fara og húa kindunum dálítið lcngra fram eptir, Piltr og Sui'. ka 9-13; þessa kind veit eg ekki hver á, 19; æ! hvaða smali er það skrattinn sá arna, að þekkja tkki kindrnar hans fóður sins! 20, 21 :-- hence, kind-lauss, sheep/ess, 15; kinda-hópr, a flock of sheep, etc. 2. þorsk-kind, a cod-fîïb; ó-kind, a nasty thing, mon- ster; kindin þín, fbou wretch! þií verðr hýdd, kindin þin ! ef þú komr of snemma heim í kveld, Piltr og Stnlk. í 9. KINGA, u, f., also spelt qinga, [kengr; Shell, keengs, a pewter b rooc h] :-- a brooch worn on the breast by ladies, so called from the clasp (kengr) by which it was fastened; kinga var á bringu, Rrn. 26; kross skal dottir hafa cða kingu, hvárí sem lion vill, eða brjóst-búnað inn bezta, cf eigi er ór gulli görr, N. G. L. i. 211 (js. 7^); þar fannsk k. ok seið- staðr mikill, Ld. 328. As foreif;n coins, or copies of them, were used as brooches (Worsaae, Nos. 3yS~4O9), frpaxpr] (Luke xv. 8), drachma of the Vulgate is rendered in an old version of the 12th century by kinga, ef kona nequer a tio qingor, ... fagnið ér með mér, þvíat ek faun kingo muia; leita kingo, ... en likncski es merkð á kingo, ... kinga fanzk es uinb var smut, Greg. Frump. 82, 83. kingála, u, f. the name of a mare, Grett. kingi, n., snji'j-kingi, a heavy fall of snow. kingja, (1, to swallow; k. e-n niðr, hana getr ekki kingt: to fall thick, of snow; það kingir niðr snjó. kings, in the phrase, korna til kings, to come to kicks (?), Skiða R. 155. kingsa, ð, = kinka. kinka, að, to nod archly with the head; kinka kollinum: cf. kengr. KINN, f., gen. kinnar;"pl. kinnr, old kiðr, Lb. 18, tsl. ii. 48 i, 686 C. 2: [Ulf. kinnus- atajúji'; A. S. cin; Engl. chin; O. H. G. kiwni; Dan. kiwd, etc.; Gr. -yeVus; Lat. gena~\ :-- the cheek; hleypti hann annarri bnininni ofan a kinnina. Eg. 305, 564; komu rauðir flekkir í kiimr honum, Nj. 68; roði í kinnunum, 30; kenna vlð höku, kinnr cða kverkr, îidda 109; vátar kiðr af grati, Lb. 1. c.; báðar kiðr, Ísl. ii. 1. c.; Ijós beggja kinna, poet, the ' cheek-beam' = eyes, Kormak. COMI-PS: kinnar-bein, n. pl. =- kinnbein, Hkr. iii. 36:, Sd. 147, Bjarn. 36, Skíða R. 9. kinnar- kjálki, a, m. the jaw-bone, 623. 31, Stj. 77, bturl. ii. 95, iii. 186, Rd. 299. kinna-sar, n. a c heek wound, Landn. 54. kinn-bein, n. pl. cheek-bones. Bárð. 17^, Fms. iii. 186. kinn-björg, f. the cheek-piece, of a helmet, Sturl. ii. 220, Grelt. 118, Karl. 286. kinn-filla, u, f. ibe 'cheek-flesh, ' cheeks, Fas. i. 88, Gullþ. 27. kinn-fiskr, in. ' chfek-fi^h, ' the cheek-muscles. COMPDS: kinnfiska- mikill, adi. with full cheeks. kinnfiska-soginn, part, with sunken, thin, haggard checks. kinn-grár, adj. gray-cheeked, Ski'ilda 193 (in a verse). kinn-hestr, m. a 'cheek-horse, ' box on the ear, 623. 56, Ld. 134, Nj. 75, 116, Finnb. 322, Fms. vii. 157, Pr. 445. kinn-höggva, hió, to hew or back the cheek, Landn. 54, v. 1. kinn-kjálki, a, m. the jaw-bone. Lex. Pout. kinn-leðr, n. the leather cheek-piece of a bridle, Grett. 129. kinn-rifa, u, f. 'cheek-crevice, ' a nickname, Fb. iii. kinn-roði, a, m. ' cheek-blushing, ' blush of shame, 655 xx. 3, Hom. 53, Anted. 6, Stj. 325, Bs. i. 856, Mar., passim; göra e-m kinnroða, to put one to shame, Stj. 423. kinn-skjóni, a, in. a horse with a piebald head, Sturl. i. 40, v. I. kinn-skjóttr, adj. with piebald head, of a horse, Gullþ. 13. kinn-skot, n. a kicking in the face, Fas. iii. 502. kinn-skógr, m. the 'cheek-thaw, ' pout. = the beard, Hym. 10. Kinn-skær, in. -=kiiinskjoni, Gullf). kinnungr, m. the bow of a ship, Fms. viii. 139, x. 78. kinn-vangi, a, m. 'he cheek, F, g. 386, Fms. x. 78, v. !. KIPPA, t and ð, [Scot, to kip, see Jamies.] :-- -with dat. to full or snatch; hann kipoi honum upp at pallinum, 0. H. 95; þá tók konungr í hár sveininum ok kipði, 63; k. bryggjum af landi. to pwll infhegangways before weighing anchor, Fms. x. 286; kippa af (kippa lit) þeirri bryggjunni, er þar var í meðal skipanna, i. 158; kippa ofan seglinu, to pull the sail down, ~ P. s. i. 422; k. skóm á íætr sér, to flip on fboes, Nj. 28; Egill kipli al sér

KÏPPA -- KITLA. 339

jverðinu, E. drew the sword in, Eg. 379; harm kippir mönnum at stir, he gels men together, Ld. 64; Guð kipti honum frá riki..., Sks. 714; k. aptr orðum sinum, to retract one's worth, 680; má því engu upp kippa, it can- not be retracted, 655 xx. 6. II, impers., in the phrase, e-m kippir í kyn um e-t, 'to turn into one's kin' (^bregða í kyn), to be ' a chip of the old block' resemble one's kinsman; er þat eigi örvænt at honum kippi í kyn, Glúm. 346; at honum niundi í kyn kippa um ndaelltik, Sturl. i. 15; vera ma at oss Islcndingum kippi í kyn, þó at vi'-r gangim heldr fyrir blidu en stríðu, Fins, ii, 34. III. reflex., kippask, to pull, tug; kippask um e-t, to 'pjill caps, ' struggle icith one another about a thing; kippask peir um lengi, Sturl. i. 15; þau oil kiptusk þá enn um Noreg, Fms. x. 390; mi er eigi allhóglegt at kippask um við hann, vi. 274; þar til kippask þau um ktrtið at þat stokk sundr í niioju1, Mar. 2. kippask við, to make a sudden motion, quiver convul- sively: en meðan dry'pr eitrið í andlit honum, þá kippisk hann svá hart við at jörð oil skelfr, Edda 40; þá at eins sá menu at Gisli kiptisk vid ok þó htt, Fms. vii. 35. 3. recipr., Kindriði segir, at þeir hefði sannlega kippsk (struggled) nokkut svá, er hann vildi eis^i at þeir helði ferju-skipit, Bs. i. 709. kippa, u, f- a bundle drawn upon a string; fisk-k., korn-k., Nj. kippi, n. a sheaf, Barl. 34. kipping, f. a pulling, snatching, N. G. L. i. 157. kippr, m. a pall, shock, spasm; sina-kippir. nervous spasms; verðr nú við kippr niikiil, Mar. 1056: metaph. a pull, a distance; góðaa kipp, a good bit of the way. kipra, að, [kippa], to wrinkle, draw tight, of a slight spasmodic con- traction. kipringr, m. a slight spasm, such as to form a fold or wrinkle. kirfi, n. a bunch. kirja, að, [Ktí/xe], to chant, intone; k. upp song; hann var að kirja kvseðin sin, Stef. Ól. Kirjalax, m. a pr. name = Kt'pios 'A\efios, Fms. kirjall, m. = Kvptt í\tr^aov in the Litany, Fms. viii. 227, Pm. 29, Jm. 34. Kirjálir, in. pl. the people on the Finnish Gulf, Coreles. KIRKJA, u, f., geri. pl. kirkna; [Scot, kirk; Dan. kirk s; Germ. kircbe; but Engl. church] :-- a kirk, church; timbr-k., a timber church; stein-k., a stone church; the earliest Scandin. churches were all built of timber, the doors and pillars being ornamented with tine carved work, see Worsaae, Nos. 505-508; in the í 2th and following centuries the old timber churches were one by one replaced by stone buildings. In Denmark the last timber church was demolished at the beginning of the í 7th century, but in Norway some old churches (called s ta v- kyrkior) have remained up to the present time, see an interesting essay in Nord. Aarb. 1869, p. 185 sqq. Many passages in the Sagas refer to the building of churches, especially in records of the years following after 1000, see esp. Ld. ch. 74 sqq.; a curious legend, for the purpose of encouraging men to build churches, is told in Eb. ch. 49, -- that a man could grant as many souls a seat in heaven as the church which he built held persons; ok þt'gar er þingi var lokit (the summer of A. D. 1000) let Snorri goði göra kirkiu at Helgafelli, en aðra Styrr magr hans undir Hrauni, ok hvatti pat mjiik til kirkju-görðar, at þat var fyrirheit kennimanna, at maðr skyldi jatii- morgum eiga htimolt rum í himinriki, sem standa inætti í kirkju þeirri er hann let göra, Eb. 1. c. For the removal of a church, when all the graves were to be dug up and the bones ' translated' to the new church, see Eb. (tine), Bjarn. 19. For references see the Sagas passim; kirkju atgörð, atbót, uppgörð, church reparation, Vm. 12, 118, N. G. L. i. 345; kirkju brjóst, golf, dyrr, horn, hmð, láss, lykill, ruf, stigi, stoð, stöpull, sylla, veggr, a church front, Jloor, door-way, corner, door, lock, key, roof, s/air, pillar, steeple, sill, wall, K. Jj. K. 168, 170, 186, Fms. vii. 211, 225, viii. 285, 428, ix. 47, 470, 524, Landn. 50, Pm. 5, Vm. 46, Sturl. i'. 169, iii. 221, 228, K. Å. 28, N. G. L. 1. 312; kirkju sár, a church font, Jm. 2, 35, Am. 6; kirkju kapa, ketill, kola, kross, mundlaug, Sturl. 1. 191, Vm. I, 6, 34, 99, 149, Dip), v. 18; kirkju mark (on sheep), H. E. i. 494, Bs. i. 725: áttungs-k., fjórðungs-k., fylkis-k., hé. raðs-k., höfuð-k., hiegindis-k. (q. v.), þriðjungs-k., vei/lu-k., heima-k., etc.: in tales even used in a profane sense, trolla-k., alfa-k., a trolls' and elves' church, place where they worship. 2. eccl. the Church = Ecclcsia, very rarely, for Kristni and siðr are the usual words; kirkjan eðr Kristnin, Stj. 44. II. in local names, Kirkju-bær, Kirkju-ból, Kirkju- fjörðr, Kirkju-fell, Landn. and maps of Icel. passim, cp. Kirkby or Kirby in the north of England. COMPDS: kirkju-bann, n. the ban of the church, Bs. i. 749. kirkju-bók, f. = kirkjumáldagi, H. K. ii. 207: mod. a church book. kirkju-ból, n. a church estate, an estate on which a church i s built, K. þ. K. 170. kirkju-bólstaðr, m. id., K. þ. K. 48, Landn. 50. kirkju-bóndi, a, m. a church-'statesman, ' church-franklin, Vm. 116. kirkju-búningr or -búnaðr, m. church hangings, Vm. 156, K. Jj. K. 154, Hom. 97. kirkju-bær, m. = kirkjubol, K. p. K. passim, Fms. ix. 351. kirkju-dagr, m. a church-day, anniversary, Germ, kirchweihe, Sturl. i. 35, 106, K. p. K. 42, Bs. i. 77, Hom. 97, Pin. lo. kirkjudags-hald, n. a keeping church-days, Hom. 93. kirkju- dróttinn, m a church lord, church patron, Sturl. ui. 197. kirkju- eign, f. church property, Bs. i. 689, H. E. i. 458. kirkju-embætti, n. a church office, K. Á. 232. kirkju-fe, n. church property, K. þ. K. 48, Sturl. ii. 4, Bs. i. 748. kirkju-iolk, n. church people. kirkju-frelsi, f. church-freedom, privilege, K. Á. 216, H. E. 1. 459. ! kirkju-friðr, m. church-peace, sanctuary, K. Á. 46, Sturl. i. 30, Fms. ix. j 524; kirkiu-tnðúrot, a breach of church sanctuary, H. E. 1. 242. kirkju- fundr, in. an oecumenical council. kirkju-ganga, u, f. church going, Sturl. i. 168: churching after childbirth, H. E. ii. 86. kirkju-garðr, m. a church-yard, K. þ. K. passim. Eg. 768, Am. 89, Sks. 95. kirkju- garðs-hlið, n. a church-yard gate, Fms. ix. 517. kirkju-gengt, n. part., an eccl. term; eiga k., to be allowed to go to church, not being under ban, Sturl. ii. 42, K. þ. K. 26. kirkju-gjöf, f. a donation to a church, K. þ. K. 166. kirkju-góz, n. church properly, glebes, H. E. i. ^29. kirkju-grið, n. pl. = kirkjufriðr, Sks. 770, Fms. ix. 478, Sturl. i. ^o, iii. 71. kirkju-græfr, adj. ivho can be buried at a church, not being under ban, K. Á. 6, N. G. L. i. 4, Gþl. 58. kirkju-görð, f. church-building, Rb. 39^, Bs. i. 163, Fms. ix. 236, N. G. L. i. 344. kirkju-helgi, f. church service, Hom. 93, Sturl. i. 29. kirkju-hiuti, a, m. a church portion, Bs. i. 748, Am. 222. kirkju-land, n. church-land, glebe, K. þ. K. 170. kirkju-ligr, adj. ecclesiastic, H. E. 1. 501. kirkju- Isogr, nA). fit for a church, of timber, Pin. 106: neut., eiga kirkjulægt = to be k:rkj(igræfr, Grág. ii. 62, K. þ. K. 34. kirkju-lög, n. pl. church-law, ecclesiastical law, Bs. i. kirkjulög-bók, f. a church-law hook, book of the canons, Bs. i. (Laur. S. ^ kirkju-mál, n. a church cause, church ques- tion, K. Á. 216. kirkju-maldagi, a, m. a church deed, written, Vm. 7. kirkju-menn, m. pl. churchmen. kirkjumanna-fundr, in. = kirkjufundr, Mar. kirkju-messa, u, f. =. kirkjudagr, Fms. viii. 46. kirkju-náðir, f. pl. = kirkjngrið, Jb. 93. kirkju-prestr, m. a church priest, parson, Grág. i. 73, Vm. í 66. kirkju-ran, n. sacrilege, Bs. i. 775. kirkju-reikningr, m. a church account, Vrn. 69. kirkju-reki, a, m. jelsum belonging to a church, Jm. I. kirkju-réttr, in. a church right, Stud, iii. 267. kirkju-skot, n. the wing of a church, Fms. vi. 302, ix. 492, v. i. kirkju-skraut, n. a church ornament, Am. 7. kirkju-skrúð, n. (-skrúði, a, m.). a church ornament, Vm. 5, 58, 108, Landn. 389 (App.), B. K. 82. kirlcju-skyld, f. (-skyIda, u, f.), a church claim or right, Dipl. v.;, 28, Vm. 113. kirkju-smíð, f. -- kitkjugörð, 656 A. ii. 14, Bs. i. KI. kirkju-sokn, f. church-worship, attendance at service; at kii kju- súknum eða mannfundnin, Gnig. i. 4 19; þeir höfðu k. til Burakiikju, Fms. xi. 159; með rettlæti, k. ok bænum, Hom. 31, 65: mod. a parish, freq., Sks. 94. Fms. x. 66. kirkjusóknar-maðr, m. a parishioner, K. Á. 40, N. G. L. i. 14. kirkjusóknar-þing, n. a parish meeting, Gþl. 389. kirkju-stétt, f a church pavement, Sturl. iii 2 21 C. kirkju-stoll, m. a church pew, Sturl. iii. 182, Vm. 5. kirkju-stuldr, m. sacrilege, Hom. 33. kirkju-söngr, m. church music. kirkju-tiund, f. a church tithe, K. þ. K. 152, K. Á. 98, Pm. 35, Bs. í 749. kirkju-tjöld, n. pl. church hangings, \'m. 11, Grág. i. 460. kirkju-varðveizla, u, f. church keeping, Bs. i. í 29. kirkju-vegr, nr. the church path, way to church, D N. kirkju-viðr, m. church-timber, Landn. 54, Vm. 53, Ld. kirkju- vist, f. a being in church, Bs. i, 902. kirkju-vigsla, u, f. consecra- tion of a church, K. Á. 28, 102, Sturl. i. 121. kirkju-vörðr, m. a churchwarden, 655 xiii. B. kirkju-þjófr, m. a church thief. III. in plur. kirkna-friðr, -góz, -görð, -mál, -sókn, etc. = kirkju-, Fms. ix. 236, 478, K. Á. 216, Bs. i. 689, Ísl. ii. 380. kirk-messa, u, f. = -- kirkjumessa, Vm. 35. kirkmessu-dagr, m. = kirkjudagr, Dipl. i. 5. KIRNA, u, f. [North. E. and Scot, kirn] :-- a churn. kirnu-askr, m. a churn-pail; peir er heiman hafa hlaupit fru kirnuaskinuin, Fms. viii. 350, xi. 272, Boldt. 167. kirningr, m. = kjarnhafr, Grág. ii. 194. kirn-samr, adj. quibbling, Krók. ch. 6. kis, kis ! interj. pitss, puss ! kisa, u, f. puss, the pet name of a cat. kisu-gras, ii., botan. ecbium vulgare, viper's bugloss. kisi, a, in. = kisá"; köttr ok kisi. Fas. iii. 556: the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Ann. 1362, 1382. KISTA, u, f., gen. pl. kistna, Nj. 20; [A. S. kist; North. E. and Scot, ki s t; Engl. c hest; Dan. kistf; from Lat. c ist a] :-- ft chest. Eg. 310; í kcrum eða kistum, N. G. L. i. 383; kórnu til kistu kröfðu Íukla, Vkv.; kistur ok hirzlur, 656 B. I, passim; kistu lok, botn, lykill, the cover, bottom, key of a chest, Nj. 94; kistu-fjol, a chest board, Hom. 155; kistu-hringr, a ring in a chest, Fms. x. 258; kistv. -þrum, the old shell of a chest, Pm. 64, 73: a coffin (usually Hk-kista), Eg. 126, 127, Gnig. i. 207, Bs. i-337, Fs. 132; kemba ok þerra áðr í kistu fari, Sdm. 34; knörr mun ek kaupa ok kistu steinda, Am. loi, see Worsaae, No. 504: the seat in the poop of a ship (cp. hásætis-k.), Orkn. 400, Fms. vii. 201: the word, although foreign, is old, as it occurs in old poems such as Vkv., Sdm. ', Am. kistna-smiðr, n. a joiner, Róît. 2. 10, N. G. L. ii. 246. kistu-leggja, lagði, to lay in a coffin. kistill, m., dimin., dat. k:stli, a little box, Vm. 29, 655 xiii. B. 2, Fms. iii. 136 Fas. iii. 296. KITLA, að, [A. S. citelaii; Scot, kittle; Germ, l-itzelii] :-- to tickle,

340 KITLUR -- KJÖSA.

with acc., Mar. 1057; killuðu mig ekki! impers., mig kitlar, I feel ticklish; y kitlar þig? etc. kitlur, f. pl. a feeling ticklish. kíf, n. [O. H. ü. kip; Germ, keib; Dutch kijf; Swed. ki/] :-- a quarrel, strife. Art. KÍFA, að, [Germ, keifen or leeiben] , to strive, quarrel, Stj. 159, 255. kífan, f. a quarrel, quarrelling, Stj. 163, 295. kífinn, adj. quarrelsome, Grett. 116 A, 120, Ísl. ii. 62. kíkir, m. [Dan. kikkert], a telescope. kíkja, t, [Scot, keek; Dan. kige"\, to stare; see kaga. KÍLL, m. [kil, Ivar Aa^en; mid. H. G. k í l; cp. the Germ. prop, name Â' iel] :-- an inlet, canal; iða, fors ok kill, Edda (Gl.); þar skarsk inn vik ein eigi mikil, fundu þeir þar andir margar ok kölluðu Anda-kíl, Eg. 131; at laek þeim, er ofau fellr í kíl þann, er fellr lit í ana, Vm. 162. Kípr, f., gen. Kiprar, Cyprus, Symb. 27. kíta, t, to quarrel; see kvta. kjafall, in. a kind of garment worn by the Indians in America, þorf. Karl. 412. kjagg, n. in axar-kjagg, an old, blunt hatchet. Kjalarr, m. a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.), Gm. Kjallakr, m. a pr. name, from Gaelic Cealloc, Landn.; whence Kjallekingar or Kjalleklingar, m. pl. the men or family ofK., Eb., Landn. kjallandi, f. the name of a giantess, Edda (Gl.) kjallari, a, m. [from Lat. c ella, as are Engl. cellar, Germ, keller, etc.] :-- a cellar, Bs. i. 840, Fms. xi. 425, Grett. 98 A, Sturl. ii. 152, 242, iii. 228, passim. Kjalnesingr, m. a man from Kjalarnes (see kjölr), Sturl. ii. 192. kjal-sog, n. the bottom of a boat, in which the bilgcwater is; no doubt derived from kjolsyja, q. v. kjalta, u, f. [from kilting, q. v.], the ' kilt, ' lap; hann greip taflit ok steypir í kjuitu sér, Fas. iii. 629, bkáld H. 6. 37: esp. of a woman, hafa barn í kjöltu, kjoltu-barn, a ' lap-bairn, ' a baby; kjöltu-rakki, a lap-dog. kjal-tré, n. a 'keel-tree, ' keel-'imber. kjal-vegr, m. 'keel-way, ' local name of a hi. g' h ridge of mountains, = kjölr (II), Fas. i. 56. kjammi, a, in. = kjannr, a cooked sheep's head. kjamta, að, to maunder. kjannr, m. [kinn], the side of the bead, Edda 109. kjappi, a, m. pet name of a he-goat, from the ' chopping' of his teeth, Edda (GL); brakar í klaufum á kjappa mínum, Fas. iii. 305. kjapta, að, to chatter, gabble, tell tales, use scurrilous language, Fas. iii- 305- kjapt-áss, m. a gabbler; hann er mesti kjaptás. kjapt-forr, adj. scurrilous. KJAPTR, m., older form kjöptr or keyptr, in ginkeyptr, q. v.; [Germ, kiefer; Dutch kieuw; Dan. kjeeft^ :-- -the mouth, jaw, of beasts or in a vulgar sense; Davíð tekr sinpi hendi hvern kjöptinn, Stj. 459; hann reif í sundr kjapta ins úarga dyrs, Rb. 382; er inn efri kjöptr við himni en inn neðri við jörðu, ... hann stígr öðrum fæti í neðra kevpt nlfsins, annarri hendi tekr hann í enn efra keypt úlfsins ok rífr sundr gin hans, Eclda 41, 42; ef maðr bindr tagl í munn á hrossi manns, eða bindr kept við fót, Grág. i. 383; opt í Ægis kjöpta, Edda (in a verse); skjöldr- inn gékk upp í munninn svá at rifnaði kjaptrinn en kjálkarnir hlupu ofan á bringuna, Grett. 95 new Ed.; skeggstaðinn, hökuna, kjaptana báða, Fb. 1. 531: in abuse, halda kjapti, as in Engl. slang, hold your jaw, Germ, maul hal/en; skrokknum lifir ekkert á | utan tónvr kjaptr, a ditty. COMPDS: kjapta-skumr, m. a gabbler. kjapts-högg, n. a box on the ear, vulgar. kjapt-vik, n. pl. the c reek or corner of the mouth, of a beast, = munn- vik, of a person. kjapt-æði, n. loquacity, slander. kjarf, n. = kerfi, a bundle; spjót bundin í kerfi, tied in a bundle, Sturl. iii. 101 C; kjarf riklinga, N. G. L. i. 143: kœrf riklinga, 304. kjark-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), weak, faint. kjark-leysi, n. lack of vigour, Stnrl. i. 162 (in a verse). kjark-maðr, m. an energetic man. KJARKR, m. vigour, pith, energy; ór þér er barðr kjarkr allr, Fb. ii. 189; gat hann þá talit kjark í Berg rindil, Bs. i. 808; þat segi þér at mér fyigi engi kjarkr, Fagrsk. 176; telva knell ok kjark (kirk, MS.) í þá, 655 xxvii. 24, Bs. i. 654 (in a verse). kjarn-góðr, a. d] . fat, good, of milk, pasture, or the like; það er kjarn- gott, cp. kjarni and Engl. churn. kjarn-hafr, m. a he-goal, ram, Grág. i. 503. KJARNI, a, m. [Germ, kern; Dan. kjerne; cp. also Engl. kernel'] :-- a kernel, nucleus, esp. of berries, Mar.; or metaph., k. landsins, the best of the land, Stj. 221; Látínu-k., nucleus Latinitatis; Bibliu-k., etc. KJARR, n., pl. kjörr; [Dan. kjœr; Ivar Aasen kjerr and k/'orr] :-- copsewood, brushwood; kjorr ok skóga, Rm. 43; smávíði ok kjörr, Eg. 580; ok stingr niðr í jörðina undir eitt kjarr, þiðr. 68; hann let liðit fara í kjörr nokkur, Fms. viii. 79; þá er þeir riðu um kjörr nokkur, [Orkn. 80; ok reið ek þér þar knút á kjarrinu, Hkr. iii. 265, Fms. vii 123; fram um kjorriu, viii. 414; hris-k., q. v. kjarr-mýrr, f. a marsh grown with brusbivood, Hkr. iii. 138. kjarr-skógr, m. copsewood, Eg. 546, Fms. vii. 68, viii. 172. kjassa, að, to coax. kjass-mæli, n. coaxing: kjass-máll, adj. coaxing. kjá, ð, to grin, make grimaces, look stupid; sór þú at hverr kjár nefinu at öðrum, Grett. 147 A; eins og gunti orðið hvert við hváði æði-lengi framan í mig kjúði, Snót 215. KJÁLKI, a, m. [Engl. cheek, - O. H. G. chelch; mid. H. G. kel c h]:~ the jaw-bone; hoku ok kj;ilka, Fms. ii. 59, vii. 141, passim. II. a kind of sledge; draga kjálka, Gm. 47; görði Bárðr kjálka hverju kvik- endi, ok let hvert draga sitt fóðr, Landn. 226. kjánka, að, = kjú, q. v., (slang.) kjói, a, m. a s ea bird of the tern kind, Hill's sterna 3, coprotherus: kjóa-egg, n., -hreiðr, n., -ungi, a, m. the egg, nest, young of the k. KJÓLL, m., in sense and declension to be distinguished from kjölr, a keel; [A. S. ceôl; North. E. keel = a flat-bottomed boat for carrying coals; O. H. G. cheol, chiel~\ :-- -a keel, barge, ship: this word is freq. in old poetry, even in such as Vsp., but in prose it only occurs twice, and in both instances of English ships; whereas in A. S. it is freq. even in pr. and local names, as Ceolmnnd, Chelsea: it was prob. borrowed from the English: a. in poetry; kjóll ferr austan, Vsp.; snefgir kjólar, Hkv. I. 48; kjola-valdi, a keel-wielder, Hy'm. 19; ríða kjól, Rm. 45; kjóla kcyrir, a keelman, Landn. 223 (in a verse); hæls hleypi-kjólar, poët. the leaping keels of the heels = the feet, Fms. vi. (in a verse); arin-kjóll, ' hearth-keel' = a house, Ýt.; Ullar kjóll, the keel of the god Ull = the shield, Rekst. 6: kjól-rennir, m. a keel-runner, sailor, Bs. i. (in a verse1). p. in prose; en hón (the lightning") laust siglu-tré á kjól einum, er flaut fyrir bænurn, einn hlutr af trénu varð at skaða manni er kominn var á kjólinn at kaupa glys, en enga sakaði aðra þá er á kjólnum voru, Fb. ii. 175; sigldu bar at hafi kjúlar tveir er kornnir vóru af Eng- landi ok ætluðu til Dyflinnar, ... þeir Sveinn liigSu at kjolunuin, ... hann hafði tekit af kjólunum vin mikit ok mjoð F^nskan, Orkn. 462, 464 (ch. 116). kjóll, m. [from Dan. Ttjole; contr. from kyrtill] :-- a frock, coat, (mod.) KJÓS, f., also kvos, a deep or hollow place • -- dæl, q. v.: a local name, Kjós, Kjósar-sýsla, in the south of Iceland, Landn. Kjos-verjar, m. pl. the men of Kjós, Sturl. i. 199. KJÓSA, pres. kvss; pret. kauss, 2nd pers. kauss þu, Gs. 8; pl. kusu; subj. kysi; part, kosinn: but also as frjósa (q. v.), pret. kjöri (köri, keyri), pl. kuru, kjöru, Fms. vi. 420, subj. kyri or keyri, part, kjörinn, keyrinn: with neg. suff. kjos-at-tu, imperat. (choose not), Hkv. Hjorv. 3: the forms kaus, kusu, kysi, kosinn are very rare in old writers, see the following references, whereas in mod. usage the forms in r are all obsolete: [Ulf. kiûsan = 5ontfj. á^ftv, 2 Cor. viii. 8, Gal. vi. 4; A. S. ceôsan; Engl. c h oos e; O. H. G. kiusan; Germ, kiesen, cp. kjor; Dan. kaare; Swed. kå r a] :-- to choose, elect, with acc. or absol., o. þeim mönnum er hann kjöri til með sér, Bs. i. 84; þaer líf kuru, Vsp. 20; kurum land þaðra, Am. 97; segja honum hvat þeir kuru af, Fms. xi. 67; kuru þeir þat af at ganga til hauda konungi, Hkr. ii. 41; keyri hann þann af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202, Bs. i. 37; Sigurðr konungr kjöri (kaus, Mork.) heldr leikinn, Fms. vii. 96; þeir kjöru at færa heldr fé til strandar, Fb. ii. 25; minni slægja en þeir ætluðu er keyru þorvald til eptirrnuls, Glúm. 383; skipta í helminga landi, en Magnus konungr kyri (keyri), Fms. viii. 152; tðr þrjú skip önnur þau sem hann kej'ri or herinum, x. 84; þat kuru allir Birkibeinar, viii. 186; en þeir kjöru frið við Odd, Fas. ii. 190; hann spyrr hvern ek kjöra (subj.) af þeim sem komnir vóru, i. 191; þat kjöra ek (subj., 7 would choose) at verða konungr, ii. 233; ok mi hötu vúr kjörit sem Guð kenndi oss, Fms. vii. 89; nu hafi þér þat kjörit (kosit, Fms. viii. 1. c.) er mer er skapYelldra, Fb. ii. 611; at þeir höfðu keyrit í hans stað;ibóta, Fms. ix. 338; ok var keyrinn (kosinn, v. 1.) í hans stað sira |xjrir, 412, x. 50, 98; her hefir þú keyrit mann til, Ld. 258 C; en þeir kuru hundinn, þvíat þeir þóttusk þá heldr sjálfráði mundu vera, Hkr. i. 136; kuru heldr (chose rather) at drepa hina, Róm. 295; kjöri hann heldr at halda görð jarls en þeir væri nsáttir, Fms. ii. 114; hann keyri heldr at leysa lif sitt, Nj. 114; allir keyru honum at fylgja, 280; þá er kjörit er handsalat er, Grág. i. 198; þetta er keyrit hyggiliga, Ld. 178; er hinn skyldr at hafa kjörit sumardag fyrsta, Grág. ii. 244: in the phrase, hafa kjorna kosti, to have the choice things; var þá dæmt, at Væringjar skyldu hafa kjörna kosti af öllu því er þeir höfðu þrætt um, Fms. vi. 137. |3. þann mann er kosinn er til veganda at lögum, Grág. ii. 41; fkalt þú kjósa KoTtiI veganda at vígi Hjartar, Nj. ioo; margir kjósa tkki orð á sik, people cannot help bow they are spoken of, 142; kjósa sik í annan hrepp, Grág. i. 444; vildi Hallr bæði kjósa ok deila, Ld. 38, (see deila); þe:r er ávíga urðu skyldi kjósa mann til, ... at hafa annan veg kosit, ... ok vildi hann þá heldr hafa annan til kosit, Glúm. 383, 384; hálfan val hón kyss, Gm 8, 14; kjósa hlutvið, Vsp.; kjós þú (imperat.), Hm. 138; kjosa mæðr frá mögum, Fm. 12; ok kusu (kjöru, v. 1.) ina vildustu hesta, Karl. 328; hann kaus heldr brott verpa stundlegum metorðum, Mar.; þrjá

KJÜKA -- KLATR. 341

kostgripi þá er hann kaus, (kjöri, v. 1.), Edda i. 394; hón bað hann kjósa hvárt heita skyldi Glúmr eða Höskuldr, Nj. 91. II reflex., recipr., skyldi annarr hanga en öðrum steypa í forsinn Sarp, ok bað þá kjósask at, draw lots, Hkr. iii. 302. KJÚKA, u, f. a kind of fre. '-b soft cheese, ost-kjnka: blautr einsog kjúka, soft as a k., of a horse's hoof; whence húf-kjúka, the soft part q/ the hoof. kjúklingr, m. [A. S. cicen; Engl. c hi c ken; Dan. kylling; Swed. k/w kl- ing] '. -- a chicken, young of birds, ürett. 90, as also the verse. kjökr, n. a voi c e stifled by tears, a choking voice. kjökra, að, to whine, to speak with a broken, faltering voice; kvcða kjökrandi, Sturl. ii. 214, freq. in mod. usage. kjöl-far, n. the ' keel-print, ' ship's wake. kjöl-fari, a, m. a nickname, Landn. KJÖLR, m., kjalar, dat. kili, mod. kjöl, plur. kilir, acc. kjölu; [Engl. keel, which seems to be of Norse origin, as the A. S. uses quite a different word for carina; Dan. kj'ól; Swed. kö l] :-- a keel; klökkr k., Lex. Poët.; langir, svalir kilir, id.; rísta kaldan sjá kili, Edda (Ht. IOI); brotnaði kjölrinn undir skipinu, Fs. 152; laust skipit svá at þegar horfði upp kjölrinn, Ld. 142; höggva skip í sundr ok auka at kili, Fms. viii. 372; koma e-m or komask á kjöl, to get on the keel when a boat is capsized, ix. 320; þeir lí-tu fallask í kjölinn niðr, vii. 288; ok er niðr hlaupinn drykkr allr í kjöl á skipinu, xi. 233; land Ránar, kjalar, stála ..., Edda 66; þeir segjask eigi fá tré svá stórt no gott at heyri til kjalarins, Fb. i. 433; ok hvelfir svá skipinu, at hón ri&r urn þveran kjölinn, ü. 26; rifnaði skipit neðan, ok var skjótt imdan kjolrinn, Bs, i. 842: phrases, sigla lausuni kili, t o sail with a l oos e keel, with an empty ship, 0. H. 115: in poetry, kjalar- slóð, kjalar stigr, keel-track, keel-path = the sea; kjalar-land, id., Lex. Poët. II. metaph. a keel-shaped range of mountains; há fjöll liggja eptir endilangri morkinni ok eru þat kallaðir Kilir, Eg. 58: esp. as a local name of the mountain Ki'ólen between Sweden and Norway, Eb. 2, 4, Hkr. i. 137, passim; as also in Iceland, Landn., Sturl. 2. the back of a book; biskup let búa ok lima oil blöðin í kjölinn, Ísl. ii. 460; bók gyllt á kjöl, a gilt book, freq. in mod. usage: as also the inner margin of a book when open, whence the phrase, lesa ofun í kjölinn, to re a d closely; hann hefir ekki lesit ofan í kjulinn, of superficial, loose reading. COMPDS: kjalar-h. æll, in., see h. fll. Fas. ii. 589. kjalar-leið, f. = kjalvegr, Slurl. iii. 278. kjalar-tré, n. = kjal-tro, Fb. i. 433. kjöl-sýja, u, f. the keel suture, the boards nearest to the keel, Edda (Gl.) kjöltr, n. [qs. kjötl, from kitla, q. v.], in hósta-kjölt, a tickling cough. kjöltung, f., see kilting. kjöptugr, adj. loquacious, scurrilous, tale-bearing. KJÖR, n., also spelt keyr, [kjósa; cf. Germ, kur in kur-fúrst, etc.] :-- a choice, decision; ef undir oss bræðr skal koma kjörit, Nj. 192; vér viljum hugsa fyrir oss um kjorit, Fms. vii. 88; verðr þat af kjörurn (the final choice) at þeir fara allir saint, Fs. 120; þat vóru allra kjür, at menu kjöru til biskups Norðlenzkan maun, Bs. i. 80; þá skyldi eigi fyrir þ;i sök skipta keyrinu, alter the choice, Glúm. 383; enda hafi hann tngi þann mann fengit til kørs (= kjörs) fyrir sik, Grág. ii. 240; þá vandaðist kerit (keyrit), Sturl.; ganga at kjorum, and ganga í kjör, to go as one wit-hen; hann kvað þat hata gengit í kjör, Fas. ii. 371; faíla í kjor, id., Skíða R. 104; ganga allt við kjör, id., Harms. 37. II. in plur. cheer; mikil kjör, mickle cheer, abundance; ó-kjör, a bad lot (to choose from): used in the west of Icel. of bad weather, mestu ó-kjür, a pelting rain; vil-kior (Dan. villtaar), bliss, wealth. kjör-gripr, m. a choice or co stly thing; ek vii taka þrjá kjörgripi af nskiptu herfangi, Fms. vi. 148. kjör-ligr, adj. jfa to be chosen; þótti honum hinn eigi kjorligri, Fms. iv. 226. kjörróttr, adj. overgrown tvi/h copsewood, Eg. 580. kjörr-skógr, ni. = kjarrskógr. kjör-tré, n. a choice piece of timber, in jetsum the best log of wood driven ashore; kirkja á kjörtré af Kirkjubóli, Yin. 75. kjör-vápn, n. a choice weapon, Fas. iii. 387. kjör-viðr, ker-viðr, m. = kjörtrú, Rd. 251, 252; kjörviða-taka, 254. kjör-viltr, part, having chosen amiss; kjörviltvartú. Kristín! Safnö/i. kjör-vísligr, adj. acceptable; þútti þeim sá þó eigi kjörvísligr, at eiga enga ván sjálfr til ættlcifðar sinnar, Orkn. 58, Fb. ü. 180, Karl. 152. KJÖT, n., also proncd. ket, dat. kjötvi, mod. kjöti; [a Sc'andin. word; found neither in Saxon nor Germ.; Scot, ket = carrion; Dan. k/o d; Swed. kö tt] :-- flesh, meat, I, at. caro; heitt kjöt, Fms. vii. 1, ^9, 160; ok suðu vér þær með öðru kjöti, Fb. ii. 376; eta kiöt, K. þ K. 130, 136: þat er kjöt er menn láta afnaut, færsauði, geitr ok svíu, 130; varna við kjú'tvi, to abstain from meat, 134, passim: in plur. stores of meat, þau kjöt sem lll þess eru niðr lögð á vegum, Stj. 71; gengu kjiitin því harðara sinn veg, Bs. ii. 144. COMPDS: kjöt-át, n. a meat-eating, 656 A. ii 16, N. G. L. *• 343- kjöt-áta, u, f. = kiö;át, Fms. x. 417. kjöt-lær, n. a joint of meat, Fms. viii. 117. kjöt-matr, m. Jlesbfood, meat, Hom. 93. kjöt-stykki, n. a piece of meat, Grág. ii. 170, Fbr. 38. kjöt- vaxinn, adj. fleshy, Sturl, i. 10. kjöt-ætr, adj. eatable; also of days o n which flesh was allowed; fugla þá er kjotætir eru, K. þ. K. 132, Sks. 180; á þeim tíðum er kjötætt er, id. kjöt-ligr, adj. carnal, Stj.; kjötligt barn, K. Á. 146. kjötvi, a, m. the fleshy, a nickname, Hkr. klafi, a, m. a kind of fork, put on the neck of cattle; þat er klafi kyrkir, N. G. L. i. 19, 341. COMPDS: klafa-kerling, f. a kind of two-pronged stick, Bárð. 17 new Ed. klafa-stafr, m. -- klataker- ling, Bárð. 19, 29 new Ed. klaga, að, [Germ, klageri] , to complain, accuse, (mod.) klagan or klogiin, f. a complaint. klak, n., see kliik. klaka, að, [Dan. klukke~\, to twitter, of a swallow; to chatter, of a pie; hann hevrði at igður klükuðu á hrísinu, Sæin. 136, Eg. 420, Stj. So, þiðr. 168, Karl. 544: of an eagle, Ísl. ii. 195: metaph., of a person, ok und kvernum klaka, Ls. 44 :-- reflex., klakask við, to have a dispute about; við biskup munum klakask við um kirkju-hann, Bs. i. 749. klaka, u, f. a pr. name. Klöku-œtt, f. the family o/K., Landt). KLAKI, a, m. hard-frozen ground, Finnb. 282, Vígl. 24, passim: the phrase, koma e-m á kaldan klaka, to put one on a cold ice-field, to bring one into distress; það hefir komið mörgum á kaldan klaka. COMPDS: klaka-riross, n. a jade, a poor horse left to feed on a frozen field, Band. 37 new Ed. klaka-h. ogg, n. a crowbar to break the frozen ground, Vm. 80, (for a grave-digger.) klaka-torf, n. frozen turf, Vígl. 71 new Ed. KLAKKR, in. a peg, prop, the peg of a pack-saddle on which the packs are hung; setja, lypta á klakk, to lift to the k.; hriikkva upp af klükkunum, to be flung down from the k., freq. :-- metaph. heavy, peaked clouds (sky'-klakkar, klakka-sky), íllviðris-k., q. v.: in local names of peaks (two and two), Dimunar-klakkar in Breiðifjördr. klakk-sekkr, in., proncd. klassekkr, a heavy trunk: a beavy, un- wieldy thing, mesti klassekkr. klak-laust or klakk-laust, n. adj. [A. S. cla:cleas -- free~\, scatheless, unhurt; komask k. af, to come off unhurt, Finnb. 262; at vit mundum eigi klakklaust skilja, Fb. i. 417; ef ek komumk nú á brott klakklaust at sinni, Fms. iv. 312; ok verð því feginn at þú komisk klakklaust á brott, Fas. iii. 98; þar sem aðrir komask eigi klaklaust þó nauðsyn beri til, Fms. vi. 299, (klaclaust, Mork. 61, I. e.) klak-sárr, adj. touchy, feeling sore; e-m verðr heldr klaksúrt, to be ruffled, rudely bandied, Grett. 110 A. klambra, að, to clamp or pinch together. KLAND, n., mod. klandr, dat. klandri, Fb. ii. 388: [perh., through Lat. scandalum, from Gr. ff/íái/SaXoi'] :-- calumny, molestation; yðr hefir leyst af öllu illu klandi, Stj. 445; komask ór klandi sinna mótstöðu- manna, 415; búaiid-karl varð fyrir klundutn rikra manna, Hom. 117, (klandum, O. H. L. 80); hann kom þeim ór klandi vikinga, Gieg. 52; tóku hann burt ór öllu klandi Odds ok hans manna, Bs. i. 707: hindrance, af klönd koma á niúl þeirra fyrir brullaup, N. G. L. i. 148. klanda-lauss, adj. free from molestation, Str. 74, Fms. ix. 409. klanda, að, mod. klandra, to molest, Stj. 216, Greg. 65; meiddir eða drepnir e&a klandaðir, Sturl. i. 41. klandan, f. calumny, Stj. 163, (calumnia of the Vulgate); ver frjáls af allri k. minni, Art. klapp, n. clapping the hands; handa-klapp, Sk/tlda 174. KLAPPA, að, [Engl. and Scot, clap; Germ, klopfen; Swed klappa] : -- to pat, stroke gently; kyssa ok k., to ki s s and stroke, 655 xxxi; cp heot to clap a cat; þ í klappaði hón urn granirnar, Edda (pref.); jarlinn klappaði lendi sinni á bak honum ok bað hann vaka, Fms. viii. 88; maðr hefir staf í liendi ok klappar á lend hestinum, Bs. i. 633; þá kallar konungr til sin hund sinn Viga ok klappaði um hann, hins. x. 327; him spyrr art hann ætlar þá enn í Múfahlíð at k. um kerlingar-nárann, Fb. 44, Grett. 33 new Ed.; Þoroddr klappaði uni hann (the calf), Eb. 320. 2. to clap the hands; rlestir æptu ok klöppuðu, shouted and clapped, ü N. 168: the phrase, k. lofi í lófa, to clap, exult; klappa á dyruin, to nip at the door, Eg. 409, Fms. xi. 425; klappa á hurð, Fas. iii. 583. II. a stone-mason's term, to chop stone with a hammer; hann klappaði rauf í hellu, Grett. 137 A; þessi steinn var útan sein klappaðr væri ráðum eðr püllum, Fms. i. 137; vóru klappaðir ú steinvegginn krossar)rír, vii. 64; í þeim steini vúru klappaðir fjórir koppar, Bs. 1. 640; únar klappaðar á steini, 655 xiv. B. 2; spor vóru klöppuð í berginu, -'as. iii. 569. 2. to hammer; þarf eigi holan bang um þat at klappa, ''b. iii. 404; ok klappaði urn hans hjarta, bis heart clapped, throbbed. Fbr. 37; þeir sügðusk iiuindu k. um (they would clench it, make it right) ef nálin kænii heini í hérað, Sturl. i. 134; nuin ek mi k. um aptr, / will nake it good, ii. 38. klaret, n. claret, Fas. iii. 3^9, Flóv. 22 (for. word), Karl. passim. KLASI, a, m. a cluster, bunch, esp. of berries: berja-klasi, vinberja- •:., a cluster of grapes: metaph., eyja-klasi, skerja-k., a cluster of islands, sksrries. klastr, n. (klastra, að), o n entanglement, tangle, bunch. klatr, n. a clatter; svá mikit k. at varla fékk hljóð, Bær. 12, Al. 12: n toy, trifle.

34. 2 KLATHA -- -KLETTR.

klatra, að, to waste on toys and trifles. ' KLAUF, f., pl. klaufir, [A. S. deaf; Engl. deft, dove; Germ, klaue] :-- a cloven foot, Stj. 316, 317; göltrinn svamm par til af gengu klaufirnar, Landn. 177; þeir rökðu þangat sem klaufirnar höfðu vitjað af hreins- ntjunum, 0. H. 152: the deft between the toes (= neip between the ringers), sár neðan í ilina ok skar út í klaufina við þumaltána, Sturl. iii. 68. 2. a beast, a bead of cattle; allar várar hjarðir, svá framt at eigi skal nokkur klauf eptir vera, Stj. 276; hjoggu á skip sin hverja k'. auf, Fms. viii. 380. 3. gramm. an asyndeton, viz. two adjectives attached to one noun without a copula, Skálda 193. COMPDS: klaufa-gangr, in. the tramp of cattle, Fas. iii. 386. klauf-lax, m., see lax. klauf- rak, n. a driving of cattle, D. N. ii. 146. klauf-troð, n. a track made by the hoofs of cattle, D. N. klauf-hamarr, m. a cloven hammer. klaufi, a, m. an awkward, clumsy boor; þú ert mesti klaufi ! a nick- name, Landn. COMPDS: klaufa-legr, adj. (-liga, adv.), clumsy, awkward. klaufa-skapr, m. clumsiness, want of skill. klausa, u, f. (for. word), a clause, passage, Skálda 174, 191; k. í bréfi, Bs. i. 706, 707. KLAUSTR, n. [like A. S. cluster, Engl. cloister, Germ, kl os te r, from Lat. claustrum] :-- a cloister, Fms. i. 147, x. I, xi. 343, Bs. passim. COMPDS: klaustr-búnaðr, m. a convent dress, Mar. klaustr-frú, f. a convent lady, Mar. klaustr-ganga, u, f. entering a convent, Mar. klaustr-naldari, a, m. a convent steward. klauatr- hlaupari, a, m. o ne wbo elopes from a convent, Mar. klaustr- hús, n. a convent bouse, Bs. i. 293. klaustr-jörð, f. a convent glebe. klaustri, a, in. = klaustr; yfir klaustranum, klaustra sinum, Sks. 694 C, |jiðr.;-(68; helgum klaustra, B. er. 8. COMPDS: klaustra-bróðir, m. a friar, Fins, i. 148. klaustra-fólk, n. convent folk, Fms. x. 10. klaustra-fœrsla, u, f. removing a convent, Bs. i. klaustra-garðr, in. a cloister yard, 645. 120. klaustra-innganga, u, f. entering a con- vent, Mar. klaustra-lifnaðr, m. convent life, Mar. klaustra- menn, in. pl. convent people, K. Á. 42, 58, Sks. 694, Fms. ix. 372. klaustra-staðr, m. the glebe-land of a convent, K. Á. 38. KLÁ, pres. klái, pret. kló, klótt, kló, pret. kleginn, [Scot, claw] :-- to scratch or rub an itching spot; var fengin kona at klá honum fót sinn, Sturl. i. 189; hann kailaði á mik ok bað tnik klá fótinn, Fms. ii. 187; síðan gekk konungr til svefns, ok kló ek futinn, x. 331; ok vsenti ek at nokkurir klái sárt síður, áðr vit Aroa látiink báðir, Bs. i. 538; var þar fengin til kona um aptaninn er hann var kominn í rekkju, at klá fót hans, en er honum þútti of kyrt klegit, 462; ok þá er fótr minn hafði kleginn verit, Fb. i. 400, -- the ancients seem to have had their feet rubbed in bed in order to bring on sleep. II. reflex., þar mundi cigi þykkja við kollóttan at klásk, Sturl. iii. 238, v. 1. kláði, a, m. the itch, Fms. ii. 187, x. 331; brá kláða á hvarmana, Fb. ii. 367; augna-k., futa-k.: a scab, fjar-k., scab on sheep. kláð-sjúkr, adj. scabby, 655 xi. i. kláðugr, adj. scabby. kláfr, m. a kind of rough box carried on horseback, Lv. 59. KLÁM, n. [akin to A. S. clœmian = to daub] , filthy, obscene language; in mod. usage only in that sense, klám ok níð, Skáld H. 5. 24; visur fullar af fúlu klámi, 26. COMPDS: klam-fenginn, adj. (-fengni, f.), foul-mouthed. klám-högg, n. a ' stroke of shame, ' a law term, a wound or stroke behind, Bjarn. 66, Grág. ii. 12, Fas. iii. 102. klám- orð, n. a libel, Eb. (in a verse). klám-vísa, u, f. an obscene song. klám-yrði, \\. foul language, Fb. iii. 415, 427. kláp-eygr, adj. goggle-eyed, Bær. 10. klápr, m. = klufr, a nickname, Sturl. ii. 212. klára, u, f., or klárr, m. a kind of coarse rake used to spread dung. klár-hestr, m. a hack. KLÁRR, m. a hack, cart-horse; þat er újamligt, hestr sá ok klárr þ'nn, Glúm. 356; klárr úkostuligr, Fs. 128, Nj. 55, Fas. ii. 252; hest- klárr, húðar-k., a hack. klárr, adj. [like Germ, klar, Engl. c lea r, etc., from Lat. darns'] , dear, bright; klar kenning, Pass. 10. 12; blórninn fagr kvenria klúr, Fkv.; ú-klárr, Sks. 135. klár-vígr, adj. clumsy, awkward. KLÉ, m., gen. kljá (kléa), pl. kljár, qs. kléar; [cp. Gr. \aia or \tia, qs. f\ata ?] :-- o ne of the stones to keep the warp straight ire the old upright loom; þá er ek sló vefinn, þá fell af einn kléinn af mið'um vefnum ok tók ek upp, ok þá sá ek at kljár þeir vóru ekki nerna manna-höfuð, Fms. xi. 49; manna-hüfuð vóru fyrir kljána, Nj. 275. kljá-grjót, n. a weaver's stones, Nj. 275, v. 1. KLEFI, a, m. (klifi, Greg. 49, Mart. 120), [A. S. cleofa] , a closet; heimulegr k., Stj. 205; hón var lukt í litlum klefa, Clem. 51; hann for eptir brauðdiski í k'efa, 656 B. 4; útar af e!da-skálanum vóru klefar tveir, sinn á hönd hvára, ok hlaðit skreið í anrun en mjolvi í annan, Eb. 268, 272; litla-stofa ok klefi are distinguished, Sturl. iii. 187; var set opt Ijos til klifa þess er inn ungi maðr var i, Mart. 120; þá skalf klifi sii allr, Greg. 49; svefu-k., a sleeping closet, bedroom, Stj. 204. KLEGGI, a, m. [klegg, Ivar Aasen; cp. North. E. and Scot, cleg = a horse-fly] :-- a cleg or horse-fly, Stj. 481. í Sam. xxiv. 14; my eða kleggja, Eluc. 22; flugur þær er kallask af alþyðu kleggjar, Best. 2. XI. a cock of hay (hey-kleggi), Háv. 53, Fb. i. 5-23. KLEIF, f., plur. kleifar, [from klifa, to climb"] , a ridge of cliff's or shelves in a mountain side; hljópu sjau menn ór skóginum ok upp í kleifina, Eg. 581; skógar-kjörr ok kleifar nökkurar, Fms. vii. 56; þeir kösuðu hann þar við kleiíina, Eb. 166 (klifit, v. 1.); þar sem helzt vóru kleifar ok skógar þröngvastir, Fms. ix. 359; suðr undir kltifarnar, Gísl. 67, 70: poët. the bead is called hjarna kleif, ' barn-cliff^ Km.: Kleifar, f. pl. a local name in western Iceland, Sturl., Landn., Ann. 1238. kleima, d, [kleim a, Ivar Aasen; akin to klám], to daub, smear, dabble; þó at ek gæta kieimt einhvern þeirra, Fas. iii. 544, (conversational.) kleima, u, f. a blot, dab: name of an ogress, Fas. kleisask, t, to become inarticulate; tunga kleisisk, Anecd. 3. kleiss, adj., kieiss í ináli, inarticulate in one's speech, Fms. x. 39. KLEKJA, pres. klek, pret. klakði, part, klakinn, klaktr, [Ulf. niv- klabs =vrjirios; Dan. klœkke; Swed. kliicka] : -- to batch; klelcja ut, t o batch out; klekr þuu út, Stj. 78; ungar út klaktir, id.; sem hann liggr it eggjunum ok hann skal út klekja, id.; hæna klakði dreka, Al. 160. klekking, f., in the compd klckkingar-maðr, see klektan. klekkja, t, in Icel. only used in the phrase, klekkja á e-m, to make one smart, punish; eg skal k. á honum, (conversational.) klektan, f. = klekking; [klektan and klekking are prob. akin to Goth. -klabs iu niu-klabs; cp. also klekkjen = brittle, Ivar Aasen] :-- chicken- heartedness; so in the phrase, hann er engi klcktunar maðr, i. e. he i s no chicken, he is a daring, dangerous man, Sturl. iii. 283; ok sé þú svá fyrir at hann er engi klektunar maðr, Eb. 90 new Ed., Nj. 105; for the various readings (klectun, kleckun, klecting, klektun) see Nj. Johnson. 214. klembra, að, [Germ, klemmen] , to jam or pinch in a smith's vice, klömbr, q. v.; klyptir ok klembraðir, Stj. 285. Klement, mod., proncd. Klémus, m. a pr. name, Clement; Klernens kirkja, messa, dagr, saga, the church, 'mass, day, Saga of St. Clement, Clem. 4X, K. Á. 18, Vm. 6. klenging, f. the picking up a quarrel; þó hann tæki af mönnum slikar klengingar, Sturl. i. 76. klengi-sök, f. a law term, picking up a quarrel; þykkir honum þetta klengisök vera, Ölk. 35; eigi viiju vér at þegnar várir sé taksettir eða stefndir fyrir fépretta sakir eðr nokkura klengisaka, /o r the sake of cheat- ing or chicane, N. G. L. ii. 482. KLENGJASK, dep. [perh. akin to A. S. clingan, Engl. ding -- to cleave to] :-- to pick up a quarrel; ok varð Askatli ilia við, ok þótti hann mjök klengst (MS. kleins) hafa til þessa máls, Rd. 272; ok á þat með engu móti í erfð at ganga. þóat sunn'r hafi ranglega við klengzt, N. G. L. Ü-4O2. klénn, adj. [for. word; from A. S. clan; Engl. c lean; Germ, klein] :-- snug; klénn koss, Fas. iii. (in a verse of the 15th century); k. sseng, Ülf. 4. 44: little, puny, klén tign, Pass. The word first occurs in the 15th century, but it never took root. KLEPPR, m. [cp. Dan. klippa = a rock; Germ, klumpen; A. S. clympre] :-- a plummet, lump, Bs. i. 806 (of a comet's tail), Konr. 31; bly-kleppr, q. v. II. a local name in Icel. klepra, u. f. or klepr, m., pl. kleprar, a clot, icicle-like, of fat, ice, hair, wool, Jónas. klepróttr, adj. clotted, of hair, wool, beard. klerk-dómr, m. learning, Bs. i. 793, Sturl. i. 125, Al. 42, Bad. 12; nema klerkdóm, Fms. vii. 327: the clergy, (mod.) klerkliga, adv. learnedly; predika k., Bs. i. 846. klerkligr, adj. clerkly, scholarlike, Th. 79; klerkligar listir, Bs. i. 680; klerkligar bækr, Skálda (pref.) KLERKR, m. [from Lat. clericns~\, a cleric, clerk, scholar; góðr klerkr (beau-clerk] , Fms. ix. 531, x. 11 I; Rikini var klerkr góðr (a good clerk), bæði diktaði hann vel ok versaði, Bs. i. 239; Aristoteles með klerka-sveit sina, Al. 8; hann ?kildi görla Vöisku þviat hann var góðr k., Ei.; Paris klerkr, a P ari s c lerk, one wbo has studied in Paris, Fb. ii. 475; vitr ok góð- gjarn ok k. mikill, Fms. i. 229; Eirikr konungr var vitr maðr ok góðr k. ok kunni margar tungur, xi. 298; svú görir ok inn skilningslausi, ef hann kemr frá skúla, þ:í hyggsk hann þegar vera góðr k., Sks. 247. 2. a clergyman, clerk, esp. of the minor orders; klerk eðr klaustra-manni, K. Á. 40; fjórir tigir presta ok mart klerkar, Sturl. ii. 6. 3. a parish- clerk as in Engl.; messu-prestr skal engi leiðangr göra, né kona hans né klerkr hans, N. G. L. i. 97, iii. 77, D. N. passim: a nickname, Orkn. COMPDS: klerka-fólk, n. the clergy, Fms. i. 147. klerka-lýðr, m. id., 623. 15. klerka-mál, n. pl. clerical, ecclesiastical matters, H. E. i. 389. klerka-siðir, m. pl. clerical customs, Fms. vii. 199. klerka- sveinn, m. a clerk. klerka-sveit, f. the clerical body, Sturl. i. 122: a body of scholars, Al. 8. klerka-söngr, m. church music, Fms. i. 260. klessa, t, to clot, daub: reflex, klessast, to talk thick, Anecd. 10: part, klesstr = kleiss (q. v.), Fms. x. 39, v. 1. klessa, u, f. [klcksa, Ivar Aasen], a dot; blek-k, an ink-clot, etc. kless-mæltr, adj. talking thick, Fms. x. 39, v. 1. kletti, n. a lump of fat in the loins of meat. KLETTR, in. [Dan. Mint] , a rock, cliff, Faer. 29; þar stendr skógar-

KLETTABELTI -- KLÖKIl. 343

klettr við Hafslæk, þorsteinn gékk upp á klettinn, Eg. 717, Bs. ii. m, Sturl. iii. 104, Gísl. 147; hár k., Grett. 101; þeir sjá hvar klettar tvtir koma upp or hafinu, Fas. ii. 248: in plur. a range of craqs: poët., herða k., ' shoulder rock, ' i. e. the bead, Ls.; hjarna k., ' barn rock, ' i. e. the bead; hjalma-k., helmet crag, cp. Helm-crag in Westmorland, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: kletta-belti, n. a belt of crags. kletta-frú, f., botan. the saxifrage. kletta-skora, u, f. a scaur. kletta-snös, f. a jutting crag, freq. in mod. usage. kleykiliga, adv.; vera k. kominn, to have got into bad scrapes, Th. 76. kleykir, m. a nickname, Landn. kliða, að, to murmur inarticulately. KLIÐR, m. a din, the murmur in a great assembly when no articulate sound is to be heard; þyss eða k., Gísl. 56; k. ok háreysti, Fms. vi. 374, Bs. ii. 129; skilr þú her nokkuð niál manna? eigi heldr en fugla- Ídið, Fas. ii. 175; í einum klið = í einum duni, -- allt var senn í einum klið | upp vatt truss meðal herða, Skíð. R. 28. KLIF, n. [A. S. c li/; Engl. cliff] , a cliff; klif and kkif are used in- discriminately in Eb. and Eg. 1. c.; þeir fengu tekit hami út við klif er upp ríðr ór fjörunni, Eb. 166; ok kösuðu hann þar við kliíit, id. v. 1.; klif bratt ok einstigi yfir at fara, Eg. 576; þá var bar undir niðri skógr en skóglaust uppi á klifinu, 580; ok er Egill kom upp or klifiau, id.; i klifi nokkuru, Bs. i. 200; var í brattasta einstigi upp at ganga ok i harða há klif (plur.), Stj. 452. 1 Sam. xiv. 4 (eminentes petrae of the Vulgate); síðan gékk hann til klifs bess er þjóðgata lá yfir, þeir stefndu hit gegnsta til klifsins, Korm. 146: poet., hauka klif, hawk's cliff'= the band, Hallfred; há klif, a high cliff, Sighvat: local names, Klifs-jörfl, Klifs-sandr, Klifs-dalr, Bjarn.; Klifs-lond, Cliffiand or Cleveland, in England, Fms. vi. klifa, að, prop, to climb, but only used metaph. :-- to repeat, to harp on the tame thing; bað þá eigi klifa svá ey ok ey, Ísl. ii. 349; klifar þú nakkvat jafnan, mannfy'la þín, Nj. 85; kerling klifaði allt suinarit urn arfa-sátuna at inn skyldi bera, 194; vér kunipánar lærðum þik eitt vers, ok er þat nú þeg;ir þér svá kært sem þú kunnir engan lilut annau, klif- andi þat jafiun æ fram, Mar.; klit'ar sá niargr kvæðin lin, Skáld H. 3, 2. 2. reflex, to wrangle; töluðu menn at sjá maðr væri it mesta fífl, hversu heimsliga hann kiifask við konung, Fb. iii. 381. klifað, n. part, a kind of metre, where the same rhyme-syllable is repeated throughout the half of a verse, a specimen of which is Ed'da (Ht.) 48. klif-gata, u, f. a 'cliff-gate, ' way along a cliff, Ísl. ii. 176. klifra, að, to climb, Kb. 102, Fagrsk. 125; usually as dep. klifrask, id., Fas. iii. 443. kling, kling, kling, Iding! interj., of bells or a tinkling sound, Jónas. KLINGJA, d, [Germ. ilingen; D. m. klinge; cp. Engl. clink] :-- taring, tinkle; hugsar at her muni k. til tipphafs, Fms. xi. 434; hlýtr að klingja daianna dyngja diikinn a, Snot 99; klingir mér i'yrir eyrum omr, Bjarni 136. KLIPPA, ð, to clip; k. með söxum, Str. 9; klipti iu-gl hans ok hár, Fms. vi. 204; k. hár, to clip, cut the hair, Stj. 202; k. sauði, hjï;rð, t o clip, shear theep, K. jb. K. 104, Stj. 482, 484. klippa, u, f. a clipping, sample; af-klippa. klippari, a, m, a hair-cutter, Mj. 524 :-- a dealer, monger, Rétt. 2. IO. klipping, f. a clipping, shearing. klippingr, m. a s h or n sbeepsl-in, Grug. i. 501, Bs. i. 834, H. E. iv. 131. KLÍFA, pres. klif, pret. kleif, pl. klifu; [A. S. clîfian; Engl. cleave to; Dutch ileveit; Germ, kleben] :-- to climb; Jonathan kleif tkki siðr n;eð höndum en fótum um einstigit, Stj. 452; konungr kleif upp í einu bakka, Fms. viii. 75; en sumir klifu svá bratta brekku, 401; þá kom jarl at hlaupandi ok kleif upp yfir kösîinn ok þaðati upp yfir húsin, ix. 325; svá at hann máíti klifa upp í virkit af skildinum, Sturl. ii. 33; ok kleif einn í höku iner, Dropl. 22; því er kænlegra at k. skemra, ok falla lægra, Al. 145; þeim er âðr höfðu klirit, Hkr. i. 290; klifa á kjül, Sturl. ii. 224 (in a veise). KLÍGJA, ð, mod. klía, að, [provinc. Norse klia, pret. klidde and Migta, pres. kli r, see notes to Al. 186] :-- to feel nausea; hón klígir mjok, Al. 153; þeirra önd klígir í mót inum himneska mat, Mar. :-- mod. impers., mig kliar, or mig klíar við því. klígja, u, f., mod. klia, nausea, Mag. 89. KLÍNA, d, to smear; klína brauð, to butter bread, Fms. ix. 241; klinask leiri, Best. 673. 53: mod. to daub, esp. with ordure. klíningr, m. [Mining, Ivar Aasen], buttered bread; kasta kliningnum ok könnunui, cp. the Engl. proverb ' to throw the helve after the hatchet, ' Fms. viii. 413, v. 1.: as a nickname, Orkn.: the word is still used in the old sense in Norway. II. in Icel. it is only used of cakes of cow-dung. klístra, að. to glue, paste. KLJÁ;, ð, [klé, pl. kljár], to fix /be weights to a loom (see kló); mér þóui kljáðr vera vefrinn, Fms. xi. 49; harðkljáðr, hard stretched, Darr.: metaph., vera á enda kljáðr, to be finished, done; það er t-kki á enda kljáð, there is no end of ii as yet; vera lit kljáðr, done; það er út kljáð um þau Rial: kljá á enda, to wind up, to have done; er ek á enda kljáðr at þola þat lengr. Ísl. ii. 420. ' KLJÚFA, prts. kly'f; pret. klauf, klauft (klaufst), klauf, pl. klufu; subj. klyri; part, kloriim; [A. S. cleofan; Engl cleave; O. H. G. cblio- ban; mid. H. G. Mieben; Dan. Move; Swed. klyfva~] :-- to cleave, split; hann hjó á skjold Riits ok klauf allan niðr, Nj. 95; elda er rétt at göra ok k. torf til, K. þ. K. 88; ælluöu at fiá hann kvikan ok klufu svörðinn í höfðinu, Fms. vii. 227; era sem kolvið kljúfi, karl sá er vegr at jarli, viii. (in a verse); eða ek klyf þik í herðar niðr, Nj. 185; kom í höfuðit ok klauf ofan í jaxlana, 144; skildir'ro klofnir, cloven, cleft, Vsp. 46: metaph. to split, ek k'ýf or þessum sex greinir ins fjórða tigar, Skálda 1^2. II. reflex., þar at sem björgin kljutask, are cleft, branch out, Finnb. 242. 2. recipr., þó at þeir klyfisk í herðar niðr, Fas. i. 404. 3. part, klofinn, as adj. cloven; langt upp klofinn, i. e. long-legged, Bárð. 165. klof, n. the cleft be/ween the legs, the Jerk, Fas. ii. 346. COMPDS: klof-langr, atij. long-forked, long-legged. klof-snjór, m. s now reaching to the klof. klof-stuttr, adj. short-forked. klofa, að, to stand or stride ïvith the legs apart; klofa snjo. KLOFI, a, m. a cleft or rift in a hill closed at the upper end; metaph., þeir vóru komnir í svá mikinn klofa, at Itig'aldr var á aðra hönd, en Laxá á aðra hund, i. e. they were ' in a cleft stick, ' -- -the enemy on one band, the river on the other, Ld. 46; so also as a military term; at samnaðr væri á Rangár-völlum ok væri sú ráðagörð, at þeini sú ætlað at vtrða í klofanum, ' were in a cleft s. 'ick, ' ' caught in a trap, ' Sturl. i. 201; mun ek ok senda lið til fu lit ings við yðr, ok skal þat koma á bak þeim, svá at þe:r verði í klofanum, Fas. i. 33; ok var svá stefnt at hann skyldi þaðan at koma, ok skyldi þorfinnr verða í klofanum, Orkn. 68: fjalla- kloli, a ravine with a bottom, Stj. 87, Al. 26: landa-kloti. a delta at the fork of a river, Sks. 194, 199; lausa-klofi, gramm. a diphthong (au, ei, ey), Skulda 170: medic., gin-k!ofi, q. v. 2. the groove (hurðar-klofi) in which the door moves up and down instend of moving on ningcs (see hniga III); hence the phrases, lúka upp hurðu, or lúka aptr hurð á miðjan klofa, to open or shut the door to the middle of (be groove, i. e. fhut i! half way, Bárð. í /I, Fb. i. 547; hurð hnigin ú miðjan klota, half shut, Fms. iii. 74, Fas. iii. 5. 46; hann gt-ngr þar til er hann kemr at hurðu, hón var greypt í stokk ok hnigin eigi allt í klofa, Fb. i. 258; hann svarar ilia ek rak aptr hurðina í klofa, Gullþ. 15; tptir þat opar þorbjörn inn undan, ok lauk hurðinni í klofa, 18. 3. the forks to support tents on board a ship, Ediia (Gl.); þá bað hann með s'na ganga ytra með borðum, ok höggva tjöldin ór klofum, Eg. 122: a place in a ship -- klofa-rúm, því skal hlnða í klofa inn, N. G. L. ii. 276. 4. a forked mail, used in boats on the west coast of Icel. 5. snuffers; giira skaltú klofa af gulli Ijos at slökkva, Stj. 306. Exod. xxv. 38, Vm 36; kerta-pípa í staf ok klofi, Pin. 103; kerta- klofi, q. v.; horn-klofi, q. v. COMVDS: klofa-kerling, f. and kiofa- stafr, m. a cleft stick or staff, Búið. 170, 171; see klafi. klofa-rúm, n. a ship's cabin near the mast; þvi skal hlaða í klofarúmi við siglu, Jb. 386. klofa-sigling, f. sailing with a forked mast. klofa-stef, n. a metric, term, a ' cleft-burden, ' a kind of refrain, consisting of several lines inserted separately in different lines of a stanza, Siurl. ii. 59. klofna, að, to be cloven, Vsp. f2; í þessum gny klofnar himininn, Edda 41; klofnaði hann í tvá hluti, Nj. 108; skildirnir klofuuðu, Eg. 507, v. 1.; jörðin skalf og björgin klofnuðu, Matth. xxvii. 51. klofningr, m. anything cloven, cp. the Engl. c love (of garlic); the name of a mountain in western Iceland, Landn. KLÓ, f., gen. kló, N. G. L. i. 100, mod. kloar, pl. klaer, i. e. klosr; [A. S. clawu; Engl. claw; O. H. G. cblawa; mid. H. G. Ha, - Germ. klaue; Dan. kl o, pl. klö e r] :-- a claw, talon, of beasts of prey, kattar- klær, Ijóns-klær, arnar-klær, krumma-klær, vals-klær, the claws of a cat, lion, eagle, raven, falcon; gambrs-kló, q. v.; brá henni í hnotar liki ok hafði í klóm sér, Edda 46; flugu at þeim hrafnar, ok sýndusk þeim ór jarni nefin ok klærnar, Nj. 272; hann (the crocodile) hefir stórar term ok klxr, Stj. 77; með hvössum klóm, 80: meiaph. a c law, of the hand, kólnar nú á klónum, Giett. 94 B: as also in the ditty, kalt er mér á k. 1. o. kenni eg þess á s. i. ó ... (i. e. kalt er mér klonum, kenni eg þess á sjonum ...): a nickname, Orkn. klóa-gangr, m. a fight with the claius, Fas. iii. 210. II. naut. the clew of a sail, Edda (Gl.); eyri fyrir hanka hvern, eyri fyrir kló hverja, N. G. L. i. 1OI; en fyrir smareip hvert er á segli er ertog silfrs ok svá fyrir klo hverja, ii. 283; eyri fyrir krapta hvern, þó eyir at einnar klóar missi, i. 100, ii. 283: the c l í a/=kolla (q. v. \ N. G. L. I. e. klóask, dep. to fight with claws: in the saying, öndurðir skolu ernir klóask, Ó. H. 183, Fas. ii. 495. kló-bjúgr, adj. an epithet ofan eagle. kló-dýr, n. a í ea 5 t with claws, K. þ. K. 134. kló-festa, t, to clutch. kló-fugl, m. a bird with claws or talons, opp. to fitfugl (q. v.), K. fï. K. 132. klókindi, n. pl. cunning, c leverne ss, Fas. iii. 267. klók-leiki, a, m. craft, cunning, Karl. 130, Mar. klók-liga, adv. cleverly, cunningly, Stj. 167, Pass. 15. 5. klók-ligr, adj. cunning, crafty, Fms. x. 172. KLÓKR, adj. [perh. not a genuine Scandin. word, but, like Dan. k!og. Swed. Wo k, borrowed from Germ, king] :-- are h, clever, Fms. xi. 227, Stj. 160, 223: a rc h, wily, 34, 70.

344 KLÖKSKAPK -- KLÆJA.

klók-skapr, m. archness, Stj. 75, 91, 178, Bs. i. 767: vjiliness, Stj. 37, 416, Fms. xi. 445, Grett. 162 A; klókskapar list, -vél, a device, Stj. 177, 178, 247. klór, n. a scratching, Fas. iii. 502; kattar-klór, a cat's scratch: bad writing, a scrawl, þetta er Ijóta klórið. klóra, að, to scratch like a eat, Stj. 77. So, Fas. ii. 370: to scrawl, write badly, klóra bréf. kló-segi, a, in. daw-like streaks of clouds, Bjorn. klót, n. [Germ, klotz; Dan. Mode = a ball] :-- the knob on a sword's hilt, Ann. 1405, Fas. iii. 472. klóungr, m. a kind of lichen^ Björn. kló-vara, u, f. hides with the claws left on, N. G. L. i. 257. kló-þang, n. a kind of seaweed, kelp, fucus vesicidosus, Hjalt. kluft, f. a cleft: Kluftir, f. pl. a local name, Sand-k., Sturl. KLUKKA, u, f., gen. pl. klukkna, older form klocka, Fms. vi. 147- Hom. 9, 68, 69, Bs. i. 38; [A. S. clticge; Engl. clock; Germ, glocke; Dan. klokke~\ :-- a bell, Grág. i. 460, Bs. i. 65, K. f) K. passim. COMPOS: klukku-hljóð, klukkna-hljóð, or klokkna-hljóð, n. a pe a l of bells, Bs. i. 38, Kb. i. 417, Fms. vi. 63, xi. 341. klukku- hringr, m. a bell-ring, Pin. 103. klukkna-hús, n. a bell-chamber, belfry, Prn. 60, Sturl. ii. 119, Hom. 68, D. N. klukku-málmr, m. [Dan. klokke-malni] , bell-metal, Am. 29, Pm. 124. klukku-strengr, m. a bell-rope, Fb. i. 354, Jm. 32. II. metaph., botan. a bell; a s hort cloak. klukkari, a, m., old form klokkari, Sir. 18, Fms. iv. 171, [Dan. Wo kke r] :-- a belman, Fms. xi. 256, Ó. H. 72, D. N. passim; klukkara-hus, -stofa, a belman's room, D. N. KLUMBA, u, f. and klubba, Fagrsk. 49, O. H. L. 70, Hkr. ii. 175, Rb. 1812. 18: a c l;/ b, Fms. iv. 246, xi. 129, Sd. 147, Bov., El. (Fr.); klumbu-fótr, a club foot; klumbu-nef, a snub nose. klumsa, adj. lock-jaw, Germ, maulklemme, a disease of horses. KLUNGR, m., the r is radical, [klungr, Ivar Aasen] :-- a bramble; millum klungra ok hagþyrna, Barl. 18, 139; þorn ok klungr, Stj. 38; milli þornaok klungra, 47; nieð klungrumok hvössum hagþornurn, 395, ('spinis tribulisque' of the Vulgate); þyrni, klungr, ok allt annat illgresi, Fms. v. 159; rósan vex upp á milli klungra ok þyrna, Hom. (St.); sem rós hjá klungrum, Gd. 6: poët., hræ-k., carrion-fhorn, poet, for a weapon, Merl. 1. 36, Lex. Poët. II. metaph., in Icel., where there are no thorns, any rough ground is called klungr; hraun ok klungr (klungr ok hörkn, v. l.), Bs. i. 452: allit., klettar ok klungr, crags and rocks. klungróttr, adj. grown with bramble, Stj. 45, Art. :-- stony, rough. klunna, t, to cling to, in a rude sense; hann sitr ok kluimir á skógar- trjám, Stj. 80, v. l.; en hin klunna viðr bakit. of an ape and her young, 95. klunni, a, m. a clumsy, boorish fellow. klunna-legr, adj. (, -lega, adv.), clumsy in shape. klúka, u, f. a local name in the west of Icel., see Björn. klúrr, adj. coarse, esp. in language and manners; the word is now freq., and although not recorded in old writers, it must be old, as one of the thralls in Rm. is called Klurr. klúsa, að, [for. word], to make intricate: klúsaðr, part, intricate; ú-klúsaðr, -unhampered, Fær. 265. Klús-Petrús, m. St. Peter with his keys, 'Key-Peter, ' Ó. H. (in a verse). klútr, m. [for. word; A. S. clût; Engl. clout; Dan. Mud; it appears in writers of the I4th century] :-- a kerchief, Bs. i. 791; ok þar urn vafit einurn hreinum khit, 829, ii. 170; lín-klútr, i. 790; vasa-klutr, a pocket-handkerchief, (mod.) KLYF, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. klyfjar; [Dan. klöv] :-- a pack or trunk on a pack-horse; leggja upp klyf, to pack a horse, N. G. L. i. 349; ef maðr ekr eða berr kiyrjar, ... þótt eigi so klyfjar á hrossi maims, Grág. i. 441; taka af klyfjar af hesti, Grett. 119 A; þat var nog klyf, it was a full weight for a horse, Fas. iii. 401; hrindr ofan reiðinginum með klyfjunum, Sturl. iii. 114; hrossum með klyfjum, 0. H. 187. COMPDS: klyfja-band, n. the pa c k on a horse, Nj. 56. klyfja-burðr, m. carrying packs on horseback, Fbr. 65, Nj. 56, v. 1. klyfja-hestr, m. and klyfja-hross, n. a pack-horse, K. b. K. 80, Nj. 264, Landn. 152, Grág. ii. 279, Fbr. 41, 42 new Ed., Eb. 296, borst. Síðu H. 13. klyf-beri, a, m., proncd. klybberi, and spelt thus, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 109, 1. 2i; -- a pack-saddle, K. b. K. 86, Sturl. iii. 114. klyfbera- band, n. and klyfbera-gjörð, f. a pack-saddle girth, Lv. 91. klyf-bærr, adj. ~/î t tocarry a burden, of a pack-horse; sjau kaplar klyfbærir, Vm. 177; fola klyfbaerrar osnu, Matth. xxi. 5. klyfja, að, to l oa d a pack-horse, Nj. 74, Eg. 593, Stj. 460, 483, 0. H. 170, Ver. 124, Fbr. 17 new Ed., passim. klyfja, klufði, [kljúfa], to split, cleave, Vm. 53; segia sumir menu at þeir klyfði harm til hjarta, Fbr. 57 new Ed.: part, klufðr, cleft; hjör- klufðr, a cleft with a sword, Lex. Poët. klykkja, t, [klukka], to ring; bar er klykt, 671. 16; klykkir til fórnar upphalds, Mar., N. G. L. ii. 242, D. N. ii. 77; but in Icel. hringja is the common word. klymta, t, [A. S. clumjati] , to maunder, murmur; ok vil ek at þú klymtir nú eigi á móti mér, Háv. 17 new Ed. klyppr, m. a pr. name, Fb. iii. KLÝPA, kly'pði, later klýpti, but pres. klypr, mod. kly'pir; in mod. usage this word has (except in pres.) been turned into a strong verb, klipa, kleip, klipu, klipinn; [Engl. to clip = to clasp] :-- to clip, pinch; þá tók Laurentius í siðu Stephani ok klvpti fast, Sks. 652; ef maðr bítr matin eða hrífr eða klypr, Grág. ii. 133; síðan klýpðo þeir tungu-stnfinn með töng, Ö. H. 250: to squeeze in, klyptir ok klembraðir, Stj. 285; hefir eyðimörkin svá klypt þá, id. klýpa, u, f. a bit pinched out of another; smjor-k., a bit of butter. klýping, f. a clipping, pinching, Grág. ii. 133, Sks. 652. klýpi-töng, f. a smith's tongs or clippers, nail pincers. klæða, d, to clothe; klæða sik, to dress oneself, Nj. 171; klseða nökðan, kalna, Hom., O. H. L. 22; afklæddi hann sik (he put ojf') sinuin kyrtli, Stj. 466; í óttu fyrir dag stóð hann upp ok klæddi sik, Edda 28. II. reflex, to dress oneself, to rise in the morning; afklæðask, to undress, Fms. x. 16; klaionsk pells-klæðum, Ö. H. 31; mál man vera upp at standa ok klæðask, Edda 30; hvern dag er þeir hara kkeðsk, 25; en í dag, m stóð Ymir upp ok klæddisk, 35; Snorri stóð npp ok bað menn klæðask, ok er þeir vóru klæddir, Eb. 188: en síðan klæðisk hann ok húskarlar hans ok for ofan til vatns, O. H. 62; síðan stóðu þeir upp ok klæddusk, Ld. 44. III. part, klæddr, clad, dressed; á morgun er þú ert klæddr, Fs. Iio; svart-klæddr, clad in black; hvit-k., c lad in white; rauð-k.; þunn-k., thinl y clad; al-klæddr, quite dressed; spari-k., in one's ' spared' clothes, i. e. in one's best clothes. klæð-fár, adj. 'few-clad, ' thinly clad, Bs. i. 442, Bret. ch. 34. klæð-hæfr, ndj. fît for clothes, jit for wear, Grág. ii. 247. KLÆÐI, n., irreg. gen. pl. klæðna, Barl. 80, 83, Str. 21; [A. S. c l cs'S; Engl. c loth; O. H. (i. chleit; Germ. W eid; Dutch W eed; Swed. and Dan. klœde] : I. cloth, stuff; mæla vaðmál ok lérept ok klæði oil, Grág. i. 497; vestr til Englands at kaupa sér klæði ok oniuir füng, ... hlaða skipit með hveiti ok hunangi, vini ok klæðum, Eg. 69; Ensk klæði með mörgum lituin, 517; gaf konungr borgilsi lautgrsetit klæði rimtán álna langt, Sturl. iii. 131; vel þér þau klæði til hosna er bninuft sé at lit, en ekki önnur klæði nema skarlat so, Sks. 286; skaltú taka þér klaeði er vér eigum beat, Fas. iii. 265; finitán iilnir klæðis briínat at lit, en klæðit var gersemi, Bs. i. 433; kennir hann klæði þau í kyrtlum hirðmanna, er hann hafði ræntr verit, 434; þrjátigi stikur klæðis, 875; tvíbreiît, þríbreitt klæði, tvíeln klæði, N. G. L. iii. 205, 208; hálflit klæði, chequered cloth, Fms. ii. 70: in mod. usage distinction is made between the foreign machine-made klæði and the home-made vaðmál, q. v.; klæðis- treyja, klæðis-fat, opp. to vaðmúls-treyja, vaðmáls-fat. JI. a garment; Arinbjörn hafði látið göra klæði þat við vöxt Egils, F. g. 516; eitt gullhlað, ok rautt klæði, Nj. 35; maðr í rauðu kîæði, Fms. x. 367; ef klæði rifnar af manni, K. b. K. 88 :-- fjaðr-k., dún-k., /f a/ he r or down cloth; söðul-k., a saddle cloth. 2. esp. in plur., clothes, apparel, dress; váskufl yztan kiæða, Nj. 32; laza kkeði sin, Anal. 292; vönduð oil klæði, Eb. 34; hvar fyrir berr þú rauð klæði, þar sem þau eru klerkum fyrirboðin at bera ? bví, sagði hann, at ek hefi engi önnur til, ... hann kom inn litlu síðar með brún klæði er erkibiskup hafði sjálfr borit, -- Ber þessi klæði hátíðis-daga, Bs. i. 800; kasta klæðum, bera klæði á vápn, to throw clothes over the weapons, in a brawl, to hinder bloodshed, Vapn. 28: bedclothes, hann let bera í vind klseði þau er hón hafði haft áðr, Eg. 567; und klæôum, Ísl. ii. 252 (in a verse); klæða ílát, klæða örk, a clothes chest, 655 xxx. 7, Js. 78; klæSa hirðir, keeper of a wardrobe, Stj. 649; klæða hlaði, a pile of clothes, Grett. 160; kiæða kaup = klæðaskipti, Fbr. 94 new Ed.; klæða spell, spoiling, damaging one's dress, N. G. L. i. 163; klæða verð, the pri c e of clothes, Gþl. 259 :-- vás- klæði, over-clothes; rekkju-k'æði, bedclothes; her-klæði, armour; lín- klæði, linen clothes; lit-klæði, chequered clothes, all of them in plur. COMPDS: klæða-búnaðr, klæða-búningr, m. apparel, Bs. i. 134, Fms. i. 69, Stj. 697; þeir höfóu mjök líkan klæða-búnað ok vápna, Hkr. i. 344. klœða-faldr, m. the hem of a garment, N. T. klæða- föll, n. pl. the folds of a garment, Mar.: medic. = kvennatíðir. klœða- mangari, a, m. a clothesmonger, Rétt. 13. 9. klæða-skipti, n. pl., göra k., to change clothes, Stj. 518, Fbr. 161, Sturl. iii. IOO, Ld. 286. klæða-skurðr, m. the cut of clothes, Rétt. klœða-snið, n. the cut, fashion of clothes, Hkr. iii. 181, Fas. ii. 344. klæð-lauss, adj. 'clothes-less, ' naked, Stj., Fms. ii. 174, vi. 302. klæð-leysi, n. nakedness, Barl. 61. klæð-margr, adj. having many clothes, opp. to klæðfár, Sturl. iii. 228. klæðnaðr, m. clothing, apparel; húsbúnaðr, borðbúnaðr ok kiæðnaðr, Eg. 94; k. bóru ok gripir, 158, Grág. i. 299, 460, Karl. 545. klæð-sekkr, m. a clothes-bag, knapsack, Fms. iii. 178, Grett. 134 A, Stj. 214, v. 1. klæð-ylr, m. clothes-warmth, of bedclothes, Sks. 758. í Kings i. i. klæingr, m., contr. klængr, a name of a raven, poet., Edda(Gl.) II. a pr. name, Klæingr, Landn. KLÆJA, að, to it c h; mi klseja oss lofarnir, our palms itch, Sturl. i. 42; gnu þú um háls mér þerrunni þvíat mér klæjar mjök, iii. 111; þeim mun í brún bregða ok ofarliga klæja (it will itch sorely) þá er ek , berr fram vörnina, Nj. 239.

345 XXX

KLÆKI, n. (in mod. usage klækr, m.), [perh. akin to klekja and Goth, klahei -- pusillanimity] :-- disgrace, cowardice; kvað mönmirn klzki í vera, ef einn Vikverskr maðr skal yfir oss ganga her í frsend- haga várum, Hkr. iii. 395; oss er þat klæki, segir hann, ef..., Fins, vii. 269; at honum vaeri hvárki at síðan skömm né klxki, Sturl. iii. 150; allir verðum vér þú at klækjum, Fms. v. 204; hat" mi þetta, ok með bæði skömm ok klæki, Gísl. 63; en nú hafit ér ánauð ok þrælkon ok þar með stórkiæki ok níðingsskap, Ú. H. 227; bera æfin'egt k'. ækis- nafn at þora eigi at hefna þín, Fms. ii. 69; klaekis högg, a dastardly blow, Bjarn. 66, (a pun.) COMPDS: klækis-efm, n. a mean, dastardly proceeding, fiorst. Síðu H. 49. klækja-fullr, adj. disgrace/id, Stj. 406. klsekis-laust, n. adj. blameless, ' sans reproche, ' Sturl. i. 221. klsekis- maðr, m. a dastard; kvað þá eigi meðal-klækismenn vera er þeir þyrði eigi at hefna sin, Ísl. ii. 71, Fms. xi. 270, Sturl. ii. 170. klækis- nafn, n. a name for cowardice; see above. klækis-orð, n. in same sense, Horn, in, Fms. v. 136, Hkr. iii. 114. klœkis-skapr, m. base- ness, cowardice, Fms. xi. 270, Lv. 50. klœkis-verk, n. a base work, Lá. 282. klæki-liga, adv. in a dastardly way, Ys, 41, Vápn. 27. klæki-ligr, adj. dastardly, cowardly, Bs. i. 165, Ísl. ii. 451. klæki-skapr, n. baseness, meanness, Fbr. 74, Nj. 32. klækja, t, to put to shame; suma hafi hou lútið klækia á nokkurn halt, Fas. iii. 75; ok tetr þat manngi rminu giirt hafa at kíækjask á við hann, Ísl. ii. 319; hence the mod. klekkja á e-m, to punish one; engi skal dirfask at giira henni kinnroða eðr klækja hana urn, at hún fari fatsekliga, Stj. 4^3. 'klæma, d, [klam], to fall foul of; klæmdu injök í orðum sínum Maumet ok Tcrrogant, (as Spenser, ' Mauntet and Termagaunt''), Flóv. 42 :-- mod., reflex, klæmast, to use obscene, filthy language. klæminn, adj. using obscene, filthy language. klök, n. pl. [Dan. k/;/t ken], the chirping of birds, Km. 41. klökkna, no, to become kiokkr, Karl. 545, freq. in mod. usage. klökkr, adj., with a characteristic v, acc. klokkvan, etc., prop, bending, pliable, as of a reed; kiokkr kjolr, Bs. i. 483 (in a verse); varð Mariu- súðin klókk nijök ok skaut lykkjunum. Fms. viii. 199; klökk stál, of a ship, F, dda (Ht.); á kli'. kkva saumfür, Orkn. 104 (in a verse). II. metaph. soft, crying faintly, moved to tears; hann varð við þetta kiokkr mjök ... ok segir honum til vandræða sinna, Rd. 50; Jón ætlaði en sem fyr biskup með kúgan klökkan at göra, Bs. i. 289: broken- hearted, Eb. 78 (in a verse); þá nrðo þeir klökkvir (they lost heart) ok flýðu trá þóri, Hkr. Cd. Fr. 264; at hann skyldi grata sem barn, ok litill þróttr mundi í honum vera, at hana varð svá kiokkr við þetta, 0. H. 300; konungs-dottir varð klükk við orð hans ok bliknaði, Karl. 100. KLÖKKVA, pres. klükkr, pret. kliikk, pl. klukku, also spelt with fy, kleyqva, Kb. of the Sæm.; [A. S. cloccan and Engl. cluck, limited in sense, like Lat. glocire; Dan. kl yw ke]: I. to soften; klokkvandi kaldaj-örð, Mar. (rare). II. metaph. to sob, whine; kostir 'ro bctri heldr en at klokkva so, Skm. 13; klukku þeir karlar er kunnu giirst heyra, Am. 62; af sonarlegri ást klokk nú Josaphat niiok, Barl. 187; þá klökk konungrinn ok allir þeir er honum tylgðu, 2J1; þá klökkr hann af harmi hugar, Sks. 2 26; tr Davíð heyrði þessi tíðindi, þá klökk hann, 716; einn af gesfuni Magmiss konungs gckk til ok kysti ükit ok kl-ökk við, Fms. viii. 236, v. 1.; honum famiik sv;'i inikit til vigshmnar at hann klökk, x. 109, v. 1.; sumir kiukku en sumir grétu, Barl. 190; syta ok klökkva, lloin. (St.): part, klokkvandi, with failing voice; siðan minntusk þeir viðr Karl klokkvandi, Karl. 2, 180, 288: þótti honum konan kiökkvandi kveða, Sturl. ii. 2140; biðia, inæla klokkvandi, pas- sim; the word is obsolete except as a klökkving, f. emotion. Mar. KLÖMBR, f. [akin to a well-known root word common to all Teut. languages, cp. Germ, klam, klemmen] :-- a smith's vice, of which a draw- ing is given in the old edition of Glúm. (1786). 2. metaph. of troops drawn up in a similar shape; í klönibrina miðja millum þessara fylkinga, Stj. 512; skulu vér mi renna at ok hafa spjotin fyrir oss, ok mun klambrar-veggrinn ganga ef fast er fylgt, Gliim. 386; losnaði þá fljótt fylking Skagfirðinga sem klambrar-veggr væri rekinn, Sturl. iii. 84 :-- a local name in Icel., see the poem in Fjolnir (1836), p. 31. KLÖPP, f., pl. klappir, [klappa], a pier-like rock projecting into the sea, and looking as if shaped by art; lenda við klöppina, or klappirnar, freq. in western Icel.; as also of stepping stones over a stream, leiðin lá yfir myrar ok fen, ok vóru þar hoggaar yfir klappir, Fms. vii. 68; klappar-nef, n. a projecting rock. klöppur-nes, n. jutting rocks, 0. H. 182 (Fb. ii. 309); lítið kKippurnes gékk tram fyrir utan hjú skipum þeirra, ok sá þeir því uær ekki út á fjörðinn, Fms. viii. 217; gékk klepparnes fyrir útan þá, Ö. H. 182. knafa, að, stuprare, only occurring in the form kaafat, as a various reading to sorðit, Nj. 15. KNAKKR, m., different from hnakkr and hnakki, q. v., [cp. Engl. ^nick-knack -- trifle'] :-- a kind of little chair, high stool; skaltú gera kistu it móður þinni ok undir knakka, make a coffin and a hearse, Fs. 132; hann settisk niðr ú einn knakk, Bs. ii. 186; stólar fjorir, knakkr, lectari. I'm. í 7; lang-knakkr, an oblong bench; eldar vóru stórir í elda-skúlanum, ok sátu þar nokkurir menn á langknökkum, Finnb. 310; hand-knakkr (q. v.), a kind of crutches. KNAPI, a, m. [A. S. cnapa; Engl. knave; Germ. Jknabe] :-- a servant boy, the valet of a king or great man, Js. 14, N. G. L. ii. 434, O. H. 70, 71, Karl. 331, þiðr. 141. knappa, að, to furnish with studs; knappaðr, studded, of a garment, Rétt. 1 20; gull-k., Eg. (in a verse). knapp-höfði, a, m. a knob-head, ball-head, Hkr. iii. 80. knappi, a, m. a nickname, Landn.; whence Knappa-dalr, m. a local name, id. knapp-járn, n. iron with a knob at one end, Bs. i. 379, used for sur- gical operations. knappr, adj. [Dan. knap] , scanty. KNAPPR, in., mod. hnappr, [A. S. cnæp; Engl. knop (Chaucer), later knob; Germ, knopf; Dutch knop] :-- a knob; staf í hendi ok knapp u, jDorf. Karl. 374; the knob or head of a pole or the like, Fms. viii. 428; þá sky'fðu þegar knappinn or hrips-grindinni. Lv. 65; stung mikil upp or ok knappr a or gulli, Fb. ii. 1 28; upp af hornstufunuin vóru sîónr kuappar af eiri görvir, 297; á ofanverðri þeirri stíing er einn mikill gullknappr, jaiðr, 189; stung gulli búin upp at knöppunum, id.; hringr eða knappr, Grág. ii. 232: the phrase, gefa frelsi frá horni ok knappi, from the clasp and neck-collar being a badge of servitude, N. G. L. i. 228; ríða knapp a e-t, to furnish a thing with the knob, i. e. finish it, Ísl. ii. 102. 2. a s/7/ d, button; kjafal kneppt saman milli fóta með knappi ok nezlu, jporf. Karl. 412. knappa-svipa, u, f. a kind of lash -- Russ. knut, Bs. ii. lo. knapp-tjald, n. a tent; see knappr, D. N. knarri, a, m. = knorr (q. v.), Arnór. knarr-skip, n. = knorr, Fms. vi. 305, v. l. knatta, að, to lift to the level of one's head; also járn-knatta. knatt-drepa, u, f. a ' ball-smiter, ' a bat, Vígl. 69 new Ed. knatt-drepill, m. = knattdrepa, Grett. 92. knatt-gildra, u, f. a trap to catch the ball in the knattleikr, Grett. 92 A. knatt-högg, n. a blow with a ball, Vígl. 69 new Ed. knatt-leikr, in. playing at ball, a kind of cricket or trap-ball, a favourite game with the old Scandinavians, Sturl. ii. 190; described in the Sagas, Grett. ch. 17, Gísl. pp. 26, 32, Eg. ch. 40, Vígl. ch. II (13 new Ed.), Hallfr. S. ch. 2 (Fs. 86), þorst. S. Vik. ch. 10, Gullþ. ch. 2, Harð. ch. 22; the ice in winter was a favourite play-ground, see Gullþ. etc. 1. c. knatt-tré, n. a bat-trap, Eg. 188, Fas. ii. 407, Gísl. 32. knauss, m. a knoll, crag, Ü. N. v. 620; whence the mod. Dan. knös and bonde-knüs -- -a ' b oo r knoll, ' a boorish youth. KNÁ, a defect, verb, for the conjugation of which see Gramm. p. xxxiii; the pres. infin. knegu nowhere occurs, whereas a pret. infin. knáttu occurs in Sighvat (Fms. vi. 40); a subj. pres. knega, knegi, kncgim, Hkv. 2. 34, Fsm. 22, 25, 41, Stor. 15, N. G. L. i. 89; pret. knáði for knatti, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse), Rekst.; with a suff. neg. kna-at, non potest, Gm. 25; knak-a, non possum, Hym. 32, Am. 52; knegu-t. plur. non posswit, Hkv. Hjörv. 13: [A. S. cnúwan; Engl. know] :-- í know bow to do a thing, í can, or quite paraphrastically like Engl. do; ek kná sja, I can see, i. e. / d o s ee, freq. in poetry, always followed by an infinitive, but very rare in prose: I. in poetry; öllu gulli kná hann einn ráða, F'm. 34 î hver er þær kná hafa óviltar, Sdm. 19; knátfu sja mey und hjalmi, Fin. 44; melta knattu, Akv. 36; er vörðr né verr vinna knatti, Gkv. 33; ef ek sjá knsetti, 22; ef hann eiga knætti, Skv. 3. 3; ok knætta ek per í faðrni felask, Hkv. 2. 27; knxttim hefna, Gh. 5; kneguð oss fara, ye cannot confound us, Hkv. Hjürv. 13; knega ek grami fagna, Hkv. 2. 34: knegi hniga, Fsm. 25; knegi sofa, 41, 42; sa er triia knegim, Stor. 15; skjöldu knegut þar velia, Akv. 4; knakat ek seg:a, / can never say, Hym. 32; knáka ek þess r. jota, Am. 52; ck hykk þá knáttu (pret. intîn.) kjósa, Sighvat; ginnunga-ve knúttu brinna, did burn, Haustl.; knáttu dnipa, they did droop, "Eg. (in a verse); knátti svelgja, Ýt. 4; unnir knegu glyinia, Gm. 7; biöllur knegu hringjask, O. H. (in a verse); hann kná kjósa, he does choose, Vsp. 62; knúttu sporna, they did spur, 28, Og. 9; hann knáði velia, Rekst.; knúði lenda, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse); hann knatti vakna, did awake, Bragi; i'r knáttuð skipta. ye did share, Edda (in a verse); ek kns'i styra, Landn. (in a verse); kná-at sú veig vanask, Gm. 2^; kná smia, Vsp. (Hb.) II. in prose; þú kná þat grafa í kirkju-garði, then i'. can be buried in a churchyard, N. G. L. i. í 2 :-- 7 í h rt ll, in law phrases, várr kná engi blnndask við búfé, N. G. L. i. 18 :-- 7 can, 1 do, þá skr. lu þingmenn veita honum vápnatak til þess at hann knegi verja jörð sína lüguin at dómi, N. G. L. i. 89; hann knatti engu bergja (he did not taste) af hinmeskurn sætleik, Eluc. 59; þeir búou at þeir knætti sjá líkarna Clement påfa. Clem. kná-leikr, m. prowess, pithiness, Sd. 138, Bjarn. 48. knáliga, adv. deftly, doughtily: þeir sækja k. ferðina, Ld. 226;

34G KNÁLIGR -- KNÚTR.

stöndum mót þeiin k., Fms. i. 303; skipaði jarl Orminn sem knáligast, iii. 12; hann keyrði nautin k. . Glúm. 342. knáligr, adj. deft, brink-looking-; þeir vóru knáligir menn ok vóru mjök grjótpálar fyrir búi Ósvífrs, Ld. 122; miðaldra menu ok inir knúligustu, Sturl. i. 99. KNÁR, adj, feni. kná (knó, Bs. i. 345), neut. knátt, [cp. Lat. gnavus~\ :-- pithy, vigorous; hann var mikill m;;ðr vexti ok knar, ok inn vaskasti uni alla hluti, Sturl. ii. 38; þorbjörn var knústr maðr, Lv. 27; þá var gott til knárra manna í Miðtîrði, þórð. 15; var Karl knástr, Sd. 138; varð síðan til kona vel tvítog, en knó, Bs. i. 345; knáir menu ok úlatir, Fbr. 50 new Ed.; ok óæð óknóm mönnum, Bs. i. 349; skal ek fá til kiiá menn at fylgja þér, jborst. Síðu H. 181; vita mátti þó þat, segir Grettir, at ek munda eigi slíku til leiðar koma, sem ek hefi unnit, ef ek væra eigi all-knár, Gretî. 97 new Ed.; margr er knár þó hann sé srnár, a saying; eigi niúíti hann styrkvan kalla at afli en þó var hann h'im knásti ok inn fimasti, Slurl. iii. 221; í þessi skriðu ty'ndisk Markús, en s:í kornsk í brott heill er úknásîr var, Bs. i. 640; líkar þeim vel við Brand, þvíat hann var b. eði knár ok liðvaskr, Lv. 24; þórarinn var knástr maðr annarr en ^orgils. Fs. 143. KNÉ, n., gen. pl. kniá, dat. knjáin, an;l older knióm; [Goth. kniu; A. S. cneow; O. H. G. chniti: Germ. knie; Dan. knæ; L. at, genri; Gr. fóvv] :-- the knee; hrynja í kné, Jjkv. 30; á knjúimin, P'ms. i. 182; á bæði kné, Nj. 70; setja á kné e-m, Fms. i. 16; and;iðisk Kjartan í knjám Bolla, ii. 257; á knú kalinn, Hm. 3; þat er fall, cf niaðr styðr niðr kné eðr hendi, Grág. 2. phrases, ganga, koaia (fara. hvarfa) tvrir kné e-m, to go, come, before another's . knees, approach as a stip- pliant, Nj. 212, 229, Fbr. (in a verse), Fms. viii. 299; leiða e-n fyrir kné e-m, id., Sks. 650; l-'ita kné fylgja kviði. let the knee follow the belly, plant the knee on the belly, in wrestling, Grett. 28 new Ed.; korna e-m á kne, to bring one to his knees, overcome; ollum kenir hann (the death) á kne, Al. 132; henni (Elli = the Age) hefir engi á kné komit, Edda ii. 286, Karl. 421; tala um þvert kné sér, t o ' talk across one's knees, ' to gossip, chatter, Sturl. iii. 15, 0; rísa á kné, to ari s e, Hym. 51; sitja fyrir kno, knjom e-m, to sit at one's knees, feet, Og. 8 (of a mid- wife); en þjónustu-kona hennar sat fyrir knjóm henni, ok skyldi taka við barninu, Fms. viii. 7; falla á kne, to fall on one's knees, Edda 33; þá steig hann at baki, tell á kné ok baðsk fyrir, 92; leggiask á kné, id., 95. 3. knee-timber, in boat-building; engi var saumr i, en viðjar fyrir kné, Fms. vii. 216; ok eigi var meiri sjor á en í mitt knjám, Bs. i. 390; ertog fyrir kné hvert, krapta hvern ok kolki hverja, N. G. L. ii. 283. COMPOS: knés-bót, f., pl. knésbætr, (but kncsfótum, íbæm. 91), the houghs, Lat. poplites, Fms. iii. 188, Fbr. 159, 179, Al. 43, Fas. ii. 354, Edda 40. knjá-dúkr, m. a knee-cloth, cushion, Vm. 52, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. knjá-liðr, m. the knee-joint, Fas. iii. 329. II. [A. S. cneow; but cp. also Ulf. knods = yei'os, Phil. iii. 5; O. H. G. knot; Hd. cnos/es] :-- a degree in relationship or lineage, spec, a degree of cognate relationship, a Norse law term, (höfuðbaðm is the agnate); at sjaunda kné ok sjaunda lið, in the seventh cognate and agnate degree, N. G. L. i. 15; at fimia kne ok fimta lið, id.; at fimta kne ok fimta manni, to the fifib degree of relalionsbip by the female and the fifth by the male side, 350; til niunda kncs, 49, 50; af kné hverju, at sétta kne, 148; nú skal engi maðr fá frændkonu sína skyldri en at fimta kné, ok at fimta manni frsendleif, 350; kvenn-kné (q. v.), cognate lineage. B. COMPDS: kné-beðr, m. a knee cushion; falla á knébeð. to kneel, Greg. 67, Hom. 75, Ld. 328, Nj. 132, Fms. viii. 95; leggjast á k., Bs. i. 352; knébeðja-fall, kneeling, H. E. ii. 188. kné-beygjask, ð, to bow the knees, Mar. kné-björg, f. a knee-piece, Sks. 405. kné- fall, n. kneeling, Th. 16, Barl. 25, Stat. 299. kné-falla, fell, to fall on the knees, Stj. 204, Fms. i. 147, Bs. i. 684. kne-kast, n. (?), kné- kast, festar-fe ok morgurigjöf, D. N. i. 356. kné-krjúpa, kraup, t o kneel. kné-liðr, m. the knee-joint. Sturl. iii. 116. kné-runnr, m., see below. kné-setja, tt, to set on one's knees, a kind of adoption; hann knesetti þann svein ok fóstraði, Hkr. i. 97; þá tók Haukr sveininn ok setr á knó Aðalsteini konnngi ... Haukr mælti, knésett hefir þú hann iiú ok máttu myrða hann ef þú viii, 120. kné-setnirxgr, in. a ' knee- set, ' a foster son, Fms. i. 85. kné-sig, n. a sinking on one's knees, metaph. fá knésig, Fas. iii. 430. kné-skél, f. the knee-pan, Fær. 269, Nj. 205, O. H. L. 73. kné-skot, n., see below. kné-sól, f. the name of the Rune ^, Skálda 177. knefa, að, to determine; er þar nú knefat um annat ráð, Sturl. ii. 181; er þat nú knefat at ek vil hafa Skagafjörð, iii. 232. knefan, f. determination (?); ma eigi þat þú mæla at þér takit kncfanar kost, Sturl. iii. 276. knefill, m. a post, pole; búð með fjórum kneflum, Gþl. 499. kneif, f. [cp. Engl. nip] , a kind of nippers or pincers, Bjorn; hreifa kneif, ' palm-pincers, ' poet, for the hand, grasp, Gísl. (in a verse): a nickname, Landn. 278. kneiking, f. a grasping, embrace; kossa ok kneikingar, Fb. i. 411. KNEIKJA, t, [Dan. knakke] , to bend backwards with force; hann kneikti hann aptr a bak, Eg. 397; tók í axlir honum ok lineikti hann upp at stofum, 552; síðan þú knciktir hann Kallrana, Fas. ii. 131. knell, in. courage; kjark ok knell, 655 xvti. 24. KNEPPA, t, [knappr], to stud; heuu knepta niðr millum fóta sér Bárð. 179, Þorf. Karl. 412; kneppta skua, nailed shoes, Fas. i. 34. knerra, u, f. = knurr, a nickname, Fms. viii. kné-runnr, m. [A. S. cneow-rim and cneowres, see kné II. above: knérunnr (if referred to runnr = a grove) gives no adequate meaning, whereas the A. S. rim = number is just the word we should expect; and as the identity between the A. S. and Norse law terms can scarcely be doubted, it is likely that the Norse or led. form is simply a corruption of the A. S. form. Probably, as the A. S. rim was unintelligible to the Norse- men, they took the Norse word nearest in sound; the word was probably borrowed from the A. S. through the eccl. law, so that its use in Nj. is an anachronism] :-- lineage, as also degree in lineage; þat er k. at telja frá systkinum, Grág. i. 171; telja knérunnum, 254; veg þú aldrei meir í enn sama knérunn en um sinn, Nj. 85; alll til hinnar sjaundu i kynkvíblar eða knérunns, Stj. 54; ella mun ek mæia þat orð, Yngveldr, at uppi mun vera alla æfi í knerunni yðrum, þorst. Síðu H. 186. kné-skot, n. a dishonour, humiliation, of a member of a family; nú verôr knóskot í erfðum, þá skal sá hafa er nánari er, N. G. L. i. 49; koma kaéskoti á e-n, to bring one to his knees, Bad. 53. kneyfa, ð, a false form; see kveyfa. kneytir, m. a ravisber (?), Bjarn. (in a verse). KNÍA or knjá, ð: I. to press, urge, debate; eigi kunnu ver at segia hve lengi þeir kníöðu þetta, Fms. xi. 48; en er þeir kniaðu þetta mál nnlii sin, Ó. H. 127, (Hkr. ii. 207, Fms. iv. 284 wrongly kny'aðu.) II. most freq. in poetry, but only in the pret. kníði, to knock, strike, press; hamri kníði háfjall skarar, Hým. 2. 1; kníði grindr, Am. 35; hörpu kniðí, Akv. 32; hirð kníði árar, Rekst.; kníðurn uiinir, we rowed, Akv. 36; hinn er kjölslóðir kníði, Fms. xi. 196 (in a verse); þeir kníðu ber báðir, pressed the vine, Skálda (in a verse); þeir kníðu hjálma, Fas. ii. 549 (in averse); þeir kníðu blá borð, Sighvat; atróðr mikinn kníðu (gníðu MS.), Jd. 22. III. reflex, to struggle, fight bard; harðir kniðusk menu at, Fms. xi. 305 (in a verse). 2. part, kníðr, kníðan kjapt, Fms. viii. 208 (in a verse); foldar síðu brimi kníða, a surf-beaten coast, xi. jo7. kníar, m. pl. champions; seggir, kniar ok liðar, Edda (Gl.) KNÍFR, m., mod. hnifr; [Dan. kniv; Swed. knif; Engl. knife'] :-- a knife or dirk, such as the ancients wore fastened to their belts; and so a knife with a belt is freq. mentioned as a gift; the handles of these knives or dirks were neatly carved of walrus" tusks; see Landn. 1. c., Sks. 1. c., Am. 55, 59, Gþl. 164, Eg. 210, N. G. L. i. 39, Bs. i. 385; knif ok belli, Nj. 73, Fs. 98: metaph. in the phrase, k. iupa um kniia, to exchange knives, to change one's state, Konn. 238; skar Tjurti þau á kn. fsskepîi sinu, T. carved their images on his knives' handles, Landn. 248; haia þeir hvalir tennr ekki staerri en göra má mjök stór kn. fa-hepti af, Sks. 127. COMPDS: knífa-dúkr, m. a napkin^), Vm. 109, D. N. iii. 202, iv. 217. knífs-blað, n. a knife's blade, Rétt. 2. 10. knifs- egg, f. a knife's edge. knifs-b. epti, n. a knife's handle, Landn. 248, Sks. 127. knifs-oddr, m. a knife's point, Fs. 144. knifs-skapt (-skepti), n. = knifskcpti, Fms. iii. 358, 391, Landn. 248. KNOÐA, að, mod. hnoða. [A. S. cncdart] , to knead; kuoða saman mjöl ok srnjör, Landn. 34; þeir höfðu knoðat saman deig við snjó, Ann. 1337; mólu þeir þat í sundr seni sinæst, knoðaðu*síðan saman, Stj. 293; þá bað Sigmundr hann knoða ór mjölvi því ... í mjölinu, er ek tók at kncða, ok her hefi ek með knoðat þat er í var, Fas. i. 129. KNOKA, ad, [A. S. cnucian'] , to knock, thump; þeir hiifðu áðr bart höt'uðit allt á honum ok knokat, Hom. 120; Jjorvaldr knokaði (forced) sina menn til Ijúgvitna, Bs. i. 665; ok hygg ek at menn niínir hefði hann mest knokat, Karl. 399. KNOSA, að, [Ulf. knusian = lo kneel; A. S. cnysian; Dan. knuse] :-- tobruise, beat; þeir höfðu áðr barit höfuð hans ok knosat, Fms. v. 148; senda mun Drottinn yfir þik huugr þar til er hann knosar þik, Stj. 344, 345; skal ek með miklum ok margíoldum kvölum knosa yðra líkami, Fb. i. 404; tekr hann at knosa hjarta Theophili, Th. 14; knosuð bond, Likn. 30: knosaðr, often eccl., in the sense of bruised, contrite; sundr- knosað hjarta, a contrite heart, Vidal. passim. KNÚI, a, m. a knuckle, Rm. 8; hann herði hendrnar at hamar- skaptinu svá at hvítnuðu kmiarnir, f^dda 28, Fms. vi. 106; á knjám ok knúum, v. 140. II. a kind of s hip, Edda (Gl.) 2. a pr. name, Gs. 13. knúska, að, to knock, ill-treat, Fms. vii. 269, ix. 468, Fas. iii. 497. knúskan, f. knocking. Fms. ii. 87, viii. 41. KNÚTA, u, f., mod. hnula :-- a knuckle-bone, joint-bone, bead of a bone (lær-knúta, the hip join!); blob hljop milli leggjarins ok knutunnar, Bs. i. 179, 253; hann tekr svá við knútuuni, þar i'ylgir leggrinn meä, P'as 67. knútu-kast, n. a throwing with Jinuckh-bones, a game, Bárð. 176. knútóttr, adj. knotted, Berl. 147. KNÚTR, m. [Engl. knot; Dan. knud; Swed. knuf] , a knot, Stj. 96, Bs. ii. 170; leysa knút, Edda 29, Fms. i. 112; ríða knút, to tie a knot, iii. 97, vii. í 23; kuýîa knút, to knit a knot, Fb. i. 97; cf km'r. r losnar,

KNYKR -- KOLLHETTA. 347

gjaldi sá er knút kny'tti, N. G. L. ii. 281: metaph., reið Nichulás knút á því, at hann mundi aldri lausar láta þær eignir, Sturl. iii. 144; rembi- knutr, a kind of knot; reipa-h., -- some of these references, esp. Fms. vii. I. e., as also several phrases, refer to a tale akin to that told in Arrian Anab. 2. 3. II. medic, a bump, protuberance, after a bone frac- ture or the like, 655 xi. I, Bs. i. 328, Bárð. 174; tóku at losna þeir knútar sem sinarnar höfðu saman dregit, Mar. III. a pr. name, Knutr, m. Cnut, Canute, Fms.: nur-knútr, q. knykr, m. = fnykr (q. v.), Barl. knylla, t, [A. S. cnyllan; Engl. k n ell], to beat with a blunt weapon; þeir knylltu harm með keyrinu, Sturl. iii. 212. knypri, n. a cowering; vefja sik í knypri, to crouch together, Konr.; see hnipr. knysking, f. = knuskan, Háv. 41. knytja, að, mod. hnytja, [knútr], to knit together, truss; nu knytja þau saman yxnina, Bret. 26; á sumri hey hnytja, Haligr., Snót. Knytlingar, in. pl. the descendants of Cnut, the old royal family of Denmark. Knytlinga-Saga, u, f. the Saga of the K. knyttr, m., see uknyttr. knýfill, m., mod. hnyfill, a fhort born, Hkr. i. 72, Fms. x. 170. knýflóttr, adj. short-horned, Fms. viii. 243, THom. 473. KNÝJA, pres. knyr, pl. knyjum; pret. knýði and ktiúði; part. pass, knúinn: [Scot, know, knusc, = to press down with /hefists and knees; Swed. knoga; Dan. knuge~\ :-- to kn oc k, press; tvær Uistur fullar af gulli, svá at eigi máttu tveir meim meira k. (carry?), Fms. xi. 24; knvið á, ok mun fyrir yðr upp lokið verða, Matth. vii. 7; hann knúði hurðina, he knocked at the door, Fms. vi. 122; knýr hausmagi hurð, bróðir, ok knýr heldr fast, Grett. 154; eptir þat knyja þeir þar á ofan stórt grjót. Fas. ii. 508 :-- to press, knyr hann þá þar til er þeir segja, Bs. ii. 2/7; páfinn knýr hann at eiðstafnum, 52; þeir knúðu fast árar með stórum bakföllum, Fas. i. 214; hann staðfestisk fyrir hellis-dyrum, kny'ði fast ok kallaði, Barl. 199; kny' hann fast ok mæl þetta, ... ok í því er Einarr var kiniinn, Fms. vi. 280. 2. esp. in poetry, to pre ss on, urge onwards; hann gat varia fy'. gt henni, svá knúði hón fast reiðina, Ld. 138; knyja merki, vexilla prof err e, Fms. vi. 87 ^in a verse); knýja vé, id., Orku.; skur kn)fði snekkju brand frá landi, Fms. vi. 134; sverðálfr knýði lagar stóð sunnan, Ht.; þeir knyðu blá borð, Sighvat; ormr knyr unnir, Vsp. 50; Ólafr knyr Visund (the ship) norðan, O. H. (in a verse); knyja bardaga -- helium gerere, Lex. Poët.; kappar kniíðu hildi. Fas. ii. 276 (in a verse); knyja flótta, to press on the flying, Fms. x. 424 (, in a verse); haus knyr hjarðar vísi, Eb. (in a verse). II. reflex, to struggle on, press on; því harðara er jpórr knúðisk at fanginu, Edda 33; knvjask þeir at viginu, Bret.; hann îaust fjötrinum í jörðina ok knúðisk fast at, spyrnir við, braut fjöturiim, Edda i. 108; knýjask þeir fast, ok verðr brak mikit um þá, Grett. 107; knúðusk Baglar þá á eptir, Fb. ii. 659; ok með þessari ætlan knúðisk fram alþýðan, F'ms. xi. 269; lendir menu eggjuðu lið sitt, ok knnðusk til framgöngu, Ó. H. 216. 2. part. knúinn, hard driven, bard pressed; til knúinn af þessi n. iuðsyn, Stj. 450; til knúinn af Guðs hálfu, Bs. ii. 38, freq. in prose. KNÝTA, t, [knútr; A. S. cnytan; Engl. kwit; Dan. knyite] :-- to knit, fasten by a knot, bind, tie; ek knylt silki-dregli um höfuð barninu, id., Fms. xi. 2; leggr á ok knýtir við vagn, Bret. 26; kny'ta saman, t o knit together, Skálda í So; hann knytir saman halana í nautunurn, Gísl. 29. 2. of a purse (knytil-skauti); fingrgullit hafði knýtt verit í enni sveiiiinum, Fms. xi. 2; hón hafði kny'tt í dúkinn gull mikit, Fs. i 59- II. impers. in a medic, sense; kny'tti hrygginn (acc.), (be back knotted up, became crooked, Fms. vii. 208; þó lá mestr verkr i lendum hennar þar til er þær (acc.) kny'tti, Bs. i. 328; þá er sinur knvtti, Eb. 244; knýttr, knotted, crippled; knyttr var haun á herðum ok bringu, Fms. vii. 239; knýtt ok bömluð, Jjryml. 71; var tkki bein brotið ok kny'tt, Bs. i. 347; var hrvggr ok lendar knyttr en fætrnir kreptir, 181. knýti, n. a bag, purse; hón tekr npp grüsin ok leggr kny'tið undir höfuð sér, Fas. iii. 580, Bs. ii. 170; see kny'ti-skauïi. knýtir, m. knitter, a nickname, Landn. knýti-skauti, a, m., prop, a knotted sheet or kerchief, a bag, purse; for the ancients used to keep money and precious things in kerchiefs knotted up and used as a purse, Bs. i. 337, 340, O. H. 148. Gísl. 19 :-- so also knýtil-skauti, a, m.; tók einn kuytilskauta ok leysir til, 01k. 37! leysa til kny'tilskanta, Fas. iii. 580: see knyti. KNÖRR, m., gen. knarrar, dat. knerri, n. pl. knerrir, acc. knorru; [A. S. cnear] :-- a ship, esp. a kind of merchant-ship, opp. to langskip; hann hafði tvú knorru ok sextigu hermanna á hverjum, Fms. iii. 36; oil stórskip bæði knorru ok oimur, ix. 167; er betra at halda langskipum til hafnar en knörrum, Fas. i. 278; eptir þat kom Hængr með knörru tvú, Eg. 71, 79. 9^, Lv. 100. COMPOS: knarrar-bátr, in. = eptir-bútr, a ship's boat, Bjarn. 16, Ld. 116. knarrar-bringa, u, f. a nickname, Landn. knarrar-nes, n. a local name in Icel. knarrar-skip, n. = knorr, Dropl. 4. knarrar-smiðr, m. a shipwright, a nickname, O. H. KNÖTTR, m., gen. knattar, dat. knetti. pl. knettir, acc. knüttu :-- a 'a/ l, jþorf. Karl. 426, Fms. iii. 186: þú v:tr sullriun fprunginn ok hhupiun &. í þrjá knöttu, Bs. i. 178, v. 1. II. a cricket-ball, Sturl. ii. 190, Grett. 92, Vígl. 24, Gísl. 26, Fs. 60, 86; betra þykkir Hrafni at herða knúa at knetti en hefna föður sins, H. is fonder of playing at ball than of revenging his father, Fms. vi. 106. kobbi, a, m. popular name for a seal, kopr: a nickname, Fas. ii. 439. II. a pet name for Jacob. KODDI, a, m. [Scot, and North. E. co d; Swed. kudd e] :-- a pillow, Str. 5, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Vm. 109; kodda-ver, a pillow-case, freq. in mod. usage; silki-k., a silk pillow. koðri, a, m. the scrotum, of animals; cp. A. S. co dd= a ba o'. kofa, u, f. a young pujffin; teisti-k., lunda-k.: kofna-far, n., -tekja, u, f. catching young pufFms. kofan or kofarn, n. and kofarn-rakki, a, m. [cp. early Dan. leofien- rakkœ] :-- a lap-dog, N. G. L. i. 234 (spelt kofan): metaph. a snappish person, hann var et mesta kofarn í skapi, Finnb. 280. koffort, n. [for. word], a coffer, (mod.) KOFI, a, in. [A. S. co/ a], used of a convent cell, 673. 55, Bs. i. 204, Landn. 50, Stj. 227, 471, D. N. passim, Mar.: a but, shed, freq. in mod. usage. kofl, m. a cowl; see kufl. kofr, n. [for. word], a coffer; skrin ok kofr, Pm. 19. kofri, a, m. a hood or bonnet of fur, oik. 34; svartr lambskinns- kofri, Sturl. ii. 154, Jjorf. Karl. 374, N. G. L. i. 211, Vígl. 22. kofr-málugr, adj. testy, snappish, Fas. ii. 233. kofr-menni, n. a snappish, testy person; k. í skapi, Finnb. 280. kogla, að, [kaga], to goggle, Fs. 48. KOK, n. the gullet, esp. of birds; ok víðka kokin vesaliig, víandi láta mala sig, Bb. 2. 25, freq. in mod. usage. kok-mæltr, adj. speaking in the gullet. koka, að, to gulp like a gull. kokkáll, m. = Dan. hanrej, from Lat. cuculus, a cuckold. kokkr, m. [for. word], a cook; kokks-hnifa grélur, Hallgr., (rare.) kokkr, m. a cock, occurs as a air. At-y. in Edda (Gl.) ii. 488. KOL, n. pl. [A. S. col; Engl. coal; O. H. G. and Germ, kohle n; Dan. k j/ l] :-- coals, charcoal; kurla, kvista, svíða kol, breuna kol, Grág. i. 200, ii. 295, Nj. 57, Oik. 34; göra kol, Grág. ii. 297; leiri ok kolum, Fms. ii. 59; elda viði ok hata til kola, Grág. ii. zii; brenna at köldum kolum (see kaldr), Fms. iii. 92, passim; kalda-kol (see kaldr), cold as hes. II. metaph., in compds, kol-svartr, kol-dimmr, coal-black; in pr. names (of dark skin, hair, beard), of men, Kolr, Kol-beinn, Kol- grímr, Kol-björn, Kol-finnr, Kol-skeggr; of women, Kol-finna, Kol-brun (q. v.), Kol-grima, Landn. COMPDS: kola-gröf, f. a charcoal-pit. kola-karl and kola-maðr, m. a charcoal-maker, Vápn: 16, Riitt. 59, Art. kola-meiss, m. a box of coals, Art. kola, u, f. a small flat open lamp, Sturl. ii. 117, Vm. 8, Gísl. 29, D. N. iv. 457; í kolum af steini eðr eiri, N. G. L. ii. 247, (stein-kola, q v.) kol-bitr, adj. ' coal-biter, ' coal-eater, a popular name of an idle youth sitting always at the fireside, cp. Dan. a:kefis, as also afchbrödel in the German legends; Starkaor var himaldi ok kolbitr ok lá í fleti við eld, Fas. iii. 18; hann hefir upp vaxit við eld ok verit kolbitr, ii. 114; Beigaldi var kolbitr, Eg. 109. kol-blár, adj. ' coal-blue, ' dark blue, livid, Eb. 172, Bs. i. 354, (from a blow): esp. of the sea, sjór kolblár, Nj. 19, Ld. 118, Fms. iv. 309. kol-brenna, u, f. hot charcoal, Eb. 120, Oik. 34. Kol-brún, f. ' Coal-brow, ' nickname of a lady, Fbr.; whence Kol- brúnar-skáld, n. nickname of a poet, id. kol-dimmr, adj. dark as coal, of a dark night. kol-gröf, f. a charcoal pit, Grág, ii. 333, Nj. 58. kol-görð, f. charcoal-making, Vm. So. koli, a, m. a kind offit-b, a sole. kolka, u, f. a nickname, Landn. kol-krabbi, a, m. the ' coal-crab, ' i. e. cuttle-fish. KOLLA, u, f., prop, a deer without horns, a humble deer, a hind; fi'll hann þar á grasvcillinn hjá kollunni, Sir. 4, 7 í hirtir allir ok kollur, Karl. 476, (hjart-kolla, q. v.) 2. a cow; kollu hali, a cow's tail, Bjarn. (in a verse); þut heita Kollu-visur, er hann kvað um kyr út ú Ísiandi, Fms. vi. 366, Bjarn. 43, cp. 32. 3. in mod. usage, esp. a bumble ewe; x, þarna er him Kolla nu'n blessuð komin af fjallinu ! Piltr og Stúika 20; Mo-kolla, Grett. 4. of a girl; frið-kolla, a 'peace-maid, ' Swed. Dal-kulln -- the maid of the Dales. II. a pot or bowl with- out feet. III. mint, one of the cleats in a ship (?), N. G. L. ii. 283, v. î. kollu-band, n. the stay fastened to the kolla. kolla, að, to hit in the bead, metaph. to barm; þykkir mi sem þeim muni ekki kolla, Sturl. iii. 237. kol-laupr, m. a coal-box, Vápn. 16. kollekta, u, f. [for. word], a collect, eccl., Am. 45. koll-gáta, u, f. a right guess; eiga kollgatuua, to guess rightly. koll-grýta, u, f. a pot without feet, D. N. v. 586. koll-heið, n. bright sky overhead; kollheið upp í himininn, Bárð. 20 lîew Ed. koll-hetta, u, f. a kind af cap, Sturl. ii. 9. tsl. ii. 417.

348 KOLLHNIS -- KOMA.

koll-hnís, m. [kollr and hnisa -- -a dolphin, = Dan. koll'útíer] , a somer- sault; stingast kollhnis, to make a somersault, a game. koll-hríð, f. the paroxysm in childbirth when the head appears, of men and beast: metaph. the highest pitch, meðan kollhríðin stendr á. koll-húfa, u, f. a skull-cap: the phrase, leggja kolliuifur, to butt with one's head, of a vicious horse. koll-höttr, m. = kollhetta, Bs. i. 497. kollóttr, adj. without horns, humble, of a cow or sheep, Gþl. 401, Sturl. i. 159; hann tók á kollótta af hverjum bóuda, Landn. 147, 148, Sturl. iii. 238; Auðunn var þá kollóîtr (with shaven crown) ok klæðlauss, Fms. vi. 302; hann var þá kominn frá Rúmi ok var stafkarl, k. ok magr ok nær klæðlauss, viii. 206: having the hair cut short, sveina tvá kollótta, Fær. 34; kollóttar meyjar, of nuns, Orkn. (in a verse). KOLLR, m. [Scot, coll = a hoy-coc k], a top, summit; ok mændu upp or kollarnir, of hayricks, Sturl. i. 179; á kolli fjallsins, Stj. 399, þúnia- kollar. H. the head, crown; ungr maðr, vaxit hár af kolli, Fær. 9; pillar tveir léku á gólfinu, þeim var sprottið hár ór kolli, Fb. i. 258. 2. a shaven crown; hann rakar af þeim hárit, ok gürði þeim koll, Háv. 56; görðir þú þér þá koll, Nj. 181, Fas. 1. 234; honum skal raka koll; bræða skal kolî hans, N. G. L. i. 334. 3. phrases, ok lát hans vándskap koma honum í koll, let his wickedness fall on his own pate, Stj. 485; geta í kollinn, to guess true (koll-gáta); koll af kolli, from head to head, one after another; það gekk svo koll af kolli; kinka kolli, to nod; hnippa kolli hvur at öðrum, Grett. 166 new Ed.: um koll, Dan. o m kuld, head over heels; þeir rótuðu um koll taflinu, Vígl. í 7, (rótuðu fyrir honum taflinu, new Ed. 1. c.); hrinda e-m um koll, Fas. iii. 545. 4. a pet name, a boy, my boy! hví vildir þii, kollr minn! ljuga at okkr Máríu ? cp. kolla, Bs. i. 600; gló-kollr, a fair-haired boy. 5. a ram without horns; Mú-kollr, Grett., (kolla, a ewe.) 6. a nickname, hæru-kollr, hoary head; æði-k., downy head, Landn.: a pr. name, Kollr, id.: in compds, Koll-sveinn, Hös-kollr, q. v.; Snæ- kollr, Landn. koll-steypa, t, = ko'llverpa. koll-sveinn, m. a boy with aflat cap, = kollóttr sveinn, P'ms. iii. 178. koll-verpa or koll-varpa, að, to overthrow, (= varpa um koll), Bs. ii. 71. kol-merktr, part, bla c k a s^' et; kolmerkt klæði, Sturl. ii. 32, Vm. 126. kol-múla, u, f. ' coal-mouth, ' black mou/b, poet, a goat, Edda (Gl.) kol-múlugr, adj. black in the mouth; koini þá engi kolmiilugr úr kafi, þá er ördeyða á öllu norðr-hafi, of fishes, Ísl. þjóðs. ii. 130 (in a ditty). Kolni, f. Cologne, Fms. passim. Kolnis-meyjar, f. pl. the eleven thousand virgins of Cologne. kol-niða-myrkr, n. pitchy darkness, Dan. bœlg-mörke. kolorr, in. [for. word], colour, Stj. 72. kolr, m. bla c k tom-cat: a pr. name, Nj. kol-reykr, m. coal reek, smoke from burning charcoal, Nj. 58, Bjarn. 42. kol-skeggr, m. coal-beard, black-beard: a pr. name, Landn. kol-skógr, m. a wood where charcoal is made, Vm. 168. kol-skör, f. a poker, see Ísl. fjjóðs. ii. 459 (in a verse). kol-svartr, adj. coal-black, jet-black, Fb. i. 526, Sks. 92, Bs. i. 670, Fas. iii. í 2. kol-trýna, u, f. coal-snout, Ísl. þjóðs. ii. 463. Kolumba, m. St. Columba. Kolumba-messa, -kirkja, u, f. the m as s, kirk of St. Columba, Landn., Fms. kol-viðr, in. ' coal-wood' wood for charcoal, Nj. 58, Grág. ii. 298, Jb. 237; era sern kolvið kljúfi | karl sá er vegr at jarli, Fms. viii. (a ditty). KOMA, pres. sing, kern, kernr, kernr; an older form komr is used constantly in very old and good vellum MSS., as the Kb. of Sæin.; and even spelt keomr or ceomr (in Eluc., Greg., etc.); reflex, kornsk, 2nd pers. koinztu (pervenis), Sdni. 10: pret. kom, koni-k, / came, Skm. 18: 2nd pers. komt, 17, mod. konist: the pret. plur. varies, kvárnu being the oldest form; kvomu, often in the MSS.; kúmu, as it is still pro- nounced in the west of Icel.; the usual and latest form is komu, with a short vowel; the spelling of the MSS. cannot always be ascertained, as the word is usually written k"mu or qrnu: pret. subj. kvæmi and ko'ini (kænn'): irnperat. kom, kom-ðú, pruned, kondu, co me thou ! pret. infin. koinu (venisse), Fms. i. 224 (in a verse), Geisli 62 :-- with suff. neg., pres. kcomr-at or kømr-að, Akv. II, Grág. ii. 141, Gkv. 3. 8; pret. kom-a, kom-uð, came no!, Ls. f, 6, þorf. Karl. (in a verse), på. 18; 2nd pers. komtaðu (non venisli), Am. 99; subj. kømi-a (non venire f), Gs. 10: re-flex., pres. komsk-at, Grug. ii. 180; pret. komsk-at (could not cotne), Am. 3 :-- a middle form, pres. 1st pers. komum-k (komumsk), O. H. 140, 214, Skm. 10, ii; subj. pres. komimk, 0. H. 85; pret. kømomc, Hbl. 33 (Bugge); part. pass, kominn, see Gramm. p. xix. The preterite forms kvani and kvaminn, used in the Edition of the Sturl. and in a few other mod. Editions without warrant in the MSS., are due to the fact that the Edition of Sturl. was published from a transcript now in the Advocates' Library in Edinburgh, made by the learned priest Eyjolf á Völlum (died A. D. í 745), who used this spelling: in prehistoric times, before the age of writing, it may be assumed for certain that this verb had a v through-, "out, as in Gothic: [Ulf. qiman, i. e. qwiman, = ïpxta^at î A. S. ctirnan- Engl. come; O. H. G. queman; Germ, kommen; Dutch komen; Dau' komme; Swed. komma; Lat. venio, qs. gvenio; the Ormul. spúhcumenn indicating a long root vowel; cp. North. E. c oo?;;.] A. To come; sá þeirra sem fyrr kæmi, Fms. ix. 373; konungr kom norðr til Tunsbergs, 375; koniu Finnar heim, i. 9; þeir mágar kómu ór hjúkólfi, Sturl. ii. í 74; komr hann á konungs fund, Fms. ix. 22 I; þá vóru þeir norðan komnir, 308; her er nú komin ær ein kollótt, Sturl. i. I^Q passim. 2. to become, arrive; bréfkómu frá Skúla jarli, Fms. ix. 375; ef svá síðarliga kömr skip til hlunns, Sks. 28; en er vár kom, Eg. 167; koma at máli við e-n, to have an interview, talk with one, 467; konungi kom njosn, Fms. vii. 57; þá koniu honum þau tíðendi, i. 37; þetta kom allt fyrir Ingimar, vii. 114; kom honum þat (it came to him, he got it) fyrir útan fé, en en gum kom fyrr, x. 394; hvat sem á bak kemr, whatsoever may befall, Nj. 193; koma e-m at haldi, or í hald, to avail oneself, 192, Fms. x. 413; koma at gagni, to 'come in useful, ' be of use, Nj. 264; koma at úvörum, t o co me at unawares, Ld. 132; koma e-m fyrir livart, id., Fms. xi. 290; koma ú úvart, Nj. 2^16; koma í þörf= koma í gagn, Fms. vii. 14; hvar kom kapp þitt þå ? Bs. i. l8; mál koma í dom, to be brought up for judgment, Fms. vii. 115; líðr vetrinn, kemr þar (that time comes) er menn fara til Gulaþings, Eg. 340; var þá svá komit, at allir menn vóru sofa farnir, 376; korn svá (it c ame to pass) at Bárði var lieitið meyjunni, 26; svá kemr, kemr þar, at, it comes to pass, Fb. i. 1 74, u. 48, 68; láta koma, to let come, put; síðan létu þeir koma eld í spánuna, Fms. xi. 34. 3. in greeting; kom heul, welcome ! kom heill ok sæll, frændi! Nj. 175: mod. komdu (kondu) saell I komið þér sælir ! II. with prepp.; koma á, to hit; ef á konir, Grág. ii. 7 :-- koma at, to come t o, arrive, happen; iuttu at því konia, let it be s o, Dropl. 24; kom þat mjök optliga at honum, of sickness, Fms. vii. 150; kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, sleep came upon them, Nj. 104; konia at heudi, to happen; mikillvandi er kominn at hendi, 177, Hem. 80; koma at e-u, to come at, regain, recover; koma at hamri, jpkv. 32 :-- koma fram, to come forth, appear, stund var í milli er þeir sá framstafninn ok inn eptri kom fram, Fms. ii. 304; engin kom unnur vistin train, Eg. 549; mi eru oil sóknar-gögn fram komin, Nj. 143: to emerge, hann kom fram i Danmijrk, Hkr. i. 210, 277, Ísl. ii. 232, Eg. 23, Landn. 134, Orkn. 152: to arrive, sendimenn fóru ok fram koniu, Fms. xi. 27; reifa mál þau fyrst er fyrst eru tram komin, e oc h in its turn, Grág. i. 64: to be ful- filled, happen, því er á þínum dögum nuin fram koma, Ld. 132; mi mun þat fram komit sem ek sagða, Eg. 283; kom nú fram spásagan Gests, Ld. 286; oil þessi merki kómu fram ok fylldusk, Stj. 444; aldrei skal maðr art taka eptir þann inann er hann vegr, eðr raeðr bana fram kominn, whom he has slain, or whose death he has devised with effect, Grág. ii. 113; staðar-pryði flest fram komin, Bs. i. 146; vera langt tram kominn, mod. áfratn kominn, to be ' in extremis, ' at the point of death, 644; er sii frásögn eigi langt frarn komin, this story comes from not far off", i. e. it is derived from first, not second hand, Fms. viii. 5 :-- koma fyrir, to come as payment, tvau hundrað skyldu koina fyrir vig Snorra (of weregild), Sturl. ii. 158; henni kvaðsk aldri hefnt þykkja Kjartans, nerna Bolli kænii fyrir, Ld. 240; allt mun koma fyrir eitt, it will come to the same, Lv. 11, Nj. y i, Fms. i. 208; koma fyrir ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, fsl. ii. 215, Fms. vi. 5 :-- koma i, to enter, come in, a fisher- man's term; koma í draft, to hook a fish; at í komi með)rkkr fiorbrands- sonum, that ye and the Th. come to loggerheads, Eb. 80 :-- koma nieð, to come with a thing, to bring; kondu með það, / e/ ch it / -- konia til, to come to; vera kann at eigi spillisk þótt ek koma til, Eg. 506; mi er ré:t lögruð- ning til ykkar komin, Nj. 236; koma til rikis, to come to a kingdom, Eg. 268; þeir létu til hans koma um alla héraðs-stjórn, Fs. 44: to befall, kom 5va til efnis, it sohappened, Mar.; beiai hlutum sem harinu kunni opt til at koma, Stj. 105, Sks. 323: to mean, signify, en hvar kom bat til er hann sagði, O. H. 87; ef pat kom til annars, en þess er hann mælti, id.: to cause, hvgg ek at meir komi þar til litilniennska, Eb. 172; konungr spurði hvat til bæri úgleði hans, hann kvað konia til mislyndi sina, Fins, vi. 355, Fb. ii. 80, Band. 29 new Ed.: to concern, þetta niál er eigi kom síðr til yðvar en vár, Fms. vii. 130; þetta null kemr ekki til þín, N j. 227; þat er kemr til Knúts, Fms. v. 24; þat er til inin kemr, so far as í am. concerned, iv. 194; hann kvað þetta null ekki til sin koma, vi. TOO; þeir eru orðmargir ok lata hvervctna til sin korna, meddle in all things, 655 xi. 2: to belong to, skulu þeir gialda hinum slíka iörð sem til þeirra kemr, proportionally, Jb. 195; kemr þat til vúr er login kunnuni, Nj. 149; sii sok er tylptar-kviðr konir til, Grág. i. 20; tylptar-kviðar á jafnan á þingi at kveðia, þar sem hann konir til saka, ii. 37; þú er komit til þessa gjalcls (it i s due), er menn konia í akkeris-sát, 408: t o help, avail, koma til Htils, to come to little, be of small avail, Nj. 149, Fms. vi. 211; at gora litla fésekt, veil ek eigi hvat til annars kemr, / am not aware what else will do, í believe that will meet the case best, Band. 36 new Ed.; koma til, to ' co me to, ' of a person in a swoon, etc.; veil ek eigi til hvers koma mun sii tiltekja Fb. i. 177, Fms. xi. 103; ivar til þessi svör skulu koma, i. 3; það kemr til, it will all come 'ight; kom þar til með kóngum tveim, two kings came to a quarrel, Skíôa •1. 48: to be of value, importance, authority, þótti allt mcira til hans

KOMA. 349

koma, Fas. i. 16; hvurt sem til hans kxmi meira eðr minna, Fms. xi. 76; sverð þat er til koin halt" mörk gulls, Ld. 32; svú tenukill at til kómu tuttugu merkr gulls, Fms. xi. 85; IIK'T þykir lítið til hans koma, 7 think little of him :-- koma samaii, to come together, live together, marry, K. Á. 134: to agree, þat kom sanian með þeim, they agreed on it, Dropl. 9, Gísl. 41; kom þat ásaint með þeim, id., Hi. i. 168; koma vel ásamt, to agree well, Nj. 25 :-- koma undir e-n, to come unto one, et undir oss bræðr skal koma kjörit, if we are to choose, Nj. 192; oil lögmæt skil þau er undir mik koma á þessu þingi, 239: to depend on, það er mikit uudir komið. at..., beof import- ance :-- koma upp, to come up, break out; kom þá upp grútr fyrir henni, s he ftwrs t into tears, Fms. ix. 477; er lúðrar kvæði við, ok her- blástr kæmi upp, v. 74; er seiðlætin kóinu upp, Ld. 152; eldr kom upp, fire came up. Oik. 35, (hence elds-uppkoma, an jipcome of fire, an eruption); ef nokkut kt-mr síðan sannara upp, Fms. vii. 121: þá kom þat upp at hann hafði beðit hennar, Eg. 587; kom þat upp af tali þeirra, at ..., Fms. vii. 282; þat kom upp (it ended so) at hverr skyldi vera vin annars, i. 58: to turn up, ek ætla mér góðan kost hvárn sem upp kemr, Lg. 715; nuin mi hamingjan skipta hverr upp kemr, 418; at sakar gürðisk eða upp kærni, Grág. i. 27; skaut til Guðs sínu múli, ok bad hann láta þat upp koma er hann sæi at bazt gegni, 0. H. 195, Stj. 385 :-- koma við, to touch, hit; só eigi komið við, if it is not touched, Grág. ii. 65; kornit var við hurðina, Fas. i. 30; at þeir skyldi koma við torfuna, Ld. 60; hefi ek aldrei svá reitt vápn at manni, at eigi hati við komit, Nj. 185; hann kemr við margar sogur, he comes up, appears in many Sagas, Ld, 334; koma þeir allir við þessa sögu síðan, Nj. 30; sem ek kom við (a s / mentioned", touched upon) i morgin, Fms. ii. 142; er mestr er, ok úskapligast komi við, Ld. 118: to Jî/, þat kernr lítt við, V i s wo t meet, it won't do, Lv. 20; niun ek gcfa þér tvcjrgja dægra byr þann er bezt kemr við, Fas. iii. 619: koma við, to land, call; þeir vóru komnir við island, Eg. 128; þeir kóinu við Heniar, Nj. 4; þeir kóinu suðr við Katancf, 127; þeir kómu við sker (struck on a skerry) ok brutu styri sin, Fms. ix. 164; hann hafði komit við hval, he had struck against a whale, Sturl. ii. 164; hence in mod. usage, koma við, to call, make a short stay, also on land: to he added to, tekr heldr at grána gamanit ok koma kvcðlingar við, i. 21; koma hær nætr við inar ryrri, Kb. 58; þá koma enn ellctu nætr við, 22 :-- koma yfir, to overcome, pass over; iss er yfir kornr, Hm. 8l; hvert kveld er yfir kom, Finnb. 230; hryggleikr kom yfir, 623. 57; at sá dagr myndi ekki yfir koma, Sks. in. B. With the dat. of the object, to make to come, put, bring, carry; Ïáfa þess, er Kristni (dat.) kom a England, who Christianised England, b. 14; koma monnum til réttrar trúar, Fms. i. 146; koma orðurn við e-n, to speak to a person; görðisk hann stvggr svá at fair menu máttu orðum við hann koma, i. e. that no one could come to words with him, Eg. 3; hann görði sik svá reiðan, at ekki inátti orðum við hann koma, Fms. i. 83, xi. 293; koma velræðum við e-n, to plan against one, Eg. 49; koma flugu í munn e-m, Nj. 64, 68; þii skalt ekki láta í skorta at koma þeim í (málit) með þér, 271; hann skyldi koma þór í Geirröðar-garða, make 7'hor come to G., Edda 60; hann kom f)orhaddi heiluin yfir ana, he brought Th. safe across the river, jþorst. Síðu H. 181; koma kaupi, to bring ab o;/ t a bargain, Gþl. 415; koma e-m í hel, to put one to death, Anal. 233; koma e-m til falls, t o make one fall, Edda 34; koma e-m í sætt, Fs. 9; muu ek koma þór í sætt við konung, F!g. 227; hann kom sér í mikla kærleika við jarlinn, Nj. 268; koma sér í þjónustu, Fs. 84; koma ser vel, to put oneself in favour, be engaging; ek hefi komit múr vel hiá meyjum, Kormak; þeir komu st'r vel við alia, Fas. iii. 529, Fs. 96, Nj. 66; koma sér ilia, to make oneself bated; það kemr sér ilia, it is ill seen, unpleasant; as also, það kemr sér vel, a thing is agreeable, acceptable; koma e-u til leiðar, to effect, make, Nj. 250, Eb. 118; koma e-u til vegar, id., Ld. 320; koma tölu á, to put, count on, count, number, Anal. 217; koma friði, sættum á, to bring peace, agreement about: hann kom þeim á flótta, be put them to flight. Fms. vii. 235; tóku þar allt er þeir kómu höndum á, all the y could catch, ix. 473; koma e-m or eldi, Fb. i. 300; tók harm merkit ok kom því (put it, hid it) í millum klæða sinna, Nj. 274: Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, 115; allt þat er bitið var ok blóði korn at á, where it was bitten so as to make blood flow, Fms. vii. 187. II. with prepp.; koma e-u fram, to effect; koma fram ferð, máli, Nj. 102; til litils þaetti þat koma, en enginn kvæmi sínu máli fram þótt til alþingis væri stefnt, 149, Fb. ii. 90; þat skal aldri verða at hann komi þessu fram, Eg. 765; ef ek kern hefndum fram, Ld. 262; koma fram lögum við e-n. Eg. 722 :-- koma e-u á, to bring about, introduce :-- koma e-u af, to abolish; þó fékk hann því ekki af komit, Bs. i. 165; koma e-u af scr, to get rid of, Fs. 96, Eb. 40, 41 :-- koma e-u fyrir, to arrange; koma e-m fyrir. to get a place for one; hann kom honum fyrir í skóla: t o destroy (fyrir-koma), hann kom hverjum hesti fyrir, Glúm. 356 :-- koma e-u upp, to open; áðr ek kom henni upp, before í could open it, Fms. iii. 74; kerling tekr hörpuna ok vildi upp koma (open), mi fær hón upp komit hörpunni, Fas. i. 233; hann mátti lengi eigi orði upp koma fyrir harmi, it was long before be could speak, utter a word, Fms. vi. 234; sá svarar er máui máli upp koma, vii. 288 :-- koma e-m undir, to over- throw one, get one down; varð at kenna afls-munar áðr hann kæmi honum undir, Eb. 172 :-- koma e-m undan, to make one escape. Fms. vii. 265, 623. 18 :-- ek ætla at koma mer rhan, I think to go abroad, Nj. 261: -- koma e-u við, to bring about, fjfecl, to be able to do; ek mini veita Jx'r slikt sem ek má mér við koma, as í can, Nj.; þú muut oðru koma við en gabba oss, Anal. 77; harm kom því við (brought about) at engi skyldi fara með vápn, Fms. vii. 240; ef vaUurn kværni við, in a case where ivitnesses were at hand, ib. í 2; liðit th'ði allt þat er því korn við, all that could fled, Eg. 529; Guðmundr hafði almanna-lof hversu hann kom sér við (how he behaved) \ þessuni n. úluni, Nj. 251; komi þeir til er því koma við, îvbo can, Gþl. 371; menu skylcli tala hljótt ef því kærni við, Sturl. iii. 147; ef því kemr við, if it is possible, Gþl. 429; urðu þeir at ttyja sem því kórrrn við, Fb. ii. 187; ekki murr oss þetta duga, at hann komi boganunr við, Nj. 96. C. Reflex, kornask, to come to the end, get through, reach, Lat. pervenire; the difference between the active aird rerlex. is seen from such phrases as, hann kenrr ef harm kernst, he will come if he can; or, eg komst ekki á stað, 7 could not get off; eg komst ekki fyrir íllviðri, 7 could not come for bad weather; or, to come into a certain state, with the notion of chance, hap, komask í lit's háska, to come into danger of life; komask i skipreika, to be sbipivrecked, and the like; þorfiruir kom i'mgu hljóði i lúðriim, ok komsk eigi upp blástrinn, Fms. rx. 30; komask ú lætr, t o get on one's legs, Eg. 748; hann komsk við svá búit í riki sitt, Hkr. i. 76; meina honum vötn eða veðr svá at hann má ekki komask til þess staðar, Grág. i. 496; hann kornsk nrcð sundi til lands, Eg. 261; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit fyrir þeim, Nj. 27; ef Gunnarr færi eigi utan ok mætti hann komask, ill; ef maðr byrgir maim irrui í hrisi, svá at hann má eigi nt komask, so that he cannot get out, Grág. ii. j 10; en allt folk fiyði nieð allt lausa-fé er með fékk kornisk, with all the property they could carry with them, Ems. i. 153; ek komumk vel annar-staðar út, þótt her garrgi eigi, Nj. 202; kornask á rrrilli manna, to get oneself among people, intrude oneself, 168; komsk hann í mestu kær'eika við konung, Eg. 12; komask at orði, to come by a word, to express oneself; einsog hann að orði komsk, passim. II. with prepp.; komast a, to get into use; það komst á :-- komask af, to get off, escape, save one's life; harm bað menu duga svá at af kæmisk skipit, Fms. x. 98; tveir druknudu, en hinir kómusk af :-- komask at e-n, to get at a thing, procure; morgum matms-oldrum síðarr komsk at bók þeirri Theodosius, Niðvst. 10; Mrani gat kornisk at trúnaði margra rikra manna, Fms. iv. 62; þii hetir at þessurn peningum vel komisk, V i s money well gotten, i. 256; eigi skaltri ilia at kornask, thou shall not get it unfairly, vii. 124 :-- komast eptir, to enquire into, get information o/ :-- komask fyrir, to prevent, come in another's way :-- koma hjá e-u, to evade, pass by, escape doing . -- - komast til e-s, to come towards, and nrctaph. to have time for a thins;, ek korrrst ekki til þess, 7 have no time; eg komst ekki til að tara :-- komask undan, to escape; allt þat lið er undan komsk, Eg. 261; ekki maims barn komsk undan, Fms. xi. 387; kornask undan á flótta, Eg. II :-- konrask við, to be able; kornusk þeir ekki í fyrstu við atliij;- uua, F'nrs. vii. 264; ef hann vill refsa údáða-rnönnum, ok ma þó við kcunask, N. G. L. i. 123; brenn allt ok bæl, sem þú nrátt við komask, Fær. 64; ef ek viðr of kcemimk, Hbl. 33; þá er ek komumk við, Eg. 319; komask við veðri, to get abroad, Rd. 252; harm let þat ekki við veðri komask, Fms. vii. 165: to be touched (við-kvæmni), hann komsk við mjök ok felldi tár, iii. 57; eða hann kornisk við (repent) ok hverti aptr at illsku sinni, Greg. 41; þá komsk miok við inrr válaði, svá at hann matti eigi lengi orði upp korna fyrir harmi, Frrrs. vi. 234; þá komsk hórr við ákaflega mjök, Clem. 32; með við komnu hjarta, with a touched heart, Bs. i. 561, Karl. 166 :-- komask yfir e-t, to overcome, get hold of; er hann komsk yfir û;t, Bárð. 175. D. Part, kominn, in special phrases; inn konrni maðr, a new comer, stranger, Gullþ. 47; at kominn, arrived; hinn aðkornni maðr. a guest; at korninn, ~/ws t come to, on the brink of; kominn at andlati, at dauða, to be at the last gasp; var at komit, at ..., it wa s on the point of happening, that..., Sir. 8; vóru þeir nrjök at komnir (much exhausted) svá magrir vóru þeir, Fas. iii. 571 :-- heill kominn, hail. ' Blas. 42; vel kominn, welcome! vertu vel kominn ! ver með oss vel kominn, þiðr. 319, Fs. 158; hann bað þá vera vel komna, passim; so also, það er vel kornið, ' it is welcome, ' i. e. with great pleasure, grantirrg a favour :-- placed, ertu maðr sannorðr ok kominn user frétt, Nj. 175; Pétri var svá. nær kornit, P. tuas so closely pursued, Fms. ix. 48; ok mi eigi allfjarri yðr komit, xi. 123; sva vel er sá uppsát komin, at..., ix. 368: situated, hann (the hospital) er kominn á fjall upp, i s situated on a fell, Symb. 18; útsker þat er komit af þjóðleið, Eg. 369: metaph., vel, ilia kominn, well placed, in good, bad estate; ek þykjurnk her vel kominn; harm var vel til nánis korninn, he wa s in a good place for learning, Bs. i. 153; . þat fc er ilia komit er fólgit er í jörðu, Grett. 39 new Ed.; nrer þykkir son minrr hvergi betr kominn, metbinks my son is nowhere better off, in better hands, Fms. vi. 5; Htt ertn mi kominn, Njarð. 376; þykkj- umk ek her vel kominn með þér, Nj. 258 :-- kominn af, or frá e-m, co me of, descended from, Landn., Eb., passim :-- kominn á sik vel, in a good state, accomplifbed, Orkn. 202; hverjum manni betr á sik korninn.

350 KOMA -- KONUNGR.

Ld. HO; kominn á sik manna bezt, Ísl. ii. 203: vera á legg kominn, ' t o 6 e grown up, Fms. xi. 186; vera svá aldrs kominn, to be of such an age, Fs. 4, 13, Stud. iii. 100, Fms. xi. 56; her er allvel á komit, it suits well enough, Bs. i. 531: harm sagði lienni hvar þá var komit, how matters stood, Nj. 271, Fms. ii. 152; hann undi vel við þar sem komit var, as it stood, in sta'u quo, Nj. 22; Sveinn segir honum sem komit var þessu máli, Fms. ii. 159; at svá k. mnu, a s matters stand, Bs. i. 317; málum várum er komit í uny'tt et'ni, Nj. 164, 11)0 :-- vera kominn til e-s, to be entitled to, have due to one; ef hann fengi þat er hann var eigi til kominn, Fms. x. 7; þeir er til einskis eru komiur, ix. 248; fá þeir margir af yðr sæmd mikla er til ininna eru komnir, en harm, Eg. Ill; þeim til sæmdar er til þess er kominn, Sks. 311, • rett komnir til konungdoms, rétt kominn til Noregs, ri^ h í heir to the kingdom, to Norway, Fms. ix. 332; lé'/k Sigvaldi nú kominn til ráða við Astríði, xi. 104: Jit for, en- titled to, hann þútti vel til kominn at vera konungr ytir Danmörk, i, 65: shapen, þetta mál er svá til komit, vii. 130; sagð. sk hann eigi verr til manns kominn en Sturla bróðir lians, Sturl.; eigi þóttusk þeir til minna vera komnir fyrir aettar sakir, entitled to less, Eb. 1 7. II. part, pres. komandi. a new comer, stranger, Fbr. 168, Stj. 525: ow e to come, future generations, verandum ok viðr-komeiidum, N. G. L. i. 121; allir menn verandi ok eptir-komandi, D. I. i. 3; komendr, pl. guests, comers. koma, u, f. = kvama, arrival, konra-maðr, in. a guest. kommun, n. [for. word], a commune, guild, H. E. i. 504, D. N. pas- sim, kommun-stofa, u, f., kommuu-hus, n. a guild-bouse, D. N. kompa, u, f. the copy-book in which schoolboys write their Latin com- positions, Piltr og Stúlka 71. 2, a small closet. kompán, in. [for. word], a companion, fellow, Edda ii. 497. kompása, að, [for. word], to compass, Mag. 13, Sks. 16 new Ed. kompáss, m. a compass, sketch, Stj. 62, Pr. 436: mod. a ship glass. kompílera, að, [for. word], to compile, Stj. 131, Skálda 177. kompon, n. a composition in Latin, Bs. ii. 77. kompona að, Lat. componere, to compose, in Latin, Fb. i. 516. KONA, u, f., kuna, Fms. vii. 106; gen. pl. kvinna, 109, 274, Hdl. 15, but usually kvenna, which form is a remains of an older obsolete kvina: [Goth. qino = fw-f); Hel. quena; O. H. G. chiona; Swed. kdna; Dan. kone; again, the forms of the Goth, quens or qveins, A. S. cwen, Engl. queen, Scot, quean^ Engl. wench, Dan. kvinde answer to the obsolete kván, q. v.]: -- a woman; karl ok kona, man and woman, passim; brigðr er karla hugr konum, Hm. 90; kona ok karlrmðr, Grág. i. 171; kona eða karlmaðr, Nj. 190; hón var kvinna fríðust, Fms. vii. 109; henni lézt þykkja agasarnt, ok kvað þar eigi kvinna vist, 274; konor þær er óarfgengjar eru, Grág. i. 228; mun þat sannask sem mælt er til vár kvenna, Fms. iv. 132; kveðr hann vera konu niundu nótt hverja ok eiga þá viðskipti við karlmenn, N. G. L. i. 57: sayings, köld er kvenna ráð, Gísl.; meyjar orðum skyli manngi tnia, né því er kveðr kona, Hm. 83; svá er friðr kvenna, 89; hón var væn kona ok kurteis, Nj. I; ok var hón kvenna fríðust, she was the fairest of women, 50; hón var skörungr mikill ok kvenna fríðust svnum, hón var svá hug at far konur vóru jafnhagar henni, hón var allra kvenna grimmust, 147; fundusk mönnurn orð um at konan var enn virduleg, Ld. 16; Unnr var vegs-kona mikil (a stately lady), Landn. 117; konur skulu raesta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175; konu- hár, -klæði, -föt, woman's hair, attire, Fms. iii. 266, Greg. 53; konu bii, woman's estate, Grág. ii. 47; konu-liki (liking), woman's shape, Skálda 172, Grett. 141; konu-nam, konu-tak, eloping, abduction of a woman, Grug. i. 355, Bjarn. 17; konu-mal, rape, fornication, = kvenna-msil, Eb. 182, Fs. 62, Stj. 499: frænd-kona, a kinswoman; vin-kona, a female friend; mag-kona, a sister-in-law; álf-kona, an ' elf-quean;' troll-kona, a giantess; heit-kona, a spouse; brúð-kona, a bridemaid; vinnu-kona, grið-kona, a female servant; ráðs-kona, a sfeti'ardess; bu-kona, hiis-kona, a house-mistress, house-wife; spá-kona, a prophetess, Scot. ' spae-wife;' skáld-kona, a poetess. II. a wife; ek em kona Njáls, Nj. 54; Evu Adams konu, Hom. 31; við hans konu Sophram, Ver. 52; af konu minni eða sonum, Nj. 65; en ef bú þeirra standa, þá munu þeir vitja þeirra ok kvenna sinna, 207; messu-djákn enginn, né kona hans no klerkr hans, N. G. L. i. 9/. -- The word is now almost disused in sense I, kvcnnmaor being the common word, whereas in sense II. it is a household word. konu-efni, n. one's future wife, bride: konu-fe, n. a marriage portion, Js. 80: konu-lauss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fs.: konu-leysi, n. the being konulauss: konu-riki, n., see kvánríki. B. COMPDS, with the gen. plur. kvenna-: kvenna-askr, in. a kind of half measure, opp. to karlaskr, q. v.; hálfr annarr k. í karlaski, Jb. 375. kvenna-ost, f. amour, Bs. i. 282, Fms. v. 341. kvenna- búnaðr, in. a woman's attire, Skálda 334. kvenna-far, n. love affairs, Lat. amores, Fms. i. 187. kvenna-ferð, f. a journey fit for women, Ld. 240. kvenna-folk, n. wornan-folk, Nj. 199. kvenna- friðr, m. sacredness of women, N. G. L. ii. kvenna-fylgjur, f. pl. female attendants, Grug. i. 342. kvenna-gipting, f. marriage, N. G. L. i. 343, Jb. 6. kvenna-giptir, f. pl. a giving in marriage, N. G. L. i. 27, 343. kvenna-hagr, m. woman's condition, Rb. 414. kvenna-heiti, n. names of women, Edda (Gl.) kvenna-hjal, n. women's goffip, Gísl. 15. kvenna-hus, n. a lady's bower, Fas. ii. 162. kvenna-innganga, u, f. entrance of women into the church churching, B. K. no. kvenna-klæðnaðr, m. a female dress, Grig, i, 338. kvenna-land, n. the land of the Amazons, Rb. 348, Fms. xi! 414. kvenna-leiðir, m. 'women-guide, ' a law term used of a child as the sole witness to lawsuit for a rape; barn þat er heitir k., N. G. L. i 357' 3^7- kvenna-lið, n. woman-folk, Nj. 199, Lv. 38. kvenna- maðr, m. a woman's man, given to women; mikill k., Ilkr. i. 2oH, Rb. 414; litill k., chaste, Fbr. 12. kvenna-mál, n. love matters, Orkn-334; rape, fornication, 444, Lv. 3. kvenna-munr, m. distinction of women, Fms. x. 387. kvenna-nám, n. a rape, Grág. i. 353. kvenna-rað, n. pl. women's counsel, Nj. 177. kveima-siðr, m. habits of women, Grág. i. 338. kvenna-skap, n. a woman's temper, Nj. 68. kvenna* skáli, a, m. a woman's apartment, Sturl. iii. 1^6. kvenna-skipan, f. arrangement of the ladies (at a banquet), Ld. 202. kvenna- sveit, f. a bevy of ladies, Fms. vi. i. kvenna-vagn, m. 'woman's wain, 'a. constellation, opp. to karlsvagn, Rb. 1812. 16. kvenna-vist, f. women's abode, fit fur women, Hkr'. iii. 339. konfirmera, að, [tor. word', to confirm, H. E. i. 477. konfirmeran, f. confirmation, eccl., Mar. kongr, m. a king; see konungr. kongr, m., qs. kufungr (q. v.), a conch-shell, Lat. concha, Eggert Itin. kongur-vofa, see küngurvúfa, Eluc. 23. konr, m. kind, an obsolete noun only existing in gen. sing, -konar, as suffixed to adjectives, as Lat. -modi; alis-konar, of all kinds; hvers- konar, of every kind; ymiss-konar, of sundry kind, Mar.; nokkurs-konar, of some kind; margs-konar, of many kinds; sams-konar, of /he same kind; þess-konar, of that kind; einskis-konar, of no kind; -- see these words. KONR, m., pl. konir, acc. pl. koni, the gen. is not recorded; this word is solely poetical, and used by poets of the loth and í Ith centuries, but since disused; it is the ninsc. answering to kona (q. v.) :-- a man of gentle or noble birth; hve þik kalla konir? how do men call thee? Hkv. Hjöiv. 14; koni (acc.) óneisa, the gentle men, Hkv. I. 23; dulsa konr, Ýt. 2; of marran kon, of a valiant man, Edda (in a verse); átt-konr, q. v. 2. a royal kinsman; konmigmanna konr, kins- w an of kings, Ísl. ii. 229 (in a verse); hildinga konr, siklinga konr, kinsman of heroes, Lex. Poët.; Yngva konr, kinsman q/~Yngvi, Skv. 2. 14; rogna konr = Gr. dioyfi-T)s. Vellckla; bragna konr, 0. H. (in a verse); Ellu konr, kinsman of Ella, Fms. vi. 64 (in a verse); hankstalla konr, Edda (in a verse); sælinga konr, kinsman of the wealthy, Fms. xi. (in a verse); Heita konr, kinsman of the sea king H., Arnórr, cp. Orkn. ch. 3; konr Sigmundar, so n o/S., Skv. 2. 13. II. as a pr. name, Rm. konst, f. [from Germ, kun&t] , art, (mod.) konstafill, m. [for. word], a constable, Karl. IO. konstr, n., Germ, kunst, a device, Fas. iii. 293, 308. konunga, að, to address as a king, Fms. via. 75. See under konungr. konung-borinn, part, king-born, Fms. i. 81, vii. 8, Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Hkv. 46, Ó. H. 16. konung-borligr, adj. of royal birth, Fms. vi. 159. konung-djarfr, adj. speaking boldly to kings, Fms. xi. 203. konung-dómr, m. a kingdom, Skv. 3. 14, Fms. ix. 334, Fb. ii. 278, Sks. 6*0, Nj. 271, Ld. 84, Eg. 7, 263, Gþl. 60, 157, passim. konung-lauss, adj. kingless, without a king, Hkr. ii. 266. konung-liga, adv. kingly, beseeming a king. konung-ligr, adj. kingly, royal, Fm. 40, Fms. i. 4, vii. 70, ix. 277. x. 322, xi. 114, Stj. 208, passim. konung-maðr, m. a royal person, a king, Eg. 415, Hkm. 20, Ýt. "J, 0. H. 230 (in a verse), Ísl. ii. 229 (in a verse). konung-menni, n. a kingly person, Fms. ix. 235 (in a verse). KONUNGR, m.; since the I4th century in a contracted form kongr, and so in the poems and bailads of that time, Lil., 01. R,, Skíða R., Völs. R., as also in the best mod. poets, Hallgrim, Eggert, cp. Pass, xxvii. 8, 9, 13, 15, Bb. a. 15, 3. 96, 100, passim: the old vellums mostly abbreviate thus, kgr, kg, kgs; the contracted form occurs in MSS. of the 14th century or even earlier, e. g. Cod. Fris., and this is also the usual mod. pronunciation: [this word is common to all Tent, languages except Goth., where piudans = Icel. þjóðan is used; A. S. cynig; Engl. king; O. H. G. cbuninc; Germ, könig; Swed. kung and konung; Dan. konge; the word is prop, a patronymic derivative from konr, = Gr. å. vf)p ytvvaîos = a man of noble extraction; the etymology Konr ungr (young Kon) given in the poem Rm. is a mere poetical fancy] :-- a king; hvárki em ek k. no jarl, ok þarf ekki at göra hásæti undir mik, Nj. 176; jarl ok konungr, N. G. L. i. 44; Dyggvi var fyrstr k. kallaðr sinna ættmanna, en áðr vóru þeir dróttnar kaüaðir, Hkr. i. 24, passim: the saying, til frægðar skal konung hafa, meir en til langlifis, Fms. iv. 83, vii. 73; cp. fylki skal til froegðar hafa, Mkv.; mörg eru konungs eyru, Hkr. i. 287; langr er konungs niorgin, Sighvat: þjóð-konungr, a king of a þjóð, = Gr. /3acriA. íí/* /xt-yas; sæ-konungr, a sea king; her-k., a king of hosts, both used of the kings of old, whose sole kingdom was their camp or fleet, and who went out to conquer and pillage, -- þat var siðr vikinga, ef konunga synir róðu fyrir herliði, at þeir vóru kallaðir konungar, Fms. i. 98; la hann þá lüngiim í hernaði ok var kallaðr konungr af liðsmönnum.

RON UNO ABOK -- KORNSKURÐR. 351

fem vikinga siðr var, 257; þá er Ólafr tók við liði ok skipum, þá gáfu liðsmenn honum konungs-nafn, svá sem siðvenja vai til, at herkonungar beir er í viking vóru, ef þeir vóru konungbornir, þá báru þeir konuiiKS- nafn, þótt þeir sæti hvergi at löiulum, O. H. 16; Konungr konunga, King of kings, /be Lord, 656 C. 3, 2: also of an emperor, Nero k., king Nero, 26; Girkja-k,, the king of /be Greeks = the Emperor of Constantinople, Fms. passim; Karlamagmis k., king Charlemagne, etc. B. COMPDS: Konunga-bók, f. the Book of Kings, the history of the kings of Norway, also called Konunga-æfi, originally a work of Ari, and since applied to later recensions of the same work; her hefr upp Konungabók eptir sögn Ara prests Fróða, inscription to Hkr., Cod. Kris. p. 3; also, Jïfi Noregs-konunga, Knytl. S. ch. I, 21, loo; Bók Noregs- kouunga, Fb. i. 152. konunga-fundr, m. a meeting of kings, Ann. 1273. Kon. unga-h. ella, u, f. name of a place, Fms. konunga-hxis, n. a king's bouse, palace, 625. 95. konunga-kyn, n. royal kin, royally, Fms. i. 107. konunga-móðir, f. mother of kings, a. nickname, Fms. Jtonunga-skipti, n. change of kings, succession, Germ, ibronwechsel, Ver. 19, Bret. 70. konunga-stefna, u, f. a congress of kings, Fms. vii. 62, Sturl. i. I, Edda 89. konunga-sætt, f. peace among kings, Fms. v. 158. konunga-tal, n. a s eries of kings. Fms. x. 378: the name of a poem, Fb. ii. 520. Konunga-æfi, f. the Lives of Kings, the name of a historical work, íb. 3. konunga-ætt, f. -- konungakvn, Fms. i. 187, vii. 279. konungs-atsetr, n. a king's residence, Finnb. 270. konungs-borg, f. a king's castle, Stj. 519. konungs-bréf, n. a king's writ, warrant, Fms. ix. 443. konungs-bryggja, u, f. a king's bridge, Fms. vii. 183. konungs-bu, n. a royal estate, Eg. 372, Fms. i. 90, iv. 255. konungs-bær, m. a king's residence, Hkr. i. 40. konungs-dómr, m. = konungdórnr, Gþl. 185. konungs-efni, n. a future king, Fms. viii. 332, Js. 15. konungs-eiðr, m. a king's oath, coronation oath, Jb. 50. konungs-eign, f. a king's property, Gþl. 338. konunga-eigur, f. pl. royal property, Hkr. ii. 20. konungs- eyrendi, n. a royal errand, Fms. vii. 19. kommgs-fundr, m. audience given by a king, Sks. 2^2. konungs-garðr, m. a king's palace, the king's treasury. Eg. 409, Fms. vii. 159, 207, Sks. 669; er konungsgarðr n'tmr inngangs en þröngr brottfarar, Eg. 519. konungs- | gata, u, f. the king's highway, Stj. 333. konungs-gipta, u, f. I the king's good luck, cp. Lut. f'irínna Caefaris; k. fylgir þúr, Fms. ii. 60, v. l. konungs-gjöf, f. a king's gift, Eg. 183. konungs- gœfa, u, f. -• konungsgipta, Fms. ii. 60. konungs-gorserni, f. a kingsjeu'el, see gorsemi, Fas. ii. 349. konungs-neiti, n. a king's name, Edda. kommgs-herbergi, n. a king's cabinet, Fms. vii. 314, Gþl. 139. konungs-hirð, f. a king's hirð (q. v.), Fbr. 116. kommgs- hús, n. a king's house, Grúg. ii. 170. konungs-höfn, f. a king's have n, F'br. 122, Fms. ix. 447. konungs-h. oll, f. a king's ball, palace, Ver. 31. kommgs-jörð, f. a king's estate, Gþl. 79- konungs- kveðja, u, f. an address to a king, Bárð. 180. konungs-lauss, adj. kingless, Fms. iv. 355. konungs-leyfi, n. a king's leave, Fms. vi. 98. konungs-lið, n. the king's troops, Fms. viii. 70. konungs- Íúðr, m. the king's trumpet, Fms. vii. 287, Hkr. iii. 325. konungs- lykill, m. a Norse law term, the king's key = an axe, which opens all doors and chests; munu þeir bera konungslykil at húsinu, they null break it by force, Fms. vi. 188; ek hefi at varðveiîa konungslykil þann er at ollum kistum gengr ok lusum ... Vegglagr ser at hann mun upp höggva kistuna ef hón væri eigi upp lokin, Fbr. 46 new Ed. konungs-lægi, n. the king's berth, Fas. i. 528, Hkr. iii. 79, 83. konungs-maðr, m. a king's man, F. g. 17, Sks. 253, 341, Fms. i. 10, 280, 0. H. 216, passim. konungs-mörk, f. a royal forest, Grág. ii. 408, Gþl. 79. konungs-' nafn, n. a king's title, F^g. 590, Fms. i. 6, vii. i. konungs-nautr, m. a king's gift, tsl. ii. 226, Ld. 204, Hallfred. konungs-níðingr, m. a trai;or to the king, Fms. viii. 387. kûnungs-orð, n. the king's command, order, Fms. ix. 443. kouungs-reiði, f. the king's an^er, Fms. ix. 454. konungs-rettr, in. the king's right, Fins, vii. 305. konungs-riki, n., mod. kóngs-ríki, Germ, kunigsreich, a kingdom, Fms. i. 85, xi. 30, Ant. 289, Sks. 464, passim. kommgs-setr, n. a royal residence, Fms. ix. 330. konungs-skip, n. a king's ship, Fms. vii. 260, Sturl. iii. 132. konungs-skrúði, a, m. king's apparel, Stj. 601. konungs-smiðr, m. the king's smith, Fas. i. 15. konungs-sorni, a, m. royal dignity, Hkr. iii. 240. konungs-steði, a, in. the king's stithy, i. e. the mint, Js. 157, Fms. viii. 166., konungs-sveit, f. the king's retinue, Fms. ix. 22. konungs-sverð, n. the king's swo rd, i. e. the secular power, Js. 19. konungs-sýsla, u, f. a royal office, district, Eg. 27. 36, Hkr. ii. 162. konungs-sæti, n. the king's seat, residence, Fms. vi. 439, Sks. loS, Stj. 76. konungs-tekja, u, f. election of a king, Bret. 70, Fms. ix. 8, Hkr. ii. 20, iii. 146. konungs-tign, f. royal dignity, Fms. iii. 48, vii. 22. konungs-umboð, n. royal commission, konungsumboðs- maðr, m. the king's commissary, Gþl. 20. konungs-vald, n. roy a l authority, Gþl. 533. konungs-vinr, in. a king's friend, Fms. ix. 368. konungs-vigsla, u, f. a coronation. Fms. vii. 306, x. 14, Hkr. iii. 14^, Gþl. 63. konungs-bing, n. the king's assembly, = húsþing (q. v.), Gbl. 438. konungs-brœll, m. the king's thrall, a term of abuse, 6. H. 1 20, Bárð. 82. Ld. 4. konungs-rofi, t". a king'f life or reign. Gþl. 70. konung-ríki, n. a kingdom, Fms. x. 273. konung-sæll, adj. lucky a s to kings, blessed with good kings, Fms. xi. 217. konvent, n. [for. word], a convent, Sks. 96. konventa, u, f. a convent, Vm. 109; konventu-bróðir, -svstir, Dipl. iii. 6, 9; konventu-hus, D. N. kopa, að, in the phrase, e-m kopar, or honum er farð að kopa, one begins to fall off, from age or the like; perhaps the passage in Hm. 16 belongs to this, but see kópa. KOPARR, m. [Engl. copper; Germ, knpfer; Dan. bobber] :-- copper, Stj. 88, Fms. v. 344. COMPDS: kopar-bagall, m. a copper crosier, Dipl. v. 18. kopar-böllr, m. a copper ball, Dipl. iii. 4. kopar- hringja, u, f. a copper buckle, Vm. 177. kopar-kanna, u, f. a copper can, Boldt. kopar-ker, n. a copper vessel, Vm. 25. kopar-kross, m. a copper cross, Pm. 120, B. K. 83. kopar-ligr, adj. of copper. kopar-peningr, m. a copper penny, Stj. kopar-slagari, a, m. a coppersmith, D. N. kopar-spónn, in. a copper spoon, Pm. 5. kopar- stika, u, f. a copper candlestick, Vm. 20. koppaðr, part, spotted; handklæði koppat, B. K. 84, koppari, a, m. a turner, joiner, N. G. L. ii. 241; koppara-járn, a turner's chisel, Fms. v. 339. KOPPR, m. [Engl. cup; Dan. kop; cp. also W. Engl. cop -- a round hill, and Germ. kopf=head, which prop, mean a cup, analogous to Icel. kolla and kollr, q. v.] :-- a cup, smc. ll vessel, esp. in dairy-work; koppar ok keröld; í koppum ok keroidum, Bs. i. 721; trog, dall, eysil, ask né kopp, Snot; viðsmjör í koppi, Stj. 590; fæði ok láta fyigja kopp, N. G. L. i. 131 (418): a chamber pot, Bs. ii. 345: a cup-shaped hole, í þeim steini vúru klappaðir fjórir koppar, síðan er hann ha for til þváttsteins, Bs. i. 640; segja menu at enn siái í berginu svá sem smá-koppa, par sem koming;- menn settu orfalina, Fms. i. 280: of the eye-socket, Bs. i. 177; spé-koppar (Dan. smilehuller), a dimple in the cheeks. II. = knappr, the bell- shaped crown of a helmet. Fas. iii. 535, Karl. 355. kopps-tröð, f. a local name, Sturl. i. 63. kordúna-hosur, f. pl. hose of cordovan leather. Fms. iv. 77. korgr, m. grounds, dregs; kalie-k., b!úð-k. korka, u, f. a pining or ivasting away; það er korka í honum. korku- legr, ad] , pining, perhaps a corruption from kraki, krokli-gr, legr, q. v. korki, a, m. [from Gael, coirce] , oats, a atr. Kt^., Edda (Gl.) korkna, að, to dwindle away. korkr, m. cork, (mod. and for.) Kormakr, m., Korm-löð, f., pr. names of Irish origin, Landn. . Nj. KORN, n. [Goth, kaurn = aîros and kaurno = KÚKKOS; A. S. and F. ngl. corn; O. H. G. chorn; Germ, and Dan. korn~] :-- corn, grain; ellet'u korn, ok ellcfu pipar-korn, 655 xxx. 8; leynisk í litlu korni afl tresins, Greg. 14; hleifr er görr af mörgum kornuin, 625. 90: seed, grain, korn eðr malt, O. H. 113; hann skal honum greiða kyr ok korn, srnjör ok vöru, Gþl. 305; sumir skáru korn, smnir buiuiu, suinir óku heim korninu, 0. H. 30; þar var hallæri á korni (a bad crop) en gott korn (a good crop) austr í land, 102; korn (crop') var heldr i'iárvænt, 113; færa menn niðr korn sin, Nj. 169; hann sár þar niðr korninu, 82; er ok illu korii til sáð, enda nmn illt af gróa, a saying, 174; sa. himnesku korni í hjortu manna, H. E. 500: flour, tak rúgbrauð, eigi blandat við annat korn, Lsekn. :-- in plur. stores of grain, hann fiutti into sér nukil korn, F'ms. vii. 173; þar vóru forn korn, 0. H. 102, 113 :-- oafs, co r", (Swed. he~ta-korn, cp. 'a feed of corn'), gefa hestum korn, 31; hann var Gair/kr hlaupari ok alinn á korni vetr ok sumar, Gnllþ. 12 :-- Mikkjals-korn, Olafs-korn, Michael's corn, St. Olave's corn, a kind of tithe paid to the church in Norway, Fr. II. metaph. a bit, grain; ok þar kemr litið korn niðr af þeim bita, of a bit of meat, Fas. i. 54; hákarls-korn, Snút 226; sand- korn, a grain of sand. 2. in mod. usage freq. as a diminutive suffix to a noun; það var inaltak hans við hvern mnnn, bróðir! karl-korn mitt Î of bishop Swcyn, who died A. Ü. 1476. Esp. Arb. 1475; barn-korn, a bit of a bairn = rticviav; stundar-korn, a little while; hús-korn, a scrap of a house; bu-korn, a fmall household; orð-korn, a little word: this use, how- ever, scarcely occurs before the lith century (unless it be in the passage Fas. 1. c., which, however, is only found in a paper MS.), and it may be a kind of imitation of the Germ. -chen. COMPDS: korn-amstr, n. a corn-stack, Orkn. 448. korn-ar, n. a 'corn-year, ' crop. Fas. ii. 126. korn-bingr, m. a ' corn-bin, ' heap of corn. korn-deild, f. a kind of contribution or ti. ' h f paid in corn, N. G. L. i. 142. korn-feitr, adj. ' corn-fat, ' of a horse, Fms. xi. 280. korn-frjo, n. seed-corn, Pr. 448. korn-garðr, m. a corn-shed, Vm. 18. korn-gildr, adj. p a y a ble in corn, D. N. korn-gyðja, u, f. the corn-goddess = Ceres, Stj. 83. korn-görð, f. corn-produce, Stj. 164. korn-hjalmr, m. a corn- stack, Stj. 424, Fb. i. 541. korn-hlaða, u, f. a ' corn-lathe, ' barn, Eg. 4:;, 49, 235, C). H. 30. korn-hús, n. a 'corn-house, ' barn, 656 C. 31. korn-jörð, f. corn-soil, arable land; sá í gúða k., Hom. 6". korn-kaxvp, n. purchase of corn, 0. H. 113, Gþl. 352. korn-kippa, u, f. a corn-sieve, Nj. 82, 170. korn-kýrlag, n. a cow's value in corn, B. K. 5^. korn-sala, u, f. sale of corn, O. H. 114. korn-sáð, \\. flour, rendering vf polenta, Stj. korn-skreppa, u, t. a 'corn-serif. ' corn-sieve, Nj. 82. v. l. korn-skurðr, m. shearing

352 KORNSKURÐARMAÐR -- KOSTR.

(as it is called in North England and Scotland), reaping, Stj. 422, 438, Clem. 30, Magn. 502. kornskurðar-maðr, m. a shearer, reaper, Stj. 42 2, Greg. 69. kornskurðar-mánuðr, m. the shearing month, Edda. kornskurðar-tími, a, in. shearing time, Stj. 61, 354. korn-slátta, u, f. a reaping, N. G. L. i. 254. korn-tiund, f. a tithe paid in corn, B. K. 53. korn-ungr, adj. quite young. korn-virki, n. a corn fbed, Gþl. 454. korn-vist, f. stores of corn; bannat at selja k., O. H. L. 35. kom-vin, n. a kind of wine, B. K. 64. Korn-bretar, m. pl. the Britons of Cornwall (Kornbreta-land), Fms. korpa, u, f. pining away, Bjorn. korpna, að, to fall off. korporal, n. [for. word], a corporal, Hom. 138, Pm., Vm., B. K. korpr, m. [Scot, corbie; Swed. korp], a raven, Edda (Gl.): a nick- name, Fb. iii. korpu-legr, ad] , falling ojf, thin, Bjorn. korra, að, older form kvarra, q. v. ; það korrar í honum. korri-ró, interj. (qs. kúrð'-í-ró, sleep in rest!), a lullaby, Ísl. þjóðs. i. 209. kort, n. a map, mod. Dan. kort, Germ, karte. kortr, adj. [Germ, kurz] , short, Ülf. 7. 133, is scarcely an Icel. word. kos-eyrir, m. choice things, = kjmfú, Sturl. i. 77. kos-girni, f. a caprice, whim; þat er ekki nema k. ein, N. G. L. i. 384. kosning, f. [kjósa], an election, Fms. viii. 268, ix. 227, Sks. /4^t ^s- passim, kosningar-bréf, n. the writ for an election, Ann. 1321. kosningi, a, m. the chosen or ele c to ne; þú ert konungr ok k. þessa ríkis, El. kosningr, m. = kosning, Sturl. i. 214, Fms. vi. 93, viii. 259, x. 58: a franchise, 96. kos-orð, n. an election, Fr. KOSS, m. [cp. Ulf. kukjan; A. S. cyss; Engl. kiss; Germ. kuss; Dan. leys; Swed. ky ss] :-- a kiss; fylgja skal kveðju koss, a saying, Fsm. 48; eptir tárblandinn koss skilja þau, Fms. xi. 425; eigi tjáðu eiðar oss eða margir kossar, Vígl. (in a verse); hann sveigir hana at sér ok verða þá einstaka kossar, Fs. 88; með ástsamlegum kossi, Barl. 186; gefa e-m koss, Greg. 46; friðar-koss, a kiss of peace, Nd. 59; Júdas-koss, a Judas- ki s s; ekki, Lafranz, vill ek kyssa þik, þvíat þat má vera, ef stundir Hða, at þat kallir þú Júdas-koss, Bs. i. 842: in Hm. 8l kossa is corrupt for kosta (see kostr I. 4), for in law, kissing a maiden by stealth was a finable offence, -- as in the case of the poet Kormak, Korm. ch. 24, -- and if against her will it was liable to fjörbaugs-garðr, Grág. i. 337; cp. teygjattu þér at kossi konur, Sdm. 28; laun-koss, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 47. COMPOS: kossa-flens, n. kissing, licking, in a bad sense, Snót. kossa-gangr, m. much kissing, Art. ico. koss-mildr, adj. ' kiss-mild, ' fond of kissing, Art. 108, Fas. iii. 483. KOSTA, að, [akin to kjósa; A. S. costjan; Germ. koslen = to taste; Lat. gusto; Gr. -yíúojuat] :-- to try, tempt, strive: with gen., kosta afls, t o try one's strength, Vsp. 7; k. magns, id., Rm. 9; k. megins, Gs. 22; k. sunds, Fms. vii. 351 (in a verse); k. rásar, þorf. Karl. (in a verse); (til) rásar kostar þú nú, Fs. 45; k. vigs, to fight, 0. H. (in a verse); kosta mans, to fall in love, Hbl. 15; Bárðr þurfti alls at kosta, B. had to exert all his strength, Bard. 166; kosta kapps, to strive hard, Grett. 202 new Ed.: to ri s k, vil ek þar til kosta fjár föður míns, Fms. ii. 63; hvárt þeir færi til þings, ok kostim at því allra vina várra, Eb. 98; verja ft: yðvart ok frelsi, ok kosta bar til allra þeirra manna er yðr er liðs at van, Eg. 8; setla ek at ssekja oddi ok eggju frændleifð mína, ok kosta þar at allra frænda minna ok vina ok allra þeirra er ..., 0. H. 32. 2. to tempt; at vér fyrir-farirnk eigi í kostan þeirri er djöfullinn kostar var, Hom. 158; í því er hann kostar (tries) upp at risa, Al. 144; þeir sögðu hann fullu kostað hafa, he had taken pains enough, Odd. 18; skal hann kosta at koma, N. G. L. i. 348. 3. as imperat. giving emphasis to the verb, like Lat. a g' e, come! kostið svá keppa, ~/î^ htsohard! Am. 54; kostum flærð at forðask, Leiðarv. 39; kostum (not köstum) at æsta, 40; kostaðu at vinna vel margar íþróttir, Hsm. 29; kostaðu hug þinn herða, Sturl. iii. (in a verse); kostaðu hins, at haldir fast hesti ok skjaldi, Korm., Likn. 11; en hinn er fallinn er, kosti hann ok risi upp sem fljótast, Blanda (MS.); nú kostit, bræðr, ok verit hraustir, come, brethren, be of good cheer! 6560. 22; en þér kostið ok görit svá vel, at þér leggit ráð á með inér, Karl. 484; við þat er kostanda (exert thyself), at yfir verði stigit af þér með andans afli, MS. 677. 5; tv* kosti hverr sem æ staðfastlegast at göra gott, Hom. 24. II. impers. with acc. it strains a thing, i. e. it i s strained, damaged; þó at kjöl kosti, though the keel is sorely strained, Fms. vii. 59 (in a verse); hvárki var þeim at meini hungr né kuldi, heitt né kalt, hvárki kostaði þau, neither of them was hurt, suffered from it, Blanda (MS.); þat fall var svá mikit, at kostaði laerlegg hans, Fms. ix. 219. 2. reflex., kostast. to suffer a bodily or inward injury; þat var mál manna, at jporfinnr mundi eigi lifað hafa, svá mjük var hannkostaðraf eldinum, Sturl. i. 162; mjökkostaðr af hita, 161; bæði var kostað hold hans ok bein, Greg. 80; kostaðr hestr, a broken-winded horse; sakirfyrnsku vórubararnar mjök kostaðar, dilapidated, Bs. ii. 146. III. [Engl. co s r; Germ, kosten], t o co st, with acc. of the person and price; mik (acc.) kostaði fimm merkr (acc.) gulls, it c os t me five gold marks, El.; þat. kostar lif (acc.) hans, it cost his life, Fas. i. 532; likneski sem til kostaðj tiu aura, Vm. 101: get ek at þér þykki mikit (acc.) k. at kaupa hann, Fms i. 79; sem bnar virða at dómi, at mik hari kostað fyrir þau, Grág. i. 368 . slikt sem þá (acc.) hetir kos;að, K. jþ. K. 54; spurði hvat (acc.) kostat hafði fjórarin (acc.), Fms. v. 315: with acc. of the thing and price, keisarann i kostaði eigi minna fé leikinn (acc.), the play cost the emperor not less, vii. 97; þá kerru (acc.) kostaði sex hundruð (acc.) skillinga, the car cost..., Stj. j 573; einn riddara (acc.) kostar útta merkr, Fms. xi. 331. 2. to defray the expences of, with acc.; þat boð kostaði Unnr, Ld. 10; þau hin somu klæði sem þeir höfðu kostað (purchased) með kirkjunnar gózi, Mar.:~ to spend, lay out, with acc., hvat viltu til kosta; at hann skvldi þessa nafnbót engum peningum kosta, that he should be at no expence for it, Fms. x-93, v. l.; þat rríða líkncski hafði prestrinn kostað á sína peninga, Mar.; þn heíir kostað oss (entertained us), bóndi, Fs. 150; allt þat er hann leggr til ok kostar, lays out, N. G. L. ii. 354; er svá mikit let sik kosta oss til Inusnar, who let it cost himself so much, Barl. 114; hafði hann setu á Grund ok kosîaði einn allt fyrir, and defrayed all the costs, Sturl. i. 155 :-- in mod. usage with dat., k. miklu til eins, hann hefir engu til þess kostað, he has invested no money in it, done nothing for it; k. miklu upp á c-ð, to spend much money on a thing. kostall, adj. costly, expensive; e-m verðr kostallt, Bs. i. 722. kostan, f. cost, pains; leggja kostan ok stund á e-t, Fms. x. 395: temptation, k. fjandans, Hom. 33, 158. kost-góðr, adj. of good quality, Grág. i. 498; esp. of milk, pasture, jarðir kostgóðar ok grösugar, Stj. 341: of a horse, skjótr hestr ok kost- góðr, Flóv. 28. kost-gripr, m. a costly thing, choice thing (see kjorgripr), Fs. 40, 43, Fms. x. 215, Bs. i. 37, Edda 15, 82. kost-gæfa, ð, to push on wi/h a thing; kostgæfa eptirfbrna, to pursue hard, Ísl. ii. 360; k. undanróðrinn, Fb. i. 396; k. e-s nauðsyn, 0. 91. 2. to strive, take pains, with infin.; k. at fremja, Bs. i. 42, Magn. 468, Fms. i. 184, vii. 31, Eb. 39 new Ed. :-- reflex., H. E. i. 249, Barl. 78. kost-gæfð, f. painstaking, Bs. i. 273, Mar. 1067. kost-gæfi, n. and f. painstaking, care: a. neut., allt k., Hom. 49; með miklu k., with mickle pains, Fms. x. 277; með öllu k., with all diligence, 656 A. i. 17, Fms. i. 260, Bs. i. 38, Al. 163, Stj. 595. 0. fern., sakir kostgæfi þeirrar, Bs. i. 166. kost-gæfiligr, adj. painstaking, diligent. kost-gæfinn, Adj. painstaking, (the mod. form.) kost-gæfliga and kost-gæfiliga, adv. with pains, diligently, Hom. I, Fms. i. 263. kost-gæfni, f. = kostgsefi, N. G. L. ii. 481, freq. in mod. usage. kost-gæfr, adj. painstaking, diligent, Sturl. i. 90, Greg. 27; verum sem kostgæfstir, 55; k. athugi, Hom. 52; k. á e-t, Fms. ii. 145. kost-görð, f. the state of affairs, Finnb. 318. kost-hald and kost-heldi, n. entertainment, D. N. ii. 393, 482. kostigr, adj. costly, choice; kostig lond, ~^ ne pasture, Ld. 124; agaetir hagar, kostigir ok loðnir, Stj. 258: chosen, of a person, Hd.; u-kostigr, mean, common, Fs. 128. kost-íllr, adj. bad, common, Fas. ii. III. kost-lauss, adj. ' cost-less, ' bad, vile, Fms. v. 14. kost-ligr, adj. costly, choice, desirable, 0. H. 98. kost-móðr, adj. ' meat-weary, ' weary after a hearty meal, Hym. 30. kostnaðr, m. cost, expence, Eg. 43, Grág. i. 336, Fms. i. 52; í kostnað þann er þn hefir fyrir mer, Eb. 362; s. itu sumir á sínum kostnaði, Orkn. 334, Gþl. 59; litill k., small cost, Flóv. 34: living, var þá skipt Eyjunum hvar hvárir skyldu kostnað á hafa, Orkn. 272. COMPOS: kostnaðar- laust, adj. without expense. kostnaðar-lítill, adj. of little cost. kostnaðar-mikill, adj. v ery costly, expensive. Eg. 38, Fms. vii. 73. kost- naðar-samr, adj. expensive, Fms. xi. 316, Bs. i. 830, Orkn. 96. KOSTR, m., gen. kostar, pl. kostir, old acc. pl. kostu, which is used in old poets as Sighvat (0. H. 39), Arnór (Edda 50); but the usual form in the MSS. as well as in mod. usage is kosti; [Ulf. kustns -- So/fifty, 2 Cor. ii. 9, xiii. 3; Germ, and Dan. kost -- fare, food] :-- a choice, the funda- mental notion being trml; I. condition, chance, but mostly with the notion of a hard choice; eru mi tvcir kostir til, sa annarr, at ..., hinn annarr, at ..., Nj. 199; sá er hinn þriði kostr, Grág. ii. 83; nmnu þer hinn sama kost fyrir höndum eiga sem vær áttum, at verja fé yðvart ok frelsi ... en at öðrum kosti, Eg. 8,; hann sá engan sinn kost aunan, en hann let fallask þvers undan laginu, Nj. 246, Eg. 24; sám vér þanu helzt várn kost at firrask fund hans, 70; nú má Flosi sjá Binn kost, hvart hann vill sættask til þess at sumir so utan sætta, Nj^íjO; það er hverjum manni boðit, at leita sér lífs meðan kostr er, 202; élnbeygðr kostr, the only choice left, Orkn. 58. 2. choice, terms; hvern kost viii þér nú göra Ingjaldi? Nj. 3; ek göri þér skjótan kost, Dropl. 6; gora e-m tvá kosti, Ld. 212, Fs. 57; tók Kali þenna kost, Orkn. 214. 3. a chance, opportunity, possibility; gora kost á e-u, Nj. 155, 271; mun ek öngan kost á gora, / will gi ve no choice in the matter, i. e. will not do it, 149; kost muntú láta at etja, 90 :-- kostr er á, or gen. kostr e-s, a thing is possible, there is a chance, 254, 263; ef þess er k., Grág. ii. 56; Hiireks var ekki við k., there was no question as to //., Ísl. ii. 315; þá er nun er

KOSTAllUALD -- KÖRONA. 353

eigi við kostr, when í am gone, Stj. 363 :-- eiga e-s kosti, to have a chance of, be able, allowed, Grág. i. 63, 468, Ld. 84, 160, 184, Nj. 57, 132, Eg. 16, 60, 531, Sks. 20 B. 4. a match, of an unmarried woman; Sigríðr ht-t dóttir hans ok þótti beztr koslr á Hálogalandi, Eg. 25; hann átti dóttur eina er Unnr hét, hón var væn kona ok kurteis ok vel at ser, ok þótti sá beztr k. á Rangarvollum, Nj. (begin.); Hallr kvað gúðan kost í henni, //. said she was a good match, 180, Es. 88, Stj. 187; engi kostr þótti þá þvílíkr sem Htlga hin Fagra i ôllum Borgarfirði, Ísl. ii. 206: giving a woman away, hann spyrr hverr ráða eigi fyrir kosti hennar, who was to give her away, Band. 9 new Ed.; mey til kosta, a maid to be married, Hm. 81, (MS. kossa), cp. liggja heima sern mær til kosta, Fas. iii. 409, (ráða-kostr, a match); kvenn- kostr (q. v.), gúðr kvennkostr. 5. choice, state, condition; þat mun mina kosti her fram draga, at þú átt ekki vald á mér, Orkn. í 20; kostum drepr kvenna karla ofriki, i. e. the tyranny of man crushes a woman's right, Am. 69; drap þá brátt kosti, then the state grew worse, id.; sjá fyrir sinum kosti, to take care of oneself, Fms. x. 236; eigi mun honum þykkja batnað hafa várr kostr, Eg. 287; eigi treystusk menu at raska kosti þeirra, people dared not meddle with them, disturb them, Ld. 146; bændr vildu verja kost shin, defend themselves, Fms. ix. 306; síðan let Simon varðveita kost hennar, guard her affairs, vii. 233; þá heldr hann kosti sinum, then he holds his place, loses not his right, Grág. ii. 209; u-kostir, afar- kostir, a hard, evil choice; or-kostr, lack of choice, poverty. II. cost, expence; allan þann kost er hann hefir fyrir haft, Jb. 321; sá er vitna þart skal standa þeim kost allan, 358; hver maðr er sik ok sin hjú heldr á sinum kosti, K. Á. /8; þat skip höfðu bæjar-menn látið göra af sinum kosti, Fms. ix. 270; hann holt sik rikmannlega at klæðutn ok ulluin kosti (fare), ii. 278; hann lot alla sína félaga á sinn kost þann vetr, üullþ. 9; hvi hann var svá djarfr'at taka slika menu upp á kost hans, Landn. 149, v. 1.; hann gaf sór mikinn kost til (he took great pains), at koma þeim üllum í vingun við Guð, Hom. 108; þóat hann hefði mörgu sinni mikinn kost (pains) til gefit, Al. ilG; hann lézk þar vildu sina kosti til leggja (do his best), at þeir Hákon deildi enga úhæfu, Fms. i. 22. III. means; er (þeir) synja ölmusu, er kosti höfðu til, Hom. 64; hafa meira kost, to be the strongest, Fb. ii. 361; eiga alls kosti við e-n, to have it all in one's power, i. e. to be the strongest; Jökull gaf honum lif ok átti áðr alls kosti við hann, Fs. 10; eiga alla kosti, Fms. iv. 296, Stj. 481; Bessus er slíks átti kosti við hann er hann vildi gört hafa, Al. 101; eiga nokkurs góðs kosti, 96; hafa litils kosti, to have small chance, be little worth, Mar.: means, provisions, meðan mér endask föng til, þótt ek véla um mina kosti, though í am left to my own supplies, Eg. 66; bauð hann Oddi alla kosti með sér, Fas. ii. 540; ef vér hittumk síðar svá at þeir hafi meiri kosli (forces'), Fms. v. 87; bændr efldu þá kost hans um búit, Stud. iii. 196 C: stores, tvau skip hlaðin vænum kosti, Fms. xi. 436; her sé ek beggja kost, I see here plenty of either, Sighvat; mungát né aðra kosti (fare), setjask í kosti e-s, Fms. viii. 58; bændr uggðu at sezt mundi á kost þeirra, ok kurruðu ilia, Bs. i. 549: victuals, provisions, Germ, k os t, selja silfr fyrir kost, Fas. i. 450; hveiti ok annarr kostr, Stj. 112; Kirkja á þetta í kosti, tvær'vættir skreiðar, vætt smjörs, vætt kjöts, Pm. 34; tvau hundruð í haustlagi, tíu aura í kosti, Vm. 42: board, bóndi skal halda honum kost, Jb. 374; þá bauð Ketill fé fyrir. kost hennar, Dropl. 4; til kostar ok klæða, ~/ are and clothing, B. K. 108; at konungs kosti, a t the king's table, Bs. i. 782; far-k. (q. v.), a ship, vehicle; liðs-k., /or ce s, troops. IV. c os t, quality; af leltum kosti, Fms. x- 173 ! þat sax var afburðar-járn kosti, of fine steel, id. 2. good things; friði fylgja allir kostir ok oil fríðindi, Clem. 29; kyn ok kostr (quality), MS. 4. 9; fátt fríðra kosta, Hdl. 45: þeir kostir skulu ok fylgja, at þik skal aldri kala í skyrtunni, Fas. ii. 529, 531; þá ferr hann or skyrtu sinni, ok hélt hón öllum kostum sinum, 539: fatness, Lat. ubertas glebae, jarðarinnar kost ok feitleik, Stj. 167; þar vóru allgóðir lands-kostir, Hkr. i. 55; er mér sagt gott frá landa-kostum, at þar gangi fé sjálfala á vetrum en fiskr í hverju vatni, Fs. 20, 25, Landn. 225, v. 1.; af kostum skal þessu landi nafn gefa ok kalla Markland, Fb. i. 539. 3. virtue; þeir stígask yfir af hermönnum Krists fyrir helga kosti, Hom. 27; Kristni þróask at mannfjölda ok kostum, MS. 677. 8; eigi erþat rúnanna kostr, ... heldr er þat þinn kostr, Skálda 162, freq. in mod. usage. 4. a good quality, virtue; segja kost ok lost, to tell fairly the good and bad of a thing; skalt þú segja kost ok lost á konunni, Nj. 23; hann sagði kost ok lost af landinu, Landn. 30; löstu ok kostu bera Ijóða synir blandna brjosturn i, Hm. 134; u-kostr, a fault, flaw; mann-kostir, virtues. 5. spec, of a horse, plur. a fine pace; hestr óð kafs af kostum, Sighvat. V. spec, and adverb, usages; til kostar, well! all right! well done! er þat til kostar, ef eigi flyjum vér fyrir mönnunum, Fms. xi. 139; þat er til kostar, ef..., wel í done, if..., Hym. 33; er þat ok til kostar (it i s a comfort) at Höskuldi muni þá tveir hlutir ilia lika, Ld. 70: because, allra mest af þeim kosti, at ..., Hom. 33: sagði ósvífr at þeir mundi á kostum (indeed) finna, at þau Guðrún vóru eigi jafnmenni, Ld. 122; þeim kosti, in that case, Grág. i. 40; engum kosti, by nomeans, MS. 4. 21; at þeim kosti, o n that condition, Grág. ii. 239; at öðrum kosti, el s e, otherwise, Eg. 8, 749; at þriðja kosti, thirdly, 14, Grág. i. 395; at síðasta, efsta kosti, i n the last instance, last emergency, Nj, 221; at fæsta kosti, at least, N. G. L. . (-, i. 6l; at versta kosti, in the vjor^t c a j e, 101; at minnsta kosti, at least: gen., alls kostar, quite, in every respect, Sks. 674 B, passim; eigi eins kostar. not very, not peculiarly, Ísl. ii. 322; annars kostar, as, for the rest, 108 B; nokkurs kostar, in any wise, Fms. xi. 79, Fb. i. 74; sums kostar, in some respect, Fas. ii. 547, v. 69, Hom. 89; þess kostar, in this case, thus, Fms. xi. 79, Rb. 36, Hom. (St.): acc., þá kostu, as adv., in such a manner, N. G. L. i. 327; fyrir hvern kost, by every means. 4w" Kostr, in sense I, is in old writers often omitted, and left to be sup-plied by the adjective or pronoun, e. g. þann (viz. kost) munu vér af taka, Ld. 188; at hann mundi verðaþann upp at taka, Eg. 157, Nj. 222; erþáok sá einn (viz. kostr) til, 227, Fms. vii. 265; er oss mi engi annarr til, Nj. i43, Eg. 405; er yðr engi annarr á görr en snúa aptr, Nj. 207; Hákon jarl er alltrauðr undir trúna at ganga, ok þykkir vera harðr (viz. kostr) á annat borð, Fms. xi. 39. COMPDS: kostar-hald, n. maintenance, Stj. 184. kostar-lauss, adj. without provisions, Ísl. ii. 463. kosta-boð, n. pl. a very favourable choice, Eg. 539, Vápn. 30, Sturl. iii. 151. kosta- mikill, adj. good, fine, valuable, Sturl. iii. 7. kosta-munr, m. dif- ference in quality, Nj. 52. kosta-vandr, adj. fastidious, Vígl. 16. kosta-vanr, adj. cheerless, Skm. 30. kost-samr, za] . fine, excellent, Hkm. 2. kostuligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), cos tly, Fas. i. 76. kost-vandr, ad] , fastidious, Fas. iii. 115, Vígl. 48 new Ed. KOT, n. [A. S. cote; Engl. cot], a cottage, hut, small farm; fyrir hvi ertu kominn í kot þetta ! Clem. 25, Barl. 194, Orkn. 78, 0. H. 208, Fms. 'x- 359! 'eggjask í kot, Rétt. 10. 7: allit., karl and kot, þat er mart i koti karls sem kóngs er ekki í ranni, or karl . ok kerling í koti sínu, see karl; því er betra kál í koti en ketill stór af borgar floti, Eggert. kot, n. [from Engl. coat], a coat, jacket. kota or kotra, að; kotra sér niðr, to seek out a hole. kot-bóndi, a, m. a cottier, Lv. 59, Fas. ii. 46; þá ætla ek mörgum kotbúondonum munu þykkja vera þröngt fyrir dyrum, O. H. 127. kot-bær, m. = kot, Barl. 46, Fagrsk. eh. 193. kot-karl, m. a cottier, cottager, a boor, Sks. 254, Sturl. iii. 122, Fms. iv. 283, vii. 253, Glúm. 391. COMPDS: kotkarla-ætt, f. poor folk, Fas. iii. 289. kotkarls-barn and kotkarls-son, m. a churl's bairn, churl's son, Fms. ix. 330, 331, Stj. 206; hinn herfiligasti kotkarls-son ok innar minnstu ættar, Fms. vii. 157, THom. 401. kot-lífl, n. humble life, Stat. 276. kot-maðr, m. = kotungr, Sturl. (in a verse). kot-mannliga, adv. meanly, in a beggarly way, Bjarn. 29. kot-mannligr, adj. beggarly. kotra, u, f. a game, backgammon, = lavii\Ta, q. v. kotroskinn, adj. prudish, Snot (1866), (conversational.) kotung, n. cotton, = kotun. kotungs-lauf, n. and kotungs-víðir, m. a kind of s al w, Hjalt. kotungr, ni. = kotkarl, Fas. iii. 249, FL 26, Str. 45. kotún, n. cotton, (mod.) kovertúr, n. [for. word], ' coverture, ' a covering, Sks. 403. KÓÐ, n. the fry of trout and salmon; brand-kóð. KÓF, n. [kaf, kefja], thick vapour, steam, mist, Sks. 204. COMPDS: kóf-sveittr, adj. steaming hot. kóf-viðri, n. [Shell, kavaburd] , a misty sleet or snow; k. ok frostviðri, Fbr. 11 2. kóklast, að, to hobble, get on with difficulty. KÓLFR, m. [akin to Engl. cl j^ b, Germ, kolb], the tongue in a bell, Fms. vi. 147: kólf-klukka, u, f. a bell with a tongue, Pm. 129; (kólf- lauss, adj. without a k., Vm. 9): the bulb of a plant: endi-k., a sausage, Ísl. þi. óðs. i. 177. II. a kind of bolt, Swed. iolf, Rm. 43, þiör. 371, Karl. 68, 244, N. G. L. i, 69; bakka-kólfr, a bird bolt; for-kólfr, q. v.: the phrase, sem kólfi skyti, swift as a bolt, as lightning, Fms. ii. 183, vii. 343, Sturl. iii. 220. kólf-skot, n. a bolt shot, of distance, Edda 31. kólga, u, f., poet, a wave, Edda (Gl.), Hkv. 1. 25, Orkn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 49 (in a verse), Bs. i. 16 (in a verse): one of the Northern Nereids (Ránar-dætr), Edda. kólna, að, to bec om e cold, Stj. 45, Fas. i. 148; veðr tók at k., Fms. i. 67; kólnaði veðrit ok dreif, Eb. 204; lik skal eigi grafa áðr kólnat er, K. Þ. K. 26; dagr kólnar, Hom. (St.): impers., e-m kolnar, one gets cold; oss kólnar á klónum, Grett. 94 B; kulda-veðr var uti, ok tók honum fast at kólna, Fb. i. 276. kólnan, f. getting cold, Germ, abkühlung, Rb. 102. kómeta, u, f. [for., word], a comet, Ann. passim; but in mod. usage, hala-stjarna, q. v. kóngr, m. a king, = konungr, q. v. kóni, a, m. a bullock (?), Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse): as a word of abuse, hann er fallegr kóni ! kópa, t, \kopa, Ivar Aasen], t o s tare, gape; kópir afglapi, Hom. 81. KÓPR, m. a young seal, freq.; prob. from its round-formed head (see koppr, kupa). COMPDS: kóp-heldr, adj. ' seal-tight, ' of a net, Vm. 98. kop-skinn, n. the skin of a kopr. kóróna, u, f., contr. króna and krúna, q. v. [Lat. word], a crown, Fas. viii. 193, x. 107, Gþl. 60, passim; gull-k., þyrni-k. kóróna, að, to crown, Ver. 57, Fms. vii. 306, Gþl. 63, Th. 20.

354 KÖRR -- KREFJA.

KÓRR, m., dat. kúrnum, Symb. 57; kórinum, Fms. vii, 174, 291; [Lat. c horus] :-- a c hoir, Vm. 171, Bs. i. 84, passim: a c hoir, music, Str. I, Karl. 545. COMPDS: kór-bak, n. the ba c k of the choir or church. kor- bjalla, u, f. a choir-bell, Vm. 17. kór-bók, f. a choir-book, hymn hook, Vm. 109, Am. 47. kórs-bróðir, m., eccl, a 'choir-brother, ' a canon, Fms. viii. 269, ix. 461, Bs. (esp. Laur. S.) passim. kór-dyr, n. a choir- door, Fms. xi. 2;3. kór-kápa, u, î. a priest'scope. Fms. viii. 55 7, ix. 341. kór-kjappi, a, in. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 85. kór-prestr, m. a choir-priest, Bs. i. 876, a priest officiating at the altar. kór-smíð, f. a choir-building, Bs. i. 706. kór-þili, n. a ' choir-deal, ' panel of the choir, Hom. (St.) 97. krabb, n. a crabbed hand. krabba, að, to scrawl, write a crabbed hand. KRABBI, a, m. a c rab; k. gengr öfugr löngum, Rb. 100, Stj. 91, Al. 168, Pr. 477; krabbinn segir son sinn við, sífellt gengr þú út á hlið, a ditty: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 246: of the zodiac, Rb. (1812) 16; as also krabba-mark (-merki), n. id., Rb. 100, MS. 732. 4: krabba-mein, n., medic, a cancer. kraðak, n. [perh. akin to A. S. cree d, Engl. crowd] , a crowd, swarm, (conversational.) krafa, u, f. craving, demand, Gþl. 475, N. G. L. i. 21, Fms. vi. 192. kra. fla, að, to paw or scrabble with the hands; ok kraflaði fyrir (frá?) nusunum, he (an exposed infant) had pawed (the snow) from his face, Fs. 60; still used, krafla fram úr e-u, to crawl out of a strait. krafla, u, f. a nickname of an infant, see the preceding word: the name of a volcano in Iceland. kraflandi, a, m. the name of a hot spring in western Iceland, krafsa, að, to paw or scratch with the feet, as horses or sheep when grazing on a snow field; hann krafsaði sem hross, Ld. í 20; hundrinn krafsar sundr hruguna, Fas. iii. 547; ekki barf at k. af því ofan, er oss tr í hug, Nj. 224; hann kvaðsk tigi inundu k. um þat at segja honum sannindi, Sturl. iii. 313. kragi, a, m. [Swed. krage; Dan. krave; cp. Scot, craig -- neck] , the collar of a coat: a kind of . s h or t rain cloak. kraka, a5, to drag under the water; þá er hann krakaði þat upp, Grág. ii. 276; þeir krökuðu upp spytingana ok pakkana, ... ok láta upp kraka þat . sem tengist af go/. i, Bs. i. 842; krökuðu þeir hann upp, ok fluttu til lands, 610 :-- tofurniih with pales, allt var krakat it ytra með sjónuin, Fms. viii. 177 :-- to touch the bottom, of an anchor or the like, tókii þá akkerin at kraka, x. 135; kraka niðri, of a horse in a deep stream only just touching the bottom with the feet: kraka hey upp, to cock hay, Grág. ii. 107. KRAKI, a, in. [Dan. kra^ e], a pale, stake; konungr let setja kraka utan frá Borg it fremra með sænum, Fms. viii. 148: a drag, boat-hook, vóru þá görvir tii krakar, ok varð dregit í sundr hofit. Ísl. ii. 411: prop. a looped and branched stem, used as a staircase, in which sense it is still used in Norway (Ivar Aaseu); this also was the old Dan. sense, see Saxo ii. 31; hence metaph. the nickname of the famous mythical Danish king Rolf Kraki, from his being thin and tall; mi sitr her í hásaeti kraki einu litill, Edda 81. 2. a kind of anchor, -- Gr. dvrj. krakka, að, to emit a cracking sound, to simmer. krakki, a, in. [akin to kraki], a thin youth, urchin; krakkinn ! krakka- îetrið ! þetta er nú barn enn þ;i, krakkinn, Piltr og Stiiika 9, (conversa- tional, of either sex.) kraklegr, adj. thin, Lat. gracilis; hann var kraklegr (he was thin and weak of frame) ok þótti heldr scinlcgr, Glúm. 335. kram, n. [for. word; Engl. cra/w; Dan. kram; mid. Germ, krame -- a shop], toys, Rétt. 2. 10: kram-vara, u, f. id.: kram-verk, n., Ósv. S. kramari, a, m. [Dan. kræmmer] , a toyman. kramask, ð, to pine and waste; see krcmja. KRAMR, adj. half thawed, of snow; í krönium snjó, Fms. i. 280; ok þegar dreif í Löginn krörnmu, Fb. ii. 327; also of butter, krarnt smjor: bruised, of berries when the juice oozes out, and the like. kramsi, a, m., poet, a raven, Edda (Gloss.) kranga, að, to creep, Skm. 30. krangi, a, m. [cp. krakki]. kranga-legr, adj. [krangled, Ivar Aasen], thin, of a boy; hann er of boðs krangalcgr I krangr, adj., krong, krangt, weak, crank, Skv. 3. 44. krank-dómr, in. ailing, sickness, Mar., Bs. ii. 140, passim. krank-dæmi, n. -- krankdómr, Fas. iii. 642. krank-leikr, m. (-leiki), = krankdomr, Fms. viii. 443, Jb. 167, Fas. ii. 394, Grett. 152. KRANKR, m. [Germ, krawk], ill, si c k; krankr injok, Fms. x. 146, Finnb. 322: k. í likam. B. K. 97; krönk augu, Stj. 171: sore, distressing, hin krankasta tíð, the sorest lime, of a famine, 162; krankir hlutir, 156; krimkustu tilfelli, 218; inar krönkustu flugur, 271. kranz, m. [for. word; Germ, kranz; Dan. kra;/s], a wreath; setjast í kranz, to sit in a ring, Mar., Ulf. 6. 19; konia saman í krans, 5. 10. KRAPI, a, m., and krap, n. sleet, thawed snow; vaða opt tii kirkju krapa, Skálda (Thorodd) 1/9; leggsk hann svú at hryðr um krapit, Finnb. 310. COMPDS: krapa-drifa, u, f. a shower of sleet, Sturl. i. 50, Gísl. 118. krapa-för, f. a drift of thawed ice, Finnb. 310. krapa-hríð, f. a sleet tempest. KRAPPR, adj., kröpp, krappt, [see kreppa] :-- strait, narrow, of a road or the like; kröpp leið, Skálda 169; komast í krappan stað, to get into straits, a saying, Fb. i. 311: naut., krappr sjór, a short, chopping sea: metaph., kröpp kaup, a sc ant bargain, Grett. (in a verse): of a person, sharp, crafty, kröpp var Guðrún, Am. 70. krappa-rúm, n. the ' strait-room, ' a place in an ancient ship of war, the third from the stern, Fms. ii. 252, Fb. iii, 219. krapt-auðugr, adj. powerful, Gd. 38. krapti, a, m. [akin to kraptr], a bar, on e of a ship's timbers, a rib or knee, Edda (Gl.); eyri skal bæta fyrir krapta hvern, N. G. L. i. 100; krapta-valr, ' timber-hawk, ' poet, a ship, 6. H. (in a verse); the bar across the inside of a shield, cp. Gr. KOVÚV, krapti geirbruar, Vellekla: metaph., krapti skóla, the main pillar of a school, epithet of a bishop, Gd. 13. II. = kraptr; hafa nokkurn krapta (acc.) aldrsins, Fms. xi. 14; hafa engu miuna krapta, x. 318. KRAPTR or kraftr, m., gen. krapts and kraptar, dat. krapti; [Engl. craft; Germ., Swed., and Dan. kraft; prob. akin to krappr, prop, mean- ing a crooked bar, such as ribs and knees in a ship, which sense has been kept in the weak form krapti; whence metaph. it came to mean power, strength] :-- might, strength, power; með öllum krapti, with might and main, Fms. vii. 305; með miklum krapti, x. 274; engi er seðri kraptr eða styrkri, Sks. 25; undir krapti hlyðninuar, Mar.; algörr í kröpturn, 656 A. 2; görðisk svá mikill niáttr at krapti hans, 655 iii. 4; nieð Ijósi krapts sins, Niðrst. 7; ek særi þik fyrir alla krapta Krists pins, Nj. 176; af Guðs megni ok krapti ins heilaga kross, Fms. x. 437. In the N. T. OVVCI/MS is often rendered by kraptr, Guðs kraptr, Matth. xxii. 29; kraptar himnanna, xxiv. 29; til hægri handar Kraftarins, xxvi. 64. krafta-verk, n. (Gr. ovvafjus),'power-work, ' a miracle, N. T. passim; for jartein (q. v.) is not Biblical, Magn. 430 :-- in plur. powers, supernatural, whence krapta-skáld, n. a ' power-scald, ' a poet whose song has a magical power, see Ísl. bjóðs.: physical, bodily strength, hafa mikla krafta, to be strong; litla krapta, to be weak. COMPDS: krapta- lauss, adj. weak. krapta-lan, n. the gift of strength, Hom. 125. krapta-leysi, n. weakness, debility. krapta-litill, adj. weak, Fær. 185. krapta-maðr, m. a strong man, 656 C. 12. krapta-mikill, adj. strong, Eb. 204. krapta-skáld and krapta-verk, see above. krass, n. a scrawl: krassa, að, to scrawl. krattans, gen. with the article, from kratti = skrati or skratti (q. v.), a swearing, Skíða R. 136. krauma, að, to simmer, of the sound when the water in a kettle begins to boil; það er farið að krauma á katlinuni. KRÁ, f. [Dan. kro~\, a nook, corner; krá eðr hyrning, Stj. 152, Bs. ii. 134, Skald H. 6. 2, freq. in mod. usage. KRÁKA, u, f. [Dan. krage; cp. Engl. t o c roak], a c row, Lat. cornix, Hom. 69, Fms. vi. 446, Karl. 437, Edda (Gl.), Rm. 44; vinna eina kráku, Fms. vii. (in a verse); galandi kraka, Hm. 84; íllviðris-kráka, a croaking crow, boding ill weather; sumar-k.: the saying, betri er eiu k. i hendi en tvær í skógi, a bird in the hand i s worth two in the bush, Ld. 96: a nickname, Kraka, Fas., whence Kráku-mál, n. pl. name of a poem, id.: kráku-nef, n. crow nose, a nickname; whence Kráknefl- ingar, m. pl., Landn. COMPDS: kráku-skel, f. a shell-fish, mytilus edilis, Mag. 63. kráku-stígr, in. a ' crow-path, ' zigzag. kráku- ungi, a, m. a young crow, Fms. viii. 156, Fas. i. 33/. krákr, m. a kind of crow or raven, Edda (Gl.); ber þn sjúlfr krák þinn, carry thou thy crow thyself! þorst. Síðu H. 2; líka-krákr, a kind of pole for digging graves. KRÁS, f. ^Dan. ' k jv/ a s e], a dainty, jþkv. 24, Stj. 58, Bad. 96, 200, 656 A. 2; dyrðligar krásir, Bs. i. 152; heiðarlegar krúsir, Fs. 5; marf. s- konar krásir, Fms. iii. 36; krása diskr, Ó. H. 85; su hetir krás er kreir, a saying, Sol. kreða, u, f. [perh. akin to A. S. cradel; Engl. c radle], a fondled per- son, kreðu-legr, adj., Bjorn. kredda, u, f. a c reed (Lat. credo); kvaðsk numit hafa Pater noster ok kredduiia, Fær. 257, 258: a belief, fancy, hafa sína kreddu, sitja við sína kreddu (conversational), prob. derived from the story in Fær. S. kredo [for. word], indecl. = kredda, Fær. 258. krefða, u, f., medic, crusta lactea, an infant's disease, Ann. 1428, Pel. x. 8, passim in mod. usage, krefðu-sótt, f. - krefða, Ann. 1389. KREFJA, pres. kref, krefjum; pret. krafði, subj. krefði; part, krafðr, krafinn; [A. S. crafjan; Engl. cr av e; Dan. krœvi] : -- to crave, demand, to call on one, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing; or also, krefia e-n til e-s, krefja hann til utanferðar, Sturl. i. 214; verða sumir krafðir til at sty'ra, Sks. 263; ek em komiiin at krefja pik at þú látir laust, Eg. 501; ok krafði sira Bjarna, at hika sér þau útján hundruð. Dip!, iii. 13; ella krefi Guð hann andar sinnar, Sks. 720: at neita því er ek vii kratt hafa, Fms. xi. 225; ok kref ek ok bind ek álögum þriggja marka útlegð, Grág. i. 384; krcfja e-n máls, Fms. vii. 162; engi þorði at krefja hann orða, no one durst speak to him, Edda 22: krefja fjár, Sturl. i. 48; krefi hann manna, K. Á. 70; konungr krafði þá leiðangrs, Fms. viii. 419; k. búendr liðs, Ô. H. 205; sú þótti mér ungr at krefja eiðsins, Edda 37; hann krafði dwd, be knocked at the door, Fms. viii. 332, v. 1.; kretja lukla,

KREUÐ -- KlUSTtt. 355

Vkv. 19, 21: with subj., krüíðu þeir at sveinninn tæri með þeini, Fms. i. 74. II. reflex, to claim, with gen.; krafðisk Hávarðr torf- öxarinnar, Háv. 47; þú má kouungr krefjask af þeim þeirrar þjónustu, sem ..., Sks. 263. kregð, f. or kregða, u, f. a wasting, pining, of infants :-- a nickname, Hrólfs S. Gaut. (Ed. 1664), p. 76. kreik, n. walking, hobbling; vera á kreiki. KREIKA, að, [Engl. crouch, cp. crutch; Germ, kriechen] , to walk in a bent posture, hobble; kreikaðu róítr sour minn, a ditty; freq. in mod. usage. kreima, u, f. [kroinl, a weak person; hann er engin k. ! (conversational.) KREISTA, t, betttr kreysta, [cp. Ulf. kriustan -- rpi^eiv; Dan. kryste; Swed. krysta] :-- io squeeze, pinch, press, Eb. 242, Fas. i. 285, Bær. 10, Bret. to, Al. 2. 30, Fas. i. (in a verse, Bin.); hann kreisti sik undir vegginn, he pressed himself, crouched under the wall, þórð. 75; kyssa ok k., to kiss and bug, Al. 44, þiðr. 30. kreisting, i. pinching, squeezing, Fas. iii. 502. kreklóttr, adj. crooked. krellr, m. [cp. Germ. kralle = a claw~] , spirit; k. né dugr, Fas. i. 7* ! enginn k. er í yðr, there is no spirit in you, 96. KREMJA, pres. kom, pl. kremjum; pret. kramði; part, kramiðr, kramdr, kraminn; [mid. H. G. krimme; see kroin, kramr] :-- to squeeze, bruise; hann kramði hold af beinum, Fas. iii. 348, passim, -- esp. of berries, grapes, or juicy things :-- reflex, to be pinched, to pine, from a wasting sickness, margir krömðusk lengi þeir er lifðu, Fms. viii. 443; eitt sinn kom þar sótt inikil á bæ þeirra, ok"krömðust margir lengi, Ísl. ii. 274. krenkja, t, [krankr; mid. H. G. krenke; Germ, k réiw ken], prop, t o make sick, to hurt, H. E. i. 434, 737; erinda-fjöldinn aldrei dvín | allmart vill það krenkja, Pál Vídal.; hjartað vill hræðslan krenkja, Pass. krepja, u, f. s leet, = krap. KREPPA, t, [Engl. cramp, crimp; mid. H. G. krimpfe; cf. krappr, Germ, krampf, etc.], to clench; Grettir hafði kreppt fingrna at saxinu, Grett. 154 A; þú bindr hann ok kreppir, Stj. 96; kreppandi þá saman með sterkum kuútuin, id.; í hvers landi er hann kreppir' (catches) eða merkir, Jb. 309; k. at e-m, to pinch, press bard on one; krepptu þeir svá at þorgrími, at..., Sd. 148. 2. impers., . medic, to become crippled; lá verkr í lendum hennar þar til er þær knýtti en hana krefti, Bs. i. 328; hönd hans var kreppt í lota, 313 (v. l.), 462; krepptir vóru fingr í lófann, id.; hann hat'ði kreppta hönd, Magn. 518; hón var kreppt oil, svá at báðir fætr lágu bjúgir við knén, Fb. ii. 383; krepptr ok knýttr, Sd. 148; saman krepptr, Stj. 51; krepptr miklum suit, pinched by hunger, Róm. 361. kreppa, u, f. a str a it: medic, a being crippled; a scrape, koma í slikar kreppur, Ld. 264. kreppu-sótt, f. a kind of scorbutic disease, Fél. x. 37. krepp-hendr, part, cripple-handed, a nickname, Fms. krepping, f. a scrape, Fms. iv. 147. kreppingr, m. a handful, Eg. 10. kretta, pret. kratt, a def. strong verb, to maunder, murmur; engi þorði um at kretta, Grett. 140 A, B; Uxi kratt jafnan uni, Finnb. 280 C; þeir þoldu ilia, en krittu (kruttu?) um, Fas. i. 129. kriki, a, m. [Engl. creek], a ' crack, ' nook, freq. in mod. usage; handar- k., the armpit. krikt, n. adj. = krokt (q. v.), swarming; mjöl var krikt, the flour was swarming, as if with grubs and vermin, Völs. R. 229. krikta, t, = kretta; hann kvað þat skamsamlegt at k. um smáhluti, Fs. 31; þeir kriktu um, Fas. i. 129. krimta, t, to utter a sound; láta ekki á sér k., not tostir, (conversa- tional.) KRING and kringum, adv. [akin or a twin word to kringr, with an initial tenuis] :-- round; ganga í krók og í kring, all around, round and round, Fms. ii. 14!; hringinn-i-kring, all aroitnd; skoða e-ð í krók og í kring :-- í kringum, around, with acc.; hann gengr þrysvar rangsælis kringurn valinn. Fas. iii. 337; í kringum hann, Bárð. 180; á alla vega i kringum sik, Fas. i. 105; þú skalt ióa í kringum skútuna, Háv. 46; i kringum hallina, Fb. ii. 137. kringar, m. pl. the pullies of a drag net; þar til er kringar koma á land, Gþl. 427. kringi, f. adroitness, in orð-krîngi, q. v. kringi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), comical, funny, (conversational.) kringja, ð, usually with prep, um, kringja um e-t, to encircle, surround, or, kringja umhverfis, id.; but also singly, with acc., þeir höfðu kringt svá um konung, Fms. viii. 67; þeir kringðu um kirkjuna, ix. 469; at eldr kringi umhverfis höfin, Sks. 205; kringdr umhverfis, id.; kappar Hein- reks höfðu kringt um mik, Bær. 16; kriugði Haraldr konungr með sinni fylking á bak jarli, Fms. vi. 407; Birkibeinar kringðu (surrounded) bseiim þegar, ix. 311: milit. to outflank, ver skulum hafa fylking langa svú at þeir kringi eigi um oss, Hkr. i. 150, Fms. vii. 178. 2. absol. to go round; hann gekk it efra fyrir innan fjall, ok kringði svá inn til Alreks- staða, Fms. viii. 354; kringit um borgina, go round the town (of Jericho), StJ- 359- Karl- J34. Mar- kringla, u, f. a di s k, circle, orb; hjólanna kringlur, Stj. 288; kringla heims, kringla jarðar, rôe di s k of the eartb, Sks. 194, 200, 626, Hkr. (iuit.); nieð hvelum ok kriiiglum, Str. 17: the name of a MS., from its initial word, given to it by Torfseus, whence the mod. Heimskringla, the Globe, = the Book of the Kings of Norway, commonly ascribed to Snorri; the name first occurs in the Ed. of Peringsköld (A. D. 1697), and was unknown before that time: skoppara-k., a top. COMPDS : kringlu-auga, n. a nickname, Fms. vii. kringlu-leitr, adj. round-faced. kringlu- skurðr, m. a shaving the crown; k. sem klerkar, Fb. ii. 196. kringlu- sótt, f. (mod. hötuðsótt), the turning sickness in sheep, Bs. i. 465. kringlóttr, adj. round, circular; hón (the earth) er kringlótt, Edda (pref.); tún kringlótt, Fms. vii. 97; hver kringlóttan, Stj. 564; k. gluggr, Sturl. iii. 186, Vm. 98; kringlótt hásæti, Bær. 6. KRINGR, adj. ea sy; svá var honum kringr skáldskapr sem öðrum mönnum mál sitt, verse-making was as easy tohimas speaking to other men, Fb. ii. 135: neut., e-m er e-t kringt, a thing is easy to him, be is adroit in it; mun þer kringra at hafa Ijosa-verk at bni þínu, enn ..., Nj. 185; jafn-kringt, equally smooth, Karl. 108, Sks. 381. kring-sólast, að, dep. [sol = swn], to walk all round the dial, as if bewildered. krisma, að, to anoint, Rb. 82, Mar., Bs. i. 575. krismi, a, m., krisma, u, f., H, E. i. 480, 482, ii. 137, [for. word; Gr. Xpur/io] :-- chrism, Fms. viii. 26, x. 372, K. Þ. K. 20, 72, Bs. i. 135. COMPOS: krisma-ker, n. a chrism box, Pm. ii. krisma-klæði, n. chrism, Dipl. iii. 4. krisma-staðr, m. the 'chrism-spot, ' on the breast of infants, N. G. L. i. 339. krista, adj. a nickname, Fms. viii. 254. Krist-bú, n. 'Christ-estate? i. e. glebe-lana given for the support of the poor, Vm. 169; some deeds of the I2th century referring to such lands are published in D. I., Nos. 30-34. Krist-fé, n. ' Christ-fee, ' old Icel. eccl. name of property given for the support of the poor, -- ' Christfé apud nos connnuniter dicitur quod pau- peribus legatum est, ' H. E. iii. 98; gaf Sira þúrarinn tätækum frændurn sínum mikit góz, ok setti morg Kristfé í mörgum jörðuin um Svarfaðar- dal, ok svá annars-staðar, Bs. i. 790, H. E. i. 430, Vm. 163. COMPDS: Kristfjár-jörð, f. glebe-land for the poor, Vm. 152. Kristfjár- úmagi, a, m. a pauper maintaiîied on Christfé, Pm. 21, 121. Kristiliga, adv. in a Christian-like way, Fs. 80, Bs. ii. 81, passim; o-kristiliga, cruelly, wickedly. Kristiligr, adj. Christian; Kristilig trú, K. Á. 74; Kristileg fræði, Kristilegt lögmál, Fms. x. 288, passim: Christian-like, u-kristil;gr, un- cbristian-like, cruel, wicked. Kristin-dómr, m. Christendom, Christianity, Sturl. i. 127, N. G. L. i. 203, passim: matters ecclesiastical, Gþl. 487. In old writers often in two words, see Kristinn. Kristindóms-bálkr, m. thesection containing the ecclesiastical law, N. G. L. i. 339, Jb. 5, Bs. i. 697, 698. Kristinn, adj. Christian, K. þ. K. (init.), Nj. 158, Eg. 265, Bs. passim; vel Kristinn, a good Christian, observing the Christian rites, Eg. 265, Fms. i. 17; ilia Kristinn, a bod Christian, Mork. 227 (in a verse); enn Kristnasti maðr í Antiochia, the be s t Christian in Antioch, Clem. 38; Kristið morð, the murder of a christened child, opp. to heiðit morð, N. G. L. i. 340. COMPDS: Kristinn-dómr, m. Christendom, Sturl. i. 127 C; Kristins dóms, Hom. 99. Kristinsdóms-réttr, m. the ecclesiasti- cal law, Jb. 5 B. Kristin-lög, n. pl. the ecclesiastical law, H. E. i. 437. Kristinnalaga-báttr, m. the section containing the (Icel.) e ccle s i as ti c al law, Grág. (Kb.) 3; svá settu þeir borlúkr biskup ok Ketill biskup, at ráði Özurar Erkibyskups ok Sæmundar ok margra kennirnanna annarra, Kristinna laga þátt sem nú var tint ok upp sagt, K. jþ. K. 140. Krist- inn-réttr, m. the ecclesiastical law, N. G. L. i. 352, H. E. i. 541 (note), passim. Kristín, f. a pr. name, Christina, Fms. Krist-kirkja, u, f. Christ Church, seems to have been a general name for cathedrals; a Kristkirkja is mentioned in Bergen, Drontheim, Bor- gund (Norway), Fb. iii, Boldt. Krist-maðr, m. a ' Christ-man, ' champion of Christ, 0. H. 204, 216; er nokkurr sá í þínu föiuneyti, Kristmaðrinn, er meira hafi á degi vaxit, en vit braeðr, 202. Kristna, að, to Christianise, Nj. 156, the Sagas passim: to christen, baptize, fæða skal barn hvert er borit verðr í penria heim, Kristna ok til Kirkju bera, N. G. L. i. 339: in mod. usage to confirm. II. reflex., laia Kristnask, to beChristianised, Fms. i. 33, Nj. 158, Bs. Kristna, u, f. = Kristni, Rafn 38, (Jellinge-Runic stone); this form also occurs in early Swedish. Kristni, f. Christianity, Nj. 157, Fms. i. 31, passim: Christendom, Guðs K., 655 xi. I, Greg. 44, Bs. i. 575, ii. 105: christening, Hom. 147. COMPDS: Kristni-boð, n. (-boðan, f., Fms. i. 142), preaching the Gospel, Fms. i. 32, x. 393, Eb. 254. Kristni-hald, n. keeping Chris- tianity, Fms. ii. 236, Fb. ii. 49. Kristni-lög, o. pl. = kristiníog, Fb. ii. 54. Kristni-Saga, u, f. the name of the Saga of the introduc- tion of Christianity into Iceland, Bs. i. 3. Kristni-spell, n. breach, profanation of Christianity, Valla L. 209, Fms. i. 26. kristning, f. christening, Stat. 292. Kristr, m. Christ, see p. 93; cp. Hvita-Kristr. COMPDS: Krists-

356 KRISTSM1NNI -- KRÖKH.

kirkja, u, f". = Kristklrkja. Krists-miiini, n. C hri s t's toast, a toast given in great banquets, probably answering to the grace in mod. times, Fms. vii. 148. Krists-musteri, n. ' Christ-minster, ' = Christ Church, Kb. 368. II. in pr. names, Krist-röðr, Fms., Krist-rún, etc. KRÍA, u, f. [this word does not occur in old writers, and may be derived from Swed. kry, from the brisk and lively temper of this bird]:• -- a s e cr- fc ird, the tern, Lat. sterna; from this restless and noisy bird comes the saying, vera einsog kria a steini, or, einsog kria verpi, to be restless and unsteady. kriu-egg, n. the egg of a k. For an account of this bird, which abounds in Ice)., see Eggert Itin. ch. 675; and for the curious lawsuit called Kriu-mál, see Espol. Arb. 1692, 1693. kría, að, t o c ry or beg; kria ser e-ð út, (conversational.) kríkar, in. pl. [kriki], the thighs, Fas. ii. 256. kríli, n. [North. E. c reel], a small basket, creel. krím, n. so d, grime; augna-krim, xerophlhalmia, Fól. ix. krímugr and krímóttr, adj. grimy, of sheep with black cheek?, krísta, t, to chirp, ommiatop.; það kristir í hoiuirn, of suppressed laughter. Krít, f. [Lat. creta; Germ, kreide; Dan. kridt] , chalk. II. a local name. Crete; Kritar-byggi, Kritar-menn, the Cretans, Edda (pref.), Symb. Kritar-Jx3rr, m. Thor (i. e. Jove) of Crete, Rret., Edda (pref.) KRJÚPA, pres. krýp; pret. kraup. pl. krupu, subj. krvpi; part. kropinn; [A. S. creôpan; Engl. creep; Swed. krypa; Dan. krybe~\ :-- to creep, crouch; vúru dyrnar svá lagar at nær varð at k. inn, Hkr. ii. 3/9; hann kraup til fóta þeirn, Ölk. 35; þóat ek krypa í neðstu smugur helvítis fylgsna, Sks. 605; gaf Sverrir konungr þeim mikit skak fyrir þat, er þeir höfðu kropit þar urn hris at nokkrum silfrpenningum, Fms. viii. 143; vér krjúpum eigi í bug skjaldi, vi. 416 (in a verse); hann kvað konung holzti lengi hafa kropit þar um lyng, Hkr. iii. 376; fokk hann nauðula kropit til at höggva virgulinn í sundr, Hom. 117; mátti hón eigi áðr krjúpa þangat áðr sem nú gékk hón, 115. 2. to fail prostrate, kneel, esp. in an eccl. sense, to humble oneself; þá er vér krjupum til hans ir. eð iðran undir hans miskunn, Skálda ill; biskup líknaði hvervetna þeirn sein til hans miskunnar krupu, Bs. i. 751; mildr ulluin þeim er til hans krupu, Al. . 135; kry'p ek til kross, Likn. 30; játa þæ. r sektina ok krjupa undir skriptina, Th. 78; gjarua vil eg að fótum þín, feginn fram flatr krjiipa, Pass. 41. 4 :-- eccl. to kneel in service; as also krjúpa á kné, id. II. part, kropinn, crippled; see kroppinn. KROF, n. [cp. kryfja, and a lost strong verb krjúfa, krauf, krofinn, t o embowel\ :-- the cut-up carcase of a slaughtered animal; uauts-k., sauðar- k., Dipl. v. 18, Sturl. iii. 262, Fas. ii. 114. kropna, að, to be crippled, Hom. 114, O. H. L. 84: to be clenched, stiffened, var hiindin kropnað at brefinu, Rum. 248. kropning, f. a kneeling, Sturl. ii. 178. kroppa, að, t o c rop, pick; þá settisk fluga ein á hönd honum ok kroppaði, Edda 69; kroppa gras, to crop grass, graze. kroppa, u, f. a nickname, Landn. kroppin-bakr, m. a hump-hack, Fas. kroppinn, ad), crippled, crooked; kroppnir fætr, O. H. L. 84; kroppnir km'iar, Rm. 8. kroppin-skeggi, a, m. a nickname, Landn. KROPPR, m. [A. S. and Engl. c rop (of a bird); Germ, kropf; Dan. krop; Swed. kropp] :-- a bump or bunch on any part of the bodv; ok rekr á kroppinn erninum ..., varð föst stüngin við kropp arnarins, Edda 45, Mag. IO :-- in mod. usage the body, með beran kroppinn; þó kropprian verði kaldr núr, Pass. 44. 7, passim: a nickname, Landn., Sturl. II. as a local name, Landn. kroppungr, m. a kind offish, shrimp ("?] , Edda (Gl.), D. N. v. 75. KROSS, m.; the earliest poets use the Lat. form, but as masc., helgum cnici, Edda 92 (in a verse); merki criicis, Likn. 52, which form remains in the pr. name Krysi-vik, Kryci-vika, q. v.; [like A. S. and Engl. c r oss, Hel. cruel. Germ, kreuz, Swed. -Dan. kor s, from Lat. crux] :-- a cross, Bs., N. T., Pass., Vidal. passim. 2. the holy rood, crucifix, in the Roman Catholic times; Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok oil heilög tákn, Nj. 107; taka kross í hönd sér, of one taking an oath, Grág. i. 64; hann let einn gullkross göra ok síðan vígja, Fms. vi. 142; í brikum ok krossum, Bs. i. 132. These holy roods were erected on high roads, and worshipped, -- hón hafði bæna-hald sitt á Krosshólum, þar let hún reisa krossa, Landn. ill; þeir höfðu krossa tvá, þá er nú eru í Skarði inu eystra, merkir annarr hæð Ólafs konungs en annarr hæð Hjalta Skeggja- sonar, Bs. i. 21: allit., kirkja eðr kross, fara til kirkju eða kross, t o go to wortbip at church or cross, Hom. (St.); hann kom hvárki til kross 116 kirkju, Art. 21; hafnar-kross, Bs. i. 607, (see höfn); hinn þriðja dag í Jólum at kveldi var hón, at krossi, s hewa s worshipping at a cross, 370, cp. 607; kross-smíð, the carving of a cross, Ann. 1334. Many local names bear witness to this cross-worship, which answers to the horgar of the heathen age, cp. the passage in Landn. 1. c.; Kross, Kross-á, Krossár-dalr, Kross-áss, Krossa-nes, Krossa-vík (whence Krossvíkingar, Ísl. ii), Kross-holt, Kross-hólar, Kross- sund, as also Krysi-vik (q. v.) in southern Icel., prob. from a harbour cross being erected there, Landn., Sturl., the map of Icel., cp. Engl. and Scot. /7o ly Rood: -- the name of several ancient poems, Kross-drápa, Kross-visur. 3. the sign of the cross (signa or signa sig); Skíði górði skyndi-kross skjótt með sinni loppu, Skíða R. 125; í kross, adv. c r oss- w i se, inform of a cross; þat kallaði haun svá er í kross var sprungit, Glúm. 383; ok var hvartveggi brenndr í kross, Nj. 209; þat hafði hann helzt til trurir, at hann blt-s í kross ytir drykk sinum, Fs. 103. 4. a cross used to summon people to a meeting (the Scot. Fiery c r oss), called skcra kross, Grág. i. 166, 446, 447, N. G. L. i. 11, 348, 378, answering to the heathen her-or. COMPDS: krossa-lauss, sdj. ' cross-less, ' not making the sign of the cross; hann drakk oil minni krossalaus, Fms. i. 37. kross- band, n. a band cross-wise, Gþl. 382. kross-binda, batt, to bind cross-iuise. kross-búza, u, f. name of a ship, Ann. kross- dúkr, m. a cross-kerchief, Vm. 95. kross-fall, n. the dropping a cross (v. supra 4), N. G. L. i. 378. kross-fe, n. a payment to keep up a holy rood, D. N. kross-ferill, in. and kross-ganga, u, f. the way of the cross, Christ's bearing the cross, Pass. II. 3. kross-för, f. the forwarding a cross (v. supra 4), Grág. i. 446. Kross-gildi, n. Crossgild, a pr. name, Fms. ix. 529. kross-gotur, f. pl. cross-paths; for popular tales of wizards sitting on cross-roads, where all the fairies pass by, see Ísl. fojóðs. i. 436-438. kross-hús, n. a cross-bouse, bouse with a holy rood, Bs. i. 379. kross-maðr, m. a cross-man, warrior of the cross, O. H. 216. kross-maðra, u, f. a kind of madder, bed-straw, galium. kross-mark, n. the sign of the cross, Fms. i. 35, Magn. 512. kross-merki, n. = krossmark, Greg. 51. Kross-messa, u, f. Cross-mass, twice in a year, once in the spring (Krossmessa á vár), the 3rd of May (Invenlio Crucis), and once in autumn, the I4th of September (Elevatio Crucis), K. Á. 188, Rb. 372, Fms. ix. 374. krossmessu-dagr, m. id., Jb. 454, 476. kross- pisl, f. the passion on the cross, Biirl. Kross-Saga, u, f. the Story of the Cross; þar eru kross-sögur báðar, Vm. 6. kross-skjöldr, m. a shield with a cross on it, Rt'-tt. kross-skurðr, m. the despatching of a cross (message), N. G. L. i. 137, 378. kross-tákn, n. the token, sign of the cross, Hom. 90. kross-tíðir, f. pl. a cross-service, legend, to be at a cross-worship, Ann. 1333. kross-tré, n. the tree of the cross, 623. 20, Symb. 20. kross-urt, f. = krossmaðra. kross-varða, u, f. a cross-beacon, wayside cross. kross-vegr, m. = krossgata, D. N. kross-viðr, m. = krosstré, Bév. kross-víti, n. a ' cross-wife, ' a fine for not forwarding a cross message, N. G. L. i. II. krossa, að, to sign with a cross, passim, as also to ere c t a cross; krossa lóð, to mark a field with /He cross, as a sign that it is to be put up for sale, N. G. L. i. 37: reflex, to take the cross as a crusader, Fms. xi. 351; krossaðr til útferðar, id. kross-festa, t, to fasten to the cross, crucify, 625. 76, Skálda 209, Bs. passim, N. T., Vidal.: part, kross-festr, crucified, H. E. [. 469, passim. kross-festing, f. crucifixion, 623. 2, 625. 73, Fms. v. 343. krota, að, (krot, n.), to engrave, ornament, of metal; knappar krot- aðir, D. N., and in mod. usage. KRÓ, f., pl. kra'r, [Dan. kro] , a small pen or fence, in Icel. the pen in which lambs when weaned are put during the night. króa, að, to pen in a kró; króa lömb, to pen lambs. krógi, a, m. a boy, urchin; krabbinn talar við krógann sinn, Húst. krók-boginn, part, bent as a hook. krók-faldr, m. a crooked hood, Ld. 126; see faldr. krók-fjöðr, f. a barbed head of a spear or arrow, Grett. 99, see Worsaae, Nos. 350, 351. krók-loppinn, adj. with hands crooked and numbed from cold. krók-lykill, m. a hook-shaped key, Sd. 139, see Worsaae, No. 465. krók-nefr, m. crook-nose, Bs. i. 824. krókóttr, adj. crooked, winding; krókótt á, a winding river, Pr. 476: cunning, Fb. i. 208: neut. krókótt, Band. 32 new Ed. krók-pallr, m. a crooked seat, corner seat(1), Fms. vii. 325. KRÓKR, m., krakr, Am. 45, Pm. 76; [Engl. crook; Dan. krog; Swed. krok] :-- a hook, anything crooked; krókr þrí-angaðr, a three-pronged hook, a trident, Bret. 6: a barb on a spear or arrow head, Grett. 45, 109 new Ed.: of a fishing-hook, Lil. 60, 78, 82; tveggja króka hald í vatnit, Pm. 41; mi er nlfs-hali einn á króki, a saying, Band, (in a verse): a peg, þeir tóku reip ofan ór krókum, Hrafn. 20; brjóta spjót ór krókum, Sturl. iii. 188: a kind of crooked-formed box to carry peat in, torf-krókar: the coils like a dragon's tail on a ship's stern, opp. to the ' head' (höfuð) on the ship's stem, Irani var á dreka-höfuð, en aptr krókr ok fram af sem sporðr, Hkr. i. 284; þat var dreki, var bæði höfuðin ok krnkar aptr mjök gullbuit, Orkn. 332; höfuðit ok krokrinn var allt gullbúið, Fb. i. 435: a kind of boat-hook, a brand-hook, Ísl. ii. 411 (v. l.), N. G. L. ii. 448 r of a wrestling trick, see hæl-krókr; the phrase, láta koma krók á móti bragði: a game, trying the strength by hooking one another's fingers, fara í krók: the phrase, leggja sig í framkróka, to exert oneself, plan and devise; styris-krokar, a rudder's book, Fas. iii. 204; hence prob. the phrase, þar reis at undir kroki, there r os e (a wave] under the rudder, Sturl. i. 47: an anchor fluke, Fms. vi. (in a verse). 2. a winding; Máriu-súðin (a ship) reist langan krók er þeir skyldu snúa henni, Fms. viii. 222; svá , . var skipat mönnum með fó þessu at þar skyldi engan krók rísta, i. e. to go

KUÖKKAPTU -- K Ü M L. 357

straight, Ld. 96; gora sér krok, to make a circuit, Fas. iii. 197. 3. a device; ek hefir hann þat í hug sér at rétta þenna krók, Ld. 40, 260, Stj. 515; Króka-Rcfr. Re/the Wily, Krók. II. a nook; í kn'ikinn hjá husinu, Fs. 42, (krok-pallr); aka e-m í öngan krók, to put one into a corner, to entrap, a saying, Fms. vi. 132 (in a verse). III. a nickname, Landn.; whence Króks-fjörðr, a local name, Lnndn. króka-spjót, n. a barbed spear, Ld. 78, Eg. 726, Fbr. 11, and see Worsaae, No. 350. krók-raptr, n. crank-rafters in a bouse, Gbl. 331. krók-spjót, n. a barbed spear, N. G. L. i. So. krók-stafr, in. a crooked stick, Karl. 278, Fms. iii. í 78: a crosier, D. N. krók-stika, u, f. a kind of candlestick, Via. 34, 69, Jm. 2. krók-stjaki, a, m. a boat-hook. krók-sviða, u, f. a kind of batcbet with a book, Gullþ. 14. krók-ör, f. a barbed arrow, Al. 149, N. G. L. i. 80, Fas. iii. 331, Róm. 240, O. ILL. 71. krubba, u, f. [Engl. crib; Dan. krybbe] , a crib, Skáld H. 6. 19. krukka, u, f. [A. S. crocca; Hel. cruca; Engl. crock; Germ, krug; Dan. krukke~\, a pot, MS. 1812 (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage. krumma, u, f. (kryrnma, Ilkv. Hjörv. 22), [Germ. krum\, a crooked, clownish hand, paws, Skíða R. 8, Fms. iii. 189, vi. 206, Grett. 124 new Ed., Ísl. ii. 443. krummi, a, m. a pet name of a raven, perhaps Crook-beak, Edda ((31.), Ösv. S. 3, 4, 6; freq. in popular songs, -- Krunimi kruukar uti, | kalhir á nafna sinn; Kruinminn á skjá, skjá, | skekr belgi þrjá, þrjú, etc.; betr skrifa krumma klær, Jón. borl. Krumma-kvseði, n. Raven song. krumr, m. = kruinmi (?), a nickname, Landn.; whence Krymlingar. krumsi, a, m. -- krumnii, Edda (Gl.) krungr, m. a hump; krungr upp ur bakinu á honum. krutr, m. = krytr, a murmur, Bs. ii. 227. krúna, u, f. [Lat. c oron a], a crown, Stj., F'ms. passim: the crown of the head, Sturl. iii. 281: the crown, royalty, H. E. i. 528: a shaven crown, K. f). K. 72, Bs. i. passim: the forehead of oxen. COMPDS: krunu- breiðr, adj., rendering of the Gr. fvpv^ÍTanrus. krúnu-gull, n. a coronation ring, J;itv. 2. krúnu-klæði, n. coronation robes, J. -'itv. Krúnu-messa, u, f. ' Crown-mass, ' Corona Spinarum, = ihc nth of October, Ann. 1300, H. E. i. 444. krxinii-vigsla, u, f. a coronation. Bs. i. 414, 640. krúna, að, to crown, Fms. vii. 308, N. G. L. i. 451: reflex., Bs. ii. 98. krúnk, n. onomatop. the raven's cry; knink ! kri'nik ! Snot (1866) 141. krúnka, að, to croak, of a raven; hani, krumnii, hundr svin, ... galar, krnnkar geltir, hrin, a ditty. krús, f. a pot, tankard, Lat. crustula, Stj. 582; kriisum eða künnum, Rétt. 13. 2. Kryci-vika, u, f. [old Sax. cruci-wica; Germ, kreuz-wocbe] , the second week before Whitsuntide. krydd, n. [Hel. krud = berba; Germ, kraut] , . spice, Stj. 194, 205, Flov. 80. krydd-jurt, f. spice herbs. krydda, að. [Dan. krydre] , to spice. KRYFJA, pres. kryf, pret. krufði, part, krnfðr and krufinn, to split, embowel; þá krufði hann hana sinn, Fms. v. 194, Fas. ii. 376 (of a fish); svá segja incnn at þeir kryfði þorgeir til hjarta, Fbr. 108; var kalfr cinn skorinn ok krnfðr, Fas. iii. 33, Mag. 138. krymma, u, f. = krumma, Hkv. Hjiirv. 22. kryplingr, in. [Engl. cripple; Dan. kröbung] , a cripple, Hkr. iii. 116, Fms. xi. 308, Magn. 528, Bs. passim. kryppa, u, f. [kroppr], a bump, buncb. Fas. ii. 390, Skíða R. 8. kryppill, m. a cripple, Karl. 469, Mar. krypt and kraupt, [a for. word], a crypt in a church, THom. Krysi-vík, f. a local name in Icel., no doubt qs. Kryci-vik, -- Kross- vik, = Holy-rood-wick; from the Saxon form cruel, as in Hel. krysja, pret. krusti, defect, [cp. Dan. kryster = a coward] , to crouch, linger; þeir er krustu undir garðinum urðu eigi fyrr varir við, en ..., Fms. viii. 38. krytja, krutti, to murmur, = kretta; þorði mi engi at krytja eðr kveina móti Israels-lyð, Stj. 370. krytr, m. murrnurings, ill will; nabiia-krytr, neighbour-quarrels. krýna, d, to crown. krýning, f. coronation. kræða, u, f. a kind of lichen, lichen coralloides, Björn. kræfr, adj. daring, (conversational.) kræki-ber, n. pl. the fruit of the crow-berry, empelnim nigrum, Bs. i. 135, freq. in mod. usage, krseki-lyng, n. crow-berry. krækill, m. a crooked stick, Finnb. 216, 222. KRÆKJA, ð or t, [krókr], to book with anything crooked, the in- strument in dat.; hann krækti handar-stnfmum í kistu-hringana, Fms. x. 258, Eg. 564, Fb. i. 524, Grett. 50 new Ed., Karl.; hann knekir fótunum niðr undir kviðinn (of a horse), Sd. 177; hékk akkeri mikit;'i Drómundinum, ok var krækt fleinunnm á borðit, en leggrinn vissi ofan, and bad the fluke hooked on the gunwale, but the leg turned down, Orkn. 362; bórir krcfkði upp öxinni, Ó. H. 135, Fms. vii. 264, F. b. 310, Fær. 110; krækt er saman beinnin í bór, tby bones are hooked together, i. e. . badly knit, Grett.; hann knekti fæîr undan þeini með staf, be booked their legs with his stick, Fms. vii. 264; hann vudi k. af honurn skjüldinn, Gullþ. 15. II. metaph. to go in circuits, in windings; þeir koma aptan dags á einn fjörð mikinn, ok kravkti ymsa vega í landit, a fjord which branched, spread widely into the coun'y, Krók. 52. III. refiex. to be booked, Sks. 27 new Ed.; krækjask til, to grapple in close fight, Fær. 18; vera inni kræktr, to be shut in, Fms. viii, 386. krækla, u, f. a crooked twig. kræklingr, sn. a shell, common sea snail, used for fish bait. kræla, d, to stir: í fyrsta sinn með fingri mOr | fann ek nokkut kræla, Yöls. R. 230: mod., láta ekki á sér kræla, not to stir. KRÆSA, t, [kras], to make a dainty di s h; kræsast, to fare sumptu- ously, Stj. 514, Karl. 250. kræsing, f. sumptuous fare, dainty. KRÖF, f., gen. krafar, pl. krafir, [krefja], a claim, demand, Stj. 225; K. Á. 220, Fms. i. 66. kröggur, f. pl. [from Engl. crag's ?], straits; vera í krwggum, komast i kroggur, (conversational.) krökt, n. adj. swarming; krökt af fti, freq. in mod. usage; see krikt. KRÖM, f., gen. kramar, [krernja; Ulf. krammifta -- tKfias, L\ike viii. 6] :-- a pining, ivasting sickness; hefir hún haft langan va-nmatt, ok var þat kriim mikil, Eg. 565; brándr hafði augnaverk mikinn ok þó aðrar kramar miklar, Far. 213; líða svá margir dagar at herrans sjúkdómr snýsk í krciin, Bs. ii. 227; nieð leiðri kröm, Od. xi. 200 (rrj/ifSuft ffTvytpri); kuldi ok krorn, kröm og vesiild. kröptr, in., pl. kreptir, a crypt, THom. 543. kröptugr, adj. [kraptrj, strong, Str. 60, Hrafn. 27, H. E. i. 513. kröptuliga, adv. with might and main, Hyin., freq. in mod. usage. kröptuligr, a(ij. mighty, strong, freq. in mod. usage. KUBBA, að, [Engl. chop], to chop, cut clean; kubba e-t í suadr. kubbóttr, adj. = kufuttr (q. v.), Sks. 64 B. kubbr, in. a notch; tre-kubbr. kuðr, adj., see kunnr. kuðungr, m. a kind of shell, see kufungr; hneppa sig í kuðung, to crouch into one's shell, like a snail, cp. Safn i. 91, 97. KUFL, m., older form kofl, [Engl. cowl; mid. Lat. citculus] , a cowl, Fms. viii. 245, ix. 531: a cowled cloak, Landn. 218, Fas. ii. 541, Fs. 74. kufls-höttr, n. (-hattr, Fms. v. 182), a cowl, Fms. iii. 162, Fas. i. 9. kufl-maðr, m. a cowl-man, Fms. iii. 37, Fas. ii. 541. kuflungr, m. a cowl-man, Fms. viii. 245: name of a party in Nor- way, Fb. iii. kuggi, a, m. -= kuggr (?), a nickname, Landn. KUGGR, in. [Engl. and Dutch cog; by Du Gauge derived from Lat. co n c ha] :-- a cog, a kind of ship, but originally (as is probable) a foreign ship, Saxon, Hanscatic, or the like, F'b. iii. 175, 224, Orkn. 200, 298, Ld. 314, Fms. i. 122, viii. 249, ix. 44, Ann. 1343, 1349, 1392. KUKL, n. [prob. a for. word, which occurs in no very old writers; Germ, gaukel; Engl. juggle^ :-- juggling, sorcery, Edda ii. 638 ^spelt kuckl), Mag. 176; kukl og fjolkyngi, Pass. 14. ii. kuklari, a, m. a juggler, wizard, kuklara-skapr, m. sorcery, Bs. i. 237, Fas. iii. 237. kul, n. a cold breeze; fagrt kul, Fms. xi, 439. kula, að, to bloiu gently. kul-borð, n. the windward or weather side, opp. to the leeward. KULDI, a, m. co ld, opp. to hiti; fro. it ok kuldar, Fms. ii. 29, -228, viii. 19, Ld. 168, Gg. 12, Fs. 179, Fbr. 28. COMPOS: kulda-bólga, u, f. a chilblain. kulda-samr, adj. cold, chilly, Ld. 286. kulda- skel, f. a kind of shell, concha orbiculata levis. kulda-strá, f. a withered straw: metaph. an outcast. kulda-veðr, n. cold weather, Fms. v. 178, Fas. i. 393. kulda-vegr, in. the cold zone, (mod. kulda- belti, n.), Sks. ic;8. II. metaph. coldness, malice; kenna, kulda af e-m, to feel chilly, sore, Eb. 290, Ld. ic6, 158, Sturl. ii. 129. kulna, að, to ' cool out, ' go out, of fire. kul-samr, r. dj. -- kulviss, Grett. 160 new Ed., v. 1. kult, n. [prob. a for. word], a quilt: a counterpane, Eb. 264, Sturl. iii. 165, Dipl. v. 18. Str. 5. 51, Fms. x. 16: masc., eiiiurn dyium silki-kult, Art. kul-visi, f. the being kulviss. kul-víss, adj. sensitive to cold, Dan. kulskjer, Greit. 144 A. kumba, u, f. the name of a bondwoman, Rm. kumbaldi, a, m. a small cairn, hovel; þið getið sotið ein í gamla kunib- aldanum ykkar, Undina 7, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 105. kumbi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 69. kumbr, m. -- kubbr, a chopping, cutting; tn'-kumbr, Barl. 165. II. nykr, q. v., or the fabulous sea horse, Maurer's Volks. 33. KUML, kumbl, kubl, n. This word is chiefly interesting because of its frequent occurrence on the old Dan. and Svved. Runic stones, where it is always used in plur.; the spelling varies, kuml, kubl, or kumbl; in old Icel. writers it only occurs a few times, and they even use the sing.; it is now quite obsolete: I. prop, a sign, badge, mark, [A. S. cumbol; Hel. cumbal and cvmbl = sigmtm] , a war badge, esp. used of any heraldic emblems; yet in the Scandin. langu. igc this sense is rare,

358 KUMLA -- KUNNA.

-- kuml konunga or kerum valdi, Gh. 7; kumbla-smiðr, a ' cumboV smith, Akv. 24; the compd her-kuml, the badge worn on the helmet; jotun-k., the giant's mark, i. e. the badge of being the giant's kinsman, Fas. ii. (in a verse); and lastly in or-kuml, a lasting scar, maiming for life, cp. kumla below. II. in Scandinavia, analogous to the Gr. orifia., kuml came to mean ' a monument, ' a cairn, how; in the phrase, göra kuml (kubl), syno- nymous to gura mark, merki, which also occurs (e. g. Bant. 138, 214, 461, 722, 1143); kuml is the general term, opp. to stain, rúnar, which are special terms; thus distinction is made between stain and kuml, Baut. 771: 1. on Runic stones, a. on Danish stones, Tuki raisþi stain þausi ok gaurþi kubl, Rafn 213; Asfriþr görþi kumbl þaun, Thorsen 43; kubl þusi, 23; þurnumdr niout (i. e. njót!) kubls, 7' h. enjoy thy kuml! rest in peace! 265; Ala sunir garþu kubl þausi aft faþur sinn, Rafn 193; siþi sú mannr es þausi kubl upp briuti, a curse be on the man that breaks this k., 205; Usk garþi kumbl þisi, 202; Haraldr kunungr baþ gaurva kubl þausi at Gurm faþur sinn, 39, (Jellinge.) P. on Swedish stones, garþi kubl þisi aftir Svin sun sinn, Rafn 35; garpu kuml sniallir sunir Hulmlaugar, Baut. 759! nia 'g' brautar kubl batra varþa, a better ro ad kuml cannot be, 41, (see the remarks under bautasteinn); Ketill risþi kuml þiasi aftir Val, 1027; Finniþr garþi kuml þaisi aftir Gairbiurn faþur siun, 824; kuml garþi þatsi Ketil slagr, 771; Usk let gaura kuml, likhus ok bru at sun sinn, 735, iioo; þau risþu (raised) kuml þisi, 8S6. 2. in Icel. a cairn; en inannfüll þessi eru sögð eptir kumlum þeim er fundin eru, þar er bardagarnir hafa verit, Gullþ. 25; þar fell jþórarinn krúkr, ok þeir fjórir, en sjau menu af Steinólfi, þar eru kuml þeirra, Landn. 128; þar fell Skeggbjörn ok átta menu aðrir, þar er haugr Skeggbiarnar á fitinni, en aðrir vóru jarðaðir í Landraugs-holti þar hjá iîtinni, ok sér þar enn görla kumlin, Bs. (KristniS.) i. 15; ok reimt þykkir þar síðan vera hjá kiimhim þeirra, Ísl. ii. 115: in sing., þau liggja bæði í kumli í Laxárdal, Ld. 158; þorke'l vil! nú bera aptr sverðit í kuinlit, ... saxit var ok upp tekit or kumli Nafars, Rd. ch. 19; þá gekk hann í dalverpi lítið ok fann þar kuml manns, þar þreifaði hann niðr fyrir fætr sér, ok fann þar manns bein ok sverð eitt, Draum. 129. The worship of hows and cairns was forbidden even in the heathen age as being counected with sorcery, see haugr, hörgr, whence blætr kumbla, a worshipper of cairns, a wizard, warlock, a term of abuse, Pig. (in a verse); kumla brjotr, Korm. S., is also prob. a false reading for bljótr or blnetr. III. in provinc. Icel. a low hayrick is called kuml; cp. also kumbaldi. kumla, kumbla, að, to bruise, wound: part, kumlaðr, bruised; sárr ok k., Sturl. ii. 71; brynja þín slitin, hjálmr þinn kumlaðr, þiðr. no: in mod. usage esp. of scratches and bruises on the hands and face; or- kumlaðr, maimed. kuml-búi, a, in. a cairn-dweller, Draurn. 130. kuml-dys, f. a little cairn, Gg. i. kuml-mark, n. a monument, Rafn 213. kumpánn, m. = kompann, a companion, fellow, mate, Fær. 158, Fms. iii. 157, Vígl. 29, Fs. 14, 72: also of a woman, D. N. i. 389: this word seems in the 141)1 century to have been used in familiar address = dear friend! dear boy! and occurs freq. in the Laur. S. kompána-skapr, in. companionship, friendship, Laur. S., Stj. 255: in mod. usage Icel. say kompana-legr, adj. companionable, frank, merry, familiar, and komp- éna-skapr, m. familiarity. kumpása, að, Sks. 64; see kompása. kumpáss, m., Rb. 466, 472, Sturl. iii. 306; see kompáss. kumra, að, [cp. Dan. knmmer = woe, grief] , to bleat, of a goat. Kumrar, m. pl. Cumbrians; Kumra-land, n. Cumberland, Þd. Kumrskr or Kumbskr, adj. from Cumberland, Hallfred. -kunda, from koma, only in compds, sani-k., a congregation. KUNDR, in., gen. kundar, poet, a son, kinsman, Lex. Poet, passim. -kunn or -kuðr, f. in compds, ein-kunn, var-knnn, mis-kunn, q. v. KUNNA, pres. (in pret. fonn) kann, kannt (kanntu), kann; pl. kunnum, kunnut, kunnu (mod. kunnum, kunnit, kunna); pret. kunni; subj. kynni; imperat. kunn; part. neut. kunnat; the pres. iufin. kunnu for kunna is obsolete, whereas a pret. inrin. kunnu, potuisse, occurs, ísldr. 9: with neg. sulî'. kann-at, Hm. 147; kann-k-a ek, 7 know not, Skálda (Thorodd) 167, Hallfrcd; see Gramm. p. xxiii: [Ulf. knnnan -- yiyvtufffcetv, dStvai; A. S. and Hel. ctinnan; O. H. G. liunnan; in these old languages, the two senses of knowing how to do and being able to do are expressed by the same form, and this remains in Dan. kwide, Swed. kicnna: in others, a distinction is made: Old Engl. and Scot, ken, know and can; Germ. iennen and kunnenJ] A. To know, understand, of art, skill, knowledge, with acc.; hann þóttisk rísta henni manrúnar, en hann kunni þat eigi, Eg. 5^7; hann kunni margar tungur, Fms. xi. 326; þú kannt mart þat er eigi kunnu aðrir menu, v. 236; k. seið, Vsp. 25; Hann ræddi, ef hann kynni nafn Guðs it hæsta -- Kann ek nokkurt nafn Guðs, -- fn'kkja inor slikt eigi prestar er tigi kunna it haesta nafn Guds -- Kanntú nafnit? -- -Ek veil þann maim er kunna niun, ... Nefn þú þá ef þú kannt!... Guð veit at ek vilda gjarna kunna, Bs. i. 421; engi skal sá vera her með oss er eigi k'. mni ne'kkurs-konar list eðr kunnandi, Edda 31; ekki kann ek ) skaldskap, Fms. vii. 60; kannt þn nakkvat í lögum? -- Kunna þótta ek norðr þar, Nj. 33; at þetta væri at visu log þótt fair kynni, 237; ek kann Htt til laga, 31: of sports, kunna á skíðum, Fms. i. 9; k. við skíð ok boga, Ü. H. 71; k. við buklara, Sturl. ii. 44; kunna á bók, to know by book, know how to read, Mar. 2. to know by memory; kunna menn enn kvæði þeirra, Hkr. (pref.); hví kveðr þú flokka eina, kanntii ok engar drapur? -- Eigi kann ek drápurnar færi en rlokkana, Fms. vi. 391; Ijóð ek þau kann, er kannat þjóðans son, Hm. 147 sqq.; þat kann ek it áttjánda, er ek æva kennig, 164; en Konr ungr kunni rúnar, 1^. 111. 40, 42; kunna betr, id., Vkv. 26; kunna utan-bókar, to know without book, know by heart; hún kunni þær allar (Spurningar) vel, nema Sjötta kapitulann, ... Sigriðr kunni allar Ulfars-rimur, Piltr og Stiilka 23. 3. to know a person, a face; synir Heli vóru i'isiðugir ok kunnu eigi Guð Dróttinn, Stj. 429; ek kann þann mann, 460; ok unni honum hverr maðr er hann (acc.) kunni, every man that knew him loved him, Hkr. i. í 21; kann kvaðsk eigi k. þá ok eigi hirða hverir vóru, Barl. 36; þik kann ek fullgcrva, I know thee well enough, Ls. 30; góða menu þá er ek giirva kunna, Hbl. 7 í kunna ek báða Brodd ok Hörvi, Hdl. 24; hverr er kunni (mik), Heir. 7; hvars menn eðli okkart k., 3: to know, of the character, hann kvað þá k. sik úgorla, er þeir veittu honum átölur, því at ek hefi dregit yðr undan dauða, segir hann, Ld. 282; ek kann hvárn-tveggja ykkarn konungs, Fms. vi. 100. 4. spec, phrases; kunna góð. í stilling á e-u, hversu góða still- ing hann kunni á hersíjórninni, how skilful he was in military things, Fms. i. 98; k. hóf at inn e-t, to know one's measure in respect of a thing, to behave with moderation, Finnb. 356; þorvaldr kvað hana ekki liof at kunna, Ld. 134; allt kann sá er hófit kann, Gísl. 27; ef Griss kynni hóf sitt, Sd. 139; Klauii, Klauti, kunn þú hóf þitt? id.; kunna sér margt, to be skilled in many things; hón var væn kona, ok kunni sér allt vel, Dropl. 7, 35; hann kunni enga leið, he it new no road, Eg. 149; þeir munu eigi k. leiðina, Fs. 105: absol., uxarnir kunnu þú heim, found their way home, Dropl. 8; k. skyn e-s, to know all about... • hann kunni allra skyn í borginni, Fms. vi. 410; Asa ok Alfa ek kann allra skil, Hm. 160; k. iinga mannraun, to have no experience of men, Fms. vi. 53; ek kann skap bin at því, at... . Sturl. i. 30. II. metaph. usages; kunna e-m þíikk, to be thankful, oblige. d to one, Fms. xi. 29, 32; at hann kynni þess mikla þökk ok aufusu, Eg. 521; veizla er yðr búin, kann ek yðr mikla þiikk at þér þiggit, Fms. vi. 277' k. e-m úþiikk fyrir e-t, v. 14; k. sér þörf til e-s, to feel the want of a thing; ef bóndi kann þess þörf, if he knows the need of if, Grág. i. 152; at hann leggi fram vöruna svá sem þií kannt þér þörf til, Ld. 70. 2. kunna sik, to know oneself; sá er svinnr er sik kann, he is a wise man who knows himself, a saying, Hrafn. 10: to behave, Gríinr kveðsk niundu meiða hann ef hann kynni sik eigi, Eg. 189; ok vita ef þeir kunni sik þá görr meir, Stj. 264; k. sik ilia, to be naughty, Biarn. 3. kunna S('T, kunna munda ek niúr þat (I should know how to do that) ef ek hefða víg vegit, Gísl. 143; gá þess, ok kunn þér (take heed, learn!) at varask annars vígkæni, Sks. 383; er þorólfr svá viti borinn, at hann mundi k. sór (have sense enough) at vera eigi fyrir liði yðru, Eg. 134; kunni hann sér þann hagnað at girnask ekki Svia-konungs veldi, 0. H. 57; en kunnit yðr engi forráð eðr fyrirhyggju þegar er or koinit í nokkurn vanda, 67. III. denoting feeling, to feel angry or pleased; kunna e-n e-s, to be angry with a person for a thing; þá bað Jjórir konung, at hann skyldi eigi fyrirkunna hann þess at hann hafði Egil með sér um vetrinn, Eg. ch. 48; eigi vil ek fyrirkunna þik þessa orða, þvíat þú veizt eigi hvat varask skal, 0. H. 57; eigi hugða ek at hann mætti mik þessa k., þvíat eigi drap ek son hans, Hrafn. 16; kveðr þeir eigi sik einskis at k., Ísl. ii. 314; kunnit mik eigi þess er ek mun mæla, Fbr. 116; spurði livers him kynni arfa-sátuna, Nj. 194, v. 1. 2. with prep.; kunna e-n um e-t, id.; eigi er hann urn þat at kunna, Fs. 38; eigi munu þér kunna mik um þetta, Fms. i. 175; ekki áttú hann um þat at kunna, vi. 223; ef hertogi vill þik nokkut um þetta kunna, xi. 323; hón kunni hana mjok um áleitni þá, er..., Bs. i. 340. IV. with dat. to know; beir er menu kunnu eigi lu'-r máli eða tuugu við, Grág. i. 224; ef lögsögu- maðr kann þar eigi mönnuin fyrir í þá sveit, i. 10 B; kunni hann náliga manns múli, Fas. ii. 4-)3; haun kann eigi litilmensku várri, Bjarn. 54; kann þjóð kerski miiini, O. H. (in a verse); ek kann skapi Gunnhildar, 7 knoiv Gunbilda's temper, Nj. 5; kann ek glensvrðum yðrum Gautanna, Fas. iii. 80; ek kann ráðum Gunnhildar en kappi Egils, Eg. 257; ek kann skapi Hrafnkels, at hann mun ekki göra oss, ef hann náir þér eigi, Hrafn. 27: eigi kanntii góðgirnd (dat.) fdður várs, cf hann hefir honum eigi undan skotið, Fs. 38. 2. to be pleased with a thing or not; munda ek kunna því, at vér hefðim manna-lát mikit, ef..., Eg. 585; Eyjúlfr lozk því nathi mundu vel kunna, E. said be should be well pleased with that name, Glúm. 328; verðr hvúru-tveggju at kunna, o ne must take one or other of the two, 6. 11. 52; vit mutium þvi ilia k. ef þú veitir okkr eigi þat er vit beiðum, Eb. 114; hann kunni því stórílla ok hljúp i brott, Hkr. i. 36; munu s)-nir Njals ilia k. viginu, Nj. 64; Njall kunni ilia láti Gunnars, 117; I"gi konungr kunni þessu svá ilia at hann grot sem barn, Fms. vii. 273; aiidaðisk hann, Guðriðr kona hans kunni því lítt, Fb. i. 543; til þess at hon kunni því betr andlati nn'nu, id.; ilia jnunu þeir k. hogguin er heiman hafa hlaupit fra kirnu-askinum, Fms.

KUNNANDI -- KUTI. 359

vüi. 35O- 3. with prep.; kann ek ekki við því at yðr þykki sumt ofjarl eii sumt ekki at manni, 7 donot care for what you call..., Fms. vi. 53; kannka ek mart við veifanar-orði manna, / take nonotice of idle rumours, Hallfred; hence the mod. phrase, kunna við e-ð, to be pleased with; eg kann ekki við það, 7 donot like it; kunna vel, ilia við sik, to feel happy, unhappy in a place or condition; eg kann vel við mig þar, 7 like the place. B. To be able, Lat. posse, (in Engl., can, pret. could, has ceased to be used except in the finite moods), with infin.; the senses often run one into the other, but the use of the infinitive shews that the sense c an is at least partly implied; þá mælti konungr, ertu skáldit? -- Harm sagði, kann ek yrkja, 7 know í can make verses, Hkr. i. 288; hann kunni görr veðr at sjá en aðrir inenn, Kb. 150; þá hluti er þeir kunna honum til at segja, 112; freista hvat hann kynni segja honum, Hkr. i. 228: hón sagði hann eigi k. at Hggja sonia sinn, Fs. 131; hugsit urn hvar þann mann kann fá, where that man can be bad, Stj. 460; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Gråg. ii. 75; hvárt kanntú mér höll srníða? 656 B. 8; þeir er mildlega kunuu styra Guðs hjörð, Hom. 37; kanntú nökkut yrkia? Fms. vi. 361; kunna eigi at mæla, he could not speak, Ld. 30; mikil tíðendi kannþú (= kannt þú) at segja af himnum, Edda í 2; þú skalt eigi kunna frá tíðindum at segja, th ow s halt not be able to tell the tidings, shall not escape with life, Nj. 8; um þá hluti er ek kann görr at sjá en þér, Ld. 186; tkki kann biskup görr at sjá mann á velli en ek, Fms. ii. 173. II. to chance, happen; ef Björn faðir þeirra kann fyrr andask, ifB. should happen to die first, Dipl. v. 3; hvar sem þik kann at bera, wheresoever tboii may happen to arrive, Fms. iv. í 76 í er nokkut kann þat til at bera á þinni æfi, Gísl. 25; ef hann kann lengr at dveljask i brottu, D. N. v. 43; ok hun kann af þessun) heimi brott at tara, iii. 137. C. Recipr. to know one another; þeir kunnusk, Mork. 106. 2. part, kunnandi, cunning, knowing, learned, with gen.; veil ek at þú ert margs kunuandi, 655 xix. 3; hón var margs kunnandi, Fs. 73; Gyôa var marg-kunnandi á fyrnsku ok fróðleik, 131. kunnandi, f. knowledge, Edda 31, Bzr. 19, Hom. (St.) kunnand-leysi, n. want of knowledge, N. G. L. i. 346, 361. kunnasta and kunnusta, u, f. [Germ, kunst] , knowledge, knowing, Jb. 353 B, Fms. vi. 95, Edda (pref.), H. E. ii. 59: with the notion of witchcraft, Fms. i. 8, Stj. 101, Landn. 179. COMPOS: kunnustu- lauss, adj. ignorant, kunnustu-leysi, n. ignorance, N. G. L. i. 346. kunnátta, u, f. knowledge, Edda (pref.), Fms. iii. 184, freq. in mod. usage: as also of knowing by he*rt, þetta er engin kunnátta ! -- -magical knowledge, Eb. 44, Landn. 179. COMPDS: kunnáttu-lauss, adj. ignorant. kunnáttu-leysi, n. ignorance, Fms. ix. 331. kunn-göra, ð, t o wa ke known, publish, Dipl. iii. 5, 9, Fas. i. 28, iii. 189. kunnig-leiki, a, m. information, knozvledge, of a thing, Fas. i. 9: fami- liarity, acquaintance. kunnigr, adj., mod. kunmigr: I. [kunna], 1. of a thing, known; göra kunnigt, to make known, Eg. 282; vera kunnigt, to be known, 36, 38; hinna fyrri biskupa sem lands-lruUr var her kunnigri, H. E. ii. 79; inenn svá vitrir, ok kunnig login, to whom the law is so well known, Hkr. iii. 258; þér niun her kunnigt um husa-skipan, Eg. 235; var mér kunnigt um Brynjólf, enn kunnara um Bárð, 39; kunnigt er mér um hag ykkarn, Nj. 17; þat er yðr kunnigt, y ou know well, Fær. 138. 2. wise, super- natural, in which sense it has the contr. forms kunngir etc.; Ása-fólk var svá kunnigt, at allir hlutir gi'ngu at vilja þeirra, î)dda (init.); Haraldr konungr bauð kunngum manni at fara í harnforum til Islands, Hkr. i. 228; Simon Magus lastaði Petrum ok kvað hann vera kunugan nijok, Post. 656 C. 26; margar kunngar úvættir byggja land þat, Fms. xi. 182; fjöl-kunnigr, q. v. 3. in mod. usage, knowing well, well acquainted, familiar; vel kunmigr, gagn-kunnugr, hund-kunnugr, intimately ac- quainted. II. [kyn], high born; As kunnigan, Rm. I; kunnigri kván Niðaðar, Vkv. 23: kindred, As-kunnigr, Goð-k., Álf-k., q. kunningi, a, m. a friend, acquaintance, but less than vinr; vinir ok kunningjar, Eg. 116, Fms. ii. 5, 308, iv. 379, vi. 329, xi. 262, Fs. 8, Sks. 447; forn-k., an old acquaintance. kunn-kona, u, f. a female acquaintance, 0. H. 196, Greg. 33. kunn-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, in.), knowledge, intelligence; göra e-m e-t i kunnleika, to inform a person of, Fms. vi. 400, vii. 33, Ísl. ii. 182, Bs. i. 717, Fs. 21; e-m er k. a e-n, to know, be informed of, Grág. ii. 343; var honum allr k. á Brynjólfi, he Imnv E. very well, Eg. 162, Rd. 285; ef þeir eru her sumir, er eigi er þat í kunnleika, who does not know, Fms. viii. 313; ok má þat opt annarr vita er öðrum er eigi í kunnleika, Bret. 99. 2. intimacy, familiarity; þar vóru áðr kunnleikar iniklir með þeim Sigurði, Eg. 37; nú hafa lengi kunnleikar milli vár verit, Valla L. 20?; fékk Steinn þar allgúðar viðtekjur, þvíat þar vóru áðr kunnleikar miklir með þeim, O. H. 143. kunn-liga, adv. intimately, as an old acquaintance; kveðjask k., Fb. i. 272; þessi maðr kvaddi þorgils kunnliga, Ld. 276; vitja min k., Fs. 131; þorgils skyldi k. senda menn til Sigurðar, Fms. vii. 220; vitja þú k. þorkels Geysu, hvenar sem þú þykisk pess við þurfa, vi. 223; þá leita þú k. á fund þess manns er..., 224; látask k. við, Fs. 88; kunnliga ríða þeir þó, 105. kunn-maðr, m. a friend, acquaintance, Hkr. ii. 3, Fms. viii. 15, MS. 732- J3- kunn-mið, n. a word of unknown sense in Orkn. 386; prob. corrupt from some Gaelic local name. kunnr, adj., older kuðr, which form is freq. in poets, Hm. 56, and in old MSS.; dat. fem. sing, kuðri (no'ae) rhymed with Súðvik (Southwark), (). H. (in a verse), as in the compds ú-kuðr etc.; [Goth, kunþs; A. S. cî/5, whence Engl. tin-couth, prop. = strange; Germ. Jtwid~\ :-- known; vii ek göra þór kunnt, hvat vera skal um þinn hag, 655 ix. A. 2; var iner kunnara inn Bárð. Eg. 39; þór nuinii kunnar leiðir, Fms. i. 71; jókk því es niér varð síðan kunnara, íb. (pref.); jafn-kunnr; Bjiirn var frægr maðr ok mörgum kuðr (kunnr, O. H. 53, 1. c.) at sýn ok at máli, Hkr. ii. 78: familiar, grannar þínir ok kunnir menn, neighbours and friends, Hom. 151; vinir hans ok kunnir menu, Sks. 109; þeir vóru mjük kunnir áðr, intimate friends, Ld. 166. 2. with prep.; kunnr at e-u, known, convicted of; verðr harm at því kunnr eða sannr, N. G. L. i. 16, Gþl. 17: in a good sense, en þú, Einarr, ert k. at drengskap, Fms. vi. 21; emk kuðr at sliku, Fms. vi. (in a vi-rsc); kuðr at mali = nialkunnugr, 'speech friend, ' on speaking terms, Hm. 56: natn-kunnr, y a woz^s; u-kunnr, tin- known. kunnug-lega, adv., mod. for kunnlega, q. v. kunnug-leiki, a, m., mod. for kunnleikr. kunta, u, f. cuntnis. kurfaldi, a, in. a co al cutter (?), a mean churl, cp. Dan. kulsrier, Fms. vi. 363 (in a verse). KURFL, n., proncd. kurl, cut/ings of wood for charcoal. Fas. iii. 356, freq. in mod. usage: the saying, það konia ekki oil kurl til grafar, not all the cuttings come into the coalpit, of waste. kurfla, að, mod. kurla, to chop kurfl; kurfla. ðr viðr, Jb. kurfr, m. a chip, a cut-off piece; hann hafði í hendi af spjótbroti litinn kurf, Karl. 329: flugu kurfarnir yfir híifuð þeirn, Art. 82. KURR, m. (kuðr, Skíða R. 34, for the sake of rhyme) :-- a murmur, grumbling, uproar; staðnaði þá kurr búandanna, O. H. 69, Hkr. i. 142; þá varð þegar kurr mikill af bóndum, Fms. i. 33; hann lit bá eigi heyra illan kurr kaupnianna, Nj. 124; kurr nokkurr hafði verit í htrinum, Fms. ix. 497, v. 1.; engi þorði þenna kurr diarflega upp at kveða, O. H. 51; sögðu þeir honum kurr bmida um fjár-drátt, Fms. vi. 191. 2. rumour; þá flaug til konungs kurr nokkurr, Stj. 521; spurðisk þessi kurr í Vindland, Fms. x. 341; sá kurr mun loginn, Ld. 34. kurra, að, [Dan. kurre, of the whirr of birds of the grouse kind], to murmur, grumble; hvat sem ér Danir kurrit, Fms. xi. 246; kurraði þat hverr í sínutn híbýlum, Sturl. iii. 127; vinnumenn ok þrælar kurruðu urn þat, at..., Fms. i. 33; bnendr kurruðu ilia, Orkn. 40; kurruðu bændr mjök, Fms. vi. 191; hví siíja bændr dgi niðr ok hlýða eyrendi, en kurra eigi svá, Fb. ii. 393. kurr-hugr, m. or kúr-hugr, low spirits; vera í kúrhuga, to be con- cerned, anxiojn, Fms. ix. 402; hann buð menu eigi vera í kurrhuga um þetta, 478, Thom. 400. KURT, f. [for. word], courtesy, chivalry, good manners; þá kurt (chivalrous feat) nam ek í Húnalandi, Jíiðr, 57, Konr. 9; með kurt ok hævesku. Fas.: freq. in poets of the 15th to the í 7th centuries, enga her kurt, Hallgr.; hjartað mitt er hlaoit með kurt, a ditty, Ísl. þióðs. ii. 303. kurteisi, f. (korteisi, Fms. x. 381, 393), courtesy, feat of chivalry, fine manners, grace; yfirlit ok k., Nj. 17, of a lady; góðra siða ok k., Sks. 242; goruni þá k. (good manners'), segir Ilrafn at vit færum þetta eigi í kappmæli, ok látum konung ráða, Ísl. ii. 236; kurteisis-kona, Fms. ii. 21: chivalry, hann let kenna honum alls-kouar k., i. 17 í riddaraskap ok k., x. 381; manna bezt at sc'r gorr í allri k., 393: pomp, með svá miklu dramlii ok k., 232. kurteisliga, adv. courteously, gracefully; heilsa k., Fms. i. 78: splen- didly, stately, tjalda þeir bnð sina vel ok k., Ld. 104; en er svá k. var kornit n'iða-hag Dagtinns, Odd. 32: gently, with dignity, bar hann svá k. sinn harm, Ld. 228. kurteisligr, adi. courteous; væn kona ok k. (graceful), Fms. ii. 132. kurteiss, adj. [Fr. cour/ois] , courteous, gentle; k. maðr, Sturl. ii. 133; kurleisar konur, gentle ladies, Fms. vii. 105; væn kona ok k., Nj. i, Fms. xi. 106: of chivalrous, stately appearance, með ágæturn riddara- búnaði, var þessi maðr inn kurlcisasti, vi. 225; hann var litill vexti en þó k., he was small of stature, but yet stately, vii. 157; riddari k. ok vaskr, Anal. 292; með kurteisri kveðju, 235. kurtr, in. = kurt, Karl. 168, 465. kus, kus! cow, cowl a milkmaid's call. kusli, a, m. -- kussi; nii er kusli dauðr, dauðr er kusli! Bs. i. 610. kuslungr, m. = kussi, Ems. ix. 403. kussa, u, f., mod. kusa, a cow, as a colloquial dimin., freq. in mod. usage; and so cush is used in the north of England: as a nickname, Fins, viii. 247. kussari, a, m. [for. word], a corsair, Hkr. iii. 56. kussi, a, in., mod. kusi, a dimin. a calf, bullock. Bs. i. (in a verse), freq. in mod. usage. kuti, a, m. a little blunt knife; cp. Engl. cut.

360 KUTIZA -- KVEÐA.

kutiza, u, f. a nickname, Fms. vii. KÚA-, gen. pl. of kýr, q. v. kúði, a, m. akin to kóð, q. v.: in local names, Kúða-fljot, Landn. kú-drekkr, m. a cow sucker (pilferer), N. G. L. i. 253. kúfa, að, to heap, fill over the brim; kúfaðr, overfilled, of a measure. kúfóttr, adj. convex; kúfótt hvel, Sks. 63 B. KÚFR, in. the heap above the brim of a vessel. kúfungr, m. the shell of the sea snail, Eg. 152: a nickname, Bs. KÚGA, að, [Engl. cow, which is prob. borrowed from the Norse word] :-- to cow, force, tyrannise over, Nj. 185; ek man ekki kúga hann til nökkurra hluta, Fms. ii. 260; at sá manndjofull kiigi oss, Fs. 36; kúga j e-t af e-m, lo press out of one, Ld. 146, Bs. i. 490, Band. 4; láta kúgask, | to let oneself be cowed into submission, Fms. ii. 46, Hkr. i. 279: part, kúgandi, k. högg, feeble blows, Sks. 382. kúgaðr, m. a nickname, Stud. kúgan, f. tyranny, hectoring; hafðu í frammi k. við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; þeir buðu mönnum kúgan, Bs. i. 5; með k. eða ránum, Fbr. 13 new Kd.; vil ek heldr dauða þola en nokkurs manns k., Fms. ii. 266; pintingar ok k., Fb. ii. 65; k. îífs ok lima, Karl. 551. kúgari, a, m. a tyrant, Jt'm borl. kúgi, a, m. a nickname, Orkn. Kúga-drápa, u, f. a poern. Skálda 198. kú-gildi, n. a cow's value, Grág. i. 145, 502, Fb. i. 524; kúgildis- hestr, -hross, a horse worth a k., Vm. 136, 149; kiigildis skaði, the loss of a cow's value, Grág. i. 130. kú-gildr, m. of a cow's value, Vm. 159. kúka, að, cacare: kúkr, m. merda. KÚLA, u, f. [Germ, kugel, whence mod. Dan. liugle\, a ball, knob; tjald-kúla, bly-kula: the phrases, gura mi at þeim kúlur á hermanna liátt, Bs. i. 519.; marka kúiur í höfði e-m, to make balls in one's bead, i. e. to beat soundly, Band. 13 new Ed., prob. from some game; gor-kúla, a kind of fungus: medic, a bump. COMPDS: kúlu-bakr, ni. a hump- back, kulu-nefr, m. bump-riose, a nickname, Sturl. kú-neyti, n. ' cow-neat, ' cows, opp. to geldneyti, Ld. 98, Eb. 320. KÚPA, u, f. a ' cup, ' bowl, baíin- smjör-kúpa, a butter box; haus- kiipa, the skull, cranium. kúpár, adj. bowl-formed, convex. kúra, að, [akin to kyrr], to sleep, doze; kxra barn mitt, korri-ró, kúrðu vært og sofðu lengi! a ditty. kú-reki, a, m. the primrose, primula, Hjalt. Kúrir, m. pl. the inhabitants o~/"Kurland (Courland), Fms., Eg. kúrur, f. pl. complaints; göra kúrur sin á millum, Fms. v. 102; á-kúrur, reprimands. kú-skel, f. the ' cow shell, ' cyprina Islandica, Mag. 63, see Itin. 69. kút-magi, a, m. a fish's maw. kútr, m. a cask for liquor, blöndu-kútr; dala-kútr, a cask of money. kút-veltast, t, dep. to roll like a cask (slang), Jónas 196. kvabb, n. a begging; bæua-kvabb, id. kvabba, að, to beg, (conversational.) kvaða, u, f. [kvtða, kveðja], a request, claim, demand, esp. as a law term, Gþl. 481. COMPDS: kvöðu-dómr, m. a court for settling a claim, N. G. L. i. 219. kvöðu-váttr, m. a witness in a case of claim, Grág. i. 124, N. G. L. i. 219. kvöðu-vitni, n. = kvüðuváttr, N. G. L. i. 32: testimony in a case of k., N. G. L. i. 86. kvaðning, f. a greeting, Fms. iii. 95: order, command, Hkr. ii. 2. kvaðrantr, m. [for. word j, a quadrant, Rb. 446, 464. kvak, n. a ttvittering; fugla-kvak, Bb. 2. id: bæna-kvak, praying. KVAKA, að, [Engl. rjuack] , to twitter, of a swallow, Eg. 420; fuglinn kvakadi, Hkv. Hjörv. 94; urn einu settisk hjá álptinni ok kvakaði við hana blíðliga, Ísl. ii. 195; bi bi og blaka ! álptirnar kvaka, a ditty: metaph., Rb. í 74. kvak-samr, adj. whining, querulous, Hkr. iii. 454. kvalari, a, m. [kvelja], a 'killer, ' tormenter, 623. 13, 44, Pass. 35. i. kvalning, f. torment. kval-ræði, n. torments, Sol. 10, Post. 191, freq. in mod. usage. kval-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), tormenting, Sks. 524. kval-samr, adj. painful. kvanta, að, to molest; ó-kvantaðr, unmolested, Bs. i. 806. kvantr, m. molestation; Sulla spyrr mi kvant (the massacre1?) sinna manna, Róm. 158. kvap, n. jelly or jelly-like things; see hvap. KVARA, að, kvorra, mod. korra, to emit a rattling sound, as if about to be strangled; hann var svA rurnr ok kvarraði svá at ekki nam hvat hann mælti, Fms. x. 279; hann kippir hoiurm niðr undir sik svá at kvorar í honurn, Fas. iii. 308. Kvaran, m. nickname of a Norse king in Dublin, prob. Gaelic, Fb. iii. kvarði, a, m. [the Dan. -Swed. kaarde = a dirk is prob. the same word; Swed. quard -- selvage' :-- a yard-wand, Gráí^. i. 497, freq. in mod. usage: the phrase, setr nú at honum kvarða, Skíða R.; mæli-kvarði, a measure, proportion, of a map; cp. also ú-kvarðá, to measure, fix, determine. KVARTA, aft, to complain; k. um e-t, to complain nf, Fas. ii. 370, Ilav. 52. kvartan, f. complaining. kvartill, m., mod. kvartél, n. [for. word; Germ, vieríeí] , a quarter: the fourth, of time in music, Rb. 460: a quarter of an ell, Dipl. iii. 4; in mod. usage, of the moon, tyrsta, síðasta kvartil. kvart-samr, adj. querulous, whining, Fms. vii. 322. kvaterni, n. [Lat. quaiernio] , a kind of protocol, N. G. L. iii. 67, Boldt, Rétt., Bs. i. (Laur. S.) kváða, mod. kvoða, u, f. = hváða, resin, N. G. L. iii. 119. KVÁMA, u, f., mod. koma, a coming, arrival; Flosi varð feginn kvámu hans, Nj. 254, Fms. vii. 108, N. G. L. 1. 410, Landn. 306, passim; at-kva-ma, arrival; heim-k., coming home, kvámu-maðr, m. a comer, stranger, Fms. ii. 229, Fbr. 168, passim. KVÁN, f. (kvæn, Ls. 26, 56, bkv. 8, Am. 6, Gkv. 3. 7), [see kona; Goth, quéns; A. S. cwên; Engl. queen; Scot, quean; Hel. quan~\ :-- a wife, but never used in the general sense = a woman; an obsolete and poetical word, a ' queen, ' wife, nú færit mér Freyju at kván, bkv. 22; honum var brúðr at kván of kveðin, Fsrn. 42, 46; svá beið hann sinnar kvánar, Vkv. 5; kvan frja sina, Skv. 3. 8; Héðins kvún, the queen of Hedin -- Hilda, Korrn. 4, 0. H. (in a verse); Óðs kván, the queen of Od, Hkr. i. (in a verse); kván Niðuðar, N. 's queen, Vkv. 28; bróðir hans kvanar = /j i s wife's brother, brother-in-law, Am. 28; ok kynvið kvánar minnar, Stor. 20: plur. kvánir, Skv. 3. 14; bið kván, a beloved wife, Lex. Poët.; ósk-kván, id.; Viðris kvæn, Odin's wife, Ls. 26; Byggvis kvæn, =, 6; kvæn konungs, a king's queen, Gkv. 3. 7; nema færi mér Freyju at kvæn, bkv. 8, but kván, 11, 22; kvæn var hón Ilogna, Am. 6. co. Mi'Ds: kvánar-efni, rr. one's future wife, Fas. iii. 61, Mag. 37. kvánar-mál, n. matrimonial affairs. kvanar-nmndr, m. a dowry, Nj. 146, Grág. i. 172, Bs. i. 462. kván-bænir, f. pl. wooing, Ísl. ii. 215, 216, 239 (where it is sing.), Fas. iii. 144, 595. kván-fang, n. ' queen-fetching, ' wife-taking, as also a match, wife; leita e-m kvánfangs, Eg. 22; leita á urn k., Nj. 66; fá gott k., Fnrs. i. 11; virðuligt k., vi. 57; Brynjólfr hafði gefit honum þat k. er hann hafði áðr útt, Eg. 36; Æsir tóku sér kvánföng (married) þ:ir innanlands, Edda 152 (pref.); gefa e-m til kvánfangs, D. N. kvánfangs-eiðr, m. a wedding oath, as to the forbidden degrees, Grág. i. 319. kvánga, að, I. act. to make a man marry; eigi á faðir-eða móðir at kvánga son sinn eðr gipta dóttur sína með meira ié heiman en slrkt konii á hint þeirra er eptir ervi, ef þá væri erfðum skipt, N. G. L. i. 81; this form however is not usual; but, II. reflex, kvángask, t o marry, take a wife, of a man, (but giptast, to be given away, of a woman), Nj. 39, Ísl. ii. 214; ef karlmaðr kvángask en kona giptisk fyrir útaa frænda ráð, N. G. L. ii. 77, passim: part, kvángaðr, married, Eg. 83, Nj. 88, kvángan, f. the taking a wife, Post. 645. 78. kván-lauss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fas. i. 184, Fs. 21: widowed, Korm. 56, Fms. vi. 104. kván-ríki, n. uxoriousness, Nj. 214, N. G. L. i. 340, Fas. i. 232. Kvásir, m. a mythol. person, the hostage given by the Vanir to the Ases, whose blood when slain was the poetical mcad, see Edda 47; Kvásis dreyri, the blood of Q^ = the poetry, 52. kvátra, u, f., mod. kotra, [Fr. quatre] , a kind of backgammon, still used in Icel, and recorded in the 13th century as a favourite game, Sturl. i. 173, ii. 184, Bs. i. 596. kvatru-tafl, n. id., Karl. 470, 486. KVEÐA, sing, kveðr, pret. kvað, 2nd pers. kvatt, kvattii, Fms. vi. 386, pl. kvúðu, kvóðu, and kóðu, Ls. 24, Hom. 12, (3. H. 48, Fms. viri. 71, xi. 107; pret. subj. kvxði; irnperat. kveð, kveð-þú, kvcttú, vi. 361, mod. kveddu; with neg. suff., pres. kveðk-a-ek, / say not, Yt. 7: [U'f- qi] )an = \tyfiv, tlirtîv, (ptîv; A. S. cwe'iïan; Engl. quoth; O. H. G. quedan; Swed. quiida; Dan. kvœde; cp. Lat. in-quit] :-- to say; no því er kvcðr korra, nor what a woman says, Hin. 83; at þú Frey kveðir úleiðastarr Ufa, Sknr. 19; kveða (dicunt) Heirndal valda véum, Gin. 13: in an epic sense, to say, orð kvað þá Vingi, Am. 37, 38; Glaumvör kvað at oröi, 30, 32; ok hann þat orða, alls fyrst urn kvað -- Homer's KO. Í piv (fiujvijaas ..., bkv. 2, 3, 9, 12; or, þá kvað þat Heimdalr; bá kvað þat þórr; þá kvað þat brynrr, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30; Egill ft'kk úgleði mikla svú at hann kvað eigi orð, Eg. 518; k. gltði-orð, to say a cheerful word, Vígl. 89 new Ed.; þeir kvóðu ekki gott orð at honum, 655 vii. 3; er hann hafði þat mælt, þá kvað hann úti annat orð, Fms. xi. 16; hverr þessa ^'nfa, ef harm verðr í nef kveðinn, if he is nasal in sound, Skálda 162; ly'singar-vattar Marðar kváðu svá at orði, Nj. 233; til báls ok til brands kveðr at fornu mali, (is it is said in old saws, N. G. L. i. 50; Rannveig kvað vel at hann færi iitan, Nj. ill :-- with infin., hón kvad þar eigi kvenna-vist, Fms. vii. 274; kveðuni þá ma-la (let them speak) á varar tungur, 656 C. 6: the pret. kvað (proncd. kvu) as adv. or absol., V i s said, they say, það kvað (kvu) vera, they soy so. 2. with prep.; kvcða at, adverb. *o to say; svá mátti at kveða, id., Fms. xi. 72; er svii num mega at k. at lif manna lægi við, Nj. 78; kveðr svá at, it i s sosaid, Ver. 83; þú er svú at kveðit, 3; lögsögumaðr skal rúða ok at kveða (determine) hvar hvergi dómr skal sitja, Grág. i. 27: gramm. to pr o- nni/ncc. ^nund. ?kal''a 165; mikill harnir cr;:t us? kveðinn. micklc harm

KVEÐANDI -- KVEINA. 361

i s doomed us, Nj. 201; mikit er at Kjartani kveðit (there's micMe said' against K., i. e. he is a doomed man), ok mun úhægt vera at göra við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190: það kveðr mikið (lítið) að e-u, to be of great (small) influence or importance :-- kveða á, to fix, determine, Grág. i. 35, 39* Nj. 90, Ld. 74; var kveðit á brullaups-stefnu, Nj. 40; var gört um málit ok kveðit á fégjöld, in, Fs. 68: to state, kveðr þar sky'rt á þetta, it i s expressly stated there, Ld. 334: a law term, to cancel, object to, kveða á gögn, to cancel the evidence, Grág. i. 67, 106: to fix, make up one's mind, resolve, 100, Nj. 3, 252: part, ákveðinn, fixed, appointed, 256: fated, eigi má saka þik um þetta, segir Njáll, þvíat slíkt er mjök ákveðit, 166: ákveðin orð, an agreement, stipulation, Hkr. ii. 372; með ákveðnum orðum, in express words, Grett. 89; vant er mér þat at skýra með ákveðnum orðum, Sks. 660; með ákveðnu, id., K. Á. 208; mun ek ákveðit göra, hverir þar skulu vera, Ísl. ii. 346: ákveðin orð, pointed, libellous words, Bjarn. 57 :-- kveða við, to reply, Hm. 26 :-- k. upp, to pronounce, make known, Gísl. 10, Fms. vii. 88. H. to sing; hón bað þorstein kveða nokkut, Grett. 159; skemti Stúfr ok kvað flokk einn, ok er lokit var bað konungr hann enn k. -- Hversu mörg hefir þú nú kvæðin kveðit ? ... hví kveðr þú flokka eina ? Fms. vi. 391; skyldi ok engi kveða vísurnar, Nj. 71; Êgill orti alla drápuna, ok hafði fest svá at hann mátti kveða um morguninn, Eg. 421; k. kvæði, Ísl. ü. 232; þótt hann kveði út kvaeði þetta, Fms. v. 175; konungr mælti, tel þú oss kvæði nokkut, -- þormóðr settisk upp ok kvað hátt mjök, svá at heyrði um allan herinn, hann kvað Biarka-mál en fornu, Ó. H. 207; harm húf upp kvæðit ok kvað hátt, Eg. 427; slógu þá konur hring umhverfis hjailinn, en þorbjörg sat uppi á seiðhjallinum, kvað Guðríðr þá kvæðit svá fagrt ok vel, at engi þóttisk heyrt hafa með fegri rödd kvaeði kveðit, jborf. Karl. 378: in mod. usage kveða is used of the rhapsodic delivery of a ballad (rima), half reciting half singing, thus Icel. say, kveða rírnur, to recite a ballad, as also kvcða vel, to recite, sing well; hann er góðr kvæða-maðr, be is a good ballad-singer, but never of a hymn or full melody; þeir riðu um bygðina kveðandi um daginn, Fms. xi. 376; þá ferr hann með fjiilkyngi, ef hann kveðr þat eða kennir, K. Jj. K.; nú eru Háva-mál kveðin, Háva höllu í, Hm. 165; ok Austmarr jöfri Sænskum gymis Ijóð at gamni kveðr, Ýt. 18; þar sat kona við kvern ok kvað forkunnar fagrt, Fms. vii. 233. 2. to make a verse; kvettú mi, Jjjóðólfr, um deild þeiira, ... þjóðólfr kvað (and the verse follows), Fms. vi. 361; kveða vísu, to make a ditty, Fms., Nj. passim; kvæðit var nijök kveðit, Fms. v. 173; þessi visa var ilia ort ok skal ek kveða aðra betri, hann kvað, vi. 416; heyr þ'jóðskáldit! kvattú svá, gröm, skömm ? ekki eru þær hendingar jafnhávar, 386 :-- kveða á e-n, to challenge one in a song; kalla þær sé kveðit sik á | af kærleiks elsku-fundum, Skíða R. 3. 3. kveða við, to scream; kvað sá við í því er kesjan stóð á honum miðjum, Fms. viii. 354; hundrinn kvað við hátt, Nj. 114: to sound, því næst kvað lúðr við, the trumpet sounded, Fms. vi. 16, vii. 288; þeir lótu kveða við lúðra sína, ix. 527; í því kvað við klokka, Fb. i. 417, Fms. iii. 60, ix. 510. III. reflex, t o s ay of oneself; þeir er biskupar kváðusk vera, who said they were bishops, fb. 13; hann kveðsk eigi riða mundu, Nj. 12; Njáll kvaðsk með því einu fara inyndu, 105; þeir kváðusk eigi vita hverju gegndi, Fms. vii. 272; þeir er set kveðask hafa seglin, 322; þeir kóðusk koma mundu, xi. 107; hann kvaðsk þess albúinn, Nj. ioo; Ottarr kvaðsk eigi vara, at..., Fs. 87. 2. also impers., múr kveðsk = eg kveð mér; er þér kveðsk þá þykkja gott at deyja, Fms. xi. 153; hafði hann fätt um í fyrstn, en kvaðsk þetta ( -- kvað sór þetta) þó vel líka, ix. 291; Kára kvaðsk (i. e. Kári kvað sér) önnur fcrð betri þykkja, K. said he would like better to take another course, Nj. 139; herfiligt kveðsk honum þykkja at hokra þar fyrir stokkum eða steinum, Fas. ii. 505; Glúmi kveðsk því betr þykkja, Rd. 286; kvaðsk þeim horfin-heilla at þykkja, Fms. vii. 272; honum kveðsk vel á litask, vi. 99; þeim kvaðsk þykkja sér vandalaust, 107; Vigdísi kvaðsk eigi vera um lygi, Ld. 44; honum kvaðsk meira um at halda fram, Fb. iii. 447; honum kvaðsk svá hugr um segja, Sturl. 3. kveðask at, recipr. to exchange songs, a game played at a wake or dance; sá leikr var möniium tíðr, at kveðask skyldu at, karlmaðr at konu, ok kona at karlmanni, Bs. i. 165: in mod. usage, kveðast á, to cap verses, each party in turn replying in a verse beginning with the letter with which the preceding one ends; Komdú nú að kveðast á kvæðin okkar stór og smá, a ditty, cp. kveða á II. 2. above. kveðandi, f. the recital of a song, singing; ok er lokit var kvæðinu, let Ottarr eigi niðr falla kveðandina, heldr hóf hann upp drápuna, þá er hann hafði ort um konunginn, Fb. iii. 242; fögr var sú kveðandi at heyra, Grett. 152; þar skyldi vera k. mikil sem hón (the prophetess) var, Fas. ii. 506; þvi næst heyrðu þeir kveðandi harðla ógurliga með mikilli raust, Draum. í 24; heyrði hann í hús nokkut kveðindi svá fagra, at..., Fms. vii. 233. 2. metric, rhythm, fiow of a verse; her er staia-setning sú (viz. the alliteration) sem hsetti ræðr ok k. görir, Edda 120; ok gur svá long samstafa af skamri, þvíat ella helzt eigi k. rétt í vísu-orði, Skálda 182; sn stafsetning er halt görir ok kveðandi, Edda 121; þessi figura er upphaf til þeirrar kveðandi, er saman-heldr Norrænum kveð- skap, Skálda 192; en þó fegra þxr müik í kvcðandi, Edda 122. KVEÐJA, pres. kveð; pret. kvaddi; imperat. kveð, kveðþú, kveþþu. Hm. 127 (Bugge); part, kvaddr: with neg. suff., pres. indic. kveð-ka, Ls. 10: [see kveða] :-- to call on, address, request, summon; þorvaldr kvaddi húskarla sina, Nj. 18, Eb. 314: with gen. of the thing, acc. of the person, k. e-n e-s, ok er þess mest van at ek kveðja þik þess eigi optar, Fms. iv. 38; k. dura, to c a ll at the d oor, Skiilda 163, Fms. ii. 194, vi. 21; k. matar, svefns, to call for food, sleep, Bs. i. 366; k. sér hljóðs, to call for a hearing, Nj. 105, Ísl. ii. 255, Rekst. 1; k. e-n at óði, t o c all one to listen to one's song, Jd. I, Leiðarv. 2. 2. with prepp.; k. e-n at e-u, to callon a person to do a thing, call his attention to; þik kveð ek at þessu, Nj. 150; hann vildi, jafnan at Ölafr væri at kvaddr öllum stórmælum, Ld. 94; kvaddi hann at því Gregorium Dagsson, Fms. vii. 256; kvaddi hann þar at Erling Skakka, 257; Björn kveð ek at þessu, Ld. 14 :-- k. e-n brott at", frá, to c a ll onone togo; eigi hefir ek yðr ... brott kvatt af mínum garði, Fas. 1. 71: -- k. e-n frá, Nj. 170; ek hefi menn optlega kvadda frá erfðum, Fms. i. 305 :-- k. e-n til e-s, to callon one for a thing; kveð ek hann til farar með þér, ... hann skaltú k. til föruneytis með þér... ekki skaltú hann k. til þessar ferðar, Ísl. ii. 322, 323; þú skaltú k. menu til ferðar með þér, Nj. 14 :-- k. upp, to call up; k. upp alla þá menn er mikils eru virðir, Fms. xi. 120; samnaði liði ok kvaddi upp almenning, Nj. 107, Fms. vi. 179 :-- hann kvaddi út Höskuld ok Rut, Nj. 21; -- with dat., eigi kann ek þat at mínu ráði sjá, at kveðja í burtu münnum þorgils, ok förunautum, Sturl. i. 22. II. in law, a general term, to request, demand, sum- mon, call on one to perform any legal duty, as also to challenge, appeal to, and the like, according to the context; svá skal marin kveðja, nemna mann þann á nafn, ok kveði hann gripar þess er hann á at honum, ok nemni gripinn, ok kveði hann laga kvöð ok lyritar, N. G. L. i. 218, 219; kvaddi hann svá at vér heyrðum á, kvaddi hann um handselt mál þorgeirs, Nj. 238; gögn þau oil er áðr var til kvatt, Grág. i. 106; kveð ek yðr lögkvöð, Nj. 218; berum vér svá skapaðan kvið fram, sem Mörðr kvaddi oss, 238; þeir kvöddu fjóra búa ór kviðinum, they challenged four neighbours, no; kveð ek yðr svá at þér heyrit á sjálfir, 218; stefna, ok kveðja til tólptar-kviðar, Grág. i. 213, 214; -- kveðja búa heiman, to sum- mon neighbours (jurors) at their home (heiman-kvöð), a law phrase, opp. to kveðja búa á þingi, to summon them in parliament (þinga-kvöð), passim in Grág. and the Sagas, see kvöð; hann kvaddi búa til nulls, Nj. 36; þú kvaddir Keisarann til þíns máls, they appealed to Caesar, Post.; kvcð ek yðr um handselt mál N. M., Nj. 218. 2. with gen. of the thing, to call, summon; kveðja þings, to convoke a meeting, Fms. i. 149, vi. 12 (acc., Fb. i. 565, wrongly); k. mots, Fms. vii. 60; k. tólptar-kviðar, Grág. i. 34; k. laga, D. N.; k. féránsdóms, 81; k. fjár, 402, N. G. L. i. 23; k. sér griða, Bs. i. 544 :-- k. e-n e-s, to summon, call on a person to perform a duty; k. goða tólptar-kviðar, Grág. i. 105; k. búa bjargkviðar, Nj. no; kveð ek yðr þeirra orða allra er yðr skylda log til um at bera, 218, 238; vóru vér kvaddir at bera vitni þat, 238. III. to welcome, greet; þeir kvöddu konung. Am. 6, Eg. 28, Nj. 3; hann var svá kátr at hvert barn kvaddi hann hlæjandi, Fms. vii. 172; kyssa ok kveðja, Hkv. 13: ot one departing, hann gengr nú í brott ok kveðr engan mann, Band. 4 new Ed. 2. recipr. to greet one another; þeir kvöddusk vel, Ísl. ii. 355, passim, see heilsa and the remarks there made: k. e-n heipta, to lay imprecations on one, Hm. 152, cp. 138. kveðja, u, f. a welcome, greeting; konungr tók kveoju hans, Eg. 63, passim, Matth. i. 29: also of one absent, hann ssgði þeiin kveðju Gunn- hildar, Nj. 5; bar hann konungi kveðju jpórúlfs, Eg. 53; þeir skyldu segja konungi kveðju hans, Fms. x. 290; kveðju-sending, sending one's greeting, compliments, vi. 92, vii. 103, Sturl. ii. 149: salutation, in the formula at the beginning of a letter, Ingi konungr scndir kvcðju Sigurði konungi, Fms. vii. 220; N. M. sendir N. M. kvcðju Gtiðs ok sina, D. I. passim :-- in mod. usage the address on a letter is called kveðju. kveð-skapr, m. poetry, verse-making, opp. to prose; bæði er at þú yrkir vel, enda ert þú allvandlátr um þinn kveðskap, Fms. vi. 387; góðr k., good poetry; illr k., bad poetry: song, Sighvatr segir í sinum kveðskap, 40; finnsk þat ok í kveðskap Hallfreðar, at ..., iii. 7; hann kveðsk ilia una við kveðskapinn Ingólfs, Fs. 60; sú er ein tala hversu margir hættir hafa funnisk í kveðskap hnfuðskálda, Edda 120; má ok eigi undrask þó at kveðskaprinn sé stirðr, þvíat í svetni var kveðit, Drauni. 123; k. ok söngvar, Sks. 633; fellr niór svá í geð k. sá, Sd. 160, Bret. 48; níða e-n í kveðskap, Fms. vii. 60: with the notion of satire or lampoon, stefna e-m um kveðskap, to summon a person for lampooning, iii. 21; hann níddi mik í kveðskap, vi. ii7- KVEF, n. [akin to kvefja, kefja, etc.; Engl. cough; Germ, keichen; Swed. quaf] :-- a catarrh, freq. kvef-sótt, f. epidemic o/kvef. kvefja, kvafði, to quench, extinguish; see kefja. kveif, f. [from Fr. coif] , a coif, cap; hött eðr k., Sks. 434; holt no húfu eða k., 291: esp. a mitre, Fms. viii. 378, Bs. ii. 186: in mod. usage, metaph. a feeble person, hann er mesta kveif: as also kveifara-skapr, m. feebleness; kveifar-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), weak, faint. kveikja, kveikr, see kveykja, kveykr, Fms. v. 25. kvein, n. wailing, Bs. i. 40, ii. 140, Al. 55; andar-kvein, lamentation; harma-k., a dirge, freq. in an eccl. sense. KVEINA, að. [Vlf. qainon -- irtvOfiv: A. S. cwánjan: Engl. whine,

362 KVEINKA -- KVERK.

wanton; Germ. weinen] : -- either, kveina urn e-t (mod. k. yfir e-u), t o complain of a thing, or absol. to wail, mourn, lament, but not used tran- sitively as in A. S.; er her kveinat urn eldiviðar-fæð, Fms. i. 291; görðit hón hjufra né höndum slá, né k. um sem konur aðrar, Gkv. I. í (2. 11); taka nú k. um þat, er..., Al. 52, Fas. iii. 154; hón kveinaði um mjök meðan hón starfaði, Hom. 113: absol., munu þér k. ok kalla til Dróttins, Stj. 441; krytja eðr k., 370, Fas. i. 200; en þeir létu sem þeir heyrði eigi hvat er hón kveinaði, Fms. vi. 352. kveinka, að, to complain; k. um e-t, O. H. L. 78, Rb. 174, Bs. ii. 64: mod., k. sér, to wail, cry, from pain. kveinkan, f. lamentation, Rb. 174, Bs. ii. 561, THom. 248, Karl. 191. kvein-samlegr, adj. lamentable, Al. 149. kvein-stafir, m. pl. wailings, lamentations, Al. 154. KVEISA, u, f. a whitlow, boil; hafa kveisu i fæti, Hrafn. 14; kveisa er komin í hiind þér, Pr. 470; kveisu-nagli, the core of a boil, Hrafn. 14, 15, N'j. 244; kveisu-sulir, a boil, Bs. ii. 168: in mod. usage, of shooting pains, iðra-k., co li c . - as also, flug-k., shooting pains. kveisu- gras, n., botan. entiana. kveistinn, adj. touchy, tender; þú ert svo kveistinn ! kveistni, f. touchiness, tenderness. kveita, u, f. [kveite, Ivar Aasen], a halibut, flounder (heilag-fiski); kalt vatn auguin en kveita (, kvett or kveit. MS.) tönnum, lérept liki, in the Merman's song, Fas. ii. 33; this is prob. the meaning of the word in this much-contested passage, and not as suggested in Aarb. (i860) 377. kveita, tt, a false form for kneyta, Fas. ii. 131. KVELD, n., proncd. kvöld: [akin to kvelja, for evening is the quelling or killing of the daylight; Ivar Aasen kveld; Swed. quail] : -- evening; in Icek as well as in Norway kveld is the common popular word, whereas aptan (eve] is poetical and solemn; kveld is prob. elliptical, from kveld dugs, quelling of day: sayings, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, Hm.; allir dagar eigu kveld; at kveldi, at eve, in the evening, K. þ. K. 102; at kveldi dags, on an evening, Fms. vi. 83, Eg. 106; í kveldi, this evening, Skíða R.; í kveld, to-night, Stj. 121, Nj. 252; á kveldit, in the evening, Ld. 14; um kveldit, Nj. 6, 120; ok er niiök leið á kveldit ..., þat vilda ek at þú færir eigi heim í kveld, ... Gunnlaugr kom eigi heim urn kveldit, Eb. 46, 48; bat kveld er likmenn koinu heim, 268; á kveldum, Fs. 143. COMPDS: kveld-langt, n. adj. the evening long; drekka k., Fas. i. 13, Bad. 144, Sd. 141. kveld-lestr, m. an evening lesson, evensong, Safn i. 85; see húslestr. kveld-ligr, adj. vesper time, Sks. 41. kveld-matr, m. = kveldverðr. kveld-mál, n. eventide, Fr. kveld-máltíð, n. a supper. Fas. iii, 282: eccl. the Lord's Supper, Germ. Abendmahl, Dan. Nadverd, Swed. Nattvard: Kveldmáltíðar-Sacramenti, n. the Holy Communion. kveld-riða, u, f. an ' evening-rider, ' night-hag, witch, riding on wolves in the twilight, Hkv. Hjörv. 15, Hallfred, Lex. Poët.; þorbjörn stefndi Geirríði um þat at hón væri k., Eb. 46; hum var fjol- kunnig, ok bin mesta k., Fas. iii. 650; kveldriðu stóð, the ' ogress-steed' *=tbe wolves, Hallfr. kveld-roði, a, m. the evening red of the sky, opp. to morgun-roði. kveld-seta, u, f. a sitting up late, Fms. vii. 126. kveld-stjarna, u, f. the evening star. kveld-svæfr, adj. fond of sleep in the evening, opp. to morgun-svæfr, Eg. 3, Fms. vii. 126. kveld- söngr, m. evensong, vespers, MS. 625. 178, Bs. i. 849. kvald-timi, a, m. eventide, Fas. ii. 427. Kveld-úlfr, m. a nickname, Eg. kveld- vaka, u, f. eve-wake, the time between twilight (rökkr) and bed-time, when people sit and work by candle-light, also simply called vaka. kveld-verðr, m. a supper. kvelda, að, mod. kvölda, to draw towards evening; er kveldaði, Fms. iii. 114, vi. 156, Hkr. i. 24, Fs. 14; mi tekr at k., Al. 81; þá var svá kveldat, at ..., Fms. xi. 63; vert þú hjá oss, þvíat kvölda tekr og á daginn líðr, Luke xxiv. 29: absol., áðr en þessi dagr kveldi, MS. 4. 32. KVELJA, pres. kvel, pret. kvaldi, part, kvalðr, kvaliðr, kvalinn; with neg. suff., imperat. kvelj-at, Vkv. 31; [A. S. cweljan; Engl. to quell, kill; Hel. quellian -- cruciare; Germ, quälen; Dan. quœle; Swed. quälja^ :-- to torment; mátti enga skemtan af hafa at kvelja þá, Eg. 232; at hann mundi svá vilja kvelja hana, Fms. vi. 352; ek skal alla vega láta k. Markvarð, Mag. 2; at eigi kveli bruna-þefr bókanna þá menn er ..., 656 B. I; ekki má verra vera en öfund sú, er kvelr af anuars góðu, Hom. 21; hann barðisk allan dag í gegn mér ok kvaldi mik, Fms. viii. 240; kvelit mik ekki lengr, Anal. 186; Grimhildr kvelr bræðr sína, Þiðr. II. reflex, to be tormented; kveljask í vesöld, Fs. 172; muntu kveljask með fjándanum í Helvítis loga, Fms. i. 202; þvíat ek kvelst þungliga í þessum loga, Luke xvi. 24; nú er hann (Lazarus) huggaðr en þú kvaliðr, Greg. 22; hann varð ílla við ok kveðsk kvaldr, ... er hann skyldi kveljask xiti í hverju íllviðri, Grett. 178 new Ed., Fs. 172: to be quelled, þá kvölð- usk oil ráð fyrir konunginum, Hom. 112. III. part, as adj.; klárinn saekir þangat mest sem hann er kvaldastr, Fas. ii. 252. kveljari, a, m. a 'killer, ' tormenter, 656 B. 5, Al. 78. kvelling, f. [perhaps akin to keli-, q. v., cp. also kvilli], ailment, ailing, Post. 210, Grett. (in a verse), kvellinga-samr, adj. ailing, valetudi- narian, Eg. 126, Stud. ii. 53. kvelli-sjúkr, adj. ailing; ekki hefi ek verit k., Ld, 54, Eg. 126. kvelli-sótt, f. ailment, Eg. 519. 5= kvelni, f. quailing, despondency, Hom. 86. kvendi, n. a woman, womankind, Stj. 71, 257, 289, Grett. 161 A; kvendum ok körlum, MS. 4. 13: in mod. usage in a low sense. Kvenir, m. pl. the Tchudicpeople of Kvcnland in northern Russia, Eg. KVENNA-, gen. pl., see kona B. kvenn-borinn, part, cognate, Fms. iv. 8. kvenn-búnaðr, m. women's dress, Eb. 256, Edda 68, Stj. 186. kvenn-dýr, n. a she-beast, Stj. 71, 77. kvenn-fat, n. woman's attire, Landn. 119, N. G. L. i. 255. kvenn-fólk, n. woman-folk, women, Fas. iii. 644, freq. in mod. usage. kvenn-fugl, m. a hen-bird, Pr. 409. kvenn-gildr, adj., opp. to karlgildr, q. v.: in the phrase, k. umagi, a half pauper, who can do something for himself, Vm. 52, D. I. passim. kvenn-gjöf, f. a gift to a woman, N. G. L. i. 75. kvenn-hallr or kvenn. -h. ollr, adj. amorous, Fms. v. 341. kvenn-hempa, u, f. a woman's petticoat. kvenn-kenna, d, to address as a woman, Fas. iii. 75, Vígl. 24: gramm. kvennkendr. / e wz i H i we, Sks. 103, Clem. 29. kvenn-kind, f. womankind, Stj. 79. kvenn-klæði, n. pl. women's dress, Grág. i. 338, Landn. 119, N. G. L. i- 75- kvenn-kné, n. kin by the woman's side, cognate lineage, Hkr. i. 112: a female degree of kin, Fms. ix. 251, 327. kvenn-kostr, in. a good match, of a woman, Fb. i. 407; þótti sá k. einnhverr beztr í Noregi, Fms. vi. 353; hinn bezti k., Grett. 71; um kveldit varð þeim tíðrætt um kvennkosti, Korm. 56. kvenn-kvikendi, n. a female creature, Stj. So, Sks. 103. kvenn-kyn, n. the female sex, Hom. 31, Stj. 56, Barl. 24. kvenn-kyrtill, m. a woman's kirtle, Bs. i. 506. kvenn-leggr, m. kindred by the woman's side, the cognates, Gþl. 244, Fms. i. 6. kvenn-legr, n. fornication, N. G. L. i. 377. kvenn-liga, adv. woman-like, lady-like, Vígl. 33. kvenn-ligr, adj. woman-like, Bs. ii. 152, Fas. iii. 576, Fs. 134. kvenn-list, L female skill, Vígl. 48 new Ed. kvenn-maðr, m. a ivoman, freq. in mod. usage (see kona), Ld. 8, MS. 4. 23; kvennmanna bein, Eb. 338, and in countless compds; kvenn- manns-búnaðr, kvennmanns-fot, a woman's dress, Bárð. 173. kvenn-mannligr, adj. woman-like, Sks. 169, Fas. iii. 528. kvenn-nýtr, adj. virilis, Stj. 195. kvenn-samr, adj. given to women, Sturl. ii. 195, Róm. 250. kvenn-semi, f. the being given to women, Hom. 86, Finnb. 300. kvenn-sift, f. (kvenn-svift, N. G. L. i. 78, 79), kin by the woman's side, cognate lineage, opp. to karlsift (q. v.), Grág. ii. 176, Hkr. i. 112, Fms. i. 6; kvennsiftar-maðr, a cognate relative, N. G. L. i. 79. kvenn-silfr, n. the silver or jewels of a woman's dress. kvennska, u, f. womanhood, Stj. 5: chastity, Gþl. 140, Baer. 11. kvenn-skari, a, m. a bevy of ladies, Konr. 42. kvenn-skikkja, u, f. a woman's cloak, Nj. 200, Fms. ii. 134. kvenn-skinn, n. womankind, in a low sense. Mar. kvenn-skratti, a, m. a bad woman, termagant, Gísl. 52. kvenn-skrúði, a, m. woman's attire. Fas. ii, 377. kvenn-skygn, adj. looking after women, Fas. iii. 527. kvenn-skörungr, m. a stately, great lady, Nj. 30, Dropl. 6, Fs. 102. kvenns-ligr, adj. = kvennligr, Al. 34,, !72. kvenn-stólar, m. pl. women's seats or pews in church. kvenn-styrkr (kvenn-sterkr), adj. a match (in strength) for a woman; varla ætla ek þik kvennstyrkan, Grett. 119 A, Fas. iii. 572. kvenn-svift, f. = kvennsift. kvenn-söðull, m. a woman's saddle, side-saddle, Fms. x. 87. kvenn-úmagi, a, m. a female pauper, Vm. 117, Bs. i. 285. kvenn-váðir, f. pl. ' women's weeds, 1 petticoats, fjkv. kvenn-vælar, f. pl. female plannings, Gísl. 44. KVER, n. [a for. word; Engl. quire"] , a sheet folded in a book; var stolit or (the book) einu kverinu, Fms. viii. 402; þar er aspiciens bók í kverum (not bound), Vm. 122; bækr tuttugu, ok fimm kver at auk, Pm. 5: in mod. usage a sma ll book, volume, Bæna-kver, a Prayer-book; Stafrofs-kver, an abc book; Fræða-kver, Hallgríms-kver, |jorláks-kver, = the poems of Hallgrim, Thorlac; and esp. with the article Kverið = the volume containing the Catechism. KVERK, f., pl. kverkr, mod. kverkar: I. in sing, the angle below the chin; hann tók undir kverkina ok kyssti hana, Nj. 2; ok var allt þrútið undir kverkinni, Bs. i. 382; fjjóstólfr laust undir kverkina, Fms. vii. 2ii: metaph. the inner bight or angle, of an axe, undir kverk öxinni, Nj. 84; fell hverr boðinn í kverk öðrum, Fms. xi. 13; bita-k., sperru-k., the angle under a cross-beam. II. in plur. the throat; konungr for liondum um kverkr sveininum, 0. H. 196; ör stóð um þverar kverkrnar, Eb. 244; tekr hann þá um kverkr henni, Fms. iii. 224; höku, kinnr cða kverkr, Edda 109; þá er hann leggr hana um kverkr sér, MS. 625. 183; hann laust fremri hyrnu undir kverkr þeim, Fms. vii. 191; nístir tunguna við kverkrnar, Al. 77, Grett. 101 new Ed.;

KVERKABOLGA -- KVIÐÏL 363

fiinuðu, Bs. i. 189; þat er minnr í nef kveðit en meirr í kverkr, Skálda 166; tók verk allan ór kverkunum, Ó. H. 197. COMPDS: kverka- bólga, u, f. bronchitis. kverka-main, n. bronchitis, Bs. i. 116, 189, 347, 445. kverka-sótt, f. a throat'disease, Ann. 1310. kverka- sullr, m. a boil in the throat, quinsy, O. H. 196. kverk-ál, f. the cheek-strap of a bridle. kverk-band, n. a string of a cap or hood, Grug. ii. 132. kverk-mæltr, adj. speaking in the throat. kverk-segi, a, in. a muscle in a fish's head. KVERN, f., gen. kvernar, but the mod. form kvörn, gen. kvarnar; [Ulf. qairnus, Mark ix-42; A. S. cwyrn; Old Engl. quern; O. H. G. quirn; Dan. kvœrn; Swed. quarn] :-- a handmill; þar sat kona við kvern, Fms. vii. 233 ! ok und kvernum klaka, Ls. 44; era þat karls-ætt er á kvernum stendr, Hkv. 2. 2; bondwomen used to turn the handmills, and the turn- ing of the quern was, as it still is in Icel., where every farm has its handmill, accompanied by singing a song, see esp. the Millsong in the Edda (Grotta- söngr), 78 sqq. 2. metaph. an eddy or whirlpool in a river is called kvern, agreeably to the legend popular among all ancient Tent, people of a wonder mill grinding salt at the bottom of the sea, such as the famous mill Grótti, in the old Danish story of king Erode, which ground gold and peace, and at last the sea salt. COMPDS: kvernar-auga, n. a 'mill-eye, ' mill-hole, Edda, cp. also the prose to Hkv. 2. kvern-a, f. a mill-stream, Bret. 45. kvern-berg, n. a mill-stone quarry, Ü. N., H. E. i. 396. Kvern-bitr, m. mill-biter, a name of a sword, llkr. kvern-foss, m. a mill-force, D. N. kvern-hús, n. a mill-box, = hiðr, Boldt, D. N., B. K. 81. kvern-steinn, in. a mill-stone, Edda 78, Fms. i. í 7, Sks. 420. kvem-stæði, n. a mill-place, where a mill stands, D. N. KVEYFA, d, this -- not kneyfa or qneyfa as in the Editions -- is the true form of the word, which has become obsolete in led., but remains in Engl.; [Engl. quaff = to drink in large draughts till one loses breath] : -- to quaff'; Egill kveyfði af horninu í einum drykk, Eg. 557; Egill drakk urn hríð, ok kveyfði hvert horn er at honum koin, 559, Trist. 1O; kveyfa ker, Mag. 68; hütðit Kristr þá er kólgu hratu kveytði með stötnum, Christ helped not when the sea raven (\ih ship) quajfed water from stem to stern, was swamped, Bs. i. 16 (in a verse). kveyfir, m., poet, a quajf'er, Lex. Poët. kveyking or kveiking, f. kindli?ig, Stj. 6, Mar. KVEYKJA, t, or kveykva, Grúg. (Kb.) i. 16, Hom. I; quøqua, Greg. 33, 34, etc.; kvoykja, Sks. 634; but also spelt kveikja, Fb. i. 203, Sks. 53 new Ed., Fms. v. 316, x. 367, Hom. 193; gen. pl. kveykna, Nj. 194; [Ulf. qiwian = føotroitîv; A. S. cwician; Engl. yw i c ken; Hel. rt^K i co n; Dan. kvœge; Lat. vivere] :-- lo quicken, kindle; kveykja Ijos, to kindle a light, Fs. 38; k. log, id., Fb. iii. 408; kveikja eld, to kindle afire, Ísl. ii. 152; þt-ssi aría-sáu var tekin ok kveyktr við eldr, Nj. 194, 199; síðan kveykti þessi maðr eld, Fs. 5; nieð kveyktum eldi, Kb. 56 new Ed.; kerti fékk konungr honum ok sagði þat sjúlft kveykjask mundu ef því vxti á lopt brugðit, Bárð. 179; quøqua Ijós í keri, Greg. 33, 34; kveykt eðr tendrat, Mar.; k. lostasemi, Rb. 352; k. upp fjandskap, Valla L. 227; henni var mikill harmr kveikðr í hjarta, Fms. x. 367; kveykva sorg, Hom. I. 2. metaph. to kindle a report; ein er sú sögn er sá kveikif, Mar.; þeim hélt við váða er þetta höfðu kveykt, Fms. ix. 358, v. l.; Jpórarinn bað eigi neina kvittu kveikja í hirð konungs, v. 316. 3. pass., engi skyldi kvittr kveikjask, Fb. i. 203; nii kveykir hón galdra, Bret. 26; stormr kveikisk, Sks. 231 B; tungl kveykisk, the moon is lighted, Rb. 12 2; kveykja upp kyn hins andaða, Stj. 425; þú kveiktir mik svá sem Guð vildi í öndverðu, Hom. 154; heldr en kveikvi, MS. 677. 9; harm kveykði orm einn at mæla við Evu, Ver. 4; kveikjask til ástar, Fms. i. 231. kveykja or kveikja, u, f. kindling, Stj. 192; ofundar k., Bs. ii. 21: in the west of Icel. a slight swelling of the rivers from rain or a thaw is called kveykja, a freshet, -- það er komin k. í árnar. cp. kvikva (II). II. plur. kveykur (and kvikur, Bs. i. 197), yeast, ferment of ale; quey- quor voru lagðar undir munguts efni, Bs. i. 339; einhverr maðr vildi niungát göra, ok horfðisk á úvsenliga, kvikurnar (kveikarnar, v. 1.) vildu ekki duga, 197. kveykr, m. [Engl. wick; Swed. veke; Dan. vcege] , a ivick, of a lamp, Fb. iii. 508, freq. kviða, u, f. [kveða], an epic poem, a song or ballad composed in such metre as the Völuspá, and thus opp. to mál (a didactic poem, sentences), q. v., dnipa (heroic), q. v., and rima (modern ballad. ';'), q. v.: the name of several old songs, Hymis-kviða, Sæm. 105 (Bugge); þryms-k., 124; Völsunga-k., 193; Helga-k., 112 (Möbius); í þessi kviðu, 241 (Bugge); Guðrúnar-k. in forna, 241, 242; Sigurðar-k. in Skamma, 246 (Fas. i. 197); kviða Sigurðar, Sæm. 247; k. Guðrúnar, 274; Atla-k. in Graen- lenzka, 282; ilákonar-k., Fms. ix; Glælungs-k., v. 100, 108; í kvið- unni, Grett. 105 new Ed. kviðu-háttr, in. the metre of a kviða, the epic metre such as that of the Völuspá, Beowulf, and the like, opp. to Ijóða-háttr and mál; þvíat þá þykkir betr hljóða þessar samstöfur í kviðu-hætti, Skálda 182 (Olave Hvíta-skáld); the word also occurs in the Háttatal Rögnvalds, verse 3, and is a more correct name than the usual fornyrðalag, which has no old authority, except in a lemma from a later hand in one of the verses of the Háttatal by Snorri. kviðaðr, part. = kviðugr, Post. kvið-áll, m. the flesh of the stomach of animals. Dipl. iii. 4. kvið-band, n. a kind of belt. kvið-blástr, m. swelling of the belly, THom. 461. kvið-burðr, m. [bera kviðj, the verdict or delivery of the verdict of neighbours (biiar), Grág. i. 54, 104, 168, Nj. 87, passim; þá berr norðr alla kviðburði = in that spot the verdict belongs to neighbours to be sum- moned in the north, referring to a battle fought on the northern slope of a wilderness, Ísl. ii. 347: metaph., ryðja menu ór kviðburðinum, to chal- lenge men out of the k., i. e. to challenge the neighbours, Nj. 235. kvið-drag, n., medic, a rupture, of a horse, Gþl. 504. kvið-dragi, a, m. ruptured, of a horse, Jb. 366. kvið-dráttr, m. = kviðdrag, Jb. 366 A. kvið-gjörð, f. a belly girth, of a saddle. kvið-hlutr, m. a belly piece, of a skin, Karl. 32. KVIÐJA, að, [akin to kveða], prop, a law term, to banish, a? in the saw, Urðar orði kviðjar (MS. wrongly kveðr for kvið'r?) engi maðr, no wight can resist the word of weird, there is no appeal against the weird of fate, Fsm. 47: to forbid, blót eru kviðjuð, Hallfred; blot er oss kviðjat, at vor skulum eigi blóía heiðnar vættir, ok eigi heiðin guð, no hauga nó hörga, N. G. L. 1. 430; en ef hinn vill kviðja haga sinn, þá set! haiin garð milli, 245; þat likaði ílla Þorfinni ok nennti þó eigi at kviðja honum mat, Grett. 36 new FA.; koin þar loks at kvödd (qs. kviðjuð) var bygð köppum þeirn er mistu dygð, i. e. the evil-doers were banished the country, Skáld H. 3. 41; jöfurr let kviðjat ófrið, the king forbad all strife, ()d. j6, Fms. vi. 154 (in a verse): with dat., k. e-m e-t, to forbid; múðir hans vildi þat kviðja honum, Bs. i. 152; sá er fyrr görði úlofaðan hint, ok kviðjaði hann sér lofaðan, Greg. 38; þú neyttir kviðjaðan ávöxt jarðar. the for- bidden fruit, Sks. 548; úsæmilegt er at þeir göri þat sjálfir, er þeir t-iga öðrum at kviðja, H. E. i. 45/: with infin., þeim tíðum er biskup herir kviðjat oss konur at taka, N. G. L. i. 16; þú skahut of kviðja mér at berjask, Korm. (in a verse). II. part, kviðjandi, a ba/ti. -her, far- bidder; stríð-kviðjandi, a ' strife-^anif her' peace-maker, Lex. Poët. kviðjan, f. banishment, a ban, K. Á. 202, Bs. ii. 64. kviðlingr, m. . mod. kveðlirigr, a ditty, esp. of a fntire or lampoon, lli. II, Nj. 50, Eg. 124, Sturl. i. 13, Fms. vi. 193, Grett. 32 new Ed, kvið-maðr, m. a ' verdict-man, ' juror, Gn'ig. i. 54. KVIÐR, m., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu. [Ulf. qiss=- -^rtjfúa, -\oyia, as in ana-ijiss •-•• ^Åaa^/iía; þiuþi-jiss and wailu-qiss -- (ii\oyia; 7nissa-qiss = (rxtana, etc.] :-- prop, a saw, saying, speech, word, ami hence in law a verdict given by neighbours; for the Engl. ' verdict' is indeed a kind of rendering of the Norse term; kviðr Norna, the word of the Norns, weird, fate, death, kveld lifir maôr ekki epíir kviö Norna, Hom. 31; orðs-kviðr, a saw, proverb; mis-kviðr, ' saying-amiss, ' false pleading. The old law makes a distinction between vætti (a witness] and kviðr (a verdict), -- bar er bæði fylgir einni sök vætti ok kviðr, þá skal vætti fara f)rrr fram en kviðr, Grág. i. 47: before delivering his opinion each neighbour had to take an oath, -- þat er mselt, áðr kviðr so borinn, at þeir skulu eiða vinna allir áðr at dónii, 53. The old records mention various kinds of neighbours and verdicts: 1. in Norse law, o. the heimis-kviðr (heinis-kviðr, heimilis-k.) or a ' home-verdict, ' a verdict of neighbours, bearing some resemblance to the oath of compurgators; ten, or in lesser cases four or six, neighbours were to accompany the accused to the court, two of whom had to swear on the book, and the rest followed, -- en þat er heinis kviðr er tin menu fylgja til mots, en sverja tveir nienn á bók, en átta sanna þat, N. G. L. 1. 311, cp. ii. 505; haia með sér heimiliskviðar-vátta til þings, K. Á. 214; hann hafi heiman heimiliskviðar-vitni, 152; nema heimiliskviðar-vitni fylgi, Gþl. 193: þá skal nieð þessu heimiliskviðar-vitni sækja. N. G. L. 4. 140 (heims- kviðar-vitni, 337); þá skal með þessu heimiliskviðjar-vitni s;rkja, at einn skal bera en tveir sanna urn þriggja aura mál, en um sex aura inal skal einn sauna en fjorir svt-rja, en þeir skulu vera fylkis-menn, N. G. L. i. 140, 316; en ef eigi kemr saga hins sára fram á fyrsta þingi nó heimiüskviðar-vitni, þá ..., 160: similar were the ' sandemænd' (sooth- men) of the early Danish law; to this the old saw refers, hxttr er heiniis- kviðr, nenia sór góðan geti, perilous is the home-verdict, unless one gets a good one, Sdm. 25. P. in Icel., unless the bi;irgkviðr (q. v.) be iden- tical to heimis-kviðr, this sort of verdict is seldom mentioned; eigi skal heimis-kvið annan at henda, Grág. i. 3^1. 2. in Icel. law the tolttar- kviðr (verdict of twelve), also called goða-kviðr (priest verdict), Grág. i. 168, viz. a body of twelve men, of whom eleven were to be summoned by the goði of the district, and he, being the twelfth of the number, had to deliver the final verdict. The verdict of twelve was only appointed for certain cases defined in the law, K. b. K. 168, v. 1.; nú hefir niaðr tólptar-kviðar kvatt, ok skal goði nefna þriðjungs-menn sína til kviðar þess með sér, ok er honum rétt hvárz þeir eru bændr eða grið-menn, hann skal ellefu menn nefna aðra en sik, Grág. i. 57, see the whole chapter 17 in p. b., as also the Grág. passim; ella kveðia til tylptar- kviðar goða Þess (þann ?) er sóttr er..., en ef sjálfr er sóttr goðinn

364 KVIÐÍl -- KVISTA.

þeirri sök, þá skal kveðja samþingis-goðann túlptar-kviðar; túlptar- kviðar skal kveðja þann goða er sá er í þiugi er sóttr er, Grág. i. 138; er goði er kvaddr tólptar-kviðar um þat er hann á eigi at ?k;lja, þá..., 168, 207; nú koma nienn til þings, ok múlit í dóm, ok;'i Glúinr (in his capacity as goôi) at bera tólptar-kvið, ... Glúmr berr at hoiuiin kviðinn ok unytti nullit, Ghim. ch. 18: tóiptar-kviðr átti um at skilja, en hvárrgi beirra Snorra no Arnkels þótti bera mega kviðinn fyrir hlevta sakir við sækjanda ok varnar-aðilja, var þá Helgi Hofgarða-goði kvaddr tv'ptar-kviðar, ... eptir þat bar Helgi at' kviðinn, Kb. ch. 16, cp. also the passage in Lv. ch. 4, where a verdict of twelve stems to be meant. p. but the common popular verdict was the búa-kviðr or neighbour-verdict, given by five, and in some cases by nine, neighbours (see bui), who had to be summoned either at home (kveðia búa heiinan) or in certain exceptional instances in the court (á þingi); the instances in the Grág. and the Sagas, esp. the Nj., are almost endless: technical phrase, bera kvið, to give the verdict, Nj. 87, Grág. i. 57, passim; as also, bera at kviðinn, or, bera á kviðinn, to give a verdict for or against, (sec bera B. I); ryðja kvið or kviðu, prop, to ' clear the verdict, ' i. e. to challenge the neighbours, Gråg. i. 29; bjóða til ruðningar urn kvidinn, Nj. 87, pas- sim. Y- a special kind, egningar-kviðr, a kind of law quirk, Grág. i. 56: ironical, mi er getið um fyrir þorkatli at honum þykkja rikt bornir kviðirnir, Lv. 27. From the analogy of the Icel. customs, it can be inferred with certainty that along with the invasion of the Danes and Norsemen, the judgment by verdict was also transplanted to English ground, for the settlers of England were kith and kin to those of Iceland, carrying with them the same laws and customs; lastly, after the Con- quest it became the law of the land. This old Scandinavian institution gradually died out in the mother countries, and came to an end in Icei. A. D. 1271-1281, with the fall of the Commonwealth, and the introduc- tion of a Norse code of laws, whereas it was naturalised in England, which came to be the classical land of trial by jury. KVIÐR, in., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu; [Ulf. qijnis = KoiKia, \M]TT]p; A. S. cwffi; O. H. G. quiti; Swed. qved; Gr. yaarr/p; cp. Lat. venler~\ :-- the womb; Ulfr reist á honum kviðinu, Nj. 275; minta styrkir kvið, Lækn.: of animals, svall allr kviðrinn a hestinum, Bs. i. 345; so water reaches, upp í kvið; éta hálfan kvið, to eat half one's fill; fara síganda kviði, to go with a finking belly, i. e. to limp, lag behind; get ek at þeim fari héðan af síganda kviði, Grett. 151 A; hann tók hendi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, Pxlda 33, Fms. iv. 385. 2. esp. the womb, Lat. uterus; konu er barn hetir kviknat í kviði, K. p. K. 134, Grág. ii. 69; þat barn er eigi arfgengt, er kvikt er í kviði áðr móðurinni sé freísi gerît, i. í 78; óx brúðar kviðr frá brjósti niðr, Bjarn. (in averse), P'rns. vi. 350-35 2, as also the N. T., -- þú munt getnað fá í kviði þínum, Luke i. 31; ok barnið spratt upp í hennar kviði, 41, 44; blessaðr er ávöxtr kviðar bins, 42; áðr en hann var getinn í móður-kviði, ii. 21; allt karlkyns þat er f'yrst opnaði sinnar móður kvið, 23; af móður-kviði fæddir, Matth. xix. 12, Gal. i. 15; sæil er sá kviðr er þig bar og þau brjóst er þií milktir, Luke xi. 27. kvið-skegg, n. bair on the belly, Fas. iii. 98. kvið-slit, n., medic, a rupture: kvið-slitinn, part, ruptured. kvið-sullr, in. a boil on the stomach, Bs. i. 353. kviðugr, adj. pregnant, big with child, Stj. 176, 197; mser mtin kviðog verða ok mun ala son. Post. 645. 62; sú mær ok móðir varð kviðug af Helgum Ancla, Mar. :-- with p'rcp., vera kviðug at barni, to be with child; lion var kviðug at barni, las. ii. 166; Helga kona hans var kviðug at barni þorðar, þórð. (1860) 95: kviðug af kviknuðu jóði. Nikuld. 8; varð Loptr kviðugr af (at?) konu íllri, Hdl. 40, where the meaning is that Loki gave birth to an ogress (HelV). kvið-verkr, m. colic, Mar. kvið-þroti, a, m. a swelling of the stomach, Bs. i. 323. kvika, u, f. the quick under the nail or under a horse's hoof, Bs. ii. 184, free], in mod. usage. H. fermentation, sivelling, of a fluid; eitr- kvikja, q. v.; ok af þeim kviku dropum kviknaði ok varð maims likandi, Edda 4; see kvikva. kvika, að, to move, stir; hann kvikar ekki; this verb is freq. in mod. usage, but is not recorded in old writers. kvikendligr, adj., mod. kvikindisligr, rendering of Lat. animalis, of the animal kind, Eluc., Hom. (St.): mod. shabby. kvik-fé, n., kyk-fé, Grág. i. 397 :-- live slock, cattle, 414, Eg. 132, 133, Eb. 40, Stj. 106, Fms. v. 315, Gullp. 25, Fs. í 28, Bs. i. 738, passim. kvik-fénaðr, m. =-kvikfé, Sks. 323, freq. in mod. usage. kvikindi, see kvikvendi. kvik-látr, adj. quick, lively, Al. 38, Fas. iii. 67, N. G. L. ii. 421. kvik-liga, adv. briskly, Karl. 86. kvik-ligr, adj. brisk, lively, Bs. i. 80. kvikna, að, kykna, Hom. St. :-- to quicken, come to life; dvergar höfðu kviknað í inoldunni, svá sem maðkar í holdi, Edda9; afþeini kviku-dropum kviknaði ok varð manns líkendi, 4; ek etn einn andi kviknaðr í manns líkani, Hkr. i. 280; konu er barn hefir kviknað í kviði, Grág. ii. dcj; þann tíma sem þeir eru kviknaðir, Stj. 8o: of the moon, tungi kviknar, the moon i s born, is new, Rb. 130; áðr tunglit kvikni, MS. 415. 10; með kviknuðu tungli, with a new moon: oi' light, to quicken, eldr kviknaði seint, Bs. i. 7; Ijóhit kviknaði aptr, Bárð. 180; kyknar Iji'is miskunnar, Hom. (St.): metaph. to revive, get spirits, þá kviknaði hcstr hans er f\'rr var inóðr, Bær. 18. kviknan, f. quickening; dvergarnir höföu tekit kviknan, Edda 9. KVIKR, adj., also kykr, wiíh a characteristic v, which is often retained before a vowel, so that we have two forms, kvikvan or kykvan, kvikvir or kykvir; in mod. usage this v has been dropt; [Ulf. qius -- ^uv; A. S. and Hel. quic; Engl. quick; provinc. Cîenn. queck; Swed. quick; cp. Dan. qutcg -- cattle and quœge; the Lat. virus, vivere, as also Gr. fiios, are according to comparative philologers, identical with the Teut. word]:~ quick, alive, living, chiefly with the notion of feeling, the ' quick, ' as opp. to the unfeeling or dead; kyks no dauös, quick nor dead, Edda 39 (in a verse); dauðan eða kvikvan, Hallfred (kykvan, Hkr. 1. c., but wrongly, as the syllable rhymes with bliks); cf allir hlutir í heiminuui, kykvir ok danðir, grata hann, Edda 38; kvikum no dauðum, Hom. 59; ef hann sýnir eigi at þinglausnum hrossit kvikt né dautt, Grág. i. 140; ey getr kvikr kii, Hm. 69; kviil þóíti kvikri at koma í luís Atla, Am. 98; yfir þá gó'tu í núði engi kvikr komask (no quick, no living'), Sol. I; sem á kykum manni, 0. H. 231 (in a verse); skcra e-n kvikvan, to dissect alive, Akv. 24, Gli. 17; yrða ek þik kvikvan, Am. 22; ok ertú kvik en konung-borna, Hkv. 2. 46: sem kykvir tivar, like quick men, Sii^hvat (0. H. 230 in a verse); þeir fletíu hann af klæðuni ok ætluðu at flá hann kvikvan, Fms. vii. 227; sem hann væri fieginn kvikr, Mork. 221; ef þá verðr nokkut kvikt fyrir sjonum pcirn, Fms. i. 9; þá bauð Helena at brenna þó, alla kvikva í eldi, Hom. 101; þat barn er eigi arfgengt, er kvikt er í kviði móðurinni, Grág. i. 178; hvat segir þú, kvikr Fjandi? MS. 4. 15: allit., engi kvik kind, D. I. i. 246; á kykum kvisti, 303. 2. quick, sensitive; kykr vöðvi, the quick muscle, the quick of toes and nails; harm batt híifuð hans við singular sér, ok laust kykva-voðva sínum á tönnina, er skagði ór höfðinu, Hkr. i. 100, (Orkn. 12, I. e., alters the word into ' kulfanum, ' but erroneously; the legend of the death of earl Sigurd bears resemblance to that of Hannibal's death, as told in Pausnn. viii. IT, -- TirpwaKfTai TÜV 5a/CTuA. ov.) 3. lively, glad; svá verðr herrinn kvikr við þenna kvitt, at..., Al. 117. 4. in the phrase, skríða kvikr, to be alive, swarming; þótti jörðin oil kvik skríða fyrir mannfjolda, Stj. 598: of vermin, á þessum hang la hundrinn Argus, og t-kreið mi kvikr, Od. xvii. 300 (tvirr^ftos KvvupaiffTewv). kvik-sandr, m. quick-sand. kvik-setja, t, (kyk-setja, Fms. viii. 201), to bury alive, Bárð. 179, Ann. 1357, 1'r. 413 :-- eccl., kyksettr, enshrined as a saint; man gott orðit til kyksettra í bænurn í þessi hríð. Fms. viii. 101. kvik-silfr, n., mod. kvika-silfr, [Dan. kvæg-sülv] , quick-silver, mer- cury, Kelt. 39. kvik-syndi, n. a swamp, quick-sand. kvik-tré, n. a kind of hearse carried on horseback; reiða á kvikírjám. kvikva, u, f., mod. kvika, | Engl. quick; Swed. qiiicka\, the quick, the flesh under the riails, and in animals under the hoofs; á hendi heitir ... kvikva, Edda no, freq. in mod. usage; skera niigl upp í kviku, to cut the nail to the quick; járna hest upp í kviku, to shoe a horse to the quick. II. fermentation, swelling, of a fluid: also yeast, see kveykja and kvika. kviku-dropi, a, m. d ro p s o/k., Edda 4. kvikva-settr, part, enshrined, O. H. 230 (in a verse). kvikvendi, n., spelt and sounded variously, kykvendi, mod. kvik- indi :-- a living creature, of men and beasts: hón (the earth) tæddi oil kykvendi, Edda (pref.); þau bæði (soul and body) cru citt kvikendi, Hom. (St.); allt er hljóð bat er kvikendis cyru nu'i heyrn, Skálda í 73; þar af sigrar hann oil kvikvendi, Edda (pref.); (ill kvikvendi fæddu dauöan frurngetnað. Mar.; hann átti ægishjálm er oil kvikvendi hræddusk við, Sæin. 131; -- animals, beasts, as opp. to men, mcnmnir ok kykvendin, Skálda 180; manna eða kykvenda, 656 C. 26; einhverju kvikendi, Fs. í 28; alla fugla ok oil kykvendi, Sks. 499 B; p;i er Guð hafði skry'ddan allan heirn meðr kykvendum eða fuglum, 498 B; pa do oil Egipzkra manna kvikendi, Stj. 272; sem pat kvikvendi var vert, Gþl. 190; hveregurn kykvendum er maðr vísnr eðr fæltr at manni, Grúg. ii. 119; hverju var likt? -- Sem kykvendi lóti, Fms. vi. 202; en ekki var síðan mein at bessu kykvendi, 144, Best. 50 (of a salamander); kvikenda kyn, kind of beasts, Stj. 18; skor-kvikendi, insects; skrið-kvikendi, reptiles. kvilla, u, f. -- kvilli; þurs veldr kvcnna kvillu, Ri'makv. kvilli, a, in. [cp. kvelli-], sickness, ailment, freq. in mod. usage. kvintill, m. a kind of measure, Rb. 460. kvirr, adj. calm; see kvrr. kvir-leikr, m. = kyrrleikr, THom. 44. KVIS, m. [kviðr; cp. Goth, qis] , a rumour, tattle; nu seni konungr heyrði kvis þeirra, Stj. 518, v. l., freq. in mod. usage, as in 2 Cor. xii. 20 = Gr. YiOvpivfioi. kvisa, að, to gossip, whisper; mi sem hann sér sína menn kvisa með sér, ätj. 518; þér hafit kvisat í milli yðvar, at ..., Edda 30. kvis-sögn, f. and kvis-sögur, t. pl. tale-bearing, Sturl. iii. 125. kvista, ao\ [Ulf. t] isijan = airo\*. vvai] , tobranch out like a tree; sem hrátt hrís nær þat er í skógi kvisîað, Fas. iii. 447; k. Urn af tré, Stj. 401; þeir kvistuðu þar bál mikit, they cut (ivood)for a large fire, Eb. 314: metaph. to cut down, cf Iwnrr kvistar af mír slíka vinina sem þú ert,

KISTLIN Gil -- KVALASTUM). 365

Lv. 49; vera má at tk kvista cinhvern yðar úðr en ek em felldr, Njarð. 344; kvista menu niðr sem hráviði, Karl. 155. Kvistlingr, m. a sapling: descendants of Kvist, Landn. kvistóttr, adj. twisted, gnarled, of wood. KVISTR, m., pl. kvistir, acc. pl. kvistu, [Dan. kvist; Swed. qvist; akin to kvisl] :-- a twig, branch; tükum tvá kvistu ok leggjum á oss i mynd krossins, Fms. i. 136; þeir veltu viðjunum á drekann, ok fyigir maðr upp hverjum kviiti, Fas. ii. 188; á limar ok kvistu vioarins, Fms. vi. 153; aðrir hjuggu kvistu af trjanum, Matth. xxi. 8; sjaldan verða kvistir betri en aðaltré, O. H. L. 5; í kné gengr hneii of kvistir þverra, Am. 69; sem fura at kvisti, Hom. 5; sem ernir á kvisti, 31; á kykum kvisti, in a living twig, i. e. in a fair condition, D. I. i. 303; kvista fjöldi, Sks. 441: metaph., engi kvistr þorni sá er at iner blomgask, Sks. 616 B; með kvisti e s, ok með Jsins bring (of the cross stroke in the letter 0), Skálda 161; il-kvistir, poet, 'foot-twigs' = the toes, Am. 62, cp. vtvro^ov in Hes. Op. 740. 2. in mod. usage also a knot; tre fullt af kvistum, a tree full of knots. 3. a pr. name, Landn. kvist-skæðr, adj. 'twig-scathing, ' epithet of the sun (?), Hom. 5. kvistungar, m. pl. = kvistlingar, Sturl. iii. 184. KVITTA, að, [a kind of iter. from kveða; Scot, quitter] :-- to rumour, report, noise abroad; var þá kvittað, at mannsafnaðr væri fyrir norðan land, Sturl. iii. 19; var þat kvittað, at..., i. 62 C; ef svá er sem sumir kvitta, Al. 134. kvitta, að, [a for. word; Fr. quitter, from late Lat. quietare] , to acquit, esp. of a debt, due; Gyrðr kvittaði Hall þar um, Vm. 72; hanu kvittaði Orm af sögðu jarðar-verði, Dipl. i. 11; hefir þú kvittað fyrir mig, Pass. KVITTR, m., pl. kvittir, acc. kvittu, [kviðr] :-- a report, loose rumour; sá kvittr kom 3'fir, at..., Elg. 164; sá k. kom fyrir þá, at..., Fms. 1. 67; Ijosta upp kvitt, to spread reports, Nj. 107; kveykja kvittu, Fms. v. 316; hann kvað þat ekki vera nema kvitt ok pata einn, Hom. 113; eigi skulu þar kvittir ráða, Grág. i. 347, Gísl. 47; gjaltú varhuga við þeim kvitt hölða (murmur), Sighvat; biðr hann ok konung varúð við gjalda þeim kvitt er bændr höfðu, Fms. vi. 42; þing-kvittr, búrðr þóttisk spyrja tíðenda, -- Hinn sagði þing-kvitt, he told himnews from parliament, Sturl. i. 30; Sveins menu segja aptr þeim kvitt, Orkn. 404; hann heyrði þann kvitt at Hornbooi mundi honum eigi triir, 298; þetta berr breytiliga til, er þú hefir at ganga eptir kvittum (tittle-tattle, kvittun MS. falsely) úvísra manna, Lv. 77. kvittr, adj. quit, acquitted, receipted; er hann skyldr kirkjunni sjötján aura en kvittr um allt annatt, Vm. 4; gora e-n kvittan ok iiðugan, Dipl. iii. I; handleggja kvitt ok liðugt, v. i; gefa e-t kvitt, Fms. v. 291: the phrase, skilja kvittr við kvittan, to put clear from one another; um allt því eg kvittr er, Pass. . Vidal. passim: whence kvittera, t o ^" ive a receipt (kvittering). kvitt-samr, adj. slanderous, Krók. 46 C. KVÍ, f., pl. kviar, [quey or quoy, Orkn. and Shetl.], a fold, pen, esp. where sheep are milked; reka fé í kviar, Hrafn. 8; ær í kvium, Dipl. ii. 14; j'ltlagask hann við þann er kvínaá, Grág. ii. 329; ór kví þeirri, id.; ef bii- fé gengr or kvium, Js. 100; kvia gimbill, ayovng sheep, Sturl. ii. 150; sem sauðir í kví, Fms. viii. 219; hugðisk mundu taka þá í kvium sem sauði til skurðar, 60 :-- in mod. usage in pl. the pen where sheep are milked, moka kviar, Bjarn. (in a verse), Ísl. þjóðs., Piltr og Stulka, Snot :-- metaph. a lane of men branching like a/o rk = klörnbr, Ó. H. 119, Orkn. 468, Eg. 232, Sturl. i. 29, Fms. vi. 69: in plur., Lv. 95, Glúm. 386. COMPDS: kvía-ból, n. a milking-place, Snót. kvía-garðr, mod. kvia-veggr, m. a pen-wall, Hrafn. 8, Sturl. ii. 195. Kvíar-mið, n. a local name, Landn.: local names, Kví-á, Kvía-bekkr, Landn. kvía, að, to pen sheep for milking, freq. in mod. usage: to pen, hem in, Bs. i. 330, Fs. 27: to enclose, at konungr kvii oss her í vags-botninum, Fms. xi. 66, Grett. 83 A; kvia e-n af, to shut one up. KVÍÐA, pret. kviddi, but in mod. usage a strong pret. kveið, kviðu, kviðit; but in pres. weak kvíði :-- to feel apprehension for, with dat.; kvíað e-u, hann kviddi ok engu vilgi mjök, Bs. i. 393; þann kviddi dauða, MS. 623. I; kaupmaðrinn ok búandinn kvíðir sér ok sínu fé, Fms. viii. 234; ekki kvíði ek mér, Bret. 36; nienn kvíddu fjár-forráðum mínum, Bs. 1. 479; ok kvíða ekki holum hans, Fser. 21; harms þess er hann kviddi, Skálda 186 :-- with prep., kvíða við e-u, id.; kvíddu allir við kvámu hans, Gísl. 78; snemmt er þér at k. við hánum, Lv. 26; k. við harmi, Skálda 186; hann kviddi viðr frostinu, Stj. 122; hann kviddi mjök við ánauð, Hom. 118; ok kviddu menu mjök við þeim, Fs. 76; svo kvíði eg sízt við dauða, Pass. 37. 14 :-- k. fyrir e-u. id. (mod.) kvíða, u, f. apprehension, anxiety, Sks. 228 B; kvíðu-staðr, / ea r, appre- hension, Ld. 190. kvíð-bjóðr, m. a dismal foreboding, Bs. i. 145. kvíð-bogi, a, m. (qs. kvíðboði), apprehension; bera kvíðboga fyrir e-u. kvíði, a, m. apprehension, freq. in mod. usage, =kvíða. kvíðinn, adj. timid, anxious, Karl. 491; ú-kvíðinn, unconcerned, Eb. 88. kvíð-vænligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), gloomy-looking. KVÍGA, u, f., gen. pl. kvigna, Glúm. 340, [Scot, and North. E. quey or wbye] :-- a young cow before she has calved, Lat. juvenca, Landn. 46, 264, Grág. i. 502, Eb. 318, Sturl. i. 173, Fas. iii. 211, Bret. 10, Edda (pref.); kvigu-kulfr, Bs. i. 368, Eb. 318, passim: a local name, Kvigu- vágar, Landn. kvígendi, n. a young cow or bullock, Fas. i. 253 (where = kviga); in local names, Kvíganda-fjörðr, -nes, mod. Kvígendis-fjörðr, Landn. kvígildi, n. = kugildi, q. v. kvígr, m. ayoung bullock, Tuzi. juvencus, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Fb. KVÍSL, f. a branch, esp. of a tree, a fork, Fms. i. 75 (a dung fork); hey-k., a hay fork: of a stag's horns, Str. 3; kvísla-tré, a forked tree, a fork, Rd. 296: of the letter y, Skálda 161. II. metaph. the fork of a river; hann hélt upp eptir inni Eystri kvisl, Fms. vii. 55, 188, Stj. 108, Symb. 12; mi eru kvislir fleiri, ok skal eigi banna fiski for í einni kvisl, Grág. ii. 351; mið-k., the middle stream, Nj. 236; Elfar-kvislir, a local name, the mouth of the Gota River, Fms.; Vana-k., Hkr. (begin.) :-- the stem or pedigree of a family, skal í þá kvísl óðal hverfa, Gpl. 282; milli fjarborinna kvisla, Sks. 330; kyn-kvísl, ætt-kvísl, nið-kvísl., lineage. kvísla, að, to bra?icb; k. saman, Bs. i. 314: but esp. dep. kvislask, to branch out, of a tree, lineage, stream, etc., Fms. v. 347, Fs. 146, Sks. 441, 609. kvola or kvála, að, to squeeze or crumple between the bands. kvonstr, n. = kynstr, Ann. 1407. kvora, að, = korra. kvos, f. a little hollow place, = kjós, q. v. kvotla, að, to dabble, (conversational.) KVÆÐI, n. [kveða], a poem, song; kvæði is the genera! name, drápa, Ijóð, mál, kviða, ríma, the names of special kinds; but kvæði cannot be applied to a hymn; yrkja kvæði, Fms. i. 12, (3. H. 180; svá sem segir i kvæðum hans, Eg. 178; ek vænti lítil kvæðis-mynd mun þér á þykkja, Fms. vi. 366; i fornum kvæðum eða sögu-ljóðum, Hkr. (pref.); tel þú oss k. nükkut, O. H. 207; en þó rita ek fiest eptir því sem finnsk í kvæðum skáliia þeirra er vilru með Ölafi konungi, ... í kvæðum eða öðrum kveð- skap, ... ef eigi væri k. bæði ny ok forn, O. H. (pref.); en kvæðin þykkja mér sízt ór stað færð, ef þau eru rútt kveðin ok skynsamlega upp tekin, Hkr. (pref.); blautlig-k., l of es o;i^r s, Bs. i. 237; forn-k., an old song; erfi-k., q. v.; lof-k., an encomium; mansüngs-k., a love sons;, Bs. i. 165; Grylu-k., tou-k., a fox song, etc., passim. COMPDS: kvæðis-laun, n. pl. reward for a poem, a prize, Bjarn. 7, Ísl. ii. 231, Fms. iii. 93. kvæða-fróðr, adj. knowing many songs (by heart), Fms. vi. 392. kvæðinn, adj. = kvæðafróðr; ekki var hann skáld né k., Odd. 106 new Ed. kvæfa, ð, to choke; see kæfa. kvækla, að, [kvak], to chirp, Fas. iii. 372. kvælni, f. -- -kvelni, Hom. 122 new Ed. kvæmt, n. adj. [koma; Scot. qucem; Germ, be-queni] , coming: in the phrase, eiga kvæint, to have free passage to come; er engum yðrum mönnum kvaemt í Noreg (i. e. being outlawed), Hkr. ii. 87, Ísl. ii. 432; aptr-kvæmt, út-kvæmt, as also hald-kvaemr (q. v.), hug-kvsemr (q. v.) kvæn, f., see kván. kvæna, d, mod. t, (kvaentist, Fb. i. 213), to make a man marry, Grett. 87 A. II. reflex, kvænask, to take a wife, Glúm. 344, Fb. i. 213: part, kvændr, mod. kvæntr, married, of a man, Sturl. i. 31, Faer. 3. kvæning, f. the taking a wife, marriage, Fms. x. 197. KVÖÐ, f., gen. kvaðar, pl. kvaðar, mod. kvaðir, [kveðja], a claim, demand, esp. as a law term: I. a summoning of neighbours (búa- kvöð), Grág. i. 36, 52, ii. 52, passim; the summons was either to be on a man at home (heiman-kvöð and kveðja heiman búa) or in parliament in special cases (þinga-kvöð and kveðja búa á þingi); the latter was the case in the tólptar-kviðr (see kviðr), or in case one or more of the neigh- bours summoned had died, and it was necessary to make up the roll; -- Oddr kveðr heiman búa; ... bat verðr til tíðinda at maðr andask or kvöðinni, Oddr kveðr annan í staðinn, fara menu nú til þings, ... Hefir þú rangt til búit mulit, kvatt heiman tíu búa ok er þat lögieysa, áttir þú þat ú þingi at göra en eigi í héraði, Band. 5: a body of neighbours, þeir ruddu fjóra búa ór kvöðinni, Nj. ioo; vanda skal búa í þinga-kvöð slíkt sem i heiman-kvöð, Grág. i. 142; and réttir eru þeir menn á þingi at kveðja ef þeir eru þar staddir, ef heiman eru réttir í kvöð, id.; su sök er heiman kvöð fylgir, Grág. i. 130, 142; vera réttr í kvöð, to be duly elected a 'neighbour, ' Grág.; gagn-kvöð, a counter summons, ii. 1O2; tólptar- kvöð, Landn. 89. II. any demand, duty; þótti bændum hann yfrit frckt mæla í kvöðunum. Fms. xi. 225; nú á ek hróðrs of kvöð, a song is due from me, Höfuðl. 2. in mod. usage esp. liability, burden, service, = Germ, frohn-dienst. COMPDS: kvaðar-váttr, m. a witness duly summoned, Grág. i. 42, ii. 321. kvaðar-vsetti, n. evidence of summons, Grug. ii. kvöðull, m. in frum-kvöðull, q. v. KVÖL, f., gen. kvalar, pl. kvalar, mod. kvalir, [kvelia; Dan. quaf] :-- torment, torture, Am. 61, 98, Fms. viii. 53, Stj. 157, Sks. 155: eccl. the Passion, Pass., Vidal. passim: in plur. esp. the torments of hell, lielvitis kvalar, Fb. ii. 391, Nj. 273; í Helviti ok kvolunum, Luke xvi. 23; já, sagði Sturla, svá má vera, þvíat allar kvalar munu honum sparðar til annars heims, Sturl. i. 89. COMPDS: kvala-staðr, m. a place of torment, Rb. 424, Luke xvi. 28. kvala-stund, f. the hour of the Passion, Pass.

366 KVÖLD -- KYNSTR.

kvöld, n. evening; see kveld. kvöl-heimr, m. the home of torment, hell, Sól. 53. kykr, kykvendi, kykfé, etc., see kvikr, etc. kykva-vöðvi, a, m. the quick; see kvikr. kylfa, ð, to stammer; k. til orðanna, Fms. vii. 165. KYLFA, u, f. [Engl. club; Germ, kolbe; Dan. kolle] :-- a club, Fms. i. 177, xi. passim, Sd. eh. 14: the saying, láta kylfu ráða kasti, to take a chance, metaphor from the ball and the bat. kylfu-högg, n. a blow with a club, Fms. xi. 144, Fas. ii. 367. II. the club-formed beak on a ship's stem; svartar kylfur, Sighvat. kylfi, n. = kylfa II; þá færðu konungsmenn stafnleá á skeiðar-kylfinu, ok héldu þeim, -- þá mælti jarlinn, at stafnbúar skyldu af höggva kylfinu, Ö. H. 40. Kylfingar, n. pl. the inhabitants of a part of the ancient Garðar, Eg. ch. io, Rb. 320, Symb. 9. kylja, u, f'. = kylr, Úlf. 12. 52. kylli-flatr, adj. prostrate; delta kylliflatr, (slang.) kyllir, m. the scrotum, Drop!. 24, Edda (Lauf.): esp. of beasts, hruts- k., nauts-k.: a bag, skyr-k., a bag for curds, Grett.; tóbaks-k., o tobacco- pouch, kylli-nef, m. a nickname, Orkn. kylna, u, f. a kiln, kylnu-eldr, m. a kiln fire, Gþl. 376. kylr, in. a gust of cold air, Sks. 196 B. kylta, u, f. [perh. akin to kjoltr, q. v.], a quibble; var þó samt k. nieð þeim, Sturl. ii. 165. kyltl, n. a bad reading for kyrtill (q. v.), Nj. 48. kymi, a, m. a dark retired nook: see af-kyrni. KYN, n., gen. pl. kynja, dat. kynjum; [akin to kænn, kunna] :-- won- der; en eptir þetta kyn þynglsk hönd Drottins yfir ..., Stj. 436; þótti mönnum þetta kyn mikil, Sturl.: þá urðu . morg kyn bæði í draumum ok synum, Bs. i. 662; þótti þeirn þat kynjum sæta, 655 xxvii. 22; münnurn þótti kynjum við bregða, Fms. vi. 95: in mod. usage, það er ekki kyn, ' ti s no t tobe wondered at. COMPDS: kyn-burðr, m. a strange, monstrous birth, Stj. 80. kynja-lauss, adj.; var eigi k. áðr lauk, it w as not by fair means at last, port. Karl. 384. kynja-lseti, n. pl. strange gestures, Fms. vi 218. kynja-meiii, n. a strange illness (not natural), Bs. i. 644. kynja-menn, m. pl. 'wonder-people, ' i. e. fairies, goblins; álfar ok aðrir kynjamenn, Bs. 1. 417: uncouth people, Jórunn kvað sér eigi um kynjamenn alia, Ld. 36; hafa mér allir kynja- menn ilia gefisk, Mag. 7. kynja-sótt, f. id., Ann. 1389, Hom. (St.) kynja-vetr, m. a 'wonder-winter, ' Bs. i. 417. KYN, n., gen. pl. kynja, (but kyna less correct, Greg. 75, Sks. 450 B); [Ulf. kuni -- ytvos, passim; =(pv\ri, Luke ii. 36, Philipp. iii. 5; ifprjufpia, Luke i. 8; A. S. cyn; Engl. kin; O. H. G. kunni; Dutch kunne; lost in mod. Germ; Swed. -Dan. kön; Lat. genus; Gr. -yews] :-- kin, kindred; þar átti hann kyn húlft, Eg. 288; faðir þeirra hafði kyn átt tveim megin Gautelfar, 72; Danskr, Sænskr at kyui, Danish, Swedish by extraction, 0. H. passim; e-m kippir í kyn, Fms. ii. 34, Glúm. 346; telja kyn sitt til e-s, Fms. v. 132; ek á kyn á Jamtalandi, 0. H. 211 :-- in names of families -- a house, Ölvusinga-kyn, the h o*/s e of the O., Landn.; Myramanna-kyn, / he bouse of the M., Eg. 770; Vatnsfirðinga-kyn, the house of the W., Ld. 129; Eireks kyn, Eirek's kin, 0. H. (in a verse); kyn þjóðar, mankind, Geisli 20, Merl. 2. 29; fira kyn, lofða kyn, Ýt. 21; gumna kyn, id.; kyn beirna, id.; lýða kyn, id., Edda (in a verse); kyn aldar, id., Harms. 34; gy'gjar kyn, giant-kind, Heir. 13; gyldis kyn, wolf-kind, Edda (Ht.); kyn kvenna, womankind, Kormak; karl-kyn, male kind; kvenn-kyn, womankind; jöfra kyn, the royal kin, 0. H. (in a verse); konunga kyn, royal family, Fms. xi. 406. 2. a tribe; í öllum kynjum (tribes) Israel, Stj. 342; allra mannligra kyna, Greg. 75. II. a kind, sort, species; allr fénaðr meðr jöfnu kyni, Stj. 178; með reykelsi ok öllu kyni biota, 656. A. 11. 14; * skyldasta kyni, of the most befitting kind, Landn. 168; hvalr tvítiigr eða lengri eins kyns, Grág. ii. 337; alls kyns, of every kind, Fms. v. 345; annars kyns, of other kinds, viii. 251; hvers kyns, of any kind; engis kyns, of no kind, Stj. 27; niargs kyns, of many kinds, Fb. ii. 297; þess kyns, of that kind, Fms. vi. 216. 2. gender; karl-kyn, masculine; kvenn-kyn, feminine, Skáldai85; hvárginligt kyn, neuter, 185; foil, kyn ok nafn, 180; kynja-skipti, change of gender, 185. kyns- maðr, m. a kinsman; frá kynsmonnum Abrahams, 656 B. 2; fyrstr sinna kynsmanna, Eg. 263, 536, Fms. ii. 22. kyn-borinn, part, of noble kin, D. I. i. 185. KYNDA, d, mod. t, to kindle, light a fire; k. funa, eld, loga, bál, vita, Hkv. i. 37, Am. 5, Mar.; ok skyldi þaðan vita fyrst upp k. ef herr væri sémi, Fas. iii. 18; k. ofn, Fb. 1. 416: absol., s. kaltu eigi beiðask at baka heitara en ek mun kynda, Eg. 239: metaph., Heilagr Audi kyndi ástar- eld í brjóstum þeim, Greg. 18. II. reflex, to be kindled; log- brundunum kastaði upp í borgina ok tók at í kyndask, Fms. x. 29; hugrinn kyndisk svá inorgum brondum sem boðorðum, Greg. 19; ok er þat (the bale fire) er mjök í kynt, Fas. i. 202: for Vsp. 47 see kynna and mjöuiðr. kyndari, a, m. a kindler, Fb. i. 416. kyndi, n. = kyn, in the phrase, þesskyndis = þess kyns, Bs. ii. 89, 162. kyndill, m. [cp. Lat. c andela], a candle, torch, Sturl. iii. 172; hreinir kyndlar, Sol. 69; kyudil ok kerti, Edda ii. 429; Ey-kyndill, Inland-taper, name of an Icel. lady of the beginning of the nth century from her taper-formed figure, Bjarn. COMP. US: kyndil-ljós, n. candle-light, Hkr. ii. 382. kyndil-mal, n. a candle measure, wick (?), Bs. i. 339. Kyndil-messa, u, f. Candlemas, the feast of the Purification, 0. H. 83, Bs. i. 73, Rb. 532, Dipl., N. G. L. passim. kyndug-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), guilefully, Bev. kyndugr, adj. guileful, Sks. 320, Fas. i. 76, Karl. 63, 72, Fb. i. 77. kyndugskapr, m. guile, wiliness, Fb. i. 208, Stj. 198, Maj., Karl. 71. kyn-ferð, f. kindred, extraction, Eg. 22, Fms. xi. 54, O. H. 112: in plur., Stj. 191. kyn-ferði, n. = kynferð, Magn. 434, Ld. 86, Fms. xi. 18, 0. H. 81. kyn-ferðugr, adj. of such and such extraction. Mar. kyn-fylgja, u, f. a family characteristic, peculiarity, Sturl. iii. 183, Landn. 276, Bs. i. 196, Barl. passim: a family genius, Fas. i. 122. (see fylgja): kindred, Sks. 48; kynfylgju-spel!, a . s pell in a family, H. E. i. 247, 248. kyngi, f. [kunna], prop, knoivledge, hut only used of magic, 656 B. 2, O. T. 36, Ísl. ii. 89; kyngi kraptr, magical power, Fas. iii. 444; kyngi veðr, a s t orm raised by magic, ii. 435; see fjolkyngi. kyn-góðr, adj. of good family, Sir. n. kyn-göfgi, f. nobility of birth. kyn-göfigr, adj. of noble kindred, Sks. 274, Mar. kynja, að, impers., e-n kynjar, to wonder, think strange. kynjaðr, part, descended, native, Fms. i. -241, Landn. 288, Str. 61. kyn-kvísl, f. a ' kin-branch, ' lineage, pedigree, Fms. i. 218, Sks. 96, Stj. 48, 54, 112, passim: kind, hljóð hefir margar kynkvíslir, Skálda 173. kyn-liga, adv. strangely, Hom., Nj. 130. kynlig-leikr, m. a strange thing, Sturl. i. 132. kyn-ligr, adj. strange, extraordinary, wonderful, Fms. ii. 154, 157, viii. 15, x. 169, xi. 9, Ísl. ii. 352; e-m görisk kynligt, to feel strange, feel ill, Finnb. 336. kyn-líkr, adj. resembling, Bs. ii. 142. kyn-lítill, adj. of low extraction, Ísl. ii. 62, Barl. 169. kyn-margr, adj. of various kinds, Sks. 86. KYNNA, d, mod. t, [causal from kunna], to make known; k. sér e-t, to m a ke known to oneself, study; k. sér kaupskap, Jxkð. 17 new Ed.; hanu kynndi sér svá siðu airnarra manna, Fms. iii. 213; k. e-m e-t, t o communicate to one, 655 xi, 3, MS. 623. 12; hverr mun kynna oss (tbew us the way) til konungs, Karl. 470; kynna urn e-t, to enquire into, Sturl. i. 32. II. reflex, to become known, come abroad; þá þat kyndisk, the n it was seen, Hkm. 18, Greg. 59; e-m kynnisk e-t, to get acquainted with, því heldr sem mér kynnisk betr, Fms. ii. 37, vi. 392 :-- with dat., kynnask e-u, to become acquainted with a thing, Fs. 31 :-- with acc., kynnask e-t (= kynna sér e-ð), to study, teygja til þess unga menu, at kynnask várt mál, Bs. i. 59 :-- with prep., kynnask við e-u, to offend a person; hann kynndisk við mik, (ok stakk spjóti sínu við sjóð mínum ok reið á brott), Ísl. ii. 498; but also, t o m ake acquaintance with one, in a good sense, Stj. 422, Konr. io, passim; perhaps also the debated passage, mjötuðr kyndisk, the rwler enquires (?), Vsp. 47, belongs to this word and not to kynda, see mjötuðr. KYNNI, n. acquaintance, intercourse; á ek þar slíkt k. við bórólf, Eg. 148; þat er vina-kynni, friendly intercourse, Hkv. Hjörv. 3; ákka ek þess kynni, i. e. I have not deserved it, Am. 13: habit, nature, kol- manna-k., Sturl. ii. 17 (in a verse); þat er mannsins kynni, ai ..., Hom.; u-kynni, Germ, unart, bad manners, Hm. 18. 2. a friendly visit to a friend or kinsman; þat var engi siðr, at sitja lengr en þrjik nætr at kynni, Eg. 698; Glúmr var þar þrjár nætr at kynni sínu, en þá býsk hann heim, Glúm. 344; öðru sinni mun ek hingat kynnis leita, Sturl. j. 93; koma til kynnis, Hm. 16, 29, 32; sækja kynni, to make a visit, O. H. 115; fara á kynni, id., Fb. i. 532; fara til kynnis, id., Bjarn. 59; sitja at kynni, t o s tay on a visit, Eg. 1. c. 3. domestic affairs; þau ein eru kynni. heima at þín, "Band. 13: h om e, mér þykkir sem þú munir eiga her kynni, Fb. i. 253; heirn-k., home; lmsa-k., build- ings; sala-k., id., Vþm. 3. COMPDS: kynnis-ferð, f. a journey on a visit, Orku. 220. kynnis-gjöf, f. a gift to a visitor, Fms. vi. 358. kynnis-leið, f. a visit, Sturl. i. 58, 655 xxvii. 4, kynnis-leit, f. (-leitan, Sturl. C, I. e.), avi s it, Njarð. 368, Sturl. ii. 25, Dropl. 9, Sîor. 17. kynnis-sókn, f. a visit, Hkr. i. 114, Sturl. ii. 18 C, 0. H. 114. kynnis-vist, f. the bein g" o n a visit, a visit, Ld. 192., Fms. iv. 256. kynning, f. acquaintance with, knowledge of, esp. in an eccl. sense, Hom. 3, Greg. 22, Fms. ii. 46, Fær. 136, Stj. 377. kyn-ríkr, adj. of great extraction, Band. 29 new Ed. kynsl, n. pl. wonders, strange things; mikil, stór kynsl, Fas. i. 194, iii. 7. kyn-slóð, f. kindred, progeny, pedigree, Edda (pref.), Eg. 100, 709,, Stj. 314: kindred, family, Edda (pref.), Landn. 108, O. H. 189. kyn-smár, adj. of low extraction, Sturl. i. 153 C. kyn-stafr, m. a sc ion, Edda (Gl.) kyn-stórr, adj. high-born, noble, Eg. 127, 137, Fms. i. 63, x. 379, Bret. 53. kynstr, n. pl. strange, prodigious things, esp, of witchcraft, Fmsv.

KYNSÆLL -- KÆNN. 3G7

iii. 89, Fas. i. 56, 194, iii. 210, 308; kyustra-maðr, ii. 425; fá-kynstr, ' wonders. kyn-sæll, adj. blessed with good and great offspring, a man from whom many great and . good men are descended; fjöldi manna er frá Karlsefni kominn, ok er hann k. maðr orðinn, Fb. i. 549; frá Júda er mestr höfðingi var ok kynsælastr, Stj. kyn-vani, adj. 'wanting in kindred, ' Fas. iii. 257. kyn-viðr, m. = kynstafr, Stor. 20. kyn-þáttr, m. lineage, Sturl. i. 8, Landn. 48, Fms. ii. 89, Stj. 443, Korm. 160. kyrð or kyrrð, f. [Ulf. y airrei^rrpaOTTjs], rest, quietness; i kyrðum, in rest, Fms. xi. 90, Korni. 140; með kyrð ok friði, Fms. x. 404. kyrfi-liga, adv. meanly, humbly, Úlf. 4. 44. kyrft-ligr, adj. humble, mean; húsabœr lítill ok k., Fas. iii. 219. kyrking, f. a strangling, Grág. ii. 9. kyrkja, t, kvirkja in N. G. L. i. 340, 341, [kverk], to strangle, Grág. ii. 9; hengdr eða kyrktr, 131; kyrktr eða kafðr, 34; kvirkt eða kvæft, N. G. L. i. 340; kvirkir klari, 341. kyrningr, m. a suckling (?), of a calf or sheep; drekka sér kyrnings hjarta, Fb. ii. 676. kyrn-samr, adj. slanderous, Krók. 46. kyrpingr, m. [korpa], a weakling(J), as abuse, Edda ii. 495; aldrei güri ek-þik likan öðrum kyrpingum, Grett. 94 A, B. KYRR, adj., older form kvirr, which is freq., esp. in Norse MSS., N. G. L., Bs. i. 18; in present pronunciation kjurr or kjur; both the r's belong to the root, and ate still proncd. so; compar. kyrrari, superl. kyrrastr: [Ulf. 'jairrus^rjinos, 2 Tim. ii. 24; Swed. quar; Dan. qver; N. II. G. kir r] :-- still, quiet, at rest; halda á vápni kyrru, to hold a weapon at rest, Grág. ii. 64; ef þváttr er upp hengdr fyrir helgi, þá skal hanga kvirr, N. G. L. i. 397; siti kvirr medan heilagt er. id.; hlyðir þó at þeir sé þrír, er hér á landi veri jafnan kyrrir, Grág. ii. 129; hann bað Bolla vera kvirran, Bs. i. 18; Hakon bað hann hætta ok vera kyrran, Fms. vii. 154; er nú kyrt þar til er menu riða til boos, Nj. 24; let konungr þá vera kyrt, Eg. 18; pat væri næst mínu skaptyndi, at kaap þetta væri kyrt, Ld. 2J2; setjask um kyrt, to take to rest (in life), Eg. 118, Fas. ii. 530; sitja um kyrt, to sitot rest, s tir not, Nj. 102, Ld. 84; halda kyrru fyrir. not tostir, 216. II. neut. kyrt, as adv. gently; tak þú kyrt þar á, touch it gently, 0. H. 176; lionuin þótti of kyrt klegit, Bs. i. 462; slá þú nú kyrrara, Fms. v. 152. kyrra, ð, to calm; kyrra elda, Rm. 41; þeir æstu stundum en stundutn kyrðu, Fas. iii. 237: impers. to become calm, samdægris ryfr þokuna ok kyrrir sjainn, ii. 516. II. reflex, to become calm; en er kyrðisk á strætinu, Fms. ix. 24; en er kyrðisk yfir því, MS. 645. 120; af þess nafni kyrrisk padda ok stöðvask oil eitrkykvendi, 623. 26: with prep., k. um e-t, tekr nú þaðan af at kyrrask um malin, Bjarn. 73; mi kyrðusk þeir Arnórr við þetta, Sturl. ii. 16. kyrring, f. calming, Rétt. kyrr-látr, adj. calm, peaceful, gentle, Eg. 598; vitr maðr ok k., 702, Fms. viii. 447, xi. 2:3. kyrr-leikr, in. tranquillity, MS. 674. 41, Stj. 33, Lil. i. kyrr-liga, adv. calmly, quietly, Fms. ix. 432. kyrr-ligr, adj. calm, Sturl. ii. 131. kyrr-seta, u, f. sitting, living at rest, Grett. 13; setjask í kyrrsetu, to take rest in life, Eg. 367, Fs. 21; sitja í kyrrsetu, Orkn. 184; ha fa kyrr- setu, to have rest, þorst. Síðu H. 170; fair una mi kyrrsetunni, Fms. viii. 279: in plur., medic, want of exercise: kyrrsetu-tak, a law term, bail for a person, N. G. L. i. 48. kyrr-setja, t, to sequester, Ann. 1391, D. N. passim. kyrr-sæti, n. = kyrrseta, Hkr. i. 30, F]g. 367, Fms. vii. 28, viii. 279, Sks. 46, Ld. 82, Orkn. 142. kyrr-þey, n., in the phrase, í kyrrþey, silently. kyrtat, adv., qs. kyrt þat, gently, Skálda 188 (in a verse). KYRTILL, m.; kyltl, Nj. 48, is a mere misspelling of a single MS.; [A. S. cyrtel; Engl. kirtle; Germ, kittel; Dan. kjortel, and contr. k/'o l i] : -- a kirtle, tunic, gown; hvitan kyrtil, Fms. vi. 346; rauðr k., Fb. 226, Nj. 48, 91; sá er tvá kyrtla á, gefi hann annan fátækjum inönnum, MS. 625. 91; ætla jafnan góðan mun styttri skykkju þína en kyrtil, Sks. •287; þeir höfðu stutta kyrtla ok svá yfirhafnir, Fms. vii. 63; kyrtla af dauðra kvikenda skinnum, Stj. 39; hálflitr k., Bs. i. 434; kyrtill með hettu, 876; hálfermaðr k., Sturl. iii. 306; kyrtill með hïöðum, D. N. iv. 363. COMPDS: kyrtils-blað, n. the lap of a kirtle, Sks. 718, Fms. iii. 160, cp. Eb. 226. kyrtla-klæði, n. cloth for a kirtle, Bs. i. 434. kyrtils-lauss, adj. without a kirtle, Mart. 122, Sks. 286. kyrtil- skaut, n. = kyrtilsblað, Sks. 718. KYSSA, t, [koss; Goth, kukjan; A. . S. cyssjan; Engl. kis s; Germ. küssen; Dan. kysse; Swed. ky. ss a] : -- to kiss, Hkv. 1. 13, þkv. 27, Hkv. Hjörv. 43, Skv. 3. 4, Grág. i. 337, Landn. 247; kysti Kormakr Stein- gerði tvá kossa, Korm. 224; k. á hönd or knó e-m, as a token of homage, Fms. v. 238, vii. 314: whence the phrase, margr kyssir á þá hönd, er hann vildi gjarna af vaeri, viii. 231. II. reflex, in a recipr. sense, to ki s s one another, Sd. 142, Sks. 513. kyssiligr, adj. ^/î t tobe kissed, kissable, Fas. iii. 341. kyta or kytra, u, f. [kot], a cottage, hovel, Eg. (in a verse); hús- kyta, q. v. kýfa, ð, [kúfr], to fill over the brim. kýfla, u, f. an ogress (?), Fms. viii. 305; perhaps better gylfra, q. v. kýkja, t, = kingja. kýla, d, t o^/ ill a bag, to fill one's belly with a thing; ky'la vömb sína á miði ok mungati, Fs. 4, Fms. i. 493; kemba lömb | kýla fulla þeirra vömb, Jón þorl.; kyla öl, to tipple ale, drink bard, Fms. vii. 190. KÝLI, n. a boil, abscess, freq. in mod. usage; the phrase, gn'pa á ky'linu, to touch a sore place, Fms. vii. 121. KÝLL, m. [cp. Lat. culeus] , a bag; var þór svá troðit í kyl sem korni í belg, Fnis. vii. 2 I; hann bar ky! þúrs, be carried Thor's knapsack, Edda 28; karl ok ky'll, beggar and scrip, Nj. 274, Sturl. ii. 52. kýma, d; ky ma at e-u, to make merry over a thing. kýmiliga, adv. in a funny, facetious manner, Grett. 200 new Ed. kýmiligr, adj. amusing, funny; kymiligar sögur, merry tale s, Grett. 98 A, Mag. 15, Art. 77; freq. in mod. usage also of a person, but the etymology is not known. KÝR, f., gen. kyr, dat. and acc. ki'i; n. pl. acc. ky'r, gen. kiia, dat. kúm; and with the article, sing, kyrin, kyrinnar, kunni, kúna, plur. ky'rnar, kiianna, kununi; [a word common to all Teat, languages, as also Lat. b os, Gr. /3ovs] :-- a cow, Ld. 156, Bs. i. 335; kýr sú er Auðumbla hét, Edda; kyr þrcvetr, Grág. i. 501; kálf-bær ky'r, 501; geld ky'r, 502; ky'r yxna, 426; snemmbær kyr, an early-calving cow, viz. in autumn or in the early winter mouths; Jólabær ky'r, a cow to calve at Yule time; as also, síðbær, várbær, sumarbær, a late-calving cow, viz. in the spring or summer; selja ku á leigu, Gþl. 98; leigu-kyr, N. G. L. i. 24; leigakú, id.; mi skal fc skilja at kyr, 75; eigi ellri kú en útta vetra, id.; veita vörð kú (dat.), Gþl. 500; eitt kveld var vant kýr (gen.) í þykkva-skógi, Ld. 156; ætluðu at aka heim kunni, ... þeir es'kúna áttu, Bs. i. 335; káífa undan kiim (knum MS.), Grág. i. 305; fimrn tigi kiia (gen. pl.), B. K. 28: allit., karl ok kýr, Fms. ii. 138, Sturl. ii. 152, (else kurl ok ky'll.) COMPDS: kúa-lubbi, a, m., botan. a boletus, mushroom, Hjalt. kúa- mjólk, f. cow's milk. kúa-smjör, n. cow's butter. kýr-eldi, n. cow's fodder, Dipl. kýr-fóðr, n. a cow's fodder, a measure of hay, Bs. i. passim, Boldt 89. kýr-húð, n. a cow's hide, Grág. i. 505. kýr- hvalr, m. a kind of whale, F. dda (Gl.) kyr-lag, n. -- lcel. kúgildi, a cow's value, B. K. 8, 53, Gþl. 343. kýr-land, n. l a nd yielding a cow's value in rent, D. N. kýr-leiga, u, f. a cow's rent, H. E. i. 519, D. N. passim. kýr-verð, n. a cow's worth, K. Á. 206. kýta, t, [kyta, í var Aasenl, to quarrel, quibble. KÆFA (i. e. kcefa) or kvæfa, ð, [kóf, kefja] :-- to quench, choke, drown; þeir vildu kæfa hann í lauginni, Fas. i. 377; hann kæiir hann ok drepr, Stj. 96; kæía Iji'. s, to quench a light, Gísl. 29; ok marga menu inui kseft í stofu-reyk, Sturl. iii. 261: kyrkt eða kvaeft, N. G. L. i. 340: reflex, to be suffocated, kæfðisk þá hestrinn undir þórði, Sturl. iii. 23: metaph., sv'nin kxrisk, Mar. KÆFA, u, f. a kind of seasoned, preserved meat; in western Icel. called villi-bráð. kæja, ð, to decoy, all u re(?), a air. \fy.; Magnus konungr hafði skömmu áðr komit, ok vildi ekki láta kœia sik samdaegris, þóttisk þurfa hvíldar, Mork. 36. kækinn, adj. ill-mannered, Fb. i. 77. kækr, m. a (strange) habit, mannerism; það er ekki nema kaekr, göra sér upp kæki, to feign. KÆLA (i. e. kœla), d, [causal from kala, kól; Germ, k u hle n] :-- t o coo l, Edda 7, jþiðr. 95, Barl. 132; lot jarl bera vatn í ok kæla grjótið, Orkn. 352; hann hafði kælt á sér marga hluti, Stj. 156; at hann kæli mína tungu, id.; at hann drepi hinu minnsta sins fingrs í vatn ok kæli tungu niina, Luke xvi. 24: part, ka-ldr = kaldr, vóru þar þá mjök kæld híbýli, Siurl. ii. 109. kæ-meistari, a, m. [for. word], a ruler of a feast, John ii. 9. KÆNA, u, f. [Germ. kabn\, a kind of b oa t, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms., freq. in mod. usage. Kænu-garðar, m. pl. a part of ancient Garðar (q. v.), Fb. iii. kæni, f. = kænleiki. kæn-leikr, m. craft, sagacity, Hkr. i. 254, Sturl. iii. 315, Fms. viii. 292. kæn-liga, adv. cleverly, warily, Fms. viii. 289, xi. 326; fara k., to go warily, Finnb. 352. kæn-ligr, adj. clever, skilful, Al. 145. KÆNN (i. e. kcenn), adj., compar. ksenni, superl. kænstr (kænastr); [O. H. G. cbuon; mid. H. G. kuene; Germ, kübn'] :-- wise; kœnna hverr, every vjise man, Skv. 2. 25; kaenir nienn, Leiðarv. 40: an epithet of God, Bs. i. 138 (in a verse); of Christ, Od. 9, Hallfred: but usually, 2. skilful, expert; kænn við e-t, skilful in a thing; kænn við leika, orrostur, riddaraskap, Fs. 14, Fms. vi. 5, vii. 257, x. 231; hinn kænasti at allri herstjorn, ii. 106; kænn við alla rikis-stjórn, a wise ruler, i. 2 18 :-- clever, Hákon var kænstr ok fremstr ok gaefu-mestr, vi. 328; kænni ok klúkari, Stj. 248; allra kvenna var hón kænst ok orði farin, Ld. 122, (kaenust. , -Fms. ii. 21, I. e.); vig-kænn, her-k., stjorn-k.

368 KÆNSK A -- -K ATTARTUN GA.

kænska, u, f. skill, craft, Skálda 164; hann slú hörpuna með svá mikilli kænsku, Bs. i. 155. kæpa, u, f. [kópr], a female seal with young, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Fms. kæpa, t, to have young, of a seal. KÆRA, ð, to accuse, complain of, also to plead, with acc.; þor- steinn kvaðsk eigi vilja kæra frændr sína um þetta mál, Rd. 234; hver- vetna þar sem ef er á nokkru máli, þá kæri þeir sem um þat mál eigu at dæma, K. Á. 204; hann kærði angr sinn, Str. 4; kæra vandræði sín, k. mál sín fyrir e-m, Hkr. i. 196, Fms. x. 24; er lands-nauðsynjar verða fyrir honum kærðar, Sks. 496 :-- to plead, herra Rafn kærði krankleik sinn, Bs. i. 782; kæra mál sin, to plead one's cause, Gþl. 16; oil mál ok sakarferli sfcyldi fyrir dómanda kærask, Stj. 164; kæra log eðr lof, t o debate laws or licenses, Grág. i. 5; þótt þeir kærði (debated) þetta um hríð milli sin, Hkr. ii. 42. 2. to complain, with prepp.; kæra á e-n, to make a charge or complaint against, accuse; má hón nú ekki á okkr kæra, þvíat ek senda kiðit sem ek hét, Stj. 197; Svíar kærðu mjök á Hákon konung, at hann hafði brennt Vermaland, Fms. x. 1: to plead against, accuse, gékk fram sira Jón holt ok kaerði á Ketils-sonu, at þeir hefði úlögliga tekit fyrir honum kvikfé mart, Bs. i. 738: ef nokkurr kasrir á þá jörð, Jb. 253; engi hafði á kært né at fundit, Dipl. i. 7; við hvern eiga þessir menu at kæra, against whom have these men to com- plain? Dropl. 16: ksera sik, to complain, murmur; þegar baendr tóku at k. sik, Fms. iv. 271, Stj. 294. kæra, u, f. a complaint, esp. as a la\v term, a complaint made before a king or court, Fb. ii. 170, Dipl. ii. 13: a murmur, Stj. 291: a quarrel, dispute, 131. COMPDS: kæru-efni, n. a matter for quarrel, H. E. i. 386. kæru-lauss, adj. quit, free; kvittr ok kærulauss, Dipl. iv. 5. kæri, a, m. de a r; heilsa ok kalla kæra sinn, Stj. 70. kærir, m. an acc z^s er, Fms. ix. 454. kær-kominn, part, wished for, welcome. kærleikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), love, charity. 2. often in pl. inti- macy; hann var í miklum kærleik við konung, Eg. 406; Jjórir var þá í hinum mestum kærleikum við konung, 171; þá görðisk kærleikr mikill með þeim, Fms. i. 57; var hann þar um vetrinn með konungi í kærleikum miklum, O. H. 94; eru með þeim enu mestu kærleikar, Nj. 268; komsk hann í ena mestu kærleika við konung, Eg. 12; nú er fjórólfr þar í all- miklum kærleikum með konungi, 29. 3. in the N. T., ayairrj, charitas in the Vulgate, is usually rendered by kærleikr, and, if with the article, the weak form is used in gen., dat., and acc., but the strong in nom., thus, stundið eptir kærleikanum, 1 Cor. xiv. I; þóað eg talaði tungum Englanna og mannanna og hefði ekki kærleikann, ... þóað eg fjöllin i'ir stað hrærði, en hefði ekki kaerleikann ..., but, kærleikrinn er þolinmóðr, kærleikrinn vandlætir eigi, ... vonin, trúin, kærleikrinn, en kærleikrinn er mestr af þessum, í Cor. xiii, Vidal., Pass, passim; kjötiigr k., carnal love, Stj. 131. kær-liga, adv. [Dan. kiœrlig^, dearly, lovingly; elska k., Mar.; kyssa k., Bárð. 176; heilsa e-m k., Ísl. ii. 465. kær-ligana, adv. = kærliga. kær-ligr, adj. dear, beloved, Dipl. ii. ii, v. 20. KÆRR, adj., compar. kærri, superl. kærastr and kærstr; [Dan. kicer; Swed. k or; this word, which does not occur in old poets of the heathen time, was prob. introduced through the French from the Lat. c ar u s] :-- t lea r, beloved, intimate; lengi höfu vit feðgar ekki kserir verit Noregs- konungum, Nj. 8; hinn kærasti konungi, Fms. i. 15; var með þeim en kærasta vinátta, Eg. 2: görðu þeir með sér ena kærstu vináttu, Nj. 103; verit hefir kærra við jbórólf af þinni hendi, Eg. 255; allir görðu sér kærra við Hákon, Fms. i. 22; þinna kærastu vina, Stj. 539; mín kæra, my dear! 388; minn kæri, my dear ! kærsla, u, f. a complaint, Stj. 539; þá hófu aðrir menn sínar kærslur fyrir konungi, Hkr. ii. 136; jarl hafði miklar kærslur á ívar bodda, Fms. ix. 260. Kærslu-sunna, u, f. the Sunday Judica me, the 5th Sunday in Lent, early Dan. Kœre-Söndag, D. N. passim. kæsa, t, t o m ake to ferment; kxstr, fermented, decomposed, esp. of the flesh of skate or sharks, kaest skata, kæstr hákarl. KÆSIR, m. rennet from a calf's maw, u s ed tocurdle milk, for making cheese and skyr (q. v.), freq. in mod. usage. kæsis-gras, n., botan. butterwort, pinguicula, Hjalt. KÆTA, t, [kátr], to gladden, Stj. 418: reflex, to be gladdened, rejoice, Hkr. iii. 278, Bad. 144, 208. kæti, f. cheer, gladness, Fms. x. 409, Barl. 74, 134. KÖGGULL, m., pl. köglar, the joints in the fingers and toes; at af skýfðum fremstum köglum fóta ok fingra, Stj. 379; skeindisk Kormakr á þumal-fingri ok klofnaði köggullinn, Korm. 88, Stud. i. 31; ok loddi köggullinn í sinunum, Lv. 86, Magn. 536: metaph. a s mall piece, mó- köggull, tað-k. kögla, að, [dirnin. from kaga], to ogle, þorst. hv. 43, Fs. 48. kögur-barn, n. [Norse koggebarri] , prop, a ' swaddled-bairn, ' a bant- ling, infant, as a term of abuse, Fas. ii. 232. KÖGURR, m., dat. kögri, pl. kögrar :-- a quilt with fringe, a counter- pane; hann let göra grind um legstaðinn ok breiða yfir kögur, Fms. via. 237; er leg hans í miðju kirkju-gólfi, ok breiddr yfir kögurr, Hkr. iii. 376, P'ms. x. 128, 150: of a church inventory, kögrar þrír, Dipl. iii. A, Pm. 34: a bed-cover, hann bjó þegar rekkju ok yfir breiddi einn kagur, Str. 45; sour á setklæði oil, ... bekk-klæði ok kögra, N. G. L. i. i\\ • kögur ok handklæði, Vm. 92: of dress, vaða ok væta kögur minn, Hbl. 13: in mod. usage of fringe or fringed cloth: a nickname, Landn. - munu jarðlýsnar synir Gríms kögurs, verða mer at bana?i46: botan. the thyrsus, Hjalt. kögur-sveinn, m. = kögurbarn; þola þvílíkum kögursveini köpuryrði, Edda 30, Mar. io=;6; skylda ek launa kögursveini þínum kanginyrði Hbl. i3. KÖKKR, m., dat. kekki, a lump, e. g. in badly-stirred porridge, in the throat, and the like; snæ-k., a snow-ball, Dropl. Kölski, a, m. [Kolr], the Black One, the Evil One, in popular tales. kölzugr, m. [kallz], p í rt, saucy, Grett. 116 A. kömbóttr, adj. [kambr], crested, Stj. 95. köngull, m. a stalk; vinberja-k., a vine-stalk, jborf. Karl. könguló, f. = köngurváfa. köngulóar-vefr, m. a spider's web. köngur-váfa, u, f., which is the truest and oldest spelling; kongor- váfa, Eluc. 23, Barl. 195, v. F.; kavngorváfa and kaungorvofva, Mar. 153; whence köngulváfa, Barl. 195; mod. könguló: [the word is derived from an obsolete köngur (a texture), which has been preserved in the Norse-Finnish kankas, kankuri; perhaps also kogurr (above) is akin, if not the same word; O. H. G. kanker; Norse kaangle~\ :-- a spider, passim. köppu-steinn, m. [North. E. cobble; Dan. kampesteen] , a boulder, Barl. 165. köpur-máll (köpurmálugr, Fas. ii. 233, v. l.), adj. bantering, Fas. ii. 128 (in a verse). köpur-yrði, n. pl. (köpur-orð, Karl. 463), banter, Edda 30, Karl. 463, þiðr. 186. KÖR, f., gen. karar, a bed in which one lies bedridden; liggja í kör, to lie bedridden, Ld. 82, Hkr. i. 35, Bs. i. 351, Fms. ii. 200, Gkv. 2. 43; leggjask í kör, to lay oneself down bedridden; sagði at allt var anuat athæfiligra en at auvirðask ok leggjask í kör, Eg. 103: mythol. the bed of Hel is called kör, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: karar-kerling, f. anold bedridden carline, Sturl. i. 36. karar-maðr, m. a bedridden person, Stud. i. 190, Háv. 50, Clem. 51. kör, n. choice, election, 0. H. 9^; see kjör. kör-beðr, m. = kör, Eg. (in a verse). KÖRI or keri, a, m., medic, a tent, probe; ef köra kennir inn til heila-basta, Grág. ii. 91: poet, a sword is called keri, Hallfr.; as also Val-keri, id. kör-leg, n. the lying in a kör; körlegs-maðr = kararmaðr, Stj. 158. kör-lægr, adj. bedridden, D. N.; see karlægr. körtr, m. [karta], short-horn (?): a nickname, Landn., Stud. KÖS, f., gen. kasar, a heap, pile, as of stones, blubber, or the like; hvalr lá í kös, Eb. 292; ok er sú kös (a heap of stones) þar enn allt til þessa dags, Stj. 359, v. l.; þeir þrír fella marga riddara ok alla í eina kös, El. 16; surnir lögðusk í kös, Fms. viii. 306. KÖSTR, m., gen. kastar, dat. kesti, pl. kestir, acc. köstu; [akin to kös] :-- a pile; bera saman í köstu, Grág. ii. 297; þar fell hverr um annan þveran, svá at þar var k. mikill. Fms. ix. 225; hjoggu ok baru saman í einn köst, Sturl. i. 69; val-köstr, a pile of slain; hris-k., a pile of fagots; kastar skurðr, the right of digging peat enough to make a stack, Vm. 64: esp. a pile of fuel, whence poët., lífs köstr, ' life's. -pile' = the body, Eb. (in a verse); kastar hel, 'pile's-bane' -- fire, Lex. Poët. kösungr or kausungr, m. a kind of jacket, Fms. vi. 422. KÖTTR, m., kattar, ketti, pl. kettir, acc. köttu, mod. ketti; [A. S. and Engl. ca t; O. H. G. cbaiza; Germ. ka/z e; Dan. kat; Swed. kati] :-- a cat, originally the martin cat or weasel; engi dynr verðr af hlaupi kattarins, Edda 19; hross eigu menu eigi at eta ok köttu, K. þ. K. 134; mýss svá storar sem kettir ungir vaeri, Ô. H.; liggja hjá sem köttr í hreysi, Orkn. 104; sér köttrinn músina, fsl. ii. 309; rifast eins og grair kettir, to live a cat and dog life, a saying; hvatr, blauðr, breyma k. (q. v.); a tom-cat is called fress, högni, steggr; a she-cat, bleyða; a bla c k tom-cat, kolr; a white tom-cat, mjaldr; the pet name is kisa, kis kis, q. v.; hreysi-k. (q. v.), the ermine cat. It seems that in the Saga time (loth century) the cat was not yet domesticated, for passages such as Vd. ch. 28, Eg. S. Einh. ch. 10, and the story in Edda (Thor lifting the giant's cat) apply better to the wild cat or the martin cat; and the saying in Ísl. ii. 1. c. (see s the cat the mouse ?) probably refers to the weasel and the field mouse; but that early in the I2th century the cat was domesticated even in Icel. is shewn by the story of the chess-players and the kittens leaping after a straw on the floor, told in Mork. 204, 205; for a curious legend of the genesis of the cat, see Maurer's Volks. 190; kattar sonr, a cat's so n (the ermine cat), a bastard, was a term of abuse, Hkv. I. 18 :-- a nickname, Landn.; hvers son ertú? -- Ek em Kattarson, -- Hverr var sá kottrinn? Fms. vi. 390. COMPDS: kattar-auga, n. cat's eye, botan. forget-me-not. kattar-rófa, u, f. a cat's t a il. kattar-skinn, n. a cat's skin, Grág. i. 504. kattar-tunga, u, f., botan. cat's tongue, the sea-plantain, plantago maritima, Hjalt.

L -- LAG. 369

L L (ell) is the eleventh letter of the alphabet, and the first of the liquids. In the Runic alphabet on the Golden horn, as well as in the later Runes, it was represented by ^, called lögr, q. v. (lögr er það er fellr or fjalli, Runic poem; A. S. lagii), and was, as the form shews, evidently drawn from the Greek or Latin alphabet. In old MSS. a digraph 7 is often used for ll, see Bs. i. 333 sqq. B. The l is in Icel. sounded as in other Teut. languages; but ll, after a vowel and not combined with another consonant, had a peculiar sound, almost dlb, thus, gull, fall, hella, kalla, = gudlh, fadlh, hedlha, kadlha. This pronunciation is still observed in Icel. as well as in some provincial dialects of western Norway, Vorse-vangen, Sogn, Hardanger; in some other parts of Norway it is sounded as dd. There are no means of ascertaining with certainty whether the ancients sounded ll exactly as the Icel. at present do, or whether it was not more aspirate than dental (as lib). 2. the peculiar aspirate sound of l before a radical dental is mentioned Gramm. p. xxxvi. (II): thus holt, allt, gult, illt, hallt, etc. were sounded (and are still sounded) as holht, alht, gulht, ilht, halht; as also in old writers before d, hold, kald, =holhd, kalhd, although in mod. pronunciation the aspirate sound is less perceived before a media than before a tenuis. C. In some Icel. words the ll is due to assimilation, and answers to Goth. lp, Saxon and Germ, ld, e. g. Icel. gull = Goth, gulp, Engl. and Germ, gold; it is however likely that originally these words were dis- tinct in sound from those which had a radical ll, and it may be that the present peculiar sound of ll was due to this cause -- that the sound of the assimilated ll prevailed and became universal, whilst the original radical ll sound was lost; though even in the earliest rhymes no distinc- tion is to be perceived. 2. in much later times ol assimilated into ll in a few words, bnilla =bráðla; as also Ir into ll in inflexions, hóll = hólr, stell = stelr, Gramm. p. xvi. (I. 3. a): in still later times rl changed into ll, jarl, karl, varla, etc., which in mod. pronunciation is sounded as jail, kail, valla, etc.; but this is not observed in writing, although it is so in early print, as also in MSS. of the 15th century. ifS" All words having a radical initial h (hl) are to be sought for under H; see the introduction to that letter. labba, að, to slouch; labbaðu veginn, Blesi, a ditty. LAÐA, að, [Ulf. Inpon = KO. KW • A. S. la'Xjan; Hel. latbjan; O. H. G. ladon; Germ, laden] :-- to bid, invite a guest; Geirríðr sparði ekki mat við menn, ok let göra skála sinn um þjóðbraut þvera, hón sat á stóli ok laðaði úti gesti, en borð stóð inni jafnan, ok matr á, Landn. 100; ok munu menn mæla, at sá laði er ráðin á, Bjarn. 53; Broddhelgi bauð þeim þar at vera ... þorsteinn spurði hví hann laðaði gesti, þorst. hv. 44; laða hirð í höll, Edda (Ht.); ef hann er kurteisliga laðaðr, Fms. x. 234: metaph., laða menu til sin, to draw one to oneself, Skálda (in a verse), Harms. 65, Likn. 28; laða menu til eilífrar sælu, Fb. i. 517; ok laðar til hugskota várra Drottinn sjálfan ok Engla hans, Hom. 149: reflex., laðask, to be drawn; ok laðask allir til Broddhelga, Vápn. 19, but perhaps better hlaðask, see hlada (fine). laðaðr, m. an invitation, laðaðs-maðr, m. = laðmaðr; ok beið hann af því sem 1. hans jarteina, Bs. i. 303. laðan or löðun, f. an invitation. lað-orð, n. a n invitation, bidding; þiggja laðorð at e-m, Bjarn. 53, and perhaps in the corrupt passage Bs. i. 142 instead of leitorð or letorð. laðunn or latrún, m. [from Lat. latr o, -H i s], a robber, Al. 68, Stj. 91. laf, n. a lap; kjól-laf, hempu-laf. LAFA, pres. lafi, pret. lafði, pass. pret. neut. lafað :-- to bang, dangle, as a flap; loddi köggullinn á sinunum -- þá mælti Oddi, hit lafa, muna þeir mein er þiggja, Lv. 86; kom á fótinn við öklat, ok tók af svá at lafði við, Sturl. ii. 70; þat it litla ok vesalliga (höfuð) sem lafir á þínum hálsi, Bjarn. 68: metaph. to dangle, ok þykki mér sem ekki torfæri sé á leið minni þóttú lafir á stigum, Fs. 32; lengi hefi ek lifat í haugi minum ok lafat á fé, Fas. ii. 271. lafði, f. [from Early Engl. lefdye; Engl. lady; A. S. hlœfdige; but borrowed at a time when the initial aspirate had already been lost in the Engl.] :-- a lady, Sks. 455, 457, MS. 4. 7, and now and then in mod. poetry, but the word never took root. laf-hræddr, adj. quivering, quaking from fear, Gísl. 60, Hem. Lafranz, m. a pr. name = Lawrence, Bs.: Lafranz-dagr, m., -messa, u, f., -vaka, u, f. the d a y, m ass, vigil of Si. Lawrence, Bs., Fms. laf-skeggr, m. ' wag-beard, ' a nickname, Landn. laft, n., Ivar Aasen laft = the coin or joint in a wooden building, D. N. passim; cp. lopt. laft-steinn, m. a laft stone, D. N. LAG, n. [leggja], a stratum, layer; vóru þá Varbelgir at taka af þau log sem eptir vóru brúatinnar, Fms. ix. 512: freq. in mod. usage, e. g. lag í vegg, a laye r or course of masonry. II. metaph. shape, Lat. /o r T n a: 1. a laying in order, due place, right position; leggja styri í lag, to ship the rudder in its place, book it on, Fms. vii. 47; leggja styri or lagi, to unship the rudder, Al. 67; ganga or lagi, to be displaced, . ^get wrong, Fms. viii. 291; fóru nú bry'nn hans í lag, his br ow s became smooth and straight, of a man frowning, Eg. 306; koma lagi á e-t, t o make a thin g- right, get a thing into order, Fms. xi. 28; hann kvaðsk eigi lagi mundu á koma fyrir næsiu vetrnætr, 67; fylkingar hans komask vel í lag, his ranks fell into good order, Al. 142; brugðit er nú lagi or því sem vant er, i. e. matters go wrong, not as they were wont to go, Grett. 183 new Ed.; naerri lagi, pretty well. 2. companionship, fellowship, in an enterprise of peace or war; leggja saman lag sitt, to enter int o fellowship, Orkn. 88; þeir áttu mikit lag vi'ð þveræinga, Lv. 73; bundu þeir jarl lag sitt saman, Fms. i. 20; kom til lags við Sigurð jarl sá maðr er hét Rauðr, 194; þá réðsk til lags með honum Einarr þambar- skelfir, v. 4; taka e-n til lags ok félagsskapar, x. 202; hann for til lags með Sörkvi Karli ok herjaði, Nj. 183: of livin g- together, hann réðsk til lags við Beru, Gullþ. 13; fé-lag, q. v.: cohabitation, eiga lag við konu, to cohabit, Karl. 47, þiðr. 247, Ver. 27, H. E. i. 247, Fms. vi. 122; taka konu til lags, Bs. i. 852; fylgja e-m at lagi (i. e. not in wedlock), Sturl. i. 94, 97; fá lag konu, jjiðr. 299. 3. market price, tax, as e. g. in Icel. the godi of a district had to ' lay, ' i. e. set or regulate the market price, Hænsaþ. S. ch. 2; gjalda allt at því lagi sem þar gengr, Grág. i. 213; leggja lag á mjöl, ii. 404; leggja lag á varning manna, Ísl. ii. 126; sagði þann vanda at hann legði lag á varning manna, id.; hund- raðs-lag, B. K. 53; fjar-lag, tax, Grág. i. 500. 4. a thrust, stab, Nj. 97, 253, Eg. 231, 379, Orkn. 450, Fms. ii. 94, and passim; see leggja. 5. regular time; árar-lag (q. v.), a boating term, time, stroke; hafðu lagið, keep time! hafa seint, fljótt lagið, kunna ekki árar- lagið: so in the saying, allt vill lagið hafa, all things require time and tact, or require to be done in a due manner; o-lag, disorder; það er allt í ólagi, það er ólag á því :-- naut., lag is the lull between the breakers, the nick of time for landing; but ólag, the wrong time, when the breakers are dashing against the shore; one of these waves is called dauða-lag, see the interesting passage in Ísl. þjóðs. i. 660. 6. [Engl. lay], an air, tune; hétu þeir er bundnir vóru á hum heilaga Thorlák biskup, at þeir skyldi lausir verða, lögum nokkrum (söngum, v. l.), Sturl. ii. 33: freq. iii mod. usage, esp. of hymns, hymna-lag, a hymn-tune, of the Ambrosian hymns; sálma-lag, a psalm-tune; visna-lag, a song-tune; rimna-lag, a ballad-air: also used of metres, in old metric, Haðar-lag, Edda (Ht.) 140; Togdrápu-lag, 137; tog-lag, 138; Fornyrða-lag, 142; Bálkar-lag, id.; Galdra-lag, 143; Flagða-lag, 245; it is possible that songs composed in these metres were a kind of' airs' accompanied by singing. II. adverb, in layers; í tvennu lagi, in twolayers, double, Fms. i. 156; í öllu lagi, in every respect, in everything, quite, Band. 6 new Ed.; í mörgu lagi, in many respects, Fms. vi. 133, Fs. 123; í sumu lagi, in some respects, Fms. vi. 207. 2. with compar. or superl., denoting degree; i meira lagi, considerably, rather, þiðr. 80; í fyrra lagi, rather early, among the earlier, Ísl. ii. 126; minnsta lag, the lea s t share, Sturl. iii. 238; í verra lagi, among the worst, Hrafn. 9; í hljóðara lagi, rather silent, Sks. 370; i fastara lagi, Str. 9; í lengra lagi, þann dag svaf Unnr í lengra lagi, U. slept that day longer than she was wont, Ld. 14; í Isegra lagi, Stj. 107; i hærra lagi, í fremra, síðara lagi. passim; í mesta lagi, very greatly; sá er i mesta lagi "Strauma þeirra er á Breiðafirði eru, Ld. 56, Stj. í 56; í heldra lagi, Fms. ii. 72, Al. 92; Helias var í fyrsta lagi spámanna, H. was one of the first of prophets, Ver. 29; í elzta lagi sona hans, among the oldest of his sons, Fagrsk. 12; í nserra lagi, rather close, Konr. 3; í fiesta lagi, very numerous, Gísl. 26 :-- sór í lagi, laid by itself, apart, D. N. ii. 93; meðallagi (q. v.), average. COMPDS: lags-kona, u, f. a concubine, Bs. i. 802. lags-maðr, m. a companion, Grág. ii. 10, Fbr. 195, Karl. 513, Fms. ii. 87, iv. 277, vii. 250, passim. B. Log, only in plur., [prop, what is ' laid, " cp. Germ, gesetz, Gr. Beanos; the Engl. law seems to be a Scandin. word, for Germ, and Saxon use other words; Dan. lov; Swed. la g-] :-- law; proverbs, með lögum skal land byggja en með ólögum eyða, Nj. 106; svo eru log sem hafa tog, Kveldv. i-45: various law phrases, segjalog, to say the law, tell what is law, esp. technically used of the law-speaker who had to read the law in public, and who, in cases of dispute, had to say what was the law; svá er mælt at sá maðr skal vera nokkorr ávallt á landi óru er skyldr sé til þess at segja log mönnum, ok heitir sá lögsögu-maðr, Grág. i. I; biskup skal log segja en eigi leikmenn, Bs. i. 720; hlýðir þat hvergi at hafa eigi log í landi, Nj. 149; sem ek veil sannast ok réttast ok helzt at lögum, in the oath formula, 232; leiða í log, to introduce a law; eptir þat leiddi Skapti þóroddsson í log fimmtardom ok allt þat er upp var talit, 151; þú hefir þó mest at gört, segir Gestr, þótt öðrum verði auðit í log at leiða, 163; taka e-t í log, id., Bs. i. 158; leggja log á e-t, id.; dsema e-m log, Eg. ch. 57; mzla log, Fms. vii. 142; raena e-n lögum, Ld. 102; bjóða, festa log fyrir sik, N. G. L. passim; setja log, Fms. xi. 75, Fb. ii. 48; halda vel log sin, 76. II. law community, communion, as also a law- district; þyki mér sem múlum várum so komit í únýtt efni, ef eigi hafa ein log allir, en ef sundr-skipt er lögunum þá mun sundr-skipt friðinum, Nj. 164; í hverri þessi deild landsins er sitt lögþing ok sin log, yfir hverjum lögum er ïögmaðr, Ó. H. 65; þrælar mínir eru ekki í lijgum cðr landsrétt við aðra menn, id.; kaupeyri mun ek fá þér svá mikinn at þú megir ganga í hraustra manna log, Ld. 254; þóat menn vildi þang:it

370 LAGAAFBRIGÐI -- LAND.

ráðask er eigi vóru í þessum lögum, Fms. xi. 76; sögðusk hvárir ór lögum við aðra, Nj. 164; leiða e-n í log, to introduce a person as a lawful citizen, naturalise, Grág. i. 357; eru þeir nú leiddir í li'. g með þeim Jómsvíkingum, Fms. xi. 80; lendum mounum ok sýslumönnum í hverjum lögum (law community) sem þeir sjá at bezt ber ok hæfir, Gþl. 56; innan laga varra, N. G. L. i. /ï gf niaðr kemr ór lögum várum í tylki annat með bú sitt, 98; en þat görðisk þar, at annarr maðr at üðrum nefndi sér vátta ok sögðusk hvárir ór lögurn við aðra enir Kristnu menn ok enir heiðnu, Bs. i. 22: in a geographical sense, almost as a local name, Gulaþings-lög, Eiðsævis-lög, brænda-lög, passim :-- in nicknames of great lawyers, Laga-Eiðr, Bárð. new Ed.; Laga-Ulfljútr, búrð. (1860) 94. COMPDS: laga-afbrigði, n. breach of law, contempt of law, Grág. ii. 39, 345. laga-beiðsla, u, f. a lawful demand, Jb. 250. laga-boð, n. a ' law-bidding' statute, Grág. (pref.) laga-boðorð, n. law-command- ments; Tíu Lagaboðorð, the Ten Commandments. laga-bók, n. a law-book, Rb. 420, Fms. viii. 277. laga-brjótr, m. a law-breaker, Clem. 44. laga-brot, n. a breach of law, Eb. 24, Rd. 275, Fms. vii. 172, Al. oj, passim. Laga-bætir, m. law-amender, nickname of a king. laga-deilur, f. pl. lawsuits. laga-dómr, m. a lawful judgment, Gþl. 179. laga-eiðr, m. a lawful oalb, Fms. vii. 307. laga-flækjur, f. pl. law-quirks, laga-frestr, m. a lawful respite, K. Á. 22. laga-frétt, f. a legal enquiry, Fms. iv. 2O3. laga-gipt, f. a legal donation, N. G. L. i. 346. laga-grein, f. an article of law, Sturl. iii. 13. laga-gæzla, u, f. law-maintenance, Sks. 441, 522. laga-hald, n. law-keeping, Hom. laga-hellur, f. pl. the tables of the law, of the Decalogue, Ver. 22. laga- blýðni, f. obedience to law, H. E. i. 434. laga-kaup, n. a legal bargain, Grág. ii. 213. laga-kefli, n. a 'law-stick' (a fiery cross), N. G. L. i. 216. laga-kvánfang, n. a lawful marriage, Sturl. i. 94. laga-lauss, adj. lawless, MS. 677. 5. laga-leiga, u, f. lawful rent, N. G. L. i. 236. laga-lyriti, n. a law protest, Nj. 187. laga- löstr, n. an evasion of law, Grág. ii. 24, 37, 41, Nj. 187. laga-maðr, m. a lawyer, a man of law; hann var svá mikill lagamaðr at engir þóttu löglegir dómar, nema hann væri í, Nj. i; sagði Njáll mer svá, at hann hefði svá kermt Jjórhalli log at hann nuindi mestr lagamadr vera á íslandi, 237; Eyjolfr var hinn þriði mesîr lagamaðr (v. 1.) á Islandi, 222, Ld. 332, passim. laga-mál, n. a legal decision, Gþl. xii. (pref.) laga-orð, n. a law word, of the Commandments, Hom. 72; Tíu lagaorð, Pr. 437. laga-próf, n. a legal proof, Bs. i. 852. laga-refsing, f. law-punishment, Gþl. (pref.) laga-rétting, f. law- mending, Nj. 238, v. l. laga-réttr, m. a legal personal right, Fms. viii. 272: legal satisfaction, Gþl. 202. laga-ripting, f. a legal void- ance; lagaripting á landi, escbeatage, Dipl. ii. 6. laga-setning, f. legislation, Jb. (pref.), Fms. i. 33, v. 102, Orkn. 124. laga-skilnaðr, m. a legal divorce, Nj. 14. laga-skilorð, n. a le^a l provision, Gþl. 166. laga-skipan, f. an enactment, Stj. 281: ordering of the law, Sks. 665. laga-skipti, n. a change of law, Fms. ix. 336, Sturl. iii. 307. laga-snápr, m. a pettifogger. laga-sókn, f. a legal prose- cution, Gþl. 489. laga-stefna, u, f. a law summons, Gþl. 29, Jb. 302: a ^. v ed law term, N. G. L. i. 340. laga-tak, n. lawful bail, Gþl. 124. Laga-tíð, f. the Law period, of the Jews, Hom. laga- undanfærsla, u, f. a le^ al plea, acquittal, N. G. L. i. 145. laga- úrskurðr, m. a legal decision Gþl. 508, Grág. (pref.) laga-vápn, n. a lawful weapon, N. G. L. ii. 246. laga-vegr, m. course of law, fara lagaveg, Mar., Bs. ii. 125. laga, að, [lögr; Dan. lave] , to mix a beverage. Am. 72, Hm. 65. II. to flow readily, esp. of blood, t o W eed freely; það lagar, or það laga- blæðir, qs. lagar og blæðir. laga, að, [lag], to shape, put right, mend, (mod.): reflex, to set right, það lagast. lagan or lögun, f. a mending, putting right. lag-bróðir, m. a fellow, brother, companion, MS. 4. 22. lagða, að, t o ' enwool' enrich. LAGÐR, m. a l oc k of wool (ullar-1.), Sæm. 131, Fas. iii. 386, Krók. ch. 13, passim, lagð-fagr, -góðr, -prúðr, adj. with fine fleece, of sheep. lag-færa, ð, to mend, put right. lag-færing, f. a mending, putting to rights. lagga, að, [lögg], to put the bottom into a cask. laggari, a, m. [lögg], a cooper, N. G. L. ii. 245. laginn, part, skilful, expert. lag-klauf, n. the pastern of sheep, Fas. i. 63. lag-kænn, adj. skilful. lag-liga, adv. meetly, handsomely; skilja 1., Sturl. iii. 17: mod. neatly. lag-ligr, adj. ^/î t, meet, 1. skilnaðr, Sturl. iii. 255, Mar., Ld. 272: mod. w eat, handsome, freq. lagnaðr, m. a laying; neta-1., a laying ne!s. COMPDS: lagnaðar-íss, m. smooth ice; see íss. lagnaðar-skúta, u, f. a boat for net-fishing. lagnar-, see lögn. lag-net, n. a net to be laid, catch-net, opp. to a drag-net. lagning, f. laying: addition, lagningar vika, extra weak, Rb. 576. lag-vápn, n. a thrashing weapon, Eg. 580. lak, n. = lakan; lin-lak. lakan, n. [A. S. lacan; Dan. lagen] , a bed-sheet, Boldt. laki, a, in. the maw in ruminating animals, Fbr. 156, freq. in mod. usage. lakk, n. sealing-wax, [cp. Dutch segel-lak, Germ, siegel-lack. '] lakka, að, to seal, (mod. and for.) laklega, adv. lacking, badly. lak-ligr, adj. of lacking, bad quality. LAKR, adj., lakari, iakastr, [Engl. lack"] , lacking, defective, of weight, measure; lakr penningr, Bs. i. 325; þrjá laupa laka, D. N. iii. 116; lük murk: lacking in quality, þat lið sem lakast var, Fms. ix. 361, v. l. • láta sinn hlut lakara verða, Bárð. 9 new Ed.; hin iakari (opp. to the better of the two) var mikils fjár verð, Str. 5; hún var eigi lakari eu hundrað marka silfrs, Karl. 302. lakr a, að, to la g- behind. lalla, að, to toddle, as a child beginning to walk. lalli, a, m. a toddler, of a child, Snot (1866) 386: of a ghost, Ísl. bjóðs. lama, að, to bruise, half break, freq. in mod. usage, eg lamaði það; það er lamað, half broken. lama-barming, f. a beating so as to injure one, a law term, Grág. ii. 144- *45- lama-sess, n. a broken state; liggja í lamasessi. LAMB, n. [common to all Teut. languages], a lamb, Fms. viii. 253, Ld. 170, Hom. 82, Grág. 1. 415, Stj. 279, Gullþ. 26, passim; lambið mitt! lambið gott! my dear lamb ! lambkin ! an address. COMPDS: lamba-flokkr, m. a flock of lambs, Bret. 115. lamba-hús, n. pl. lamb sheds, Fbr. 77, Bs. i. 627. lamba-rekstr, m. the driving lambs into the mountain pastures, Am. 1/. lamba-sótt, f., medic, atrophy; liggja í his og lambasótt. lamba-sura, u, f., botan. the dock, rumex. lambs-eldi, n. lamb-keeping, an eccl. term, referring to the rule that every householder in the parish has to keep a lamb for the priest through the winter, Dipl. v. 5, Vm. 74, 83. lambs-gæra, u, f. a sheep-skin, Grág. Ü. 4OI, 500, 504, II. E. i. 131, K. b. K. 150. lambaðr, part, with lamb, Bs. i. 334. lamb-burðr, m. the bearing lambs, lambing, Jb. 362. lamb-eldi, n. = lambseldi, Vm. 75. lamb-gymbr, f. a trimmer, a ewe that has not lambed, Grág. i. 502, Jb. 347- lamb-hagi, a, m. pasture for lambs, Ld. 70. lamb-hús, n. pl. lamb sheds, Fbr. 78. lamb-lauss, adj. without a lamb, Grág. i. 429. lamb-skinn, n. a lamb's skin, Sturl. ii. 154. lamb-skota, u, f. a ewe which has lost her lamb, Jb. 346. lamb-ær, f. a ewe with lamb, Band. 38 new lid. lam-heyrðr, part. ' lame, ' i. e. hard, of hearing, Th. 8. LAMI or lama, adj. [A. S. lam; Engl. lame; O. H. G. lam; Germ. lahni\ :-- a lame person; liggja lami, Hom. 116; lama eðr vanheilir, Fms. ii. 225; skakkr eða lami, 656 B. 7: maimed, Grág. ii. 286: metaph. paralysed, Hom. 12: fot-lanii, /oo/-/ a 7;zf?. lamning, f. a ' lamming, ' thrashing, Mar. lampi, a, m. and lainpr, m. [for. word], a lamp, Stj. 76, Bs., Sturl. iii. 55, and passim. lampr, m. = lampi, Pm. 6, 73. lam-viðri, n. a healing storm. LAND, n. [common to all Teut. languages], land, as opp. to sea; lands eða lagar, on land or sea, Al. 107; taka land, to land, Ísl. ii. 246; leiða e-t at landi, metaph. to land a thing, i. e. end, finish it, Odd. 6: phrases, nema land, to take land as a settler, Eb. passim; kanna land, t o explore, 8; byggja land, to occupy a land, Landn.; flyja land, to fly the land: of a kingdom, ráða löndum, to ride; sitja at londum, to reside, as a king, Fins, passim; setjask at landi, to take rest, reside at home, as a king, i. 82. 2. the (opposite) bank of a river, bay, fjord; inn með üðru landi ok öðru út, to enter by one side and go out by the other, Fms. i. 167; nær hinu syðra landinn, Ld. 6; á bæði lünd, Gþl. 411; draga vað at hváru landi scni beir vilja, Grág. ii. 349; sá menn ferðina at" hvárutveggja landinu, Ld. 326. 3. a country; verja landit fyrir Diinurn, Fms. i. 23; liðit rann ór þorpinu á landit, Eg. 529; her i landi, opp. to abroad, Nj. 6: in plur., út í lund, into foreign lands, Ld. 314; nokkurir menn hötðu kennt hann lit í londum, P'nis. iii. 5, where it is opp. to NorðrIönd =, SVíJfl di;í awa; but in Icel. all the outer world is often called utUmd. 4. land, estate; sá er hverjungi mcgin á land, Grág. ii. 266; í annars manns land, 349; í landi annars maims, id.; eiga loud eðr goðorð, i. 411; dónir skal dæina landit þeini manni er brigði, ii. 210, 338; eyddusk fyrir henni lausafó svá at him utti ekki nema Kind ok gripi, Nj. 29; um haustið sótti Kolskeggr til lands á Móeiðarhváli, 103; hállt landit, Eb. 38; Arnkell hafði undir sik bæði löndin Úlfarsfell ok Örlygs-staði, 186; Helgafells-land, 38; Hjarðarholts-land, Ld. 322; bverár-land, Glúm.; sáð-land, afield; beitar-Iand, pasture. II. local names; Land, Landn.; esp. in the latter part, Eng-land, lr- land, Skot-land, Bret-land, Vind-land, Gaut-land, Sax-land, Frakk-land, Jót-land, Grík-land, ís-land: of counties, Haða-land, Háloga-land, Hörða-land (in Norway), Hall-land, Venna-land, Sjá-land, Norðymbra- , ?land, Hjalt-land, etc.

LANDABRIGÐI -- LANDKAUP. 371

B. COMPDS: landa-brigði, n. = landsbrigði, Grág. ii. 202. landa- brigða-þáttr or -bálkr, m. a section of the law dealing with land, Grág. ii. 202, 344, 345. landa-eign, f. land-owning, Hkr. ii. 206: mod. Jandar-eign (sic), the land, fields, and pasture belonging to an estate: í landareigninni, within the borders of an estate and the like. landa- fundr, m. land-finding, discovery, Fb. i. landa-hringr, ni. 'land-ring, '1 poet, for the sea, Hallgr. landa-kaup, n. land purchase, Grág. ii. 313: exchange of land, Bs. i. 725. landa-klofi, a, m., see klofi, Sks. 194, 199. landa-kostr, m. = landskostr, Eg. 139, 140, Fs. 25, 26, Valla L. 206. landa-leit, f. a journey to discover land, search for land, Landn. 76. landa-leitan, f. = landaleit, Landn. 190, Fms. 1. 247, Grág. 11. 410. landa-ljómij a, m. beam of the earth, of the sun, Runic poem: a nick- name, Bjarn. landa-mark, n. a landmark, Stj. 342: plur., Dipl. v. 23, landa-merki, n. pl. a landmark, boundary, of an estate, Ld. 100, Eg. 235. landa-mæri, n. border-land, Eg. 260, Nj. 123, 6. H. 45, Karl. 382, Stj. 76, 88, 269 (plur.): a landmark, Ld. 102. landa-ripting, f. = landsbrigði, Sturl. ii. 236. landa-skipan, f. geography, Fms. i, 233, Sks. 194. landa-skipti, n. a division of land, Ver. 24, Stj. 44: a boundary, Fms. vii. 52: a change of land, Bs. i. 716. landa-skrá, f. a ' land-scroll, ' deed, D. N. iii. 929. lands-auðn, f. a laying waste, depopulation of a land, Fas. i. 526, Hkr. ii. 75. lands-álfa, u, f. a region, Matth. xv, 21. lands-bók, f. the ' land-book' code of laws, Jb, 43, 44. lands-brigð, f. escheatage of land, Grág. ii. 202, 203, Jb. 188. lands-bruni, a, m. wildfire, Sæm. 95 (prose). lands- bú, n. = landsbygð, Grág. i. 74, Bs. i. 718. lands-bill, a, m. a land dweller, inhabitant, plur. = landsmenn, Sturl. i. 45, O. II. 27: a tenant, Hkr. i. 90. lands-bygð, f. the peopled land, Gr. f/ oiKovfnívr] , Lv. 16, Fms. x. 3/6: peopling, settlement, Landn. 311, v. l.: tenantry, Grág. 1. 445. lands-byggiug, f. occupation of a land, Sks. 441. lands- beetr, f. pl. land improvements, Fms. x. 152. lands-deild, f. partition of land, Grág. ii. 253. lands-dómari, a, in. a chief justice, of Pilate, Matth. xxvii. ii, Pass. 25. 1. lands-dróttinn, in. a landlord, Grág. ii. 334, Gþl. 312. lands-eign, f. land-owning, Grúg. ii. 268. lands- endi, a, m. the land's end, boundary, N. G. L. i. 102, Fms. i. 6, vii. no, viii. 244, Hkr. ii. 162. lands-fjórðungr, m. the quarter of a land (of Iceland), Grág. i. 433, Landn. 251, Bs. ii. Si. lands-flotti, adj. exiled. Fms. x. 403. lands-folk, n. the land-folk, people of the land, Fms. i. 55, vii. 174, Gþl. 44. lands-friðr, m. the peace of the land, public peace, Fms. vi. 284. lands-gæzla, u, f. the guarding the land. Eg. 536, Fms. vii. 69, ix. 398: landsgaezlu-maðr, þiðr. 162. lands-háttr, in. national custom, H. E. ii. 79. lands-heiti, n. an index of local names, Edda 153. lands-herr, m. = landsfulk, Fms. i. 132, 214, Fb. ii. 109. lands-herra, m. = landsdrottinn, Stj. 214. lands-hlutr, in. a portion of the land, Jb. 129. lands-horn, n. the land's end, Landn. 194. landshorna-maðr, m. a landlouper, Sturl. ii. 125, cp. Skíða R. 15. lands-höfðingi, a, m. the 'land-ruler, ' great chief of the land, Hkr. i. 261, Fms. xi. 266, Sks. 603, passim. lands-kjalki, a, m. ' land-jaw, ' used = landshorn, Sturl. iii. So. lands-kostr, m. the best of the land, Landn. 276, Edda (pref.): choice land, Landn. 312, Eg. 116, 137; see kosîr. lands-lag, n. the nature, 'lie' of a country, Fms. iii. 207. lands-leg, n. = landslag, Landn. 174. Ld. 156, Fs. 22, 25, Fms. vii. 56, Rd. 276. lands-leiga, u, f. land rent, Grág. ii. 334, Sturl. iii. 140; landsleigu-bálkr, the section of the law about tenancy, Grág. (pref.) lands-lýðr, m. = landsfólk, Fms. vi. 400, x. 379, Stj. lands-log, n. pl. thelaw of the land, public law, Nj. 191, Grág. i. 181, Sks. 668. lands- mail, a, m. a right of redemption, Grág. ii. 240. lands-megin, n. the ' main' of the land, main power, regarding strength or area, Fms. ~iv. 119, vii. 183, Eg. 50; landsmegin hans (hi s kingdom) er oss fjairi, O. H. 85. lands-menn, in. pl. the men of the land, the people, Grág. i. 454, 463, Eg. 78, Nj. 137, Fms. i. 27, v. 67, Orkn. 136, passim. lands-merki, n. the ' land's mark' border, boundary, Grág. ii. 209. lands-múgr, m. the people, esp. the common people, O. II. 34. lands-nauðsynjar, f. pl. public affairs, wants, Sks. 496. lands-nytjar, f. pl. the produce of the land, Ísl. ii. 118, Grág. ii. 210, D. Í. i. 470. lands-ofriiigi, a, m. a landlouper, Grág. i. 192. lands-rettr, m. the law of the land, public law. Eg. 476, Fms. vii. 295; log ok landsrúttr, Fs. 27, passim. lands-siör, m. the custom of the land; forn landssiðr, the old law of the land, Nj. 6, Bs. i. 284, 682; ly'ttr er sá er ekki fylgir landssiðuum, a saying. lands-skaði, a, m. damage on the land, Hkr. i. 96. lands- skapr, m. a ' landscape, ' region, Bs. i. 877, Stj. 73, v. 1.: = landssiðr, 172; sakir landskapar ok fornnir venju, Bs. i. 281, Str. 30. lands-skattr, ni. a land tax, Fms. x. 410. lands-skipan, f. = landssiðr, Grett. 97 A, Stj- 73- lands-skipti, n. a division of land, Grág. ii. 255, ~20i. lands-skyld, mod. lands-skuld, f. rent of land, Fms. i. 18, 90, O. H. 27, Orkn. passim, lands-staða, u, f. ' site of a country. ' lands- stjórn, f. government, Fms. i. I, Sks. 329, Fb. ii. 172, passim; lands- stjúrnar-maðr, a public authority, officer, Fms. vi. 392, xi. 218, Jb. 51. lands-suðr, m. = landsuðr, Grett. 136. lands-sýn, t'. = landsyn, Landn. 258. lands-tunga, u, f. a tongue of land, Hom. 92. lands- vani, a, m. and lands-venja, u, f. = landssiðr. lands-van, f. a look- out for land, a naut. term, being near land, Fms. ii. 216. lands- verð, n. the price for land, Dipl. iii. 10. lands-virðing, f. the ta x- ati on of land, Grág. i. 83. lands-vist, f. an abode, residence in a land, also opp. to the being exiled, Fms. ii. 112. land-auðn, f. laying a land (country) waste, lb. 4, |)iðr. 162: a desert, Sks. 323. land-aurar, m. pl. [eyrir], 'land-dues, ' a tax which esp. foreign ships or travellers had to pay to the king as the lord of the land, 0. H. ch. 54, 239, Hkr. ii. 46; thus an Icelandic ship sailing between Norway and Iceland had to pay this tax to the king; the amount was fixed by a law of king St. Olave, ib. ch. i, cp. also the deed in D. I. i. 65, 5 3, 8, II, 12; gjalda landaura af knerri, O. H. 36 (Sighvat, in a verse); for Icel. it was abolished in the deed of the union with Norway, D. I. i. 620, 5 5; this tax was probably the beginning of the custom dues of after times: a land tax had also to be paid to the king for license of travelling or trad- ing abroad, landaura skal engi maðr gjalda þeirra sem í útgerðum eru, N. G. L. i. 59; reyknisela ok afráð ok landaura alia, 257; maðr hverr er til Islands færi skyldi gjalda landaura, O. H. 227. landaura-gjald, n. the tax of landaurar, Fms. vii. I, x. 410, H. E. i. 391. land-álfr, m. elf of the land, epithet of a king, Eg. (in a verse). land-áss, m. the guardian god of the land, Eg. (in a verse). land-beiðaðr, ni. epithet of a king, Eg. (in a verse). land-borði, a, m. the 'landward' side, Fms. viii. 417, Bs. i. 423. land-bóli, a, m. (land-bólari, D. N. i. 544), a tenant, D. N. land-brigð, n. = landsbrigð, Js. 84. land-brot, n. land slip s, caused by the sea, rivers, or the like. land-burðr, m. = landgangr, of shoals offish, Ísl. þjóðs. passim. land-búi, a, m. = landsbni, Grág. ii. 209, Fms. i. 24, iv. 8, Fær. 218. land-búskapr, land-búnaðr, in. husbandry. land-eiga, u, f. = landeign, Hom. land-eigandi, a, m. a landowner, Grág. i. 181, 279, Glúm. 393. land-eign, f., mod. proncd. landar-eign, an estate, esp, the grounds, fields, and pastures, Krók. 39, Fs. 20; í örskots-helgi við landeign sina, Landn. 287; hann tók sór bústað á Borg, ok ætlaði par landeign til, Eg. 735: þ* er slefnu-staôr á þeim bæ sem í landeign er ómaga niðr skotið, Grúg. i. 297; þar at eins var þá reyniviðr vaxinn í hans landeign, Sturl. i. 6; fata or landeign konungs várs, N. G. L. i. 82. land-ekla, u, f. lack of land, Ld. 122. land-erfð, f. a law term, if a stranger died in a place, and no lawful heir appeared for three years, the king of the land in which he died took the inheritance, N. G. L. i. 50. land-eyða, u, f. land-ivaster, the name of a standard, Fms. vi, viii: = landauðn, iv. 126: mod. a tramp, scout. land-fall, n. a land slip, Pm. 88. land-farsótt, f. an epidemic, (mod.) land-fastr, adj. 'land-fast, ' of a ship ashore, Nj. 10, Sturl. i. 224, Ver. 9, Bs. i. 526, Fb. ii. 386. land-festar, f. pl. moorings, Grág. i. 216, Fms. ii. 126, viii. 288, N. G. L. i. 50, 437, Fb. i. 281, passim. land-fjölskyld, f. public business, troubles, Bs. i. 84. land-flótti, -flótta, adj. exiled, Lat. profugus, Grúg. ii. 99, Fms. i. 151, x. 36, Orkn. 9*), Fs. 202, Ver. 27, Stj. 488. land-flæmdr, part, driven off the land, exiled, Bret. 28, Flóv. 24. land-fólk, n. = landsfolk, Sighvat, Edda (pref.), Hom. 113. land-fúss, adj. eager to make the land, of sailors, Krók. 45. land-ganga, u, f. a landing, disembarking, Hkr. ii. 7, Fms. vi. 334. land-gangr, m. a running ashore, of shoals of fish; ' landgangr af fiski' is used when there is a large catch of fish, K. þ. K. 112. land-garðr, m. ' land-fence, ' poet, the sea, Fms. vii. (in a verse). land-genginn, part, pasture-haunting, of cattle, Jb. 346. land-gæði, n. pl. the good of the land. land-gæzla, u, f. defence of the land, Hkr. i. 93. land-gögn, n. pl. produce, emolument of the land, Am. 2, Dipl. iii. 10. land-hallt, n. adj. standing along the shore, Fms. x. 347, Fas. i. 324: compar. landhallara, Fb. i. 351. land-herr, m. ' land-host, ' people of the land, Ýt. 5, Hkr. i. 144, Fs. 16, Fms. iv. 180, Nj. 12/; allr borgar-lyðr ok landhcrr, Jóhann. 24, Sighvat. land-hluti, a, m. (hlutr), a share of land, Jm. 25, Sd. 138. land-hreinsun, f. ' land-cleansing, ' clearing the land of miscreants, Gþl. 135, 136, Fms. ix. 302; það var landhreiusun að honum, a saying when a bad man is dead and gone. landi, a, m. a ' landsman, ' countryman; ossa landa þá er vóru austr, íb. 10; erlcndis sem fyrir órum londum, Grág. i. 99; vára landa finim, 183; varr landi skal íiverr friðheilagr, N. G. L. i. 158: = morlandi, peir sögðu at landi hefði eigi fast haldit feldinum, Ísl. ii. 39: a nickname, Bs. i. land-jörð, f. an inland estate. land-kannaðr, m. a ' land-prober;' the name belongs to an old cere- mony of taking land in possession as a settler, thus described, selti haun niðr staf nybirktan er þeir külluðu landkonnuð, Landn. 190. land-karl, m. the land carles, common folk, Sighvat. land-kaup, n. thepurchase of land, Grág. ii. 213, Sturl. ii. 12, Ld.

372 LANDKONUNGR -- LANGR.

210. 2. in Norse, a fine to be paid to the king, by one exiled or banished, N. G. L. i. 154, 156. land-konungr, m. king of the land, Fas. i. 501. land-kostir, m. pl. the qualities, good things of (be land, Eg. 99, 116, Fs. land-kvæmt, n. adj.; eiga landkvsemt, to have free admission info a country, N. G. L. i. 171. land-lega, u, f. lying on land, not putting to sea, of fishermen. land-leigandi, part, a tenant, Dipl. iii. 10. land-lyritr, m. full possession, title of land, see lyritr, Grág. ii. 225. land-menn, m. pl. = landsmenn, Fms. v. 27: the name of the people of a district in Icel. called Land, D. I. i. 580. land-munr, m., esp. in pl. longing for land, borne-sickness, nostalgia: in the phrase, e-m leika landmunir, to feel homesick; fell honum þat vel í skap, lék landmunr mikill á at fara í Noreg ok taka þar við ríki sem frændr hans höfðu fyrr haft, O. H. 200; Auðunn kvaðsk vilja fylgja honum, ok léku honum landmunir, Bjarn. 16, (Ed. létu heim at landinu erroneously, see Ný Fél. xviii. 160); þá léku honum landmunir at saekja vestr til Eyja, Orkn. 136; þeir er þar höfðu átt eigur ok fraendr ok vini, ok léku þeim landmunir til heimferðar, Ó. H. 194. land-mæling, f. geometry, (mod.) land-nám, n. the taking land, a law term: I. in Norse law, an unlawful holding of another man's land, and hence a fine for trespass- ing on another man's land; nú ef hann selr, þá er honum jörð úheimil, gjaldi landnámi hvárttveggja, N. G. L. i. 37; mi ef hann tekr eina- hverja þá hurð ok færir á brott, þá skal haun aptr færa ok leggja á landnám, ef hann hefir leyst fra, 38; en ef hann grefr upp, þá skal hann bæta landnámi, id.; engi skal annars hauka taka, nema landnami vili fyrir bæta, ok færa hauka aptr, 39; ok leggi á landnám ok jarðar-spell, þeim er jörð á, Gþl. 311; ok leggi umboðsmaðr landnám ofan á, 313; um landnám ok áverka á jörðu, Jb. 232; um landnam ok skógar-högg, 234: distinction is made between the fine and the compensation, fulla skaða-bót skal greiða fyrir beit ok töðu akra ok engja landnáms-laust ... en ella fullt landnam, 258, 259. II. in Icel. the taking pos- session of land as a settler, occupation, particularly used of the settlement of Iceland: in Landn. and the Sagas passim it is used in sing, of the land allotted to each settler, í landnámi sínu, í hans landnami, etc., almost like landeign, see Landn. passim; but often in plur. of the settlement itself, nu er yfir farit um landnám þau er vér hofum heyrt at verit hafi á Islandi, Landn. 320; nú eru rituð landnám í Vestfirðinga- (Norðlendinga-, Austfirðinga-) fjórðungi, 167, 236, 274. COMPDS: Landnáma-bók, f. (commonly called Landnáma, u, f.), the Boo k of Settlement, the famous historical work begun by Ari the historian, Landn. 24, Fs. 122. Landnáma-saga, u, f. the History of the Settlement, Landn. 275. landnáma-tíð (-tími, Vígl. 19), f. the time of the settlement (about A. D. 875-935), Landn. 133, Fb. i. 268. landnams-kona, M, L a female settler, íb. 19: hence landnáms-maðr and landnáma- maðr, m. a settler, and in plur. the settlers, of the first generation of settlers in Iceland, Ingólfr var frægastr allra landnainsmanna, Landn. 38, 236, 320, 321, passim, fb. ch. I, land-norðan, adv. from the north-east. land-norðr, m. ' land-north, ' north-east, opp. to út-norðr = / he north- west, a phrase borrowed from the Scandin. continent (see landsuðr), Fs. 22, K. þ. K. 138, Grág. ii. 283, Sks. 173, Bs. ii. 48, Bjarn. (in a verse). land-nyrðingr, m. a north-east wind, Eg. 87, Fms. viii. 254, Eb. 252, 328, Bs. ii. 48, Sks. 41, Fb. i. 539, Merl. 2. 44, 84. land-ráð, n. pl. the 'land-rule, ' government of the land; hann var fyrir öllum landráðum, Fms. i. 2; hann var forstjóri fyrir landráðum, vii. 238; en Eysteinn konungr skyldi hafa landráð af hendi beggja þeirra, 75; ek mun hafa landráð meðan, xi. 22; unna honum hálfs rikis ok landráða við sjálfan sik, Odd. 115 new Ed.; ráða landráðum, Fms. vi. 431, 0. H. 52. 2. 'land-treason, ' high treason, (from ráða, to betray), N. G. L. i. 103, Fms. i. 58, viii. 196, Gþl. 57, 133. COMPDS : landrâða-maðr, m. a governor, Fms. vii. 280: a traitor, viii. 296, Gþl. 57. land- ráða-sök, f. a case of high treason, Gþl. 121, 535. land-ráðandi, part, a ruler of the land, Lex. Poët. land-rán, n. the harrying a land, Ftns. vi. 27. land-reki, a, m. a ' land-wreaker, ' protector of the land, poet, a king, Hkv. i. 33, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. land-rekstr, m. banishment, Eg. (in a verse). land-réttr, m. = landsrottr. land-rögnir, m. = landuss, of a king, Akv. 12. land-sala, u, f. s ale of land, Landn. 317, Grug. ii. 214. land-selr, m. a ' land-seal, ' the common seal. land-seti, a, m. a 'land-sitter, ' tenant, Grág. i. 296, Eb. 314, Sturl. ii. 103, Orkn. 334, Gísl. 50, freq. in mod. usage. land-seyra, u, f. public famme (seyra. = starvation); var en mesta lansöra (sic) er eigi skyldi vera kaupfriðr í milli, 0. H. 51; ok ætla héðan at flytja smjor ok skreið, er mikil landseyra er at þeirri brott- flutningu, Fms. viii. 251, v. 1. land-siðr, m. = landssiðr, Vm. 71. land-skaði, a, m. = landsskaði, Fms. i. 193. land-skapr, m. = landsskapr, Stj. land-skekill, m. a strip, outskirt of land, Bs. i. 739. land-skipan, f. = landsskipan, Fms. x. 148, xi. 409. land-skipti, n. = landsskipti, Grág. ii. 255, Fms. ix. 243, xi. 362. land-skjálfti, a, m. a n earthquake, Edda 40 (the mythical origin of the earthquake), Sks. 142, Greg. 49, MS. 655 xxvii. 22 spelt land- 'skylpl. land-skyld, f. = landsskyld, B. K. 40, Fb. ii. 247; landskyldar burðr, Fms. iv. 258; landskyldar skrá, a rent roll, Rétt. 56. land-stjórn, f. = landsstjórn, Fms. vii. 326, Eb. 194. land-suðr, m. ' land-south, ' south-east, opp. to út-suðr = south-west (see landnorðr), Nj. 263, Fms. ix. 502, Rb. 90, Stj. 83, 88, Fs. 186, Gullþ. ii, freq. in mod. usage. land-sunnan, adv. blowing from the south-east. land-synningr, m. a south-east wind, Fms. ix. 387, Sks. 39. land-sýn, f., naut. the si g ht of land; í landsýn, within sight of land, Karl. 554; or landsyn, out of sight of land; sigla í haf ok ór landsýn, Fb. i. 542; vera or landsyn, N. G. L. i. 103. land-taka, u, f. the taking land, landing, Korm. 228, Eb. 332, Nj. 267, Eg. 159, Fas. ii. 231: mod. also a landing-place, þar er góð, ill land- taka, etc. land-tjald, n. a land tent, originally a naut. term, a tent pitched ashore when in harbour, opp. to the tents on board, often in plur., Nj. 157, Hkr. i. 26, Stj. 45; landtjald Drottins, the Lord's Tabernacle, Sks. 146, 780. land-tog, n. a towing from shore, Snot 306. land-vanr, adj. acquainted with the country, Fas. iii. 87. land-varða, u, f. a tax to be paid by fishermen to the landlord or the king as liegelord; hverr maðr er á haf réri, skyldi gjalda konungi land- vörðu, hvaðan sem færi, en þat eru fimm fiskar, 0. H. 227 (Fms. x. 399); at svá greiði skiparar allir..., svá at hvárki skaði tíundina, konungs-skreið né landvörður né leiðangrs-gerðir né nokkurar aðrar skyldir, N. G. L. ii. 475, Boldt 89, 143, cp. N. G. L. i. 257, 5 2. land-ván, f. = landsván, Landn. 43 (v. L), N. G. L. i. 346; ok er hann kom í landván við Noreg, Hkr. i. 292. land-veðr, n. a la n d wind, Landn. 225. land-vegis, adv. by land, Fr. land-vegr, m. a way by land, opp. to sjóvegr; fara landveg, Eg. 94, K. þ. K. 24. Land-verskr, adj. /ro m the county Land, Fs. land-viðri, n. -- landveðr, Fms. ix. 49, Landn. 225, Bs. i. 483. land-vært, n. adj.; eiga landvært, to have residence in the country open to one, opp. to the being outlawed or under ban, Bs. i. 675, Grág. i. 209, Glúm. 382, Fms. v. 265. land-vættr, f. the guardian spirits of a country, abiding in mountains, rivers, etc., in the shape of giants, fairies, animals, see the interesting story in Hkr. 0. T. ch. 37, as also Landn. 258, (for the references see höfuð A. V); sny ek þtssu níði á landvættir þaer er land þetta byggja, Eg. 389; þat sá úfreskir nienn, at landvættir allar fylgðu Hafrbirui til þings en þeim Jjorstcini til veiða ok fiskjar, Landn. 271. land-vörðr, m. a land-warder, poet, a king, Lex. Foot. land-vörn, f. the defence of the land, N. G. L. ii. 199 sqq.; Guthorm son sinn setti hann til landvarnar austr við landsenda, Fms. i. 6; skyldi Einarr jarl hafa forráð fyrir þeim ok landvörn, Orkn. 44, 160. COMPDS: landvarnar-balkr, m. the section of Norse law treating of defence, N. G. L. ii. 199 sqq. landvarnar-maðr, m. a man charged with the defence of the country against freebooters and foreign invasion, Eg. 265, 401, Fms. v. 89, vi. 295. landvarnar-segl and landvarnar-skip, n. a s hi p of war for the defence of the country, H. E. i. 419, N. G. L. iii. 83, Gþl. 79. land-þing, n. a kind of parliament. langa, u, f. [Scot. laing~\, ling, a fish, Fas. ii. in, Edda (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage, löngu-bak, n. a nickname, Landn. LANGA, að, to long for: 1. impers. ' it longs me, ' í long for; mik langar ekki til þess, I long not for it, Fms. i. 284; er þá (acc.) langaði ekki til fundar hans, viii. 431; þess er van at þik muni þangat langa, Fs. 104; þótti þeim nú Kolbeinn aptr kominn ok endrborinn er þá langaði æ eptir, Sturl. iii. 269; at Orkneyinga (but Orkneyingar, Fms. vii. 28, Orkn. 142, I. e.) mundi litt langa til, at hann kæmi vestr þangat, Magn. 446: as also freq. in mod. usage, mig langar í e-ð, I long for a thing, of food; but langar til þess, of other things; mig langar til að fara. 2. personal; ok langaði til hennar burðar allir réttlátir, Hom. 130; allir hinir vitrustu menu lönguðu til hans fundar, Bs. i. 450, Orkn. 142; nú er sá dagr kominn er vt5r höfum allir (oss hefir alia, v. 1.) langat til, Fms. viii. 220; sem þeir höfðu til langat, 655 xx. A. i. langi, a, m. o ne of the stomachs in sheep or cattle. LANGR, long, laugt, adj., compar. lengri, superl. lengstr, [common to all Teut. languages] :-- long, of space and time; long sverð, Fas. i. 379; af löngu skeggi, Skálda 181; lengri hina eptri fætr, Stj.; þóat sú sé lengri, N. G. L. i. 44; þeir lifa opt langan aldr er með orðum eru vegnir, a saying = Engl. words break no to nes, Nj. 252; hann fékk eigi mælt îveim orðum lengra samfast, Hkr. ii. 138; Föstudagr inn langi. Long

LANGABEIN -- LAEÐR. 373

Friday, Good Friday, passim; langt lif, Hom. 12; mjök langa hríð, Nj. 04; þá er dagr er sem lengstr, þá er nótt er sem lengst, Landn. (pref.); vili þér þiggja lengra lif, Fms. vi. 166; sigr þinn mun eigi langr vera, xi. 23; höfum ver eigi heyrt þessa sögu lengri, we have not beard this story any farther, i. e. here ends the tale, Njarð. (fine); þat er long saga at segja, ' ti s a long s t or y totell, Fms. xi. 99; seint er um langan veg at spyrja tíðenda, a saying, Edda 31; endi-langr, liggja endi-langr, to lie at full length; hón lagðisk sem hón var long hjá honum, Karl. 47: long in prosody, Skálda 175, 179- H- neut. long, far, distant; langt á milli fjalls ok fjiiru, Landn. 57; ok áttu eigi langt til eyjarinnar, Fms. i. 41; langt í brott, a lon^j- way off] far away, Stj. 195; langt mun yðr flestum til at ér veiðit svá, ö. H. 78; fljótið var svá mikit, at langt var um úreitt, tha í it was impassable far beyond (bat, Nj. 63; hann seildisk upp svá halt sem hann mátti lengst, Edda 33; svá langt vestr, at engi hefir síðan lengra eignask, Landn. 41; lið kom vel til hans ór héruðum, en fátt kom um lengra, Fms. iv. 385; þvíat þeir ætluðu ekki lengra í kveld en til Höfðabrekku, Nj. 252; ok þurfti þar eigi lengra at grafa til vatns en í djúpum dölum, Edda (pref.); langt mun í milli vera litilmennsku minnar ok þess hins mikla áhuga er þér býr í brjósti, Fms. iv. 80: in the saying, Jeita langt um skammt, cp. Lat. quod petis hie esl, Nj. 207. III. adverbial phrases; of langt, far off", þá sá hann of langt krossinn, 656 B. 5; langt frá, far from it! langt-um, by far; langtum betra, better by far. 2. löngu or laungu, lon^ since; sá ek þetta löngu á hans yfir- bragði, Fms. i. 141; svá sem ek sagða yðr löngu, 139; sem mér sagði löngu hugr um, Nj. 191; mjök löngu, very long ago, Sks. 117; seg oss ný tíðendi, löngu fundumsk vit næst, we have not seen one another for an age, Bjarn. 15: fyrir löngu, long ago; þat vissa ek fyrir löngu at ek var vel kvæntr, Gísl. 69; hanh hafði tekinn verit ó; jörðu fyrir löngu áðr, Fms. i. 5i: löngum, long, mostly, continuously; Eirekr var löngum með föður sínum, 6; hón var löngum um nætr á kirkju at bænum sínum, Ld. 328; en þó löngum (mostly) vel stiltr, Nj. 38; þeir vóru samflota, svá at hvárir vissu löngum til aunarra, Eg. 126: compar. lcngrum, longer; lcngrum en lög stóðu til, Fms. xi. 99; þeir skolu skipta vikum eða smaerum, ok eigu þeir at ráða er lengrum vilja skipta, Grág. ii. 350: superl. lengstum, mostly, most of the time; höfuðborg sú er Geira sat í lengstum, Fms. i. IO1; hann var þó lengstum at Grjótá, Nj. 135; gamanmál er þit munut lengstum um tala, Ld. 306. IV. metaph. longing, taking interest in; hvat er yðr langt at þessum mönnum, hvárt mægð eðr frændsemi, wh a t interest take you in these men'i Fms. ii. 211; hann let eigi ráða, hvárt menn vóru tignir eða útignir, eðr honum mikit at langt eða lítið, Rb. 364. 2. neut. lon g", weary; langt þykki mér, ligg ek einn saman, Eg. (in a verse); þat vil ek, at þú komir til heimkynna minna, þvjat þér mun langt þykkja her á heiðinni, Grett. 130 new Ed. V. in many local names, Lang-ey, Langa-nes, Langa-hlíð, Langa- land (the Danish island), etc., Landn.; see below. B. COMPDS: langa-bein, n. long-bone, a nickname, Sturl. langa- bur, n. a 'long-bower, ' a store-room, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. langi-djákn, m. long-deacon, a nickname, Sturl. Langa-fasta, u, f. the long fast, Lenten fast, Grág. i. 245, 246, 291, K. b. K. 122, 124, Rb. 82, Stj.; langafostu-igangr, the beginning of Lent, Grág. i. 122. Langi- frjádagr, m. Goo d Friday, K. b. K., N. G. L. passim. Langa- spjot, n. ' Long-Sfpce, ' Long-spear, a nickname, Fms. langa-töng, f. ' long-prong, ' the middle finger. II. lang-afi, a, m. a great grandfather. lang-amma, u, f. a great grandmother; langömmu- bróðir, -systir, a gr e a t granduncle, aunt. lang-áss, m. a purlin, opp. to þvertrc, Fms. ix. 512. lang-bakki, a, m. (see bakki 2); in the phrase, skjóta í langbakka, to stave off for a long time, Fms. x. 132. lang-band, n. thepurlin along the roof in a house. lang- barðr, m. a balberd, Hkm. 7; Edda (Gl.) reckons it amongst swords: name of a serpent, Edda (Gl.) Lang-barðar, m. pl. the Lombards, either from their beard (barð) or battle axe (barða), Skv. 3, Greg. 63. Langbarða-land, n. Lombardy, Mart. lang-bein, n. -- langabein, a nickname, Ann. lang-bekkr, m. a lon g' bench, bench lengthways, opp. to þverbekkr, Fms. vi. 193, Sturl. i. 142, iii. 182. Lang-brók, f. ' Long-breek, ' nickname of a lady on account of her tall stature, Nj. lang-eldar, m. pl. long fires (see eldr II), Eb. 276, Nj. 15, Korm. 144. lang-ermar, f. pl. long sleeves, Fms. vii. 321. lang-feðgar, m. pl. agnate-forefathers, ancestors by the father's side, counted upwards, Hkr. i. I, Eg. 2, Nj. 158. langfeðga-kyn, n. the lineage of langfeðgar, Hkr. i. 14. langfeðga-nöfn, n. pl. the name of one's langfeðgar, Edda 153 (pref.) langfeðga-tal, n. a tale or roll of langfeðgar, agnate pedigree, Eg. 536: the name of an old historical work con- taining ancient pedigrees of kings, Hkr. i. (pref.) langfeðga-tala, u, f. = langfeðgatal, Nj. 25. langfeðga-ætt, f. = langfeðgakyn, Fms. x. 158. lang-feðgin, n. pl. ancestors, agnate and cognate. lang- feðr, m. pl. = langfeðgar, and langfeðra-tal, n. ^langfeðgatal, Gþl. 284, Stj. 331, Fagrsk. 151, Hom. 46. lang-feðri, n. = langfeðgar, Landn. 167. lang-ferð, f. a long journey, Sturl. ii. 185, Fs. 51, Bs. u. 162. langferða-maðr, m. one who ''fares' far, a far traveller, Fs. lang-frami, a, m. lasting fame, Orkn. 466, Fb. ii. 513, Mar.; á lang- framann, mod. til langframa, adverb. /or good, Rett, 4. 25. lang-. 'fœttr, adj. long-legged, Stj. 276. lang-för, f. = langferð, Eb. 298. lang-gœði, n. long-lasting, corrupt from langæð. lang-gœðr and langæðligr, adj. a later and inferior form for langær, langæligr, Bs. i. 62, Fas. iii. 57. lang-háls, m. long-neck, a nickname, Landn. lang-hálsaðr, adj. long-necked, Njarð. 364. lang-hendr, adj. with long hands, Ld. 298. Lang-Míðingar, m. pl. the men from Langa- hlíð, Sturl. lang-húfr, m. long-bulk, name of a ship, Bs. lang-husa, að, to run, in a pun (langhús = rann), Krók. 63, 64. lang-hyggja, u, f. long-suffering, Barl. 42. lang-höfðaðr, adj. long-beaked, of a ship, Hkv. i. 24. lang-höfði, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. lang-knakkr, m. a kind of bench, Finnb. 310. lang-lega, u, f. a long stay, of a weather- bound ship, Fms. ix. 296; as also of long sickness in bed. lang- leggr, m. the long leg, bone of a leg of mutton, Bárð. 176, Háv. 40. langleggjar-stykki, n. a leg of mutton, Háv. 40. lang- leiði, n. lengthwise; langleiði sín á milli, at a long distance, Stj. 73, Eg. 579. lang-leikr, m. length, Stj. 346. lang-leitr, adj. long-faced, Fms. i. 155, ii. 20, vii. 175, 321, biðr. 174, Bs. i. 72. lang-liðit, n. part, after a long time, Bs. ii. 133. lang-liga, adv. for a long time past, = mod. langalengi, Js. 24, Sturl. iii. 297, Fas. ii. 268. lang- lifl, n. long life, Fms. vii. 73, K. b. K. 60. lang-lifr, adj. long- lived, Fs., Fms. iii. 173. lang-loka, u, f. ' long-lock, ' a kind of eight- lined verse in which the first and the last line make a sentence, whilst the six between them are intercalary, of which Edda (Ht.) 14 furnishes a specimen: in mod. usage langloka is a poem not divided into strophes, for specimens of which see Snot 72, 215. lang-lund, f. long-suffer- ing, langlundar-geð, n. id. lang-minni, n. a long memory. lang-minnigr, adj. having a long memory, Nj. 30, v. l.: lon^ to be remembered, Pr. 158. lang-mœlgi, f. long-winded talk, Fms. v. 225. lang-meeli, n. long talk, Hom. 125, Bs. ii. 117. lang-mæltr, part. long-spoken, long-winded, Sks. 316, Hom. (St.) lang-nefjaðr, adj. long-nosed, Sturl. ii. 133, iii. 105. lang-neljur, f. pl. rowlocks, Edda (Gl.) lang-nefr, m. long-nose, a nickname, Sturl. lang-niðjar, m. pl. a descending lineage by the father's side, pedigree of agnates, counted downwards, Vsp. 16; opp. to landfeðgar when counted upwards in time. lang-nætti, n. the long night, Fr. lang-orf, n. a long handle of a scythe, Korm. 38, Sturl. i. 180, Sks. 358. lang-pallr, m. a dais along (not acr oss) the ball, Fms. vi. 439. lang-reið, f. a lon g1 ride, Vígl. 61. lang-rœða, u, f. a long talk, Fms. ix. 252. lang-ræðr, part, long- spoken, long-winded, Sks. 316. lang-ræki, n. rancour, an unforgiving temper, N. G. L. ii. 417, Hom. 33, 143. lang-rækr, adj. having a long memory, brooding long over past wrongs, Anal. 171, Eb. 42, Bret. 92, biðr. 181, Fas. iii. 520. lang-samlega, adv. incessantly. lang-seta, u, f. a lon g's t a y, Vm. 113. lang-setis, adv. lengthways, lang-skepta, u, f. a long-shafted spear, Karl. 405. lang-skeptr, part, long-shafted, Sks. 388, Fs. 64. lang-skip, n. a lon^ s hip, a kind of large ancient ship of war, distinguished from the lesser skeið, both being distinguished from the merchant's knorr (cp. Gr. vavs fiarcpa, Lat. longa navis), Hkv. 2. 11, 0. H., Fms. passim, Eg. 37, 42; langskips mastr, ni, segl, a mast, yard, sail of a long ship, Sturl. i. 194, Eg. 198, 515, Fms. vii. 30, passim. langskipa- görð, f. building of a langskip, Gþl. 121. langskips-búza, u, f. = lang- skip, Hkr. ii. 143. langskips-menn, m. pl. the crew of a long ship, Fms. ii. 16, Fs. 92. lajig-skör, f. the lower hem of a tent, Fas. i. 372. lang- staðinn, part, of old date, long-standing, Lv. 77. lang-stóll, m. a long seat, Vm. 7, Fas. i. 84. lang-stræti, n. a long street, Fms. viii. 319. lang-sýnn, adj. far-sighted, Fas. i. 157. lang-sæi, f. afar sight, Edda i. 544. lang-sær, adj. long-sighted, prophetic, Lv. 81. lang-talaðr, part, long-spoken, Fms. i. 288. lang-úðigr, adj. = langrækinn, Hkr. iii. 252. lang-vari, a, m.; til langvara, to l as t long, Njarð. 376. lang- vaxinn, part, longisb, Fms. ii. 59. lang-ve, mod. lang-via, u, f. a bird, columbiis troile, Edda (Gl.) lang-viðir, m. pl. the long tim- bers in a house or ship, N. G. L. i. 65, 100, Hom. 95. laug-viori, n. pl. long-continued weather, heat, cold, or the like. lang-vinnr, adj. long-lasting, of sickness, bad weather, or the like. lang-vinr, m. a friend of long standing, Hm. 157, Fas. ii. 64, Bárð. 173! langvinirnir rjúfask sízt, a saying, Grett. 184 new Ed. lang-vist, f. a long abode, Hom. 9, Fr.: adv. langvistum, staying long, Fbr. 33, Fms. vii. 112, Eg. 227, Fs. 1, 49. lang-vængr, m. long wing(t), Vm. 27. lang-bili, n. the wainscot lengthwise, opp. to þverþili, Gþl. 346. lang-æð, f. long-lasting; til langæðar eða fullnaðar, Bs. i. 740, Ant. 112. lang- æliga, adv. for a long time, Sturl. ii. 186, MS. 625. 77. lang-æligr, adj. long-lasting, Stj. 47, Fas. i. 171, Bs. i. 311. lang-aer, adj. [langr and x. -- -- ever, or akin to Germ, ew, ewig~\, long-lasting; langætt musteri, MS. 677. 6: vegsama föður þinu ok móður, svú at þú sért langær yfîr jörðinni, Stj. 301 (Fifth Commandment); hverr eldrinn mun vera heitari ok langærri, Fms. vii. 37; má vera at sigrinn verði ekki langær, ii. lo; at langær friðr standi í þessu landi, Bs. i. 572. laraðr, adj. worn, weary, (conversational.) larðr, m. [from Fr. and Engl. lard], lard, fat: in the phrase, e-m sigr larðr (cp. e-m sigr kviðr), o ne's stomach sinks, one is worn out, (vulgar.) in Hrafnagaldr 23 the sun is poet, called Fenris fóðr-larðr = the ' wolf's lard, ' the bait, (be prey of the wolf, according to the tale in Edda of the wolf

374 LARFR -- LAUKIl.

(Fenrir) running after the sun (Edda 7) and trying to swallow him. This poem however cannot be ancient, for this French word prob. came to Iceland through the English trade of the I5th century. The explana- tion given in Fél. x. 10 is erroneous. larfr, m., esp. in pl. larfar, rags, tatters. las-burða, adj. / eeble, ailing. lasinn, adj. dilapidated, half broken, Orkn. 528: medic, ailing; eg er lasinn, half lasinn, / a m not quite well. laska, að, to break asunder: reflex, to be half broken: part, laskaðr, bruised, and of wood with flaws. laski, a, m. a flaw, fissure in wood. II. the wrist-piece of a gauntlet beneath the thumb, (opp. to lo or lóð = the finger part); the phrase, á 16 og laski! The foreman of a fishing-boat divides the catch of fish into two heaps, then throws a glove between these heaps, and turn- ing his face away shouts, á lo og laski! whereupon each man of the crew has, in his turn, to choose either the lo or the laski, and take his share according to the side to which the laski or the 16 points. las-legr, adj. -- lasinn. las-leiki, a, m. ailment. las-meyri, f. decrepitude, Mar. las-meyrr, adj. mellow, decrepit, Band. 28 new Ed., Stj. 98. lasna, að, to decay, become dilapidated. last, n. vituperation, Sighvat, freq. in mod. usage. LASTA, að, [Germ, lá' sí ern], to blame, vituperate, speak ill of; löstuðu þat fiestir, Eg. 196; mun sjalft lofa sik ef vel er, euda mun sjúlft lasta sik ef ilia er, Nj. 176; jþorfinnr jarl kom þá at ok lastaði ekki verkit, Orkn. 114; lýta ok lasta, Stj. i^q, Greg. 49; lasta Guð, to blaspheme, Fb. i. 287. lasta- in compds, see liistr. lastan or löstun, f. slander, reproach, blame; lof cð liístun, MS. 677. 10, Ísl. ii. 450. lastanar-orð, n. pl. words of blemish, Fms. vi. 33. lastan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), reprehensible, Mar. last-auðigr, adj. vicious, evil, 655 xi. 2, Hom. last-fullr, adj. /K ll of evil, Hom. 24. last-ligr, adj. slanderous, Germ, lästerlicb, Rétt. 61. last-mæli, n. slander, Grág. ii. 148, Fms. viii. 252, Pass. n. 15. last-orð, n. = lastmæli, Fas. i. 107. last-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), reprehensible, Stj. 156. last-samr, adj. slanderous, Stj. 8. last-varliga, adv. without guile or s in, Bs. i. 300. last-varr, adj. guileless, virtuous, Sks. 24, 687. lata, að, to be slow, slacken, abate: impers., Helgi saekir at fast er hann finnr at þorgrími latar, Fs. 138; þá er hann iiunr at élinu latar, abates, (latrar Ed.), Fms. xi. 137. latan, f. slackening :-- metaph. dissuasion, Slurl. ii. 106. lat-hendr, adj. slow of hand, Sturl. iii. 200. lati, a, in. the late or lazy one, Edda (Gl.) lat-liga, adv. slowly, Fms. vi. 207, Krók. 42, MS. 686 B. I. LATR, adj., fern, lot, neut. latt, compar. latari, superl. latastr; [Ulf. lats = ÔKvrjpós, âpyós; A. S. lÆ t; Engl. late, lazy; O. H. G. laz; Germ. las s; Swed. lat; Dan. l a d] :-- slow, lazy, Sturl. ii. 155, Fms. xi. 256; latr ok ó-hlýðinn, 686 B. 2: so in the saying, latr sækir latan heim: with gen., latr e-s, Fms. xi. 256; o-latr, diligent: passim and freq. in mod. usage, eg er latr, latr að læra, latr að viuna, etc. LAUÐR, n., mod. löðr, but the diphthong is borne out by old rhymes as, Iðî/ðri, r a;/ða, Fms. vi. 47 (in a verse); iiaub, vii. 66; as also by the derivative leyðra, q. v.: [A. S. /ifVSor -- a kind of nitre, used for soap; Engl. lather^ :-- the froth or foam of the sea water; lauðr var lagt í beði, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse1); Ijótu lauðri drcif;! lypting, id.; alda lauðri faldin, Orkn. (in a verse); viðr þolir nauð í lauðri, Fins, vii. (in a verse): lauðr Óðins clda, pout, -- the blood, Gísl. (in a verse); haf-lauðr, sea-scum, Lex. Poi-t.; vupn-lauor -- blood. II. in prose esp. of a kind of nitre or so ap used in cleaning, e. g. the head; cp. Swed. ladder -- a kind of so ap, Engl. / a/ h f r; ok þó hón höfuð bans, ... ok hafði hón eigi þvegit iauðr ór hüfði honum, Ísl. ii. 333 (Heiðarv. S.): lincik (the maid) strauk lauðri urn skiir niína, Vígl. 82 new Ed. (in a verse). lauðra, að, mod. löðra, to foam, to be dripping wet with salt water: and esp. of blood, löðrandi af blóði, dripping with blood. lauðrungr or löðrungr, m. a box on the ear, prob. metaph. from washing and lathering the head; [cp. vulgar Engl. to lather-to be n t.] LAUF, n. [Ulf. lai/fs = (þv\\ov; A. S. and Engl. leaf; Germ. laub; Dan. lüv; Swed. l o/] :-- a leaf, foliage, Hom. 5, Fs. 135; aldin eða lauf, Gret. 14, Sks. 105; rjupna-lauf :-- metaph., lauf á hjalrni, El. 17, Sturl. iii. 140: in local names, Lauf-asa, whence Laufœsingar, the men from L. COMPDS: laufa-dráttr, in. leaf-formed embroidery, Art. laufa-fottir, m. a name of a fox, Edda (Gl.) lauf-blað, n. a ' leaf- blade, ' single leaf, Edda 29. lauf-góðr, adj. leafy, abundant in leaves, Bar!. 149. lauí'-grænn, adj. leaf-green, Rkv.; laufgrænn kyrtill, Hrafn. 13, El. 12. lauf-gyltr, part, gilt-wreathed, MS. 4. 16. lauf-hus, n. a 'leaf-house, ' Hkr. iii. 180. lauf-segl, n. a leaf- shaped sail; in the phrase, sigla með laufsegli at e-m, to deal leniently with a person, Eb. 96, Fas. i. 7. lauf-settr, part, ornamented with leaves, El. lauf-skáli, a, m. a 'leaf-house, ' summer-house, Konr., Fas. iii. 303, Karl. 78. laufskála-hátíð, f. the Jewish feast of Tabernacles, O. T. lauf-steindr, part. lí a/-r/yí d, = laufgrxnn, Karl. 341. lauf- viði, n. leaf-wood (ash, elm, etc.), opp. to needle-wood (fir, pine) B. K. 55. laufgask, að, dep. to be leafy, Skálda 200: part, laufgaðr, leaved, Bær. 15, Barl. 149, Pass.: metaph., laufgaðr hjálmr, El. Laufi, a, m. the name of the sword of the hero Böðvar Bjarki, Landn. lauf-léttr, adj. li g" ht as a leaf. lauf-ligr, adj. leafy, Sks. 627. lauf-ugr, adj. leafy, Konr. lauf-viðr, m. leaf-wood, = laufviði, Merl. LAUG, f., old dat. laugu; with the article laugur. ni, Rd. 276, THom. 484, but lauginni, Sturl. ii. 98, Fms. vii. 150; pl. laugar: [cp. Swed. lor; Dan. lover in lör-dag, lover-dag, -- Icel. laugar-dagr, q. v.] :-- a bath; hón varðveitti barn drottningar óborit meðan lion var í laugu, Landn. no; taka laugar, Fs. 72; þar voru laugar görvar, en er konungr var í lauginni var tjaldat yfir kerit, P'ms. vii. 150; prestr er skyldr at vígja þrjár laugar um dag (of baptismal water), N. G. L. i. 347; laug skal göra hveim er liðinn er hendr þvá ok hötuð (of washing the dead), Sdrn. 34 (Bugge); síðan vóru borð tekin, en Flosi tók laugar ok lið hans, Nj. 176, (hand- laug, mund-laug, q. v.): the bath in which a new-born infant is washed is called laug. II. in Icel. a hot spring, which was used for bathing; en Föstudags-aptan fóru biskupar báðir til laugar í Laugar-ús eptir nutt- verð, Bs. i. 78; eitt hvert kveld er þeir fóru til laugar, ... en laugin (the spring) var ekki á almanna-veg, 621; þat var eitt kveld er Snorri sat i laugu, at talat var um höfðíngja, ... Sturla Bárðarson hafði haldit vi';rð yfir lauginni ok leiddi hann Snorra heim, Sturl. ii. 98; fyrir sunnan ana cm laugar (hot springs) ok þar hjá iarðholur stórar, Eg. 747; Kjartan for opt til Sælingsdals-laugar (the well in S.), jafnan bar svá til at Guðrún var at laugu, Ld. 160; Gestr kemr til Sælingsdals-laugar, ok dvelsk þar um hríð, Guðrún kom til laugar ok fagnar vel Gesti í'rænda sínum, 124. III. in Icel. the hot springs were public bathing-places, and the word is freq. in local names, Laugar, f. pl., Laxigar-á, Laugar-áss, Lauga-ból, Laugar-brekka, Laugar-dalr, Laugar-dælar, Laug- ar-nes, Lauga-land, Lauga-vatn, Lauga-fell, Laugar-vellir, Lauga-sker, Laugar-hus, Landn.; fee the Sagas, the map of Icel., Eggert Itin.; and as the latter part of a compd, Valla-laug, Sælingsdals- laug, Reykja-laug, etc., all indicating places with hot springs used for baths in olden times. IV. Saturday was the day appointed for cleansing and bathing, and hence the day took its name, laugar-aptan, m. 'bath-eve, ' Saturday evening, Ísl. ii. 274: laugar-dagr, m. ' bath-day, ' Saturday, Grág., K. Jx K., N. G. L., the Sagas passim: laugardags- morginn, m., -kveld, n. Saturday morning, evening, passim: laugar- kveld, n. = laugaraptau, Ísl. ii. 247: laugar-morginn, in. 'bath- morning, ' Saturday morning, Ísl. ii. 232: laugar-iiatt, f. ' bath-night, ' Saturday night, (the night between Saturday and Sunday, as shewn by Sturl. ii. í 70); ok er lofat at eta hvitan mat miðviku-nátt ok laugarnatt í Hvita-dögum, K. Á. 188, K. fx K. This washing and tasting had . 1 religious character, as is shewn bv laugavatn, Sol. 50; as also by the verse in Skíða R., -- aldrei frá ek at aumum þrjót | mun illra meina batna | iyrr en loiar at leggja af biót | ok laugarniEtr at vatna, 202: and that it came from the remote heathen age, when the year was still counted by pentads and not by heptads, we may infer from the fret], use of laug as the latter part of the compd in proper names, esp. of women, Ás-laug, Guð-laug, þór-Iaug, Odd-laug, Sigr-laug, Snic-laug, Vó-laug (- the Holy well, the Holy bath); and of men, Her-laugr, Guð-laugr, see Landn. and the Sagas. V. COMPDS: laugar-hús, n. a bath-house, Bs. ii. 22. laugar-ker, n. a bathing-tub, MS. 451. laugar-pining, f. ' past-ion' in a. bath, ot a bishop who died when in a bath, Bs. i. 78, (see the context of the passage.) lauga-vatn, n. bathing-water, Sol. 50. lauga, að. [Swed. lüga; cp. Lat. lavare] , to bathe; þeir túku kyrtil Joseph, lauguðu hann ok lituðu í kiðja-blóði, Stj. 194; hann laugaði (ixina í blúðinu, Eb. 200; þvá hann ok lauga, Greg. 61; for hann þá út til Jórdanar ok lnugaði sik þar sein siðr er til palnuira, Hkr. iii. 67 • a nurse's term, to bathe a new-born infant, performed in olden times, and perhaps still, with some ceremony. II. reflex, to bathe; laugaðisk konungr í anni Jordan, Fms. vii. 87, 92; allr líkanii Lausnarans laugaðist þá í blóôi linns, Pass. 3. 9: metaph., laugaðr í Iciri ok moldu, Karl. 409; silfri laugat, Fas. iii. 627; laugaðr í rauðu gulli, i. 172. laug-móðr, adj. ' bath-weary, ' weary after having bathed, THom. 484- lauk-jafn, adj. 'leek-even, ' straight, just, metaph. from the plant, Sighvat. LAUKR, m. [A. S. leâc; Engl. leek; O. H. G. louh; Germ. lauch; Swed. liik; Dan. log'] : -- a leek; hón hafði þar gört í síeinkatli stappa- lauk (onion) ok önnur grös, ok gaf at óta enum sárum mönnuin, þvíat kenndi af laukinum út ór súri því er ú hol var, Ó. H. 223. 2. in old writers and in poetry esp. garlic (geir-laukr, q. v.), Fas. 176, 205, 246; þá var grund gróin grænnm lauki, Vsp. 4; lítið kvcða lauki gæft til auka, a saying, Sighvat, Lex. Poët., passim. 3. metaph. of sleek, taper-

LAUKAGARÐR -- LAUSS. 375

formed things; réttr sem laukr, straight as a leek, Játv. 4, Pr. 406 (lauk- jafn); blóð-laukr, a sword; itr-laukr, q. v.; a mast is called the leek of a ship, Edda 91, Lex. Poët.; ættar-laukr, the'leek of a family, ' the best man of a family. 4. theoily skin of sea birds is called laukr, e. g. kofna-laukr, the ski n of a young puffin. COMPOS: lauka-garðr, m. a leek-garden, Ld. 260, N. G. L. i. 253, Mag. 171. lauks-höfuð, n. a leek-bead, clove of garlic, Clar. laum, n. secret money: in the phrase, í laumi, by stealth. LAUMA, að, with dat. to put by stealth; eg laumaði því að honum: reflex, to sneak, go stealthily, eg laumaðisk að honum. LAUN, f. [from ljuga, contr. from laugn; cp. \J\f. ga-laugns -- Kpinrros, and laitgni, f. = npvmúv • Dan. -Swed. Ion, cp. Engl. lone, lonely; the word is therefore quite different from laun = reivard\ :-- secrecy, concealment, biding; sügðu at þeir höfðu tekit fé til launar ok lygi, í hot they had taken money to conceal and forswear it, 656 0. 57; þá er morð ... eða ef maðr hylr hræ til launar, Grág. i. 87; dul eða laun, Edda (Ht.) 127; nn heimtir annarr þeirra betr eða fleira fé en van eigi, ok leggr laun á, Grág. i. 424. 2. esp. in the adverb, phrase, á laun, ' alone, ' hidden; hann fúr upp þangat ok var ú laun, Nj. 57; þar var Kári nökkura stund á laun, 258; menn skyldi biota á laun ef vildi, Bs. i. 25; mæ!a á laun, t o speak secretly, Am. 3; hann sendi mann á laun, Al. 91; Geirrnundr skipar jarðir sínar á laun... (leynt hefir hann þessu alla menn), Ld. 112; með laun, id.; hann for nieð laun, ok brá á sik gamals manns liki, Edda I. COMPDS: laun-barn, n. a secret bairn, natural child, Grág. i. 237, 252. laun-blót, n. secret (heathen) worship, Fms. ii. 162. laun-dóttir, f. a natural daughter. laun-dyrr, n. pl. a secret doorway, Gullþ. 15, Fs. 84, Nj. 198, Orkn. 430, Fms. ii. 2. laun-festar, f. pl. a secret betrothal, H. E. 1. 475. laun-festing, f. = launfestar, H. E. ii. 139. laun-fundr, m. a secret meeting, Bret. 80. laun-getinn, part. secretly begotten, illegitimate, natural, Nj. 30, Eg. foS, Grág. i. 170, Bs. i. 285. laun-heitr, adj. treacherously hot. laun-karr, adj. dealing in secrets, mysterious; vera úlaunkár at tíðendum, Bs. i. 621; in Bjarn. 24 (in the verse) read launkárr for launkrar, as is shewn by the sense as well as the rhyme. laun-koss, m. a secret kiss, Grág. i. 337. latui-maðr, in. a hidden (sham) person, a dummy. Boll. 338. laun- mæli, n. s e er et talk, Bs. ii. 229. laun-ráð, n. a s e c ret device, Edda 21. laun-sát (mod. laun-satr, n.), f. a 'hidden seat, ' an ambush, Stj. 364, 365, 402, 619. laun-sátt or laun-sætt, f. a s ecret agree- ment, Bs. i. 871, H. E. i. 561. laun-sigr, n. a victory won by fraud, Ýt. laun-sonr, m. a secret son, natural son. laun-staflTj m. bidden Runes, Eg. (in a verse). laun-stefna, u, f. a secret meeting, Fms. ix. 34. laun-stigr, m. a secret path, Hkr. iii. 133. laun- stuldr, m. pilfering, theft, Fms. ix. 272. laun-tal, n. secret speaking, whispering, Fms. vii. 128, Gísl. 54. laun-vágr, m, a bidden creek, Bjarn. 14, -- leynivagr, q. v. laun-vig, n. a secret manslaughter, a law term, ranging between full murder and manslaughter, defined in Gísl. 22. launvígs-mál, n. a case o/launvig, Lv. 109. lauu-bing, n. a secret meeting, Fms. viii. 327, Orkn. 268. LAUN, n. pl. [Ulf. /aim = jtiff0os, x^'p's; A. S. leân; Engl. loan; O. H. G. Ion; Getm. lohn; Dan. -Swed. l ow] :-- rewards: minni munu verða launin en vert vaeri, Nj. 10; at leið só laun ef þægi, Hm. 38; góðs laun, 124; þiggja nökkur laun, Fms. v. 192; vil ek heldr eiga undir þér launin, xi. 192; þeir höfðu boðit honum laun, en hann neitti, i. 12; laun munu fylgja mor, ek skal gjalda hverjum eptir sinum verkum, Hom. 144, and passim, but never in sing.; kvæðis-laun, bragar-laun, etc.; Guðs laun ! hafið þer Guðs laun, Óðinn! (cp. Guð B. II), Skíða R. 109. launa- verðr, adj. worthy of reward. launa, að, to reward, with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing for which the reward is given, but dat. of the gift itself; þeir hafa yðr (dat.) þat (acc.) engu launat nema illu, Fms. i. 84; ilium huga launaðir þú þá góðar gjafir, Hbl. 21; hví mundi hann oss (dat.) þat eigi góðu launa, Fb. ii. 38; íllu num þér launat verða, Nj. 38; ok skal ek þat vel launa þér, F, dda 23; þat þarf eigi at iauna sern eigi er gört, a saying, Grett.; ú-launaðr, unrewarded; var-launaðr, scantily rewarded; eiga e-m var- launat, to be indebted, be under an obligation to one, Karl. 198: to pa y, fyrir penning hvern er smidar skolu launa, N. G. L. i. 101; launa e-t at" sér, to work out, pay in work done, F'r. launung, f. concealment, secrecy; esp. in adverb, phrases, af (á, með) launungu, secretly, Nj. 103, v. 1.; mjük á laummgu, Fms. i. 66, viii. 368; með launungu, Bs. i. 622: in mod. usage singly, mer er engin launung á því, ' ti s no matter ofsecrecy for me. LAUPR, m. [A. S. and Old Engl. leap; still used in Lancashire for a weel or fishing-basket] :-- a box or basket, in Icel. of lattice-work, to carry on the back, also called meiss, q. v.; lauprinn er hann bar sveininn, Fms. x. 217, Vapii. 16, Vm. 98; selja salt í laupum, N. G. L. ii. 254: in Norway esp. of a measure of butter, Gþl. 491, 493, 524 (smjör-laupr), D. N. passim; kol-laupr, q. v.; ef munda bik hafa upp fætt í ull-laupi minum (m y wool basket) ef ek vissa at þú mundir einatt lifa, Orkn. 28. 2. metaph. the timber frame or scaffold of a building; þá er þeir höfðu reistan laup kirkjunnar, Fms. ii. 234; á öðru árinu var lauprinn reistr, seni voru allir innstiiplar ok syllurnar tvær, Safn i. 66. lausa-brullaup, n. an improvised wedding, Eg. 24. lausa-búð, f. a s hed, extemporised booth, Bs. ii. 107. lausa-eyrir, m. [Dan. lösör e], = lausafé, íb. 16, Eg. 131. lausa-fé, n., gen. fjár, movable property, as opp. to lands or even to land and cattle, Nj. 29, Eg. 13, 67, 395, Fms. i. 25. lausa-fjöl, f. a l oos e board, bjal. lausa-góz, n. =lausafe, Vm. 79, Pm. 4, Fms. xi. 441. lausa-hross, n. a led horse, Jb. 278. lausa-kjör, n. pl. l oo se conditions, a void bargain; undir mál no lausakjör, no false or feigned bargain, Grág. i. 225; enda skolu engi lausakjör á vera, 268. lausa-klofl, a, m., gramm. a diphthong, Skálda 170. lausa-klæði, n. pl. the l oos e (upper) garments, Eg. 579. lausa-leikr, m. whoredom; eiga barn í lausaleik: lausaleiks-barn n. a c hild begotten out of wedlock. lausa-maðr, m. a law term, a ' loose-man, ' able-bodied labourer who has no fixed home, Jb. 350, (thus opp. to griðmaðr or maðr í vist); hann var lausamaðr, ok var vistum (had his temporary abode) á Stokkahlöðúm, Sturl. ii. 67; bændr ok lausir menn, Fs. 23: hence a tramp, vagabond, strákar ok lausa-menn, Bs. i. 807. lausa-matr, m. meat of various kinds; krof fimm ok enn lausamatr nokkurr, Dipl. v. 18. lausa-mennska, u, f. the state or life of a lausamaðr. lausa-mjöðm, f. a trick with the hip in wrestling, Bárð. 183. lausa-penningr, m. l oo se money, cash, Dipl. i. 2. lausa-snjór, m. l oos e snow, Eb. 236, Sturl. iii. 26. lausa-taug, f. a l oo se strap t o c arry a b ow t one, Eg. 279. lausa-tök, n. pl. a wrestler's term, a l oos e grasp, opp. to close ' back- spanning. ' lausa-viðr, m. l oos e logs, planks, Bs. i. 392, Dipl. v. 18. lausa-vísa, u, f. a ditty, Edda (Ht.), freq. in ntod. usage. lausa-þili, n. a movable panelling, Gþl. 346. laus-beislaðr, adj. unbridled, unhampered, lei loose. laus-eygr, adj. with unsteady eyes, Fb. i. 540. laus-geðjaðr, adj. = lausgeðr, Ísl. ii. 418. laus-geðr, adj. fickle-minded, Róm. 266. laus-grýttr, adj. with loose pebbles. Glúm. 394. laus-gyrðr, adj. loose-girthed, of a horse, belt, Gþl. 540: without a belt, without money, Ísl. ii. 52. laus-hárr, adj. w ith l oos e hairs, Edda 21. laus-höfðaðr, adj. loose-beaded, false, Róm. 161. lausingi, a, m. = leysingi, q. v. laus-leiki, a, m. looseness, a loose life, Mar. laus-liga, adv. loosely, Orkn. 430. laus-ligr, adj. l oos e, unsteady, Sturl. iii. 200, 215. laus-lyndi, n. looseness of mind, fickleness, Fas. ii. 134, Sks. 776. laus-læti, n. = lauslyndi, Vígl. 26: mod. looseness, uncbastity. laus-máll, adj. l oos e of speech, Glúm. 372, Fms. -vi. 108. laus-mælgi, f. l oos^ speech, Glúm. 372. laus-mæli, n. pl. breach of word, Fms. x. 50, Hkr. ii. 122. lausn, f. release, liberation; hann lagði á hvern þeirra verk ok lausn, he p!/ t a work and ransom on each of his bondsmen, i. e. he gave them a chance of emancipating themselves by paying a fixed sum of money, 0. H. 28: eccl. redemption, til hjálpar ok lausnar öUu mannkyni, Mar.; þat man okkr vera til engra lausna, Hom. 155; fyrir vára lausn þoldi hann pÍsl., id.; áðr sú lausn kom er heitin var Abraham, 51, Stj., N. T., Pass., Vidal. passim; endr-lausn, q. v. :-- right of redemption, B. K. 40 :-- absolution from sin or ban, Bs. i. 287, Fms. ix. 524; hann tók lausn af sjálfum puvanum, Nj. 281, K. Á. 38, 76, Bs. i. 710, passim; af-lausn, q. v.: release from a ditty, Fms. x. 21. II. decision, judgment; en er konungs son var bnirm at segja fram lausnir mala, Sks. 643; par var lausn ok band allra vanda-mula, Fb. ii. 71! e'ga lausn á máli, to decide in a case, Bs. i. 708 :-- plur. lausnir, in þing-lausnir, q. v. COMPDS: lausnar-gjald, n. a ransom. lausnar-mark, n. a badge of redemp- tion, Hom. 104. lausnar-steinn, m. a stone with hidden power to loose the pains of labour, Maurer's Volkssagen. lausnar-tíðindi, n. l oose ne ws, Sturl. ii. 96, iii. 256. lausnari, a, m. a releaser, 656 B: eccl. the Redeemer, Stj. 27, Horn, 36, Barl. 30, Pass., Vidal. passim. laus-orðr, adj. = lausyrðr, Sks. 773, Karl. 439. LAUSS, adj., compar. lausari, superl. lausastr; [Ulf. laus = Kfvós; A. S. le as; Engl. l oose, r elea s e; Germ, l os; Dan. lös] :-- loose, opp. to fast; fast ok laust; steinn, annarr fastr enn annarr lauss, Pm. 106; (for) utan- borðs seglit ok allt þat er laust var á búlkanum nema menn, Bs. i. 422; verða lauss, to get loose; eldr varð lauss, fire broke loose (cp. Dan. ildlös), Fms. x. 29; láta laust, to let loose, let slip, yield up, vi. 203, Nj. 58, Stj. 184; Hggia laust fyrir, t o s it l oos e, be easy to seize upon; þótti eigi svá laust fyrir liggja sem þeir ætluðu, Fms. viii. 357. II. metaph. free, unimpeded, Germ, ledig; þar var engi niaðr lauss at söðla hest konungs, Ö. H. 15; bændr ok lausir menn, Fs. 23; þessa megin skaltií láta hest þinn, ok gakk Jni lauss yfir bruna, leave thy horse behind, and walk loote

376 LAUSTÆKR -- LÁNA.

(i. e. unencumbered) across the bridge, Konr.; skal þat lið á móti því er laust er ok eigi er í fylkingu, Eg. 293: ríða laust, to ride (travel) unen- cumbered, without luggage, Hrafn. 27; lauss hestr, a led horse, Fms. v. 285. 2. disengaged, with gen.; en ek skal lauss allra mala ef hann kemr eigi svá út, Ísl. ii. 217; vit erum lausir allra svardaga, Fb. 1. 232; lauss einka-mála, Ó. H. 194. 3. void, not binding; nú er laus veðjan okkar, Fms. vi. 370; laus eru oil nýmæli ef eigi verða upp sögð et þríðja hvert sumar, Grág. (Kb.) i. 37; en ef Sigvaldi kemr eigi þessu fram, sem nti var skilt með þeim, þá skulu mál þeírra oil vera laus, Fms. xi. 100; kuggrinn star á kjölnum fast en kaup er laust, Stef. 01. 4. vacant; viljum vér gefa yðr Ólafs kirkju, þvíat hón er mi laus, Bs. i. Soo; lauss biskupsdómr, a vacant bishopric, Mar.; laust brauð, a vacant living for a priest. 5. with the notion of empty; sigla lausum kili, t o s ail' w ith a l oo se keel, ' i. e. without a cargo, 0. H. 115; sig'. a lausu skipi, id., Bs. i. 518. 6. li g" ht, of sleep; hann var kominn í hvilu sina ok sofnaðr laust, Mar.; þá seig á hann svefn, ok þó svá lauss, at hann þóttisk vaka, Ó. H. 195, Vkv. 29. 7. dissolved, of a meeting (þing-lausnir); þing skal laust segja á miðjum degi, Grág. i. 116; dag þann er sóknar-þing er laust, 117. 8. l oos e, i. e. personal, property; lond ok lausa aura (see lausafe, lauseyrir), Eg. 34, Js. 62; lausir penningar, l oos e money, cash, D. N. v. 488. &. not lined, of a garment; þrír dúkar með rautt skinn ok enn fjórði lauss, Vm. 47; hökull lauss, stola laus, 15. 10. absolved from ban; hann sung yfir þeim miserere, ok segir þeim þó, at þá vóru þeir eigi lausari en áðr, Sturl. ii. ii. 11. l oos e, dissolute; lauss í sínum framferðum, Mar.: heed- le ss, lauss ok með litlum athuga, id. III. as the last part in compds mostly suffixed to a root word, often in gen., in a negative sense, in Icel, almost in endless instances, of which many remain in English, sak- lauss, sackless; auðnu-lauss, luckless; athuga-lauss, thoughtless; mein- lauss, guileless; vit-lauss, witless, insane, etc., from which is formed the neut. subst. termination -leysi. laus-tækr, adj. easily taken, Band. 28 new Ed. lausung, f. [A. S. leasung; Old Engl. leasing; North. E. lee sw m] :-- lying, falsehood; gjalda lausung við lygi, Hm.; lausnng fyrir staðiesti, Al. 23, Fbr. 74 j með lausung, at large; á þeima degi sem þú gengr út ... með lausung, Stj. 557. í Kings ii. 42; þeir stela nauti, en gefa laus- ungina Guðs nafni, they steal the ox, but give the offal to the name of God, Prov. xx. 25 in a note to the Bible of 1644; cp. ' to steal a pound and give a penny. ' II. loose living, life of a libertine, Mar., Hom., Fms. xi. 423, passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: lausungar- kona, u, f. a loose woman, harlot, Mar. lausungar-maðr, m. a losel, libertine, Mar. lausungar-orð, n. deceit, Jb. 385. laus-yrði, n. breach of one's word, Fms. vii. 151, Sks. 776, Fbr. 64. laus-yrðr, adj. unreal in one's words, Sks. 773. LAUT, f. [hita; early Swed. lot -- pasture, Schlyter], a hollow place, Grett. (in a verse). Lex. Poët.: the word is freq. in mod. usage, but seems not to be recorded in old prose. LAX, m. [Scot, lax; O. H. G. lahs; Germ, lachs; Dan. lak s; Swed. lax] :-- a salmon, Edda 40, 72, Nj. 69, Fs. 35, 164, Fb. i. 539, passim: the male lax is called hæingr (contr. hængr), cp. goð-lax, q. v. In Lent it was forbidden even to mention meat by name, and hence at that season people called it jestingly klauf-Iax, ' cloven-hoofed salmon, ' see the story told in Maurer's Volks. 207, 208. II. freq. in Icel. local names, Lax-á, L -- Laxwater, Salmon water, a name of many rivers; whence Laxár-dalr, m. Laxwaler dale, and Lax-dælir, m. pl. the men from L.: Laxdæla-Saga, u, f. the Saga ofL., Eb. 334, Grett. 15 new Ed., Fms. ii. 257. COMPDS: laxa-fiski, n. salmon-dishing, Boldt. laxa- kast, laxa-verpi, n. a salmon casting-net, Boldt. lax-á, f. a salmon river, Gþl. 419; see lax. lax-bróðir, m. a kind of salmon. lax-ganga, u, f. shoals of salmon entering rivers, Bs. i. 595. lax-varpa, u, f. a salmon cast, Boldt. lax-veiðr, f. salmon-fishing, Eg. 136, Ld. 14, Bs. ii. 140, 141. lax-verp, n. a salmon-cast, B. K. 29. LAZ and latz, n. [for. word, from Fr. lace, Germ, lat z, Lat. laqueus] '. -- a lace; kyrtia ok latz at síðu, kiriles laced on the sides. Eg. 602: drag-kyrtla latz, Fms. vi. 440. laza, að, to l ac e; laza klæði sin, Sir. 81. lazan, f. lacing; lazan klæða sinna, Sir. 82. LÁ, f., pl. lar, the line of shoal water along the shore, edged by the surf; þekti hann at tré flaut í lánni, Mar.; hann hleypr nt í lárnar ok bregðr í fiskinn öðrum enda á snaerinu, Finnb. 220; liki Pompeius köstuðu þeir á sjá út, ok rciddi þat í lánni, Róm. 232: still in mod. usage :-- poet, the s ea generally, Lex. Poët.; odd-lá = blood, Höfuðl.; járn-lá. II. = Ix, craft, a äv. Afy. in Vsp. III. hai r, Lat. lanugo, cp. lóð; hár heitir lá, Edda 109. LÁ, pres. lái, pret. láði, part, láð; [Ulf. laian -- \otoopw, John ix. 28, and used strong; A. S. lean; Hel. and O. H. G. lahan] :-- to blame; la e-m e-t, eg lái þér það ekki, I do not blome the e for it; or, það er ekki luandi (gerund.), it is excusable. It is curious that no instance is on record from old writers, although the word must be old. LÁÐ, n. [prob. akin to lán, Germ, lebn (ð = n), prop, denoting a fief] :-- land, but mostly only in poetry: in the allit. phrase, land ols láð, land and lea, Hkm. 21; fyrirgöra landi ok láði, Fms. xi. 363; láð og log, land and sea; láðs og lagar dýr, an amphibious animal; hann kom fram á eitt fágrt láð, Kar). 71: freq. in poetry, see Lex. Poët.: as also in poet, compds, esp. as láð-gefandi, pa. rt. fief-giving: láð- göfgaðr, part, gifted with lands: láð-Valdr, m. a fief-wielder = a king; láð-varðaðr and láð-vörðr, m. a land-warder, all epithets of a king, Lex. Poët. lá-deyða, u, f. a smooth, dead sea. láð-maðr, m. [an A. S. word, as the root vowel a = ei shews] :-- a loadsman, pilot, guide; Keisarinn sendi konungi herlið mikit ok láðmenn af sinu riki, Fms. xi. 313, v. 1. (cp. the verse), Fas. ii. 304 (in a verse). láfi, a, m. a thrashing floor, barn floor, Stj. 397, 620, Gpl. 346; láfa fili, a barn floor, N. G. L. i. 38; láfa garðr, a barn, Stj. 392, 397. Láfi, a, m. a pet name = Olafr, Grarnm. p. xxxv. LÁG, f., loóg in Edda 68, 85; [Swed. låga; Ivar Aasen log; Engl. log] :-- a felled tree, log; lrf?g heitir ok tré þat er fellr í skógi, Edda 85; loog, þat er tré, 68; vóru þar fen stór ok höggnar á lágir, Eg. 577; såtu þeir allir samt á einni lag, Fms. i. 179, xi. 64, 332; þ;i spurði Hávarðr, hverr fell af láginni ? Hkr. i. 241; ok því næst koma þeir at lag nok- kurri er liggr urn þvera götuna, Fb. iii. 376: the word is now obsolete in Icel. or is only used in the sense of II. pl. lugar, a deep, hollow place; lag and laut are synonymous: the phrase, láta e-ð liggja í láginni, to let a thing lie in the hole, i. e. hide, conceal it. lá-garðr, m. a 'fence of la., ' the surf; þá sá þau at sylgja lá á steini í lágörðunum, Bs. i. 317; kom þar urn síðir at hann þreyttisk á sundi, var hann þá kominn í lágarða, dru hann þá niðr, í því sá hann hvar kerling ein stór óð út at honum, Fas. 11. 435. lága-söngr, m. the ' low-chant' in the Roman Catholic mass when the host was elevated, Bs., Hom., H. E. passim; lágasöngva bók, kver, skrá, the b oo k (scroll) containing the low-chants, Vm., Am., Pm. lág-leikr, m. lowliness, 'humility. Mar. lág-lendi, n. low land, flat land, Stj. 591. lág-lendr, adj. low-lying, flat, of a county. lág-liga, adv. lowly, Stj. 601; secretly, Fms. x. 425, 437. lág-ligr, adj. low, Fas. i. 43. lág-mæltr, part, loiv spoken, with a low voice, Fms. i. 159, Ver. 30. lágna, að, to become high, of meat: part, lágnaðr, of meat, fish. lág-nætti, n. ' low-night, ' the depth of night, midnight, opp. to high day (hádegi). LÁGR, adj., compar. lægri, superl. lægstr; [Dan. lav; Swed. l og; not found in A. S., so that probably the Engl. low is borrowed from the Scandin. word] :-- low; lát hæl þinn síga nokkut svá lægra en tær, Sks. 372; at nti sé lægra í hornínu en áðr, Edda 32; cn lægstr Magnúss kross, Hkr. iii. 221; þá er sólin er lag um kveldit, when the sun is low on the horizon, þiðr. 338: s h or t, þat er mitt ráð, at þú trúir aldri lágum manni ok rauðskeggjuðum, F'ms. xi. 428; öxi mikla ok lágt skaptið, Sturl. i. 64; jjórðr enn lági, Ó. H. 139 :-- low, low-lying, of land, þegar regn koma þá er úvært at biia þar sem lágt liggr, Fms. vi. 136 :-- low, of the voice; hann svarar ok heldr lágt, i. 159; konnngr tók kveðju hans lágt, Sturl. iii. 305; biðja fyrir sér lágt, Hom. (St.) II. phrases, bera lágt höfuð, t o c a rry o ne's head low, hang the head, be discomfited, Nj. 94; stefna þá at Birkibeinum ok standa nu en gum mun laegra en þeir, are noworse off than they, Fms. ix. 44; en hina lægri daga (the lower holy days) þrim aurum, K. Á. 170; munda ek þat vilja áðr þessu þingi er lokit, at ér færit lægra, I would like to see ye lowered, humbled, Nj. 220; bera lægra hlut, t o ^ et the worst of it. Fms. v. 59, vi. 412. lág-raddaðr, part. = lágraustaðr. lág-raustaðr, part, low-voiced, Bárð. 176. lág-skeptr, adj. with a s h or t handle, of an axe, Fms. ii. 71, 100. lág-talaðr, adj. speaking in a low voice, Fb. i. 336. lág-vaxinn, part, low-grown, short of stature, Fas. iii. 307. Láki, a, m., contr. for þorlákr, Gramm. p. xxxv. Lá-land, n. Laaland, a Danish island, Fms. xi. lámr, m. [Gael, lamb] , a paw, of the hand, Edda no. LÁN, n., but an older feminine is indicated by the compd lanar- dróttinn; [A. S. lœ n; Engl. loan; Dan. laan] :-- aloan; in the saying, ekki er lán lengr en hið cr; þiggja lán, to receive as a loan, Grág. i, 437; at lani, as a loan, Fms. ix. 404; hafa at láni, to get on credit, Nj. 259; selja at lani, to lend, Grág. i. 400. 2. with the notion of land, a fief; en ef þú vilt þráliga halda á ríkinu, þá mun þér hinn til at fara á fund hans ok görask hans inaðr, munu V('T þá biðja með þér, at hann fúi þér at láni þetta ríki, Ô. H. 45; 11 því láni, Sighvat, cp. láð; Guðs bin, a loan from God, Hom. 149. 3. metaph. luck, good luck; ó-lán, ill-luck, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: láns-fé, n. lent money, Fms. iv. 328, 0. H. 149, N. G. L. i. 22. láns-hestr, m., láns-hross, n. a borrowed horse, Grág. i. 433. láns-klœði, n. pl. borrowed clothes, Al. 85. láns-maðr, m. a lucky man; ó-lúnsmaðr, an ill-fated man. lána, að, to lend; þetta er lúnsfó er ymsir menn hafa lánat mér, Fms. iv. 328; en þeim lánaði ht'n klæði er eigi úttu sjúlrir, Hkr. ii. 31; ok

LÁNARDROTTINN -- LÁTA. 377

vil'dir þú fást í því sem þér er ekki lánat, at yrkja lof um mik, Fb. i. 245- lánar-dróttinn, m., prop, a liege-lord, whence generally a lord, master, esp. of the king or lord of a district; heit er lánardróttins ást, a saying, Fs. lïi; þó ræð ek þér annat heilræði, at þú svík aldri lánardróttinn þinn, Nj. 129; hefir þú skammliga svikit þinn lánardróttinn, þóat hann væri eigi góðr, Grett. 184 new Ed.; hann beið svá ens æðsta meistara ok lánardróttins, MS. 625. 63; hann þótti vel hafa fylgt sínum lánar- dróttni, Fms. vii. 223: a master, betra þykki mér at látask í þínu húsi en skipta urn lánardróttna, Nj. 57. lán-fé, n. = lánsfé, N. G, L. i. 22. lárr, m. a box to keep wool in, freq. in mod. usage. lár-viðr, m. [for. word], a laurel. lás-bogi, a, m. a 'latch-bow, ' cross-bow, Fms. viii. 285, Sks. 390, Karl. 349, Art. 63. lás-lauss, adj. unlocked, latcbless, Fms. xi. 226. LÁSS, m. [Dan. -Swed. lås, - Engl. latch, borrowed from theScandin. (?)], a latch, lock; lukla at lúka lásum upp, Grág. ii. 195; sy'ngr í lási, ... var þá skemman í lási (locked), Fms. iii. 67; vera lass ok lykill fyrir e-u, viii. 235; í lásum eða lokum, N. G. L. i. 84; hann flökti þá um alla lása, Fb. i. 276; borg vár hefir langan tíma verit svá sem láss fyrir yðru ríki, Fms. i. 156; bar vóru á uti-dyrr, ok sterkr lass fyrir, Grett. 44 new Ed.; reka las fyrir kistu, 198 new Ed.; stökkr þá láss af limum, Gg. 10; hve hón er í las um lokin, Gm. 22. lás-ör, f. a cross-bow shaft, Sturl. i. 180. LÁT, n., like the Engl. subst. let, scarcely used except in compds; út-lát, an outlet; i-lat, an inlet, a bag; blóð-lát, blood-letting. "LI. a loss; þeir sögðu konungi lát sitt, ok kölluðusk eltir hafa verit, Fms. xi. 370: -- death, de c ease, ek segi per lát Eyvindar bróður þíns, Nj. 4; lát hins helga Knúts konungs, Bs. i. 71; litlu síðar var mér sögð brenna hans ok lát, Fms. ii. 18; hann frá lát sonar sins, Gullþ., passim; manna-lat, los s of life; and-lát, líf-lát, q. v.; af-lat, killing. III. in pl. manners; allit., litr ok lát; skipta litum ok látum, to change shape and manners, Skv. I. 38: esp. of bod manners, howling, uproar, hón var svá mjök blótin at menn máttu eigi standask lát hennar, Fas. i. 254; skrípa-lát, scurrility, Fms. viii. (in a verse), see læti; en aldrei veil ek hvat látum var, vii. 202; í sínum látum sumum, Skálda 170; gera spott at látum yðrum, Nj. 124; hann bað menn ekki syrgja né láta öðrum herfilegum latum, IQ7' láta-læti, n. pl. dissimulation. LÁTA, pres. Ixt, Iset'k, Edda (in a verse), pl. látum; pret. let, 2nd pers. lézt (rhyming with hristir in Edda in a verse); subj. léti; imperat. lát, láttú; part, látinn: middle forms, pres. látumk, Am. 89; pret. letumk, Hm. 106, Eb. (in a verse), Eg. 103 (in a verse): with neg. suff., pres. lækk-að ek, 7 lei not, Ó. H. 171 (in a verse); pret. lét-a, Skv. 3. 42; imperat. lát-attu or lát-aþu, Sdm. 28, Likn. 6: [Ulf. lêtan -- aipitvai; A. S. lcetan; Old Engl. laten; Engl. let; O. H. G. lazan; Germ. lassen; Swed. / a/ a; Dan. lode.] A. To let, put, place; bauð hann at láta þá í myrkva-stofu, MS. 623. 30; var Haralcir bar inn latinn (shut in), Hkr. iii. 69; láta naut inn, to let ' neat' in a stall, let (hern in, Gísl. 20; hita út, to let out, Fms. vi. 215. II. to let, suffer, grant; vil ek þess biðja yðr, herra, at þér létið oss mörk yðra, Ld. 112; konungr let margar tóptir til garða þar 4 árbakkanum, Fms. ii. 27; láta laust, to let go, let loose, Nj. 70, Fms. i. 168; hann vildi eigi láta þenna hest, viii. 123; láta hlut sinn, to let^o o ne's share, be worsted, i. 74. 2. to leave, forsake; biðr hann at þeir láti blótin, P'ms. x. 274; láta fyrir róða, to throw to the winds, see róði, and láta fur lid; hann lút ok fur lið allan farangr sinn, Ísl. ii. 362; láta einan, to forfake a person; láttu mig, Drottinn, einan ekki, Pass.; hann ætlaði at láta eina (to divorce) drottningina, Fms. vii. 171. 3. to l os e; ok létir þú hrossin eigi at síðr, Ld. 146; en ef þeir verða forflútta, þá muiiu þeir lúta lið sitt, Eg. 284; fénu því sem hann hafði látið, Magn. 528; láta skal hanu ok féit allt, Fms. vii. 24; at ek hafa fyrir því látið manndóm eða sannindi, ix. 333; láta leikinn, to lose the game, Edda 31; láta lífit, to l os e one's life, Eg. 14, Nj. 15, Fms. xi. 3. 4. with dat. to suffer loss in or of A thing; lætr Álfr þar lífinu, suffered loss of his life, perished, Finiib. 256; hot ek því at láta heldr lifi niinu (lif mitt, v. 1.), en gauga á þenna eiðstaf, Fms. viii. 155; gengu á jökla upp ok ietu lifi er dagíeið var til bygoa, Bs. i. 408; fyrr skal ek minu fjorvi láta, Skv. 3. 15; þú skalt láta miiiu landi, 10: and in mod. usage, láta kálfi, to d ro p the calf; and láta fóstri, to miscarry. 5. to let do or let be done; hann let sveininum ekki i mein, he let nothing be done to the boy, indulged him in everything, Nj. 147; Dofri uuni honum svá mikit at hann mátti ekki í móti honum láta, Fb. i. 566, cp. láta eptir, undau e-m, etc. 6. vóru þá látnir fjötrar af Hallfreði, Fms. ii. 12; þá láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, Eg. 261; vil ek at þú látir lokur frá hurðum, Gísl. 28; láta barn af brjósti, to wean a child, N. G. L. i. 340; láta hest á stall, Karl. 5: láta í Ijós, to make known, Sks. 195: láta blóð, to let bl oo d (blóð-lát). III. with prepp.; láta af e-u, to leave off, desist from; sumir Ietu af blótuni, Fms. i. 32; þti vill seint láta af mann-drapum, 274; þorgeirr mun eigi fyrr af kita enn hann ræðr þúr bana, Nj. 109; á enum næstum hálfum mánaði er fallsótt lætr af (ceases), Grág. i. 458; láta af hendi, to let ou t of one's hands, deliver up, Eg. 66, Nj. 186, Fms. vii. 173! láta fé af, to kill, slaughter (cattle), Grág. i. 429, K. þ. K. 80, 92, Rb. 344 :-- láta aptr, to shut; kómu Austmenn í virkit, því at Austmenn höfðu eigi aptr látið, Landn. 162; láttu aptr dyrnar, shut the door :-- láta at, to yield, comply; mun ek láta at yðr, / will comply with you, MS. 623. 24; alla þá er at mínum orðum láta, Eg. 18; hann (the ship) for jafnan hallr ok let eigi at stjórn, she heeled over and obeyed not the helm, Fms. iii. 13 :-- láta eptir e-m, to indulge; Jjorðr let þat eptir honum, Eg. 188; þær (the scales) sy'ndusk honum svá vægar, at ef eitt lítið hár væri lagt i, at þó mundu þær eptir láta, Sks. 643: absol., láta eptir, with acc. to leave behind, MS. 623. 36, Eg. 87, 220 :-- láta fram, láti mik fram at Kolskeggi, Nj. 97 :-- láta fyrir, to let go, give way, yield; ok sagt, at fyrir let annarr fylkingar-armrinn, Fms. vi. 317; þeir munu verða fyrir at láta ef vér leggjum sköruliga at, vii. 257; hann Isetr ekki fyrir járni né eldi, Kb. 544. 39, Gþl. 285 :-- -lata i, to let go into; láta í ker, to pour into a vessel, fill it (í-lát), Konr. :-- lata til, to yield; Einarr vildi með engu móti lata til við Harald konung, Fms. iii. 62; þar kemr enn þófinu at konungr Ixtr til, ok mælti svá, xi. 429; var þá Gunnarr við hana lengi far, þar til er hón let til við hann, Nj. 59 :-- lata undan, to yield to, give way; ek skal hvergi undan þér láta, 27 :-- lata upp, to open (opp. to lata aptr), Eg. 409, 602, Fms. ix. 26, 476; lætr Kjartan þenna upp, K. let him get up, Ld. 168: lata uppi, to l a y out; ok Isetr hann rétt skirn uppi, at hann láti at lögheimili sinu, K. |j. K. 6; ok ertú saklauss, ef þú lætr uppi (grants) vistina, Glúm. 327; ef féit er eigi uppi látið, Grág. i. 384; en ef hinn lætr honum eigi uppi mat þann, 47; látum nú þat uppi (let us make a clean breast) er vér hofuni jafnan mælt, Fms. ix. 333 :-- láta út, to let out, of a thing shut in; at hann mundi brjóta upp hurôina, ef hann vseri eigi út látinn, vi. 215: naut. to let go, put to sea, síðan lctu þeir út ok sigldu til Noregs, Nj. 128. IV. with infin. to let, cause, make; látið mik vita, let me know, Nj. 231; er ek let drepa þóri, Fms. v. 191; faðir Bjarnar, er Snorri Goði let drepa, Landn. 93; Gunnarr mun af því láta vaxa úþokka við þik, Nj. 107; let hón þar fjúndskap í móti koma, Ld. 50; hann sá engan annan kost, en láta allt svá vera sern Björgólfr vildi. Eg. 24; ef bóndinn lætr hann á brott fara, Grág. i. 157; þá létu þeir stefna þing fjölmennt, Fms. i. 20; konungr lot græða menu sina, ... en veita unibúð, Eg. 34; ok let leiða hann á land upp ok festa þar upp, Nj. 9; þá skal hann stefna honum, ok lata honum varða útlegð, Grág. i. 47, 385; þá let jjorbjörn vera kyrt ok for leið sína, Háv. 46; láttú bnnar þessar þegar er e"k læt eptir koma, let them be ready when 7 call for them, id.; lát þér þat í hug koma !'... láttú þer því þykkja minstan skaða um fjártjón, ok þú skalt li'tta þór í hug koma, at..., Sks. 446, and in numberless instances. 2. with a reflex, infin. to let a thing be done or become, or referring to a person himself, to l f t oneself do, etc.; láttú nemask þat, learn thai! mark that! Skv. I. 23; er hón let sveltask, Og. 17, Skv. 3. 27; skulu þúr þá ekki eptir ganga, ok láta þá sjálfa á sjásk, Nj. 147; Egill mun ekki letjask lata nenia þú sér eptir, Eg. 257; at frændr yðrir ok vinir láti mjok hallask eptir þínum fortölum, Fms. ii. 32; ef sá maðr lætr í dóm nefnask er nú var frá skiliðr, Grág. i. 16; ok hafi hinn fellda haua, ok látið á fallask, and let himself fall upon her, ii. 60; ok láti kaupask verk at, if be lets work be bought of him, i. e. works for wages, i. 468; hann let fallask þvers undan laginu, Nj. 246; ef hon vill vigjask lata til nunnu, Grág. i. 30/; lata ser iatt um e-t finnast, t o disapprove, Fas. i. 51; áðr hann láti af berask, Fms. ii. 12. 3. with part, pass., in circumlocutory phrases; hann let verða farit, he went, Fagrsk. 120; létu þeir víða verða farit, they rowed much about, 185; liðit skal láta verða leitað bsejarins, Fms. viii. 374; let konungr þá verða sagt, v. 201; hann let hana verða tekna, he seized her, ' let herbe taken, ' Fas. ii. 153: ellipt., omitting the infin., láta um mælt, to let be said, to declare, Vígl. 76 new Ed.: rare in prose, but freq. in old poetry, ek let harðan Hunding vegiun, / sent H. to death, Hkv. I. lo; lata soðinn, Gm. 18; gulli keypta lcztú Gyrnis dóttur, Ls. 42; láta trú boðna, Od. 9; let of sóttan, Haustl. V. naut. to stand; lata lit, lata í haf, to let go, put out to sea, Eg. 370; síðan létu þeir lit ok sigldu til Noregs, Nj. 128; var honum sagt at þeir hiifðu út látið, 134; hann bar á skip ok let í haf, 282, Ld. 50; lúta til lands, to stand towards land, to put in, Fms. i. 294; lata at landi, id., 228; vil ek ráða yðr, at þér látið í brott héðan, Eb. 330. B. Metaph. usages: 1. to behave, comport oneself, by ges- tures, manners, or by the voice, answering to lit (III); forvitni er inér á hversu þeir láta, Glúm. 3-27; lata sem vitstoli, Stj. 475; hann bao menn eigi syrgja né láta öðrum herfiligum látum, Nj. 197; hann sofnaði fast, ok let ilia í svefni, to be unruly in sleep, 94, 211; fánik vér eigi við skrafkarl þenna er svá lætr leiðinliga, Háv. 52; björn ferr at henni, ok lætr allblítt við hana, /o ndle s he r, Fas. i. 51; bæði er, at þií crt görfiligr maðr, enda lætr þú allstórliga, makesl thyself big, Ld. 168; jarl lút sér fátt til bans, the earl treated him coldly, Fms. i. 58; let hann ser futt um finnask, vii. 29; lata hljótt yfir e-u, to keep silence about a thing, Nj. 232, Al. 15; lata kyrt um e-t, id.; lata mikit um sik, to pride one- self, puff oneself up, Grett. 108; Björgólfr kallaði annat sinn ok þriðja -- ". þ;i svarar maðr, lát eigi svá ! lát eigi svú, maðr! segir hann, Fms. ij;.

378 LÁTAÐR -- LEGGJA.

50. 2. láta vel, ílla yn'r e-u, to express approval, disapproval of a thing; mun ek segja þeim tíðendin ok láta ílla yfir verkinu, Nj. 170; Brynjólfr let ilia yfir þessi ráða-gürð, Eg. 24; Kveldúlfr let vel yfir því, 115, Nj. 46; hann lætr vel yfir því, he expressed himselffavotirably about it, Ld. 50; ok létu menn hans vel yfir þessu, 168; let hann vel yfir þeirra eyrendi, Fms. i. 16. 3. to make a s if; hann gengr leið sína, ok lætr sern hann sjái ekki sveinana, Háv. 52; mun ek nú taka í hönd þér ok láta sem ek festa mér Helgu dóttur þína, Ísl. ii. 206; Þjustólfr gékk með öxi reidda ok let þat engi sem vissi, Nj. 25; láttú sem hinn átti dagr Jóla sé á Drottins-degi, Rb. 128; ok mun ek láta sem ek taka af þeim, Nj. 170; en fólk þetta let sem ekki væri jafnskylt sem Jóla-drykkjan þessi, Fms. vii. 274: the phrase, honum er ekki svo leitt sem hann lætr. 4. to estimate, value; manngjöld skyldi jöfn látin ok spora-höggit, Nj. 88; hann vildi eigi heyra at nokkurr konungr væri honum jafn látinn á Norðrlöadum, Fms. v. 191; því at þeir þoldu þat eigi, at Finnbogi var framar látinn, Finnb. 290; fátt er betr látið en efni eru til, a saying, Band. 6 new Ed.; er mi er heilagr látinn, Clem. 4. 9. 5. to express, say; i fylki þat eða hérað, er sá let sik ór vera, Gþl. 155; lætr þat (he intimates) at sú gjöf var gör með ráði konungs, Eg. 35; Þorfinnr bóndi let heimilt skyldu þat, 564; lctu þeir (they declared) nú sem fyrr, at hón festi sik sjálf, Nj. 49: to run so and so, of writs, books, skrá er svá let, Dipl. ii. 19; máldaga svá látanda, Vm. 4. 7. 6. to emit a sound, scream, howl; halt kveði þér, en þó let hærra atgeirinn er Gunnarr gckk ut, Nj. 83; sem kykvendi léti, Fms. vi. •202; óttask ekki hversu sem sjór let, vii. 67; at veðrátta lóîi ilia urn haustið, Ld. 50; hann heyrir ok þat er gras vex á jörðu ok allt þat er hærra laetr, Edda 17; ok einn tima er prestr lýtr at honum, þá lætr í vörrunum -- tvö hundruð í gili, tvan hundruð í gili. Band. 14; ok let hátt í holsárum, sem náttúra er til sáranna, Fbr. ill new Ed. C. Reflex.: I. t o 6 e lost, to die, perish; betra þykki mór at látask í þínu húsi, en skipta urn lánar-drottna, Nj. 57; létusk (fell) fjórtán menn, 98; kómusk fimm á skóginn en þrír lótusk, Eg. 585; ok létzk hón þeirra síðast, Ld. 58; hversu mart hefir hér tyrir-inanna látisk -- Her hefir látisk Njáll ok Bergþóra ok synir þeirra allir, Nj. 203. 2. tó declare of oneself, feign, etc.; lózk þar vilja sína kosti til leggja, Fms. i. 22; en allir létusk honum fylgja vilja, ix. 316; ck býð þangat þeim mönnum, er fé látask at honum hafa átt, Grág. i. 409. II. part, látinn, dead, deceased, Eg. 300, Nj. 112, Ld. 8, Fms. vii. 274- 2. vel látinn, highly esteemed, in good repute, Ísl. ii. 122, Sks. 441; við látinn, o n the alert, ready, 'Fms. viii. 371, ix. 459; það er svá við látið, it so happens, Fb. i. 204; vel fyrir latinn, well pre- pared, Grett. no látaðr, part, mannered; vel látaðr, Stj. 588, Fms. viii. 447, Karl. 446. lát-bragð, n. bearing, manners, deportment, Ld. 272, Bs. ii. 78. lát-góðr, adj. courteous, well-mannered, Fms. x. 152. lát-gæði, n. manners, Sks. 282 B, Bs. i. 76. látinn, part, deceased; see láta C. II. I. Látína, u, f. Latin, K. þ. K. 74, Sks. 23; Látínn-bók, -brúf, -fkrá, -söngr, a Latin book, deed, scroll, canticle, Fms. x. 147, Bs. i. 869, Pm. 86, Am. 73; Latinu dikt, Latin composition, Fms. iii. 163; Látínu stafr, stafrof, L atin letters, alphabet, Skulda 170, 177; L;ítínu-list, Bs. i. 235; Latinu lærðr, a L atin scholar, Grág. (Kb.) i. 22; Látínu-múl, -tunga, the Latin tongue, Skálda 181, Ver. 37, Hom. 139, K. þ. K. 74, 76; Lau'nn klerkr, a Latin clerk, scholar, Skálda 179; Látíuu maðr, a Latin, Roman; Latinu skáldskapr, Latin poetry, 1 78; Latinu snillingr, a master in Latin, 181. lát-prúðr, adj. of gentle bearing, Edda 21. LÁTR, m., in old poetry and better láttr, [from lag, as slúttr from slag, Engl. litter] :-- the place where animals, esp. seals, whales, lay their young, Gpl. 465: in poetry, Fáfnis láttr, the serpent's litter = gold: freq. in mod. usage, as also in local names, Látr (pl. Hval-láîr), Látra-bjarg, -neiðr, see the map of Iceland. -látr, adj. mannered: a suffix in compds denoting manners or qualifies, see Gramm. p. xxxiv. látrask, að, dep. to litter, of seals, beasts, Fas. ii. 284, where used metaph. látun, m., Karl. 267; [Fr. laiton; Engl. latoun or latten"] :-- brass; af enum bezta látuni, Vm. 41, 177, Am. 18; but neut. in mod. usage. lát-æði, n. bearing, deportment, manners, Sks. 282, 370. lávarðr, m. [like lafði, borrowed from the Early Engl. lauerd, as it was spelt and sounded in Engl. of the í 2th century; A. S. hláford] :-- a lord, master, Fms. vii. 250, x. 226, Hom. 89, Mar. passim: the word is used in the N. T. along with drottinn and herra. LÉ, m., with the article lúinn, Fms. vii. 264; acc. sing. Ha, Korm. 38; Ijainn, Fb. i. 522; plur. learnir, Edda 48; dat. liantim (Ijanum), id.; acc. pl. lia (= lja), id.: the mod. form is nom. Ijar, gen. ljus, dat. and acc. ïjá; the nom. Ijar occurs in Fb. i. 522: [North. E. ley, lea; Dan. lee; Swed. lia] :-- a scythe; hinn deigi 16, Mkv.; hvass lé, Flóv. 25; stæltr lú, Grág. i. 501; dengja Ija, ii. 211; orb ok nyjan Ija, Fb. i. 522; Ijii í langorti, Korm. 38; stafn-lja (dat.), an entering hook, Fms. vii. 264. COMPDS: 16-dengd, f. (or le-denging, f., Jb. 218), the hammering, "sharpening a scythe, Grág. ii. 338; see dengja. lé-garðr, m. a swathe, Finnb. 340. lé-barn, n. an infant, Hkr. i. 35, Fas. ii. 115. leðja, u, f. m 7^ d, oos e, slab. LEÐR, n. [A. S. le'5 er; Engl. leather; North. E. ledder; Germ. leder; Dan. lÆ der] :-- leather, freq. in mod. usage, but no instance in old writers is recorded. COMPDS: leðr-blaka, u, f. [Swed. Idder-lapp] , a ' leather flapper^ a bat, Al. 168, Edda (Gl.) leðr-flaska, u, f. a lea/ herbottle, Grett. 88. leðr-háls, m. a nickname, Landn. leðr-hosa, u, f. leather hose, gaiters, Fms. vi. leðr-hús, n. a leather box, D. N. leðr-panzari, a, m. a leather jack, Karl. leðra, að, to line with leather, N. G. L. iii, Nos. 2, 10. leg, n. [liggja], a burial-place, K. fj. K. 28, Nj. 281, Fms. vii. 251 :-- the ' lie, ' position of a county, lands-leg: of grass, liggja í leg, to be laid, of overgrown grass: liggja í leg, to lie waste, of land, Grág. ii. 279; leggja í leg, to desert a farm, 278. lega, u, f. a lying in bed, Al. 72: of sickness, the lying bedridden: the being so ill as to keep one's bed, liggja langa legu. COMPDS: legu- nautr, n. a bed-mate, mess-mate, Sturl. iii. 145, Hkr. iii. 394. legu- neyti, \\. companionship, Sks. 293 B. legáti, a, m. [Lat. word], a legate, Fms. viii-x. legenda, u, f. [Lat. word], a legend. LEGGJA, a causal of liggja, q. v.; pres. legg, pl. leggjum; pret. lagði; subj. legði; imperat. legg or leggðú; part, lagiðr, lagið, lagit; contr. lagðr, lögð, lagt; part, laginn, Fb. ii. 386, which form is in mod. Icel, used as an adjective only; a part. pass, lag/lr, lögzt, lag/. t, Fas. ii. 345, and in mod. usage: [\Jli. lagjan~Tidivat; A. S. lecgan; Engl. lay; O. H. G. legjan; Germ, legen; Swed. lagga; Dan. lœgge~] :-- to lay. A. Prop, to lay, place; ok lagði hann á altaia, Ver. 14; er hann var lagiðr á bi'ilit, Hkr. i. 32; á lúðr lagiðr, Vþm.; vóru steinar lagðir í hring utan um, Eg. 486; Már lá útar á bckk, ok hafði lagt höfuð sitt í knó Raunveigar, Sturl. i. 13; leggja net, to l rt y a net, K. p. K. 88 :-- to lay down, leggja sinn aldr, Ht. 2. to put; leggja band urn, umhverfis, to fasten a string round the body, Eg. 340; leggja samau augun, to put the eyes together, shut them, id.; leggja eld i, to put fire to, Nj. 74, 131; leggja hendr at síðum inór, Fms. x. 331; leggja stýri í lag, to put it right, Hkr. i. 32; leggja ofan segl ok viðu, to haul down, take in the sails, Fms. iv. 372, ix. 23; 1. lénur, söðul, á hest, to put a saddle on a horse, Nj. 74, Landn. 151; I. á hest, or leggja;i (simply), to saddle; leggja hapt á hest, Grág. i. 436; 1. mark á, of sheep, 426; 1. hús ofan, to pull it down, Bs. i. 163; 1. klyfjar ofan, to unload a horse, K. Jj. K. 94; 1. klyfjar npp, to pack a horse, N. G. L. i. 349; 1. úrar upp, to lay up the oars, give up pulling, Edda 36: the mod. phrase, leggja úrar í bat, to give a thing up, lose heart; 1. fyrir lið, to give up, see lið; fyrir lagðr, outworn, exhausted, Mar. 1060, Fas. ii. 278. 3. leggja at jörðu, at velli (or við jörðu, við velli), to overthrow, make bite, the dust, Nj. 117, Eg. 426, Fms. vii. 296, viii. 43, x. 257, Njarð. 378; leggja fyrir borð, to put overboard, metaph. to forsake, Clem. 47; leggja í leg, to l fl y waste, Grúg. ii. 278; leggja hlut sinn, to lay down or lose one's lot, be worsted, Sturl. iii. 103: leggja mál í görð, to put into court, Nj. 88, 101; 1. null í umræðn, to p!/ t it todiscussion, Orkn. 426; 1. mul til sætta, Nj. in. 4. to lay, drop, of a beast; hvelparnir er eigi vóru lagðir, Fb. i. 104. II. metaph. in a mental sense; leggja stund, starf, hug, kapp ... a, e-t, to study a thing, take pains about, interest in it; as also, leggja ást, elsku, inætr á e-t, to feel love, affec- tion, interest for, to love, cherish a thing or person; and again, leggja fæð, öfund, hatr ... á, to take dislike, envy to, Al. 95, Ísl. ii. 197, Nj. 31, 46, Eg. 42, 418, Ld. 60, Fb. ii. 229, Fms. i. 31: freq. in old and mod. usage, thus, Sturla lagði mikinn hug a, at láta rita sogu-barkr eptir bokuni þeim er Snorri sctti saman, Sturl. ii. 123; leggja e-t e-m til orðs, áinælis, to put a thing to a person's blame, blame him for it, Nj. 62, 85, 138, 246, Ld. 250; 1. e-t til lofs e-m, to i vn/ d one, put a thing to a person's credit, Fms. x. 98. 2. with prepp.; leggja a, t o impose, put upon; Icggja skyldir, skatt... a, Fms. x. 51, 93, Rb. 394 :-- leggja af, to leave off, cease doing; legg af héðan af versa-görð, sagði erkibiskup, ok stiidera heldr í kirkjunnar logum, Bs. i. 799 :-- leggja e-t fyrir sik, to set a task before one, Fms. ii. 103, xi. 157 :-- 'eggja til, to add t o, xi. 51, Hom. 138 :-- leggja undir or undir sik, to l rt y under oneself, conquer, vanquish, Fms. i. 3, x. 35, Eg. 12, Stj. 46, 146; leggja e-t undir þegnskap sinn, t o ass ertonon e's honour, Grág. i. 29, Nj. 150; leggja e-t undir e-n, to submit it to a person, refer to, 105; 1. e-t undir trúnað e-s, to trust, Fms. ix. 397; ok er þat nijök undir hann lagit, it depends much on him, Bjarn. 52 :-- leggja út, mod. to translate (út- legging) :-- leggja við, to add t o, Grág. i. 22, Hom. 138, 155. Rb. 88, Al. 358. III. to lay, place, found, build; leggja afla, Vsp. 7; leggja garða, to make fences, Rm. 12; leggja gö'ur, to make roads, Dipl. iv. 12; leggja lúðra, to place right, adjust the bin, Gs. 3; leggja leið, to take a direction, Fas. i. 57; hann lagði mjök kvámur sínar í Ügr, he was in. the habit of coming to O., Fbr. 30; iegírj. í e-t í vana sinn, to make a habit of. 2. metaph. to l a y, settle; leggja sakar, to settle strife, Vsp. 64; loggja landrótt, to settle the public rights, make la

379 LEGGJA.

Sighvat; leggja log, to lay down laws, of the three weird sisters ordering the fate of men, Vsp. :-- to lay down, ordain, lagt er allt fyrir, a ll i s pre- destined, Skv. I, Skm. ig, Ls. 48; era með lüstum lögð æfi þér, Skv. i, 33; hvat mun til líkna lagt Sigurði, 30; leggja á, to ordain, en þú hugfest þá hluti er ek segi þér, ok legg á þik, Bs. i. 199; ef þeir eru á lagðir (ordered) fyrir váttum, Gþl. 439; þá hluti er ek hefi á lagt við þik, Eg. 738; leggja 'ög á, to make, lay down a law, Bs. i. 28: leggja ríkt á, to order peremptorily: of a spell, leggja á, to enchant; ' mæli eg urn og legg eg &!' is in the tales the formula with which witches say the spell. 3. to appoint, fix, a meeting or the like; eru þá leikar lagðir í Ásbjarnar-nesi, Ld. 196; leikr var lagiðr á Hvítúr-völlum, Eg. 188; þeir lögðu við landsmenn hálfs-mánaðar frið, 228; leggja stefnu með sér, Fms. i. 36; var lögð konunga-stefna í Elfi, vii. 62; leggja bardaga við e-n, xi. 418; 1. með sér vináttu, Eg. 278; Augustus keisari lagôi frið (established peace) um allan heim, Edda. IV. to tax, value (fjár-lag); hross eru ok lögð, hestr fjögurra vetra gamall við kú, Grág. i. 503; leggja lag á mjöl, ii. 404; ef fyrr er keypt en lag er á lagt, id.; leggja lag á varning manna, Ísl. ii. 126; þat þykkir mér jafnligast at þú leggir land svá dyrt, en ek kjósa hvárr okkarr leysa skal, ... hann lagði hálft landit fyrir sex tigi silfrs, ... er þú leggr svá údy'rt Helgafells-land, Eb. 38; vil ek þat vinna til sætta at leggja son minn úgildan, Nj. 250; at Hallr af Síðu hafði lagit úgildan son sinn, ok vann þat til sætta, 251; leggja at léttu, to lay a tax on light, Fas. iii. 553. V. to lay out, pay, discharge; leggja at veði, to give as bail, Edda 17; buðu at leggja sik í veð fyrir þessa menn, Nj. 163; leggja á hættu, to ri s k, Eg. 86; leggja á mikinn kostnað, to run into great expences, Eg. 43; leggja veð eðr fá vörzlu, Gþl. 389: leggja í kostnað, to expend, Fms. xi. 232; leggja sik í háska, veð, to put oneself in danger, to s takeone's life, vii. 263, Nj. 163:* -- leggja aptr, to pay ba c k, Grett. 174 new Ed.; leggja líf á, t o s takeone's life on a thing, Nj. 106, 178 :-- 1. fram, to lay forth, lay out, exhibit (fram-lag); allan þann sóma er hann hefir fram lagit, Ld. 32; mikit muntú þurfa fram at leggja með honum, þvíat hón á allan arf eptir mik, Nj. 3; 1. fram lif sitt, Eg. 426 :-- leggja til, t o p a y to, furnish, contribute, as one's share; hvern stvrk hefir móðir mín til lagit með þér, Nj. 7; hvat viltú þá til leggja? langskip tvau, 42; skortir mik eigi fé til at leggja fyrir farit, 128; kunni hann til alls góð ráð at leggja, Eg. 2; hefi ek þar til (lagit) mörg orð, 728; let ek þar sælu-hús göra ok lagða fé til, Fms. vii. 122, Js. 4; þau ráð er Greg- oríus lagði til, Fms. vii. 258; 1. fo til höfuðs e-m, to set a price on one's head, Nj. 112, Grett. passim :-- metaph., leggja fátt til, to say little, be reserved, Nj. 88, 112; Gunnarr lagði ekki til, G. remained silent, 52; leggja lof til, t o g- ive praise to, Eg. 33; leggja orð í (til), t o ' l a y a word t o, ' say a word in a matter, remonstrate, Grág. i. 290; leggja gott, illt til e-s, to lay a good (or ill) word to, to interfere in a friendly (or un- friendly) manner, Sturl. iii. 151 (til-lögur) :-- leggja hlut sinn, lif sitt, við, t o r iskone's lot, stake one's life, i. 162, Nj. 113, 218; 1. sik allan við, t o d o o ne's be s t, Eg. 738; 1. sekt við, 1. lögbrot við, of a penalty, Nj. 113, Eg. 352, H. E. 1. 505 :-- leggja út, to lay out, pay, Vm. 33; of betting, Orkn. 200 :-- leggja fé upp, to lay up, invest; 1. fé upp í jörð, Dipl. v. 21; lagða ek upp við minn kzra Orm biskup hálfan viðreka, I made it over to O., ii. 4; 1. upp fé, to lay up, board. VI. of direction, esp. as a naut. term, to stand off or on, lay a ship's course, esp. from or towards a port, to or from an attack, to sail, proceed to sea, absol., or the ship in dat. or acc., leggja skip or skipi; þú skalt leggia fram sem þér likar (place the ship to attack), Nj. 8; ok leggr fram skciðina jafnfram skipi Ruts, id.; þeir leggja nt uudir eina ey ok bíða þar byrjar, 133; hann lagði skip sin inn a sundit, 271; þeir bjuggusk um sem skjótast ok lögðu út skirnmum, Eg. 358; en er skipit var lagit lit undir Fenhring, Fms. x. 64; Sigvaldi leggr skip sitt í miðja fylking (lay s his ship along- side of), xi. 126; þeir hittu drómund einn Í hafi ok logon til niu skipurn ok borðusk, ... at lyktum lögðu þeir snekkjunum undir dromundinn, Hkr. iii. 353; leggja undir land, to stand in towards land, Eb. 126, where in a metaph. sense = to give in; lögðu þeir eigi inn í ósinn, en Kigðu útarliga á höfnina, Ísl. ii. 126; bauð hann út leiðangri at liði ok skipum ok lagði (stood) út til Staðs fyrir innan þórsbiorg, Fms. i. 12; síðan leggja þeir í Löginn upp, Hkr. i. 32; Knutr konungr lagði þegar upp í ana ok at kastalanum, Fms. ix. 23, xi. 196; réru þeir langskipiuu upp í ana ok lögðu til bæjar þess, Eg. 80; lügðu víkingar við þat frá, Landn. 223; þá lögðu þeir at nesi einu, Eg. 161; ok lögðu þar at landi, 203; lagði hann at (landed) við Sundólfs-staði, Fms. ix. 483; en er þeir koma norðr at Hákonar-hellu þá lögðu þeir þar at, Hkr. i. 160: leggja at, t o attack, in a naval battle (atlaga); lögðu þeir þá at þeim, Nj. 25, Eg. 81; munu ver leggja til orrostu við þá, Fms. vii. 257; letusk allir búnir at 'eggja at þeim Húkoni, id.; ef þeir leggja at, Jomsvikingar, xi. 134 :-- leggja í rétt, to drift or run before the wind, skipverjar, þeir er sigla vildu, eðr þeir er í rétt vildu leggja skipit, Fbr. 59; mæltu þeir er leið sögðu at varligra væri at lægja seglit ok leggja skipit í rett um nóttina, en sigla til lands at Ijosum degi, Fms. ii. 64; þá kom andviðri ok leggja þeir í rétt, Bs. i. 420; þá lögðu þeir í rétt harðan, kom á stormr svá at eigi fengu þeir lengi í rótti legit, ok sigldu þeir þá við eitt rif, Bær. 5; þá kemr enn landviðri ok leggja cnn í rétt ok rtkr vestr í haf, Bs. i. 483; þá lögðu þeir í rétt harðan, 484; féll veðrit ok görði lögn, lögðu þeir þá í rétt, ok létu reiða fyrir nokkurar nætr, Eg. 372. 2. with- out the notion of sea, t o s tart; leggja á flótta, to turn to flight, fly, Fms. x. 241, xi. 341, 391, Orkn. 4, Hkr. i. 319, passim; leggja ú fund þeirra, Fms. vii. 258; leggja eptir, to pursue, x. 215; leggja upp, to st a rton a journey: metaph., leggja e-t ekki langt upp, Grett. 51 new Ed. 3. t o st a b, thrust with a weapon, the weapon in dat. or absol. (lag = a thrust), Nj. 8, 64, Njarð. 378, Eg. 216, 258, 298, Nj. 43, 56, Grág. ii. 7, Gþl. 165, passim; opp. to hiiggva, höggva ok leggja, hann hjó ok lagði, and the like. VII. impers. it turns, in driven in a direction, of smoke, smell, fire, or the like; hingat leggr allan reykinn, a ll the smoke blows thitherward, Nj. 202; en eldinn lagði at þeim, Fms. i. 266; fyrir tidaun er or hauginum mun út leggja, iv. 28; varask gust þann ok údaun er út lagði or haugnum, ... af fy'lu þeirri sem út lagði, Ísl. ii. 45; ok er eldrinn var görr, lagði reykinn upp í skarðit, Eb. 220; ef hval leggr út, if a (dead) whale is driven ojf land, Gþl. 462 :-- of ice, snow, to freeze, be covered with snow, ice, þá leggr snjo nokkurn fyrir þá, 655 xv. 12; er is leggr á vatnit, Grág. ii. 287; þá er ísa lagði á vötn, Fms. ii. 103: the place frozen in acc., vóru íslög mikil ok hafði langt lagt lit Brciðafjörð, Ld. 286; lagði ok ogrsvatn, Fbr. 30 new Ed.; lagði fjörðinn út langt, 60 new Ed.: part., iss var lagðr á Hofstaða-vág, Eb. 236 :-- of winter, cold, þegar er gott er ok vetr (acc.) leggr á, Grett. 24 new Ed.; lagði þegar á frer ok snjófa, Bs. i. 872; but pers., leggr á hríðir ok snjóvar (better snjóva), Bs. i. 198. 2. the phrase, leggja user, t o ' lie near, ' be on the brink of; nær lagði þat úfæru eitt shin, it had well nigh come to a disaster, Edda 17; lagði þá svá nær at allr þingheimr mundi berjask, it wa s on the brink of., ., Nj. 163; lagði nær at hann mundi reka í svelginn, Fms. x; 145. B. Reflex, to l a y oneself, lie; leggjask niôr í runna nokkura, Nj. 132; er Skalm merr your leggsk undir klyfjum, Landn. 77; þá leggjask í akrinn flugur þær, er ..., 673 A. 3 :-- of going to bed, þeir höfðu lagizk til svefns, w ere gone tosleep, Nj. 155; Skarphéðinn lagðisk ekki niðr um^kveldit, 170 :-- leggjask með konu, to cohabit (illicitly), Fms. i. 57, K. Á. 118, Fas. iii. 390, Grág. i. 351 :-- of illness, to fall sick, take to bed, tók hón sou ok lagðisk í rekkju, Nj. 14; þá let hann bua hvilu sina ok lagðisk í sótt, Fms. xi. 214: the phrase, leggjask e-t ekki undir höfuð, not l a y it under one's pillow, do it promptly, be mindful of a thing, ii. 120, v. 264 :-- leggjask á e-t, to fall upon, of robbers, beasts of prey, etc.; at spillvirkjar mundi 1. á fé þeirra, i. 226, Grett. 125 new Ed.; Vindr lögðusk á valinn ok raufuðu, xi. 380: örn lagðisk (prayed) í eyna, Bs. i. 350 :-- leggjask fyrir, to take rest, lie down, from exhaus- tion, sickness, or the like, 387; lögðusk þá fyrir bæði menn ok hestar af tiviðri, Sturl. iii. 292; þá lögðusk leiðsagnar-menn fyrir, þvíat þeir vissu eigi hvar þeir vóru komnir, Fms. viii. 52; fyrir leggjask um e-t mál, to give it up, Bs. i. 194: leggjask niðr, to pass out oftise, cease, Fms. x. 179, xi. 12: leggjask a, to arise, mun sá orðromr á leggjask, at..., Nj. 32, Fms. i. 291; úþokki lagðisk á milli þeirra brseðra, xi. 14. 2. to cease; at sá úvandi leggisk sem áðr hefir verit, Fms. i. 280. II. to swim (partly answering to A. VI); leggjask til sunds, to go into the water and swim, Ld. 46; þeir leggjask um hríð ... Sigmundr leggsk þá um hríð ... hann lagðisk síðar (swam behind), Fær. 173; hann lagðisk eptir geldingi gömlum út í Hvalscy, Landn. 107; Grettir lagðisk mi inn a fjörðinn, Grett. 148; hann laqðisk yfir þvert sundit ok gékk þar á land, í ifi, Hkr. i. 287, Finnb. 266; þeir koma upp ok leggjask til lands, Ld. 168; for legðir read legðiz, Njarð. 378. 2. to set out; leggjask i hernað, viking, to set out on a freebooting expedition, Fms. x. 414, passim: legejask lit, t o s et o?/ t intothe wilderness, as a highwayman, Odd. 8, Fas. i. 154, passim (útilegu-rnaðr = a bigbivayman); ek lögðumk út á merkr, Fms. ii. 103; leggjask á flótta = leggja á flótta, to take to flight, xi. ^og: leggjask djupt, to dive deep (metaph.), Nj. 102; leggjask til e-s, to seek, try eagerly for, Stj. 90, Bs. i. 198; leggjask í e-t, to occupy oneself with, Rb. 312. 3. á lögðusk logn mikil, þokur ok sælægjur, Orkn. 358; vindar lögðusk (the wind wafted) af hrauninu um kveldum, Eb. 218, (see A. VII): the phrase, ekki lagðisk mjiik á með þeini frændum, they were not on good terms, Ld. 68: ok lagðisk lítt á með þeim Snorra, Sturl. i. 124; þeir töluðu lengi ok lagðisk vel á með þeim, things went well with them, Orkn. 408; þungt hefir á lagizk með okkr Strút- Haraldi jarli um hríð, Fms. xi. 84; Steinólfi þótti þat líkt ok ekki, ok lagðisk lítt á með þeim, Gullþ. 11 :-- lítið leggsk fyrir e-n, t o com e t o a shameful end; lítið lagðisk nú fyrir kappaim, þvíat hann kafnaði í stofu-reyk sem hundr, Grett. 115; svá lítið sem fyrir hann lagðisk, wh o had been so easily slain, had made so poor a defence, Ld. 150; lítið lagðisk hór fyrir góðan dreng, er þrælar skyldu at bana verða, Landn. 36; kann vera, at nú leggisk lítið fyrir hann, ek skal riiðin til setja, Fms. iv. 166. III. recipr., leggjask at, to attack one another, Fms. xi. 130: leggjask hendr á, to lay hands on fine another, Ld. 154; leggjask hugi á, to take a liking for each other, Bárð.: leggjask nær, to run close up to one another, of two boats, Gísl. 51. IV. part. lagðr, as adj. ji t, destined to a thing, or fitted, of natural gifts; at hann mundi bæði spá-maðr vesa ok lagðr til mikils þrifnaðar ok gæfu Gyð- inga-lýð, 625. 87; vera kann at þér só meirr lagðr (that tkou art more

380 LEGGJALDI -- LEIÐANGR.

fitted for) fésnúðr ok ferðir en tilstilli um mála-ferli, i. e. that tbou art' more fitted to be a traveller than a lawyer, Band. 5; öllu því íllu sem honum var lagit, Fb. i. 215; hón var þeim til ly'ta lagin, she was doomed to be their destruction, Sol. 11; sem maelt er um þá menn sem injök er sú íþrótt lagin, Fms. v. 40; þvíat þér mun lagit verða at vera (V i s weirded for thee, tbou art doomed to be] einvalds konungr yfir öllum Noregi, Fb. i. 564; þér var lengra lif lagit, a longer life was doomed to thee, Fas. iii. 344; allar spár sögðu, at harm mundi verða lagðr til skaða þeirn, Edda 19: laginn, expert, skilled, disposed, freq. in mod. usage, hann er laginn fyrir að læra, hann er ekki lund-laginn á það, he has noinclination for it, whence lægni = skill; thus also, lagaðr from laga (q. v.), vera lagaðr fyrir e-t, lagaðr fyrir lærdóm, given to learn, of natural gifts. V. part. pass, lagztr; er hann var lagztr niðr, when be bad laid himself down, Fas. ii. 345: freq. in mod. usage, hann er lagztr fyrir, lagztr niðr, and so on. leggjaldi, a, m. a nickname, Landn., Rm. LEGGR, m. [Engl. leg] , gen. leggjar, pl. leggir, gen. leggja :-- a leg, bollotv-bone, of arms and feet, Edda no, Magn. 532, Stj. 458, Fms. iv. lio, vii. 102; lær-leggr, fót-leggr, of the legs; hand-leggr, arm-leggr (q. v.), of the arms; hann tekr svá við knútunni, þar fylgdi lcggrinn með, Fas. i. 67: allit., leggr ok \ibi, leg and joint; lið kalla menn þat er leggir mætask, Edda 110: phrases, komask á legg, or rísa á legg, to get on one's legs, grow up from infancy, grow strong, Eg. 171, Fms. xi. 186, Glúm. 344, Bjarn. 4, Grett. 22 new Ed., Hkr. i. 106. II. metaph. the stem, trunk of a tree, Fas. i. 119, Hkr. i. 71: the s t oc k of an anchor, Orkn. 362: the shaft of a spear, Slur), i. 63; of a column, Al. 116: of lineage, ært-leggr, frænd-leggr, lineage. III. a pr. name, Sturl. COMPDS: leggja-band, n. a garter, Karl. 173. leggja-brot, n. broken legs, Sturl. i. 121. leggja-knúta, u, f. the condyle of a leg, MS. 4. 11. legill, m. [Germ, lägel; Scot, leglin; prob. not from lögr, but through Germ, or Scot, from Lat. lagena~\ :-- a cask, Stj. 128, 367, 388, Mar. 195, Sams. 28, freq. in mod. usage. leg-kaup, n. a burial-fee, payable to a church, Grúg. ii. 388, N. G. L. i. 346, Bs. i. 812. leg-orð, n. fornication, seduction, Anecd. 3, Grág. i. 338, passim, leg- orðs-sök (-sekt), f. a ca s e (fine) of seduction, Nj. 98, Grág. i. 104, N. G. L. i-49. legr, n. seduction, N. G. L. i. 350. leg-ró, f. the rest in bed, Bs. i. 344, Mar. 112. leg-staðr, m. a burial-place, Eb. 176, K. Á. 70, Fms. iv. 3, Bs. i. 813. leg-steinn, m. a tombstone, Al. 14, Hkr. i. 122, Fms. viii. 237, Fagrsk. 3. leg-stæði, n. = legstaðr, D. N. leg-söngr, m. the burial service; legsongs kaup, a burial fee, Vm. 47. leg-titull, m. an epitaph, Al. 14. LEIÐ, f. [A. S. l a d; Engl. lode or load (in lodestar, loadstone)'] :-- that which leads, a lode, way; riða, fara, leið sína, Fms. vi. 176, Nj. 260, Eg. 359; or gen. leiðar sinnar, Fms. i. 10; ríða leiðar sinnar, Ísl. ii. 342; inn á leið, inwards, Eg. 81; alla leið, all along, Fb. i. 442; norðan á leið, Eg. 51. 2. a way, road; var honum þar allt kunnigt fyrir, bæði um leiðir ok manna-deili, Eg. 539; á skóginum vóru tvennar leiðir ... var sú leiðin skemri, 576; alþýðu-leið, the high road, 579; þar er leiðir skildi, where the roads parted, id.; þeir fara sem leiðir leggja, Fb. i. 253. 3. esp. a naut. term, the course on the sea; þjúð-leið, the highway; inn-leið, the course along the shore; út-leið, djúp-leið, the outer course; segja leið, to pilot, Bs. i. 484; whence the Old Engl. lodesman -- pilot. II. metaph. and adverb. phrases; komr. e-u til leioar, to bring about, Nj. 119, 2:0, Fms. vi. 300; koma e-u á leið, id., i. 51; smia til leiðar, id., vi. 122, vii. 136; skipask á betri leið, to change to a better way, Eg. 416; á þá leið, thus, Fms. iv. 252; hverja leið sem, howsoever, Stj. 595: fram ú leið, or á leið (ram, further, all along; barnit aepði sem áðr á leið fram, Bs. i. 342, Orkn. 316, Sks. 301: afterwards, for the time to come (fram-leiðis), Grág. i. 322, Sks. 480: um leið, by the way; um leið og eg kom, mod.: þegar leið sem, adverb, a s s oo n as, Stj. 94; þegar leið sem hann var fæddr, 101, 267; þegar um leið, at once, Bad. 157; þá leið, th?/s, Hom. 120: in the same manner, söinu leið, likewise, Grág. ii. 134, Stj. 123; aðra leið, otherwise. III. a levy -- -leiðangr; biðja leiðar, Hkv. I. 21; róa leiðina enda gjalda þó leiðvítið, Hom. St. COMPDS: leiðar- lengd, f. a fixed length, distance, Grág. i. 50, Gpl. 476. leiðar- lýsing, f. guidance, Stj. 83. leiðar-nesti, n. viands, Fas. iii. 673, Fms. iii. 98. leiðar-steinn, n. a loadstone; þá höfðu hafsiglingar- menn engir leiðarstein á Norðrlöndum, Landn. (Hb.) 28, Konr. 29; eptir himin-tungla gang ok eptir leiðarsteini, id. leiðar-stjarnaj u, f. the lodestar, Symb. 31, Rb. 464, Fms. x. 112, Mar. leiðar-sund, n. a street, passage, Fas. ii. 249, Fms. viii. 131. leiðar-vísan, f. gu id- an ce: the name of an old poem. leiðar-vísir, m. a guide, Ver. 21, Stj. 83, 285, Róm. 236: the name of an old itinerary, Symb. 32. leiðar-víti, n. (leið III), a fine for default in respect to levy, Fms. i. 87. LEIÐ, f. [different from the preceding, and akin to if not derived from the A. S. Z, i5a, the name of a double month, June and July, (ærra and æftera LiSa); it remains in the Engl. L eet = the law court of the hundred] :-- the L eet, a meeting which in the Ictl. Commonwealth was held shortly after midsummer, fourteen nights after the dissolution of the Althing; the Leet was the third and last public meeting (Vár-þing, Alþingi, Leið); at the Leet the new laws and licences of the past Althing were published, as also the calendar of the current year, etc. At the time of the Grágás, 12th and I3th centuries, the Leet was held where the vár-þing or fjórðungs-þing used to be held, and lasted a day or two (tveggja nátta Leið, Nj. 168, Fs. 75), and was held in common by all the three goðar of the quarter (sam-leið). But in the Saga time (loth century) the Leets appear to have been a kind of county assemblies; this may be inferred from the records of the Sagas, as also from local names indicating small county ' Leets/ different from the sam-leið of the Grágás. For the Grágás, see esp. jbingsk. þ. Kb. ch. 61 (p. in Ed. 1853). P'or the Sagas, Glíirn. ch. 25, Lv. ch. i, 3; líðr mí á sumarit, ríðr hann til Leiðar ok helgar liana, Band. 9, 10, fiorst. Síðu H. ch. 3, Ld. ch. 6l, Sturl. iii. 169; the manna-mot, Heiðarv. S. ch. 17, also refers to a Leet; á leiðum ok lögniútum, Fs. 43; tveggja nátta leið, 75; leið- mót, Nj. 168, Fs. 75, Lv. 8. Special Leets named, Vöðla-Ieið, Hegranes- leið, Rd. 292; Ljósvetninga-leið, Nj. 184, Lv. 7, Rd. 292; Eyfirðinga-leið, Reykdæla-leið, Lv. 7 (þverár-leið, v. 1.); þverár-leið in south-western Icel., Sturl. iii. 169. II. local names, Leið-völlr, Leeí-field, Har^. S. ch. 31; Leið-hólmr, Konn. ch. 9, where also holmganga was held. jftF After the union with Norway the Icel. Leet remained (see the Jb.), and was held at intervals down to the 17th century, see Pal Vidal. Skvr. s. v. leið, pp. 326, 327. COMPDS: Leiðar-dagr, m. the day on which the Leet was held, Ld. Leiðar-mál, n. the section of law referring to the Leet, Grág. 1. c. Leiðar-morgunn, m. the L eet morning, Band. 10, Leiðar-skeið, n. the season of the Leet, the Leet month, Landn. (Hb.) 291; cp. Nj. ch. 87, ' um haustið ... lúka heyverkum. ' Leiðar-völlr, m. the Leet field, where the Leet is held, K. fj. K. 29. LEIÐA, d, [A. S. Indian; Engl. to lead; Germ, leiten; Dan. lede] :-- to lead, conduct, lead by the hand; hann tók í hönd henni ok leiddi hana eina saman, Nj. í 29: of guests, hvergi mun ek leiða þik, segir hón, ok far mi vel ok heill! Ld. 188; Olafr konungr leiddi Kjartan til skips, 190; allir leiddu hann ofan til sjofar, 655 xvi. B. 2; leiddu Hildiríðar- synir hann virðuliga brott með gjöfum, Eg. 52; ef hun faer svá út leitt son sinn, at þat er með þvílíkri stórmensku sem mi leiðir hón hann inn, O. H. 31; þann skal nt leiða, er maðr vill at aptr komi, a saying, Fær. IOI; þá leiddi hann Eirik son sinn í hásæti sitt, Fms. i. 18; leiða fram, Nj. 91: metaph., leiða upp, to drag ashore; ætla þeir at leiða upp skipit undir houum, to draw it ash or e, Ld. 78; ær þær er þeir telja at leitt hati dilkana, Gn'ig. i. 417: leiða konu í kirkjn, to church a woman, N. G. L. i. 384, Vm. 76. II. metaph. phrases, leiða augum (sjónum), to behold, Hy'm. 13, Sks. 434, Fms. ii. 6, Stj. 719; leiða hugum, to consider, meditate, Sks. 334, 368 (hug-leiðing); leiða huga at, to mark, note, 301, Fms. iv. 33 (at-hugi); leiða spurningum at um e-t, to enquire, 230; leiða getum um e-t, to guess at a thing, Nj. 14, 205; leiða atkvæðum, to declare, Niðrst. 2, Bs. i. 295; leiða ástum, to love, Hkv. Hjörv. 41, F. b. 206 (in a verse): leiða af e-u, to result from, Nj. 38, 109, 169, 171, Fms. iii. 210, H. E. i. 497 (af-Ieiðing = result). 2. gramm. to pronounce; þvíat hann leiddi eigi svá sem tíðast er, Glúm. 389; opt skipta orða-leiðingar öllu máli, hvárt inn sami hljóðstafr er leiddr skjótt eða seint, Skálda 171; hann kvaðak Höskuldr heita, ... Hvárt þótti þór hann seint leiða nafn sitt eðr skjótt '( -- Víst heldr seint, segir Rafn, þákalla ekhann Haustskuld, Sturl. iii. 216. III. to bury, lead to the grave; Steinarr leiddi hann uppi í holtunum, Eg. 713, Karl. 128; hann sá þar hang niikiun, hana spurði hverir þar væri lciddir, Landn. (App.) 254, 326, Bret. 166, v. 1. LEIÐA, d, [different from the preceding word, see leiðr below; A. S. lceddan = lo hate; Engl. loathe] :-- to make a person loathe a thing, with dat. of the person and acc. of the thing; hafði hann þat í hug sór, at lciða smá-mönnum at sækja mál á hendr honum, Hrafn. 18; en svá skal leiða dróttiiis-svikuin, Fms. x. 271; ok leiða svá öðrum at brjóta login, vi. 98; ok leiðum svá öðrum fníni at svíkja sína herra, Karl. 59; ok 1. honum svá landráð ok dróttins-svik, Fb. ii. 330. II. reflex., with acc., leiðask e-t, to loathe, get tired of; ungr leiddisk cldvelli, Hornklofi; leiðisk manngi gott ef getr, Hin. 13; krása, þá seðsk hann ok leiðisk þær, Greg. 28; leiðask andligar krásir, 3; bóndi leiðisk konu sina, Post. 656 A. ii. 15; þá leiðisk þér þá (abhor ye them) sem villu-menn eðr heiðingja, Bs. i. 105; nú vill sveinn eigi nema ok leiðisk bók, K. þ. K. 56. 2. irnpers., e-m leiðisk e-ð, to become tired of; mér lciðisk at eiga fyrir höndum slíkan úfriðar-ágang, Fms. i. 188; ok leiðisk honum bók, Grág. (Kb.) i. 18; nn leiðisk niünnum her at sitja, Fb. ii. 56: freq. in mod. usage, niér leiðist, ' it irks me, ' í find the time long. leiða, u, f. irksomeness, Sks. 325. leiðangr, m., the r is radical, [akin to leið; early Swed. leihunger; Dan. leding] , an old Scandin. law term, a levy, esp. by sea, including men, ship, and money; bjóða lit leiðangri, to levy men and ships for war, Eg. 31; bjóða út leiðangri at mönnum ok vistum, Fms. ix. 33; bjóða út lcið-

LEIÐANGESFALL -- LEIGLENDINGA&ATTR. 381

angri ok skipum, i. 12; hafa leiðangr úti, to make a sea expedition, 0. H. 51; Ólafr konungr for með liði sínu ok hafði leiðangr liti fyrir landi, 134; samna leiðangr (sea forces), opp. to landherr (land forces), O. H. L. 12: allit. phrases, lið ok leioangr, Fms. viii. 334, O. H. L. 12, Fb. ü. 303: the proverb, róa leiðangrinn, ok gjalda leiðvítið, to pay the tax first, and the fine to boot (i. e. to pay twi c e over), Hkr. i. 200; rjúfa leiðangrinn, to break up, of the levies or crews breaking up and returning home, Fms. viii. 307, passim. 2. w a r contributions, a fixed perpetual duty or tax payable to the king; this sense of the word is esp. freq. in the Norse as also Dan. and Swed. law of the 12th and Ijth centuries; þeir tóku leiðangra ok allar konungs-skyldir, Fms. ix. 8, 347; þar tóku þeir Baglar leiðangr mikinn er Einarr hafði saman dregit urn Rogaland, 12, 368; biskupar báðu at kardínallinn skyldi biðja konung, at hann gæfi nokkut af leiðöngrum til heilagrar kirkju, x. 121; hann hafði sent austr í Vik eptir landskyldurn sinum ok leiðangri til mála-gjafar, 482. COMPDS: leiðangrs-fall, n. a fine for default as to the levy or tax, Gþl. 91, 92, D. N. passim. leiðangrs-far, n. a levy ship, Fms. iv. 320. leiðangrs-ferð, f. a war expedition, Hkr. i. 391. leiðangrs-fólk, n. levied folk, Fms. x. 122, xi. 245. leiðangrs- görð, f. the raising a levy. Fms. vii. 19, Gþl. 75. leiðangrs-lið, n. a levied army, Fms. i. 62, 0. H. 154. Fser. 79, Orkn. 68. leiðangrs- maðr, m. a levied man, p'ms. viii. 312. leiðangrs-skip, n. a levied ship, N. G. L. i. 198. leiðangrs-vist, f. the fixed time of service for n levy, N. G. L. i. 200. leiðangrs-víti, n. the fine for default in the duty of levy, (lethangs withe, Thorkel. Dip!, i. 3), N. G. L. i. 202. leið-beina, d, to guide. leið-beining, f. guidance. leiði, n. a leading wind, fair wind; sem leiði gaf, Fms. i. 203, Orkn. 410; gott leiði, 332, Fb. ii. 338, passim; byr-leiði, q. v. II. [O. H. G. leita], a t om b (leiða III), Ver. 47, Bs. i. 340; mér mislíkar er griðkona þín þerrir fætr sína á leiði mínu jafnan, er hón gengr frá stöðli, Fms. i. 254; stendr þar nú kirkjan sem leiði hans er, Landn. 52; Svíar brenndu hann ok grétu allmjök yfir leiði bans, Hkr. i. 15; var hann grafinn hjá leiði Kols biskups, Bs. i. 64, Fms. vii. 251, Stj. 101, 250, passim; völvu-leiði, Vtkv. leiði, a, in. irksomeness, Háv. 40: a feeling uneasy, mod. leiði-fífl, n. a fool to be led about, Eb. 250. leiði-gjarn, adj. wearisome, Stj. 152, 246. leiði-liga, adv. hideously, Háv. 52. leiði-ligr, adj. (mod. leiðin-ligr, Bs. i. 802, Bárð. 178), loathsome, loathly; ljut ok 1., Fms. ii. 137, Stj. 417, 436; fill ok 1., 265, Hom. 143, Bs. i. 452: mod. tiresome, irksome, passim. leiðindi, n. pl. loathing, Stj. 49, Mom. 9: an unpleasant thing, en biðja ekki griða st':r, svá at bórði væri leiðindi í því, Sturl. iii. 39: an uneasy feeling, líkams krásir göra seði ok leiðindi, Greg. 28; leggja leið- indi á við e-n, to take a dislike to a person, Korni. 132, Pr. 225: in mod. usage, irksomeness, tiresomeness. leiðindr, adj. loathsome, tiresome, Stj. 152. leiðing, f. leading, persuasion, Stat. 260. COMPDS: leiðinga-maðr, m. a n easily-led person, Fms. iv. 117, Sturl. ii. i. leiðinga-samr, adj. -- leiðitarnr, Sturl. leiði-orð, n. 'leading-word, ' walking and talking with a person, Ld. 246. leiðir, m. a leader, N. G. L. i. 357. leiðis-lauss, adj. without a leader, alone, id. leiði-tamr, adj. easy to be led, Fms. ii. 112, Hrafn. 20. Leið-mót, n. a Leet meeting, Lv. 8, Nj. 168, Fs. 75. LEIÐR, adj., leið, leitt, [A. S. l tVS], loathed, disliked; at öllum së"r þú at leiðari, Fas. i. 333; at leið so laun ef þægi, Hm. 37, leið erumk fjöll, Edda (in a verse); andstyggr ok leiðr, Hom. 102; mér eru allir staf- karlar leiðir, Fms. i. 70; e-m er e-t leitt, to dislike, Ld. 44; mer er leitt at segja þik afhendan, Fs. 34: allit., Ijufr ok leiðr, beloved and loathed, Hm. 38; hann segir Sveini pa ljuft ok leitt sem farit hafði, Orkn. 284, Fms. viii. 48, N. G. L. i. 50, 51, Js. 76; see Ijufr. 2. medic., mer er leitt, to feel unwell. leið-rétta, t, to put right, mend, correct, redress, Glúm. 341, Fas. i. 512, Bs. i. 142, K. Á. 66: reflex, to mend oneself, be mended, Stj. 117, Sks. 608, Rb. 3, Greg. 47: passim in mod. usage. leið-rétta, u, f. an amending, putting right, K. Á. 226: redress, Sturl. '•73- leið-rétting, f. (leið-réttan less correct, Bs. i. 166, cp. Gramm. p. xxxi), a setting right, correction, Hom. 12. 104, Post. 656 A. ii. 7: passim in mod. usage. leið-saga, u, f. 'lode-saying, ' guidance, Ld. 74) Fms. viii. 52, Bs. ii. 96, Stj, 286: esp. piloting, leiðsögu-maðr, m. a ' lode-sayer, ' guide, Fs. 105, Gullþ. 5, Fms. vii. 52: esp. a lodesrnan, pilot, Gþl. 96, Jb. 386, Nj. 122, Ron. 6. 3. leið-sagari and leið-sagnari, a, m. = leiðsagi, Karl. 544, Sturl. iii. 6. leið-sagi, a, m. a guide, Stj. 284. leiðsla, u, f. guidance, leading, Hom. 6l, Anal. 292; hand-L, passim in mod. usage: metaph. a vision, being 'led' in a vision through heaven . and hell, as in Dante's Commedia, the Súlarljóð, and other works of the Middle Ages; leiðsla Rannveigar, Bs. i. 451; Duggals-leiðsla, the Vision ofDuggal, an old legend; hence the mod. phrase, ganga í leiðslu, t o walk a s in absence of mind or distraction. II. burial, interment, Fas. i. 204, Bret.; út-leiðsla. leiðslu-drykkja, u, f. a parting bout, Hkr. iii. 181. leið-stafir, m. pl. loathsome Runes, charms, Ls. 29. leið-sögn, f. = leiðsaga, Fms. ix. 233, 376, Sturl. iii. 289, Bs. i. 484. leiðsagnar-maðr, m. = leiðsögumaðr, Fms. viii. 52. leið-togi, a, m. a guide, Fms. i. 69, Stj. 347, Ísl. ii. 232, 265. leið-vegis, adv. upon the road, N. G. L. i. 421. leið-vísan, f. = leiðarvísan, 655 xxvii. 18. leið-vísi, n. knowing the course on the sea, Sks. 53. leið-víti, n. = leiðarvíti, Hkr. i. 250, Hom. (St.); see leiðangr. Leið-völlr, m. the 'thing-wall' or place of a Leet, K. b. K. 29, Ísl. ii. 92. LEIF, f., pl. leifar, [Ulf. laib a, Mark viii. 8]: I. sing, a ' leav- ing, ' patrimony, inheritance, of an estate: freq. in Norse and Dan. local names, Haders-lev, Snolde-löv, = Höðrs-leif, Snjalls-leif, but obsolete and not used in Icel.; cp. leifð. II. pl. leifar, leavings, remnants, esp. of food; hann blótaði forsinn, skyldi bera leifar allar í forsinn, Landn. 291; varga leifar, Gkv.; sjö karfir með afgangs-leifar, Mark viii. 8; en er þeir vóru mettir, þá hirði Arnljótr leifar þeirra, Ó. H. 153, passim. 2. metaph. effects; ilia gefa ills ráðs leifar, Nj. Leif, f. and Leifr, m., pr. names, Landn.; and in compds, of women, Ingi-leif, As-leif, etc.; of men, bor-leifr, Hjör-leifr, etc., id. LEIFA, ð, [Ulf. bi-laibjan = irtpi\t'nrfiv; A. S. lyfan; Engl. leave; O. H. G. liban; Germ, b-leiben; cp. Dan. levne, Swed. lämna, Lat. lin- qttere, Gr. \titrtiv~\ :-- to leave a heritage; hann leifði honum lond ok lausa-fe, Rb. 318. 2. to relinquish; vér höfurn leift fyrir þínar sakir allt þat er vér áttum, Flóv. 28; ek mun þann kost taka, at leifa konungs-nafn heldr en berjask, Fms. xi. 222; þeir leifðu skipin i Raumsdal, vii. 291; eða synisk yðr at leifa skipin ok ganga á land, viii. 214. 3. to leave out; ef menu leifa nokkut orð í kviðum eða vættum, Grág. i. 138; ok hafa þat allt er hizug leifir (thus the vellum, not leyfir) eðr glöggra er, a nd adopt whatever has been left out in the other book or what is clearer, 7. 4. to leave, of food; fjorir hleifar ok þar með slátr, ok leifir hann þess ekki, Fms. iv. 246 :-- reflex., eigi skal nokkurr hlutr af lambinu leifask, ef nokkut vætta leifisk svá at ekki verðr etið, þá skulu þér þat í eldi brenna, Stj. 280. leifð, f. = leif (I), only in compds, föður-leifð, ætt-1., patrimony. LEIGA, u, f. hire, rent, Grág. i. 340, 502, B. K. 9, 41: opp. to instæða (capital), bygs;ja fó á leigu, to let money out on interest, Bs. i. 684; selja kú á leigu, N. G. L. i. 24; reiða leigu af, to pay the rent of, 25; hverr á jorð þá er þú býr á? þér eigit, herra, ok takit leigur af, Fms. viii. 446, Grág. i. 188; 'leggja leigu eptir hofn, to pay a harbour duty, Fms. xi. 321: of passage money, spurði hvar þat fé væri er hann bauð í leigu undir sik, Nj. 128. 2. wages; kallask hann engrar leigu makligr, Fms. xi. 428, Gpl. 8l: of a soldier's pay, Flóv. 30; let biskup reiða honum fyrir smíðina mikla leigu, Bs. i. 872, Stj. 561. 3. in mod. usage, leigur, pl. = a kind of land-rent paid in butter, as the rent of a certain number of kúgildi which belong to each farm. COMPDS: leigu-ból, n. a rented farm, Grág. ii. 207, 208, Gþl. 344. leigu- burðr, m. rent of land, Gþl. 255, Jb. 377, Dipt. iii. 9. leigu-fall, n. default in paying rent, Gþl. 332: deductionfrom wages, 514. leigu- fé, n. c a// le (chattel) hired, Grág. passim, Landn. 239. leigu-færr, adj. rentable, Fr. leigu-genta, u, f. a servant girl, D. N. leigu- jörð, f. a rented farm, N. G. L. ii. 107. leigu-kona, u, f. a female servant, Fr. leigu-kýr, f. a hired cow, N. G. L. i. 24, Grág. ii. 430, H. E. i. 394. leigu-land, n. rented land, Grág. ii. 249, 337, Nj. 118. leigu-Iauss, adj. rent free, without interest, Grág. i. 191, 336, 398: gratuitous, Vm. 29. leigu-liði, á, m. a tenant, Gþl. 354, 355, N. G. L. i. 37. leigu-maðr, m. a tenant, Grág. ii. 210, 430, Ld. 2, Fms. i. 5: a hireling, Gþl. 107, 512, Mar., Flóv. 32. leigu-mál, n. an agreement (as to rent), Grág. ii. 332. leigu-máli, a, m. an agreement (as to rent), N. G. L. i. 24, Grág. i. 427, Gþl. 336: of rented land, N. G. L. i. 242. leigu-prestr, m. a hired priest, a curate, Fms. ix. 272, D. N. passim. leigu-staðr, m. a place where money is invested, investment, Nj. 31, Sturl. i. 97, B. K. 41. leiga, ð, mod. leigja, [Dan. le/ e], to hire; leiga e-t at e-m, to hire from a person, Grág. i. 427; íulegð varðar þeim er þiggr lún eða leigir, ef hann veil at fleiri eigu, 437; hinn er landit leigir, whohold s the land, Nj. 236; hann leigði land tíu hundruðum, Bs. i. 418; leiga jörð, N. G. L. ii. 105; ok leiga (leigja, v. I.) sor til liðs þarlenzkan her, Stj. 512; hann leigði borlaugu garð, Fms. v. 322; leiga kú, N. G. L. i. 24; leigja verk- mann, 219; leiga þræl, 35. leiga, n. rent; only in the phrase, selja at leiga, to lend on interest, Gn'ig. i. 398, 427; þann er lúði eðr leiga seldi, 434. leigja, b, -- leiga, N. G. L. i. 219, Stj. 512 (v. I.), and in mod. usage. leig-lendingr, in. a tenant, Grág. i. 297, N. G. L. ii. 105. leig- lendinga-þáttr, m. a section about tenancy, Grág. ii. 232.

382 LEIKA -- LEIKK.

LEIKA, pres. leik; pret. lék, léku; part. leikinn; [\J\i. laikan -- ffKtprav; A. S. Incan; mid. H. G. lei c he; Dan. lege; Swed. leka, • North. E. to lake]: -- to play, sport, Vsp. 42, Am. 76; hann leikr nu eplir magni, Lv. 28; leika leik, 68; hann lék fyrir honum marga fimleika, Fær. 66; leika at skúktafli, to play a í c he s s, Fms. iv. 366; en er þeir léku at tafiinu, þá lék konungr fingrbrjót mikinn, ok sagði hann skyldi annat leika, id.; leika hörpu, to play the harp, Stj. 458; leika sungfseri, 631 :-- leika sér, t o play, esp. of children, passim; as also, leika súr at e-u, to play ai a thing, passim. 2. to delude, play a trick on; Djöfullinn leikr þá alia, Andr. 66: esp. with prepp., leika á e-n, to play a tri c kon a person, Nj. 155; mjök hefir þú á oss leikit, nær sem vér fáum þess hefnt, Grett. 149; ef aðrir leita á oss, þá má vera at vér leikim þá enn nokkut í mot, to make a counter move, Boll. 346; lék hón fcðr sinn af sér, she played him off, Stj. 181; sváat eins leikr þúvið fiesta vini þína, Fms. ii. 181. 3. ef sváílla er. at um þat sé at leika, if thai is on tie cards, Fms. via. 102, AI. 132, 134; hón segir föður sínum um hvat at leika er, she told her father bow things stood, Ld. 206, Fms. via. 93. 4. to perform, of a feat or act of prowess, of a play; þú fékt eigi leikit þat er mjukleiUr var i, Fms. vii. 119; þeir kváðu hann verðan vera at hafa, ef hann léki þat, Finnb. 220; en ek hygg at engi annarr fái þat leikit, Fms. i. 152; haun k'k þat optliga, er hann barðisk, er fair gátu við séð, ii. 106; þat niá leikask, Fas. i. 88; þessa þrjá hluti lék hann senn, Eb. 240. 5. the phrases, leika lauss við, to be free, at large, disengaged (cp. ' to play fast and lose with'); I;iti þér hann nú eigi lausan við leika lengi, Fms. xi. 154; en Hakon sjalfr skal leika lauss við svú, H. shall not be engaged in the battle, i. e. be in reserve, 127; leika lausum hala (see hali); leika tveim skjolduin, to play a double game, Hkr. i. (in a verse). II. to move, swing, ivave to and fro, bang loosely; leika á lopti, Hm. 156; leika á mars baki, Hðm. 12; lék þar grind á jarnum, Fms. v. 331; landið skalf sem á þræði léki, Fas. i. 424; skjálfa þótti húsit sein á als oddi Icki, 87; let hann luika laust kiu':it í brúkinni, Fms. vii. 170; úrar It'ku lausar í hündum honum, vi. 446; þeir stevpðo golli ny'teknu or afli ieikanda (melted gold) i munn honum, Hom. (St.) 69. 2. t o lick, of flame, to catch, of fire = Lat. lambere; þeir vöknuðu eigi fyrr en logi Ick um þá, Fms. i. 292; hiti leikr við himin, Vsp. 57; varð eldr lauss í miðjum bænum, cldrinn lék skjótt, ætluðu þeir at verja eldinum, en þá var þar svá mjök leikit (so much burnt) at þeir mútîu ekki við festask, Fb. iii. 175; eldr tók at leika húsin, Gullþ. 28; eldrinn tók at leika vatns-keröldin ok viðinn, Fms. xi. 35; heldr en þar k'-ki eldr yfir, viii. 341; liík e'drinri skjótt tjörgaða spónu í kerüldunum, i. 128. 3. of water, waves, stream, to pl ny, wash; unnir k-ku, Hkv. 2. H, Lex. Poët.; þótti honum þat helzt frói at hafa hondina niðri í læknum, ok kita strauminn leika um súrit, Fas. iii. 388; vatnit var djúpt at landinu, ok hafði leikit undan bakkanum, svá at holt var með, the water had washed the earth away, and made the bank hollow, Grett. 131 A :-- of wind, veðr var kalt ok lók á nordan, 113 new Ed.: allir ketill k'k utan ok innaa sem ein sia, Bs. ii. 9. 4. metaph., k'jk þat orð ú, it was rumoured, Fms. i. 288, Fs. 75; var þú vinátta þeirra kær, þótt þat léki nökkut á ýmsu, though there were ups and downs in their friendship, Fms. vi. 369; leika á tvennu, id., Mag. 33; lók á hinu sania, it went all one way, Fms. v. 252; leika á tveim tungum, ' to iwi/ig on two tongues, ' of various reports of the same thing, ix. 255; leikr þat sízt á tvímæli, hverr frœôi-maðr sem fra þeim hefir sagt, Edda (pref.) 147; ef tortrvgð lcikr A, if there is any suspicion, Js. 26; þar leikr þó minn hugr á, have a mind for a thing, Eg. 520; þat leikr nu-r í skapi (/ have a mind) at kaupa islands-far, Fms. ii. 4; ok ef JX'T leikr aptr nnmr at, Ld. 318, v. 1.; leika í mun, id., Skv. 3. 39; k-ika landmunir, to feel homesick, Bjarn.; e-m leikr öfund 4 e-u, to envy, Fms. vi. 342; leika hugr u, to have a mind to, love; hón er svá af konum, at mér leikr helzt hugr á, vii. 103. III. esp. in the part, hag-ridden, bewitched, as madmen or people bed- ridden or taken by a strange illness were thought to be ' ridden' by trolls; syndisk mönnutn þann veg hel/, t sem hann mundi leikinn, þvíat hann for hjá sér ok talaði við sjúlfan sik, Eb. 270; maðr sú, er Snorri hút var Icikinu af flagði einu, Bs. i. 464. 2. metaph. to ill-treat, vex; hvi ertú sv;'i ilia leikin? Nj. 18, Sd. 169; suit ertú leikinn, Samr fústri. Nj. 114; sagði þeim engan frarna at drepa fá menu ok þó áðr ilia leikna, Fms. ix. 47; biirðu þeir mik ok h'-ku sárliga, Fb. i. 547; þeir tóku hann ok luku hart ok bürðu, Andr. 64; Loka n-aer hefir leikinn ailvakl, Lola's maid (Death) has laid hands on the king, Yt. :-- to vex, annoy, cp. at þjófar né ieiki, that the thieves shall not take it, Hm.; þau á vagi vindr of k'k, the wind swamped them, Gkv. I; meinit hafði lengi við leikit, the illness had vexed him a Ions; time, Bs. 5. igo. IV. reflex, to be performed, (lone; ef þat má leikask, if this can be done, Fas. i. 88; sögðu at þat niætti þá vel leikask, at vinda segl á Orminum ok sigla á haf út, Fms. ii. 326 :-- leikask ú e-n, to get the worst of it; mjiik herir á leikisk minn hluta, I have been utterly worsted, Ísl. ii. 269; ok lóksk injük ú nuiiinum Agða iaris, Fms. iii. 187; ok þótti nú opt ú leikask í viðskiplum þtirra Grettis, Grett. 151. 2. recipr., leikask við, to play a match, to play one against another; ok er þat bezt at vit sjúlfir leikimk við, Grett. 99 new Ed., Stnrl. i. 23, Fms. ii. 269, jbórð. 15 new Ed.: ok hüfðu þeir leikisk við barnleikum allir þrír meðan þeir vóru ungir, they had been playmates Fms. vi. 343; ef þeir skyldi tveir við leikask, Glúm. 370 :-- at her komizt undan með lausafé yðart, en þá leikisk um loud sem auðit er, escape with the movable property and leave the land to its fate, and lei them quarrel about the land as best they can, Eb. 98. leika, n., pl. leiku, a plaything, doll, puppet; þú ert leikum Ijosari, MS. 4. 9; ek skal færa þik Hildigunni dóttur minni, ok skal hón hafa þik fyrir leika (Jeiku Ed.), Fas. ii. 233; þótt hann þykki trautt hvers barns leika vera, Fms. xi. 95; léku þeir SIT um dag, ok bað Steinólfr Arngrím Ijá sér messingar hest -- Arngrímr svarar, ek mtm gefa þér, þvíat þat er nú heldr þitt leika en mitt fyrir aldrs sükum, Glúm. 353; kurraði þat hverr í sínum híbylum, at vetrgestr Brynjólfs mundi eigi vera hvers- dags leika, Sturl. iii. 127: plur., fögr leiku eru þetta, O. H. L. 50; þeir tveir trémenn er Frey höfðu fengnir verit til leikna, Fb. i. 403. leika, u, f. -- leika, n. but a later form, min leika, Grett. 107 new Ed., cp. Fas. ii. 233. 2. a play-sister = ltiksystir; vit vetr níu vórum leikur, Gs. 11; Dvalins-leika, Lex. Poët. 3. cunnus. leikandi, f. a sport, jest, Ísl. ii. 451. leikari, a, m. [North. E. laker], a player, esp. a fiddler, jester, MS. 623. 18, Fms. viii. 207, Fagrsk. (in a verse), Hkr. i. 30, AI. 41, Th. 77. COMPDS: leikara-skapr, in. scurrility, histrionic manners, H. E. ii. 113, 138. leikara-söngr, m. a lay, Mar. leik-blað, n. ' sway-blade' poet, a pinion, Haustl. leik-blandinn, part, sportive, MS. 4. 6. leik-borð, n. a play-board; skjóta (Ijótu) leikborði fyrir e-n, to turn the tables upon a person, Gg. I, Grett. (in a verse). leik-bróðir, m. a play-fellow, Fær. 58. II, [Lat. lai c?* s], a lay- b ro ther received into a convent, D. N. iv. 89. leik-dómr, m. the laity, Bs. i. 750, Sturl. iii. 63. leik-fang, n. wrestling, Jb. 83: mod. a plaything. leik-félagi, a, in. a play-fellow, Kar!. 176. leik-ferð, f. sp or t, Bs. ii. 28. leik-fólk, n. lay-folk, laity, Bs. ii. 138, K. þ. K. 140. leik-goði, a, in. a nickname, Landu. leikinn, adj. playful, gay, Fms. ii. 169, vii. 175, Mar. 280. leik-knöttr, m. a 'play-ball, ' top, Jón fxirl. leik-ligr, adj. [Lat. laicus] , lay, Bs. ii. 45. leik-maðr, m. a layman, Sturl. iii. 60, Bs., K. Á., H. E. passim. II. [leikr], a player, Gísl. 32, Sturl. i. 23. leik-mannliga, adv. jester-like, Mar. leik-mikill, ad] , playful, merry, Ísl. ii. 439, Bárð. 8 new Ed. leik-mót, n. a 'play-meeting, ' public athletic sports, Eg. 188, F's. 4. V Leikn, f. the name of an ogress, perhaps with reference to the ancient belief that sicknesses arise from the being 'ridden' by witches, Edda 54 (in a verse), cp. Edda (GI.); leiknar hestr, the ' ogress steed, ' poet, the wolf, Hallfred; the Ijeikin, Vsp. 25, is prob. identical, seið hón leikin, she (the prophetess) worshipped zvitchss (trolls') -- she was a sorceress. LEIKR, m., dat. Ieiki is freq. in poetry and old prose, but mod. leik; plur. in old usage always leikar, even in late MSS. such as Fb. iii. 405; but in mod. usage Icikir, acc. Ieiki: the phrase 'á nyja leik' seems to point to a lost feminine leik: [ Ulf. laiks = x0P^Sj Luke xv. 25; A. S. lâc; North. E. /a ik; O. H. G. leik; Dan. h'g; Swed. / ek] :-- a game, play, sport, including athletics, Eg. 147, Edda 31-33, Fs. 60; ok eigi var sá leikr er nokkurr þyrfti við hann at keppa, Nj. 29; sjú skulum ver leika þína (not Ieiki), Fb. iii. 405; leika ok glfði, Fagrsk. ch. 26; slu leik, to set up a game (cp. sla dan/,), Sturl. ii. 190 (of a game of ball): of a dance, Bret. 42; hann heudi ganian at aflraunnm ok leikum, ... knattlcikar vóru þú tiðir, Eg. 187; leikr var lagiðr á Hvítár-völlum allfji'ilmennr, 188; sveiiminn var a, Ieiki með öðrum ungmennum, Fms. i. 78; fara at (mcð) leik sinuin, to roa/w about, Boil. 336, Fms. x. 159; hverir eiga her leik svá njauian? Nj. 125: of a ceremony, Fbr. 7: of capping verses, Bs. i. 237; cp. streng- leikr, a ' string-play, ' lay. 2. metaph. a game, sport, Grett. 50 new Ed.; hann segir þeim um hvat leika (gen. pl.) var, he told them what the game was, Fb. i. 325, Fms. ii. 49; sagði hvat í leikinn var, Sd. 152; tók Icikrinn ekki at batna af beiira hendi, Fms. vi. 212: the phrase, á nyja leik, anew, íb. 10, N. G. L. i. 334, Sks. 234, Fms. ix. 274, 284, 370, 401, 409, 511, xi. 62; nyjan leik is a modernized form not found in good old vellums; eptir e-s leik, after one'sgood pleasure, Stj. 148: the phrase, leikr er gjorr til e-s, a person is aimed at, is the mark of a;i attack; þvíat til hans var leikr görr, Ld. 152; gora sJ-r leik til e-s, to act wantonly :-- poet, phrase, ilildar leikr, Öðins lcikr, sverða, járna leikr, etc., the play of Hilda, of Odin, of swords, rf iron - battle, Lex. Poët.; the Freys leikr, the play of Frey, by Hornkloii, Fagrsk. 4 (in a verse), is by the older Grundtvig ingeniously identified with our Yale play, see the connection in which the word stands in the verse. The ancients used to assemble for athletic sports (lcik-mút), and during that time they lived in booths or sheds (lcik-skúli), even womui used to be present as spectators, Eb. ch. 43, Lv. ch. 9, Gísl., Sturl. i. 23. (Jy- An interesting description and account of modern games is given by Jón ölafsson in his Collectanea towards an led. Dictionary, s. v. leikr (in the Additam. to the Arna-Magn.

LEIKSLOK -- LEMJA. 383

Collection in Copenhagen); thus, bruar-leikr, skolla-1., risa-1., hufu-1., felinga-1., and many others, leiks-lok, n. pl.; at leikslokum, jî nally. -leikr, m. an inflexion or termination, see Gramm. p. xxxiii, col. I. leik-skáli, a, m. a play-shed, Eb. 216. Leik-skálar, m. pl. local name, Landn.; see leikr above. leik-stefna, u, f. = leikmut, Clem. 31. leik-sveinn, m. a playmate, Stj. 578, Fs. 130, Vígl. leik-vald, n. the lay-power, laity, Bs. ii. 21. leik-völlr, m. a play-ground, Fas. ii. 407, Skálda 170, Bær. 7, Tistr. 3. LEIPTR, f., pl. leiptrir, Hkv. 1. 15; gen. sing, leiptrar, 2. 29; but in mod. usage neut. :-- lightning, Sks. 203, passim in mod. usage. 2. in poetry; hræ-L, ' carrion-lightning' = a sword; or vig-1., ' war-lightning, ' id.; alnar-1., ' arm-lightning' -- gold; enni-Ieiptr, the ' brow-lightning' -- the eye, see Lex. Poët.; leiptra hrót, the ' lightning-roof = the sk y, Harms.: leiptr is the name of a sword, Edda (G'l.) II. the name of a myth, river, cp. the Gr. Hvpi(p\tytotiw, Gm.: an oath sworn by this river, Hkv. 2. 29. leiptr, m., gen. leiptrs, a kind of whale or dolphin, Dan. lyft, Edda (Gl.); hnisa ... eða leiptr er eigi verðr lcngri en sjau ulna, Sks. 203, Lex. Poët. leiptra, að, to flash, of lightning, but also of the twinkling of stars, the eyes, and the like, Fas. ii. 368, Karl. 542. LEIR, n., as in leirinu, Stj. 72, 414; með góðu leiri ok seigu, Sks. 417; Icirit, Fms. ix. 511, v. 1. In mod. usp. ge leirr, m., which also occurs in Fms. ix. 511 (leirrinn); grár leirr, Orkn. 374 (in a verse); leir- inum, Fb. i. 354, Orkn. 336, but leirinu öllu two lines below; Icirnum, Fas. iii. 583; Icirinn, Orkn. 374 (Fb.); thus the older vellums prefer the neut., the later the masc.; [Dan. leer; Swed. ler; Scot, l a ir] :-- clay, earth, loam, but also mud, esp. on the beach, passim, see the refer- ences above: in plur. lcirar = leira (cj. v.) II. metaph. and poet., arnar leir, 'eagle's mud' -- bad poetry, referring to the legend told in the Edda 49, alluded to in Gd. 2, Sturl. ii. 56 (in a verse); as also in mod. usage, whence leir-skáld, n. a poetaster: local names, Leir-a, Leir-vik, etc. COMPOS: leir-bakki, a, m. a clayey bank, Fms. v. 252. leir-blót, n. a c lay idol, N. G. L. i. 383. leir-bolli, a, m. an earthen bowl. leir-brúsi, a, m. an earthen pot. leir-burðr, m. bad poetry. leir-búð, f. a c lay booth, Bs. i. 249, ii. 157. leir- depill, in. a loamy spot, O. H. L. leir-gata, u, f. a loamy path, Nj. 84. leir-gröf, f. a loam-pit, Nj. 84, v. 1. leir-jötunn, m. the c l a y giant, Edda 58. leir-kelda, u, f. a loam-pit, Bs. i. 577. leir-ker, m. a n earthen pot. leirkera-smiðr, m. a palter, N. T. leir-krukka, u, f. an earthen 'crock, ' Ver. 25. leir-ljós, adj. grayish, of a horse. leir-maðr, m. a clay-man, Edda ii. 298. leir-pottr, m. an earthen pot, Sks. 543. leir-skáld, n. a poetaster. leir-sletta, u, f. a blot of mud, Róm. 259. leir-smiðr, m. a potter, Matth. xxvii. 7. leir-stokkiim, part, mud-splashed, Hrafn. 7. leir-tjörn, f. a loam- pit, El. leir-vaðill, m. a shallow mud bank, Stj. 135. leir-vik, f. a muddy creek, Hkr. ii. 196: a local name = Lerwick in Shetland. Leir- vör, f. the name of an ogress, Edda. leira, u, f. a ' loam field, ' the muddy shore at low water mark, Fms. viii. 315, ix. 44, 405, x. 138, O. H. L. 14, 15, Orkn. 336, Eb. 84 (v. 1.) new Ed.: a nickname, Fb. iii: local names, Leiru-lækr, Leiru-vágr, Landn., Fs. COMPDS: leiru-bekkr, m. a muddy brook, Fms. viii. 421. leiru-vik, f. = leirvik, Fms. iv. ^153. Leira, u, f. the river Loire in France, O. H. leirigr, adj. loamy, muddy, Fms. v. 230, Stj. 291. leir-ligr, adj. of clay, Bs. ii. 157. LEISTR, m. [Ulf. laists: = ÏXVQS; A. S. last; Engl. cobbler's last; Dan. lŒ st; cp. Germ, leisten, prop. = to follqw in the footsteps] :-- the foot below the ankle, Edda no. 2. a short sock; hefir flagnað framan af fætinum öðrum skinnit með nöglunum á þann hátt sem leistr, Bs. i. 618; ok brann í gegnum skóinn ok leistinn (v. l. hosuna), ok fótrinn brann, þiðr. 358, v. 1.: mod., há-leistr, a ' hough-last, ' a sock reaching to the ankle: poet., hyrjar-Ieistr, Yt. 20; leista tre, the leg, Edda 100. COMPDS: leista-brækr, f. pl. breeks with stockings fastened to them, long hose, Eb. 242, Nj. 212, Ísl. ii. 218. leista-lauss, adj. without afoot- piece, Fms. vi. 205. LEIT, f. a search, exploration, as also an exploring party, expedi- tion; jarl var sjálfr í leitinni, Nj. 131; fóru þrír í hverja leit, Eg. 220; konungr mun seint af hyggja um leitina, Fms. vi. 381; skipta þeir liði sínu í helminga til leitar í skóginum, x. 218; þeir spurðu at hestum þeim, er þeir vóru â leit komnir, the horses which they were ' laiting' come in search of, Ísl. ii. 349: plur., hvers þú á leitum ert, w hat art tbou seek- ing ? Fsm.: in a local sense, skulu vér fara dreift, þvíat leitin er víð, Fms. i. 70: in plur. leitir, ' sbeep-laiting, ' the search for sheep in the mountain pastures in autumn. LEITA, að, prop, a causal from lita, [Ulf. wlaiton = irtpíp\íirfcr9ai; North. E. to lait; Dan. led e] :-- to seek, search, with gen. leita e-s, 01 with prep, leita at e-u, or absol., hóraðsmenn lcituðu hennar ok fundu hana eigi, Nj. 14; leita lands, Fms. ii. 214; Hængr sigldi í haf ok leitaði Islands, Eg. 99, Landn. 27, 32, Fms. i. 27, 71; leita e-m kvánfangs, Eg. 22, passim: metaph., ef yðar er ilia leitað, if you are challenged, rudely r\ treated, Nj. 139; þótt hans væri eigi vel leitað, Fb. ii. 73 :-- hón leitaði i eina hirzlu, Fms. iv. 37; leituðu þeir um skóginn allan, i. 72; Njáll leitaði Höskuldi um manna-forráð, Nj. 149: leita at e-m, to seek for, Fms. ix. 218; ok leiti þér at honum Hoskuldi, Nj. 171, passim in mod. usage: leita eptir e-m, id., Fms. i. 69: the phrase, leita sér staðar, to go on one's business, cacare, Hm. 113, Fær. 197. II. metaph. to seek for help; vil ek at þú leitir aldri annarra en min ef þú þarft nokkurs við, Nj. 74; leita sér heilla, Landn. 33; leita Isekninga, to seek for healing, to call in a physician, Johan. 26; leita ráða, to seek for advice, Nj. 75. 2. to enquire, examine, Sks. 638, Hom. 65. 3. with prepp.; leita á e-n, to offend in word or deed, be aggressive, Nj. 16, O. H. 222, (a-leilinn); leita á við e-n, to contest, call in question, Grág. i. 36; leita á um e-t, to try, attempt; hvar skulu vér ú leita? Nj. 3; en þat ræð ek, at þú leitir eigi optarr á hreysti inina, that th o?^ dost not a^- ain question my valour, Orkn. 402: leita eptir e-u, t o ' lait after, ' seek for, passim; leita eptir mali, to follow a case, take it up, Nj. 75; leita eptir við e-n, t o entreat a person, Fbr. 117; leita eptir um e-t, to enquire into, Eg. 536: leita upp, t o s eek ow t, Germ, anfsuchen, Fms. x. 71 :-- leita við, to try, endeavour, Nj. 21, Sturl. i. 17, Rb. 382, Eg. 606, Jb. 382; leita við for, to try to get away, Grág. i. 91: leita til e-s, to try for, F'b. ii. 309. III. in a local sense, to try to go, make ready to go, proceed on a journey; ef Eirekr konungr leitaði vestan um haf með her sinn, Fms. i. 26; hann kvaðsk aptr mundu leita til vina sinnu, ii. 214; ef hann leitaði aptr Í land, v. 32; leita braut or landi, to go abroad, 0. H. 130; leita á fund e-s, to visit a person, Eg.; haltú vörð á, ef hann leitar (trie s to escape) út um munninn, Fms. vi. 351: leita undan, to go back, fly, Stj. 479. IV. reflex, to seek; leitask um, to explore; þá leituðusk þeir um hvar líkast var út at komask, Eg. 233; leituðusk heir þá um ok fundu hurð í gólfinu, 234, Stj. 479: leitask fyrir, id., H. E. i. 245, Sks. 706: leitast við, to attempt, mod. = leita við. The reflexive is more freq. in mod. than in old usage. leiti, n. [from lita], a hill or elevation on the horizon hiding the view, Eg. 220, Grág. i. 433, Fms. viii. 147, Orkn., Stj. 401; leiti berr á milli, Nj. 263, Fbr. 55 new Ed.; fara svá at á sinu leiti er jafnan hverr, Mar.; ef hann saei nokkurn maim ríða um leitið fram, Glúm. 363, Bjarn. 25 (in a verse), Edda (Gl.); Oðinn hleypti svá mikit, at hann var á öðru leiti fyrir, Edda 57; þeir riðu undîr leiti nokkut, en þeir sásk aldri síðan, Nj. 279; varð fyrir þeim leiti nokkut nijuk halt, Fms. vii. 68: freq. in mod. usage, esp. in Icel. local names. leiti, n. [hlutr], a share, part; see hleyti. -leitr, adj. [lita], looking so and so, in compds, see Gramm. p. xxxiv, col. I. (IX.) leizla, n, f. = leiðsla, q. v. LEKA, pres. lek; pret. lak, láku; part, lekit; a weak part, lekat occurs, Fms. ix. 345; [A. S. leccan; Engl. leak; Dan, l cc kke] :-- prop, t o drip, dribble; af þeim legi er lekit hafði or hausi Heiðdraupnis, Sdm. 13: -- to leak, of a ship or vessel, en hón lak eigi heldr enn it þéttasta kerald, Bs. i. 596; var mjök lekat skipit, Fms. ix. 345; leka eins og hrip, freq. in mod. usage: of milch kine, en á öðru kvikfé ef þat lekr, Jb. 366. leki, a, m. a leakage, leak; kúmu þá lekar at skipinu, Grett. 96: the phrase, sjá við þeim leka, to see toa future leak (emergency). lekr, adj. (compar. lekari, N. G. L. i. 199), leaky, Grett. 94, Jb. 378, Fms. ix. 381, Stj. 367, N. G. L. i. 304. lek-stólpar, m. pl. 'leak-beams, ' prob. a kind of pump, Edda (Gl.) lektari, a, m. [eccl. Lat. lectoriuni] , a lectern, reading desk, Vm. 10, 52, Dipl. v. 18, Bs. i. 797. lektía, u, f. [Lat. word], a lesson, 625. 169, Vm. 38. lektor, m. [Lat. word], a reader, Ver. 49. lé-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), vile, of little worth; this word does not occur in old writers; the etym. is dubious, cp. lúmagna, lébarn, etc. lemba, d, [lamb], to lamb; lembd ær, a ewe with lamb, Stj. 185, Grúg. i. 502. lemd, f. lameness, from a blow, N. G. L. i. 30, 67. lé-meginn, adj., mod. le-magna, indecl. faint, exhausted; lémegit Ijos, a faint light, Stj. 16. lem-heyrðr, part, deaf, Anecd. 2 new Ed. LEMJA, pres. lem; pret. lamði; part, lamiðr, Glúm. 342; imperat. lem, lemdu, Skíða R. 131; lamdr, and mod. also laminn, Mar. 637: [A. S. lieman; provinc. Engl. lam = to thrash; Germ, l ti hmen] :-- t o thrash, flog, heat, so as to lame or disable; urðu þar áttjún menn sárir en margir lamðir, Fms. ix. 355; lemja mun ek bogann fyrir honum ef ek ma, x. 362; jporbjörn bað hann starfa betr, ella kvaðsk hann mundu lemja hann, Grett. í 20; þeir lörnðu hann núliga til bótleysis, 154; lamðan til heljar, Am. 41; ok lemða (subj.) alla í liðu, Ls. 43; ok ætt jötuns alia lamði, Þkv. 31; munu eigi oil úlamið (neut. pl.), Glúm. 340; leinja í smátt, to smashT Mar.; lamða (lame), halta ok blinda, Greg. 28; fugli með lamðum vængjum, Hom. 142: lemja á e-m, to 'lam into one, ' give one a thrashing, Skíða R. 135. II. metaph. to suppress; skuhi bændr taka frá segl ok lemja (to upset) svá for þeirra, N. G. L. i. 103; hann ætlaði svá at lemja fyrir þeim smíðina, Stj. 312; viðvörun hræðslu . Jemr holdið, Hom. 14: lemja niðr, to beat down, suppress, Fms. ii.

384 LEMPA -- LESSKRA.

199. III. reflex., Gunnarr hjó á hönd Hallgrimi, ok lamðisk handleggrinn, en sverðit beit ekki, Nj. 45; sverðit brotnaði en haussinn lamðisk, but the s kull was fractured, Gísl. 4; svá mikit högg at haussinn lamðisk mjök, Fb. i. 400. 2. recipr., önnur efni eru nú í váru máli, en at þér lemisk róðrinn fyrir, to break one another's oars, Fms. viii. 216. 3. to be ruined; allr friðr lemsk, all happiness is destroyed, Hallfred; landvörn lamðisk, the defence was paralysed, Sighvat. lempa, ad, [a mod. for. word borrowed from the Dan. læmpe; cp. A. S. limpan] :-- to temper, accommodate; lempa sig eptir e-u. lempinn or lernpiligr, adj. pliable, gentle. lemstr, ni., gen. lernstrar, a severe contusion; lernstr malhelti minnar, Hom. 143. COMPDS: lemstr-högg, n. a blow causing contusion, D. N. iv. 84. lemstrar-sar, n. a disabling wound, Gþl. 180, Ann. 1398. lemstra, að, to contuse. LÉN, n., mod. also léni, [Dan. len; Germ, lehen], a fief, fee; taka land í lén, Fms. i. 22, iv. 212; halda lönd ok lén af konungi, 232; hann hafði í lén hálfar Færeyjar af Haraldi Gráfeld, ii. 91; þat lén sem hann veitir mér, Gþl. 63 (in an oath of homage); Herra Knútr hafði þá hálft Rygja-fylki ok Sogn halfan, ok þótti honum þat lén minna en hanu vildi, Fms. ix. 428, x. 116; beiðask léns yfir fylki, Fagrsk. 7; þar sem lendr maðr hefir lén, N. G. L. ii. 407 :-- a royal grant or emolument, bæði um skyldir ok útgerðir ok mörg önnur lén, Fms. vi. 339; hann heitr yðr í mót miklu léni ok trausti, viii. 204; hann gaf honum mikit Ion ok land í sinu riki, O. H. L. 18; hann hafði veitt honum mikit lén, ok gcfit honum dýrligar gjafir, 68; skyldu ok þeir sem lénin höfðu missa þeirra, ef þeir flytti eigi þessi bróf, Bs. i. 764 :-- ro yal revenue, þitt ríki liggr undir úfriði, ok tekr þii eigi af þvílíkt lén sem þú ættir at hafa, O. H. L. 30 :-- an office, umboðs-lén, D. N. v. 417; sá konungs umboðs-maðr sem þar hefir Ion, N. G. L. ii. 280. II. metaph. the good things of this life; sumir hafa lítið lén eðr lof, Edda II. léns- maðr, m. a 'fief-holder, ' feoffee; in the Middle Ages the king's governor was so called :-- in Norway a kind of officer, bailiff, D. N., Fr. passim. léna, u, f. to grant, Vígl. 31. léna, u, f. [cp. Germ, lehne; Engl. to lean] :-- the pad or cushion laid under the pack-saddle; hann íók tvá hesta ok lagði á lenur (mod. reið- ing), Nj. 74; kómu þeir til hesta sinna, ok er þeir vildu lénur á þá leggja, Bs. i. 389; vóru lagðir lit vöru-sekkar nokkurir á hlaðit, ok þar lénur með, Ísl. ii. 204. léna, að, to saddle; Büeam lénaði ösnu sína, Stj. 334. LEND, f., pl. lendir, mod. also lcndar; [A. S. lenden; Old Engl. lendes; Scot. lendis; Engl. loi ns; O. H. G. lenli; Germ. lende] : -- the loin; the mod. usage distinguishes between the sing., the loin or croup of a horse and pl. Icndar of the human loins; lendir yðrar sktihi þér gyrða, Hom. 84 (Luke xii. 35); munu konungar út af þínum lendum fæðask, Stj., Sks. 404; undir herðum, lendum, kncs-botum, Edda 40; lenda-kláði, Fas. iii. 102: -- of a horse, harm finer af henni alla baklengjuna aptr á lend, Grett. 91; ú lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann klappar á lend hestinum, Bs. i. 633; um höfuð, lend, brjúst ok kvið ok allan hest, Sks. 404. lenda-verkr, m. ' loin-work, ' lumbago, Pr. 471, Ld. 32. LENDA, d, mod. t, [land], to land, Fms. vii. 31, viii. 33, ix. 23, Eb. 234, Ld. 32, passim: lenda skipi, Fbr. 163. II. metaph. impers., e-m lendir saman, to come into collision with, close with one another; oss (dat.) mun mi saman lenda ef þér látið eigi lausan manninn, Fms. vii. 117; mun ek ekki letja at oss lendi saman, Ld. 324; munuð þer (= mun yðr?) saman lenda, nema miðlat sé múlum, Bjarn. 55. 2. e-u lendir, to be landed, to come to an end; þar lendir þessi viðræðu ok hjali, Fms. xi. 52; her lendir með þeim, at..., Bs. ii. 72, eigi vitu vér hvar þessu máli lendir, Mar.: absol., lenda í vanda, to be landed in difficulties, get into scrapes, Karl. 308; svá mikit ofrefli at eigi mátti lenda, þiðr. 272. III. to give land to a person, with acc.; en hverr sem lendir hann við minna, sekr eyri, N. G. L. iii. 37. lenda, u, f. land, fields; hann átti hundruð kúgilda á leigu-stöðum ok tíu lendur, Sturl. i. 97; víðar lendur ok fagrar, Ld. 96; lendur ok lausa-fe, Fms. i. 289. lend-borinn, part. ' land-born, ' of the landed gentry, Eg. 342, Fms. viii. 155. lending, f. a landing, landing-place, Lv. 93, Fms. ii. 93. lendi-stöð, f. a landing-place, N. G. L. i. 243, 380, v. 1. lendr, ad] , landed, esp. as a law term; lendr maðr, lendir menn, = 'landed-men' or the barons of ancient Scandinavia, holding land or emoluments (veizlur) from the king, and answering to hersir (q. v.) of a still earlier time; heita þeir hersar eða lendir menu í Danskri tungu, Edda 93; gjörði konur. gr þá jjórólf lendan mann, ok veitir honum þá allar veizlur þær er áðr hafði Bárðr haft, Eg. 35, Sks. 5, Fms. i. 60, ix. 496, Gþl. 12, and passim in the Laws and Sagas, but never referring to the Icel. Commonwealth. II. in compds, víð-lendr, í-lendr, sam- lendr (q. v.), ut-lendr, outlandish. lend-ván, f. expectance of a fief, N. G. L. i. 360. lengd, f. [langr], length of space and time, Bret. 32, Stj. 74, Fms. viii. 88, Eg. 318, Alg. 372, Barl. 165 :-- gramm., Skálda 175: lengthening, Sks. 119. 2. adverb, phrases, til lengdar, long, for a long time; alls til lengdar, t oo long, Karl. 227; í bráð ok lengdar (mod. í bráð og lengd), for now and hereafter, Fms. vii. 88; þegar til lengdar lætr, in the long run; a-lengdar, afar off'. LENGI, adv., the compar. lengr is used in a temp, sense, lengra in a local sense, see langr; [Dan. lœnge] :-- long, for a long time; lengi hefir mér þat í hug verit, Nj. 2; hversu lengi? 141; eigi lengi, Ld. 168; of lengi, t oo long; svá lengi sem, a s long as, Rb. 64; ok eru þeir þá miklu lengst niðri, by far the longest time, id.; ok þolir eigi inni lengr, co?/ ld nolonger ' thole' or endure it, Fær. 269, passim; lengr en skemr, rather long than short, for a good while, Bs. i. 155; til þess at lengr en skemr frestaðisk þat níðingsverk, Al. 105: á-lengr (q. v.), hereafter: lengr er, until; lengr er lyriti er varit at logbergi, K. þ. K. (Kb.) i. 18; lengr er þeir hafa sýnt biskupi, 22: with gen., lengi vetrar, /o r a long part of the winter, Fbr. i. 334; lengi aefi, during a long part of one's life, 224; lengi dags, lengi nsetr, and so on. lenging, f. lengthening, Fms. iii. 12; mála-lenging, prolongation. lengja, d, [langr], to lengthen; var lengt nafri haos, there wa s added to his name, Fms. vi. 16; lengja lif silt, i. 126; þarf eigi at lengja sögu um þat mál, it b oo t s not to tell a long tale, xi. 9; lengja leið sína, Eg. 742; orð-lengja, to lengthen out words; hvat þarf þat lengja, what need tomake a long story? Karl. 374, 427. II. impers. t o lengthen, esp. of days and seasons; um vetrinn er daga lengdi, Hrafn. 30; nótt (acc.) lengir. III. reflex., e-m lengisk, to long after; sem þessir tveir vetr vóru liðnir þá þótti Jósaphat lengjask mjök, Barl. 198. lengja, u, f. an oblong piece, Skíða R. 27; bak-lengja, q. v. lengrum, see langr III. 2. lengstum, adv., see langr III. 2. léni, n. [le], a scythe, steel and iron welded together in a forge; gseta þarf líka að því, meðan verið er að slá lénið, að . .,, Árm. á Alþ. iv. 119. Lent, f. Lent, in the words of John the Fleming, Nu er koinin Lentin..., Ekki skilr fólkit rival Lentin er, Bs. i. 801. lenz, f. [for. word; Lat. lan c e a], a lance, Edda (Gl.) leó, m. [for. word; Lat. leai] , a lion, Fms. vii. 69, Fbr. 34, Nj. 143, Jjiðr. 190, Stj. 71, 411, Plac.; this Lat. form is freq. in old writers; the prop. Icel. form is Ijón, q. v. león, n. a lion, Fb. i. 165, Fms. vii. 69, Stj. 71, 231, 459; Ijóns í hvassar sjonir, Sighvat; yet the vellums hardly ever use the mod. spelling Ijon, but Icon :-- the word is masc., þiðr. 190, Pr. 402, 434. leóns- hvelpr, m. a lion's whelp, Stj. 231. leóna, u, f. a lioness, Stj. 80. ' leparðr or leoparðr, m. [for. word], a leopard, Al. 167, Art.; the Icel. form is hlébarðr, q. v. LEPJA, pres. lep, lapti; part, lapit; [A. S. lapian; Engl. lap] : -- t o lap like a dog; this word seems not to occur in old writers, but is freq. in mod. usage and undoubtedly old. LEPPR, m. [cp. Engl. lump~\, a lock of hair; fá múr leppa tvá or hári þíiiu, Nj. 116; hann skar ór lepp ór hári þess maims, Fas. i. 528; hann hafði Ijósan lepp í hari sinu hinum vinstra megin, Hrafn. 13: ok tók ek einn lepp or tagli hans, Fb. i. 354; miðla mer í mot lepp or maga- skeggi þínu, Fms. vi. 141; the word is obsolete iu this sense. 2. a rag, tatter, cp. Germ, lump; sem leppr rotinn, Bs. ii. 56; þá ina vánda leppa sem hann hafði, Fms. ii. 161; hverr leppr er upp brotinn i váru skipi, vi. 382: freq. in mod. usage, leppr or i-leppr, s oc ks towear in shoes; bak-leppr, the pad under a saddle. COMPDS: leppa-klæði, n. slashed clothes, Roll. 40, 48. Leppa-lúði, a, m. a monster, the hus- band of the ogress Grýla (q. v.), Maurer's Volks. lepra, u, f. [a Lat. word], leprosy, Fas. ii. 390; in mod. vulg. usage diarrhœ a. lepsa, u, f. a rag, piece of cloth. -lera, [cp. lara], in compds, sótt-lera, ætt-leri, q. v. LÉREPT, n. [Dan. lœrred; prob. a compel, qs. lu-ript = s o/ t raiment] : -- linen, a linen cloth, K. þ. K. 20, Grág. i. 213, Sks. 287, Fms. vi. 348, Fs. 147: also in plur., vera at léreptum, to be atone's linen, of a lady, 161; Icrept is opp. to vaðmál, K. þ. K. (Kb.) 8. lérepts-dúkr, -hökull, m. a linen cloth or cope, Vm. 53, 114. LERKA, að, [Scot, lerk], to lace tight; var höttrinn lerkaðr um hálsinn, Landn. 147; lerka ermar at öxl... drambhostir lerkaðar at beini, Fms. vi. 440: metaph. to chastise [cp. North. E. to lace], lerkandi sina sal, Mar.; hann lerkaði sinn líkam með föstum, THom. :-- part, k-rkaðr, bruised, contused; blar ok lerkaðr af storum höggum, Fas. iii. 357: in mod. usage feeling as if sore all over the body. les, n. a lesson, in divine service: þorláks söng ok les með, Vm. 35; at song ok lesi. 52; með lesi ok song, Am. 43, 74; messu-söng ok les, Bs. i. 811. COMPDS: les-bók, f. a lesson-book, Vm. 52, 55, Dipl. v. 18. les-djákn, in. a reading clerk, Bs. ii. 11, Th. 76. les-kór, m. a reading gallery or choi r, Mar. les-skrá, f. = lesbók, Jm. 11. II. knitted wares, such as knitted gloves, drawers, socks, and the like, freq. in mod. usage; að endingu eg óska þér | að þú fair les og smér | í skattinn, Snot (1865) 330; prjón-les, knitted wares, socks, shirts, etc.

LESA -- LÉTTA. 385

LESA, pres. les; pret. las, last, las, pl. lásu; subj. læsi; imperat. les. lestu; part, lesinn: [Ulf. lisan = av\\ty(iv, avvaytiv; A. S. lesan; provincial Engl. to lease; O. H. G. lesan; Germ. lesen; cp. Gr. \tyfiv, Lzt. legere] :-- prop, to glean, gather, pick, Stj. 615; lesa hnetr, aldin, Gísl. (in a verse), Dropl. 5; lesa ber, to gather berries, K. jp. K. 82; hafði hón lesit sér mikil ber til fæðslu, Bs. i. 204; lesa blóm, Art. 66 :-- lesa saman; verða nokkut vinber saman lesin af þyrnum ? Matth. vii. 16; þvíat eigi lesa meun saman flkjur af þyrnum ok eigi heldr vinber af þistlum, Luke vi. 44; lesit fyrst illgresit saman, Matth. xiii. 30; þeir lásu saman manna um morguninn ... þá hafði sá eigi meira er mikit hafði saman lesit, Stj. 292; þessir smáir articuli sem her eru saman lesnir, Fb. iii. 237; saman lesa lif e-s, to compile', H. E. i. 584: þeir lúsu upp (picked tip) hálm þann allan, Mart. 123; tóku þeir silfrið ok lásu upp, Fms. viii. 143. 2. to grasp, catch; eklrinn las skjótt tróð-viðinn, Eg. 238: of a ship, þat má rétt heita Stigandi er svá less hafit, Fs. 28; bróðirinn less um herðar sér þann kaðals-hlutinn sem þeir höfðu haldit, grasped it, wound it round his shoulders, Mar.; harm greip sviðuna, ok las af hondum honum, he gripped the weapon and snatched it out of his hands, Sturl. i. 64: lesa sik upp, to haul oneself up; þá las hann sik skjntt \ipp eptir öxar-skaptinu, Fær. ill; fx'jrir gékk at skíðgarðinum, ok krækði upp á oxinui. las sik uppeptir, (3. H. 135. 3. to knit, embroider; hún sat við einn gull- ligan borða ok las (embroidered) þar ú mín liðin ok framkoniin verk, Fas. i. 176; typt klæði ok veigoð ok lesin (better lesni, q. v.), Js. 78. II. metaph. to gather words and syllables, to read, [cp. Lat. legere] ; sem lesit er, Stj. 40; hann let lesa upp (t o r ead aloud) hverir skráðir vóru á konungs-skipit, Fins, vii. 287; statuta skulu ... geymask ok lesask, H. E. i. 509; sat konungr ok hirðin nti fyrir kirkju ok lásu aptan- sönginn, Fms. vii. 152, Bs. i. 155; meðan biskup las öttn-söng, Fms. xi. 390: in endless instances, mod., lesa or lesa húslestr, q. v. This sense of course never occurs in poems of the heathen age, but the following references seem to form a starting-point, in which lesa means 2. to talk, gossip; lesa um e-n, to talk, speak of; hittki hann fiðr þótt þeir um hann far lesi, ef hann með snotrum sitr, Hm. 23; kann enn vera at maðr vensk á at lesa of aðra, ok hafa uppi löstu manna, Hom. (St.): part, lesandi, able to read; vel lesandi: lesinn, well read; víð-lcsimi, who has read many things. lesandi, a, m. a reader, one able to read; see above. lesari, a, m. a reader. lé-skrápr, m. a tanned shark-skin, Ísl. ii. 113. lesni, n. [prob. from lesa I. 3], a kind of head-gear for women; tvpt klseðar, vaevgia ok lesni (lesin) þat á dóttir, N. G. L. i. 211, cp. Js. 78: poet., lesnis stofn, the ' stem' of the lesni = the bead, Landn. 152 (in a verse); lesnis land (lesni lands MS.), id., Leiðarv. 24. lesnig, n. = lesni, D. N. iv. 328. lesning, f. reading, H. E. i. 475, Hom. 4. lest, f. [cp. Engl. last, as in Orkneys and East Angl. ' a la s t of herrings, ' and Old Engl. lastage -- freight; Germ, last; Dan. lœst] , a last, burden, a measure of ship's burden, reckoned at twelve ' skippund, ' D. N. iv. 651, Bs. i. 545, Gþl. 371, B, K. 20, 89, MS. 732. 16 (where wrongly ten for twelve); lest gulls, Fms. xi. 351, where = talewt wwz(?); lest jams, harðstcins, D. N.; lest sildar, N. G. L. passim: a cargo, Jb. 386. In mod. usage the tonnage of Dan. and Norse ships is counted by loafer. II. in Icel. sense, a caravan of loaded pack-horses, Grett. 119: plur. lestir, the market season in June and July. COMPDS: lesta-maðr, m. a driver of a lest. lesta-tal, n. 'the tale oflœster' tonnage, Jb. 390. lest, f. reading, a lesson; meðan leslin veror lesin, Stat. 299, N. G. L. i. 390. LESTA, t, [Lat. laedere, by Grimm's law, t for d], to break up, injure, wreck; lesta skip, to wreck one's ship, Eg. 159; lesta hiis at lásum eða viði, Grág. ii. 110: impers. to be wrecked, ok lesti þar skipit, Fms. x. 158; þá er bæði (botb ships) lesti Hjálp ok Kifu, Orkn. (in a verse). 2. metaph. to break, violate; lesta log, Skálda (in a verse). II. reflex, to be damaged; ef kirkja brennr upp ok lestisk, K. |x K. 42; bogi þeirra lestisk, 623. 31; þá lestisk rain, Grett. 86; fell hann af baki ok lestisk fótr hans, Fb. i. 538; skip lestisk, Grág. ii. 268: part., ok lest (broken) svá skip hans at eigi væri fært, Fær. 116; hestr er lestr, haukr er daudr, Maurt-r's Volks. 321. LESTI, adv., oulv in the phrase, a lesti, at last; [cp. A. S. on laste; Germ, am letztett] ; it occurs in old poetry, but rarely in prose, and is now obsolete; the explanation in Lex. Foot, deriving it from löstr (a crime) is erroneous: 1. in poetry; Jordan er á lesti, Edda (Gl.), Hallfred (Fs. 206. 5); hann gékk fyrstr í hildi en ór á lesti, he went first into battle and last out of it, Sighvat, Korm. 128 (in a verse); fy'stisk sunnan | Siguror á lesti, Mork. 217 :-- at lesti = á lesti, Lil. 20, Grett. (in a verse); the Am. 63 is corrupt, perhaps = litu er lýsti. 2. in prose; en fyrir þat munu vór láta fó vúrt ok frændr ok sjálfa o?s á lesti, Bret. 36; trúa hófsk á Gyðinga-landi, ok mun þangat koma á lesti, 625. 189; fyrst at upphafi í kenningu sinni, síðan í jartegna- görð, ok í líiláti á lesti, 655 xiii A. 27; him var nunna á íslandi ok einsetu-kona á lesti, Ld. 338, (vellum Arna-Magu. 309), Hom. (St.) 55 • ef þú vill eigi þenna kost, þá muntú mæta kvölum á (ok MS.) lesíi, 625. 74; ok gaf hann henni á lesti son sinn níu vetra gamlan, Ó. T. 15; ok á lesti hellti hann út sínu bana-blóði, 40. lestir, m. a breaker, wrecker, Lex. Foot. lestr, f. a lesson, portion for reading; Kristr mælti sjálfr enn í þeirri helgu lestr, Hom. 63; svá sem heilagr páfi Leo segir í lestinni, 671 B. 3. II. in mod. usage, lestr, m., gen. lestrar and lestri, reading; gékk lestr- inn seint ok tregliga, Bs. i. 155; gékk fram lestrinn djákna, 871, freq. in mod. usage :-- home-service = huslestr, q. v.; vera við lestr, heyra lestr, to attend to a lestr; fyrir lestr, in the forenoon; eptir lestr, in the after- noon on Sundays, see huslestr. COMPDS: lestrar-kver, n., -bók, f. a reading-book. lestr-bók, f. = lesbok, Am. 5. lestrar-kór, m. = leskór, Bs. i. 823 (885). lest-reki, a, m. a 'caravan-driver, ' a steward, Sturl. i. 74; sendimaðr eða lestreki, iii. 128, Bs. i. 848, 872. leti, f. [latr], laziness, sloth, Hom. 26, Sks. 2; leti at rita, Bs. i. 137, passim. COMPDS: leti-fullr, adj. slovenly, Mar. leti-svefn, in. a sleep of sloth, Bs. ii. 9t. letingi, a, m. a lazy person. LETJA, pres. let; pret. latti; subj. letti; part, lattr; with neg. suff. pres. reflex, leti-a, Skv. 3. 44; letsk-a-ðu, Ls. 47 (Bugge, see the foot-note): [A. S. latjan; Old Engl. le í (io hinde r)] :-- to hold back, dissuade, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing; hvetið mik eða letið mik, Bkv. 14, Vþm. 2, Am. 29, 46, Skv. 3. 41; fystu sumir, en sumir löttu, Eg. 242; fieiri löttu, ok kölluðu þat n'ið at ..., 0. H. 145, Fs. 108, Gkv. 1. 2; sumir aflöttu fyrir konungi, Fms. ix. 370; sumir löttu fyrir- satinnar, Sturl. i. 36; aðrir góðir menu löttu fyrirsátar, 38; Björn latti ferðar, Ó. H. 174; helclr löttu þeir þess, ok kváðu slíkt ekki kvenna ferð, Ld. 240; um várit vill Leifr í hernað en Ingólfr latti þess, Fs. I2I; hann latti þá (dissuaded them) at vera með konungi, Gullþ. 5; mun ek þat eigi göra, af ek sé ek fæ eigi latt, Ld. 238. II. reflex, to be let or hindered, slacken, desist; hví né letskaðú, Loki, Ls.; eigi mun ek letjask luta nema þii sór eptir, Eg. 257, Boll. 346; en þá sella ek, at þú letisk meirr fyrir sakir hræðslu en hollostu við koining, 0. II. 145; þrællinn tók at letjask nijök á starfanum, Grett. 148; herr lattisk at ganga, they did not go, could not do it, Glúm. 396 (in a verse); letjask Guði at þjóna, Stj. 388. 2. part., lifs of lattr, poe. t. reft of life, Ýt. í 2. let-orð, n. dissuasion, Bs. i. 142. lé-torf, n. turf cut with a scythe; kirkja á þrjá tigu l(':torfs á Vestr- holtum, Vm. 29. lé-torfa, u, f. a turf or sod cut with a scythe, for roofing or the like; h'torfua-skurðr, Vm. 140; varrar hans vúru sem létorfur, Fas. ii. 518. LETR, n. [from Lat. litera~\, letters; i framflutning máls ok letri, Skalcla 181; til letrs ok bóka-gerðar, Bs. i. 790: type, letters, characters, Latinu-letr, Latin letters; sett-letr, nmnka-Ietr, 'monks'-letters' -- black- letter; höfða-letr = the angular letters found in inscriptions on old tombstones; Runa-letr, Runic letters; galdra-'etr, magical characters: -- a letter, writ, Jin. 19. letrs-háttr, in. a mode of writing, alphabet, Skálda 160. letra, að, to put into letters. letr-görð, f. writing, Stj. 379. letr-list, f. the art of writing, Skálda 160. LÉTTA, t: I. with acc. to Ugh/en; hann bað h'tta skipin, Sturl. iii. 62; þeir köstuðu farrninuni ok léttu skipin, 656 C. 52. II. with dat.: 1. to lift; þá lctti köttrinn einuin fæti, Edda 33. 2. to alight from; letta ferð sinni, þeir léttu eigi fyrr ferð sinni en þeir kóniu norðr til þórólfs, Eg. 76, 106; léttu eigi ferð sinni fj'rr, en..., Nj. 61, Fms. i. 72; and absolutely, to stop, halt; þeir léttu eigi (stopped not, halted not) fyrr en þeir kóinu í Skaptár-tungur, Nj. 261; er nú niál at letta þessum leik, Fms. xi. 96; 1. hernaði, Fær. 99 :-- létta af e-u, or letta af at göra e-t, to leave off doing, cease doing, give up; hann léttir aldregi af slikt at vinna, Fb. ii. 391; lútta af álcitni við e-n, Fms. vi. 209; letta af at drekka vin, Stj. 428; ef hann iï'ttir af at leita okkar, Bs. i. 228; at aflt'tta ranglætum, Mar.; letta af hernaði, to leave off freebooting, Fms. i. 30; U'ua af kvanium, ii. 13; bað þá létta af at ilrepa menn, Eg. 92: absol., sem beir li'-ttu at berja hann, D. N. iv. 90: with prepp., létta á e-t, to check, stop, make alight; verðr mi at létta á ofan-förna hennar, fsl. (Heidarv. S.) ii. 339: var bat auðsýnt á létt hvarttvi-ggia, 6o/ h were clearly stopped, held in check, Bs. i. 142 (a dubious passage): lútta undan, to draw back, Fms. vii. 192; Sigvaldi letti undan ok flýr, xi. 95. III. to relieve, ease; hann lutti hans ineini með mikilli íþrótt, Bs. i. 644; létta sér (mod. létta sór upp), to take recreation (holidays), Mar. IV. impers. to clear up, esp. of weather; lettir upp mjorkvanum, Al. 140; síðan K'tti upp hríð- inni, Fb. ii. 194; þá létti hríoinni, Bjarn. 55; veðrit hélzk þrjár nætr, ok er upp létti, Finnb. 312, Eb. 210; eptir þat létti upp storminum, 50 :-- of illness, eptir þat lóîtir af sóttinni, Fs. 175; sagði at sótt (dat.) hans mundi þá lótta, Sks. 25 new Ed.: with the person in dat., the sickness in gen., honum létti brátt sóttarinnar, Ísl. ii. 175; ef þér lettir þá ekki, Hav. 44; hann spyrr hvárt honum létti nokkut, Gísl. 48. V. reflex, to be lightened, cleared, eased; hinn syðri hlutr léttisk, of the skv, Edda 4; léttisk honum heldr, ok var ú fótum þrjá daga,

386 LÉTTASOTT -- LEYSA.

x. 147; nú léttisk honum við þetta mikit, xi. 4S; biskupi léttisk mikit' um hjarta-rætrnar, he w as much eased, Bs. i. 769: pass, to become lig/Jl. létta-sótt, létta-kona, see U'-ttr B. létti, a, m. alleviation, relief, easing; e-m til létta, Karl. 207, Mag. 160; Bósi kveðsk væ:ita mikils létta af konungi, Fas. iii. 200, Bs. ii. 81; engir þeir sem upp hüfðu gefit sinn part vildu nokkurn létta undir leggja, they would lend no help, Grett. 153. 2. the pulley above the bed of a sick person is called létti. 3. in the adverb, phrase, af k'tta, outright, plainly, Germ, frhcbweg; Grettir spurði at tidendum, en Barði segir af létta slík sern vóru, Grett. 73 new Ed.; spyrr lion hann af storvirkjum sinum, en hann sagði ailt af létta, Fb. i. 278; sætt vara gor með létta, not straight, Eb. (in a verse). COMPDS: létti-byrð- ingr, n. a light boat, Fms. xi. 430. létta-drengr, in. an errand- boy, létti-möttull, in. a light mantle, Fagrsk. 182. letti-skip, n. and létti-skúta, u, f. a light, fleet ship, Eg. 261, Fms. vii. 259, viii. 137, ix. 285, Hkr. i. 279. létti-vinátta, u, f. a slight, suf. erf. cial friendship, Sturl. iii. 291. léttir, m. alleviation, relief. LÉTTR, adj., lóttari, k'ttastr, [cp. Ulf. leihts = iKa^pla, 2 Cor. i. 17; A. S. leobt; Engl. light; (). H. G. lihti; Germ, lei c ht; Dan. let, - Swed. l u tt; cp. Lat. le w's; Gr. ê-Xaø-pós] :-- liíf ht, of weight; bjortunnu eða annað eigi léttara. Bs. i. 389. 2. of the body; manna iimastr ok léttastr á sér, Fms. x. 73; vera á léttasta skeiði (aldri), /o be at one's most active age; þá er Haraldr var á lcttasta skeiði aldrs, Eg. 536, O. H. 68; ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, ok ekki til slíks færr, / have passed my best years, Háv. 40 :-- the phrase, vtrða léttari, to give birth, ' to be lightened of the womb, ' Spenser, (ú-lótt = heavy with child); ok nu líða stundir fram lil þess er hón verðr lúttari, ok fæ3ir luui sveinbarn, Fais. xi. 53, Nj. 91, Ísl. ii. 11), 0. H. 144, Fs. 143, 190; verða lóttari barns (= at barni), N. G. L. i. 131. II. metaph. li if ht, easy; mæddisk hann fyrir þeim ok gékk þeim k'ttara, F. g. 192; þvíat þat kann henda at monnum verðr harms sins léttara ef um er talat, Fms. vii. 105 :-- light, of wind, var veðr létt ok segltækt, 286; hann siglir lit lóttan land- nyrðing, Ld. 116. 2. light, mild, gladsome, of manners or coun- tenance; var konungr þá lcttr í öllum ræðum, Eg. 55; lcttr í nuV. um, Ls.; lettr ok linr í nu'tli, gracious, Germ, huldvoll, Bs. i. 154; hann var við alla menu léttr ok kátr, Nj. 48; hverjum manni kátari ok lóítari ok vakrari, Fms. x. 152; e-m segir eigi létt hugr um e-t, to have apprehen- sions, Fs. 38, Fms. vi. 211. 3. of value, light, vile; gütaðan dúk sæmiligan ok annan k'ttari, Vm. 32; betri, opp. to lúttari, Dipl. iii. 4; hinar betri, hinar lúttari, Vm. 58; létt fæða, light fare, Mar.; lettr forbeini, Bs. ii. So; leggja e-t í léttan stað, to think lightly of, Grett. 1 75 new Ed. B. COMPDS: létta-bragð, n. cheerfulness, Stnri. iii. 196. let-ta- lc ona, u, f. a midwife, Thoin-482. létta-sótt, f. child-labour, Mar. 976. létt-brúnn, adj. 'light-browed, ' fair-complexioned, Gullþ. 9, Ld. 48, 94; spelt létt-brýnn, Grett. "160 new Ed. létt-búinn, part, lightly-clad, Stj. 240, Gullþ. 8. létt-bærr, adj. easy to bear, 625. 72, Bs. i. 105, 236. Létt-feti, a, m. ' light-pacer, ' name of a horse, Edda, Gm. létt-fleygr, ^å] . fleet-winged, Sks. létt-færi, f. alertness, Mar. létt-fœrr, adj. nimble, fleet, Rb. 334, þiðr. 343, Korm. (in a verse). létt-fættr, adj. light-footed, fleet. lett-hendr, adj. light-handed. létt-hjalað, n. part.; e-m verð 1., to chatter, Fms. xi. 234. létt-hlaðirm, part. ligb:-lnden, Fms. ii. 188. létt- h. ugaðr, ad] , light-minded, Sks. 24. létt-klæddr, part, ligh. 'ly-clad, Hkr. iii. 281. létt-látr, adj. light-hearted, cheerful, Sks. 24. Fms. vii. 175, viii. 447, ix. 4. létt-leikr, in. (-Iciki, a, in.), lightness, agility, alertness. Sks. 620, Fas. iii. 237, Lil. 17. létt-liga, adv. lightly, easily, Fms. i. 85, viii. 78, Stj. 17: civilly, Stj. 209, Barl. 119: lightly, of dress, Ld. 46: readily, Eg. 200: may be, perhaps, Stj.; Kittliga hvergi, 16, 24, 35, 112; h-ttliga at, may be that, 47, 59, 106, 122, 126, 159, 400, Fb. i. 376. létt-ligr, adj. lightly, light, Bs. ii. líio. lét-t- lifr, adj. 'light-lived. ' living an easy life, N. G. L. ii. 444, Mag. 90. lett-ljmdi, n. an easy temper. létt-lyndr, adj. easy-tempered. létt- læti, n. a light life; lé:tlæíis-kona, a harlot, Sti. 350, Fms. vii. 24f, Sir. 9. létt-meti, n. a poor diet. létt-mæil-r, pait. light-spoken, ligbt-tongîied, Fms. vii. 227. létt-úð, f. ligbt-berirled/iess, Fms. vi. 287: mod. levity, frivolity. létt-úðigr, adj. light-minded, Fms. ii. 20, xi. 5: light, ibovgb. 'less. létt-vaxinn, part, flight of figure, slender, Hem. létt-vígr, adj. prone to fight, Kb. 43 new Ed. létt-vísi, f. levity, Barl. 148. létt-vægr, adj. light-weighted, of little value. LEYÐRA, að (?), [lauðr or löðr], to wasb; leyðra borðker or bjórker, to wash the dishes, Em. i. LEYFA, ð, [lof; Germ, er-lauben'] : I. to permit, allow; ley fa e-m e-t, leyfí þér honum at fara sem honum gegnir be/t, Nj. 10; var levft at gefa upp gamal-inenni, Fms. ii. 225; villtú ley fa nökkurum monnuin útgöngu, Nj. 200, passim in old and mod. usage. II. to praise, with acc.; leyfa is the older, lofa (q. v.) the later form; leyfa freq. occurs in old poets, Hm. 81, 91, Gh. 4 (Mm. 5), Fms. i. 182 (in a verse), xi. 215 (in a verse), 0. H. 173, Fldda 65 (in a verse): in prose -- þá er ek Icyfi Ölaf konung ok svá háttu haiis, Fms. v. 327; lítt er þessi maðr leyfðr fyrir oss, vi. 108; þó er hann mjök leyfðr af murgum inonnum, Bs. i. 480: the phrase, eiga fótum fjör at leyfa (mod. fjor at launa), O. H. L. 6; but esp. freq. in poetry is the part, ley for = famed, glorious, passim, see Lex. leyfð, f. praise, 0. H. 24 (in a verse). leyfi, n. [Engl. leave^. leave, permission, Fms. ii. 79, viii. 271, K. Á. 176, Sks. 59, Bs. i. 500; lof eð. í leyfi, Fb. ii. 266; taka leyfi af e-m, to take leave, Flóv. 32, Sir. 64: of poetical licence, Edda 120, 124. COMPDS: leyfi-dagr, m. a ' leave-day, ' holiday, K. þ. K. 120. leyfls-laust, n. adj. without have, Jb. 398. leyfi-liga, adv. by leave, with permission, Mar., H. E. i. 470. leyfi-ligr, ad] , permitted, alloii/ed, Fs. 23. LEYGR, in., gen. leygjar and leygs, [akin to logil, a lowe, fire, flame, freq. in old poetry, singly as well as in coinpds, but never used in prose; esp. freq. in pout, circumlocutions of gold and weapons; báru-leygr, the waves'beam = gold; arm-lcygr, the fla:b of the arm -- a bracelet; und- leygr, the flai-h of a wound, of blood, of Odin, etc. = a weapon, see Lex. Pout. leyg-för, f. afire (Lat. incendium), Fms. ix. 533 (in a verse). LEYNA, d, [laun; Scot, layne] , to hide, conceal, absol. or with dat. of the thing; var leynt nafni hans, Ld. 296, Grúg. i. 125, Ísl. ii. 251, Ld. 296. 2. with dat. of the thing, acc. of the person; leyna e-n e-u, to hide a thing from one, Og. 27, Nj. 23, Grig, i. 370, Fms. viii. 12; old leynig því aldri, Sighvat, 0. H. 119: with acc. of the thing, less correct, Sir. 31, 50, D. N. iv. 546. II. reflex, to hide oneself; leynisk hann mi Norðinanin-kommgr, Fms. i. 44, Sks. 605 :-- leynask í broil, to steal away. Eg. 572, Fb. ii. 367: or absol., í því ætlar bóndi at leynask lit í myrkrit, Eg. 240 :-- leynask at e-m, to steal upon a person, attack by stealth, Greit. 149 A. 2. part, leynandi -- Icyndr, in the phrase, með leynanda löstum, with hidden flaws, N. G. L. i. 25, 29: leyndr, part. pass, secret, hidden; e-t ferr leynt, goes by stealth, in secrecy, Eg. 28; leynd mat, secrets, Grág. i. 362; for bat eigi leynt, it was not hidden, Fb. ii. 271. leynd, f. secrecy, hiding; til leyndar, Fms. x. 383, Sks. 365; með leynd. secretly, Stj. 200, Rd. 235, Ísl. ii. 199, Fms. x. 380, passim; leyndar-brút, -crenclí, a secret letter, secret errand, viii. 128, ix. 341, Stj. 383. cor. ii'Ds: leyndar-dómr, in. a mystery, N. T., Vidal. . Pass. leyndar-kofi, a, in. a closet, Bs. i. 253. leyndar-limr, m. the hidden limb, genitalia, Sij. 21. leyndar-mál, n. a secret ajfair, Fms. i. 54, viii. 342, Sks. 341. leyndar-nef, n. a hidden person, N. G. L. i. 200. leyndar-staðr, m. a hidden place, Sturl. ii. 151. leyndar-tal, n. secret talk, Fms. x. 262, 320. leyni, n. a hiding-place, esp. in pl., 623. 3: sing., leita sér leynis, Nj. 267; í Ityni e-u, Korm. 144: í leyni?=i leynd. COMPDS: leyni- bragð, n. a secret plot, Fms. v. 257. leyni-dyrr, n. pl. s e c ret doors, Nj. 198 (v. L), Anal. 186. leyni-fjörðr, m. a hidden fjord, Fas. leyni-gata, u, f. a secret path, Sol. 23. leyni-gröf, f. a bidden pit, Ísl. ii. 74. leyni-liérað, n. a secluded county, Róm. 260. leyni- kofi, a, in. a secret closet, Mar. leyni-stigr, in. a bidden path, Ísl. ii. 44, Al. 89. leyni-vágr, m. a hidden creek, Nj. 280, Fs. 112, Eg. 374, O. H. L. 2, 36. leyni-vegr, in. a secret way, Rd. 222. leyni-liga, adv. secretly, Nj. 5, Gþl. 63, 65. leyni-ligr, adj. hidden, secret, 625. 190, Fms. x. 269, N. G. L. iii. 5. leyningr, m. a hollow way; skal ráða lækr fyrir ofan ho! er fellr or leyningum, upp ú fjail ok fram í ú, Dipl. iv. I: a local name, Rd. 276. leyninn, adj. hiding; 1. af kniptum sinum, 625. 83. leyra, u. f. (spelt lôra, Edda ii. 464, 547), [cp. Dan. kukke-lure and Scot, loiciy -- a fox] :-- a sneaking, worthless person, mann-læra; laeðist kisu-lóra (the naughty pass sneaks) latir í cndann klóra, Flaligr. LEYSA, t, [lauss; Ulf. lausjan = pvttv; A. S. losjan; Ei\g\. loosen; Germ, losen] :-- -to loosen, untie, Edda 29, Eg. 223, Ems. vii. 123; leysa skua, 656. 2: the phrase, þó mun einn cndi leystr vera um þetta mill, it will all be untied, end in one way, Gísl. 82, cp. Korm. (in a verse); leysa til sekkja, to untie, open the sacks, Stj. 216; leysa til súrs, t o unbind a ivound, Bs. ii. í So; leysa sundr, to te n r asunder, Grett. 115. 2. inipers. it is dissolved, breaks up; bat veðr gerði mánu- daginn, at skipit (acc.) leysti (wa s dissolved) undir þeim, hljópu menu þá i bat, Sturl. iii. 106; sum (?kip, acc.) leysti í liafi undir monnum, were wrecked, broken up, Bs. i. 30; bein (acc.) leysti ór höfði henui, 196; leysti fót undan Jóni, Sturl. iii. Il6 :-- of ice, snow, to thaw, þá er var koni ok snse leysti ok isa, Eg. 77; koin þeyr iniki'. I, hlupu votn fram, ok le\'sti arnar, the ice broke up on the rivers, Sturl. iii. 45; þegar ísa leysir af votnuni, Fms. iv. 142; áin var leyst (thawed, open) með lönduni, en iss flaut ú henni miðri, Boll. 3:8; vötn (acc.) mun ok skjótt leysa, Fbr. 12 new Ed. II. metaph. to free, redeem; leysa lif sitt, Nj. í 14 J leysa sik af hó'. mi, passim, see hólmr :-- leysa sik, to release oneself by performing one's duty, see atiausn, Fbr. 154; þo mun (iuiinarr leysa þik af þessu múli, Nj. 64; ek mun leysa þorstcin undan ferð þessi, Eg. 542: to redeem a vow, leysa kross sinn, Fms. x. 92; leysa heit, Stj. 520; '• suðrgöngu, Nj. 2. to redeem, purchase, as a law term; þau sex

LEYSING -- LIÐSINNA. 387

hundruð, er hún hafði til sin leyst, Dipl. v. 7. 3. to discharge, pay; at leysa þat gjald sem á var kveðit, Fms. x. 112; hann leysti þá eitt (hundrað) í kosti, fimm í slátrum, Dipl. v. 7; leysa or leysa af bendi, t o perform, Band. 3; leysa e-n undan e-u, to release, Grág. i. 362. 4. to solve; hann, leysti hvers manns vandræði, he loosed, cleared up all men's distresses, he helped every man in distress, viz. with his good counsel, Nj. 30; Sturla skyldi fara fyrir þá báða feðga ok leysa mál þeirra, Bs. i. 554; leysa þrætu, to settle a strife, Róm. 295; leysa gátu, to read a riddle, Stj. 411; marga hluti spyrr konungr Gest, en hann leysir flest vel ok vitrliga, Fb. i. 346: leysa or e-u (spurningu), to solve a difficulty, answer a question, Fms. vi. 367; nú mun ek leysa ór þinni spurningu, Bs. i. 797; karl leysti ór því üllu fróðliga sem hann spurði, Fb. i. 330, Ld. 80, Hkr. iii. 186: to absolve, in an eccl. sense, Hom. 56, K. Á. 64, Bs. pas- sim. 5. levsa út, to redeem (cp. ' to bail ow t'); má vera at þú náir at leysa hann tit héðan, Fms. i. 79, vii. 195: leysa ut, to pay out; leysir Hoskuldr út fé hans, Ld. 68; Hoskuldr leysti út fé Hallgerðar með hinum bezta greiðskap, Nj. 18, Fas. i. 455: to dismiss guests with gifts (see the remarks to gjöf), leysti konungr þá út með sæmiligum gjöfum, Fms. x. 47. III. reflex, to be dissolved; tók hold peirra at þrntna ok leysask af kulda, 623. 33. 2. to absent oneself; leystisk þú svá héðan nzstuin, at þér var engi van lífs af nu'r, Eg. 411; í þann tíma er leystisk Eyrar-floti, 78; svá hefi ek leyst or garði lúðvarðaðar, Eg. (in a verse); Máriu-messudag leysü(sk) konungr or Græningja-sundi, Bs. i. 781. 3. metaph. to redeem, relieve oneself; en hann leystisk því undan við þá, íb. 11; en hann leystisk því af, at hann keypti at borgeiri lügsögu-manni hálfri mörk silfrs, Fms. x. 299; þat land er erfingjar ens dauða leysask af, Grág. ii. 238; megu ver ekki annat ætla, en leysask af nokkuru eptir slík stórvirki, Ld. 266. leysing, f. loosening, Skulda 203: a thawing, melting of ice and snow, Fas. ii. 407. leysingi, a, m., a!solaitsingi, leysmgr, m., esp. in gen. leysings, N. G. L. i- 29. 33) 36, 49, 238, 345, Grág. i. 185, Jb. 6 :-- afreedman, Lat. libertus; þræls morð cða leysings, Jb. I. e., Grág. i. 184, 185, 265, 266, Eb. 166, Eg. 740, Ld. 12, 100, Landn. ill, 112, Nj. 59, Fb. i. 538, Fms. i. 114. leysings-eyrir, m. a freedman's fee, to be paid to his master to the amount of six ounces, N. G. I/, i. 36, 39. II. a landlouper; harm var náliga lausingi einn fclauss, Ld. 38: = leysingja, u, f. a freed-woman, Grág. i. 184, 185, N. G. L. i. 33. leyti, n. part., see hleyti. LIÐ, n. [cp. líða], a host, foil:, people; lið heitir mannfólk, Edda HO; fyrða lið, the people, Hm. 160; sjaldan hittir leiðr í lið, 65; Dvalins lið, the dwarf people, Vsp. 14; þrír ór því liði, 17; Ásgrimr bauð því öllu liði til sin, Nj. 209; týndisk mcstr hluti liðs þess er bar var inni, Eg. 240; þeir brenndu bæinn ok lið þat allt er inni var, Fms. i. 12; gékk liðit sveitum mjiïk, the people were much divided, Clem. 43; liðit rann ór þorpinu á landit þegar er þat varð vart við herinn, Eg. 528; ef þeir hafa eigi lið (crew) til brott at halda, Grág. i. 92; allt lið várt triiir, a ll our people trow, 656 C. 20; yfir öllu Kristnu liði, 623. 58 :-- a family, household, hélzk vinátta með þeim Gunnari ok Njúli, þótt fáít væri medal annars liðsins, Nj. 66; hafði hann þá ekki íæra lið nieð sér enn ena fyrri vetr, Eg. 77; konungrinn bað mart lið þangat koma, ok svú Ifigeníu með lið sitt, 656 A. ii. 15; þeir vóru allir eins liðs, all of one party, Eg. 341; samir oss betr at vera eins liös en berjask, Fs. 15 :-- a troop, herd, Freyfaxi gengjr í dalnuni fram nieð liði sínu, Hrafn. 6; hann (the wild boar) hafdi mart lið með sik, Fms. iv. 57; þá rennr þar galti med lið sitt, Fb. ii. 27. II. esp. a milit. term, t roo ps, n h os t, by land or sea, originally the king's household troops, as opposed to the levy or leiðangr; this word and liði (q. v.) remind one of the comitatus in Tacit. Germ.; hence the allit. phrase, lið ok k-iðangr, hann sanmaði bæði liði miklu ok kiðangri, O. H. L. 12; Baglar toku nu bæði leiðangr ok lið, Fms. viii. 334, Eg. 11, 41; með herskip ok lið mikit, Fms. i. 11; vera í liði nieð e-m, í 2, Nj. 7; skip ok lið, Orkn. 108; fjoldi liðs, Fms. vii. 320; göra lið at e-m, to march against, id.; samna liði, to gather troops, xi. 27, 121. 2. help, assistance; veita e-m lið, to aid, Fins, xi. 27, 121, Orkn. 224; gefa fú til liðs (sér), Grág. i. 144; með manna liði, with the help of men, Gþl. 411; sýsla um lið. to treat for help, 285. COMPOS: liðs-afli, a, m. forces, troops, Fms. iii. 203, vii. 207. liðs- beini, a, in. the giving help, Lv. 105. liða-bón, f. a prayer for he. lp, Lv. 105. liðs-drattr, m. an assembling troops, Ísl. ii. 171, Sturl. i. 87: open hostility, þá var mikill liðsdráttr með sonum Ófeigs at eptinnáii, Grett. 87. liðs-fjöldi, a, in. a great host, Fms. vii. 326, Orkn. 108, Bs. i. 763, Hkr. ii. 376, passim. liðs-höfðingi, a, m. a captain of hosts, Fms. vii. 37. liðs-kostr, m. a military force, Fms. vii. 319, Hkr. i. 281: means, forces, Grug. i. 287, Eg. 79. liðs-laun, n. pl. reward for help rendered, Fms. vii. 146. liðs-maðr, m. a follower, warrior, in pl. liðsnienn, the men of one's army. Eg. 57, Fms. ix. 36, 47, 509: a sailor, in the pr. name Liðsmanna-konuiigr (cp. A. S. li?, - man -- a sailor), the surname of a mythical king, Sturl. i. 23, Fas. ii. 154. liðs-munr, m. odds, Eg. 289, Nj. 86, Fms. i. 42, Hkr. i. 115, Fs. 14. liðs-safnaðr, m. a gathering of troops, Fms. vii. 1 77. liðs-yrði, n.; leggju e-m 1., to speak a good word /or one. liðfj-Jmrfi, adj. in need of help, Fms. vii. 265, xi. 24. liðs-burft, f. w eed of help, Fms. viii. 199. liðs-börf, f. = liðsþurft, Fms. viii. 140, Hkr. iii. 340. B. [A. S. li o' = a fleet; prob. from the same root as the preceding, cp. liði] :-- a ship; lið heitir skip, Edda no; lið fly'tr, 132 (in a verse); mörg lið, Ó. H. 180 (in a verse), cp. 160 (in a verse): in prose only in the phrase, leggja fyr lið, to throw overboard, to forsake, Kormak; láta fur lið, to abandon, Ísl. ii. 362; cp. also Liðsmanna-konungr, m. a sailor-king; see A. II. liða, að, [liðr]. to arrange; þá skal biskup með þeim haetti liða lausn- ina, H. E. i. 243: to dismember, liða sundr or sundr-liða, and metaph. t o expound [cp. ' to divide, ' ôpöoTo/ítíV, N. T.]; ó-liðaðr, unexplained, Hom. (St.) 87. II. reflex, liðask, to fall in curls, of hair;' hárit Ijósjarpt ok liðaðisk vel, Fb. iii. 246; gult hár ok liðaðisk allt á herðar niðr, Ld. 272, biðr. 174. liðan, f, exposition, Hom. (St.) 51. lið-bót, f. addition of help, THom. 36. lið-drjúgr, adj. strong, powerful, Fms. viii. 345. lið-fár, adj. sh or t of men, Fms. vii. 289, Ísl. ii. 408. lið-fæð, f. a scarcity of men, biðr. 64. lið-færr, adj. able-bodied, Eg. 117, 146, Fms. x. 399, xi. 146, Hkr. ii. 384. lið-góðr, adj. ^oo d at doing, handy; kappsfullr ok 1. at öllu ... lið- betri, Bs. i. 655, Fms. vi. 337. lið-henda, u, f. a kind of metre, Edda 134 (Ht. 53). lið-hending, f. = liðhenda, Edda 124. lið-hendr, adj. in the metre liðhenda, Edda 131. liði, a, m. [üð], a follower; liðar þat eru fylgðar-menn, Edda 107; Eysteins, borkels, Háreks, Valþiófs liðar, the men of Eystein ..., Waltbiof, Fas. ii. 50 (in a vtrse), Fms. v. 222 (in a verse), Lex. Poët.; Búa-liðar, the men of Bui, Fms. xi. 140; Langbarðs liðar, the Lombard people, Gkv. 2. 19; Ás-liðar, the /b e s, Skm. 34; hans liðar, his men. Fas. ii. 315^ (in a verse); fjandinn ok hans liðar, Hom. (St.) 77; ek ok mínir liðar, O H. 243. II. a traveller, esp. a sailor, [cp. A. S. li'Sa; and lið = a ship, liðsmenn = sailors] ; in vetr-liði, a winter-Mil'ir; sumar-liði, a siimmer- sailot: III. in a local sense, a district, in regard to the levy; hann lagði á bændr leiðangr, at ór hverjum liða skyldi gcra niann ok urn fram pund ok naut, Fms. viii. 395, D. N. ii. 614, 624. liða-gjald, n. the levied tax (from liði = a sailor), Fms. viii. 327, 419. liðka, að, [liðugr], to make smooth and easy. lið-langr, adj.; liðiangan dr. g, the live-long day. lið-lauss, adj. helpless, N. G. L. i. 211. lið-leskja, u, f. [löskr], a bad hand, laggard. lið-léttr, adj. of slight help, feeble. lið-leysi, n. lack of forces, Fms. x. 403, Jb. 392. lið-liga, adv. handily, adroitly, finely, Sturl. ii. 52. lið-ligr, adj. alert, adroit, Sks. 289, Bs. i. 651, Fb. i. 167, Sturl. ii. 52. lið-lítill, adj. having few men, Fms. vii. 207: naughty, 59. lið-mannliga, adv. adroitly, Band. 5 new Ed., Fms. vi. 326. lið-mannligr, adj. adroit, handy, Fms. iii. 83, vii. 112. lið-margr, adj. having many men, Njarð. 370, Gullþ. II: üðíleiri, compar., Bs. ii. 150, Stj. 588. lið-mikill, adj. = liðniargr, Hkr. ii. 193. lið-mjúkr, adj. [liðr], lithe, slender, of the fingers, Karl. 301. LIÐR, m., gen. liðar and liðs, pl. liðir, acc. l;ðu, [Ulf. li/ms -- p(\os; A. S. li fi; Scot, lilh; Old Engl. (Chaucer) lith; O. H. G. lit; Germ. glied; Dan. led] :-- a joint, of the body; lið kalla menu þat á maimi er leggir mætask, Edda Jio; á liðu, Hm. 137, " ok of liðu spenna, Sdm. 9; ok leinða alla í liðn, Ls. 43; lykja e-n liðuni, to make one's joints stijf, Hm. 114: the allit. phrase, Ifggr og liðr, skalf á lionviin leggr ok liðr, he shivered all over the body, Fbr. 89 new Ed.; fótrinn stökk or liði, thefoot went mit of joint, Ísl. ii. 246; færa í lið, t o put into joint, Gullþ.; okkrir lirnir ok üðir, Ísl. ii. 201; bat er liðum loðir sanian, N. G. L. i. 345 :-- poet., liftar ildr, hyrr, ' lith-flame, ' poet, gold. Lex. Pout; liðar-hangi, a ' li/h-loop, ' bracelet, Eb. (in a verse); liðs snxr, svell, 'joint-snow' ' joint-ice, ' -- gold, silver, Lex. Poët. 2. metaph. a degree in a lineage; at iimmta knú ok fimta lið, N. G. L. i. 15; ætt-liðr, freq. in mod. usage. 3. of the nose; liðr á nefi, Ld. 272, Nj. 39, biðr. 178: úlf-liðr, the wrht; hák-liðr, hryggjar- liðr, ökla-liðr, fó:-liðr. II. n limb, 656 B. 7: membrnm virile, 625. IO; losta liðr, id., Pr. 71. III. metaph. a member; lion Guðs, Hom. 125, Greg. 42; liðir Krists, ~8; liðr Djöfuls, 623. 31; Juï er hón grætr dauða liða sinna, Hm. 41 :-- mathem. the tens, Alg. 356, 358. COMPDS: liða-lauss, adj. without joints. liða-mót, n. pl. the joints. lið-rækr, adj. rejected as not able-bodied, Eb. 224, O. H. 202. lið-safnaðr, -samnaðr, m. a gathering of troops, Eg. 98, 271, Fms. i. 117, vii. 286, Fær. 105, Nj. 105, Hkr. ii. 239. lið-samr, adj. ready to help, Fms. viii. Si. lið-semd, f. assistance, Fs. 18, Eg. 265, 722, 731, Fms. i. í 26, Edda 35. lið-semi, f. = liðsemd, Grett. 83. lið-sinna, að, mod. t, with dat., to assist, further, Fms. vi. 269: with acc., to further, 395: liðsinnaðr, rart. hfljiag, Fms. iv. 308, vi. 62.

388 LIÐSINNI -- L1GGJA.

lið-sinni, n. help, assistance, Fms. iv. 159, Stj. 139, Fs. 33. liðsinnia- maðr, m. a helper, Lv. 79, Ó. H. 34. lið-skipan, f. an array of troops, Hkr. ii. 362. lið-skortr, m. lack of men, Al. 41. lið-skylft, n. adj. requiring many people; vér höfum skip mikit ok liðskylft, requiring a numerous crew, 0. H. 134; cp. fo-skylft. liðugliga, adv. willingly, readily, Fms. iii. 119. liðugr, adj. [Germ, ledig] , ready, willing, 655 xxxii. 2: free, unhin- dered, lauss ok liðugr, Stj. 59; skal Grettir fara íiðugr þangat sem hann vill, Grett. 147; lotið mér liðugan gang! Safn i. 69: unoccupied, disen- gaged, Fs. ii. 80, Sturl. iii. 244, H. E. 1. 422: free of payment, B. K. 119, Jb. 256; kvittr ok liðugr, Dipl. iii. I, v. 21: easy, flowing (of language), með liðugri Norrænu, Bs. ii. 121: yielding, Fms. v. 299: agile, alert, in mod. usage. Liðungar, m. pl. the men from Lið in Norway, in the county Vik, near to Oslo (Christiania), Ann. 1308; cp. Ltâ-vîcingas in the old Anglo- Saxon poem Widsith. lið-vani, adj. lacking means (men), Landn. 84. lið-vaskr, adj. doughty, valiant, Lv. 24. lið-veizla, u, f. the granting help, support, Fms. i. 129, iv. 216, passim. liðveizlu-maðr, m. a supporter, Nj. 178, Fms. x. 258. lið-þroti, a, m. = liðvani, K. Á., Sighvat. lið-þurfi, adj. = liðsþurfi, Grett. 102 A. lif, f., see lyf. LIFA, pres. lifi; pret. lifði; imperat. lif, lifðú, an older form lifi, 655 iv. I, Stj. 445; neut. part, lifat, masc. lifðr, Hm. 69: there was a strong verb lifa, leif, liiu, lifinn, of which leifa is the causal, but of this word nothing now remains except the part. acc. lifna (vivos), Hkv. 2. 27, and dat. lifnum(i/ i w)), 45: [Ulf. lifan = (tfv; A. S. lifan; Engl. live; O. H. G. leban; Germ, leben; Swed. lefva; Dan. leve; a word common to all Teut. languages, the original sense of which was to be left, and so akin to leifa, = Lat. superstes esse, which sense still remains in some Icel. phrases; cp. also lifna.] A. To be left; þóat einn hleifr lifi eptir, although one loaf''lives' behind, i. e. i s left, N. G. L. i. 349; skal þat atkvæði þeirra vera í hverju mali sem þá lifir nafnsins eptir, er or er tekinn raddar-stafr or nafninu, Skálda (Thorodd); þá er þat atkvæði hans í hverju mali sem eptir lifir nafnsins, er or er tekinn raddar-stafr or nafni hans, id. 2. of the day, night, or season; þá er þriðjungr lifir dags, when a third of the day i s left, N. G. L. i. í); þá er ellefu nætr lifðu eptir April is nuínaðar, 655 iii. 3; laugar- daginn áðr lifa átta vikur sumars, Grág. i. 122, K. þ. K. 70; er mánuðr lifir vetrar, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 186; fúru þeir brott er mikit lifði nætr, Fms. i. 99; en er þriðjungr lifir nætr, mun hringt at Bura-kirkjn, Kb. i. 204; en er þriðjungr lifði nætr, vakti jborsteinn upp gesti sína, Fms. i. 7O- 3. in old sayings this sense is still perceptible, to remain, endure; atkvæði lifa lengst, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); lifa orð lengst eptir hvern, Fms. viii. 16: as also in old poems, hvat lifir manna (what of men will be left?), cr hinn mæra fimbul-vetr líðr? Vþm. 44; meðan old lifir, while the world stands, Vsp. 16; lifit einir cr, ye alone are left to me, Hom. 4; otherwise this sense has become obsolete. B. To live; this sense has almost entirely superseded the old. The primitive word denoting life or to live in the Teut. languages was from the root of kvikr (q. v.), of which the verbal form has been replaced by lifa; meðan lifir, whilst he lives, Hm. 9, 53; meðan hann lifði, while he lived, Nj. 45; hann hélt vel trú meðan hann lifdi, Fms. xi. 418; meðan þeir lifði (subj.) báðir, vi. 27; ek hefi lifat ok verit kallaðr bóndi nokkurra konunga æfi, 192; at sér lifanda, Lat. se vivo, íb. 18, Grág. i. 202; lifa langan aldr, Nj. 62; the saying, þeir lifa langan aldr (mod. lengst) sem með orðum eru vegnir, = Engl. words break no bones, 252: lifi konungr, long live the king! (cp. Lat. vivat rex), Stj. 445; lifi heill þú, konungr ! 655 iv. I. 2. lifa við, to live on, feed on; lifa við vín, Gm. 19; þat eina er ver megim lifa við, Al. 133; ok lifðu nú viðr reka, smádýri ok íkorna, Fs. 177: mod., lifa á e-u, to feed on, live on. 3. in a moral sense, to live, conduct one's life; hafði hann ok lifat svá hreinliga sem þeir Kristnir menn er bezt eru siðaðir, Landn. 38; lifa dy'rligu lifi, Hom. 147; lifa vel, ilia, to live a good, bad life, passim: lifa eptir e-m, to indulge a person, 656 C. 37, 42. 4. also used of fire, t o live, be quick; svá at þar mátti lifa eldr, Fas. ii. 517, freq. in mod. usage, the Icel. say, eldrinn lifir, Ijósið lifir; (cp. also, drepa Ijosit, to kill, quench afire, a light; eldrinn er dauðr, Ijosit er dautt, the fire, the light is dead; eldrinn lifnar, i s kindled;) for this interesting usage cp. also kvikr and kveykja, denoting life andyf re. II. part, lifandi and lifandis, indecl. living; lifandis maðr, Mar.; lifandis sálar, Stj. 31; lifandis manna, 39; lifandis skepnu, 57; lifandis hlut, 7, 5; but better, lifandi, pl. lif- endr, a live, as also the living; i lifanda lifi, in one's living life, opp. to a deyjanda degi (o none's dying day) at vér sum dauðir heimi en lifendr Guði, Hom. 79; lifcndra (mod. gen. pl.) og dauðra, the living and the dead; dæma lifendr ogdauða(' the quick and the dead, ' in the Creed). 2. part, lifðr; betra er lifðum en so úlifðurn, better to be living than lifeless, i. e. while there is life there is hope, Hm. 69; úlifðan, deceased, Hkv. 2. lifna, að, [Ulf. af-lifnan -- TTfpiKiiirfuOai; Swed. lamna; Dan. levne] : -- to be left; en þeir er lifnuðu (those who were left alive) iðruðusk löir- brota, Sks. 675 B; engir afkvistir munu þar af lifna (to be left) í þessu landi, Fb. ii. 299; en þóat einn leifr lifni eptir, N. G. L. i. 371. XI. to come to life, revive, K. |x K. 14, Hkr. i. 102, MS. 623. 26: to remain, Alg. lifnaðr, m. life, conduct of life, Stj. 55, 223, freq. in mod. usage: ó-lifnaðr, a wicked life. 2. convent life, a convent, Ann. 1231, Fms. xi. 444, Bs. i. 857, ii. 151. LIFR, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. lifrar: [A. S. lifer; Engl. liver; Germ, leber] :-- the liver, Fbr. 137, Édda 76, Stj. 309, Grett. 137, passim: blóð-lifr, coagulated blood. lifra, u, f., poet, a sister, Bragi. lifraðr, part, stewed with liver, Snót. lifri, a, m., poi. it. a brother, Edda (til.) lifr-rauðr, adj. livercoloured, dark red. lif-steinn, m., see lyfsteinn. LIGGJA, pres. ligg, pl. liggja; pret. la, -2nd pers. látt, mod. last; subj. lægi; imperat. ligg and Hggðú; part, leginn: [Ulf. ligan -- Kfiadat; A. S. licgan; Chauc. to ligge; North. F3. and Scot, to li g'; Engl. to lie; Germ, liegen; Dan. ligge\ :-- to lie; ör liggr þar úti á vegginum, Nj. 115, Fas. i. 284; þeir vógu at honum liggjanda ok úvörum, 332; hann liggr á hauginum, Fb. i. 215; la hann inni meðan þeir börðusk, Nj. 85; legsk hann niðr í runna nokkura ok liggr þar um stund, 132; Rafn lá í bekk, Sturl. i. 140; sveinar tveir er lengi höfðu úti legit á fjöllum, to lieout in the cold, Fms. ii. 98; sumir lágu úti á fjöilum meô bd sin, lay out on the fells with their cattle, Sturl. iii. 75: of robbers, cp. úti-legu-maðr, an 'outlying-man, ' outlaw; 1. úti ú fjoilum, Ld. 250: of freebooters, vikingar tveir, ok lagu úti baeði vetr ok sumar, Grett. 83; 1. í hernaði, víkingu, to be out on a raid, Fs. 120, Eg. i, Fms. xi. 44 :-- t o lie, r e s t, þú skalt liggja í lopti hjá inér í nútt, Nj. 6; 'águ þau þar tvau ein í loptinu, 7; þú skalt ríða um nætr en liggja (but lie abed) um daga, 34; Gunnarr lá mjük langa hríð, 94; þeir lágu úti urn nóttina, lay ou t by night, Fms. ix. 364: the phrase, liggja á gólti, to lieon the floor, to lie in labour, Fb. ii. 263: of carnal intercourse, to lie with, hefir Guðrún dóttir mín legit hjá þér, Nj. 94; lá ek hjá dóttur þhmi, 130: Hggja með e-m, id., Grág. i. 128; hón hefir legit sekt í garð konungs, N. G. L. i. /58: with acc., liggja konu, síuprare, Gþl. 203, N. G. L. i. 20; at þú hafir legit dóttur Isólfs, Lv. 78: of animals (rare), en veðrarnir ok bukkarnir lágu þær, Stj. 178 :-- to lie s i c k, hann liggr sjúkr heima at búð..., lá hann sjukr um allt þingit, Nj. 80; Þórólfr ok Bárðr lágu í sárutn, l a y si c k of their wounds, Eg. 34; Helga tók þá ok þvngd ok lá þó eigi, H. lay sick, but not bedridden, Ísl. ii. 274; ef griðmaðr liggr af verkum sinuni, lie s sick from his work, Grág. i. 154; ef hann liggr í helsótt, 201 :-- to lie, be buried, Björn liggr í Farmanns-haugi, Fms. i. 12; her liggr skald, Fb. i. 215 (in a verse) :-- to lie at anchor, Bs. i. 713; þar lagði hann til hafuar ok la þar um hríð, Fms. i. 145; lagu langskip konungs með endilöngum bryggjum, ix. 478; þeir lágu þar nokkura hríð undir nesi einu, Nj. 43; hann lá í Gautelfi austr, 122; par la fyrir í höfninni knörr einn mikil!, Eg. 79; en er hann kom fyrir Elfina þá lágu þeir þar ok biðu nætr, 80; Haraldr konungr lá liði sum ut fyrir Hreinsliittu, Fms. i. 12; liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind, 135; liggja til hafs, id., Bs. i. 66, Bjarn. 4, Gísl. 7, Landn. 223: 1. veðr-fastr, to lie weather-bound: -- lágu hvelpar í huudunum, they were big with whelps, Fms. xi. 10: 1. í kafi, t o s ink deep; þá liggr í hestrinn undir þeim, sank in a quagmire, Fs. 65; Gregorius hi í isinuin, Fms. vii. 273; also, lágu hestarnir á (i) kafi, Eg. 546. II. to be covered with ice, ice- bound (cp. leggja); vötnin lagu oil, Fbr. 13; til Vigra-fjarðar, ok la hann allr, Eb. 84 new Ed.; lágu allir firðir, 306. III. to lie idle, of capital; enda er heimting til fjarias, hversu lengi sem liggr, Grág. i. 209; enda liggr feit her alldregi, 220; erfðir liggi sem áðrer skill um, Gþl. 254; liggja uslegit, to lie unmown, Grág. ii. 284; lata sum orð liggja (to let them lie, leave out) þau er mali eigu at skipta, þat er ljugvitni, i. 43; 1. niðri, to lie down, lie dormant, lie untold, or the like, Fagrsk, 126, Nj. 88, 0. II. 233, Grett. 192 new Ed.; opt ma satt kyrt liggja, t rw th may often be left alone, a saving: liggja eptir, to be left behind, untold, Fms. viii. 4: spec, usages, liggja lauss fyrir, to lie l oos e, lie atone's hand; fylg þú nú virðing þiimi er þér liggr laus fyrir, Boll. 360; þótti eigi svá laust fyrir liggja sem þeir hugsuðu, Fms. viii. 357: liggja undir e-m (or e-n), of power, lands, to belong t o; jörðu þeirri er legit hefir undir oss langfeðrum, Gþl. 296; þat er mikit ríki, ok liggr undir biskup í Skáni, Fms. xi. 231. IV. to take, hold, of a measure; vatns-ker þau er í lagu matskjólur tvennar, Hom. (St.): the phrase, liggja í miklu, litlu rumi, to take a great, a little space, metaph. to think much, little of a thing, Ld. 210, Al. 152; liggja í liittu rumi, to care little for: e-m liggja vel (ilia) orð til e-s, to speak well (ill) of a thing or person, Konr.; honum lagu vel orð til hans, he s poke favoitrably of him, V. to lie, be situated, of a place, road, of direction; slá er lá um þvert skipit, Nj. 125; liggja saman garðar, Gísl. 10; liggr sá steinn þar enn, Eg. 142, Gm. 4, 12; þær (the Scilly Islands) liggja vestr í hafit fra England!, Fms. i. 145; at garði þeim sem liggr ofan eptir mýrinni, Dipl. v. 25; er sagt er at liggi sex daegra sigling í norðr frá Bretlandi, Landn. (begin.); en Finnmörk

LILJA -- LINDITRE. 389

Uggr fyr'r o^an "M þessi !önd, Eg. 58; Ey liggr í Hitará, Bjarn. 22; eyin Jjggr við þjóðleið fyrir útan, Ö. H. 116; veiði-stöð sú liggr å Breiða-firði er Bjarneyjar heita, Ld. 38; þar liggr til hafs litver, lies on the sea-side, 0. H. 149; veginn þann er urn skóginn la, Eg. 578; sem leið liggr, Eb. 306; liggr gata til bæjarins, Gísl. 28; en til góðs vinar liggja gagnvegir, Hm. 33; leiðin liggr fram með hálsinum, Eg. 582; tjaldstaði þá er þeim þóttu beztir, ok hæst lágu, Fms. vi. 135; þangat sem leiðin liggr laegra, Sturl. ii. 247: of the body, lá halt tanngarðrinn, he bad prominent teeth, Nj. 39: of the eyes, rauðlituð augu ok lágu fagrt ok fast, Fms. viii. 447; augu þau er liggja í Ijosu liki, Kormak: ofarliga muri liggja ú-jafnaðr j þér, Grett. 135 new Ed. B. Metaph. usages, esp. with prepp.; liggja á, to lie he a vyon, to weigh upon, and metaph. to oppress; liggja á mér hugir stórra manna, Fb. i. 258, Sks. 276; 1. á hálsi e-m, to hang on one's neck, blame, Fms. xi. 336: of a fine, þar liggr ekki fégjald á, ' ti s not finable, K. þ. K. 164: to be bewitched, lie under a spell, þat lá á konungi, at hann skyldi eigi lifa um tiu vetr, Fms. x. 220 (cp. leggja á e-n and á-lög): to pursue, liggja á úknyttum, to pursue wicked things, 172; liggja á nráði, Karl. 121: to be urgent, of importance, pressing, kvað honum eigi á liggja þat at vita, Grett. 37 new Ed.; eigi þykki mér á því lie;gja, segir Jarn- skjöldr, Fb. i. 259; mun þar stórt á liggja, V i s a grave matter, Nj. 62; nú liggr honum ekki á (it does not matter for him), þótt hann komi aldri til Islands, Band. 10: mod., það liggr ekki á, it does not press, is not urgent; mer liggr á, it lies on me, is pressing for me: impers. to feel, be in spirits so and so, liggr vel á e-m, to be in good spirits; liggr ilia á e-m, to be in low spirits, the metaphor being taken from the pressure on the mind: leaving out the prep., la honum þat ílla, it weighed heavily on hitn, Bs. i. 775 :-- üggia að, in the phrase, það lá að, that was just what was to be expected! an expression of dislike :-- liggja fyrir e-m, to lie before one, of things to be done or to happen, of what is fated, doomed (see for-liig); þætti mér þat ráð fyrir liggja, faðir, at þú sendir menu, the best thing to be done would be to send men, Eg. 167; at þat mundi fyrir liggja at búask til orrostu, 283; en Bera kvað Egil vera víkings-efni, kvað þat mundu fyrir liggja, þegar hann hefði aldr til, 190: liggja iyrir e-m, to lie in one's way, in ambush (cp. fyrirsát), Edda 148 (pref.), Eg. 240 :-- liggja um e-t, to lie in wait for, Fms. x. 287; 1. um lif e-s, to seek one's life, Stj. 550, Sks. 722 :-- liggja til, to be due to, de- served; þótti þat til liggja at taka af honum tiguina, Eg. 271: to belong to, naut ok sauðir, lá þat til Atleyjar, 719: to fit to, til sumra nicina liggr bruni (as a remedy), 655 xi. 28; bætr liggja til alls, there is atone- ment for every case, Fas. iii. 522; e-m liggr vel (ilia) orð til e-s, to speak well (or evil) of a person, Sturl. iii. 143 :-- liggja undir, to lie underneath, be worsted, of wrestling, Bárð. 166; fyrir hverjum liggr hlutr þinn undir, Eb. 156 :-- liggja við, to lie at slake; deildi ... ok hafði einn þat er við lá, Ísl. ii. 215; en þeir köru at hætta til, er féfang lá við svá mikit, Eg. 57; skal þar liggja við mundrinn allr, Nj. 15; liggr þér nökkut við ? -- Lif mitt liggr við, segir hann, 116; þá muntú bezt gefask, er mest liggr við, when the need is greatest, 179; svá er ok at mikit liggr yðr þá við, 22^; en mér liggr her nú allt við, it is all important to me, 265; þútt ek vita at lif mitt liggi við, 115; lá við sjálft, at ..., it was on the point of..., Al. 79: mod., það lá við, að ... C. Reflex, to lay oneself down, lie down; þá er þat étr ok er fullt liggsk þat ok söfr (of cattle), Best. 58, cp. Gm. 2. e-m liggsk e-t, to leave behind, forget; svínið lásk mér eptir, Skíða R. 185; legisk hefir mér nokkut í minni venju, ek gáða eigi at taka blezun af biskupi, Bs. i. 781: hence the mod. phrase, mér láðist (Iforgot) and mer hefir láðst, which is a corruption from met lásk eptir; for lá mór eptir, read lásk mer eptir, I forgot, neglected (?), Skv. i. 20; láskat þat dægr háski, it did not mi ss, did not fail, Aniór; láskat, be failed not, Bjarn. (in a verse). LILJA, u, f. [Lat. liliutn] , a lily, Stj. 562, Barl. 44, Trist. 7, Mag. 9: name of a poem, whence the saying, oil skáld vildu Lilju kveðit hafa, H. E. ii, 398 :-- metaph. of a lady, min liljan fríð ! Fkv. ii. 52: cp. den lillie-vaand (qs. lily-hand), epithet of a lady in the Danish Ballads. COMPDS: lilju-grös, n. pl. lily flowers, Matth. vi. 28. Lilju-lag, n. the metre of the Lilja, the mod. name for the ancient hrynhenda (q. v.), in which metre the Lilja was composed, whence the name. LIM, n., this word is heterogene, neut. in sing., fern, in plur. :-- the foliage, limbs, crown of a tree, opp. to the stem; hann lætr snúa liminu hvers trés lit af borginni, Fb. ii. 1 24; neðarliga af furunni stóð einn kvistr mjor, ok tók í limit upp, Fas. iii. 33 :-- -fagots, festi brátt í liminu er þeir höfðu borit undir virkit, Fms. i. 128; eldr kveyktr í þurru limi, vii. 37; ef maðr víll sér ny'ta lim þat, Grág. ii. 297. II. plur. limar; limbs, branches, á baðmi viðar þeim er lúta austr limar, Sdm. II, Fsm. 19; með greinum ok limum, Sks. 555; með limum ok kvistum, 444; bitr af Léraðs limum, Gm. 25; þeir lágu svá nær berginu, at lauf ok limar tóku út yfir skipit, ó. H. 36; tré mikit, óðu limarnar uppi, en rætrnar í sjónum, Fms. vii. 163; þá sá þeir at limarnar hrærðusk, Eg. 377; festu skjöldu sína í limar, Nj. 104; þeir köstuðu lykkju snærisins upp í limar trésins, drógu síðan, svá at konungr hékk uppi við limar, Hkr. i. 26. 2. metaph. ramifications, consequences; grimmar limar ganga at trygð-rofi | armr er vára vargr, Sdm. 23; orða þeirra, er á annan lýgr | (oflengi leiða limar, Skv. 2. 4; af þeim úvönum ok siðleysum leiddi svá margar limar, Thom. 4. COMPDS: lim-dólgr, lim-garmr, lim- Korg, f. ''rod-fiend, 1 poct. fíre, Lex. Poöt. lim-margr, adj. having large branches, fsl. ii. 18. lim-rúnar, f. pl. bough-runes, a kind of magical Runes, Sdm. 11. lima, að, limðir, poët., Edda (in a verse), [limr], to dismember, El. I, Sturl. ii. ii, Fas. iii. 126; af-lima (q. v.), Bs. ii. 75; lima upp, to rip up, N. G. L. i. 381. limaðr, part, [limr], limbed, esp. of the feet, hands; vel, ilia limaðr, Bs. i. 127, Ld. 20, Fms. v. 238, 0. H. 74; limaðr mjök, with long limbs, Fms. vi. 206. II. [lim], branching, Fb. iii. 298. lim-byrðr, f. a burden of fagots, Fms. i. 127. lim-heill, adj. sound-limbed, N. G. L. i. 85. lim-hlaupa, adj., prop, of a horse = bógsiga, wrung in the withers: metaph. cowed, pros/rate, þér látið mikilliga, en þegar rikra manna orð koma til yðar, þá eru þér þegar limhlaupa, Sturl. i. 14; þeir Hörgdælir vóru orðnir svá limhlnupa fyrir Guðmundi, at..., 163. limi, a, m., proncd. limi, [lim], a broom or rod of twigs, rod; barðr ok með lima húðstrokinn, Bær. 20; hann lætr ganga limann um bak honum ok báðar síður, Grett. 135; let taka þá Svein alia, ok leggja fast lima á bak þeim, and lay the rod stoutly on their backs, Fms. vi. 189; limi song harðan prima, the rod sang a harsh time (on his back), Mork. 227, cp. Orkn. 188, (in the verse in the note) =' the waves did beat the ship:' the mod. phrase, leggja sig í lima, prop, to lay oneself under the rod, to take great pains in a thing, work hard; sóp-lirui, a sweeping besom. lima-liögg, n. a flogging, Hkr. iii. 216. lim-lesta, t, to maim, Geisli. lim-lesting, f. mutilation. LIMR, in., gen. limnr, pl. limir, acc. limu, limi, Sks. 107 new Ed., as also mod.; [A. S. lim; Engl. limb; Swed. -Dan. le w] :-- a limb; á sinum limum, Hom. 126; um nasar eða aðra limu, Bs. i. 522; manna-höfuð ok af höggnir limir, Fms. i. 171; lirnuna, Bs. ii. 158, 168; leysa limu sina, Sturl. ii. 90: allit., lif ok limu, life and limb, Eg. 89; er viðr liggr lif eða lirnir, Gþl. 550; lífs grið ok lima, Eb. 310. 2. metaph., limu Guðs, Mar.; limu Fjándans, Devil's limb, Fms. viii. 221. II. a joint of meat; var á brautu einn limr oxans, Ísl. ii. 331; þrjá limu kjöts, Vm. 119; nauta-limir, hálfr fjórði tigr, Dipl. v. 18; limr slátrs, N. G. L. ii. 176. III. = lim, n.; hvern lim eða kvist þeirrar ræðu. Sks. 568. COMPDS: lima-burðr, m. gait, bearing. lima-fall, n., limafalls-sýki, f., medic, paralysis, Fél. lima-grið, n. pl. safety of limbs (lífs grið ok lima), K. Á. 36. lima-lát, n. mutilation, Fms. iii. 158. lima-ljótr, adj. 7^ ly limbed, Bárð. 165. lima-vöxtr, m. the frame of the body, Fms. x. 151. LINA, að, [Dan. lindre; see linr], to soften, mitigate; þat linar- saur, Pr. 473. 2. metaph. to alleviate; Guð linaði þeirra eymðir, Stj. :-- with dat., lina þvílíkum þunga, Dipl. ii. 14; lina atsokninui, Stj. 604; unit harmi minum, Karl. 215; lina til, to give way, Fms. vi. 28: -- to abate, Bs. ii. 49 (of the wind). II. impers. it abates; þá er líttat linaði clinu, Fms. xi. 136; við átak hans linar þegar sóttinni, Fb. ii. 145; at nokkut skyldi lina augna-verkinum, Bs. i. 317. III. reflex, to be softened, give way; þá linuðusk hugir þeirra, Fms. ii. 36, Pr. 471, Rb. 440, Sturl. iii. 19. lin-aflaðr and lin-elfdr, part, of feeble strength, Fms. iii. 206. linan, f. mitigation, H. E. i. 259, ii. /2, 98, Grett. 117 A. LIND, f., dat. lindi, Eg. 567 (in a verse), [A. S. lind; Engl. linden, lime; O. H. G. linta; Germ, linde; Dan. lind] :-- a lime-tree, Edda (Gl.), Merl. 2, 88, Pr. 406, passim, see Lex. Poët. II. metaph. a shield (of lime-wood), Rm. 32, Vsp. 50; steind lind, a stained shield, Lex. Poët.; as also a spear, Fas. ii. 320 (in a verse), Lex. Poët.: bauga lind, Vol. 5, is dubious, perhaps = lime-bast, on which the rings were strung. lind, f. a well, spring, brook, freq. in mod. usage, but seems not to occur in old writers unless it be in Skv. 2. I, (lindar-logi, ' well-loiue' -- gold): compds, vatns-lind, uppsprettu-lind. lind-hvitr, adj. white as bast, Lex. Poët. lindi, a, m. [prop., as it seems, from lind = a string of lime-bast] , a belt, girdle, Vkv. 17, Hkr. i. 82, Fms. i. 217, vi. 61, Bjarn. 19, 62, Rb. 438, 470, Magn. 468; eigi lagði verri maðr linda at sér, noworse man ever belted himself, Finnb. 260; lindi af lirepti, Bs. i. 317: a belt belonging to a priest's dress, Vm. 115, = messufata-lindi, Fms. iv. III. In mod. usage lindi is any twist of wool or hair wound round the waist, hár- lindi, band-lindi, silki-lindi, hujosku-lindi, q. v.: poet, the sea is called Siggjar-lindi, Raðar-lindi, -=/ he belt of the islands, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: linda-bindi, a, m. a girdle, s as h, B. K. 105. linda-lag, n. laying the lindi, a law term; sækja e-n til lindalags, to a s k one tolay down his belt, symbolical of insolvency, this done the creditor might recover his goods wherever he finds them, N. G. L. i. 214. linda-staðr, m. thewaist,, Bær. 9, Sks. 169. lindi, n. a lime-tree, = lind, Lex. Poët. lindi-áss, m. a nickname, Sturl. lindi-skjöldr, m. a shield of lime-wood, Fas. viii. 413. lindi-tré, n. a lime-tree, þiðr. 116.

390 LINGEÐJA -- LIÐA.

lin-geðja, adj. / ain/, weak-minded. lin-hjartaðr, part, soft-hearted, Lil. 59. linja and linka, u, f. faininess, the feeling faint and weak; það er linja í mér. lin-kind, f. (proncd. linkind, linkinni, Barl. 51), mercy, Bs. i. 765, ii. 132. lin-kinnr, adj. gentle, Parl. 51. lin-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), leni'y, Fms. i. 296, ii. 33, xi. 223. lin-liga, adv. leniently, gently, Fms. ii. 36, v. 240, vii. 157, Sturl. i. 13, Stj. 578: slovenly, mod. lin-ligr, adj. lenient, Stj. 495, Sks. 629. lin-mæðinn, part, patient, meek, Bs. i. 579. lin-mæltr, part, drawling, Róm. 312. LINNA, t, [Ulf. af-linnan -- åiroxojpeîv, Luke ix. 39; cp. A. . S. b-linnan; Shell, and Scol. linn; Old Engl. b-lin] :-- to cease, leave off", with dat. to stop; hann linnir eigi fyrr, en..., Fb. i. 210; linna þau eigi fyrr en heima, Vjgl. 81 new Ed.: absol., þá linnir þessa likams visl, a hymn. II. impers., with dat., it ceases, abates; en er þvi linnti, but when it ceased, Landn. 218, v. l.; en er því linnti, þá greiða þeir atróðr, Fb. ii. 43; ekki linnir umferðunum inn Fljótsdalinn enn, Snót. linni, a, m. = linnr, Korm. (in a verse), Reks., see Lex. Pool. linn-ormr, m. a ' snake-worm, ' serpent, the 'liad-wurm' of the German legends, þiðr. 167. LINNR, m. [cp. Germ, lind-wurni] , a serpent, only in poetry, see Lex. Poet, passim; as also in circumlocutions, the serpent of the shield -- a sword; the serpent of the arm -- a bracelet. COMPDS: linn-ból, -setr, -vegr, -vengi, a serpent's lair, sea/, way. field, = gold, Lex. Poët. LINR, adj., linari, linastr, [Lat. lenis] , soft to the touch; linr ok slóttr, Stj. 165; her er nijtikt ok lint, Fb. ii. 359; linar hosur, Sks. 87 new Ed. II. metaph. g e/z/ l i, - með linum vindi, Bs. ii. 167; var veðrit miklu linara, i. 629: of a person, gentle, opp. to hard, exacting, mjiikr ok linr, Fms. iv. 210; linr ok létlr í malt, Bs. i. 154; svá linr ok hægr, 294: liur ok litilatr, 72, Sks. 514; ætlið or harm mi munu yðr linan? O. H. 213 :-- weak, lenient, linr ok eigr stjornsamr, Stj. 419; linr Í lyndi, Fms. ii. 159; linr tlrykkr, 655 xi. 2: weak, eigi aflmikill ok linr, Sturl. i. 23: grarnm. soft, weak, Skákla 159, 179. III. metaph. soft, snug; at Dönum þykki linara at reka svin til skogar, en berjask við oss Norðmenn, Fms. vi. 258; faðrnask lint, to embrace softly, Akv. 40. LIPR, adj., the r is radical, compar. liprari, superl. liprastr; [cp. Lat. leptdus] :-- handy, skilled, adroit; the word is freq. in mod. usage, but seems not to occur in writers before the 15th century, and may be borrowed; ertú at nokkuru íþrótta-maðr ? þat ferr fjarri, sagði hann, þvíat ek em úliprari (more awkward) en aðrir menn, Fas. ii. 262 (MS. of the 15th century); also used of speech, lipr-leiki, a, m. adroitness. lirla, að, [lirla or W la, Ivar Aasen; Engl. l?/ ll] :-- to sing a lullaby, trill, whistle; Ivar Aasen says that in Norway it is used of the shepherds; meðan lirlar | líncik veri sínum, Fms. vi. (in a verse). LIST, f. [prob. derived from læra, q. v., Goth, laisjan, before the s was changed into r] :-- art, craft; þá list sem astrologia heitir, Stj. 66; kvennligar listir, Fs. 134; klerklig list, Bs. i. 680; hann hafði þeirrar lisíar eigi fengit, Fb. i. 215; gör með list ok kunnáttu, Edda 8; hann fann ok margar listir, 148 (pref.) II. [Germ, and Dan. li s t; Old Engl. / iste], craft, artifice, Sks. 689: refinement, með allri list ok kurteisi, Fas. i. 29; Ulafr fagnar honutn vel ok með mikilli list, Fms. x. 226. COMPDS: lista-maðr, in. a skilled workman, craftsman, artist, Fas. ii. 412, Fms. iii. 193. lista-skáld, n. a skilful poet. lista, u, f., mod. listi, a, m. [A. S. and Engl. li s t], a list, a carpenter's term, as also the list, selvage, border of cloth; spcngr ok listur, Stj. 563; ok gyldar listur a, Eb. 226, Al. 35 (of a shield). listi, a, m. a list, = lista. 2. a catalogue, list of books, (mod.) II. a local name in Norway, Lis. 'eren, 0. H. (in a verse). listugr, adj. skilled, Edda (pref.) 149: polite, Fms. xi. 97, Sturl. ii. 230 C. listu-liga, adv. elegantly, Fas. i. (iS, 184, iii. 426: cunningly, Str. 55. listu-ligr, adj. magnificent, Fms. (Ágrip.) x. 377, 381, 397, 415. list-vanr, adj. skilful, Fms. xi. 426. LIT, n. [A. S. and Hel. wlite, Ulf. wlits, -- -irpuataitov~\, a glance; a an. \ey., augu heita lit, Edda 109; but found in compds, aug-lit, and-lit. lita, að, [Shell, to litt = to dye blue; Scot. lit], to dye, Stj. 72, Karl. 505; þii litaðir á mc'r skallann, Lv. 109; hafa lítt litað sik í blóði, Fas. ii. 471; litaðir í blóði, Mar. litan, f. dyeing, litunar-gras, n. a dyeing herb, Stj. 81. litask, dep. to l oo k about; in the phrase, litask urn, never used absol.; þi'i mælti Ütgarða-Loki, ok listask um a bekkina, Edda 33, Eg. ill, Band. 3, Fær. 71, Ld. 92; fagrt um at litask, Fs. 26, passim. lit-bjartr, adj. bright of complexion, Bs. i. 127. lit-brigði, n. pl. a change of colour or li g ht, in morning and evening, Grett. 179 new Ed. lit-föróttr, adj. strawberry-coloured, Gullþ. 14. lit-góðr, adj. of fine complexion, Fms. x. 151. lit-grös, n. pl. a dy er'. - herbs, Stj. 157. litka, að, to dye: litkaðr, coloured, Karl. 241; vel lilkaðr, of a fine hue, Fbr. 36 new Ed. lit-klæði, n. pl. coloured, chequered clothes, as opp. to the plain black dress, which was the genuine costume of the old Norsemen, Ld. 194, 294, Nj. 70, Ísl. ii. 335, Grett. 134, Eb. 200, Fs. 51. lit-lauss, adj. colourless, pale, Flov. 32, Fbr. 114, Str. 13. lit-mosi, a, m. a dyer's herbs, N. G. L. iii. 119. LITR, m., gen. litar, pl. lilir, acc. litu, [Old Engl. and Scot. lit = astain; Dan. lö d; see lit above, and lita; the original form would be vlitr] :-- colour, hue, also countenance, complexion; litu góða, Vsp. 18; lostfagrir litir, Hm. 92; bregða lit, to change colour, Fms. vi. 178; skipla lilinn, to exchange colour, see the remarks s. v. hamr, Fas. i. 128; málit skiptir svá litum, such is the case, its colour is thus, Fms. vii. 136; eigi deilir litr kosti, a saying, Nj. 78 (see deila); sá hann bat at þér var litr einn gefinn, th em art nothing but the hue (outside), Sturl. iii. 180; bli'tr, grur, hvítr, rauðr ..., at lit, of blue ... colour, Ísl. ii. 213, Anal. 215, passim; í regnboga eru þrír litir, Rb. 336; allir litir eru bjartari ú glerinu en hvar annar-staðar, MS. 15. 3. 2. special usage, of day-break, the first dawn when the light changes; en er þeir kómu upp á heiðina kenndn þeir at (it bra, they saw the day-break, Sturl. iii. 217; vísaði hann þeim leið, tók þá al kenna annars litar (viz. in the morning), 171; ok í annan lit (the second colour, viz. the changing from dark to light in the early morning, the ' blush of morn') for hann at sjá veiðiskap þeirra, þorf. Karl. 396; en at öðrurn lit dags, Orkn. 196; litu er lysti (w hen the light brightened, impers.) létusk þeir fnsir allir upp risa, Am. 28; cp. 63, where the true reading ma)' be, -- dó þá dýrir, dags var heldr snemina | ' litu er lysti'... (MS. letu þeir alesti). 3. dye; hann lot legsjja lit í augu stir, Fms. ii. 59; sækja grös lil litar, Finub. 214, v. l. COMPDS: litar-apt, n. complexion, Ld. 134, Al. 3; spelt litar-átta, u, f., Clar. (Fr.) litar-hattr, m. = litarapt, Fas. iii. 426, as also in mod. usage. lita-skipti, n. pl. change of colour, Sks. 526. litr, adj. hwed, coloured, Eg. 133, Nj. 30, Fms. ii. 71, Fs. 147, Art. 66; mis-litr, chequered. lit-rekt, adj., Fas. i. 212; false for lit rekt = lítt rækî, see Bugge (Edda) 294, note 16. lituðr, m. a dyer, colourer, Lex. Poët. lit-verpask, t, to change colour, grow pale, Bær. 12, Fms. i. 216. lit-verpr, adj. pale, from fear, Edda 36, Sd. 173, Orkn. 366. LÍÐ, n., not lið. see the cognate words: [Ulf. leijnis = ffi/c(pa, Luke i. 15; A. S. and HeÍ. l iS; O. H. G. lidu; mid. H. G. lit; it remains in many provinc. Germ, words, -- leit-bans = an ale-house, a tavern; leit- geber = an ale-house keeper; leit-geben = to keep an ale-house; leit-kauf -- earnest money, see Schmeller's Bayrisches Wörterbnch s. v. lit] :-- cider, Germ, obstwein; líð heitir iii, Edda no; drekka líð, Fms. vi. 439 (in a verse); liars líð, the a le of Odin -- poetry, Ht.; Yggs líð, id., Kormak. The word hardly occurs in prose, and is obsolete. LÍÐA, pres. líð (líð'k, Edda); pret. leið; 2nd pers. Icilt, mod. lciöst; pl. liðu; subj. liði; imperat. líð, líddu; part, liðinn; a weak pret. liddi occurs, Am. 50, Pr. 438, 0. H. 167, Mirm. 167: [Ulf. ga-leipan = tpXtoOai; A. S. l iS an; O. H. G. lidan; Engl. lithe; Germ, and Engl. glide.] A. Loc. t o go, p ass, move, with the notion to glide, slip, of ships, passage through the air, riding, sliding on ice, and the like; ok er skipit leið fram hjú flotanum, Hkr. ii. 54: er lauss Loki líðr or biindum, Vtkv. 15; baðtu heilan líða, thou badest him fare (speed) well, O. H. (in a verse); áðr héðan líðir, ere thou passest from here, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); líða yfir úrig fjöll, Hom. II; líða lönd yfir, Gsp.; hvat þar ferr, eða at lopti ííðr ? -- No ek ferr, þó ek flyg, ok at lopti líð'k, Edda (in a verse); líðandi (sliding) um langan veg, Vkv. 8; hverjar 'ro þær meyjar er iíða mar ylir, Vþm. 48, (mar-líðendr, q. v. = s e a gliders); mi viliusk hundarnir farsins þegar þeir liðu at honum, Hom. 120; ok er skipit leið fram hjá flotanum, Hkr. ii. 57; Hða hægt og hægt, of a vapour, of a ghost in tales, and the like. II. even used as transitive, to pass, pass by, esp. as a naut. term; hann um leið (passed by) Israels sona hús, Stj. 281; ok er þeir liðu nesit, ivben they slipped by the ness, Fms. ix. 503, v. 1.; ok er þeir îiðn (passed through) Frekeyjar-sund, Fb. iii. 85. III. impers., en er líðr Euphrates-á (acc.), when one passes the Euphrates, Hb. (1865) 8; meðan at leið boðanum, þá rak skipið áknfiiga, ok svá síðan boðana leið, when the breakers were passed by, Fb. iii. 8=, :-- metaph., hann var einnhverr mestr maðr ok rikastr í Danmorku, þegar er konunginn líðr sjúlfan, i. e. the greatest man in Denmark next to the king, Fms. xi. 51; Úlfr var maðr rikastr í Danmörku þegar er konung líddi, Ó. H. 167; hann var eimia mestr höfðingi er konunga liddi, Pr. 438. IV. in prose the word is esp. freq. in a metaph. sense; líðr at e-m, faintness comes over one; nú tók:it líða at Ölvi, O. began to get drunk, Eg. 213; but esp. of one in his last gasp, to be slipping away; Guthornir tók sótt, en er at honum leið, seiuli hann menn á fund Haralds konungs, 118; Örlygr tók sou, ok er at honum tók at líða, Eb. i6o; leið þá bæði at kuldi ok nixði, be fainted away from cold and exhaustion, Fms. ix. 24; nú líðr opt at barni (the infant may suddenly faint away) á vegum nti, svá at hætt er við dauða, N. G. L. i. 339; liðr at mætti e-s, o ne grows faint, Fms. viii. 258, Sturl. iii. 77, Bs. 1. 819: -- líða af, to pass; en er Ijósit lcið af, sá þeir hvergi ólaf konung, Fms. ii.

LÍÐA -- LÍK. 391

332 :-- þá er hugr líðr ór brjústi manns, Mar.; liða ór huga e-m, t o s lip out of one's mind, Fms. ii. 266, vi. 272; líða ór minni, to forget :-- líða undan. to slip off, pats by, K. Á. 222, Fms. xi. 108 :-- líða um, to pass by, leave; margir eru þúr bctri helgir menu, rk liðu vi';r um þá, and yet we pass (bent by, 655 xiv: B. 2; eigi hæíir þá hiuti um at liða, er ..., Fms. X. 314: elÜpt., því látn vér þat !íða, at eigi verðr allt riîað, viii. 406, v. 1. '• -- þó lætr konungr þetta hjá sOr líða, he lets it [ass by unheeded, xi. 60 :-- Hða undir Ink, to pass away, die, periih, Nj. 156, Slurl. ii. 113 :-- líða yfir, to pass over, happen, come !o pass; hann er vinsæ'J ok ungr at aldri, mun fáît yfir liðit, Hkr. iii. 254; Ólat'r sagai honum allt um ferðir sínar, þat er yfir hann hafði liðit, O. told him all that had come to pays, Fms. i. 79; citt skal yfir oss liða alia, one fate shall befall us all, Nj. 191: of sleep, liðr yiir hann lóttr höfgi, Th. 77: hann spurdi hvat liði um kvæðit, he asked how it went on wi'b the poem, Eg. 420; also, hvað líðr kvæðinu ? fréttir hann mi hvat liði bónorðs-málum, Ld. 92; hvat mun nú líða, ef þú tekr kerti þitt ? Fb. i. 358; hvat líðr um mál Odds sonar mins? Band. 5; síðan hum leið ór mestri baruæsku, passed out of her early youth, Hom. 122; svefnhöfgi leið á hann, Fms. vi. 229: t o swoon, metaphor prob. from the belief that some evil spirit passed over one's head, það leið yfir hana, she twooned; also, líða í ómegin, to fall into a swoon, to faint, Fas. iii. 441. B. Temp, to pass; líðr nú várit, Nj. 74; liðu svú þau misseri, 94; líðr af vetrinn, Eg. 340; ok er várit leið frarn, 467; lcngra skaltú renna áðr vika sé liðin, 745; þaðan *iíða ellifu vetr, ár, Rb. 70; l:ðr nú sjá stund er þeir höfðu á kveöit, Ld. 266; líðr fram vetrinn, 298; Egill túk at hressask svú sem fram leið at yrkja kvseðit, 644; leið svá fram aðra þrjú vetr, Fms. i. 57; liðu nú svá fram stundir, xi. 84. 2. with prepp.; þegar frá líor, in the course of time, after a while; hón nærðisk svá sem frA kið, Fms. vi. 353; þviat at því verðr spurt, hverr kvað, þegar frá líðr (when time passeson), en eigi hversu lengi var at verit, Skálda 160; en er at leið Jólunum, when it drew nigh Yule, Fms. i. 36; ok er leið at þeirri stundu, Ld. 308; eigi líðr langt ru'ðr. n, áðr, Fms. xi. 84; nú líðr í mot Jolum, iv. 82. II. impers., líða á e-t, the time draws to a close, is far spent; ok er á lcið daginn, Eg. 93; unz miðjan dag liddi, Am. 50; mi liddi fram nokkorar stundir, Mirm. 167; ok er á leið um kveldit, Eg. 206; er leið á várit (acc.), Nj. 12; nú liðr á sumarit til átta vikna, 93; þeir sváfu til þess er á leið nóttina, Ld. 44; en er á líðr daginn, 76; ok er á leið dag, úmætti konung, Fms. i. 46; en nú er á stundina líðr, x. 404; þá er á leið upp, towards the close of his life, 418; til þess er líðr fimmta dag viku, Grág. i. 142; þá er upp leið á æfi konunga, Rb. 388. 2. with dat.; nú líðr svá dögum, at..., the day s draw on, Fms. xi. 422; hans lífdögum lcið mjök fram, Stj. 134; sögðu at þá var liðit degi, the day was far spent, Fms. ix. 299; ok er fram leið nóttinni, x. 271; hann segir at timanum liði, Bs. i. 910: of other things, er fram tók at líða smíðinni, Fb. ii. 463: freq. in mod. usage, hvað líðr þér ? hvað líðr þessu ? i. e. how goes it with itf bow far have you got on? as also, hvernig liðr þér, bow goes it with you ? bow do yon do f answer, nuír líðr, vel, bæriliga, ilia, and the like. III. part., at áliðnu, in the latter part of a time; at áliðnum vetri, degi, towards the end of the winter, Ld. 234; um haustið at áliðnu, Fms. iv. 286; ok er svá var liðit (f he time w a s so far gone) bjósk Egill til ferðar, Eg. 394. IV. part. líðandi, passing, fleeting :-- pass, liðinn, past, dead, deceased; at liðinn fylki, Hkv. Hjörv. 42; hjá oss liðnum, Hkv. 2. 44: in mod. usage, of one who has just ceased to breathe, hann er liðinn, liðinn líkami, Pass. 17. 26: in allit., lífs og liðinn, living and lifeless, i. e. in life and in death: dead, dæmi liðinna feðra, Hom. 85; sælli væri liðnir en lifendr, the dead is more blessed than the living, Bs. i. 724: allit., hann er liðinn sem Ijos, he i s gone ow t like a light, i. e. quite gone. líða, leið, liðu, liðit, [Germ, leiden; Dan. lide], to suffer, endure, tolerate, -- this sense is very rare in old writers, as, utlendir konunga- synir skyldu þar ekki líðask eðr vald hafa, Fms. vi. 134; but it ap- pears after the Reformation, in the N. T. and in hymns, Pass., Vida!. passim. 2. to suffer; at svo byrjaði Kristi at líða, ok upp at rísa á þriðja degi af dauða, Luke xxiv. 46. LÍF, n. [see lit a; A. S. lîf; Engl. li/ e; O. H. G. l í p; Gtrm. leben; Dan. liv] :-- life; i lífi ælífa, Hom. 160; endalaust Hf, 107; ráða af lifi, taka af lifi, to take mvay one's life, 6. H.; þér skulut öngu fyrir týna nema lifinu, Nj. 7; lif er í hjarta, Fbr. 137, Hrafn. 28, and passim. 2. gen. Hfs, alive; þá reis hann upp lifs ok heill, 656 A. ii. 14; meðan hann er lifs, Fms. xi. ill, Hkr. i. 141, biðr. 21: allit., lífs eða liðinn, Karl. 535; lifs eða látinn, Fb. iii. 402; at þú látir okkr hvárki skiljask lifs né dauða, Ó. H. 208; Hfs gjarna, with all my heart, Mar.; unna e-m sem lifi sinu, Skald H. 7. 38: á lifi, alive; vera lifi minnr, to be 'minus life, ' dead, Ísl. ii. 315. 3. life, conduct of life; hreint lif, gott lif, passim in eccl. writers. II. [Germ, leib], the body; bæði til lifs ok sálu, Bad. 19, 44; lifs ok sálar, body and soul, Mar.: esp. the waist, middle, hafði hann vafit klæðum um lifit, Fas. i. 5O8; a person, at svá fagrt Hf skyldi svá kveljask, so fine a man, Bad. 149; annað er þar ágætt lif (a dearbody) ætl' eg hann heiti Sturli, Skíða R. 99; sou ok skjálfti hristir þat auma Hf, allt lif syktisk af upp ok(''niðr (líf-syki = diarrhœa), THom.; ávöxtr lifs, the fruit of the womb, Lex. Poiit., still used by eccl. writers. COMPOS: lifs-andi, a, m. the breath of life, Stj. 18. lífs-björg, f. /oo d tosustain life, Fms. vi. 235, Stj. 420, þorst. Siðu H. 180. lífs-blóð, n. life's blood, Stj. 61. lífs-bók, f. the book of life, Greg. 75: a biography, Bs. ii. 163. lífs-brauð, n. the bread of life, Stj. 210. lifs-dagar, in. pl. = lifdagar. lifs-dyrr, n. pl. the doors of life. Mar. lífs-dægr, n. pl. = lifdagar, Bs. i. 101. lifs-endi, a, m. a life's end, 656 B. 3. lifs-gjarna, adv. very fain, Mar. lífs-grið, n. pl. truce, safety of life, K. A. 36, Fms. vii. 294. líís-grös, n. pl. healing herbs, Fas. iii. 396. lífs-háslci, a, m. life's danger, Eg. 46, Edda 40, Bær. 16. lífs-hérað, n. 'life's county, ' Paradise, Post. lífs-hjálp, f. ' Itfe's-belp, ' deliverance, Eddä 154 (pref.), Fms. viii. 441. lífs-hræring, f. vital motion, Stj. lifs-hvatr, adj. bounding with life, Gkv. 2. 31. lifs-kenning, f. 'life's-doctrine, ' the gospel, Clem. 49. lífs-leiðindi, n. pl. weariness of life, Fms. ii. 201. Ills-mark, n. signs of life, in one apparently dead, Nj. 154. iífs-máli, a, m. a l// e contract, Boldt 103. lífs-næring, f. = lífs- bjorg. /oo d, Finnb. 234, Fms. ii. 227, iii. 12. lifs-saga, u, f. a bio- grapby, 625. 82, Fb. iii. 237. lifs-stundir, f. pl. 'life-days, ' Fms. i. 216, ii. 2, viii. 93, Stj. 223. lifs-timi, a, m. a life-time, Fms. iii. 89. lífs-tré, n. the tree of life, Stj., Sks. 548 (of the cross). lifs- vanr, adj. bereft of life, Ýt. lífs-ván, f. hope of life, hope of saving one's life, Fms. viii. 441. lifs-vegr, m. the way of life, Bs. ii. 50. lífs-æð, f. an artery, Pass. 24. 12, 48. 10. lífaðr, adj. /M l/ of life, Hkr. i. 32. líf-dagar, m. pl. life-days, life, Fms. i. 53, x. 270, Rb. 400, Al. 131, Karl. 101, N. G. L. iii. 99, borst. Síðu H. 180, Bad. 62, 91, 146, Stj. 139, Bs. ii. 148. líferni, n. life, conduct, freq. in mod. usage. lífga, að, to call to life, revive, Barl. 84, 99, Fms. ii. 142, Stj. 78, Bs. i. 859. 2. to resuscitate, of one frozen, drowned, or apparently dead. lífgan, f. a calling to life, Stj. 142, Stat. 300: resuscitation, of one appa- rently dead, lifganar-tilraun, f. an endeavour to recover one's life. líf-gjafari, a, m. = Hfgjafi, bórð. 20 new Ed. líf-gjafi, a, m. one who saves a person's life, Lv. loi, Fas. iii. 308, Gísl. 51. líf-gjöf, f. the granting the life or pardon to one, Fs. 7, Anal. 201, Fms. iii. 161, vi. 224. líf-göfugr, adj. leading a noble life, Greg. 54. líf-hinna, mod. lif-bimna, u, f. the ' life-membrane, ' the peritoneum, Fas. iii. 138. líf-hræddr, adj. fearing for one's life, cowardly. lífi, n. = lif, conduct, Barl. 43, 69, 89, 104, 185: in compds, hrein-lifi, saur-lifi, etc. líf-lauss, adj. lifeless, inanimate, Skilda 173, l?4i Stj. 88. líf-lát, n. l oss of life, death; andlat (q. v.) is a natural, 1'flat a vio- lent death, a being put to death, or death from wounds, 6. H. 74, 219, Fms. i. 46, ii. 30, fsl. ii. 270, Ld. 8, Bs. i. 78, Fs. 61, Barl. 129. COMPDS-: lifiáts-dagr, m. the anniversary of any one's death, ' passio, ' Fms. xi. 309, Edda ii. 287. lífLáts-dómr, m. a sentence of death, 655 xiii. A. 2. lífláts-verðr, adj. deserving death, Fms. ix. 498. líf-láta, let, to put to death, Fas. i. 294, Fms. xi. 3, Hrafn. 28, Barl. 205, passim. líf-ligr, adj. 'vital, ' Hom. 59, Skáldai73, Fms. ii. 226, Barl. 112: alive, living, Skálda 173* OPP- to liflaur-s: lively, full of life, mod.: as also lif-liga, adv. vigorously. líf-mikill, adj. ' strong-lived, ' dying bard, Stj. 98: full of life. líf-oddi, a, m. the ' life-gore, ' gullet in fish. líf-seigr, adj. ' strong-lived, ' tenacious of life. Lífskr, adj. native o/Lifland, Fas. i. 379. lífs-pund, n. [a ' lis-pound, ' Orkney and Shell, lispund, 18 Ibs. Scots, qs. Lifskt pund from Liftand], a kind of weight, Gþl. 523; fjórar eru merkr ok sjautigir í lífspundi, MS. 732. líf-steinn, m. a life stone, healing stone; see lyfsteinn. líft, n. adj. fit to live; ekki lift, not fit to live; er-at vinum lift Ingimundar, Fs. 39: of a person, worthy of life, er allir rægja, ok kveða honum eigi lift vera, 656 C. 20, Post. 645. 98. líf-tjón, n. los s of life, Stj. 329, Fms. viii. 147 (v. 1.), Bs. ii. 117. líf-vænn, adj. with hope of life, hope of recovery, P'ms. xi. 142, Glúm. 381, Alg. i49. . ^0 líf-æðr, f. a ' life-vein, ' artery, Bs. i. 368, Mar. LÍK, n. [Ulf. leik; A. S. l ie; Old Engl. lich, in lyke-wake, licb- gate; O. H. G. lih; Germ, leicbe; Dan. li f; Swed. lik] :-- prop. the body, as in Ulf., who renders aSi^a by leik, but vetcpós by nabs: I. the body, the living body, in old poems; en þat it Ijosa lik, Sol. 12; nema við þat lik at lifa, Hm. 96; liki leyfa ens Ijósa mans, 91; auga þat er liggr í Ijosu liki, Kormak; lass holt liki drósar, Fms. vi. (in a verse); fólgið í móður líki Jötna dúlgs, hid in thebody of the mother of Tbor, i. e. in (be earth, Eyvind; cp. also the compds, lík-amr, lík-bjartr, lík-brar (q. v.), etc.: it also remains in the prose phrase, í heilu Hki, ' in a whole

392 LÍKAABREIZL -- LÍKfcORN.

body' whole, intact, 0. H. (in a verse): in mod. poetry, dyrðliga smurðu Drottins ' lík, ' where = líkamr, Pass. 49. 6. II. a corpse; þá var þvegit Hkinu ok jardat um morguninn, Bs. i. 550; likit var sveipat Hn- chikum en saumat eigi um, Eb. 264; þar sökk ok niðr lík îþorvalds, Nj. 19; búa um lík, to shroud a corpse, Grág. ii. 388; búa uin lík göfugra manna, Eg. 94; fara með lík til graftar, Fs. 153; þeir söktu Hkinu í ten mikit, 132; lik hans þeir drógu á leyni-götu ok brytiuðu í brunn niðr, Sól.; fluttu þeir nú líkin til kirkju, Nj. 209; iarða lík, Fms. x. 408. COMPDS: líka-ábreizl, n. a pall, Vm. 54. lika -bong, f. ' lyke-nnell, ' 'mortuos plango, ' the name of a famous bell, Bjarn. 136. líka-ferð, f. = líkferð, ' lyke-fare, ' burial, B. K. no. líka-færsla, u, f. ' lyke- carrying, ' a funeral, Vm. 71, K. Þ. K. 18. líka-gröf, f. a grave, Stj. líka-gröptr, m. grave-digging, Fbr. líka-hlið, n. the ' lich-gate, ' in a churchyard, Stud. ii. 248. líka-krákr, m. a hoe for grave-digging, Vm. 29, H. E. ii. 96, cp. Pel. viii. 71 sqq. lika-kross, n. a ' lyke- cross, ' Am. 90. lika-kult, n. a pall, Vm. 139. líka-salún, n. = likaku!t, Pm. 34. líka-þáttr, m. the section of law on burials, K. f. . K. 18. lík, n. [Swed. lik; Engl. leeches; Dan. lig~\: -- a nant. term, the leeches, leech-line, the borders of a sail, Edda (Gi.); skautin ok likin, Hem. (Gr. H. M. ii. 662). LÍKA, að, [Ulf. leikan = apfffieeiv; A. S. lidan; Engl. like; O. H. G. lihan; Swed. lik a] :-- to like: impers., cp. Old Engl. it liketh me, e-m líkar e-t, líkaði yðr vel Finnskattrinn, Eg. 61; at ek göra slikt er mér líkar af því er ek varðveiti, 395; þetta líkaði Eiriki stórílla, Fms. i. 18: en með því at þeim líkaði (they wished) svá at hafa eðr þar við at auka, fb. (begin.); hvárt er honum líkar vel eðr ílla, whether he likes it well or not, 0. H. 54 2. e-m likar vel, ilia til e-s, to like one well or not; honum líkaði til Sighvats vel, Fms. iv. 89; Svía konungi líkaði stór-ílla til Olafs digra, 107 :-- lika vel við e-n, id.; líkar þeim vel við Brand, Lv. 24; líkaði hverjum manni vel við harm, Fms. vi. 112; en konungi líkaði eigi bctr við þenna biskup, vii. 173; Hallgcrdr sat mjiik a ser um vetrinn, ok líkaði (monnum) ekki við hana ilia, Nj. 25. líka, adv., qs. glika, also, Str. 72, freq. in mod. usage. líkaðr, part, painted with images; ker ok horn vóru oil líkuð, ok skygð seni gler, Hkr. i. 90. líkami, a, m. = likamr, Stj. 148. líkam-liga, adv. bodily, in the flesh, 761 B. 4: carnally, K. Â. 148, Sks. 785. líkam-ligr, adj. bodily, in the body, Skálda í 73, Bs. i. 550, Stj. passim. LÍKAMR, m., gen. likams, pl. likami, dat. likaminum, Stj. 55; a weak form likami, a, m., is also freq.; [A. S. llchoma; Old Engl. lichame; Scot. licama; O. H. G. lîhhamo; Germ. leicbnam; Dzn. legeme] :-- tbebody, prop. qs. ' flesh-cover' or 'flesh-frame' (lik-hamr), denoting the body, its hue and frame, but used esp. of the living body; es þræls líkam tók á sik, Greg. 49; maims likami, Gþl. 4!; sálur ok líkamir, Hom. 160, passim; when used of the lifeless body likamr is a gentler term than lik; síðan gengu til allir menn at sjá likami þeirra, ... hversu lítask yðr líkamir þessirV ... ek heíi engis dauðs mantis líkama set jafnbjartan, Nj. 208; þeir fundu likama Skarphéðins þar, 109; þ í er líkamr þessa manns var útborinn, Fms. v. 218; slöri fnyk af líkamanum, x. 379; líkama föður síns, 408: thus in the N. T. øüina. is rendered by likarni, not lik, Matth. xvii. 58, 59, Mark xv. 43, 45, Lukexxiii. 52, 55, xxiv. 3, John xix. 38, 4O (of Christ in the grave): -- metaph., sólarinnar likamr, Stj. 16; af hræring nokkurs líkama, Skálda 173; saman lesa ór líkama heilagra Guðspjalla, H. E. i. 584. II. in a metaph. or eccl. sense = ffapg, the flesh, in many compds, carnal: likams aldr, a natural age, Hoin. 55; likams afl, bodily strength, 146; likams dauði, a natural death, Stj., Greg. 42, 54; likams freistni, carnal temptation, 51, 59; likams fyst, carnal lust, Stj. 159: likams liðr, a limb of the body, Greg. 25; likams losti, carnal lust, K. Á. 28, í 24, N. G. L. i. 20, Hom. 159; likams máttr, bodily strength, 157; likams meinlæti, chastisement of /he body, 48; likams fjötrar, the fathers of the body; likams munuð. carnal lust, 70; likams synd, a carnal sin, Sij. 146; likams vit, bodily sense, 625. 177; likama lif, bodily life, 677. 4. líkandi, f. fortn, shape, Edda 4. lík-band, n. a ' licb-band, ' winding-sheet, 623. 14. lík-barar, f. pl. a bie r, 623. 57, passim. lík-blauðr, adj. afraid of a corpse, Gísl. 22. lík-blæja, u, f. a winding-sheet, Bs. i. 5-29. lík-ferð, f. a funeral, funeral journey, Eb. 264, Fms. ix. 534, x. 151. lík-fylgja, u, f., mod. lík-fylgð, a funeral procession, Mar., Fms. xi. 214, Mork. 10. lík-færing, f. = líkfærsla, K. þ. K. 18. lík-færsla, u, f. the carrying a body to a church, N. G. L. i. 135; the law ordered that a body should be brought to the church within five nights after death. lík-hringing, f. the tolling for a funeral, dea/b knell, Fb. iii. 452. lík-hræddr, Hdj. = líkblauðr. LÍKI, n., dat. líkjum, 656 C. 26, Hom. 46, Hom. (St.), Hkr. i. 10, [from lik, not from glikr] :-- a body; liki leyfa ins Ijosa mans, Hin. 91; vexa vel blæju st verja þitt Hki, Am. loi; þar eptir mattti merkja hans fegrð, bæði hár ok líki, Edda 15; líki fögr, beautiful, Bjarn. (in a j verse). 2. með heilu Hki, whole, Lat. integer, Fms. xi. 308, Al. 12; see lik. II. form, shape; bera Valkera líki, Hallfred; þursa líki, Aim 2; lægjarn Hki, Vsp. 39; í steins líki, Hkv. Hjörv. 30; í dúfu liki, Greg! 19; Djöflar kóinu í y'msum likum ok allra optast í Hki þórs, Mart. 12; • þá tók hann at skipta Hkjum á sér ok ásjónum, 656 C. 26; hví þeir eru í þessum Hkjum syndir, Hom. 46; hón brá sér í nauts-belgs Hki vatns-fulls, Landn. 212; hann brá á sik Hki graðungs eins, Edda (pref.) 148; hafa manns Hki, Edda 9; hann brá á sik ymissa dyra Hki, 149; fyrir hvi eru þeir í þessum Hkjum syndir, Hom. (St.); hann kunni þær íþróttir at hann skipti litum ok Hkjum, Hkr. i. 10; þá er solin gengr í hrúts Hki (Aries), Rb. 478. líki, a, m., qs. gHki, an equal, a match, Stj. 289, Fs. 56. líking, likja, likindi, likleikj1, likligr, see glíking, glíkja, glíkindi, glikleikr, glikligr. lík-kista, u, f. a coffin, Hkr. iii. 14, Fms. xi. 309. lík-maðr, m. a ' lykc-man, ' grave-digger, or one who carries a body to the grave, Eb. 268. LÍKN, f. [lækna is the healing of the body, likn the soothing of the mind or heart; the words seem to be identical: in very early usage likn seems to denote bodily healing also, and particularly of relief in labour, hence the words Hknar-galdr, -spor, -lofi in the old poems Sdin. and Hm., as also the liknar-Jbelgr, although now only used of the caul of animals]: 1. healing, remedy; hvat er til líkna lugt Sigurði? Skv. I. 30; leitaða ek í likna, at letja ykkr heiman, I sought for means to let you from coming. Am. 46. 2. relief, mercy, com- fort; sú erumk likn, that is my comfort, Ls. 35; til leiðréttu ok Hknar, Stj. 149; veita Hkn, to relieve, soothe; hann let þá næra með allri Hkn (mercy, tenderness), Fms. ii. 226; biðja e-m Hknar eðr lífs griða, vi. 113. 3. mercy, eccl.; biðja Hknar sinni misgerning, Mar.; synda likn, forgiveness of sin, id.; hann bað Guð Hknar þegar hann fell í nokkura sök, Sks. 734; Drottinn minn gciîdauðum ró | hinum Hkn er lifa, O my Lord, grant rest to the dead, relief to the living, Sol. 82. COMPDS: likna-belgr, in. the caul, esp. of calves, lambs, used instead of glass in the windows of ancient houses, see glnggr. liknar- braut, f. the path of mercy, Bs. i. 94: name of an oid poem. liknar- fullr, adj. merciful, Sks. 732. líknar-fúss, adj. merciful, Geisli. liknar-galdr, m. healing spells, charms, Hm. 121. liknar-gata, u, f. the way of grace, 625. 19. liknar-lauss, adj. merciless, Sks. 511, 550. liknar-leysi, n. a hard heart, Sks. 513. liknar-spor, n. 'healing-step, ' a kind of charm; á lausnar lófa ok á liknarspori. líknar-æðr, f. a vein of mercy, Lil. líkna, að, to sheiu mercy to, with dat.; sá er öðrum vill likna, Hom. 5; hann liknar livers manns mali, Fms. xi. 260; ek hefi beðit fyrir þér til Guðs at hann Hkni þér, Orkn. 172, Rb. 310. II. reflex. Hkn- ask, sue for mercy; ef ek skal til biota hverfa ok líknask við guðin, Fms. ii. 41. líknan-ligr, adj. = Hknsamr, Mar. líkneski, n. and likneskja, u, f., see the references below; [prob. from Ifk, not from glikr, for glikneski never occurs] :-- shape; sem Grikkir rita í öðru likneski langan staf en í öðru skanmia'n, the Greeks write in one form a long vowel and in another a short one, Skálda (Thorodd) 163; gjöruin vér manninn eptir várri liking ok likneskju, skapaði Guð manninn eptir sjálfs sins mynd . ok likneskju, ... meðr heilagrar þrenningar likneskju, Stj. 19, 20. II. a graven image; á hváru-tveggja metinu var gört sein væri líkneskja mantis, Fms. xi. 128 (Jómsv. 6. 27); fimm likneski af gulli, Stj. 437; Pétrs likneski, Vm. 19; Guðmundar likneski, Pm. 64; let hann göra eptir hanum eina likn- eskju, Stj. 101; líkneskja várrar Frn, Mar.; þjóna dumbum likneskjum dauðum ok daufum, Bad. 114; Hkneski þat er Astarot heitir, Rb. 342; hann þóttisk standa fyrir likneski því er Kristr var pindr, 370; þessu sama likneski, Stj. 102: in the mod. phrase, vera eins og likneskja i framan, to look as pale as a statue. 2. gramm. a metaphor; ok er þar svá skipt Hkneskjum a enum sama hlut, Skálda 187. líkneskja, u, f., see likneski above. líkn-fastr, adj. / a s t in goodwill, beloved, Hm. 124. líkn-ligr, adj. helping, comforting, Sks. 518, 728. líkn-samligr, adj. merciful, Sks. 519, Stj. 121, 156. líkn-samr, adj. gracious, merciful, Stj. 547, Edda 15. líkn-semi, f. mercy. LÍKR, adj. alike; see glikr. lík-sima, n., pl. Hksimu, [lik = lee c he s], the leech line, N. G. L. i. 101. lík-strá, n. pl. [Ivar Aasen lik s/r aa], ' lyke-straw, ' N. G. L. ii. 247; dead bodies before being put into the coffin were put on straw, hence the phrase, öllum lengri var sti eina nótt, er ek la stirðr á strani, Sol. 47 î cp. also the Icel. nástrá, q. v. lík-sveipa, u, f. = líkblæja, a winding-sheet, Mar. 1010. lík-söngr, m. a funeral dirge, funeral service, Grug. i. 204. lik- söngs-kaup, n., mod. líksöngs-eyrir, m. a funeral fee, K. Þ. K. 28, Grág. ii. 388. lík-þorn, m. [Dan. ligtorn] , a corn on the foot.

LÍKÞRA -- LÍTILL. 393

lík-þrá, f. leprosy, Minn., Magn. 517, Stj. 324, 616, Fas. iii. 642, ' N. T. COMPDS: líkbrá-fullr, adj. leprous, Stj. 260. líkþrá- maðr, m. a leper, N. G. L. i. 97. líkþrá-sótt, f. leprosy, Stj. 324. lík-þrár, adj. [cp. Ulf. þrutfiüs'] , ' body-rotten, ' leprous, 625. 46, Hom. 43, Bs. i. 849, Bad. 35, Fms. xi. 309, Magn. 516, Stj. 616. LÍM, n, [A. S. Urn; Engl. lime; Germ, leim] :-- lime, chalk; Hannibal konungr lot sér leir bleyta nieð blóði Róniverja ok göra þar af borgar- lírn, Bret. (1849); af tigli ok lírni, Stj. 67; var þat mikit niusteri ok gört sterkliga at lírni, Fms. vi. 267 (of the cathedral of Drontheini); lllugi var son þeirra, hann druknaði þá er hann flutti lirn til steinkirkju þeirrar er hann ætlaði at güra á Breiðabólstað í Vestr-hópi, Bs. (Krs.) i. 32, -referring to about 1130 A. D.; Urn ok tjara, Mag. 9, Fms. x. 186, Al. 29. II. glue, paste, passim in mod. usage. líma, að, to lime with mortar; til steinsmíðar, at sníða, lima, ok niðr setja, Fms. xi. 428. 2. to glue; lima skegg við, höku sér, Fb. i. 130; hann let lima ok búa oil blöðin niðr í kjölinn, Ísl. ii. 460, Flóv. 33 (of a shield): gramm., Skálda 170 (of two letters joined together, such as œ). II. reflex, to cleave to, Stj. 292. lím-farmr, m. a cargo of lime, D. N. líming, f. liming; sanun-liming, conglutination, Skálda 170, 177- limingar-stafr, m. id., Skálda 177. límingr, m., gramm. ' clusters., ' see Gramm. p. xv, col. 1 bottom. lím-setja, t, to lime, Hkr. iii. 62, Orkn. 352 (in a verse). lím-vatn, n. lime-water, Mag. 9. LÍN, n. [Ulf. Iein=aiv8uv; Germ. lein; Engl. li n e n; Lat. l inz/m; Gr. \ivov] :-- flax; spinna lin, Fas. iii. 594; drósir suðrænar dyrt lin spunnu, Vkv. i; lin ok bygg, Stj.; smjör ok lin, eir, gull eða siifr, K. Á. 204; af sáði öllu, rug ok hveiti, hampi ok lini, N. G. L. ii. 355; lin órengt (of a tax in . Norway payable in that kind), O. H. L. 60; dóttir á lin allt ok garn, ok reifi ullar, N. G. L. i. 211. II. [Lat. lintenni] , linen, linen gear, esp. the head-gear worn by ladies on the bridal day, höfuð-lín (q. v.); brúðar-lín, þkv. í 2, 15, í 7, 19; hence, ganga und lini, to wed, be wedded, Rm. 37, where the earl's bride wore a lin, the carle's bride a ripti (of less costly stuff), whereas the thrall's bride was not wedded at all; Guð- rún (the bride) sat innar ú þverpalli, ok þar konur hjá henni (the bride- maids) ok höfðu lín á höfði, Ld. -296; ok léttliga lini verit, to cohabit, Gkv. 3. 2. B. COMPDS: lin-akr, m. a flax field. Linakra-dalr, in. a local name in Iceland from thegrowth of flax, Landn. 169, Band. (Cod. Reg.) fine. lín-beðr, m. a linen bed, Korm. (in a verse). lín-brækr, f. pl. linen breeks, Ísl. ii. 83, Dropl. 29, Fms. ix. 24. lin-bundin, f. part. ' linen- bound, ' swathed in linen, of a lady, Eb. (in a verse). lin-dregill, m. a linen tape, Fms. viii. 288. lín-dúkr, m. a linen kerchief, Eb. 264, Bs. i. 874, Fb. ii. 16: a linen cloth, Fms. i. 36, 113. lin-eik, f. and lin-gefn, poet, of a lady, Lex. Poët. lin-erla, n, f. the bird motacilla, a wagtail. lín-fé, m. 'linen-fee, ' a bridal gift, given on the wedding day; hann (the bridegroom) skal ganga yfir gólf þvert ok gefa henni línfé, N. G. L. ii. 305, Ld. 200, Edda 75, Fms. x. 312. lin- fræ, n. flax-seed, Pr. 474. lin-garn, n. linen-yarn, Edda 39. lín-húfa, u, f. a linen cap, Nj. 193, Bs. ii. 79. lín-hvítr, adj. white a s linen, of a lady (from wearing linen), Hbl. 30. liu-klútr, m. a linen 'clout' or kerchief, Bs. i. 790. lín-klæði, n. pl. linen raiment, of a lady's dress, Am. 12, Ld. 260: of men's under-clothes made of linen, Orku. 76, Fms. iii. 67, Dropl. 30, Fas. iii. 4, Sks. 287. línklæða-lérept, n. stuff of linen, Ann. 1332. lin-kyrtill, m. a linen kirtle, Sturl. i. 96, Stj. 308. lin-lak, n. a linen bed-sheet; plur. línlök, Dipl. v. 8, Fms. v. 159. lin-ligr, adj. linen, Stj. 318. lin-lindi, a, m. a linen girdle, Stj. 318. lin-refill, m. a linen tapestry, Vm. 82. lin-sekkr, m. a linen s a c k, Fms. i. 9. lin-seyma, u, f. a nickname, Fms. x. 97. lin- skauti, a, in. a linen sheet, kerchief, Bs. ii. 229. lin-sloppr, m. a linen surplice, Vm. 65. lin-sokkr, m. a linen soc k, Hom. 138. lin- tjald, n. a linen tent, Fs. 180. lin-vefr, in. linen tissue, linen, Fms. x. lín, f., in poet, circumlocutions, bauga-Iin, auðar-lín, arm-lín (see Lex. Poët.), = hlín, q. v. lína, u, f. a line, and as a naut. term, the bowline, Edda (Gl.), cp. búglína: n rope, hann tók glófana, beltið ok kniiinn ok Hnu mjófa, ... eptir þat for hann í festina ok let linuna draga sik af berginu undir fossinn, Gullþ. 8. Norseinen mostly used ropes of walrus skin (svörðr), but ropes of flax are also mentioned; meðan strengr ok Una brestr eigi, Orkn. (in averse). 2. mathem. a line, Rb. 472, 474; Miðjarðar-lína and Lina = the Line, Equator, mod.: a line in a book or writing (mod.), skrifa linu-skakkt, to write the line s unevenly. II. lin, a bead-dress; Hlin linu, poet, a lady, Kormak; línu jörð, the earth of the lin = the he a d, Fms. v. 200 (in a verse); laut und linu, lysti at kyssa, jþkv. 27. COMPDS: lûm-akkeri, n. an anchor with a line, Sturl. i. 119. linu-strengr, m. a rope, cord, 623. 46. líri, a, m. [Dan. and Norse lire], a kind of tern, sterna nigra, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Stud. i. 176. LÍTA, pres. lit; pret. leit, 2nd pers. leizt, pl. litu; part, litinn; imperat. lit and littu; [a Goth, wleiton may be assumed, cp. litr, lit, leita, A. S. wlltan; Lat. vtiltus; cp. Germ, anl-litz] :-- to look, behold, see; ek lit, I see, behold, Haustl.; hinnig værir þú undir brún at líta, Nj. 55; Sölvi gat at líta hvar þeir flýðu, -247; ok í augu leit, a n d looked him in the eyes, Vsp. 2 1; hón leit báða uxana váta, Ísl. ii. 89; hón leit fru sina grata, Str. 17: freq. in old and mod. usage, þá hóf hann upp sin augu ok leit Abraham langt burt, og Lazarurn í hans skauti, Luke xvi. 23 :-- the phrases, líta ástar, vinar, öfundar, miskunnar augum til e-s, to cast a glance of love, friendship, envy, mercy, Fb. i. 421, passim; hann mátti eigi réttum augum til hans lita, he cow ld not bearto l oo k straight at him, Fms. iv. 48. II. with prepp.; líta á e-t, to l oo k at or o n; hann stóð nokkura stund á hinn fótinn ok leit á stufmn ..., eigi þarftú at líta á, jafnt er sem þér sýnisk, af er fótrinn, Nj. 97; til á at lita ok eptir at skoða um landa-merki, Dipl. ii. 19; jþórr lítr á hornit ok synist ekki mikit, Edda 32; líttú á Ijúfan, leggðú munn við grim ... á leit Guðrún, Gkv. 1: metaph. t o co n- sider, er þat ekki jafnræði ... mun því ekki verða á litið, Ísl. ii. 214; eigi er á at lita, drcpum þenna hund sem skjótast, Fms. xi. 146; en hvert mál er skal dæma, þá verðr at lita á tilgörð með efnum, Eg. 417, (a saying); ek mun hafa skjótt á litið, ok vartú fjarri at kenna mér ráðin, Orkn. 214: lita á með e-m, to keep an eyeon, take care of, Fb. iii. 305, Fs. 172 :-- lita aptr, to look back after one, Karl. 4O4 :-- lita til e-s, to look towards one; hann leit seint til þeirra ok glotti um tönn, Edda 30; þeir litu til ok kváðusk sjá hann, Nj. 70: metaph., hver spurning litr jafnan til svara, a question looks for an answer, a saying, Sks. 307 :-- lita yfir, to l oo kover, l oo k about, view; en er þorsteinn hafði litið yfir verk híís- karla sinna, Eg. 741; kemr heim á Mel ok litr yfir eignir sinar, Band. 3; hafa bnitt yfir litið, Fb. iii. 386 :-- lita við e-m, to look to one; keisari leit við honum, ok spurði hverr hann vxri, Fms. i. 125; konungr leit við þeim ok svarar heldr stutt, Eg. 95 :-- lita upp, to lift the eyes, Hin. 130; en hann leit upp ok sá þá hiua riku, Luke xxi. i :-- lita niðr fyrir sig, to l oo k down. III. reflex, he seems, it appears to one that, e-t lizk e-t; leizk honum mærin fógr, Eg. 23; hann sér hvat leið drykkr inum, ok li/k honum svá sem allitill munr mun vera, F2dda 32; svá lizk mér (methinks) ... sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr, id.; svá lízk mér, frændi, sem mi munim vit hafa gört ráð okkat, Nj. 5; lízk mér svá sem engum várum bræðrum muni truligt, Fms. i. 53; ok lítisk þeim svá at hann vili vörn hans glepja í því, Grág. i. 60. p. with prepp.; e-m lítzk á e-t, it seems, pleases me so and so; hversu lítzk þér á mey þessa, þykki þér eigi togr vera? Nj. 2; teksk umræða mikil hversu þeim hafði á litisk konunginn... svá leizk mér vel á konunginn it fyrsta sinn er ek sá hann, Ld. 1/4; hefir mér opt vel litisk á konunginn, en aldri betr en mi, Fms. x. 296 (ii. 37); ok bað móður sína göra sér góð klæði, at Steingerði mætti sem bezt á sik lítask, Korm. 32; spyrr Karli hversu Leifi litisk á fé þetta, Fms. iv. 346. Y- one ^es lo have it, ellipt. for lítask ráð; honum leizt at fara, passim in mod. usage :-- to like, lízk þér eigi silfrit, doe s not the s ilverlike thee? Fms. iv. 346; see lítask á. 2. recipr. to l oo k t o o ne another; fellzk bvárt öðru vel í geð, ok litusk þau vel til ok bliðliga, Band. 3. lítil-, see lítill B. LÍTILL, lítil, lítið, adj., and litt adverb.; gen. litils, Htillar, litils; dat. litlum, litilli, litlu; acc. litinn, litla, lítið: plur. litlir, litlar, litil; gen. litilla; dat. litlum; acc. litla, litlar, litil; compar. minni; superl. minnstr(q. v.): [Ulf. leitils = umpos, o\tyos; A. S. lytel; Engl. little; O. H. G. l wz il; Swed. liten; Dan. liden and lille: in Germ, the word was replaced by klein, prop, -- bright -- Engl. clean, but l;/z el remains in local names such as Liitzel-stein -- La Petite Pierre in Alsace] :-- little, of stature; litlir menu ok smáir, Landn. 145; lítið barn, a li/// e bairn, Ísl. ii. 326; ok sér hvar lá maðr ... ok var sá eigi litill, Edda 29; ekki litill maðr vexti, 30; iþórr er lágr ok litill, 33; svá litinn sem þér kallit mik, þá ..., id.; hvat er þat it litla (the little puny thing) er ek þat löggra sé'k, Ls. 44; inn Litli, a freq. nickname, Landn. :-- small, of things, litla breiðöxi, Hkr. iii. 16; fjorar litlar munnlaugar, Dipl. iii. 47; opt veltir litil þúfa miklu hlassi, a saying, a little mound may often upset a big wagon load, Al. 32; litilla (gen. pl.) sanda, litilla sseva, Hm. 52; opt kaupir sér í litlu lof, 51; Eirikr konungr hafði lönd litil, Fms. i. 23; en þútt einn- hverr bæri litla byrði, þá varð þat skjótt mikill eldr, vi. 153. II. metaph. usages; sumar þetta var lítill grasvöxtr, ok varð alllítil heybjörg manna, a small, bad crop, Ísl. ii. 130; landit er skarpt ok lítið matland, bad for foraging, Fms. vii. 78; ef atfærsla þeirra væri svá litil, at..., K. fj. K. 94 :-- small in degree, litil var gleði manna at boðinu, sm all cheer, Ísl. ii. 251; hann er litill blútmaðr, nogreat wor- shipper, 398; þat er litið máí, that i s a s mall matter, 206; litil tíðindi, Ems. xi. 118 :-- small, of value, ok verðit þér litlir drengir af, ef þér launit engu, Nj. 68; toldu fyrir honum hversu jarl hafði hann lengi gört litinn mann (treated him shabbily), Fms. i. 54; mi munt þú, segir hón, lengi litill konungr, ef þú villt ekki atfaerask, vii. 243; ok vara (was not) sá af litlu skapi, Al. 2; meta litiis, to value lightly, Ld. 174; litill karl, mean churl! Fbr. 39 new Ed.; var hans móðerni lítið, of low rank, Fins, vii. 63; þér rmmut kalla mik litinn mann (a puny man) fyrir mér ok uni ek því ilia, Edda 33; hann var skald ok eigi litill fyrir ser, Ísl. ii. 323. 2. neut. as ?ubst.; hafa lítið af ríki, a small portion, Fms. i. 52; svá at litlu loddi við, Nj. 28, Fms. xi. 102, Fs. 87. 3. temp.

394 LITLASTOFA -- LJÓMA.

small, brief; á litilli stundu, Al. 32; litlu síðarr, a little K' hileafter, Nj. 4, Fms. vi. 60; bíða um iitla stund, vii. 141. COMPDS: litla-stofa, u, f. a little parlour in ancient dwellings, Sturl. iii. 191. lítils-háttar, adv. of little consideration, lowly, Fms. i. 293, vii. 160. lítils-verðr, adj. littl e worth, Fms. vii. 105, fsl. ii. 327. lítils-vægi, n. = lítilvægi, Odd. 24. B. COMPDS: lítil-fjörligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), prop, of 'little life, ' small, low, of small amount, Háv. 42 new Ed., Fas. i. 96. litil- gœft, adj.; vera lítilgæít um e-t, to be not much pleased with, Fb. iii. 342. lítil-lmgaðr, part, little-minded, Mar. liti. l-h. 8efr, adj. humble, mode- rate, Vápn. 7. lítil-látask, let, to condescend, Str. 23. lítil-látliga, adv. humbly, Stj. 229, Fms. i. 736, x. 261, Rb. 382. litil-látligr, adj. condescending, bumble, Fs. 72, Sturl. i. 36, lis. i. 306. lítil-látr, adj. condescending, humble, Fms. i. 31, vii. 291, Orkn. 202 (v. 1.), Band. 28 new Ed., Hom. 49, 148; af Htillátu hlióði, low voiced, Skálda í 75. litil- leikr, m. lowness, smallness, 623. 12, Barl. 100, Edda 146. litil-leitr, adj. small-faced, (mod. smá-leiir), Fms. viii. 321. litil-liga, adv. little, in a small degree. Gísl. 44, Fms. ii. 65. litil-ligr, adj. small. litil- lækka, að, to humble; 1. sjálfan sig, to humble oneself. lítil-læta, t; 1. sik, to humble oneself, condescend, Fms. x, 232, Fs. 52: reiîex., Stj. 33. lítil-læti, n. humility, condescension. Germ, demuth, Sks. 708, Orkn. 138, Fms. i. 147, Hom. 134, Greg. 29, Grett. 161 A, Fs. 53, Lil. 25, Mar. passim. litil-magni, a, in. a poor weak person, opp. to one strong and mighty, 811. 652, Fms. ii. 182, Thoni., . Barl. 55. litil- mannliga, adv. in an unmanly, paltry manner, Fs. Ill, Nj. 210, 229, Eb. 160. litil-marmligr, adj. ' mannikin-like, ' unmanly, lew, mean, F'b. 12, Nj. 229, Ld. 170, Eg. 407. litil-menni, n. a mannikin, small, mean person, Ld. io, Nj. 248, Fs. 56, Band. 24 new Ed.: one of low con- dition, Fms. vii. 183. litil-mennska, u, f. paltriness, meanness, Eb. 170, Hkr. ii. 35. lítil-mótliga, adv. in an unmanly manner, Nj. 229, v. 1. lítil-mótligr, adj. small, insignificant, vile, Fs. 63, Jjjal. 23. lítil-ræði, n. smallness of estate, opp. to greatness; nti nuinu vér aeíla oss hóf eptir váru iítilræði, Fagrsk. 134: degradation, en henni þútti st'r 1. í því at smá-konungar báðu heanar, Fms. vi. 30, x. 283, Al. 133, Karl. 76: a trifle, Al. 153, Finnb. 330. litil-sigldr, part., metaph. from sails, carrying little sail, feeble, timid. litil-skeyta, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. lítil-trúaðr, part, of little faith, N. T. lítil-vægligr, adj. = lítilvægr, Hkr. ii. 234. lítil-vægr, adj. of little weight, moment. litil-yrkr, adj. 'ltttle-working' clumsy, Nj. 19. lítil-bægr, adj. content with little, Lv. 76, þorst. hv. 41: ea s ily offended (þægja = to offend), Fb. iii. 422. lítt, as adv. little; ok lærðr heldr litt, a li// le scholar, 0. H. 144; ek kann litt til laga, I know but Hale of the law, Nj. 31; hann nam litt stað (made a little stand) ok hvarf þegar, Fms. vi. 60. 2. wretchedly, poorly; litt ertú staddr, eða viltn þiggja lit" at mer, Fb. i. 565; ok kvtðr þá litt vera komna, Fser. 235; fé þat er litt var komit ú skulda-stöðum, money badly invested, 241; em ek litt leikinn, Am. 88; Ragnhildr lá á gólfi ok skyldi verða léttari ok var all-litt haldin, Fb. ii. 263. lítt-at, litt-bat, adv. a little, a bit, a little way or while; hann hrærði höfuðit líttþat, Bs. i; nú verðr at víkja líttþat til þess, 197; æp þú eptir Starkaði líttat, Fb. i. 417; hann l)'kr upp hurðinini líttat, Fbr. 11 new Ed; ok skeindisk hann þó líttat, Bjarn. 49; hittu mi at mer littat, F'ms. xi. 102; tekr hann fmgr hennar ok kreistir líttat, þiðr. 134; at blóð-refillinn hans Vagns kæmi við mik í gær líttað, Fms. xi. 144; mælti Gísli, at þeir skyldi bíða littat, Gísl. 157; en konungrinn hvak undan líttþat, the Iting drew back a little, Fms. x. 383; þór skulut nú bíða littat, Mork. 183; þá er littat linaði ólinu, Fms. xi. 136; ytti hann frá landi littat, 656 C. 2. II. lítinn þann = littat; ok brosti at litiun þann, and smiled a little, Fb. ii. 78. LJÁ, pres. le, ler, mod. l;æ, Ijær, pl. Ijúm; pret. léði; pres. subj. le (Blanda MS.), Ijai, Nj. 77, Gg. ii, and mod.: the part, lénir (pl.), Fms. viii. (pref. xxv), is a relic of a lost strong inflexion; in mod. usage léðr; imperat. le, 656 C. 35; mod. Ija or Ijáðu: [Ulf. leiwan, a redupl. strong verb = oavti^tiv, Matth. v. 42, Luke vi. 34; A. S. and O. H. G. lihan; Germ, leihen; cp. Icel. lun, lána, l(':n] :-- to lend, with gen. of the thing, dat. of the person, but later with acc. of the thing; muntii nior, Freyja, fjaðrhams Ijá? bkv. 3; Óðinn léði Dag (dat.) geirs sins, Sæm. 114; ok Ijái (subj., better lé) þér æ friðdrjúgrar farar, Gg. II; nú hjúlpi oss Guð, ok lé oss turns at læta syndir várar, Blanda (MS.); hón léði honum megin-gjarða ok járngreipa, Edda 60 (Cod. Worm.); þá léði hann bór- gesti setstokka (gen. pl.), Landn. 104; ef menn Ijá göngn-mönnum fjár síns, Grúg. i. 262.: Ijá öðrum marks, ii. 304; Ijá ambáttar, id.; ef maðr lér manni skips, 394; þeir léðu honum' hesta (gen. pl.), Ld. 136; sú er skyldr at Ija skips er beðinn er, K. jþ. K. 8; lé þú mér höfuðdiiks þíns, Post. 656, I. e.; at þú Ijáir mér túmstundar, Nj. 77; Ingimundr lér þeim Stíganda (gen. ?), Fs. 30. 2. metaph. to grant, allow; þeir Ijá honum lífs, en engrar annarrar miskunnar, Hom. 119; er nú lér hann vándum mönnum at ganga yfir oss, Fms. vii. 262; þeini var grunr a, at þó nmndi hafðir, þótt eigi væri lénir, viii. (pref. xxv); en annarr hafi léð, Grág. i. 437; þeir báðu sér skips, þeim var léð þegar, Nj. 20; hann kvaðsk hafa lóð honum en eigi gefit, Eb. 168. 3. later, with acc. of the thing, and so in mod. usage; ef hann vill sik til þess Ijá, Hkr. i. 312;. hann lér sitt góða á frest, H. E. i. 519; sem Guð Leir (i. e. lér) honum fnunast vit til, Js. 5, Fms. vi. 144, viii. 71, Karl. 247, Gísl. 19; hann Itír þeim hestana, id. II. impers., þ:it má vera þ;'r Ijái bess hugar at hverfa aptr, may be ihou art minded to return, borst. Síðu H 176; ef þór lór tveggja huga um þetía múl, if you are of two minds in this matter, Odd. 11 2 new Ed.; ok lér mér bess hngar, / ween, Fms xi. 96 (emend, for h'aer mur hugr). III. reflex. Ijask, to len(i oneself to a thing, Gþl. 216. LJÁ, f. [!o; East Angl. lay] , the mown grass in a field: kona hans rakaaj Ija eptir honum, ok bar reifa-barn;i baki sér, Us. i. 666; Stórúlfr sendi griðkonur sínar at raka Iji'tna eptir Onni. Fb. i. 522, freq. in mod. usage. II. Ljá, the name of a river in western Iceland, whence Ljár-skógar, m. pl., Landn., but this local name is prob. of Gaelic origin, cp. Engl. Lea, Lee. ljár, m., gen. Ijas, a scythe; see Io. COMPDS: Ija-dengsla, u, f. the whetting of scythes. Ija-far, n. the single sweep of a scythe. Ija- mús, f. a ' scythe-mouse, ' a slice of sod cut with ths scythe in mowinrr. Ija-orf, n. a scythe-handle, Ísl. ii. 329. LJÓÐ, n., esp. in pl.; the spelling with h in Ityndiu-hliod, Fb. i. 11, and hljoðum, Fs. 94, note 4, is wrong and due to some transcriber who confounded it with hljóð(q. v.), which is a different root word, cp. the alliteration on l in Hm. 163, 164; [\J\t. liuJi in awi-liuþ andliuþon; A. S. l fôö"; Old Engl. /?/ d; O. H. G. Hod; Germ, lied] :-- a lay, song: I. sing, a ditty; eigi lengr en gaukrinn þagði, tðr Ijóð mátti kveða, F, dda 79, cp. Ed. Arna- Magn. i. 376. note 14; cða lengr en svá Ijóð citt kveðak, Gs. 7; þá kvað þursinn af bjargi annat Ijóð, Fas. ii. 29; ok þá varð henni Ijóð á munni, 507; varð henni þá Ijóð á munni, Fb. i. 525. II. plur. songs, lays; in Hm. it is used of charms or spells, as also in Yngl. S. ch. 7 -- hann knunt þau Ijóð, at upp lauksk fyrir honum jiirðin ok bjorg ok steinar; allar þessar íþróttir kenndi hann með ninuni ok Ijóðum, id.; hann ok hofgoðar hans heita Ijóða-smiðir (' lay-smith') þviat sú íþn')tt (i. e. poetry) hófsk með þeim á Norðrlöndum, Vngl. S. ch. 6; so also, fullr er hann Ijóða ok Hkn-stafa, /!/// of charms, and healing staves, Sdm. 5; Ijóð ek þau kann, Hm. 147, 163, 164: the saving, frain koma Ijóð þau löngu vóru sungin, Bs. i. 766: in names of poems, Hyndhi-ljóô, Harbarðs-ljúð, Sæm. 97 (Bugge note); Sólar-ljóð: used of the lays in the Strengltikar, called Ljóða-bók, f. a book of lays, Str. i: Ijóða-háttr, m. a kind of metre, such as the Hávamál; the inscription to Edda (Ht.) loo is by Rask; but ljóðs-h. áttr occurs at the beginning of the Háttatal of earl Ro'gu- vald: Ijóða-tól, n. pl. instruments. Sir. ljóða, að, [Ulf. liuþon -- ýá\\tiv, Róm. xv. 9, and litijtareis = ô aotav\: -- to make verses, sing; þessi maðr Ijóðar á oss (addressed us in verse), ok kvað, Fb. i. 351; þat væri vel þóttú ættir annat at vinna en Ijóða um þær Baldrshaga-meyjar, Fas. ii. 73; ok Ijóðaði svá nöktr sín spúdórns- fræði allan þann dag, Stj. 471. í Sam. xix. 24 :-- recipr., Fas. i. 333. ljóðan, f. singing, verse-making; vaknat hefi ek við 1. þessa, Hem. (Hb.) ljóð-biskup (and lýð-biskup, Symb. 22), m. [from A. S. leô'ü-byscop; a word adopted from England through Christianity, and derived from A. S. leúí? = people and byscop^ :-- a suffragan bishop, origina^y used of missionary bishops who preached the gospel among the 'gentiles' (gentes = leô'S; Old Engl. lewd people), Bs. i. 690, Fms. ix. 2/8, Gþl. 364, Sks. 368, Hkr. iii. 362, Fms. vii. 240, H. E. i. 420, passim. ljóð-framaðr, in. a princely person, Ad. 4. ljóð-fyllandi, f. the alliterative sub-letters (else stuölar); tveir Ijóð- fyllendr við höfuðstaf, Edda 138; höfuðstafr ok fylgir þeim eínn Ijóð- fyllandi, 141. ljóð-fylling, f. (spelt hljóðfylling, but erroneously), the alliteration of the sub-letters, Edda (Ht.) 131; þar er ok skothending ok ein Ijóðfylling við höfuðstafinn, Edda. ljóð-heimar, in. pl. the people's abode, the world, Gg. 2. ljóð-horn, n. a trumpet (?), a nickname, Fb. iii. ljóði, a, m. [ly'ðr]; álfa Ijóði, the elf-man, of Völund, Vkv. io. ljóð-megir, m. pl. men, people, Hkm. ljóð-mæli, n. pl. poems, a collection of poems. ljóð-pundari, a, m. the ' song-pounder' poet, the tongue, Stor. 1; the metaphor taken from the tongue of a balance. ljóðr, m. = Iy'ðr, Edda (Gl.), Hm. 134; see lýðr. ljóðr, m., á-ljóðr, Ld. 30, a corruption for áijótr, q. v. ljóð-stafir, m. pl. the ' lay-staves, ' alliterative letters, freq. in mod. usage, although the word is not found in old writers; Ijóðstafr is to be distinguished from hljóðstafr = a vowel. ljóð-söngr, m. a song, Str. 2. ljóð-æska, u, f. =lýðska, peculiarity, habits, Edda í io: gramm. idi om, íslenzk Ijóðeiska, Rb. 4, Fas. iii. 58. ljóma, að, [A. S. leoman; Engl. looni] , to gleam, shine, used impers. in old writers; viða Ijómaði af, er morgun-sólin skein á pan hin agaetn klæði, Fms. i. 147; ok hversu Ijomar af þeini dýrum klæðum, Al. 75; ok Ijómaði víða af á sjáinn er sólin skein á, B'ms. ii. 303; at hennar geislum Ijomar innan alla myrkvastofuna, Mar. 2. personal, in mod. usage, e. g. sólin Ijomar, dagr Ijoinar, the day breaks; Ljómar Ijós dagr, a hymn: part. Ijomandi, shining, beaming; Ijomandi fagr, beautiful.

LJÖMI -- LJÖTIi, 395

LJÓMI, a, m. [A. S. le owz a; Old Engl. le rø e; Scot, and North. E. g-loam-' ing; Hel. Homo; the Dan. lyn = lightning is a kindred word contracted from the Goth, lartboma; cp. Scot, to leant] :-- a beam, ray, radiance, Hkv. 1. 15, 21; skínn sól á alla glerglugga, ok berr mi Ijomaun um alla höllina, Þiðr. 15, Mirm. 35: freq. in mod. usage, dags-ljómi, day-beam, fyrst þá dags-ljómiim lýsir, Pass. 15. 8; dy'rðar-ljómi, 41. 6. II. a nickname, Fb. iii. ljón, n. a lion; see león. Ijóns-íotr, Ijóns-kló, Ijóns-lappi, all botan. names for Lady's mantle = alcbemilla. LJÓNAR, m. pl. an obsolete law term, daysmen or umpires; Ijonar heita þeir menu er ganga um sættir manna, Edda 107, Vsp. 14, Ýt. 3; it remains in Swed. local names, as Lin-köping = Ljóna-kaupangr, and Jon- köping, dropping the initial I according to the Swedish pronunciation. LJÓRI, a, m. [from Ijos; Swed. liure; Norse liore] :-- a louvre or opening in the roof of ancient halls for the smoke to escape by, and also for admitting light, as the walls of such dwellings had no windows; falla eitrdropar inn um Ijora, Vsp. 44; hann komsk lit um ljurann ok svi í brott, Hkr. i. 267; ef hús verðr íelda í kaupangi, ok verðr eigi logi Ijorurn haeri, N. G. L. ii. 248; einn morgia koin hrafn ú Ijóra ok gall halt, Landn. lot; hanu lot snua fjöl fyrir Ijúrann svá at lítið op var á, Fms. vi. 281. The men who kept watch used to sit by the louvre; sá er við Ijórann sat ok vörð hélt, ix. 364; þat var siðr hans, þá hann drakk, at maðr skyldi sitja við Ijóra ok horfa í gegn veðri á drykkju-skála hans ok halda vörð, Fas. ii. 8l. LJÓS, n. [Dan. ly s; Swed. l/V/s; cp. Goth. li z/ ht; A. S. leoht; Eng\. light; Germ, licbt; Lat. lux] :-- light; i Ijiisi, in light, opp. to Í myrkri, Gr;ig. i. 433; ok hefir þat Ijós af sola, Rb. 108, passim; sólar-ljós, sun-light; dags-ljós, day-light; stj ürnu-ljós, s t a r- li g ht, Lil. 40; kerta-ljós, c a 7z dle- li g- ht: and metaph., lireinlífis Ijós, spektar Ijós, Greg. 30, Post.; Ijós heimsins, the light of the world, N. T., Pass., Vidal. passim. 2. of lamp or torch- light (Dan. /ys), often in plur.; nieð brennandom Ijosom, Hm. 99; þrjú voru log í skálanum ... manns-hönd kemr á hit þriðja ljósit, ok kæíir Ijósit, Gísl. 29; þar brann Ijós, Ó. H. 72; þar brann íjós á kcrti-stiku, Fb. i. 258; þeir þóttusk sjá fjögur !jós í hauginum brenna, Nj. 118; kom þá konungr til ok let bera til Ijós, Eg. 216; hvert þat ker eða kerti sem Ijóstt fylgir, Stj. 76: kvcykja, tendra Ijós, to make a light, Fs. 38, Sturl. iii. 182; slökkva Ijos, to blew it out; but also, drepa Ijósið, t o ' kill'a light, i. e. to extinguish it; skrið-ljós, a lantern; gangi brúðgumi í Ijúsi í sama sæing konu, Grág. i. 175, N. G. L. i. 48, referring to the custom of escorting the bridegroom with lights (torches) to the bridal bed; if this was not done the marriage was unlawful. II. metaph., hafa i Ijosi, to bring to light, Gþl. 546; láta í Ijos (Ijúsi), to brin g- to li g' ht, reveal, manifest, Sks. 195, Fms. ii. 275, viii. 16; koma í Ijos, to come to light, appear, Grág. i. 177. 2. metaph. the light of life; ferr hann einatt ór þvísa Ijósi til helvitis, Hom. 159; í þvísa Ijósi ok öðru, in this life and the next, part of the ancient oath formula in the Fifth Court, Grág. i. 74, Nj. 241. As this court was founded in 1004, only three or four years after the introduction of Christianity, the phrase may be of Christian origin; the passage in Am. 85 (fara í Ijos annat, to depart to the other light = to die) was prob. derived from the oath formula floating before the mind of" the poet; poet, the eyes are called Ijos kinna, 'cheek-light, ' Kormak; brúna Ijos, hvarma Ijos, Lex. Pout. COMPDS: Ijosa-skipti, n. pl. the' light-shift, ' twilight; i Ijosa-skiptunum. Ijosa-stjaki, a, m. [Dan. lyse-stage] , a candlestick, chandelier. Ijosa- söx, n. pl. snujfers. Ijosa-verk, see below s. v. Ijoss. ljósa, u, f. [Lat. lucina] , a nurse or foster-mother, who was usually a midwife also, freq. in mod. usage, also called Ijós-móðir, 'light-mother;'. hún Ijósa miii! hún liósnióðir inín ! Ljós-álfr, m. the Light Elves, opp. to the Dökk-álfar, the Da rk Elves, Edda í 2. ljós-blár, adj. light blue, D. N., freq. in mod. usage. ljós-bleikr, adj. pale, fawn-coloured, of a horse, Grett. 75, 157 new Ed. ljós-bruni, a, m. the burning of a light, 623. 51. ljós-engill, m. a ttg- el of light, I'd. ljós-eygðr, adj. light-eyed. ljós-fari, a, m., poet, the ether, s ky, Edda (Gl.) ljós-hamr, adj. ligbt-hued, Ýt. ljós-hærðr, part, light-haired, Stj. 81, Sturl. iii. 11 2 C. ljós-jarpr, adj. light chestnut, Fins, v. 238, ix. 535, Hkr. i. 320. ljóska, u, f. a chestnut mare. ljós-ker, n. a lantern, Stj. 394, 544, 565, Rb. 378, 380, Vm. 7, Pr. 79, Fb. ii. 375, Bret. 118, Mar. ljós-leiki, a, m. brightness, Fms. x. 169, Hkr. i. 72. ljós-liga, adv. clearly, plainly, Skálda 168, Odd. 107 new Ed. ljós-ligr, adj. c le ar, plain. ljós-litaðr, part, light-hued, Nj. 29, Eb. 42, Fms. ii. 20, vii. 321. ljós-móðir, f. a ' light-mother, ' = Ijosa, q. v. LJÓSS, adj., compar. Ijosari, superl. Ijosastr; gen. fern. sing. Ijossar, Vkv. 5, mod. Ijosrar; dat. fern. sing. Ijossi, Korm. (in a verse), mod. Ijosri; gen. pl. Ijossa, mod. Ijosra :-- light, bright, shining; Ijoss ok fagr, Edda 7; Ijoss dagr, a bright day, Sol. 12; ganga Ijosum logum (allit.), with ' light lowes, ' bright lights; um morguninn eptir er ljust var, Hkr. i. 61; gera Ijost, to dawn, Anal. 228; verða Ijóst, to grow liíf ht, dawn, Fms. ix. 21, Eg. 219: of metals, Ijosa exi, a bright shining axe, Ld. 276; Ijósan lé, a bright scythe, Fsm.; Ijosir aura r, / he bright gold, 801. 34: of a light-coloured horse, Ijoss hestr and Lysingr, but the ancients said hvitr hestr: of hue, Ijóss í andiiti, Fms. ix. 535; liki ens Ijosa mans, Hm. 91; þat Ijósa lik, Sol. 12; löttu ávalt Ijósar, the ' bright, 'fair ones, \. e. the ladies, Am. 29; sinnar Ijossar kvánar, Vkv. 5: Ijos vara, light' ware, ' ermine, Eg. 69: also of food, milk, and the like, whence Ijosa-verk, n. d a iry work, Nj. 185; cp. hvitr matr. II. metaph. c lea r, evident, plain; Ijost er boðorð Drottins, Hom. 96; en hitt er ljust, at..., Eg. 64; Egill segir í fám orðum it Ijósasta um ferð sína, 409; hann kvaðsk hafa spurt af et Ijosasta um hans erendi, Ld. 176; inæli ek því þetta svá Ijóst, at ek veit..., Nj. 102; kallaði hann þá Ijóst um málefni, Fms. vii. 141 :-- Ijóss em ek í því, ek vil at..., / am clear in that matter ..., Ísl. ii. 406; því vil ek Ijosan gera mik, make a clean breast, Bs. i. 720: c lear, easy tosee, understand, and the like. Ljósa-vatn, n. Light- water, Bright-water, a local name, whence Ljós-vetningar, m. pl. the men from L., Nj., Landn. LJÓSTA, pres. ly'str, pl. Ijustum; pret. laust, 2nd pers. laust, pl. lustu; subj. lysti; irnperat. Ijúst (þiðr. 323), Ijóstú (Kormak); part, lostinn :-- a weak pres. lystir, Grág. ii. 15, Rb. 356; a weak pret. lysti, Þd. 13 (listi Ed.), Lv. 24, Post., see Lex. Poët. :-- to strike, smite, hann hoi upp knatl- trúit ok laust Grim, Eg. 189; ok laust hann sveininn með sprota, Nj. 16; þá reiddisk þorvaldr ok laust hana í andlitið svá at blæddi, 18; íila er þá ef ek em þjófs-nautr, ok lýstr hana kinnhest, 75; þá skal ek mi, segir hón, muna þér kinnhcstinn þann er þú laust mik, 116, Fms. vii. 157; hann laust við eyra Saini, Sturl. iii. 123; hann laust milli herðanna Bergi með hjöltunum, Fs. 52; mun þess goldit vera, at þú lystir mik saklausan, Post.; en þat er Jökull bróðir minn laust þik högg, þat skaltú hafa bóía- laust, Fs. 57, Sturl. iii. 26; heldr en þeir lysti:'i stokk eða stein, Fms. vii. 227; Ijósta ú dyrr, Finnb.; or Ijósta högg á dyrr, Fs. 131; ok laust í höfuð mér svá mikit högg, at haussinn lamðisk, Fms. ii. 188, Bs. i. 335; laust hann selinn í sviiua, 342; segja nicnn at hann lysti (subj.) at honum höfuðit, Edda 36; lýstr oi'an á midjan hvirfil... reiðir þá hamarinn af öllu afli ok ly'str á þunn-vangann, 30; lýstr í höfuð honum, 29; ef maðr lýstir niann svá at blátt eðr rautt verðr eptir, Grág. ii. 15; slikt er þótí knífi sé lostið eða spyrnt, 16; hann lýsti horninu í höfuð honum, Lv. 24; Rútr laust vinstri hendi utan á hlyr öxinni, Nj. 28; Egill laust skildinum við kesjunni, Eg. 378; ok lystr við atgeirinum, Nj.: of a gale, en er þeir kómu í Veggjaðar-sund, lustu þá veðr, Fms. ix. 21. II. to hit, strike, with a spear or the like; hann var lostinn manns-höfði í gögnum, Edda 55; þá var Kimtr lostinn öru til bana, Fms. i. 118; þjóstólfr skaut broddi, ok laust (and hit him) undir kverkina, svá at yddi út um hnakkann, vii. 211; maðr skaut ör ór flokki Hákonar ok laust undir kverkina, 273; hann lystir dy'r með hornum sér til matar, Rb. 356; lostinn (struck) af fjánda, 623. 22: [hence the mod. Norse ljosfre = to spear or strike salmon with a fish-spear; cp. Ijostr. J III. the phrases, Ijosta arum í sjó, ok róa sem ákafast, to d a sh theoars int o the sea, of the first stroke of the oars, Gísl. 61, Fms. viii. 144; og lustu árum hinn gráa sæ, Od. (in Dr. Egilsson's version): Ijúsfa eldi Í, to put fire to; báru á við ok næfrar ok halm ok lustu þar í eldi, Fms. ix. 44: Ijosta upp herópi, to rai s e the war cry, vii. 260, 264, Eg. 88: metaph., Ijosta e-u upp, to spread a rumour, Fms. x. 120; Ijosta upp kvitt, Nj. 107; Ijosta e-u við, to put forth, bring up as a pretext, Nj. 99: to pick, næfrar skal hann eigi Ijosta til sölu, N. G. L. i. 39 (ii. 138), IV. impers., of a sudden gust of wind, tempest, fire, it blows up of a sudden; bit laust á nióti þeim útnyrðingi stcinóðum, 656 C. 21; ok láta opna, til þess at þar lysti í vindi, P'ms. xi. 34; ok síðan lýstr á íllviðri fyrir þeim, 51; er ólinu laust á, ok meðan þat hél/k, 136; laust í móti þeiin svá miklu fárviðri, ... laust vindi í móti þeim, Gullþ. 6, 8; þvíat myrkri laust yfir allt, þorst. Síðu H. 10; þá laust cldinum af fuglunum í þekjuna, the thatch caught fire, Fms. vi. 153; þá laust í verkjum, he was taken with sudden pains, viii. 339; þá laust liræðslu í hug þeirn, they were panic-stricken, 43: of a battle, tight, e-m lystr saman, t o com e t o blows, pitched fight; laust saman með pcim snarpri sókn, Odd. 117 new Ed.; ok lýstr þe:pr í bardaga með þeim bræðrum, Fms. xi. 15; ok laust í bardaga með þeini, Nj. 127; ok er saman laust liðinu, when they came to close fighting, Korm. 170, Fms. viii. 38, Stj. 604; nú lystr þeim saman, Ísl. ii. 364. V. recipr., Ijostask, to come to blows; ef þrælar manna Ijostask, Grág. ii. 155. ljós-tollr, m. a lighting tax, a fee to a church for lighting, H. E. ii. 223. ljóstr, in., the r is radical, [Scot, leister; Ivar Aasen Ijoster; Swed. ljustra; Scot, leister; cp. the description in Scott's Guy Mannering] :-- a salmon-spear, Pr. 454: metaph. in upp-liostr. ljót-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), ugliness, Stj. 201, 309, 319. ljót-liga, adv. in an ugly manner, K. Á. 28, H. E. i. 467. ljót-ligr, adj. ugly, hideous, Sks. 528, Al. 87, Fb. i. 497. ljót-limaðr, part, with misshapen limbs, ugly, Fb. iii. 416. LJÓTR, adj., Ijotari, Ijotastr, [cp. Dan. ly(1e] , ugly, hideous, misshapen, . . of the body; þórarinn var allra manna Ijotastr, hann hafði hendr miklar

396 LJÖTVAXINN -- LOFA.

ok Ijótar ... þat er manns fótr, sá er ek hygg, at engi skal hér í kaup- staðnum Ijótari vera ... at eigi muni fást jafnljótr fótr ... ok er þessi því Ijótari, at her er ef en mesta tain, O. H. "4, 75; Grímr var svartr maðr ok Ijótr, Eg. 3; en fleiri vóru My'ramenn manna Ijótastir, 'J'JI', at hanu mundi verða Ijótr ok líkr feðr sinum, svartr á húrs-lit, 147, 459 (the verse); mikill vexti ok Ijótr, Fms. vi. 200; þat ætla ek at eigi fæðisk upp Ijótari maðr en þií ert, 207; Ijótari ok leiðiligri, ii. 137; þenna ky's ek, fátt mun Ijótt á Baldri, Edda 46; hann var mikil! maðr ok sterkr, Ijótr ok hljóðlyndr, Eb. 42. II. metaph. b a d, sore, hideous; et Ijóta líf, Ls. 4; sú þar Ijótan harm, faðir, what a shame! Edda 58; Ijótar syndir, 05. 1. 319; Ijótr í siðferði, Mar.; Ijótastar sakir, run ok stuldir, Sks. 664. III. in pr. names, Ljótr, Ljót-ólfr; of women, Ljót, Ljótunn, Landn.; and as the latter part, Arn-ljótr, iþór-ijótr, id., Fb. iii. ljót-vaxinn, part, misshapen, Hallfred. ljúf-fengr, adj. sweet, agreeable, of a dish. ljúf-lega, adv. graciously. ljúflingr, m. [Germ. liebling\, a ' loveli?ig, ' an elf, fairy, freq. in mod. usage, Maurer's Volks. COMPDS: Ijuflings-lag, n. the fairy metre, the mod. name of a metre like the old kviðu-háttr. Ijúflings-mál, n. pl. a fairy son", Maurer's Voiks. ljúf-lyndi, n. loveliness of mind, Pass. ljúf-menni, n. a meek, lovable person. LJÚFR, adj., ljúíari, ljiifastr. [Ulf. / i K b s = 0707077-05; A. S. Ieôf; OldEngl. lef; provinc. Engl. lief; O. H. G. Hub; Germ, lieb] :-- dear, beloved; Guði Ijúfír, í7cc ep/ a& leto Go d, Hom. 159; allirvildu svá sitjaokstanda semhonum var Ijufast, Bs. i. (Laur. S.); líttú:1 Ijiifan, Gkv. I. 13; hinn Ijúfi lávarðr, Fms. v. 148, Fsm. 50; sinn Ijnfa btianda, jþiðr. 308, 318; Ijúfa h'ivarð, Fb. ii. 385: in addressing one, he3rr minn Ijiifi Irungr ! 329; sæll ok Ijufr, Sigurðr minn, Skíða R. 185: in mod. usage as subst., ljuti, my love I or ljufrinn minn! 2. mild, gentle, kind; hann var Ijiitr ok lítiilátr við alla, Bs. i. 76; and so in mod. usage, cp. Ijutinenni. 3. allit., Ijufr ok leiðr, opt sparir leiðum þats heftr Ijúfum luigat, Hm. 39; Ijúfr verðr lciðr, ef lengi sitr annars fletjum á, 34; Ijúft ok leitt (mid. H. G. liep iinde leit), nice and nasty, weal and woe, Fms. viii. 48, Orkn. 284; at Ijufu ok at leiðu, N. G. L. i. 50; gegna jafnt Ijúfu sem leiðu, 51; Ijúft sem leitt, weal and woe, Js. 76. II. as a pr. name, Ljúfa, whence Ljúfu-staðir in western Iceland. ljúf-samligr, adj. lovely, sweet, Stj. 289. ljúf-svelgr, m. a sweetheart, Ísl. ii. 256 (in a verse). LJÚGA, pres. lyg, pl. Ijiiga; pret. laug, 2nd pers. laugt, mod. laugst, pl. lugu; subj. lygi; part, logiun; a pret. lo (qs. log) also occurs, Ver. 16, Nj. 270, Lex. Poët.: [Ulf. liitgan = ý/fvb'ta8ai; A. S. le oif a n; Engl. lie; O. H. G. liugan; Germ, lilgen; Swed. Ijnga; Dan. lyve] :-- to lie, tell a lie, þetta hefir hann logit, Nj. So; fyrir logna sök, Al. 26; þóat hann lygi, F'innb. 346; bú gerðir at ek laug, Hom. 154; drjúgr var Loptr at ljuga, þd. I; lygi" þú nú, Am. 100. 2. with prep.; ljuga at e-m, to tell lies to one; þá niáitu nú tiniia skjótt her siinn dæmi, at eigi er logit at þér, Edda 19, Karl. 180, 399; hvi villa svikja mik, at þú lýgr æ at mér, Stj. 416, Fms. vi. 257 (in a verse): ljuga á e-n, to lie about a person, slander; ok er hón ft:kk þat ekki þá ló hón á hann, Ver. 16: Ijuga fru, lo tell lies; en um allir sagnir hallaði hann mjok til, en ló víða frú, Nj. 270; ok sizt so logit frá honum, and that what is told of him i s true enough, 32. II. to break an engagement, belie one's word, fail, absol.; svá segir mér hugr urn sem Brandr mun eigi ljuga stefnuna, B. will not fall to come, Finnb. 348; þess er nn'ir van at þeir Ijúgi hólm- stefnu, F'as. ii. 477; s;i er vetki laug, ivho never failed, proved faithful, Ad. 11; mundu vist vita at vetki lygr, it will not fail, Skv. i. 25; sjaldan lygr en langa kor, Skald H. 7. 35; lygr skjöldrinn nu, now the shield proves false, Fms. vii. 323, v. l.; þá var triðr loginn, then was peace broken, Höfuðl.; lugu þá lindiskildirnir at þeim ok dugðu eigi fyrir kesjum Birki- beina, Fms. viii. 413, v. I.; Ijúgandi högg, sham blows, taking no effect, Sks. 382; telja á sik Ij Uganda lot, to give lying praise to oneself, false boasting, Art.; Ijiiga hoggin þín, langi Loptr! thy bl ows are a make- believe, Safn i. 55. 2. with acc. to belie, break, fail in; hel lo sumum frelsi (acc.), death cheated (bereft) some of their freedom, Fagrsk. (in a verse); Sigurðr hefir logna (has broken) alla eiða, Bkv. 3. III. reflex, to fail, miss; þvíat eigi mun yðr eptirförin ljugask, Ísl. ii. 347; eigi mun við Ijúgask at hann Barði er kominn, 356; hefir yðr þat sjaldan logizt (it ha s seldom proved false) er ek sagði þá er várir fundir hafa at borit, Fms. viii. 134; en ef þú leitar eptir vexti solar, þá fær þat varla svá glöggt sagt, at þat Ijúgisk hvergi, Sks. 57 :-- with prepp., eigi má ek þat vita, at né eitt siun hafi jafnmjök logizk í um fylgdina niína, / know not that my help has ever before proved such a failure, Fms. vi. 248. 2. part, loginn; at vér félagar sém þessu máli lognir, th a t we are falsely charged with this case, Fms. iv. 310. 3. recipr., ljugask á, to belie oneself; en ef maðr lýgsk sári á, if a man pretends falsely to be wounded; fyrir því at hann lósk (locsc MS.) öllum goðdóms krapti á, Hom. (St.) ljúgari, a, m. a liar, Art. ljúg-eiðr, m. a false oath, perjury, Post. 645. 77, 656 A. 16. ljúg-fengr, m. some part of a sword, Edda (Gl.) ljúg-fróðr, adj. untruthful, inaccurate, Al. 25, (ó-ljúgfróðr.) ljúg-gögn, n. pl. false evidences, Grág. i. 117. ljúg-heitr, adj. false to one's word, Bs. i. 515, (n-ljugheitr.) ljúg-kviðr, in. a fahe verdict, kviðr (q. v.), Grág. i. 53, 130, Nj. I:Q ljúg-orð, n. lying, mendacity, Lex. Poët. ljúgr, m. a liar, in coinpds; vá-ljúgr, q. v. ljúg-spár, &&] . false-speaking, prophesying falsely, Fms. x. 468. ljúg-váttr, m. a fahe witness, perjurer, Hom. ljúg-vitni, n. false witness, perjury, Fms. vi. 195, Nj. 150, Bs. i. 665, Th. 10. ljúg-vætti, n. = ljúgvitni, Grúg. i. 44. ljúg-yrði, n. a falsehood, lie, Sks. 339. ljúka, see lúka. LOÐA, pres. loði; pret. loddi; part, loðat; but the part. adj. loðinn points to a lost strong verb: -- to cleave to, cling fast, stick, the original notion being of n shaggy, hairy thing; þat er liðnm loðir saman, N. G. L. i. 345; en þegar er nokkurr maðr;'itti samlag við konu innan borgar, þú loddu þau sainan sem hundar, Fms. xi. 385; lát hella silfr í hötuð þér ok haf slikt sem í húrinu loðir, vi. 375; hón loddi ok limdisk við hendrnar, Stj. 292; hold loðir yðr í klúni, liornklofi; loddi rú við ramau reimuð Jötun-heima, Haustl.; en svá loddi honum þat vel í eyruni, at..., Bs. i. 163; Riitr hjú með hægri hendi á fót Jjjóstúlri fyrir ofan knéit svá at litlu loddi við, i. e. cut the leg nearly off', so that it hung by a shred, Nj. 28; í því hjó Kyjúlfr á þuinal-fingrinn á honum, ok loddi köggullinn á sinunum, Lv. 86; þau drógusk um einn gullhring ... hón loddi á hringinum eptir magni, they pulled by a ring, and she clung to the ring, i. e. did her best to hold it fas!, Fas. iii. 387; lint loðir varla í e-m, Str. 56 :-- wi:h the notion of shagginess, ^íi fundu þeir at hann loddi fiærð einni, they found that he was all shaggy (clothed) with falsehood, Clem. 24. loð-brók, f. shaggy breek, the nickname of a mythical Danish king, Landn., Fas. i, Ragn. S. ch. I, 2. lodda, u, f. a harlot (?), a word of abuse, Edd:i ii. 489. loddari, a, in. [Engl. loiterer; O. H. G. lottir; mid. H. G. later] :-- a juggler, jester, tramp, a word of abuse, Konr. 42, Þiðr. 140, Pr. 403. loddara-skapr, m. the behaviour of a loddari. loddi, a, m. a shaggy dog. loð-dúkr, m. a rough, hairy kerchief, Edda ii. 494. loði, a, m. [A. S. l o'oVi], a fur cloak, Gm. I, Hom. 17; loða rauða, Gkv. 2. 19. loðinn, part, shaggy, thick, of a fleece, as also of a field, crop of grass; loðin sem dy'r, Al. 171; loðin sem selr, Fb. ii. -26; Loppa með loðna skó, Ísl. jbjóðs.; ær loðnar ok lembdar, ewes in fleece and with lamb, Grág. i. 502, Bs. i. 334, passim: of grass, túnit var lislegit ok gékk hestrinn þangat sem loðnast var, Grett. 107; var taðan svá loðin, at..., Finnb. 340, Stj. 258, Fb. i. 522; á grasi þóat loðit væri, Fms. ii. 278; kaf- loðinn, very shaggy or thick, of grass. COMPDS: looin-fingra, u, f. hairy fingered, the nickname of an ogress, Edda (Gl.) loðin-höfði, a, m. shaggy head, a nickname, Vápn. loðin-kinni, a, in. shaggy chin, a nickname, Fas. II. in pr. names, Loðinn, Fms.; Loð- höttr, Loð-m. undr, Landn. loð-kápa, u, f. = loði, Grett. 101, Eg. 574, Orkn. 400, Fms. i. 149. loð-mæltr, adj. talking thick. loðna, u, f. a shaggy spot, thick crop. 2. a kind of herring, clupea villosa. loð-ólpa, u, f. a large fur doublet, Eg. 574, Mag. 63. LOF, n. [A. S. and Old Engl. l o/; Germ. l o6] :-- praise, good report; opt kaupir sér í litlu lof, Hm. 51; lof ok liknstafi, 8; lot" ok vit, 9; liknfastan at lofi, 124; ok lagði þar mest lof til er honum þótti makligir, Eg. 33; hón leit á um hríð, ok ræddi hvtirki um lost ne lof, Ld. 202: in plur., vár lof, Mar. (055 xxxii. 3); opt byrjuð lof, Sighvat (Hkr. iii. 13, in a verse). 2. a laudatory poem, encomium; her er ok lof kallat skáldskapr, Edda 96; lof Sindra, F'ms. iv. 13 (in a verse); vildir þú fásk í því sem þi'r er ekki lánat, at yrkja lof um mik, Fb. i. 215. II. license, allowance, permission; ef konungr vill þeim lof til gefa, Eg. 86; en er þeir fengu lof til at mæla við hann, O. H. 131; konungr segir at hann mundi hvárki þar til leggja lof nú bann, Eg. 349: biðja lofs til e-s, to ask for leave, Grág. i. 38 :-- allit., lof ok leyii, nema mitt lof ok leyfi se til, 0. H. 99. 2. in plur. a law term, license, in the allit. phrase, lögum ok lofum; þeir (the legislative) skulu ráða lögum ok lofum, they have to rule laws and licenses, i. e. the legislature rests with them, Grág. i. 4, passim; at þeir skulu rottir at ráða fyrir loguni ok lofum er sitja á miðjum pöllum, Nj. 150, v. l. COMPDS: lofs-orð, n. praise, laud, Fms. x. 179, Bret. 16. lofs-tirr, m. fame, glory. LOFA, að, imperat. lofaðu, in popular pronunciation lof'mér or lom'mér! lommér að fara; [cp. leyfa; both forms refer to a lost strong verb, ljufa, lauf, lufu; A. S. lofian; North. E. loave; Germ. loben; Scot. loue or loi ~/]: I. to praise; lofa konung þenna sem þér likar en lasta eigi aðra konunga, Fms. vi. 196: with gen. of the thing, so Guð þ. ss lofaðr, be Go d praised that..., viii. 219, Nj. 58, 109, MS. 623. 19. II. to allow, permit; lofa e-m e-t, Eg. 35, K. Á.

LOFAN -- LOPPINN. 397

230, Stj. 225, H. E. 4. 491; lofa is in mod. usage the common word, leyfa is obsolete. lofan, f. leave, permission, Hom. 144. lofanligr, adj. laudable, Fms. x. 87, MS. 732. 13. Lofarr, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp. Lofði, a, m. the name of a mythical king, Edda :-- lofðar, m. pl. men, heroes, Edda (Gl.), Ýt., Lex. Poët. lof-drápa, u, f. a n encomium, Landn. 283. lofðungr, m., poet, a king, prince, Hkv., Sighvat, passim :-- in plur. the kinsmen of king Lofði, Eådz. lof-gjarn, adj. prai s e-wor thy, Yt. lof-gjarnligr, adj. laudatory, Fb. ii. 200. lof-görð, f. praise, Fbr. (in a verse), freq. in mod. eccl. usage, Vidal.: worship, praise, Bs. ii. 157. lof-hnugginn, part. ' praise-bereft, ' wicked, Hallfred. lof-kenndr, part, glorious, Lex. Poët. lof-kvæði, u. an encomium, Eg. 418, Fb. i. 214, ii. 306. lof-köstr, m. a 'pile of praise, ' a pyramid of praise, poet, a poem, Ad. lofliga, adv. gloriously. lofligr, adj. praising; loflig ræða, a panegyric, Skulda 197; loflig orð, laudation, Hkr. iii. 244: glorious, praiseworthy, Stj. 288, Blas. 47; í hans lofligu lifi, Orkn. 160. Lofn, f. [akin to Engl. love], the name of the goddess of Love, Edda -21. lof-orð, n. leave, permission; at engu loforði biskups-efnis, Bs. i. 4/5; leggja loforð til e-s, Fas. ii. 328. II. in mod. usage, a promise; halda, efna loforð sitt. lof-samliga, adv. gloriously, Fms. vi. 206. lof-samligr, adj. glorious, Fms. i. 259, Stj. 32, 170, Bs. i. 38, ii. 3. lof-smíð, f. an encomium, Gd. 40. lof-spá, f. a glorious ' spae' or prophecy, 656 A. 19 (of the song of Simeon). lofs-tírr, m. honour, glory; see lof. lof-sæla, u, f. esteem, fame, Sir. 16. lof-sæll, adj. glorious, famous, Yt. 14, Hom. 107, Str. 19. lof-söngr, n. [Germ, lobgesang^,, a song of praise, hymn, Hom. 142, Magn. 450, Fms. xi. 308, Rb. 396, freq. in mod. eccl. usage. lof-tunga, u, f. a 'praise tongue, ' soubriquet of a poet, Fms. lof-verðr, adj. praiseworthy, Fms. v. 100. LOG-, n. [Old Engl., Scotland North. E. lowe], aflame; þeirgáfu honum kerti mjök mikit ok log á, Ó. H. 152; ef ktrti er látið í vatnið, þá er log er á því, Rb. 352; hræ-iog (q. v.), ignis faluus. 2. esp. in plur. li g' ht (candlestick); vóru log upp drtgiu í stofunni, Sturl. iii. 182; þrjú vóru log í skálanum, Gísl. 29; þá vóru log kveykt í tjöldunum, Fb. ii. 128; með sverð ok stangir ok log, Hom. St. (John xviii. 3). LOGA, að, [Old Engl. to lowe] , burn with aflame; þeim endanum er log- aði, Eg. 238; loganda eldi-brand, Nj. 194; hyrrsc ek brenna en hauðr loga, burn in a bright lowe, Hdl. 48; tf ek sé húvan sal loga, Hm. 153; loga ilia skíðin, Finnb. 254; runnr, sá er Moyses sa loga ok eigi brenna, 65ts viii. 2; þar til er borgin oil logaði, Fms. vi. 154; Ijósið logar, the li g' ht lowes; það logar á skíðum or það skíða-logar, the fire lowes brightly. loga-blæða, dd, [laga], to floiv profusely, of blood; það loga-blæðir. log-brandr, n. a firebrand, Fms. i. 29, 290, Gullþ. 15, Bret. 18. logi, a, m. [Germ, lohe; Dan. lue\, a lowe, flame; brenna loga (dat.), /o s tand in a bright lowe, Gin. 29; brennandi logi, hár logi, Hm. 84, Am. 15, Ls. 65; Surla-logi, the flame of Surt, Vþm. 50; fundu eigi fyrr en loginn stóð inn inn ræfrit, Eg. 239; svá var at sjá í fjallit upp sem í loga sæi, er roðaði af skjöldunum, Fms. viii. 210; rcyk ok loga, 0. H. 121; þá var enn logi á cldinum, there was still a lowe in the fire, 153. II. a pr. name; of a mythical king, Logi, "ft.; cp. Ha-logi; Loga-dís, Logi's sisíer, id. LOGN, n. [Scot, and North. E. loun = calm; Swed. lugn; ^Ivar Aasen logn] :-- calm, tratvjnil, of weather, Aim. 23; logn veðrs, O. H. 36; i logni, Fms. viii. 178; ok er þeir n'ru í logui ok sækvrru, ... er boði fell í logni, Orkn. 164; datt veðrit í logn, Bs. i. 834; hann hastaði ú vindinn ok sjóinn, þá varð logn mikit, Matth. viii. 26: plur., logn inikil, Orkn. 358. COMPOS: logn-drifa, u, f. a drift of snow in a calm, Gísl. 28, Njarð. 374. logn-rétt, f., in the naut. phrase, liggja í lognrétt, to be becalmed on the sea, Fas. ii, 30. logii-snjór, m. snow fallen in a calm, LOK, n. [lúka], a co ver, lid of a chest, vessel; hann stakk endanum i lokit þar sem lykillinn gékk at, Mag. i; ok lok yfir kerinu, Eb. 196; hálfrýmis-kistur þeirra stóðu ú. skipum, en lyklar vóru settir í lokin, Fms. viii. 85, Mag. 24, 78; kistu-lok, pott-lok: of a ship, a locker or bench in the stem of a boat, mod. stafn-lok, gi'kk biskup fram í lokit, Bs. ii. 129. 2. in plur. lockers; þeir brutu upp hurðir ok hirzlur, lok ok lasa, Sturl. ii. ii; gullhringr hvarf frá hnsfreyju or lokum (out of the lockers) cr vandlega vóru læst, Bs. i. 329; í lásum eða í lokum, N. G. L. i. 84; þá eru lok þeirra óheilög við broti, Jb. 424. II. metaph. plur. an end, conclusion, cp. Germ, scbluss; þat fylgir Ijóða lokum, Hm. 164; lok mun ek þess segja, Am. 35; fella lok ú e-t, to bring to an end, Grág. i. 67; færa til loka, id., Bs. i. 132; líða imdir lok, to end, die, perish, Nj. 156, THom.; leiðar lok, journey's end, conclusion, Stj. 442; nest-lok. æíi-lok, mála-lok, leiks-lok, q. v. III. adverb, loks, at last, fînally, Fms. xi. 45, 86, Fbr. 23; and til loks, id., Eluc. 73, Rb. 76, 366, Stj. 417, þorst. Síðu H. 9; loksins, adv. at last, finally, Bs. i. 443, Fbr. 23. lok, n. [Ivar Aasen lok; Dan. laag~\, a kind of fern or weed; in the phrase, ganga sem lok yfir akr, to spread like iveeds over afield; menu hans gengu sem lok yfir akra, Orkn. 4; gengu þeir eiuir yfir allt sem lok yfir akra, Fbr. 24 new Ed.; the mod. sem logi yfir akra is a corruption of the old phrase. loka, u, f. a l oc k (latch); hann rekr aptr hurð ok lætr fyrir loku, Ísl. ii. 135, Fms. vi. 189; lokur ok slagbranda, iv. 299; loka var engi fyrir hurðum, láta lokur frá hurðum, ... Auðr lætr loku (lok MS., but loku 114, I. e.) frá hurðu, Gísl. 28-30, Fms. vi. 189, viii. 332, Eg. 601, Lv. 30: the phrase, margr seilisk urn hurð til lokunnar, many a man reaches far to catch what is near at band, (almost answering to the Lat. quod pelis hie e f t), Grett. 107: prop, a peg, Jabel tók bnðar-nagla sinn eða loku, ok hamar, Stj. 388, (Judges ii. 21, a nail of the tent.) II. a kind of song, verses running on without division of strophes, lang-loka; urðar- lokur, a warlock song, a charm; for a specimen of a langloka see Snot 72 (Kd. 1850). COMPOS: loku-gat, n. a hole for a latch, Fas. iii. 536. loku-lindi, a, m. a belt with a lock, Bs. i. 337. loku- rán, n. a law term, a 'lock-robbery, ' burglary, Gþl. 387. loku-sveinn, m. a 'lock-boy, ' porter, Bs. i. 849, THom. 239. loku-bollr, in. a beam in a weaver's loom, Bjorn. LOKA, að, [Engl. to lock] , to lock, shut; hann gokk inn í húsit ok lokaði innan hurdina, Fms. ii. 281; loka hús, þjal. 10 :-- in mod. usage with dat., loka hurdu, dyrum. lokarr, m., dat. lokri, [A. S. l oc er], a plane, a joiner's term; lokrar tveir, Pin. 124; kirkjan ú þrjá lokra ok tclli-stokk, 13: metaph., frekr get ek at þeim þykki lokarr minn til fegjalda, / ween they will think my plane cuts no thin shavings in the matter of fees, Fms. ii. 65: poüt., óðar- lokarr, umun-lokar, the ' voice-plane' = the tongue, Ad. 16, Edda 85 (in a verse). lokar-spánn, m. plane shavings, Fms. vi. 156, xi. 34, Edda 46, þiðr. 20. lok-hvíla, u, f. a ' lock-bed, ' a locked bed-closet, in ancient dwellings, as a defence against night attacks, Sturl. ii. 217, Nj. 183, Eg. 603, Fms. ii. 64, Fs. 72, 102; lokhvílu-þil, the wainscot of a bed-closet, Sturl. ii. 228. Loki, a, m. [perh. akin to lokka], the evil giant-god of the Northern mythol., see Edda passim, Vsp. 39. Loka-senna, u, f. the banter of Loki, the name of an old poem: as a nickname, Landn. The name of Loki is preserved in a few words, Loka-sjóðr, m., botan. rhinanthiis crista galli, Loki's purse, the name for cockscomb or yellow rattle; and Loka- sjóðs-bróðir, m. bartsia alpina, Maurer's Yolks, i: Loka-brenna, u, f. fire, the ' blazing' of Loki -- -Sirius, according to a statement of Finn Mag- nusson: Loka-ráó and Loka-heilræði, n. pl. Loki's advice, i. e. ironical, misanthropic advice, sec Snot 192; cp. the Dilmarschcr-iiigen in Grimm's Marchen: Loka-lykt, f. a c l os e smell, as from an evil spirit haunting the room, Ísl. þjóði. ii. . 556. II. as an appellative, a loop on a thread, Dan. ' kurre paa traaden;' opt er loki ú nálþræði, Hallgr. LOKKA, að, [Shell, luck; Germ, locketi] , to allure, entice. Am. 73, Fms. viii. 23, Bad. 107, Edda 16, Hom. 108; lokka með blíðum orðurn, 623. 12; lokka e-t af e-m, Fms. vi. 201: to pull softly and by stealth, haiMi lokkar pa af henni mcnit, Fb. i. 276. II. [lokkr], reflex, lok- kast, to fall in locks, of hair, Karl. 226. lokkaðr, part, with locks, Rb. 478. lokkan, f. an allurement, Stj. 38, H. E. i. 490, Barl. 129. lokkari, a, in. an allurer, MS. 4. 30. LOKKR, m. [A. S., Engl., Germ., and Dan. l oc k], a lock of hair, Stj. 417, Fb. ii. 563, Fs. 5, Bret. 103, the word is not freq. with the ancients, who used leppr (q. v.), which is now vulgar. lokka-maðr, in. a man with thick locks of hair, Sturl. i. 2 I. lok-lauss, adj. coverless, uncovered, Vm. 167, Dipl. v. 18. lok-leysa or lok-lausa, u, f, ' without end, ' nonsense, absurdity, Nj. 214, Sks. 620, Blas. 45, Orkn. 346 (of a promise not fulfilled), Fms. viii. 102, Karl. 50, passim; cp. cndi-leysa. lokna, að, to drop; lúta lokna niðr mál, Band. (MS.) 13. lokr, m. [cp. loki II, and lykkja], a kind of texture; kyrtill hans var lokr ofinn, en eigi saumaðr, lioni. St. (John xix. 23). lok-rekkja, u, f. = lokhvíla, Ísl. ii. 262, Ld. 140, Nj. 35, Eg. 603, Eb. 118, Gísl. 115. lokrekkju-gólí', n. a locked bed-closet, \7apn. 4, Gísl. 115. Lokrur, f. pl. ballads on Loki (in vellum). loks and loksins, adv. at last, finally; see lok. lok-sveinn, m. -- lokusvcinn, Th. 8. lon, in the phrase, Ion og don, adv. incessantly, Snót. lopi, a, m. carded wool drawn into a hank before being spun; cp. lyppa: medic, dropsical flesh, hor-lopi, q. v. loppa, u, f. [cp. lof p] , a paw, hand, (vulg.), Skíða R. 125; því cin loppan fraus, Snot (of the ogress Gryla): numbness of the bands from cold, (mod.) loppinn, adj. with hands benumbed with cold.

398 LOFT -- LOG.

LOPT, n.: 1. [Ulf. luftu s = nijp; A. S. lyft; Scot, and Old Engl. lift; Engl. n- lo/ t; O. H. G. and Germ. ' liifi] , the air, Eluc. 19, Skálda 174: the air, atmosphere, the sky, heaven, lopt vindlaust, Edda 4; skein sol, ok var lítt á lopt komin, Ld. 36; sol er á góðu lopti, high in the s ky, Bs. ii. Ill; þeir heyrðu klukku- hljóð í loptið upp, Fms. vi. 63, Hdl. 41, Ysp. 29: lopt var mikit (a great height) til jarðar at falla, Fb. ii. 389: allit,, lopt ok lögr, Skm. 6; ly'sti af höndum hennar bæði í lopt ok a log, Edda 22; renna lopt ok lüg, "jo; hvat manna sá er með gulihjúlminn er ríðr lopt ok log, segja at harm á furðu góðan best, 56 :-- plur., inn þver loptin, Bret. 58; hann skapaði hirnin ok jörð ok loptin, Edda; hann blaess eitri ok dreifir lopt oil ok log, 41; loptin neðri, Lil. 27; loptin sungu, 34; hverfðr utan um lopt oil, Fas. 2. adverb, phrases; á lopt, aloft, into the sky; hlaupa í lopt upp, io leap up into the air, Nj. 84; hefja e-t A lopt, to hold tip aloft, extol, Róm. 308, Bs. i. 284, Finnb. 296; brcgða á lopt, Eg. 123; bera (færa) á lopt, to spread abroad, Fms. xi. 287, Fas. i. 363, Bs. i. 133, F's. 9; horfa, liggja í lopt upp (or upp í lopt). to lie face uppermost, opp. to a grufu, Stud. iii. 282: á lopti. aloft in the air, on high, hovering; taka spjótið á lopti, to catch a spear flying, Nj. 84; hann vá svá skjótt með sverði, at prjú þóttu á lopti at sja, 29, þkv. IO. 3. fi i r, space; hann flaug um alla l;'isa ok gat hvergi lopt fuudit svá at hann nuetti inn koinask, Fb. i. 276. COMPOS: lopt-hræddr, adj. giddy with looking down from aloft. lopt-megin, n. skill in climbing, Fms. x. 314. lopt-mjöðm, f. a kind of trick in wrestling, cross-buttock. lopt-riki, n. the realm of air, Greg. JÖ. lopt- vægi, n. ' air-weight, ' poi-t. = the mouth, 'tor -- the voice, Stor. I. B. [Engl., Scot., and Dan. loft] , a loft, upper room, also of houses built on piles (stafir), and thus lifted from the ground; this may well be the primitive sense, from which that of n i r, s k y may be derived through the notion that the heavens were a many-storied ceiling, see the remarks s. v. himinn; often used of the bedroom in old dwellings; en er þeir kómu upp ú loptriðit sá þeir at loptið var opit. Eg. 236, Fms. ii. 5; jni skalt liggja í lopti hjá mér í nótt ... ok læsti hón þcgar loptiiui innan, Nj. 6, 7; til lopts þess er Erlingr svaf i, O. H. 116; i annan enda hússins var lopt uppi á þvertrj. im ..., fóru þeir Arnljótr upp ú loptið ok lögðusk þar til svefns, 153, Nj. 199; l()pt þat er þar er yfir útidyrum, Eb. 118; þeir gengu til svefns ok upp í loptið, Fs. 85; Gunnarr svaf í lopti einu í skalanum, Nj. 114; var Fjöliii fylgt til lierbergis í hit næsta lopt, Hkr. 1. 17; lopts dyrr, the loft doom, Sturl. ii. 94, Fas. iii. 500; lopts gat, an opening in a floor, trap-door. II. a balcony; þeir þorbjörn vörðusk ór lopti einu, Orkn. 443; hann var skotinn í lopti einu, Fms. vii. 245; tók konungr sér herbergi í lopti einu, O. H. 105: in mod. usage of the ceilings or floors in many-storied houses. COMPDS: lopt- clyrr, n. pl. the doors to a lopt; gokk hann fram eptir svölunum ok til annarra loptdura, Hkr. i. l 7. lopt-eldr, m. lightning. lopt-gluggr, in. the window of a lopt, Fms. vii. 245. lopt-hús, n. a ' loft-chamber' Fms. viii. 7, ix. 362, Stj. 204, 383. Judges iv. 23. lopt-höll, f. -- lopt- hús, Fms. x. 149. lopt-rið, n. a staircase (outside the house) leading up to the loft or upper storey, Eg. 236, Ísl. ii. 367, Fms. iv. 169 (cp. C). H. 72), ix. 239. lopt-skemma, u, f. a 'loft-room, ' a bouse built on piles, Fms. i. 166. lopt-stofa, u, f. = loptskemma, Fms. viii. 13; allr garðrinn með undir-buðum, loptstofum, ok ölluin klefum npp á báðar siður, Boldt 115. lopt-svalir, f. pl. a balcony, gallery, lattice, Orkn. 74, Fms. vi. 270, 338, Stj. 606, (2 Kings i. 72, a lattice ift his upper lopta, að, to lift; þat loptar undir e-t, a thing is lifted, the air being seen between it and the ground, Jjórð. 64: in mod. usage, with dat. to lift slightly from the ground, eg lopta því ekki, / cannot lift it, cannot move it. Loptr, m. one of the names of Loki, Edda (Gl.), |)d.: for Lopt-ki, Ls. 19, see -gi (B). II. a pr. name, Landn. lortr, m. Jiltb, I. at. merda. los, n. looseness, breaking iip, Fms. xi. 340, Fas. iii. 29, Karl. 240 (breaking up of the ranks in battle). LOSA, að, [cp. lauss, referring to a lost strong verb, ljusa, laus, los- inn] :-- to loosen, make loose, Fms. ii. 146, Finnb. 332, D. I. i. 233; hann losar til heyit niðri við jörðina, Fb. i. 523. II. reflex, losask, t o get loose, 623. 26; losast við e-t, to get rid of a thing. losna, að, to get loose, get free, Vsp. 50, Edda 41, Eg. 233, 298; þá rúttusk ímgrnir ok losnuðu (loosened the grasp) af meðal-kaflanum, Grett. 154. 2. metaph., tók mi bardaginn at losna, the rank s began toget loose, in battle, Sturl. iii. 66; tekr lið hans heldr at losna, Al. 141: losna í sundr, to dissolve, break tip, split asunder, Fms. viii. 290, ix. 374, Stj. 580, Hom. 83: to get free, 623. 22: sem þau koma á miðja ana losna fætr undir konunni, i. e. s he slipped (cp. lauss á fótum), Bs. ii. 175: to part, leave a place, þætti múr bezt at losna þaðan eigi fyrr en ..., Fins, ii. 5; losna brott, id., Fb. ii. 194; áðr þeir losni ór heraði, Ld. 276; fannsk þat á hvers orðum at nauðigr losnaði, Eb. 280. II. reflex, losnask, to get loose, Grett. 135 A. lost, n. [Ijosta], a blow, stroke, N. G. L. i. 157. lost-fagr, adj. so fair as to kindle lust, Hrn. 92. LOSTI, a, ni. [this word is, according to Grimm, derived from Ijósta, to smite, so that 'lust' prop, means smiting or being smitten; Ulf. lustus = eirtov/Aia; A. S. lyst; Engl., Germ., and Dan. l us t] :-- lust, esp. carnal lust, Hom. 16, 25, Pr. 474, Barl. 27, Orkn. 160; likanis losti, carnal lust, Magn. 466. COMPDS: losta-fullr, adj. lewd, lustful, Stj. 345. losta-girnd, f. lust, K. Á. 104, Al. 87. losta- liðr, m. membrum virile, Stj. 338. losta-samligr, adj, lecherous, Sks. 547. losta-semd and losta-semi, f. carnal lust, Stj. 105, Horn, 34, Sks. 528, Mar., Barl. 75. losta-synd, f. the sin of lust, Eluc. 45. lostigr, adj. willing, ready, with all one's heart, opp. to nauðigr, Hkv. Hjorv. 42, Fms. ii. 148, Ö. H. 112, Fas. i. 135, Art. no. lost-liga, adv. ivillingly, lustily, 673 A. 46. lostning, f. smiting; in upp-lostning, a pretext. lost-verk, n. pl. a labour of love: the phrase, létt eru loslverk (mod. létt falla L), a labour of love falls light, Hom. (St.) lost-ætr, adj. dainty, of a dish. LOTA, u, f. a round, bout, continuous effort, without stopping to take breath, or pause, in a fight, races, or the like; vóru góð vígin þ:ir til er gengnar vóru ellefu lotur, Rd. 299; síðan glíina þeir þrjár lotur, Finnb. 318; gengr Ingólfs hestr betr í ollum lotuin, Glúm. 356; þessir menu görðu s-vá harða lotu, at hverr þeirra hefir fynr sik inanu eða meirr, P'as. ii. 533; gengusk þeir at fast, gürðu langa lotu, ok fell Jökull á kné, Finnb. 328; en er eptir Steingrims- lotan, var þá veitt allhörð atsókn, en Steingrhnr varðisk alldrengi- liga ok fell þar, Sturl. ii. 60; þykki þór eigi hörð lota gengit hafa, in'agr ? 53; þóttisk Teitr hafa haft hann ærit lengi í lotu, i. 148 (ItOtu C). II. lotum, adverb, by fits and starts; en lotuin (/row time to time) horfði hann a, Eg. 172, v. 1.; litr hans var stundum rauðr, en stundum blár, en lolum var hann bleikr, Fas. ii. 285; hón reis upp or rekkju lotum, Bs. i. 353. The word still remains in the mod. phrase, í stryk- lotu, in one start, without rest or breath; hlaupa í einni stryklotu. lotinn, part, stooping from age or illness; lotinn í herðum, or lierða- lotinn. lot-ligr, adj. bent, worn, broken down. lotning, f. [liita], prop, a 'loitting, ' reverence, veneration, Stj. 599, Hkr. i. 6, freq. in mod. eccl. usage. LÓ, f., pl. laer (i. e. lœr), lóa, u, f., Edcla ii. 489, and in mod. usage :-- a sandpiper; for a pretly legend of the origin of this bird see Ísl. Jbjóðs. ii. I, 2; snenima loan litla í lopti bláu dirrindi undir sulu syngr. Jónas; veiða smirla ok lœr, Grág. ii. 346; heitir lœr ú leiru, Skálda 205, Edda (Gl.); hei-lo, q. v. = sandpiper; sand-16, id. 2. metaph. a coward; flýðu þeir undan, leer þeir, the sandpipers, the hares! Fms. xi. 36. ló-þræll, m. ' sandpiper-thrall, ' the dunlin or tringa alpina, Edda (GL), so called from its following in the wake of the sandpiper, Fjölnir ix. 69, 70. II. = lóð, q. v.; ló ú klæði; hence ai-loa, adj. threadbare. LÓÐ, f. [the word is prob. akin to loðinn], the crop or produce of the land, as opp. to buildings or establishments, a law term; lóð ok allan áverka, the c rop and all produce, N. (i. L. i. 240; þá skal log fyrir lóð festa, 154; ef lóð eða bú berr í erfð, 116; á landsdrottinn í lóðinni svá mikit sem húsit niet/k, Gþl. 330, 331, Jb. passim. In mod. usage lóð means the ground, esp. on which houses are built, but that this was not the true old sense is clear from the above passage, as is stated by I'ul Vidal., s. v. lóð; cp. also lóð-bruni, lóð-torfa, below. II. Lat. laruigo, the ihagginess of cloth, proncd. 10, qs. lóð, hence af-lua, qs. af-lóða = thre a dbare :-- ló or lóð is also a flock of wool thrown away in walking or spinning; Bárðr minn ú Jökli, Icggstu á þólið mitt, eg skal gefa þer lóna og lcppana í skóna, a ditty. lóða, u, f. at heat, of a dog (from loða sanian). lóð-bruni, a, m. burning of crop, N. G. L. i. 253; opp. to hiisbruni. lóð-torfa, u, f., prop, a ' crop-turf, ' a sod with the grass on, a soft dry slice of sod to keep the fire alive on the hearth during the night, the 'gathering peat' of the Scottish. LÓFI, a, m., proncd. lói, [Ulf. lofa to render pa-nia^a. and pairi- &iv; Scot, l oo/] :-- the holl ow/ of the hand, palm, Sturl. i. 42, Ísl. Jjjóðs. ii. 556, Fms. iii. 180; henni lágu þrír fingr Í lofa, Bs. 1. 462, v. 1.; stakk í lófa ser, Eg. 211; mini ek bera þat í lófa mór níu fet, Fms. x. 251; klappa lofa;i hurð, Fb. iii. 583; klappar á dyr með lófa sin, Fkv.; ok let brenna spúnuna í lófa sér, Ó. H. 197, Post. 645. 60 :-- the phrases, hafa allan lota við, to strain every nerve, Al. 151; legg í lofa karls, Ísl. jþjóðs. i. 28, Skiða R. 114 (of a beggar's alms); það er ekki i lófana lagt, ' ti s noea s y matter; klappa lof í lofa, to clap hands in triumph; leika á lófum, to be borne on one's hands; en Leifr leikr á loiuin, ok hefir virðing sem konungs-barn mundi hafa, of a spoilt child, Sturl. i. 2, cp. Fldda 88 (the verse). 2. a measure, bandbreadtb, 732 B. 5. lófa- tak, n. a sh ow of hands, a division by show of hands as in England; sam- þykkja með lófataki, N. G. L. iii. io; lot hinn sami Rafn í Lögróttu höndum upp taka, ok giira með lófataki litlaga alla þá menu, Bs. i. 763. lóg, n. a wasting; leggjask í log, to be wasted, used up, Bs. i. 409; hafa þeir ofrerli svá at þeir munu ekki tillu í log koma, they have so great a multitude that they will be unable to make use of it all,

LÓGA -- LUKA. 399

they cannot come to the end of it, Fms. viii. 117, v. I.; baka til lugs, t o bake up all one's stores, N. G. L. i. 304. LÓGA, að, to fart with, but with the notion of waste, with dat.; lóg. iðu eigi landinu, Glúm. 335; meðan þú átt gripina, ... en þá em ek hræddr um ef þú lógar þeim, 339; Glúmr hefir nú lógat þeim hlutum, feldi ok spjóíi, er Vígfúss móður-bróðir hans gaf honum, 389; er þeir höfðu baugnum lógat, Korm. 218; lóga löndum, Landn. 261; þessum hring skaltú eigi lúga, Fær. 104; at lógat væri goðorðunurn, Sturl. iii. 104; þar skal maðr engu lóga af þvi fé áðr virt sc, Grág. i. 194; lóga viti né afli, O. H. L. 19; dæma gripinn aptr tíl kirkju ef ólógat er, K. b. K. 48, Jb. 218, 222: lóga fyrir, to pay for, Grág. 2. to destroy; lóga af, to MM, slaughter, Grág. i. 426: lóga ft; sinu af, id., ii. 339, jb. 148. lókátr, m. the name ot the sub-teacher at the school of Hólar. lókr, m. a tramp, a term of abuse, Edda (Gl.), Bjarn. (in a verse). Lex. Poët. 2. penis. LÓMR, m. [Shetl. /oo;w], the loon, ember-goose, columbus arcticus, Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin.; metaph. from the cry of these birds, a cry, l a- mentation; cp. bar-lómr: in local names, Lónia-gnupr, Nj. II. meanness; lómi beittr, Ýt.; a'. a lorn, Hallfred. COMPDS: lóm-bragð, n. a trick, Konr. 21. lóra-geðr, adj. cunning, mean, Yt. lóm- hugaðr, adj. vile, Haustl. lómundr, m., pl. ir, [Ivar Aascn lemende and lomiimd; Swed. le. in- mei] :-- the mus letnmtis, lemmer; kvikendi þau er locustae heita ok sumir kalla lomundi, Pr. 436, (the Icel. writer has here confounded the lemmer with the locust.) LOacute;N, n. [Ivar Aast-n l ow], an inlet, sea-loch, Bárð. 166, Grág. ii. 354, Jb. 314; cp. the 'lón' in Dögurðarnes in western Iceland: freq. in local names, Lón, Lóns-h. eiðr, Landn. lóna-sóley, f. a kind of buttercup. lubbi, a, m. a shaggy long-haired dog: botan., kúa-lubbi, q. v. lukka, u, f. [a for. word, from Germ. gluck, but occurs in writers of the I4th century, e. g. Bárð. S., or even earlier], luck; þótti þórðr mikla lukku á haia haft, Bárð. 36; eigi mun þér silfr-fátt verða til lukkunnar, Finnb. 254 (from Arna-Magn. 132 fol.), Skíða R. 50, 53, 57: freq. in mod. usage, o-lukka, ill luck, Fms. v. 255. COMPDS: lukku-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), lucky, happy, Fas. iii. 457 (paper MS.) lukku-maðr, m. a lucky man, Fas. i. 447. lukt, f. '[Dan. lugi] , a . well, D. N.; see lykt. lukta, að, to smell; luktandi, Sks. 201, (but not in Cod. B.) lukta, að, to shut, with dat., Skálda 202 (in a verse). lulla, að, to loll: lullari, a, m. a lubber, (slang, from the Engl. lollard.) LUMA, pres. lumi; pret. lumdi (?); part, lumað; imperat. lumi :-- t o keep closely, hold tight; luma af e-u, to yield up, lumi (imperat.) af skutlinum, maðr, lend me the harpoon! Fbr. 86 new Ed., cp. Fb. ii. 209; in old writers only recorded in this instance: in mod. usage, Icel. say, luma á e-u, to keep or hoard, of money, with a notion of stealth or closeness, hann lumir á penningum (of small savings), or hanri lumaði (for lumði V) á því; perh. Dan. lomme -- pocket is a kindred word. LUND, f. [Orm. lurid] , the mind, temper, Edda (Gl.); var nú skipan â komin um lund hans, Hrafn. 24; vera mikillar lundar, to be of a proud mind, Ísl. ii. 3; ef hann fann þat í lund sinni, Fb. iii. 247; etju-lund, a quarrelsome mind, Vellekla, ' gildrar lundar, proud, Bs. ii. 11; leika e-m í hind, to have a mind for, Al. 137; hugar-lund, fancy, mind. II. manner; adverb, phrases, nökkura lund (acc.), in seme manner, Hom. 55; sömu lund, in the same ivay, Sks. 448; á allar lundir, in every ivay, Niðrst. I: á þá lund, thus, Edda 47; a ymsar lundir, in many ways, variously; á marga hind, Edda 87; á þessa lund, thus, Grág. ii. 2 2; hverja lund, in what may f how ? biðr. 33 7. COMPDS: lundar-far, n. temper, disposition, Rd. 255. lundar-lag, n. = lund- arfiir. lundaðr, part, disposed, minded, Hom. 151. lunderni, n. temper, Sks. 686, Magn. 434, Karl. 339, Stj. 548. lund-ferli, n. = lunderni, Grett. 95. lund-góðr, adj. good-tempered. Lex. Poët. lund-hægr, adj. gentle-minded, Fms. vi. 204. LUNDI, a, m. the puffin, alca arctica, Edda (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage; lunda bein, Sturl. ii. 62 (in a verse): a nickname, Bs. i. lundir, f. pl. the flesh along the back; hrygg-Iundir, q. v.: in animals the meat inside the hack; whence lunda-baggi, a, m. a sausage made of the lundir and some fat. lund-íllr, adj. ill-tempered, Nj. 16, v. 1. LUNDR, m., gen. lundar, dat. lundi, lund, Fagrsk. Ii; [Dan. and Swed. lund'] :-- a grove, Skin. 39, 41; hvera-lundr, Vsp.; ok í lundi óxum, Am. 68; allr lundrinn umhverfis, Stj. 391; fxmr bjó at Lundi, hann blótaði lundinn, Landn. 224; reyni-!undr, Sturl. i. 5; einn fagr lundr, Vígl. 17; rúða einum steini ok litlum lund, Fagrsk. 11: of a hedge (?), taka vigfleka ok bera hann at lundi þeim er stóð sunnan á garðinum, Sturl. ii. 54. II. very freq. in Dan. and Swed. local names, Lundr, the archbishop's seat in Denmark (Sweden): in Iceland, Lundr, Lundar, Lunda-reykir, Lundareykja-dalr, whence Lundar-menn, Lundar-manna-goðorð, Landn., Sturl.: these places were connected with the worship of groves, cp. Landn. I. e.: Lund also(occurs in local names in Northern England (the ancient Denelagu), as Gilsland, and is a mark of Norse or Danish colonisation. Lundúnir, f. pl. London; í Lundúnum, in London: also Lunduna- borg, passim: Lunduna-bryggja, London-bridge, 0. H. lund-ýgr, adj. savage-tempered, Nj. (in a verse). lung, n. [perh. from Welsh Hong] , poet, a sh z p, Lex. Poet, passim. LUNGA, n., pl. lungu, gen. lungna; it occurs only in plur., the sing, may now be used of one lung; [common to all Teut. languages] :-- the lungs, Orkn. 18, Stj. 612, Fbr. 137, Fms. iii. 285, Sturl. ii. 150; lungun féllu út í sáriî, Glúm. 381, Skíða R. 144. COMPDS: lungna-blaðkr, m. a lobe of the lungs. lungna-bólga, u, f. pleuriiis. lungna- sótt, f. lung-disease, Gþl. 498. lurka, að, to cudgel, thrash, Stj. 464, 624. LURKR, m. a cudgel, Nj. 194, Sd. 136, Gþl. 177, Vd. 77; tre-lurkr, Glúm. 342, Fms. viii. 96; járn-lurkr, Hbl.; vera allr lurkum laminn, to feel as if thrashed with cudgels: nietaph. of the winter 1601 A. D., var sá vetr aftaka-harðr frá jólum um allt Island, ok kallaðr Lurkr, Espol. Årb. s. a. COMPDS: lurks-hogg, n. a blow with a cudgel, Gþl. 177. lurks-legr, adj. clumsy, clownish. lustr, m. [Scot, leister] , a cudgel, prop, a salmon-spear = ljostr, q. v.; hann hafði trélurk niikinn um öxl ok ekki vápn anuat -- þá mæhi Özurr, hvar eru vápn þín? annan veg er at berjask við Erling jarl en at þreskja korn, þar má vel hafa lust til, Fms. viii. 96. lú-berja, barði, to beat till it becomes tender, beat thoroughly. lúða, u, f. a small flounder, lúðu-laki, a, m. a drone (abuse). LÚÐR, m., the r radical, [cp. Dan. lur, Shetl. looder-horn] , a trumpet, Edda 17; þeir höfðu híðr ok blésu, Orkn. 300; lát taka lúðra ok lát blása um alla borgina, Sks. 74^,; blása í hiðr, Fms. iv. 300; þeyta hiðr, Al, 35, Stj. 392; kvóðu við lúðrar, Fms. vi. 16; við hinn síðasta lúðr-þyt, því lúðrinn mun gella, í Cor. xv. 52, passim. COMPDS: lúðr-blástr, m. a blast of a trumpet, Fms. iv. 300. lúðra-gangr, in. the sound of trumpets, Hkr. ii. 221, Fms. vii. 289. lúðrs-hljóð, n. = lúðrþytr, Fms. vii. 289. lúðr-maðr, m. = lúörsveinn, Fms. viii. 96. lúðr- sveinn, m. a trumpeter, Fas. i. 497, Fms. viii. 96, 213, ix. 449, 513. lúðra-bytr and lúðr-bytr, m. id., Fms. viii. 226, í Cor. xv. 52. lúðr-beytari, a, m. a trumpeter, Karl. 220, 525, v. l. B. A flour-bin; þær at lúðri leiddar voru, Gs. 2; leggjum lúðra, 3; steinar rifna, stökkr lúðr fyrir, þótt lúðr þrumi, Hkv. 2. 2, 3; þat ek fyrst of man er sá inn fróði jötunn | á var lúðr of lagiðr, Vþm. 35 (re- ferring to some ancient lost myth). The word is still preserved in the south-east of Iceland, -- hleypr mjölit um kring kvernitia út á lúðrinn, Fél. ii. 155 (of the year 1782): poet, the s e a is called ey-lúðr, island-flour- bin, Edda (in a verse); see the remarks to amlóði :-- the phrase, ganga e-m í lúðr, to fall into one's bin, nietaph. phrase, to fall to one's lot, Gs. 11. lúðra, að, to stoop, cringe, perhaps a metaphor taken from the stooping over a bin; lúðrandi lágt, Stj. 398; fara lúðrandi fyrir kné ábóta, Mar.; hiðra lágt, THom. 535. lúfa, u, f. [Ivar Aasen luva; cp. lubbi], rough, matted hair, as a nickname; Haralds hár var sitt ok flókit, fyrir þá sök var hann Lufa kallaðr, Fagrsk. 9: cp. the vow of king Harold with that of Civilis, Tac. Hist. iv. 61. lúi, a, m. weariness, esp. of the body from age and overwork. lúa- legr, adj. mean, (conversational.) lúinn, part, worn; see lyja. LÚKA, pres. lyk; pret. lauk, laukt (mod. laukst), lauk; pl. luku; subj. lyki; part, lokinn; mod. Ijuka, which form is not found in old writers; [Scot, louk; Shetl. lock; Dan. lukke]: I. to shut; hika korn- hlöðum, Stj. 212: but mostly with prep., lúka upp, t o o pen; luka aptr, to shut, both with acc. and dat., in mod. usage with dat. solely; hika upp mina kistu, Fbr. 46 new Ed.; but, ly'kr þá upp kistunni, dat. (in the same page): ok hjarra-grind, svá at menu hiki upp af hrossi ok aptr ef vill. Grág. ii. 264; eru menu skyldir at hika löghlið aptr á löggarði, ef sá maðr lykr eigi aptr hliðit, 265; hann lýkr aptr fjósinu ok byr svá um at ekki má upp hika, Gísl. 29; hann lýkr aptr eptir sér ramliga, 30; luka upp hurðum, Vail. 218: luka upp augum, t o o pen the eyes, Bs. i. 318; but, luka aptr augum, to shut the eyes: tak þú nú við kistu-lyklum inínum, þvíat ek mun þeim eigi luka optar, Nj. 94; síðan lauk hann upp skemmuna, Fms. vi. 189; luka upp dyrnar, viii. 332; tóku þá frá slagbranda ok luku upp hurðina, Ó. H. 135: nokkuru síðar var lokit (upp) úti-hurðu, Bs. i. 627; so also, luka sundr munni, t o o pen the mouth, Háv. 25 new Ed. II. nietaph., luka upp, t o o pen one's mind, declare, speak out; en er jarl hafði því upp lokið (when he had made known) at hann mundi fvlgja þeim, 0. H. 54; nu skal þat upp luka fyrir yðr er mer hefir lengi i skapi búit, 32; Guð heyrði bæn hans ok lauk upp fyrir honum öllum þessum hlutum, revealed to him all these things, Stj. 5. 2. as a law term, luka upp görð, to deliver a judgment, of an umpire, Fs. 49, Nj. 77; malin komu í dóm Vermundar, en hann lauk görðum upp á Jbórs- ness-þingi, Eb. 246; vii ek nu luka upp sættar-görð milli þeirra Steinars ok borsteins, Eg. 735, passim; see görð. 3. lúka við, to end; vera má at svá hiki við, áðr vit skiljum, at þér þykki alkeypt, Eb, 266. 4. luka yfir, to come to a bitter end; eigi vii ek við sonu þína sættum

400 LUKA -- LYGIOKÐ.

ok skal nú yfir lúka með oss, Nj. 200; þar á moti freistar hinn fraekni hversvetna, áðr yfir hiki, tie bold will not give up as long as any chance is left, Al. 100; ok hugði, at þá mundi bráðast yfir luka hans aett ok þeirra frænda ef harm hætti til þeirra afar-kosta, it would then come toa final issue, Fms. viii. 24. III. to end, bring to an end, finish; nú lúku vér her Hólmverja-sögu, Ísl. ii. ii8; ok luku vér her þessum þæüi, Njarð. 384; lúku vér svá Vápnfirðinga-sügu, Vápn. (fine); lið allt mundi vera niðri í Eyjum at lúka heyverkum, Nj. 113; þá er menn höfðu lokíð lögskilum at mæla, when men had done, finished their pleading, Lv. 52. 2. as a law term, to bring a case to a conclusion, discharge; vilju vér mí lúka má'inu þótt þú ráðir einn skildaganurn, Nj. 8l; at vit Guðmundr görim um ok lúkim malinu, Oik. 35; er haim hafði lokit erendum sinum, Stud. iii. 280; vil ek nil svá at einu lúka málum minum at þér líki vel ok Einari, Eg. 731. 3. the phrase, hika vel, ilia við e-n (ellipt. qs. lúka málum), to behave well (ill), deal fairly (unfairly), with a person, with the notion of a final dealing; at þeim mundi fjándskapr í þykkja ef hann ly'kr ilia við þá, Eb. 114; at hann mundi enn ilia við þá lúka, Lv. 23; 13olli fékk Sigríði gjaforð göfugt, ok lauk vel við hana, Boll. 362. 4. lúka e-u af, to finish: hika við e-t, id. 5. in mod. usage, ljuka and ljuka e-u, to have done eating; Ijúka ur askinum, to e a t up one's platefull, leave nothing; eg get ekki lokið því, 7 cannot eat it all. IV. to pay, discharge, with acc. of the amount; líika e-m e-t, svá mikit fé stm vér eigum konunginum at luka, Fms. vt. 148; ok lúka í gulli eðr brendu silfri, Bs. i. 31; mi bera þeir vitni er hann lauk skuld þeirri allri sér afhendi, N. G. L. i. 32; luku þeir jarli fé svá at honum gazt at, Grett. 59 new Ed.; hann skal lúka Hallvarði fjóra mánaðar mati, Anal. 295: acc., hina fyrstu skuld lyk ek ineð þessu Grímhildi systur, þiðr. 324: to discharge, of duties, Snorri kvaðsk mundu luka erendum þeirra, Eb. 212. V. impers. it opens; er í sundr lauk firðinum, when the fjord (the entrance) opened, Krók. 59; ok er þeir kómu fyrir Reykjanes, ok þeir sá firðinum upp hika, Eg. 128. 2. it is at an end; followed by dat., lokit skal mi okkarri vinúttu, Ísl. ii. 238; áðr en lúki þessi stefnu, Fms. x. 358; var þess van, at ilia mundi ilium hika, that it would end badly with a bad man, Fas. iii. 314; ok er lokit var drápunni, Ísl. ii. 237; ok lykr þar mi sögunni, here the Saga ends, 186, 276; ok ly'kr þar þessi sögu, Eb. (fine) and passim; ok lykr her nú Laxdæla-sögu, Ld. 334; þá var lokit öllum vistum nema hval, all stores at an end, all eaten tip, Bs. i. 208; honum lézk allokit allri van, all hope gone, 198; lauk svu þessum málum, Eg. 733; áðr þeim fundi lúki, Lv. 52. VI. absol., svá lauk at lyktum, it ended so that..., Ísl. ii. 269; ly'kr svá, at þeir kaupa þessu, it ended so that they struck the bargain, Valla L. 216; lykr þar frá honum at segja, there it ends to tell of him, passim; nær munu vit gangask áðr en lykr, Nj. 176; þii munt aerit mjok elska fóit, áðr lýkr, Gullþ. 7. VII. reflex, to be opened, open; fjallit lauksk upp norðan (opened), Eb. 28, Krók. 52; ok þegar lauksk hurðin á hæla honuni, Edda i :-- to come to an end, ok er um þetta allfjölrætt á þingi liversu þessi mál mundu lúkask, Nj. 109: her lyksk (here ends) sjá bók, fb. (fine) :-- gékk Haldóra með barni, ok lauksk seint um hennar hag. H. was heavy with child, and it ivent slowly on with her, Sturl. i. 199; at þessarar konu eymd yfir lúkisk á einhvern halt, can come to some end, Bs. ii. 173 :-- to be discharged, skal þetta fó upp lúkask (be paid out) af lögmanni, N. G. L. ii. 12. lúka, u, f. the hollow hand held like a cup, and in plur. of both hands held together. II. the lid in the opening of a loft. lúku- gat, n. an opening in a loft. lúkning, f. a discharge, payment; skulda-hikning, discharge. lúnóttr, adj. [Germ, laune] , knavish, Snot 210. lúpu-legr, adj. crest-fallen, (conversational.) lúra, ð, pres. luri, to d oz e, nap; and lur, m. a nap. LÚS, f., pl. ly'ss, [A. S. and O. H. G. his; Engl. louse, pl. lice; Germ. laus] :-- a louse; lyss ok kleggjar, Eluc. 23; leita súr lúsa = Dan. lyske sig: sayings, læðast eins og lús með saum; sárt bítr soltin lús; munu jarð-lysnar synir Grims kögrs verða mér at bana? sárt bítr soltin his, kvað Gcstr, Landn. 146; hann er mesta fiski-liis, of a good angler, Hrólfr 6 (name of a play); færi-lús, a sheep louse; jarð-lús, vermin; na-his. COMPDS: lúsa-blesi, a, m. a niggard. lúsa-lyng, f. the common ling, Hjalt. Lúsa-oddi, a, m. nickname of a beggar, Fbr. Lúsa- skegg, n. lousy-beard, a nickname, Fb. iii. lúsa-sótt, f. phthiriasis. lús-iðinn, adj. sedulous (slang), cp. Engl. bookworm. lúsugr, adj. lou s y, Fbr. 92 new Ed. LÚTA, pres. lýt, pl. lútum; pret. laut, lauzt (Nj. 70), laut, pl. lutu; subj. lyti; part, lotit: a weak pres. lúti, liiti ek helgum dómi, the Runic poem; pret. lútti, Barl. 199, Stj. 229: [A. S. lútan; Old and North. E. lout; Dan. liide\ :-- to lout, bow down; konungr laut þá allt niðr at jörðu, Fms. i. 159; hann hélt hundunum yfir höfuð sér ok laut til altaris, ok bar yfirhöfnina aptr af herðum honum er hann hafði lotið undan, iv. 172, 173; stendr hann á knjánum ok olnbogunum, Ij'tr hann niðr mjök við, xi. 64; at eigi skal þurfa at lúta optar um finn í hornit, en er hann þraut erendit ok hann laut or horninu, Edda 32; Grettir sá er hann laut ok spyrr hvat hann tok upp, Grett. 93; hann lýtr fram yfir borðit, þiðr. 323; þá fell niðr spónn fyrir henni, lion laut niðr eptir, Eb. 36. 2. of worship; þat er upphaf laga várra, at austr skolum kita ok gefask Kristi, it i s the beginning of our law, that we shall all lout towards the east, and give ourselves to Christ, N. G. L. i. 339; Barlaam lútti í austrið ok bað til Guðs, Barl. 199; henni ek laut hinnsta sinni, ægis-heimi í, I louted to her (viz. the sun) the la s t time in this world, i. e. it was the last day of my life, Sol. 41, (cp. á baðmi viðar þeim er lúta austr limar, Sdm. II), referring to a heathen rite of bowing towards the east (the rising sun) during prayer, cp. Landn. I, ch. 9. 3. of doing homage, with dat. of the person; Erlingr laut konungi ok heilsaði honum, Ó. H. 119; hljópu þeir upp allir ok lutu þvi skrimsli, 109; lauztú mér nú, segir Skarphéðinn, en þó skaltú í móður-ætt falla áðr vit skiljum, Nj. 70; jþórarinn svaraði ok laut konunginum, Ó. H. 118; þessi maðr kvaddi konung ok laut honum, Orkn. 116, and passim, cp. also Sól. 41; lútti Joseph þá lítil- látliga allt niðr til jarðar, Stj. 229; hann kvað fyrr myndi hann troll taka en hann lyti honum, Fs. 53: lúta undir e-n, to be subject to, Bs. ii. 5, Barl. 215: to belong to, bear upon a subject, þetta efni ly"tr til lofs herra Guðmundar, Bs. ii. 146; hvar hann vildi at þetta ráð lyti, O. H. L. 5; hann var þar með niestri virðingu ok lutu allir til hans, paid him homage, Fb. i. 431; hita til \itlendra konunga, Ó. H. 45; þangat lytr allt rikit, bar eru Uppsalir, 65; en hitt mun mér örðgara þykkja at lúta til Selþóris er þrælborinn er í allar ættir, 112. 4. to give way, yield; þá let ek til ok laut ek, Mar.; er hann hafði lútið lúta undan Vagni, Fms. i. 174; hinir lægri verða at lúta, the weaker has to lout, a saying, Grett. 162; þá á þar domnum at vægia um þess manns mál er svá er at lotinn, who is thus brought to his knees, Sks. 663; áðr Nifiungar lúti, þiðr. 328; lúta í gras, to bite the dust, Fbr. 90 new Ed.: luta at litlu, to be thankful for little, Grett. 134. II. part, lotinn, ' louting, ' bowed, bent down, used as adj. lútning, f. = lotning, Barl. 25. lútr, adj. louting, bowed, bent down, stooping, Stj. 20, Bjarn. 33; með lútu höfði, 601, Mar.; fara lutari, Fs. 55; niðr-lútr, shameful. lydda, u, f. [loddari], a naughty person, Fas. iii. 434, Krók. lyddu- skapr, m., -ligr, etc. LYF, f., pl. lyfjar. also spelt lif, see the references below; the word is used as neut. in Bs. ii. 87, and then chiefly in pl. in Bs. i. 179, Fas. iii. ii, Fms. ix. 282; [Ulf. lubja-leisi = (paptÁ. a. Ktía, Gal. v. 20; A. S. lib; O. H. G. liipi; Swed. luf; early Dan. lö v] :-- a herb, simple, esp. with the notion of healing, witchcraft or supernatural power, = Gr. <papfJ. ci. KOv; trúa á lyf kvenna eða görningar, Hom. 33; lækning, lyf eðr galldra, 121; góð smyrzl ok læknings-lif, Fas. iii. 174; með heilsamligum smyrslum né lækningar-lyfum, Stj. 272; lif (not líf) með lækning, Skv. 1. 17; varisk menn lif, rúnir ok galdra, N. G. L. iii. 300; tötr ok lif, rúnir ok galdra, 286; laskningar lyf, 245; kona hverer ferr með lif ok læzk kunna bæta mönnum, ef hón er sunn at því, þá er hón sek þrem miirkum, i. 390 j hann tekr þá nokkur lyf af helgum dómi Jóns biskups, Bs. i. 179 ! ek hefi þat eitt gras, er ... Dagfinnr svarar, engi (=enga ?) lyf eðr lækning skulu vér til þessa hafa, nema þær einar (sic), er, . ., Fms. ix. 282; eitr- fullt lyf, Bs. ii. 87; litil lyf kveða höfð til lyða sona, the so n s of men are made of small matter (seed, cause ?), Fas. iii. 11 (in a verse): adverb., ekki lyf, not awhit, Skv. I. 9, (not as explained at p. 274, col. I, line i): u-lyfjan, poison. lyfð, f. = lyf; oleum eðr aðrar lyfðir, Stj. 522. lyfja, að, to heal; in the phrase, lyfja e-m elli, t o c ureone of old age = to kill him downright, Am. 74, Fas. iii. 155, 156; lyfja þeim sitt ofbeldi, to cure them of their overbearance, Al. 10; skal ek lyfja þér þína íllsku, Flóv. 43. lyf-steinn, m., also spelt lif-steinn, Korrn. 80, 116, Fas. iii. 244, 307 :-- a healing stone, stone of virtue (cp. mod. Icel. nátîúru-steinn); such stones are recorded as attached to the hilts of ancient swords to rub and heal the wounds with, e. g. the sword Skofnung; wounds made by this sword could only be healed by the stone grooved in its hilt, Ld. 250, 252, Korm. 80, cp. jþúrð. (1860) 102; í eptra hjalti sverðsins vóru læstir lif- steinar, þeir er eitr ok sviða drógu ór sárum ef i vóru skafnir, Fas. iii. 244, 307; Bersi hafði lifstein á hálsi, Korm. 116, where the stone was to save one from being drowned. lygð, f. = lygi, Fms. ix. 401, x. 342, Bs. i. 766, Pass. 50. 9. LYGI, f., indecl. in sing., but in pl. lygar; [Ijuga] :-- a lie, falsehood; fyrir lygi Ls. 14; slik lygi, Eg. 59; en mesta lygi, Nj. 79, Fms. vi. 241; ok gafsk van at lygi (laygi), x. 389: plur., lygar ok drabl, Fas. iii. 423; aptr hverfr lygi þegar söiinu mætir, a saying, Bs. i. 639. 2. a fable; en vitrum monnuni þykkir hver saga heimsliga uny^tt, ef hann kallar þat lygi er sagt er, en hann má engar sönnur á tinna, O. T. 2. COMPDS: lygi-andi, a, m. the spirit of a lie, Stj. 603. lygi-fortala, u, f. false advice, Stj. 264. lygi-grunr, m. false suspicion, Mar. lygi- konungr, m. a false king, pretender, F'b. i. 28. lygi-kvittr, m. false news, Nj. 150, Fms. ix. 350. lygi-laixss, adj. truthful, Sturl. iii. 261. lygi-liga, adv. lyingly, Stj.: incredibly, Al. 21. lygi-ligr, adj. incredible, absurd, Anecd. lygi-löstr, m. untruthfulness, Stj. 197- lygi-maðr, m. a liar, impostor, Sks. 75, Fms. ix. 55. lygi-orð, n.

LYG1SAGA -- LÏÍUTK. 401

lying words, Stj. 603. lygi-saga, u, f., mod. lyga-siaga, a lying story, false report, Fms. xi. il8: a fable as opp. to sunn saga, Hrólfr sagði sögu af Hröngviði berserk ok frá Ölafi Liðsmanna-konungi ok haug- broti þráins, ok Hrómundi Greipssyni, ok margar vísur með. En þessi saga var skemt Sverri konungi, ok kvað hann slíkar lygisögur skemti- ligar, Sturl. i. 23; this is also the mod. common use, see List of Authors (G. III)- lygi-vitni, n. a false witness, Hom. 18, Sks. 358. lyginn, adj. lying, untruthful, Nj. 73, 78, Post. 645. 65, Anecd.; ólyginn sagði mér! Piltr og Stúlka 34. LYGN, adj. [logn; Scot, loun; Swed. lugn; Dan. luun~] :-- calm, of wind and waves, Ld. 286, Eg. 482. lygna, d, to calm, become calm: impers., lygndi veðrit (acc.), Sturl. iii. 56; lygndi eptir storminn, Art. 85. lygra, u, f. a nickname, Fb. iii. lyg-vitni, n. = ljúgvitni, Anecd. LYKILL, m., pl. luklar, mod. lyklar, dat. sing, lykli; [from loka; Dan. nögle; Swed. nyckel, changing l into n] :-- a key, Grág. ii. 193, Gþl. 532, Odd. 16, Skálda 172, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 131, 383; kistu-lykill, Nj. 94; konungs-lykill, see konungr, Fbr. l. c., Fms. vi. 188: the lady of a house used to wear a bundle of keys at her girdle, hence the phrase in þkv. 16, 19 :-- as a musical term, lyklar í symphonu, Skálda. lykla-vald, n. the keeping of the keys. LYKJA, prts. lyk; pret. lukti or lukði; subj. lykði; part. luktr; [cp. lúka] :-- to lock, shut in, enclose; til þess lykr hann stundum kvið kvenna, Mar.; síðan lukti hann stokkinn sem bezt, id.; at luktum oxanum, id. :-- (to join, konungr sá þar garða háva ok vel lukta, well wainscotted, Fms. v. 331; also, lukti hann alla lind bauga vel, he welded it well with the hammer, Vkv. 5: lykja aptr, to shut. Róm. 233; lykja e-m, himnaríki, Hom. (St.); lykja e-n úti, to shut a person out, N. G. L. iii. 230; þá bauð jarl at lykja hann í myrkva-stofu, to shut him up in, 623. II; lykðir ok innibyrgðir, Fms. viii. 219; hann lukti hann í þeim stað er Florenz heitir, Bær. 20; höfðu þeir lukt um (fenced) akra sína ok eng, Eg. 529. II. with dat. to put an end to: hvatki er líti hans hefir lakt, Fms. x. 395; fyrr en þat er lukt (finished), xi. 429; ok skal þeim lukt vera hit síðasta fyrir Jól, K. Á. 80; her er lykt þeim hlut bókar, er ..., Edda 217. 2. lúka, to discharge, pay; ok lykja út á tveim árum, Dipl. iv. j; portio sú sem eigi er út lukt, Vm. 17. III. reflex., en hvatki málum er lykzk liafa, N. G. L. i. 250. LYKKJA, u, f. [Dan. lökke; Ivar Aasen lykke; derived from lykja, lúka, but not from hlekkr] :-- a lock, loop, coil; hann hafði lykkju ok dregr á höad ser, Ísl. ii. 226; lykkjar í lionunn, Korin. 86; bar til er lykkja j varð á, a bend in a fence. Eg. 231, Fas. ii. í I í (of a flying dragon"), Hær. I 19: í he loop or ring on which u bell bangs, \'m. 76: metaph., gera Ivkkju | á leiðinni, to make u loop in one's voyage, stop. Fms. v. 197: in knitting, i taka upp lykkju, to pick up a loop; leila niðr Ivkkju, to drop a loop; \ whence lykkju-fall, n. the dropping a loop so as to leave a hole: i lykkju-spor, n. ^. footprints in zig-zag, Jb. 424. II. an en- j closed field (mod. Norse lyltke or Ivkke), a villa, e. g. the Norse villas about Christiania, -- eptir oystra stræti ok austcr ú lykkjur, N. (T. L. ii. 24! (v. 1.), D. N. passim. lykkjóttr, adj., mod. hlykkjóttr, looped, crooked, curved, Stj. 78. lykk-lauss, adj., mod. hlykklauss, without loop or bend, Al. 173. lykkr, m., pl. ir, mod. hlykkr, for this false aspiration see introduction to letter H :-- ft l oo p, bend, crook, curvature. lykna, að, to let down the knees, Fb. ii. 214: metaph., at hann muni niðr lykna undir reglunni, Mar. lykt, f. [lúkal, chiefly used in plur. the end, conclusion, Fms. vii. 187, x. 253, xi. 82, 217, 326, Eg. 733: adverb., at lyktum, and til lykta, at last, finally, Nj. 99, Eg. 196, Fms. vii. 232, 278, x. 409. lykta-lauss, adj. endless, Uarl. 142. lykt, f. [Dan. l ffg- t], a smell, Gd. 73; o-lykt, a bad smell. lyktar- lauss, adj. without smell. lykta, að, to finish, end, Fms. i. 128, 141, iii. 35, viii. 152 (v. l.), Nj. l. SO, Fær. 191, Bs. i. 771, Finnb. 342, Kb. 26, 28, 210, Skálda 198. lykting, f. [lúka], p a y me nt, Gþl. 348, Dipl. i. 4. lymska, u, f. wiliness, cunning, Stj. 2OO, 471, Al. 153; með leynd ok lymsku, Mar. lymsku-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wily. lymskask, að, dep. to act cunningly, sneak, Pr. 415. lymskliga, adv. cunningly. Mar. | LYMSKR, adj. [Dan. lumsk; perh. derived from lómr II], wily, j cunning, Sturl. ii. 117, Fas. iii. 616, Bs. i. 549. j lynda, t, impers. to agree; mér lyndir ve-1 (ilia) við hann. LYNDI, n. [cp. hind; Swed. lynwe], temper, disposition, Fms. i. 288, vi. i 45" vu. TO, 221, Stj. 554, passim; skap-lvndi, temper; þurr-lyndi, su lki- | ne ss; glað-lyndi, cheerfulness; þung-lvndi, melancholy; góð-lyndi, good- | temper; ill-lyndi, ill-temper. COMPDS: lyndis-bragð, n. temper, i Grett. 115 A. lyndis-góðr, adj. good-tempered, Fs. 70. lyndis- j lag, n. temper, Grett. 115. lyndis-likr, adj. of like temper, Fb. i. 529, Fas. ii. 225. lyndr, adj. tempered, Korm. 75, Fms. iii, 153: in compds, góð-lyndr, i glao-lyndr, bráð-lyndr, fljót-lyndr, mis-lyncr, þung-lyudr, þurr-lyndr. i LYNG, n., dat. lyngvi. Fin. 21, 28, 29, mod. Ivngi; gen. pl. Ivngva. Fms. v. 234 (in a verse), Eg. (in a verse); [A. S. and Engl. ling; Dan. lyng] :-- ling, heather, not only in the English sense, but also of whortle on which berries grow; lyng is smaller than hrís, q. v.; skríða uin lyng. Fms. vii. 251; lyng mikit var par ok ber á, there was much bush with berries on, O. H. L. 67, and so in mod. usage; whence hrútaberja-lyng, bláberja- lyng. CO. MPDS: lyng-áll, m. a ' ling-eel, ' poet, for a snake, Korm. lyng-bakr, m. ling-back, a fabulous sea monster whose back was grown wi:h ling, Fas. ii. 249; as in the talc of Sindbad the Sailor. lyng-fLskr, m. aling-fish, poet, ior a snake, G kv. 2. 22. lyng-hnappa, að, and lyng- hnappr, m. a bundle of ling, in a pun, Krók. 63, 64. lyng-hæns, n. pl. heath fowl, Orkn. 416 (in a verse). lyng-ormr, in. a ' ling- luorm, ' snake, Fms. ii. í 79, vi. 296. Us. ii. 94. lyng-rif, n. the pulling ling, for fuel. Vm. 158. lyng-runnr, m. a bush, Fas. i. 163. lyng- yrmlingr, m. a little snal:e, Fas. iii. 233. Lyngvi, a, in. a pr. name, Sæm. lyppa u, f. [lopi], wool drawn into a long hank before being spun. lyppu-lár, in. the chest in which the lyppa is kept. LYPTA, t, [cp. lopt], to lift, rai-. e, with acc.; lyptandi sinar hendr, Mar.: with dat., síðan lypti hon kupu-hetti hans, Fms. i. 149; gt'kk konungr þar til ok Ivpti upp tjaldinu, 158; hann lypti upp ketiimnn, Edda; lypta bri'uuini, to Lift the eyebrows, shew gladness :-- tneiaph., lypta ferð, t o s tart on a journey, Fms. x. 6; Ivptir mi Jonim sinum her, S;j. 610; má ek engum her lióðan lypta, Fms. viii. 22. II. impers. it is lifted up, raised; mér var þat enn mcsti harnir, er þessum stormi var lypt', þiðr. 326; lyptir þá injok bri'mum manna, the. men's eyebrows were lifted up, their faces brightened, Fs. 26. III. reflex, to move, stir; þú tók hann til hennar, ok lyptisk hón ekki, Landn. 151; lézk hann ekki nunidu þaðan lyptask fyrr en á bak Jolum, Fms. viii. l6S; lyptisk þeiin þá Hit reiði, their anger was raided a little, Fbr. 137. lypting, f. a raised place (castle) 0:1 the poop of old ships of war, Eg. 122, 361, Fms. i. 1. ^8, ii. 305, 308, 322, iii. i, 2, vii. lofj, x. 350, Orkn. 116, passim; lypiingar tjald, a lent in the lypting, Hkr. iii. 77. lyrfa, u, f". [Swed. larf \, a caterpillar, m^taph. a naughty person. lyrgja, u, f. -- lyrgr, u nickname, Fb. iii. lyrgr, in., mod. lurgr, a forelock (?); only in the phrase, taka e-m lyrg (mod. taka í lurginn á e-m), to take one by the forelock, by the ears (vulg.), Fas. ii. 341; cp. the EiiuJ. loggerheads. lyrit-næmr, adj. a case liable to lyrií; lyritnæmar sakar, Grág. i. 31 (bottom); vígíakar !yritn:emar, li8; en þa-r cru allar lyritnæinar sakar, er cyris-bi'it ktiinr til eða inciri, ii. 173. LYRITR, m., or belter lýritr or lýrittr, gen. lyritar (but lyrits, Grág. ii. 233), dat. lyriti, plur. lyritar. N. G. L. ii. 94, Jb. 193; ihc quan- tity cannot be ascertained because the vellums do not distinguish be- tween long and short vowels; it is spelt with one t throughout the Gn'ig. (Kb.); the alliterative phrase lagalyriir, as also the invariable spelling in the Grás/ús, shew that the word had no initial h. Former attempts at an etymology, from he and rifta (Mjiirn ú SkarðsúV, hlyrar and rt'ttir (Pal Vi\!al.), lygi and r ti (Frity, ntr\ must be dismissed; tiie spelling lyri/ar, which once or twice occurs in Norsr MSS. of the 14th cenuiry (N. G. L. i. 394, ii. 94, v. l. 19), i* probably a mere corruption. Lyritr is a compd word from li'ig, law, and r-'ir or reyr, a landmark, which word in the olil Swed. law exactly answi-rs to lyrit in the Norse law; Ivrit is thus qs. lv-rvr-ti, by assimilation and by weakening the y into i, lyritti; the / being intle. xive: its literal sense, therefore, is a lawful ror or landmark. In Swc'ljn there were often five mark-stones, but it is added (Schlvter iii. s. v. riir) -- -tiuri stenar oc þri stenar naighu riir lieta -- four stones and even three stones may be called riir, i. e. make a ' Imi'-riir, ' a lawful landmark, a lyrit; this, we believe, is the etymology of this much-contested word. About the gender (masc., not i'em.) tlure can be no doubt, from the numerous instances in the Grágás; but in the 13th century the word began to become neuter, thus we have lyritit, Grág. (Kb.) i. 103, lines 14 and 21, but lyritinn several times in the same page: nom. lyriti in Gntg. (Sb.) ii. 226; and elalausu lyriti, Nj. passim. B. SKXSK: I. prop, when the boundary o! a field or estate was to be drawn, the law prescribed that a niark-s'. onc (mark-steinn) should be raised on the spot, and three other stones laici beside it; these three stones were called landmark-stones (lyrit-stcinar or lyritar); by their number and position they were distinguished from all other stones in the field, see N. G. L. ii. 94, cp. note 19 ýjb. 193). II. metaph. in the Icel. law, a full tide of ] obsession, lawful claim to right or property; thus defined by Koi. rad Maurer -- 'Lyrit bedeutet in der Grágús und in den iiltern Sagas, das voile Eigeiiturns-recht, oder auch den Bann, der c!ein (jruiKle. gentiimer zum Schutze seines Eigeutumts, clem Cîoden aber Kraft seiiur Amtsgcwalt zusteht:' 1. the earliest kind was probab'y the land-lyrit or 'land-ban;' this law term was originally borrowed from the mark-stones themselves, and then came to mean a /i; ll ti. 'le to land, field, pasture, or estate, Grug. ii. 224, 225 :-- eignar-lyritr, /w ll lawful possession, a legal title of ownership; hafa eignar-lyrit fyrir landi, -204, 222. 2.

402 LYRITAREIÐR -- LÝSINÜ.

veto; Goða-lyritr, / he veto of a Goði (Priest), forbidding the court or neighbours to deliver a sentence or verdict in a case, and thus quashing the suit. A Goði alone, by virtue of his office, was entitled to stop a court in this way, whether personally or by one of his liegemen, so that if any one else wished thus to stop a suit, he had first to go to his liegelord (Goði) and be authorised by him to do so; cp. the phrases, taka lyrit at" Goða, selja lyrit, ef Goði færir lyrit sinn sjálfr fram, and similar law phrases, Grág. i. 109-111, cp. esp. Jj. Jj. ch. 38; neglect of this was contempt of court, punishable by the lesser outlawry. The. word lyritr occurs at every step in the Grágás, esp. in the phrase, verja lyriti, or verja e-t lyriti, to defend through a lyrit, i. e. to put under veto, to vindicate one's right, forbid, or the like; eigi varðar hagabeit, nema lyriti sé varið, Grág. ii. 224; verja lyriti haga, 225; þótt inaðr veri fleirum lyriti (dat.), 226, Nj.; láta lyrit koma fyrir sök, t o sto p on a case, Grág. i. 109; kaupa land lagn kaupi ok lyritar, t o buy land by a lawful bargain and with full tide of possession, ii. 213; eptir þat nefndi þorkéll sér vátta, ok setti (varði?) þeim lyriti, ok fyrirbauð þeim at dæma, Lv. 31; ok er únyt stefna hans eðr lyriti (lyritr?), Grág. ii. 226; hann (the Goði) skal nefna sér vátta, áðr hann faeri lyrit fram, í þat vætti, at ek ver lyriti, goða-lyriti, löglyriti fullum domendum at dæma urn siik þá... enda skal hann svá verja kviðmönnum lyriti, at bera kviðu um hann, i. 111; ek ver lyriti minimi, loglyriti domendum at ciæma, id.; færa lyrit sinn fram, t o utter one's veto, id.; fara með land-lyriti, ii. 225. COMPDS: lyritar- eiðr, m. a ' lyrit-oatb, ' a kind of oath of compurgation in the Norse, but not in the old Icel. law; it was an oath of three, viz. of the person who took the oath, with two compurgators, in remembrance of the three lyrit stones, which gave the name to this oath of compurgation; nú skal lyritar-eið svá vinna, sjáifr skal hann vinna, ok annarr jafnréttis- maðr, ... sá skal enu þriði, er ..., N. G. L. i. 56, cp. Js. 30, Jb.; stendr lyritar-eiðr fyrir hvárt þriggja marka mal ok þau er minni eru, N. G. L. ii. 306; hón skal þess synja með lyritar-eiði með frjálsum konurn tveimr, i. 376 (394), of a compurgatory oath in the case of a still-born child. lyritar-varzla, u, f. a ban by lyrit, Grág. i. 263, 353. lyritar- vörn, f. =:lyritarvarzla, Grág. ii. 219. lyrta, u, f. [lurtr], a nickname, Fms. viii. lyskra, u, f. a wisp of damp hay spread for drying in a mown field; það eru lyskrur í heyinu, there are -wet wisps in it, 'tis not quite dry; or lyskrottr, adj. full of wet wisps of hay. LYST, f. [losti], lust, desire, but in a good sense; þat er hvers lyst sem hann leikr, a saying: appetite, of food, hafa gúða lyst; matar-lyst, id.; o-lyst, lack of appetite. COMPDS: lystar-góðr, adj. having a good appetite. lystar-lauss, adj. having no appetite. lystar- leysi, n, lack of appetite. LYSTA, t, [losti], to list, desire: impers., e-n lystir, ' me lists, ' one wishes; sem augun (acc.) lystir at sjá, Str. 45; lifði hverr sem lysti, Bs. i. 501; drekka sem lysti, Fms. ii. 135; hann (acc.) lysti at sjá Island, Fs. 104; laut und linu, lysti at kyssa, þkv. 27; e-n lystir til e-s, Barl. 23, Stj. 59; lysta í e-t, id., Fb. ii. 171. II. reflex, to be filled with delight, Barl. 29. lysti-liga, adv. delightfully, gracefully, Stj. 31. lysti-ligr, adj. delightful, Stj. 45, Sks. 535, Hkr. iii. 264, Barl. 148. lysting, f. pleasure, delight, Stj. 45: desire, 148, passim. lysti-samligr, adj. delightful, Stj. lysti-semi and lysti-semd, f. = lysting, Fbr. 137. lyst-knappr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 55. lystug-leiki, a, m. = lysting, Stj. 47: lust, 146. lystugr, adj. [Germ, lustis;; Old Engl. l;*s/ y], eager, willing, Stj. 8, 178: charming, lystugt er úti at vera á vori, Bb. 3. 55. 2. mod. hearty, of appetite for food; o-lystugr, of bad appetite, also of food. lystuligr, adj. = lystiligr. lýð-biskup, m. = ljóðbiskup, q. v. lýð-maðr, m. a commoner, layman, Stj. 582, Róm. 228. lýð-mannligr, adj. like a common man, Al. 86. lýð-menni, n. collect. = lýðmaðr; svá tignir menu sem lyðmenni, Róm. 158. LÝÐR, m., gen. lýðs, pl. lýðir; but lýðar, Akv. 12, Sighvat (Fms. vi. 40); [from Goth. liudan = to grow; cp. Ulf. jugga-laups^veaviaicos; A. S. le o5; Engl. lewd p eo ple; O. H. G. lint; Germ, leute; Swed. ung- lyde = youth; cp. Gr. Aaos, \fws] :-- people, esp. the common people; lyðr heitir landfólk, Edda 108; vera allir samt sem einn lýðr, Stj. 187; þegar lyðrinn var sjálfráða, O. H. 4Ó; allit., stjórn ly'ðs ok lands, Orkn. 124; lands-lýðr, the pe op le of the land; allr lyðr, all people, Fs. 178; öllum lýð, Magn. 438; allir lyðir, 656 A. ii. 18; af lýðum sinum, by his people, Stj. 347; Múspells-ly'ðir, Vsp. 51; en er konungr heyrði ákafa lýðsins, Ó. H. 205; tók þar lyðr við trá ... í vilð við ly'ðinn, Fms. x. 393; ok margr lýðr annarr, Karl. 425: thehousehold folk, gakk þ\i út ok allr iyðr með þér, Nj. 2OO. lyðska, u, f. custom, manner; sið ok lýðsku, 656 B. 8; ein var hón sér í lýðsku, Fs. 30; öngum manni var hann líkari í sinni ly'ðsku en Áka móður-bróður sínum, Fms. xi. 50; í allri ly'ðsku ok í öllu sínu athæfi, 78; hann hefir sömu ly'ðsku sína ok úðr, O. H. L. 5; see Ijóð- æska. 2. dialect, Symb. 10, Hom. (St.) 61, (múl-lýðska.) lýðskaðr, part, mannered, Fms. i. 134. lýð-skylda, u, f. homage, the duty of a liegeman towards his lord; eptir þat veitti jarl honum önga lyðskyîdu, Fms. iv. 24, O. H. 91; sem góðr þegn skal góðum konungi veiîa, skal ek honum alla þá lögliga lýð- skyldu ... (in the oath of homage), Gþl. 68. lýð-skyldi, n. = lýðskylda, Fms. x. 398, 399. lýð-skyldr, adj. subject, yielding lyðskylda to one, Eg. 14; vóru þá jarlar honum lýðskyldir, Ó. H. 91, Fms. i. 14. lýð-skyldugr, adj. -- lýðskyldr, Fas. ii. 458. lýð-skærr, adj. [skera], of blubber, of which all have a right to carve, N. G. L. i. 252. LÝJA, pres. ly, lyr; pret. lúði; part, lúinn (lúiðr ?) :-- to beat soft, thraih; hann lyr ok lemr, Stj. 95; hann lagði steininn niðr fyrir smiðju- dyrum, ok lúði þar við járn fíðan, to forge iron with a sledge-hammer, Eg. 142; lyja likam sinn, to chastise one's body, Stj. 395; hón ly'str hann með trénu, svá at hón lýr (Ed. wrongly glýr) alla höndina, strikes him (on the wrist) with a cudgel and disables his band, Gísl. 156: metaph., IVr hann (acc.) sóttin, ok deyr hann, Fs. 195. II. reflex, t o become benumbed by a blow, of a limb; ok varð mikit högg svá at lúðisk undir, ok brotnuðu rifin, Korni. 212. 2. to be worn, exhausted; tóku menu at lyjask mjök á erfiði, Grett. 95; þá tók Haraldr konungr at eldask mjiik ok lyjask, Eg. 171. III. part, lúinn, worn, bruised; vóru ok árar injök lunar, the oars were much worn by pulling, Bárð. 169; hann brytr upp gólfit er áðr var laust ok hut, Bs. i. 198 :-- weary, ex- hausted, var luinn hestr hans mjök, Bárð. 171; hann verðr ok luinn, feir undir eina eik ok hvílisk þar, Fas. i. 131. LÝR, m., gen. lys, a kind of/îs h, gadus pollachius, Edda (Gl.), = Norse lyr; whence lýr-gata, lý-braut/ lý-slóð, lý-teigr, the track of the lyr, poet. = the sea, Lex. Poët. LÝSA, t, [Ijos; Dan. lyse; Swed. Huso] , to lighten, illumine; hón (the sun) skal lysa allan heim ok verma, Sks. 38; sól lýsir tungl, Rb. 448, passim, Hom. I2S, MS. 656 C. 2; æ ly'sir mön af mari, to shed light, Vþm.; lysa blinda, to give light to the blind, 677. 5, 656 B. í 2 :-- to lighl up, lysa lampa, Str. 18, Sks. ii. 177: l)'sa kirkju, to light up a church, D. I. passim, Vrn. passim: to illuminate a book, en Magnus prestr hefir skrifat upp þaðan, ok lyst alia, Fb. (inscription) :-- of the daylight, t o dawn, lilt var lyst af degi, Ld. 46; um morguninn er lysa tók, Fms. i. ill; þegar er litt var lýst, Ó. H. 115. 2. impers. it shines, beams; lysti ok mjök af hjulmi hans er sólin skein a, Fms. i. 44; fyrir þínar sakar lýsir allan heim, by thee light shines on all the world, Hom. 31. II. metaph. to explain, Sks. 193, 587. 2. to manifest, shew, exhibit; lysa ótrúleik, Eg. 64; lysa hug sinn, to declare one's mind, Grág. i. 8; Heinir ly'stu mikinn drengskap, Fms. ix. 344: pass., sem lysisíc í sögunni, xi. 440; hann lysti meir í því ríki sitt ok þrályndi en réttlæti, Bs. i. 17; ok sagði hvern fjandskap menn höfðu þar við hann lyst, 19; segir at þau lysti mikia þverlyndi ok ákaflyndi í þessu, Ó. H. 144. 3. to proclaim, publish, give notice of, as a law term: with acc., menn skulu í dag ok á morgun lysa sakar þær allar, er til fjórðungs- dóms skulu ..., ef maðr vill lysa sök á hönd manni, Grág. i. 18; lysa frumhlaup, sár, eðr víg á hendr manni, to charge a person, make an indictment against, ii. 34; vig ly'sir þú, Hkv. 2. 8. p. with dat., lysa vígi á hendr sér, to declare oneself to be the cause of a death; imme- diately after the deed the slayer had to declare himself, otherwise the deed was counted for murder, see the remarks s. v. morð, and the Laws and Sagas passim. y. to publish, proclaim, with dat.; hón lysti þvi, at hón myndi til alþingis ríða, Nj. 12; Halldúrr lysir þingreið sinni, Ld. 236; lýsa dómum sinum, Sks. 641 :-- lysa e-u yfir, lo make known, Fms. viii. 93, xi. 6: impers., mi lysir her yfir því, er margir maeltu, at hón þótti nokkut vergjörn, xi. 25: absol., ef maðr lysir til fimmtardóms um bjargir manna, Gnig. i. 73; hann skal lysa et nzsta sumar til fram- færslu þess ómaga, 129. 8. to publish the bans of marriage. lýsa, u, f. a gleam, shimmering light; bra yfir blám loga, fulrir spurði hvat lýsu þat vaeri, Gullþ. 5; ek sé ly'su (lysa Ed.) langt norðr í haf, Fas. ii. 30 (in a verse); ek so lysu nokkura til hafsins, Finnb. 230; Sturlu sy'ndisk sem lýsu nokkurri brygði fyrir hamarinn, Sturl. ii. 86. ly&u-knappr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. II. a fish, gadus mer- luccius, Norse lysing, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse). lýsari, a, m. an illuminator, Fms. x. 244, MS. 655 xiii. B. 3. lýsi, n. a lighting, brightness, Hom. J 28. II. o il, train-oil, from its bright colour, Stj. 154, K. Á. 206, Gþl. 524, K. þ. K. 162, freq. in mod. usage; þorsk-lysi, cod-oil; hakarls-ly'si, shark-oil; sel-lysi, s eal- o il; brætt ly'si, sjúlfrunnið lýsi. COMPDS: lýsis-fat, n. o noil- cask, Bs. i. 842. lýsi-mœlir, m. an oil-dealer, N. G. L. iii. lýsi-gull, n. bright gold, opp. to rauða gull, Edda 68, Fas. iii. 627. lýsi-ker, n. a lantern, Vrn. 6. lýsi-kista, u, f. a candle-box, Am. 6. lýsi-kola, u, f. a kind of lamp, Vm. 9, D. I. i. 270. lýsing, f. light, illumination, K. Á. loo. 2. the daybreak, dawn; i lysing þessa dags, Hom. 80; hann andaðisk þann sama morgun í lýsing,

LÝSINGARSKEIÐ -- LÆRING. 403

Fms. ü. 195: kíða lysingar, iv. 151, ix. 46. II. metaph. declara- tion, publication, Grág. i. 18, Nj. lio, Gþl. 307. 2. the bans of marriage, K. Á. no, Bs. i. 742. COMPBS: lýsingar-skeið, n. the time of daybreak, Fms. viii. 337. lýsingar-váttr, in. a witness to n declaration, a law term, Nj. 233. lýsingar-vætti, n. an attestation to a ly'sing, Nj. 87. lýsingr, m. a light-coloured horse; but a light-coloured mare is culled Jjoska, q. v. lýsi-staki, a, m. a candlestick, D. N. lysi-steinn, m. colour for illuminating books, D. I. i. 266. lýsi-tollr, m. = Ijóstollr, K. Á. 78, 102, 162. lýski, f. [his], the ' lousy disease, ' phtbiriasis, Stj. 272. LÝTA, t, [Ijotr], to deform, Skálda 170, Stj. 142. II. metaph. to blemish; lasta ok lyta, Barl. 184, Stj. 134, Fas. i. 330, ii. 207: to dis- grace, violate, Stj. 376, 502, 536. lýti, n. a fault, flaw, deformity, Korm. 18, Grett. 158, Hkr. iii. 64: metaph. disgrace, Grág. ii. 129. COMPDS: lýta-fullr, adj. full of faults, Stj. 473. lýta-lauss, adj. faultless, Str. 2. lýti-ligr, adj. ugly, Sks. 302. lýzka, u, f. = lýðska. lÆ, n., dat. lævi, [Ulf. lew = å(þopn-f] and lewian = irapaoiouvai; cp. A. S. lanva = a traitor) :-- fraud, craft; Ijóða læ, the treason of the people, Hkr. i. 255 (in a verse). 2 craft, art, skill, Vsp. 18, where it is spelt lá; önd, óðr, and læ were the three mental gifts of the three gods who made man. 3. bane; sviga læ, ' sivilch-bane, ' poet, the fire, Vsp. 52; frið-læ, n breach of peace, Edda (lit.); klungrs læ, a fire, Fms. vii. 66 (in a verse): a plague, evil, biðja e-m læs, to wish one evil. Hm. 137; hes lausn, a release from evil, O. H. (in a verse); long era 1/fta ] x (pl.), long are the people's woes. Sdm. 2; blanda lopt la'. vi, to poison the air, Vsp. 29. II. -- -la, the sea, a different word, [Scot, le or lee], water, liquor; gríðar læ, the ogress sea = the blood, llöfuðl. (but a doubtful passage): lce-bau. gr, in. the sea circle -- the horizon, sly -- veðr nietouy- mically, 0. H. 171 (in a verse). COMPDS: lœ-blandinn, part, baleful. venomous, Gkv. 2. 39. læ-gjarn, adj. guileful, Vsp. 39. læ- skjarr, adj. guileless, Fms. vii. (in a verse). læ-spjöll, n. pl. balefid tidings, poet., Darr. (Nj.) læ-styggr, adj. -- laeskiarr, IlalH'rcd. lœ- trauðr, adj. guileless, Sighvat. lœ-vísi, f. craft, Edda 69: skill, craft, lævísi allra hluta nemsk með venju, MS. 4. 7. lœvís-liga, adv. art- fvlly, MS. 4. 6. læ-víss, adj. crafty, as an epithet of Loki, Hym., Ls., Edda; hin lævísa kona, Gg. 2: artful, skilful, l;;:víss inaðr, MS. 4. 5. læða, u, f. a sneaker; tjalla-læða, of fog creeping about the sides of mountains but leaving the summits clear. LÆÐASK, d, (qs! lœðask?), to sneak, steal, slink, creep; læoisk kisu lóra, of a cat, Hallgrim: freq. in mod. usage :-- also, but less, correct, used as act. with dat., læða e-u, to put stealthily. læðingr, m. (spelt lcvðingr in Cod. Reg.), [(ram læðask?], the name of the charmed fetter with which the wolf Fenrir was bound in the mythical tale, Edda 19. læfð, f. [lota], a hand's breadth; læfðar brcitt, FIov. 31. lægð, f. [lágr], a hollow, low place, Nj. 61, Sks. 605, Jjorf. Karl. 420, Stj. 611, Mag. 146: lowness, Hoin. 8, Stj. 1 73, Bs. ii. 42, Barl. 169. lægi, n. [from liggja or perh. belter from logn (Iœgi) = / o 7/ n, calm water, cp. Aim. 23] :-- a berth, anchorage, Aim. 23, Fs. 92, 148, í 51, Fms. i. 157, vi. 17, 1 20, x. 233, passim: opportunity, ok gaf þeim eigi lu'sri lit ór íirð- inum, Fbr. 13 new Ed.; hence the mod. sæta lægi, to vjalch an oppor- tunity. 2. = leg, situation, Sks. 294. læging, f. a lowering, degradation, Glúm. 337, Fs. 13, Hom. 46, 97. lægir (qs. lœgir ?), m., poet, the sea, Edda (Gl.), prop, the calm sea; cp. sílægja and logn. LÆGJA, ð, [lágr], to lower, let down; lægja segl. Fms. ii. 305; hofin laegja storma sina, Sks. 221. II. metaph. to humble, bring down; at læg:a þessa villu, Flkr. i. 102; en drap þá er inoti honum voru, eða lægði (humbled) þá annan veg, Fms. x. 192; hi'gia sik, to lower, humble oneself, Hom. 40, 50. III. impers. it i. s lowered, sinks; nu lægir segl (acc.) þeirra, (3. II. 182; þeir sigldu svú at lönd (acc.) la-gði, they s a iled so far that the land sank out of sight, Ant. Am. 271; þegar cr sóüua lægði, when the sun sank, Kb. 172. 2. of a storm, it abates; þa tók at lægja veðrit (acc.), Nj. 124; en er veðrit t(')k at minka ok Ixgja brim, Eg. 99; til þess er veðr lægði, 129; en þegar urn várit er sió tók at lægja, 160. IV. reflex, to get lower; löiul lægjask, t o . '- ink under the horizon, Orkn. (in a verse) :-- to sink, fall, abate, þ;'i la-gðusk þeir ok féllu niðr, Fms. x. 324, Sks. 204; af bans tilkviunu lægðisk harkit, Fms. ix. 414. lægr, adj., only in compds, gras-'. Tgr (q. v.), or in neut. in the phrase, eiga laegt (at kirkju), to have a right to be buried, K. þ. K. 18, 34: in the phrase, var þá lægt viðr, at..., it was on the point of. . . (cp. la v|ð), Stj. 479. læki-dómr, ni. [Dan. /ec^ ed om], = l:cki)is-clomr, Bs. ii. 180, Mar. lækn, f. a cure, = lækninu;; koma til læknar, Hkr. i. IO2, Post. 248; þeir er vilja lacknar lifa (lyfaV), Hm. 148. LÆKNA, að, but older læknði, Fms. x. 370; spelt lccnði, whence kekning, but mod. læknaði :-- to cure, heal, Barl. 9; en Ástríð lekr. ôi hanu, Fms. x. 370; ktkna súr, Al. 99, Bs., passim in mod. usage. læknari, a, m. a leech, -- læknir, þórð. 70, Bs. i. 294. lækning, f. a cure, as also the art of healing, Nj. 154, Sks. II7) Stj. 625, Hom. 133, Bs. i. 639-643 :-- medicine, góö lækning, Pr. 473; lækningar kaup, a fee for a cure, N. G. L. i. 67; lækningar lyf, a medicine, Stj. 272, see lyf; lækuingar bragð, a c;^ re, Fms. viii. 442. lækninga-maðr, m. a leech, = læknir. læknir, in. a leech, physician, Sdm. II, Nj. 89, MS. 623, 40, Fas. iii. 644, Hkr. ii. 376, Mar., Stj., Bs. i. 640 sqq., passim. COMPDS: læknis- domr, in. medicine, Stj. iz6, Bail. 17. læknis-fé, n. a leech's fee, Gþl. 149. lfc] i'íiis-íiïig's:, m. fbeílcecb-finger, 'digîlnsmedicalis, Stj. 191. læknis-gras, n. a healing herb, Pr. 470. læknis-hendr, f. pl. 'leech-bands, ' healing hands, Sdm. 4. Fms. v. 40. læknis-lyf, f. a medicine. 656 B. 11, see lyf. LÆKR, in. [i. e. lu'kr; Ivar Aasen /o k], the umbilical cord, navel string, a midwife's term, Stj. 198. LÆKR, m. (i. e. lockr, -- lorkr, o?gr, því fcgra bykkir hljóða en kfkr, Ægr, SkúlJa 178), gen. lækjar, dut. with the article Iicknum, Ísl. ii. 37, 9, 340, Fms. vi. 351; pl. l. i:kir, gen. lækja, daî. lækjmn :-- a brook, rivulet, Edda (Gl.), Nj. 69, 155, 244, Ísl. ii. 339, 340, Bs. i. 196. Dropl. 34, Lv. 85, Fms. i. 252, 253, vi. 351, Fb. i. 414, passim, esp. in mod. Icek, in which hrkr is always used instead of the Dan. bæk; bæjar-lækr, and in many local names, Briúiiî-lækr, Lækjar-bugr, Bs.; Lækjar- skógr, e!c. COMI-DS: lækjar-duðra, u, f. a bird: see dodka. lækjar-fall, n. a running brook. Lv. 85. lækjar-far, n. or -far- vegr, m. the bed of a brook, Korm. 182. lækjar-gil, n. a ghyll with a brook, Dip!, v. 19. lækjar-ütiS, in. the mouth of a brook, Ld. 250, Eg. 18;. lækjar-rás, f. a running brook, Stj. 163. lækjar- spræna, u, f. a little broofc. læ-megin, see I'. 'mcgin, Stj. 16. læmingr, m., pl. Ixmiugjar :-- -a loom (bird) =lúmr, Gísl. 67, cp. 155: metaph. . the phrase, í læmingi, by stealth, Giil. 155: in Vígl. 22 the new Ed. reads í flevmim;i. læna, u, f. [Ion], a hollow place, vale. LÆR, n. . mod. læri, [A. S. lire; Scot, lyre ~-the fleshy parts of the body; Old Eupl. here -- skin; Dan. la a r] :-- the thigh, the leg above the knee; \r/i ú lærit ok undan fótinn, Nj. 97, Glúm. 380; taka í mitt her, Fbr. 53; Icvsti holdit allt at lærinu, Róm. 239; blés upp allan iotiun, l. rrit tók þá at grata, Grett. 153; l:crit upp at smá-þörtnum, 154 :--of a beast, á l-. rr galtanurn, (ïullj). 15. II. a ham, of meat; eða tvau hrr hengi, pars ek hafða eitt etið, Ilm. 66; þi; at eitt Ixr hengi upp, N. G. 1. -. i. 349; lær exans tvau ok báða bógana, Edda 45; lær af þri'tvetrum oxa, (). 11. L. 60; sjahlan liggjandi ulfr lair urn getr, ne sofandi inaor sigr, Hm. 57. LÆRA, o, l UU. laiyan-^oioavictiv; A. S. henian; Old Engl. lere; Engl. harn -- to teach former! v, and sometimes so used still; Scot, lair or lear; (). H. G. Icran: Germ. Ichren: Swed. Idra; Dan. l cc re; in all changing the s into r; the word may be a derivative from lesa (I), to gather; cp. Eat. legcre, to gather and to read^: I. to teach, with acc. or absol.; þeirra kenr. ingar lærôu oss, Iloni. (St.): the disciple in acc., læra annan i stað siiin, K. þ. K. 60; harm la-. rði Ara prest, Hkr. (pref.); hverr sá maðr er lærir aöra, Gd. 35; harm lt'-t l. cra harm á vígtlrni ok riddara-skap ok. allshúttar iþróttir, Fms. i. 97: lærðr;ï Liitinu-tungu, K. þ. K. 74; vel la-rðir til vájnia ok riddara-skaps, Sks. 381; nerna hjarta heyrandans la^risk af helgnm Anda, Greg. i(j; lærask at e-m, to get information from a per- son, Karl. 444; cp. lærðr below. II. to learn, in mod. usage iir this sense onlv, but seems not to occur in old writers, for Fas. ii. 67 is a paper MS., but cp. læra bók, Nd. 18 (a poem of the beginning of the 15th lærandi, part, a teacher, Stj. lær-djúpr, adj. deep in lore, a nickname, Bs. lær-dómr, m. learning, scholarship, Bs. i. 8; harm hatoi luifoingsknp mikinn ok herdom góðan, 90, passim: of the clergy, as opp. to the laity, leikdornr, Bs., 11. E. passim. COMPDS: lærdóms-bók, f. a book of learn- ing, lærdóms-grein, f. fcisnce. lærdóms-maðr, in. a scholar, Bs. i. 98. lærðr, part., [cp. Old Engl. lered] , prop. ' taught, ' and then learned, n scholar; na'inr ok ve! lærðr, Bs. i. í 27, K. fj. K. 154; lærðir menu, opp. to leikir menu (laymen); lærðr eða kikr, Dipl. ii. 13; in mod. usage = a scholar; ht'i-lærðr, hi g- h 'earned; ó-!ærðr, unlearned; lítt-lærðr, vel-lærðr, freq.; see læra (I). læri-dómr, m. learning, -- lærciómr, Stj. 14, 64. læri-dóttir, f. a ' lore-daughter, ' female disciple, Stj. 157- læri-faðir, m. a 'lore-father, ' teacher, master, Sks. 307, 803, Post.: of the Fathers, eccl. læri-móðir, f. a 'lore-mother, ' female teacher, Greg. 27. læri-mær, f. a female disciple, Stj. 158, Greg. 27. læring, f. teaching, learning, in olden times esp. for holy orders; Jui seldu honum margir sonu sina til iaTÍngar, ok I(':tu vigja til presta, Ib. 14, Bs. i. 63; til fóstrs eða kvringar (education) eða farar, Grág. i. 172;

404 LÆ RISTO L L -- LOG L V SIN G.

haun vur settr til læringar, 623. 54 :-- teaching, precept, Honi. loS, 157;e" læringar = kenningar, Skálda 205 (in a verse). læri-stóll, m. a pulpit, chair, Mart. 113. læri-sunr, m. a 'lore-son, ' disciple, Bs. i. 907. læri-sveinn, m. a ' lore-;. ivain, ' disciple, Fms. i. 134, Gþl. 40; Eyjólfr virði þorlák mest allra sinna lærisveina, Bs. i. 91, and passim in the N. T. (the disciples of Christ), Vidal., Pass.: freq. in mod. usage = schoolboy. lær-knúta, u, f. a joint hone. lær-leggr, m. the thigh bone, Fms. ix. 219, Edda 28, Sks. 372, Gullþ. 15. LÆSA, t, [lass; Dan. lactfe] , to lock, sbui, with dat., læsti hón þegar loptinu innan, Nj. 7; var þeirri hurðu læst, Fms. iii. 67; þau vóru oil læst innan borgar, xi. 74; hurðin var baeði læst innan ok litan, Hom. I 20; læsti síðan skríninu, Fms. vi. 402; kirkjur vóru allar læstar, viii. 229 :-- to shut one in, hón fylgði þeim í úti-búr ok læsti þau þar, Ísl. ii. 108; var hestr Grettis læstr í húsi sterkliga, Grett. 113: laesa bréf, to seal, Róm. 247, Bs. ii. 122 :-- to groove, í hjnhi sverðsins vóru læstir lyfsteinar, Fas. iii. 244. 2. of a beast of prey; læsa klóm, hrammi, to pierce or clasp with the claws; hón læsti klónum inn að beini: reflex., læsast or læsa sig, to pierce, penetrate; klærnar læstust inn að beini (of claws), 'mjúksár um lirnu logi mór læsir sig fast, Snot 128. læsing, f. a lock. læstr, part, locked, having a lock, Dip], iii. 4. LÆTI, n. pl., in dat. latum, [Dan. lader, cp. hit], manner, also including sound; læti er tvennt. læti heitir rödd. læti heitir æði, Edda i'io. Vsp. iS; eugi þau læti, hljóð eða raddir, Skálda 172; hóu kveðr við svá hátt ok öskur- liga at slík læti þóttisk konungrinn eigi heyrt hafa, Fb. ii. 26; við askranleg læti, Al. 142; honum þótli íllt at heyr. í læti þeirra, their ivailings, Fms. iv. 369; bæði handa læti ok iota, Sks. u6; lit ok læti, Skv. 1. 39. læ-virki, a, m. [A. S. lauerc; Old and North. E. lavrock] , a lark, Edda (Gl.) læ-víss, adj., and læ-víst, f., see læ. Læzkr, adj. of Lorn, from the county Lum in Norway, D. N. LÖÐ, f., gen. laðar, [laða], bidding, invitation; laðar þurti, Vþm. 8; buðumk hilinir loð, Höfuöl.; bjóða líðendum löð, Fsrn. 3; þjóð-lüð, hospitable reception, Hm. 4: in pr. names, Sigr-löð, who invites victory; Gunn-löð, Hm. LÖÐ, f., gen. löðar, [Engl. /a/ h e], a smith's lathe; kenna gull til sjóðs eða díguls eða la/ðar, Edda 84, freq. in mod. usage, löð-hyrr, m. the fire of the lathe, poet, for gold, Ísl. ii. 372 (in a verse). löðr, n. froth, (and löðra, að), see lauðr and lauðra. löðr-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), cowardly, Grett. 90 A. löðr-menni, n. a coward, feeble person, Fas. iii. 437. löðrungr, see lauðrungr. löðuðr, m. a bidder, inviter, Yt. 23. Löðurr or Loðurr, m. [cp. Germ, lodem] , one of the names of Loki, -- Loðurr is the Prometheus of the Northern mythology, see læ and óðr. Odin, Hænir, and Lciðurr were the three gods who created Ask and Embla, Vsp.: vinr Lí:ðurs, the friend of Löður, -- Odin, lit. (Hkr. i. 88). LÖG, n. pl. laws, see lag 13. 2. in compds as a prefix -- lawful, legal, as defined, ordered, prescribed in law, general, or the like. lög-arfi, a, m. a lawful heir, Fms. ix. 333, Js. 28. lög-ávöxtr, m. l f^ al interest; tíunda fú silt ok allan lögávöxt fjúr sins, Bs. i. 68. lög-baugr, m. a ' law-ring, ' cp. baugr (II), the payment of weregild, Grág. ii. 171. lög-beiðing, f. a legal demand, legal call, in pleading, Nj., Gnig. Lög-bergi or Log-berg, n. the Law-bill, rock of law, where the Icel. legislature was held, see Grág., Nj. passim, and Mr. Dasent's Introduc- tion to Burnt Njál, which contains a description and drawing of the place. Lögbergis-ganga, u, f. the procession (of the goðar) to the Law-rock, Grug. i. 26. Eg. 703, Fms. ii. 172. lög-binda, halt, to bind, stipulate by law, Fagrsk. 57. lög-bjóða, bauð, to order, prescribe by law, Jb. 170: lög-boðit, law-bidden, ordered. lög-boð, n. a legal bid, at a sale, Grág. i. 198: a lawful cn ll=-log- beiðing, Nj. 238 :-- a la w, ordinance, mod. -- laga-boð. lög-bók, f. a 'law-book, ' code of laws, Fms. vii. 305, viii. 277, K. ] j, K. 74, N. G. L. i. 378, Ísi. Ann. 1271, í 272, 1 280, D. N. passim: but as the Icel. Commonwealth has no fixed code, so the word never applies to Icel. previous to the union with Norway. lög-bót, f. an amendment of law, K. p. K. 24. lög-brigðir, m. a law breaker, Eg. (in a verse). lög-brot, n. a breach of law, Eg. 352. lögbrots-maðr, m. a law breaker, Mar. lög-bú, n. a lawful household, Grág. ii. 39. lög-deila, u, f. a lawquarrel, a cause before a court, Bs. i. 75. lögðir, m. [leggja], poet, a 'slabber, ' . '-word, only in poetry, Lex. Pout. lög-dómr, in. a lawful court, Grág. i. í 7 :-- a legal sentence, Bs. i. 141. lög-dýr, n. [lögr], a 'sea-deer, ' poet, a ship, Lex. Poët. lög-dæma, ð, to adjudge by law, D. N. lög-dœmi, n. a ' law-doom, ' jurisdiction. lög-eggjan, f. full provocation, as defined by law, Nj. 154. lög-eiðr, m. a lawful oath, an oath as ordered by law, Grág., Nj passim :-- a nickname, Lög-Eiðr, Bárð. lög-eindagi, a, m. a legal term, Grág. i. 132, 399, K. þ. K. 174. lög-eyrir, m., pl. liigaurar, legal money, lawful tender, legal payment Grág. i. 88, 193, 391, 392, 466, ii. 245, K. þ. K. 172. lög-faðmr, in. a legal fathom, one prescribed by law, Grág. ii. 91. lög-fardagr, m. a legal time for moving one's household, Grág. 1^43. lög-fasta, u, f. the law-fast, ordered by law, Grug. i. 293, K. þ. K. 102; lögföstu tíð, Post. 645. 77. lög-fastr, adj. 'law-fast, ' domiciled, Gnig. i. 243, 245, 381, ii. 39. lög-fá, fékk, to take, receive, legally, Fms. viii. 295. lög-fákr, m. [lögr], the'sea-steed, ' sea-horse, Hým. lög-fé, n. a 'law-fee' of a fine, N. G. L. ii. 306. lög-félag, n. a lawful partnership, of marriage, N. G. L. ii. 305. lög-festa, t, = festa log fyrir e-t, see festa (II. 2), N. G. L. i. 244, Gþl. 334, Jb. 250, 331. lög-festa, u, f. a lawful title, right in matters of possession, a Norse law term answering to lyritr (II) in the Icel. law, N. G. L. i. 244, Gþl. 362, 451. lög-festing, f. -- lögfesta, Dipt. i. 7. lög-festr, f. a lawful mooring, -of a whale, Sturl. ii. 28 :-- plur. a lawful betrothal. lög-fóstr, n. a fostering, as defined in law, the fostering a child from its 8th to its 16th year, Grág. ii. 45; see fóstr. lög-fóstri, a, m. one who has given logfustr to another, Grág. ii. 45. lög-frétt, f. a lawful query, in pleading, Grág. i. 36. lög-fróðr, adj. learned in law, Bs. i. 733. lög-fræði, f. law, jurisprudence, Bárð. 173. lög-fræðingr, m. a lawyer, a man skilled in law. lög-fullr, adj. lawful, legal, Ld. 210, Ísl. ii. 379, Fs. 159, N. G. L. ii. 306, passim. lög-fundr, m. a lawful meeting, public meeting, Ld. 62, Fs. 60. lög-föstnun, f. legal espousals, Grág. i. 316. LÖGG, f., gen. löggvar, Edda ii. 100 (in a verse); in mod. usage laggar; [Scot, leggin; Engl. ledge] :-- the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask, Grág. i. 501, freq. in mod. usage: also of the inside of a cask, þ. ið er dálítið eptir í lögginni. 2, a mark on sheep, a small square piece cut out of the side of the ear. COMPDS: lögg-brotinn, part. with the ledge broken off. lögg-stokkinn, part. = löggbrotinn, Stj. 367. lög-garðr, in. a lawful fence, as prescribed in law as to height and thickness. Grág. ii. 262, 266, 267. lög-gilda, t, to give lawful currency to. lög-gildi, n. validity. lög-gildr, adj. of full value, current. lög-giptr, part, lawfully given away, of a lady, D. N. lög-gjafi; and lög-gjafari, a, m. a lawgiver. lög-gjöf, f. a legal gift, Gþl. 271; lawgiving, legislation, (mod.) löggra, að, [prob. from lögg; Dan. logre = lo wag the tail, of a dog]: -- to crouch abjeclly, like a dog; hvat er pat it litla er ek löggra sék, ok snapvist snapir, Ls. 44, a oV. \cy. lög-grið, n. a lawful domicile, Grág. i. 19, 149. lög-heilagr, adj. holy, sacred, of days according to the canonical law, Grág., K. Jj. K. passim (alia Ulghelga daga). lög-heimili, n. = löggrið, Gnig. i. 150, Nj. 33. lög-hlið, n. a gate as prescribed by law, Grág. ii. 264. lög-hreppr, m. a Rape (hreppr) as defined by laiv, Grág. i. 443, Jb. 178. lög-hverfð, f., or lög-hverfa, u, f. a lawful fence, D. N. v. 186. lög-kaup, n. a lawful bargain, Grág. i. 148, K. þ. K. 70. lög-kennandi, part, a ' law-surveyor' to declare if a thing belongs to a person or not, Grág. i. 424. lög-kominn, part, lawfully entitled to, Jb. 244. lög-krókar, in. pl. law quibbles, Fms. vii. 142, Sks. 439. lög-kvöð, f. a legal summons, Gnig. i. 35, Nj. 218. lög-kæni, f. s kill iwthe law, Nj. 236. lög-kænn, adj. veiled, skilled in the law, Nj. 222, Fms. \ii. 133. lög-kænska, u, f. -- lögkseni, Fms. vii. 142. lög-langr, adj. of lawful length, Jb. 407. lög-lauss, adj. lawless, Sks. 77 new Ed. lög-leið, f. a lawful Leet (meeting), K. jb. K. 68. lög-leiða, d, = leiða í log, to bring (a freedman) to the privileges of law, (cp. to naturalise), Grág. i. 290. II. to introduce as law, (leiða e-t í log), Bs. i. 720, t'req. in mod. usage. lög-leiga, u, f. lawful rent, Grág. i. 196, 217. lög-leysa, u, f. lawlessness, a lawle s s state, Gþl. 361, Bs. i. 71, Hkr. ii. 134, Magn. 472, Fms. xi. 294, Sks. 339. lög-liga, adv. lawfully, Nj. 188, K. Á. 54, Bs. ii. 96. lög-ligr, adj. lawful, legal, Nj. I, Eg. 725, Fms. vii. 142, x. 307, K. Á. 58, passim; ú-Iöglegr, unlawful. lög-lyritr, m. a lawful lyrit (q. v.), Grág. i. 109. lög-lýsing, f. a legal declaration, in pleading, Grág. i, 18, Nj. 15.

LÖGMAÐR -- LOGRÆNA. 405

lög-maðr, m. [old Swed. lagman; the president of the supreme court formerly held in Orkney was called the lagman] :-- ' law-man. ' In the ancient Scandinavian kingdoms each legal community or state (log) had its own laws, its own parliament (lögþing), and its own 'law-man' (lagh- mann, logmaðr); the lagman was the first commoner and the spokesman of the people against the king and court at public assemblies or else- where; he was also the guardian of the law, and the president of the legis- lative body and of the law courts. As in the heathen time laws were not written, the lagman had to sry what was the law of the laud in any case of doubt; in the general assemblies, at least in Iceland, he had to ' say the law (from memory) to the assembled people from the Law-hill (LogbergiJ; hence in the Icelandic Commonwealth he was called lög-sögu- jnaðr (q. v.), the ' law-speaker, ' ' law-sayer, ' ' speaker of the law, ' and his office log-saga or lög-sögn =' law-speaking:' 1. Sweden and Gothland in olden times were the classical lands of lagmen, for the whole kingdom was a confederation of commonwealths, each with its parliament, law- speaker, and laws, who were all of them united under one king; see the Various records in the old Swedish laws, Sveriges Gamla Lagar, as edited by Schlyter, as also the classical account given of lagman Thorgny in O. H. ch. 60 sqq. -- í hverri þessi deild landsins er sitt lögþing, ok sin log, yfir hverjum lögum er lögmaðr, ... þat skulu log vera sem hann réð upp at kveða; en ef konungr, eða jarl, eða byskupar fara yfir land ok eigu þing við búendr, þá svarar lögmaðr af hendi búenda ...; aðrir lögmenn allir skulu vera undir-menn þess lögmanns er á Tíunda-landi er, Ö. H. 65. 2. in Norway the political institutions of the old patriarchal ages were greatly disturbed through the wars and conquest of Harald Fairhair; the ancient laws of Norway too have been preserved in a much more fragmentary state than those of Sweden; of some of the most interest- ing laws only the eccl. section has been preserved, often in Icelandic transcripts or abridged. The most interesting records of the lagmen are therefore not to be found in the Norse laws, but in the Sagas, e. g. the debates in the Hák. S. Gamla, ch. 71-80, 85-97 (in the Flatey book), as also in the þinga-þáttr in Fms. vii. 123-150, and in stray passages in the Icelandic Sagas, in such phrases as lögmenn ok konungr, logmenn ok dómendr, lenda menn ok logmenn ok alla aiþyðu, Eg. 352. 3. in the later Middle Age in Norway, and in Icel. after 1280, the lagman was a justice, who presided in the court lögrétta, at the lögþing (II), cp. jb. passim. 4. in the Icelandic Commonwealth, the officer whose duties have been described above was specially called lögsögu- maðr, and lögmaðr is only used = lagamaðr = a lawyer, -- þat er ok, at lögsögumaðí skal svá görla þáttu alla upp segja, at engi viti einna miclogi görr, en ef honum vinsk eigi fróðleikr til þess, þá skal hann eiga stefnu via fimm logmenn (lawyers, men skilled in law), en næstu dægr áðr, eðr fleiri, Grág. i. 2, 3; þat skal allt hafa er finnsk á skrdO þeirri er Hafiiði lét göra ... en þat eitt af annarra lögmajma fyrirsögn (of other lawyers) er eigi mæli því í gegn, 7; Njáll var lögmaðr svá mikill (so ^ reat a lawyer), at eingi fannsk hans jafningi, Nj. 30. At the union with Nor- way (A. D. 1272) the lögsögu-maðr of the Commonwealth was replaced by two lagmen of the Norse kind, so that in the Sagas composed after that date (e. g. the Grettla) or in Sagas preserved in later transcripts, the terms were now and then confounded, and 'lögmaðr' was, by way of anachronism, used of the lögsögu-maðr of the old Commonwealth, cp. Grett. 64, 115, 173, 191 new Ed., Nj. 24, 164, 237 (v. 1.), Eg. 597, Ísl. (Gunnl. S.) ii. 208, 238, 256, Bs. i. (Hungrv.) 62, Fms. iv. 115, 176, where the 0. H. edition has the true reading, being made from a vel- lum of the Commonwealth time. P. two instances are recorded referring to the loth century in Iceland, where a lögmaðr occurs as a kind of county- sheriff" or officer, viz. in the Háv. S. (begin.) and the Svarfdæla S. ch. 10; but both records seem to be spurious and adapted to the state of things in Norway, for neither Saga is preserved in its pure original state, but remoulded after the union; see Maurqr's Entstehung des Ísl. Staates, Beitrage, 136 sqq. In Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, as the power of the king increased, so that of the old lagman sank, and at last died away. In England it is preserved in the Speaker of the House of Commons, whose very name recalls to mind the law- speaker of the old Scandinavian communities. II. a pr. name, Lög-maðr, Orkn. COMPDS: lögmanns-dæmi, n. the jurisdiction of a lagman, Fms. v. 266. lögmanns-eiðr, m. an oath of homage to the king, Gþl. 66. logmarms-lauss, adj. without a lagman, Ann. I39O- lögmanns-úrskurðr, m. a logman's decree, Jb. 170. lög-mark, n. a lawful mark on sheep, Grág. i. 416, ii. 308, 309. lög-mál, n. prescription, rule of the law; skulum vér þat lög- mál hafa urn útgörðir várar er fyrr hefir ver. it, N. G. L. i. 104; með þessu lögmáli skulu born hans til arfs koma, 152; greiða lögmál, to solve a law point, Grág. i. 7; hafði þat lögmál á verit, at..., it was the old law, that..., 309: = lögskil, mæla lögmálum sínum, Eg. 734. 2. ordinance, statute, Th. 82, esp. in an eccl. sense; hly'ðinn Guði ok hans lögmáli, Bs. i. 263; Guð hafði þat birt í inu forna lögmáli, Stj. 42, Skálda 209, 210 (of the old and new covenant), Bad. passim: in mod. usage esp. of the Mosaic law, Lögrnálið, N. T., Vidal., Pass. COMPDS: lögmáls-bók, f. the book of the law, Stj. lögmáls-spjöld, n. pl. the tables of the law, Th. 10. lögmáls-staðr, m. a law point, Germ, recbts- punkt, Grág. i. 402; hvat viltú þá göra fyrjr lögmáls-staðinn ? Ísl. ii. 149. logmals-ork, f. the ark of the covenant, Rb. 374, Pr. 77. lög-máli, a, m. a law stipulation, Grág. ii. 234, 246, Jb. 201. lög-met, n. le g' al taxation, N. G. L. i. 90. lög-metandi, a, m. a legal taxer, surveyor, Grág. i. 88, 397. lög-mót, n. a ' law-meeting, ' public meeting, Fs. 43. lög-mæltr, part, defined in the law, prescribed in the law; in the old oath, oil lögmælt skil, all pleadings or proceedings as prescribed in the law, Nj. 2^2; see lögmætr below, which seems to be the older form. lög-mætr, adj. legitimate, as prescribed in the law, oil lögmæt skil af hendi leysa, Grág. (Kb.) i. 46; ok veita honum í því lögmæta björg, 78; lögmæt sök, a lawful case, Fms. iii. 144. 2. in mod. usage = lawful; ó-lögmætr, unlawful, not valid. LÖGN, f., pl. lagnir, [leggja], a net laid in the sea, opp. to a drag- net, Gþl. 421; lagnar skip, a b oa t used in laying down nets, Eg. 4, O. H., D. N. ii. 89: in plur., lagnir, the place where the nets are laid; sela-lagnir, tie's for catching seals. II. a neut. pl., hans menn róa á sjó at fá græna fiska með lögn, ok nú urðu lögnin svá þung, at... ., Þior. 71 • lög-prettr, in. a quibble in law, Fms. vii. 120. lög-pundari, a, m. a legal steel-yard, Grág. i. 499. LÖGR, m., gen. lagar; dat. legi. pl. legir, Lil. 31; acc. lögu, Fb. 1. 525 (in a verse); [A. S. lagu; cp. Engl. lake; O. H. G. Iqgu; Lat. locus'] :-- the sea; koma urn log, to come by sea, Vsp. 51: in the allit. phrase, lopt ok log, air and s e a, Sks. 47, Skm. 6; lands eða lagar, o n land or sea; or á landi eða legi, Grág. ii. 171, Al. 107; hvergi kom ek þar lands ne lagar, at... . Bs. i. 721, ii. 5, í 22; lagar hjarta, 'sea-heart, ' poet, for a stone, Ýt.; lagar sîóð, the sea steeds' -- ships, Lex. Poët.; stiga land af le, gi, Hkv. Hjörv. 26. 2. a local name of large lakes, e. g. Logr = the Melar in Sweden, 0. H.; or of a great estuary, við á þá er Tanais heitir ok bann log er þar fellr or, Stj. II. water, any liquid; tak log af grasi, Pr. 471; síðan tók hann sér log nökkurn, kastaði þar í öskunni, ok gorði af graut, Fms. ii. 163; ly'si, hunang ok allskyns lögr annarr, K. Á. 206; í vatni vörmu eða köldu, en öngum legi oðrum eða vokva, H. E. i. 480; af þeim legi er lekit hafði ór hausi, Sdm. 13; verpa lauki í lög, 8; spræna rauðum legi, Ó. H. (in a verse); sár-lögr, benja-lögr = blood; hræ-lögr, hjör-lögr, id., Lex. Poët.: lögr Sonar, Boðnar = the poetical mead, Edda; hver-Higr Óðins, id., Ht. III. the Rune |\ (A. S. lagu.) lög-ráðandi, part, a legal guardian, warden, Grág. i. 162 [cp. Germ. vormund, as also volltniindig] , K. Jj. K. 158; at hann mundi réttr lögráð- andi fyrir dýltur sinni, Lv. 32; hann let móður sína lögráðandi, Ld. 62. lög-rán, n. l os s of right, injustice, lawless dealing, N. G. L. i. 88, Eb. 26 new Ed. (in a verse). lög-rengd, f. a legal challenge, Grág. i. 17, 31. lög-rengja, d, to quash a suit; 1. mál, fjiðr. 74, (lögrinnt, qs, lögrengt.) lög-rétt, f. a public fold for gathering and dividing sheep when driven in from the pastures, Grág. i. 417, Jb. 292. lög-rétta, u, f. I. ' law-mending, ' an ordinance; þat væri gáð lögrétta er konungrinn gaf um konunglega refsing, Sks. 670. II. as a law term, the name of the legislature of the Icel. Commonwealth, either from rétta log, to make the law right, or perh. better from róU, a fence, qs. a law-fence, law-yard, law-court, from being held within the sacred circle, called ve-bond; for the word is used of the place as well as of the body sitting there, e. g. ganga til Kigréttu, to proceed to the 1., Nj. 150. 2. in the Norse law, as also in Iceland after the union with Norway, lögrétta was the public court of law held during the general assembly (þing), and presided over by the lagman; the members (lög- rettu menn) were delegated from all the counties represented in the assembly, see N. G. L. ii. 10 sqq., as also Jb. þingfara-balk, ch. 2, . 3. in the Icel. Commonwealth the lögrétta was the legislative held during the althing on the lögbergi (q. v.), and consisted of the forty-eight Goðar (see goði); it was presided over by the lögsögu-maðr (see lögmaðr), and controlled all laws and licences (ráða lögum, ok lofiim), and was the supreme power in the land; for its power, composition, and duties, see esp. Ib. ch. 5, Grág. passim, esp. the Lögrêttu-þáttr or -section of the lögrétta, the |)ingskapa-þáttr, the Njála, and the Sagas passim; of mod. writers, Maurer's Beitrage, Dasent's Introduc- tion to Burnt Njál. COMPDS: lögréttu-fé, n. the treasury of the 1., from which the lögsögu-maðr was paid, Grág. i. 3. lögréttu- maðr, n. [lagraetman, Jamiesonl, a member of the lögrétta, in Icel. sense, Grág. i. 8; in Norse sense, Jb. i. lögréttu-seta, u, f. a seat in the 1., Grág. i. 4. l^grettu-skipan, f. the or der, constitution of the 1., as to the number of its members, Jb. 9, Nj. 150. lögréttu-þáttr, m. the section of law of the \., Grág. i. lög-réttr, m. a 'law-right, ' lawful due; biskup býðr at gjalda fyrir málit sex hundruð, ok kailar biskup meir en tvá lô'gréttu, Bs. i. 492. lög-ripting, f. = lagaripting, Dipl. ii. 12. lög-rjúfa, rauf, to dissolve by law, Jb. 122 A. lög-ruðning, f. a legal challenge, of neighbours or judges, Nj. 2. 35. lög-ræna, t, to deprive of law, to (real unfairly and in a lawless manner, Gþl. 542, Bs. i. 737.

406 LOGEÆNINGR -- LOTRA.

lög-ræningr, m. a person who has been wronged or cheated of his ^ lawful right, Eg. 526, Fms, vii. 65. lög-saga, u, f. ' law-saying'' law-speaking, ' pronouncing /he laiu, Fms. ix. 332; þá bað hann þóri lögmann birta sina lögsögu, 335. II. the office of the lögsögu-rnaðr in Icel., and lögmaðr (lagman) in Sweden and Norway (from segja log, to speak the law): the phrases, taka log- sögu, hafa logsugu, þar næst tók Hramn lügsiigu næstr Hængi, ok hafði tuttugu suniur, Jb. 6, passim; for Norway, see Fms. ix. 330, 332; for IceL, see íb., Kristni S., Grág., Nj. passim; as for the public reading of the law from the Law-lull (upp-saga) see Grág. i. 2, 3: (op. the legal usage of the Isle of Man.) COMPDS: lögsögu-rnaðr, m. ike ' law- speaking man, ' the lagman or law-r-penker of the Icel. Commonwealth, see the remarks s. v. lí'gmaðr; for the office, duties, etc. see Grág., esp. the L("(gsÍ!gumanns-þúttr or section rf the \., the tb., Kristni S. ch. II, Nj., etc.; for a list of the Icel. lögsó'gumenn from 930 -1280 A. D. and logmenn from í 280-1800, when the oliice and name were abolished, see Safn ii. I sqq. The liigsí. tgiïinaðr was during the first hundred years (930-1030) elected for life, afterwards for a shorter time (three years); his tenure of oilice formed the groundwork for the chronology of Ari the historian in his work the Icelander Book. lögsögumanns-rúm., n. the seat of the law-speaker in the Kigrótta, Grág. i. 37, (the opening of the courts fixed at the hour when the sun shone on the seat of the 1.) lögsögu- inanns-þáttr, m. the section of law about the lagman (see lognwðr), Grág. i. 1-4. lög-sagðr, part, pronounced, declared as law, Gpl. 27. lög-sagnari, a, m. -- ló'gréttumaðr. lög-samðr, part.; lögsamðr dómr, a sentence lawfully pronounced, law- ful sentence, N. G. L. i. 19, Gþl. 27. lög-samkváma, u, f. a lawful meeting, Gr;ig. i. 296. lög-samligr, adj. = logligr, U. K. i. 456, Eg. 725, Hom. 33. lög-samr, adj. laivful, Stj. 311. lög-segjandi, part. ' law-sayer, ' a person who lawfully pleads or takes part in public affairs, any free citizen of full age, Grág. ii. 31. lög-sekr, adj. convicted, declared guilty, Grág. ii. 63, Sturl. i. IOI. lög-sekt or lög-sekð, f. 'law-guilt, 'penalty, one of the three degrees of outlawry, Grág. i. 119. lög-silfr, n. standard silver, Grúg. i. 392, cp. 500. lög-sjándi, part, a 'law-seer, ' surveyor; hafit ér nökkut lögsjúndr til kvadda ! Eb. 56, Grág. i. 392, 393, 504, ii. 31. lög-skil, n. pl. 'law-business, ' such as pleading, or any public duties in the courts or in the lügrétta: Mörðr gigia mælti lögskil at vanda sínum, Nj. 3; hverr sá maðr er þar þurfti lögskil at" hendi at lcysa at dúmi, ïkyldi úðr eið vinna ..., Landn. 258; allir þeir menn er lögskil nokkur skulu mæla at dómum á alþlngi, hvárt er þeir., skulu sakir sækja eðr verja, eðr bera vætti eðr kviðu, ok skulu þeir vinna eiða, úðr þeir mæli þeim inálum, svá at dómendr heyri, Grág. i. 56. II. a lawful procedure; ef maðr skýtr niðr limaga með engi lögskil (unlawfully), Grág. i. 297. lög-skilnaðr, m. a legal divorce, Grág. i. 367. lög-skipan, f. an orditiance, Grett. 97. lög-skipti, n. a lawful sharing, Grág. i. 425. lög-skrá, f. a law scroll, Sks. 22. lög-skuld, f. a legal debt. lögskuldar-maðr, m., and -kona, u, f. a mole (female') legal debtor, Grág. i. 221, 233, 339, ii. 69, 70. lög-skylda, u, f. a legal obligation, Grág. i. 73: = lögskuld, Vápn. IO. lög-skyldr, adj. legally obliged, bound by law, Grág. i. 280 :-- /r e- scr ibed by law, K. |j. K. 102, í 24. lög-skyldugr, adj. ' law-bcund, ' ordered by the law, K. Á. 9. lög-sókn, f. an action at law, Gþl. 217. lög-spakr, adj. law-wise, learned in law, Bs. i. 640. lög-speki, f. ' law-wisdom, ' jurisprudence, Ísl. ii. 205. lög-spekingr, in. a 'law-sage, ' a great lawyer, 655 iv. 2. lög-spurning, f. a lawful question, in pleading, Grág. i. 19. lög-stakkgarðr, ni. a stack-yard as prescribed by larv, Grág. ii. 286. lög-stefna, u, f. a lawful summons, Grág. i. 39, 374, Nj. 240. lög-sögn, f. the jurisdiction of a lagman (see löginaðr); þessi friðr skal standa uni alla þessa lögsögn, Gþl. 450. II. the office = log- saga; hafa lögsögn, Fms. ix. 332, Landn. 321. 2. a declaration of a lagman; þér hafit optarr eggjat Skúla at kalla til Noregs en liigsijgn Ainunda, 333, K. Á. 216. lögsögu-maðr, see lögrnaðr and lögsaga. lög-taka, tók, to receive by law; messn-daga liigtekna, K. Þ. K. 124; nlla lügtekna daga, Vm. 132; þú ert miklu ærri inaðr at aldri en sva, at ver hatim her logîekna í Jornsborg, at vera í sveit með oss, Fms. xi. 93. 2. to accept as law; þá er Kristni var lögtekin, Fs. 77; lög- tekin Jónsbók á Island!, á. alþingi, Ísl. Ann. 1281, Bs. i. 720, passim. lög-tala, u, f. a recital of the law (by the bishop); koma til þings ok telja þar lögtalu fyrir mönnum, N. G. L. i. 37^S v. 1. lög-tekning, f. the introduction of a law, Magn. 512. lög-tíðir, f. pl. = the eccl. borae canonicae, Gnig. i. 142. lög-tíund, f. a lawful tithe, Grág. i. 379, K. þ. K. 140. lögu-nautr, m., prop, a messmate, Orkn. 442, Fms. vi. 6, Sks. 370, Stj, 436 :-- a mate, colleague, companion, Fms. vii. 268, Gþl. 20, 518. lögu-neyti, n. mefsrnateship, Sks. 293. lög-veð, n. a lawful bail, Grág. ii. 234, 235. lög-vellir, m. [lögr], a boiler, Hym. 6. lög-verja, varði, to protect by law, D. N. lög-vernð, f. protection by laiv, D. N. lög-villa, u, f. a fraudulent procedure, Grág. i. 21, Nj. 235, 237. lög-villr, adj. mistaken in point of law, Grág. i. 316. lög-vitr, adj. -- lögspakr, Nj. 222, Bárð. 171. lög-vitringr, m, -- lögspekingr. lög-vizka, u, f. -- lögspeki, Skúlda 207 (in a verse). lög-vörn, f. a lawful point of defence, in pleading; ok fmna þeir eigi logvnrnir í málinu, ok horfði til þess at Jjorkell muudi verða sckr, Glúm. 347, Nj. ni, Grág. i. 41, 423. lög-vöxtr, m. legal interest, = lögavöxtr, Grág. i. 198. lög-þáttr, m. a section of the law, Grág. i. 2, Bs. i. 707. lög-þing and lög-þingi, a, m., also spelt li'gðing, 6. H. 64; [Swed. lag'thing; Orkneys lawting, Jamieson] :-- a Norse, Swed., and Dan. law term, a general assembly or parliament, a general assembly of the community ' log, ' thus answering to alþingi, which word is peculiar to Icel., whereas lögþing is not used in the Grágás or the Sagas of the Icel. Commonwealth, except in a derived sense; en er Kristni var í Svíþjóð, þá hélzk þar þó lögðing ok markaðr, ö. H. 64; í hverri þessi deild landsins er sitt lögþing, ok sín lög, 65; á hana at sækja á lögþingi því er her er í þessu fylki, en þat er þrándarness-þing, Fms. vii. 133; þvíat ek hygg þat log vera, ... at mál yrði eytt á þremr lögþingum, at þaðan af skyldi aldrei verða uppreist þess máls, 142; þat skal til vegar ganga á logþingi einhverju, Frosto-þingi, Gula-þingi, eðr Heiðfsevis-þingi, 136, (opp. to the lesser fylkis-þing); var hann þá til konungs tekinn 4 hverju lögþingi, Fb. ii. 309; vér skolum löe;bingi várt eiga á tólf múnaðum hverjum, Bótólfs messu aptan, i Gnloy á þingstað rtítîum, Gþl. 5. II. in Norway and Sweden, in the later Middle Age, it came to mean a law court of a district, a kind of county assizes, presided over by the lagman, see D. N. passim, and Schlyter s. v. lagh- thing. 2. in Iceland at the union with Norway, the old althing was remodelled in Norse style, and even the old name althing was in law abolished and replaced by the Norse lagthing; thus in the Jb., en vér skulum lögþingi várt eiga at Oxará á þingstað rettum; whence lög- þingis-bækr, f. pl. the records of the lagthing. lögþingis-maðr, in. a member of the lagthing, Gþl. 21. lögþingis-skrifari, a, m. the secre- tary of the lagthing, Esp. passim. III. in Iceland in the Saga time, a public meeting; Gunnarr reið til allra mannfunda ok lögþinga, Nj. f 13; þann bang skyldi hverr goði hafa á hendi sér til lögþinga allra, þeirra er hann skyldi sjalfr heyja, Landn. 258, Fsyg. LÖM, f., pl. lamar, mod. lamir, [lama], the hinges, esp. of a chest, but hjarir (q. v.) of a door; lamar á bak en hespur fyrir, of a shrine, Fms. v. 120, freq. in mod. usage. lömbungr, m. [lamb], a nickname, Stnrl. iii. 187. LÖN, f., pl. lanar, mod. lanir, a small oblong hayrick, freq. in mod. usage: poët., hræs lanar, heaps of corpses, ilöfuðl. 2. [cp. Engl. lane~\, a row of houses, D. N. ii. 498, iii. 862. löngu and longum, adv., see langr. löngum-orðinn, long-talker, long-winded talker, used as a vocative, in king Harald's parting words to the poet Arnór -- kom sja til nakkvars, löngumorðinn, he came for something, that long-talker! Mork. 32; in Fms. vii. 198 the passage is corrupted into kom svá næst til Noregs, by the transcriber who did not understand the king's banter. LÖPP, f., gen. lappar, pl. lappar and lappir, a paw, of dogs and cats. LÖSKR,, adj., acc. löskvan, [cp. Engl. la z y; in early Swed. loska- mader = a bachelor, loska-kona = a spinster, loska-lœghe = stuprum; cp. Swed. losk, Dan. luske, and Icel. lið-lcskja] :-- weak, idle; löskvan láð- mann, Fas. ii. (in a verse); löskr mun hann æ heitinn, Am. 57; löskvan þátt, the weak side (in a moral sense), Harms. 13. LÖSTR, m., gen. lastar, 0. H, 176, line 3; mod. losts; dat. lesti, pl. lestir; acc. löstu :-- a fault, flaw; en ef lestir eru á, Gþl. 499; sá löstr er vér küllum nykrat eðr finngálknat, Skálda 187; brag-!östr, a metri- cal fault, Sighvat: allit., kost ok lost, Nj. 23, see kostr; löstu ok kostu, Hm. 134; skap-löstr, / a?/ lt of temper, O. H. 176 :-- a blunder, af lesti pentarans, Mar. II. metaph. in a moral sense, misbehaviour; hann skal bæta kirkjunni löstinn (hi s misdemeanour') tólf aurum, K. p. K. 26; ekki nema Jestir þeir sé at þeim at þau verði at verri, Grúg. i. 275. 2. a vice; lostr ofdrykkjunnar, Fms. viii. 251; ek skal finna löstinn, Ó. H. 175, freq. in mod. usage, N. T., Vidal., Pass. COMPDS: lasta-fullr, adj. /íí l/ of flaws, Sk/'lda 188. lasta-laxiss, adj. faultless, guileless, in a physical and moral sense, Stor. 3, Grág. i. 501; lastalauss hestr, Vm. 65. LÖT, f., pl. latar, [latr], dissuasion; telja latar á e-u, to t í ll the draw- backs, dissuade, Sturl. ii. 55; konungr for mjok undan ok taldi allar latar á urn ferð þessa, Fas. iii. 143. lötra, að, = latra, [Engl. loiter] :-- to loiter, lag behind carelessly.

M -- MANNAMUÜR. 407

M M (enim), the twelfth letter of the alphabet, was in the oldest Runic inscriptions (the Golden horn, the stone in Tune) ligr. red p^j and in the later common Runes Sp and ^, whence later, the top being left open, ^P and Y ! a" these forms being clearly derived from the old /V^. Its ancient name was maðr (a man) -- ' nuiðr er moldar-auki, ' in the Runic poem; but the likeness of Y to a Inai1 NV'tn uplifted hands is merely accidental. B. SrKLLiNG, CHANGES. -- The m is sounded as in English and other Teutonic languages: it is usually single in the words tun -- five, um = unim, fram -- framm, but erroneously, for it is sounded double, agree- ably with the etymology. Changes: 1. peculiar to the Northern languages is the interchange of mn and fn when both letters are radical; thus, namn, neinna, = uafn, nefna; satnn, sainna, = safn, safna; jamn = jafn; somna, sömn, -- sofna, svefn; hemna -- hefna; stamn- stafn; stomii = stofn; hranm •••- lira in: the oldest Icelandic vellums frequently use the mn, in namn, sanma. hr. imn, jamn, but more rarely in other instances, as omn. Blas. 46; emni, Arna-Magn. 301. 3; somna. MS. 623. 34; somn- inum, O. H. L. 82, 83; sjiinm, P*J. 14; it is still sounded instead u(fn before d, as in hefnd, proncd. hemd, Hom. 7, iS: stcmdi = stefndi: the fn has prevailed in the Icel., and is used in the Editions, as also in modern usage: on the other hand, the Swedish lias throughout adopted the mn; thus, Swed. hamn -- Icel. hiifu, Enjrl. haven; Swed. liim/ia -- Icel. lifna, Dan. levrie; S\ved. dmne -- -Icel. cfni; each language has taken its course without regard to etymology, for in some of the words / is radical, in others in. 2. otherwise m and / seldom interchange, as in the threefold form of the particle of, nm, umb; himinn, himncskr, and hifinn, hifneskr; neina (nisi), cp. Go;h. niba; hvilnit and hvilft, q. v.; as also Mal-kolfr -- Mai-kolmr, þjáiti and þiuhni, skelmir and skelrir. II. in vellums m is dropped in the 1st pers. plur. of verbs bctore the pron. vér, vit, thus hiifu vér, eigu vit, but in mod. usage eigum vit; hence comes the Norse form nu'r (plur.), mil (dual), by an anastrophe of the v and substitution of the final m from the preced- ing verb: in ollu-megin, báðu-megin, etc., see megiii. In old vellums the A. S. CÏ- is used to mark a double m, thus frami -- -- -frammi; in most cases a medial or final m is marked by a stroke above the line. The Rune Y 's often used for the word maðr. maðka, að, /o become maggoty, Stj. 91: maðkaðr, part, maggoty. MAÐKR, in. [Ulf. mada -- aKw\^\ A. S. mr. ilu; O. II. G. 'inado; Germ, made; an augmented form, Engl. Maggot, qs. madog: Dan. madike; Norse makk, Ivar Aascn; Scot, mancb] :-- a maggot, grub, worm; dvergarnir hüfðu kviknat sem maðkar ï holdi Ymis ... ok vóru þá maðkar, Edda 9; vail haun allr niöðkum í he!, 1-111. 414; mölu ok maðka, Fb. ii. 78; síðan hitti borbjiïrn i maðka-sjó sem liggr user Vinlandi, ... ok niaðkr sá smó neðan skipit til úfæru, A. A. 198, 199; þar drógu vér maðka digrari nianns læri, Al. 174, Stj. 91, Sks. 50 (improp. of an insect); ámu-maðkr, a rain worm; sjó-maðkr, s ea worms, þorf. Karl. 438; skel-maðkr, worms with shells, id. maðka-veita, u, f. a brood of maggots. maðk-sjór, m. a sea full of worms, þorf. Karl. 438. maðk-smoginn, part, worm-eaten, of drift timber, ships. MAÐR, m., qs. mann-r, which form also occurs in old poets, cr. !'i mattnr und nrini, velltkla, (for the change of nn before r into ') see the introduction to letter N); gen. nianns, dat. maiuii, acc. maun, plur. menu, qs. menn-r; with the article, menninir, so always in old writers, but in mod. mennirnir erroneously, as if from niennir: the plur. meðr. answer- ing to the sing, maðr, occurs in old poets -- m e f)r vituð öðlin:; rfj-'Va, P'ms. vii. 87 (in a verse); Norð-m e()r róa nnf)ri. vi. 309 (in a verse); m?()r fengu mikit ve*)r, Edda 102; hirð-m e dr, v e dja, Rekst., all verses of the Ilth and 12th centuries; er ineîSr Myrkvið kalla, Akv. 5: meðr hlutu sár, Fbr. 75 new Ed. (in a verse): gen. pl. manna, dat. iiuiiinmn, acc. menu. In Ballads and Rimur after the 15th century, and hence in eccl. writers of later times, a noni. mann is now and then used, esp. in compels influenced by Germ, and Engl., e. g. hreysti-mann, Skiða R. 58; or for the sake of rhyme, ætla Ju'i ekki, aumr maim | af koinast muni strafflaust hann, Pass. 14. 17: [Ulf. manna = ('w6paiiros; in other Teut. languages spelt man, or better mann. '] B. A man -- Lat. bomo, Gr. avOpu-rros, also people; eigi vil ek segja frá manninum þvíat mér er niaðrinn skyKlr, þat er frá nianni at segja, at maðr er vel auðigr at K, Nj. s; j; n:cnnskr niaðr, a manlike man, ahnman being, opp. to giants or beings of superhuman strength. Gin. 31; menu eru her koinnir ef menu skal kalla, en líkari crn þeir þursum at vexti ok sy'n en mennskum monnum, Eg. ïio; flvjuin mi! ekki er við menn um at eiga, Nj. 97; bat hafa ganilir menn niælî, at þess maims mundi hefnt verôa cf hann fï'lli á gn'tfu, Eg. 107; þeir UUEJU menn (the young people) elskask sin í millum, Mar.; þótt nökkut væri þústr á með enum yngrum münnum, Ld. -200; fjöldi manns, múgr manns, Ems. ii. 45i 234, xi. 245; þykkir mönnum nükkur várkunn til þess, 192; var bat niargra manna nuii, at..., Eg. 537, Eniï. i. 45; er þat illt manni ? Eg. 604; sá maðr, that person, K. p. K. 4; manna beztr, fríðastr ..., the best, fairest... of men, passim; allra manna bezt, beyond all men, best of all men, Bs. i. 67; kona var enn þriði maðr, Hkr. iii. 184; hvárr þeirra manna, each ofthe wedded fair. Gray;, i. 476; góðir menu, good men ! in addressing, passim: allit., Guði ok gúðuni niönnum, to God and all good men, Bs. i. 68: sayings, maðr skal eptir mann lifa, man shall live after man (as a consolation), Eg. 322: maðr er maims gaman, man is man's comfort, 11111. 46; whence huggun er manni monnum at, Pass. 2. 10: maðr eptir mann, man after man, in succession; or, niaðr af manni, man after man, in turn: svndi maðr manni, man shewed it to man, it went round from band to hand, Ems. vi. 216; mi segir maðr manni þessi iagnaðar-tiðendi. Bs. i. 181, foiðr. 142; kunni þat inaðr manni at segja at Bróöir felldi Brjan, Nj. 275. 2. phrases, þat veil menu (the verb in sing., the noun in plur.), every one knows that! to be sure ! Art. 31, 62, Karl. 48; nicôr of veil, Sighvat: mod. viti menn ! with a notion of irony; thus also menu segja, men say, (in old pout, usage elliptically, kveða -- Lat. dicunt, Ybm. 24, 26, 28, 30. Gin. 13, lldl. 42, llni. í I; k\'iib'J, people said, Ym. 33): the sing, maör -- Er. on, mod. Dan. man (in Dan. man siger), is not vernacular. 3. in compds. kvenn-maðr, a woman; karl-maðr, a man: (. ii families, Alyra-inenn, Síðu-nicnn, Landn.: inhabitants, people, Norð-menu, Norsemen; Noregs-ineni), / he men of Norway; Athenu-nienn, Athenians; Kcrintu-meim. Oj rin/ h iVi ns; of condition of life, leik-menn, lay- m ew; kenni-ineun, clergymen; biiand-rncnn, pea s ants; valds-rncnn, rulers; kaup-nienn, merchants; sjo-inenn, seamen; vinnu-inenn, labourers. 4. degree in a lineage: at þriðja, fjóröa, iînita ... manni, in the third, fourth, fifth ... degree, Gn'ig. i. 321; manni firnari en systrungr ..., one degree remoter than ... . used ot odd degrees (e. g. four on one side and three on the other), ii. 172; hann var manni firr en systrungr Bárðar, hewax an oild iccond cousin of 1!. . lîárð. 165; hence tvi-inenningar, þrí-incnn- ingar, fjor-menningar ..., a second, third, fourth ... cousin, passim. II. a man. Lat. vir; vi'-r liofum brjii skip ok hundruð manna á hverju. Eas. ii. 521; síðan tor hann til manna sinna, Fms. v. 514; grciða e)-ri gulls hverjum manni,, 178; hann for nicð of maims yfir landit, iv. 146; and so in countless instances: Sigurðar-menn, the followers ofS.; Tuina-ineiin, konungb-inenn, Krist-menn, kross-inenn, vii. 293, 299, 0. II. 216. 2. a husband; Guð er Kristinnar andar inaðr er honum giptisk í tru, Greg. 31: freq. in mod. usage, maðrinn minii, w y husband! dóttur-maðr, a son-in-law. 3. metaph., vera maðr fyrir e-u, to be man enough for it, able to do it; eg er ekki maðr f\-rir því, inaðr til þess, id.; hann svndisk eigi maðr til at setja. sk í svá háíeitt sreti, Bs. i. 743; mikill, lítill, niaðr fyrir sur, to be a great, strong, weak man, and the like. III. the Rune m, see introduction. C. COMPDS, inarms- and manna-: manns-aldr, in. a man's life, generation. 6. ', 3. 10, Ems. viii. 240, Eas. i. 406. mauns-bani, a, in. ' man's bane, ' a man-slayer. Js. 49, Ni. 119. manns-barn, n. a ' man's bairn;' in the phrase, hvert in., every child of man, Stud. 1. 47. maniia- bein, n. pl. human bones, Fms. i. 230. manns-blóð, n. human blood, Nj. 59, Ems. iii. j 25. manna-bukar, m. pl. corpses of slain, Ems. iii. 7' x'- 355- manna-bygð, f. human abodes, opp. to the wilderness, Ems. i. 2 15. marma-bter, in. tlwclling-bo;i?ef, Ann. 1390. manns-bsotr, f. pl. weregrlil. Eg. 259. manns-efni, n. a;;; an to be; gott-m. (see efni\ Eg. 368, Ems. i. 174, Eær. 231. manna-farvegr, in. a foot- pa:h, ('îþi. 539. manns-fmgr, m. a human finger. nianna-forráð, n. ' man-sway ' rule, dominion; the g^dord or priesthood is often in the Laws and Sagas so called, Hrafn. 21, Nj. 149, Gn'ig., Ísl. ii. 402, Ems. x. 45. manna-forrœði. n. -- niannaforráð, Nj. 231, Ld. 3. 10. manns- fótr, m. a human foot, Hkr. ii. 114. inaiina-fundr, m. a meeting of men, (în'ig. i. 420. manns-fylgja, u, f., or manna-i'ylgjur, f. pl. fetches of men, I. v. 69, Es. 68; see íylgja. manna-för, n. pl. men's footprints, Eg. 578. manna-grein, f. distinction of men, Ems. viii. 21. inanns-hauss, m. a human skull, borf. Karl. 242. manns- liar, n. human hair, Edda 4, Eas. iii. 266. manns-hold, n. human Jie:h, Ems. xi. 235. manna-hugir, m. pl., see hugr III. 2, lláv. 55, Jjórð. 17 new Ed. manna-hús, n. pl. men's bonset, Fbr. 77: human abodes. manns-höíuð, manna-höfuð, m. (he human head, K. Á. i. Ems. x. 280, Nj. 275. manns-hönd, f. a human hand, Fas. i. 66. mo. nua-kona, u, f. a man's wife, married w)ii*nn, Gn'ig. i. 335. 337, 34r, 341, 380, Bs. i. 777, Sks. 340. manna- lát, n. the loss of men. loss af life, death, Nj. 248, Eg. 585, Orkn. 296. marms-lát, n. a person's death, decease; heyra inannslut, to bear of a person's ch-atb. raanns-lif, n. man's life, Honi. 6. manns-liki, n. human shape, Edda 9. manna-lof, n. praise of men, Hom. 83. manna-inal, n. human voices, human speech, Nj. 154; or manns-rnal, id., in the phrase, \ að heyrist ekki inanusmal, no man's voice can be heard, of a great noise. inanna-missir, in. the loss of men, Sturl. iii. 7, Eas. ii. 552. manns-morð, n. murder, N. G. L. i. 256. manna-mót, n. -- mar. nfuudr, (jrag. i. 343. manns- mót, n. manly mien, ' manfnlness, ' Ems. i. 149, xi. 86; þat er inanns- niót að honum, he looks like a true man. manna-munr, m. distinc- ^ /ion, difference of men. 13s. i. 85. 5. mauna-mxigr, m. a crcwd of people.

408 MANNSMYND -- MALA.

Fær. 12. manns-mynd, f. the human shape, Stj. 147. manna- reið, f. (a body of) horsemen, Nj. 206. manna-samnaðr, m. = inanr, - safnaðr, Ísl. ü. 83. manna-seta, u, f. msn staying in a place, Ld. 42. manna-skipan, f. the placing of people, as at a banquet, in battle, Korm. 62, Stud. i. 20, ii. 237. manna-skipti,:i. pl. exchange of men, Germ, attswechselting, Hkr. i. 8. manna-fjlóð, f. ' mart's sleuth, ' a track of men, Stud. i. 83. manna-spor, n. pl. men's footprints. Sturl. ii. 0, 0, Eg. 578, Landii. 191. manna-styrkr, in. beip, þórð. 74. manna-sættir, m. a daysman, peacemaker, Fms. x. 51, Kb. manna-taka, u, t". a reception of men, strangers, Fb. ii. 194. man na- tal, n. -- manntal, Hkr. ii. 340. manns-váði, a, in. danger of life, Fnis. viti. 2:4. marma-vegr, m. a road u'h-re men pass, opp. to a wilderncfs, Grett. 115 A, Ld. 328. manna-verk, n. pl. -- m:mn- virki, man's work, work by human bands, Fb. i. 541. manns-verk, n. U'ork to be done by a person, N. G. L. i., -, 8, Gþl. 114. manna- vist, f. a human abode. Fms. i. 226, Jb. 9, Orkn. 434. manns- vit, n. ' man's wit' human understanding, rea. -on, Nj. ic6. manna- void, n. pl.; in the phrase, e-l er at" in. inna-voldnin. i/ i s due to bitman causes, not by natural causes, e. g. of a fire, the disappearance of a thing, or the like, Nj. 76, Fms. ii. 146, iii. 98. maiins-voxtr, m. a man's stature, Fas. ii. 508, Hom. 112. manna-þsngill, m. king of men, the name of Njörð, Gm. 16, EdJa 104. manns-teði, n. human bearing, behaviour. manns-æfi, f. man's lifetime; mart kann skipask á maniisæíinni, a saying, Fms. vii. s 56; mart verðr á mannsætinni, útítt var þat þá er vér vórum ungir, Fær. 195. MAÐRA, u, f. [A. S. madders] , madder, rubia, a plant, Ilialt.: freq. in local names, Möðru-dalr, Möðru-fell, Möðru-vellir, Lntuhi.; Möðru-vellingar, the men from M. mag-áll, m. tripe of sheep, the fe-h of the belly, esp. of:;hccp, Fas. iii. 392, freq. in mod. usag -- . Norse kvi^cal. mag-fyllr, f. -- maga-fyl!r, lîarl. 39, Hom. (St.) II. MAGI, a, m. [A. S. maga; Enal. ni':w; O. 11. Ci. maho; Germ, magen; Dan. mave] :-- the maic, stomach, Nj. 27: |:eir barn sinn varning brott i aiügum sinuin, jþorf. Karl. i. 242, Fbr. 56 new Ed., Fas. iii. 223, v. l.; opt fær hl. rgis manni heimskum magi ... kunna null sins maga, Hm. 19, 20; gra-magi, rauð-magi. CO. MTDS: maga-bragð, n. a wrestling trick. Fas. iii. 502. maga-fyllr, f. a belly fall, Fas. iii. 101, K. Á. 78. maga-skegg, n. shaggy hair on the belly. Fms. vi. 741. MAGN, n. [cp. mcgin and mega], main (as in 'might and main'), strength; hver Guð ha fa Jx'r inagu gefit? Birr. 9; tnia njagni, Fas. i-438 (in a verse); þett mas;nit VHTÍ litið, Bs. i; lina-magn, /be strength of the boughs, Vkv. 16; ivrir sakir ir. aims munar, by main force, Bs. i. 679; vinds inp. gn, Barl. 63; matt ok inagn, Fb. i. 25. 9; meira magn, Bs. ii. 18; vera e-t uni magn, to be beyond one's power, loo strong for one, Stj. 395: bi-ru e-n magni, to overpower by main force, 51 2; hen segir at mattr ska) at Jiiagni um liðvcivciu v^ð hann, she says that might shall go with main in he'ping him, O. II. 144; af maimi, wi'h might and main. Lex. Poët.; eptir öllu magni, id., Fms. viii. 104; er bat við ineira magni, at Jjú gengr við r-líkar ruciðingar, it i s a sorer thing that..., Bs. i. 531; magn tíóttans -- megin, frb. ii. 6i5; magn rikis sins, Al. 53: plur. goð- inögn (q. v.), see megin. MAGNA, að, to empower, strengthen; Gr. ð magnar jófur, Fms. vi. (in a verse); oss magni goð gagni, may the gods grant ns victory ! Kb. (in a verse); rogn magna riki llákonar, Vellekla; magua þrif e-s, to give health and wealth to a person, Ib. i. 138 (in a verse); tirengr magnar lof þengils, /he poet magnifies the king's praise, Sighvat. II. in prose, to charm, make strong by spell; O. ûinn tók höfuðit, ok kvað þar yiir galdra ok magnaði svá at þat mælti við hann, Hkr. i. 8; hann magnaði með mikhim blótskap líkncski jbórs, Fnis. i. 2(15; menu skulu eigi f. ira nieð steina eðr magna þá til þess at binda á menn eðr û'nað, K. þ. K. 78; þeir kölluðu hann þorgarð ok mögnuðu haim með svá niyklum fjaiulans krapti, at hann gt'-kk ok mælti við menu, Fb. i. 213; ok svá m;ök var magnat líkncski Freys, at..., Fms. ii. 73; hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða, at engan þeirra mun iárn bíta, Fb. iii. 245; annan dag eptir en keriing hafði tr(''it inagnat, Grett. !=, !; þeir tóku þá at jnagna fjölkyngi sina, Fms. ii. 141; fremja galdra eðr þá hluti nokkra er magnaðir sé, D. I. i. 243; hann var svá m. ignaðr af yfirsiiugum Grírnu, at hann bitn ekki járn, Fbr. 32 newKi!.; síðan er kerling hafði magnat rótina, Gr-. -U. 1. ^3; magnaði harm þá köítu mjük. l''s. 44: thus in mod. usage, magna ilraug, to raise a ghost. III. reHex. to increase in power, grow strong; at vita hvernig her hefir magnask Kristnin, Bs. i. 59; er Johannes sá magnask alþyðurróm, 623. 26; sá er í ofmctnaði vill magnask gegn Guði, to puff himself up against God. Hom. 133; en svá kom at eldrinn inagnadisk, Fms. ix. 533; hann sigraði inarg. ir þjó5:r svá at aldri mögnuðusk þær síðan, Ver. 98 :-- of a ghost, cn Glánir lók at magnask af nyju, Grett. 112. 2. part, magiuðr, see above (II). magnaðr or înögnuðr, m. a sfrengtbener; in poet, compds, hjaldr-m., a war-maker, warrior; sigr-m., a victor, Lex. Poët. Magni, a, m. a son of Thor, Edda, Ls.: a pr. name, Fms. xii. magn-lauss and magn-litill, adj. 'main-lets, ' weak, feeble. magn-leysi, n., medic, weakness, palsy. Magnúss, m. a pr. name; for the origin of this Norse name from Charlemagne see 0. H. ch. ill, -- hví létztu sveininn Magnus heita, ekki er þat várt ættnafn ? Sighvatr svarar, ek hot hann eplir Karla-rnagnusi konungi (king Charlemagne), þann vissa ek mann bezîan í heimi. From this Magnus (king Magmis the Good, born 1024) the name afterwards spread to all countries in which Norsemen settled. MAGR, adj., fern, niogr, neut. inagrt, compar. mc-gri, meajrstr or magrari, -astr; [A. S. mæger; Engl. meagre; Dan. -Swed. viager; Lat. maccr\ :-- meagre, lean; magran mar, Hm.; nuigr kv'r, Kb. 316; maT ok muttdreginn, Fms. vi. 302; hón var mogr, Róm. 216 :-- lean, þvílík slá'. r er svá cm mögr. Fms. x. 303; tvá hesta aðra feita en aðra maora, Nj. 32; verði þau mügr, Rb. 344 :-- as a nickname, þá var hann sveltr svá at þan kenndu hann eigi, J. au heifðu hatm brottu með ser ok kölluðu Helga enn Magra, Landn. 205. magrligr, adj. lean-looking, pinched, Fas. iii. 178. mak, n. [Dan. mag] , irk^omeness: ó-mak, troubles, (rare.) II. in plur. iHok, (]. v. [Germ, machen; Engl. mn~i:e\, intercourse. maka- skipti, n. pl. [I);-. n. nui^e-skifie'] , exchange of estates. MAKA, ð,(Engl. make; Germ, macben; a root word quite alien from the Northern languages, for of the three references below, two seem to be put into the month of foreigners trying to speak Norse] :-- to make; in the phrase, ek ska. 1 maka honum háði;ng, 7 will ' make shame' to him, O. 11. L. 45 (the persons in the story wore prob. foreigners); inaki enginn svikk. let none 'make' a disturbance, the words of John the Fleming in Bs. i. Sol; byrjar oss at maka þessar þjóðir í várri dvöl með nokkurri venju, we ought, to put them to some shame, Al. 119. 2. to smear, grease, freq. in mod. usage, perh. derived from maka húðung above, or it may be quite a different word. maka, u, f. a female mate, Art. MAKI, a, m. [ Dan. mage, (Cg!e-mage = husband; Old Engl. make'] :-- a match (prob. originally a customer, partner, cp. mak II), Nj. 35. Ld. 64, Kb. eT), Ô. II. 112, Bs. i. 765, Karl. 296; inaki bólsïrs, the 'bolster- mate, ' pout, the head, Ad. 6; tveggja, fjognrra manna maki, a match (in strength) for two, four :-- a maic, esp. of animals, birds, Bb. 2. ii, 29- ol- makindi, n. yl. friendly intercourse; í makindum ok vinskap, Eg. 41; for þat allt í makindi ok vinskap, Ld. 192. 2. res t, ea. se; í mak- indum. at one's ease, cp. Dan. i ro og mag. makka, að, (makk, n.), to job, make and meddle, akin to maka, q. v. (conversational). MAKKI, a, m., qs. inanki, [mon = wza ne; Dan. -Swed. wz anke] :-- the upper part of a horde's neck, freq. makliga, adv. ~/î tly, properly, þorst. Síðu II. 173: deservedly, Ld. 148, Fms. v. 70, vi. roo, x. 325. maklig-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), mostly in pl. what serves one right, Sks. 474, T'ms. vii. 312, Fs. 165; at makiigleik, deservedly, J;orst. Stang. 55, Fms. iii. 156, vi. 342. makligr, adj. [Scot, wj akly"!. prop, well-matched'met/, proper, becoming, Fms. i. 3, vi. 227, vii. 285, Þorst. Síðu II. 173, Kb. 80; compar. more fitting :-- de-ervcd, Ks^. 561; v;rri hitt makligra, at..., Fs. 57: deserv- ing, of a person, with gen., makligr er j-jórarinn þess frá oss, Nj. 25, Fs. 7; miki's góðs m., 35; olluni þóttu búendr makligir til skaða, O. II. 205; þvkki nu'r Njilll makligr vera at ek unna honum þess, Nj. 188. MAKR, adj., only in compar. more suitable, easier, snugger; en þeir berjask er þat er makara, but they fight to whom that fitted better, Jms. xi. 277; hann kvað honum makara at sitja við elda, Fas. ii. 112; hann kann vel kyssa, makara væri (more becoming) at hann kynni jafnvel riða með riddara vúpnr. m, Sir. 59. 2. = Lat. uii:iam; niakara, at ek jiin ainbátt niætti finna miskunn í þínu augliti, woidd that í could] Stj.;-;O2, 400, 428; makara, at minn herra Naaman v;rri nær spá-inauni (îuðs, 616. II. easy to deal with; þaðan frá var Eindriði hinn makasti, Bs. i. 7O9-I mak-ráðr, adj. leisurely, Fas. i. 325. makt, f. [a for. word, for the genuine form is mattr, q. v.] :-- might, power, Bs. i. 773' Olar., and in romances of a later date, freq. in mod. usage, Pass., Vidal. passim. COMPDS: maktar-leiki, a, m. might, II. K. i. 246. maktar-maðr, m. a vrigb/y man. MALA, pret. mól. múíu; subj. pret. mœli, Gs. 10; part, malinn; reflex, pret. mólsk, Edda 78; a defect, strong verb supplied by weak forms, thus the strong pres. indie, sing, mel scarcely occurs; in mod. usage it is weak throughout, mala, maiaöi, malat, although the strong pret. may still be used in writing: [Ulf. malan - a. \rjO(iv, Luke xvii. 35, and so through other Teut. languages; cp. Lat. mola, molere; Gr. fj. ii\T] ; derived are Icel. mylja and iuelja, q. v.] :-- to grind; en si'i náttúra fylgði kvernunum, at þat mólsk á kverninni er s;'i mælti fynr er inol, ... Fróði konungr bað þa-r mala gull ok frið ok sælu Fróða ... þær mólu litla hríð áðr uiðr sukku skipin, Edda 78, 79 (the tale of Fróði and the power-mill, cp. 221); auð mölum Fróða (dat.) moluni alsælan, Gs. 5; né mœli svá mær bergrisa ... malit hett ek tyrir mik... . inol inins föður mær rammliga, ... niolum cnn frarnar, ... molu meyjar megins kosíuðu, ... malit höfuni, Froði, sein munum heila, losqq.; frá ek

MALAR -- MANNDAUÐll. 409

at Froða meyjar fullgóliga niolu, Edda Si (in a verse); hann tók klæði" ambáttar ok-gókk at mala, Sæin. 110; mala valbygg, Ilkv. 2. 2; konungr heyrði í hús nokkut kvtðandi svá, fagra, at honum fannsk mikit um, hann reið til hiissins ok sá inn at þar sat kona við kvern. ok kvað for- knnnar fagrt við er lion nu'-l, Fms. vii. 233; tl beim kvöriuun móln tólf konur byggkorn ok hveiti-korn til mannfæðis, hiifðu hinar konurnar þú malat sitt hveiti, Od. xx. 106; at mala þeim korn eðr baka þeim brauð, H. F. . i- 503; þ*r er mólu ból Arnlóôa (q. v.), Edda 67 (in a verse): nietaph., styri mól, of a rudder in the sea, Rek. it. II. metaph. to purr, ot a cat, Germ, spinnen, fre(]. in mod. usage. III. part, malit gull (cp. malmr), ground gold, pure gold; roðinn gulli miilnu, Sighvat. malar-, in compds, see mOl. malari, a, m. a juiller. malattu-sótt, f. [from Fr. maladie] , leprosy, 15. K. 107. malda, að, to maunder, grumble. MALIR, f. pl. the croup of a cow or ox ( ~- lend, of a horse); rLsii hann ofan af mulunum milt, mikla lengiu ok siða, Skíða R. 27. malla, u. f. [Dan. malle = a loop~] , a loop, noose; bat var l;'isur ok malla (thus Cod. C) i, Sturl. i. 180 (Ed. niella). möllu-ör, f. a kind of shaft; Hemingr sky'tr þá at konungi með mülln-ör. Hem. (MS.) MALR, m., dat. mal, Fb. iii. 446, [Fr. malle, Engl. ww il], a knap- sack, Grett. 93 A, þjal. Jóns. 7; hann tók hnióðliamar ór mal einum, Fb. iii. 446, freq. in mod. usage. MALT, n., pl. molt, Orkn. 11-2; maltanna, Glúm. 351; [A. S. ami Engl. malt; Germ, mnlz] :-- malt for brewing, Gii'im. 351, Eg. 77, Orkn. 112, Fms. vi. 263, vii. 173, viii. 89, Gþl. 491, N. G. L. i. 5. COMPDS: malt-hlaða, u, f. a malt barn, Þjal. 9. malt-klyfjar, f. p!. malt loads, Fms. viii. 89. Ghim. 352. maltr, adj. sharp, bitter, of taste. mal-urt, f. wormwood, 1'r. 472. MAN, n., does not occur in piur. unless it be in gen. pl. niana, Stor. 13 (ni in MS.); [man is an ancient word only used in old laws and poetry, it remains in the compd man-sal, and in the Icel. local name Man-heimar; 'man' (åvðpáiroSov'), being neuter and having but one;;, is prob. of different origin from maim (iii'Opcurros, avrjp), which is. masc. and has a double final n. The etymology of this word is lost in the remotest antiquity; it appears in the O. M. G. m a n a -b o ulnt -- -- -a bondman's bead, a 'serf's bead;' (Grimm in R. A. expresses a doubt as to the current ety- mology of Lat. man-cipium from mann-capere; peril, man and capnt"!). In early Swed. law the- word occurs twice or thrice, næmpna' man, naempnæ quicfic, Schlyter i. 134; in Cïutalagen -- kauper tu mans man i garth thin (i. e. mans-mann -- -- a bond/nan, cp. maus-manna and mans- inaðr, see Schly'. er's Glossary).] B. A bondman, prob. originally of prisoners of war who were sold as slaves (Irish in the west, Finns and Slaves in the east), see Ld. ch. 12, O. T. (Fms. i. ch. 92); svá ok ef hann vill i mani gjalda, tva aura fyrir einn, ok a hann lausn á maninu en i;æ. stn misseri ef haun heiir upp alit, Gr;i. g. i. 396; kaupa man ok gefa frelsi, N. G. L. i. 5, 6; ok þat ie skal liáift vera í gulli ok i silfri en hálit i mani herru'nu (n a tive bondmen) eigi cilia en fertogu, ne yngra en iimmtan vetra, SS; mans leiga, 224; ok heiiuta hann sein annan mans-mann, K. þ. K. 58; mani aiistrænu, eastern s lave s, Hornkloii; maukar nicyjar at mani hal'ðar, Gs. 1, 15; er |m man keyptir, 8; hálta aðra alin íyrir trjúlsgiafa, penning veginn fyrir man-manna, N. G. L. i, 347; næst kiikju-garði skal grata man-manna, 345; maðr manna, no doubt false for man-manna, 388; er hann réttlauss við hann ok hans konu ok man hans allt, 36, Am. 66; J-ar koin mart man fait, þar sá Loðinn konu nokkura er seld hafði verit mansali, Fms. i. 185: allit., mold ok man, N. G. L. iii. 92, v. 1. II. a girl, maid, as also in a worse sense, a mistress, for bondwomen often became their master's mistresses (see Ld. ch. 12), so that this sense grew out of the preceding one; liki ley fa ens Ijosa mans, Hm. 91; í myrkri skal við man spjalla, 81; et horska man, 101; et manunga man, 163; bat et unga man, þat et mjallhvita man, Aim. 6, 7; bjarthaddað man, Skv. I. 33; harðúðigt man, 27; tostr-man, a bondwoman mine, 3. 67; mans at kosta, Hbl. 16; live ek at andspilli komumk ens unga mans, Skm. 11; hve ek fyrir-banna manna glaum mani, manna nyt mani, bow I ban her from all concourse with men, 34; Ylfinga man, Hkv. 2. 3; Yggjar man, the beloved of Ygg (Odin) -- the Earth, Lex. l'oi-t.; HOðins man = Hilda, the beloved of lied in, Fms. ix. (in a verse); bjarnar man, a giantess, Stor. 13. It is probable that in some law phrases the obso- lete ' man' has been replaced by the common ' maim, ' e. g. in gefa manni frelsi (mani? cp. manfrelsi), N. G. L. i. 5: as also in mana-kaup in the Swed. law, see Schlyter's introd. to the loth vol. of Sver. (Manila Lag. ir. COMPDS: man-frelsi., n. a granting of freedom to a bondman, manu- mission (as a vow), Orkn. 198, 200, Gr;ig. i. 357, where it is wrongly spelt mannfrelsi. Man-heimar, in. pl. (thus pronounce;! on the spot, not Mann-heimar, as it is often spelt), the name of a farm in western Icel.; the local legend attributes the name to English captives kept there by lady Olo'f, for having slain her husband, during the Fnglish trade (1467). But at that time the word man had become quite obsolete, and so the name must be older, prob. dating from the time of the first settler Geirmund, who had been a freebooter in the British waters before he came to Icel.; he may have had his house- hold of bondmen at this farm, see Safn i. 353 (foot-note). man- kynni, n. pl.; gócî in., luck in love affairs, Hbl. 31. man-manna, n. (?) -- •- mansmaðr, N. G. L. i. 345, 347; see the references above. man-runar, f. pl. 'love-runes, ' love-spells, Eg. 587. man-sal, n. n 'man-sale. ' slave trade; selia e-n mansali, Fær. 117, Fms. i. 185, Fb. ii. 79. mansals-maðr, in. a bondman, Fms. i. 78, 22:. mans-maðr, m. [earh Swed. mam-man'', a bondman, (îrúg. i. 271. Eg. 89, K. p. K. 58. man-scmgr, m. a love song, Fig. 325. Bs. i. 165, Edda 16; esp. in the old law a kind of loi-f libel, liable to outlawry, Grug. ii. 150, Fb. ui. 242: in mod. usage the lyrical introduction to the epic rhap- sodies or ballads (rimur) is called manscingr, tor originally they were addressed to the poet's lady-love, Skald H. 6. i, SkíðaK. i, and in count- less instances, e. g. Ú If. I. H, 2. 8, 3. 8, 4, 8, 5. 7, 7. 9, 9. 11, cp. ii. 10. mansöngs-drápa, u, f., -kvœði, n., -visa, u, f. a love encomium, love song, lore di. 'ty. Eg. 5, Bs. i. 165, Fb. iii. 241, 242, Oik. 36, Fs. 60, 87. MANA, að, [Dan. w ana •- to raise a gbost\, to provoke, challenge, O. K.: to challenge tojigbt or to a quarrel, Mittum-stangi manaði llrólf. Skiða R. 149: freq. in mod. usage, eg niana þig að koina ! manacHi mig ekki. manér, n. [for. word], manners. Si), ill, 15. 9, Ciar., El. man-frelsi, n. innmtmifiion; see man. MANG, n. [cp. mid. I. at. man^omis; A. S. mangian, to traffic; mangere, a trader, which survives in I-ngl. iron-monger, scandal- monger; derived from manig, from traflic in mingled, miscellaneous thimrs; as manga is used in Kormak, and even in a derived sense, it need not be borrowed from the A. S., but ma)' be a genuine Norse word formed from margr at a time when the n had not as yet changed into;•] :-- ' motiving, ' ' moitgery, ' barter; allir þeir menu, ba'ði konur ok karlar, er með mangi fara, hvurt sem þeir hafa mar. g sitt í búðum eðr strîcti, N. G. L. ii. 204; la. \a nyja ok svá aðra nyja iiska ok ostrur þat skal kaupa á bátiini eðr á bryggjum en viii, en eigi flylja í biiðir til niangs, ^63; prestar skulu eigi fara með mangi no okri, H. K. ii. 53. mangs- maðr, m. a monger, Ld. 146. manga, að, to trade as a 'monger, ' to barter, chaffer, Sir. 26, Karl. 323: þeir mönguðu (barttred) um hross við Skíða, Sturl. ii. 170; kaup-manga, i. 171: metaph. to biggie, beg, manga til við e-n, brings við horn at manga, Konnak. Manga, u, f. [cp. Scot. -1/ a^ ie], a contr. form from Margrót, as also Mangi irom Magnus. 2. a mango?iel, a war machine, Fms. ix. to. mangari, a, m. a monger; mangari verr K sitt í marga vánda viiru, Sir. 26: in a vile sense, niangarar eða falsarar, Sks. 17; mangarar, mylnarar, su'arar, skinnarar, sîátr-mangarar, N. G. L. ii. 204; kjot-in., a bittcbvr. í Cor. x. 25; cp. Kji'idman^ergade (the present Kjo'bmagergade) in Copenhagen. mangara-skapr, in. mongery, N. Cj. L. ^417. mangi -- manngi (q. v.), see -gi :-- Mangi, contr. of Magnus. man-manna, see man. manna, að, prop, to make a ' man. ' 2. mod. to man a boat, manna skip. II. reflex, to become a man, to be brought up to man- hood; þórir var maðr ætt-smúr ok hafði mannask vel, Fms. iv. 255; att-smár ok mannaðr vel, it' ell bred, O. H. 113; var nióðir mín vel möp. nuð, of good family, Krandkr. 62; ef nu'r reynisk Jjórólfr tamvcl mannaðr (if í find Tb. as accomplished a man) sem hann er synuni full- tlrengiligr, Eg. 29; vii ek biðja dóttur þinnar til handa (jlúnii bróður mínum. skaltii þat vita, at hann er vel mannaðr, Nj. 23; synir þeirra vóru Ki'ilfr ok Grímr, mannaðir at lu'ifi, Â'. and G. îcere rather fine well- bred men, Fms. vi. 102; son þinn svá vel mannaðan, ii. 193; cngar eru bat ytirbælr at hann n;'ii at eiga dóttur þina, þvíat ekki er hann verr manuaðr en lion, Fb. i. 196; hann/i siau sonu ok alla vel mannaoa, Ísl. ii. 215; maðr af gi'iðri ætt er litt er mannaðr, Skálda 176. 2. manned, of a ship; vel (ilia) mannað, Jt-c/Z (badly) manned, of the crew; var þar ve! mannað, there was a good gathering of people, Grett. 78- mann-afli, a, in. strength in men (troops), Lv. 47. mannan, f. the breeding, accomplishment of a man, Js. 24, Barl. 6; fullkominn til inannanar allrar, þeirrar er kurtcisuni konungi byrjar at hafa, Fagrsk. 3. mann-auðn, f. depopulation, Fms. vi. 14. mann-ást, f. charity, love to men. mann-baldr, in. a great, good man, Edda (GL), Lex. Poi't. mann-björg, f. the saving of men, saving of life; bruin þeir skipit, þar varð m., Nj. 282, Ann. 1413. maiinbjargar-maðr, m. a rescuer. mann-blendinn, atij. sociable. mann-blót, n. human sacrifice. Bs. i. 23, Fms. viii. 293, xi. 135. mann-boð, n. n banquet. Fms. i. 161, vi. 119. Róm. 303: a message, ^H). mann-borligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), of manly bearing. mann-broddr, in. iron st-ikes to walk on ice with, Yiipii. I. mann-bætr, f. pl. were-. 'jld for one slain, Fig. 259. 2. sing., niannbot, a feat, prowess, Gísl. (in a verse). mann-dauði, a, in. -- manndanðr; in compels, maniuianða-suniar, -ár, -veîr, Ann. 1402, 1404, 1405 (of the great plague), Bs. i. 822. mann-dauðr, m., later mann-daiioi, a, in., dat. manndauðnuni. Fm5.

410 MANNDAÐ -- MANNJAFNAÐR.

x. 212 :-- loss of life, mortality, Eg. 98 new Ed., Fms. x. 211, Bs. i. 31, Ann. passim. mann-dáð, f. a manful deed, act of prowess, in plur. virtues, Hom. (St.) 59, MS. 686 B. 8, 625. 184. mann-deild, f. a discussion, division, Fms. x. 97. mann-djöfull, m. a demon in buman s hape, fiend of a man, cp. Germ. Manteuffel, Fs. 36. mann-dómligr, adj. human, Mar., Edda 147 (pref.), Barl. no. mann-dómr, m. manhood, humanity, buman nature, Edda 149 (pref.), Pr. 465, Gþl. 40, Sks. 688; taka á sik manndóm, of the Incarnation, Barl. 27, 168. II. manliness, prowess, Nj. 176, Al. 83, Fms. ix. 333. 2. humanity, goodness, generosity, Fms. i. 222; engan manndom no hjálp vildu bygðar menn syna þeim, 197; sýna e-m manndóm, to shew kindness towards, Bs. i. 35. COMPDS: manndóms-ást, f. = mannást, Al. 45. manndóms-leysi, n. unmanliness, meanness, Fb. iii. 448. manndoms-maor, m. a brave man, Eg. 39, Fms. iv. 86. mann-dráp, n. murder, slaughter, Hom. 86: esp. in plur. slau g hte r in a fight, Fs. 9, 135, Edda 40, Fms. iii. II, vi. 421, Hkr. i. 290, Stj. 621. COMPDS: marmdrapa-laust, n. adj. without slaughter, loss of life, Stud. ii. 63. manndráps-maðr, manndrápa-maðr, in. a man-slayer, murderer, Fms. xi. 226, Stj. 517, Hkr. i. 155. mann- dráps-sök, f. a c ase of murder, Sks. 692, 786, Stj. 467. manndräps- veðr, n. a violent gale, in which many lives are lost. manndráps- þing, n. an assembly held on account of a murder, Gþl. 438. mann-drápari, a, m. a man-slayer, murderer, Gþl. 22, Stj. 13. mann-dygð, f. virtue, Bs. i. 46, Fas. iii. 395. mann-dýrðir, f. pl. manly qualities, 625. 26, Rb. 378, Róm. 302, MS. 655. vii. 2, Al. 87, Geisli 18, Edda (Ht.) 13. mann-eign, f. the having a husband, Greg. 74. mann-eldi, n. the maintenance of a person, Grág. i. 296, 444: human food, Am. 66; gott til manneldis. mann-elska, u, f. = mannast. mann-erja, u, f. = mannlæra, Glúm. 341, but a doubtful passage. mann-eskja, u, f. [Germ, menscb, m.; cp. Ulf. mannisks = åvOpújirivos; Dan. menneske; Swed. menneska; Scot, mensk] :-- a man (Lat. homo); from the time of the Reformation this word is freq., but it is rare in old writers; indeed, harm tók manneskju hold, Hom. 160, is the only instance on record, for A. A. 196 is a compilation from a paper MS.; the word is, however, a good one, and is freq. in N. T., Vidal. passim: in mod. usage it often, in both speech and writing, takes the place of mann (maðr). mann-eygr, adj. = manny'gr, Bs. i. 368. mann-fagnaðr (-fögnuðr), m. a grand entertainment, the fare at a banquet, Eg. 482, Hkr. i. 139, Ísl. ii. 403, Fas. ii. 118. mann-fall, n. slaughter in battle, Eg. 32, 59, 298, Nj. 44, Gullþ. 24, 25, Fms. i. 24, vi. 406, vii. 57, 0. H. 40, passim: of sickness, Sturl. iii. 279, Ann. 1349 (()f a plague or sudden death). mann-fang, n. = mannkaup; þykist þú m. eiga í sonum, Fas. ii. 521. mann-farmr, m. a ship-load of men, Fms. viii. 33, 382. mann-fái, a, m. [fa = to draw] , a ' man-image, ' hitman figure; rauðan skjöld ok dreginn á mannfái, Fb. ii. 250; cp. þar var kveiktr f;li á, Konr. 1 7 (vellum); var kvikr fái (a ' life-image, ' figure drawn from life) á þeim grafinn, id. mann-fár, adj. having few men; hon er mann fa, ha s hut few inha- bitants, Stj.: neut., mannfátt, few people, Fms. vi. 207, vii. 312. mann-fellir, m. great mortality, from plague, hunger, or the like. mann-ferð, f. = mannaferð, Sturl. iii. 132, Ísl. ii. 148. mann-fjándi, a, m. a human fiend, Fs. 36, 44, Fms. ii. 83. mann-fjölð, f. people, Ad. mann-fjöldi, a, m. a multitude, crowd of men, Fms. vi. 203, vii. 161, xi. 108, Ann. 1403, passim. mann-fleiri, see mannmargr. mann-fóli, a, m. a fool, idiot, Boll. 352, Fs. 40. mann-fólk, n. ' man-folk, ' mankind, Hkr. i. 5, 9, Fas. i. 391, Edda 43, Fms. i. 24, Eg. 47, Edda 147 (pref.), Hkr. ii. 267, (but land-fólkit, Ó. H. 162, I. e.) mann-frelsi, n. manumission; better man-frelsi; see man. II. freedom, rights of man, mod. mann-fróðr, adj. skilled in mannfræði, Hkr. iii. 250. mann-fræði, f. ' man-science, ' history, esp. genealogies; at öllu fróðr, lögum, ok dænnim, mannfræði ok ættvísi, Fms. vii. 102; log eðr siigur eðr mannfræði (genealogies?), Bs. i. 59; en nam, þá er eigi dvaldi annat, þat er móðir hans kunni kerina honum, ættvísi ok mannfræði, 91; Bárðr kenndi Eið lögspeki ok m., Bárð. 24 new Ed. mann-fundr, m. a meeting, Nj. 113, Fs. 39, Fms. i. 35, Grett. 106 A. mann-fúlga, u, f. money (fúlga) for a person's maintenance (mod. meðgjöf), Grág. ii. 343. mann-fýla, u, f. a 'foul person, ' rascal, a term of abuse, Nj. 56, Fs. 39, 46, 51, 99, Rd. 262. mann-fæð, f. smallness of population, lack of people, N. G. L. i. 376, Róm. 346. mann-fæða, u, f. human food, Fms. i. 126, ii. 342. mann-fæði, n. = mannfæða, Stj., Fb. i. in. mann-færð, f. the condition of a road, Eg. 546. mann-för, f. travelling, Eg. 114, Hkr. ii. 188. mann-gangr, m. a muster of troops, Orkn. 112 old Ed. mann-garðr, m. a ring of men, Eg. 80, Al. 169, Fas. ii. 33. mann-gersemi, f. a 'jewel of a man, ' Bs. i. 81, þiðr. 153. mann-gi, often spelt mangi, gen. mannskis, Hm. 115, *47: acc. manngi, 623. 31, Fms. vi. 196 (in a verse), Ísl. ii. 483; dat. manni-gi, Greg. 65; [mann-gi, see -gi]; -- no man, nobody: 1. in poetry; svá er niaðr sá er manngi ann, Hm. 49; nýtr manngi nás, 70; leiðisk m. gott ef getr, 131; er m. veit, 139; svá at mér m. mat né bauð, Gm. 2; m. er þér í orði vinr, Ls. 2, 35; síðan þik m. sér, 59; mun míns fjár m. njóta, Skv. 2. 5, Sdm. 12; sköpum viðr manngi, Am. 46; bannar þat m., 75: mat þú villat né mannskis garnan, Hm. 115; mannskis mögr, noman's son, 147; at mannskis munum, Skm. 20, 24: acc., manngi annan, no other man, Fms. vi. 196 (in a verse): used as adjective, m. annarr mildingr, 26 (in a verse), Landn. 197 (in a verse). 2. in prose; svá er sagt at m. veit hvat Guð er, Eluc. 3; ok mælti því m. í gegn, íb. 17; manngi (acc.) hyggjum vér göfgara né tignara en Krist, 623. 31; regn görði svá mikit at mannigi vas or raisi ih gengt, Greg. 65; mælti þá manngi í mot honum, Fms. viii. 244, v. 1.; manngi skal kenni-mönnum eigna þat, at..., Greg. 19; hann telr þat manngi (acc.) munu gört hafa, Ísl. ii. 483 (Heiðarv. S. excerpts). mann-girnd (-girni), f. n longing for a husband, Is!, ii. 162. mann-gjarn, adj. eager to marry, (Dan. giftesyg), Fms. vi. 104. mann-gjarnliga, adv. eagerly, Fb. i. 555. mann-gjöld, n. pl. weregild, Eg. 575, Nj. 22, 189, Lv. 55, passim. mann-gæzka, u, f. goodness, kindness, Nj. 282, v. 1. mann-görð, f. the contribution of a man to the levy, as also the di s- tri c t which had to contribute one man, N. G. L. i. 15, 100. marua- görðar-maðr, m. a member, inmate of a m., N. G. L. i. 12. mann-hatr, n. ' man-hate, ' misanthropy. mann-hár, adj. of a man's height, Bs. i. 422, Ann. 1414, Fas. iii. 266. mann-háski, a, m. danger of life, Fms. xi. 23, Hkr. ii. 78, Bs. i. 321. mann-hefnd, f. blood revenge, Fs. 73, Nj. 57; fébætr eða mann- hefndir, 165, Lv. 68; mannhefnda laust. mann-heill, f. blis s, favour, good report; var sá kynsþáttr kallaðr Skíðungar, ok hafði litla mannheill, Korm. 160; hann átti lítið fé ok m., Sturl. i. 74; vitr ok vinsæli, ríkr ok góðgjarn, hann hafði m. mikla, iii. 96; svá virðisk mér, at minni in. hafir þú á Islandi en her með oss, Fbr. 91; hann var vinsæll ok mannheilla-maðr mikiil, and a very popular man, Fs. 86. mann-heill, adj. safe and sound; to the question, hvað er í frettum? the answer is, mannheilt og ó-sjúkt; meðan mannheilt var, Ü. N. ii. 358. mann-heilsa, u, f. good health of men, D. N. ii. 845. Mann-heimar, m. pl. ' Man's-bome, ' (he abode of men, f] oiKav^tvri, opp. to Goð-heimar, Hkr. i. 14 (Yngl. S.) mann-helgr, f., mod. mann-helgi, f. indecl. :-- personal rights, invio- lability of person, N. G. L. i. 8: the section of the law treating of personal rights, also called mannhelgar-balkr, ii. 45: her hefr upp mannhelgi vúra, þat er fyrst í mannhelgi várri, at ..., id. :-- a sanctuary, þar var mannhelgr mikil, ok miklar viðlögur við maims aftak, Fms. x. 391. mann-hringr, m. a circle, ring of men, Orkn. 112, Eg. 88, Fms. ii. 174, x. 229, (3. H. 177, Stj. 415, Bs. i. 629, 633. mann-hundr, m. a ' man-dog, ' scoundrel, Fb. i. 354, Gísl. 50, Fs. 38, Stj. 624, Karl. 502. mann-hús, n. pl. ' man-houses, ' dwelling houses, Gísl. 29. mann-hæð, f. a man's height, as a measure, Sturl. i. 118, Bs. i. 347. mann-hægr, adj. gentle, of animals, opp. to mannygr, Stj. 57. mann-hætta, u, f. = inannhaski, Lv. 53, Korm. 80, Hkr. ii. 26, Bs. i. 621; mannhaettu-laust, without danger of life, Eb. 118. mann-hættliga, adv. dangerously, Fms. viii. 350, v. 1. mann-hættr, adj. dangerous to life, 6. 11. 26, Fms. ix. 516, vi. 394. mann-höfn, f. the maintenance of a person; i vioar-fongum, smíðar- kaupum ok mannhofnum, Bs. i. 8i. mannhafnar-maðr, m. a good husband, Bs. i. 26. manni, a, m. = maðr, answering to the Goth, manna; sumt ekki at manna (dat. ?), Fms. vi. 53: as a nickname, Maurer's Volkssagen. mann-íllska, u, f. wickedness, Fms. iii. 89. mann-jafnaðr or mann-jöfnuðr, in. a comparison of men, i. e. a dis- pute in which each contends that his hero is the greatest; þar var ölteiti iniirg, bar var talat um mannjüfnuð, ok hverr þar væri gofgastr maðr í sveit eðr inestr hófðingi ok urðu menu bar eigi ú eitt sáttir, scin optast verðr ef um mannjöfnuð er talað, i. e. a comparison of persons is odious, creates strife, Eb. 184; jþorsteiim svarar, ekki ferr ek í mannjöfnuð, segir hann, Ísl. ii. 214; þar var margt talat er menn vóru drukknir tnjök, ok kom þar at rætt var um mannjüfnuð, Orkn. 210; þeir fóru í mannjotnuð ok töluðu um Jjorgils ok Eirek, Fs. 149; var mart talat við drykkinn, ok þar kom at farit var í mannjafnað, ok því næst var rætt urn konungana sjálfa, Fms. i. 58; for a classical instance see the dialogue between the

MANNKAUP -- MANNÆLl. 411

tvvo brother king?, Mork. 186 (mannjafnaðr konunga, cp. Fms. vii. 118 sqq.) 2. a matching or pairing of persons as to the weregilds to be paid for wounds and slaughter on both sides after a battle, Ísl. ii. 384, Fb. iii. 453- mann-kaup, n. ' man-bargain;' in the phrase, þat er gott m. í e-m, a person is a good bargain, an acquisition, Fms. vi. 99, Fb. ii. 280,; gott er m. í Vagni, faðir, Fms. xi. 154. mann-kind, f. mankind; ok ólusk þaðan af mannkindir, Edda 6; miklu fríðari en ounur mannkind;'i Norðrlöndum, Fas. ^387; þessi m., the s e people, Róm. 276. mann-kostir, m. pl. human virtues, good qualities; dy'rligir mann- kostir, Orkn. 160; hann talði upp fyrir henni mannkosti Ólafs konungs, Hkr. ii. 86, Al. 87, Mar. passim. mann-kvæmd, f. a visit of guests, Landn. 81. mann-kvæmt, n. adj., in tlie phrase, þar er m. (or ekki m.), many people come there, it is frequented by guests; þar var ekki m., few people came there, it is n lonely place, Grett. 137. mann-kvöð, f. a summons or levying of men, Sturl. iii. 40. mann-kyn, n. mankind, N. G. L. iii. 299, Stj. 41, 371, Pass., Vidal. passim: a mc e, offspring, allt þat m. er frá houuin kom, Ver. 6; frá þeim kom mart m., 19: kind of people, H. K. i. 526. mann-last, n. slander of people, defamation. mann-lauss, adj. without men :-- without a husband, Ld. 184, Fas. iii. 390- . mann-lát, n. pl. l oss of life, Sturl. iii. 93, O. H. 213. mann-leysi, n. the being mannlauss :-- a good-for-nothing person (mod. mann-leysa, u, f.), Fms. ii. 62, v. 1. mann-liga, adv. manfully, Fms. i. 263, vii. 261, ix. 471. mann-ligr, adj. human, Greg. 54, Hom. 23, 83, Bs. i. 181; mannligt eðli, human nature, Barl. 27, Kb. no, MS. 623. 19; mannligr veyklcikr, Magn. 504, passim. 2. manly, becoming a man; ok er þat niann- ligra at fara at duga honum, 6. II. 117; maunlig er orðin ferð þíu, Lv. 24; sonr einkar-vænn ok m. -- mannvænn, Barl. 152: compds, mikil-m., stor-m., magnificent; litil-m., small. mann-líkan, n. a human image, idol, 0. H. 109, Stj. 470: beings in hitman shape, Vsp. 10. mann-lydda, u, f. mannlæra, El. mann-lýti, n. a blemish, Grett. 161, Róm. 188. mann-læra, u, f. a b a d person, Fms. ii. 62, Valla L. 218, (Ed. manniæða.) mann-löstr, m. a blemish, Gísl. 15. mann-margr, adj. haying many men; esp. in neut., hafa mannmargt, to h a ve many people, forces, Nj. 254, 259, Fms. i. 290, Fs. 183: compar., hafa mannfleira, to have more men, followers, Ghitn. 345, Fms. vi. 106, xi. 237; hann var miklu mannflciri þar ú nesinu, Orkn. 307. mann-mengi, n. a host of men, N. G. L. i. 58. mann-mergð, f. a host of people, croud, Fas. ii. 483. mann-metnaðr, m. ambition, Edda 145 (pref.), Hom. (St.) 50. mann-múgr, m. (mann-mugi, a, m., Pr. 425), a crowd of people, 6. H. 213. mann-níðingr, m. a ' nitbing, ' miscreant, Lv. 44, O. II. 157. mann-orð, \\. fame, repute. Fas. iii. 533, freq. in mod. usage. mann-raun, f. a trial; í hverri m. ok þraut, Clem. 45; Dróttinn tók á sik allar mannraunir, all human trials, 623. 19 :-- trial, danger, jafn hinum fremstu í ollum mannraunum, perils, dangerous tasks, Eg. 21, Bs. i. 638; koma í mannraunir, perils, Al. 61; þú þorir lítt í nánd at koma þegar er nokkur er m. í, Fær. 30; röskr í öllum mannraunum, Fs. 3, 120 :-- experience, lítillar skynsemdar ætli þér tnik ok enga mannrauu kunna, Fms. vi. 53 :-- trial, adversity, þá, or hann misti Ljóis sonar sins, var þat þó mannraun en þetta c'ngi, fxirst. Síðu H. 174. mann-ráð, n. pl. plots against a man'n life; þ(') hafa húsfreyiur verit góðar, at eigi hati slaðit í mannráðum, Nj. 53; cp. fjörráð. mann-samnaðr, m. a gathering of men, Fms. iv. 119, Ld. 76 :-- people assembled, Fms. viii. 64, Ísl. ii. 83, Grág. ii. 165. mann-sekt, f., esp. in pl. a penalty paid in one's person, opp. to fésekt: in the old law it signified outlawry, banishment of any of the three degrees, Bs. i. 675; hvárki fc no mannsektir, Ísl. ii. 385, cp. Nj. 189. mann-semi, f. valour, a an. \fj., Hdl. 3; or perh. = man-semi, love- making, or the being agreeable to women ('?), see man. mann-skaði, a, m. ' man-scathe, ' loss of life, Eg. 90: a great loss in a person's death, þeir siigðn honum vígit, Gunnarr sagði, at þat V. T lítül m., Nj. 61; ok er þat enn mcsti m. at taka þá af lífi, 136:^ hav oc in men, þeim manni er þér hafði gört enn mcsta mannskaða, O. H. 47; hann var þeirra meir lagðr til mannskada, Th. was the more murderous fighter of the two, Fbr. 23 new Fd. maniiskaða-veðr, n. a destruc- tive gale. mannskapr, m. manfulness, manhood, valour, Fas. iii. 305; hvarki spara penninga no mannsknp, spare neither money nor men, þórð. 100 new Ed :-- human nature, 677. 12. mannskapar-lauss, adj. pith- less, lacking strength and manhood, Fas. ii. 386. mann-skelmir, m. a rascal, Fas. i. 330. mann-skepna, u, f. a ' man-creature, ' poor creature, Rb. 360, Fas. iii. 644. mann-skratti, a, m. a wicked man. mann-skræfa, n, f. a miserable coward, Fms. ii. 5i, 93; mi muntú verðu at draga af þér slenit, inannskræfan, Grett. 91, Fb. i. 523, Mag. 56. mann-skæðr, adj. ' scatheful, ' savage to man; stúr dyr ok mann- skæð, Hkr. i. 69, Rb. 344: of a battle, bloody, Fms. i. 44, ii. 316, 323, passim. mann-sómi, a, m. honour, reputation, Eg. 106. mann-spell, n. destruction of life, Eg. 278, Orkn. 108, Fms. viii. 351. mann-spilla, t; mannspilla set, to degrade oneself; eg vii ekki in. mér á því. mann-spjall, n. = mannspell, Fagrsk. 64. mann-stormr, m. a rush of people, Bs. ii. 66. mann-tak, n. manhood, pith; pad er manntak í e-m, there is pith in him, Grett. 136 A. manntaks-semi, f. energy. mann-tal, n. a muster, 'tale of men, ' Grúg. i. 66, N. G. I,, i. 97; skora m., to muster troops, O. II. 203, Stj. 456: a census, at manntali, by tale, Bær. 6: Grúg. ii. 381. COMPOS: marmtals-eiðr, in. an oath taken in a census, N. G. L. i. 200. manntals-þing, n. a county meeting in the spring, Gþl. 438, Jb. mann-tapi, a, m. l oss of life, Gn'ig. ii. 130, MS. 625. 14, Bs. ii. ill, Fb. i. 70, Ver. 73; manntapa-vetr, a winter of great mortality, Ann. 1196. mann-telja, taldi, to tell the people, Stj. 546. mann-tetr, n. a ' tatter of a man, ' a poor wretch. mann-tjón, n. -- maimtapi, Fms. vii. 263, x. 418, Sks. 79 new Ed., Bs. i. 327. mann-úð, f. humanity, goodness. mann-úðigr, adj. gentle, Lat. humanus, Fas. iii. 219. mann-úðligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), gentle, affable. mann-val, n. choice people, a select body of men; þat mesta m. a landinu, the best men of the county, Nj. 33, 173, Eg. 38, 43, Fms. vi. 46, x. 25: mod. also of one person, a goodly man, hann er mcsta mannval. mann-vandr, adj. difficult, requiring a man, Fms. xi. 13 7. 2. par- ticular as to choice of a husband, of a lady, Nj. 48, Band. 29 new Ed. mann-veiðr, f. the seizing, catching of a man, Sturl. i. 166. mann-villa, u, f. personation, Grág. i. 353. mann-virðing, f. rank, renown, honour; var Leifi gott til fjar ok mannvirðingar, Fb. i. 541, þorst. Síðu H. 177, Eg. 4, Nj. iu, Lv. 89, Magn. 466. mann-virki, n. man's work, work of human hands, Symb. 26 :-- labour, með miklu in. ok kostnaði, Stj. 646 :-- a great work, monument, siðan tóku þeir at ryðja götuna, ok er þat et mcsta m., sein enn sér merki, Kb. 132; ok nu létti þeir göra þat m. er víðfrægt er ok kallat er Dana-virki, Fms. xi. 28; þeir giirðu m. (of the tower of Babel), Ver. 10; sú en ágæta borg Tirus verðr at ösku ór slíku mannvirki, Al. 48. mann-vit, n. [Dan. mande-vid~\, ' man-ivit' understanding, with the notion of ' mothers-wit, ' good sense, as opp. to bók-vit (' book-wit'); úbrigðra vin fær maðr alldregi, en in. mikit, Hin. 6, 10, Hbl. 3; mal ok m., Sdm. 4; ininni ok in., Fms. xi. 298 (in a verse); önd skynsamleg ok in., Ver. 2; ok urðu þeir (the dwarfs) vitandi maimvits ok höfðn maims liki, Edda 9; því at hann (the do^) hetîr nianns mannvit, Fms. x. 254; siðgæði þat ma engi cignask nema hann hafi m. með, ok eigu Jicssir hlutir mannviti at fylgja, Sks. 437; mannvits ok góðrar náttiirn, 475; hljóta sumir spádóms anda, sumir mannvits anda ok spektar, 561; in. ok skilninï;, 49; at mannviti, rúttheti eða sannsyni, 474: learning, þér hafit ininna in. numit en ek, Mag. 3; lærðr til alls mannvits, Sks. 474. COMPDS: mannvits-brekka, u, f. a nickname ot a lady, Landn. mannvits-lauss, -litill, adj. artless, with little wit, Sks. 45, Krók. 43. mannvits-maðr, m. a wise man, Sturl. i. 9. marmvit-samligr, adj. ingenious, Sks. 620. mann-vitull, in. [Engl. w/V/o l], a 'wiííol' of a man, a wittol, as a term of abuse, a an. \íy., Ísl. ii. 340 (Heiðarv. S., but undoubtedly bearing this meaning). mann-vænligr, adj. = inannvænn, Sturl. i. 3, Fms. iv. 179, vi. 107, Eg. 187, Gullþ. 4, passim. mann-vænn, adj. hopeful, promising, of a young person, Eg. 5M' Fms. i. 20, vi. 443. mann-værr, adj. (qs. eiga vært hjá mönnum), beiddu þeir lausnar (absolution) af honum, sva at þeir skyldi vera maimvaerir, Fms. ix. 534' v-!- mann-ýðgi, f. -- mannúð. mann-ýgr, mod. mann-eygðr, adj. vicious, of animals, bulls, Hkr. i. 37, Bs. i. 319, Lv. 91. mann-þroti, adj. lacking n:en, K. Á. 70. mann-þröng, f. a throng of men, Fms. ii. 172. mann-þurfi, adj. in need of men, Mar. mann-æli (qs. -celi ?), n. [a ÓÍTT. \fj., prob. identical with Ulf. man- auli -- a\Tipa., Phil. ii. 8], a ' man-shape, 'hence a mannikin, as a term of

412 MANNÆTA -- MAilK.

contempt, cp. Germ, weibs-bild; hami var m. niikit ok veslingr, Finnb. ~T4- mann-æta, u, f. a ' man-eater ' cannibal; troll ok m. . Bret. í 2, Kb. i. 526, N. G. L. i. 434, ii. 495; blóðdrekkr cða in., Fa?, iii. 573. man-sal, n. slave-selling, see man, as also for the other compds. man-skera, skar, [mon = a w ane], to cut a hone's mane. man-skæri, n. pl. mc, ne-:d:-?ors, Biarn. 62. man-stæði, n. the place of/be inane, Sks. 100. man-söngr, in. n love song: see man. manungr, adj. youthful, epithet ot a girl, Ilin. 163. Man-verjar, m. pl. [Mön=. /í le o/jlfri n], the Manxmen, Fms. MARA, pres. niari; pret. mardi; part, marat: o:ilv the pret. is found in old writers, but the word is still in hill use except in pret. subi. :-- . 'o be water-logged, float just under the surface of the water; en fullt var skipit ok marði uppi um stmular sakar ... en im-ðan skipit niarði uppi, Bs. i. 355; niarði þá undir JK-ÍIII skipit (the i-hi/t z;'rts water-logged) svá at þeir fcngu eigi upp aiuit, 386: þá t(')k at kyrra veðrit en skipit niarði, Fas. ii. So; siðan kom Aki upp ok marði þ. ir á vatni at kalla, iii. 581. mara, u, f. [Engl. night-mare; akin to inerja -- :/o crush] : -- the night- mare, an ogress; en er hann hafði Hit sofnat, kallaði hann ok sagði at inaia trað hann, mum hans iV)ru til, ok vildu hiulpa honum, en er bcir tóku uppi til höfuðsins þá trað hón fótleggina sv;i at nær brotnnðu. þá tóku þeir til fi');anna, þú kafði hón hüíuðit, sv. -'i at þ:ir dó liann, Hkr. i. 2O; the won! also occurs in one oi Kormak's verses; it is freq. in mod. usage. mar-álmr, in., qs. niarlu'ilmr, ' sea-straw, ' tea-grass, Bs. i. 594: cp. Hjalt. mar-bakki, a, m. the ' sea-bank, ' the border between shoal and deep water along the coast, see Ivar Aasen; síð. in málvinir ininir tyrir mar- bakkann sukku, Vígl. (in a verse), N. G. L. ii. 140, v. l. mar-beðr, in. the feu-'-. ed, shore, O. 11. (in a verse). Mar-bæli, n. the local name of a farm near the sea. Ii. I. Mar- bælingar, in. pl. thi men from J\l., Ld. mar-dráp, n. a nickname, Bs. marð-skinn, n. [mörðrj, a marten's fur. B. K. 98, Dip!, iii. 4. Mar-döll or Mar-boll, f. . gen. Mardallar, one of the names of Frcyia, Edda 21: prop, a mermaid, Jónas 151; Mardallar-grátr. tha tears of M. -:. gold. Lex. Poo;.; cp. the Mardallar-Saga in Maurcr's Yolkssa'ren. mar-flatr, adj. horizontal, on the sea. mar-fló, f., pl. HIT, an insect, 'sea-flea, ' cancer index. mar-flötr, in. the sea-level, (mod.) mar-glitta, u, f. 'tea-flitter, ' a kind of jelly fish, Eggert Ithi. MARGR, adj., fan. mi'. rg. neut. margt, usually spelt and pronounced mart; compar. fleiri, q. v.; superl. flestr; j Ulf. manng. ï -••• iro\vs; A. S. tnaaig; Knsrl. many: ('). H. (i. manag; Dutch tncnig; (ierrn. manche; the n is found in all South-Teutonic languages, and the word is explaine by Grimm as a roiupd from mann (homo) and the sufli. x -i^ i (-ci/nque); the Norse margr is the same word, having onlv changed the n into r, for the n remains in a few derivatives, as inengi (a croicd), menga (to blend), manga, q. v.: in mod. Swed. and Dan. the n has been resumed from intercourse with the Germ.; Dan. mange; early Swed. marker, but mod. Swed. mâ'igal :-- -many; muiiu margir þess gjalda, Ni. 2; meiri er veiðr í Flosa en morguni öðnnn, 232; marga þína muni, Ld. 102; særðr mörgum sárum ... nxirgum niönnnm, ... margir menu, Fms. x. 370; margir slíkir, many such. Nj. 6; marga penninga, Dipl. ii. IO. 2. sing, in a collect, sense, both as subst. and adj.; mart man, Fms. i. 185; margr maðr, Fb. i. 24!; margr sá fróðr þvkkisk, Hm. 29; þviat margr man þik öfumîa. þvíat margr mun þar at þér vikja, Nj. 47; skipask margr vel við góðan bulling, Fms. vi. 208; hefir þó margr hlotið uni sárt at binda, Nj. 54; hann hafði látið slá skipa-saum margan, a great quantity of, Fms. ix. 377: niargr er knár þó hann sé snu'ir; ber mi'r jafnan mart a gonia, vi. 208; margs vitandi, Vsp. 20; mart er mer vel hent at göra, Nj. 54; tala mart, 194; heyra mart en tala fait, Hallgr.; spyrja mjök margs, Ld. 88; tyrir margs sakir, for many reasons, Fms. vi. 215; ok þykkir lítt fyrir (í) mörgii þat at tala, xi. 108; mart manna, many people, Eg. 134, Nj. 104: í mörgu, in many respects, in many things, 625. 82, Fb. iii. 246; fróð at miirgu, Nj. 194; margs alls, quite great, adverb., Am. 8, 92. II. metaph. f riendly, communicative (cp. far); liofum vit mi hvarttveggja rcynt, at mart hefir verit um með okkr ok fait, Gísl. 17; ekki var mart með þeim, Fms. x. 78; sva er, frændi, at með okkr hefir verit ekki mart, Ld. 106; þó var hann niargr við Arna biskup ok fréttinn nf Island!, Bs. i. 77^- III. margr is used as a subst., in the saj'ing, eigi ma við margnum, no one can stand against many, against odds; en þó inátti hann eigi við marginum um síðir, at last he was overthrown, Bær. 14; kom at því sem maelt er, at ekki niú við margnum, Fs. 89", Fms. xi. 278. margs-konar and margs-kyns, a(iv. of many kinds, various, Fs. 63, F, dda 38, Hkr. i. 5, Fms. i. 185, Fg. 517, passim. B. COMPDS: marg-breytinn, adj. variable, whimsical, Fs. 86, Vápn. i. Fas. ii. 7. marg-breytni, f. variety, marg-brotinn, j part, intricate'. marg-brugðimi, part, s ly, Lii. i6. raarg. dýrr, adj. very dear, Hallfred. marg-falda, að, to multiply, Fms. i. 137, Sks. 628, Kb. 462, Stj. 428 (repeated] , Alg. 358: to address, in plur. by ' þér, ' Sks. 303. niarg-faldan, f. multiplication, Alg. 356. margfald-leikr, m. manifoldness. Str. 21. marg-fald- liga, adv. manifoldly, Stj. 51, Fms. i. 76, v. 346: margi'aldligar (compar.), i. 184. marg-faldligr, adj. manifold, Stj. 55, Bar!. 27: gramm., margf. ildligr lata -- ^ l wr al, Skulda 186; inart'taklli^ir hiutir, I nrmns in plural, Edda 85. 86. marg-faldr; adj. manifold, Fms. v. ! 265. Sks. 312. marg-fróðgjarn, adj. eager for learning, Sks. 493. marg-fróðr, adj. learned in many things, much knowing, Um. 102; j vitr maðr ok m., I3s. i. 410, Fms. iv. 135, x. 392, Sks. 493: of a I wi/ard, Ilkr. i. 73. marg-fræði, f. varied learning, Str. I, Clar. | marg-frömuðr, m. the great fnrtherer. Ad. marg-fætla, u, f. the Í insect cancer Iracbyurus, Eggert Itin. 609. marg-háttaðr, adi. of many kinds, Fms. i. 272, vi. 48. 145. marg-heyrðr, part, often \ heard. Fms. ii. 137. marg-hrossa, að, in a pun ( -- stóð), Krók. 63, I 64. marg-kunnandi, part, knowing many things, I. andn. 1 IO, is. I 131, Fms. iii. 90. marg-kunnigr, adj. =• margfróðr, Kb. 308 :-- j fiolkunnigr, fornfpa ok margkunnig, Fs. 33. 54, 67, Grett. 150. marg- I kunnindi, f. witchcraft, Ísl. ii. 422. marg-kvíslaðr, acij. many- branched, Fas. iii. 60, Sk5-44i. mnrg-kvíslóttr, adj. /(/., Bárð. I 164, S;j. 534, Sks. 565. marg-kveomt, n. adi. where many people come; þ. ir var ekki m., Grett. 1*7 A. marg-kyndugr, adj. = marg- kunnigr, Fs. 6S. marg-latr, adi. l oos e, fickle, variable; marglát j kona, B;rr. 11, Skálda 194; aldri ikal ek verit hafa margli'itari (more j excessive) sollum hlutr. m en mi, Fms. x. 290: as a nickname, Teitr inn ! marsrlati ( -- siiperlnis '. '), Bs. i. 27. marg-leiki, a. m. intimacy, Sturl. iii. 198. marg-liga, adv. intimately, friendly, Sturl. iii. 286. marg- litr, ai'. j. varifgatcd. marg-lyndr, adj. changeful of mood, fickle, Ilkr. i. 16, Fms. iii. 83. marg-læti, n. wantonne^s; leitar hann ekki :ï þ'k, ]i;i er JM'T m. at bregða vist þinni, Lv. 26, Bs. i. 530 (watiton cruelty); var þat mælt at Kvji'. lfr slægi á m. við liana, that JK. made love /o her. Sturl. ii. 39. marg-mnlugr, adi. talkative, O. H. 202, j Fagrsk. 14. marg-menni, n. many men, a multitude, Th. 94, Fb. i. 241, 1-is. ii. 37: the majority, i. 720 (niargincugit MS.) marg- ! mennr, adj. w// h many men, Sturl. ii. 249, Fms. ii. 261. marg- mælgi, f. loquacity. Th. 76. marg-mæli, n. = margm:rlgi, Fms. vi. i 209. raarg-mccltr, part, many-spoken, Fb. 258: talkative, slander- ous, Nj. 22. marg-opt, adv. very often, Rd. 240. marg-orðr, adj. Ir. ng-U'inded, lining many words. Fa:r. 14, Hkr. iii. 263. marg- prettóttr, adj. cunning, Barl. 27. marg-ræða, u, f.; n;/ ch talk, Fms. ix. 252, v. 1. inarg-ræddr. part, much talked of, Fms. vii. 169, Al. 169, Glúm. 330. marg-ræðinn, part, talkative, Fagrsk. marg- sinnis, adj. many a time. marg-slccgr, adj. very sly, Barl. 56. marg-smugall, adj. penetrating, subtle, Sks. 565. 637. marg- 1 spakr, adj. v ery wise, llaustl., lb. 4. marg-staðar, adv. in many places, Nj. 185, Stj. 135, Bs. i. 208 (var margstaðar holdit;'i bcinunum, thus to be emendated). marg-talaðr, part, using many words, Fms. vi. 304; göra margîalat vii^ e-n, Finnb. 328, Band. 8 new F. d., Stj. 581; 1 var k-ngi margtalat um vigit, Nj. 22. marg-teitr, adj. very cheerful, Orkn. (in a verse). niarg-titt, n. adi. frequent, usual, happening often; margtitt er þat at menu deyi, Fms. vi. 105, Hom. 114: sem margtitt cr, as is usual, Stj. 411; sögðu þat sem margtitt er, Fms. vii. 309. marg-vitr, adj. of many -- ided learning, Al. 6, Sks. 317 15. marg-visliga, adv. in many ways. marg-visligr, adi. various, of many kinds, Sks. 411. jnarg-viss, adj. -- • margiVóðr. Barl. 27, Fms. ii. 183, Bárð. 2 new Ed., Stj. 436, Hnv. 55. marg-yrðr, adj. = margorðr, Sks. 92 new Ed. mar-greifi, a, m. [(jerrn. mark-grey] , a margrave, marquis, [mid. Lat. wi ar c hi o, ] count, þiðr. ., Ann. 1264. Margrét, f. a pr. name, Margaretta. mar-gullin, f. adj. [cp. marigold:?], epithet of a lady, Hkv. Iljorv., a an. \ej. and poet. mar-gýgr, f. a mermaid, sea-ogress (see gvgr), Fms. iv. 56, Ann. 13 29, Sks. 169, Grett. 93 new F. d. mar-hrísla, u, f. [proviuc. Norse wz are- r is], (?), Edda (Gl.) ii. 483. mari, a, m. the post of a bedstead = upp-standari. MARK, n., pl. murk, [a word common to all Tcut. languages; Ulf. marka = 'ópiov; A. S. mearc; Engl. march; Germ., Swed., and Dan. mark; Lat. inargo; the original sense is an outline, border, ^ -i whence are derived mörk, border-land; also merki, merkja, q. v. J :-- a landmark; mark milli Grafar ok Bakka, Dipl. ii. 2 (landa-merki); ganga)'fir þat mark er náttúran hefir sett, Mar.: a mark tor shooting, skjóta til marks, Sks. 379 (mark-bakki). II. a mark as a sign of property; kenna sitt mark a e-u, to recognise as one's own mark, Bs. i. 720. 2. a mark on sheep's ears; bregða at marki á sauðuni, Grág. i. 397; mi bregðr maðr búi sínu er mark a, ok er honum rétt at Ijá öðrum marks, 425; ef maðr leggr alst~vtinga-mark á fi; sitt, ok varðar fjörbaugs-garð nema honum sé lofat á lögrctîu, 426; . ef menu taka mark at crfð þá íkuln þeir skipta þvi sem öðrum arlî,

MAKKATAFLA -- MAKSVIN. 4)3

422; þut fe gékk með mórkum þúris, Ciuliþ. 26: phrases, erfða-mark, a ' hereditary mark;' eiga mark saman, Grág. i. 423; nauta-mark, 397. COMPD: marka-tafla, u, f. nn entry of all the 'marks' in a district using the same mountain pastures, see also the description in Piltr og Stúlka, as an illustration of Icelandic life; even the church had a mark, kirkja á mark, Vm. 29. III. metaph. a marl:, sign; ek vil segja þér eitt til marks urn, at ..., Nj. 56; ok til marks, at syna várn gúðvilja, Fms. i. 104; ok er þat eigi mark (that is of nn mark) þvíat incr eru her allar leiðir kunnar, ii. 80; þetta er eigi mcira mark, is of no more mark, Mirm.; ok at lítið mark sc at, hverju þú heitr, Fms. vii. 120; ekki er mark at draumum, Sturl. ii. 217; ekki er enn mark at, nær munu vit gangask enn áðr lýkr, i. e. / hi s i s nothing, only the beginning, Nj. í 76; þat güra her uiigir sveinar er lítið mark mun at þykkja, Edda 32; lítið mark var þá at, er þeir Beli hittusk ..., 23; emi er meira mark at of hjörtinn Eikþyrni, 24; þat er eitt mark um lítillæti haus, 81; ok til marks, at þú hefir verit, Fs. 18; sem i þessu marki syndisk þeir hlutir, at..., Bs. i. 750; dauða-mürk, lifs- mark, q. v.: at marki, adverb, greatly, signally, Karl. 171, 181, 196, Bs. ii. 65. IV. spec, usage, of embroidery, woven marks, figures; hón hafði knýtt um sik biæju ok vóru í mörk blá, Ld. 244. COMPDS: marka-deili, n. landmarks, D. N. ii. 496. marka-mót, n. pl. boundaries, N. G. L. i. 87. marka-skrá, -tafla, u, f. a scroll on which the sheep marks are entered. marks-maðr, m. a man of mark, Eg. i~,, v. 1. MARKA, að, prop, to draw outline of, sketch, cp. mark above, [Engl. to mark; cp. also Lat. margo, a kindred word] :-- to mark, draw the outline of; marka grundvoil, to mark out, draw the ground-plan of a building; lagJi hinu helgi Jon biskup af sér skikkju sína ok markaði sjálfr grnndvöll undir kirkjuna, Bs. i. 171, MS. 656 B. 8; síðan markaði konungr grundvoil til kirkju í þeiin stað, Fms. i. 203; var bar markadi hólmstaðr, Eg. 486; harm markaði tóptir til garða, 0. 11. 42; marki sér völl, Fs. i:8; oss var aldr of markaðr, Landn. (in a verse); er i þeim fræðuni mörkuð oil skcpna, Ver. I; markat (drawii) hefir ek fyrir þér með nokkurum orðuni birting lopts, Sks. 236. 2. to fix; marka verð live vera skal, to fix the price, Grág. ii. 234. 3. impers., ok markaði svá til, at..., it appeared as if, of the outlines, Fms. v. 314. II. to fign. mark as one's property; þau naut vóru oil einn veg mörkuð, Fms. i. 152; nu markar maðr annars IV: sinu marki, Grág. 1. 416: metaph., hann markaði sik sjálfan því hreinlifis marki, Ver. 14 (of the circumcision); kotkarl einn markaði þrettán kúlur í höfði þér. Band. 13; lét Oðinn marka sik geirs-oddi, ... let hann marka sik Oðni, Yngl. S. ch. JO, 11. 2. to mark by an emblem; vér skulum marka (merkja, O. II. I. e.) lið várt ok göra herkuml á hjalmum várum ok skjöldum, Fb. ii. 338; er þat mitt ráð, at menu marki stál- hútur sinar, Sturl. iii. 240. 3. to draw; hann hafði rauðan skiöld ok markaðr á hjörtr, Nj. 143; þar með vóru mörkuð hiinin-tungl, en á neðra ræfinu vóru markaðar forncskju-sögur, Fms. v. 340; hann var markaðr (merkðr, Ó. H. 1. c.) eptir þór, Fb. ii. 190; er á hlutmim markaðr Frcyr af silfri, Fs. 19; gef ek þér skiöld, ok er á markaðr kross með iíkncski Drottins vúrs, Bs. i. 8. III. metaph. to mark, observe, infer; þar eptir nuitt þi\ marka bans feí^rð, Fdda 1;; má at" því m. hverr niaðr hann var, Bs. i. 72; má af sliku m. hversu þungan matar-aHa þeir höfðu, Fs. 146; ok ma af því m. landskosti, 26; mi skal á sliku m. at Guð ..., Sks. 468; nú skaltn ok þat marka, at ..., 491. IV. to signify, matter; þat er ekki at marka, that is nothing to signify; markadu þat ekki, heed it not, take no notice of ii; marka drauma, to mind dreams, Stnrl. ii. 131. 2. to betoken; en þær marka villumenn, 673. 2; markar þat úeinarðan mann, id. :-- to shew, þeir hafa markat at hug hafa, Hkr. i. 142. marka- or markar-, see mork. markaðr, m., gen. markaðar, Fb. i. 304, 1. 12; spelt marknaðr, Fms. viii. 304 (v. l.), 1). N. iii. 229: [not from marka, but like Engl. market, Germ, markt. borrowed from the Lat. merc-s, mercatus; the genuine Norse word for market is torg, q. v.] :-- a market; meðan markaðrinn stóð, Fms. i. 185; var þar in. ok kaupstaðr, viii. 304, ix. 219, Fb. i. 204 (of an Engl. market) :-- metaph., var þeini settr inn sami in., they got the same treatment, Fms. viii. 41; ferr hann til annarrar borgar ok settisk þar um, ok setti þeim þvílíkan inarkað sem inuni fyrrum, x. 237. mark-bygð, f. [inork], a 'forest-country, ' opp. to open country made into fields, Hkr. i. 88, Magu. 442, 0. H. 201, Fms. vii. 25. mark-deili, n. a march-boundary, Ü. N. i. Si. mark-garðr, m. a march-fence, boundary fence, Dipl. ii. I. mark-húnn, n. the blubber wi/h the harpoon's print in it, Gþl. 462. mark-land, n. forest-land, with the notion of march-land, border-land, Hkr. i. 45, Eg. 58. II. a local name = Labrador (?), Fb. mark-lauss, adj. without a mark: metaph. meaningless. mark-leið, f. a track through forests, Hkr. i. 76. mark-leiði, n. = markleið, Hkr. i. 55. mark-leysa, u, f. nonsense. mar-knútr, m. [marr = s ea], a kind offis h, cottus scorpii. 's. Norse marttlk, Edda (Gl. X Eggcrt Itin. 359. " mark-plógr, m. a kind of plough used in a woody county, Sks. 425. mark-rá, f. = markreina, N. G. L. i. 245. mark-rein, f. -- markreina, D. N. i. 81. mark-reina, u, f. a boundary line, N. G. L. i. 42, Gþl. 460. mark-skil, n. pl. borders, marches, Gþl. 452. mark-steinn, in. a mark-stone, landmark, Gþl. 286, 543, Eg. 492 (of a battle field): stones laid to mark a spot, Bs. i. 346. mark-stika, u. f. a boundary stake, Bs. i. 329. mark-teigr, in. a border field, N. G. L. i. 42. mar-líðendr, part. pl. ' sea-sliders, ' sea-farers; niargir eru marlíðendr, many there are who slide over the sea, of witches, spirits, Eb. 44, a saying. marmari, a, m. [Lat. word], marble, Stj. 46, Róm. 342, Sks. 188, Bs. ii. 103; marmara-grjot, -stcinar, f la ts of marble, Symb. 57, Str. 5, Karl, 14. mar-mennill, m., thus Lundn. 76, 77; mar-mandill, Fas. ii. 31 (thrice); in popular mod. usage in Icel., mar-bendill; the Hauksbok (Landn. I. e.) spells it margmelli; whence the mod. Norse marmœle, Ivar Aasen :-- prop, a • sea-mannikin, ' a kind ot sea goblin or tea dwarf, in the Norse fairy talcs. The mannennil is now and then hooked by fishermen; being a soothsayer, he tells them what is to happen. The classical passages in oid Icel. writers are the Half's S. ch. 7 and the Landn. ?, ch. 5; for mod. times see Maurer's Yolks. 31, 32, as also í si. fjjóðs. i. 131-134. Inseparable from these tales is the merman's 'laughter;' he generally laughs thrice, e. g. the king kisses the queen, beats his dog, and stumbles over and curses the mound, at each of which the merman laughs; and being asked why, he says that he laughs at the king's foolishness, for the queen is false, but the dog is true and will save his life, and in the mound there is a hidden treasure; hence, þá hló marbendill, then the merman laughed, has in Icel. become proverbial of a sudden, unreason- able, and spiteful fit of laughter. The coincidence with the English legend of Merlin the ' wild man ' in the romance oï Merlin, (edited by the Early Engl. Text Soc. 1869, p. 434,) is very striking; and one is tempted to suggest that the name Merlin may have been borrowed trotn the Norse sea goblin (who in Norwegian tales is said to be the bastard of the sea monster hafstramb and a mermaid), and tacked on to the Welsh legend: even the word lias a Norse or Teutonic sound: Merlin may well be shortened from the dimin. mer-mann-lin, mer-m'lin, merlin: according to the Pref. to this Engl. romance the name is not found attached to the Welsh legend till the 12th century. COMPDS: marmendils- smíði, n. the mermannikins work = millepora polymorpha. marmen- dils-bari, a, in. the merman's weed = ccrallina officiiialis, Maurer's Volks. mar-nagli, a, m. in a pun, Skálda 237 (in a verse). marningr, in. [inerjal, a contusion. MARR, in., gen. marar; [Ulf. marei -- öáXaaaa; A. S. mere; Hel. meri; O. H. G. tneri; Germ, meer; Lat. w are] :-- the sea; sigr fold i mar, the earth sinks into the tea, Vsp. 57; mik hefir niarr miklu ræutan. Stor; vatr niarr, Skálda (in a verse); kakir marr, Edda 101 (in a verse); líða yiir marr, Vþni. 48: metaph., mun-strandar niarr, the sea of the breast, the song, Höfuðl.; mistar marr, the sea of mist, the air, Hkv. I. 96: in prose this old word remains in the marar-botn, in. the bottom of the sea; Pall lifði tvau dægr ú marabotnum, 655 xxvii. 6, and so in mod. usage; it also remains in various compds, mar-almr, mar-bakki, mar-flatr, mar-mennill, mar-gýgr, mar-hrísla, mar-knútr, mar-svín, mar-vaði, mar-rein, etc., q. v. II. in local names, Aust-marr (q. v.), A. S. Eastmere; Mar-bæli, q. v. MARR, m., gen. mars, dat. niari, Vþin. 12; pl. marar, Hkr. i. 237 (in a verse), Skv. 2. 16; pl. niarir, Fin. 15, Hkv. Hjurv. 28; but acc. pl. inara, Akv. 37, Kin. 35; marina = mara ina, Akv. i3: (A. S. mearh or mear; O. U. G. m a rah] :-- a steed, only in poetry, whereas the answering fein. inerr, a mare, has become a common word in prose as well as poetry: magran mar, Hin. 82, Og. 3, Skin. 8, 9; inaðr stiginn af mars baki, 15; mars bægi, Vkv. 31; inari vel tömdum, Fas. i. 491 (in a verse); inara svang-rifja, Rtn. 35; marina ir. élgreypu, Akv. 13; er her sitjurn feigir á mönim, Hom. JO; mörum Hunleuzkum, u; hleða mar, to saddle, Hdl. 5; minn veil ek mar beztan, Akv. 7; hann kvað hest mar heita, en mar (inara ? q. v.) er nianns fylgja, Fs. 68; hnakk-marr = a saddle-horse, hack, Ýt.: poet, vag-marar wave steeds, ships, Skv. 2. 16; Róða rið-marar, the heaving sea steed, Hkr. i. 237 (in a verse); ægis-marr, súð-marr, vers- niarr, borð-marr, segl-marr, stjorn-marr (Hkv. I. 29), gjálfr-marr, þóptu- marr, all names of ships. Lex. Poët. mar-rein, f. the sea line, in marreins-bakki, a, m. = marbakki, the bank where the deep and shallow luater meet; nú hittir niaðr sel fyrir ofan marreinsbakka, N. G. L. ii. 149 (v. 1. marbakka); hann skal b;ðia hann heima vera meðan hann ner fyrir útan marreinsbakka cða gengr fyrir ofan garð, i. 89; þá skal hann ganga ntan garðs cða fara út inn marreinsbakka, ok fara aptr til lniss síðan, 23. mar-sleggja, u, f. [merja], a ' crush-fledge, ' Art. 78, a arr. \ey. render- ing of macue = mace, of the French original. mar-svín, n. 'sea-swine, ' sea-bog, a kind of whale, Eggert Itin.; inar- svina-rekstr, Fcl. vii. 28, the driving whales ashore.

414 MARTRÖÐ -- MATVÆLAK.

mar-tröð, f. being ' trodden ' by a mara, nightmare, Pel. x. 15. mar-vaði, a, in. [Swed. marwatten = eddy] , sen water, shoal water (?); only in the phrase, troða marvaða, to tread the water, of a swimmer in an upright position; the word also occurs in Fas. ii. 83 (foot-note, in a verse) -- er marvaða niæddu Ránar jóð, but its use there is dubious. mar-þak, n. ' sea-thatch, ' poet, ice, Grett. (in a verse). mar-þráðr, m. ' sea-thread, ' a kind of sea-weed. mar-þvara, u, f. a kind of crab, Eggert Itin. 997, Edda (Gl.) mas, n. tittle-tattle, chat, Bb. MASA, að, to chatter, prattle. massa, að, [prob. an iîerat. from meita], to whittle, carve a piece of wood idly with a knife; massa niðr spýtu, hvað ertti að massa ? mastr, m., gen. mastrs, [a for. word introduced from Engl. and Germ. 7?ms/, ] a mast; the word which is now freq. is not found in old writers, who call the mast siglutré. MAT, n. [nieta], an estimate, taxing, Jb. 195; eptir mati sex skynsamra manna, Dipl. v. 3; jarða-mat, see jiirð. mata, u, f. [matr], provender, a mess; of a crew, Kolbeinn If't Hrapp þá fara í mom til sin, Nj. 128, v. 1.; the food of fishermen: a fee to the priest (paid in butter), called prests-mata. COMPDS: motu-nautr, m. a messmate, N. G. L. i. 186, Kb. 194, Orkn. 118, Gr;ig. i. 186, ii. 73, passim. motu-iieyti, n. messmates-hip, Nj. 128, Edda 29, Grág. i. 186, u- 73- mata, ao, [matr], to feed another, as the nurse docs the sick and children; hann gclr ekki niatað sig, það verðr að mata liana, of a person who cannot even eat without assistance. II. reflex, matask, to eat, take food, take a jti-:al, Nj. 175, Ems. i. 35, Fb. ii. 273, Eg. 232, K. Þ. K. 136; spurði hví hann mataðisk svá seint, why he went on eating so slowly, Eb. 244. mat-annungr, in. a ' meat-earner, ' a person who earns his food, but gets no wages, Jb. 469; mod. matvinnungr. mat-björg, f. provision from hand to mouth, 0. II. 153. mat-blót, n. a ' meat-idol, ' an idol of dough, N. G. L. i. 383. mat-borð, n. a dressed table, a table at meal-time, Eg. 63, Bs. i. 669, O. H. 237, Fnis. vi. 195, viii. 51. mat-bráðr, adj. eager, gluttonous. mat-bræði, f. gluttony, Hom. 24. mat-búa, bjó, to dress, meat, cook, Ems. i. 9, vii. 288, Jb. 398, Bs. i. 593, Eb. 198, 266, Bret. 102, Stj. 165. mat-búð, f. the dressing of food. matbúðar-maðr, m. a cool-, Stj. 443, Fms. ii. 139. mat-búnaðr, m. = matbitð, Stj. 166, 280. mat-búr, n. a ' meat-bower, ' pantry, Bs. ii. 134. mat-eyrir, in. victuals, Ri'tt. 47. mat-fátt, n. adj. short of provisions, Sturl. ii. 43, Fs. 142. mat-friðr, m. time to eat in peace; eg hef ekki matfrið. mat-föng, n. pl. stores of food, Fms. ii. 99, Ü. H. í 27, Sks. 141, Bs. ii. 179. mat-gerð, f. cooking, matgerðar-maðr, m. a cook, Gþl. 99. mat-gjafi, a, m. a meat-giver, bread-giver, Fms. viii. 307. mat-gjald, n. afíne paid in food, Grág. i. 451. mat-gjöf, f. a gift in food (to the poor), Grág. i. 296, 443. mat-goggr, m. a ' ?neat-beak, ' nickname of a beggar. mat-góðr, adj. liberal as to food, Sæm. 38. mat-hákr, m. a glutton. mat-heill, adj. [North. E. meat-hale] , sound so as to be able to eat, Sturl. i. 20. mat-kassi, a, m. a meat-safe, Stj. 154. mat-kaup, n. purchase of victuals, Orkn. 344, Fms. vii. 78, viii. 367. mat-ketill, m. a meat-settle, Fms. ix. 422. mat-krákr, m. a meat-crow, glutton, a nickname, Sturl. iii. 51. mat-land, n.: gott, Hit in., a productive or unproductive district, Fins, vii. 78. mat-langr, adj.; matlanga stund, such a time as it fakes to eat one's meal, Ann. í 294; cp. drykklangr. mat-laun, n. pl. a fee for board, Grág. i. 147. matlauna-maðr, m. =matannungr, Gþl. 260. mat-launi, a, m. = matlaunamaðr, Grág. ii. 43. mat-lauss, adj. without food, Eb. 266, Ld. 200, Gísl. 57, Fms. ii. 97. mat-leiði, a, in. a loathing of food, 677. 3. mat-leysa, n. lack of food. Fms. vi. 325, xi. 288, K. þ. K. 130. mat-lífi, n. board, fare, Fms. viii. 435. mat-maðr, m. a great eater. mat-mangari, a, m. a ' meat-monger, 'provision-dealer, N. G. L. ii. 246. mat-mál, n. meal-time, Grúg. i. 261, Nj. 1971 Sd. 144; milli niatrnula, between two meals, Bs. i. 108; litil er líðandi stund, long matmáls stund, Hkr. i. 154 (a saying) :-- a meal. Fms. vii. 160. mat-móðir, f. ' meat-mother, ' used of a mistress with respect to her servants and household, cp. Engl. bread-giver. mat-níðingr, in. a ' meat-nithing, ' one who starves his people, Sæm, 38, Fas. ii. 133. (*• MATR, m., gen. matar, dat. mat; with article matinum, Grág. i. 4- (mod. matnuin); plur. matir; it is twice or thrice in Fb. spelt mat with a long vowel, with which cp. the rhyme ma t a uppsuVr, Hallfred, -- mata (gen. pl.) viggjar uppsatr = a pantry (the explanation given in Lex. Poët. and hence in Fs. 214, seems erroneous); for the long vowel cp. also Ormul. tnete (not metté), Engl. meat: [Ulf. mats = /Spwais; A. S. mete; Engl. meat; O. H. G. maz; Swed. mat; Dan. mad~] :-- meat, food; malar ok váða er manni þörf, Hrn. 3; malar góðr, ' good of meat, ' hospitable, 38; bjóða e-m mat, (ïrn. 2; morgin-döggvar þau súr at mat hafa, Vþm. 45, Skin. 27; þá var matr fram settr, Fbr. 21 new Ed.; bera mat á borð, to put meat on the board, Nj. 50; þú skall slela þaðan mat á tvá hesta, 74; bera mat i stofu, eplir pal setti hón borð ok bar þar á mat, ... viljum ver vist gefa yðr mal... síðan gengu þeir undir borð ok signdu mat sinn, ... átu gestir mat sinn, Eb. 266, 268; Gunnarr vissi slíks inatar þar ekki van, Nj. 75; þenna apian enn sama mælli Bergþóra lil hjóna sinna, mi skulu þór kjósa yðr mat í kveld, þvíat þenna aplan mun ek bera sícast mat fyri hjón mín ..., þykki mér blóð eitt allt borðil ok matrinn, 197; hann var kall- aðr hinn inildi ok inn matar-ílli, ... hann svelti menu at mat, Fms. i. i; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, x. 378; bciða malar, Grág. i. 47; þóat hinn haldi matinum, id.; þá stóð Glámr. upp snemma ok kallaði til matar sins, ... vii ek hafa mat minn en engar refjar, Grett. in; þar hefi ek minimi mat orðil fegnasir þá er ek náða honum, 126; el mat þinn, troll, Fas. iii. 178, 179: allit., matr ok mungát, meat and drink, Fb. iii. 578. Fb. i. 563; hann átti fjölda barna, hafði hann varla mat í inunn sér, be had hardly any meat in his month, he was well-nigh starved, Bs. i. 193; menu sá ek pa er móður höfðu, lútið mat í munn, Sol.: eiga inaiungi mat; mod. eiga ekki nialuiigi malar, to have no food for one's next meal, be very poor, Hm. 66: the saying, matr tr mannsins megin, 'meat is man's main;' biðja súr matar hvert mal, 36; þurr matr, dry meat; þurr matr, þat er gras ok aklin, K. Jj. K. 78; hvitr matr, white meat -- milk, cheese from the dairy, passim; elds nr&lr, food for fire, fuel; spúna-matr, spoon- meat, opp. to ut-matr = dry meat. II. in plur. stores of food, provisions; tveggja mánaða mnli, Gþl. 99; tveggja niánaða matir mjöls, N. G. L. 1. 172; tólf múnaðar mati, 346, B. K. passim. COMPDS: matar-afgangr, in. leavings from the table or of food, K. J?. K. 47. matar-afli, a, m. fare, provisions, Fs. 146. matar-ast, f. ' meat- love' cupboard love; hafa m. a e-m, to have ' meat-love' for a person, to love him for his table's sake. matar-ból, n., a Norse law phrase, referring to the taxation of an estate, thus, hundrað, sextigi ... mánaða inatarbúl, an estate of a hundred, sixty ... months' food, Fms. x. 153, N. G. L., D. N., B. K. passim. matar-bur, n. a 'meat-bower, ' pantry, whence abbreviated biir (q. v.), Sturl. i. 355. matar-fýst, f. appetite, 4. 21. matar-ioug, n. pl. ~ matföng, Ísl. ii. 465. matar- görð, f. d a iry work, cooking, etc., Glúm. . 367, Gþl. 102. matar-íllr, adi. meat-stingy, of a bad master who starves his household, Fms. i. I. matar-kaup, n. = niatkaup, Fms. viii. 3:3, v. 1. matar-lauss, adj. meatless, without food, Fb. i. 131. matar-lyst, f. appetite. matar- neyzla, u, f. the taking food, Sks. 434. matar-skamtr, in. a portion. matar-verð, n. board wages, Gbl. 513. matar-verðr, in. a meal, Bs. i. 122. matar-vætt, f. a weight (measure) of victuals, Sturl. ii. 60. matar-œði, n. diet. mat-ráð, n. pl. ' meat-rule, ' the husbandry of food, dispensing food lo the household, the duty of the mistress in olden times, Bs. i. 139, see Nj. ch. 128. mat-reiða, u, f. the making food 'ready' dressing food, doing dairy and pantry work and the like; pat er ekki karla at annask um matrciðu, Nj. 75, Fs. 73, Grág. i. 45Q, Fas. ii. 76. mat-reiða, d, = matlma. mat-reki, a, in. ajetsum of victuals (fishes, whales), Vm. 141. mat-seld, f. = m:itrciða, Eb. 266. mat-selja, u, f. a laundress, Lv. 36, Nj. 59, Eg. 759) Eb. 92. mat-sinkr, adj. stingy of food, Band. 38 new Ed. mat-sjóði, a, in. a cook, Nj. (in a verse). mat-skapr, in. victuals, food, Vm. 164. mat-skál, f. a meat boivl, Bs. i. 703. mat-skápr, m. a meat drawer, pantry. mat-skortr, in. lack of food, Krúk. 66. mat-skreið, f. dried fish for food, U. K. ii. 98. mat-sparr, adj. -- matsinkr, Sd. 152, Fs. 146. mat-sveinn, in. a meat-boy, cook, esp. on board a ship, Fs. 150, Eb. 192, þiðr. 127, Fms. x. 129. mat-svín, n. ' meat-hog, ' the beggar's scrip, Skiða R. 20. mat-Sæll, adj. meat-lucky. Band. 38 new Kd. mat-vandr, ^. fastidious, difficult to please as to one's food. mat-vendni, f. fastidiousness as to lood. mat-vinnungr, m. = matannungr; hann er ekki m. mat-vist, f. food, fare, Sks. 189. mat-vísi, f. gluttony, Hom. 24. mat-víss, adj. ' meat-scenting, ' greedy, term of abuse, Hallfred. mat-vælar, f. pl. petty larceny of food, Pare. 44 (Ed., rendering of Fi - larencin, see foot-note); hinu þykki mér líkara at þat só matvælar þeim

M AT VÆNN -- MÁL. 115

er bar hokra at þjóna því, Miriu. 70. 2. mat-væli, n. pl., metaph. means of subsistence, stores of food, Fas. iii. 412, and so in mod. usage; matvæli þegar þverra fara, þau kenna Guði sultar stúr, Bb. I. 7. mat-vænn, adj. good for food, Bs. ii. 134. mat-þroti, a, in. a lack of food, Gþl. no. mauk, u. a jelly, meat or the like cooked into a thick gruel-like mess. MAULA, að, to munch food, mumble; roðgúl harðan maula, Snót. maull, m. a muncher (V), a nickname, Fms. x. 54. maur-ildi, n. [Dan. morild] , a light from itisecis, decomposed matter, esp. in the sea; old form inauru-cldr, q. v. MAURR K, m. [Dan. myre; Swed. myra; Gr. (jtvpfirj^ ', Serb, mraw^: -- -- an ant; my ok maura, Eluc. 62; ciun lítül niaðkr er maurr heitir, Sks. 50: in plur., metaph. money-bags, in a contemptuous sense. COMPDS: maura-haugr, m. an ant-mound; sem þér í maura mornit haugi, Fas. i. 436 (in a verse). maura-púki, a, m. a money-poke, of a person. mauru-eldr, m., qs. maura-eldr, = maurildi; her er liking milli mauru- elds ok náttúruligs loga, Skálda 197. maxi, a, in. a nickname, Fms. ix. 28. MÁ, pres. mái; pret. múði; part, múðr; [the word seems to be iden- tical with A. S. maivan, Engl. mow, Scot, maty, O. H. G. mahan, Germ. mähen; but if so, that sense has been lost] :-- to blot out, wear out, by rubbing or the like; mask þeir af lífs-bók ok ritask eigi með réttlátum, Hom. 36; at hans nafn maisk af sínu húsi, Sti. 4:6; nú er nafn þitt á lifandi manna bók skráð ok mun þat aldrcgi af nuiaz (sic), 208; brauð myglað ok máð í gögnum, 367; eigi vitu vér nær hann vill þenna flekk má af virðingu sinni, Þorst. Stang. 51; at'má lýti, H. E. i. 514; þá má þú mik af þeirri bók er þii skrifaðir, Sîj. 313; and so freq. in mod. usage, það er máð, blotted ont, faint (cp. Germ, matt] , of writing. 2. to wear, make blunt from use, of tools; var Ijár hans niáðr upp í smiðreim, Kb. i. 522; klokka máisk af optligum hringingum, Eluc. 147 (Ed.); máðar af iyrnsku, Lil. 94; meiðs kvistu má, to tear, Gin. 34. II. metaph. to bint out, destroy; má af or af-ma, at hann drepi þá ok mui þá af jörðunni, Stj. 312; Dróttinn hefir eytt ok af múð jörðunni alla þína úvini, 472; at hann hefir látið drepa ok má af jörðnnni, 492; reiðin af niúr réttsy'ni manna, Bs. i. 103; hann mar svá af ok minnkar þeirra styrk á marga vega, Stj. 436; cyddr ok af nmftr, Ems. ii. 238. má, n. a bud (?); pálm-kvistir með fagri nsefr ok nyju mái, Bs. ii. 16. Máfa-hlíð, Máf-hlíðingar, see múr. mág-kona, n, f. a sister-, mother-, daughter-in-law, Fnis. x. 94, Stj. 197: of a mother-in-law, Grág. i. 305. MÁGR, m. [Ulf. niêgs^-ya/j. fipí. s; Scot, mac; O. H. G. mac; Dan. maag^: -- a brother-, father-, son-in-law, etc.; hón bauð til sin frændurn sinuni ok niagurn, s he bade her kinsmen and mugar (brothers- and sons-in-law), Landn. 117; vi'l Rútr görask inágr binn (son-in-law] ok kaupa dúttur þína, Nj. ^, as also í si. (1. 250, Eg. 37; cp. the saying, eigi ma göra tvá mága at einni dóttur, Fas. iii. 59: ironically, Nj. 94, N. G. L. i. 358: of a falher-in-law, Laban niag sinn, Stj. 172; Davíð tók konung- dóm eptir Sál mág sinn, Rb. 382: in plur., skilmáli þeirra mága (father- in-law and son-in-laui], Stj. J72i Fms. ix. 496; of brothers-in-law, en er þeir iiiugar finnask, 0. 11. 90; Olafr magr, 166. COMPDS: mags-efni, n. a future son-in-law, Stj. 122, Ann. 1309. mága-stoð, n. strength, help derived from one's magar, Glúm. 334. mág-semd, f. affinity, Grág. 1. 33, Nj. iso, Fms. iii. 45, vi. I73, vii. i33. MÁL, n., old pl. nidól, 673. 47, Greg.; [Ulf. maþl = -- áyopá; llel. mabal = speech, meeting; Dun. maal; from the old Teut. mapl or mahal was formed the mid. Lat. mallum -- parliament, public meeting (Du Cange), and mallum again was in Norman-French rendered by parlia- ment^ A. Speech, faculty of speech; mál heitir orð ..., Edda no; þau hafa ekki mil, they are dumb, Fms. i. 97, Fs. i. 250; þröngdi svá sóttar-fari konungs at hann misti mulsins, x. 148; þeir hafa eigi maims rödd no mal, Rb. 348; þeir hafa gauð ivrir mál, 346; mál, heyrn, sjón, Edda 6. II. speech as spoken, lan- guage, tongue; Nornent mal, the Norse tongue, Fms. vii. 165; Girskt mal, Greg. 75! í ináli þeirra, til vars mals, in our tongue; í hverju máli, Skaida 161, 168; í voru mali, 163, 166, 167, 169; í nialinu, *05; kynnask v;irt mal at rúða þat er á Norrænu er ritað, Bs. i. 59; nema mál á Danska tungu, Grág.; rita at Norræuu niiili, Hkr. (pref.); þeir skildu eigi hans mal, þá mælti kvinnan á Norrænu, Fs. 136. 2. speech, speaking; hvárt er Flosi svá nær at hann megi heyra mál mitt, Nj. 36, 200; ver eigi nser honum en mál nemi, Fms. iv. 18; en skáldskapr var honum svá tiltækr, at hann mælti af tungu fram sem annat mál, 374; engi var svá vitr at snjallara mal inundi fram bera, vii. 158; snjallr í máli ok talaðr vel. ix. 535; skilr þú nokkut ht'r- manna mál, Fas. ii. 512; en er hann lauk sírni máli, Ld. 106, 130, Ib. 12; ok fara svá öllu mali um sem hann hafi áðr ekki uni mælt, Grág. i. 40; ef hann kveðr svá at ok hafði í máli sinu, ' heilt ráð ok heimolt, ' en eigi ella, 317; kveðr iarl þings ok mælti þeim málum á þinginu at Hákon jarl skyldi heita vargr í véum, Fms. xi. 40; tína fyrir mér oil þau mál ok athæfi er hafa þarf fyrir konnngi, Sks. 301. 3. speak- ing one to another, colloquy; vera á máli, to deliberate, converse, Vtkv., I; hann kom opt ú mál við konung, Eg. 106; engi þorði at krefja hann máls, 601; Jxirdis gékk til máls við Egil frænda sinn, 765; þegar er þeir fundu menu at máli, Fms. i. 204; ef þeir vildu hafa hans mal, 241; síðan hættu þau málinu, Nj. 10; hann leitaði þá múls um við Ásgerði hverju þat gegndi, Eg. /O3! Qk spyrja hana máls hvar til þessi svör skulu koma, Hkr. i. 77; þat var karl ok kerling, mælti hann mál af þeim ok spurði, Fas. iii. 525; höfðu menn at mali (people noticed, of something extraordinary), at..., Fms. vii. 301; allir menn höfðu 4 máli, er Ölaf sá, hversu fríðr maðr hann var, Ld. 88; bera mikit mál a, Fms. x. 93; þat var mál manna, people said that; or, þat er mal manna, people say, Nj. 268, Eg. 29, Fms. vii. 150. 4. a tale, narrative; mi er þat til máls at taka (of resuming the narrative after an episode), to take up the story again, Ld. 314, Nj. 16, 29, 135, 148, 196; er fyrr var getið í þessu máli, Fms. xi. 41; þar hef ek upp þat múl, Eg. 735. 5. a saw; þat er fornt mal (V is an old saw] , at bisna skal at betr verði, Fms. x. 261, Glúm. 344; á líti þeir mál in fornu, l oo k tothe old wise sayings, Sighvat (forn-maeli, q. v.) 6. gramm. diction, con- struction of sentences; mál ok hættir, Edda 49; ef þat mál (figure of speech) er upp er tekit haldi of alla visu-lengd, 123; breyta háttum með máli einu, to vary the verses with the sentences, Edda 124 (for speci- mens see lit. 9-23); tvau mál, two sentences; fullt mál, a full period; her ly'kr máli, lúka heiln mali, a sentence closes; annat ok þriðja visu-orð er SLT um mál, ok er þat stál kallat, of the intercalary sentences in poetry, Edda 125; þeir kölluðu at hann hafði eigi rétt ort at mali, Fms. v. 709; samhljúðendr megu ekki mál eðr atkvæði göra einir við sik, Skálcia; her er m;íl fullt í hverju vísu-orði, Edda; Skáldskapar-mál, poetical diction, id.; bragar-mal, id., 124. 7- null is the name of old songs containing old saws or sentences, such as the Háva-mál; as also of poems in a dialogue (mál); all such poems were in a peculiar metre called mála-háttr, which is opposed to the epic kviðu-háttr, thus, Grimnis-mal, Vafþrúðnis-mál, Alvís-mál, Hamðis-mál, Hákonar-mál, Eiriks-múl; in some instances the name has been applied erroneously, e. g. Atla-ma!; the Rigs-mal is a name given in modern times, the old name was Rígs-þula. B. As a law phrase, with the notion of public speaking, action, or the like: 1. a suit, action, cause; hefja mal á hendr e-m, Fms. vii. 130; hafa mál á hönduni, Grág. i. 38; sókn skal fyrr fara fram hvers múls en vorn, nema þat sé allt eitt, ok sé þat annars máls sókn er annars er vörn, 59; Njáll nefndi vátta ok sagði únýtt málit, Nj. 36; ekki á Bjarkeyjar-rettr á því máli at standa, Fms. vii. 130; þeir veittu Gizuri hvita at hverju mali, Nj. 86; báru þeir kvið um mál Otkels, 87; færa mál fram at dómi, Grág, i. 135; sækja mál, to prosecute, Nj. 86, 99; ssekja mal liigliga ok rettliga, Fms. vii. 133; Gunnarr sótti málit þar til er hann bauð til varna, Nj. 36; en um tólf múnuðr stendr þeirra mál, the case stands over for twelve months, Grág. i. 143; sækja mál á þingi, Nj. 36; færa vörn fyrir mál, 87; mál kemr í dóm, Glúm. 365; höfða mál, to institute a suit, Grág. i. 142; búa mál, to prepare a suit, of the preliminaries, Glúm. 365, passim; leggja mál undir e-n (as umpire), Nj. 105; hafa sitt mal, to get one's verdict, win the suit, passim; vera borinn mali, to be cas t, convicted, N. G. L. i. 122: to be beaten, get the worst, passim: vígs-inúl, legorðs-mál, fó-mál, etc. 2. an indictment, charge; þá eru þeir varðir máli ef þeir fá þann bjargkvið, Grág. i. 54; ok versk hann þá málinu, 317; at upp skyldi vera rannsókn en þau ór malinu ef hann hittisk eigi þar, Ld. 44; ek vii svara því máli, / w ill answer that charge, Nj. 99; ok bað Sigurð Hranason svara þar málum fyrir sik, Fms. vii. 130; á hann kost at láta varða skúggang eða görtæki, ef hann vili til hins meira múls færa ok skal hann stctha ok láta varða skóggang, Grúg. i. 430; hann spurði alla cna beztu menn, hvert mal þeim þætti Gunnarr eiga á þeim riöfnum fyrir fjorráðin, Nj. 105; leynd mál, hidden charges, Grág. i. 362. 3. procedure, order; at alþingis-máli róttu ok allshcrjar-lögum, Nj. 87: pleading, enda er svá sem þeir mæli eigi þeim mjjlurn nema þeir vinni eiða at. Grág. ii. 342. 4. stipulation, agreement; mul meginlig, Vsp.; bregða máli, Grág. i. 148; ok skilja þeir eigi þat mál gorr, en sva, 13^; nema þau vili annat mál í'i göra, 336; en ek skal lauss allra mala ef hann kemr eigi svá út, Ísl. ii. 217; skulu þeirra manna mal standask, Grág. i. 296: engagement, ok vitja málanna fyrir hönd okkra beggja, Fms. xi. 104. 5. transactions; en hvert sem at þessurn ináluin var setið lengr cða skemr, Ld. 22. G. a case; lá ek þá í vöggu er þær skyldu tala um mitt mal, Fas. i. 340; mal hans stendr í miklum haska, Mar.; en þó skaltu svá urn þitt mál hugsa, ... at þ;'i inunt þú skamt eiga lilifat, Nj. 85; at hvúrir-tveggju hafi nakkvat sins mals, Jb. 12; þat er mál Sigurðar konungs at mæla til Inga konungs, Fms. vii. 221; festi járnburð, at svá skyldi sauna mál hans, 230; honum eirir ilia ef hann hefir eigi sitt mål, fsl. ii. 237; þá skal s;i þeirra hafa sitt mul er eið vill at vinna, Grág. i. 393; Jjórólfr bað Ölvi byrja mal sitt við konung, Eg. 62; at vit fáim rett af bessu mali, 40; flytja mal sitt, Ld. 180; muntú mcir verða at trua til málanna þinna allra, Fms. xi. 104; allir er eiðsvarar erut við þetta mál, Nj. 192; eiga síðan allt mitt mal undir yðr fóstbncðrum, Fas. ii. 532; þetta mál var við Jórunni rætt, Ld. 22; þykki mér mi vandast málit, Nj. 4; svá er mál með vexti, the c a s e is / his, Lv. 43, Fas. iii. 59;

41C MÄLSAFGLÖPUN -- MÄÍÆNÜK.

var þat annat in., another ajfair, Nj. 256; ekki tru þau efni í um várt nu'il, Ld. 76; konungr átti dúin á þeirra máli, id.; ber hann upp fyrir bróður sinn málit, hann berr upp málit ok biðr Unnar, ok undra ek er þii ferr I með því máli, Fas. i. 364; Austmaðrinn heldr nii ú niálinu við bótida, | Nj. 259; ef þér vilit göra málit at áülurn, 3; svar;i þessu niiili, P'ms.: vii. 124; miðla null, to media's, íb. 12; inni slærri mala, in important \ cases, Nj. 2. 7. special phrases, e-t skiptir miklu, litln ... múli, j to bear much or little upon a ca:-e, to lie of great (small . . .) importance, Eg. ! 742, 0. II. 31, passim: skipîir þá ei. si mali, Gnig. i. 43; varða máli,; id.; ef houuin þætti máii varöa at haim LSCOI því, Rd. 2^0: þ\i kvaddir ' þess kviðar er eigi atti mali at skipta um víg Auðúlfs, îvbo bad no concern with the flaying of A., Nj. 87. C. COMPOS, niáls- and mála-: máls-afglöpun, f. a false or collusive action, whereby the suit is lost, Gr;ig. i. 494. máls-bót, f. an excuse, ex- culpation, Fms. vii. 207; esp. in pltir., ha fa SI. T c-3 til inúlsbóta, to use as an excuse. mála-eí'ni, n. pl. a cause, its circmns'ances and nature, Nj. i 47, Huv. 51; ill miilaemi, a bad case, Fs. 41. 138, 0. H. 150, Hand. 12. j máls-endi, a, m., see málsemd. mál. s-eyrendi, n. a discourse, Sturl. i. 140. mála-ferli, n. pl. lawf. ui's, litigation, Fs. 47, Eg. 644, Nj. 78, Sturl. i. 105, F;er. 109. mala-ftutnmgr, m. the conduct of a suit, Hrafn. 17. mála-fylgjumaðr (mála-fylgismaðr), in. a lawyer; mikill in., a great taker up of suits, Nj. I, Bs. i. 82. mdls-fylling, f. the conclusion of a case, Fb. iii. 451. máls-grein, f. a sentence, Skálda 174, iSj, Bs. i. 753 (a passage in a letter): a phrase, Sti. 79, Edda 4*;; partr ma-Isgrcinar -- pars orationis, Skúlda 180: diction, style, Edda 120. mála-háttr, m. [mal, hiittr1. a kind of metre, Edda 142, where a specimen is given. mals-h. at. tr, in. a phrase, Stj. 67, 126: -- -nmlsgrein, Skálda 170: a proverb, saying, Fnis. ii. 33, Fas. iii. 104, Sti. 133, passim. málshátia-safn, n. a collection of proverbs. mála-lilutr or mals-hlutr or -hluti, a, in. one side of a case or Í. 24ÍÍ; eiga cnn þyngra múiahlut, Ísl. ii. 172; þá ferr ilia in. várr (our case), Lv. 95: a share, mnn sú verða in. vurr be/. tr, Nj. 88; mi kann vera, at ek kunna ekki at si;'i mi'ilahlnt til liaiula im'-r, en vilja numda ek halda sænui ininni, Sturl. i. 10;. mála-kosta, u, f. a complaint, pleading in a case, Sturl. i. 613, H. K. i. 457. mála-leitan, f. a negotiation, the mooting a question, Eg. 521, Kb. 130, Fin. -,, vii. 299, Orku. 56. mála-lenging, f. useless prolongation. mála-lok, n. pl. the end of a case, conclusion, Fb. 106, Ni. 102, Bs. i. 68. mála- lyktir, f. pl. = mulalok, Kb. 24, 36, Nj. 88, Fms. vii. 14. máls- löstr, m. bad grammar, SkáJda iSi. mála-maðr, in. -- = mahifylgiu- inaðr, Dropl. 6, Ld. 298, Boil. 354. mala-mannligt, n. adi. like, worthy of a málamaðr, Bs. i. 751. máls-metandi, part., in. niaðr, o person of mark. mála-mynd, f.; til mulamyndar, only for appearance, not seriously. máls-orð, n. a word in a sentence, Edda 124, 126, 128. máls-partr, in. a part of speech, Skálda 185: a part in a sui, ', mod. máls-rödd, f. -- : malromr, Stj. Si. mála-skil, n. pl. knowledge of proceeding. Sturl. iii. 10. mála-skot, n. an appeal in a case, K. Á. 2 í 8. mála-sóku, i". a lawsuit, prose- cution, Nj. 248. máls-spell, n. a flaw in a suit, Nj. 170, Fms. x. 12. mála-sönnun, f. evidence, M:ir. mála-tilbúniiigr or mála-til- búnaðr, m. the preparation of a suit, Gn'ig. i. 490, Kb. 282, Nj. 36, ioo. mála-tilleitan, f. -- mulaleitan, þ.;rð. 67. mála-vöxtr, in. the state of a case, Fms. vi. 11, Al. 113, Bs. i. 67, Nj. 79. málü- þörf, f. a ivisb to speak, Fms. vi. 374. MÁL, n. [Ulf. mêl = GREEK A. S. mâl; F. ng!. meal; Germ. mahl; Dan. and Swed. maal, mâl - a mark'] :-- -a measure: hann imclli i grundvöll undir lnis, þat var þeirra útninaör ef malit gengi sanian, Þa er optarr væri reynt, at þess inanns ráð niundi saman gansja, el' nial- I vondrinn þyrri, en þróask ef hann vissi til mikillciks, gékk mi nuilit saman ok var prein sinmnii reynt, Konn. 8; iinim a!na er hiltt ma! hans, Fms. vi. 929; gang a undir mul, to undergo a múl (for measuring one's height); bat sögðu menu at þeir hefði jafnmiklir menu verit, Jn'i er þeir gengu undir múl, Ld. í 78; leggja, bera inál viö, to measure; hann lagði mil við (ill in stærstu tn', 216; með þvs sama máli sein þrr mælit lit inuii yðr verða aptr nr. tlt, Mar.; bar hón niál á, ok þurfti þá þrjár úlnar ok þver höud, Bs. ii. 168; knnna maga niál, to know the measure of one's stomach, Ilm. 20. 2. a length of sixteen fathoms, D. N. (Fr.) B. Temp. [Ulf. mcl = y^puvos, tempos] , a 'meal, ' of time, i. e. a certain portion of time: I. tiwe, hi ij h time; skipverjuni þótti null or liafi, Landn. 206: with infin., Vsp. 14, Hm. ill, Skin. 10, Bm. I; monnum væri mál at lysa sökum sinum, Nj. 149; at mal væri at ganga at sofa, Fms. ii. 138; mælti biskup at mul væri at sofa, 139; sagði inál at ríða, Orkn. 48: adding a dat., nial er mér at ríða, Hkv. 2. 47: ok er nial at vit farini, Fær. 255; mu! er at leila at hestuin varum, Konn. 182; ok er allt mul at æîtvíg þessi takisk af, Ld. 258; ok er mi mal at hastta, Fms. vi. 212: e-m er nial (of stools) :-- í mál, in due time; boat í mál yrði borinn kviðrinn, Grág. i. 54. 2. the moment, nick of time (nial, q. v.); at hann var þar þá nótt, ok á því máli ..., of an alibi, N. G. L. i. 309. II. the meal-time, morning and evening, Edda 103; hence of cattle, missa - mills, to miss the time, sheep lost or astray for a day so that thcv cannot be milked, Grúg. ii. 230, 231; kvikfú-naðr missir máls, Snót'; hence nialnyta. fj. v.; deila mat at malum, to deal out meat at each meal, Grág. i. 149; í livert mal, Hm. 36; í eitt mal, for one single ' meal, ' Kr. rl. 347, Griig. i. 293; fæða þú í tvau mal, ii. 400; í bæði mál (see i 15, p. 317): at því nuili = Germ, diesmahl, Korrn. (in a verse); þat er ok mitt ráð þó þat so at fyrra nuili at menn snæði nokkut, Fb. ii. 676; þat viicla ek at þær æti at cinu nuili k)'r Húlfdanar bvóður niíns, Ó. H. 64; ef ættak at nuilungi mat, if í bad meat from meal to meal, Hm. 2. of the day marks; dag-ma! = day-meal = 9 o'clock A. M.; and nátt- mal, night-time =•- 9 o'clock P. M.; í fyrra máliô, to-morrow morning; eg skal koma í fyrra inálið. III. of the seasons of the year; í misseri cru nial tvau, í nuili eru má-nuðr þrir, Rb. 6; mál ok misseri, Hm.; sumar-mál, the time when summer sets in (middle of April), opp. to vetr-nælr, when winter se's in; hríð-mál. q. v. COMPDS: mála-matr, m. food every meal, N. G. L. i. 8. mála-mjólk, f. milk every meal, morning and evening, Yin. 73, H. K. ii. 107. máls-verðr, m. a ' meal's food, ' a meal. K. Á. 78, Fb. 36, las. i. MÁL, n. [Ulf. mfl -- ypafþT] and *fpafj. /j. a; He!, mâl =• imago, effigies; cp. also Goth, maljan -- -- ypatpeii', whence mod. Germ, mahlerci, mahlen, = pitigere'] :-- prop. ' a drawing, ' but it is used in old writers only of inlaid ornaments on spear's heads or on the hilts and guards of swords; görir Jsurgn'mr bar af spjót, mál vóru i, Gísl. 18; hann hafði krúka-spiót í lieiuli haugtekit ok allgóð mál í, Ld. 78; spjót, þá fann hann blóð í nii'ilunnm, Ghiin. 344; stál bjartra mála, Konn. I; gull-mál (q. v.), þiðr. IIO; stú]a-mú!, inlaid ivork of steel, lit. R. 33. For specimens of ' mál' see Worsaae, Nos. 325, 331; a plate with inlaid work on the outside and a Runic inscription on the inside was found in Oct. 1870 in the cairn Gieenmotmt in Ireland, and is described by Major-General Lefroy. CUMPDS: mála-járn, n. an iron (weapon) inlaid with mul, Fms. iii. 223, Fas. i. 414. mala-sax, n. an inlaid sax (sword), Fas. i. 514. mála-spjót, n. an inlaid spear, Gísl. 11. mála-steinn, m. = lyfsteinn (q. v.), Mag. i ft (vellum 580 13). mála, u, f. [mul = s/; eech], a female acquaintance, female friend; kona heitir mala biianda sins, Edda (Ht.) mála, ao, [from Germ, mahlen, Dan. male~\, to draw, paint, (mod.) málan, f. a depicting, (mod.) málari, a, m. a painter, (mod.); as also mál-verk, n. a picture. mál-bein, n. the ' talk-bone, ' one of the bones in the head, Ísl. þjóðs. ii. 547; ia'ia nii'ilbeinid ganga, to chatter glibly. mál-bók, 1. -- lesbók (q. v.), or a book with drawings (?), D. I. i. 256. mál-bót, f. an excuse; göra e-ð sér til mdlbótar. mál-dagi, a, m. a covenant, agreement; at því skal virða sern nuil- dagar vóru ineö þeim, (. îrág. i. 155; fá slikan stað ok maklaga þeim griðmiinnum, er áðr vóru ttkuir, sem þeir áttu sér mæltan, 154; inna niiiidaga, to fidjïl the agreements, ii. 267, 366; ek vii setja her til inal- daga með okkr, Fms. i. 261, Orkn. 52; eptir ruttum siðum ok ionium múldöguin, Fms. i. 257, v. 1.; göra máldaga við e-n, K. Jj. K. 56; sá nial- dagi a at haldask, id.; hann giirði þann máldaga of ft- sitt, of a bequest, Mar. 2. a written deed, chariulary, esp. of the rights, property, and inventories of churches, kirkju-maldagi; the old eccl. l. iw made it in- cumbent on the church-lord or churchwarden to put on parchment any gift or emolument made to the church by private donors; this deed (múldagi) might then for authorisation and publication be brought into parliament to be read in the Lögrétta or from the Law-hill. It had also to be read at home once a twelvemonth at church when there were many worshippers present, see K. jþ. K. 46 (ch. 10), K. Á. 190, Bs. i. 778. A specimen of suJi an original scroll with successive entries in different hand. í is the Reykjaholls-maldagi (. 'be deed of Reykholt, dating from the time of Snorri the historian). An interesting collection of the earliest rinildagar, all in the vernacular tongue, and very illustrative of the state oi the infant church of Iceland, has been published by Jún Sigurdsson in D. I. i, as also in H. K. passim. At a later date (i3th and 14th centuries) the bishops used to make collections for their diocese of all the special máldagar, entering them into one book, which was to be kept at the cathedral; for several such collections, bearing the names of the respec- tive bishops who collected them, see List of Authors (J. I). máldaga- bók, -skrá, f. a book, entry, o/maldagar; jarða-máldagi, a deed telling the landmarks etc. of a farm or estate. mál-deili, n., in the phrase, e-m er mákleili á e-u, to be of importance, Fms. vi. 379. mál-djarfr, zd). free-spoken, out-spoken, 0. H. 55, 59. mál-drykkja, n, f. ' meal-drink, ' a measure of drink served for each meal; meo sæmiligum kosti ok niúldrykkju annat-hvárt mjöð eðr mungát, Bs. i. 848; var pat bæði vetr ok sumar. at þar var m. at dög- urðar-borði, en at náttverði var limælt drukkit, (3. H. 29; muldrykkju- skálar, pint-cups, to measure out drink, Fms. iii. 191. mál-efni, n. the circumstance of a case; gott m., a just case, Rétt. 52, freq. in mod. usage. mál-eldr, m. a ' meal-fire, ' Nj. 15, Kb. 120, 276; see eldr II., málendr, part. pl. parties lo a suit or match; ok vxri jafnir mulendr,

MÁLFAll -- MÁLSNILLL 417

mundi þess eigi úhefnt, i/ we were equally matched, if the parts were equal, Njarð. 378. mál-fár, adj. ornamented with inul(q. v.), of a sword, Skm. 23, 8^. 3. 4. mál-feti, a, in. [nuil = measure~\, a pacer, of a horse, Fms. ii. 205 (in a verse), Edda (Gl.) mál-fimi, f. ease in speech, Bret. 148. mál-fimliga, adj. speaking with ease, Hom. mál-fimr, adj. light-spoken. Fms. iii. 8, v. l. mál-finni, f. = múlfimi, Leiðarv. 34. mál-framr, adj. out-spoken: superl. fcm. málfrömust, Fas. iii. 8. mál-friðr, m. an outward, nominal (not real) peace; þá var in. með þeim, Grett. 124, Bs. ii. 147. mál-fræði, f. the science of language, grammar, (mod.) mál-fræðingr, m. a pbilologer. mál-fundr, m. en intcrvitnv, Nj. 121, v. l. mál-fylling, f. 'sentence-filling, ' gramm. name for a particle or enclitic, Edda 121, (see Aarb. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 353 sqq.) mál-færi, n. speech, voice, as also style of a written speech. mál-færr, adj. able to apeak, O. H. L. 71. málga, að, to claim, Sks.; bér hafið málgat þá cign með rangyndum, D. N. i. 3; á-málga, q. v. mál-gögn, n. pl. the speech organs, Bs. i. 372, Lciðarv. 2. mál-haltr, adi. 'speech-halt, ' tongue-tied, Fbr. 90 new KJ. mál-helti, f. the being málhaltr, Hom. 14. mál-hreifr, better malrt-ifr, q. v. mál-hress, adj. 'speech-hale, ' well enough to speak, Eh. 240, Fms. x. 148 (of a sick person). mál-hætt, n. adj. dangerous; e-m er m., one's affairs are in danger, H. E. i, 249. MÁLI, a, m. a contract, terms, agreement ( = múJdagi): fá þeim (i. e. the servants) slíkan stað ok mála sem þar var er bóndi andaðisk, Grúg. i. 473; máli konu, a woman's share, dowry, Gþl. 256; handsala mala, ei bóndi vill eigi halda mala við leigumann sinn ..., en et leigu-maðr vill eigi halda mala bónda, 512, 513. II. a claim or title to an estate or property; liann átti mala á Myralandi, Bs. i. 658; cf hann á mala;'i jörðu, en ef eigi er máli tekinn, ... of maðr deyr ok hefir eigi innt mala sinn, N. G. L. i. 241: a title, claim, Grág. ii. 234; log-milli, leign- máli (q. v.), lands-máli, skil-máli, a stipulation. III. a soldier's pay, service for hire; ganga á mala, to take service as a soldier with a foreign prince, Nj. 121; gjalda mala, MS. 4. 32; Aðalstcinn konungr gaf mála þeim mönnum üllum er þat vildn hafa til féfangs sér, Eg. 264; þeir (the Norsemen) höfðu þar þrjú hundruð siniia manna, þeirra er mála túku af konungi, 266; gékk hann þar á mála með sína sveit, Fms. vi. 134; til livers skal ek honum lcngr þjúna er ek fær eigi mala minn falslausan, ... fáit Halldóri mála sinn skíran, 245; hann (the king) var kallaðr hinn mildi ok hinn matar-ílli, þvíat hann gaf í mála möntmm sínum jafnmikla gull-penninga sem aðrir konungar silfr-penninga, en hann svelti menu at mat, i. I; Erlingr gaf þar mála með Magnúsi konungi, vii. 309; en er kom átti dagr Jóla, þá var monnum geiinn máli, þat silfr var kallat Haralds-slátta, þat var meiri hluti koparr, en er Halldórr tók malann ..., vi. 243. COMPDS: mála-gjöf and mála- gipt, f. pay for military service, Fms. v. 278, vi. 242, viii. 154, ix. 482, Orkn. 376. mála-gjöld, n. pl. payment of wages; ek á at greiða m. i dag griðkonum vórum, Valla L. 203: in the phrase, fá makleg mala- gjöld, to get the wages due, to be paid in full (in a bad sense): also in sing, of military pay, fyrir fórnsk niálagjöldin af konungi... ok er ein- dagi kom mala gjaldsins, Fb. ii. í 23. mála-gull, n. gold in payment of máli, Fms. vi. 160. mála-jörð, f. = málaland, Gþl. 309, Js. 97. mála- kona, u, f. a woman who has a title or properly of her oivn, D. N. ii. 232. mála-land, n. an estate burdened with a right of pre-emp- tion, Grág. ii. 239. mala-lauss, a. d] , free from right q/"uigmuli, of an estate, Grág. ii. 240. mála-maðrr in. a man who receives pay, a soldier, Sks. 249, 257, Fms. xi. 185. mála-mundi, a, m. stipula- tion, Grág. i. 150. mála-silfr, m., cp. malaguli, Fms. vi. 243. máli, a, m. a friend, acquaintance, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pout. máligr, adj., in old writers contr. before a vowel, malgir, nialgan, but mod. málugan, etc. :-- talkative, communicative, ok sem hann var;iðr m. varð hann þügull, Karl. 338; minnigr ok m., Hm. 102; hann (the boy) var brátt m. ok orðvíss, Eg. 147; verit eigi malgir í kirkju, be not talkative in church, Hoin. (St.); en vt;r munum mi þess iðrask er vér várum of málgir, too rash in speaking, Hrafn. 9; þat er rétt at kennimenn görisk nu'tlgir (that they speak out) um þürf þeirra manna er þeir skulu varðveita, Hom. 35. 2. loquacious, chattering, in a bad sense, and so in mod. usage; konungr svarar heldr styggt, verþú svá m. sem þú vill en lút mik ná at þegja fyrir per, Fms. vii. 119; þeir vóru malgir mjök því at þeir vóru úvitrir, Nj. 15; þeir görask dauða-druknir ... málgir mjök ok kátir, Fms. xi. 109; druknir af miði, þeir vóru múlgir, viii. 81 :-- as a nickname, þórhalla in mtilga, Tb. the chatterbox, Ld. mál-kerald, n. a liquid measure; tvau málkeröld lysis, Vm. 172. mál-krókar, in. pl. pettifoggery, sophistry, Barl. 143, Clem. 59, Mar. 1028, Clar. mál-kunnigr, adj. knowing one another to speak to, acquainted, Fms. ii. 71, 0. H. 55, Fms. iv. 174. mál-kunnr, adj. = mulkunnigr, O. H. 74, Ld. 90, Fms. vi. 378. -máll, adj. -spoken; in compds, glap-máll, hjá-máll, ein-máll. mál-laki, a, in. a defect, of the speech organs; var mikill in. ú rúði hennar, hón hafði ekki nial, ok var með því alin, Fb. i. 250. mál-latr, adj. slovenly in speaking; hón var ekki til mullet (she luas a gossip) ok sagði þeim til mart, Bjarn. 60, Mork. 38. mál-lauss, adj. speechless, of a sick person: dumb, daufr ok m., Ld. 34, Stj. 261, Fb. i. 251, ii. 382, MS. 625, 85. mál-leysa, u, f. a sentence which has no meaning; það er m., ' ti s no sense, of bad grammar or the like: of bad rhyme, groin skömm ... hromm skömm, þat væri jafnhútt, en hitt er in., Fms. vi. 38-6. mál-leysi, n., medic, dumbness, Fél. mál-leysingi, a, in. a dumb, speechless person: as also in the allit. phrase, menu ok mállcysingar, both men and dumb creatures. mál-lýzka, u, f. idiom, language; nemdu allar mallyzkur, en þó enn allra helzt Látínu ok Völsku, Sks. 23 B; kalla þeir þann malm rau5a eptir mully/'ku sinni, 162. málmari, a, m. marble, • -- -marmari (q. v.), Stj. 5, 75. MÁLMR, m. (prop, malmr); [Ulf. malma -- afipos; A. S. meahn, mealm-slân = sandstone; Ilel. melm -- pidvis; from mala = to grind; cp. Germ, zer-malmen] :-- originally sand, as in the Goth, and A. S., but only remaining in local names, as Málm-haiigar -- Malmö in Sweden. II. metal, Sks. 14, 162, Fms. v. 343, 344, x. 284, Kb. 318. Stj. 45, 508, Bs. i. 134, passim in old and mod. usage; HI the earliest poets chiefly of gold, höfgan malm, the heavy metal, gold, Sighvat; skirr malmr, the bright metal. Akv.; malma ier^ir, a gold giver, a prince, Lex. Poiit.; Gníta heiðar-m., gold, Edda; Rinar rauð-in., the red metal of the Rhine, gold, Bin.: of iron, weapons (i), par er malmar brustu, Hallfred; Gota-m., the ore of the Goths, armour, Fas. i. 439 (in a verse); Húnlenzkr m., armour, ïveapons (?), HornkloH; Vala-m., Welsh or foreign ore, treasures, Fas. iii. (in a verse): the battle is málma-skúr, -galdr, -hjaldr; as also malm-flaug, -dynr, -hríð, -regn, -róg, -þing, -þrima, == a clash of weapons: málm-gautr, -Óðinn, -rjóðr, -runnr, = n warrior, see Lex. Poët. COMPDS: málm-hlið, n. a brasen gate, Sks. 631. malm-logi, a, m. a magical flame over bidden treasures, Maurer's Volks., cp. vafur-logi. malm- pottr, m. a brasen cauldron, Bs. i. 804. málm-æðr, f. a vein of ore, Stj. 45. mál-nyta, u, f. [~mal = ti wz e], milch lane; ef hann er-at landeigandi ok heir-at malnytu, Grág. i. 158; ef maðr lætr niólka málnytu annars manns visvitandi, ii. 309; at málnytu verði hagfátt, Fms. vi. 103; reka mál- nytn sína, K. -þ. K. 82. málnytu-kúgildi, -kýr, -kýrlag, n. milcb cattle, Jb. 360, II. K. i. 395, 494. mál-nytr, adj. yielding milk; málnytr smali, Grág. i. ijjS, 476. mál-óði, adj. jabbering in bad or violent language, O. H. 115, Eg. 338, 01k. 34, Boll. 336/Grett. 91. mál-reið, f. a rumour come abroad; var þat á m. kornit, Hom. 115. mál-reifr, adi. talkative, cheerful, Ld. 320. mál-reitinn and mál-rœtinn, adj. talkative, open; Egill var við hann m., Eg. 573; kútr ok nialrotinn, O. II. 70; var konungr við hann mál- rotinn ok spurði tíðenda af island!, 55; malrdOtimi í kyrrð, ok blíðmæltr, Hkr. iii. 179 ! málrcitinn. Fms. iv. 165, vi. 438. mál-róf, n. big talk, Skálda 164; þit ertit menu grunnsseir, ok meir gefit nu'drof (málhróf Ed.) en vitsmunir, Bjarn. 39. málrófs-maðr, in. a glib talker, Skálda 164. mál-rómr, m. the ring of the voice; eg þekki hann á tnálrómnum. mál-rúm, n. room for speaking, time for speaking, Skv. 3. 68. mál-rúnir, f. pl. 'speech-runes, ' as. opp. to spell-runes, the alphabet; þessi er upphaf alira hatta sem malninar eru fyrir öðruni ninum, Edda 121 :-- a spell enabling or^e to speak, Gkv. I. 23, Sdm. 12. mál-ræða, u, f. conversation, Kb. ii. 386. mál-ræðinn, adj. = múlrætinn, Kb. ii. 85. mál-rætinn, adj. = mú. lreitinn (q. v.), O. H. 55, 7O- þi5r. 174. mál-semd, f. language; jþórði likaði ilia hennar malscmdir, Bjarn. 68; iinnask ini'innum orð nin lið þeirra ok um málsemd (speech, eloquence) þorgríms ok um skorungskap hans, Gísl. 93, (málsenda, q. v., II, I. e.) máls-endi, a, ni. = malseind, Gísl. II, Grág. ii. 147, Stj. 241; allir Guðs málsendar, id. málsendir, f. pl. = málsemd, Bs. i. 721: conversation, hann leitaði þeirra málsenda er hann vætti at konungi mundi bczt þykkja, O. H. 167; hón leitar inarga vega inalscnda við hana, Kas. i. 192. mál-skálp, n. loquacity, Grett. (in a verse). mál-skipti, n. pl. business, transactions, Fms. ii. 37, xi. 282, Stj. 579: importance (= maldeili), Magn. 444, Band. 35 new Ed. mál-skjóla, u, f. a bucket holding a certain measure, Hom. (St.) mál-snild, f. eloquence, oratory, Clem. 33, MS. 623. 30, Edda 17, Skálda 199, Fms. ii. 242. malsnildar-list, f. rhetoric, Skálda 192. mál-snilli, f. =nu'ilsnild, Sturl. iii. 197, Sks. 92, Bs. i. 82.

418 MÄLSNJALLR -- MÄTTIGR.

mál-snjallr, adj. eloquent, Nj. 229, Fms. i. 31, vii. 233, Rórn. 324. mál-spakr, adj. wise-spoken, Fms. i. 190: a nickname, Fb. iii. mál-speki, f. = málspekt, Sks. 308. mál-spekt, f. wisdom in speech, 625. 176. mál-staðr, m. a case, point of a question; mikill m. er þetta (it is a grave case) sem þú vekr upp, Fas. i. 77; hann sctr þvert nei fyrir múl- stadinn, segja hana Ijnga ..., Karl. 552; boat ér finnit á því sauna málstaði, Hom. (St.): in mod. usage, eiga góðan, íllan múlstað, to have a good, bad cause. mál-stafr, in. a letter of the alphabet; rúnar heita múlstafir. Runes that are letters, Skúlda 163 (Thorodd): a consonant, opp. to hljúðstafr, a vowel, Skillda 170, 172 (the second grammarian). mál-stefna, u, f. a parley, council, conference, Orkn. 52, O. II. 43, Sks. •374; vera á tali ok malstefnu. Fms. i. 52; a mulstefnu ok ráðagörðum, vii. 282. mál-stofa, u, f. a ' speech-hall, ' meeting hall, public hall, e?p. in houses of men of rank, of a king's hall, Fms. vi. 280, 281, ix. 476, Eg. 95; cp. par var mikil stofa er konungr;'itti í hirðstefnur, múlstcfnur, ok sættar-stefnnr, (). H. 43: of lagmau Thorgny, 66: of a bishop, Bs. i. 869, Munk. 40, D. N. iv. 54, 117: of a convent, Dipl. iii. 10. In mod. usage the Engl. House of Parliament is often rendered by malstofa. mál-svefn, in. 'meal-sleep, ' due sleep, Sturl. iii. 197. mál-sönnun, f. evidence, argument, reason, Greg. 43. mál-tak, n. diction; hvert in. er haft til skáldskapar? Edda 49: a phrase, her eru ok onruir multok pau er ti! múls skal t;ika, 127; lciðir í því oröi m. af fyrra visu-helmingi, the last word from the preceding verse. 131: a phrase, saying, Pass. 8. 12. mál-timbr, n. boarding of timber, N. G. L. iii. -219. mál-tíð, f. [Germ, mnhlzeit; Dan. maaltid~\, ' meal-tide, ' a meal, Fms. ix. 520, xi. 444, Bs. i. 848, 867, 909. máltíðar-stuTid, f. me a l- time, Bs. i. 884. mál-tól, n. pl. the organs of speech, Gcisli 19. mál-tregi, a, ni. grief, sorrow, Fas. i. 197. mál-tryggja, ð, to make sure, N. G. L. i. 211. mál-tæki, n. a phrase, = nu'iltak. málugliga, adv. in a chattering manner, Stj. 16. málugr, see máügr. málu-nautr, m. a ' speech-mate, ' friend, Haustl. málungi, [from m;'il -- a meal, and the suffixed gi, see -gi C, p. 199, col. 2]: in the phrase, eiga m. mat, to live from hand to -mouth, Hm.; cp. mod. eiga ekki m. inatar, to starve. mál-vina, u, f. a female friend, Skulda (in a verse). mál-vinr, m. a friend, acquaintance, MS. 4. 6, Vígl. (in a verse), Gs. 8, Gkv. i. 20, Km. 20. mál-vitnir, m. a sword, Edda (Gl.) mál-vöndr, in. a measuring wand, yard measure, Korm. 8. mál-þing, n. an interview, Fas. ii. (in a verse). mál-þjónn, m. the servant of speech = the tongue, Ad. 24. mál-þurfi, adj. wanting to speak, Sturl. i. 154. mál-þýðr, adj. affable, 655 xx. B. 3. mál-þörf, f. = málsþörf, Fms. vi. 374. mál-æði, n. much talking. MÁNI, a. in. [Ulf. mvna; A. S. môna; Engl. m oo n; O. H. G. ninno; Dan. maane; Swed. mane; in Germ, the primitive word has been replaced by the derivative ' mond, ' which properly means a moon-period, month] :-- the moon; the word, however, is scarcely used in prose, old or mod., but is poetical or can only be used in certain phrases, tor tungl is the common word, Vsp. 5, Aim. 14, 15, Hm. 138, Vþrn. 22, Anal. 177 • skarðr muni, the crescent moon, Vkv. 6: mythol. the Moon (Muni) was brother to the Sun (Sol), and both were the children of the giant Mundil- fiiri (a name evidently referring to the rotation of the heavens), Edda 7, Vþm. 23. For the legend of the two men in the moon with a bucket and pole on their shoulders see Edda 7, 220 (in a verse): urðar-múni, a weird moon, an apparition, Fb. 270: poet, phrases, mána rann, the moon's dwelling -- the sky, Skálda (in a verse); mana-vegr, the moon's way -- the sky, Haustl.; mana-fold, id.; mána-salr, Hkv. I: brá-máni, enni- mani, the brow moon = the eye, Ad.: a nickname, as also a pr. name, Landn. II. in local names, Mán-á, Mána-berg, Mána-íell, Mána-þúfa, Landn. COMPDS: Mána-dagr, m. Monday (now proncd. Manu-dagr), Orkn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 68, ix. 29, passim. Mána-nótt, f. Monday night. mána-skin, n. moonshine, Al. 174. MÁNUÐR, and mánaðr, m., mónoðr with umlaut, Ib. 376; gen. mánaðar, nom. acc. pl. múmiðr (like vetr); mod. múnuöir, acc. mámiði, which form occurs in vellums of the 151)1 century; thus, mánaði (acc. pl.), Bs. i. 825, 896; even niánuðu (acc. pl.), 837, Fb. i. 205: [from máni: cp. Ulf. mênops; A. S. mûncfå; Old Engl. moneth; Engl. month; O. H. G. mânod; Germ, monat; Dan. maaned; Swed. manad; Lat. menus-; Gr. [ii] v\ :-- a month; á mánaði, for a month, Hm. 73! inánuðr níu, Rm. 6, 18, 30, Hom. 127; mónoðr tólf þritög- náttar, Jb. 3/6; þrjá inánaðr þrjátigu nátta, K. Jj. K. 164, Fms. ix. 239; aðra tv;i mánoðr, Grág. ii. 261; tveir mánaðr, i. 420; sjau nuuiaðr, fimm mánaðr, ii. 393: tólf mánuðr, a twelvemonth, year; á hverjuin tólf niánuðum, every twelvemonth, Hom. 149; ok hann hefir tólf mánuðr at gjölduin eðr handsölum, Grúg. i. 196; halda þær tólf mánaðr þaðan frá er kona var fostnuð, 378; hvárt þat var af hinum tuttugustum tólf mánuðum, the twentieth year, Grett. 173 new Ed.; kaupa þeir nú ena saman um tólf mánuðr, Fb. ii. 124. The old heathen)'ear consisted of twelve months, each of thirty days, so that a pentad (fnnmt) added to that number made the year complete. For the names of the economical months see Edda 103 (gor-m., frer-m., hnit-ni., ein-m., sol-in., and sel-m., kornskurðar-m.); tví-iuánaðr (q. v.), the ' double month;' út-mánuðir, the last months of the winter (foorri, Gói, Ein-mi'muðr), það er koniift frani á út-múmiði; see also the Icel. Almanack, where the old months are still marked. Of the Julian Calendar we have Martius mánaðar, 623. 37, Rb. passim; but that computation never came into household use in Iceland, where the old calendar (of þorri, Gói, Ein-in., etc.) still prevails for all domestic aiîairs: astron., tungl-m., a lunar month; so!-m., a solar month. la popular usage, as elsewhere, a month often means /o;/ r weeks, and luilfr mánuðr, half a month = a for/night; halftun inánaði eptir mitt sumar, Nj. 4;;'i hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month, a fortnight, Fms. x. 411; á hiilfum múnaði, Grúg. i. 152. COMPHS: mánaðar-beit, f. a month's 'bait' or pasture, Dipl. v. 15. mánaðar-dagr, m. the day of /he (Julian) month, Ann. 1393. mánaðar-frest, n. a month's notice, Fas. iii. 649. mánaðar-mata, u, f., or -matr, m. a month's rate, a. Norse law term referring to the value of estates, an estate being valued at so and so many months' inata, see mata, N. G. L., B. K., D. N. passim, mánaða-ruót, u. pl. the time when one month ends and another begins; um múnaðar-rnótið, Fb. iii. 454, where sing. mánaðar-rekstr, m. for a month's pasture, Dipl. v. 28. mánaðar-ró, f. a month's rest, Jjorst. St. 55. mánaðar-stefna, u, f. a summons with a month's notice, Jb. 26 A. mánaðar-tal, n. a ' month's tale, ' computation of a month, Rb. 488. mánaðar-tívm, a, m. the space of a month. MÁR, m., gen. más, clat. inúvi or mail, pl. niavar; in mod. usage sounded in nom. erroneously niafr, gen. inafs; [A. S. meaw; Engl. mew; Germ, move; Dan. maage~\ :-- a sea-mew, gull (larus), Edda (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage; see also Lex. Pout., where the word freq. occurs; hvít-múfr, the common gull; grá-rnáfr, the grey gull, larus glaucus: in poetry the sea is máva-röst; má-grund, má-ferill, má-skeið, the land, road of the sea-mews, Lex. Poi'-t.: crows are ben-mar, blúð-nu'ir; the raven is Yggjar- inar, Odin's mew, and so on. II. as a pr. name, Landn.: in local names, Máfa-hlíð, whence Máf-hlíðingar, the men of M.; Máfhlíð- inga-vísur, the verses of the men of M., Edda (Ht.): más-ungi (proncd. máfs-ungi); also ma-skari (q. v.) -már, in., in the latter part of pr. names, Bjart-már, Hrcið-már, Gran- niur; it is derived from nixrr, famous, O. H. ü. miiri, and formed at a time when the umlaut had not as yet taken place. Máría (mod. Maria), u, f. Mary, in old writers sounded with an a, see old rhymes, e. g. Lilja, passim; and is still sounded so in Márí-atla (= Máríu-erhi), the wagtail, molacilla alba. Several flowers bear the Virgin Mary's name, Máríu-stakkr, m. the common lady's mantle, alchemilla vulgaris; Máríu-grös, n. pl. lichen nivalis; Máríu- vöndr, m. ^Marys-wand, ' the field gentian, gentiana campestris; Máríu-kjarnl, a, m. laver, fucus esculentus, see Maurer's Volks. 194, 195. Other COMPOS: Máríu-kirkja, n. Mary-church, Fms. Máríu- messa, see messa. Máríu-minni, n. a hymn to the Virgin Mary; ti! þess er borð vóru upptekin ok Máriuminni var sungit, Fms. x. 19. Máríu-Saga, u, f. the Virgin Mary's Sagn, Vm. 6. Máríu- skript, f. a tablet of the Virgin Mary, Dipl. i. 10, Vm. 6, 22, 27, 69, I'm. 14. Máríu-súð, f. the name of a ship, Fms. viii. 199. Máríu- vers, n. ' Mary's-verse ' -- the Ave Maria, Bs. i. 500. MÁSA, að, to heave or pant, Lat. anhelare. of a horse; nær vissuð þér svá heimskan hest | hann mundi fyrir sverja | nær hann fram knúinn másar mest | menu sen til sem htrja, Jón Jjorl. mási, a, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. 239, see preceding word. má-skari, a, m. a young sea-mew; skölióttan maim ok hvitan sem nu'iskara, Fms. xi. 155. mát, n. [meta], moderation, Pass. 30. 13. mát, n. check-mate, Vígl. 31, Fas. i. 443, Mag.: various kinds of mate are peð-mát, gleiðar-mát, fretsterts-mát, hróks-mút, heima-mát. máta, að, to check-mate, in chess. mátér, n. [for. word], a measure, Stj., H. E. i. 476. MÁTI, a, in. [Dan. maade; early Dan. mate; from meta] :-- manner, way; í engan máta, in no way, Vígl. 21; í þatm máta, thus, Bret. 108; í allan máta, in every ivay, Fs. 15. máta-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), see mátulegr. máttigr, adj., in old poets contr. before a vowei, and changing the g into k, múttkar, máttkan, múttkir; compar. máttkari, máttkastr, mod. máttugri, máttugastr; [Ulf. mahetieigs = Svva. TUs; Engl. mighty; Germ. muchtig'] :-- mighty; máttkar mcyjar, Gs. I; sá inn niattki munr, lim. 93; máttkan moldþinur, Vsp. 59; into nuittkom Kristi, Lex. Poët.; fjögur konunga-ríki hafa máttkust verit, Ver. 35 :-- able, mattugr af- spring at geta, Stj. 26: al-mattugr, almighty; ii-niattugr, weak; ú-mútt-

MATTE -- MEDAL. 419

igr, q. v. (p-43, col. 2), perhaps, however, these words are rather akin toUlf. atiamabtjan -- fiiafeiv, and thus to mean overbearing, and then = hideous, horrible, as an epithet of trolls and giants. MÁTTR, m., múttar, dat. mætti, pl. mættir; [Ulf. mabis -- Svvapis; A. S. meabt; Eagl. might; O. H. G. maht; Germ, machi; Dan. magt] : -- might, strength: allit., trúa á matt sinn ok megin, Fms. i. 35: er at þessu orðinn svá mikill m. (it has come to stick a pitch) at her eru við vafðir margir rikis-menn, Fms. xi. 264; ok allir mættir hræðask, 623. 26: i/a l/í e, Skáida 175, 176; var múr alls máttar (7 bad to use might and main) áðr ek kom henni upp, Fms. iii. 74. II. strength, health; ilia ertú leikinn, so ek at eigi er máttrinn mikill, Fb. ii. 388; jarl hafði fengit harða sótt ok kölluðu hættligan mátt hans, Fms. ix. 390; hann hetir mál sitt, en þó máttr sem minnstr, xi. IO2; lion spuröi hversu þá skyldi mætti maims komit vera er heita skal fyrir maiuii, Bs. i. 69; en þóat múttrinn þyrri mjök, 175; ek lá fyrr í sótt með litlum mastti oleaðr, no; síðan fur hann heim með litlum mætti, 144; er at leið mætti hans, when he began to sink, Fms. via. 258; hón svaraði reiðuliga ef nokkurr spurði at mætti hennar, Ld. 14; lión lciddi mjük at fréttir uni mátt Halldóru, Sturl. i. 200; cp. van-mattr, weakness. COMPDS: mátt-dreginn, part, weak, exhausted, Fær. 42, Fms. ii. 98. mátt- farinn, adj. faint, weak, Fms. ii. 270. mátt-lauss, adj. without strength, exhausted, Fbr. 160. mátt-leysi, n. weakness, lack of strength, debility, Fms. vii. 150. mátt-lítill, adj. of little strength, feeble, and of a sick person, exhausted, faint, Fms. i. 159, xi. 288, Eg. 567. máttu-liga, adv. mightily, immensely, Stj. 383, v. 1. máttu-ligr, adj. mighty, Th. 26: within one's power, hoaum er allt þat máttulegt er menninir megu eigi, N. G. L. iii. 242. mátu-ligr, adj. [niuti], meet, fitting, Stj. 55, 97; tneir en þér þykkir mátu'egt, Fb. ii. 196; sveigja slikt sem honum þótti mátulegt vera, Bs. i. 727; mátulegan (moderate) skatt, Fms. x. 113, v. 1.; sá er þetta rvim var matulegt, Fs. 5; n-niaUiliga, immensely, 383: fitting, of a suit, hann for í serkinn ok var hann honum m., Fms. iii. 180; mattulegt beisl, Gd. 34: meet, due, þaô er honum mátuligt, it serves him right. MEÐ, prep., also meðr, a form common in Stj. and in legendary writers, but not in the classical writers or in mod. speech or writing; [Ulf. meþ = ffvv and /J. fra; A. S. and Chaucer, wz id; it remains in Engl. only in 'mid-wife, ' qs. ' with-wife, ' cp. Icel. náveru-kona, nær-kona, y tirsetu-kona; Germ, mil; Dan. med; Gr. juera] :-- with, along with, a prep, with dat. and acc.; with dat. it lias the notion of coming or going in company, with acc. of bringing or fetching; thus, hann kom nieð honum, he came along with, in company with him; but hann kom með hann, he brought him wilh him. WITH DAT. With, along with, together with; jpórólfr var með konungi, Eg. 29; hann var þar með Otkatli, Nj. 73; hann kvaddi hann til t'erðar með sér, id.; hann stóð upp ok Kolskeggr með honum, 58; með honum var sá maðr Islcnzkr er..., !57; hann for litan með honum, Eg. 196: Unnr dóttir hans fúr með honum, Ld. 4; fara á (jail með hús- körlum, Korm. 10; vera með goða, i. e. to be in his jurisdiction, Gnig. i. 108; hón hafði á skipi með sér sextigi karla, (. e. with her, under her command, Landn. 109; brott með sér, Nj. 114, and in endless in- stances. II. denoting assistance, help, with; til unuáða með sér, Grúg. i. 5; leggja til með e-m, to help one by word or deed, Nj. 7: to give one advice, Fms. xi. 81; sj;'i á með e-m, to look after, help, Nj. 113; vita e-t með e-m, to be privy to, an accomplice in a thing, 136; bætti hann þat með mér, he mended it for me, Fms. vii. 158; fa menn með súr, i. e. t o. get followers, opp. to mot, Nj. í So. III. denoting instru- mentality, by, with; með öxi, Fms. vi. 6; veria sik með sverðum, með skjöldum, Nj. 272; með atgeirinum, 120; skip skarat með skjöldum, Ld. 78; falda sér með motri, 202, and passim; or eüiot., the prep, being understood, an instrumental dative, höggva sverði, leggia spjúti, taka höndum, stíga tótum, and in endless similar instances. IV. by, through, partly denoting means, partly accompaniment, by, through, with, using; með harðfengi ok kappi, Nj. 98; með mikilli snild, með fögrum orðum, Ld. 84; með hans rúði, 58; með ráði konnngs, Eg. 35; með löguni, með úlögum, Nj. 106, 234; með ráni, by violence, 5; með vegsemd, blíðu, Fms. x. 235; með íllyrðum, Nj. 128; með vits- munum m'mum, 262; með hlaupi, by running, Eg. 12; með (through) atgongu Gunnlaugs, Ísl. ü. 210; með váttum, Nj. 101; tneð einuin hug, with one mind, Edda 37; með gráti, Fms. x. 261; mcö glcði, 220; með reiði. Nj. 108: með hættu, Ld. 46; með sannyndum. /orx o o/ h, truly, O. H. 175; með sönnu, ~/brsoo. ' h, Fms. vii. 158, Ld. 76; með sama haUti, in the same way, Nj. 272; með þessum huctti, Fms. x. 220; með nokk- uru móti, Ld. 164: also freq. ellipt., tnæla fögrum orðum, þegja þunnu hljóði, Hm., passim. V. including, inclusively; hundrað manna með nábúum Njáls, Nj. 208; ok eru þá tólf menn, ór fjórðungi hverjum með þeim, including themselves, Grúg. i. 72: sjau vetr ok tuttugu með þeiin enum fyrsta, including the first, Fms. x. 410; fimmtán menn með þcim fimiii, er ..., Nj. 206; þar var vinátta mikil með frændsemi, /)" ií7! d- fhip as well as kin, Ísl. ii. 209; nótt með degi, both night and day, N. G. L. i, passim :-- ok þat með (therewith), at..., Nj. t;; þá, veil ek mesta orrostu-menn, ok bat með, at þeir hafa vúpn svá góð, at ..., 44; bann dag, ok nóttina með, aw d the night too, Barl. 207; sagði hann þetta meðr, he said this too, added this, Stj. 130. VI. with, among, between, amidst; með þeim bræðrum, Fms. vii. 240; samðisk með þeim feðgum, Ísl. ii. 210; dró seint saman með þeim, Fb. ii. 259; þar varð üla með þeim, Nj. 39; var fúlt um með þeim bræðrum nokkura hríð, 2; þar skilr með þeim, there they parted, GretU 75 new Ed.; þat var siðr mtð kaupmönnum, Eg. 265; með möiiaum, among men, Ls. 46; eigi er þó kosta-munr með ykkr Njáli, Nj. 52; meö þeim Iiigjakli, Ld. 44; skipta, deila með e-m, to share among, Eg. 311; deila víg með verum, Ls. 22, Hbl. 25; þeir skiptu ríki með sér, Fms. i. 108; þreyta e-t með sér, to fight it out among themselves, Nj. 31; cf engi væri túlkr með kaupmöanuin, Ld. 76; var deila mikil með sonum hans, Eg. 367; var með þeim eu kærsta vinátta, 2 :-- fara (to travel) með nkunnurn þjóðum, Edda 21; sizt ek með íólkum for, Gin. 48; koina með e-m, to c cwz e among, Vþm. 30, 39; er með horskurn kemr, Hm. 19, 63; maðr er með morgum kenir, 62; er með snotrum sitr, 5, 23; þótt hann með gromum glami, 30. VII. denoting inward quality, with, in; svá heiir hann nútturu inikla með stir, Nj. 44; ullum sem lifs-andi er meðr, Stj.; fiesta hluti hefir hann þá með sér, er pryða máttu góðan höfðingja, Fms. x. 535; hann hafði alla þá, hluti með sér er konung pry'ðir, xi. 217; svá er mál með vexti, so shapen, Lv. 43; liniaðr vel nieð höaduin ok fótum, Ld. 20. 2. skip með gyltum höfðum, Fms. x. 2; drcginn á leo með gulli, Ld. 78; hross nieð söðlurn, a horse with the saddle on, Nj. 253; skip með reiða, Eg. 35; klæði með mörgum lituin, 517; með sínum lit hverr, Fas. i. 316; vera úti með sólsctrum, i. e. to be out (of a shepherd) with sunset, Lv. 43. VIII. along, following, of direction, with an adverb, denoting the direction; upp með, ofan með, train með, norðr með, út með, inn nicð; ofan nieð á, Lv. 43; upp með ánni, Nj. 253; upp með Rangú, 74; suðr nieð landi, Fms. '• 3^i 'i- 3: með endilüngu landi, ix. 33; hann gengr incð reykinum, Nj. jS; með sjónuni, Bs. ii-5; með haíinu, along the sea, on the horizon, Fms. xi. 136; áin var leyst með löndum, Boll. 358; með eggju, Ilkv. Hjiirv. 9. 2. raeð stiifnum, ~/ r o7w stem to stern, all along the ship, Bs. i. 16 (see kveyfa); var þá hroðit með stüfnum skipit, Grett. 81; með cndum, from one end to another, Fagrsk. (in a verse): fara nieð húsum, to go from house to house, begging, Grúg. i. 192; biðja matar ieð bæjum, Fas. ii. 271. IX. adverbial usages; með öllu, altogether, quite, Ld. 4; með öllu skjótt, all of a sudden, Fms. x. 136; með því at, in case that, Ld. 44; með því at ek falla, in case í fall, Fms. vii. 274; en með því at yðr líki þetta, x. 261: as, because, in consequence of, en með því at menn vóru hraustir, þá komask þeir yfir ana, Ld. 46, passim: hér-með, herewith, farther; þar-með, therewith, id., Skíða R. II. X. with verbs; ganga með barni, to go ivith child; ganga með e-n, to confess; taka með, to accept; inæla með, to speak for, recommend; fara með, to treat, go with; gefa meo, to give a fee of alimentation; leggjask með, to lie with; eiga barn með konu, to have a child in wedlock, and so on; see the verbs. WITH ACC. With, with the notion of bearing, bringing, carrying, treating, conducting; fara með vápn, to fare, go, carrying a weapon, Fms. vii. 240; hann for suðr aptr með miklar vingjafir, id.; þeir fóru apîr með skip þat, er, Eg. 29; með lið sitt, 11; kom með horn fullt, 213; gékk at borðinn með handlaugar, Nj. 52; ganga út með dómendr sína, Grúg. i. 37; fara brotí með föt sin, 300; með þessa menn, Fas. i. 333; þeir hljópu ú brott með konur þeirra, lausafó ok bútinn, Landn. 35; hann for til Islands með konu sína ok börn, 205; ef hann leitaði vestan um haf með her sinn, Fms. i. 26; fara með her á hendr e-m, 120; mjöðdrekkn er hann for með, Eg. 240; at þeir skyldu fara meö sveit sina, 74; skip þat er hann for með, id.; et ek mætta með þik koinask, Sturl. ii. loo; farina með erfðiaa, Nj. 7. 2. metaph., fara með sök, mál, etc., to conduct, manage a case, Nj. 86; fara af hljóði með þessa ráða-g'irð, 103; beir fóru með þann hug, to carry that mind, intention, 99; með vútta, with witnesses; nieð eið, on oath, Grág. i. 20, 243 (but incð vi'ittuni, Nj. 101): með liver skil, by what way of proceed- ing, id.: með engi lögskil, in no lawful manner, 296; bat varð með atburð, by accident, Fms. ii. 172: in regard to, u-afskiptina með nuila-ferli, Lv. 73, (rare.) II. with, among; kom með frúð regin, Vþm. 26; ú-snotr maðr er með aldir kó'mr, Hni. 21; sízt Hákon fór með beiðin gob, went among, took up his abode amongst the heathen gods, Hkm. 26. III. with an ordinal number; með tólfta mann, -with twelve men, including oneself, Eg. 180; aieð tíunda mann, Ld. 140; með fnnmta maun, Ísl. ii. 266. IV. with verbs; tala með e-n, to speak with, Stj. 151, (Dan. tale med en); gora með e-n, to do, 143; lifa meðr brauð, to live on bread, 146; fæðask meðr mold, to live on earth, 37; eiga með e-t, to posses?. V. denoting materials, of; altaris-klæði með pell, Vm. 153; Máríu-skript nicð tuna, 22; kross með silfr, D. N.; kaðall görr með liar, kirkja með stein, of stone, id.; pilárr meðr kopar, Stj. joi. 2. til alls hagleiks með malm, Fms. xi. 427; hún samdi sik með örvar ok boga, Fas. i. 531; þeir grófu hana með fagran fli'ir, Skíða R. 200. MEÐAL, adv. with gen., and á meðal, í meðal :-- among, between; á

420 MEÐALAUKI -- MEGA.

meðal vár, or vár á meðal, among us; á meðal okkar (dual), Bkv. 19; hann settisk niðr á meðal þeirra, Nj. 48; sat þá þorgerðr meðal brúða, 51; meðal þín ok annarra, 85; meðal Hafrafells ok Króksfjarðar-múla, Gullþ. 3; sumir verða scndir landa meðal, from one land to another, Sks. 54; á meðal anna, Grág. ii. 261; å meðal enna tveggia siimu samhljóða, á meðal enna likustu greina, Skulda 162: ellipt., mal oil er meðaí fóru, Vsp. 30; fannsk þat ekki í tali at þar hefði missætti verit í meðal, Nj. 48; þá gékk Njáll í meðal, N. interceded as peacemaker, 105. II. metaph., at harm vili nenia litla skynsemd heldr enn önga þá er á meðal verðr ennar meiri (= meða! anna ?), i. e. when there is a little leisure from graver matters, Skálda 169 (Thorodd); þat er áðr stendr á meðal ykkar má!s, whatsoever i s unsettled between you, Fms. xi. 21. 33. In a great many compds, denoting what is intermediate, between, in the middle, the average; or ironically, not over-much, middling; or, lastly, with a negative in the reverse sense, see the following: I. meðal- auki, a, in. (mod. milligjöf), what is given in the bargain, Ld. 146, Lv. 43. meðal-dagr, m. a day between, Stj. -280: a holy day of second degree, Hom. 142; thus the sixth, the seventh, and from the ninth to | the twelfth day of Yule were the middle days, in Easter the second and third day, N. G. L. ii, 358, K. Þ. K. 98: the days between the two spring tides at the first and the last quarter of the moon are called meðaldagar, Rb. 444. Meðal-fell, n. Middle-fell, a local name. Meðal- fells-strönd, f., a local name. Meðalfells-strendingar, m. pl. the men of M., Landn., Sturl. meðal-ferð, f. intercession, Orkn. 270. meðalferðar-maðr, m. an intercessor, Stj. 243. meðal-för, f. = meðalferð, Sturl. ii. 141. meðal-ganga, u, f. intercession, Lv. 71, Sturl. iii. 136: coming between, in a bad sense. Fms. ix. 428, v. 1.: intervention between parties fighting, Glúm. 382. meðal-gangi, a, m. an inter- cessor, Mar. 196, Vídal. meðalgöngu-maðr, m. an intercessor, Th. 24, Finnb. 312. meðal-lieimr, in. the middle world, the air, between the sky and the earth, poët., Edda (Gl.) meðal-h. óf, n. the right meed and measure; in the saying, vandratað er meðalhófið. meðal- kafli, a, m. the 'middle-piece, ' the haft of a sword between the two hjalt (q. v.), Eg. 378, 379, Fms. i. i. 5, iv. 38, Sturl. iii. 283. Meðal-land, n. a land lying beliveen two other lands: a local name, Landn. 267, Nj., in the south-east of Icel. meðal-orpning, f., gramm. an interjection, Skálda 180. meðal-pallr, in. the middle benches in the liigruUa, Nj. 190. II. average, of extent, quality, in a great many COMPDS: meðal-hestr, -hross, -kýr, -naut, -sauðr, -œr, etc., an average horse, cow, sheep, etc., Grág. i. 504, Jb. 346. meðal-ár, -sumar, -vetr, an average year, summer, winter, B. K. 20, Grág. ii. 326. meðal-lagi, adv., see below, meðal-maðr, in. an average man, in height, strength, or the like, Fms. vii. 101, 239. meðal-spakr, adj. middling-wise, of average intelligence, Hm. meðal-tal, n. an average number; in the phrase, at meðaltali, in the average. III. with a preceding negation, emphasising a word of abuse, as nocommon scoundrel, i. e. a great scoundrel or the like; ekki meðal-atferðarleysi, no common sloven- ness, Fs. 32: eigi meðal-farbauti, no middling destroyer, Fms. xi. 146: eigi meðal-fjándi, nomiddling fiend, ii. 74: ekki meðal-fól, i. e. no slight fool, Gísl. 139: þat ætla ek at þú sér eigi meðal-karl vándr, Band. 26 new Ed.: eigi meðal-klækisrnenn, Ísl. ii. 71: eigi meðal-mann-níðingr, a great nithing, Fær. 216: eigi meðal-níðingr, id., Eb. 230: eigi meðal-orða- skvak, Fxt. 219: eigi meðal-skræfa, a great coward, Fms. vi. 34: eigi meðal-skömm, a great disgrace, Fs. 37: eigi meðal-snápr, Eb. 242: eigi meðal-úspektarmaðr, Rd. 259: eigi meðal-úvinr, Finnb. 242: eigi meðal-vesalingr, |îórð. 52: eigi meðal-þraeli, Eg. /14 :-- rarely in a good sense, þat er ekki meðal-sæmd, ' ti s no common honour, it is a great honour, Kb. ii. meðal, n., pl. meðöl, [Germ, mittel; Dan. middel'] , means, medicine. meðal-lag, n. an equal share; at meðallagi, in equal s hare s, Grág. ii. 261; mitt skap er ekki betra en til meðallags, my temper is not better than the average, þiðr. 319; þat var með enu betra meðallagi, a good average, Fs. 3; ekki stærri en í góðu meðallagi, /H ll y average heigh!, Bárð. 175. II. middling', i. e. not very, not over well; meðallagi er þér þat ráðligt, ' ti s not very advisable for thee, Fms. ii. 14; vitr kona ok meðallagi vinsæl, Fb. i. 250; segir múr þó í meðallagi hugr um, Fs. 47; í meðal- lagi er oss fallit, 34, 87; var hón óðináli ok m. vitr, Ísl. ii. 318; skipti vár hafa verit sum góð en sum til meðallags, our dealings have been some good, some only middling, Fms. ix. 508, v. 1.; Jjorvarðr var vitr maðr ok þá garnall, meðallagi gúðgjarn, not too benevolent, Glúm. 376. MEÐAN, adv., and á-meðan, whilst; meðan missætti var þeirra í milli, Fms. vi. 27; meðan um sök þá er dr-int, Grág. i. 78; meðan Högni lifði, Am. 67; meðan okkat fjöi liS", Skm. 20; meðan old lifir, Vsp. 16; er ser á lof ok vit m. lifir, Hm. 9; meðan þú lifir, í 21; meðan hann væri útan, Nj. 4; meðan ek em í brautu, 40; meðan í önd hixti, Am. 39; helzk hann í vináttu við konung meðan hann lifði, O. II. 12; ok hélzk þeirra vingan meðan þeir lifðu báðir, Bs. i. 24; enda er rett at beiða dóms út meðan eigi er upp sagt misseris-tal, Grág. ii. 93 :-- with subj., meðan þeir lifði báðir, Fms. vi. 27; friðr skyldi haldask meðan nokkurr þeirra væri á lífi, 28. 2. a s long as (all along), whilst, in this case a relative pronoun (er, es, at) is understood -- meðan er or meðan's, whence the mod. Dan. medens, in mod. usage meðan að; this particle is, however, left out, and the sentence is elliptical; but in mod. usage Icel. say, meðan að eg er í burtu, whilst í am away, Dan medens jeg er borte. II. in the meantime; ok verðr sú dvöl at hann myndi fara meðan ördrag eða lengra, Grág. ii. no; þegi herr ineðan ! Eb. (in a verse); hlyði mór meðan, listen to me the while i. e. whilst í say my song, Lciðarv. 5; jarl hafði alla skatta þá, er Dana- konungr átti, meðan til kostnað. ir, Ö. H. 12. með-aumkan, f. compassion, Vidal. passim, meðaumkunar-samr adi. compassionate, Fas. iii. 644. með-ferð, f. management; vandhæfi mun þúr þykkja á meðferðinni Korm. 82; góðr meðftrðar, easy to manage, Landn. 94, v. 1.; til með- ferðar, to manage, Fms. i. 256; veita e-m e-t til meðferðar, to give it into one's keeping, Dipl. v. 24; þau kúgildi sem hann reiknaði í sinni meðferð, which he had in his keeping, iii. 13; hafa siik at meðferð, t o have a case to manage, Grág. ii. 41; var konungi þá kunnigt hverja m. ek hafða, how í did behave, Eg. 65, Barl. 90, 105; hafa meðferðar, t o have about oneself, in one's keeping, Mar., Bs. i. 715, 866. með-ferði, n. = meðferð, Th. 77, Karl. 216; hafa meðferðis = hafa meðfcrðar. með-færi, n. in phrases such as, kylfuna þó hón sé ekki fimligt m., the club, though it be not handy to carry, Fas. iii. 449; það er ekki mitt m., ' tis beyond my strength. með-för, f. -- meðferð, Landn. 94, Hom. 108, Grág. i. 165, 166, 443, Nj. 87. 2. in the phrase ' skógar-gang varðar meðförin sem verkinn' meðför means the spreading, carrying abroad of a libellous song; cp. fara (A. III. 4. /3). með-ganga, gckk, to confess, (mod.) með-ganga, u, f., in meðgöngu-tími, a, m. the time of'going with child: með-gangr, m. siding with, helping, Fms. ii. 210 :-- prosperity. með-gjöf, f. a fee paid for alimentation, = fulga, q. v. með-hald, n. favour, partiality. með-hjálp, f. a helpmate. með-hjálpari, a, m. the helping clerk in church. meðja, u, f. a kind of head-gear, Edda (Gl.) ii. 494. með-kenna, d, to confess, Sks. 615: með-kenning, f. confession. með-læti, n. prosperity, good luck, Fas. iii. 594, passim in mod. usage; opp. to mótlæti. með-mæli, n. the speaking a good word for one. með-reið, f. a riding with another person. meðreiðar-maðr, m. an attendant on a traveller on horseback. með-taka, tók, to receive, accept. með-taka, u, f. reception, meðtöku-maðr, m. o receiver, Bs. i. 882. með-tekt, f. = meðtaka, Bs. ii. 119. með-tækiligr, adj. acceptable, Mar. með-vitund, f. sense, consciousness. mefingr, i. e. mæ-fingr, adj. slim-fingered, Hom.; see mjór. MEGA, pres. in a pret. form má, matt, ma; plur. megum, megut, megu, later and mod. megit, mega; pret. mátti; subj. pres. megi, pret. mætti; part, matt; with suff. má'k = má ek, Og. 33; mætta'k = mætta ek, þkv. 3; mátti'i = mátt-þú, passim: with neg. suff. pres. 1st pers. má'k-a, 7 cannot, Stor. 18; mt'i'k-at ck, Am. 12; má'k-a'k, 52; má'kk- at-ek, Hallfred (Fs. 107): pret. matti'g-a'k, / co?/ ld not, Og. 32: [Ulf. magan = ovvaaOai; A. S. magan; Engl. ?n ay, might; Germ, mbgen; Dan. maae. ~\ B. To have strength to do, avail; sva at vér mættim ekki, sothai we availed not, Am. 17; mega betr, to be the stronger, Karl. 423; allt má þó nauðigr skyldi, a saying, i. e. necessity is a great schoolmaster, Sturl. iii. 255; eigi megu þær minna, they are not less powerful, Edda 13; hverr er sá Guð, eða hvat má hann? 2: with dat., mega við e-m, to be able to withstand one; hann mun ekki mega einn við mörgum, Art. 22; ekki ma við marginum, none can withstand the many, Fms. xi. 278; mega sér, var hoauni haldit til vinnu pegar er hann niátti sér nokkut, a s soo n a s he grew strong, had any strength, Bs. i. 35; skulu mikit þín orð mega við mik, thy words shall go for much, Nj. 175; jafnmikit mega niu momentur ok tólf, Rb. 458. 2. of health, like Lat. valere; mega vc] , to be well; mega ilia, litt, to be poorly, and so on; Komtú í Hitardal? segir Sturla -- Já, sagði ferðamaðr -- Hversu nu'itti |x)rleifr? -- Vel mátti hann, ok því var betr, at hann mátti vel, Sturl. i. 89; Hallr spurði, hversu þær mætti, -- Harðla vel megum vit, Fms. ii. 201; hann var spurðr hversu hann mætti, -- Má ek harða ilia, vi. 237; hann spyrr at Sigvalda, honum er sagt, at hann mátti lítið, xi. 102; hann spurði hversu hann mætti, -- Eigi ma ek mi vel, sagði hann, Bs. 1. 182 :-- -to do for one, m;'i yðr þat er yfir inargan gengr, it will do for one, what all others must bear, Eb. 168. II. followed by an infinitive, to be able; matt þú sjá hana ef þú vill, tboit canst see her if thou wilt, Nj. 3; þóttusk menu eigi mega leita hans, Kg. 230; at hann inætti fá sæmd sína, Fms. vi. 398; allt þat hann má miðla, Grág. i. 250; fé ináttu þeir ekki bjarga, Nj. 267; hann mátti ekki mæla, Band. 14; sá einn hlutr var svá, at Njáli tell svá nær, at hann jimmi aldri úklükvandi um tala, Nj. 171; þaðan sem þú matt vel eta,

MEGAN -- MEIÐA. 4. 21

75; litlar sögur megu ganga frá hesti nu'inim, 90; fa maettim ver betr; landtöku, id.; í öllu er pryða má góðan hüfðingja, Fms. x. 230; dyrr þæi er ganga mátti upp í húsit, Eg. 421; svá at hann mátti kvcda um morg- uninn, id.; ma vera, it may be, Nj. 75: hvat megi! as adverb, hvat mcgi ti! vita ! nema þér vilit bíða vár her, may be ye will wait here for us, Band. 40 new Ed.; hvat megi vinna okkruin astum ? Konnak; and so in counties; instances. 2. to be permitted, allowed; hann mátti aldri tala til Kjartans svá at þorkcll væri hiá, Ld. 232; halda niúttú þessu sxti þótt hón komi su'df til, Nj. 6; grant má göra hvárt er sygnt er eða heilagt, N. G. L. i. 349; kynfylgju spell, svá at hann má eigi (cannot) lag eiga við konu sína, þá megu þau (then they may) skiljast, H. E. i. 248; nú man eigi mega sitjanda hint í eiga, in that case one must not remain sitting, be inactive, a looker on, Nj. HO; hann kvað þat eigi mega (that would not do, not be lawful) er maðr var sekr orðinn, 117. 3. ellipt. . the verb göra or vera being understood; lemja man ek bogann, ef ek má (vi/. güra þat), Ems. x. 362; þat iná vel, sagði Oxurr. / may as well do so, 7 will, Nj. 6, Bad. 2, 4, 25: ef svá má (vi/, . vera), if so be, Gr;'ig. i. 411: the saying, ungr má en gamail skal, the young may, the old must (die); nálgastú mik cf þú niegir, if tbou canst, Gm.; þeir spurðu, hversu þat mætti, Fms. ix. 239; ok nut (it may be, perhaps), at hans menu fari á land, Fbr. 74 new Ed.; en þá, verðr eptir þat sern má, leave the rest to luck, Gullþ. 7 j 'err þat sern n\i\, fare. that as it may, go that as it may, Nj. 38; en bat niætti (vi/. . vera) at vér vikim þá skanimt inn at k-ginu, Ems. vii. 361; nu'i ok, at suinir. se vin- hollir nokkut, ix. 331; må, at hana hendi eigi slik ngipta í anuat sinn, Nj. 23; ma, at ek leiti þagat vináttu. Ems. vi. 399: the ellipt. mættim (hafa), ix. 239 (lines 17, 18), is a mere slip. III. part, megandi, avail- ing, mighty, strong; athafnarlauss ok ekki megandi, listless ami of no avail, Fms. iii. í 54; fylldi hann þat licit, er hann var megandi maðr, as soon as he grew to be a man of might, Bs. i. 791; litt megandi, ' of little main, ' feeble, helpless, Vsp. 17; it-niegandi, poor, destitute; cp. u-magi. megan, f. a doing; vel-megan, well-doing, wealth. megð, f. -- megan; see ú-megð. MEGIN, n., gen. inegins. Gs. 22; but else contr. in gen. and dat. megns, megni, see megn; [from mega; F. ngl. main\; -- might, main, strength; kosta inegins, Gs. 22; þitt varð nú nieira megin. Em. 22; orms megin, 28; hjörs megin, 30; svá at þitt minnkisk megin, Hsm. 21. I; oddar görva jaili megin, Mkv.; trúa 4 matt sinn ok megin, Fms. i. 35; begar er hann vitkaöisk ok fékk megin sift, Fb. ii. 389; ok svá sein á Jeið sóttina minnkadi storum mcgin (acc.) hans, Ems. ix. 250; Medi funnu megin hans, MS. 544. 39: u-megin, a swoon; van- megin, weakness. II. [cp. Engl. mainland] , the main, chief part of a thing; allt megin landsins, the main of the land, Fms. x. 184; Jutland er megin Dana-veldis, vi. 53; megin árinnar, the main-stream, þórð. 11 new Ed.: in a more local sense, niáni þat né vissi hvat hann inegins átti, the moon knew not his main, his place in heaven, had not his fixed course, Vsp. 5; jarðar-mcgin, the earth's main, the wide earth, Hm.; vetrar- megin, the main part of winter, Sks. 59; veðr-megin, • weather-main' the power, but also the ' airt, ' direction of the weather; hafs-nu-gin, the main, open sea; lands-megin, themainland. Eg. 50. B. COMPDS: megin-afl, in. main strength, Sks. 199. megin-a, f. a main river. Fas. i. 388. megin-áss, HI. the main or chief As, i. e. Odin, Lex. Poët. megin-borg, f. the main town, Fms. ix. 41. megin-bygð, f. the main district, Ems. viii. 59. megin-dómar, m. pl. the main events, world-famed events, Vsp. 59. megin-dráttr, ni. the great draught, of fish, Bragi. megin-drottning, f. the great queen = theVirgin jT/a ry, Geisli3, Lil. 86. megin-dýrr, adj. 'main dear, ' dearly beloved, Lex. Poët. megin-ekkja, u, f. the great widow, a nickname, Eær. inegin-fjall, n. the main fell, Hkv. Hjörv. 5 (= reginfjall). megin-fjarri, adv. ' main far off, ' very far, Ems. vi. (in a verse). megin-fjöldi, a, in. a vast multitude, Gcisli 4. megin- flokkr, m, the main body, Ems. viii. 322, v. 1. megin-flótti, a, in. the main body of a host put to flight 01 flying, Sturl. ii. 223, Hkr. ii. 371, passim. megin-gjörð, f. the main girdle, girdle of power. Ems. v. 345: plur. megingjarðar, of the girdle of Thor, Edda 15, 29, 60. megin- góðr, adj. 'main good, 'mighty good, Fms. vi. 364. megin-góðvætliga, adv. very kindly, Clem. iG. megiii-grimmr, adj. 'w ai w gr im, 'v ery^ e rc e, Orkn. (in a verse). megin. -h. af, n. the main, ocean, Rb. 438, 464, Mar. 1031. megin-herr, m. the main army, Fms. i. 121, Orkn. 106. megin-hérað, n. the main district, Hkr. ii. 89. megin-hufr, . m. the main hull of a ship, opp. to róðrar-hnfr, N. G. L. ii. 283. megin- liyggja, n, f. 'main-sense, ' wisdom, Skv. 1. 39. megin-höfn, f. /he main harbour, Grett. 107 A. megin-kätr, adj. (-liga, adv.), 'main glad, ' mighty glad, Grett. (in a verse), Orkn. (in a verse). megin-land, in. a mainland, continent, K. b. K. 8, Fms. x. 412, Sks. 155, Ld. 40, Orkn. 6, Fb. ii. 394. megin-lauss, adj. without strength, Barl. 162, Bs. ii. 172, Karl. 358. megin-leikr, m. the main of a thing, Sks. 185, v. 1. megin-leysi, n. weakness, Barl. 147, Bs. ii. 168. megin-lið, n. the main body of an army, Ems. vii. 260, viii. 315, Sturl. i. 38 (Ed. megit liðit). megin-ligr, adj. [cp. Engl. mainly] ; nutl meginlig, mighty strong words, i. e. holy oaths, Vsp. 30. megin-litill, adj. of little might, weak, Sol. 2, Fms. xi. 103. megin-ljotr, adj. vír y hideous. Lex. Poët. megin-rneingjarn, adj. v er y mischievous, Fas. i. 435 (in a verse). megin-merki, n. thechief standard, Róm. 352. megin- mildr, adj. v fr y mild, Lex. Poët. megin-mörk, f. the main forest, F'K- 37^- megin-njörðr, in. the mighty god, Dropl. (in a verse). megin-ramr, adj. vtry strong, Sighvat. niegin-rás, f". the main course. Sks. 196. megin-runar, f. pl. mighty, powerful Runes (charms), Sdm. 19. megin-sjór, n. the main, ocean, Mar. megin- skjotr, adj. very fleet, Harms, megin-skjoldungr, m. the mighty ki?iq, of Christ, Sktilda (in a verse). megin-stjarna, u, f. a main star, a star of first order, Rb. no. megin-stormr, in. a mighty gale, Sks. 44, Barl. 124. megin-straumr, in. a mighty stream, current, Mar. inegin-tíðendi, n. pl. mighty tidings, 1M. 42. megin-tirr, m. 'main-fame, ' glory, Sdm. 5. megin-trygðir, f. a jinn truce, Ísl. ii. 381. megin-veðr, n, -- mrt;instormr, Fas. ii. (in a verse). megin-vegr, m. the main way, ecogr. the zones, Sks. 195 (meginvegir sem ubyggvanda er undir). megin-vel, adv. mighty well, Fb. iii. 315. ruegin-verk, n. pl. mighty works, labour, Gs. 11. Ad. (tine). Lex. Poet, megin-bing, n. a great meeting, Fms. vi. 50 (in a verse). megin-bungr, adj. very heavy, Sturl. (in a verse). megin-borf, f. great need; fá þú mey niann í meginþarfar (into wedlock), Skv. 2. 11. megin or megum, adv., which may be derived, not from megin, but from vegr, vtginn, with the m from the dat. of the preceding word; hj;l altara kvenna megin, on the women's side (in a church), Bs. i. 438; karla megin, on the men's tide, Pm. 108; lijarðarholts megin, on the Ii. side (of the river), Nj. 35; þeir sátu í iindvegi enuin úæðra megin, i. e. on the left side of the hall, Es. 72, Fms. xi. 71; hinum vinstra m., Hrafn. 13; hægra m., on the right side; tnum syðra in., on the southern side, Stj. 564, Ems. viii. 236; hit nyrðra megin, x. iCi, v. 1.; öðru-megin, on the other side, Nj. 43, 68, 144, Eg. 531; firm megin (einnm-megin). ~/ rom one side only, Nj. 246, Fms. ii. 281, Ísl. ii. 362; þeini megin, on that side, Grág. ii. 137; sinu megin hvárr, Fms. i. 305; búðu-megin, on both sides, Ld. 46; öllum megin, all around, from all siiles. Fms. i. 149, 291, Ísl. ii. 343: hvárungi mei;in, on neither side, (ïrág. ii. 266, 267; tveirn megin brikar, Konnak. II. megum, hann bjó á lïnlkastöðuin hvárum megum, Grett.; sinuiii megum hvárir, Ems. viii. 5 1; báðuin megum, (ïrág. ii. 266: oilurn megum, Eg. 288, Gg. 7; öðnnn megum sundsins, Hbl. (prose); tvcim megum, Blaiula (MS.) meginn, adj. [Engl. mairi] , strong; mcgiun ok nuittugr, Stj. 26. megn, n. = megin, a contr. form, strength; likanis megn, Bs. i. 317; megn ok frækleik, Fms. x. 256; hann hafði fjögurra manna megn, Hav. 54; af Guðs megni ok af krapti ens helga kross, Fms. x. 417; treysta á niiUt ok megn -- matt ok megin, Or. 24; deila megn við e-n, to contend with, Lil. 8; var í því niest megn, it went to the highest pitch at Yule time, Bs. ii. 21: the phrase, um megn, beyond one's strength, power; kasta steini um megn sér. Eg. 4/3; betta mál er nokkut þér urn megn nu-ð at fara, Ems. vi. 18; þat ráð mun JM'T verða um megn, 151; Guði er ekki um megn at reisa hann upp af dauða, Stj. 132; yfir megn, id., Bs. ii. 162, 175. COMPDS: megn-lauss, adj. / eewe, weak, Bs. i. 321, Mar. megn-litill, adj. faint, exhausted. Fær. 183, Fas. i. 556. megn, adj. main, strong, migh'y; var þá inegnt mannfall, Sturl. iii. 63; svá var megn þessi rógburðr, at ..., Fas. ii. 372; með megnu hugskoti, with a strong mind, forli animo, Bs. i. í i. 2. freq. in mod. usage in the sense litter, fierce; and of taste, strong, bitter: ot a quarrel, megn deila, megnt liatr: of illness, megn sótt, a strong fever; mtgn kviil, the bitter pang, Pass. 41. 9: of a gale, megn stonnr, megn hríð, megnt kaiald: oi taste, það er megnt, bas a hot taste, of acid or the like: of smell, megn lykt: of hay, megnt hey: of food, megn malr, strong meat for the siek. megna, að, [megn], to be able, have strength to do a thing: þó ek megni ininna en einhverr yðar, Grett. 98; munu vér ekki megna at berjask við þú tólf, Fas. i. 422: mod. with dat., eg megna því ekki. II. reflex, to get strength; at hans riki nia-tti megnask. to icax strong, Fms. viii. 204; hversu nijök megnaðisk ok aukaðisk Guðs ríttr, x. 301; en er synir þeirra tóku at megnask, when their sons grew up to be men, Orkn. 132; eptir þetta megnaðisk sóttin, Eb. 264. megna, u, f. a bitter, strong taste. megnugr, adj. able to do. MEGRA, ð, to make meagre, emaciate, Stj. 147; megrir undina, Hotn. 14. 2. reflex, to wax meagre, Stj. 519. megrð, f. [inagr], meagreness, leanness, Stj. 201, passim. megri, f. = megrð, Eb. 150, Grág. ii. 341. -megum, see megin. MEIÐA, d, toh!/ rt, of bodily injury; hann U-k hann ilia ok kvaðsk mundu ineiða hann, Eg. 189; munda ek jiat ok vilja, at hann mt-iddi ykkr eigi opt, Ems. ii. 101; meiddu þig ekki, take heed not to hurt thee! hefirðu meitt þig? -- esp. to maim, injure seriously, or if of things, to damage, sverðnm þeir meiddu þann er saklauss var, Sol. 22, Sturl. ii. 181; en hina rak hann or landi, meiddi eðr drap, Es. 18, 99, 0. H. 63; ok ætlaði at láta meiða eðr drepa ossa landa fyrir, íb. 10; meiðit hvert skip svá at ekki so sjófært, Fær. 260; finna þeir nú, at skipit var meitt neðan, Sturl. iii. 68:

422 MEIÐING -- MEINN.

-- to spoil, destroy, eptir þat kom hagl stort ok meiddi allan ávöxt jarðar, Pr. 436; nú hefir your vangeymsla mjök meiddan varn sigr, Fms. vi. 326; ef menn skeðja jörðu eðr meiða lands-nytjar, Grág. ii. 216; þá tók hann at meiða hof ok hörga, Bs. i. 10 :-- of a horse, to make it sore on the back, and part. 'ineiddr, sore in the back. II. reflex, to t a ke h wr t, be burl, maimed, Grág. ii. 16, Fms. i. 273; meiddusk skipin þar fyrir, 0. H. 164; ok hafði meizk (= meiðsk) þjóleggrinn, Bs. i. 344. meiðing, f. bodily burl, maiming, damaging, esp. in pi, of serious bodily hurts, dangerous wounds, Bs. i. 531, Nj. 21, Fs. 34; í manndrápum ok meiðingum, Fb. ii. 64, MS. 625. 64; at hann hóít lífi meiðinga-laust, vnmaimed, -unhurt, Stud. iii. 132; þeim hélt við meiðingar, Nj. 21; meiðing fjár, K. þ. K. 176. meiðir, m. an injurer, Lex. Poët. MEIÐMAR, f. pl. [Ulf. mai/wi s = owpov, Mark vii. n; A. S. máörn] :-- gifts, presents, only in poetry; þíggja meiðmar, Skv. 3. 39; meiðmar (acc.) ok mösma, Km. 35; stórar meiðmar, Akv. 5; meiðma fjöld, Am. 93, Skv. 2. 2; fjöld á ek meiðma, þkv. 23; en þeirrar ineyjar meið- mum tyna, referring to the mundr (q. v.), for if a man forsook his wife without due cause he had to pay her mundr, Skv. 3. 15. MEIÐR, m., gen. meiðar, Gm. 34 (Bugge), but else meiðs, dat. meiði; [meid or mei, Ivar Aasen; Swed. mede; perh. derived from meiða, ot a lopped and barked tree] :-- -a pole or longitudinal beam, esp. the two long beams in a sledge, also called sleð-meiðr; þá reif hann meiðinn undan sleðanum, ... en Arnkell laust af st':r með meiðnum, ... hann laust sleð- meiðnum í mót honum, ... en meiðrinn kom á garðinn, ... en sleð- meiðrinn brotnaði í fjotrar-raufinni, Eb. 190: the phrases, standa á önd- verðan mcið með e-m, to stand foremost on the meið, to stand at the upcitrving of the sledge-bearers, i. e. to stand in the forefront as a c hampion, Bs. 1. 141; cp. ' staa paa nieioin, " and ' meia- hal s' = the rising of tb'e meid, Ivar Aasen; mjök þótfi inönnum á einn meið hallask með þeim, it went all on one side (metaphor from a sledge cap- sizing), Bjarn. 59; váð-meiðr, a pole to bang clothes on for drying; nú skulu þér hór reisa við ána váðmeið, ok er konum hægt til þváttar át hreinsa stórföt... þat hygg ek at við þann mcið festi hann ykkr upp, Glúm. 390, 391, Rd. 296; cp. váð-áss, Hrafn. 20. 2. poet, a pole; telgja meið til rifjar, to shape a pole for a loom, to make a weaver's loom, Rm. 15: of the mistletoe, af þeirn meiði er mer (i. e. mær = mjór) syndisk, Vsp.: of the gallows' tree, Hom. 18, Ht. (Yngl. S. ch. 26); and of the tree Yggdrasil, Gin. 34, Hm. 139, prob. from the notion of its being the gallows of Odin: so also the raven ' á meiði' in Bkv. 11 seems to mean the gallows, cp. Germ, galgen-vogel; in Hkv. I. 5. it is perh. = váð- meiðr. The word can never be used of a living tree. In poetical cir- cumlocutions of a man, vápna meiðr, passim, see Lex. Poët. meiðzl or meizl, mod. meiðsli, n., mostly in pl. bodily hurts, injuries, mutilation. Stud. ii. 181, Korm. 216, Fms. vii. 185 (v. 1.), Bs. i. 530; meizla-högg, -stir, Fas. i. 331, iii. 33; meizla-laust, Fms. ii. 276. meiðzlur, f. pl. = meizi, Edda 127, 0. H. 70, Fms. vii. 185, x. 420. MEIN, n. [A. S. man; cp. Old Engl. (Chaucer) meygned= maimed; Dan. w ee n], a hurt, barm; muna þeir mein er þiggja, a saying, Lv. 86; at engum verði mein at, that itway do nobody barm, Fs. 94, Al. 98; engum manni at meini verða, Fs. 131, Fms. vi. 350; e-m verftr mein at e-u, Grág. ii. 266: göra e-m mein, Fms. i. 99, Fs. 11; hón kvað þat mein (a pity) at hón hafði eigi þá inenn augum leitt, Fs. 85; mein ok úhapp, Edda 18; geysi mikit mein var honum þat, 23; láta ?ér í mein, to deny to oneself, Hom.; hann let sveininum ekki í mein, ok unni mikit, i. e. he let the boy want nothing, and loved him much, Nj. 147; taka sér e-t í mein, to part with a thing one cannot well do without. 2. medic, a disease, sore, &c.; ein kona varð fyrir meini miklu, Bs. i. 309; til bótar bans meins, id., 377; þá er meinit livarf frá honum (of epileptic fits), 380: also used of an internal organic disease, thus, innan-mcin, internal disease, 323 (of bydatides); fingr-mein, a sore fínger; handar-mein, a sore band; fótar-mein, 321, 328: brjóst-mein, a bad chest, but brjósta-mein, abscess or cancer in the breast, of women; átu-mein, an 'eating sore' a cancer; tungl-mein, a kind of 'tinea' or ivoodworm. II. plur. a drawback; þótti þat með stórum meinum um slíkan mann, Fs. 50; honum syndisk mcin auösýn á því, ó. H. 195; cf maðr tekr sök af manni, ok verða þau mein a, at sök verðr eigi sótt. Grág. ii. 81. 2. of marriage in the eccl. law, hin- d ra nce s, such as relationship or the like, that make a wedding unlawful; hann gipti Snælaugu dóttur sína fxjrði Böðvarssyni með tvauföidum meinum, Bs. i. 427; sagði laungetin börn þeirra sem getin vóru upp frá því sem mein vóru vituð, 285 (see meinbugir); ef hin meiri mein cru, Grág. i. 365 • Qk varðar fjörbaugs-garð um in mirmi mein, 366. COMPDS: meina-lauss, adj. blameless, Fms. vi. 109: unhindered, mein- buga-lauss, Grág. i. 307; ef þeim er meinalaust, if they are unforbidden, 26; prestr skal syngja allar heimilis-tíðir at meinalausu, if be is unhin- dered, Am. 37; oss thigir fagna Ólafs-messu meinalaust, id., Sighvat. mems-vanr, adj. guileless, Gm, 16. meina, að, to harm, Barl. 173; sólar hiti meinar þar um sumar, Stj. 69; þau meina þér ekki vætta, 24. 2. to binder; meina e-m e-t, verðr hann sjúkr eða sárr, eða meina honum vötn eða veðr eða menn, Grág. i. 496; enda bæri eigi leitir fyrir né hæðir svá at þat meinaði, 43? • hvárt sem meinar frændsemi eðr sifskapr, H. E. i. 513 :-- to prohibit, ekki mun ek meina öðrum mönnum at halda þá trú sem sy'nisk, Fms. i. 305; faðir hennar ok móðir meinaðu þeim þat ekki, ii. 99; ok er henni var þat meinat, þá hljóp hón út á skóga, Fas. i. 517, Stj. 520, Bad. 65. MEINA, irreg., pret. meinti, but pres. meina, meinar; part, meint; [a for. word from the Engl. or Germ.; it first occurs about or a little before the time of the Reformation; Germ, meinen; Engl. mean]; -- to mean; the passage, Landn. 333, is in the words of Björn á Skarðsá; ek meinti, Bárð. 6 new Ed., is from a paper MS., as are also Fas. i. 490 and iii. 488; the word, however, occurs in the Ósv. S. (a vellum of the 15th century), and is naturalised in mod. usage, Vidal., Pass., N. T. passim. mein-akr, m. a-nickname, Eb. mein-blandinn, part, poisonous, Fas. i. 181. mein-bugir, m. pl. impediments which make it sinful or wicked to do a thing; á þessum ráðum liggja stórir meinbugir, þvíat þat er it mesta Kristni-spell skírðum mönnum at eta hross, Fms. i. 126; mun hann sjá alla meinbugi þá sem á eru þessu máli, at berjask við bróður sinn, xi. 221. 2. esp. of marriage, the forbidding the banns; finnask nokkurir þeir menn er bar vita meinbugi á, þá skulu þeir segja til fyrir brúðlaup, segja þeir eigi fyrr til meinbuga en brúðlaup er gört, þá skal engi maðr þeim þar um trúa, nema þeir hafi svá í fjarska verit, at þau tíðendi hafi eigi til þeirra komit, N. G. L. i. 333; hvernig þeirra hjúskapr var bundinn ... ef þau bætti sína meinbugi, Grett. 162; en hverr sá sér vill kvánfangs leita, þá skal hann biðja þeirrar konu eðr meyjar, at eigi so meinbugir á svá at hann viti, K. Á. 104; þeir sem meinbugi vissu oklysing heyrðu, ... ef meinbugir finnask engir á, no, 114, 116; meinbuga-laust, id.; thus, in reading the bans, the phrase, ef nökkur veil þar meinbugi á, skal hann segja til þeirra í tíma eða þegja síðan, Icelandic Prayer Book. mein-bæginn, adj. (-bœgni, f.), vexatious. mein-eiða, d, to make a false oath, Hom. (St.) mein-eiðr, m. [Dan. meened; Germ, meineid] , perjury, K. A. 218, Hom. 86, H. E. i. 522, Barl. 142. mein-fang, n. trouble; leita e-m meinfanga, Ld. 28. mein-fretr, m. a nickname, Landn. mein-fullr, adj. noxious, Hb. 16. mein-fært, n. adj. dangerous to pass, O. H. 57. mein-gefit, n. part.; e-m er e-t m., fatally inclined t o; eigi myndi sér svá meingefit at ríða hestinum, at..., Hrafn. 6. mein-göra, ð, to offend, barm, Bs. ii. 64, 132. mein-görð, f. 'barm-doing, ' offence, Nj. 163, Fms. v. 14, Stj. 121, passim: bodily pains, Orkn. 140. mein-hægr, adj. harmless, inoffensive. meining, f. barm, injury, Bs. i. 379. meining, f. [meina], meaning, opinion, (mod.) meinka, að, to harm; lasta ne meinka, Bs. i. 911. mein-kona, u, f. a concubine; hafa at meinkonu við sína konu, N. G. L. i. 16. mein-kráka, u, f. evil crow, a term of abuse, Ls. 43. mein-kveisi, n. a bitter pain. El. (?) 98. mein-kvikendi, n. a harmful animal (reptile), Stj. 436, Eluc. 22. mein-lauss, adj. harmless, inoffensive, Fms. x. 281, Stj. 41, Hom. 49, Bs. i. 184, passim; ætla ek rm'r þat meinlaust, itwill dome no harm, Fms. ix. 259; at meinlausu, without hindrance, K. Þ. K. 58. 2. painless; höndin var honum aldrei meinlaus, Ld. 224; sjaldan mein- laust (paÍ7iless) með öllu, Bs. i. 347. meinlát-samr, adj. chastising the body; m. í vokum, föstum ok klæða- búnaði, hann gékk opt berfættr um nætr í snjóum ok frostum, Bs. i. 83. meinlát-semi, f. chastisement of the body, 625. 83. mein-leiki, a, m. a hindrance, Ld. 184, Stud. i. 127: = meinbugir, Gþl. 230. mein-leysi, n. barmlessness, innocence, 625. 194, Al. ioo, Stj. 20, 49. mein-liga, adv. painfully, Hom. 120, Bs. ii. 36, Karl. 376. mein-ligr, adj. (-liga, -Adv.), painful, troublesome: inconvenient. mein-læta, t, to chastise, Fb. ii. 24, Hom. 73. mein-læti, n. pains, trouble, Mar., Hom. 73, Bs. 1. 194: eccl. self- chastisement, Sks. 486, Grog. 39, 70, 96. 2. illness, Fb. i. 213; liggr jarl í þessum meinlætum allan þenna vetr, 212: in mod. usage esp. of internal illness, hydatides, or the like: meinlæta-fullr, etc. mein- læta-samr, adj. = meinlátsamr, Magn. 466, Bs. i. 134. mein-mæla, t, to abuse, Mar. 207. mein-mæli, n. contumely, Hom. 8, 76, Bs. i. 94, Sir. 91. meinn, adj., meinni, meinstr, [Engl. mean] , mean, base; hann er einkar m., he is 'unco mean, ' fsl. ii. (in a verse); þat var hverju ch'ri meinna ok verra, Fas. iii. 637. 2. in neut. meint, causing pain; honum var meint niðr at svelga ok svá at drekka, en meinst (superl.) at hósta, Bs. i. 347; fær hann svá skjóta bót, at hann kenndi sér hvergi meint, that befell no pain, 1 79; var honum kr. eit harla meint ok úmjúkt, O. H. L. 89 :-- e-m verðr meint við e-t, or af e-u, to take hurt by it; fell hestrinn undir honum, ok varð honum af því nökkut meint, Stud. i. 83.

MEINSAMLIGA -- MELR. 423

mein-samliga, adv. perniciously, Fms. x. 223. mein-samligr, adj. hurtful, causing pain, Bs. i. 42, Fas. i. 206. mein-samr, adj. evil, noxious, of things and persons, Stj. 483, Landn. 212 (of a witch): vexatious. mein-semd, f. pain, hurt, Barl. 201, Greg. 10, Stj. 97: illness, disease, Magn. 516. mein-semi, f. --UNCERTAIN meinsemd, disease, Eg. 587, Bs. i. 351, 352: ill-will, chicanery, (mod.) mein-staddr, part, placed in distress, Bs. i. 37. mein-stafir, m. pl. baleful staves, charms, Ls. 28. mein-svari, a, m. a perjurer, Vsp. 45, N. G. L. ii. 426. mein-særi, n. [Scot, man-sweir], perjury, K. Á. 18. Gþl. 547, Fms. xi. 436, Rétt. 85. meinsæris-maðr (meinsæra-maðr), m. a perjurer, Jb. 339, Karl. 552, N. G. L. ii. 426 (v. l.), Bs. i. 718. mein-tregi, a, m. affliction, poët., Skv. 1. 34. mein-úðigr, adj. malignant, Fas. i. (in a verse). mein-vargr, m. a noxious beast. mein-vættr, f. a noxious wight, an ogre, = Germ. unhold, of giants, ghosts, monsters, or the like, Fb. i. 526: trölla ok meinvætta, ii. 314; þar mun liggja meinvættr nökkur, Grett. 110: fyrir þeim meinvættum (of highwaymen) er menn hugðu úti liggja, Fs. 4; Steinrauðr enn rammi er mörgum manni vann bót þeim er aðrar meinvættir görðu mein, Landn. 212: má þar engi maðr vera um nætr fyrir trölla gangi ok meinvætta, O. H. L. 57: metaph. a noxious creature, tak meinvætti þessa, Flóv. 34; var hvers-vetna í leitað at eyða þeim meinvættum, ok hafði ekki at sök (of mice), Bs. i. 194; hvat sem meinvætta mæltu þóptar, Bb. mein-yrða, t, to abuse in words, Bs. i. 855. mein-yrði, n. pl. abuse, Bs. (Laur.) mein-þjófr, m. a mean thief; m. markar, 'thief of woods,' i.e.. fire, Ýt. MEIRI, neut. meira, compar. and superl. mestr, answering to mikill, q. v.; [Ulf. maiza=GREEK, maists=GREEK ; A. S. mâre, etc., see meirr; Lat. major] :--more and superl. most, greater, greatest, and the like : of stature, taller, tallest, meiri en önnur naut, Ld. 120; meiri en aðrir menn, Fms. i. 44; mesta fingri ok lengsta, x. 398; væn kona ok kvcnna mest, Eg. 598; hann var allra manna mestr, Fms. i. 2; kvenna vænst ok mest, 14; hverjum manni meiri ok styrkari, 17. 2. greater, larger, of quantity or quality; meira fé ok betra, Nj. 45; þeir er mest gæði flytja landi þessu, Fms. vii. 122; meiri hluti, the greater part, Grág. ii. 60. 3. more, most, of degree or amount; et mesta göfug-kvendi, Ld. 334; þeirra mestr maðr, 330: et mesta nytmenni, id.; hverr vildi vera öðrum meiri, Fms. i. 17; inn mesti íþrótta-maðr, id,; meiri ráð, Grág. i. 355; mesta sæmd, Fms. vi. 102; enn mesta kærleik, ii. 295; meiri þökk, 296; mesti félagsskapr, Eg. 29; frændsemis spell en meiri, Grág. i. 358, 365; þær konur er enn eru í meirum (nearer) þyrmslum, N. G. L. i. 75. II. as subst., the more, the most; ek vil hér mestu ráða, Ld. 212; ef þeir fengi meira, Fms. vi. 248: ef hón kaupir meira en svá, Grág. i. 334; bygðan bólstað eðr meira. id.; hann vær mest hallr at vináttu til Inga konungs, Fms. vii. 233. COMPDS: meira-háttar, adv. of greater importance, more remarkably, Fms. v. 176 (v. 1.), vii. 219. mest-háttar, adv. most remarkably, Bs. i. 805, 828, Fms. iii. 45. meirr, compar., answering to mjök (q. v.), superl. mest; [Ulf. mais = GREEK, maist = GREEK; A. S. mâr; Engl. more, most; Scot. mair, maist; Germ. mebr, meist] :-- more, and superl. most; meirr ok meirr, more and more, Stj. 468; meirr eptir annarra manna skaplyndi en Lauga&dash-uncertain;manna, Ld. 212; jafnmargir eða meirr, Grág. i. 336; en þó meirr at mildi, Fms. ii. 296; meirr en, more than; eigi m. en eitt fylki, Fb. i. 40, passim; elska meirr enn nokkurn mann, Fms. i. 17. 2. with another comparative; útar meir, sunnar meir, Fms. vii. 260, viii. 353; firr meirr. 'furthermore.' still further off, vii. 294; ok því þá fjarr-meir, at engi saurr stökkvi á konnungin, Sks. 365; nær-meir (cp. Dan. nær&dash-uncertain;mere), more near, Stj. 218; nær mcir landi, more near land, Sks. 46; neðar meir, 'nether-more,' more below, 167; ofar meir, higher up. Fms. ix. 406; fyrr meir (Engl. for-mer-ly), 'further back in time,' formerly, Sks. 193: in former times, síðar meir, later, D. N. i. 122; meir verr, worse, worser, Sturl. i. 12: further, enda vill hann eigi meirr færa til staðar. Grág. i. 257; gékk hann mcirr at þat, liðu m. at þat, Rm. 2, 4, 5, etc. II. the superl. mest; þeim var ek verst er ek unni mest, Ld. 334, and in countless instances. meisingr, m. [A. S. mâse; Engl. tit-'mouse' (a different word from mouse, Icel. mús); O. H. G. meisa; Germ. meise; Ivar Aasen meis]:-- a titmouse, Lat. parus. Edda (Gl.) MEISS, m. [O. H. G. meisa], a wooden box, a basket (in Norway of any basket of wicker-work); meis hefi ek á baki, verðrat matrinn betri, Hbl. 3; hann hafði mikinn meis á baki ... rótar ofan í meisinn öllum fiskunum, þá er fullr meissinn, Grett. 137; selja mjöl í meisum, Gþl. 491; hann hafði borit í meis á baki sér Örvandil... ein tá hafði staðit ór meisinum, Edda 59; meisa síld, barrel-herrings, N. G. L. ii. 250; kola-meiss. Art., freq. in mod. usage; hey-meiss, a hay-box in which the hay is given to the cows, one meiss to each head of cattle. meistari, a, m. [Lat. magister], a master, lord; þjóna sínum meistara, Ld. 26, Stj. 70, Rb. 412: a master, teacher, scholar, Sks. 244, Bs. i. 228, 229; klerkar ok meistarar, Ann. 1215; m. Ovidius, Bs. i. 238; m. Gisli, 236; mikils háttar m. er Áki hét, 805; sumir meistarar, Skálda 177; m. Priscianus, 160; þóroddr Rúna-meistari, Thorodd 'Rune-master,' the Grammarian, id.: Master, of the Lord, N. T., as a rendering of Rabbi, passim: as a degree, meistari Jón, the popular name of bishop Jón Vídalin. COMPDS: meistara-domr, m. mastership, great skill, Mar., Fms. xi. 431, Fas. iii. 426. meistara-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), masterly. meistara-samligr, adj. masterly, Mar. MEITA, t, [Ulf. maitan = GREEK; Germ. metzeln; cp. Germ. messer = knife] :--to cut; meita knífi, Fb. ii. 522 (in a verse); manar meita, to cut the mane, Akv. 37; ekki hafði hann látið meita skegg sitt né skera hár fyrir hrygðar sakir, Stj. 538. meitill, m., dat. meitli, [Germ. meissel], a chisel, Eg. (in a verse), freq. in mod. usage; whence meitil-berg, n., Grett. 141; or also meitil&dash-uncertain;stapi, a, m. a steep precipice as if cut with a chisel. meitla, að, to chisel, cut, Mar., freq. in mod. usage. meizl and meizlur, see meiðsl. mekktr, part, [makki], necked, of a horse. mekt, t. [a for. word, from Germ, macbt] , might, Stj. 143; ef ek skal dæmdr af Danskri slekt, ok deyja svo fyrir kongsins mekt, Jón Arason: pomp, Fms. xi. 424. mekta, að, to make mighty, Stj. 140: reflex., 154, 174. mektugr, adj. mighty, Fms. v. 345, Stj. 205, Skáld H. i. 31; the passage Ad. 15 is doubtful or illegible, for such a word could not occur in so old a poem. MEL or mél, also mæl, n. [another form of mál (q. v.), but only used in a temporal sense; Ulf. mél = GREEK and GREEK]:-- time, a while; hann skal leggja á eigi skemra mel (not shorter notice than) en viku stefnu, Grág. ii. 349: in the phrase, eða meira meli, or a longer time; þrem nóttum fyrr eða meira meli ..., fjórtán nóttum fyrr, eðr meira meli, a fortnight or more, Kb. i. 85; þá skulu þeir kveðja nótt fyrr en dómar fara út, eða meira meli, Sb. ii. 105; sjáu nóttum fyrr, eða mcira mæli, Kb. 13. 2. the nick of time, the phrase, á því meli, at that time, moment, Grág. i. 392; á því meli er hann spurði sökina, 473; á því meli dreif til hans lið, Fms. viii. 27; en á þessu meli réð Knútr fyrir Englandi, x. 397; ok á því meli (mæli Ed.) er Björn var ór landi varð höfðingja skipti í Noregi, Bjarn. 13; ok vildi hann eigi útan fara á því meli (i. e. during the three years of outlawry), Glúm. 371; á várþingi eða á því meli, ... á vár&dash-uncertain;þingi eða á því mæli sem nú var tint, Grág. ii. 248; á skömmu mæli, within a short time, 655 xvii. 6; ok á þessu mæli, er Hákon svarfaðisk þar um á Gautlandi, Fms. xi. 40; þá er enn maðr leystr ór strenginum á því mælinu, 152; á því meli er var í milli andláts hans ok upp&dash-uncertain;tekningar hans, in the meantime between ..., Bs. i. 194. MÉL, n. pl. . in mod. usage míl and mil, járn-mil, [it remains in Scot. mil-drop, and perh. Engl. mildew]:--the mouth-piece, bit, only in pl., for the mél were composed of two iron pieces linked together, see Worsaac, Nos. 487, 489 (like the Engl. snaffle-bit), and are used so still in Icel.; gnöguðu beislin svá at niðr féllu á jörð mélin, Karl. 376, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: mél-dropi,a, m. the drop or foam, from a horse's mouth, Vþm. 14, Edda 7. mél-greypr, adj. chafing at the mél, champing the bit, epithet of a steed, Akv. 3, 4, 13. The poët. compds mél&dash-uncertain;regn, mél-skúr, iron rain, iron shower, Vellekla, are prob. from the same word. meldr, m., gen. meldrs and meldrar; [mala; Swed. mäld; Ivar Aascn mœlder; Scot, melder; Mœlder-skin, the name of a mountain glacier in Norway, from its likeness to a flour-bag]:-- flour or corn in the mill: koma til melds, to go to the mill, Gs. 4; standa at meldri, 23; Fcnju meldr, the flour of Fenja -- gold, Lex. Poët.; græðis meldr, sea-flour = sand (?), Edda (in a verse); the word is obsolete and poët., but remains in Sweden and Norway. meldun, m. a nickname, Landn., a Gael. word. MELJA, pres. mel, pret. maldi, part. maliðr, to pound, bray into dust; mcl þat allt í dust, Pr. 475, freq. in mod. usage. mella, u, f. a noose, in kapp-mella: a trigger (?) in a cross-bow, pat var lásör ok meila í, Sturl. i. 180 (but malla the vellum C). II. a giantess, Edda (Gl.); mellu-dólgr, 'giantess-foe' = Thor. 2. in mod. usage the mother, of dogs, cats, or the like. mellingr, m. a kind of trigger (?), Edda ii. 494. melnir, m. [mél]. the name of a horse (= Lat. lupatus), Ilkr.UNCERTAIN i. 47. MELR, m., pl. melar, a kind of wild oats, esp. bent-grass, arundo arenaria, growing in sandy soil; it is esp. found in Skaptafells-sýsla and in Mýra-sýsla (near to Hitarnes and Akrar), cp. Bjarn. 22, which probably refers to cutting this grass, cp. Eggert Itin. §§ 490, 813; þeir leiddu hesta sína undir melbakka ok skáru fyrir þá melinn at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, Nj. 265; átta tigir mels í Hátuninga mcl, D. I. i. 199. II. a sand-hill grown with bent-grass (such hills are called dunes or denes in E. Anglia, links on the N. E. coast); then, generally, a sand-bank, whether overgrown or bare; ríða eptir melunum, fram melana; á melunum með ánni; þar eru melar brattir ok lausgrýttir, ... ok hrundu þeim af melunum,

424 MELASOL -- MEKKILIGR.

Glúm. 394, 395; ok er hann kom á meia þá... þá settisk harm melinn ... þá hratt Lanibi honum fyrir melinn ofan á sandinn, Eg. 746, 748; ganga tram á mcl nokkurn, Ld. 62; þá ríðr hann undir melinn, Gísl. 19; á sandmel þeim er þar verðr, ö. H. 226; þar sem sandrnelar tveir rauðir stóðu, ... undir enum syðra melnum, Landn. 77, Gis!. 23. III. freq. in Icel. local names, Melr, Melar, Mela-hvero, Mela-sveit, whence Mela-menn or Mél- menn (Nj. i5i), Rauði-melr; Rauðrnelingar, the men from Mel and R., Landn. OOMVDS: mela-sól, L, botan. papaver, Hjalt. mel- bakki, a, m. a ' mel-bank, ' hank on which bent-grass grows, also a s aw d- bank, Nj. 155, 265. mel-dýna, u, f. a pad or cushion filled with ~:elr. mel-gras, n., botan. elymus arenarius, a kind of oafs, Hjalt.; whence the local name Melgras-eyri, in western icel. mel-karl, m. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 228. mel-rakki, a, m. the • mel-dog, ' the white or polar fox, from its burrowing in these sand-hanks, Nj. 198, Bs. i. ^Sl, Grág. ii. 347, Sturl. i. 83. melrakka-belgr, m., -skinn, n. (he skin of a m., Grág. i. 392, 500, Fms. v. 251. melrakka-veiðr, f. fox hunting, Jb. 23. In local names, Melrakka-dalr, -nes, -slétta, Landn., Fbr. mel-teigr, m. afield of mcl (oats'), D. I. i. 199. mel- torfa, u, f. turf grown with oats (inelr), Hrafn. 2/. MELTA, t, [malt; Goth, maltjan is a conjectural verb from gamalteins = cîi'áAiíø'ís] :-- to malt for breiving; engir menu skulu kaupa korn til meltingar, en ef meltir, srialdi murk silfrs konungi, N. G. L. ii. 249; nielta korn til soln, Gþl. 351. II. metaph. to digest, of food, Fms. vi. 351; þat smjür tr rennr af þeim hvoium megu menu eigi m. m-jð SIT, Sks. 123; melta valbráðir, Akv. 36: metaph., per meltið slíkt ok sjóðit fyrir yðr svá at tkki verðr af, Nj. 154; eigi mun ek mclta rciði niíïia hversu lengi sem ek þarf at bera hana, Fb. ii. 295. melta, u, f. a malting, meltu-hús, n. a malt-house, Rétt. 94. melting, f. a malting, N. G. L. ii. 249. II. digestion, freq. in mod. usage. MEN, n., gen. pl. menja, dat. menjum; [A. S. mene; Hel. meni; cp. O. H. G. mani-kold = necklace-gold, as also the name of a plant, hence perhaps Engl. marigold; Lat. nionile] :-- a necklace, þkv. 13; hringa ok men, Vsp. 23; móður menjum göfga, Hill. 13; hlaðin háls-menjnm, Am. 44, Yngl. S. ch. 17, 22 :-- they were also worn by men, hann lúzk vilja færa þeim men er Bio'ni hafði haft â SI'T, Bjarn. 67, Vapn. 26, 28: metaph. in plur. treasures, jewels, bkv. 23, Fm. 16, Akv. 26 :-- poet, phrases, men jarðar, earth's necklace ~-the sea, Orkn. (in a verse); men Karmtar, island necklace -- the sea; lyngva men, necklace of the bush -- a serpent; men storðar, the earth's men -- the world serpent, the Miiigards- orm, Lex. Poët.: as necklaces were chiefly worn by ladies, a woman is called mens Syn, the fairy of the necklace, Edda (in a verse): Men- glöð, the 'necklace-glad, ' is the name of u fairy woman, Fb. i. 529, Fsm.: as also men-brekka, -brik, -doll, -gefn, -grund, -gunnr, -blínj -reið, -skögnl, -skorð, = a lady; on the other hand, a man is called men-broti, -brjótr, -fergir, -rnyrðir, -rýrir, -stríðir, -vörðr, -bverrir, -- the giver, breaker etc. of treasures, Lex. Poët. MENGA, að, fniangr, qs. margr; cp. Engl. mingle, Old Engl. men^~\ :-- to mingle, mix, blend, freq. in mod. usage: in part, mengjaðr, mixed, variegated; blá-mengjaðr, rauð-mengjaðr, mingled ivith blue, red, D. N.; með mengdu klsjði, variegated clothes, v. 102. mengi, n. [Germ. menge] , a multitude, Hkv. i. 26, 49, Merl. i. 49, Fas. i. 496 (in a verse), Akv. 4. mengr, part, mixed, blended, Sol. 10. Menja, u, t. the giant maid who grinds gold in the charmed mill, Edda, Gs.; hence gold is called the flour of Menja, Lex. Poët. MENNA, t, [inaðr or mannr], to make a man of, rear, breed; mun ek fylgja sonum mi-num, menna þá ok hreysta eptir megni, Finnb. 332. II. reflex, to become a man, of breeding and the like: ef þeir vilja mennask, Fb. i. 509. 2. part, menntr, bred, accomplished as a man, esp. in a moral sense; hann átti marga sonu ok vel inennta, Eb. 10 new Kd.; vel menntr um marga hluti, Fms. xi. 322; Valþjófr var manna bazt menntr, Orkn. 242; vel meuntr í aîla staði, Bær. 18; ok var þórðr eigi at verr m. pott hann leitaði sér ráðs, Ld. 52; hann var vel m., klerkr góðr ok trúmaðr, Fms. ix. 531; gildir menu ok allvcl menntir, Hrafn. 26; hinn skörnligasti maðr ok vel menntr, Bjarn. 4. menni, n. a nickname, Glúm. 392; but esp. in compds, góð-menni, íll-m., rík-m., a bad, good, mighty man; and in a collect, sense, fjol- menni, marg-m. menniliga, adv. manfully, Fms. iv. 269, Stj. 87. menniligr, adj. manly, manlike, well bred, Sturl. ii. 78. menning, f. breeding; ætt hans, auðr fjár ok in. góð, Ísl. ii. 239; ef hann hefir eigi kunnáttu til eða in., Gþl. 487; með litlu menningar móti, Kruk. 35; koma e-m til menningar, to educate, rear into a man. mennska, u, f. humanity; veita e-m ást ok mennsku, Hom. 47; miskun ok m., 48, Barl. 42; eptir almennilegri mennsku, in a. human manner, Fms. v. 347: freq. in compds, karl-m., góð-m., íll-ni. mennskr, adj. human, belonging to man; at mennskum aldri, Hom. 62; mennskr maðr, a man of a man, as opp. to giants, ogres, or super- human beings, Eg. 110; þótti hann varla m. maðr at afli, Fms. vi. 212, - * Ísl. ii. 360; ok er miklu betra at fásk yið mennska menn en við úvættir slíkar, Grett. 113; sumar með Ásum, Álfuni, Vönum, sumar hafa menn- skir menn, Sdm. 18. mennt, f. art, skill, accomplishment; hefir þú til ills þína mennt, Nj 66; ok er henni flest til mennta gefit, Fas. ii. 148; hum vildi eigi kenna dóttur sinni neitt til mennta, Vígl. 19; allan sóma, fyrst menntina, the instruction, Fms. xi. 430; þú hefir marga hluti til menntar umfram oss bræðr, Hrafn. 17; syn mennt þína, of swimming, þórð. II new Ed. • mennt í sundlorum, Fms. ii. 29. 2. in plur. menntir; milding hafði menntir þær er mestar vóru í heimi, Or. 3: learning, doctrine, arts. mennta-maðr, m. a man of high learning; lærdóms-mennt, learning. mennta, að, to civilise: part, menntaðr, learned, high bred; menn- taðar þjóðir, civilised nations, (mod.) menntan, f. culture, breeding; vel virðr sakir menntanar sinnar, of a poet, Bjarn. 3; mér for sem mörgum bürnum, at ek lagða á ekki hug pat sem mér var menntan í at nema, Fms. ii. 267; nema menntanar list, ok íþrótt, Stj. 151; opt er sá í orðum nýtr sem iðkar menntan kæra, Hallgr. :-- culture, civilisation are in mod. usage rendered by meutan. mér = vör (q. v.), we. MERGÐ, f. [margr], multitude, plenty; mergð fjár, plenty of wealth, Eg. 47; inagn ok mergð ávaxtar, Bs. ii. 165, passim in mod. usage; the old writers prefer fjöldi, q. v. mergjaðr, part. ' man-owed, ' strong. MERGR, in., gen. mergjar, dat. nierg, but mergi, Ls. 43; pl. mergir; [A. S. mearg; Scot, mergh; Engl. marrow; Germ, mark; Dan. marv] ; -- marrow, Edda 28, Grág. ii. 91; trost og fjiik. er fast á buk j frosinn niergr lir beinuni, a ditty, passim. 2. metaph. pith; nicrgr ritning- anna, Mar.; af mergjum hiartans, id.; bat er in. máisins, þat er enginn m. í því, and the like. COMPDS: merg-lauss, adj. marrowless, pithless. merg-leysi, n. pithlessness. merg-runi, a, m. ' lues medullae, ' a watting sickness, pining away, caeliaca, Fol. x. merg-und, f. a ' marrow-wound, ' a wound cutting through to the marrow, Grág. ii. n, Nj. 217. merg-undi, adi., and merg-undaðr, part, wounded to the marrow, N. G. L. i. 68, 172. mer-hross and mer-hryssi, n. a mare, Eb. 34, Gnig. i. 504, Ísl. ii. 62, Grett. 122, Nj. 167, Rd. 284, Am. 98. MERJA, pres. mer; pret. marði; subj. merði; part, mariðr, mod. marinn :-- to bruise, crush; svá var mariðr hans likami, Róm. 329; the word is freq. in mod. usage, marinn reyr mun hann eigi sundr mylja, Matth. xii. 20. MERKI, n., gen. pl. merkja, dat. merkjum, [mark] :-- a landmark, boundary, esp. in pl., Grág. ii. 213, 216, 223, 279, 285, N. G. L. i. 41, 307, passim; also landa-merki, q. v.: sing, a mark, færa mark til sins nierkis, Grág. i. 416. 2. a milit. term, a banner, standard, Nj. 127, Eg. 88, 268, Fms. vi. 334-336, 406, 407, 412, 413, 419, ix. 25; mælti hann til Halldórs Snorrasonar, at hann skyldi djarfliga bera frarn merkit, Haildórr svarar heldr styggliga, beri lu'ri nierki fyrir per rogurn ! vi. 159: for a classical passage as to a charmed standard (a raven), see Orkn. ch. ii, cp. borst. Síðu II. ch. 2, Nj. 158 (in the battle of Clontarf), as also Ó. H. (1853) ch. 201, 219, 221, 225, 227: a standard for proces- sion in churches, Vm. 22, 52, Pm. 66. II. a mark, token, sign; ok mun þat til merkja, at þeir Grímr nnmu heim koma, Nj. 197; ok hefir þat orðit til merkja, at, Eg. 766; þessir menu er náliga vóru með öngum merkjum, nf no mark, distinction, Fms. xi. 261; nicrki munu þér at þykkja ef ek segi þér trá honum, Edda 47. 2. signification, im- portance; mikil nierki í þessi tölu, Hom. 72; þau hafa miirg merki i scr, 51; beirra manna er nokkut merki (distinction) var at, Sturl. i. 186. 3. remains, traces; hennar nierki má hvergi sjá, Al. ()3; þeir lögðu ok garðinn sem enn sér merki, Eb. 132; vil ek sjá þau merki er þar hafa orðit, O. H. 238. COMPDS: merkis-burðr, m. the carrying of the standard, Karl. 19. merkis-maðr, m. the standard-bearer, jíorst. Siðu H. 170, Eg. 52, Nj. 136: in later times it was a post of high rank at the king's court, stallari eða m., Gþl. 365, Bs. i. 712; whence it came to mean a man of mark, a distinguished person, Ld, 10, Eg. 36, Fs. 20, 161: hverir merkis-menn biskuparnir hafa verit, Bs. i. 59. merki-á, f. a boundary river, Grug. ii. 349. merki-björk, f. a landmark-birch, Grág. ii. 297, Jb. 236, 240. merki-dagr, m. a mark-day, of days by which the calendar is arranged, Rb. 38, 40. merki-garðr, m. a landmark fence, Grug. ii. 265, Gþl. 381. merki-liga, adv. remarkably, Ísl. ii. 333, Stj. 293; svá merkiliga, with so much distinction, Bs. i. /97: perceptibly, Fms. xi. 441; borkell segir frá öllu vel ok m., Ld. 292. merki-ligr, adj. perceptible; m. hljóðsgrein, Skáldai79: articulate, of sound, í /4 '• remarkable, noteworthy, distinguished, of men and things, ok þykkir oss hans sögn oil merkiligust, 0. H. (pref.); at ek hafa mart merkiligt látið eptir liggja í frásögn hans æfi, Bs. i. 137; vitr maðr ok m., Fs. II; uppruni bans var m., borst. Síðu H. 171, Fms. x. 161, vii. 150, Boll. 314, Sturl. i. 95, Dipl. ii. ii, H. E. i. 523, Ld, 100.

MERKIMALL -- META. 425

merki-máll, adj. speaking things worthy of note, Ld. 216. merking, f. marking, the act, Grág. ii. 3ri. 2. a mark, sign, Skálda 179, Rb. 4; þér berit m. þess dómanda er koma mun at efsta domi, y o?^ bear the mark, i. e. you represent on earth the judge in the day of judg- ment, Fms. vii. 37; merkingar afl, signification, Skálda 187; merkingar skilning, Stj. 29; með merkingum eða skýringum, id. 3. sense, signification, psssim in mod. usage. merki-óss, m. a landmark, outlet, Grág. ii. 353. merki-spjót, n. a sta^ þiðr. 289. merki-staðr, m. a mark, print, Karl. 543. merki-stjarna, u, f. a 'mark-star, ' planet; sol ok tungl ok fimm merkistjernur, Skálda 174, Lil. 10. merki-stöng f. the standard-staff', Eg. 289, 0. H. 217, Fms. vi. 336, N. G. L. ii. merki-tungl, n. = merkistjarna, Rb. 520. merki-vatn, n. ' mark-K'a/ e r, ' a lake used as a boundary, Grúg. ii. 290, 348. MERKJA, ð, [mark], to mark, as a landmark, boundary; incrkja urn, to mark round, enclose, Stj. 409. II. to draw, of an image; hann var merkðr eptir Jjor ok hefir hann hamar í hendi, Ó. H. 108: of letters, ok merkja á nagli Nauð, and mark (the character) Naitd on one's nail, Sdm. 7 • blóðgar rúnir merkðar á brjósti, Sól. 6l; ok merkja ena löngu með stryki frá enum sköinmu, Skálda 163. 2. to mark, sign, note; hverr maðr skal m. hlut sinn, Grág. i. 37; vi'r skulum m. lið várt allt, gera herkuml á hjálmum várum ok skjöldum, Ó. H. 204: of sheep, merkja lamb (of the ears), Grág. i. 415; mi merkir hann þat annars manns marki, id.; þat er lugmark er eyru crn merkt á iillu ft:, nautimi, sauðum svínurn, ok geitum, nema á fuglum, þar skal fitjar merkja, 416; dilkr ómerkðr, 4!7. 3. tomark, note, observe; síðan merkði (marked) hann þúfu þá er griðkonan þerði fætr sína á, Fms. i. 254; þú merkðu þeir at sólar- gangi (observed) at sumarit munaði aptr til vársins, J. b. 7: ok hér er þó maðr, ok merki ek at því (I infer it from the fact that) er hann kviddi dauða, Niðrst. I; þat er merkjanda, Hom. 65, H. K. i. 513. III. metaph. to mark; sumir eru tungulausir ok merkja (beckon) allt af bend- ingu, Rb. 398; nú skal í þessu m. at hverr maðr er skyldr at sænia ok tigna konungligt nafn, Sks. 488; má bat at því merkja nökkut, Bs. i. 62 :-- /o shew, merkði Sunnifa þat í þessu at hi'n trcysti mcirr almætti Guðs en veraldligum farar-beina, Fms. i. 226; þeir merkt hafa ... at hug hafa, Hkv. 2. 22. 2. to mark, denote, signify; þat merkir lærdóm þinn, Bs. i. 8, Anal. 177; maðr merkir kvikendi skynsamligt ok dauð- ligt, Skálda 174. merk-orðr, adj. sensible in one's words, Bs. ii. 65. merkr, adj. of mark, noteworthy, truthful; merkr maðr ok sannorðr, Fms. ii. 282; er bæði var merkr ok réttorðr, Bs. i. 138; sem dyggvastr ok merkastr, Th. 18; eigi merkr ok miðlungi réttorðr, Sturl. ii. 188; u-merkr, inaccurate, untrustworthy, Ld. 232, Fms. ii. 268. merla, að, to gleam; fjöll geisla merluð, the fell gleaming with beams of light, Edda (in a verse); hvít-merluð, white-gleaming, of the morn- ing dew, Grond. 66. MERR, f., mod. meri, gen. merar, acc. and dat. men, pl. merar; [from marr, q. v.; A. S. mere; Engl. mare; Germ, m rt hre] :-- a mare, Grág. i. 503, 504, Nj. 185, Edda 26, 57, Fs. 56, N. G. L. i. 75, Glúm. 355, Fbr. 104, 107 new Ed., Vígl. 37; eigi var þá undarligt at þú bitisk vel er merrin fylgði þér, Fms. vi. 323: as a term of abuse, ef þú hefir heldr manns hug en merar, Fs. 54. COMPOS: merar-leggr, m. a nick- name, Sturl. merar-son, in. sow of a mare, a term of abuse, Fas. i. 74; fast gyrðr merarson, for the pun see Safn i. 33. mersing or messing, f. brass, þorf. Karl. 374; enda Kigsilfr þat er meiri hluti sé silfrs en messingar, ok þoli skor, Grág. i. 392; mersingar- spónn, a brasen spoon, jborf. Karl. 376, PHI. 6; mersingar-hestr, a brasen borse, Glúm. 353; mersingar-ker, -stika, -ketill, -kola, -kross, -lampr, a brasen vessel... lamp, Vm. 2, 8, 35, 102, 129. mersing-ligr, adj. brasen, MS. 732. 11. meskinn, adj. [meskjen = merry, Ivar Aascn], sporting, see ii-meskinn, Ld. 148. MESSA, u, f. [eccl. Lat. mi ssn], a mass, from the Roman Catholic times; syngja mcssu, to chant the mass, Bs. i. 21, K. jþ. K. 56, Hom. 137, passim, Nj. 157; messu bók, a mass book, Vm. 17, 68, Pm. 104; messu brefer, a breviary, Dipl. v. 18; messu sô'ngr, chanting the mass, Bs. i. 823, Stj. 238, K. A. 116, Vm. 108; messu embaetti, ma s s service, divine service, Fms. xi. 429, Bs. i. 823; messu-föt, messu-fata-lindi, see findi, Fms. iv. in; messu klæði, messu skrúð or skniði, the vestments, K. þ. K. 56, 57, 72, 74, Fms. ii. 177, viii. 197, Bs. i. 63, 429; mcssn hokull, a cope, Nj. 279, B. K. 52; messu serkr or messu sloppr or stakkr, a surplice, Fms. iii. 168, B. K. 83, Vm. 29, 52; messu stall, the. mass desk, Mar.; messu djákn, a deacon, clerk, Nj. 272, Vm. 5, Bs. i. 412, 871 :-- poët., odda mcssa, vápna messa, the weapon mass, = battle, Lex. Poët. COMPOS: messu-fall, n. a failure of service, when there is no service from some accident. messn-fært, n. adj. when service can be held; það er ekki messufært, when so few worshippers are present that no mass can be said. messu-iiald, n. the holding mass, D. N. taessu-mál, n. m ass time, Fms. viii. 291, xi. 269. raessu-prestr, m. a mass-priest, N. G. L. i. 97. messu-söngs-maðr, m. a reading clerk to chant the mass, D. I. i. 282, 489. messu-vin, n. co m- munion-wine. Csa" The word messa has in Icel, remained since the Reformation = divine service; fyrir messu, eptir messu, vera við messu. B. A mass-day, holiday, also messu-dagr, K. Jx K. 44, 104, Bs. passim; messu-natt, a holiday night, N. G. L. i. 343. The chief mass- days, commonly used as dates or epochs in the Sturlunga S., the Biskupa Sögur, and in similar old writers, are 1. of Norse and Icel. saints, Ólafs-messa, St. Olave's day = the 29th of July and 3rd of August; Mag- nus-m., St. Magnus' day of the Orkneys = the 16th of April and I3th of De- cember; Hallvarðs-m., St. Halvard's day -- the 15th of May; Jjorh'iks-m., St. Thorlac's day of Skalholt -- the 2Oth of July and 23rd of December; Jons-m. (the bishop of Hólar) = the 3rd of March and 23rd of April; Eldbjargar-m. = the 7'h of January. 2. other saints' days of the Roman Catholic church, Máríu-messa = the 25th of March; Jjing-Máríu-m. -- the 2nd of July, i. e. ' Thing Mary's mass, ' for the alþing was to meet about that time; Máríu-m. (Siðari) -- the 8th of September; Krofs-m. = the 3rd of May and 141!! of September; Lafranz-m. = the nth of August; Bræðra-m. = the 2oth of January; Petrs-ni. == the 22nd of February; Pals-m. -- the 2^th of January; Petrs messa ok Pals = the 2Qth of June; Jakobs-m. = the 25th of July: Kyndil-m. = Candlemas; Allra- Heilagra-m. = ^l ll Souls' day; Mikkials-m. = Michaelmas day; Tveggja Postula-m. = the 1st of May; Seljumanna-m., the Saints'-day ofSelja -- the 8th of July (for the interesting record see Fms. i, headed þáttr Albani ok Sunnifu); Kolumba-m. . St. Colnmba's day = the 9th of June; Sviftúns-m. = the 3rd of July; Blasius-m. • -- the 3rd of February; Kolnismeyja-m. = the 21st of October; Thonns-m. = the 21st of December; Egidius-m. = the 1st of September; Tiburtius-m. = the I4th of April; Bótólfs-m. -. the 17th of June, etc. 3. Hlaupárs-messa, Leap-year mas s -- -the 24th of February. These and some others are frequent in the Bs. and writers of that kind. The time about the end of June ami beginning of July is in Icel. called messur (f. pl.), xar' î^.; fram undir messur, til mcssna, and the like. messa, rið, to say the mass, hold divine service, Sturl. ii. 13, Am. 14, Vm. 99: still in use, það verðr ekki messað í dag. mestr, adj., mest, adv. most; see meiri and meirr. met, n. pl. the weights of scales; einir pundarar, ein met ok masli- kerölíl, Gþl. 522; vega í skáluni incð metnm, 523; vórti teknar skúlir ok met, Fms. vi. 183; skúlir góðar, þar fylgðu tvau met, ann. at af gulli en annat af silfri, xi. 128; nieta-skálir goðar með metum, Am. 55: the phrase, koma sinum metum við, to rue one's own weights, one's own wages; Ribbungar kómu þar aldri sinum metum við, could never have their own way there, Fms. ix. 367, v. l. (Fb. I. e. mætti, but wrongly); þar hefir hamhleypan Dís komið við metum sinum, Fas. ii. 395. -2. metaph. esteem; vera í miklum metum, in high esteem; í litlum metum, in low esteem, meta-skálir, f. pl. scales, Am. 55. META, mat, matu, metinn: imperat. met (mettu); pret. subj. mæti seems not to occur, but a weak metti (from metja) is used, Fas. ii. 464: with neg. stiff., pret. matkat ek, Fbr. (in a verse): in mod. usage a weak pret. matti, mattist, mettist is often used, eg mattist um við hann, cf eg metti það nokkurs, and the like; þeir möttust um hin efstu sæti, N. T., and the like: [Ulf. mitart-•/jLtrpeiv; A. S. meian; Engl. mete; O. H. G. mezan; Germ, messen: Swed. inafa. ~\ "B. To tax, value, absol. or with acc.; ef þeir kynni meta sik, if they would value themselves rightly, not puff themselves up, Fms. viii. 40; hón mat sik eigi minna heldr en hón mat konunginn, Sks. 461: metaph., þá á eigi at meta kviðburð þeirra, their verdict is void, Grág. i. 54. 2. with gen. of the price; meta mikils, litils, to value at much, little; mátu menu þat mikils, er Rútr hafði sett leysingjann niðr á úleyfðri jörðu Hoskuldar, Ld. 102; konungr mat þá mikils, valued them much, Eg. 73; munu þín orð hór um einskis metin, thy words will he counted for naught, Sturl. iii. 139 3. to value money, charge for, the price in gen.; synjat er þá fars ef leigu er metið, Grág. ii. 268; engi skal meta kaups leg at kirkju eða líksöng, K. Á. 72; mörgum veitti Rain siníðir sínar ok alldri mat hann þær fjnr, Bs. i. 645; aldrei mat hann fjár lækning sína, 643; meta eigi leigu, D. I. i. 320. 4. meta e-t við e-n, to charge one; met bú við mik rekkju-biínaðinn, Eb. 256; þeir spurðu hversu dyrt vera skyldi, hann kvaðsk ekki meta mundu við konung en bað þá hafa ef þeir vildi, Fb. i. 333: hafði Björn falat þessa sktkkju ok var af metinn, out-bidden, 577: to mete a thing out to one, to leave a thing to another to do: ætla ek at vi'-r skylini ekki við aðra meta ( -- metask á við aðra) at skipta hiiggum við ólaf ef vór komumk í faeri um þat, i. e. we will do it ourselves, O. H. 214; allir matu við Eriing atkvæði um skirsluna, they all put to E. to decide about the ordeal, Fb. 11. 195; flestir munu her meta svör við Jjorleif, Sturl. iii. 139; en við þorkcl met ek, at fá þá hluti til er hafa þarf, b;/ t / will leave it to Th. to provide the necessary things, jþorf. Karl. 378; þetta höfuð mundi eigi við aðra meta at inæla eptir hann, ef þess þyrfti við, Eb. 126; en allir matu við Fjölni þvíat hann var þeirra vitrastr ok mest virðr, Fms. xi. 64. II. reflex., þá á lands-drottinn í lóð- inni sva mikit sem húsit metzk. Gþl. 330; sem hús metzk, 333; ba

426 . METANDl -- MIÐLA.

îmið er til afbragðs inettisk, Fas. ii. 464; sakir er til brautgangs mætsi metask, Ld. 52. 2. recipr., metask við, to contend; ef þeir metask eiða við þá skulu þeir hluta nitð scr, if there be n cnnfesl about taking the oaths they shall draw lots, Grág. i. 9; en ef goðarnir metask þat við, hvárr þeirra skal fá honum ok skal ..., 33 :-- metask um e-t, to contend who is to be the f. rst; síðan gengu þeir at dyrrunum ok müttusk þeir urn hverr fyrst skyldi inn ganga, jþorst. hv. 43 (Ed. möttust from a paper MS.) 3. part., hann var vel metina (esteemed) livar sem hann kom, Ld. 100, Nj. 7. metandi, a, ni. an appraiser, Gr;\g. ii. 169. met-fé, n. a ' prize-thing, ' a thing of singular value, cattle or dead things, Grág. i. 398: of iivinsr stock, arðr-óxi gamall a, var, þat er in., 502; hrutr Þnivetr ok ellri ok forystu-geldingr (n bell-wether), þat cr m., 503; það er metfés-skepna ! METJA, met, matti, [Ulf. mnfjnn = (] )ay(îv; from inatr], prop, to 1 take food, ' but it remains only in the special sense to lap with the tongue like a dog; þeir er siitra vatn or lofuin allt eitt ok rakkar metja ineö tungu, Stj. 391: in mod. usage esp. used of fishes mumbling with the mouth in water when feeding, þtir vóru at metja stú'kkva ok steöja, Bb. 2. 29; metia strauminn, to gulp the stream, id. II. metaph., nieta arum í sjó, to dip (be oars into the water, to dabble with theoa rs; þu nieta ban í arum ok rúa burt slikt er ban mega, Hav. 46; kindred is the passage FspL 19, Skögul at skutluni sknptker Hnikars mat af miði minnis-hornum, S. ladled the mead with the horns, fill ing them out of the skapker, see Dr. Schewing's note to the passage in his edition of the poem. The form mat for matti is due to a confusion with nieta mat. metnaðr or metmiðr, m., gen. ar, ' mcetness, ' honour, fume; fj-'tr ok metnaðar, wealth and honour. Eg. 17; konungar görðu svú mikinn metnad hans (paid him that honour) at at hans baen sættusk þeir, Fms. i. 13; var hann þar í miklum metnaði einn vetr, x. 220; Davíð iekk tíðleik ok metnuð af verkum sinum, Ver. 6; metnaðar virðing, respect of persons, Hom. 19; metnaðar kona, a lady of rank, Str. 53; með ríkdóm ok mctnaði, Fs. 2, 1: esteem, valuing, þann metnuð hefi ek ú rúða- görðum mínum, at ek vil at þat só haft er ek legg til, Fms. x. 249. II. pride, ambition, Fbr. 137, Edda 144 (pref.), MS. 656 C. í 2; virði hann sem þorgilsi gengi til stærð ok m., Sturl. iii. 130; metnaðr honum þróask en mannvit a'dregi, Hia. 78, passim, and so in mod. usage, where it is never used in a good sense: as also of jealousy, það er m. a milii þeirra, of-metnaðr, haughtiness. COMPDS: metnaðar- fullr, -gjarn, adj. proud, ambitions, Hkr. ii. 234, Eg. 20, Fms. v. 71. metnaðar-leysi, n. modesty, Sturl. i. 125. v. l. metnaðar-maðr, m. an ambitions, proud man, Nj. 61. metnaðar-samr, -samligr, adj. proud, haughty, Finnb. 354, Sks. 509, Stj. 204. metnask, ad, dep. to puff oneself up, Str. 51. met-orð, n. an estimate, valuation; hann skal eið vinna ok nieta, ok skal dans m. þá standa, Grág. i. 393, Gþl. 296, Kb. i. 563, where = taxation. 2. esteem, consideration; var svá mikit Danskra manna m. at eins þeirra vitni skyldi hrinda tin Norðmanna, Fms. x. 398 (Agrip.); þeir görðu svá mikil metorð hans, at ... . paid him so much regard thai ..., Grett. 125; þykkir nn'innuin mjok hallask liata inetorð vestan- maniKt, Is!, ii. 170; Guðmundr sat mjök ylir inetoronm manna norðr þar, G. bore down all men there, Lv. 36. 3. rank, dignity, only in plur.; forráð b. rði fjúr ok metorða, Sturl. i. 4. and so in mod. usage. COMPDS: metorða-girnd, f. ambition. metorða-gjara, adj. am- bitious, raetorða-maðr, in. a man of distinction; hann var lögmaðr ok m. meslr, (). H. 151. metr, n. [for. word"], a metre, Stj. 288. METTA, að, [matr], t o~^ ll with food; Jesus mettar ijórar bnsumlir manna, Icel. Almanack for the 71)1 Sunday after Trinity, and passim in mod. usage: reflex, mcttask, to eat one's fill. II. in old writers chiefly in the part, inettr, having eaten one's fill-having done; þveginn ok m., Hm. 60; ok er Esjill var in. . Eg. 566; bú var Flosi in., ok af borit af borðinu, Nj. 176; görðu þe-ir þá eld ok matbjuggu, en er þeir vóru mettir, Fms. i. 9, 209, ix. 353, Gliim. 357, Fs. 105, Kb. 20; en þeir neyttu ok urðu mettir, Mark viii. 8. mettan, (. filling. mey-barn, n. a female bairn, a girl, Fs. 26, Nj. 25, Is!, ii. 198, 0. H. 144, Grág. i. 281, Barl. 160. mey-dómur, in. maidenhood, virginity, Fms. i. 2, Stj. 41, 116; incy- dójns-spell, 520. meyja, H, f. a maid, Bs. ii. 27; see mær. meyjar-, see niær. mey-kerling, f. [mijy-kerling Ivar Aasen], a maid, (rare.) mey-kongr, in. a 'maid-king, ' reigning queen. meyla, u, f. a dim. [Goth, maivila] , a little maid, a nickname, Fb. iii. meyligr, adj. maiden, Sks. 529, Gísl. 86. mey-lífi, n. girlhood, maiden life, 625. 176. meyra, u, f. = meyrleikr. meyr-leikr, in. tenderness, rottenness, Stj. 345. meyrna, ð, to become meyrr. MEYRR, adj. [O. H. G. munnvi; mid. H. G. mitr and murwe; Germ. ' murke; Dan. mbr] :-- tender, of flesh, meat, or the like, or ro tten of other things, Stj. 77; sem meyrr borkr, Bær. 19. mey-staulpa, u, f. a girl, Sturl. i. 152, ii. 101. mey-stúlka, u, f. -meystaulpa, Fb. i. 262. MIÐ, n., dat. pl. miðjum, 645. Joo(the older form), but commonly miða miðum (== miðr, q. v.), the middle; í mið, or í miðið, in the middle; sá cr í niiðið reið, Vúpn. 2-;, Fms. iii. 182; gengr steikari fyrst fyrir konune/ þ;i riddari í miö en konungs-son siðast, Pr. 429; Snorri var í mið, Bs. ii. 72: the phrase, spakir menu heada á mörgu mið, the wise mart bits tie middle of many things, i. e. makes many good hits, Fs. 140, Sturl. iii. 21" (a saying) :-- a mark, hit, sem ek munda liafa mið á mér ef bans illviii liefði fengit framkvæmd, Fms. i. 223. 2. metaph., kváðu þeir lítil mið at Pali ok kenningum hans, they s aid that Paul and his teaching were little to be relied on, Post. 656 C. 24. II. as a naut. or fishing term, a fishing bank, Scot, ineitb; banks out at sea marked by prominences or landmarks on shore, described in Bs. ii. 179 (bess-húttar sjóreita kalla ! þeir niið); bregða til miða, to seek for a fishing bank, Gísl. 49; ek mun | visa þér á inið bat at aldri mun fiskr bresta ef til er sótt ..., en er hann j kom á niiðit var undir fiskr nó;;r, lîárð. 15 new Ed.; ef menn hafa her gl"gg nn'ð u, Fas. 1. 27; geisa beir nú rúðrinn af miðunum, Valla L. 226; en þ. í er þeir fundu briitt at miðjum skipti, ok þeir nálguðusk land, þá köstuðu þeir akkcrum sínum, Post. 645. 100; hóu setti ok Kvíar-mið á Isaljaröar-djnpi, Landn. 147; hann réri út ú mið ok sat til fiski, Fas. ii. Iio; mun þik kala ef ek sit lengi ok útarla;'i miðuin sem ek em vanr, Edda ii. 286; diiip-mið, grann-mið, deep or shallow banks. miða, að, to shew, mark a place; miða til, en er læknirinn miðaði til hvar hann skyldi af skera, when the leech -hewed where to make the cut, Fms. iii. 31 :-- niiða ú e-t, Evmundr hafði glöggt miðat á um kveldit hvar konungr hvildi í tjaldinu, Fb. ii. 129; miðaði hann svá glögsrt á, at þar sem hann sagði fannsk kista, Bs. i. 829: hann miðar glöggt, hversu ..., he marks closely, hoiu ..., Hom. (St.) :-- miða við e-t, to mark a dis- tance 01 place by another object; lilað her vörðu, ok miða svá við þar sem eldrinn brennr, Gísl. 147: metaph., hvað er að niiða við það, ' tis ! no proper thing to compare with, it cannot be compared :-- imper?., e-u miðar, a thing moves, advances; honum iniðar ekki. mið-garðr, in. [in Cumberland three farms, High-garth, Middle-garth, Low-garthJ, th e ' mid-yard, ' ' tniddle-toivn, ' i. e. the earth, a niythol. word common to all ancient Tent, languages; thus Ulf. renders the Gr. oiKov/j. tfr] by midjungards; He!, calls the earth middil-gard; the. A. S. homilies instead of earth say middan-geard (jneddlert, Jamicson), and use the word as an appellative; but the Icel. Edda alone has preserved the true mythical bearing of this old Teut. word. -- The earth (Miði'arð), the abode of men, is seated in the middle of the universe, bordered by moun- tains and surrounded by the great sea (nthaf); on the other side of this sea is the Ut-garð (out-yard), the abode of giants; the Miögarð is defended by the 'yard' or 'burgh' As-s:arö (the burgh of the gods'), lyinj; in the middle (the heaven being conceived as rising above the earth). Thus the earth and mankind are represented as a stronghold besieged by the powers of evil from without, defended by the gods faun above and from within; see Vsp. 4, (/ni. 41, Edda 6, 25, 26, 35: mankind is said to abide 'undir Miðgarði, " under ths Midgard, Hbl. 23; inest manna-val und Miðgarði, lldl. 11, 16, Fms. vi. 423 (in a verse); urn allan Miðgarð, Blanda. Mið- garðs-ormr, m. the Serpent r, f Midgard. tin: world serpent of the ancient mythology hidden in the ocean, whose coils gird round the whole Midgard, Edda 18, 34-36, 41, 42; dólgr Miðgarðs-onns, theantagonist of the M. -- Thor, Edda 53; muntú vera ormr sa er verstr er til er menu kalla Mið- garðsorm, Fas. i. 373- In old Icel. translations of legends Leviathan is ren- dered by Miðgarðsormr, Niðrst. 3, Post. 6V6 C. 2. The god Thor is called Miðgarðs-véorr, \\\. ~the holy one of M., Vsp.; miðgarðs verjandi, the defender of Midgard, Edda 53; cp. þórr he fir varöan Miðgarð af þrek, Edda (in a verse). II. Miðgarðr, as a local name. led. map. mið-hæfi, n. a Gr. word [prob. -- imper. it. n(TafirjQi, = go aw a y]; the Orkn. S., in a report of Earl Riignvald's journey to Palestine in 1152, says that in Imbolar ( -- -- !Í/. IITO\IS '! wluch the travellers took to be the name of a place) in Asia Minor when two persons met in a narrow lane the one used to shout, niiðhafi! iniðhæfi! (answering to the Dan. varsko!), Orkn. 374. miði, a, m. a mark in a book, a slip rf paper, and the like. miðil, adv. amidst; see meðal and milli. miðja, u, f. the middle: í niiðju, in the midst, Nj. 97. miðla, að, [Engl. middle, cp. miðr], to share; miðla e-m e-t or miðla við e-n, to share with another person, use in common; hann iniðlaði lönd við Örn frænda sinn, Landn. 209; þeir munu hafa miðlat ykkr þat ai arfi Björgólfs, Eg. 39, Fms. vi. 141; Gunnarr miðlaði mörginn münmun hey ok mat, Nj. 73; skal ek eigi m. rikit, / shall not share the realm, Fms. i. 84; töldu vArkunn at hann vildi eigi in. rikit, Orkn. 9^; allt þat er hann ma m. umfram klæðnað sinn, Gr. 'ig. i. 250; eigi skulu nicnn tíund m. við hans lið nó matgjafir, 458; árar at niiðla ok austskotu, ii- 171; in. e-t við e-n, t o s h ar e with one. Fms. viii. 153. 2. metaph. to mediate, with dat.; miðla dóini, to give judgment as a mediator, Sks. , ^657; nerna miðlat sé nuïlum, Bjarn. 55; at dómi væri svi'i niiðlat, at

MIÐLAN -- MIKILL. 427

Stephano væri lofat aî bæta sem brolið var, Sks. 144 new Ed. :-- with acc., m. mál, to make a compromise; ok miðlum svá mál millim þeirra, Bs. i. 24: m. spor, /o mcve, make a movement; stöudum fast ok miðlum ekki spor vár (but fótsporum, dat., Fb. iii. I. e.), Mork. 116. II. recipr., miðlask e-t við, to share with one another, Grág. ü-333; miðlask mál við, to make a compromise, Fms. x. miðlan, f. a partaking, sharing with another, Fms. viii. 153; bauð ek fátækum m. míns auðar, Sks. 632: a compromise, göra m. á um e-t, Grett. 104 A. miðlunar-mál, n. pl. a compromise; göra m., Grett. I "5 new Ed.; urðu engin m. með þeim, they came to no compromise, Sturl. i. 133. miðlung, f., or miðlungr, m. the middle, only in adverb, phrases: iniðlungar, f. gen. middling, i. e. not over-much, ironically; midlungar snotr með úsnjallri tungu, i. e. middling-wife, foolish, Hom. 142: as also miðlungi, adv., miðlungi góðgjarn= wi c ked, Rcl. 254, 275; miðlungi réttorðr, Sturl. ii. 185; miðlungi vinsxll, Fbr. 13 new Ed.: miðlung, acc., þykkisk hann þá vera miðlung staddr (in a hard plight) slyppr maðr ok sárr mjök, 93 new Ed.; dugir miðlung bat, 'tis not worth much, it wont do much, Fms. xi. 353 (in a verse). mið-mundi, a, m. the middle, the metaphor being taken from scales: loc. midway, þá er Skiiðuborgará (in Jutland) á miðmunda, the river S. i s midway (between Hedeby and Wiborg), Symb. 32 :-- -with gen., þá er sol miðmunda norðrs ok landnorðrs, if hen the sun is midway between north and north-east, Grúg. ii. 283; þ;i er midmunda solhvarfanna, the mid- time between the two solstices, Rb. 94; let hann sól þann dag upp koma i miðmunda-stað austrs ok landsuðrs, en setjask í miðmunda-stað útsuðrs ok vestrs, id.; í miðmunda-stað vestrs ok útnorðrs, id. 2. moment, weight, importance; guldu þeir allir nokknt er þar vóru ok nokkur miðmundi var at, all who were of any moment, Sturl. i. 181; þú skalt bera fú undir Icndu menu í Noregi ok alla þá menu er nokkurr miðmundi er at, Mork. 4. II. in a temp, sense, as a mark of time, when the sun is midway between midday (twelve o'clock) and nón (three o'clock), half-past one, see Sturl. 1. c.: this measure of time is still used in Icel., bat var nær miðjuin degi (i. e. about twelve o'clock) er þeir fundusk, en fyrir miðmunda hófsk orrostan, en konungr fall fyrir mm, en myrkrit hrl/. k frá miðmunda til nóns, 0. H. 223; Jjórsdaginn um miðnumda-skeið, Fms. viii. 210; um midmunda-skcið miðs dags ok nóns, in the middle betwee?i midday and the 'nones, ' i. e. halt-past one P. M., Sturl. ii. 153. MIÐR, mið, mitt, adj. with a suppressed radical j, which appears before a vowel, niiðjan, miðja, miðjar, miðjum; [l. 'lf. midiis = p-iaos; A. S. medel; cp. Engl. mid, midst, middle; Hel. middi; (). II. G. mitti; etc.; Lat. medius; Gr. //Í'CTOS] :-- the middle; á miðjum piillum, Nj. 150; nxr miðri inni vestri bygð, Landn, 105; kóm á hanu miðjan, hit him in the middle (in the pit of the s t om a c h), Nj. 96; í mitt lær, Fs. 53; ain var opin um mitt, in the middle, 52; þeir stefndu mitt kiðar-sundit, Fms. viii. 131. 2. in a temp, sense: mið nótt, midnight; þá var mið nótt, Edda 30; at miðri nótt, ... of miðja nótt, 29; þá er dró at miðri nótt, Grett. xi4o: iniðjan dag, midday, Vsp.; nær miðjutn degi, about midday, O. H. 223; allt til dügurðar máls eða miðs dags, Sks. 20: miðr aptan, ' mid-eve, ' six o'clock p. M., Fb. ii. 128, Hrafn. 9; miðs aptans tíð, 625. 177: niiðr morgun, ''mid- morning, ' six o'clock A. M.; milli iniðs morguns og dagmála; sofa fram yfir midjan morgun: mitt sumar, midsummer, Nj. 4; at miðju sumri: miðr vetr, midwinter, miðs vetrar nótt, a midwinter night, Fms. i. 33; miðs vetrar blot, Fb. ii; um miðjan vetr, at midwinter; at miðjum vetri, O. II. 104. 3. a kind of local gen.; miðrar brautar, ' midways, ' in the middle of the road, Rm.; miðra fletja, midra skutla, miðrar rekkju, in the middle of the bed, table, benches, id. II. in local names, Mið-á, Mið-berg, Mið-dalir, Mið-engi, Mið-fell, Mið- garðr, Mið-fjörðr (whence Mið-frrðingar, m. pl.), Mið-hóp, Mið- hús, Mið-jökull, Mið-skáli, etc., Landn.; Mið-bæli, D. I. B. COMPOS: mið-aptann, m. mid-eve, see miðr (2), Fms. viii. 89. mið-bik, n. the middle, centre; see dik. mið-breytis, adv. in the middle of the road, Fas. ii. 181. mið-byrði, n. 'mid-board, ' balk-head (?); skipit var litið til skutanna en breitt um miðbyrðit, Grett. 88 A. mid- beer, m. a farm lying in the midst (of three), Nj. 257. mið-dagr, m., Fms. xi. 425; see miðrdagr. mið-degi, n. midday ( -- ^hadegi -- miðr dagr -- twelve o'clock), so always in mod. writers, and distinguished from miðmundi, q. v.; at niorgunmali milli miðdegis ok dagmála, Ísl. ii. 335; miðdcgis skeið, Fms. vii. 69, viii. 374 (v. 1.), Stj. 216, Hkr. ii. 175, Fms. xi-425, Gþl. 87, Jb. 200 (but better miðr dagr in two words); but in mod. usage miðdegi is used in the same sense as miðmundi, q. v. mið- digr, adj. stout in the waist, Grett. 135, Fms. iii. 96. mið-dœgri, n. = miðdegi, Rb. 1812. 39. mið-fasta, u, f. mid-Lent, Ann. 1273, Gþl. 409. mið-firðis, adv. in the middle of the fjord, Fms. xi. 13. niið- fylking, f. the middle of the line in battle, Fms. x. 403. mið- garðr, m., q. v. mið-h. eimr, m. the centre of the world, Symb. 30. mið-h. erðar, f. pl. the mid-shoulders, Bs. i. 453. mio-bjalli, a, in. the middle shelf on a hill-side, Fi:inb-348. mið-hlíðis, adv. along the middle of the mountain side, Ann. mið-hlutr, in. the middle, midst, 6 2 5. 189, Stj. 76. Mið-jarðar-liaf, n. the 'Midland, ' Mediterranean Sea, Syrn. u, ' A. A. 288, Al. ii7, Eddai47(pref.) mið-jarðar-sjór, m. id., A. A. 286. mið-kafll, a, in. the middle piece, Gísl. 88. mið-kvísl, f. the middle branch of a stream, Nj. 161. mið-langr, adj. a nickname, Fb. iii. mið-leiðis, adv. half the way, Eb. 94: in the middle, Ísl. ii. 347, Stj. 289. mið-lektia, u, f. the middle lesson, 625. 169. míð-measa, u, f. th e 'middle mass, ' matins, Hom. 41. mið-mjór, adj. slender in the waist, Fms. x. 151. miðr-morgun, m., see miðr (2). mið-mundi, q. v. mið-nætti, n. midnight, Hkr. i. 68, Orkn. 244, Eg. 397; miðiiíEttis skeið, Fms. viii. 229. mið-pallr, in. the middle bench in the lögrútta, Grág. i. 4, Nj. 150, 190, v. 1. mið-skammr, adj. short-waisted, Eg. 710. mið-skeið, n. the middle course, Alg. mið-skip, n. themidship, waist of a ship, Fms. i. 158, xi. 102; miðskips úr, N. G. L. i-59; cp. En. sl. midshipman. mið-skipa, adv. amidships, Fms. ix. 287 (v. 1.), Bser. 19. mið-sumar, n. midsummer, Grett. 104 new Ed., Rb. 42, 568, Grág. i. 147; miðsumars helgi, a midsummer Sunday, Sturl. iii. 223, Rb. 566: a feast day, miðsumars skcid, midsum- mer time, Fms. vii. 99. miðsumars-vaka, u, f. midsummer night, the 24th of June, D. N. mið-syndis, adv. in ' mid-sound, ' in the middle of the sound, Fas. ii. 355. mið-uppnám, n. a Norse law term, a second instalment, N. G. L. i. 76. mið-veröld, f. = miðheimr, Edda 147 (pref.) miðr-vetr, m. midwinter, in miðs-vetrar-blót, the heathen blot at midwinter, Fb. ii. 185. mið-vika, u, f. the mid-week, in miðviku-dagr (proncd. miðku-dagr), mid-weck-dny, i. e. Wednesday; cp. Germ, mittwoche, (for this use see the remarks s. v. dagr), Rb. 102, Orkn. 322, K. Á. 188, Ó. II. 223, Sturl. ii. 153, D. N. v. 505:- mið- viku-aptan, -morgin, -nótt, f. Wednesday eve, morning, night, K. b. K. 124, K. Á. 22, Ísl. ii. 346, Sturl. iii. 83. mið-briðjungr, m. the middle division of a thing in three parts, D. N. mið-bröngr, adj. tight in the waist, Fas. ii. 343. miðr, adv. = minnr, less; see minni, minnr. mik, pers. pron. acc. me; see ek (1Ï). MIKILL or mykill, adj., mikill, mikil, mikit; gen. mikils, mikillar, mikils; dat. iniklum, mikilli, miklu; acc. mikinn, mikla, inikit: plur. miklir, miklar, mikil; gen. mikilla; dat. miklum; acc. mikla, miklar, mikil: with a suff. neg. miklo-gi, Gn'ig. i. 209, Ísl. ii. 360 (Heiðarv. S.), see -gi (C). The spelling also varies between i and~y; the latter form is represented by the Swed. mycka and mycket; Ivar Aasen mykjen and mygje; A. S. mycel; Old Engl., Scot., and North. E. have both muckle and mickle; Engl. much; early Dan. nwgel. Some Icel. MSS., e. g. the Flatey-book (first hand), make a difference by spelling i in the uncon- tractcd forms, but y in the contracted, e. g. mikill, but myklir, niyklar, myklum; this however was prob. a Norsvegianism, for the poets in their rhymes use i throughout, s ikmik lu, s ik ling m ik lum, Hallfred, agreeably with the mod. pronunciation: compar. meiri, superl. mestr, see meiri: [Ulf. mikils; A. S. mycel; Hel. miki/; O. H. G. mihil; Scot, mickle; Dan. megen; Lat. magnus; Gr. /íéyas.] B. Great, tall, of stature; inaðr in. oksterkr, Nj. 2, Eg. i; sveinn m. ok fríðr, Fms. i. 14; m. vexti, vi. IO2. 2. great, large, in bulk or size; mikil ey ok góð, Eg. 25; m. nauts-húð, Fms. vi. 183; miklar hendr ok fætr, 429; jammikit, Grúg. ii. 264; vatn vel inikit at vexti, Sks. 90; áin var mikil, swoln, Nj. 253; mikit liar, 2; hollina miklu, Fms. vii. 122; inikit n'ki, vi. 148; mikil borg, id. 3. of quantity, great, much; mikil drykkjufiing, Sturl. iii. 289; mikill viðr, Nj. 45; tnikit fi: annat, Ld. 84; hafði mikit á græðsk, Nj. 10; mikit hunang, Rb. 572. II. metaph. great; skorungr mikill, Ld. 120; málafylgju-maðr mikil!, Nj. i; svá m. atgörvi-maðr ok skorungr, Ld. 84; in. drykkju-maðr, Fms. vii. 175: eigi mikill þegn, Ísl. ii. 344; miklir eptirmuls-menn, Ld. 64; miklir atgorvi-menn, Fms. i. 17; göra e-n mikinn mann, Eg. 28; þá gürði el inikit ok íllviðri, Fms. i. 175; vinds gny'r mikill, Ld. 326: vetr mikill, a hard winter, Rb. 572, Ld. í 20; mikit ár, a good season, Hom. 68; mikla rausn, Sturl. iii. 289; urn Dofra-fjall var mikil fiir ór bránd- heimi, Fms. vii. 122; svá mikit metorð, x. 398; frost eru þ;i mikil, Edda 40; inikit úgagn, mikit mein, 41; með mikilli snild, Ld. 84; með niikilü víimttu, id.; mikla virðing, id.; mikil tíðindi, 326; mikinn trúnað, 204; mikit tilkall, Eg. 2ÖÖ; mikit vald, Nj. 10; mikill fagna-fundr, Ld. 330; mikit (imposing) er þitt yfirbragð, Fms. ii. 161; mikit mannfall, Rb. 572. 2. acc. mikinn used as adv.; hann ríðr mikinn, Ni. 55, 125, Gullþ. 64, Grett. 29 new Ed.; þeir fóru mikinn. Fms. ix. 511; mikinn tekr þú mi af, vi. 206; hann tók mikinn af því at þat væri eigi, x. 148. III. neut. as subst. . much; skipta miklu, to be of great importance, Ld. 308; hversu mikit, how much, id.; vera til mikils ferr, 655 xi. 3; mikils verðr, Ísl. ii. 327, Njarð. 372; e-m er mikit í skapi, of emotion, anger, Nj. 38; þykkja e-t mikit, to think much of it, be sorry, angry for, or the like, Eg. 539. 2. dat. miklu with a compar. much, by far, cp. Lat. multo; muni vera miklu fleiri van skipa, Ld. 78; miklu betr, 84; miklu hærra, Sks. 653; miklu meiri maðr en áðr, Fms. vii. 233; miklu meira húttar, i. 295. P. with superl., in poets; miklu mest, much the greatest; þ;i er mini mér miklu mest manna, Kormak, Hkv. I. 49; miklu beztan, 0. H. (in a verse); miklu maklegast, Nj. (in a verse); miklu daprastr, Fas. ii. 56 (in a verse); miklu lengst, O. H. (in a verse); miklu fegrst, Fm. 40. -y-'"

428 MIKILBBJOSTAÐll -- MINN.

prose; miklu holiastir, Glúni. 340; miklu mcst allra þeirra, Fms. ix. =4; miklu mest hyrndir, xi. 6; sú borg var miklu mest, vi. 154; jarl var miklu blíðastr þann dag til konungs, ix. 282; miklu bcztr, þiðr. 183; mikkt harðast ok hæ. ttuligast, 200. IV. neut. as adv., inikit -- -much, greatly; hón unni honum inikit. Nj. 27; sá maðr eykr inikit (greatly) efni til skipsins Naglfars, Edda4i; honum fannsk mikit um, Fms. vii. 232; unnusk þeir mikit, Nj. 149; gúkk bú skipit mikit (= inikiun), Eg. 390; cn þeir sigldu inikit, Fins, vii. 214; samðisk þá mikit með þeim feðgum. Ísl. ii. 210; þessi rembisk mikit, 219. V. pr. names; Mikla Gildi. the Great Guild, Fms. vi. 440; Mikla-Stofa, etc.: as a nickname, inn Mikli en Mikla, the big; Hrolleifr enn Mikli, Fs.: in old writers always of the body, in mod. usage -- great as Alexander Mikli, (where formerly Riki was used.) 2. in local names, [cp. Dan. mögel-, maglc-\; Mikli-garðr, in. 'MiMe-garth' -- Constantinople, Fins, passim; Mikla- garðs-konuugr, -keisari, the king of M., passim. C. Co. Mi'Ds: mikil-brjóstaðr, adj. ' muckie-breasted, ' stout- hearted, O. H. L. 23. mikil-fengliga, adv. immensely, 655 v. 2. mikil-fengligr, adj. hig, Nj. 182, Fs. 23. mikil-gjarn, adj. aspir- ing to a great thing, Karl. 400. mikil-gecfr, adj. considerable, Karl. 381. mikil-hugaðr, adj. high-spirited. Bs. i. 742. mikil-hæfr, adj. stately, considerable, Lcl. 332, Rd. 282, Fs. 12, 63. mikil-látr, adj. frond, grand ( Lat. superbus), Edda loS, Fms. i. 4, Hom. 34: as a nickname, Guðrüðr inn Mikiiluti, Hkr. i. 60; Danr inn Mikilhiti, Ilkr. (pref.); Tarqninius inn Mikiilati, Blas. 37. mikil-leikr (-leiki), in. greatness, largeness, Rb. 470, Fms. ii. 231, Sti. 70, 87, Sks. 98. Greg. 17. mikil-leitr, adj. having great (i. e. prominent, marked) features, F, g. 304, Fms. ii. 20, x. 15, þiði. 176. mikil-liga, adv. greatly, Stj. 114, Th. 78: proudly, Valla L. 217. mikil-ligr, adj. grand, Th. 22, Stj. 38. mikil-lœtask, t, dep. to pride oneself, MS. 4. 9. mikil- lœti, H. pride, pomp, Sol. 66, Edda 22. Str. 82. Karl. 297, Hom. 63, 86. mikil-magnaðr, part, (-inagni, adj.), powerful, strong, Hb. 544, 39. mikil-mannliga, adv. magnificently, Ld. í 78, fsl. ii. 326, Fms. iv. 278, xi. 110. mikil-rnarmligr, adi. grand, magnificent, great, generous, Huv. 51, Fs. 183. inikil-menni, n. a great, powerful man, Landn. 150. Nj. 51, Grett. in A, Fms. i. 294, vi. 7, vii. 118. mikil- mennska, u, t". greatness, magnificence, Fms. vi. 234, Fb. ii. 137. mikil-mscli, n. hi if h words, Hkr. i. 191. mikil-ráðr, adj. imperious, Grett. 103. mikil-ræði, n. a great feat, Ísl. ii. 215. mikil- úðligr, adj. imposing, Sturl. iii. 252, Fær. 45, Fms. xi. 78. mikil- vegligr, adj. magnificent, Róm. 276. mikil-virkr (-yrkr), adj. mightily-working, doing mighty works, Sti. 289, Fb. i. 521, Finnb. 234. mikil-vænligr, adj. important, Sturl. 1. 138. mikil-þægr, adi. exacting, Lv. 77, Fms. iii. 117. Fas. iii. 52. mikils-háttar, adv. distinguished, Nj. 178, Fms. v. 176. mikilsti, adv. too much, Hom. 66; cp. hi'ilzti. mikla, að, | I'll", mikiljan -- /tcyaAi/i/eu'], to make great, magnify, Stj. 64 Fagrsk. 15; ok við fortölur Guðriínar miklaði Bolli fyrir sér fiáml- skap allan á hendr Kjartani ok sakir, Ld. 218; lu'ni sagði til þess tï: m'tt vera, at menu miklaði silc af. 318; niín ond miklar Dróttinn, Luke i. 46 (Vídal.) 2. impers., konungr lætr si'r inikla, the king won- dered, Fms. xi. 428; konungi iniklar þat með sjálíum srr, at hiiin ntlcndi skal yfir bera jiann er Enskir kalla meistara, 431. II. reflex, to wax; mikla. -ik í góðum verkum, Mar.: to wax famous, ef konungr vill miklask af þessu. þá ..., Eg. 425; at hann væri miklaðr af þessu verki, Ld. 150; þá miklomk vér allir af, Fms. xi. 21; mikladr ok tignaðr, Sks. 485. 2. to pride oneself; en engi maðr niiklisk eða stærisk af sinni;utt, Landn. 357 (App.) miklan, t. waxing, growth, greatness, Hom. (St.), Stj. 242. mild-geðr, adj. mild, gentle, Ad. mild-hugaðr, adj. mild, kind, Fms. x. 266. mildi, f. [Ulf. mildipa - aTr\a. -yyya, Phil. ii. 1 ], ' mildness, ' mercy, grace; nndi vizkn ok inildi, 686 B. 13; nieð inóðnrligri mildi, Ski. 549, Fins, ii. 296; biðja at (ïuð geli inér slikt sein bans tr in. til. ix. 249; en |xi hann geli iniinnuin heiinlcvf; af in. sinni. x. 343; orltika hans ok in., Fb. ii. 136; in. ok iniskunn, (). II. 109; bað var inc s ta Guðs inildi, it was God's mercy; gjaf-in., liberality; hlatr-in., tar-in., being given to tears. COMPDS: mildi-fullr, adj. merciful, Th. 24. mildi-verk, n. a work of charity or mercy, 671. 5, Fms. v. 212. mildingr, in., pool, a liberal man, a prince, Edda, Lex. Pout, passim: in prose, Guðs mildingr, a man of God, Mom. 124. mild-leikr (-leiki), in. mildness, mercy, Stj. 125, 157, Sks. 716, K. Á. 52. mild-liga, adv. mildly, gently, Hom. 37, Greg. 7, Bs. i. 2/9. mild-ligr, adj. mild, gentle, Sks. 229 15, II. E. i. 457. MILDR, mild, milt, adj. [Goth, milds, in un-milds -- aarofryos; A. S., Engl., etc. mild] :-- mild, gentle, graceful; inildastr ok úgæztr, Ib. 14; glair ok kátr, m. ok litillatr, Fms. x. 88: gentle, in. ok meinlauss, 281. Stj. 24 r, Bret. 102 (= Lat. pins, of Aeneas); u-niildr, komast i o-mildar hendr, to come into bad bands :-- of weather, m ild. II. inetaph. munificent, Hm. 38; mildir, fræknir menn bazt lifa, 47; inildr at fé, Fms. vii. 197; i'h af mat en mildr af gulli, Hkr. i. 140; -- hinn | mildi, as a nickname, 60; gjaf-mildr, open-handed; hlátr-müdr, laiipJs- ' ing- milkingr, m. a suckling, in brjóst-rnilkingr. milkja, t, to suck; sæll er sá kviðr sem þig bar og þau brjúst er bú inilktir, Luke xi. 27. 2. to milk, milkja fé. milkr, adj. [injolk], giving milk; milk aer, a milch ewe, opp. to geldr (dry), q. v.: milki þinn ! an abuse, milk-sop or the like, Nj. 182. MILLI, prep, with gen., also millim or millum, by assimilation from miôli, which was prob. its early form (loth and nth century), as is shewn by rhymes, e. g. l/V) s á m iðli, Sighvat (thrice); fr iðila m iðli, Fms. vi. 185 (in a verse): [Dan. viellem; Swed. mellari] :-- between; mill! sk(''garins ok árinnar, Eg. 276; m. frosts ok futia, Sól.; heiina á milli, Bs. i. (in a verse); sin á milli, milli sin, among themselves, N. G. L. i. 95, O. H. 48; binda þeir þá svardögum sin í milli, 35; manna á milli, Fms. xi. 19; milli Noregs konungs ok Svia konungs ok Dana konungs, O. II. 47; millim konunga ok landanna í millum, Fms. iii. 70; en aldri síðau varð \ el í millim þessa kununga, 82; Kinarr komsk niðr í millum þeirra konungs, vi. 42; sigla millum landa, ~/ro m one land to another, Ld. 84; millum manna, 78; þeirra ú millurn, N. G. L. i. 87; hann hat'ði í tveinir stüðum herinn ok lot skamt milli, at a thort distance from one another, Róm. 276. II. spec, usages; var enn meir viinduð veizla en þess Í milli, more than otherwise, Fms. xi. 19; margir verða vaskir í einangrinuni, þó lítt sé vaskir þess ú milli, Eb. 60; uni aðra hluti var íkamt milli nu'ils konunga, inotherthings there was no great difference between them, Fms. x. 132; bar væri langt í milli, hvárt þú heföir þú incð ö!lu tðr hefðir þii þá aklri, there is much between your having it altogether or not at all, Gísl. 27; búnaðr hans var þar á milli, /. ' i. v dress røcz. í midway, plain, Eb. 34; standa í niiili, to stand betiveen, hinder. Eg.: mátti þar ekki í millim sjú hvárr of öðrum myndi bera, it could not be seen u-hich of the two would get the better, so e'jual was the match, Fms. iii. 77, Fb. i. 138, Fas. i. 399, iii. 377, Fs. 39; alla þá sUmd varð honum ekki í milli aga ok úfriðar, ri ll that time there was war and fighting, i. e. all his reign was for him nothing but continuous icar and tumult, Fms. vi. 430; nu'r lætr þú ok sjálfuni inilluin ills lítið, Am. 82; Icggja Í mulum, to pay into the bargain; skal ek í millum leggia vinganar binnar, ... kalla ek nn'iui kanpi vel kejpt ok allgóðr er meðal-aukinn. Lv. 43; vili Jx'r llcnsa milli segla, into the bargain, Fms. vi. 359. mod. gel a milli, to give into the bargain ^milli-gjöf, q. v.) III. milli ok, eliipt., in order to avoid repeating an immediately preceding noun, e. g. upp með I'linii, milli ok skógarins, along the river, between (the river) and the forest, Eg.; hann nain land út frá Stafu milli ok Hraunsfjarðar, Eb. 14; nt Fra Stiku, á milli ok Guðlaugs-hüfða, 292; vít frá Svclgs-;'i, milli ok Hula, 180; þar í millum ok traflaðsins, Nj. 203. milli-bil, n. an interval, (mod.) milli-gjöf, f. (•• -- meðal-auki), an amount paid into the bargain. millim and millum, see milli above. millum-ferð, f. intervention as of a daysman. Fms. ix. 322. milska, að, to mix, a beverage; því var drykkr þeirra si'irliga milskaðr í J(')laboðinu, Tliom. 433. milska, u, 1. [A. S. milisc -- -honeyed; Ulf. milip - honey; cp. Lat. mel- litus'\ :-- mead, a kind of honeyed beverage, lit. R. 26; milsku drykkr, Gd. 71, Clar. 134 (Fr.) milta, n. a bar of unwrought iron; jurn-inilta. MILTI, n. [A. S. milt; Engl. HJ ilt, - O. II. Ci. milzt] -. -- the milt, spleen, Fbr. 137, passim. miltis-bólga, n, f. inflammation of the spleen, Eel. x. mimungr, m. the name of a sword, |jiðr.; see Mimir. MINJAR or better minnjar, f. pl., mod. menjar, which occurs in MSS. of the 14th century, thus, menjar, Fb. i. 531, ii. 24, Grett. 96 A, Fas. ii. 326 (151)1 century); gen. sing, menjar, Grett. 151 A (1/6 new Ed.), is no doubt false for menja: [akin to niinni ] :-- memorials; lion tók hringinn Draupni ok sendi C3ðni til minja, Edda 39; daprar ininjar, Skv. 3. 52; þessa gripi skaltú eiga at minjum, Fms. ii. 246; litio fingrgull ... gott sagð. í mér hugr urn ef ek næða nokkurum minjum Magmiss konungs, vi. 235; ok hafa menn þa-. r ininjar hans a islandi at hann helir kristnað landit, x. 300; ininjar várra viðskipta, Fs. 58; cilifar menjar ok minningar, Fb. ii. 24; hann sjiurði hvúrt þeir hefði þess öngar ininjar fuðr í landit, Orkn. 218; þat sverð er þeir frændr höfðu langan tíina átt ok miklar menjar af haldit, i. e. a family heir-loom. Fas. ii. 326. minja-gripr, m. an heir-loom, an object kept in memory of a person, Nj. 203; saxit var nu-njagripr þeirra, ok hafði aldri or ætt gena;it, Grett. 96 A; hann hafði einn tygil-kníf á hálsi sér er móðir hans hatði gefit honum, hón kvað þat minjagrip, ok bað hann svá til geyma sem hamingja muni fylgja, Finnb. 266, Fs. 133. minka, að, see minnka. MINN, f., min, n., mitt, poss. pron. :-- in the possessive pronouns minn, þinn, sinn (meiis, tuus, suns), mod. usage pronounces i long (i) before one consonant, but short (i) before a double consonant, and ac- cordingly all modern editions of old writers nuke a distinction in the root vowel, thus, minn, minnar, niinni, minna, but min, minir, minar, minimi; whereas the ancients pronounced i throughout, as is seen Ironi Thorodd,

MINNA -- MINNKA. 429

who distinguishes between the short i in minna (memorare) and the long í in mínna (meornm), Skálda 163; and still more clearly from rhymes, mítt and hvíti, Bjarn. 63; mínn (meum) and sína, Arnór (Orkn. 104); mítt, frítt, and mítt, sítt, Völs. R. 136, 137. As late as the 14th century, in the corrections by the second hand of the Flatey-book, mijtt = mítt; the older vellums do not distinguish between i and í; cp. also the cognate languages: [Goth, meins; A. S. and O. H. G. mîn; Engl. mine; Germ, mein; Dan. mín.] B. Mine and my = Lat. meus, in countless instances: the possessive pronoun is usually put after the noun, bróðir minn, faðir minn; for the sake of emphasis only can it stand before, minn hamar, Þkv. 3; minn dróttinn, Skm. 3; minn Sigurðr, Gkv. 1. 18; míns málvinar, 20; mínu bölvi, id.; mínir bræðr, 2. 3; minn herra, Fms. vii. 197; mínar eru sorgirnar þungar sem blý, Sturl. (in a verse): in eccl. writers, perhaps influenced by Luther's Bible, this use has increased, and is freq. in the N. T., Pass., Vídal.; in popular speech, however, the old usage still holds good, (cp. Engl. mother mine, etc.) 2. in addressing, my dear! Jón minn ! Sigríðr mín ! móðir mín ! barnið mitt! etc. II. as neut. subst. mitt; [Gr. GREEK; Lat. meum]:-- mine, my part; skal ek ekki mitt til spara, mine, all I have, Nj. 3; malit hefi ek mitt, I have done my share, Gs. 16. III. ellipt. usage; eru slíkar mínar, such are mine (viz. affairs), Ísl. ii. 245. MINNA, t, [A. S. mindjan; Engl. mind; Dan. minde; Germ, meinen; Engl. mean is prob. of the same root] :-- to remind, with gen. of the thing and dat. of the person; minna e-n e-s, to remind one of, Skálda 163; hón hefir minnt mik þeirra hluta er ek hefir eigi fyrr hugleitt, Fms. i. 3; minna á e-t, Hallgerðr minnti opt á, Nj. 71; þar er þú minntir mik at ek væra þinn maðr, Hkr. i. 91. II. impers. 'it minds me,' = I remember; ávallt er ek sék fagrar konur, þá minnir mik þessarar konu, ok er minn harmr æ því meiri, Fms. vii. 105. 2. to recollect; hvers minnir þik um hversu mælt var með okkr ? þá er vel ef okkr (acc.) minnir eins um þetta mál, does it not occur to you what we agreed on ? ... 'tis well if both of us recollect the same, Ld. 284; mik minnir þeirra Jólanna er vóru í fyrra vetr, Fms. vi. 232: freq. in mod. usage, mig minnir, it is in my mind, = I think, with the notion of not being quite sure, but eg man, I remember. III. reflex., minnask e-s, to remember oneself, 'mind,' call to mind [cp. common Engl. 'I mind well this or that,' = I remember], Fær. 79, Fms. i. 4; herra minnstú mín, 623. 9; ef þér vilit eigi slíks (slíkt Ed.) minnask, Fms. xi. 268; sú hin ílla atkváma minntisk hennar, visited her, Hom. 121; hefi ek nökkut minnsk þíu ? -- Ekki, herra, segir sveinninn, have I remembered thee, i. e. given thee anything? Fms. vi. 230; eigi væri allfjarri at minnask þín í nokkuru, to remember thee with some small pittance, i. e. give thee some trifle, Fb. ii. 96; er þat ok staf&dash-uncertain; karla háttr ok er einsætt at minnask hans þó lítið sé, Háv. 5, 15 new Ed.; hann minntisk gamalla manna með spakligum ráðum, Fagrsk. 15: -- minnask á e-t, to remember, recollect; minnask á fornan fjándskap, Nj. 66 :-- to mention, talk of, hann minntisk þá er fyrr höfðu verit, Ó. H. 70. minnask, t, dep., [minnask rhyming with finna, Hallfred; from munnr = a mouth, and different from the preceding] :-- to 'mouth,' i. e. kiss, at meeting or parting: only with prepp., m. við e-n, or m. til e-s hafði konan gengit inn at minnask við heima-menn, Orkn. 220; hann spratt upp í móti honum ok minntisk til hans, he rose and kissed him, bade him welcome, Nj. 282; Bolli gékk at Kjartani ok minntisk til hans, Ld. 194; gékk konungr út um bæinn ok minntisk til allra höfuð-kirkna, Fms. viii. 126; einn af gestum Magnúss konungs minntisk við líkit ok felldi tár, Fb. ii. 619 (kysti líkit, Fms. viii. 232, l. c.); ok áðr hann væri smurðr minntusk menn til hans, Fms. x. 148; viltú minnask til mín at skilnaði? -- Ekki, Lafranz, vil ek kyssa þik, Bs. 1. 842; gékk í móti honum ok tók hann af baki, ok minntusk þeir Kári báðir við hann, ok leiddu hann á milli sín í stofu inn ok settu hann í hásæti, Nj. 255; hann minntisk við son sinn með ástsamligum kossi, Barl. 186, Háv. 24, 38 new Ed.: with a play on the words, munnr þinn at ek meina, minnist við Jésum bert, Pass. 6. 9. MINNI, compar. and superl. minnstr, answering to lítill, q. v.: [Ulf. miniza and minists; O. H. G. miniro; Germ, minder, minderste; Dan. - Swed. mindre, mindst; Lat. minor, minimus] :-- lesser, smaller, and superl. least, smallest, of stature, quantity, following the same rule as lítill (q. v.), and opp. to meiri; minna lið, Grág. i. 44; minni laun, Nj. 10; máttr sem minnstr, Fms. xi. 102; minnstr ok vesalligstr, Háv. 53; var minna karp þitt, er..., Fms. vii. 21; þeir áttu minna í at hefna, Eg. 86; liggja í minna rúmi, Mork. 183; svá sem hann má minnstu við koma, Grág. i. 140. II. metaph., minnstir fyrir sér, Eg. 123; þú ert minni fyrir þér en ek hugða, Edda 33; þat lið er honum þótti minni fylgð í, Fms. iv. 350; sá er kallaðr minni maðr (lower in rank) er öðrum fóstrar barn, Ld. 108: hence vera minni maðr, of a person who has done a dishonourable deed, dishonoured [cp. Lat. capitis minor] : eigi at minna, nevertheless, 216. minni-háttar and minnst-háttar, adv. of lesser, least degree, the least, Fs. 59. minni, n., but also mynni, [munnr; Dan. minde, in Kjerte-minde and other local names; -mouth in Engl. local names; Germ, -munde as in Trave-munde, -gemünd as in Necker-gemünd] :-- the month, Lat. ostium; Móðu-minni, Fms. vi. (in a verse); Dínu-m., Km. 3; austr horfir botninn á Hjörunga-vági en minnit í vestr, Fb. i. 187; fyrir minni Eireks-fjarðar, 430 (mynne Ed.), Fms. xi. 125 (mynnet Ed.); fyrir utan minnit, Fs. 180; fjarðar mynni, Hkv. Hjörv. 18; dals-mynni, Fms. viii. 57; but dal-minni, Fb. ii. 554, l.c.: also an Icel. name, Ós-minni, 29. MINNI, n. [Ulf. ga-minþi = GREEK; A. S. mynd; Engl. mind] :-- memory; minni, vit ok skilning, minni at muna..., Skálda 169, Fbr. 137; hann misti minnis ok þótti nær sem vitstolinn, Fms. vi. 198; sumir hafa eigi m. þá er frá liðr hvernig þeim var sagt, ok gengusk þeim mjök í minni optliga, Ó. H. (pref.); leggja í minni, to keep in memory, Fb. ii. 353; því er ek má mínu minni á koma, Str. 2; reka minni til, Fms. vi. 256, Fb. i. 262; festask e-m í minni, Ó. H. 46; reka minni til e-s. 2. memorials, esp. in pl.; þvílík minni hafa menn þar Haralds konungs, Fagrsk. 127; ok settir eptir bautasteinar til minnis, Ó. H. (pref.); hann hjó þat högg er menn hafa síðan at minnum haft, Fb. ii. 23, Fms. xi. 109: old saws or the like, hölzti eru þau minnin forn, Mkv.; ok skal orðtak vera forn minni, Edda (Ht.) 125. 3. memory, of past time; þeirra er vóru fyrir várt minni, who lived before our memory, Íb. 16; þat er ór manna m., beyond the memory of man, D. N. iii. 34; ér erfðuð hann, þat er í mínu m., Skálda 171; ú-minni, lethargy. 4. mind, consent (Dan. minde, 'give sit minde til noget;' Engl. 'give one's mind to it'); með sjálfs síns minni, K. Á. 70; utan biskup minni, D. N. i. 382. II. a memorial cup or toast, at old sacrifices and banquets: these memorial toasts were in the heathen age consecrated (signuð) to the gods Thor, Odin, Bragi, Frey, Njord, who, on the introduction of Christianity, were replaced by Christ, the Saints, the Archangel Michael, the Virgin Mary, and St. Olaf; the toasts to the Queen, Army, etc. in English banquets are probably a relic of this ancient Teutonic ceremony; Krists-minni, Fms. vii. 148; Máriu-m., x. 19; Ólafs-minni, N. G. L. ii. 445, cp. in the heathen age Braga-full; þar vóru öll minni signuð Ásum at fornum sið, Ó. H. 102; bera minni um eld, O. H. L. 18; bera öl um eld ok drekka m. á þann er gegnt var, Fms. vi. 442; fóru minni mörg ok skyldi horn drekka í minni hvert, Eg. 206; drakk hann þá öll minni krossalaus þau er bændr skenktu honum, Hkr. i. 144; mæla fyrir minnum, to speak to a toast, propose, give a toast, Orkn. 246, Fs. 147; skyldi þar um gólf ganga at minnum öllum, Eg. 253; Þorgils skyldi mæla fyrir minnum, en hann veik til Þórðar ok bað hann ráða hver minni fyrst væri drukkin, i. e. that Th. should be the toast-master, Sturl. i. 20 (the banquet in Reykhólar, A. D. 1119). At a funeral banquet the minni of the deceased was proposed by the heir, who at the same time made a vow (strengja heit); this rite performed, he took his father's scat in the hall, and was henceforth the lawful heir, Fms. i. 161: a minni to a living person is nowhere mentioned. For the classical passages see Hák. S. Góða ch. 16, 17, Fms. i. 280; and for funeral banquets, Fagrsk. ch. 55. COMPDS: minnis-drykkja, u, f. a banquet where there are minni, Bs. i. 728. minnis-góðr, adj. having a good memory. minnis-horn, n. a memorial horn, cup, Fsl. 19. minnis-lauss, adj. having a bad memory. minnis-leysi, n. loss of memory. minnis-stæðr, adj. memorable, Þórð. 74. minnis-veig, n. a 'toast-cup,' of a charmed cup, Sdm. (prose), Fas. iii. 309. minnis-verðr, adj. memorable. minnis-öl, n. = minnisveig, Hdl. 45, where it has some notion of a charmed drink. minnigr, adj., mingastir, GREEK, Fms. vi. 199 (Hulda), but elsewhere uncontracted :-- mindful, having a good memory, Hm. 102, Fagrsk. 14; m. ok ólyginn, Íb. 15; stórvitr ok minnigr, m. ok námgjarn, Ó. H. (pref.); verþú sem mingastr (contr.), Fms. vi. 199: remembering, ek em m. hversu ..., I remember how ..., i. 35 :-- with gen., vera m. e-s, Fs. 18, Fms. iii. 63, xi. 261, Ó. H. 215 :-- also minnigr at e-u, Nj. (in a verse). minni-liga, adv. in memory, Karl. 126. minni-ligr, adj. memorable, Stj. 67, 127, 280, Barl. 171, Bs. i. 347, Sturl. ii. 187, v. l. minning, f. memory, recollection, remembrance; en nú ritu vér þau tíðendi með nokkurri minningu, er görðusk ... . Ó. H. (pref.); í minning e-s, in memory of, remembrance of, Rb. 336, MS. 623. 96, Nj. 157, Sks. 112; göra minning e-s, Fms. i. 31, Blas. 43, Grett. 137; góðrar, ágætrar minningar, of good, blessed memory, H. E. i. 529, Dipl. i. 3 :-- with a notion of vengeance, ok þótti sjá minning betri en engi, Ld. 234, Fms. xi. 443: with a notion of gratitude, a gift, present, Eg. 63; þenna varning vil ek at þér þiggit at mér, herra, þótt smæri minningar sé görvar en vera ætti, Fms. xi. 328. 2. admonition, foreboding; þessi minning varð náliga hverja nótt. Fms. vii. 187. COMPDS: minningar-mark, n. a monument, Stj. 190. minningar-tíð, f. a memorial feast, Mar. minningar-verðr, adj. memorable, Fms. x. 313. minni-samligr, adj. memorable, Edda 160 (pref.), Stj. 6. minni-samr, adj. with gen. recollecting, mindful, and of things 'never to be forgotten,' Nj. 152, Ld. 242, Fms. vi. 261, vii. 295, Ölk. 37, Háv. 44. minnka, proncd. mínka, að, [minni, minnr], to lessen, diminish, 732. 1, Skálda 167, Rb. 334; m. sik, virðing sína, to lower oneself, Nj. 222, Sd. 154. 2. impers. to abate, decrease; veðrit (acc.) minnkar, Eg. 99; skóginn minnkar, Str. 4; ísa minnkar, Fms. ix. 350. II. reflex. to grow less, decrease; hiti minnkask, 732. 1, Barl. 70, 180, Rb. 474,

430 MINNKAN -- MISJAFNA.

Stj. 59: to be lowered, disgraced, ef Sturla er at nokkru minnkaðr, Sturl. i. 104; minnkask ekki, Hrafn. 16; minnkaðisk vár sæmd í því, Fms. x. 7. minnkan, f. a decrease, minisbing, Fas. iii. 266, Bs. ii. 164: gramm., Skálda 167, 188. 2. metaph. shame, discredit, freq. in mod. usage; þér er minnkan að því, 'tis discreditable to tbes. minnkunar-laust, n. adj. without disgracc. MINNR, adv., compar. also spelt and proncd. miðr, and so always in mod. usage; superl. minust; answering to litt (see litill); [Uif. mins or mini; cp. Lat. minus] :-- less, with dat.; hálfum vegnuni penning! miðr en hulfan sjötta eyri, Grág. ii. 175; vetri miór en half-sextugr, i. e. fifty-five years old save one [cp. ''forty stripes save one'], Ih. 18; manni minnr en halfr sétti tjgr, Sturl. iii. 37; vera liti minnr, to be minus one's life, lifeless, dead, Ísl. ii. 315 (lleiðarv. S.); engu miðr Skallagrimi, no less than S., Eg. 334; engu minnr, no less, ' nihilo minus, ' Etida 36; sá er miðr neytir, he who males less use of it, Grág. ii. 293; minnr á viðborða, Fms. vii. 292; ef inaðr stelr minnr en þveiti. N. G. L. i. 253; miðr vel, less well, not very well, Ísl. ii. 330; beir sem vitrari vóru ok minnr druknir, Fins, i, 59; þat skipit er minnr var brotið, ii. 128; minnr niundi Jjjóstólíî í aUgu vaxa, Nj. 58; pat er minnr er fjarat, Ld. 76; ok er þat oigi minnr mitt hug- boo, Fier. 202; mundi hann þú minnr saka sóttin, Sks. 704; scin minnr er at sküpuðu, Stnrl. iii. 7; minnr fro. likendurn, Fms. v. 86: in mod. usage, því er miðr, alack! því er verr og miðr = alack! í am sorry. II. superl. minnst, least; þá er hann varði minnst, ivhen he least expected, Eg. 296; ininnst mánuð, at least a month, Vígl. 33; minnst staddr, i. e. in a bad plight, Pr. 410. minnstr, superl. least; see iniuni. minnþak, n. [from a Gaelic word min -- flour] , dough made of butter and flour kneaded by the Irish slaves to slake their thirst at sea when short of water, Landn. 34: whence Minnbaks-eyrr, f. a local name in Icel., see Landn. 1. c. and Fs. minta, u, f. the herb mint, Pr. 272, N. T. mirra, u, f. myrrh, Stj., Hom., N. T. MIS, adv., also ú mis, the older form of which was miss, which remains in missa, missir, miss-eri, and was in the earliest times sounded so, as may be seen from such rhymes as m is s-long, v i ssa, Fms. xi. 196 (in a verse of the beginning of the nth century); [Ulf. misso = ciAATjAo. '!/, prop, a subst. = Lat. vi ces] :-- amiss, denoting to miss one another, pass one another without meeting: þá ríðr hann undir melinn hjá Mosvöllum er þeir bræðr ríða hit efra ok farask peir hjf'i á mis, Gísl. 19; as also simply farast ú mis, to pass by one another so as to miss; sverð Saul hjó aldri mis, Stj. 495. 2 Sam. ii. 22; hann ætlaði at drepa keisarann ... en grípr á mis Karlamagnús, he in- tended to slay the emperor Charlemagne, but missed him, Karl. 151; gripu þeir á miss hins bezta ráðs, they missed their opportunity, Róm. 278; göra á miss, to do amiss, Hom. 14; leggja á mis, to l a y athwart or a cros s. B. In a great number of compds, denoting, a. alternately, Germ. wechsel, as in mis-svefni, mis-vitr, miss-eri, missöng; P. amiss, in a wrong way; and lastly, y. wrong, evil, see the following compds. mis-bjóða, bauð, to proclaim amiss, N. G. L. i. 9, 348: to ill-use, offend, with dat., Mar., Hom.: esp. in part, n., e-m þykir sér misboðit í e-u, to feel offended at, take ill, Ld. 136, Orkn. 212. mis-brigði, n. pl. deviation, Sks. 527. mis-bundinn, part, mis-bound, unlaivfully bound, N. G. L. i. 83. mis-dauði, a, m. death at different times: in the phrase, ef in. peirra verðr, if one of them should die before the other, N. G. L. i. 48, Grág. i. 219, Fb. i. 560, Fs. 124. mis-deila, d, t o ' mis-deal, ' quarrel, N. G. L. i. 68. mis-deild, f. a ' mis-deal, ' quarrel, Fms. x. 406, N. G. L. i. 68. mis-deili, n. 'mis-dealing, ' shewing undue preference, Fms. i. I/. mis-dýpi, n. ' mis-depths, ' now shallow, now deep, Ísl. fjjóðs. ii. 77. mis-dæma, Ö, to misjudge, Bær. 12. mis-dæmi, n. misjudgmenl, N. G. L. i. 88. mis-dæming,f. misjudgment, Sks. 344. mis-eiðr, n. ' mis-oath, ' perjury, Eluc. mis-eldri, n. ' mis-age, ' disparity in age, of brothers, wedded per- sons, or the like, Fb. i. 123, 250, Fms. v. 318 (spelt wrongly mis-cldi), x. 402 (spelt mis-heldi). mis-eta, at, t o ' e a t amiss, ' i. e. at a wrong time, N. G. L. i. 378- mis-fall, n. a mishap, mischance, Art. mis-falla, foil, to happen amiss. Sir. 9, Karl. 303, Art. 52. mis-fangi, a, m. a mistake, taking one thing for another, Grúg. i. 415, Greg. 70. mis-fangi, adj. guilty of a mistake, Grág. mis-fara, fur, [Scot, misfaer] , to go amiss, be lost, Gþl. 508: to d o amiss, transgress, Bs. i. 773; misfara með e-u, to treat amiss, outrage, N. G. L. i. 152, (3. H. 224, Gþl. 102, 312: to misconduct, Fms. vii. 142: rellex. to go amiss, Bret. 98; e-m misfersk, it goes amiss with one, Bs. ii. 18. mis-fari, a, m. ' mis-travelling, ' of two travelling at a different speed, io that one is left much behind; nnm þá svá mikill verða yðvarr m., Fbr. 205; ok varð m. þeirra eigi alllitill, Fær. 268; at sem minnstr skyldi veröa in. þeirra lîrúsa, Ó. H. 97. mis-fengr, adj. missing one's aim, Gísl. 71. mis-ferð, f. misconduct, H. E. i. 249: a mishap. Art. 39. mis-ferli, n. a mishap, mischance, -- slysferli, Gþl. 482, Sturl. ii. 51: misconduct, Bs. ii. 70- mis-fróðr, adj. mit-informed, of persons hearing different accounts of the same thing, Fas. iii. 237, v. 1. mis-fylgi, n. partiality, N. G. L. iii. 77. mis-för, f., esp. in pl. mishaps, a miscarriage, accident, Bs. i. 200, Karl. 52, Fær. 194: in Grág. i. 224 misfarar is used of a crew perish- ng one after another, a case analogous to that told in Ld. ch. 18, and bearing on the old law of inheritance, by which all persons aboard a ship were one another's heirs; so that it was important to know in what order they died, and who had been the last survivor, cp. kjolsvarf in the early Swed. law: the phrase, fara misiVirum, to have miscarried. mis-ganga, u, f. a going amiss, straying, of cattle, Grág. 1. 435, Krók. 37: misconduct, N. G. L. i. 63, Fb. ii. 300: dissent, H. E. i. 528: of the tide, see misgüng. mis-gleyma, d, to forget. Art. 52. mis-góðr, adj. ' mis-good, ' partly good, partly bad, Fb. ii. 240. mis-grafa, gróf, to ' mis-bury, ' i. e. against law, N. G. L. i. 392. mis-granda, að, to misuse, hurt, H. E. i. 242, Hom. 155. mis-gruna, að, to suspect, Fms. iii. 122, Fas. iii. 278, Bs. i. 810. mis-göng, n. pl., mis-ganga, u, f., Orkn. 266: in the Kb. spelt miss- ong, even in the very old vellums 1812 and 625; which may be the true, and misgong a later etymologising form, from miss and an inflexive -ang, cp. hunang, analogous to misseri, q. v. B. ' Mis-tide, ' ' tide-change, ' i. e. the spring tides at new moon and at full moon; the spring at full moon was called missoug in meiri, high spring tide, opp. to iiiissong in niinni. the low springs at new moon; as to the seasons, the midsummer springs (the sun in Cancer) were called high, as opp. to the low spring tides at midwinter time (the sun in Capricorn), see the Rb.; geisar þá fli'iðit miklu meirr en áðr ok kó'llu vér þat in meiri misgong, verða þá misgong at nyi meiri en iíðr, 732. I, 4; en ek veil at þér flytisk eigi ór hüfninni fyrir niisgöngin, not before the next spring tide, Ísl. ii. 127 (where inisgongin is = misgong iu meiri); þau flóð kölíu vér missöng at nyi hverju, ... köllu vér þat en meiri missöng, ... tuugl er fullt eðr ekki at syn þá er missöng eru ok fjara verðr user miðdegi eðr miðnxtti, ... verða þá missöng at nyi ineir en úðr, Rb. 442, 444, 448, 478: the vellum 732 uses mostly misgong or misgavng; thus, en þá er tunglit stendr gegnt sol eru misgong af vellu sólar-hita ... sól í Krabba-merki ok misgong, ... sól í Steingeitar-merki ok misgong minni...; again, ok þau köllu vér ilóð missöng at nyi hverju, see Ísl. ii. 512 (the foot-note); þeir mundi þess bíða, þá er á stæðisk misganga straurnanna (= th e spring tide), ok austan-veôr, þvíat þá er varla fært milli Vestreyjar ok Hrosseyjar, Orkn. 266. The word is now obsolete, and instead of it Icel. say stór-straumr, stor-streymt, = s prin g" tide, opp. to snm-straumr, smu-strcynit, = neap tide, which words, on the other hand, do not occur in old writers: miðs göng, -- waning moon, is still said to be in use in eastern Iceland. mis-göra, ð, to misdo, transgress, Nj. 176, Hom. 19, Gþl. 183, Fms. i. 47, N. G. L. i. 351, Sturl. iii. 233. mis-görð, f. transgression, passim in mod. usage. mis-görning, f. (-görniiigr, in., Sks. 676, Fms. x. 371), a misdeed, transgression, Hom. 152, 158. mis-haldinn, part, wronged, not getting fair treatment, Fms. vii. 2, x. 410, Gþl. 185, Bær. 18. mis-heldi, n. ill usage, unfair treatment, Fms. x. 402. mis-hljóðan, f. discordance, Stj. 45. mis-huga, að, to think amiss, think evil, Hom. (St.) mis-hugi, adj.; vera in. við e-n, to be at variance with, Fas. i. 171 • as subst. suspicion, Bær. 16. mis-hugna, að, to displease, Art. mis-högg, n. a ' mis-blow, ' miss, striking at one thing and hitting another, Bs. i. 428. mis-höggva, hjó, t o s trike amiss, N. G. L. i. 166. misindi, n., in the gen. of mixed, bad quality, e. g. misindis-maðr, m. a person of bad reputation. mis-inna, t; e-m verðr niisinnt = niisinæla (q. v.), Dropl. 18. mis-jafn, adj. ' mis-cvcn, ' uneven, unequal, of various sizes or qualities, now this, now that, Fb. i. 559, Nj. 12 2; í misjöfn efni, Skálda 175; misjöfn skotvápn, i. e. both heavy and light, long and short, Sks. 386; misjafuir eru blinds maims bitar, awind man's mouthfuls are uneven, either too small or too large: metaph. not good, samfarir þeirra vóru misjafnar, Sturl. i. 115; þessi ætlan þótti monnum misjöfn, Fms. ix. 17; sá verðr at mæta misjöfnu (hardships] er víða ferr, Fas. ii. 74; á inisjöfnu þrífask börniu bezt, a saying; misjafnt ha:gr, not very easy. Band. 13. mis-jafna, að, to make unequal; m. frásögn um menu, to give a dif- ferent account, speak well of one and ill of another, Orkn. 46; ef

M1SJAFNAÐR -- MISSERI. 431

nökkurr hlutr væri misjainaðr (s h ar ed unequally) nieð þeim bræðrinn, Fms. x. 62; hefir þú, taðir, lengi mjök misjafnat með oss bræðrum, Ld. 102; cf hann eigi misjafnaði með þeim, Sturl. ii. 159. mis-jafnaðr, m. an unequal daring, Grág. 1. 1/4: odd s, Fms. i. 42. mis-jafnan, f. -- misjafnaðr, Bs. ii. 40, Mar. mis-kast, n. a ' mis-cast;' farask at miskiJstum, to be worsted, Stj. 211. mis-kaup, n. a bad bargain, Sturl. iii. 212, v. 1. mis-kenna, d, to mis-ken, mistake one for another, Sir. 82, Sturl. i. 160, Flóv. 20. miski, a, m. [mis], a misdeed, offence; in the phrase, güra e-m til miska, to offend, wrong' a person, Fiunb. 258, Ld. 76, Hraih. 27. miska-ráð, n. pl. misdeeds, Harms. 14. mis-kunn, f., mod. miskun with a single n, [from mis- and kunna; Scot, mis-ken; analogous to Lat. ignoscere -- not to know, to overlook, pardon faults, as is duly renuuked in Syntagma Baptismi by Jim Ólafs- son] :-- forgiveness, pardon, mercy, grace; vill þúrúlfr gc-fask upp í mitt vald til miskunnar, Eg. 89; getask upp á, yðvart vald ok miskunn, Fms. i. 104, Greg. 48, Niðrst. I; ok cru þeir þá í in. konungs, at the king's mercy, Gþl. 84; góra miskunn a e-m. to shew mercy to, Stj. 200; mis- kunnar audi, hugr, licit, augu,, brunnr, faðmr, the spirit, mind, premise, eyes, spring, bosom of grace, 24. 2, Greg. 25, 45, 47, Fms. ii. 196, Th. 2^; miskunnar dornr, merciful judgment, Sks. 615; m. móðir, mother of mercy, Hom. 121; miskunnar gjöf, gift of grace, Fær. 136, Bs. i. 699: esp. freq. in eccl. usage, N. T., Pass., Vidal. COMPDS: miskunnar- fullr, adj. merciful, Dipl. ii. 14. miskunnar-lauss, adj. merciless, unforgiving, cruel, Sks. 735, Stj. 230. miskiinnar-leysi, n. h ar d- ne ss of heart, cruelly, Bs. i. 288, Stj. 481. miskuuiiar-maðr, m. an object of charity, a pauper, Ld. 310. miskxmnar-verk, n. a work of mercy or charity, Hom. 67, K. Á. 76, Fms. x. 244. mis-kunna, mod. mls-kuua, að, to shew mercy, pardon, with dat.; m. muli e-s, to pardon, deal mercifully with one, Sks. 652, Fms. ii. 119, viii. 24, Greg. 24; miskunnaðu HUT Guð -- miserere mei Dens, Fms. viii. 239: passim in eccl. usage, Guð miskuni mi o'llum oss, a hymn. II. with acc., miskunna e-n, O. II. L. 40, Sir. 74, Sks. 255, (rare.) mis-kunnari, a, m. one who shews mercy, a pardoner, Str. 81. miskunn-lauss, 3. A] . finding no mercy, Gs., Grett. 15 new Kd. miskunn-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), mercifully, Fms. ix. 517, Stj. 40, Sks. 453. miskunn-samr, adj. merciful, Blas. 42, Magn. 464, Nj. 157, Hom. 109, Fms. ix. 524, Barl. 82. miskunn-semd, -semi, f. companion, mercy, Magn. 514, Sks. 733, Fms. iv. 247. mis-kviðr, in. [Ulf. missa-qiss = axiffl*a\, n slip in the pleading before a court; ek tek miskviðu alla or niúlinu hvárt sem niér verðr mismælt eðr ofmælt, Nj. 232; hann sótti málit miskviða-laust, IIrath. 18. mis-langr, adj. of different length. Fms. xi. 196 (in a verse). mis-leggja, lagði, to lay amiss; e-m eru mislagðar hendr, one had 'mislaid hands, ' i. e. did the wrong thing and left the right undone, Fms. vii. 118, þorst. Stang. 52, Finnb. 262: also of slovenly or bad work. mis-leika, 16k, to ill-treat, N. G. L. i. 169. mislingar, m. pl., or mislinga-sótt, f. [Germ, masern; Engl. measlei\, the ' spotted sickness, ' measles. mis-litr, adj. variegated, of colour, Stj. 73, Barl. 169; mislit ull. mis-líka, að, to mislike, be displeased, Nj. 65, Ld. 164, Fms. i. 96, x. 12, xi. 45, Hr. ifn. 17. mis-líkan, f. misliking, dislike, Str. 42. mis-lítask, Icit, to look amiss on a thing, misjudge; e-m mislitzk e-t, to be mistaken about it, Glúm. 350. mis-lyndi, n. an uncertain temper, Fms. vi. 355, Korm. 168, Sks. 137. mis-lyndr, adj. variable in temper, Fms. viii. 447, Al. 54, Sks. 24, 271, Róm. 254. mis-lýti, n. y\. faults, flaws, Rétt. 6. 8. mis-lögur, f. pl.; leggja mislogum. to lay the feet across, Fb. ii. 300. mis-marka, að, t o ' mis-mark, ' mark another man's lamb, Griig. ii. 304. mis-minna, t, to remember wrong: impers., mig misininnir e-t. mis-minni, n. recollecting wrong, N. G. L. i. 378. mis-muni, a, m. -- misnmnr, Grág. i. 173 (theodd amount), 174 B, ii. 158; verðr þar cin null at misniuna, one odd night, Rb. (1812) 52. mis-munr, in. difference, disproportion, Fms. vii. 142, Barl. 67, 93, Karl. 373, Rb. 14. mis-mæla, t, to make a slip of the tongue, Al. 102, Nj. 232: to dis- parage, with dat., Str. 70. mis-mæli, n. 'mis-speaking, ' a slip of the tongue; hann mun citt m. tala á allri æfi sinni ok láta á sama degi sitt lit", Fms. iv. 46, Orkn. 112, Fb. ii. 417, Karl. 437; e-m verðr m., to make a slip of the tongue, O. ILL. 14; mér varð in. :-- dissent. Roll. 73. misnesi, n. (qs. mið-sncsi?), [from miðr and snus = nos (?), q. v.] :-- the partition between the nostrils. mis-raðit, n. part.; e-u er misrúðit, ill-advised, Fms. x. 420, Fs. 141, yt Ísl. ii. 379. F mis-ræði, n. an ill-advised, ill-fated deed, Fms. vi. 19, x. 416, Bs. i, 722, Karl. 81: transgression, Barl. 73. mis-rœða, u, f. [mis and rœöa = Lat. ne-fandnni] , fornication, Grág. i. 338, ii. 61. MISSA, t, infin. pret. misstu, Fms. i. í 78 (in a verse); [A. S. missjan: Engl. miss; O. H. G. missan; Dan. mi s t i] :-- to miss, lose: I. with gen. to miss, not hit, lack, and the like; Kolr sveillaði til hans iixi ok inissti hans, Nj. 56; sv;'i inissta ek alldrj mauns lyrr, Fms. ii. 331; hann lagði til hans tncð saxinu ok inissti, O. H. 73 ! Pbilistci niissa nu Samsons, found him not, Stj. 415; in. heimkvámu, Fas. i. 385, Sighvat; allt fyiir ofan þar sem inissti hiisaima, whsre the houses ended, where there were no longer any houses (for shelter), Fms. ix. 30; Jan skulu eii^i missa (not escape) hefndar Heilagrar kirkiu, K. Á. 116; hann inissti þú fótum, he slipped with the feet, misted his footing (better m. iota), Hkr. i. 17; in. fótanna, id., Bs. i. 369; Í cngum manaoi inissti hennur sá litimi, O. H. L. 84; in. tíða, Fms. v. 182: missta'k Ástu burs, cr..., / missed the son of As/a, ivhen..., Siglivat; hann vill þrifa sverðit, ok missir, he thinks to grasp the sword and misses ii, 'tis gone, Ld. IlS; ef maðr missir kvaðar-váttar, hits none, lacks, Gníg. i. 42; sagði hann inisst hafa (he had omitted) þeírra þriírgja vútt- orða er í dóminn úttu at koina, Nj. 56; missti luuin mi hers sins seni vita má, F:ns. ii. 306; missum vér nii liákonar ívarssonar fra'nda niíns, vi. 282; Dagr v. ir þ;i cnn eigi koniinn með sitt lið ok inissti bess fylkingar annsins, ü. H. 209; bvíat þeir hiitðu lengi matar inisst, been long without food, Gísl. 57. 2. to mi s s, lose, sirfftr loss of: ek hefi inikils niisst, Nj. 28, 117; Ji;V á hann at in. þeirrar giûar, N. G. L. i. 345; niissa höfðingja sinna, þórð. 6 new Ed.; missa smna aura (Ed. sina for sina), Grág. i. 412; niissa föður, Skv. 2. 10; maga lieiir þú þinna niisst, Am. 79. 3. impers. there i. s a lack; par missir cngr. í góðra grasa, there is no lack of any gocd herbs, Post.; kvcðja Inia, í stað þeirra ef it síðara sumar missir, í kvið, Grág. i. 491; Gunnarr hljiip í lopt upp, ok missir hans, and so the thrust missed him, Ni. 84; cf Giinnars missi, if G. should die, Akv. II :-- in. e-s við, þá var við niisst Atla hins svarta. Fms. xi. 45; ef min missir við, if í should die, v. 325, vi. 224; cf bin missir við, 227. II. with acc. to lose, esp. in later writers and MSS.; niissa sigr, to miss victory, lose a battle, Fas. i. 96; m. vara vinattu, Bs. i. 869; vi;r htifuin inisst fnrnur vára, Fb. ii. 119, Fas. ii. 149, 246; hann hafði niisst koiui sina, Fms. v. 122 (but konu sinnar, 0. H. 236, e.), cp. Eg. 76. Jb. 264, Ld. 291, Griig. i. 434, and so in mod. missa, u, f. a loss, Al. 56, Eg. 40, Mar.; bctra er oss skarö ok niissa i flota Olats konungs, Hkr. i. 334; aftaka ok m., Edda 37; sorg ok in., Mtrl. i. 39. mis-sáttr, adj. disagreeing, at enmity, Fms. i. í 77- 'v- 216, v. 224, vii. 64. mis-segja, sagði, t o ' mis-say, ' relate wrongly, Jb. 3. mis-semja, samði, to disagree; e-m inissemr um e-t, D. N. MISSERI, also spelt missari, n., usually in pl.; [from a compd word, the former part of which is miss, denoting the alternation, change of the seasons, for misscri is for the year what ma! is for the day; the infle. xive syllable -eri is uncertain, bait not from;ir, see Grimm's Grannn. ii. 471 (note): to derive this old true Tent, word from Lat. semester is inadmis- sible, for the sense of a period of six months is not the original one: A. S. wj i ss are.] B. A season, or in plur. the seasons, of the year (Germ. Jahres-zeit); mal ok misseri, Hm. 57 ! sains misscris, at the same season, Gkv. 1. 8; skulu bændr timbr í tupt fa-ra á misseri, en giir á tólf nii'inuðum, N. G. L. i. 387. II. in plur. esp. with a distributive or numeral pronoun, the ' seasons, ' a circuit of seasons -- a twelvemonth, a year; tin misseri, Gkv. I. 9; þetta varð a eiinini nusscruin, Bs. i. 4. 66; ein misseri stendr þeirra mal, Grág. i. 377; ok er þau höfðu ásamt verit ein misseri filtu pan son, Finnb. 294; önnur misseri, the next twelvemonths, Fms. v. 193; hver missari, vii. 129: a hverjuin misseruni, every season, Grág. i. 284; hann hafði þrennar vei/. lur á hverjuin misseruni, Fms. iv. 254(vetri, O. H. 113, 1. c.); Ivan (or tvcnn) missari, two years, Grág. i. 287; á tveim inuin fyrrum misseruni, Fms. viii. 173; nokkur misseri, some seasons, some time, (ih'un. 372; þat (viz. thirty-six days) er inn tiuntli hlutr allra missara, the tenth part of a whole year, Hom. 73; Færeyiugar hafa nytt kjöt olluni missennn, all the year round, Fær. 248; fîska-stöð (ilium misseruni, at all seasons, Ld. 4; en þó muntii þessi missari (the current year) verða at búa í Tungu, 246; þ:i búa er þau misseri hafa þar bi'ut, Grág. ii. 124; fyrir fardaga eða á iniðjum misseruni, 216; hann skyldi vera þar oil þau misseri, Nj. 209, Fms. vii. 137; þeir bjuggu þar fjóra vetr ..., á inum fyrstum misseruni, i. 265; en er á leið inisserin, when the seasons drew to a close, Fas. ii. 523; þá var svá koinit misseruni at nótt var farljós, Fbr. 97 new Ed.; liðu mi af misserin, ok um vúrit eptir for ..., Sturl. i. 35. 2. of a period of six months, half-year; menu hüfðu talið í tveim misserum fjóra daga ens fjórða hundraðs, íb. 6; úr heitir tvau misseri, Rb. 6: the following instances may be doubtful, taka tveggja missera vist, Grug. i. 152; sex misseri = three years (or = six years?), 264; þrjú missari, threehalf-years (or -- three twelvemonths?), Fms. vi. 341 (cp. in the verse þrjií missarin bessi, as also the context of the

432 MISSERAMOT -- MJÓNI.

passage, friðr namsk ár it þriðja, short above); fjögurra missera björg, Grág. i. 264. COMPDS: missera-mót, n. the meeting, juncture of seasons, where one begins, another ends, N.G.L. i. 35. missera-skipti, n. pl. change of seasons, from one season to another. missera-tal, n. computation of the seasons, a calendar, Grág. i. 2, K.Þ.K. 164, Blas. 39. misseris-vist, f. a year's service, Lv. 57. missi-fengr, adj. missing one's aim, Gísl. 71, Fms. x. 356. missir, m. = missa, a loss, Fms. vii. 124, Fær. 136. Am. 98, Grett. 98, freq. in mod. usage. mis-síðr, adj. of unequal length, of a garment, Fms. x. mis-sjá, sé, to see amiss, Bs. i. 95. mis-skakki, a, m. odds, difference; gefa ofan á í misskakka jarðanna, to pay into the bargain, Dipl. ii. 4. mis-skera, skar, to 'mis-cut,' cut wrong, N.G.L. i. 137. mis-skilja, ð, to misunderstand. mis-skilningr, m. misunderstanding, misapprehension. mis-skipta, t, to 'mis-share,' share unequally, Gpl. 267, Jb. 160, Fms. iii. 172. mis-skipti, n. an unequal sharing, Hom. (St.) mis-smíði, n. pl. mistakes in a work; in the phrase, sjá or finna m. á e-u, to find or see faults in a thing, see that things are not all right, Bs. i. 142, Ísl. ii. 351, Eb. 168, Fs. 142. mis-snúa, sneri, to misturn, turn wrong, Hom. 19, Greg. 40. mis-stórr, adj. of different size, Fms. vii. 163. mis-svefni, n. 'mis-sleeping,' sleeping and waking, alternately, Fsm. mis-sverja, sór, to mis-swear, perjure oneself, N.G.L. i. 30. mis-sýnask, d, dep. to 'mis-see,' see wrong, of deception of sight: impers., e-m missýnisk, Fms. vii. 160: to be mistaken, Lv. 8; undarligt verðr um vitra menn er svá missýnisk, Glúm. 389 :-- act., e-m missýnir, Mag. 124, (rare.) mis-sýni, n. deception of sight, Fær. 166, Fbr. 32, Ölk. 36. mis-sýning, f. deception of sight. mis-sæll, adj. 'mis-happy,' i.e. of unequal happiness, one having too much and another too little, Grett. 161. mis-sætt, f. = missætti, Hkr. iii. 101. mis-sætti, u. discord, Nj. 48, Fms. v. 224, ix. 2, Rb. 410. miss-öng, see misgöng. MIST, f. one of the weird sisters or Valkyriur of the heathen age, Gm., Edda (Gl.); prob. akin to the neut. mistr (q.v.), as is to be inferred from mistar-marr, the mist-sea = the clouds, the airy region, Hkv. 1. 46. mis-taka, tók, to take by mistake, Grág. ii. 196; e-m verðr mistekit til e-s, to make a slip, take the wrong thing, i. 168 :-- reflex. mistakask, to miscarry, Grett. 148. mis-tala, að, to make a slip with the tongue, Flóv. mis-tekja, u, f. a mistake, N.G.L. i. 20. Mistil-teinn, m. [O.H.G. mistil; Germ. mistel; A.S. mistel or mislel-tâ; Engl. mistletoe] :-- the mistletoe or mistle-twig, the fatal twig by which Balder, the white sun-god, was slain, see Vsp. 36 sqq., and the legend in Edda 36, 37. After the death of Balder the Ragnarök (the last day of the heathen mythology) set in. Balder's death was also symbolical of the victory of darkness over light, which comes every year at midwinter. The mistletoe in English households at Christmas time is, no doubt a relic of a rite lost in the remotest heathenism, for the fight of light and darkness at midwinter was a foreshadowing of the final overthrow in Ragnarök. The legend and the word are common to all Teutonic people of all ages. MISTR, n. [A.S. and Engl. mist], a mist, a freq. word in Icel. although not recorded in old writers; þoka (fog) and mistr are distinguished. mis-trúa, ð, to mistrust, disbelieve, with dat., Fms. ix. 260, Gþl. 84, 330: with acc. a Latinism, 656 B. 11, 625. 85, Art. 67. mis-trúnaðr, m. mistrust, Stj. 111, Fms. ix. 281, 284. mis-tryggja, ð, = mistrúa, D.N. v. 182. mis-verja, varði, to 'mis-defend,' as a law term, N.G.L. i. 89. mis-verk, n. a misdeed, Sks. 734, Stj., Mar. passim. mis-verki, a, m. mis-doing, a slip, fault in law, Grág. i. 335, Gþl. 228: a misdeed, Fms. xi. 235, Str. 18, Sks. 734. mis-vinna, vann, to work at a wrong time, N.G.L. i. 378. mis-vitr, adj. 'mis-wise,' silly and wise together; misvitr er Njáll, segir Hallgerðr, Nj. 67. mis-vígi, n. a law term for a kind of indirect or intended slaughter, defined in N.G.L. i. 80 (ch. 238). mis-þokka, að, to disparage, Fms. iv. 267, 320. mis-þokki, a, m. mislike, Ó.H. 119, 145. mis-þókknask, að, dep. to be misliked, Fms. i. 261, Sturl. iii. 279, Fas. i. 29. mis-þykki, n. 'mis-thought,' discord, Fas. ii. 422, Bs. i. 661, ii. 149. mis-þykkja, u, f. = misþykki, Nj. 48 (v.l.), Bs. i. 724. mis-þykt, f. = misþykkja, Sturl. iii. 229, Bs. i. 701, Mar. mis-þyrma, ð, to spare not, violate, damage, with dat., K.Á. 40, Gþl. 187, K.Þ.K. 168, Greg. 77. mis-þyrming, f. mis-treating, Bs. ii. 149., mis-þyrmsla, u, f. damage, violation, K.Á. 216. mis-æti, n. 'mis-eating,' eating things forbidden by ecclesiastical law N.G.L. i. 384. mitti, n., qs. miðli, the middle waist, Fas. iii. 481. mittis-grannr -digr, slender, stout in the waist. mittum-stangi, a corruption from the Germ. 'mit dem stange' = 'he with the pole,' a nickname, which the Norse interpreter did not understand, and took to be a name, Þiðr. MÍGA, part. meig, meigt, meig, mod. még, mégst, még; pl. migu; part. migit; [A.S. mîgan; Lat. mingere], Edda 58, Grág. ii. 133, Fas. iii. 99, Ls. 34, Fs. 147, Bs. i. 457. MÍLA, u, f. [from Lat. mille], a mile, Rb. passim, Al. 109, but seldom. used in good old writers or in poets, for the verse Fb. i. 214 is not genuine, and the only passage from a classical Saga is Lv. 106 -- ok segja menn at fáar mílur gékk hann þaðan frá (paper MS., of a journey through Germany from Rome). MÍMIR, m. name of the wise giant of Norse mythology, the keeper of the holy well Mímis-brunnr, m. = the burn of Mimir, the well of wisdom, in which Odin pawned his eye for wisdom, a myth which is explained as symbolical of the heavenly vault with its single eye, the sun, setting in the sea, Vsp. 22. Mímir also occurs in the following compds, hregg-mímir = the 'tempest-sky,' and vett-mímir = the top sky = the uppermost heaven, Edda (Gl.), which are among the nine heavens, such as the ancients fancied it, which shews a connection of this name with the sky; Sökk-mímir, the M. of the depth, is the name of a giant (representing the sky of the Inferno?), Gm. Again, another myth says that Odin carried with him the cut off head of the giant Mímir (Míms-höfuð), which told him all hidden things, Vsp. 47, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Edda: Odin is called Míms-vinr, m. = the friend of Mímir, Stor. Míms-synir, m. pl. the sons of Mímir = the winds(?), Vsp. II. hold-mímir, flesh-maimer(?), is the poët, name of a sword, Edda (Gl.); cp. also Ulf. mimz = GREEK, 1 Cor. viii. 13, (= a chop, butcher's meat?). &FINGER; Is the word to be derived from maiming, cutting, and is the likeness to Lat. memor only accidental? cp. also the following word. mímungr, m. the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.), prop. the sword of Widga in Þiðr. S. mín-ligr, adj. like mine, like me; erat mínligt flugu at gína, it is not like me to swallow that fly (like a fish), Bs. i. (in a verse). mínúta, u, f. a minute in time or degree, Rb. mítr, n. [from the Gr.], a mitre, Fms. i. 266, viii. 308, Bs. mítra, u, f. = mítr, Bs. i. 417, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Fms. iii. 167. mjað-urt, f., botan. meadow-sweet, spiraea, Hjalt. mjaka, að, to lift or move heavily, with dat.; eg get varla mjakað því, I cannot move it a bit. mjaldr, m. a kind of whale, from its whiteness. 2. a white tom-cat. mjall-hvítr, adj. white as driven snow, Alm. 7, freq. in mod. usage. mjall-roka, u, f. loose snow whirled by the wind, Fas. ii. 118. mjalta, að, [mjólk], to milk sheep or cows. mjaltir, f. pl. the milking; vóru konur at mjöltum, Eb. 316, freq. in mod. usage: mjölt, sing., is used of the grime on the hands from milking, þvo af sér mjöltina. COMPDS: mjalta-kona, u, f. a milk-maid. mjalta-tími, a, m. milking time. mjaltr, adj. giving milk, milch; tvær kýr mjaltar, tíu kýrlög mjölt, ten milch kine, B.K. 20. mjatla, að, to cut, slice, a dimin.; see meita. mjá, onomatopoetic, mewing, of a cat. mjáma, að, to mew, of a cat. mjorkvi, see myrkvi. mjódd, f. narrowness. mjófask, að, dep. to become thin, narrow, Thom. 500. mjókka, að, = mjófask; tók þá á mjófka sundit, Sturl. iii. 33 :-- to make narrow, thin. MJÓLK, f., gen. mjólkr, prop. mjolk with a short vowel; [Ulf. miluks = GREEK, Cor. ix. 7; A.S. meolc; Engl. milk; O.H.G. miluh; Germ. milch; Dan. melk; Swed. mjölk] :-- milk, Fms. iv. 81, Sks. 90, Al. 31, Lv. 62; mjólk var heit ok vóru á steinar, 70; mjólkr-grautr, -hlaup, milk porridge; mjólkr-fata, -skjóla, -ílát, -trog, -ketill, etc., a milk pail, milk trough, milk kettle, Lv. 61, Korm. 156, Fbr. 213; nýmjólk, new milk; spenvolg nýmjólk, milk warm from the cow; flóuð m., cooked milk; kúa-m., cow's milk; sauða-m., sheep's milk; brjósta-m., breast-milk for suckling. COMPDS: mjólkr-á, f. a river of milk, Edda 4. mjólkr-barn, n. an infant fed on milk. mjólkr-hringr, m. the milky way, rendering of Lat. via lactea, for the genuine name is vetrar-braut, Rb. (1812) 19. mjólkr-kýr, f. a milch cow, Jb. 224. II. the white juice, milk, of plants or trees; mjólk ór selju börk, Pr. 473. mjólka, að, spelt molka, Grág. ii. 309, Gþl. 400, Hkv. i. 43, Ls. 23 :-- to milk, Grág. i. 430, Dropl. 14, Ísl. ii. 181, passim. II. to give milk, of cows, Bs. i. 194; mjólka betr, Ísl. ii. 180, Fas. iii. 373; kýriu mjólkar átta ... merkr í mál, and the like. mjólkr, adj. milch, giving milk, opp. to geldr, Grág. i, 501. mjóni, a, m. a thin, slim person, Björn.

MJÓR -- MJÖTUÐR. 433

MJÓR, adj., fem. mjó, neut. mjótt, with a characteristic v, which reappears before a vowel, thus mjóvan, mjóvar, mjóvir, mjóvum; often spelt with f, mjófan, etc.; in mod. usage by elision, mjóan, etc. The forms vary in three ways, mjór, mjár, mær, analogous to sjór, sjár, sær, α. mjár, mjá, mjátt; mjá (acc. n. pl.), Stj. 201, and foot-note 21; mjár farvegr, Fms. ix. 366, v.l.; mjátt, Js. 55, Thom. 153; miaua (= mjáva) vatni, D.N. i. 8l. β. mær; mævar skeiðir, the slim, narrow ships, Fms. i. 170 (in a verse), -- certainly thus, not as explained in Lex. Poët. p. 567, col. 1; as also mævar hlaupsíldr, the slim herrings, in Eyvind's verse (Hkr. i. 185); in me-fingr = mæ-fingr = mjó-fingr, taper-fingered, epithet of a lady, Hðm.: af þeim meiði er mer (i.e. mær) sýndisk, of the twig which was slim to behold, Vsp.; in the spelling of Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda e, g,UNCERTAIN or æ are freq. all written with the letter e, so that mér (mihi) and mær (tenuis) would all be spelt alike; this reading was suggested as early as by Rask in the edition of 1818, see Bugge's remarks in Philol. Tidsskr. 6th vol.: in Mæv-eið (= the narrow isthmus) in Shetland, Mk. 98, called Mawid in a Videsse of 1516 A.D.; at present Mawie or Mavis-grind, as opp. to another isthmus called Brae, i.e. Breið-eið = the Broad isthmus; cp. also Moorness = the little ness, in Shetl. II. compar., an older form mjóvari, mjávari, Ýt.; superl, mjóvastr, but obsolete, and replaced by a contracted mjóri, mjóstr, in mod. usage mjórri, mjóstr. B. Thin, slim, taper; svá mjó, so slim in the waist, Bs. ii. 168; mjórar konu, Bjarn. (in a verse); mjóva mey, Korm.; mjótt band, Edda 20; mjór kvistr, Fas. iii. 33; með mjófu járni, Fær. 238; mjór Mistilteinn, Vsp.; mjófum knífsoddi, Fs. 144; mjófum fléttingum, Karl. 335; yxn mjá ok mjök visin, Stj. 201; þar sem hann var mjóstr, Fms. vii. 264 :-- of cloth, stiku breið en eigi mjóri, Grág. i. 498; jaðarflá vara eðr mjó, 499; sitja mjótt, Band. 38 new Ed.: sayings, mjór er mikils vísir, Fms. v. 176 (in a verse); mjótt er mundangs-hóf, Bs. i. (in a verse), Js. 55 (mjátt). 2. narrow; stigrinn var mjór ok þröngr, Fær. 48; skipit var heldr mjótt, Fms. ii. 50; mjótt sund, Grett. 83; mjór farvegr, Fms. ix. 366; grafir djúpari ok mjóri, Sks. 426: a nickname, Mjóvi, the Slim, or en Mjóva. II. in local names, Mjóvi-dalr, Mjóvi-fjörðr, Mjóva-nes, Mjó-sund or Mý-syndi, Dan. Mysunde in Slesvig; Mæv-eið, Munch's Norg. Beskr. C. COMPDS: mjó-beina or mjó-beinn, adj. slim leg, a nickname, Landn., Korm. mjó-eygr, adj. narrow-eyed, of one whose eyes are set close together, Eb. 258, see the remarks s.v. auga. mjoacute;f-dœlingr, m. a man from Mjóvidalr, Landn. mjó-fingraðr, adj. taper-fingered, Rm. (Bugge), of a lady. mjó-hljóðaðr, adj. thin-voiced. mjó-hryggr, m. the small of the back. mjó-hundr, m. [Dan. mynde], a greyhound, Sks. 81. mjó-leitr, adj. narrow-faced, referring to the distance between the eyes, Bergb.-þ. 124, Fas. ii. 118. mjó-nefr, adj. thin nose, a nickname for a close man, Ó.H. 31. mjó-skíð, n. the slim wand, for this must be the true reading in the verse in Bjarn., the miðskipa of the MSS. = miôsciþa; and mjóskið rökra = the slim twilight wand, = a taper, is a poët. circumlocution of a lady's name, Ey-kyndill (= Island-taper), mjó-slegin, part. beaten thin. Fas. ii. 581. mjó-syndi, n. a narrow sound, straight lane, see above. MJÚKR, adj., compar. mjúkari, superl. mjúkastr, in mod. usage also mýkri, mýkstr; [Goth. muka in muka-modei = GREEK; Engl. meek; Dan. myg; Swed. mjuk] :-- soft to the touch; mjúkt skinn, Bær. 19; mjúka rekkju, mjúkt bað, Eg. 239; hörund-mjúkr, soft-skinned, Orkn. (in a verse); m. ok hægr, Fms. ii. 201; mjúúkt hár, mjúk ull, and the like; mjúkr í máli, eloquent, Bs. i. 2. agile, nimble; mjúkr ok vel glímu-færr, Sturl. iii. 123; as also mjúkr á fótum, or fóta-mjúkr, of a wrestler; liða-mjúkr; mjúkari í orrostum, more agile. Fms. vii. 254. 3. þar bygðisk Noregr fyrst er hann er mjúkastr, of the soil, softest, most fertile, Landn. 276, v.l.; þótti mér svá at eins mjúkt at fara með ykkr enn fyrra dag, Fms. iv. 317. II. metaph. meek; mjúkr ok lítillátr, Fms. iii. 168; ek hefi verit yðr m. í öllum hlutum, x. 108; hlýðin ok mjúk, Al. 119; svá mjúk sem eitt lamb, Clar. :-- mild, gracious, mjúkasta mildi, Dipl. ii. 14: hann talaði allt mjúkara enn fyrra dag, Fms. vi. 45; mjúk miskunn, Bs. i. 638; m. diktr, mjúk orð, mjúkt lof, flowing, of words, speech, Lil. 4. B. COMPDS: mjúk-dómr, m. meekness, Bs. ii. 24. mjúk-fingr, Þiðr. 6, and mjúk-fingraðr, adj. soft-fingered, Fas. ii. 151. mjúk-hendr, adj. soft-handed. Fms. vi. 73. mjúk-hjartaðr. adj. soft-hearted, Fb. ii. 392. mjúk-látr, adj. meek, gentle, Mar., Bs. i. 278: sly, Sks. 501. mjúk-leikr, m. nimbleness, agility, Fms. vii. 119. mjúk-liga, adv. softly, tenderly, Eg. 175, Orkn. 174, Fms. vii. 18, 306: nimbly, ii. 272. mjúk-ligr, adj. meek, soft, Hom. 22. mjúk-lyndi, f. meekness. mjúk-lyndr, adj. meek-tempered, gentle, Stj., Barl., Fms. v. 240, x. 108, v.l. mjúk-læta, t; m. sik, to humble oneself, Eg. 525. mjúk-læti, n. meekness, Mar. mjúk-orðr, adj. smooth-spoken, Fms. vi. 117. mjúk-ræss, adj. running smoothly, Fms. viii. 384. mjúk-tækr, adj. touching gently, Fas. ii. 644. MJÖÐM, f., gen. mjaðmar, [Ulf. miduma = GREEK] :-- the hip (prop. the middle of the body); á klæði hans yfir mjöðminni, Niðrst. 3; fyrir ofan mjaðmir, Eb. 240; hjó á mjöðmina, Nj. 253; mjöðm ok herðarblað, Fb. ii. 24; rist, kné, mjöðm, N.G.L. i. 312 :-- in wrestling, leiða e-n á mjöðm, Bárð. 35 new Ed.; or bregða e-m á mjöðm, Fas. iii. 573, of a wrestling trick of throwing one's antagonist by a movement of the mjöðm, called mjaðmar-bragð, the hip-trick, cross-buttock, Fas. ii. 148. mjaðmar-bein and mjaðmar-höfuð, n. the hip-bone, Þiðr. 89, Finnb. 334; á nárann fyrir ofan mjaðmarhöfuð, Sturl. ii. 41. &FINGER; No other word in the language rhymes with mjöðm; see the curious ditty in which a man and a ghost cap verses, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 464. MJÖÐR, m., gen. mjaðar, dat. miði; in mod. usage mjöð, f.; [A.S. medo; Engl. mead; O.H.G. metu; Germ. meth; Swed.-Dan. mjöd] :-- mead, Sturl. ii. 245, Hkr. i. 102, Fms. viii. 18, 166, Nj. 43, Edda 24, 49, Bs. i. 77: in phrases, blanda, brugga mjöð, to blend mead; and grasaðr mjöðr, spiced or drugged mead, for the ancients used to spice or drug the mead with narcotic herbs, see the remarks s.v. jóll; mead was the favourite drink in the Valhalla, Ls. 3, Vtkv. 7, Vsp. 22, Gm. 25; mjaðar-bytta, -ker, a mead-cask, Fms. iv. 168, ix. 329; mjaðar ístra, mead-paunch, viii. 117; mjaðar lögr, mead-liquor, ix. 329; mjaðar drykkja, mead-drinking, 462; mjaðar bland, mead-mixing, Rétt. 2. 4. COMPDS: mjöð-drekka, u, f. a mead-cask, Eg. 237, 240, Ld. 188, Þiðr. 164. mjöð-drukkinn, part. 'mead-drunk,' Fms. viii. 94. mjöð-drykkja, u, f. mead-drinking, Fms. viii. 17, Sturl. i. 161, Greg. 51. mjöð-kona, u, f. a mead-girl, N.G.L. ii. 204. mjöð-rann, n. a mead-hall, drinking-hall, Akv. 9. MJÖK, adv., mod. mjög, compar. meirr (q.v.), superl. mest; [Engl. much, see mikill or mykill] :-- much; svá mjök, at ..., so much, that ..., Fms. i. 46; Væringjar alþýddusk mjök til hans, vi. 135; sem Erlingi gengi þat mjök til, at ..., vii. 258; hafða ek mjög fjár-varðveizlur búanda, Eg. 235; hann skaut mjök til ráða dóttur sinnar, Bjarn. 5 :-- svá mjök, rather much; hann var svá mjök hendisamr í afréttum, Glúm. 364; alls mjök, over-much, Stj. 2. very; hyrndir mjök, Fms. xi. 6; steint mjök fyrir ofan sjó, Eg. 68; ekki mjök, not very. Stud. iii. 234. 3. much, almost, very nearly but not quite; þeir vóru mjök komnir at hinni meiri eyjunni, þá sá þeir ..., Fms. ii. 93; hann var dauðr mjök af kulda, ix. 467; þat legg ek til ráða, at vér hafim mjök alltr eina frásögn um þenna atburð, xi. 65; mjök örend, Mar.; eitt mannshar svá langt, at þat var mjök mannshátt, Fas. iii. 266; ok eru þeir mjök komnir at Austrey, Fær. 105; vóru þá komnir mjök svá (almost quite) þar gegnt, Nj. 247, Fms. vi. 164; svá vóru konungar, mjök svá allir, þeir er hans ríki höfðu hvárr eptir annan, Rb. 386. mjök-siglandi, part. the 'much-sailor,' a nickname, see Landn. MJÖL, n., dat. mjölvi (mod. mjöli), gen. pl. mjölva; in mod. usage also sounded mél (as kjöt and ket); [Engl. meal; Germ. mehl] :-- meal, flour; fullr af mjölvi, Mar.; skip hlaðit af malti ok mjölvi, Eg. 81; var hlaðit skreið í annann en mjölvi í annan, Eb. 268; mjöl ok við, Nj. 4, Fs. 143; mjöl ok smjor, 197: poët., Fróða mjöl, Frodi's meal = gold, Edda (in a verse). COMPDS: mjöl-belgr, -sekkr, -poki, m. a meal- bag, -sack, -poke, Fas. i. 127, Bárð. 170, Nj. 181. mjöl-kaup, n. pl. purchase of meal, Fbr. 10, Gþl. 352. mjöl-kýll, n. = mjölbelgr, Nj. 227. mjöl-leyfi, n. a meal-licence, viz. licence to export meal, Hkr. iii. 96. mjöl-sáld, n. a meal-riddle, Sturl. i. 23. mjöl-skuld, f. rent to be paid in meal, Sturl. ii. 64. mjöl-vægr, adj. estimated by its value in meal, Grág. i. 505. mjöl-vætt, f. a weight (4Olbs.) of meal, Bs. i. 137. MJÖLL, f., gen. mjallar, dat. mjöllu, Rm. 26, Völs. R. 1. 3; [perh. akin to mjöl, although with a double l] :-- fresh powdery snow; sá snjór er hvítastr er, ok í logni fellr, ok mjöll er kallaðr, Bárð. 2 new Ed.; görðisk íll færðin ok var mjöllin djúp, Fms. v. 179; vaða mjöll, Sighvat (Fb. iii. 240); mjöllin var laus, ok rauk hón, Fb. i. 579; sjórinn rauk sem mjöll, the sea 'reeked,' or broke in spray, like mjöll, Vígl. 22; eru þeir kasaðir í mjöllinni, Fs. 143: poët., haus-mjöll. floating hair, Skálda (in a verse); sjóð-m., the snow of the crucible = silver; svan-m., the 'swan-drift' = the waves. Lex. Poët. II. a pr. name of a lady, Landn. mjalla-hvítr, adj. = mjallhvítr, white as drifted snow. Mjölnir, m., in the vellums spelt mjollnir, with o and ll (see Bugge in the foot-note to Vþm. 51); the ll seems to indicate that the n is radical, for if it were inflexive, it would be mjolnir (with one l): [therefore the derivation from mala or mola (to crush), though probable, is not certain; the word may be akin to Goth. milhma = cloud, Swed. moln, Dan. mulm; cp. provinc. Norse molnas (Ivar Aasen) = to grow dark from bands of cloud arising] :-- the name of Thor's hammer, Edda passim, Ls. MJÖT, f. [Ulf. mitaþs = GREEK; O.H.G. mez; Germ. masz] :-- a measure; kann ek mála mjöt, I know the measure of words, how to make a speech, Höfuðl. 20: þess kann maðr mjöt, a man knows the measure of that, Bugge's Hm. 60 (see foot-note as to the reading in Cod. Reg.); mjötuðr, from Vsp. the preceding poem, seems to have been in the transcriber's mind, and so he first wrote mjotvþc and then dotted the v, denoting that the last three letters were to be struck out. A fem. mjotuð would, it is true, agree with the Goth. mitaþs, but it does not suit the rhythm, in which a monosyllable is required. mjötuðr, m., spelt mjotviðr, Vsp. 2, which form can only be an error of the transcriber, for both passages, verses 2 and 47, represent the same

434 MOÐ -- MORGUNSOL.

word; [A.S. metoð; Hel. metod; by which word the A.S. homilies, as well as the Heliand, denote God, prop. the 'Meter,' Dispenser]; the word itself is of heathen origin: in the Icel. it only occurs in old poets, and there in but a few passages, all of which agree, if rightly interpreted, with the A.S. use of the word. It occurs twice in the Vsp.; in verse 47, -- Leika Míms synir, en mjötuðr kyndisk, but the meotud is kindled, lighted, where it seems to be applied to the god Heimdal, (the dawn in the Eastern sky, the morning star? see Prof. Bergmann in his Ed. of Gm. 1871, p. 169); in verse 2, -- níu man ek heima, níu íviðjur, mjötuð mæran fyrir mold neðan, I mind the nine abodes, the nine giantesses (the nine mothers of Heimdal?), the worthy Dispenser beneath earth; this 'meotud beneath earth' seems here to represent the god of the nether world, the Pluto of the Northern mythology, with whom all things above originated (Heimdal?); somewhat similar views are expressed in the Platonic Dialogue Axiochus, ch. 12 and 13. 2. sá er hann með mönnum mjötuðr, such a guardian (helper) is he among men, Fsm. II. metaph. and in an evil sense, weird, bane; mj&aolig;tuðr is glossed by bani (a bane), Edda (Gl.) ii. 494; mjötuðr Heimdals, the bane of Heimdal = the head; Heimdalar höfuð heitir sverð ... sverð heitir manns-mjötuðr, a sword is the bane of men, Edda 55, from a myth that Heimdal was pierced by a head (used as a bolt): nema mjötuðr spilti, unless death spoiled her, unless she died, Og. 14; ef mér meirr m. málrúm gæfi, if death would give me more time for speech (says the dying Brynhild), Skv. 3. 71; sá manns mjötuðr, this bane of men, of a charmed, poisoned sword, Fas. i. (in a verse). The word is found only in the above passages; the explanation given in Lex. Poët, can hardly be the true one. For Hm. 60 see mjöt above. MOÐ, n. [Engl. mud is the same word], the refuse of hay, Háv. 44, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: moð-báss, m. the báss into which the bad hay is thrown. moð-hár, n. = moð. moð-skegg, n. a nickname, Ld. moða, að, to munch the moð, of cattle: metaph., moða úr e-u, to pick out a single green blade out of a heap of refuse. moðugr, adj. dusty, filled with moð N.G.L. ii. 419. MOKA, að, [Scot. muck], to shovel, with dat.; moka ösku, Nj. 208; moka snjó, Grág. ii. 284; moka moldu á, Sks. i. 177; síðan mokaði hann at blautri myki, Sd. 168; þeir höfðu mokat yfir snjó, Fms. vii. 172: esp. to clear away dung from a stable, the place in acc., moka fjós, kvíar, flór, Bjarn. 22; moka myki undan kúm, K.Þ.K. 98; moka, reiða á völl, 100. mokstr, m. (the r radical), a shovelling, Bs. i. 315. mola, að, to crush into dust: reflex. to be crushed, hauss hans molaðisk, Fas. ii. 374. MOLD, f., dat. moldu; [Ulf. mulda GREEK and GREEK, Mark vi. 11, Luke ix. 5; A.S. molde; Engl. mould; O.H.G. molta; Dutch mul; Dan. muld; Swed. mull] :-- mould, earth (from, mala and mylja); jósu at moldu, Eg. 300; hafa legit í moldu, Fms. v. 106; saurig mold, Stj. 115. Earth was symbolical of a purchase of land (cp. Lat. mancipium): the rite is thus described, nú kaupir maðr jörð ..., hann á mold at taka sem í lögum er mælt, taka at arins-hornum fjórum, ok í öndugis-sæti, ok þar sem akr ok eng mætisk, ok þar sem holt ok hagi mætisk, ok njóta þeirra vátta á þingi at hann hefir mold rétt tekna, etc., N.G.L. i. 96; penningr gengr fyrir mold ok man, iii. 92, v.l.: as also in moldrofs-maðr (q.v.), D.N. i. 7 :-- vera fyrir ofan mold, above earth, alive, Fms. vi. 182; fyrir mold neðan, beneath earth, Vsp. 2; á moldu, on earth; meðan mold er ok menn lifa, Grág. ii. 169 :-- of burials, syngja e-n til moldar, to chant one into the mould, to bury, of a priest, Dipl. iv. 8, H.E. ii. 131; hníga til moldar, to die, Hðm. 16; fella til moldar, to fell to earth, slay, Fbr. (in a verse); maðr er moldu samr, man is dust, Sól. 47; úvígðri moldu, Landn. 117: in plur. funerals, standa yfir moldum e-s, to attend one's funeral: the phrase, rigna í moldirnar, of rain into an open, fresh dug grave, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 55; moldar genginn, buried, Sól. 60; maðr er moldar auki, 'a man is but mould eke' is but dust, a saying, Rkv.; verða at moldar auka, to be turned into dust, Fas. i. (in a verse), Ver. 5. COMPDS: moldar-fullr, adj. full of earth, Stj. moldar-hola, u, f. an earth-hole, Nj. 83. mold-auki, a, m. = moldarauki, Gsp., Hom. 100. mold-bakki, a, m. an earth-bank, Fær. 177. mold-búi, a, m. a mould-dweller, a ghost in a how, Ísl. ii. (in a verse). moldi, a, m. a mould-coloured horse: a nickname, Landn. 2. the name of a ring which had lain in a cairn, Hkr. i. mold-kafald, n. a thick fall of snow. moldóttr, adj. mould-coloured, of a horse. mold-rof, n. the breaking a bargain, in moldrofs-maðr, m. a mould breaker, a man who breaks a bargain for the sale of land, D.N. i. 7. mold-ryk, n. 'mould-reek,' dust, Al. 109. mold-skeyta, t, to 'mould-escheat,' take possession of land, referring to the rite described in N.G.L. i. 96, cp. Grimm's Rechts-alterth. 116; lét hann moldskeyta miklar jarðir til þess staðar, Karl. 530. moldugr, adj. covered with mould, like a gravedigger, Eb. 276, Stj. 528. mold-uxi, a, m. a beetle, 'mould-grub,' scarabaeus :-- as a nickname, Dropl. mold-varpa, u, f. [Germ. maul-wurf, corrupted from molt-wurfe; North. E. moudiewarp] :-- a mole. mold-vegr, m. the earthy path, Og. mold-viðri, n. = moldkafald. mold-þinurr, m. the earth-thong, the serpent Miðgarðsormr, Vsp. moli, a, m. [Scot. mule; North. E. mull], a crumb, a small particle, Stj 154, Greg. 22; engu niðr kasta af matnum hvárki beinum né mola Ó.H. 153; hann girntist at seðja sik af þeim molum sem féllu af borðum hins ríka, Luke xvi. 21; brotna í smán mola, to break into shivers, be shivered, Edda 27; brauð-moli, sykr-moli. molla, u, f. [prop. akin to Ulf. milhma, Swed. moln] :-- a lull, with close air; byrinn misstu höldar holla hiti görðist logn og molla, Úlf. molna, að, to crumble into dust, Stj. 76 (of the apples of Sodom). moltinn, adj. [melta], tender, = meyrr, q.v. moltna, að, to become moltinn. Mont, n. the Mount, the Alps, GREEK., Sighvat. mont, n. [from the Fr.], vaunting, boastfulness: montinn, adj. 'mounting,' vaunting: monta, að, to vaunt, freq. in mod. usage. MOR, n., spelt morð; hafa morð fjár, Al. 123, Hom. (St.), MS. 623. 21, where it is spelt morg = morþ :-- a swarm, prop. a swarm of ants (akin to maurr); mor af mýi, fiski, síld, a swarm of flies, shoal of herrings :-- an atom, svo lítið mor. mora, að, to swarm; það morar af e-u. MORÐ, n. [Ulf. maurþr = GREEK; A.S. morð and morðar; Engl. murther, murder; Germ. and Dan. mord; cp. Lat. mort-is] :-- a murder, Fær. 187; in ancient times murder (morð) and manslaughter (víg) are distinguished; if the killer, after the deed, had immediately, at the next or at least at the third house, confessed what he had done (lýsa vígi, víg-lýsing, N.G.L. i. 6l), the deed was manslaughter (víg), and the doer was liable to indictment according to the law, but the deed might, with the consent of the prosecutors and relations of the slain, be atoned by weregild. On the other hand, if the víg-lýsing either did not take place or was stealthily performed (Glúm. ch. 27), the deed was murder; and the killer was called morð-vargr, and was out of the pale of the law; en þat er morð ef maðr leynir eða hylr hræ ok gengr eigi í gegn, Grág. (Kb.) i. 154; drepa mann á morð, N.G.L. i. 158; hence the phrase to kill a man and then murder him, i.e. conceal the deed. In one instance the distinction is made threefold, viz. víg, laun-víg, and morð, i.e. laun-víg or secret manslaughter, if no víg-lýsing took place, but the perpetrator left the weapon in the wound or some other evidence that he was the culprit, en þat vóru kölluð launvíg en ekki morð, er menn létu vápn eptir í beninni standa, Gísl. 22. To slay a man asleep or feloniously was also called morð; so also to put a man to death during the night, nátt-víg eru morð-víg, Eg. 417; kallit ér þat eigi morð-verk at drepa menn um nætr? Ó.H. 117; heiti þat níðings verk eða morð ef menn drepask um nætr, Fms. vii. 296: burying alive also was morð, K.Þ.K. 26, passim. For the formula of the víg-lýsing see Grág. Vsl. ch. 20. In poets morð is used = slaughter, thus, morð-álfr, -bráðr, -heggr, etc. = warriors; morð-bál, -linnr, -röðull, -ský, etc. = weapons, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: morðs-eiðr, m. an oath of compurgation in a case of murder, N.G.L. i. 62. morð-för, f. death by murder, Lex. Poët. morð-gjarn, adj. murderous, Hým. morð-gyðja, u, f. a murderess, Grett. 117. morð-járn, n. a murderous weapon, Mar. morð-ráð, n. pl. schemes of murders, N.G.L. i. 254. morð-vargr, m. a murderer, Vsp. 45, Edda 43, N.G.L. i. 13, Grág. ii. 86; cp. brennu-vargr. morð-verk, n. a murder, Ó.H. 117. morð-víg, n. a 'murder-manslaughter,' Eg. 416, Fms. xi. 199, Hkr. iii. 425. morðingi, a, m. a murderer, Gþl. 154, Nj. 74, N.G.L. i. 340. MORGINN and morgunn, m., also in old writers spelt with y, myrginn, in mod. usage morgun; in the contracted cases the g is in old MSS. left out, thus, dat. morni, pl. mornar, morna, mornum, see the rhyme in the verse Landn. 87, v.l.: [Ulf. maurgins = GREEK; A.S. and Germ. morgen; Engl. morn, morning, morrow] :-- morning, Vsp. 6, 22, Am. 50; er at morni kömr, when morning came, next morning, Hm. 22; at morni, Fms. i. 10: so in the saying, langr er konungs-morgun, long is the king's morning, Mkv. 13, Sighvat (Fms. v. 211), passim; miðr morgin, mid-morning, about six o'clock, K.Þ.K. 40, see miðr; á morgun, to-morrow, Grág. i. 18, 26, Fms. vi. 72 Ísl. ii. 330, Nj. 7, 32; á myrgin, Fms. ix. 21; í nótt eða snemma á myrgin, viii. 397, v.l.; but í morgin, last morning, iv. 248, Nj. 203, Bs. i. 810; ár morgin, in the early morning, Am. 85; um myrgininn eptir, Fms. vi. 45; snemma morguns, early in the morning; árla morguns, id. COMPDS: morguns-ár, n. early morning: in the phrase, at morginsári, Stj. 122: mod., með morguns-árinu, at the first gleam of daylight; síðan kómu þeir með morgunsárinu, Od. ix. 52 (= GREEK). morgin-drykkja, u, f. the morning-drink, N.G.L. ii. 417. morgin-dögg, f. morning dew, Edda 44. morgun-gjöf, f. [Dan. morgen-gave, Germ. morgen-gabe], a bridal gift, made by the bridegroom to his bride on the morning after the wedding, Fas. i. 345; cp. bekkjargjöf. morgun-matr, m. breakfast, D.N. morgun-mál, n. the morning meal (hour), Ísl. ii. 334, Bs. i. 137, Vm. 169. morgun-roði, a, m. morning-red, [Germ. morgen-roth.] morgun-skin, n. the morning light, Stj. 611. morgun-sól, f. the rising sun, Fms. i.

MORGUNSTJARNA -- MÓR. 435

147, Stj. 611, v.l. morgun-stjarna, u, f. the morning star, Rb. 110. morgun-stund, f. the morning hour; morgunstund hefir gull í mund, a saying. morgun-svæfr, adj. given to sleep in the morning, morgun-tíðir, f. pl. morning-tide, matins, Sturl. ii. 246, Fms. v. 341. morgun-tími, a, m. morning-time, Stj. 184. morgun-vakr, adj. early awake, early rising; var hann kveldsvæfr ok myrginvakr, Eg. 3 (Cod. Wolph.); inn morginvakri, a nickname, Edda 98 (in a verse). morgon-veiðr, f. a catch (of game) in the early morn, Ó.H. 78. morgin-verk, n. morning work, Ad. 22, Fms. xi. 435. morgun-ligr, adj. =matutinus, Hom. 12. morkinn, part. [akin to meyrr, q.v.; from a lost verb; cp. Lat. marcere], rotten, decayed, of meat, fish. Morkin-skinna, u, f. Rotten-skin, the name of a vellum. morkna, að, to become rotten, of flesh, Stj. 185, Fas. iii. 345, Róm. 214, Bær 19. morn, f. a murrain; þik morn morni, Sks. 31. morna, i.e. morgna, að, to become morning, dawn, Landn. 161 (in a verse), Nj. 69, 203, Eg. 240, Fms. vi. 188, xi. 35. MORNA, að, [Ulf. maurnan = GREEK; A.S. murnan; Engl. mourn; O.H.G. mornen] :-- to mourn; in prose only used in the phrase, morna ok þorna, to mourn and wither away; nú vil ek heldr bera harm ok áhyggju ok morna hér ok þorna, þann veg sem auðnar, heldr en þú sért eigi í þeim stöðum sem þér þykir gott, Fas. ii. 235; hón mornaði öll ok þornaði, ok lifði þó mjök lengi við þessi úhægindi, Bjarn. 69 :-- in poets, móðir Atla, hón skyli morna, a curse, may the mourn! Og. 30; at ér í maura mornit haugi, that ye may mourn in mounds of ants, a curse, i.e. may be tormented, Fas. i. 436 (in a verse); þik morn morni, a curse, Sks. 31. Morna-land, n. a local name, perh. = Moravia, Og. 1. mornan, f. morn, dawn, Bs. i. 539. morsel, n. [a Lat. word], a bit, Játv. 27. mortil, n. a mortar, Dipl. v. 18. MOSI, a, m. [mid. H.G. mies; Germ. moos; Dan. mos; Lat. muscus] :-- moss, botan. lichen, Korm. 234 (in a verse); hrífa mosa, to pick moss, Bs. i. 329; reyta mosa, Nj. 267; mosa-hrúga, a heap of moss, Fms. iii. 527. II. a moorland, moss, [ = Dan. mose; North. E. and Scot. moss]; þeir fóru stundum mosa, mýrar ok merkr eðr brota stóra, Fms. viii. 31. mosa-vaxinn, part. moss-grown, Bs. i. 329, Fas. i. 298: in local names, Mos-fell, whence Mosfellingar, m. pl. the men from Moss-fell. mos-háls, m. a nickname, Landn. mosk, n. scraps of moss in hay, fjalla-grös, or the like; tína moskið úr, to pick the moss out; það er fullt af moski, 'tis full of moss. mosóttr, adj. mossy, swampy, Orkn. 172. mos-rauðr, adj. moss-red, Korm. (in a verse). Mostr, f., gen. Mostrar, an island in Norway on which the first Norse church was built, Fms.: in a nickname, Mostrar-skegg, n. Moster-beard, i.e. the man of M., esp. Eyjarskeggi, Landn. (Eb.) Mostrar-stöng, f. a nickname, Fms. Mostrar-þing, n. a parliament in the isle of M., N.G.L. i. 147. motr, m., gen. motrs, [a for. word, akin to Germ. mütze], a kind of lady's head-gear, cap, Ld. 188 sqq. motra, u, f. a woman wearing a motr, Edda 236. MOTTI, a, m. [Ivar Aasen mott; Swed. mått; Engl. moth] :-- a moth; sem mölr eða motti etr ok eyðir, Barl. 44: metaph. a sluggish person, [as in provinc. Engl. a moth, drone], Edda (Gl.), Fms. vi. 170 (in a verse). mott-étinn, part. moth-eaten, D.N. móask, að, dep. [early Germ. mewen; Ivar Aasen tygge mo = ruminate] :-- to be digested, of food in the stomach of ruminating animals; sem vánligt var at grasit móaðisk með honum eptir náttúru, Bs. ii. 87. mó-álóttr, adj. a horse with a dark streak along the back. mó-berg, n. [mór], a kind of tufa. mó-brúnn, adj. dark brown, Eb. 56. MÓÐA, u, f. a large river, it may prop. have meant loamy, muddy water, see móðr below; svimma í móðu marir, Fm. 15, Fms. xi. 96 (of the Thames), vi. 408 in a verse (of the Ouse), vii. 266 in a verse (of the Gotha River); eina nótt er veðr var kyrt lögðu þeir upp í móðu eina, Eg. 528 (in Frisland); þeir kómu at einni móðu ok steyptu sér ofan í hana ok var þvílíkast sem þeir væði reyk, Fms. iii. 176; einni móðu er féll í nánd, Karl. 548; konungr lét leiða skip sín upp í móðu nokkura, Fms. vi. 334; móða mikil féll í straumum með miklum hávaða, Fas. ii. 230; var þar skógr mikill við móðu eina, Fb. ii. 122. II. [cp. Scot. mooth = misty], the condensed vapour on glass and the like, caused by breathing on it; það er móða á glerinn, af leiri ok af móðu, of earth and mud, Ó.H. 86, cp. Hkr. Ed. 1868, p. 315. 2. [cp. mo Ivar Aasen and Dan. korn-moe = the radiation or glimmer of heat in the summer] :-- mist, haziness; það er móða í lopti, and similar popular phrases. móðerni, n. the mother's side, of lineage, Fms. i. 4, vi. 223, Eg. 267, 338 :-- a mother, parent, Edda 18, Fms. xi. 56; opp. to faðerni, q.v. móðga, að, [móðigr], to offend, raise a person's anger or displeasure, Post. passim. móðgan, f. offending. MÓÐIR, f., gen. dat. acc. móður; plur. in nom. and acc. mæðr (mœðr), gen. mæðra, dat. mæðrum. There is also a monosyll. form mæðr, indecl. throughout in the sing., and answering to feðr, föðr or bræðr (= faðir, bróðir); but these forms are unknown in mod. Icel., and are seldom used in the genuine old writers, being mostly found in legendary writers, who probably followed some provincial Norwegianism; thus passim in Stjórn, af mæðr konungsins, Stj. 82; mæðrinnar kvið, 80: [this word is common to all Teut. languages except Goth., which used aiþei = Icel. eiða (q.v.) instead] :-- a mother; sonr á at taka arf eptir föður sinn ok móður, Grág. i. 171; föður-móðir, a father's mother, 172; faðir ok móðir, id., in countless instances: as a nickname, konunga-móðir, Jarla-m., Fb. iii: in popular tales, the mother of a whole brood (animals), skötu-m., sela-m., laxa-m., represented as an ogre, Maurer's Volks. 34. COMPDS: móður-afi, a, m. a mother's grandfather, and móður-amma, u, f. mother's grandmother. móður-arfr, m. maternal inheritance, Ísl. ii. 29, Landn. 114, Dipl. v. 3. móður-brjóst, f. pl. a mother's breasts, N.G.L. i. 340. móður-bróðir, m. a mother's brother, uncle, passim: in the saying, móðurbræðrum verða menn líkastir, Ísl. ii. 29, Bs. i. 134. móður-faðir, m. a mother's father, grandfather, Grág. i. 177, Fms. i. 223. móður-frændr, m. pl. kinsmen on the mother's side, Grág. ii. 113, Fms. i. 4. móður-hús, n. a mother's house, home, Stj. 420. móður-kviðr, m. a mother's womb, Hom. 51, Fms. i. 221, x. 275. móður-kyn, n. a mother's kin, Eg. 267, Fms. vii. 224, Finnb. 236. móður-lauss, adj. motherless, Fas. ii. 412. móður-leggr, m. the mother-lineage, Jb. 446. móður-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), motherly, Sks. 549. móður-mjólk, f. mothers milk, Stj. 127. móður-móðir, f. a mother's mother, Grág. i. 171, Fms. v. 267. móður-sonr, m. a mother's son: in the phrase, engi m., not a mother's son, not a soul, Karl. 199. móður-systir, f. a mother's sister (Dan. moster), Grág. i. 171. móður-tunga, u, f. one's mother-tongue, Bs. i. 906. móður-ætt, f. kinsfolk on the father's side, Grág. i. 171, 177, Eg. 72, Fms. i. 196; falla í m., to fall to mother-earth, to die, Nj. 70. móð-ligr, adj. excited, wroth, Sks. 235. MÓÐR, m. [Ulf. môds = GREEK, Luke iv. 28; A.S. mod; Engl. mood; Germ. muth] :-- wrath; móðr svall Meila bróður, Haustl.; Þórr þrunginn móði, Vsp. 30; af móði, 56; en er hann (Thor) sá hræðslu þeirra, þá gékk at honum móðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þó þrútnaði honum mjök móðr til Bolla, Ld. 236; Þorsteini óx móðr (Th.'s mood waxed fierce) við átekjur hans, Bjarn. 54; nú svall Sturlungum mjök móðr, Bs. i. 521; óx þeim mjök móðr ok kapp, Fas. i. 37; nú verðr Þiðrekr konungr svá reiðr ok svá fær hann mikinn móð, at ..., Þiðr. 332; í móð sínum ok trölldómi, Fs. 43; Ás-móðr (q.v.), the godly wrath of Thor; Jötun-móðr, giant-mood, giant-fury. II. moodiness, heart's grief; var móðr mikill í hug hennar, Bs. i. 199; mælti hón þetta af hinum mesta móð, Fms. ix. 221, Fas. i. 262 (in a verse); harðr móðr, Skáld H. 7. 9; lifa við langan móð, 2. 12; móð létti svá þjóðar, Bs. ii. (in a verse); hug-móðr (q.v.), moodiness. Poët. COMPDS: móð-akarn, n. 'mood-acorn,' i.e. the heart, Hkv. 1. 52. móð-barr, -fíkinn, -gjarn, -öflugr, -rakkr, -þrútinn, adj. wroth, fierce, Lex. Poët, móð-sefi, a, m. [A.S. modsefa], mood, Edda (Ht.) móð-tregi, a, m. moodiness, heart's grief, Skm. 4, Sdm. 30, Skv. 3. 44. III. in pr. names, Móð-úlfr, whence Móðýlfingar, Landn.; and as the latter part, Ás-móðr, Her-m., Öl-m., Þór-m. móðr, m. (= móða), in western Icel. muddy snow-banks, heaps of snow and ice projecting into the sea. móðr, adj. [Scot. muth], moody; þá er móðr er at morni kömr, Hm. 22; sorg-móðr, Og. 13; sjá móðr konungr, 16; heipt-móðr, wrath, Lex. Poët.; this sense is poët. and obsolete, but freq. in II. weary, exhausted, losing one's breath; hann var móðr mjök af göngu, Fms. vi. 325, Fs. 27; móðr ok sárr, Þiðr. 332; móðir af erfiði, Ó.H. 187; móðr ok megin-lítill, Sól. 2; Kjartan var lítt sárr en ákafliga vígmóðr, Ld. 222; hestrinn var mjök móðr, Gullþ. 64. móðugr, adj., contr. móðgir, móðgan, [Ulf. môdags = GREEK; Engl. moody] :-- moody, as an epithet of a giant, fierce, Hým. 5, 21; móðugr ok mjök þungyrkr, Fs. 185 :-- moody, gloomy, Akv. 36; móðgir, Gh. 7; móðug spjöll, 9, Gkv. 1. 2, 5, 11; harð-m., þrúð-m., of a hard, fierce mood: móðug á munað, bent on lust, Sól. mó-hella, u, f. a slab or ledge of tufa, used of a slippery place in a river where the gravel has been washed away and the tufa underneath laid bare, Nj. 83. MÓK, n. dozing as half asleep; svefn-mók. móka, að, to doze; used of fishes at rest in water, þeir vóru at metja stökkva og steðja stundum móka því lognið var, Bb. mó-kolla, u, f. a ewe, and mó-kollr, m. a wether of a dusky colour, Grett. 137: mó-kollóttr, adj. of dusky colour, of sheep, id. mómenta, u, f. [a Lat. word], a moment, Rb., Stj. móna, u, f. [the word is still said to be used in provinc. Icel., and also remains in provinc. Swed. lius-muna = ljós-móðir, q.v. (Ihre); Scot. minnie] :-- mammy, of a baby; mona mín móna, kveðr barnið, við mik göra verst hjóna, Skálda (Thorodd) 163. MÓR, m., gen. mós, dat. mó, pl. móar, [akin to Engl. moor; Norse

43G MÓRAUÐR -- MUNA.

Moe] :-- a moor, heath, mostly used of a barren moorland, grown only with ling; en biskup dragnaði um grjót ok móa, Sturl. ii. 50; tekr Skeggi á rás upp eptir móunum ok grípr þar upp malinn, Grett. 93: freq. in local names, Mór, Móar (Moe in Norway), Landn.; Mó-berg: in pr. names, referring to the hue, Mó-gils, Mó-eiðr, id. II. peat, for fuel; skera mó, brenna mó, freq. in mod. usage; mó-tak, n. a peat-field: mó-skurðr, m. cutting peat: mó-gröf, f. a peat-pit: mó-færsla, u, f. carrying peat, Vm. 136: in old writers torf, q.v. III. in compds, as mó-hella, mó-berg (q.v.), tufa: and hence of colour, mó-kollr, mó-brúnn, mó-rauðr, q.v. mó-rauðr, adj. yellow brown, of sheep and wool; mórauð hetta, Fas. iii. 252; mórauð augu (as in cats), Mag. 7. mó-rendr, adj. russet, sad-coloured, of wadmal, Finnb. 318, Fs. 141, Rd. 251; söluváðar-kyrtil mórendan, Nj. 32; mórend vara, Bs. i. 286. mór-ylla, u, f. a dusky sheep, Björn. mó-skjóttr, adj. piebald, of a horse, Ísl. ii. 62. MÓT, n. [A.S. gemot; Old Engl. mote or moot, in ward-mote, the Moot-ball at Newcastle; Dan. möde; Swed. mot and möte] :-- a meeting; mæla mót með sér, to fix a meeting Eg. 564; þeir mæltu mót með sér ok hittusk í Elfinni, 444; manna-mót, a meeting; vinamót, a meeting of friends. 2. as a Norse law term; in Norway a mót was a town meeting, and is opp. to þing, a county meeting; á þingi en eigi á móti, þvíat sökin veit til lands-laga en eigi til Bjarkeyjar-réttar, Hkr. iii. 257, N.G.L. ii. 190: móts-minni, a toast or grace, when a meeting was opened, Fms. vi. 52; á þingum ok á móti, Fagrsk. 145; var blásit til móts í bænum, Fms. vi. 202, 238, 270; á móti í kaupangi, vii. 130; móts-fjalir, a meeting-shed, N.G.L. i. 224. II. a joint, juncture; mót á hring, cp. mótlauss; ár-mót, a meeting of waters, also a local name, cp. Lat. Confluentia, Coblenlz; liða-mót, q.v.: of time, in pl., alda-mót, the end and beginning of two centuries; mánaða-mót, missera-mót, eykta-mót, and so on. B. As adverb, both in dat. móti, against, on the opposite side, with dat. as also with a prep., á móti, í móti; or in gen. móts or móts við,against, with acc. used as prep. and ellipt. or even as adverb: I. gen. móts; til móts við e-n, towards, against; fara til móts við e-n, to go to meet one, encounter, visit. Eg. 9; fara á móts við, Fas. i. 450; halda til móts við, to march against, Fms. ii. 217; snúa til móts við, Nj. 125; ganga til móts við e-n (= ganga til fundar við e-n), to go to meet a person, 100; koma til móts við, Eg. 63; eiga e-t til móts við e-n, to own in common with another, 101, Gþl. 506, Fms. ii. 91; vera til móts, to be on the opposite side, opposed, Nj. 274; miklir kappar eru til móts, there are mighty men to meet or contend with, 228; en þar allt er lögin skilr á, þá skulu öll hallask til móts við Uppsala-lög, they shall all lean towards the law of Upsala, i.e. in a controverted case the law of U. is to rule, Ó.H. 65. II. dat. móti, á móti, í móti, and more rarely at móti e-m (all these forms are used indiscriminately), as also an apocopated mót, qs. móti (á mót, í mót) :-- against, on the opposite side, towards, and the like; fara móti e-m, Fms. vi. 29; móti sólu, 439; snúa í móti e-m, Nj. 3, 43, 74, 118, 127, 177, Fms. i. 169, iii. 189, v. 181, vi. 3, ix. 348, 511, xi. 121, 126, Eg. 283, 284, 572, Landn. 317, Ld. 214; hann sagði at í móti vóru þeir Grjótgarðr, Nj. 125; rísa í móti, to rise against, withstand, Lv. 79, and so in countless instances :-- denoting reception, göra veizlu móti e-m, Eg. 43, Nj. 162, passim :-- towards, konungr leit móti honum, looked towards him, Fms. i. 41. III. metaph. in return, in exchange for; fór með honum sonr Guðbrands í gisling en konungr fékk þeim annan mann í móti, Ó.H. 108; Gunnarr bauð þá at móti Geiri goða at hlýða til eiðspjalls síns, in his turn, Nj. 87; ok mæla jamíllt at móti at ósekju, Grág. ii. 145; skolu trygðir koma hvervetna móti sakbótum, 187; þá kvað hann aðra vísu í móti, Fms. i. 48; hann hló mjök mót atfangi manna, vi. 203; hann gaf drottningu sæmiligar gjafir ok svá drottningin honum á móti, x. 95; sendi hann konungi vingjafir ok góð orð mót vináttu hans, i. 53; mikit er þat í mót (against, as compared with) erfðinni minni, Nj. 4; sagði at hann mundi eigi þiggja nema annat fé kæmi í mót, 133; hvat hefir þú í móti því er hann deildi kappi við Þorgrim goða, what hast thou to set against that as an equivalent? Ísl. ii. 215; engar skulu gagnsakir metask á mót þeim málum, Grág. i. 294. 2. against, contrary to; móti Guðs lögum, Fms. x. 21 :-- with verbs, göra e-t móti e-m, to act against, Ld. 18; mæla móti, to contradict; standa mót, to withstand; ganga mót, to go against, as also to confess and the like. 3. bera at móti, to happen, Fms. ii. 59 (see bera C. II. 2): whence 4. temp. towards a time; mót Jólum, Páskum, passim; í mót vetri, towards the setting in of winter, Hkr. i. 13; móti sumri, towards the coming in of summer; móti degi, towards day, Fms. i. 71; hann sofnáði móti deginum, vi. 62; móti þingi, towards the opening of parliament, Rb. 530. MÓT, n. [cp. Ulf. môta = GREEK; O.H.G. mûta] :-- a stamp, mark; spurði hann hvers mót eðr mark var á þeim penningi, Th. 50; mót á silfri, 623. 6l; skaltú smíða hús eptir því móti sem nú mun ek sýna þér, Fb. i. 439. II. metaph. a mark; máttú sjá mót á er hón hlær við hvert orð, Nj. 18; æsku-mót, Fms. xi. 422; ættar-mót, a family likeness; manns-mót, the stamp, mark of a true man, Fb. i. 150; alla þá menn er nokkut manns mót var at, Hkr. i. 13; það er ekkert manns mót að honum, he is a small man, a mannikin; er eigi ambóttar mót á henni, she does not look like a bondwoman, Fas. i. 147. III. manner way, which may, with Dan. maade, Swed. måte, be borrowed from Lat. modus; með kynligu móti, in a strange manner, Fms. ix. 9; með undarligu móti, Nj. 62; mikill fjöldi dýra með öllu móti, of every shape and manner, Þorf. Karl. 420; með því móti, in that way, Fms. i. 48, Fær. 2; með litlu móti, in a small degree, Finnb. 328; með minna móti, in a less degree, Sturl. i. 214; með því móti at (in such a way that) þeir sóru eiða, cp. Lat. hoc modo, Fms. vi. 27; með öngu móti, by no means, Lat. nullo modo, i. 9; frá móti, abnormally, Grett. 92 A. móta, að, to stamp, coin; móta penning, passim in mod. usage; mótaðr (stamped) pundari, mótaðr penningr, Rétt., Flóv. 2. metaph. to mark; skyldim vér þannig móta oss mest sem Guð kenndi postulum sínum, ok kvað þá eigi ella mega komask í himinríki nema þeir væri þannig mótaðir, Hom. (St.), Fr. mót-bára, u, f. a 'counter-wave:' metaph. an objection, Thom. 42, Bs. ii. 42, Karl. 543. mót-bárligr, adj. adverse, Stj. 326, 331. mót-blástr, m. a counter-blast, opposition, H.E. i. 516. mót-burðr, m. a coincidence, Bs. i. 743 (v.l.), ii. 39, 113. mót-dráttr, m. a pulling against, hostility, Bs. i. 722. mót-drægi, n. = mótdráttr, Bs. i. 819. mót-drægr, adj. adverse, opposed, Bs. i. 727, 816. mót-fallinn, part.; mótfallinn e-u, adverse to a thing. mót-ferðir, f. pl.; vera í mótferðum við e-n, to go against, Sturl. iii. 19, Ó.H. 227. mót-ferli, n. adversity, Bs. i. 700. mót-fjalir, f. pl. [early Swed. thingfjälar] :-- the hustings or shed where meetings were held, O.H.L. 46, Fms. vii. 39, MS. 655 xvii. 2. mót-ganga, u, f. resistance, Fms. v. 37, vi. 30; mótgöngu-maðr, an antagonist, Sturl. i. 75, Hkr. iii. 104. II. a going to a meeting, N.G.L. ii. 244, D.N. mót-gangr, m. a going against, Fms. v. 189, vii. 280, Sturl. iii. 3; mótgangs maðr, an opponent, ii. 185, Fb. i. 512 :-- adversity, mod. mót-görðir, f. pl. offence, Fms. iv. 218, vii. 157, Sfj. 143, Magn. 520. mótgörða-samr, adj. offending, Ld. 300. mót-horn, n. a 'meeting-horn,' trumpet, 645. 66. mót-hverfr, adj. = mótsnúinn. mót-högg, n. a blow in front, opp. to bakslag, Fms. viii. 399. mót-kast, n. opposition, Fms. iii. 165, Thom. 44, 50. mót-lauss, adj. without joints, of a ring; hringr m., Eb. 10. mót-líkr, adj. similar, Fs. 174. mót-læti, n. adversity. mót-maðr, m. a man at a meeting, parliament-man, N.G.L. i. 314. mót-mark, n. a stamp, Rétt. 39. mót-markaðr, adj. stamped, Jb. 376. mót-mæla, t, to contradict, Vígl. 19. mót-mæli, n. a contradiction, Fms. i. 299, vii. 132, Korm. 160. mót-möglan, f. a murmuring against, Bs. i. 764. mót-reið, f. an encounter on horseback, Sturl. i. 38. mót-reisn, f. a rising against, resistance, Bs. i. 811. mót-ris, n. = mótreisn, Fms. viii. 246 (v.l.), Thom. 87. mót-settr, part. opposed, adverse, Karl. 410. mót-snúinn, part. adverse, Bs. ii. 185, Lv. 109, Fs. 18, Gísl. 139. mót-staða, u, f. resistance, Fms. i. 65. COMPDS: mótstöðu-flokkr, m. an opposition party, Hkr. ii. 271. mótstöðu-maðr, m. an antagonist, Nj. 101, Bs. i. 722. mót-staðligr, adj. withstanding, opposing, Fms. ii. 199, Stj. 23, Bs. mót-standa, stóð, to withstand, resist. mót-stefna, u, f. a meeting duly summoned, Ísl. ii. 375. mót-stæðiligr, adj. = mótstaðligr, Bs. mót-svar, n. an answer, reply, Sturl. iii. 138. mót-tak, n. resistance, Karl. 160. 2. the strap of a horse's girth which passes through the buckle (högld). mót-taka, u, f. resistance, Fms. ix. 374, Orkn. 364. mót-viðri, n. a contrary wind, Fms. ii. 127, Fbr. 22. mót-vindr, m. = mótviðri. mót-völlr, m. a place of meeting, Fas. i. 503. mót-þrói, a, m. a rebellious spirit, Fas. iii. 151. mót-þykki, n. dislike, Fas. ii. 355. Móveskr, adj. Moabitish, Stj. muðla, að, [muðr = munnr], to maunder, Karl. 197; m. fyrir munni sér, Fms. vi. 372, Thom. 74 :-- to munch as cattle do. muðlan, f. munching with the teeth, Al. 168. muðlungr, m. arbutus-berries, also of uneatable berries. MUGGA, u, f. mugginess, soft drizzling mist, Edda (Gl.) ii. 486; þoku-mugga, Snót 20. COMPDS: muggu-kafald, n. fog and snow. muggu-veðr, n. muggy, misty weather, Ísl. ii. 87. MUNA, að, [the root word of mund, n., mundi, mundanga, munr; the primitive notion is from scales, balance, weight, disparity, or the

MUNA -- MUNDR. 437

like] :-- to move, remove, with dat.; þess er ok kostr, at muna út garði, to 'eke out' a fence, remove it farther off, widen it, Grág. ii. 257; ef menn vilja muna várþingi, if men will alter the time of the parliament, i. 116; prob. also, mér er ór minni munað, it is removed out of my memory, I have quite forgotten it, Bs. i. 421; þat merkðu þeir at sólar-gangi, at sumarit munaði aptr til vársins, Íb. 7; miðlum ekki sporum nema vér munim fram, unless we move forwards, 116; slíkt munar ok sýkna skógar-manns (amounts to the same thing, is equally valid) þútt hann vegi sjálfr, Grág. ii. 159: with dat. impers., e-u munar, a thing changes its place; því munar áfram, it moves forward. II. metaph. to make a difference, with dat. of the amount of disparity; þá skulu þeir ráða hví (dat.) muna skal kaup við hverja skipkvámu, Grág. ii. 403; ef maðr mælir rangar álnar, svá at munar aln eða meira (dat.) í tuttugu álnum ..., ef vón er at muna mundi öln í tuttugu ölnum, i. 462, 499; at muni hálfri stiku í tíu stikum, ... svá at meira muni en öln, 498; munar stórum þat, it makes a great difference, Lex. Poët.: muna um e-t, id.; þar eptir munaði ok um digrleik, Mag. 90; munar um ætt á fimm nóttum, Rb. 96, mod. það munar ekki um það, it is of no effect, esp. of weight or measure; as also, þig munar ekki um það, it makes no difference, is no matter, to thee; þig munar ekki um svo lítið, hvað munar þig um það! and the like. B. [munr], it lists, one likes, i.e. one longs or wishes, impers.; ef meirr tyggja (acc.) munar at sækja hringa rauða en hefnd föður, if the king longs more for, is more eager to ..., Skv. 2. 15: it remains in the phrase, mig munar í það, to long for, cast longing eyes after a thing. MUNA, with present in preterite form, man, mant, mod. manst, man, pl. munum; pret. munði and mundi: subj. myndi; part. munaðr, munat; see Gramm. p. xxiii: [Ulf. ga-munan = GREEK and GREEK, as also munan = GREEK; a word common to all old Teut. languages; it remains in Engl. mind] :-- to mind, call to mind, remember; forn spjöll þau er ek fremst um man ... ek man jötna ... níu man ek heima. Vsp. 1, 2; þat man hón fólkvíg fyrst í heimi, 26; hann munði sjálfr þat er hann var skírðr, at Þangbrandr skírði hann þrévetran, Íb. 15; Þorkek es langt munði fram, 4; es munði Þórarinn lögsögu-mann ok sex aðra síðan, 16; hón munði Snorra föður sinn, Ó.H. (pref.); ek má muna Eirek konung enn sigrsæla, 68; Þorgnýr föðurfaðir minn munði Eirek Uppsala-konung, id.; en ef fostar-váttar lífa eigi þeir er þau muni, Grág. i. 335; muna orð sín, Ísl. ii. 265; engi maðr mundi fyrr herjat hafa verit milli Kaupanga, Fms. vii. 255; mantú nokkut hver orð ek hafða þar um? þat man ek görla, ii. 110; víst þætti mér fróðleikr í, ef ek mætta alla þá hluti muna, Sks. 220; veit Guð at ek ætla mik nú eigi muna, ... ok man Þórðr kráka muna, Bs. i. 421. 2. with the additional notion of gratitude, revenge, or the like; þótt nú muni þat fáir, Nj. 227; launa ok lengi muna með góðu, Ó.H. 34; grátum eigi, frændi, en munum lengr, Fær. 119; nú skal ek þat muna, hversu Gunnari fór, Nj. 119: also, muna e-m e-t, to remember a person's doings, with the notion of revenge; þá skal ek nú, segir hón, muna þér kinnhestinn, 117; meiri ván at hann muni muna oss (dat.) þat er hann stökk ór höllinni, Fas. i. 87; eg skal muna þér þat, I shall mind, remember it! 3. part., vár Noregr svá góðr, at hann var eigi munaðr betri, Fms. x. 381; for Bs. i. 421 see muna (movere). munaðr, m., gen. munaðar: I. difference, Fms. ix. 241, (rare.) II. delight, a prolonged form for munr (q.v.), not to be confounded with mun-uð (from mun-hygð); esp. freq. in the COMPDS, munaðar-lauss, adj. orphaned; munaðar-leysi, n. the state of orphanhood; munaðar-leysingi, a, m. an orphan. III. in local names, Munaðar-nes, -tunga, Landn., Icel. MUND, heterogene, in sing. n., in plur. f. mundir; [muna] :-- a moment, the nick of time; en er þú hefir gört þetta, þá mun þér mund (high time) ór hauginum á braut, O.H.L. 2: followed by a gen., í þat mund dags er út tók eyktina, Fms. xi. 136; þat var mjök í þat mund dægra, er, Niðrst. 3; þat var miðviku-dagr ok þat mund árs, er ..., Hom. 110; í þat mund missera, Bs. i. 185 :-- single, þat mund, er Bersi var til búðar borinn, at the moment when, Korm. 128; skip kom út í þetta mund norðr, Lv. 74; í þat mund kemr Haukrmeð skikkju-verðit, Fb. i. 577; þat mund er sá andaðisk, N.G.L. i. 250; var hann ágætastr víkinga í þat mund, Fms. xi. 74; þat var skírsla í þat mund, in those days, Ld. 58; þat var þá tíðska í þat (þann Ed.) mund, 104; í þat mund mun orðit siða-skipti, 128; í sama mund, at the same time next day, month, year, passim. II. plur. mundir; bíða til annars dags í þær mundir, at the same hour next day, Fb. i. 530; þat var þá tíðska í þær mundir, 524; um þær mundir, Sks. 78 new Ed., v.l. MUND, f., dat. mundu, [cp. Lat. manus], the hand, mostly in poetry, Edda (Gl.) 110; læfr hann mundum (not mund um?) standa hjör til hjarta, Vsp. 55; at mundum, to hand, Orkn. 328; frá mundum, off hand, 356 (in a verse): poët., mundar fúrr, 'hand-fire,' i.e. gold, Lex. Poët.; mundar vöndr, 'hand-wand' i.e. a sword, spear, Kormak; mund-jökull, icicle of the hand, i.e. gold, Hallfred. The word remains in the compds, mund-riði, mund-laug, q.v. II. a measure, MS. 732. 5; mæla mundum ok spönnum, Fas. iii. 19 (in a verse). munda, að, [prob. from mund, n.], to aim, point with a weapon; hann mundar til höfuðs á Gesti, Ísl. ii. 305; mun hann ekki lengi m. atgeirinum ef hann er reiðr, Nj. 78; mundum æ fram, keep the spears in rest, Fagrsk. 138 (munim, Mork. l.c.); ef maðr mundar til manns ok stöðvar sjálfr ok varðar fjörbaugsgarð, Grág. ii. 131. II. recipr. to point at one another with a weapon; ek veit beggja ykkar skaplyndi, þitt ok jarls, at þit monut skamma stund mundask til, Ó.H. 94; ok munduðusk þeir at um stund, Fms. viii. 388, v.l. mundan, f. a pointing at; mál ok m., Mag. mundang, n. the balance or the tongue of the balance; it is only used in COMPDS: mundangs-hóf, n. the making a true balance, moderation; með mundangshófi, with just balance, moderately, Stj. 517, 552, Sks. 691; sjá vel með mundangshófi, (minutely) hvat maðr á hverjum at gjalda, Sks. 444; eptir mundangshófi, Stj. 283: esp. in the phrase, mjótt er mundangshófit, the just balance, the true middle, is hard to hit, Gþl. 173, Js. 55, Thom. 153, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse). mundangs-maðr, m. a just, moderate man, Sks. 495. mundangs-mikill, adj. balanced, just, moderate, Bs. i. 133, Edda 165. mundanga, adv. justly, in due measure; mundanga heitr, Sks. 69; eigi var möttullinn mundanga. Art. 151; m. mjök, Barl. 178; jafnhávan við þær er mundanga eru, N.G.L. ii. 243: skip mundanga hlaðit, 274. mundang-leikr, m. moderation, Karl. 517. mundang-liga, adv. justly, duly, Flóv. 30. mundang-ligr, adj. just; m. hóf, Bs. i. 280, Barl. 148, Pr. 406. mundang-mál, n. pl. = mundmál, see mundr below, Grág. i. 370. Mundi, a, m. an abbreviation from the pr. names ending in -mundr, see Gramm. p. xxxiv. Mundia, u, f., and Mundia-fjöl, n. pl. the Mounts = the Alps, Symb. Mundil;-föri, a, m. the name of a giant, the father of the Sun and the Moon; akin to möndull, referring to the veering round or revolution of the heavens, Vþm., Edda 7. mund-laug, f., usually spelt and sounded munn-laug, Edda 40 (ii. 185, note) Fs. 5, Fms. ii. 167, Gísl. 21, N.G.L. i. 211 (Js. 78), Str. 40, Vm. 96; but möndlaugu (dat.), Edda i. 184; even spelt mullaugu (dat.), N.G.L. ii. 443: [from mund = hand; early Swed. mullog] :-- a basin for washing the hands, esp. before and after a meal, see the remarks s.v. handlaugar and dúkr; hann setti munnlaug fyrir sik ok þó sik ok þerði á hvítum dúk, Fs. 5; stóð hjá honum mundlang full af blóði, Band. 42 new Ed.; munnlaugar þrjár fáðar með gulli, Gísl. 21; munnlaug eina skal dóttir hafa, nema rekendi sé fast á meðal þá skal hón hafa báðar, N.G.L. i. 211, cp. Art. 80 :-- poët., munnlaug vinda, the basin of the wind, i.e. the vaulted sky, Edda (in a verse). mund-mál, n. an agreement about mundr, Grág. i. 370, Ísl. ii. 318. MUNDR, m., gen. mundar, dat. mundi; [cp. O.H.G. munt, whence low Lat. mundium = tutelage in the old Teut. laws; women are said to live 'sub mundio' of their parents and husbands, Du Cange, s.v.; cp. also Germ. vor-mund = a guardian, and mündling = a minor or a person living under tutelage; perh. akin to mund (hand), as hand and authority are kindred notions. So in Lat. phrases, in manu parentis, manumissio, etc., used of minors, slaves. In Norse the word is used in a special sense.] B. In the ancient laws and customs matrimony was a bargain (brúð-kaup), hence the phrase to buy a wife, kaupa konu; the wooing was often performed by a deputy, and at the espousals (festar) a sum was agreed on, which the bridegroom was to pay for his bride. This sum was called mundr; and this transaction between the damsel's father or guardian and the other party was called mundar-mál or mund-mál, e.g. Nj. ch. 2, Mörðr (the father) svarar, hugsað hefi ek kostinn, hón (i.e. my daughter, the damsel) skal hafa sextigi hundraða, ok skal aukask þriðjungi í þínum garði: hence the phrases, kaupa mey mundi, to buy a maid by mund; mey mundi keypt; gjalda mund, Skv. 1. 30, Fm. 41, N.G.L. i. 27, 48, Am. 93, and passim. No marriage was lawful without the payment of mund, for even if the wedding had been lawfully performed, without such previous payment of mund the sons of such a wedlock were illegitimate, and were called hornung (q.v.), -- hann kallaði ykkr frillu-sonu, -- Hárekr sagði at þeir mundi vitni til fá at móðir þeirra var mundi keypt, Eg. 40; the least amount of mund in Norway was twelve ounces, called the poor man's mund (öreiga mundr), N.G.L. i. 27, 54; in Iceland it was a mark, sá maðr er eigi arfgengr er móðir hans er eigi mundi keypt, mörk eða meira fé, Grág. (Kb.) i. 222. On the wedding night the stipulated mund became the wife's personal property, and thus bears some resemblance to the 'morning-gift' (morgun-gjöf) of the later legislation; þá er hjú koma í eina sæing, at þá er konu heimill mundr sinn ok svá vextir af fé því öllu er henni er mælt í mundar-málum, Grág. i. 370. The wife herself or her parents might, in case of divorce after misconduct, call on the husband to pay up the mund and the heiman-fylgja (q.v.) of which he had the charge, Grág. Festaþ. ch. 51; ella mun ek láta nefna mér vátta nú þegar, ok segja skilit við þik, ok mun ek láta föður minn heimta mund minn ok heiman-fylgju, Gísl. 16 (p. 32 in Mr. Dasent's Gisli the Outlaw), cp. also Yngl. S. ch. 17; nefndi Mörðr (the father) sér vátta, ok lýsti fésök á hendr Rúti (the husband) um fémál dóttur sinnar ok taldi níutigi hundraða fjár, lýsti hann til gjalda ok útgreiðslu, Nj. 15 and Dasent's Burnt Njal (l.c.), the Sagas passim, at abo Grág., esp. the section Festaþ. ch. vii. sqq. The mundr

438 MUNDR -- MUNR.

therefore was different to the dowry (heiman-fylgja), and has nothing answering to it in the modern law, nor perhaps in the old Greek or Roman customs; hence Tacitus speaks of it as something strange, dotem non uxor marito, sed maritus uxori affcrt. Germ. ch. 18. On the other hand, the Teutonic rites of marriage call to mind the ancient patri- archal times as described in Gen. xxiv and xxix. The etymological connection between mundium = tutelage and the Norse word is not alto- gether clear. In modern Icelandic usage heiman-mundr is erroneouslv used instead of heiman-fylgja, q. v. -mundr, m. the latter part of several pr. names, As-mundr, Ey-m., Guð-m., Geir-m., Ha-m., Hall-m., Iler-m., Loð-m., Sig-m., Sö!-m., þór- m., Ver-m., Ve-m., Vil-m., Ög-m.: contr. Mundi, whence Munda- gros, n. pl. a kind of lichen, Hjalt. mund-riði, a, m. the handle of a shield, Gr. u~nvov (Herod, i. 171), Nj. 66, Ld. 220, Bjarn. 65, Finnb. 286, Karl. 440, Gþl. 105, Sks. 373; þrár mundríðar, N. G. L. ii. 42. mun-gát, n., thus spelt (and not rminn-gat) in the best MSS., Bs. i. 340, etc.; [prop. = a dainty; from munr and gát (q. v.) from geta; Dan. mundgodt] :-- a kind of a le, small beer, 01k. 34, Fms. vii. 249, viii. 87, Eg. 24, 247, Sks. 163; matr ok m., Gþl. 15, Hom. 87; mjöðr ok m., Fs. 4, Fms. vii. 12; Sigurðr konungr veitti annan hvern dag fiska ok mjulk en annan-hvern s'átr ok mungát, 0. H. 33; gesturn líkaði ílla er hirðmenn drukku mjöð en þeir mungát, Fms. viii. 166; gora m., to brew m., Bs. i. 197; heita m., 340; var mjüðr blandinn ok m. heitt, Stud. ii. 245; súrt rmingat, Bs. i. 819; mjöð eðr in., Fb. ii. 340; ale (ol) and mungát are synonymous, whereas beer and mungát are distinguished, B. K. 88, D. N. (sec Fr.); muagáts bytta, Fms. ii. 165; mungats efni, Bs. i. 340; mungáts görð, brewing o/ni., Fas. ii. 25. muni, a, m. / he mind; see munr. Muninn, m. the name of one of Odin's two ravens, Gm,, Eclda. munligr, adj. pleasant, Barl. 71, þiðr, 96. munni, a, m. a mouth, opening, Landu. 119 (of a cave = hellis-munni, q. v.), Fms. vi. 189, 344; ofns m., Al. 55; grafar m., Mark xvi. 3. munn-laug, f., see mundlaug. MUNNR, m., old nom. muðr, in poems, but gen. munns, dat. niunni; [IJlf. munps = ffTU^. a; A. S. mu'iï; Engl. mouth; Germ, and Dan. mund; Swed. mutt] :-- the mouth, Edda 71, 109; hafa slíkar ræður í munni, Fms. ii. 292; legsya e-m orð í mnnn, Facr. 254; segja, mæla fyrir munni for, to say in a low voice, Al. 2, Vígl. 31; ma eigi einum munni allt senn segja, Fms. xi. 43, v. 1.; also, einurn munni, w ith one month, unanimously; mæla feigum munni, Nj. 9; e-m verðr orð (visa) á munni, to utter, Sd. 139, Fb. i. 525; ferr orð er urn nuinn líðr, a saying, Vapn. 15; lúk heill munni sundr, well said! Band. 37 new Ed.; mxla af munni fram, Fms. vi. 375; mælandi muðr, a speaking mouth, able to speak, N. G. L. i-. 61; halda munni, to hold one's tongue; það er mikit í munni, bi o- in the mouth (in talk), but really small; vera mestr í munninum, of a braggart :-- of beasts, með gapanda munn, Edda 41; þá inun hann alla yðr í munni hafa, Fagrsk.; nlfs-munnr, Fms. vi. (in a verse); frá Icons munni, Stj. 463, Grág. i. 383 (of a horse): of a bird, 623. 9; but commonly kjüptr, nef, goggr, q. v. II. metaph. the steel mount of an axe or hammer, (öxar-muðr, hamars-muðr); öxin hljóp niðr í stcininn svá at muðrinn brast ór allr ok rifnaði upp í gögnum h'jrðv. '. ia, Eg. 181; öx nær álnar fyrir munn, 715, Ld. 276, Gullþ. 20; hann kastar frá sér öxinni, ok kom í stein ok brotnaði ór allr muðrinn, Sd. 177; hamars-muðrinn sökkr djúpt í höfuðit, Edda 30; iieina Einarr kyssi öxar inunn enn þunna, Fms. vi. (in a verse). 2. an opening; sekkjar munninum, Stj. 214; but usually munni (the weak form). III. a nickname, Fb. iii, Landn.; gull- muðr -- cbrysostomus. COMPDS: munna-rnagi, a, m. the maw of a cod-fish. munn-biti, a, m. a bit, little mouthful. niunn-eiðr, m. swearing, bks. 25. munn-fagr, munn-fríðr, adj. with a fine- shaped mouth, Fms. viii, (in a verse). rminn-fyllr, f. a mouthful, Edda 47. murm-harpa or murm-herpa, u, f. ' mouth-barp, ' cramp in the mouth from cold: the name of an ogress, Edda (Gl.) munn-ligr, adj. oral, and munn-liga, adv. orally. munn-litill, adj. with a small mouth, Stj. 79. munn-ljótr, adj. with an ugly- shaped mouth, Nj. 39, Fms. ii. 20. munn-mæli, n. pl. sayings, saivs. munn-nám, n. -- munnshöfn, Bs. i. 241. munn-rugl, n. twaddle, Stj. 401. nmnn-setja, setti, to set the edge, sharpen, N. G. L. iii. 198. nrunn-sopi, a, m. a 'mouth-sip, ' draught. munn-storr, adj. large-mouthed. munn-stæði, n. the part of the face about the mouth, Eg. 304. munn-sviði, a, m. a soreness of the mouth, munn-tal, n. chatter; munntal jötna, poet. =gold, see the legend in Edda 47. munn-varp, n. a kind of metre, Edda 137: an extemporised ditty. munn-vatn, n. ' mouth-water, ' saliva. munn-vik, u. pl. the corners of the mouth. murm-víðr, adj. wide-mouthed, Bárð. 165. munns-höfn, f. (655 xii. 3), mod. munnsöfnuðr, m. language; illr m., bad language, swearing and the like. MUNR, m., older form monr, Hom. (St.) 21, gen. munar, dat. mun, pl. munir; [Dan. wo n] :-- prop, the moment or turn of the balance; this sense, however, only occurs in phrases more or less derived or metaphorical, as in the phrase, vera mikilla (litilla) muna (gen. pl.) vant, to be in want of much (little); man yðr eigi svá mikilla muna avant, at þér munið eigi vilja upp hefjask ok rekask af hendi frænda-skömm þessa, ye are not in want of so much, that..., you are not so deficient, that ..., the metaphor from under-weight, 0. H 32, cp. Fms. iv. 79; hann spurði eptir vendiiiga hvernig Kristinn domr væri haldinn á island!, ok þótti honum mikiüa muna ávant at vel væri 44; lítüla muna vant, lacking but little; hygg ek at mér verði meiri muna vant en þórolfi, Eg. 113; ok er mer mikilla muna vant at ek halda róttu máli, ef ek skal heldr lata lausar eignir nu'nir atlaga fyrir þér en berjask via þik, 504; en ef við annan þeirra verðr muna vant, Grág. i. 120 :-- sjá fyrir mun (munum) urn e-t, to foresee how a thing will turn, what turn it will take; eigi þykkjumk ek þar sjá fyrir munum, hvárt..., Fb. i. 529; Erlingr fúkk sér eigi skaplyndi til at biðja her neinna muna um, . E, was too proud to beg anything in this case, 0. H. 47. 2. temp, the nick of time; hann bað Hallverð ganga lit til sin urn litla muni, for a little while, Fms. ii. 71. II. the difference; hví görir þú svá mikinn mun barnanna ? Sd. 141; er þess mikill munr, hvárt..., it makes a great difference, whether..., Fms. vii. 132; ef fe er verra, ok skulu þeir virða þann mun, ok skal hann gjalda honum þann, make good the balance, Grág. i. 428; ok vænta þess at múla-efna munr muni skipta, Sturl. iii. 241, Fb. i. 20, passim in old and mod. usage. 2. moment, importance; vii ek bjóða honum mitt lið, því at eigi er þat við hváriga muni, for it will tell something in the balance, Fs. 16; at hann skyldi segja honum þá hluti er honum vaeri munr undir at vita, Sturl. ii. 151; mun hverjum vitrum manni þykkja mikill munr undir því vera, at ..., every wise man will think it of great moment, that..., Sks. 269; e-m er munr at e-u, it i s of some moment; ok mxui þér konungr verða munr at, at þeir væri þér heldr sinnaðir en í mot, Fms. i. 297; munr er at manns liði, a man's help is always something, Bs. i; Grimr görði ok þann mun allan er hann mátti, G. strained every nerve, Eg. 188. III. the dat. muni or mun before a comparative, by a little, as also considerably, a good deal; Ijóstú mun kyrrara, stri a e somewhat more gently, Hkr. iii. 365; ef þú vilt logum at fylgja, þá er þat mun rettligast at Sigurðr njóti vitna sinna, 257; með muni minna liði, with considerably less forces, Fagrsk. 172; muni síðar, a little later, Gcisli 23; hón sagði mun ileira, a good deal more. Am. 45; stundum nieö mjúklyndi, en stundum muni harðari, Barl. 1/6; muni hægri, a ^oo d deal easier, Orkn. (in a verse): gen. muns, með muns minni riis, muns tomlegari ok seinna ... muns mjukari, Barl. 72. 2. adding a pronoun; þeim mun skirlegri, Fs. 121; ek sá at þeim mun er betr, it fares so much the better. Fms. xi. 228; þeim mun fleiri gildrur, a ll the more traps, Barl. 24; þeim mun lengr, 101; en svá niiklum mun sem sol er Ijosari en náttmyrkr, svá myklu er ok meiri..., by io much as the sun is brighter than night-mirk, so much greater ..., 116; engum mun verr en;'iðr, nothing less than before, O. II. 69; engum mini betr, not a bit better, 222; üngum mun betri, 113; ok var sii öngum mun fegri, 75. IV. the adverb, phrase, fyrir alla muni, by all means; fyrir hvern mun, id., Gullþ. 7, Grett. 193 new Ed., Fms. i. 157; fyrir iingan mun, by no means, Edda 57, Nj. 200, 201, Fms. i. 9, Gþl. 531. V. piur. means, things, objects, property; en hann á þat er tt fyrra várit var í þeini munum, Grág. ii. 338; at eigi monid or alia yðra muni til leggja, to contribute all one's means, strain every nerve, O. H. 32; hefir þú, faðir, þar marga þína muni til gefna, Ld. 102; ok vildi, at allir landsmenn legði sina muni til at biskups-sîúü væri efldr, Fb. iii. 446. 2. biskup talaði her urn mjúkliga, las fyrst sinárn ok snium nuuiina fyrir þeim. expounded all the details for them, Fms. ix. 52; slikt sem hann tckk munum á komit, such that he could manage all that he could get (metaphor from counting or balancing), Játv. 40; te-munir, means; vits-munir, 'wit-means, ' reason; geos-munir, skaps-munir, tem- per; gagns-munir, useful things. MUNR, in., gen. munar and muns, pl. munir, [Ulf. muns-vorjpa; A. S. myn -- lwe, mind; Engl. mind; mid. II. G. minni; Germ, minne- sang] :-- the mind, Edda (Gl.); at" munar grunni, Höfuðl. 19; ór munar onguin, the mind's straits, Kormak; munar myrkr, Likn. 4; munar stríð, the mind's distress, Skv. 3. 38; missa munar ok landa, to lose life and land, Hkv. 2. 44. II. a miwd, longing, delight; at niinurn, þinuin mununi, to my, thy mind, i. e. a s / like, as thou like s/, Skin. 35; þvíat iilfrnðuH lysir of alla das;a ok þeygi at ininutn inuiuiin, ~/or the sunshines all day long, and yet not io my mind, 1b. 5, in the words of the love-sick god Frey, which call to mind Hamlet's words (this most excellent canopy, the air, etc.); at mannskis munum, to please anybody, Skm. 20, 24; þíns eða míns munar, 43; leita e-m munar, to comfort one, Gkv. 1. 8; at mini banda, according to the ivill of the gods, likr. i. (in a verse); at mun sinuni, to one's heart's content, Fms. i. 27 (in a verse); hverr lifði at sinum mun, Bjarn. (in a verse), Og. 34; í mun e-m, io one's mind or liking. Korm. (in a verse): at þú gorir eptir niínum mun, Fb. i. 21: the phrase, e-m leikr munr á e-u, to have a mind for; tak sjúlfr við þtim ef þti þykkisk of gefit hafa eðr þér leikr munr at, Ld. 318, v. L; lek mur meirr í mun, 7 longed more for, Skv. 3. 39; as also, leika at muni, Gsp.; grata at muni, to weep heartily, Vtkv. (in a verse); land-munir, q. v.: and in mod. usage, mer er það í mun, 7 have a mind for that. 2. love; sá inn máttki munr, Hin. 93; viclUk mins munar, 7 waited far my heart's delight, 95: tb"

MUNAFULLR -- MÜNKR. 439

phrase, komask á muni við e-n, to insinuate oneself, vita ef ek get komisk á muni við Ölöfu konu hans, Vígl. 58 new Ed. COMPDS: muna-fulhv, adj. delightful, Sol. 35. munar-lieimr, m. delight's abode, the world, of pleasure, Hkv. Hjörv. 42. munar-lauss, adj. (mod. munaðar- lauss), joyless, orphaned, Gkv. i. 4, (cp. munaðar-leysi, n. orphan- hood, and munaðar-leysingi, a, m. an orphan, which forms are freq. in mod. usage.) mun-ligr, adj. delightful, Lex. Poët. mun-ráð, n. a match on which one has set his heart, Hkv. 2. 14. mun-strönd, f. the ' mind's-strand, ' pcöt. for the breast, Höfuðl. i. mun-stærandi, part, love-awakening, epithet of a girl, Haustl. mun-tún, n. ' mind's- totvn, ' poet, for the breast, Fas. i. 437 (in a verse). mun-vegar, m. pl. the ways of joy, the heavens, Stor. 16. MUNU, a verb whose present is in preterite form, see Gramm. p. xxiii; pres. man, mant (mantn, muntu), man, pl. mununi, munut, munu; pret. mundi; subj. pres. muni; pret. myndi; imper. mun, muntu; pres. infin. øiunu; pret. infin. mundu. In the oldest vellums an o is used throughout for u, thus infin. monu, pret. mon, monu, and so on, whence subj. møndi; thus Thorodd, mon-a (will not) inín móna; and leka møndi húsit (the bouse would leak) ef eigi mø'ndi (thatched) smiðrinn, Skálda; mun'k = mun ek, Ad. 14, Skv. i. 40; man'k = man ck, Fms. vii. 337 (Mork.); mona'k = muna ek (subj.): with'neg. sufT. pres. mon-a, s he will not, Thorodd, Höfuðl. 17; monka ek, / . ' h a ll not, Hkv. Hjiirv. 23, Fms. x. 342 (in a verse); mon-at, mun-at (3rd pers.), sh a ll not; monattu or munattu (2nd pers.), Gs. 19, Ls. 49; munum-a, we shall not, Halltred; see -at, p. 2 :-- a pret. pl. manu without umlaut, or even with a through- out sing, and plur., is also freq. &&' In mod. usage and JV1SS., as also in less correct paper transcripts of vellums, and in Editions, the pret. infin. mundu is freq. turned into a subj. from mundi, and ought to be restored; thus in Eg. -- sögðu þat vera mundu (Ed. mundi) róg illra manna, ... konungr kveðsk því mundu (Ed. mundi) heldr af trua, cp. Eb. (pref. p. xxxviii new Ed.) B. Will, shall, as an auxiliary verb simply denoting futurity, followed by an infinitive; munu margir þess gjalda, Nj. 2; þú mant vera feigr maðr, 63; sem mi man ek telja, Grág. ii. 211; aldri hafði önd mín tvá líkami ok eigi mun hón hafa, heldr mun lion einn likama hafa mi, ok þann mun hón hafa á dóms-degi, Fms. iv. 121; hón kveðsk hans forsjá hlíta mundu, ... ok kvcðsk ganga mundu, Ld. 14; svá man nióðir þín til ætla, Nj. 58; muntu ekki min at slíku þurfa, 55; mon ek þá görask þinn maðr, O. H. 47; en ek mon þik láta vera göfgastan lendan maun, id.; þá man yðr eigi svá ... at eigi moneð ér (subj.), 32; segir at mi man til verða sá maðr, 33; her mantú konung upp fæða, móðir, 64; nú man ek koma til Uppsala- þings, 67; þá mono vér veita þér atgöngu, 69; vel man þer fara, Nj. 55; þú mant segja dauða minn, 58 (but þú munt, next line); úþarfir munu þér verða frændr Hallgerðar, id.; þó man ek ekki göra hann at þræli, id.; hvat ek veil, segir Gunnarr, hvurt ek man því úvaskari maðr en aðrir menn, sem ..., whether í am, whether í should be, id.; hann let þó svá búit þá mundu verða at vera (a threefold infin.), fsl. ii. 357. II. with a suggestive sense of may be, probably, about, often answering to may be, perhaps in mod. writers; þá mundi lifa þriðjungr nætr, perhaps the third, about the third part, Fms. ix. 475; þeir myndi hafa nser sjau tigi manna, Sturl. iii. 239; hverr mundi þá segja? Edda 144; ok mundi hann vita þat fyrir er hann vissi dauða sinn, Nj. 98; ok myndi þat Nj;íll ætla, at..., 93; þeir sögðu þat vera mundu rug illra manna, itwas nothing but..., Eg. 55; sögðu at þórúlfr mundi vera hollr konungi, that Tb. was no doubt faithful, id., passim. III. in asking and answering, corresponding to Engl. would'st thou ? / will; Muntu veita mér þat er ek bið þik ? Hvat er þat, segir konungr, Fms. vi. 392; muntú mér, Freyja, fjaðrhams, Ijú? -- |xi munda ek gefa þér þótt ór gulli vaeri, Þkv. 3, 4; mundu fleira mæla ? answer, mun ek, Hkv. Hjiirv. 2; muntu stefna vilja Hallvarði ? Glúm. 365; mun hann dauðr, i s he de a d ? Nj. I55- IV. denoting injunction; hann mælti til Einars, at harm mundi (to ld him to) leita sér vistar, Hrafn. 5; svá hefi ek helzt ætlað at boð þitt muni vera at áliðnu sumri, Ld. 14 (but rarely). V. ellipt., the infin. vera being left out and understood; ærit bragð mun at því (viz. vera), Nj. 58; lítið bragð mun þá at, Ld. 136; Halfr mundi mikill afreks- maðr, Mag. 4; torsótt mun (viz. vera) at sækja, Glúm. 365. FINGER Hardly any verb is more freq., e. g. þi'i munt hafa meira hlut sagði Njáll, en þó man her hljótask af margs manns bani. -- Man nokkut h*;r minn bani af hljótask ? -- Ekki man þat af þessu, en þó munu þeir miimask á fornan fjandskap ok muntu ekki annat mega en hrökkva við, Nj. 90; hversu mun nú ganga síðan ? fm mant rioa til þings.]pá man þú skamt eiga ólifað, ella mant þú verða gamall maðr, ... Veiztú hvat þér man verða at bana ... þat sem allir munu sízt ætla, segir Njáll, 85. In mod. usage the word munu is far less frequent, and futurity is in speech mostly expressed, as in Gothic, by the pres. indie., as, eg fer á morgun, where an ancient would have said, ek mun fara á morgun; but in solemn style munu is retained, thus, sjá, þú munt barn geta í kviði þinum, ok munt son fseða ok hans nafn skaltu (not muntu) kalla Jesus; hann mun mikill verða, ok kallast sonr hins Haesta, og Guð Drottinn mun gefa honum sxti sins föður Davíð, og hann mun rikja yfir húsi Jakobs að eilifu. hans rikis mun og enginn endir verða ... Heilagr Audi mun koma yfir þig, og kraptr ins Hæsta mun yfirskyggja þig, af því at það hið helga sem af þér mun fæðast skal nefnast..., Luke i. 31 sqq. in the Icel. N. T. (Vidal.) munuð or munúð, f., contr. from nran-hugð (Barl. 86), mun-ugð, [munr and hugrj :-- pleasure, hist; likams or líkamlig munuð, carnal lust, Hom. 85, 128; bindask munoða sinua, ... lifa at munøðum, Hom. (St.); draga ást þeirra saman til munygðar við sik, Baer. 14; munugðar lífi, a life of lust, 655 ix. C. 2; til munugðar sinnar, Str. 32; moti munugð sinni ok veraldar girnd, O. H. L. 86; deila munuð, Og. 24; drýgja munuð, Sól. 18; fijóðs munuð, a woman's love, Hm. 78; mun- aðar ríki, sensuality, Sól. 10. COMPDS: munhugo-ligr, adj. sensual, Barl. 86. munuð-lífl, n. a life of pleasure, Al. 87, Stj. 84, 119, 144, Eluc. 27, Ver. 41, Mar. munuð-lífr, adj. sensual, Róm. 312. munuð-samligr, adj. voluptuous, sensual, Hom. (St.) MURA, u, L goose-grass, silver-weed, polentilla anserina, Fms. xi. 289, Hjalt.; attu born ok buru grófu rætr og muru, Maurer's Volks. murka, að, diniin. from morð, to mangle: in the phrase, murka lífið úr e-m, to rack the life out of one. murningr, m. a sloiu racking pain, Fél. x. 19. murra, að, to murmur, Stj. 238, 291. murran, f. murmuring, Stj. 291. murta, u, f. [Swed. mart = cyprinus rutilus, see Ivar Aasen], a kind of small trout, as also of any smalli sh; steldú ekki murtu mús, Snot 268; silungs-m., fisk-m.; the word seems to occur in Eyvind's verse Hkr. i. 185, -vita ef murtur (not murur or mútur) verði falar vinum minum, for the poet was going to purchase a herring: hence murtr, m. and murti, a, m. a nickname = a little fellow, Sturl., Orkn. muskra, að, to murmur, maunder. musla, að, [muðr = munnr], to munch. mussa or rrmza, u, f. [cp. muzza, Du Cange], a kind of loose jacket; eigi hafði hann plátu muzu né brynju, Bév., freq. in mod. usage. mustarðr, m. [from mid. Lat. mustarda; Fr. moustarde, moularde] , mustard, N. T. musteri and mustari, n., mysteri in Hom. 46, 97, [eccl. Lat. monas- ter'ntm; A. S. mynster; Engl. minster; Germ. mü?íi te r] :-- a temple, freq. in old and mod. eccl. writers, as the translation of ' templum' in a Jewish and Christian sense, while hof is used in the heathen sense, Bs., Stj., Hom., N. T., Pass., Vidal. passim. MÚGR, m. [akin to Engl. wo w], a swathe, but only in the weak form múgi; hann hafði slegit þúfur allar ok faert peer saman í nuiga, ... ok er kallaðr ákvæðis-teigr milli hverra niuga, Fb. i. 522, freq. in mod. usage, rrmga-sláttr, m. mowing into swathes, Fb. i. 522. II. múgr or múgi, a, m., metaph. the c ro wd, common people, populace, mob; með vingan alls stormennis, ok at samþyktum múginum, Al. 9; heimskr mugr, the foolish mob, Sks. 340; líta á mug sinn ok höfða-tal, 341; allr mugr Svia, Hkr. i. 55; mugr ok margmenni, Ó. H. 34, Bjarn. 9, Grett. 82; þar sem múg(r)inn stóð, Eg. 532; með múga hers, Fms. vii. 183; múga manns, Or. 29; mugr manns, Fms. xi. 245; var þat enn mesti mugr manns, 0. H. 211; lands-mugr, the people of the land; al-mugi (Dan. almue), the common people. COMPDS: múga-menn, m. pl. the common people, Bs. i. 732, 735, Stj. 426, 642. múga-vetr, n. '7/zo b- winler, ' the name of a wild winter, Fms. vii. 183. múl-asni, a, m. a mule. múl-binda, batt, to muzzle, Grág. i. 383, Fas. ii. 231. MÚLI, a, m. [mid. H. G. mîí l; Germ. maul] , prop, a muzzle, snout ( = trjona), whence the mouth of beasts; göltr nieð júrnuðurn niúla, of a war-engine, Sks. 395; búinn niúlinn nieð járni, Rórn. 292; harö-rnúla, hard-mouthed. Germ. hart-mäulig; kol-nuilugr, black-mouthed: múlaðr, adj. = Lat. rostratus: múla-stykki, n. a smith's vice, Vrn.; korna- múli, a nickname, Landn. II. [Scot, mwll; Shetl. and Orkn. mule'] , a jutting crag, between two dales, fjords, or the like; hann sny'r pegar af leiðinni ok upp á mulann ok svá eptir hálsinurn milli Hrafn- kelsdals ok Jokuldals, Hrafn. 20, very freq. in Icel.; fjalls-muli, a moun- tain peak; Digri-múli, Seljalands-múli, Landn.: as also in numberless local names. Múli, Múla-ijaÍl, Múla-eyjar, Múla-sveit, Landn., map of Icel.; so the Mull of Cantire = Satiris-muli, Mull of Galloway, the Mull- bead in the Orkneys, and the like, local names given by the Norsemen; perh. also the island of Mull, whence Mylskr, adj. = a man of Mull, Fms. vii. 42 (in a verse). múll, m. a muzzle. múll, m. [Lat. muhis] , a mule, Flóv. 31, Stj., Str., Sks., Karl. múnk-lífi, n. a monastery, Hom., Greg., Stj., Str., Bs. MÚNKR, m., mod. also contr. múkr, m. [eccl. Lat. monachus"] :-- a monk, friar, Bs., Sks., Greg., etc. passim; múnka-búnaðr, -kápa, -klaeði, Fms. vi. 188, viii. 357; múnka regla, a monastery, Ann. 1344; Múnka bryggja, Monk's-bridge, Fms. vii. 183; múnka klaustr, a monastery, cloister, xi. 392; Gra-nuinkar, Gray-friars; Svart-munkar, Black-friars: munki, a, m. a nickname, viii: in local names, Múnka-þvera, mod.; Múka-þverá, Bs. :-- of a game of cards, gékk þeim Indriðs betr, hver -- strokan og mnkrinn eptir annan. Piltr PC; Snilka 23.

440 MüllA -- MYNDA.

múra, að, to wall, provide with a wall, Fms. vi. 152, Sij. 44, 247.; MÚRR. K, m. [from Lat. murus] , a wall of brick or stone, Fms. i. 104, Stj. 70, 205; staðar-múrr, borgar-múrr, a castle-wall: -- a prison, tower, Bs. i. 833. múr-grjót and múr-steinn, m. bricks, þjal. 49. MÚS, f., pl. mýss, acc. mýs, mod. mys; [A. S. wzits, pl. ??2vs; F, ngl. m O!/s e, pl. mice; O. H. G. m zts; Germ, mans, pl. mduser; Dan. minis; Lat. mns; Or. pvs] :-- a mouse, H. E. i-482, Al. iop, Stj. 23; spilltu mýsskornumokökrum, var þar víða jörð hoi ok full af músum, Bs. i. 293; mús hljóp áðan á kinn mér, Fs. 140; sér köttrinn nu'isina? Ísl. ü. 309; svá hræddr sem nuis í skreppu, Fms. vii. 21; hlaupa hingat ok þangat sem mýss í holur, viii. 39; veiða mýs, to catch mice; myss svá stórar sem kettir, 0. H. 109 (rats?); þá sá hann mýs tvær aðra hvíta en aðra svarta, Barl. 56; myss Valkar, Welsb mice, strange mice = rats, Fms. xi. 279; whence mod. Icel. valska, q. v.; flæðar-mús, skógar-mús, a wood-mouse, mns sylvaticus, Eggert Itin.: allit., maðr og mús, thus in Danish if a ship is lost, ' med maud og muus, ' i. e. with all hands. In tales mice are said to pass over rivers on cakes of cow-dung (skan), steering with their tails, see Eggert Itin. ch. 329, and Ísl. þjóðs., which reminds one of the witch who sails ' like a rat without a tail' in Shakespeare's Mac- beth. For the fabulous tales of wizards keeping a fiæðar-mns that it may always provide them with money see Maurer's Volks.; when the wizard dies, the mouse breaks loose into the sea and a tempest arises, called Músar-bylr, mouse-tempest; that a similar superstition existed in olden times may be inferred from the name Músa-Bölverkr, Landii. 2. the name of a mouse-gray young cow, Ísl. ii. 401. COMVDS: músar- bragð, n. a trick in wrestling, treading on the adversary's toes, Fas. ii. 346. músar-bróðir, m. a ' mouse-brother, ' the wren; also called músar-rindill, m., Eggert Itin. ch. 678. músar-eyra, in. ' moiise- ear, 'forget-me-not, a plant, Germ. maus-vbrlein. myosotis. musa-gangr, m. a gang of mice, Bs. i. 194. músa-gildra, u. f. a mouse-trap. B. Metaph. the biceps muscle in the ami; þá fíaug or tin ok kom í hönd Hákoni konungi upp Í niusina fyrir neðan öxl, Hkr. i. 159; kom ein ör í handlegginn í músina, Bs. i. 781: mils in A. S. and O. H. G. is used in a similar sense; cp. also Lat. n:i/sculits -- a little mouse, whence muscle-: the chief muscles of the body were named from lively animals, thus fiskr of the cheek (kinn-fiskr), nuis of the arm, kálfi (calf) of the leg. mús-grár, adj. mouse^gray, cp. Ísl. ii. 401 (for myrkrar read myskrar ?). Múska, u, f. a mouse-gray mare. Múspell, n. the name of an abode of fire; in the old mythology peopled by Miíspells lyðir, the men of Mtispell, a bost of fiends, who are to appear at Ragnarok and destroy the world by fire; the prose in Edda 3 may have been derived from some lost verses of the Vüluspá, for the name appears at the end of that poem (Vsp. 51) as if it were already known; it occurs nowhere else in the Norse mythical songs, except in Ls. 42 (múspells-megir). Múspells-heimr, the abode of Mmpell, Edda 4. This interesting word was not confined to the Norse mythology, but appears twice in the old Saxon poem Heliand -- mutspelli cumit on thiiistra naht, also thiof ferit, m. comes in dusky night, as a thief fares, i. e. but the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, 2 Pet. iii. 10; and, niutspcllis megin obar man ferit, the main of m. fares over men, see Schmcller's Kdi- tion; a third instance is in an Old High German poem on the Last Day -- dâr ni mac denne mac andrcmo htlfan vora demo muspille = there no man can help another against the muspell-doom. In these instances muspcll therefore stands for the day of judgment, the last day, and answers to Ragnarok of the Northern mythology. The etymology is doubtful, for spell may be = the weird, doom, = Lat. Fatnm; or it may be = spoil, destruction; the former part mnt or muod is more difficult to explain. The Icel. nnis is an assimilated form. MÚTA, u, f. [Ulf. môta -- TtKúviov; O. H. G. mû/a; Germ, mant (Schmcller); cp. Ulf. motareis = Tt\ui'r)i] :-- a law term, a fee, gratuity, for transacting business, as also a pittance, whence afterwards it came to mean dishonest gain, a bribe, a fee given in stealth or under false pretences; gull er grams nuita, gold is the king's grant, Le. x. Run.; n'tt tr at þeir gefi miitur af fa HI, Grá;;. i. 207; ef inaðr tekr dánar-tV' austr, þá á hann at gefa miitu til fjur-tokunnar ef hann ni'iir eigi ella, ok gcl'a sem hann má minnsta, 221; en þi'i inunt eigi vilja sclja mik fyrir muttir, Flóv. 37; snikja til mútu, to go begging for a fee, Grág. (pref. clxviii); Austmaðrinn kvaðsk mundu hafa selt honum, ef hann hefði fyrr komit, með þvíliku verði sem Steingrimi, en segisk nú ekki mundu taka litla niutii (a pittance) til at bregða þessu kaupi sínu, Rd. 251; hvat hefi ek slikt heyrt, at taka á sér mntu sem piitur (to take fees like harlots), þar sem þú sazt til jdrns ok tókt fú-mútu í bótina, Fb. ii. 197; þeir hafa tekit mútur af búündum at taka fals slikt er eigi þykkir gjaldgengt, 0. H. 157; em ek eigi vanr at taka mútur á afii ininu, t o exhibit my strength for money, Fms. iii. 179: the phrase, maela á miitur, to be silent, as if every word had to be extorted by a fee; eigi þarf þetta á nii'itur at maela, let us make a clean breast, speak out at once, Nj. 180, 228: cp. also the old Swed. law phrase, jorþ ma eighi a muto taka, land must not be given into nuita, Schlyter. 2. a bribe; en selt réttlætið í sínuin dómum fyrir miitur ok manna mini, Al. loc,; eigi róði mi'itan þ;í svá miklu með ranglátum dúmara, 115; elska sannindi en fyrir-smá inníur, Stj. 299; at þeir haíi tekit íe á gipting svstur hans, ... en ef ehi- hverr verðr sannr at því, at hann haíi til þess mtitu tekit, rciði slikt upp sveininum sem hann tók imituna ok heiti drengr at verri, N. G. L. i. 2?i (Js. 63), freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: mútu-fé, n. a bribe, Honi 33, 86. mútu-girni, f. corruption by bribery, Sks. 358. mútu- gjarn (mútu-gjarnligr, Sks. 451), adj. open to bribes, corrupt, Al. 4. mútu-gjöf, f. bribe-giving, Fms. ix. 329 :-- bartering, muntú þau hvárkí plokka af niér með iníitugjötum nó heitan, Ld. 150. múta, að, to bribe, with dat. of the person and thing; niuta e-m e-u. mútaðr, part, [from Old Fr. muter; Engl. to mute, moult; the Lat. mntatns is a hawk that has been in the muta (Fr. mite, Engl. mews), and has done moulting'] :-- of a hawk tha í ha s moulted; einn hinn fríðasti gáshiuikr með tögruni fótum, svA sem hann v:eri rinim sinnuin eða sex tnútaðr, Str. 75, where the French original has nines; þúsund gáshauka mútaða, Karl. 485. mútari, a, m. a bawl-, Edda (Gl.), occurs in Sighvat, but is neverthe- less a French word; see mútaðr. mútera, að, [Lat. mutare] , to change, Rb. 232. mygla, að, [mugga], to grow muggy or musty; en er minnþakit tók at mygla, Landn. 34; myglat brauo, Stj. 367; myglaðr ostr, myglað hey, and the like. mygla, u, f. [Swed. mogel~\, mustiness, Stj. 567 (of blight in a crop), freq. in mod. usage. myglugr, adj. musty, Stj. 357. MYKI, f. indecl., but an older form mykr (mykrin) occurs as a OTT. Af7., Hkr. i. 73, in the transcript of the vellum Kringia; but the Cod. Fris. (1. c.) has mykin, 37; a gen. mvkiar is nowhere recorded; mod. niykja, u, f.: [Dan. mog; cp. Engl. midden -•- Dan. madding -- qs. myki- dyngja; cp. also Ulf. maibslus -- Koirpia; A. S. meox; Scot, and North. E. muck; Germ, mist; akin to moka, q. v.] :-- dung; en er mykin (mykrin v. 1.) hafði fallit á isinn, Hkr. (Cod. Fris.) 37; brenna skinn, bein, slatr ok myki (acc.), Stj. 319; ok sópaði yfir nioldu ok myki, Hkr. i. 251; draga myki lit, K. p. K. loo; reiða myki, CJþl. 354; hann drap at þeim myki (mykju Ed. from a paper MS.), Sd. 168. COMPDS: myki-kvisl, f. a dung-fork, Fms. i. 75 (x. 222). myki-reka, u, f. a ' muck-rake, ' dung- shovel, Finnb. 306. myki-skan, f. a cake of cow-dung, Jborf. Karl. 430. myk-aleði, a, in. (as if formed from mykr), Konnak. mykja, að, to ' muck, ' dung, manure, Gþl. 34:. mykla and mykill, see mikla, mikill. mylda, d, [mold], to cover with mould; o-myidr, vnburied, Hom. (St.): mod. to beat (earth or dung) i;i/o powder before spreading it as manure over a field. mylin or mxilin, m. a luminary, the moon, Am. 15, Edda i. 472: the sun, id.: prop, a mock sun (?), cp. Swed. moln. MYLJA, pres. myl, pret. mulði, subj. mylði or mölði, Ls. 43; part, muldr,:;nd mod. mulinn; [akin to mala, mdja, etc.] :-- to shiver, crush; mylr hann með sinum tönnum. Fas. i. 103; mi eru þeir allir muldir i sundr. Karl. 352; mergi srnæra mölða ek [i;i meinkraku, Ls. 43; muldi sundr fotlegginn aniian, Bs. ii. II; sktljarnar er muldar vúru í smatt, 180. mylkja, t, [miolk], to give suck; þú my'klir hann af þínum brjóstum, Mar.; see milkja, niilkr. myln, in. (?), /iV e, Edda (Gl.) ii. 486; akin to Mjölnir (?), q. v. mylna, u, f. [from Lat. mola] , a mill, þiðr. 131, Karl 281, 472, D. N.; the genuine Tent, word is kvern, q. v. mylnu-maðr, in. a 'mill-man, ' miller, Fms. ix. 19. mylnari, a, in. a miller, N. G. L. iii. 204. mylsna, u, f. the dust, grounds of a thing, as opp. to large pieces; það er ekki eplir nerna mylsna. Myl-verjar, n. pl. the men from the island of Mull, Fms. x. MYND, f. [prob. derived from nmndj, shape, form; hverja mynd seni hann httir tekit ú sik, Fms. xi. 433; myndir t-ða ásjónur, Stj. 91; orð- anna myndir, 67; nokkur elds mynd, a kind aijire, 41; í mynd krossins, Fms. i. 136; í boga mynd, Fas. i. 271; fjarri allri mannlii;i'i mynd, tbe human f. bape, Grett. 113; enga siáni vér hafa þina mynd, F;;s. i. 244; þá gör^i hann alla mynd (all the frame) Jicss altaris, Stj. 638; á þá mynd, er..., in the sam: manner, as..., Fms. ii. 122; at nokkurri niynd, in some manner, Bjarn. 55; ni. jok á mynd ok með þeim Sigurði, much in the same way, F;IT. 241. 2. a figure, image; \ hus pat er i niynduin var go'rt, Clem. 50: a metaphor, með mörguin öðruin mynduin ok merkinguni, Stj. 420; mynd ok dæmi irúar, Fb. ii. 701: freq. in mod. usage, of pictures, Ijos-mynd, a photograph, and the like; o-mynd, a shapeless thing; fyrir-mynd, a prototype; i-mynd, the very image. COMPDS: inynda-smiðr, m. a sculptor. mynda-smíði, n. sculp- ture, myndar-ligr, adj. well-shapen. mynda, d, [mundr; Germ, munden = discharge] , to weigh, measure, of the mundr, q. v.; gripir mctnir ok myndir í hendr þeim er konu fær, N. G. L. i. 230; mynda skal meyjar-fi: allt, ok konia eyrir eyri i gegn, 29; for in the immdmal (q-v.) the mundr was to be set oil or balanced against the damsel's dowrv.

MYNDA -- MYRR. 441

mynda, að, to shape, form, Hom. 130; mynda e-t eptir e-n, to shape' after, imitate, Hom. (St.): to shape, form, vér hoturn mælt ok myndat vegginn, Fms. xi. 432, freq. in mod. usage. II. = munda; ekki þarf her at mynda til þess seni oss er í hug, ' ti s nouse to hint at it, i. e. let us speak it out at once, Nj. 224. myndan, f. shaping; i-myndan, imagination; fyrir-m. = Germ, vor-bild. mynding, f. [mundr], balancing the mundr a nd the heimanfylgja, N. G. L. i. 29. myndugr, adj. [from Germ, miindig] , of age, (mod.) mynni, n. [munnr], a mouth, opening; see minni. mynntr, part, mouthed so and so, Sks. 170. mynt, f. [a for. word], a mint, Rétt. 30. myntari, a, m. a minter, mint-master, N. G. L. i. 446: a nickname, Fms. viii. 161. MYRÐA, ð, later t, [moro], to murder. II. to conceal, murder, see the remarks on morð; skal ek eigi myrða (to suppress) þetta konungs- bréf, þótt þú hafir myrt þau konungs-bréf er til pin hafa send verit, Sturl. iii. 139; hann drap hann sofanda í saeng sinni ok myrði hann síðan, Fas. ii. 242; lízt mér þat rúð at vúr drepifn hann ok myrðiin hann síðan, inun þetta alldri víst verða, Fær. 177; hann drap svcininn ok vildi myrða en menu urðu þó varir við, Fb. ii. 79; síðan stefndi Helgi Ásbjarnarson Helga Droplaugarsyni um þat, at hann hefði myrðan dauðan mann ok fökt í sjó ok huh ekki inoldu, that he had 'murdered' a dead man, and put the corpse into the sea and not covered it with earth, Dropl. 16; pat vissu allir at vt'r vilduni bana Sigmundar, en hvar fyrir mundu vér vilja myrða þá, murder them, i. e. conceal them, FAT. 182; ok muni hann pa hafa verit drepinn eðr myrðr, slain or murdered, 183; hann myrði Si^urð til hringsins Hakonar-iiauts, 155; drepinn ok inyrðr, slain and murdered, Fb. i. 554; inyrðir til hnossa, Am. 53; solanda myrði, Sol. 5; inn morð þau ok illvirki t-r sendimcun niinir hafa par myrðir verit, Fær. 199; knúsett hefir þii hann mi ok mattu mi niyrða hann el" þú vilt, of infanticide, Fms. i. ï6; fannsk þar barns lik er myrt hafði verit ok fólgit þar, Hkr. iii. 184. myrðir, n. a murderer, destroyer, Lex. Pout. myrginn, in. morning; see morginn. myrk-blár, adj. dark bine, 544. 39, Fas. ii. 9;;. myrk-fara, u, f., poi;t. the ' mirk-farer, ' i. e. the night, Edda (Gl.) myrk-fælinn, adj. afraid in the dark, Grett. 126, Gísl. 151. myrk-fælni, f. the being afraid in the dark, Grett. 130, Stj. 111. myrk-heimr, in. the world of darkness, Akv. 42: in plur., í myrk- heimum, Fdda 70. myrk-hræddr, adj. afraid in the dark, Fbr. 89, Gísl. 65. myrk-hræðinn, adj. = myrkfælinn, Sturl. ii. 139. myrk-leikr, m. darkness, Edda 209. myrkna, að, to grow murky or ditsit; ef þúr myrknit ok blindisk, Stj. 241; (tunglit) vex ok þverr, myrknar optliga, Karl. 134. myrk-nætti, n. [Old Engl. mirke nich. Story of Havelok the Dane, 1. 66], mirk-night, the dead of night, Sturl. iii. 227, Stj. 559, Mar. 1108. MYRKR, adj., myrk, myrkt, or myrt, Ö. H. 216; with a character- istic v before a vowel, myrkvan, myrkva, myrkvir; compar. myrkvari; superl. myrkvastr; later, as also in mod. usage, the v was dropped, which form occurs in later vellums of the I4th century, thus myrkar, Stj. 30; myrk;iri, Fms. vi. 229 (Hulda): ~;' for v, myrkjar, Róm. 373: [A. S. myrc; Hel. mlrki; Old Engl. and Scot, mirk; Engl. murky; Dan. -Swed. wo rk]: -- mirk, murky, dark; myrkvar grimr, Fas. 1. 519 (in a verse); myrkvan veg, Rm. 34; inn myrkvan við, through the mirk-wood, Og. 25; myrkvan vafurloga, Skin. 8, 9; myrkt er nti, '/ i s dark outside, Skin. 10; urn kveldit er myrkt var oroit, Bs. i. 544; þeir biðu nætr, en er myrkt var, Eg. 80; myrkt var í stofunni, 215; görði myrt, Ü. H. 216; myrkt, 218; um kveldit er myrkt var, Hkr. i. 61; aldri varð svá myrkt af nótt, at eigi væri ærit lióst þar er hann for, Edda 70, þiðr. 326; þá var sem myrk- vast nætr, Fb. iii. 410, Fms. ix. 484; görði stnndinn daginn svá myrkjan sem nótt væri, Róni. 373; of aptan er myrkt var, O. H. 139; í myrkri stofu, Bs. i. 508; myrk augu, dim eyes, Pr. 473: neut., gengu þeir þann dag alian til myrks, Edda 28: of colour, var vant kvígu þrcvetrar niyrkrar, hón hut Mtis (but peril, read myskrar or the like), Ísl. ii. 401. II. metaph. d ar k, obscure, hard to read; myrkvar kenningar, Gd. 78; myrk orð, dark sayings, riddles; myrkr stafr, þat verðr mörgum manni at um myrkvan staf villisk, of spell Runts with hidden powers, Eg. (in a verse); þá mælti Ægir, myrkt þykki mér þat niælt, at kalla skáldskap þessum heitum, Edda 48; her hefr upp ok segir frá því er flestum er myrkt, N. G. L. i. 184; baekr myrkvar ok úskiljanligar, Stj. 30; þat mun ek sv'na jafnan at ek em eigi myrkr í skapi, Nj. 179; myrkari ok kaldari rúð, Fms. vi. 229. III. local names, Myrk-á, Landn.; Myrk-viðr, Fms. xii, Gl. myrkr, n. [Dan. mörke; Scot, mirk] , darkness; leynask út í myrkrit, Eg. 240: of the evening, allan dag til myrks, fram í myrkr, and the like: of fog, rak yfir myrkr svá mikit at þeir vissu eigi hvar þeir fóru, Nj. 124; í slíku myrkri, Glúm. 368; sjo-myrkr, Fnis. ix. 506 :-- an eclipse, Ann. 1184; myrkrit mikla, on the 22nd of April, Ann. 1193, cp. 1312, '33oi Fms. vii. 152 :-- darkness from volcanic eruptions, Ann. 1158, 1226, 1262, 1300, 1341, 1350, see also Hekla and hraun. 2. often in plur. in an intensive sense, like Lat. tenebrae; þessi guðin inunu eiga myrkrunum at styra, Fms. i. 97; frá eilifu Ijosi til úendanligra mvrkra, 262; helvitis myrkra, Anal. 291; myrkra fullr, /w ll of darkness, Mar.; myrkra hofðingi, the prince of darkness, Al. 154; myrkra hérað, myrkra staðr, the place of darkness, i. e. hell, 153, 154, cp. Pass. 8. 4, 19, 20, and N. T. passim; this use of the plur. may have been influenced by the Latin. myrk-riða, u, f. the ' mirk-rider' an ogress, witch, for witches were supposed to ride on wolves by night, Hb. 20, Edda (Gl.) myrkva, ð, to grow mirk, darken: impers., aptan dags er myrkva tók, Eg. 405; en er myrkva tók, Fms. ix. 273, 506; þá tók at myrkva (myrkja Ed.) afnótt, Eg. 230; en er nótt (acc.) myrkti, when night grew mirk, late in the summer, Fms. i. 67; um haustið er nátt (acc.) tók at myrkva, Sturl. iii. 253, Grett. 115: pers., hann myrkti sólina, Barl. 168, (rare): reflex., nótt (nom.) myrkvisk, darkens, Sks. 231 (but less good). myrkva-stofa, u, f. a ' mirk-closet, ' dungeon, Nj. 163, Fb. ii. 384, Bs. i. 221, Grett. 195 new Ed., Fms. x. 307, Skálda 208, N. G. L. ii. 430, Stj. 200. myrkvi, a, m., older form mjorkvi or mjörkvi :-- w irk, darkness, a dense, thick fog; myrkva ok regn, Sks. 135, Hkr. i. 268; í sHkurn myrkva, Ghiin. 368; legüjr á svá mikinn injorkva, at..., Al. 139; reykr eða mjorkvi, Sks. 48 new Ed.; þá var á mjorkvi mikill, Fms. ix. 39; þá görði myrkva mikinn sælægjan, vi. 261, viii. 178 (Fb. myrkvi I. e.); var veðr vátt ok mjoorkva flaug nokkur, wet and hazy weather, 0. H. 182; mœrkva-þoka, a ' mirk-fog, ' hazy weather, Barl. í 23, 172; þoku-myrkvi, id., Fms. ii. 141. Myrk-viðr, in. Mirk-wood, as a mythical local name of a forest, Ls. 42, Hkv. i. 50, Akv. 13, and in prose, Fms. i. 111, 113 C'n Holstein), Fb. ii. 72 (in Sweden), Hervar. S. ^Fas. i. 493 in a verse); cp. the Schwarzwald in Germany. myrk-viðri, n. a dense fog, =•• myrkvi. MYSA, u, f. [Dan. my s e], whey, milk when the cheese has been taken from it, Krók., passim in mod. usage. mysu-ostr, in. cheese made of whey or goat's milk. MÝ, n. [O. H. G. mucca; Germ, m'ucke; Dan. myg; Engl. midget, a midge, gnat, esp. in a collect, sense, Stj. 567; sva niargir sem my, swarming like midges. Sol. 53; mý ok maura, my ok kleggja, Eluc. 22: einn dag svaf hann uti í sólskini ok settisk my mart á skalla honum, ... en myit hófsk upp, Lv. 50; sem hit þykkvasta mý, Art. 63 new Ed.; þó vér sveigjum tungu og tenn | trautt vér myit fáum, | en það er ei gott iyrir Grafnings-memi | að gapa ylir nuirgum aurn, a ditty: a local name, My-vatn, n., Landn., map of Iceland, whence Mývetningar, m. pl. the men from M., K. Jj. K. 88. COMPDS: my-bit, n. a midge-bite, Rd. 295. my-fluga, u, f. a ' midge-flea, ' gnat, N. T. mý- margr, adj. sivarming like midges. my-vargr, m. a plague of midges, ísl. þjóðs. ii. 2. mýgir, in., prop, a ' mower, ' destroyer, Lex. Poët. MÝGJA, ð, [rmigr], to destroy, defeat, put down, prop, to mow down (?), with dat., með því at þínum guði verðr niygt, 656 B. 10; því meirr óx kyn þess lyðs er meirr var við leitað at iny(g)ja, Ver. 20; er mörgum my'gir með sínu ríki, Al. 70; þeirra afkvæmi mun síðari hvárr öðruin m. ok vilja til jarðar koma, Fms. v. 348; m. löguin, to break the law; m. uppgang e-s, to overthrow, put down, Karl. 402, 548. mýking, f. softening. MÝKJA, ð, older' form mýkva, Fms. x. 331, MS. 623. 32, 0. II. 242; [mjukrj :-- to tmooth, soften, Stj. 124, Fms. x. 288 (niykþi); m. sik, to soften oneself, i. 97; m. hug e-s, Mar., Al. 5. II. reflex. to be softened; mykjask í orðurn, Fms. ix. 446, Bs. ii. 185; mvkjask til e-s, Mork. 25; jarl tók heniii heldr seint í fyrstu en niyktisk ræðan svá sem ú leið, Orkn. 304; heldr þótti nn'r my'kjask skaplyndi hans áðr k'tti, Eg. 418 :-- -recipr., mykiumk VI'T til um n'unin, Eg. 759- mýkt, f, softness, kindness, Bs. ii. 155, 228, Gd. 1. mýla, d, to muzzle. MÝLL, in. a ball; kalia stein eðr cpli, hnot eðr my'l eðr likt, Edda 109; huu selr Hauki my'la tvá ... mylarnir kerlingar, Fb. i. 581; herði- my'll, a ' hard ball' -- a stone, Bragi: potit., inyll geðvangs, the ball of the breast -- -the heart, Ht. (R.): a ball in the stomach of animals, myll er vt'r svá ktilluni, Fél. viii. 64. mýri-snípa, u, f. a moor-snipe, Edda (Gl.): also mýri-skítr. mýr-lendi, n. a moorland, Eg. 130. mýr-lendr, adj. moorland, Landn. 126, Fms. xi. 354. mýróttr, adj. swampy, boggy, Eg. 130, Fas. ii. 553. MÝRR, f., mod. myri, gen. myrar, dat. and acc. myri, pl. myrar; [Engl. m oor and mire] :-- a moor, bog, swamp, Hkr. i. 55, Hrafn. 27, Eg. 409, 710, Nj. 203, Fs. 50, 65, Gullþ. 14, Fms. vi. 334, xi. 26, Sks. 85, Sturl. i. 179: for the old custom of putting criminals to death in fens see Gkv. 3. II, Jonisv. S. ch. 7, Kjaln. S. ch. 2, Tacit. Germ. ch. 12 :-- freq. in local names, Myri, Myrar, whence Mýra-menn, Mýramanna-kyn, in. pl. the men from the county M., n. une of a family; Alpta-nivrr, Ranða- im'rr, Landn., map of Iceland.

142 MYSINGR -- MÆLSKA.

Mýsingr, m. the name of the owner of the mill Grotti, Edda. mýskr, adj. mouse-gray, a conjectural reading in Ísl. ii. 401. mýsla, u, f. [mús; Germ, mänsleiii] , a little mouse, Fas. i. 55. mýslingr, m. = mysla, Fas. i. 107. MÆÐA, d, [inóðr], to weary, plague :-- to exhaust, Stj. 417, passim :-- to chastise, 147. II. reflex, to weary oneself, be exhausted, troubled; masddusk þeiraf kulda ok hungri, 656 C. 21: hann var mæddr síðan við eld, Fms. x. 407 :-- to l os e breath, Grett. (in a verse), and passim in mod. usage :-- to trouble oneself, með því at vér maeðumk í athuga-samligum ræðum, Sks. 72; Martha, þú mæðist í inörgu, Luke x. 41. mæða, u, f. a trouble, trial, Fms. v. 309, x. 147, Fas. iii. 99: distress. COMPOS: mæðu-lauss, adj. without trouble, Fr. mæðu-ligr, adj. s a d, troubled. mæðu-maðr, m. an afflicted man. raæðu-samligr, adj. troublesome, Bs. ii. 142. mæddr, part, exhausted, Fms. x. 357, Fs. 49. MÆÐGIN, n. pl. [móðir], a mother and son (or so ns) collectively, Fs. 37, Sturl. iii. 5, Ld. 234, 260, Fms. vi. 107, ix. 233, Bær. 4. mæðgur, f. p!., gen. pl. maeðgna, Bs. i. 133, 355 :-- mother and daughter collectively, Gísl. 88, Ld. 116, Nj. 51, Fms. i. 207, Bs. i. 62, 218, passim, freq. in mod. usage. mæði, f. [móðr], weariness, exhaustion, as also ihortness of breath. Eg. 125, Nj. no, Fms. vii. 288, Fs. 146, 180. COMPOS: mæði-liga, adv. sadly; svara in., Fms. i. 302: drawing a deep breath, verpa m. öndinni, Nj. 272. mæði-ligr, adj. troublesome, Mar., Fms. xi. 444. mæði- samr, adj. afflicting, Hom. 125. mæðing, f. trouble, Sks. 569, Th. 78, Stj. 112. mæðr or mseddr, in compds, sam-mæðr, ~/rowz one mother; sundr-mæðr, not having the same mother. mæðr or meyðr, f. = mey, a maid, a foreign form, which occurs in Gd. 3. MÆGÐ, f., often used in pl. [mágr], affinity by marriage; at fraend- semi ok at mægðuni, Grág. (Kb.) i. 159, Am. 52, Skv. I. 44, (5. H. 57, Fs. 10, 116, Eg. 37, Korm. 140, Nj. 213, Gþl. 145. mægi, n. = mægð, Band. 3, O. H. L. 32, Fas. i. 225, Sturl. ii. 98. mægjask, ð, dep. to marry into a family, Landn. 300, Fs. 119: part, mægðr, Sturl. iii. 9, Finnb. 252, Grett. 190 new Ed. MÆKIR, m. [Ulf. meki = naxaipa; A. S. mece; Hel. maleí] :-- a kind of sword; inækis eggjar, Hom. 16; hvassan mæki, of the sword Tyrfing, Fas. i. 521 (in a verse); mxki mjófan málfán, Skm. 25; mæki til höggs, Hm. 8l, Gm. 52, Ls. 12; hann hefir mæki stóran í hendi, en fiorsteinn sverð sitt, Fas. ii. 426; með tvíeggjuðum mæki, Ísl. ii. 54; saxinu eða mækinum, Stj. 383; hafði Yngvi um kné sér mæki ... hann brá mæk- inum ok hjó ..., Hkr. i. 29; saxit Tuma-naut ... her máttú sjá maekinn Tuma brúður þíns, Br. i. 527. mæl, see mel. MÆLA, t, [Ulf. maplian -- AoAeiV; A. S. mafSlan, madelian; Germ. mel- if en byway of metathesis; Old Engl. mele; the Dan. mcele as well as the Icel. are contracted forms, cp. nál from wa dal] :-- to speak, with acc. and absol.; mæli þarft eðr þegi, Hm. 18; mæla staðlausa stafi, id.; hví þegið ór, svá at mæla né meguð, Ls.; margir menn mæltu ílla við Skamkel, Nj. So; eigi munt þú þat vilja mæla, 85; Gizurr hvíti (Njáll), ... mælti, 90, 91, 220, •228; stafnbúar mzltu, at hann skyldi maela allra hötðingja heüastr, Fms. vii. 290; mæl þú allra drengja heilastr, viii. 97; þat þætti mér mælanda (gerund.), that is a remarkable speech, Fb. ii. 196; mæla mörgum orðuin, to use many words, Hm. 104; mæla þessum orðum, to use these words, Hkr. ii. 78; mæla e-n orðum, to address, Vþm. 4; mæla í hug sér, to speak to oneself, 623. 54; maela máli, to speak a language; hann niælti all- staðar þeirra máli sem hann væri allstaðar þar barnfæddr sem þá kom hann, Bs. i. 80. 2. special usages; mæla áljót, to speak a libel, Grág. ii. 146; mæla æðru, to express fear, despondency, despair, Nj. 199; mæla tál, hégóma, to t í ll tales, falsehoods, 258; mæla log, to speak law, to have the law on one's side in pleading, Fms. vii. 142; mæla Ijóst, to speak out, Nj. 102; maela í mútur, to speak with reserve (see múta); hafa réttara at mæla, to speak true, have right on one's side, Fms. iii. 22; maela lögskil or KigskiUim, to speak or perform public duties in court or in the assembly, Nj. 3, Ísl. ii. 255; mæia helgi e-s, to pronounce the inviolability of, Grág. i. 92; maela nálum, to plead a cause, 2; en er höfðingjar höfðu þar mælt þeim málum sem þar stóðu log til, Ld. 32; mæla e-s niáli, Grág. i. 198; mæla maelt mál, to say what all the world says, Gísl. II, Stj. 463: mod. t o s ay a plain word, speak plainly; bréf harðlega mælt, worded, Bs. i. 554, Fms. ix. 389. II. to stipulate; maela e-t með sér, to fix, stipulate, appoint: fundusk þeir, sem maelt hafði verit með þeim, Nj. 256; mæla mót með sér, to fix an interview, Eg. 564; mæla sér man, to fix an interview with her, Hm. 97 :-- mæla sér e-t, to stipulate, bargain for; vor hiifum fund várn maeltan úr hvert her í Gula, N. G. L. i. 4; ek hefka fé mælt mer í dóm þenna ok monka ek mæla, Grág. i. 79; slíkan stað ok máldaga sem þeir úttu sér mæltan, 154; þeir mæltu til fé mikit at lyktum, Nj. 99; maslti hann þat til at eiga dóttur hans, 271; eji hón maelti þat til við konung, at hann skyldi vinna allan Noreg, Fms. x. 181; hvat er til mælt, Fs. 92; ek mæli til kaup. í vtð þik, Ni. 3; þeir mæltu til vináttu með sór at skilnaði, Eg. 691; þeir inæla til bardaga með sür um morguninn, Fb. j, 142; hygg þú at því vandliga at þú msel til hvers-vetna ílla þess er þú beiðir hann, Fms. xi. 58; hús þau er til skaða-bóta eru mælt, /o r whi c b compensation has been stipulated, Gnig. i. 459; maela til friðar, to sue for peace, Fas. ii. 121 (frið-mælask). III. with prepp.; mæla á máli, to speak in a language; maela á Irsku, Ld. 76 :-- mæîa aptr, to retract, Sturl. i. 46 :-- mæla eptir e-m, to take one's part, excuse him, Nj. 26, 53, Fms. vii. 120: to request, demand, ix. 5 2: but maela eptir e-n, with acc., to lead the prosecution (eplir-mal) in the case of a slain man, Grág., Nj., Sagas passim: -- maela fyrir, to order, prescribe; sem biskup mælir fyrir, Grág. i. 377; sem fjórðr maelti fyrir, Ld. 44; allt þat silfr er hann mælti fyrir, which he bad bargained, Faer. 6; þat bréf er konungr mælti svá fyrir, at..., Fms. ix. 447: to declare, Nj. 15: to cite a formulary, preamble, or the like, mæla fyrir skipi, t o s a y the prayer when a ship first puts to sea; gckk fjorvaldr til siglu ok maslti fyrir skipi eptir sið, Bs. i. 774; thus, maela fyrir griðum, to declare a truce, by using the proper formulary, Fms. ix. 53, Nj. 106; mæla fyrir minni, to propose a toast, Fms. i. 35 :-- mæla mod, to gainsay, speak against, Eg. 72, Nj. 129, 158, Fms. vii. 290 :-- maela til e-s, see above :-- mæla um e-t, t o s peak about a thing, Hom. 157; konungr varð sîyggr ok mæhi um nokkurum orðum, Eg. 16: to u s e an expression, utter (in an emphatic sense), of spells or the like, mikit hefir Jökull um mælt, svá at mér er þat eigi þolanda, Fs. 54; læt ek þat um maelt, at þú munt ..., Ísl. ii. 197, v. 1.; þar mynda ek hafa gefit þér upp eina stik, ef ek hefða eigi sva mikit um maelt, Hrafn. 8; svá for sem ver gátum at mikil-mannliga mundi verða um maelt af þinni hendi, Fms. xi. ill; læt ek þat verða um maelt (of a spell) at þii verðir at enni Ijotustu trollkonu, Fas. ii. 152: cp. mæli eg um og Itgg eg a! in mod. tales of witches saying their spell :-- mæla við e-n, to speak to a person, address, Nj. 3, Eg. 92, passim; maela við e-u, to gainsay, Edda 39, Fms. vii. 123, þiðr. 253, Hkr. ii. 198 :-- compds, á-mæla, to blame; for-mæla, to accuse; hall-mæla, to blame :-- impers., maelir sva, it i s said, Hom. 155. IV. reflex, to speak, express oneself, esp. with prepp.; mælask fyrir, to ejaculate, fay one's say; finnrinn mæltisk innan fyrir, og sagði svá, he spoke from the inner part of the bouse. Fms. x. 262; hvi þi'i, Gangráðr, mælisk af gólfi fyrir ? Vþm. 9; hann biðsk fyrir ok maelisk mi fyrir sem honum þótti vænligast, Fms. xi. 134; Finnr andaðisk ór sótt þeirri ok mæltisk áðr vel fyrir, ii. 164; maelask vel, ilia fyrir, t o 6 e well (ill) spoken of, to make a good (bad) impression; görum vit góða hans ferð, hann hefir mikils misst, þat mun vel fyrir mælask, Nj. 29; vig Gunnars spurðisk, ok mæltisk ilia fyrir um allar sveitir, 117; maeltisfc kvæðit vel fyrir, Fms. vii. 113; ilia mun þat fyrir mælask, at ganga á sættir við frændr sína, Ld. 238 :-- maelask undan, to excuse oneself, decline, Fms. ix. 227, Fb. i. loo :-- maelask um, to utter, express; eigu vór þvi at vera úkvíðnir ok mælask eigi ilia um, Fms. xi. 389. 2. recipr., mælask við, to speak to one another, converse; ekki maeltusk þeir fleira þann dag við, Fms. vii. 127; mun hvat við hüfum við mælsk, Nj. Hi; ok munu vit þess þurfa at muna þat, at vit höfum vel við mælsk, 54; mælask ilia við, to bandy words, N. G. L. i. 333; maelask við eina saman, to talk tooneself (soliloquize), Stj. 617; þorvaldr mæltisk mjök einn við á jþingiim. því at engir gengu í berhögg við hann, i. e. Th. had alone the word, for none in the parliament opposed him, Sturl. ii. 61. 3. impers., e-m mælisk vel, t o s peak well; skal eigi marka reiðs manns mul, kann vera at okkr mselisk bctr annat sinn, Sturl. ii. 178: t o make a good speech, sögðu menn at honum maeltisk vel, Nj. 87; at lög- bergi var görr mikill róinr, at Merði mæltisk vel ok sköruliga, 230. 4. part, mæltr (q. v.), spoken. MÆLA, d, [inál], to measure, Clem. 33, Sks. 629, Grág. 1. 462, Fms. ii. 230, K. Á. 206, N. G. L. i. 323, passim. mælandi, part, a pleader, Grág. ii. 112, Sturl. ii. 237. mælgi, f. [niiiligr], prattle, much talking, Fms. iii. 148, Orkn. 464, Greg. 25. mæli, n. the pronunciation, voice, intonation; eg þekki hann á mælinu, I know him by the voice :-- a saw, það er í maeli, it is rumoured; munn- maeli, oral relations; bogu-maeli, bad grammar; um-mæli, utterances; vil- mxli, friendly words, and in several other compds. mæli-, in compds, mæli-askr, m., -ker, -kerald, n. a measure, vessel, N. T., Matth. v. 15, Stj. 293, Gþl. 524: mæli-hlass, n. a men- | sured cartload, Rd. 232, Am. 60. mæling, f. a measuring, Edda 47, Stj. 211, Fms. xi. 441 :-- a measure, dimension, Skúlda 175, Alg. 372, Stj. 292. mælingar-frœði, f. geometry. mælir, in. a measure, esp. of a certain measure, a sixth of a said (q. v.), Gþl. 524, Fms. x. 398, xi. 441, Stj. 621. 2 Kings vii. 17, B. K. 13, 16; kornið fyllir mælirinn, the grain fills the measure, a saying; of fluids, N. G. L. i. 29; tveggja mæla öl, 137: of land, a field sown with a mælir of grain, 240; niu maela land, Vm. 48; whence mælis- land, n. a land of one mælir, 49; it remains in the phrase, hann er ekki lení^i á mælislandi, of a swift runner. mælis-öl, n. a measure of ale, about six gallons and a half, Fms. i. 31, N. G. L. i. 6; skyldi þá hverr maðr eiga maelisol en gjalda fé elligar, Fms. i. 31. mælska, u, f. eloquence, Ildl. 3, Post. 645. 90, Fr. 439, passim: idiom.

MÆLSKUANDI -- MOL. 443

nema mxlsku allra þjóða, Konr.: pronunciation, mod. mseli, hón kvaðsk lcenna mælsku hans at hann var Galverskr, 656 C. 4. COMPDS: mselsku-andi, a, m. the spirit o/ eloquence, Sks. 560. mælsku- xnaðr, m. an orator, Sks. 315, MS. 656 C. 14. mæltr, part, s poken so and so, Grett. 146: esp. in compds, fá-mæltr, harð-mæltr, lin-mæltr, loð-mæltr, sein-mæltr, fljót-mæltr, hýr-maeltr, glað- inseltr, and so on. MÆNA, i. e. mœna, d, to provide witb a mænir, to roof; leka möndi húsitefekkimcendi smiðrinn, Skálda (Thorodd) 163, D. N. v. 637. 2. to reach or j utout, project, Lat. eminere; þeir sáu hrauka ... ok mændu upp or kollarnir (viz. o ut of the fog), Sturl. i. 179; mændu þeir aptr (they turned back, prob. erroneous = vendu) en Hákon bar í haf, Fms. vi. 249. II. to gaze, l oo k (stretching out the neck), esp. with the notion of supplication; mæna á e-n. mæna vonar-augum, freq. in mod. usage, where the ancients said kaga, q. v. mæna, u, f. the spinal marrow, Slurl. ii. 95, freq. in mod. usage, mœnu- sótt, f. disease of the spine. mænir, m., i. e. moenir, [Dan. manning] , the ridge of a house, Fs. 42, tsl. u. 194, Sks. 146, Skíða R. 179; hús-mænir, q. v. msenir-ass, m. the ridge-rafter. MÆR, f., gen. meyjar, dat. meyju, acc. mey; pl. meyjar, dat. meyjum: meyja, u, f. a later form in MSS. of the I4th century, su meyja, meyjan, Stj. 136, Bs. ii. 27; þú meyja (voc.), Fb. ii. 194, Skald H. i. 9; as also nom. mey, Fas. iii. 177 • [Ulf. mawi = Kopáaiov, iraîs; A. S. meowle = meyla, q. v.; Swed. and Dan. mo; the Engl. m a id and Germ, magd are derivatives] :-- a maid, girl, virgin; þaðan koma meyjar, Vsp. 20; mey, Hm. 8l, 96; meyjar orð, 83; mörg góð mær, 101; en horska mær, 95, Vþm. 47; meyja, 49; meyjar ástir, Aim. 8; mér tíða mey, Skin. 7; mær (voc.), 23, 25, 26; mær er mér tíðari, 7 í niær heitir fyrst hver, en kerlingar er gamlar eru, Edda 108; Itíizt honum niærin fögr, Eg. 23; Egill sá þar mey fagra, ... mærin var úkát ok grét ... Egill mælti við mcyna, 481, 483; mær tvítug eða ellri, Grág. i. 307, 465; ekkjur ok meyjar tvitöga ok ellri, ii. 108; eigi niær heldr göfug'ig ckkja, Fms. x. 294: a girl, hón lék sér 4 gólfi við aðrar meyjar, hversu lízt þér á mey þessa, þykkir þér eigi fögr ! ærit fögr er mær sjá, Nj. 2; þóra ól barn urn sum- arit, ok var þat mær, Eg. 166; litlu síðarr fæddi hón barn, þat var mær, Steinn hélt meyjunni undir skírn, hot sú mær fjóra, Steinn gaf meyjunni fingrgull, Ó. H. 144; hvárt sem er svcinn eða mær, N. G. L. i :-- a virgin, Gefjon, hón er mær ok henni þjóna þær er meyjar andask, Edda 21; hón var mær alla æfi, 655 ix. C. I: allit., brúðr Guðs, mær ok móðir, Mar., esp. of the Virgin Mary, Lil.; mær meyja, the maid of maids, Hdl. (begin.) :-- of the zodiac, Rb. (1812) 16. 2. freq. in poetry = a daughter, thus answering to mögr; Gymis meyjar, the daughter of G., Skm. 12; mey átti hann, Rm. 36 (Bugge); hefir minn faðir heitið meyju sinni, Hkv. 1. 18; Hýmis meyjar, Ls. 34; meyjar Mögþrasis, Vþm. 48; Billings mey, Hm. 96; Högna mær, Hkv.; fögr mær fíra, Vkv. 2: allit., Loka mzr, the daughter of L. = Hel. Ýt.; mær ok mogr, daughter and son, Og. 9. COMPDS: meyjar-mál, n. pl. courtship, Fas. iii. 84, 94. meyjar- mundr, m. a maid's niundr (q. v.), Fas. iii. 170. MÆRA, ð, [Ulf. merjan = Krjpvaotiv] , to praise, laud, Ad. I, Höfuðl. 2, Geisli 20 :-- mæra e-n e-u, to ble s s one with a gift, Fms. vii. 152 (in a verse). mærð, f. [Ulf. meriþa = Qfi/juj] , praise, laud, Stor. 5, Lex. Poet, passim: a n encomium. 2. mod. cant, flattery, hypocrisy, freq. mæringr, m. [mzrr], a noble, illustrious man, Edda passim, also in mod. usage: the name of a sword, Bjarn. mærna, að, to become cheesy, of milk, Björn. MÆRR, f. (i. e. mcerr), gen. mærar, dat. and acc. maeri :-- a la n d, prop. borde r- land, only in poetry; mærar, Skákla 236^11 a verse); and in compds, blá-mœrr (q. v.), the blue land -- the sea; borð-mœrr, máfa in., id.; dag- mærr, the day-land, i. e. the heaven; hauk-mœrr, the ' hawk-land'= the hand; Móins mær, serpent-land, i. e. gold. Lex. Poët.: the word remains in landa-rnæri, border-land, and II. in the local name Mseri, f. a county in Norway; Sunn-mxri, Norð-maeri, Fms. passim; whence Mærir, m. pl. the men of M.: Mæra-jarl, the e a rl of M., a name of earl Rögnvald, the ancestor of the dukes of Normandy and the earls of Orkney: Mærskr, adj. from Mæri, Fms. Mæri or Mœrini, a famed temple in Drontheim in Norway: hann lagði Mærina-helgi á allan fjörðinn ok let engu torty'na þar nema kvikfú heimilu, i. e. he made the whole fjord a sanctuary, extended the sanctuary to the length of the whole fjord, Landn. I. e. MÆRR, adj., coinpar. mærri, mærstr; [Ulf. mers in waila-mers = tviprjfjios; O. H. G. má ri]: -- famous, glorious, great, Germ, berrlich, of persons; mjötuð mæran, Vsp. 2; mærir tívar, Hym. 4; niæran kon; inn mæri mögr Sigröðar, Kormak; ins mæra burar, Gin. 50; maerr jöfurr, Lex. Poët.: absol., báru mjöð mærar, Am. 8, 93; ena mæru Ingunni, Fms. viii. (in a verse); deyrat mildingr mæri (compar.), vi. 427: of things, í enum mæra Míniis-brunni, Vsp. 22; inn mæra funbul-vetr, Vþm. 44; inn mæra mjöð, Skrn. 16; mæran drykk mjaðar, Ls. 6; hrís þat et mæra, Akv. 5; inn mæri vöndr, Korm. 98 (in a verse): pjóð-mær, glorious. MÆTA (mœta), t, [mót; Ulf. môtjan; A. S. mêtan; Engl. meet; Hel. mótjan; Dan. mode; Swed. m ti ta] :-- to meet, with dat. to meet a person; nisetti hann þór miðra garða, þïcv. 9; maeta e-m á brautu, Hm. 88; mættu þeir Ögmundi, Nj. 5; eigi veit hvar manni mætir, a saying (= mod. eigi veit hvar manni kann at mæta), Fs. 106; ok mætir aust- manninum Erni, Ísl. ii. 149; þat mætti hann Grim inum rauða, Nj. 245; þá mætti þorgeirr Jjorvaldi, id., passim :-- láta ráð ráði mæta, to pa y like /o r like, Fms. i. 15; þá skal mæta horn horni, hófr hófi, N. G. L. i. 41; láta dal mæta hóli, Fms. vii. 2. metaph. to meet with, suffer, undergo; mæta skaða, Bs. ii. 137; mæta kvölurn, 623. 64; mæta görn- ingurn, passim. II. recipr. to meetone another; þeir mættusk á förnurn vegi, Nj. 60. 2. to join; þar er mætisk Sogn ok Hörða- land, where the two counties S. and H. meet, Fms. i. 95; í flæðar-máli þar sem sær mætisk ok græn torfa, N. G. L. i. 13; ok skal þat grafa út við kirkju-garð, þar sem mætisk vigð mold ok nvígð, K. Jj. K. 16; menn eigu at æja hrossurn sinum í annarra manna landi of sumar þar er mætisk slátta ok sina, Grág. ii. 291. mætask, t, dep. [meta], to make oneself costly; láta biðjask lengi ok m. ok myklask, Str. 9: act. part, in auð-niætandi, a valuer, taxer of wealth, Kormak. MÆTI, n. [meta], good things, wealth; mörg mæti, many good things, Hym. 32; man ek at vér meiri mæti áttuin, Vkv. 13; mætum ágætum, Am. 66; nökkut mæta (gen. pl.), Fsm. 29; veglig mæti, Lex. Poët.; ver- aldar mæti, Nikuld., Skald H. 2. 38; haus nmi kná ek hljóta, Edda (in a verse). 2. in prose; the phrase, hafa mæti á e-u (mod. mætur), to have a fancy for, to value highly; ok hefir Úlfr enn meiri mæti á Sig- mundi þaðan frá en áðr, Fær. 52; brandkrossarnir, þeir sem hann hafði mest mæti á, Vígl. 61 new Ed.; Gunnhildr lagði mikil mæti á Ólaf, Ld. 72. COMPDS: mæta-gripr, m. a costly thing, Fas. i. 61. mætis- maðr or mæta-maðr, m. a worthy man, Sturl. i. 9, Fas. i. 28. mæti-ligr, adj. valuable, Al. 93. mætir, m. one ivho meets, Lex. Poët. mætr, adj. valuable, excellent, of persons meet, worthy; mætr ok ágætr, Y. \., Stj.; insetan mar, Hdl. 5; Guði ok hans insetu inóður, D. N. i. 51; inaetustu inúður, Th. 78; niaðr mæztr und sólu, Gkv. I. 7 :-- lawful, valid, dæma sök mæta eðr úmaeta, Grág. i. 67; lög-mætr, lawful; ú-mætr, invalid. mætur, f. pl.; in the phrase, hafa (vera) mætur á e-u, = mæti, Ld. 60, Fb. i. 262, Grett. 68 new Ed., Fas. i. 247 (in a verse), and in mod. usage; see maeti above. mögðir, m. a peg, Edda (Gl.) 494. mögl, n. murmuring, Stj. 324, Mar. passim. MÖGLA, að, to murmur, Stj. 291, 322, 324, Bs. ii. 115, Fb. i. 440, Mar., N. T., Vidal. passim. möglan, t. a murmuring, Hom. 26; miiglunar orð, Grett. 153. mög- lunar-samr, adj. grumbling, 686 B. 2, Grett. 148. MÖGR, m., gen. magar, dat. megi, pl. megir, acc. mögu; [Ulf. magus = irafs. Luke ii. 43, ix. 42, xv. 26; =TÍKVOV, ii. 28; A. S. magu; Hel. magu; Gael. ma c; mogr is masc. answering to fein. A. S. mceglS, Engl. m a id, Germ. magd] :-- prop, a boy, youth, and so, like iraîs, a son; mannskis niogr, n o man's s on, Hm. 147: allit., mey ok mög, daughter and son, Vþrn. 33; mæla við mög, Hðm. 23, Skm. 2; okkarn mög, I; geta mög, Ls. 35, 36; megir Heimdalar, sons of H., Vsp. 1; maga þinna, Am. 79; mogr Sigföður, Vsp. 55; mögr Hlúðynjar, 56; megi hveðrungs, 55: míns magar, Gin. 24; magar þóris, Ad. 16; magar Hallgarðs, lit.: allit., mögr móður kallar, Grág. ii. 170; mogr faun iininiu, Hym. 2; ósk-mögr, a son by adoption, also a beloved son. II. a mate, a man, Fm. 33; fifl-megir, Vsp. 51; vil-megir, io n s of misery, slaves, Bm. I; heipt-megir, enemies, Hm. 149; Muspells megir, the men of Muspell = demons, Ls.; her- megir, war-men, warriors, Hkv. 2. 4; Hropts-megir, the men ofH. = the gods, Ls. 45; Ijóð-megir, the people, Hkm.; sess-megir, bench-mates, Hm. 153; dag-megir, daysmen (?), Am. 61; As-megir, the Ases, gods, Fsm.; clrou-megir, the sons of men, Vþm. II, 12. III. in prose obsolete except in Mogr, a pr. name, dat. Mög, Bs. i. magar-arfL, a, m. a so n's heir, N. G. L. i. 206. mögu-liga, adv. possibly. mögu-ligr, adj. [from Germ, moglicb; the word appears in the 14th century] :-- possible, Fms. xi. 431, Fas. i. 45, freq. in mod. usage. Mög-þrasir, m. the giant father of the weird sisters (hamingjur), Vþm. mök, n. pl. intercourse; in the phrase, eiga miik við e-n, ef þeir eiga við hann kaup eðr önnur mük nokkur, Grág. ii. 164; see mak. MÖKKR, in., dat. mekki, [akin to makki?], a den s e cloud; upp sctr mökk inn mykla, Skálda (in a verse), Fb. i. 212 (the verse), freq. in mod. usage; og hrynja Isetr hvannskiirar haglið úr mekki blám, of a cloud on a mountain top, Bjarni 58; poku-m., sky-m., gufu-m., a cloud of fog, vapour. Mökkur-kálfi, a, m. the name of the clay giant, Edda 57. mökkvi, a, m. a cloud, mist, Sks. 203; ok um miðnætti múni í mökkva sig hylr, Bjarni 145. MÖL, f., gen. malar [mala], pebblcf, u'orn itoncf, i. e. (be bed V

444 MALAIIGRJOT -- MÖTU.

pebbles on the beach or in a river; annat liðit stóð niðri á mnlinni, Fms. x. 138; Flosi var uppi a inolinni, er hann sá þetta, Grett. 89; eru þeir nú kasaðir þar í mölinni, Fs. 175; glymja við möl, fad.; þar var brnk ok möl fyrir ofan, Sturl. ii. 69, passim in mod. usage: poüt., haukstrandar möl =, o- em s, Höfuðl. COMPDS: malar-grjot, n. beach- pebbles, Eg. 141. malar-karn. br, m. a pebble-ridge along the beacb, Háv. 48, Finnb. 254, Grug. ii. 354. möl-brotinn, part, shivered into pieces. MÖLR, m., acc. pl. mölu, Fb. ii. 78; pl. melir or gen. sing, malar hardly occurs; [Ulf. w al o = ays, Matth. vi. 19, 20; O. H. (i. miliwa; Germ. milbe] :-- a moth; þá mun niiilr eigi spilia, 1'r. 474; eigi einn míil, 655 xiii. A. 3; miilu ok maðka, Fb. ii. 78; er eigi graudar ryð in' miilr, Hom. 15; mölr né ryð, Matth. vi. 19, 20; seni miilr eða motti etr ok eyðir, Barl. 44. möl-étin, part, moth-eaten. mölva, að, [Ulf. malwjan, Luke iv. 18], to shiver, break into fragments, freq. in mod. usage. mölvir, m. a shiverer, cracker, Lex. Poët. MÖN, f., gen. niunar, pl. nianar, Akv. 37; [Engl. inane'] :-- the mane of a horse; & Ivsir mini af mari, Vþm. 12; miirum siniuii miiu jafnaoi, þkv. 6; nianar meita= to cut the mattes, Akv. 37; hann vildi taka hesta sina ok skera miin;i, Rd. 268; hann sagði at hann inundi fara a. Hvitings-hjalla ok skera mun á hestum borsteins, Bjarn. 62; hann sker miin á hestinum, Finnb. 282; bórir for at skera miin á hrossum sinuin ok Guðmundr son hans nieð honum, Gullþ. 22. The cutting of horse's manes was a favourite amusement in olden time?, cp. nian-sk. eri, inane- scissors, mön-skurðr, in. a mane-cutting, Gullþ. 22. Mön, f., gen. Mauar, the Isle of Man. coMi'ns: Manar-bygð, f. (Eb.); Manar-menn, in. pl. Manxmen. Manar-konungr, in. the king of Man, Fms. passim. mönd-laug, f. = mundlaug, q. v. mönduðr, m. a sword, from being grasped with the hand, Edda (Gl.) MÖNDULL, in., dat. mondli, [qs. mundull, from inund; cp. Engl. mangle, qs. mandle; Germ. mangeln~\ :-- a handle, esp. nf a handmill; tokum skarpara á miindli, Gs. 19: hræra niiindul, llkv. 2. 3, freq. in mod. usage. II. a pr. name, Fas. iii; as also a nickname, Fms. viii. möndul-tré, n. the tree of the m., Hkv. 2. 3. möpurr, m. [for. word], a maple-tree, Edda (Gl.) MÖRÐH, m., gen. marðar, dat. inerði, [Engl. marten; Germ, marder; Dan. ma ar d] :-- a marten; in Edda (Gl.) inörðr is wrongly put among the names of rams, for the marten is not known in Icel. II. a pr. name, Landn., Nj.; from that Saga originated in popular usage, by way of metonomy, mörðr = a backslider (as a 'Judas'). marðar-skirm, n. a marten's skin; see marðskinn. MÖRK, f., gen. sing, merkr, pl. merkr, [a word common to all Tent, languages] :-- a mark, in weight equal to eight ounces or half a pound; twentv merkr make a fjórðung, q. v.; eighty merkr = a vætt; þat er lögpundari at átta fjórðungar eru í vsett, en tuttugu merkr skolu í fjórð- ungi vera, Grág. i. 499. 2. a mark, by weight or value, of gold and silver, eight ounces (átta aurar) go to a mark, 73. 2. 16; miirk silfrs, murk gulls, þrim mörkuin gulls, Fms. vii. 235, Grág., Sagas passim; murk vegins silfrs, O. H. L. 23; gullhringa ok stóð miirk hvarr, Eg. 464: often used absol. so that the standard can only be seen from the context, verðr hann útlagr þreni mürkum, Grág. i. 16, 132; varðar honum þat sex merkr, tólf merkr, 319; varðar bat þriggja marka sekð, 499; hversu mikit K er þetta? hann sagði hundrað marka, Nj. 4; Áðalstcinn vill gefa skilling manni hverjum frjálsbornuni, e:i murk sveitar-höfðingja hverjutn, Eg. 280; hann skal gjalda Haifa miirk fyrir eyri, Grág. i. 208; þrjn hundruð hundraða eptir forng'. ldu marka-tali, Dipl. v. 20; svá mikit ofa-fe at trautt kom marka-tali á, Fær. 11; hann var svá auðigr af gulli at engi vissi marka-tal, Fms. vi. 176; merkr-kaup, a purchase to the amount of a miirk, Gþl. 497; merkr-þjófr, a theft to the value of a mark, N. G. L. (. 326; merkr stykki, a piece amounting to a mark, H. E. ii. 188. As to the standard, the value of a murk varied at different times and in different countries, see esp. Mr. Dascnt's Essay in Burnt Njal. In Icel. the confusion was made still greater, by the fact that (as remarked s. v. eyrir) the word miirk was also used of the wadrnal standard (the ell of wadmal), and so the law speaks of a mörk vaðmála, Grág. i. 500; miirk sex ... álna aura, etc., K. b. K. 70, í 72, but this is a contradiction in terms, for miirk is a weight, not a measure: the real meaning is often only to be made out by the context, e. g. in questions of weregild the weighed mark is no doubt meant. II. of fluid, a pint, viz. half a pottr; in mod. usage all fluids and vessels holding fluids are thus measured, tveggja, þriggja ... marka askr. MÖRK, f., gen. markar, but merkr, Fas. ii. 512; dat. mörk: pl. markir, Fs. loo, 0. H. 80, 142, Hkr. i. 55; later merkr, Fb. i. 134, Fms. viii. 31; [akin to mark, q. v.] :-- a forest; (prop, a march-land, border-land, see mark, marka; in olden times vast and dense forests often formed the border-land between two countries; cp. for Scandinavia, Sverr. S. eh. 12, 13; foru j*eir nu ausîr á inarkirnar, Fs. 100; austr urn markir ok sva til Gautlamls. 0. II. 80; hann ruddi markir ok bygði þar seni mi heitir Jamtaland, I-J-); cyða annars maims miirk Gþl. 79; þeir er miirk eigu saman, 445; markar spell or spjöll, damage done to a forest, 368, Jb. 235; gengu þeir til merkrinnar, Fas. \\ 512; varð fyrir þeim miirk stúr, Edda 28; á miirkinni, Fb. iii. 405 • er þér ok heimil vár miirk seni Jm villt höggva láta, Fs. 27; rvð'ia markir, ryðja miirkina ok brenna, to clear forests, Hkr. i. 55; fundusk ])á víða í iniirkununi skógiaus liind, ... brjóta vegu uni markir, nivrar ok (jallvegu, id.; þú lagðisk hann út á merkr ok veiddi dyr, Fb. i. 134- stórar myrar ok þriingar merkr, Fms. viii. 31; Sverrir konungr skyldi iara yiir mikit vatn í einni murk, ... á inni mestu inorkinni, 32; eyði- ir. iirk, a wilderness. II. the word is freq. in Northern names of places; Mörk is used of Finnmarken, Finn-murk, Eg. ch. 14; bVirolfr for víða um Miirkina, Eg. 41; búrólfr for þenna vetr cnn urn Mörkina ok átti kaupstcfnu við Finna, 56; eru víoa íjailbygðir upp á Mörkina 58: Markir, f. pl. the Markland between Sweden and southern Nor- way, Fb. iii; whence Marka-menn, Marcbmen, Fms. passim; cp. the Marcomanni of Tacitus, Die Mark in Germany. When the wood- lands were cleared and turned into fields the name remained, thus in Danish mark means a field, open space :-- in local names, Dan-mörk bórs-miirk, a woodland in southern Icel. sacred to Thor; a few farms in southern Icel. are called Miirk, Nj., Landn., different from Holt: in Norse counties, Heið-miirk, bela-miirk, Vingul-miirk, Finn-mörk. marka-meun, m. pl. robbers, outlaws (cp. Icel. skógarmaðr), Grett 118 A. Mörn, f. an ogress or giantess, Edda (Gl.); the ship is called miirnar vakr, hestr, the steed (-if m., Hallfred; the sea, mörnar inúr, Lex. Poët. II. the river Marne, Edda (GL). Mörnir, m., as also Morni, a, in. the name of an idoi, þiggi M. þetta blæii, Fb. ii. 334 (in a verse). Lex. Poët. MÖRR, in., dat. miirvi, mod. inor, gen. pl. inijrva, Bjarn. (in a verse) :-- the suet of an animal, Stj. 430, Bs. i. 568; soðinn nuirr, Kormak; forn iniir. Bjarn. (in a verse); half vaett niiirs var í dilkinum, Grett. 141 new Ed.; skera miir, to chop suet, K. b. K. 92, Vm. 119, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. i. 611; netja ok iniir, Sks. 129; garn-mör, nyrna-inor, the kidney-fat; mörva inigir. a term of abuse, Ujarn. (in a verse); blóð-miir, a kind of black pudding. coMi'Ds: mör-bjúga, n. a sausage of lard and meat, Korm. 34, Fbr. 193, 194, Sturl. ii. 132, Bs. i. 357 (810). mör- landi, a, in. (mör-leiidingr, m., Bs. i. 222, v. L; mör-fjandi, m. = sK et- fiend, Fms. vii. 35), a suet-man, a nickname which the Norsemen used to give to the Icelanders in consequence of their supporting them- selves chiefly by their flocks and herds, viltu, miirlaiidi, þú ert mor- biskup, Bs. i. 357, 811, see also Fms. iii. 154, vii. 114, 118, fsl. ii. 39 (read morlandi). mör-nefr, n. suet-nose, a nickname, Fms. vii. 138. mör-strútr, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. Mor-sugr, m. marrow-sucker, the name of the midwinter month, Rb. mör-vömb, f. suet-paunch. möru-eldr, m., see maurueldr, Edda ii. 174. mörvaðr, part. / at, of a beast. MÖSKVI, a, in. [A. S. mccscre; Engl. mesh; O. H. G. masca; Germ. masche; Dan. mastte] : -- a mesh; ríða miiskva, hann tók net ok garn ok reið á miiskva svá sem net er síðan, Edda 39 (i. 182, v. 1.); sehiet tuttugu miiskva djúpt, Grág. ii. 358, freq. in mod. usage. The word seems to be used as neut. (with the art. nioskon) in O. H. L. 74, -- þá mun (= munu?) eigi gott þola nioskon þin (= moskvinn þinnî). mösmar, m. pl. treasures, Rm. 35. MÖSURR, in. [O. H. G. masar; mid. H. G. maser; Early Engl. maser] :-- a maple-tree, 'spot-wood, ' Fb. i. 548. COMPDS: mösur-bolli, a, m., -skál, f., -ker, [Old Engl. maser-bowT] , n. a bowl or vessel of maple, Fms. vi. 184, Karl. 53, Vm. 58, Dipl. iii. 4; such bowls are freq. mentioned in inventories of churches, Vm. 58; cp. mid. H. G., where maser is even used of a chalice, a maple-wood cup. mösur-tré, n. a maple-tree, Fms. iii. 135, möttul-band, n. a mantle-lie, fastening it round the neck, Fb. i. 131, Fms. vii. 201, Flóv. 31. MÖTTULL, in., dat. inottli; [no doubt from Lat. man tile, -- a "hand- towel or napkin; whence the word came into the Romance languages, Ital. mantello; Span, mantilla; Yr. mantean; Engl. mantle; thence into the Teutonic, O. H. G. mantal~\ :-- a mantle; occurring as early as in Kormak, but not used elsewhere by old poets, although freq. in the Sagas, Fms. i. 211, ii. 280, xi. 275, Fs. 60, Nj. 28, Fb. i. 20, ii. 131, Fær. 264, 266; the miittull was worn by both men and women; skikkja, which is the genuine Norse word, seems to be synonymous with miittull; thus skikkja, Fagrsk. 115 (line 25), is called miittull, 117 (line 24): the miittull was prob. a short light mantle, fastened by strings (tuglar) round the neck, whence it was called tugla-niottull, Fb. ii. 130, Fær. 263, or miittull á tuglum, and it seems usually to have been of foreign cut and of costly foreign stuff (a purple mantle is mentioned in Fagrsk. 1. c.) II. as a pr. name of a Finnish king, Fb. iii. möttul-skaut, n. a mantle-skirt, Konn. 214 (as also the verse), Fms. vi. 243. mötu-, see m. '. ta.

N -- NANNA. 445

N (enn), the thirteenth letter, is in the old Runes represented on the Golden horn by the character Jf, on the stoue in Tune by -^, and in the Jater Runes by \, or -j., all derived from the Lat. -Gr. /V; it was called nauð (need, A. S. neâd), nauð görir neppa kosti, Runic poem. In ancient MSS. the capital N or the A. S. "H is used to mark a double n, thus, maij, keija, = nianu, kenna. PRONUNCIATION. -- The n is sounded as in other Teut. languages; but nn after a diphthong has a peculiar sound like dnb, thus steiim lireinn = steidnh hreidnh; whereas, after a single short vowel the sound is as usual, hann, inann; this ndh sound docs not seem to be ancient, as may be seen from rhymes such as, sewn þykki mér su nn an, Sighvat: a con- fusion between rn and nn first appears in MSS. of the 1, 5th century; e. g. eirn hreirn, = einn hreinn, and so in early print: before t the n is aspirate, vint = vinht, cp. introduction to letter L. CHANGES. -- The nn before r in olden times was often changed to and sounded as d, not only in maör, suðr (= mannr, sunnr), üðrum, aðrir, aðrar (from annarr), miðr (= niinnr), in which cases it is still sounded so; but also in saðr, muðr, bruðr, fiðr, meðr, uðr, guðr, kuðr, = sannr ... kunnr; tveðr = tvennr, gryðri = grvnnri, Bs. i. ^42, 349; saðrar = sannrar, Greg. 23, Líkn. 3: it is so used in rhymes by the poets; in all these latter instances the nn has reappeared in mod. usage; cp. Engl. mo n th = nmnnr, but sunna (the sun). May not the change of the participles in -iör into -inn (Gramm. p. xxiv, col. 2) be due to the same phonetic principle, 'but in inverted order? The n is elided in jamn-mikit, sounded and spelt jam-mikit; jam-góðr = jamn-góðr :-- nn or n for nd, in sunz = sunds, lanz = lands, munulaug = mundlaug; bundnir, sounded bunair and spelt so, Edda i. 240. In some words the nn is due to assimilation, as that of zn in rann, Goth, razna; but often of nþ or nd in the cognate Teut. languages, thus Icel. nenna, Goih. nanþjan; finna, Engl. jtf nd. For the absorption of final and medial n see Gramm. p. xxx, col. I. FINGER For words with a radical b (hn) see under H. -NA, a suff. dernonstr. particle, see Gramm. p. xxxviii, col. i (III); esp. freq. in mod. usage in the words her-na, þar-na, ha-na, nú-na, sva-na (proncd. svo-na or so-na), q. v., Band. 18; as also þér-na, Fms. vi. 422; þat-na, MS. 623. 19; þess-na, Fas. ii. 147; við-na, Fms. iii. 73; gser- na, vi. 254: with verbs rarely, var-na, Fas. ii. 174: part, spurl-na, Fb. i. 433: and lastly in the pers. pron. ha-nn, hó-n. NABBI, a, m. [Engl. knob; North. E. and Scot, nab] , a small pro- tuberance on the skin or on greensward; nabba-þyfi, fjalls-n., D. N. iii. 861, freq. in mod. usage: the name of a dwarf, Hdl. 7. nadda, að, to provide with studs; naddaðr, studded. NADDR, m. a stud, nail; knébjargir með stálhörðum nödduni, Sks. 405; nadda á umgjörðinni, Fms. vi. 212; hann hnitar sarnan penuinginn, ok eru tuttugu naddar a, Gísl. 14; nadda borð, a ' s ta d-6o ard, 'poët. for a shield from its being ornamented with metal studs, see Fms. vii. 323: in poetry, nadda él, róg, as also nadd-el, -far, -skúr, -regii, -hríð, -veðr, = a battle, Lex. Poët. nadd-göfugr, adj. 'stud-glorious, ' an epithet of Heimdal, Hdl. 34, with reference to the beams of dawn (studs of light?); as an epithet of a giant, the father of Men-glöð, Gg. 14. NADR, m., and naðra, u, f.; the r is radical, naðrs, naðri, an irreg. dat. nöðri, Edda 97 (in a verse); [Ulf. nadrs = H^iova., Luke iii. 7; A. S. nœdre; O. H. G. natra, f.; Germ, natter] :-- a viper, adder, snake, Edda 99, Hkv. Hjörv. 9, Vsp. 56; fránn naðr, 65, Edda 54 (in a verse); eitrsvalr naðr, 97 (in a verse); naðrs-tunga, snake-tongue, Ísl. ii. (in a verse): the fem. naðra. in Edda 99, Stj. 97, 417, Fas. i. 220; nema sú naðra er renndi at honum, 76; nöðrur ok ormar, Fms. iv. 248 :-- in poetical expressions, naðra-deyðir, ' snake-bane, ' i. e. the winter, Mork. 214; naðrs-bingr, serpent-lair, i. e. gold; unda naðr, wound-snake, i. e. the sword; rausnar-naðr -- a s hip (see rausn); sjávar-naðr, a sea-serpent, i. e. a s hip of war; val-naðr, hræ-naðr, carrion-serpent, i. e. a sword, see Lex. Poët.: the word is never used in prose. 2. freq. also of a war ship = Ormr, Hallfred (Fs. 208, 209). 3. the name of a sword, Eg. COMPDS: nöðru-kyn, n. a generation of vipers, N. T. nöðru-ætt, f. = nöðrukyn, 625. 90. Naðverskr, adj. Nazarene, Mar., N. T., Vidal., Pass. naf, n. = nof (q. v.), the b a rk of a tree, Hkr. i. (in a verse). NAFARR, m., dat. nafri, [from nöf, q. v.], prop, a ' navs-borer, ' an anger, whence a gimlet, Sks. 31, Fs. 176, Ld. 116, Edda 48, 49, Vm, 165. COMPDS: nafar-gat and nafars-rauf, n. a gimlet hole, Edda 49. nafra-skjóða, u, f. a gimlet case, Fb. i. 301. nafar-skeptr, adj. a air. \ty.; línbrækr nafarskeptar, Fms. vii. 170 (of cloth of a peculiar texture); cp. einskepta, ferskepta. NAFLI, a, m. [A. S. navela; Engl. navel; O. H. G. nabulo; Germ, /l abel; Dan. navle; Gr. ô/íýaAós; Lat. umbilicus] :-- the navel, Fms. v. 346, Hb. 415. 15. COMPDS: nafla-gras, n., botan. koenigia Islandica, Hjalt. nafla-strengr, m. the umbilical cord. NAFN, often spelt namn, n.; [Ulf. namo; common to all Teut. lan- guages without the n, which has been preserved in the Norse; Dan. navn; Swed. namn; Lat. nomen; Gr. vvopa] :-- a name; af hans nafni tók nafn Britannia, Fms. xi. 4i6; spyrja e-n at nafni, Nj. 6; gefa namn, Grúg. i. 101; ut nafni, by name, passim; kalla á namn e-s, 623. 24; i nafni e-s, in one's name, id., passim; skirnar-nafn, a baptismal name; auk-nafn, a nickname. For the ancient ceremony, even of the heathen age, of sprinkling infants with water and giving them a name see the remarks and references given s. v. ausa, (to which add Dropl. 25, ok mun ek ekki við þór sjá, þvíat þú jóst mik vatni.) Proper names were either single as Steinn or compound as Hall-steinn, Jjor-steinn, Vé-steinn, Há- steinn, Her-steinn, Gunn-steinn, see þorst. hv. 46, Eb. 126 new Ed. (Append.); for giving names to infants see vel. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 14, 59, Ld. ch. 13, Eb. ch. 7, ii, 12, and the Sagas passim. The ancient Teutons and Scandinavians used but one name, for nicknames are rare or of later date, and perh. came into use through contact with foreigners, as with the Gaelic tribes in the west, for in the Landn. such names abound in Icel., though they were afterwards disused; the law makes it a case of outlawry to ' give names, ' ef maðr geir manni nafn annat en hann eigi úðr ok varðar fjörbaugs garð, ef hann reiðisk við, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 182, see however nafn- festr below. For illustration see lists of names subjoined to the Editions of the Sagas, Landn., Bs., Fms., Fb. iii, ^spol. Annals; a list of nicknames, Fb. iii. 657-663. Worthy of note is the desire of the men of old to live again in a new name, cp. Vd. ch. 3, Fb. ii. 7-9, and many other instances; one who falls short of the man he is named after is said to kafna undir nafni. 2. gramm. a noun, Skálda 180. II. a name, title; at gipta hana tignara manni fyrir nafns sakir, Fms. i. 157; hersir at nafni, Ld. 8, O. H. 106; nafn ok veldi, Eg. 268; keisara-nafn, konungs-n., jarls-n., passim; at nafni, nominally, not really, not well; fontr ined búnaði at nafni, Pm. 68, 78. COMPDS: nafna-gipt, f. a giving of names, Stj. 130; in a bad sense, a calling names, mod. nafna-skipti, n. a change of names, Hom. 57. nafna-skrá, f. a roll of names. nafna, u, f. a female namesake, Fas. iii. 554, Hom. So. nafn-bót, f. a title, rank, Nj. 6, Fms. iii. 185, ix. 257, Fb. ii. 288: redress, Ísl. ii. 386. nafn-festr, f. ' name-fastening, ' a gift which it was usual to give when a new name was given to any one; þú, sveinn, hefir gefit mér nafn, at ek skal heita Hrólfr kraki, en þat er titt, at gjöf skal fylgja nafnsfesti, Edda 8l; konungr mælti, þú ert vandræða-skáld -- Hallfreðr svarar, hvat gefr þú, konungr, mér at nafnfesti ef ek skal vandræða-skáld heita, Fs. 116; þetta fingr-gull vii ek gefa þér, jjormóðr, at kvæðis-launurn ok at n. . þvíat ek gef þér þat nafn at þn skalt heita jjormóðr Kolbrúnar-skúld, Fbr. 37 new Ed., Fb. i. 213, 262, 418, Fms. iii. 182. nafn-frægr, -. id] , famous, Ld. 20, Nj. 125, Stj. 73. nafn-gipt, f. the bestowing a title, Eg. 66: a giving of names. nafn-gipta, t, to name, Fms. vii. 125, Stj. 82. nafni, a, in. a namesake, Nj. 103, Fb. i. 76, Fs. 77. nafn-kenna, d, to name, Stj. 140: nafn-kendr, part, famous. nafn-kunnigr, adj. renowned, Grett. 87 A, Mar. nafn-liga, adv. by name, H. E. i. 484. nafn-ligr, adj. ~/î t a s a name, Fms. vi. 390. nafn-toga, að, to name, mention, Fms. vi. 104: to e x to l, lawd, nafn- togaðr, pztt. famous, freq. in mod. usage. naga, að, = gnaga (q. v.), to gnaw. nagga, að, [akin to gnúa], to rub :-- to maunder, Grett. 98 A. naggr, m. a peg: metaph. an urchin. NAGL, m., pl. negl, in mod. usage nögl, f., gen. naglar, pl. neglr. Fas. ii. 370 (paper MS.); [A. S. na^ el; Engl. nail; O. H. G. nakal; Germ. nagel; Dan. negl; Lat. unguis; Gr. vvvg] :-- the nail, Edda 110; negl ok har, Fms, vi. 402, Fb. ii. 375; nagl sinn, Art. 70; á nornar nagli, Sdm.; hans negl vóru svá sterkir, Bev. 20; blóð stökk undan hverjum nagli, ... hann skóf nagl sinn, Fas. i. 285; þat skip er gort af noglum dauðra manna, ef maðr deyr með úskornum nöglurn, Edda 41; hár eða negl eða frauðafætr, used for witchery, N. G. L. i. 362; kart-nagl, Nj. 52. COMPDS: nagls-rætr, f. pl. the root of the nail, Grág. i. 501. nagl- seta, u, f. disease of the nail, Pel. nagla, að, to nail, Gþl. 346. Nagl-far, n. the mythical ihip made of nail-parings, Vsp. 50; for the tale see Edda 41. Nagl-fari, a, m. a giant, the husband of Night, Edda 7. nagl-fastr, adj. = naglafastr, Jb. 220. NAGLI, a, m. [A. S. ncegel; Engl. nail; Dan. nagle] :-- a nail, spike; naglar í skipi, Skálda 192; eyri fyrir nagla hvern ok ró á, N. G. L. i. 100; hurðin brotnaði at noglum, 0. H. 117, passim; tre-n., jarn-n., hestsko-n. (a horseshoe-nail'), Bs. i. 382: metaph., var-n., sla varnagla fyrir e-u, t o take precaution :-- a peg, par vóru í naglar, þeir hétu rtgin-uaglar, Eb. 10: -- medic, the co re of a boil, kveisu-n. COMPDS: nagla-far, n. a wa il- print, John xx. 25. nagla-fastr, ad] , fastened with nails, Gþl. 346. nagr, m., wrongly spelt naor, Fms. i. 178 (in a verse), a kind of bird, a magpie (?), Edda (Gl.); sveita nagr, blóðs-nagr, the blood-hawk, raven, poet., Haustl., Ísl. ii. 349 (in a verse). nakinn and naktr, adj. naked; see nökwiðr. nakkvat, see nekkverr. Nanna, u, f. [nenna], the name of a goddess, the wife of Balder, Edda,

44(5 iNAFK -- NAUT.

Ls. :-- freq. in poet, circumlocutions of a woman, ol-nanna, beðjar n., bauga n., Lex. Poët. NAPR, adj., nöpr, naprt, cold, chilly, of a piercing cold wind, whence nepja, q. v.; this word is not found in old writers; see apr. NARA, pres. nari, def. to linger, lounge; með þursi þríhöfðum þú skalt æ nara, Skm. 31; enum nennu-lausa þeim er narir í heiminum, Al. 100. Narfi, a, m. a pr. name, Landn., Korm.; whence Narfa-eyrr, f. a local name in western Icel. Nari, a, m. the name of a giant, a son of Loki, Edda. narta, að, [akin to gnaga], to finch slightly, as a mouse does. nasa-, see nos, the nostril. nas-björg, f. = nefbjörg, Flóv., Karl. 357. nas-bráðr, adj. snarling, hot-beaded, Fbr. 19, 41 new Ed. nas-hyrningr, m. a rhinoceros. nas-raufar, f. pl. the nostrils, Pr. 450, 472, 474, Karl. 298. nas-vitr, adj. [cp. Germ, n a s e- wei s], ' nose-wise, ' superficial and conceited. natinn, adj. assiduous, painstaking; vera natinn við e-ð. NAUÐ, f. [Ulf. nauþs -- åváyicn; A. S. neôd; Engl. need; litl. nôd; O. H. G. not; Germ, noíh; Dan. nöd] :-- need, difficulty, distress; í hverri nauð, Hom. 34; nauð ok erfiði, Fms. vii. 208; þola nauð, to suffer need, Lex. Poët.; vetrlig nauð, Sks. 49; með nauðum, with great diffi- culty, Fms. ix. 387; hann var borinn með nauðum, bryml. 8 :-- bondage, hann var hertekinn ok síðan seldr í nauð, Fms. x. 391 (á-nauð, q. v.): höfgar nauðir, 'heavy needs, ' of fetters, Vkv. II :-- labour, of women, in nauð-göngull, q. v.: of spells, hverr feldi af mer fölvar nauðir, Sdm. I; nema e-n ór nauðum, to deliver, Fsm. 40; vera í nauðum, to be charmed, spell-bound, Lex. Poët. :-- the Rune ^, Sdm. 7, Rkv., see introduction: -- poët., bog-nauð, dal-nauð, ' bow-need, ' i. e. the band, Edda 11. 429; kykva nauð, id., bd. COMPDS: nauðar-maðr, m. a bondsman, Fs. 87. nauða-handsal, n. an enforced hansel, not valid in law, Grág. i. 493. nauða-kostr, m. a dire choice, Stj. 368. nauða-laust, n. adj., or at nauðalausu, without necessity, N. G. L. i. 349. nauða-mikill, adj. v e ry severe, Ísl. ii. 132. nauða-sátt or -sœtt, f. a forced agree- ment, Sturl. iii. 150, Fms. vii. 248, viii. 154, O. H. L. 90. nauða, að, to rustle, Sd. i6o: = gnauða, q. v. nauð-beita, t, t o s t an d close to the wind. nauð-beita, u, f. a standing close to the wind; leggja í nauðbeitu, Grett. 13 new Ed. nauð-beygðr, part, forced, compelled, Sturl. ii. 50, Bs. ii. 46; pat undirbrot, er Svíar hafa þá nauðbeygt, subdued them, Fb. ii. 37. nauð-beygja, u, f. constraint, Hallgr. nauð-fölr, adj. very pale, Akv. 16. nauðga, að, [nauðigr], to compel, force, 625. 71:- with dat., n. e-m til e-s, nauðga mönnum til biota, 65, Fms. i. 129, xi. 181, Nj. 134; n. e-m til sagria, Fb. 46 new Ed. :-- to ravish, Lat. violare, K. A. 214. II. reflex, to be compelled, Fms. xi. 432; fyrir því nauðgumk ek til, I am compelled, 580 A. 2. nauðgan, f. compulsion; -- ravishing. nauð-gjald, it. forced payment, Edda 73. nauð-göngull, adj. 'need-going, ' helping in need, of a midwife; hverjar 'ro þær nornir er nauðgönglar eru, ok kjósa mæôr frá mögum, who are the weird sisters, who assist and deliver mothers in child- bearing? Fin. nauð-heit, n. a vow made in need; nauðheita maðr, a supplicant, 625. 192. nauð-hleyti or nauð-leyti, n. c l os e affinity, relationship; vera i nauðleyüim við e-n, Glúm. 386; sakir mægða ok nauðleyta, Fms. x. 309. nauðleyta-maðr, m. a near kinsman, Germ, llutverwandt, Ísl. ii. 324, Dropl. 30, Stj. 427; frændr ok nauðleytamenn, frændr eðr aðra n., Ld. 330, Eg. 139, Gísl. 61; see hleyti. nauðigr, adj., in old writers often contr. nauðgan, nauðgir, nauðgum, forced, unwilling, N. G. L. i. í 2, Ld. 172; byri for mjök nauðig, Fms. ii. 132, Landn. 247; láta hann fara nauðgan, Nj. 114; ef maðr faerir mann nauðgan ördrag eða lengra ... varðar þat, Grúg. ii. 131; af nauðgum múnkum, Fms. vii. 207; með nauðgum kosti, Barl. 70; þó honum væri þetta nauðigt, Flóv.; taka konu nauðga, to ravish, Fms. ix. 451, D. I. i. 243, N. G. L. ii. 52. nauð-kván, f. an unwilling wife, wedded to one she hates. Fas. iii. 68. nauð-liga, adv. = nauðuliga :-- closely, negldr n., / a s t nailed, Sol. 65. nauð-ljótr, adj. very hideous, Fas. ii. 295. nauð-maðr, in. a near kinsman. Am. 23. nauð-mágr, m. an enforced mágr, Fms. ii. 291. nauð-oka, að, to enforce, compel, Fas. iii. 214. nauð-pína, d, to torment, Fas. i. 96. nauðr, f.; this is perh. the only fern, of the 1st decl. which has retained the inflexive r as in Goth.; for the feminines with i in acc. and dat., see Gramm. p. xvii, col. 2 (III. at the bottom), are of a different declen- sion; [Scot, neide, see nauð]:* -- necessity, only used in nom.; ef mik nauðr urn stendr, Hm. 155; nauðr urn skildi, need made them part, Vkv. 3; nauðr er at ny'ta eiða, V i s needful to keep one's oath, Orkn. (in a verse); rak hann þó engi n. til þess, there was no necessity for him, Skálda 164 • mnn þik þó n. til reka, Nj. 61, Fs. 127; n. er á e-u, eigi drap ek Gauk fyrr en mer væri nauðr á, Nj. 227; enda sé þó n. at skilja (one must needs know) hvat þeir stoôa í múlinu, Skálda 165; mun eigi n. at minnask Jökuls fræada várs, Fs. 23; þótti þeiin n. til bera, Fms. vi. 38. nauð-raka, að, to shave close. nauð-reki, adj. tossed or drifted by a storm, Fas. ii. 455. nauð-skilja, adj. doomed to fart, verða n., Bs. i. 79. nauð-skilnaðr, in. a forced parting, forced divorce, Sturl. i. 96, nauð-sköllóttr, adj. quite bald. nauð-staddr, part, needy, distressed, Fms. x. 397, K. þ. K. 82, K. Á. 168, biðr. 124, passim. nauð-syn, f., pl. nauðsynjar, need, necessity; er nau&syn að drepa niðr íllu orði, Nj. 21; kveðr hann vel hafa vikisk við sína nauðsyn, Fms. xi, 29; at koma per at liði ef þú þyrftir í nokkura nauðsyn, Ísl. ii. 327; nauð- syn er liigum rikri, necessity breaks the law, a saying, Mar.; nauðsynja hjálp, help in need, H. E. i. 489: as a law term, lawful impediment, þessar eru nauðsynjar, Gþl. 290; nauðsynjar-vitni or -váttr, a witness produced to prove impediment, N. G. L. i. 32, 21 7, Gþl. 539; sitja heima at nauðsynjum sínum, by necessity, Gnig. 1. 48; ganga nauðsynja sinna = ganga evrna (eyrinda sinna), Sks. 718, Eb. 270, Fms. vi. 375; nauðsynja- eyrendi, -for, -sysla, -mál, -verk, a pressing journey, business, affair, case, work, Fms. x. 335, xi. 29, 268, Nj. 145, Eg. 198, Grág. i. 78, Hkr. i. 393, Bs. i. 170, Sks. 286, 711, Js. 6. nauðsynja-laust, n. adj. un- hindered; syngja hvern dag löghelgan nauðsynjalaust, K. þ. K. 50; or, at nauðsynjalausu, without necessity: without impediment, unhindered, lögsügumaðr er útlagr þrim mörkum ef hann kernr eigi til alþingis at nauðsynjalausu, Grág. i. 4, 12. nauð-synja, u, f. = nauðsynjaváttr, N. G. L. i. 218. nauð-synja, að, impers. to stand in need of; þann kost sem oss nauð- synjar, Stj. 21-2; kaupa pa hluti sem oss nauðsynjar, 215, Mar.; nauð- synjaðr, obliged; vera nauðsynjaðr, to be obliged, bound to, Bs. ii. 45. nauð-synliga, adv. necessarily, Fms. xi. 68, Band. 4 new Ed. nauð-synligr, adj. necessary, Eg. 182, Ísl. ii. 151, Fms. i. 262, vi. 8, passim :-- compulsory, K. Á. 74 :-- hard, severe, Sks. 710. nauðu-liga, mod. nauðugliga, adv. in need; n. kominn, staddr, i n straits, Fms. i. 186, Slurl. i. 79, Karl. 456; kom hón n. frá, Eb. 318 :-- direly, closely, at rétta þann krók er honum var svá n. beygðr, Ld. 40 :-- with difficulty, Nj. 245; komask n. undan, á brott, to have a narrow escape, 155, Fms. i. 75; hann fékk n. forðat sér, ix. 408; hanu dró undan sern nau&uligast, 393; komsk hón n. frá, Eb. 3i8, = Dan. med no d og neppe; er þeir megu lifa við sern nauðuligast, Hom. 87; ganga n. fram, to proceed slowly, Bs. ii. 157. nauðung, f. compulsion, Fms. i. 297, H. E. i. 503, 0. H. 243, Fs. 76; göra e-m nauðung, Bs. i. 288 :-- unwillingness, Sturl. iii. 95. COMPDS: nauðungar-eiðr, m. anoath taken under compulsion, Fms. vii. 176. nauðungar-kostr, m. a dire choice, Eg. 89. nauðungar-Iaust, n. adj. without compulsion, Fms. vi. 215: u n harmed, 265. nauðungar- maðr, in.; in the phrase, vera e-s n., to be under another person's thumb, yield him forced obedience, Ld. 170, Fms. i. 75. nauðungar-sœtt, f. = nanðasætt, Hkr. iii. 373. nauð-vírktar-maðr, m. = nauðleytarnaðr. nauma, u, f., poet, a woman, from her tight dress (?); nála n., a needle-woman, Grett. (in a verse): hirði-n., hör-n., poët. = a woman, linen-keeper, Lex. Poët. Naum-dæll, adj. o ne from Naurrm-dalr, a county in Norway, so called from the river Nauma, Fms., Landn., Munch's Norg. Beskr. Naum-dælskr, adj. id., Fms. vi. 112. naumindi, n. pl. difficulty; með naumindum, w ith difficulty. naum-látr, adj. cl os e, stingy, Fas. iii. 425. naum-liga, adv. scarcely, hardly. NAUMR, adj. [akin to nema?], narrow, close; í holdsins hreysi naumu, Pass. 17. lo: cl os e, s ca n t, stingy, verða naumt fyrir, to run abort as to lime; hafa riauman lima, to have a short time: superl. naumast, as adv. scarcely or narrowly, eg get naumast lesið það, / can hardly read it. NAUST, n. [Dan. nos t; Orkn. noust; from an obsolete no-r = a s hip, with which cp. Lat. navis, Gr. vavs] :-- a ship-shed, boat-house, often used in pl., like Lat. navalia or Engl. docks; konungr hafði lútið göra hús mikit, þat er hann ætlaði til nausts, þat var nírsett at lengd en sextigi álna breitt, Fms. vii. 247, x. 13, 6. H. 62, 115, Fbr. 93 new Ed.; skip i nausti, Korm. 68; hann gengr lit or naustinu, id.; hann leyndisk í naustinu, ofan frá naustinu, Grett. 88, 97, 99, Fs. 147, Háv. 27 new Ed., Eb. 236, passim; hurða-naust, a shed of hurdles, Háv. 20 new Ed.: poet., nausta blakkr, ' naust-steed, ' i. e. a s hip, Hkr. i. (in a verse); böðvar-naust, w ar- s hed, i. e. a shield, Nj. (in a verse); hríðar-n., tempest-shed, i. e. the sky, Harms. 23: local name, Nausta-lækr, Ísl. ii. COMPDS: naust-dyrr, n. pl. ' nausl-doors, ' Stor. 3, Rd. 268. naust-görð, f. 'naust-making, ' N. G. L. i. roi, Pm. 7, Vm. 14. naust-veggr, m. 'nausí-wall, ' Faer. 268. NAUT, n. [from njóta; A. S. ne a t; Engl. neat; Scot. n o;^ t; O. H. G. nôz; Dan. no d] :-- cattle, oxen: plur., naut ok sauði, Fms. ii. 92, vi. 69,

NAUTAAFRETTR -- NÁVERA. 447

Ld. 160, Fs. 26, 128; ef hann hefir oxa í nautum sínum, N. G. L. i. 25; láta inn naut, Gísl. 20; hann knýtir saman halana á nautunum, 29; gæta nauta, Bjarn. 32; hann kom til nautanna, ok stangaði hvert annat, Grett. 112; þessi vetr var kallaðr sandvetr, þá dó hundrað nauta fyrir Snorra Sturlusyni á Svignaskarði, Sturl. ii. 93 (of herds of cattle grazing in the mountain pastures during winter); kunna ek á ísleggjum, en þú kunnir þat eigi heldr en naut, Fms. vii. 120; nauta fjöldi, flokkr, a drove of cattle, Glúm. 342, Stj.; naut mörg, Eg. 743; nauts belgr, skinn, húð, a neat's hide, skin, Landn. 212, Hkr. iii. 80, Eb. 136, Sks. 184; nauts höfuð, rófa, síða, Grett. 116, Eb. 276, Fms. ii. 139; nauts fall, a neat's carcase, Fms. v. 21; nauts búkr, id., Eb. 220, Fms. ix. 309; nauts blóð or nauta blóð, Landn. 258, Hdl. 10; nauts bein, Fms. ii. 142; nauts virði, a neat's worth, price of a head of cattle, D. N.; nauts fóðr, 'a neat's fodder,' a measure of hay enough to keep one cow through winter, Eb. 260: metaph. a nout, blockhead, hann er naut, cp. nautheimskr: local names, Naut-eyri, Nauta-bú, Dan. Nödebo, Landn. COMPDS: nauta-afréttr, m. a mountain pasture for cattle; kirkja á n. á Flötr, Vm. 115. nauta-beit, f. grazing cattle, Vm. 18. nauta-brunnr, m. a well for watering cattle, Fms. x. 377, Fagrsk. 4. nauta-dauði, m. a cattle-plague, Ann. 1187. nauta-ferill, m. a cattle-track, Njarð. 378. nauta-fjós, n. a cow-stall, D. N. nauta-flokkr, m. a herd, Lv. 91. nauta-gæzla, u, f. the keeping cattle, Eg. 715. nauta-hellir, m. a cave used as a stall, Bs. i. 320. nauta-hlaða, u, f. a cattle-barn, Sturl. ii. 232. nauta-hundr, m. a neatherd's dog, N. G. L. i. 234. nauta-höfn, f. pasture for cattle, D. N. nauta-maðr, m. a neatherd, herdsman, Eb. 316, Grett. 112, Glúm. 306. nauta-mark, n. a cattle-mark, Grág. i. 397. nauta-matr, m. the meat of cattle, Sks. 191. nauta-sveinn, m. = nautamaðr, Mar. nauta-tík, f. = nautahundr, Bs. i. 284: as a nickname, Sturl. iii. 35. nauta-tún, n. [Engl. Naughton], 'neat-town,' a fenced cattle pasture, Gþl. 433, v. l. nauta-vara, u, f. 'neat's-ware,' i. e. hides and the like, Sks. 184. nauta-verk, n. a tending cattle, Eg. 714. naut-beit, f. = nautabeit, Vm. 88. naut-dauðr, m. a cattle-plague, Ann. 1187. naut-fall, n. = nauts fall, Hkr. ii. 311. naut-fé, n. cattle, Grág. i. 458. naut-fellir, m. loss of cattle, Ann. 1187; nautfellis vár, vetr, Sturl. i. 227, Bs. i. 488. naut-heimskr, adj. stupid as a nout. naut-hveli, n. a 'sea-neat,' sea-cow. naut-högg, n. 'neat-blow,' the blow which fells an ox; nú vil ek eigi bíða nauthöggsins, I will not wait for the 'neat-blow,' Fms. vii. 244; cp. bíða einsog boli höggs, to wait for the blow like a bull, of a person undecided and as if in a kind of stupor. nautn, f. [njóta], the use of a thing; ok á sá at sækja um nautnina er hross á, Grág. i. 432; nautn á skógi, ii. 293; ef maðr neytir hross enni meiri nautn, en þat er meiri nautn . . ., i. 441. 2. metaph. enjoyment; hafið ér jarðliga hluti í nautn, Greg. 32; andleg nautn, líkamleg nautn, and the like, passim in mod. usage. naut-peningr, m. cattle. NAUTR, m. [Germ. ge-nosse; from njóta], a mate, fellow; bera kvið í dóm fram með nauta sína, Grág. i. 369; bera kvið at dómi með nauta þína átta en þú sér sjálfr inn níundi, ii. 39; þjófs-nautr, a receiver of stolen goods :-- in compds = Germ. genosse, a mate; mötu-nautr, a mess-mate; legu-nautr, rekkju-n., a bed-fellow; sessu-n., bekkju-n., a bench-mate; kaupu-n., a customer; föru-n., a fellow-traveller; söku-n., a transgressor; ráðu-n., a councillor. II. a person from whom a gift is received, a donor, giver; góðr þótti mér þá nautrinn er Hákon jarl var, Fms. ii. 171; góðr er nautrinn, Ólafr konungr gaf mér hring þenna í morgin, v. 93. 2. an object is called the nautr of the person from whom it comes, whether it be as a gift, or even as booty; sverðit konungs-nautr, the sword the king's gift, Ld. 204; Hallfreðr var lagðr í kistu ok gripir hans með honum konungs-nautar, skikkja, hringr ok hjálmr, Fms. iii. 28; hringinn Sigvalda naut, 24: the charmed ring Andvara-nautr, Edda 75; skikkjuna Flosa-naut, Nj. 176; skikkjuna Gunnlaugs naut, Ísl. ii. 274; bauginn Brosu-naut, Gullþ. 23; glófana Agnars-nauta, id.; saxit Tuma-naut, Bs. i. 527; Gamla-n., Þórð.; törgunni Þorveigar-naut, Korm. 88; öxinni Steins-naut, Sturl. i. 63; tveir Árna-nautar, Sölmundar-n., Pétrs-nautr, D. I. i. 472; brynjuna Sigfús-naut, Sturl. iii. 234; sverðit Aðalráðs-naut, Ísl. ii. 268; Jarðhús-n., a sword taken out of a cairn, Fs.; hringsins Hákonar-nauts, Fms. ii. 171; drekinn Randvers-n. and Vandils-n., Fær. 89; blæjan Svasa-nautr, Fms. x. 207; knörrinn Sveins-naut, xi. 437; Esju-n. (a sword and kirtle), Ísl. ii. 419, 449; Hafliða-nautr, Atla-nautr; sverðit Jökuls-naut, Grett, 101. naut-reki, a, m. a herdsman, drover, Bs. i. 244, Al. 52. naut-skinn, n. a neat's skin, Rétt. naut-tarfr, m. a bull. naut-tava, prob. a false reading for naut tvau, Fas. i. 253. NÁ, pres. nái, náir, nái, (mod. næ, nær, nær); pl. nám; reflex. náisk, mod. næst; pret. náði; subj. næði; part. náð, better náit; pret. infin. náðu, Fms. vi. 409 (in a verse): with neg. suff. náði-t, could not, Geisli 19, Sighvat (Ó. H. 218): [Dan. naa, akin to ná-, = to come near.] B. To reach, catch, overtake, and the like, with dat.; þá mun Sveinn eptir leggja ok hans menn ok vilja ná þér, to overtake thee, Fb. ii. 8; bjarndýri er ek náða á Íslandi, Fs. 27; þegar at ek nái honum, Fær. 94; náit þér honum eigi, Nj. 63; Sigurðr var manna fóthvatastr, fengu þeir honum ekki náit at sinni, Fagrsk. 167; allir hans menn þeir sem náit var, who were caught, O. H. L. 17; þótti þá ván at braut mundi ná heininni, to get it out, Edda 59; Helgi býr ferð sína at ná í braut Yrsu, Fas. i. 32; en er þeir náðu stokkunum, Eg. 90: ná til, to reach; ef höfuðit næði til bolsins, 625. 97; ná til eins með sverði, Dropl. 25. II. metaph. to get, obtain; hann vill biðja sér konu ok náir hann eigi ráðinu, Nj. 259; at hann náir eigi víngarðinum af honum, Stj. 600; menn þá er eigi máttu þjónustu ná, Sól. 60; ok þó eigi ráðit hvárt vér næðim þeirri er oss er meiri hugr á, Fms. iv. 196; skal Steinþórr ná lögum, Eb. 226; vér höfum eigi náð lögum, we have not had a lawful trial. Eg. 353; láti hann eigi þessu ná, Gísl. 63: the saying, gott meðan góðu náir, 'tis good as long as it lasts; ok er hann náði konungs fundi, Ísl. ii. 234; ná máli e-s, Nj. 8. 2. hann skal allt féit láta virða, þat er hann náir, so much of it as he can, Grág. i. 208; ef hann náir, if he can, Eg. 114; miklu meiri en aðrir menn, er þeir náðu framast, much beyond those who succeeded best, Hom. 127. III. followed by an infin., to be able, be allowed; svá at þeir nái at flytja eyrendi sín, Ó. H. 54; heilindi sitt ef maðr hafa náir, Hm. 67; ok nái hann þurrfjallr þruma, 29; ef þú segja né náir einum allan hug, 122; enginn þeirra náði at koma inn um Þrándheims-minni, Fms. i. 55; náði engi maðr at bera konungs nafn nema hann einn, 1; lát mik ná at þegja fyrir þér, vii. 119; ef sá randviðr röskvask næði, Stor. 11; ná komask, Sól. 1; svá at eigi nái nökkurr undan at flýja, Stj. 594; er oss orðinn mikill tíma-dagr er vér náðum þik at finna, Fb. i. 237; hón bað grátandi at hón næði son sinn til kirkju at færa, Orkn. 174. 2. periphrast., hann náði leggja, eyða, skína, líta, he did lay, did waste, shine, behold, see Lex. Poët. IV. impers., ef því um náir, if it is possible, if that can be done, Grág. i. 2; Ísleifr var miklu nýtri en aðrir kenni-menn þeir er á þvísa landi næði, Isleif was much before all other clergymen who were then to be got in the county, Íb. 14. V. reflex. to be caught; fátt náðisk af kirkju-viðinum, Ld. 328; ef þat náisk eigi, if that cannot be attained, Fms. xi. 59; Glúmr gékk þá at ok náisk jafnaðr, Glúm. 356. 2. recipr. to reach one another; þar var mýrlent ok máttu þeir eigi násk til, they could not come to close quarters, Fms. xi. 354. ná, f. = gná (q. v.), Skáld H. passim, and in mod. poetry. NÁ-, adv. [Ulf. newa = GREEK; A. S. neah; Engl. nigh; Germ. nahe] :-- only used in COMPDS, denoting nigh, near: ná-borinn, part. near akin, born, Sks. 274, Hðm. 10, Skv. 3. 11. ná-búð, f. dwelling near to, Þórð. 69, Sturl. i. 88. ná-búi, a, m. a neighbour, Grág. ii. 343, Eg. 60, 108, Ld. 26, Nj. 11, Eb. 24. ná-býli, n. a neighbouring farm. ná-frændi, a, m. a near kinsman, Eg. 252, Ld. 258, Fms. vii. 268, Fb. i. 437, Bs. i. 133, 620. ná-frændkona, u, f. a near female relative, Bs. i. 288, 620. ná-granna, u, f. a female neighbour, Stj. 260. ná-granni, a, m. a neighbour, Fms. i. 294, Gþl. 107, Bad. 104, MS. 625. 86. ná-grennd, f., and ná-grenni, n. a neighbourhood, Stj. 189, Bárð. 165, Gísl. 92. ná-hendr, adj. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 75. ná-kominn, part. coming near one, touching one nearly; þetta mál er mér nákomit, Sturl. i. 36. ná-kveðinn, part. = náhendr, Edda v. l. ná-kvæma, d, to come near to, Bs. ii. 78. ná-kvæmd, f. a 'near-coming,' coming near to, proximity, Bs. i. 88; í n. við e-n, Mar. ná-kvæmi, f. (mod. ná-kvæmni), exactness, Sks. 443. ná-kvæmliga, adv. minutely, exactly. ná-kvæmligr, adj. exact, minute, ná-kvæmr, adj. 'nigh-coming,' near about one's person, near to one; þeir vóru svá nákvæmir konungi, Stj. 540; svá var Guðs miskunn honum nákvæm, Bs. i. 48; var Ólafr konungr honum svá nákvæmr, at ..., Fms. vi. 74: metaph. attentive, hón er nákvæmust mönnum til á heita, Edda 16: minute, close, n. í skriptum, Bs. i. 871: accurate, exact, nákvæmt svar, Sks. 94 new Ed., freq. in mod. usage. ná-lægð, f. a lying near, nearness, proximity, Bs. ii. 57, Rb. 478, freq. in mod. usage: presence, H. E. i. 246, 247. ná-lægjast, d, dep. to approach, Mar. ná-lægr, adj., superl. nálægstr, Fs. 26, Fms. xi. 33; þar nálægt, Fs. 29: 'nigh-lying,' close by, near at hand, Ld. 184; nálægjar, close to one another, Hom. 55; nálæg héruð, Þórð. 3: metaph., Fms, i. 76, 208, v. 290. ná-mágr, m. a near relative by marriage; námágar þrír, ef maðr á dóttur manns, systur eða móður, Grág. i. 29, Sks. 713, N. G. L. i. 80. ná-munda, adj., see mund and miðmundi; vera í námunda, to be close by, Hkr. i. 266, Stj. 189, 255; þat land sem lá í námunda við Jórdan, 107; þeirra verka er hann hafði n. sér, which he was about doing, Barl. 149; at þat sé allt í n. þér (at hand) er þú megir gleði af taka, 14; ganga, koma n. e-u, to come near to, Stj. 15, 40; þat er vissi n. Múspelli, Edda 4. ná-mæli, n. hurtful language, Stor. ná-sessi, a, m. a bench-mate, N. G. L. i. 68. ná-seta, u, f. a sitting near, proximity, Dropl. 32. ná-settr, part. seated near, Sks. 226. ná-skyldr, adj. nearly related, Boll. 336. ná-stæðr, adj. = náskyldr, Thom. ná-sæti, n. = náseta, Grág. i. 51. ná-venzlaðr, part. = náskyldr, Stj. 226. ná-vera, u, f. presence, Stj.

448 NÁVERUKONA -- NÁSTRÖND.

10, 258. náveru-kona, u, f. a midwife, Stj. 248. ná-verandi, part. present, Bs. ii. 142, MS. 625. 191. ná-vist, f. presence, Ld. 34, Fms. ii. 229, v. 218, Hom. 124, Sks. 361. ná-vista, u, f. = návist, Al. 59, 119, Hom. 127, Gþl. 139. návistar-kona, u, f. a female neighbour, MS. 4. 5. návistar-maðr, m. a person present, Gþl. 150: a neighbour, 540. návistar-vitni, n. an eye-witness, Gþl. 155. návistu-maðr, m. = návistarmaðr, Fms. ix. 262. ná-bjargir, f. pl. 'lyke-help,' see nár; in the phrase, veita e-m nábjargir, to lend one 'lyke-help,' i. e. to close the eyes, mouth, and nostrils of a person immediately after death; hví hefir þú eigi veitt honum nábjargir er opnar eru nasirnar, why hast thou not lent him the 'lyke-help,' for the nostrils are open? Nj. 154; hann bað hvern varask at ganga framan at honum meðan honum vóru eigi nábjargir veittar, Eb. 70; hann lagði hann niðr í setið ok veitti honum þá nábjargir, Eg. 398, Bret. 32; cp. the Gr. GREEK (but not the nostrils as in the Northern rite), Plato's Phaedo (sub fine); whereas with the Norsemen the closing the nostrils was indispensable, whence the phrase, lúka nösum, to have the nostrils shut = to die, see nös (nasar). NÁÐ, f. [early Swed. nad = rest; cp. Germ, gnade; Dan. naade] :-- rest, peace, quietness; this is the primitive sense of the word, and is still used, but only I. in the plur.; frelsi ok góðar náðir, Fms. ii. 4; í náðum, in peace, quietness; vera þar um nóttina í náðum, Eb. 306; sofa í náðum, 152; njótask í náðum, Vígl. 23; tala í náðum, leisurely; eta í náðum; drekka saman í náðum, snugly: protection, tókt þú hann útlendan á þínar náðir, Fms. i. 140; nálgast hef ek á náðir þín, Skíða R. 94; taka á sik náðir, to take to rest, Fms. ii. 83; kómu vér hér með náðum sem friðmenn, Stj. 213: sing., ganga á þeirra náð (= náðir?), Fs. 11. náða-hús, n. a house of rest, closet, Stj. 1: a privy, Fs. 149, Ann. 1343. II. sing. grace in an eccl. sense, and no doubt influenced by foreign writers, for it occurs first in poets of the 14th century, Líkn., Lil., Gd. (Bs. ii), and is not used in old classical prose writers. The kings of Norway in writs subsequent to 1360 A. D. are styled af Guðs 'náð' instead of the older Guðs miskunn, D. N. i. pref. xxvii, note 16; Guðs náðar, Hkr. iii. 366; N. M. biskup af Guðs náð, bishop by the grace of God, in greeting, Vm. 131, Dipl. ii. 4, v. 4; með Guðs náð ábóti, 5 :-- GREEK in the apostolic blessing is in the Icel. N. T. rendered by náð, náð og friðr af Guði vorum föður, 1 Cor. i. 3; náð Drottins vors Jesu Christi sé með yðr, xv. 23, 2 Cor. i. 2, xiii. 13, Gal. i. 3, vi. 19, Ephes. i. 2, vi. 24, Phil. i. 2, etc., and hence Pass., Vidal., Hymns, passim. náða, að, to give peace and rest; friða ok náða, Magn. 464 :-- to pardon: reflex. to get rest, Fms. iii. 167. náð-hús, n. = náðahús, Bs. ii. 136, Fb. ii. 87. náðugr, adj. merciful, Hkr. iii. 202, Gd. 32. náðu-liga, adv. quietly, Gþl. 16; þartil at skip kæmi at n., Rd. 245. náðu-ligr, adj. mild, Stj. 192: merciful, 289. ná-hvalr, m. a narwhale, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 130, K. Þ. K. 138. náhvals-tönn, f. a narwhale's tusk, Bs. i. 767. náinn, adj., pl. nánir, compar. nánari :-- near to; náit er nef augum, Nj. 21: metaph., náinn e-m, closely related, a near kinsman of, Grág. i. 293; næsta bræðra eðr nánari konu, 345; systrungum eðr nánarum mönnum, 228; þótt mér sé nánastr maðrinn, Hrafn. 10; af svá nánum frænda, Gullþ. 7, Fms. vi. 172; inn nánasti niðr, Grág. i. 171, N. G. L. i. 17; inir nánostu frændr, Bs. i. 90; nánir at frændsemi, Fms. xi. 7, Grág. (Kb.) i. 29; byggja svá náit at frændsemi, to marry one so nearly related, Hkr. i. 8. NÁL, f., pl. nálar; [Goth. neþla; A. S. nædl; Old Engl. neeld; Engl. needle; O. H. G. nadal; Germ. nadel; in the Scandin. contr. Dan.-Swed. nål or naal] :-- a needle, Fas. i. 393, iii. 139; nál ok skreppa, Fms. vi. 374: a kind of needle used by sailors, Edda (Gl.); nálar margar (for repairing the sails), Sks. 30; bíta úr nálinni, to bite off the thread; þú ert ekki búinn að bíta úr nálinni enn, a saying, cp. the ghost story in Maurer's Volks. 60; skó-nál, a cobbler's needle, Skíða R.; hey-nál, q. v.; saum-nál, a sewing needle; nálar auga, a needle's eye; nálar oddr, a needle's point; þræða nál, to thread a needle; Pétrs-nál, the name of an obelisk, Symb. 24, Róm. 248 (= Aculea Sti. Petri). 2. metaph. the first sprouts of grass in the spring; það er komin upp svo lítil nál. II. the name of a giantess, Loki's mother, Edda. COMPDS: nál-bein, n. the needle-like bones in fishes' gills. nál-bugr, m. a needle's bend; stökkr er n., Hallgr. nál-dofi, a, m. 'pins and needles,' numbness. nál-þráðr, m. needle-thread: a woman is called nála-nauma, Grett. (in a verse); nál-grund, Eb. (in a verse). nálgask, að, dep. [náligr], to approach, come near to; nálgask e-n, Gm. 53, Bs. i. 47, Fms. i. 76, vi. 390, passim; var för í sortanum ok nálgaðisk higat, vii. 163; n. til e-s, 623. 6l, Sks. 614: to come by, n. sitt góðs, Bs. i. 329: to touch, þar er hann n. ok hann man, where he touches the fact and recollects, Grág. i. 45. nálgr, m. an urchin, hedgehog, Lat. echinus, Björn. II. medic. verminatio, a greedy false appetite, caused by worms. náliga, adv. nigh, near to, near at hand, with dat., Sks. 782; þar var n. til görs at ganga, Ld. 96; um várit n. kyndil-messu, Fms. x. 411: as adv almost, nearly, well-nigh, Eg. 58, Nj. 219, Fms. i. 222, ii. 50, Ld. 38, Sks. 62, Bs. i. 394, passim. náligr, adj. near, close at hand, Barl. 206, Sks. 42, v. l. ná-lægr, adj., ná-mundi, etc., see ná-, nigh. NÁM, n. [nema], seizure, occupation, see landnám, obsolete in this sense; cp. also the various compds, viðr-nám, etc. II. metaph. mental acquisition, learning, study, science; vera til náms, Mar.; at minnask á nám þitt, Sks. 22; ok er hann var at námi, Fms. ix. 241; girniligr til náms, 8; til þess náms sem hann vildi þar nema, þaðan fór hann til Englands ok var í Lincolni, ok nam þar enn mikit nám, Bs. i. 92; hann görðisk enn mesti íþróttar-maðr í þess-konar námi, he became the greatest master in that science, viz. grammar, 163; síðan fór hann suðr til Englands ok var þar í skóla, ok nam þar svá mikit nám, at trautt vóru dæmi til at nokkurr maðr hefði jafnmikit nám numit né þvílikt á jafnlangri stundu, 127; þótt hann hefði eigi mikit nám á barnsaldri, 90; nám þetta gengr fram svá greitt, Fms. xi. 427. COMPDS; náms-aldr, m. the time of learning, boyhood, 623. 52. náms-maðr, m. a scholar. nám-fúss, adj. = námgjarn. nám-fýsi, f. = námgirni. nám, n. a kind of cloth or texture (?); in compds, nám-dúkr, m. a kerchief, Orkn. (in a verse): nám-kyrtill, m. a kirtle of nám, Ld. 244, Fb. i. 545: in poetry a lady is called nám-eik, nám-skorð, from wearing this raiment. nám-girni, f. eagerness to learn, Hom. (St.) nám-gjarn, adj. eager to learn, Bs. i. 90, Eb. 44, Eg. 685, Ó. H. (pref.) námi, a, m., or náma, u, f. a mine; gull-námi, silfr-námi, a gold mine, silver mine; also kola-námi, a coal-pit. námu-liga, adv. peremptorily, N. G. L. i. 459. nánd, f. (n UNCERTAIN nd, N. G. L. i. 418, Ver. 9), neighbourhood, nearness, proximity; ok er ekki annarra manna í n UNCERTAIN nd, present, N. G. L. l. c.; koma í nánd e-m, to come near one, Fms. i. 9, Fs. 35; alla þá menn er honum vóru í nánd, Eg. 42; betr þætta mér at ek kæma hvergi í nánd, to have nothing to do with it: the phrase, hvergi nándar-nærri, far from it! nángi, a, m. = náungi, Barl. 44, 52, 142, Hom. 62, N. G. L. i. 87. nánigr, adj. = náinn; með þeima konum svá nángum, N. G. L. ii. 322. nánn, adj. = náin; nán frændsemi, N. G. L. i. 91. NÁR, m., gen. nás, dat. ná and nái: pl. náir, acc. nái, dat. nám; [Ulf. naws = GREEK and GREEK, Luke vii. 12, and nawis = GREEK, Rom. vii. 8] :-- a corpse, as also a deceased person; nýtr manngi nás, a dead man is good for nothing, a saying, Hm. 71; slítr nái neffölr, Vsp. 50; nái fram-gengna, 45; nái stirða, Fms. i. 179 (in a verse); nár varð þá Atli, Am. 102; hví ertú fölr um nasar, vartú í nótt með ná? Alm. 2; bjarga nám (ná-bjargir), to lend the last service to the dead, Sdm. 33: verða at nám, to be a corpse, die, Hkv. 2. 26; hve ýta synir verða nauðgir at nám, Sól. 33; ok sat nár á nái, Gsp. (in a riddle); göra at nái, to make one a dead man. Fms. x. 425 (in a verse); nái nauðfölva, Akv. 16; beiða griða nás nið eðr nefa, the kinsman of the slain, Grág. ii. 20; ef menn setja mann í útsker sá maðr heitir sæ-nár, ef maðr er settr í gröf ok heitir sá graf-nár, ef maðr er færðr í fjall eðr á hella sá heitir fjall-nár, ef maðr er hengdr ok heitir sá gálg-nár, Grág. ii. 131; þeir menn eru fjórir er kallaðir eru náir þótt lifi . . . heitir gálg-nár ok graf-nár ok sker-nár ok fjall-nár, 185; cp. virgil-nár ( = gálgnár), Hm. 158; fölr sem nár, Nj. 177 (v. l.), Fas. i. 426; þá bliknaði hann ok varð fölr sem nár, Ó. H. 70, Fb. ii. 136; nás litr, a cadaverous hue, Greg. 74; nás orð, necromancy, Vtkv. 4. B. COMPDS: ná-bítr, m. the heart-burn, Fél. ná-bjargir, f. pl., see above. ná-bleikr, adj. pale as death. ná-fölr, adj. = nábleikr. ná-gagl, n. a carrion-crow, Eb. (in a verse). ná-gráðigr, adj. corpse-greedy, of a witch, Hkv. Hjörv. ná-grindr, f. pl. the gates of the dead, mythol.; fyrir nágrindr neðan, Ls. 63, Skm. 35, Fsm. 27, ná-gríma, u, f. a scalp, Fas. iii. 221. ná-göll, f. a death-cry, a piercing, piteous sound, believed to come from departed spirits, exposed infants, Bárð. 3 new Ed.: in mod. usage called ná-hljóð, n. pl., Bjarni 143, see Maurer's Volks. 59. ná-hvítr, adj. = nábleikr. ná-kaldr, adj. cold as death. ná-lús, f. a kind of vermin. na-lykt, f. the smell of a corpse. ná-reið, f. a hearse, Fms. x. (in a verse). ná-reiðr, adj. 'corpse-loaded,' epithet of a gallows, Yt. ná-skári, a, m. a carrion-crow, Lex. Poët. ná-strá, n. pl., and ná-strönd, f., see below. ná-valdr, m. the ruler of the dead, Sturl. (in a verse). NÁRI, a, m. the groin, Nj. 114, Gullþ. 21, Sturl. ii. 41, Skíða R. 144, Eb. 44, Fas. iii. 231, 391, passim. nári, a, m. a feeder, nourisher, poët., in aldr-nári. nárungr, m. [for. word; Germ, nähren], a nourisher (?), Edda ii. 497: in fólk-nárungr, answering to Hom. GREEK GREEK, as also in other poët. compds, Lex. Poët. ná-strá, n. pl., in the phrase, liggja á nástrám, to lay a corpse on straw, Greg. 56, 57, Hom. 153; hence the phrase, er ek lá stirðr á strám, Sól.; and strá-dauða, 'straw-dead' (= dead in his bed), as opp. to vápn-dauðr. Ná-strönd, f. the strand of the dead, whither the 'straw-dead' came

NÁTT -- NE. 449

after death, as opp. to Val-höll, the hall of the slain, Vsp. 44; Nástrandir, Edda. NÁTT, f. the night, and náttar-, see nótt. nátta, að, to pass the night: subj. nætti, þat er mitt ráð að vér nættim þar, Fms. iii. 74. II. to become night, grow dark; tók þá at nátta, Hkr. ii. 373; ok er náttaði, Ó. H. 224; til þess er náttar, Ísl. ii. 157; tekr at rökkva ok nátta, Sks. 219. III. impers. one is benighted; þótt þik nátti, Fas. i. 171, Mar.; hann var þar náttaðr, Str. 45. nátt-björg, f. a night's lodging, Grág. i. 299. nátt-blindr, adj. blind in the dark. nátt-ból, n. nigbt-quarters, Edda 29, Fms. i. 11, vi. 135, Eg. 719. náttból-staðr, m. id., Fb. ii. 380. nátt-drykkja, u, f. a night-bout, Hom. 144, Barl. 137. nátt-dögg, f. night-dew, Gtsp. nátt-fall, n. 'night-fall,' dew. nátt-farar, f. pl. night-wanderings, Sturl. i. 147, Fms. vii. 126. nátt-fari, a, m. a night-traveller; fara dagfari ok náttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 203, ix. 513, v. l. nátt-fasta, u, f. a night-fast, K. Þ. K. 108, 122, Hom. 73. nátt-fugl, m. a night-bird, Lat. noctua, Stj. 16. nátt-förull, adj. strolling in the night (all-n.) nátt-geta, u, f. = náttgisting, D. N. nátt-gisting, f. = nætrgisting, night-quarters, Bs. ii. 32, Þiðr. 230. nátt-hrafn, m. a night-raven, night-jar, Stj. 86. nátt-langt, n. adj. for a night, Eg. 417, Edda 33, Ld. 196, Fms. viii. 91. nátt-laukr, m. a kind of leek, Pr. 471. nátt-leikr, m. night-games (attracting evil spirits), Fs. 143 (174), cp. Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7, 8 (Dansinn í Hruna). nátt-lengis, adv. = náttlangt, Grág. ii. 137. nátt-ligr, adj. nightly, nocturnal, Sks. 42. nátt-mál, n. 'night-meal,' taken as a point of time, about nine o'clock P. M., answering to dagmál (q. v.) in the morning; ok er komit var at náttmáli, Fms. viii. 89; nónhelgan dag til náttmáls, Grág. i. 143; þeir koma þar fyrir náttmál, Nj. 197, v. l. (matmál Ed. less good); kom þar eldr í bæinn um náttmál, Bs. i. 78: in mod. usage only in plur., líðandi náttmál, jöfnu-báðu miðaptans og náttmála (= half-past seven o'clock P. M.) COMPDS: náttmála-skeið, n. the hour of night-meal, Sturl. iii. 71. náttmála-varða, u, f. a pyramid or column on the horizon, intended to shew the hour of n. by the sun's position relatively to it, Þórð. 58. nátt-messa, u, f. a night-service, K. Þ. K. 70, Hom. 41. nátt-myrkr, n. the darkness of night, Orkn. 110, Hkr. i. 299, Sturl. ii. 231, Fms. ii. 185. nátt-serkr, m. a night-shirt, Fms. vii. 271, Sturl. iii. 189. nátt-seta, u, f. 'night-sitting,' late hours, Fms. vii. 126, xi. 425. nátt-setja, t, to keep lyke-wake, watch a corpse by night (referring to the old lyke-wake), Fms. vii. 251, ix. 480, Fær. 198, Hkr. ii. 228. nátt-setr, n. the keeping a lyke-wake, of a priest; sitja þar at náttsetri, syngja yfir líki ok fylgja því til grafar um morguninn, N. G. L. i. 390. nátt-sól, f. the midnight sun, MS. 732. 5, 6, Rb. 454, 472, Róm. 206: as a nickname, Nj. 89. nátt-staðr, m. night-quarters, Edda 28, 48, 72, Eg. 299, Grág. i. 153. náttstaðar-vitni, n. a witness about n., Js. 41. nátt-stefna, u, f. a night-meeting, Fms. ix. 254. nátt-sæta, t, = náttsetja; náttsæta lík, Dropl. 26, Ó. H. 139. nátt-sæting, f. = náttsetr, N. G. L. i. 347: nátt-sæti, id., v. l. nátt-söngr, m. a night-service in church, Bs. i. 172, Fms. vi. 303, Sturl. i. 25, MS. 655 xi. 4. nátt-ugla, u, f. a night-owl. nátt-urðr and nátt-verðr, m., nótturðr, Greg. 28, 74; [Swed. natt&dash-uncertain;värd; Dan. nadver] :-- a 'night-meal,' supper; fara til náttverðar, Fms. i. 209 (as also Hkr. and Fb. l. c.); fyrir náttverð ok eptir, Fms. x. 331; gefa náttverð, K. Þ. K. 108; ala prest at dagverði ok náttverði, 50; búa til nátturðar, Edda 29; settisk Þórr til náttverðar ok þeir lagsmenn, 28; af því er samkunda Guðs köllut n UNCERTAIN tturðr heldr en dögurðr, Greg. 28; er eigi sá beini beztr, at yðr sé borð sett ok gefinn náttverðr, ok síðan fari þér at sofa, Eg. 548; suppers are also meant by the meals in the poem Rm.; náttverðar dvöl, stopping for supper, Hkr. ii. 373. COMPDS: náttverðar-eldi, n.; ala e-n náttverðareldi, to give supper to a stranger, Grág. i. 454. náttverðar-mál, n. supper-time, Sturl. i. 147, (spelt n UNCERTAIN tturðar-mál, Greg. 74.) nótturðar-tíð, f. supper-time, Greg. 28. For the Holy Communion the Swed. use nattvärd, Dan. nadver (cp. Germ, abendmahl), but Icel. call it kveld-máltíð (q. v.), not náttverðr. náttúra, u, f. [from Lat. natura], nature; eptir boði náttúrunnar, Fms. i. 104; sjálf náttúran, Stj. 177; náttúran sjálf en fyrsta móðir vár, Mar. II. (supernatural) virtue, power, 544. 39; svá hefir hann mikla náttúru með sér, Nj. 44; fylgði þessu n. mikil, Fms. xi. 128; ef þú lætr þessar náttúrur fylgja, Fas. ii. 529. III. natural quality; náttúra jarðar, Edda (pref.); er kunni náttúru allra strengleikja, Str. 67 :-- nature, disposition, bera náttúru á e-t, Bárð. 167; hafa náttúru til e-s, to have inclination towards, passim :-- potency, náttúru-laus, impotent. IV. in plur. spirits, powers; margar þær náttúrur hafa nú til sótt er áðr vildu við oss skiljask, ok enga hlýðni oss veita, Þorf. Karl. 378. COMPDS: náttúru-bragð, n., Lat. indoles, natural character, Mag. náttúru-gjöf, f. a natural gift, Stj. 70, 254, Edda (pref.) náttúru-gripr, m. an object possessed of virtue, Bs. ii. 139. náttúru-grös, n. pl. herbs possessing virtue. náttúru-lauss, adj. without virtue, Konr. 20: impotent. náttúru-lög, n. pl. the law of nature. Mar. náttúru-steinn, m. a stone possessing virtue, Pr. 423, Karl. 119, 178. náttúru-vani, a, m. habits, Stj. náttúraðr, part. having such and such virtue, Stj. 84, Bs. ii. 55: given, inclined to, n. fyrir e-ð, mod. náttúrliga, adv. according to nature, properly, Bs. i. 221, Fms. i. 102, Mirm. ch. 14, Skálda 176 :-- of course, (mod.): (? from Germ, naturlich.) náttúrligr, adj. proper, natural; n. dagr, the natural day, Stj., Rb. 476: natural, carnal, H. E. i. 523. nátt-vaka, u, f. a night-wake, night-watch, sitting up at night, Hom. 36 :-- of a lyke-wake, alla þjónustu skal hann veita mót tíund nema náttvöku, N. G. L. i. 347. nátt-veizla, u, f. a night-banquet, Thom. nátt-víg, n. a putting one to death during the night, which was regarded as murder, see the remarks s. v. morð, Eg. 416, Fas. ii. 400. nátt-þing, n. a night-meeting, 625. 165, Orkn. (in a verse); opp. to dagþing, q. v.: meetings during night were not thought proper. náungi, a, m. a neighbour; ef maðr kennir náunga sinn þann er upp er grafinn, N. G. L. i. 345. 2. in an eccl. sense as rendering of the Gr. GREEK GREEK, elska skalt þú náunga þinn svo sem sjálfan þig, Matth. xix. 19, Luke x. 27; hver er þá minn náungi ? 29, 36, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim. II. ironic., as a fisherman's term, the barrel containing their drink is called náungi; í þrautunum það er plagsiðr náungann að núa í krít, Snót. náungr, m., older form = náungi, also contr. and with umlaut caused by the following u, nóngr, acc. n UNCERTAIN ng, Greg. 21; náungr annarr, Akv. 9; þá talaði hverr við sinn náung, Stj. 66; Guðs ást ok náungs, 677. 3; skunda at hjálpa náungi þínum í hans þurft, Stj. NE or né, a negative conjunction. The Goth. makes a distinction between ni = A. S. ne, O. H. G. ni; and the compound particle nih, from ni + the suffix uh, O. H. G. noh, Germ, noch, Lat. nec, of which Icel. né is a contr. form; etymologically, therefore, the single particle ought to be written ne and the compound né; but this distinction is not made. The particle ne is not found out of composition except in ancient poetry; it is found as a prefix in the compounds neinn, nekkverr, nema (q. v.), qs. ne-einn, ne-hverr, ne-ifa. A. The single particle, not: 1. with a verb, sól þat né vissi, máni þat né vissi, stjörnur þat né vissu, Vsp. 5; óð þau né höfðu, 18; löst né vissi, Skv. 3. 5; né fá, Hm. 92; finna né máttu, 46; ek né kunna, 11; né þat máttu, Hým. 4; né sváfu, Þd. 6 :-- with subj., út þú né komir, Vþm. 7 :-- ef né, if not, unless, were it not that . . .; ef þú geldr né værir, Hkv. Hjörv. 20; ef þú sverðs né nytir, Fm. 29 :-- with a double negation, svá at mér mann-gi mat né bauð, Gm. 2; aptr né komið, 20; ef föður né áttað, Fm. 3; hví né lezkaðu, Ls. 47; né máttuð, Kormak; né hlöðut, Vellekla; þar er hrafn né svalt-a, Ó. H. (in a verse); sofa þeir né máttuð, Gkv. 2. 3 :-- the negation is understood, niðjar hvöttu Gunnar né náungr annarr, rýnendr né ráðendr, né (nor) þeir er ríkir vóru, Akv. 9, 2. used to begin a verse or sentence in a running narrative, answering to ok (which see A. III); né hamfagrt höldum þótti skáldfé mitt, Ad. 7; né þat máttu, Hým. 2; né hann konu kyssa görði né (nor) . . ., Skv. 3. 4; né ek þat vilda at mik ver ætti, 35; né djúpakorn drápu, Þd. 10. II. with an adverb or noun; né sjaldan, not seldom, Fms. xi. 198 (in a verse); né allvel, not over-well, Skv. 1. 49; gumnum hollr né gulli, fond of men not of gold, Hkr. i. (in a verse). 2. but esp. in né einn, not one, none (cp. Early Lat. noenus = ne unus), also not any; lifa þeir né einir, Gkv. 3. 5; né einu sinni, not once, Fms. xi. 13; kvaðsk eigi muna at hann hefði heit strengt né eins, 112; hann lét þá af at eggja konung á né eina herferð, vii. 28; vórum vér ekki mjök við búnir við né einum lífriði, iv. 73; né eina sekð, Grág. i. 136; né eitt úhreint, Stj. 409; allir duldu at né eitt vissi til Hrapps, Nj. 133; eigi finnsk sá né einn, Fas. i. 243; eigi né eins staðar, not anywhere, Stj. 618; eigi vill hann at né einn tortryggi, Hom. (St.); eigi . . . at ek hafa né eina manns konu tekit, Þorst. Síðu H. 5; hann fyrir-bauð né einum leikmönnum, at . . ., Bs. i. 702. 3. in composition in ne-kkverr and n-ema, q. v. B. The compound particle né preceded by a negation, neither . . . nor, not . . . nor, as a disjunctive copula between two nouns or sentences; at þú gáir eigi þings né þjóðans mála, Hm. 115; skósmiðr þú verit né skeptismiðr, 127; óð þau né (not) áttu, lá né (neither) læti né (nor) litu góða, Vsp. 18; svefn þú né (not) sefr né (nor) um sakar dæmir, Skv. I. 29; varat harm yðr um likr, né . . ., 36; vilkat ek mann trauðan né torbænan, 49. 2. in prose; þú skalt þá eigi með örum raufa né sverði slá, Stj. 620; höggormr hefir þar eigi vist né froskr, né ekki (nor any)

450 NEÐAN -- NEFND.

eitr-kykvendi, 655 xii. 2; má af öngum fremjask né fullkomask, nema biskupi, K. Á. 22; eigi meira né skemra, Fms. xi. 304 :-- irregular usage, því at eins (only in that case) ferjanda né (nor) festum helganda, nema (if, unless), i. e. neither . . . nor . . . unless, Nj. 240. 3. the negation may also be indirect or understood; né sé þess örvænt at hér verði grátr né stynr, Niðrst. 7; fen né forað (= fen eðr forað), Gþl. 382 A; linar lítið dag né nótt, Bs. ii. 49; fár treystisk eld at ríða né yfir stíga, Fas. i. (in a verse); síð muntú hringum ráða né Röðuls-völlum, Hkv. Hjörv. 6, where the negation lies in örvænt, lítið, fár, síð: as also in ironical questions, hvat megi fótr fæti veita, né holdgróin hönd annarri, i. e. what? to which a negative answer is expected. II. in hvárgi . . . né, neither . . . nor; hvárrgi þeirra, Erlingr né féhirðinn, neither of them, E. nor the shepherd, Fr.; hvárngan ykkarn, Hákon né þik, Fb. i. 182 :-- hvárki . . . né, neither . . . nor, hvárki fyrir forboðan né taksetningar, H. E. i. 419; hvárki af dæmum né ástar hirtingum, 677. 6; hvárki gull né jarðir, Skv. 3. 37; hvárki styn né hósta, Nj.; hvárki gott né íllt, and so in countless instances. III. if the sentence has three or more limbs; hvárki . . . né . . . né, neither . . . nor . . . nor; or also hvárki . . . né . . . eðr,neither . . . nor . . . or; thus, lá né læti, né litu góða, Vsp.; fals né flærð eða rangindi, Fms. ix. 330; the former is more emphatic, see hvárrgi B. III. neðan, adv. [Engl. be-neath], from beneath, from below, Vsp. 65, Gm. 35, Vkv. 35, Nj. 247, Edda 58, Fms. vi. 149, passim: denoting motion, neðan ór eyjum, Nj. 107; neðan um sáðlandið, 82; neðan frá sjó, neðan úr dal, neðan af eyrum, neðan eptir ánni, Ó. H. 20: without motion, vökna neðan, Fms. ii. 278; skipit var meitt neðan, Sturl. iii. 68 :-- fyrir neðan, beneath, below, with acc., Vsp. 2, 35, Skm. 35, Alm. 3, Fms. i. 10, Ld. 148, Eg. 596, Nj. 84, 145, 214, Gísl. 23: neðan undir, underneath, Fb. ii. 357 :-- with gen., neðan jarðar, beneath the earth; neðan sjóar, beneath the sea. neðan-verðr, adj. the 'netherward,' nether, lower, undermost, opp. to ofanverðr, Stj. 98, 517; rifnaði tjaldit ór ofanverðu í neðanvert, from top to bottom, Hom. (St.); í neðanverðum dal, Þórð. 58; bjúgr at neðanverðu, Konr. passim. neðarla, adv. -- neðarliga, Nj. 82, Greg. 23, Þiðr. 114. neðar-liga, adv. 'netherly,' low down, far below, Th. 25, Stj. 11. neðarr, compar. lower, farther down, superl. neðast and neðst, nethermost, lowest down (and so in mod. usage), adv. answering to niðr, q. v. :-- nökkuru neðarr, Fms. i. 215; neðarr en hón hafði ætlað, Gísl. 72; svá sem þeir máttu neðast, Fms. iv. 50; neðst ský ok vindar . . . neðast jörð, v. 340, passim. NEÐRI, adj., compar. neðarri, Stj. 76, nether, lower, Lat. inferior; superl. neðstr or neztr, nethermost, lowest, undermost; á neðra stræti, Fms. ix. 24; í Tungu inni neðri, Fs.; inn neðra hlut, Eg. 101; Galilea in efri ok in neðarri (neðri, v. l.), Stj. 76; in neðri leið, in the nether world, O. T. 45; neðri bygðir, the nether world, i. e. hell: the neut. it neðra, adv. underneath; var ljóst it efra en dimmt it neðra, Vígl. 40: the nether part, fagrrauðr it neðra, Fas. i. 172; sumir brjóta borgar-vegginn it neðra, Al. 11; Þórr ferr it neðra, Edda; hann samnaði mönnum hit neðra um Mýrar, Ísl. ii. 168; hinn nezti hlutr trésins, Hkr. i. 71; í enu nezta helvíti, Fms. ii. 137; neztu smugur helvítis, Skálda 605. NEF, n., gen. pl. nefja, dat. nefjum; [A. S. nebbe; Engl. neb] :-- the nose, prop. the beak, bone of the nose, opp. to nasar (nös, q. v.), Grág. ii. 11; liðr á nefi, Ld. 272; þeir hafa hvárki nef né nasar, 'neb nor nose,' i. e. neither lower part nor cartilage, Stj. 79; hann rak hnefann á nasir mér ok braut í mér nefit, Fas. iii. 392; kom á nasir þeim ok brotnaði í honum nefit, Fms. iii. 186; gnúa nefit, Orkn. 394, passim: also in the phrases, stinga nefi í feld, to hide the nose (face) in one's cloak, from dismay, Fms. x. 401; cp. stinga nösum í felda, Sighvat; stinga saman nefjum, to put noses together = lay heads together, i. e. discuss closely, ironic., Grett. (in a verse); kveða, tala í nef, to talk through the nose, Skálda 162; taka í nefið, to snuff up; sjúga upp í nefit, to suck up through the nose; of nær nefi kvað karl . . ., too near the nose, quoth the carle, when he was hit in the eye, Fms. vii. 288; náit er nef augum, the neb is near akin to the eye, Nj., cp. Fms. iii. 188; draga bust ór nefi einum, see burst. 2. as a law term in regard to tax, dues, poll (cp. the English phrase 'to count noses'); um alla Svíþjóð guldu menn Óðni skatt, penning fyrir nef hvert, Yngl. S. ch. 8; hefir þú nú gört fyrir þitt nef þangat út, i. e. tbou hast done thy share, Fbr. 33; gjalda eyri fyrir net hvert, to pay a 'nose-tax' of an ounce, poll-tax, Lv. 89; penning fyrir nef hvert, Hkr. ii. 231; skal göra mann út at sjaunda nefi, N. G. L. i. 97; ertug fyrir sex tigu nefja innan laga várra, 7; skutilsveinar til þriggja nefja ok hverr húskarl til tveggja nefja, H. E. i. 420; yrkja níðvísu fyrir nef hvert er á var landinu, Hkr. i. 227; skal búandi hverr augljós nef hafa af bryggju-sporði á skoru-kefli fyrir ármann, i. e. every franklin has to shew up the poll on a score-roll before the king's officer, N. G. L. i. 200. 3. the neb, beak, bill, of birds, Fms. viii. 10; nefin ok klærnar, Nj. 272, Stj. 90; fugls-nef, uglu-nef, arnar-nef, hrafns-nef, Sdm. passim; also hrúts-nef, a ram's nose, 1812. 66: the saying, lítið er nef várt en breiðar fjaðrir, Bs. i. 676, of high aspirations and weak efforts, see fjöðr: of things, klappar-nef, a jutting rock; skogar-nef, q. v.; steðja nef, the nose (small end) of a stithy; keips-nef, a thole, a rowlock pin: cp. the riddle or pun, liggr á grúfu og horfir upp nef -- á ausu ! of the hook on a ladle's handle. II. as a nickname, Gísl.; = Nosey, cp. Lat. Naso. COMPDS: nef-björg, f. a nose-shield, part of a visor, Fms. i. 178, Orkn. 148. nef-dreyri, a, m. a bleeding at the nose, Sturl. ii. 66, Pr. 474. nef-fölr, adj. pale-nebbed, Vsp., Akv. nef-gildi, n., see below, nef-glita, u, f. a nickname, glitter-nose, Sd. 145. nef-langr, adj. long-nebbed, Sturl. ii. 133 C. nef-lauss, adj. noseless, without a nose, Rb. 348. nef-lítill, adj. small-nosed, Sd. 147. nef-ljótr, adj. with an ugly nose, Fms. ii. 7, xi. 78. nef-mikill, adj. big-nosed, Eb. 30, Orkn. 66. nef-mæltr, adj. speaking through the nose. nef-gildi, n. [nef], a 'nose-tax,' poll-tax, payable to the king; en sú var orðsending konungs, at hann beiddi þess Íslendinga, at þeir skyldi við þeim lögum taka sem hann hafði sett í Noregi, en veita honum af landinu þegngildi ok nefgildi, penning fyrir hvert nef, þann er tíu væri fyrir alin vaðmáls, Ó. H. 141; nefgildis-skatta þá er Haraldr faðir hans hafði lagt á allt landit lét hann taka hit ytra með sjó ok um Þrænda-lög, ok leggja til skipa-görðar, Fagrsk. 20. This ancient 'nose-tax' was also imposed by the Norsemen on conquered countries, and the name gave rise to strange legends; thus, king Thorgisl, the Norse conqueror of Ireland (A.D. 830-845), is, by an Irish chronicler, said to have levied a tax of an ounce on each hearth, the penalty for defaulters being the loss of their nose. Prof. Munch, Norg. Hist. i. 440, has traced the origin of this legend to the simple fact that the king imposed a 'nose-tax' or poll-tax on the conquered Irish, just as Harold Fairhair afterwards did in Norway. B. [nefi], a weregild payable to the cognates of a person, opp. to bauggildi = the agnate weregild; þat heitir nefgildi er þeir menn taka er kvennsift eru komnir, Grág. ii. 137, N. G. L. i. 185. COMPDS: nefgildis-frændbót, f. compensation of nefgildi, N. G. L. i. 187. nefgildis-maðr, in. a cognate relative, recipient of n., opp. to bauggildis-maðr, Grág. ii. 181, N. G. L. i. 22. nef-gildingr, m. = nefgildismaðr, Grág. ii. 178. nef-gjöld, n. = nefgildi (II), Hkv. 1. 12. NEFI, a, m. [A. S. nefa; O. H. G. nefo; Germ, neffe; cp. Lat. nepos; Fr. neveu; Engl. nephew] :-- a law term, a cognate kinsman; nefi jarla, an earl's nephew, Sighvat, Edda (Gl.); nið eðr nefa, Grág. i. 137; nefi Knúts, Canute's sister's son, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. the name of a dwarf, Edda (Gl.): the name of a sword, id. nefja, u, f. a nickname, Fb. iii. nefjaðr, adj. nebbed, beaked: in compds, bjúg-n., of an eagle. NEFNA and nemna, d, [nafn; Goth. namnjan; Germ.; nennen], to name; kona Manue fæðir son ok nefnir Samson, Stj. 410; nefndú þinn föður! Hkv. Hjörv. 16; veit ek þann mann er þora man, . . . nefndú hann ! Nj. 89; á bréfi þessu vóru nefndir (specially named) hinir stærstu höfðingjar, Fagrsk. 91; maðr er nefndr Mörðr, Nj. 2; nefna sik, to name one's name, 6; Hallfreðr nefndi sik, Fms. ii. 86: n. e-n á nafn, to name by name; hann kallaði á menn mína ok nefndi á nafn, Nj. 211; nefna barn á nafn (in christening), N. G. L. i. 339: in a narrative, maðr er nefndr Mörðr, a man was named M., i. e. there was a man named Mord, Nj. 1; 'maðr er nefndr N.' is a standing phrase in the Sagas: Oddr er maðr nefndr, ok var Örlygsson, Gísl. 12; tveir menn eru nefndir, Þorkatlar tveir, 8; Bræðr þrír eru nefndir til sögunnar, hét einn . . . Nj. 22; sá maðr er nefndr til sögunnar er Geirr goði hét, now the story names a man who hight G., Nj, passim, cp. N. M. hét maðr. 2. to mention by name, to name, point out; vóru þessir staðir á nefndir, Bs. i. 731; hann nefndi til þess skipstjórnar-menn, Eg. 33; nefni ek til þess Björn ok Helga, Ld. 14; hann eggjaði mága sína ok nefndi til Hjarranda, Dropl. 24: instances influenced by the Latin, nefndr Eirikr, the said E., Fms. xi. 412; opt nefndir menn, Dipl. v. 26; fyrr-nefndr, above-named. II. to name, order, appoint; nemdi konungr nökkura menn at ganga upp á eyna, Fms. ii. 285; n. mann til skipstjórnar, Fb. i. 186: as a law term, to call, nefna vátta, n. mann í dóm, Nj. 14, Dropl. 13, Grág. i. 15, 72, passim; n. féránsdóm, Grág. i. 80; n. dóm á máli, Nj. passim: to summon, cite, allir aðrir þeir sem þannig vóru nefndir, Fms. ix. 279: to levy, n. lið ór héruðum, vii. 299; cp. nefnd, dómnefna. III. reflex. to name oneself, give up one's name; hann nefndisk Hrappr, Nj. 130; hanu spyrr hvat kvenna hón væri, hón nefndisk Hallgerðr, id.; hón nefndisk fyrir þeim Gunnhildr, Fms. i. 8; ok nefndisk Þýr, Rm. 10. 2. to be summoned, cited; ef sá maðr lætr í dóm nefnask, Grág. i. 16. nefna, u, f. nomination, Sturl. ii. 27; dóm-n., vátt-n., alþingis-n. nefnd, f. [early Swed. nämd], denomination, Stj. 11. II. as a law term in the Norse (not Icel.) law, nomination, delegation: 1. a fixed amount of levy or contribution in men and ships; hann görði ok nefnd í hverju fylki, hversu mörg skip . . . skyldi vera ór hverju fylki at mönnum ok vápnum ok vistum fyrir útlenzkum her, Fagrsk. 20; konungr stefndi þing í bænum, hann görði þá bert fyrir allri alþýðu at hann mun leiðangr hafa úti um sumarit fyrir landi, ok hann vill nefnd hafa ór hverju fylki bæði at liði ok skipum, Fms. ii. 245; stefndi hann til lendum mönnum sínum ok hafði nefndir ór landi, x. 94; almenniligar nefndir, N. G. L. i. 446. 2. a body of daysmen or arbitrators to give judg-

NEFNDARDAGR -- NEKKVERR. 451

ment in a case; in the old Swed. law the nämd was composed of twelve members (see Schlyter), cp. early Dan. nævning; in this strictly legal sense the word hardly occurs in ancient Icel. law, but it bears a close resemblance to old Icel. görð and görðar-menn, esp. as described in Nj. ch. 75, 123, 124, see görð II: in the Sagas the word occurs in one or two instances, kvað þat mundi mál manna, at þeir hefði góða nefnd um sættir, Bjarn. 56: in the old laws of Norway it is rare, except in the sense of a levy, see above; at þingit sé skipat, ok nefndir skoðaðar, lögréttu-menn kosnir, Gþl. (pref. vii). 3. mod. a committee. COMPDS: nefndar-dagr, m. a fixed day, N. G. L. i. 142, Orkn. 10. nefndar-lið, n. levied forces, Fms. viii. 285. nefndar-maðr, m. a man nominated as a member of the lögþing (in the Norse sense), a certain fixed number being sent from each county, Gþl. 8-18, Jb. 11 sqq.: a man named for the levy, 98. nefndar-stefna, u, f. a fixed meeting of delegates; á móti eða nefndarstefnu, N. G. L. i. 308. nefndar-særi, n. an oath taken by a body of delegates, N. G. L. i. 430. nefndar-vitni, n. the witness given by a body of named men; skolu tólf frjálsir ok fulltíða menn af honum bera ok eigi nefndar vitni, Gþl. 156 (Js. 34); er hann þjófr nema hann syni með séttar-eiði ok nefndar vitnum, at eigi stal hann, Gþl. 538. nefndar-vætti, n. testimony given by a body of named men, Js. 34. nefni-liga, adv. by name, expressly, Bs. i. 763: namely, mod. nefni-ligr, adj.; nefnilegt fall, nominative, Skálda. nefning, f. a naming, nomination, N. G. L. i. 199: a law term, levying, (nefnd) frjálsir af leiðangrs-görðum ok nefningum, H. E. i. 420; í engum nefningum ok leiðangrs-ferðum skulu þeir vera, D. N. i. 80; vóru minnstar nefningar um Hálogaland, Fms. x. 74, v. l.; almenniligar nefningar, N. G. L. i. 446, v. l. nefr, adj. nosed; in the nicknames Há-nefr, mjó-nefr, etc. nef-reiða, u, f. a kind of personal fee, D. N. v. 660. nefsa, t, to chastise, punish, (obsolete.) nef-sneiðingr, m. zig-zag; fara nefsneiðing. NEFST, f. (nepst), [Swed. näfst], a penalty, chastisement; undir Heilagrar kirkju nefst ok refsing, Munk. 72, D. N. v. 785: en er verra, þat er vita þykkjumk, niðja stríð um nept, my mind bodes me still worse things, a sore retribution to thy sons (a bitter fratricidal strife), Skv. 2. 8, for this must be the true sense of this contested passage; nept for nepst may be right by analogy of heipt and heipst; the word is altogether obsolete in Iceland, but is still in use in Sweden. nef-steði, a, m. a nebbed stithy, Fb. i. 190. nef-steinn, m. a jutting rock, D. N. i. 81. negg, n. [it is prop. identical with Dan. neg = a sheaf of corn, which word is not otherwise found in the Norse or Icel.] :-- poët, the heart, Edda (Gl.); also written hnegg, in hnegg-veröld, the heart's abode, breast, Lex. Poët. NEGLA, d, [nagli], to nail, N. G. L. i. 111, Fbr. 133, Hom. 103, Fms. v. 224, Sks. 707, Eb. 182, Sól. 65, Fb. i. 515, passim: to stud, negldar brynjur, Vkv. 6; ey-negld, hólm-negld, island-studded, holm-studded, an epithet of the sea, Eg. (in a verse), Edda (in a verse). negla, u, f. the bung to close a hole in the bottom of a boat which lets out the bilge-water. negling, f. a nailing, Str. 4. neglingr, m. a kind of itching, as if pricked with nails, Fél. x. negull, m., and negul-nagli, a, m. [from Germ. nägelein, from the likeness to small nails] :-- a clove, spice. NEI, adv. [Ulf. nê; A. S. nâ; Engl. no; Germ, nein; Dan.-Swed. nei] :-- no; nei sem nei er, K. Á. 200; nei, kvað Úlfhéðinn, Fs. 78; kveða nei við, to say no, N. G. L. i. 345; þeir kveða þar nei við, Hkr. i. 277; setja nei fyrir, to set a no against it, refuse, Fms. ix. 242; setja þvert nei fyrir, to refuse flatly, ii. 131, Ld. 196; segja nei móti e-u, to gainsay, D. N. ii. 257. nei-kvæða, d, to disown, with dat., Str. 16; see nékvæða. NEINN, adj. pron., prop. a compd contr. from né einn = not one, none, but afterwards contr.; it is, however, never used as a pure negative, but only after a negative, as indef. pron.; for the older uncontr. usage see né A. II: [cp. A. S. nân; Engl. none] :-- any, Lat. ullus, following after a negation, aldri svá at honum væri nein raun í, never . . . any danger, Nj. 262; varð eigi af neinni eptir-för, Valla L. 196; ekki er þetta furða nein, it is no apparition, Ísl. ii. 337; þess mundi eigi leita þurfa, at konungr mundi neina sætt göra, 84; Erlingr hafði eigi skaplyndi til at biðja konung hér neinna muna um, Ó. H. 47; aldri svá . . . at neitt vápn, Fas. i. 281; kom mér aldregi í hug, at sá mundi neinn vera, Art.; ekki neinu sinni, not once, Fb. i. 104; ekki neins staðar, nowhere :-- where the negation is indirect or understood, lét hann af at eggja konung á neinar ferðir, Fb. ii. 427, (né einar, Fms. vii. 29, l. c.); skal ek miklu heldr þola dauða en veita þeim neitt mein, Nj. 168; at hann mundi taka úmjúkliga á því, at vægjask í neinum hlut til, Ó. H. 51; fyrr skal hón fúna en neinn taki hana, Lv. 50 :-- en neinn = en nokkur, than any; fleira íllt gékk yfir Gyðinga-lýð en yfir neina þjóð aðra, Ver. 42. 2. as subst. anybody; hann tekr enga þá úsæmd til at neinn þori at . . ., Ld. 214; ekki neitt, nothing, Fas. i. 17; hvárki var neitt til, there was not aught of either, Gísl. 37; það er ekki til neins, 'tis of no use. neins-staðar, adv.; ekki n., not anywhere, nowhere. neip, f., pl. neipar, the 'nip,' the interstice between the fingers; í neipinni; perh. better gneip. NEISA, u, f., mod. hneisa, which form also occurs in old vellums, [Swed. nesa] :-- shame, disgrace; this is the true form, as is shewn by the allit. in Hm. 48 and Fm. 11; and also in phrases like, niðra ok neisa; for references see hneisa. neisu-ligr, adj. shameful, degrading. neisa, t, to put to shame; herfiliga neist ok rangliga raskat, Bs. i. 392; for more references see hneisa. neisi, n. = neisa. neisinn, adj. = neiss; in ú-neisinn. neiss, adj. [Swed. nes], inglorious, ashamed; neiss er nökkviðr halr, a saying, a naked man is ashamed, Hm. 48, cp. Gen. iii. 10; Norna dóm þú munt fyrr neisum hafa, thou wilt scorn the doom of the Norns, Fm. 11; þeir sendu hann til sömu eyjar nöktan ok neisan, Barl. 62. neisti, a, m. a spark; see gneisti. NEIT, n. pl. flour, efflorescence, a GREEK. GREEK.; neit Menju góð, the costly flour of Menja, i. e. gold, Skv. 3. 50; the word remains, though with a false aspirate, in common Icel. hneita (q. v.), the white efflorescence on seaweed (söl); akin is the Icel. naut. phrase, það hnitar í báru (in a ditty of Pal Vídal.), the waves are white-tipped (as if sprinkled with flour); the explanation given in Lex. Poët., s. v. neit, is prob. erroneous. NEITA, að, and also neitta, neitti, [Scot, nyte; Dan. nægte], to deny, refuse, absol. or with dat.; konungr neitaði þverliga, Fms. vi. 214; þeir höfðu boðit honum laun, en hann neitti, i. 12; hann neitaði með mikilli þrályndi, x. 306; hinn sem neitar, K. Á. 204; hefi ek þar góðum grip neitt, Fms. vi. 359; er nú vel þú veizt hverju þú neitaðir, 360; neita penningum, xi. 428 :-- with a double dat., neita e-m e-u, vii. 90: with acc. of the thing, ef nokkurr neitar kirkju-garð, K. Á. 68; hverr sá er neitar mitt nafn, þeim (sic) skal ek neita, Barl. 122. 2. to deny, forsake; hann neitaði Guðs nafni, Fms. x. 324; Petrus hafði þrysvar Kristi neitt, Hom. 81; þeir er neittu Kristi, Gd. 49; neitaði þessum nýja konungi, Al. 9; neita villu, Nikuld. 71; þeir neittuðu (v. l. neittu) þessu, Fms. vii. 54. II. reflex., þeim mönnum skal heilagr kirkju-garðr neittask, K. Á., H. E. i. 491; þú snerisk til Guðs ok neittaðisk Djöflinum, Hom. 151. neitan, f. denying; af-neitan, K. Á. 204, Th. 25. neitari, a, m. a denier, Gd. 50. neiting, f. a denial, Hom. 11, Th. 8: gramm. the negative, Skálda 200. NEKKVERR, indef. pron.; this word is a compound of the negative particle né (q. v.) and the pronoun hverr, qs. nih-hverr, ne-hverr, nekkverr; the double k (in the oldest MSS. often represented by cq) may be due to the final h of the particle, as the compd was formed at a time when the final h had not been absorbed into né: [Dan. nogen; Swed. någon.] A. THE FORMS: this pronoun has undergone great changes. The earliest declension is the same as that of hverr, see Gramm. p. xxi; nekkverr, nekkver, Bs. i. 353, Greg. 13, 26, 33, Grág. ii. 205, 206, 304, Fms. x. 389, 393: gen. nekkvers, nekkverrar, passim: dat. nekkverjum, nekkverju, nekkverri, Greg. 16, 79, Eluc. 27, Bs. i. 352: acc. nekkvern, nekkverja, Grág. i. 41, ii. 251, 270, 313, Fms. x. 381, 390, 391, Greg. 15, Bs. i. 337, 344 (line 14), 352: nom. pl. masc. and fem, nekkverir, nekkverjar, Grág. ii. 205, Bs. i. 355: gen. nekkverra, Greg. 23, 28, and so on. The word then underwent further changes, α. by dropping the j; nekkveru, Grág. ii. 281; nekkverar, Fms. x. 381; nekkverum, 382; nekkvera, 393, 415. β. by change of the vowels; nakkverr or nekkvarr, or even nakkvarr, nakkvat, see below; nakkvert, Bs. i. 342 (line 12); nakkvara, Ó. H. 62, 116; nakkvars, Fms. vii. 388, xi. 29, Edda 48; nakkvarir, Fms. vii. 337, Mork. 169; nakkvarar, Fms. vii. 328, Greg. 9; nakkvarra (gen. pl.), D. I. i. 185; nakkvarrar, Ó. H. 116; nakkverrar (gen. fem. sing.), Bs. i. 393. γ. the a of nakk through the influence of the v was changed into ö (nökk), and then into o, and the final va into vo, and in this way the word became a regular adjective, nökkvorr or nokkvorr, nokkvor, Mork. 57, Fms. x. 261; nokkvot, Bs. i. 393; nökkvoð, Mork. 62, Fms. x. 383, 391; nokkvors, passim; nokkvoru, Nj. 34, Fms. x. 393, 394; nokkvorum, 305; nokkvorrar, Edda i. 214; nokkvorn, 210; nokkvorir, Fms. vi. 5, x. 294. δ. the v dropped out; nökkorr, nokkurr, nokkorr, nokkor, Vsp. 33 (Bugge), Greg. 9, Grág. (Kb.) i. 66, 75, 208, ii. 3, Mork. 168, Ó. H. 224, Grág. i. 1, ii. 366, Nj. 267, Fms. ix. 276, x. 135; nokkoð, Hkv. 2. 5; nokkort, Grág. i. 460; nokkorum, Skv. 3. 58 (Bugge), Grág. i. 45, 361, Fms. ix. 370, Nj. 7; nokkoru, Fms. i. 1, x. 420, Grág. ii. 129, Nj. 41, Eg. 394, Hkr. iii. 160; nökkorn, Fms. x. 409; nokkorn, xi. 6, Nj. 6, Mork. 205, Ld. 30; nokkorir, Mork. 205; nokkorar, Nj. 252, Fms. x. 388; see Gramm. p. xxi. ε. finally in mod. usage we have contracted forms before a vowel, thus nokkrir, nokkrum, nokkrar, except that the gen. pl. and gen. fem. sing. are still pronounced as trisyllables, nokkurrar, nokkurra; these contracted forms have erroneously crept into Editions from paper MSS. (as Vd. in the Fs.), where nokkrir etc. should be restored to nokkurir

452 NOKKURNIG -- NEMA.

etc. UNCERTAIN All the above forms occur confusedly even in very old MSS., and even the latest form nokkorr occurs in vellums as old as Cod. Reg. of the elder Edda, in the Mork., Greg., Grág. (Kb.) In addition to the above, there are mixed forms, nekkurr, 623. 41; nekkorar, Fms. x. 388; nekkers, Grág. (Kb.) 22; nökkurja, 623. 50; nakkor, B. K. 124; nokkverja, Fms. xi. 6; nauccverjar, navcqveriom, Mork. 62, 64, 65. II. nakkvat, n. subst., answering to hvat (q. v.), Ó. H. 72, Bs. i. 344, 348, 350, 353, Am. 32, Bugge. 2. nökkvi (Lat. aliquanto), an obsolete dat. (subst.) answering to hví; svá nökkvi, Hallfred (Fs. 89); í nökkvi, in aught, Hom. 43; af nökkvi, for aught, Fs. 94 (v. l.), Fms. iii. 27; noqvi, Hkv. 2. 26 (Bugge); nökkvi ofarr, Fms. vii. 304 (in a verse); nökkvi síðarr, ix. 533 (in a verse): in prose, nökkvi yngri, xi. 96; neykvi nær sanni, Hkr. iii. 360; nekkvi réttligar, 677. 11; nökkvi helst, Fms. xi. 78, MS. 677. 6; véla e-n í nökkvi, Grág. ii. 22, 367; því nökkvi, 129; nær sanni nökkvi, Fms. x. 420; neykvi, Am. 26 (Bugge); framast nekkvi. III. the neut. sing, is thus distinguished; nakkvat, nokkvoð, nokkuð (answering to hvat), are often used as a substantive, but nekkvert, nokkvort, nokkurt (answering to hvert), as an adjective. UNCERTAIN The primitive hverr has partly undergone the same metamorphosis as the compd nehverr, and in western Icel. is sounded kvur, and in mod. Norse dialect kor, shewing the complete change. B. THE SENSE: the negative particle, the first part of the compound, has quite lost its force, as is the case with neinn, q. v.; but the word is used in negative sentences = any; á öngum bæ fannsk nökkurr maðr, Fms. ix. 355, and so freq. in mod. usage. 2. single and without a preceding negative; ef nökkurr maðr veit eigi, if anybody know not, Grág. ii. 209; er nökkverr Guð sem várr Guð, 623. 35; ef hann vissi nökkurn hest jafnskjótan, Fms. vii. 169. 3. as subst., nokkut = anything, nokkur = anybody; ef þér segit nokkurum, if you tell it to anybody, Nj. 7; ef nokkurr hefir, Grág. ii. 366; eldi eða því nokkuru, fire or any such thing, 129; styrkja e-n at nokkuru, Nj. 41; ef hann meiðir í nökkuru lönd manna, Grág. ii. 281; kanntú nokkut í lögum, Nj. 33: with gen., nekkverr yðar, any of you, 677. 13; nokkort þessarra húsa, Grág. i. 460; nakkverr þeirra manna, 232: with prep., nokkura af þessum konum, any of these women, Ld. 30; nökkut manna, Fms. vi. 121. II. some, a certain . . ., Lat. quidam; maðr nokkurr, kona nokkur, konur nokkurar, Nj. 252, passim; nokkora hríð, for some time, 2, Fms. xi. 6; nekkverja lund, Grág. ii. 251; nakkvorir stórir höfðingjar, Fms. vii. 338; nokkvorir Íslenzkir menn, x. 294; nokkor góð verk, nekkver íll verk, 677. 9, 25, 26; um dag nekkvern, a certain day, Fms. x. 391; þann bjargkvið nekkvern (some such), Grág. i. 41; at þeim hlut nokkorum, 361; nokkvot þorp, Fms. x. 294; ráð nakkvað, xi. 16; fé nökkvart, Grág. ii. 262: as subst., nokkuru fyrir vetr, a while before winter, Eg. 394; nokkuru meir, somewhat more, Fms. i. 1 :-- of some importance, þeim er nokkorir eru í skapi, iv. 80; þeir einir menn ef nokkut var til, of any weight, Eg. 267, and so in countless instances. III. spec. usages, added to a numeral, about; þrjú nokkur, Nj. 267; nokkur sex skip eða sjau, Fms. ix. 276; braut nokkur tíu skip, x. 135; með nokkur fimm hundrað manna, ix. 276; til nokkurra fjórtán hundraða, H. E. i. 418; nokkurum tveim sinnum eða þrim, Fms. ix. 370. 2. svá nokkut, thereabouts; lið svá nokkuru mart, Fms. xi. 48; svá nokkoru mikit, x. 4; svá nokkuru mjök, Nj. 228; svá nokkvoru mun yðar leita farit, 34; svá nakkvarn, Fms. v. 319; nokkurs til þungr, Ld. 128; nokkurs til seinir, Fms. xi. 29; slíkt nökkut, iv. 283; svá nokkuru, í nökkvi öðru, Hom. 25; svá nökki, about so, Hallfred; stórt nokkuð, somewhat great, Ld. 104 :-- about, var kveðit á viku stef nokkut, a notice of about a week was given, Eg. 394. IV. adverbial usages, the neuter being used as adverb; something, a deal, marka nakkvat skaplyndi hans, Fms. xi. 78; breytask nökkvat, 99; henni var skapþungt nokkut, Nj. 11: in some way, somehow, at hann skyldi nokkot benda hvat sveinninn skyldi heita, 625. 86: nökkut svá, a bit, somewhat; hann gékk um teiginn uokkut svá, Ísl. ii. 354; stóð höfuð gneipt af bolnum nakkvat svá, Eb. 244; sefask konungr n. svá, Fms. xi. 11, 129 :-- neykvi nær sanni, somewhat nearer the truth, Hkr. iii. 360; var þat nær sanni nökkvi, Fms. x. 420, see the references above (A). 2. perhaps, may be; vilt þú nökkut taka við fjárfari mínu? Nj. 40; viltú n. sonu þína við láta vera, 65; ef hann hefði nokkut siglt til annarra landa, 41; ef Gunnarr hefði n. þess leitað, 47. 3. nokkor, used as neut. adv.; svá nokkor mikit (about so much) fólk er í eynni, Sks. 95 B. 261 :-- with the notion of somewhat, may be, perhaps, probably, or the like, at þeir mundu nokkor vera í nánd löndum, Nj. 267, Fms. i. 40; nokkur annars staðar, Fms. viii. 360; nokkur neðan á líkamanum, Stj. 98; nokkur námunda þessari bygð, 122; nokkur til heiðinna landa, Fms. ii. 16; ef vér heyrum nokkvor barns grát, x. 218; ef nokkor þess er ván, Grág. ii. 129; þú vart nokkor at vera, Al. 154; vera má at Guð yðvarr sé farinn nokkvor, Stj. 593. 1 Kings xviii. 27. C. COMPDS: nokkurn-ig, adv. in some way, Fms. xi. 110; mun hann mér n. vel taka, Nj. 255; þér mun nokkurninn vel fara til mín, Ísl. ii. 441. nokkurs-konar, adv. of some kind, Edda i. 218, Dipl. i. 7, Stj. 177. nokkurs-staðar, adv. somewhere, Grág. i. 481. nekt, f. [nökviðr], nakedness. NEMA, conj. [compounded of the negative particle ne, and the adverb if or ef (q. v.) in an older dissyllabic form ifa; for the change of f into m see the introduction; cp. Ulf. nibai; A. S. nemne, nimne; O. H. G. nibu, nibi, nubi; Hel. nebu; early Swed. num; cp. Lat. ni-si, see Grimm's Gramm. iii. 724.] B. Except, save, but; manngi, nema einn Agnarr, Gm. 2; nema þér einum, Vkv. 24; allra nema einna, 26, Ls. 11; nema við þat lík at lifa, Hm. 96; nema sá einn Áss, Ls. 11; hvar kómu feðr várir þess, . . . hvar nema alls hvergi? Ísl. ii. 236; öngu nema lífinu, Nj. 7; öllu gózi nema búinu, Fms. ix. 470; engi nema þú einn, Barl. 207; engi nema Bergþórr, Fms. vii. 141; kom viðrinn á kirkju-sand, nema tvau tré kómu á Raufarnes, save that two trees came to R., Landn. 51, v. l.; Ólafr hafði mörg sár ok flest smá, nema tvau vóru nökkvi mest, Fb. i. 501; nema ek hélt, Óg. 23; þeir blandask eyvitar við aðra ísa nema sér einum heldr hann, Sks. 176 B; vætki of sýti'k nema hræðumk helvíti, Hallfred; lét Koðran skíra sik ok hjú hans öll, nema Ormr vildi eigi við trú taka, Bs. i. 5. II. with subj. unless; aldrei, nema okkr væri báðum borit, Ls 9; nema þú hánum vísir . . . eða mey nemir, Hkv. 1. 19; nema ek dauðr sjá'k, 20; nema geðs viti, Hm. 19; nema hann mæli til mart, 26; nema haldendr eigi, 28; nema til kynnis komi, 32; nema reisi niðr at nið, 71; nema einir viti, 97; nema ek þik hafa, Hkv. Hjörv. 7; nema sjálfr ali, Stor. 16; nema þeir felldi hann, Edda 36; öngir þóttu lögligir dómar nema hann væri í, Nj. 1; nema maðr verði sjúkr eða sárr, Grág. i. 141; nema lands-fólkit kristnaðisk, Hkr. i. 248; nema mér banni hel, Fb. ii. 59; hann heyrði eigi nema æpt væri at honum, Fms. iv. 204, and in countless instances in old and mod. usage. 2. in phrases such as 'veit ek eigi nema . . .,' like Lat. nescio an, implying an affirmation; þú veizt eigi nema sá verði fégjarn, Sks. 28; nú veit ek eigi nema nökkurr verði virðing af at hafa þessu máli, Band. 34 new Ed.; hverr veit nema ek verða víða frægr um síðir, who can tell but that I shall be a widely known man some day? Fms. vi. (in a verse); nú veit ek eigi nema yðr þykki minna vega mín reiði en Sigurðar konungs, now know I not if, vii. 141; eigi veit ek nema þetta væri ráðligt, en eigi má ek þat vita . . ., viii. 95 :-- with indic., kveðkat ek dul nema hún hefir, there is no doubt but that she has, Ýt. 7; hver sé if nema rögn stýra, who can doubt that ? Vellekla. III. irreg. usages; ef nokkurr maðr ferr á jörðu, nema (in the case that, supposing that) sá vili á búa, sem fé á í jörðu, þá rænir sá hann, Gþl. 357: því at eins, nema, only in that case, if (but not else); ráðit þér því at eins á þá nema pér sét allir sem öruggastir, only in the case if, i. e. do not attack them unless, Nj. 228; því at eins mun hann sættask vilja, nema hann gjaldi ekki, 254; skal hann því at eins í braut hafa þann hval, nema hann láti bera vitni, Jb. 326: þat man því at eins, nema ek nái ráða-hag við Melkorku, Ld. 70; því at eins ferjanda, nema fjörbaugr komi fram, Nj. 240; oss þykkir þú því at eins veita skylda þjónustu konungi, nema þú leggir af tignar-klæðin, Fms. ix. 432. 2. nema heldr, but rather; eigi má þat menn kalla, nema heldr hunda, not men, but rather dogs, Bær. 9; sver ek eigi at eins fyrir mik, nema heldr fyrir allra þeirra sálir, Gþl. 69; hón hafði eigi hreinlífi at eins, nema heldr ok alla gæzku, Hom. 128; nema enn, but on the contrary; at glæpask eigi lengr í félags-skap við Philistim, nema enn skulu þér . . ., Stj. 412, 428, 442: eigi at eins óttaðisk hann um sjálfs síns líf, nema jamvel um alla aðra sína frændr, but also, Barl. 73: fyrr nema = fyrr enn, fyrr skal dólga dynr, nema ek dauðr sják (= fyrr en ek sé dauðr), Hkv. 1. 20 :-- hefi ek vist sét þat gull, at öngum mun er verra, nema betra sé, which is not worse, if it is not even better, Fb. i. 348. NEMA, pres. nem; pret. nam, namt, nam, pl. námu; subj. næmi; part. numinn, older nominn, N. G. L. i. 200, Hom. 100; with neg., suff. nam-a, Hkv. 2. 15: [Ulf. niman = GREEK; A. S. neman; Germ. nehmen; freq. in Early Engl.; in mod. Engl., where it is superseded by the Scandin. taka, it survives in nimble and numb = A. S. be-numen = lcel. numinn.] A. To take; the use of the word in this, its proper sense, is limited, for taka (q. v.) is the general word, whereas nema remains in special usages; nema upp, to pick up, Hm. 140; nema e-n ór nauðum, Fsm.; þar er gull numit upp í söndum, Rb. 350; at hann nemr hann ór kviðnum, ok kveða á hvert hann nemr hann ór sínu órnámi, eða annars manns, Grág. i. 51; reifa mál þeirra er ór dóminum eru numnir, 79; hann á kost at nema þá upp alla senn, 51 :-- nema af, to abolish; þessi heiðni var af numin á fára vetra fresti, Nj. 165, Íb. 4 :-- nema frá, to except; nema konur eða þeir menn er hann næmi frá, 5; á þeim tíðum er uú eru frá numnar, Grág. i. 325 :-- upp numinn, taken up into heaven; Enoch var upp numinn, Stj. 41. 2. to take by force, seize upon; þá menn er konu hafa numit (carried off), Grág. i. 354; hann nam sér konu af Grikklandi, Rb. 404; Jupiter þá er hann nam Europam, 732. 17; Björn nam Þóru á brott, Eg. 155; ek nam konu þessa er hér er hjá mér, Nj. 131; hann segir hann hafa numit sik í burt af Grænlandi undan Sólar-fjöllum, Bárð. 32 new Ed.: nema nes-nám, Danir ok Svíar herjuðu mjök í Vestr-víking ok kómu þá opt í Eyjarnar er þeir fóru vestr eða vestan, ok námu þar

NEMA -- NESNÁM. 453

nesnám, Fms. iv. 229, (see nesnám, landnám) :-- in a lawful sense, nema land, to take possession of a land, as a settler (landnám II); hann nam Eyjafjörð allan. 3. nema e-n e-u, to bereave one of a thing; nema e-n höfði, aldri, fjörvi, Gkv. 2. 31, 42; verða ek á fitjum þeim er mik Niðaðar námu rekkar, Vkv.; hví namtú hann sigri þá ? Em. 6; sigri numnir, Fms. xi. 306 (in a verse); numinn máli, bereft of speech, Geisli 34; fjörvi numna, life-bereft, Eb. (in a verse); hann lá þar lami ok öllu megni numinn, Hom. 116; þar til er lands-menn námu þá ráðum, used force, coerced them, Bs. i. 24; ríkir menn verða þá ráðum nomnir, Hom. 100; ef hann vill eigi nema trúa því, if he will not believe it, N. G. L. i. 88. 4. to reach, touch, hit; í hvítu pilzi, þat var svá sítt at þat nam hæl, Fas. ii. 343; nema hjöltin við neðra gómi, Edda 20; allir þeir sem oddrinn nam, Skíða R. 183; hvárt nam þik eðr eigi! Nj. 97; ok nema hann þar nauðsynjar, at hann má eigi lík færa, and if he is held back by necessity, N. G. L. i. 14, K. Á. 70; þótt þik nótt um nemi, if the night overtake thee, Sdm. 26: hence the saying, láta þar nótt sem nemr, to leave it to the night as it takes one = to take no care of the morrow :-- nema stað, to take up one's position, halt, Nj. 133, 197, Fms. i. 167, vii. 68, Eg. 237. 5. spec. phrases; Kolskeggr nam þar eigi yndi, Nj. 121; ef hann vildi þar staðfestask ok nema yndi, Fms. i. 103 :-- nema staðar = nema stað, Nj. 54, 205, 265, Ld. 104, Stj. 486, Fms. i. 206: of a weapon, hefi ek þat sverð er hvergi nemr í höggi stað, I have so keen a sword that it never stops in its stroke, i. e. it cuts clean through anything, Fas. ii. 535; oddrinn nam í brynjunni staðar, Al. 76; svá at staðar nam (naf Cod. Reg.) höndin við sporðinn, Edda 40; nema hvild, to take rest, Alm. 1; nema veiðar, to take the prey, to hunt, Hým. 1. 6. to amount to, be equivalent to; ef eigi nemr kúgildi, Grág. ii. 233; honum þótti landauðn nema, Íb. 4; það nemr öngu, litlu, miklu, it is of no, of small, of great importance; bríkr þær er greyping hefir numit, Gþl. 345. 7. nema við, to strike against so as to stop, come no further; nam þar við ok gékk eigi lengra, Fms. xi. 278; en gadd-hjaltið nam við borðinu, Eb. 36. 8. metaph. to stop, halt; hér munu vér við nema, Finnb. 236; þar námu þeir Hrafn við í nesinu, Ísl. ii. 266; hann býsk við, ok vill enn við nema, þótt liðs-munr væri mikill, Bjarn. 54; konungr verðr glaðr við er hann skal fyrir hafa funnit þá menn er eigi spara viðr at nema, Al. 46; en ef þat nemr við förinni, at þú þykisk hafa fé oflítið, þá . . ., Ld. 70; er þat úvizka at bera eigi slíkt, ok mun þat eigi við nema, Glúm. 327; at konungr mundi fátt láta við nema, at sættir tækisk, i. e. that he would do anything for the sake of peace, Eg. 210. II. as an auxiliary verb, emphatic, like Engl. do, did, with infin.; Höðr nam skjóta (H. did shoot) . ., sá nam einnættr vega, Vsp. 37; þá nam at vaxa, Hkv. 1. 9; hann nam at vaxa (he 'took to growing') ok vel dafna, Rm. 19; inn nam at ganga, 2; lind nam at skelfa, 9, 35; nam hón sér Högna heita at rúnum, Skv. 3. 14; róa námu ríki, they did row mightily, Am. 35; nam hann vittugri valgaldr kveða, Vtkv. 4; nama Högna mær of hug mæla, Hkv. 2. 15; þat nam at mæla, Og. 9: seldom in prose, ek nam eigi trúa á þat er hann sagði, Post.; Falka hestr Þiðreks nemr þetta at sjá, Þiðr. 117. B. Metaph. to take in a mental sense or by the senses, to perceive, like Lat. apprehendere, comprehendere, freq. in old and mod. usage: I. to perceive, catch, hear, of sound; en svá mikill ákafi var at hvassleik veðrsins þá er konungr tók at mæla, at varla námu þeir er næstir vóru, Fms. viii. 55; sem þeir vóru langt brottu komnir, svá at þó mátti nema kail milli þeirra ok manna Saul, Stj. 486; þeir skulu svá nær sitjask, at hvárirtveggju nemi orð annarra, Grág. i. 69; engi nam mál annars, Nj. 164; mál nam í milli þeirra, Fms. v. 31; eigi skulu vér þat mál svá nema, we shall not understand it so, Hom. 156. II. to learn; klök nam fugla, Rm.; hann hafði numit svá lög, at hann var enn þriðr mestr laga-maðr á Íslandi, Nj. 164; inir hæstu turnar hafa numit honum at hníga, Al. 90; nú var Þórir þar ok nam þar fjölkyngi, Fb. iii. 245; Óðinn var göfgastr, ok at honum námu þeir allir íþróttirnar, Hkr. i; nema nám, to take in, acquire learning, Bs. i. 92, 127; see nám :-- to 'catch,' learn by heart, þær kváðu vísur þessar en hann nam, Nj. 275; vísur þessar námu menn þegar, Ó. H. 207; en hinn nemi, er heyrir á, Darrl.; Þórdís nam þegar vísuna, Gísl. 33 :-- to learn from, þvar namtu þessi hnæfilegu orð ? nam ek at mönnum . . ., Hbl.; nema ráð, Hm.; menn nemi mál mín ! Ó. H. (in a verse) :-- nema e-t at e-m, to learn something, derive information from one, ek hefi hér verit at nema kunnustu at Finnum, Fms. i. 8; hann nam lögspeki at Þorsteini, Ísl. ii. 205; hann nam kunnáttu at Geirríði, Eb. 44; Glúmr hafði numit þenna atburð at þeim manni er hét Arnórr, Fms. i. 266; en Oddr nam at Þorgeiri afráðs-koll . . ., Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði Snorra dóttur Goða . . . hann hafði numit af gömlum mönnum ok vitrum, . . . eptir því sem vér höfum numit af fróðum mönnum, . . . þótt hverr maðr hafi síðan numit at öðrum, . . . ok hafa menn síðan at þeim numit, Ó. H. (pref.); nemi þér af mér, Fms. viii. 55. C. Reflex., prop. to take, seize for oneself: 1. to take by force; ef maðr nemsk konu, ok samþykkjask þau síðan, þá . . ., H. E. i. 247. β. to stop; ok hafða ek þat sverð, sem aldri hefir í höggi stað numisk (= numit), Fas. ii. 208; friðr namsk, ceased. γ. to refuse, withhold from doing; hann bað hann eigi nemask með öllu at göra sem bændr vildu, Hkr. i. 142; hverr bóndi er þat nemsk (who makes default), gjaldi . . ., K. Á. 40; þar var kominn fjöldi liðs ór Austr-löndum til móts við hann, ok námusk förina (refused to go) ef hann kæmi eigi, Fb. ii. 71; en ef maðr nemsk leiðangrs-görð, eðr leiðangrs-ferð, þá hafi ármaðr sótt þat fyrr en skip komi á hlunn, . . . at hann hafi leiðangr görvan ok eigi fyrir nomisk, N. G. L. i. 200; en þó vil ek eigi fyrir minn dauða at nemask (disregard) hans orðsendingar, O. H. L. 29. 2. to learn; láttú nemask þat, learn, take heed that, Skv. 1, passim; eptir þetta nemask af aptrgöngur hans, Ld. 54. II. part. numinn, as adj. numb, seized, palsied; hann var allr numinn öðrum megin, ok mátti eigi mæla hálfum munni, Ann.; þá varð ek sem ek væra numinn, Mar.; vera frá sér numinn, to be beside oneself, from joy, astonishment, or the like, cp. the references above (A. 3). NENNA, t, [Ulf. nanþjan = GREEK; A. S. nêþan; O. H. G. nendian, whence the Germ. pr. name Ferdi-nand = the doughty, striving] :-- to strive, with dat. or infin., but only used in peculiar phrases; nenna e-u or n. at göra e-t, to have a heart, mind for a thing; hann nennti eigi starfi því ok áhyggju, Bs. i. 450; sem synir mínir nenni eigi (cannot bear) þessari kyrrsetu lengr, Ld. 262; mun ek eigi n. öðru (I cannot longer forbear to) en fara í móti þeim, Fb. ii. 41; hann kvaðsk eigi lengr nenna at þola háð ok spott, Ísl. ii. 269; ek nennta at vísu at neyta vápna, 366; þeir nenntu eigi at verja sik, Orkn. 78; ólíkr er Gísli at þolinmæði, þvíat þessu mundu engir nenna at ljá nú gripina, þannig sem hann er áðr beiddr, Gísl. 112; eigi nenni ek (I have no mind) at hafa þat saman at veita Högna enda drepa bróður hans, Nj. 145; slíkar eptir-görðir sem hverr nennti (was minded) framast at göra eptir sinn vin eða náung, Fms. viii. 103; ef nokkorir eru þeir er nenna (who wish) at hverfa aptr til bæjarins, 320; nú nenni ek eigi at vér farim svá halloki, Fær. 228; eigi nenni ek því (I cannot forbear) at marka hann eigi, Fms. ii. 61; Gyrgir nennti eigi (could not bear) brott at fara við lítið fé eðr ekki, 152; Hrafn nennti eigi at starfa, H. would not work, was lazy, vi. 102; whence the mod. eg nenni því ekki, I will not, I am too lazy to do it; þú nennir öngu, tbou art good for nothing! hann er svo latr . . . hann nennir ekki neitt að gera, Grönd. II. spec. usage, to travel, only in poets; nenna víða, to travel wide, Hallfred; nenna e-m á þingi, to go to meet one, join one, Skm.; glaðir nennum vér sunnan, glad we journey from the south, Edda (in a verse); nenna norðr, to journey northwards; nenna þinnig, to fare thither, Lex. Poët. nenna, u, f. energy, nennu-lauss, adj. listless, idle, Al. 100. nenning, f. activity, energy, Edda 109, Fms. v. 177 (in a verse), Hom. (St.) COMPDS: nenningar-lauss, adj. slothful, Fms. iii. 158, Fbr. 92 new Ed. nenningar-leysi, n. irksomeness, Grág. i. 301, Róm. 344. nenninn, adj. active, striving, Sighvat, Lex. Poët., and in poët, compds; fjöl-n., marg-n., doing much good work; þrek-n., doughty. nennir, m. [prob. an assimilated form, qs. neknir, see the remarks s. v. nykr] :-- the popular name of the nykr (q. v.), Maurer's Volks. nepja, u, f. [napr], chilliness, bitter cold; en undir birtinguna andar köld nepja frá fljótinu, Od. v. 469. neppi-liga, adv. [Swed. näppeligen], hardly; n. eðr ekki, Stj. 25; þeim vannsk n., the ends did hardly meet, 195. NEPPR, adj. scant; ganga neppr níu fet, to walk with pain nine paces, Vsp.; fjör-neppr, scant of life, Fbr. (in a verse); nauð görir neppa kosti, Rkv. NES, n., gen. pl. nesja, dat. nesjum, [A. S. næs; Engl. ness; Germ. nase; Lat. nasus = nose; as also nös nasar, = the nostrils, are kindred words] :-- a ness projecting into the sea or a lake; undir nesi einu, Nj. 43; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129; nesit þat er fram gékk í sjóinn, Fbr. 89 new Ed.; vatn þat er nes liggr í, Ísl. ii. 345: even of a river (= oddi), Nj. 95, 96; ann-nes or and-nes, q. v.: of a slip of land, búar skulu rétta merki, ok jamna þar nesjum saman, Grág. ii. 262, 263. II. freq. in local names, Nes, in plur. and sing. Nesjum, and in compds, Álpta-nes, Laugar-nes, Langa-nes, Mjóva-nes, Suðr-nes, Norð-nes, Landn., Fms., and map of Iceland; in Norway, Nesjar, f. pl. (see Gramm. p. xxvii, col. 2), whence Nesja-bardagi, -orusta, the battle of N., fought on Palm Sunday, A. D. 1014; Nesja-vísur, a song on the battle of N., Ó. H.: in Scotland, Kata-nes, and Nes, = Caithness, Orkn. passim; austr á Nesjum, Fms. ix. 421, of the coast of Scotland as seen from the Isle of Man; as also in many Engl. and Scot, local names. COMPDS: Nes-hraun, Ness lava, Landn. Nes-menn, m. pl. the men from Nes, Landn. Nes-þjóðir, f. pl. the people of Caithness, Fms. x. nes-höfði, a, m. a headland, Fms. iii. 44. nes-konungr, m. a 'ness-king,' a nickname of the old sea kings, who had no lands, but their ships, for a kingdom, Fms. ix. 255; skjótt man eigi vanta annan tíma neskonunga í Noregi ef því skal fram haldask, N. G. L. iii. 33; þá munu margir verða neskonungar brátt, Fms. ix. 255. nes-nám, n.; nema nesnám, to make a 'ness-raid,' a term used by the old vikings when they landed on narrow headlands and took cattle and provisions by force; nema nesnám ok höggva strandhögg, Eg. 81, Orkn 64, Fms. i. 195.

454 NESODDI -- NIÐR.

nes-oddi or nes-tangi, a, m. a point of a ness, Nj. 125, Fms. vii. 361, Fs. 51. NEST, n., mod. nesti, n. [A. S. nest; Dan. niste] :-- viands, provisions, Lat. viaticum; hann batt nest þeirra allt í einn bagga ok lagði á bak sér, Edda 29; ok vóru á öðrum vistir þeirra bræðra ok ætlaðar þeim til nests, Ísl. ii. 342; skal hann bera, ef hann vill, nest sitt til skips, N. G. L. i. 143; veg-nest, viaticum, Hm. 11; far-nest, q. v.: allit., með nesti og nýja skó, furnished with 'nest' and new shoes. nestis-lauss, adj. without nest. nesta, t; nesta sik, to provide oneself with food. II. to pin = nista; ok næsti (sic) hann út við borðit, O. H. L. 20. nest-baggi, a, m. a 'nest' bag, wallet, Edda 29. nest-lok, n. pl. the 'bottom of the bag;' in the adverb. phrase, at nestlokum, at last, finally, Bs. i. 417 (at nêst lokum Ed.); en at nestlokum sverði höggvinn, Blas. 51; mon ok Goð láta eldinn ganga yfir heiminn at nestlokonom, Hom. (St.); at nestlokum krossfestr, 656 B. 4; at n. vinnr Már á Þórði, Sturl. i. 10: with gen., at nestlokum málsins, 23, v. l.; at nestlokum æfinnar, Hom. (St.) NET, n., gen. pl. netja, dat. netjum, [Ulf. nati = GREEK; A. S. and Engl. net; Hel. neti; Germ, netz; Swed. nät] :-- a net; tók hann lín ok garn ok reið á möskva svá sem net er síðan, Edda 39 (in the mythical story of the origin of the net as an invention of Loki); ef maðr hittir net í látrum sínum ok sel í, þá á hann net ok svá sel, til hinn leysir landnámi net út, N. G. L. i. 45; nú tekr maðr síld ór netjum manna, ii. 136; leggja net í á, Grág. ii. 350; hvárki net né öngla, K. Þ. K.; netja spell, damage of nets, N. G. L. ii. 136, 137; netja stæði -- netlög. Boldt 134; netja veiðr, a net-haul, id.; ríða net, to make a net; drag-net, a drag-net, draw-net; lag-net, a lag-net; slag-net, a casting-net, for catching birds :-- metaph., net lifrar = reticulum jecoris, Stj. 310. Exod. xxix. 13, 22. net-flár, f. pl., and net-kubbar, m. pl. the quills of a net. net-háls, n. the neck or throat of a net, Post. 656 C. 5. netja, að, to net, catch: metaph. netjaðr, netted, entangled, Fms. x. 404; allri skurðgoða villu er hann hefir yðr í netjað, i. 282; er hann nú svá í netjaðr ást hennar, Str. 24 :-- reflex., netjask í bandi, H. E. i. 238, Str. 9. netja, u, f. the net-like caul of fat enclosing the stomach of animals, Lat. omentum, Stj. 250, Sks. 129, and in mod. usage. net-lagnir, f. pl. places where nets are spread. net-lög, n. pl. 'net-layings', i. e. the right of laying nets in certain waters; hann skyldi rýma netlögin fyrir þeim, Fs. 35; kirkja á selveiði við Eiðsker ok tvau netlög, Vm. 57; menn eigu at veiða fyrir útan netlög at úsekju, Grág. ii. 358. net-næmr, adj. that may be caught in a net; netnæmir fiskar, Grág. i. 149. net-röst, f. = netlagnir, on the sea, D. N. ii. 4. nettr, adj. neat, handsome, (mod. and for.) net-þinull, m. the upper net-line, bordering the net, Edda 39. NEYÐ, f. need, distress, Hkr. iii. 288, Stj. 182, 213; this form is very freq. in mod. usage, esp. in hymns, Vídal., the Bible, instead of the older nauð (q. v.), e. g. Pass. 41. 1. COMPDS: neyðar-kostr, m. a dire choice. neyðar-úrræði, n. pl. dire expedients. neyða, d, [nauð], to force, compel; neyða e-n til e-s, Grág. i. 306, O. H. L. 41; ek þykkjumk þó mjök neyddr til hafa verit, Nj. 88; þeir neyddu hann og sögðu, Luke xxiv. 29, passim in mod. usage: to subdue, hann neyddi útrú Gyðinga, Hom. 42. NEYTA, t, [nautr, njóta; Germ, nätzen; A. S. notian; Old Engl. and Scot, note], to use, enjoy, with gen. or absol.; neyta fjár-nytjar þeirrar, to use the milk, Grág. i. 428; koma mun þar at vér munum þess n., Nj. 232; þeim er neytti eðr njóta þyrfti þessa vættis, 238; ok svá allra gagna til at neyta, Grág. ii. 81; þar er menn selja hross sín til geymslu á alþingi at lögmáli, skal sá, er við hefir tekit, at engu neyta, 140; nefnir hann sér vætti þat at lögum, at njóta ok neyta, ii. 79. 2. to consume; neyta matar, to eat, Gísl. 16; at neyta þeirra kykvenda allra er nú eru æt kölluð, Ver. 9; hvers hann hafði neytt ok hvers úneytt, Grág. i. 155. 3. with acc., (less correct and prob. a Norwegianism); vápn, má þau vel neyta á skipi, they may well be used in ships, Sks. 388 B; er alla penninga sína neyta upp (consume, waste) í ofáti ok ofdrykkju, Skálda 208: to eat, skulut þit alla hluti neyta, Sks. 500 B; fyrir því at þú neyttir kviðjaðan ávöxt jarðar, 548 B :-- with dat., in translations influenced by the Lat.uti with abl., neytti hann ílla frjálsu sjálfræði, Mar.; valdsmenn þeir er ílla neyta sínu valdi, Stat. 272. 4. with prep.; neyta af e-u, to eat of it; neyt af því opt, Pr. 472; af því bauð hann okkr ekki neyta, Sks. 504. II. reflex, to be consumed; eyðask ok upp neytask, Stj. 154. neyti, n. [nautr], fellowship, mateship, a company; neyti eru nítján menn, nineteen make a company, Edda 208; bera vætti með neyti þat (with other fellow-witnesses) er ek fæ þér til, Grág. ii. 54; leysa þann kvið af hendi þegar er þeir hafa neyti at, i. 54: esp. in compds, mötu-neyti, föru-n., ráðu-n., lögu-n. (q. v.), etc. 2. use; hafa jarðkost fjallanna ok þó neyti (= not, q. v.) af sjónum, Fs. 20. II. [naut], cattle, in compds, kú-neyti, blót-n., ung-n., q. v. neyting, f. the using a thing, tasting, neytingar-vatn, n. water for domestic use, Gísl. 28, (mod. esp. of drinking water, opp. to water for washing.) neytr, adj. good, fit for use; vápn þat er neytt sé, Grett. 99 A; hesta alla þá er neytir eru, Sturl. iii. 237 :-- neytr at e-u, good for something, at hví neyt sé, for what they are useful, Grág. ii. 266; n. til e-s, andvana lík til einskis neytt, Pass. 4. 23: of persons, good, useful, Kolbeinn féll ok margrir aðrir neytir menn, Bs. i. 141. neyzla, u, f. a using, consuming, Barl. 14, 23. COMPDS: neyzlu-grannr, adj. one who requires little nourishment; hann er n., opp. to neyzlu-frekr. neyslu-salt, n. common salt, Gþl. 430. neyzlu-vatn, n. = neytingarvatn. nezla or nestla, u, f. [nisti], a loop to fasten a cloak or the like, Þorf. Karl. ch. 7: mod. hnezla or hnesla, passim. neztr = neðstr, see neðri, Barl. 155, passim. NIÐ, f., pl. niðar, N. G. L. i. 29; dat. pl. niðjum, Vsp. 6 (later niðum); the gender is seen from the pl. niðar (l. c.) from the compd niðar- below, as also from the provinc. Norse and Swed. near; [Swed. nedar; Dan. næ; Ivar Aasen near] :-- the wane of the moon, when there is 'no moon;' it is in use in Sweden and Denmark, but now obsolete in Iceland, except in the compd niða-myrkr, qs. niðar-myrkr; in old writers esp. in the allit. phrases, ný ok nið, full moon and no moon, Vþm. 25; Máni stýrir göngu tungls ok ræðr nýjum ok niðum, Edda 7; um ny hit næsta ok niðar (acc. pl.), N. G. L. i. 29; nótt með niðum, Vþm. 24; nótt ok niðjum (i. e. niðum) nöfn um gáfu, Vsp. 6; máni, ný, nið, Edda 76: poët., niða borg = the heaven, Skálda (in a verse). COMPDS: Nlða-fjöll, n. pl. a mythical local name, Vsp. niða-myrkr, n. ' nið-mirk,' pitch darkness and no moon; þeir höfðu skriðljós með sér, en niðamyrkr var úti, Ó. H. 71, Fms. ii. 5; n. var á, Eg. 216, 235, Fms. viii. 429: the word is now used without thinking of the moon, simply = pitch darkness; also kol-niðamyrkr, coal-pitch-dark. niða, að, = gniða (q. v.), to rub, Grett. 151 A: to murmur, of water. nið-gjöld, n. pl. weregild after the slaughter of a relative or the weregild payable to the more distant relatives of the slain, opp. to the höfuðbaugr; or even simply = weregild, gjalda hinn vegna niðgjöldum, Grág. ii. 63, 79; skal þessa menn alla gjalda niðgjöldum, 131; þá menn alla skal jamt aptr gjalda niðgjöldum, sem þeir sé vegnir, þótt þeir lifi, svá er mælt, at þat sumar skal niðgjalda heimting upp hetja, er . . ., Grág. ii. 185; gjaldi sendimenn konungs niðgjöldum, Eg. 575, v. l. Niði, a, m. the name of a dwarf, from nið (no moon), Vsp., Edda (Gl.) niðjungr, m. = niðr, a son, relative, Rm. 38, Lex. Poët. :-- the name of a dwarf, from nið, f. (q. v.) nið-kvísl, f. the lineage of agnates, Ýt. nið-myrkr, n. = niða myrkr, Gkv. 2. 12, Fær. 171, Sks. 202, Orkn. 110 (v. l.), 432, Gísl. 60. niðr, m., better gniðr, [from gniða], the murmur of running water, of a brook, stream, ár-niðr, lækjar-niðr, prop. the wearing of the water against the pebbles at the bottom; the word is very freq. in mod. usage. NIÐR, m. some of the cases of which are taken from niðr (gen. niðs), some from a supposed niði (gen. niðja); from the former are nom. niðr, acc. nið, gen. niðs; from the latter, the plur. niðjar, niðja, niðjum; an acc. sing. niðja also occurs, Ó. H. (in a verse), as also gen. sing, niðja, Bragi; cp. also langniðjar: [Ulf. niþjis = GREEK] :-- a son, and hence of any kinsman, a descendant; nema reisi niðr at nið, man after man, Hm. 71; Börs niðr, the son of B. = Odin, Eg. (in a verse); Fjölnis niðr, Yggs niðr, the son of F., of Ygg, Ýt. 6, Fagrsk. (in a verse); Ása niðr, the scion of the A., Ht.; sjávarniðr, the sea's kinsman = fire, Ýt. 4. II. in the law it seems to mean distant relatives (cp. Grág. i. 171 and 237), which is confirmed by the use of the word in the early Swed. niþ, and in niþararf, which, according to Schlyter, means devolution to distant relatives; niðr would therefore answer to mod. Icel. útarfar, as opp. to frændr: it occurs chiefiy in the allit. phrase, inn nánasti niðr, the nearest nið, Grág. i. 171, 175; til ens nánasta niðs, 237; nú lifir ekki þeirra manna, þá skal taka inn nánasti niðr frjáls-borinna manna ok arfgengr, 171; þá eigu þau í föður-ætt at hverfa þar til þau eru sextán vetra, en síðan til ens nánasta niðs, 237; tvá nánustu niði, N. G. L. i. 56; cp. næsti na-nithi in early Dan. law; biðja griða nás nið eðr nefa, Grág. ii. 20. NIÐR, adv. [A. S. nider; Scot, neth; Germ. nieder; Dan. neder; but not in Goth., for Ulf. renders GREEK by dalaþ] :-- down; lúta niðr, to 'lout low,' bow down, Fms. i. 159; falla niðr, to fall down, Nj. 9; falla dauðr niðr, Fms. xi. 145; setjask niðr, to sit down, Nj. 3; færa korn niðr, to sow corn, 169; setja niðr lík, to bury, H. E. i. 491, Fms. iv. 110, x. 406; leggja niðr, to lay down; drepa niðr, to cut down, slaughter, vii. 243; færa niðr, to put doiun, Ld. 168; svelgja niðr, to swallow down, Pr. 475; renna niðr, id. 2. of direction without motion; hamrar eru upp ok niðr frá hellinum, niðr frá Mælifelli, Landn. 71, Fbr. 91 new Ed.; hann hefir upp líking manns, en niðr dýr, Best. 47 :-- with motion, niðr á jörð, Stj. 218; fara niðr á Egiptaland, down to Egypt (from Palestine), Stj. 162, 215. II. metaph.,

455 NIÐRA -- NÍÐA.

koma niðr boði, to celebrate a wedding, Sturl. iii. 277: to hit, lóga eigi beltinu nema þú komir vel niðr, Fms. xi. 272; koma niðr í góðan stað, to fall into good hands; koma hart niðr, to smart, be hardly treated, metaphor from a severe fall, Nj. 165; drepa niðr, to put down, quash, 21, 33, Boll. 346, N. G. L. i. 73; slá niðr, to fling down, Fms. xi. 72. B. niðri, denoting in a place, vera niðri, liggja niðri, etc., passim, see the remarks to frammi (p. 169, col. 2), to which the use of niðri is perfectly analogous :-- down; uppi ok niðri ok þar í miðju, Lil. 1; skoðuðu hann uppi ok niðri, all over, high and low, Skíða R. 196; niðri við sjó, Gísl. 72; vera niðri í kili, Fbr. 81 new Ed. 2. metaph. underneath, Stj. 393: beneath, underneath, secretly, styrktu hann undir niðri til slíkra údáða, Mar.; hann elskaði aðra konu undir niðri, id., passim. niðra, að, mod. hniðra, [Scot, nidder], to put down, lower, with dat.; niðra e-m or e-u; n. blótum, Fb. i. 63; n. drambi e-s, Al. 10; þeir er mér vildu n., Fms. ix. 278; hafa hans frændr niðrat mínum ættmönnum, 306; hver sem mér n. vildi, Pass. 24. 11; ok Guðs andskotum at n., Bær. 18; neist ok niðrat, Bs., with acc. Stj. 67: mod. to pull down, revile, passim in mod. usage. niðran. f., mod. hniðran, degradation, shame, Fms. i. 208, viii. 448 (v. l.), x. 305, Sks. 775 B, Bs. i. 738. niðr-bjúgr, adj. crooked; n. nef, Rm. 10, Ó. T. (in a verse). niðr-brot, n. a 'down-break,' destruction, Rb. 332, Mar., Fms. v. 163. niðrbrots-maðr, m. a destroyer, Bs. i. 724. niðr-brotari, a, m. a destroyer, Bs. i. 733. niðr-dráttr, m. a dragging down, Fb. i. 307. niðr-drep, n. a pulling down, H. E. i. 497. niðr-fall, n. a downfall, Stj. 9, Sks. 146, Barl. 89 :-- destruction, dilapidation, N. G. L. i. 343 :-- metaph. decay, ruin, Stj. 65, Sks. 450: downfall, loss, Fms. x. 31 (v. l.), Bs. i. 92, 132: as a law term, the dropping of a case, handsala n. at sökum, Nj. 21, passim. :-- a plague, Mar. niðrfalls-sótt, f. epilepsy, Mar. niðr-ferð, f. descent, Bev. niðr-ganga, u, f. descent, Bret. 32: setting of the sun, Rb. 472, 476. niðr-gangr, m. = niðrganga :-- medic. diarrhoea. niðri, adv., see niðr B. niðri-vist, f. a remaining below, Fms. vii. 166. niðr-kváma, u, f. a coming down, Mar. niðr-lag, n. an end, conclusion; at niðrlagi mánaðarins, Rb. 28: a saying, lítið upphaf görir stundum ágætt n., MS. 4. 9 :-- of a verse, book, or the like, upphaf ok n. vísu, Vígl. 30; ok er eitt n. (one burden) á öllum, Hkr. iii. 71: lýkr hér sögunni með svá föllnu niðrlagi ok enda, Fas. iii. 452. II. the storing up meat for household use; var þar betri einn sauðr til niðrlags en tveir annars-staðar, Grett. 137 A; lét hann þat standa á niðrlögum sínum, Fas. iii. 383. niðr-leitr, adj. down-looking, Stj. 20, 71, Karl. 553. niðr-lútr, adj. 'down-louting,' downcast, Sighvat, Pass. 16. niðr-níða, d, to dilapidate, esp. of a farm; jörðin er niðrnídd, the estate is let down, is in a bad condition. niðr-raða, að, to arrange; niðr-raðan, f. order, arrangement. niðr-seta, u, f. = niðrsetningr. niðr-setning, f. a setting down, burying, Bs. i. 132. niðr-setningr, m. a pauper, from being distributed (set down) in Icel. among the different households in a parish, (setja e-n niðr á hreppinn.) niðr-staða, u, f. the final end, conclusion of a thing; það var niðrstaðan á því. niðr-stiga, u, f. a descent, Sks. 56. niðr-stigning, f. a descent, Stj. 376, Niðrst. 8, Sks. 55, passim, niðrstigningar-Saga, u, f. the History of the Descent into Hell (sec List of Authors F. III), Am. 3. niðr-stíga, steig, to descend: part. niðrstiginn, descended, Bs. i. 823. niðr-taka, u, f. a pulling down, Fms. xi. 431. niðr-varp, n. an overthrowing, Sks. 526. niðr-víðr, adj. wide or large beneath. Fas. ii. 343. nið-örkliga, adv. hideously; geispa n., Fb. i. 259. NIFL, n. [O. H. G. nibul; Germ. nebel; Lat. nebula; Gr. GREEK] :-- a mist, fog; this ancient word is obsolete in the Northern languages, and solely remains in COMPDS, chiefly mythol.: nifl-farinn, part. gone towards the dark, i. e. the dead, a GREEK. GREEK., Akv. 33. nifl-góðr, adj. a GREEK. GREEK. in a doubtful passage, Stor. 15. Nifl-hel, f. the Tartarus of the heathen mythology, deeper down than Hel (Hades); wicked men are said to die a second death and pass from Hel into Niflhel; fyrir Niflhel neðan, hinnig deyja or Helju halir, Vþm. 43; ríða norðr til Niflheljar, Vtkv. 2; vándir menn fara til Heljar ok þaðan í Niflhel, Edda; ok sendi hann (the giant) niðr undir Niflhel, 27. Nifl-heimr, m. Hades, Edda 18, -- Hel kastaði hann í Niflheim ok gaf henni vald yfir níu heimum, Edda 4; fyrr var þat mörgum öldum en jörð var sköpuð, er Niflheimr var görr, 3. nifl-vegr, m. pl. the foggy way, Gg. 13. Niflungar, n. pl. the Niebelungen, of the Germ. tales; the older form hniflungar (q. v.) shews that the word cannot be derived from nifl; the derivation in Edda 104, 105 (from king Nefir) is fanciful, and a later invention; hodd Niflunga (hniflunga ?) = Nibelungen hort, Akv.; Niflunga skattr, id.; Niflunga arfr, id., Bm. Nikuðr, Nikuðs, Nikarr, m. one of the names of Ódin, Gm., Edda (Gl.); but, as suggested by Finn Magnusson in Lex. Mythol. s. v., it no doubt was originally the name of Neptune or a water-goblin, cp. Nykr. NIPT, f., acc. nipti, as if from niptr, Hkv. 2. 28, [nefi] :-- a female relative, Edda (Gl.): a sister, ek hefi nauðigr nipti grætta, Hkv. 2. 28; nipt ok dísi nú mun ek telja, Edda (Gl.); nipt Nara = Hel, Höfuðl. 9, cp. Edda 18; Njörfa nipt, id., Stor. 24; nipt Nera, of a weird sister, Hkv. 1. 4; nipt Tveggia bága (= the sister of Fenrir = Hela) Stor. 24: a daughter, heil Nótt ok nipt, hail Night and daughter = the Earth, Sdm. 3, see Edda 7: a niece, Freys nipt, the niece of Frey, i. e. Hnoss, the daughter of Frey's sister Freyja, Edda (in a verse) :-- of a nun, as it seems, Sighvat (in a verse) :-- hlað-nipt, see hlað. NIST and nisti, n. a brooch or pin, as also a locket; that it was shaped like a pin is seen from the verb nista, see Worsaae, Nos. 371-373, 384 sqq., 425 sqq.; Halldórr hafði yfir sér skikkju ok á nist löng sem þá var títt, . . . sprettr Halldórr upp svá hart at nistin rifnaði (sic) af skikkjunni, Ld. 322; dóttir skal hafa kross ok kingu ok nisti öll, ef vegr eyri eðr minna, af silfri gör, N. G. L. i. 211 (Js. 78); hón fór ór fötum ok spretti frá sér félitlu nisti, Bs. i. 337; bleikr ásýndar sem nesta gull, Fms. v. 345; fimm sylgjur ok þrjú nisti, Bs. i. 874; hón hefir menit á hálsi sér ok nistin horfðu niðr, Fb. i. 276. nist, n. = nest, q. v. nista, t, erroneously proncd. nísta :-- to pin, nail fast, esp. to pin with a weapon; sú (the arrow) nisti klæði hans við gólfit, Fms. i. 269; spjótið hafði nist allt saman fótinn ok brókina, Eb. 242; ok nisti hann svá dauðan út við borðinu, Sturl. iii. 66; ok nistir hann niðr við klakann, Finnb. 286; ok nistí hann við rist honum skjöldinn, Rd. 267; ok ætlaði at n. hann í gegnum við hallar-vegginn, Stj. 466; var hann skotinn gaflaki í óstinn ok nistr svo niðr við garðinn, Sturl. i. 112; ok nistir svá tunguna niðr við kverkrnar, Al. 77; ok nisti hann svá at öll námu staðar í hjartanu, Stj. 534; nist sverði, pierced with a sword, Lil. 56, cp. Líkn. 16. 32: the phrase, nístandi kuldi, piercing cold, not from gnísta, q. v. nista, t, [from nesti, as gista from gestr], to provide with viands; ok nisti alia, N. G. L. i. 136; skal hann ok alla nista þá ef þess þarf viðr, ii. 352, v. l.; sá er úlfgi nistir, who never feeds (the wolf) never fights, Km. 22, see Lex. Poët. s. v. nistill, in. a little pin; n. silki-treyju, silk-jacket-pin, an ironical circumlocution for a man, Skíða R. 186. nisting, f. = nist; dálkrinn er ór feldi mínum ok vil ek at þú saumir á nisting, Glúm. 343; ný nisting, Edda (in a verse). nit, f. = gnit, q. v. NÍÐ, n. [Ulf. neiþ = GREEK; A. S. nîð; O. H. G. nid; Germ, neid; Dan.-Swed. nid :-- contumely, Vsp. 56; segja e-m níð, Akv. 35. 2. particularly as a law term, a libel, liable to outlawry :-- of a libel in verse, yrkja, kveða níð um e-n, Nj. 70; ef maðr kveðr níð um mann at lögbergi ok varðar skóggang, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 184: the classical passages in the Sagas are Hkr. O. T. ch. 36, cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 13 (Fms. xi. 42, 43), Kristni S. ch. 4, Nj. ch. 45, Bjarn. 33 (the verse). Another and even graver kind of níð was the carving a person's likeness (tré-níð) in an obscene position on an upraised post or pole (níð-stöng), for an instance of which see Bjarn. 33; ef maðr görir níð um annan ok varðar þat fjörbaugs-garð, en þat er níð ef maðr skerr tréníð manni eðr rístr eða reisir manni níðstöng, Grág. i. 147; when the post was set up, a horse's head was also put up, and a man's head was carved on the pole's end, with dire Runes and imprecations; all this is described in a lively manner in Eg. ch. 60 and Vd. ch. 34, Landn. 4. ch. 4, Rd. ch. 25. The beina-kerlinga-vísur of mod. times are no doubt a remnant of the old níðstöng; -- certain stone pyramids (varða) along mountain-roads are furnished with sheeps' legs or horses' heads, and are called beina-kerling (bone carline); one of the most noted is on the Kaldadal, as one passes from the north to the south of Iceland, it is even marked in the map; a passing traveller alights and scratches a ditty called beina-kerlinga-vísa (often of a scurrilous or even loose kind) on one of the bones, addressing it to the person who may next pass by; for a specimen see Bjarni 193, as also in poems of Jón Þorláksson, for there hardly was a poet who did not indulge in these poetical licences. In popular legends the devil always scratches his writing on a blighted horse's bone. NÍÐ, f, thus (not Nið) in Ann. Reg., a river in Norway, whence Níðar-óss, in. the famous old town in Drontheim in Norway. níða, d, [níð, n.], to lampoon, libel, Nj. 66, Fms. i. 153, vii. 60, Eg. 415: to revile. II. reflex., níðask á e-m, to behave shamefully to a person, thus to slay a defenceless man in his deep or the like; á engum manni níðumk ek, Fms. vii. 314; Noregs-menn höfðu níðsk á Olafi konungi, vi. 7; eigi vil ek níðask á þér, Nj. 60: of a thing, níðask á e-u, to break one's faith; hvárki skal ek á þessu níðask né á öngu öðru því er

456 NIÐHÖGGR -- NORÐAN.

mér er trúat til, Nj. 112; er þú níðisk á drykkju við gamalmenni, Fms. vi. 241; níðask á trú sinni, to apostatise, i. 126. Níð-höggr, m. the name of a mythical serpent, Vsp. níðing-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), villanous, Sks. 456, Or. 29, Karl. 27. níðingr, m. [A. S. or Early E. nidering = slander], a nithing, villain, legally the strongest term of abuse (like Germ, ehrloser), for a traitor, a truce-breaker, one who commits a deed of wanton cruelty, a coward, and the like; sækjask sér um líkir, saman níðingar skríða, a saying, Fms. ix. 389; minnsk þess at sá er einu sinni deyr níðingr verðr alldri öðru sinni drengr, N. G. L. ii. 420; þú ert miklu meiri n. en dugandi manni sæmi at eiga þik at mági, Ísl. ii. 377; heit hvers manns níðingr ella, Nj. 176; en þú ver hvers manns n. ef þú þorir eigi, Eg. 351; þeir búðu níðinginn þegja, sögðu hann nú sem fyrr útryggjan, Fms. ix. 52: an apostate (trú-n., Guð-n.), Julianus níðingr = Julian the Apostate, Ver. 48; grið-n. (q. v.) a truce-breaker :-- a niggard, miser, mann-n., mat-n., q. v. COMPDS: níðings-herr, m. a band of traitors, N. G. L, i. 56. níðings-nafn, n. the name (title) of a nithing, Fms. viii. 66, v. l.; bera n., Eg. 492. níðings-orð, n. the name of being a nithing, Fms. viii. 65. níðings-ráð, n. a villanous plot, Sks. 763. níðings-skapr, m. villainy, Greit. 157, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 264. níðings-sunr, m. nithing's son, a term of abuse, Bær. 13. níðings-sök, f. a charge of villainy, Stj. 555, Sks. 764. níðings-verk, n. a dastard's work, villainy, Fms. vii. 296, Eg. 415, Gþl. 133 (of high treason): of the three 'nithing's works' to which the mythical hero Starkad was doomed, see Gautr. S. ch. 7. níðings-víg, n. a 'foul murder,' Fas. i. 331, Fms. xi. 339, Hkr. iii. 425, Eg. 415, Gþl. 133; defined as a law term in N. G. L. i. 66. níð-liga, adv.; tala n., to use foul language, Grett. 116. níð-reisning, f. the raising a pole of níð, Bjarn. 33. níð-samligr, adj. mean, villanous, Sks. 456. níð-skár, adj. libellous, of a poet, Ísl. ii. 203, Sturl. ii. 39, Fs. 86. níð-skældr, adj. (níð-skældinn, Grett. 92 A), Ísl. ii. 203, v. l. níð-stöng, f. a 'nið-pole,' see níð, Eg. 389, Grág. ii. 147. níð-virki, n. villainy, Sks. 571 B. níð-vísa, u, f. a lampoon, Hkr. i. 227. ní-kvæða, d, = neikvæða, to deny, Sks. 576, 586, 654 B, Anecd. 44, Mar. passim. ní-kvæðr, adj., eiga níkvætt, to have the 'jus negandi,' N. G. L. i. 84. nípa, u, f. and nípr, m. a peak; see guípa and gnípr. ní-ræðr, adj. measuring ninety (fathoms, ells . . .); or of age aged UNCERTAIN ninety years, Fms. x. 13, see Gramm. p. xxi. nísta, t, to gnash, = gnísta, q. v. II. to pin, see nista. NÍTA, tt, (nítta, að, Hom. 124), to deny = neita (q. v.), Stj. 44, 119, 143, Nj. 80, Hom. 78, Grág. i. 347; níttaði, Hom. 124. nítiligr, adj., to be said nay to, ekki n. kostr, a choice not to be refused, Bjarn. 47. nítján, a cardinal number, nineteen, 415. 9, passim. ní-tjándi, the nineteenth. ní-tugti, the ninetieth. NÍU, a cardinal number, [Ulf. niun, and so in all South-Teut, languages with a final n, which has been suppressed in the Norse and Icel.; Swed. nio; Dan. ni] :-- nine, passim; níu vikna fasta, beginning on Septuagesima Sunday, Rb. 504. níund, f. a nonad, a body of nine; þrennar níundir meyja, three bevies of maids, nine each, Hkv. Hjörv. 28 (not mundir, see Bugge l. c. in the foot-note). níundi, the ninth, passim. níu-tigir, m. pl. (mod. níu-tíu, indecl.), ninety, passim. nízka, u, f. [níð], niggardness. nízkr, adj. [cp. Dan. gnier], niggardly. Njarðar-, see Njörðr. njarð-gjörð, f. the close girdle, epithet of the girdle of Thor, Þd. njarð-láss, m. a kind of charmed latch, Sól. Njarð-vík, f. a local name in Icel., Landn.; whence Njarð-víkingar, m. pl. the men from N. Njarðvíkinga-Saga, u, f. the Saga of the N., Ld., see List of Authors. Njáll, m. a pr. name [from the Gaelic], Landn.; whence Njáls-brenna, u, f. the burning of Njal, An. 1010, Nj. ch. 130, inscr.: Njáls-Saga (commonly called Njála), named in Þorst. Síðu H. Anal. 170, see List of Authors: in the sayings, vera vitr sem Njáll, to be as wise as Njal; or, Njáls bíta ráðin, a saying quoted as early as by Arngrim in 1593. njól, f., and njóla, u, f. a poët, appellation of the night; nótt heitir með mönnum en njól (njóla, Edda 103, l. c.) með goðum, Alm. 31, Edda (Gl.) njóli, a, m. wild angelica; for the form of this word and the spurious n see jóll. NJÓSN, f. [Ulf. niuhseins = GREEK] , a spying, scouting, looking out; á njósn, Hm. 113, Fms. ix. 32; halda til njósn um e-t, Eg. 72, Eb. 188; hafa njósn af, Nj. 5, Eg. 13; senda mann á njósn, Gísl. 60; göra njósn fyrir sér, Fms. vii. 256; halda njósnum, Eb. 186: plur. scouts, spies, njósnir höfðu verit allt suðr í Naumudal, Eg. 93 :-- news, engi njósn fór fyrir þeim, they came unawares, Fms. i. 19; njósn hafði farit efra um land, Eg. 93; hvárigir höfðu njósn af öðrum, Fms. ix. 365; göra e-m njósn, to send one intelligence, of an impending danger or the like, þá kom til konungs njósn hans, ok höfðu þeir menu sét her Vinda, Ó. H. 240, Eg. 582; ek vil göra þér n. at þeir hafa margar fyrirsátir, Nj. 160; bera njósn, Fb. ii. 52; hann beið þar njósnarinnar. Fms. vii. 256. COMPDS: njósnar-berg, n. a look-out hill, Sturl. iii. 264. njósnar-för, f. a spying journey, Stj. 360, v. l. Njósnar-helgi, a, m. a nickname, Gísl. njósnar-maðr, m. a spy, Eg. 94, Fms. i. 68, Bs. i. 627, Ó. H. 61, passim. njósnar-skip, n., or -skúta, u, f. a spy boat, Nj. 44, Fms. ix. 475. njósna, að, [Ulf. bi-niuhsian = GREEK, Gal. ii. 4; A. S. neôsian; UNCERTAIN O. H. G. and Hel. niusian] :-- to espy; vil ek n. hvers ek verða víss, Eg. 374; n. hvat um hag Ástríðar mundi vera, Fms. i. 68; n. um e-t. Eg. 141; n. um hvers hann yrði víss, Fms. i. 68; n. um ferðir e-s, viii. 183, passim. NJÓTA, pres. nýt; pret. naut, nauzt, naut, pl. nutu; subj. nyti; imperat. njót: [Ulf. niûtan UNCERTAIN and ga-niutan = GREEK, GREEK, but also = GREEK, Philem. 20; as also nuta = GREEK, GREEK GREEK; it may be that net, nót (= a net) are derived from the same root, and that the primitive sense of this word was to catch, hunt, whence metaph. to use, enjoy; A. S. niotan; O. H. G. niozan; Germ, nützen, geniessen; Dan. nyde.] B. To use, enjoy, with gen.; neyta eðr njóta vættis, Nj. 238, Grág. ii. 79; njóta yndis, Vsp. 63; ættir jóku, aldrs nutu, Rm. 37, Fs. 39; vel keypts litar hefi ek vel notið, Hm. 107; nýtr manngi nás, 70; knáka ek þess njóta, Am. 52; njóta Guðs miskunnar, Hom. 43, O. H. L. 88; skal hann n. draums síns, he shall enjoy his dream undisturbed, Nj. 94; ef hann hefði eigi notið hans ráða ok vizku, Fb. ii. 80; njóti sá er nam, Hm. 165; njóttú ef þú namt, Sdm.; niout kubls! see kuml; njóttú heill handa, blessed be thy hands! an exclamation, Nj. 60, Gísl. 87; svá njóta ek trú minnar, at . . ., upon my faith! upon my word! Edda i. 130. II. to derive benefit from or through the virtue of another person; Sigríðr. kona þin, er þess van at þit njótið hennar bæði nú ok síðarr, Fms. ii. 18; naut hann drottningar at því, v. 348; Egils nauztú at því föður þíns, Ísl. ii. 215; at hann mundi njóta föður sins en gjalda, Gísl. 73; heldr geldr Leifr Þrándar en nýtr frá mér, Fms. ii. 116 (see gjalda II. 2) :-- to get advantage from, nauztú nú þess (it saved thee, helped thee) at ek var eigi við búinn, Nj. 58; vér skulum þess n. at vér erum fleiri, 64; n. liðsmunar, to avail oneself of one's greater strength :-- n. e-s við, to receive help at one's hands; fyrir löngu værir þú af lífi tekinn ef eigi nytir þú vár við, Fb. ii. 130; því at þér nutuð mín við, Ó. H. 136; mun ek yðar þurfa við at n. ef ek fæ rétt af, Nj. 6 :-- n. af e-u, to consume; naut vóru ærin nutum af stórum, Am. 92. 2. impers., þess naut mjök við í Þrándheimi (it availed much) at menn áttu þar mikil forn korn, Ó. H. 102; naut at því mest forellris, Fms. viii. 11: in the phrase, það nýtr sólar, the sun is seen; ekki nýtr þar sólar, there is little sun, Edda 40. III. recipr. to enjoy one another; Þorveig seiddi til þess at þau skyldi eigi njótask mega, Korm. 54; þó höfum vit bæði breytni til þess at vit mættim njótask, Nj. 13; ok þótti fýsiligt at þau nytisk, that they should marry, O. T. 32. njótr, m. an enjoyer, user; hafra njótr = Thor; geisla n. = the fire; and in many poët. compds, hirði-n., etc., all appellations of men, Lex. Poët.: in pr. names, Sig-njótr, a victor; Þór-njótr, Baut. :-- a mate = nautr, drekka njóts minni, Fms. vi. 52, v. l. Njörðr, m., gen. Njarðar, dat. Nirði, [cp. Nerthus, the goddess in Tacit. Germ. ch. 40; a similar worship is in the Northern account, Fms. ii. 73-78, attributed to Njord's son Frey] :-- Njorð, one of the old Northern gods, father of Frey and Freyja; about whom see Vþm. 38, 39, Gm. 16, Ls. 33, 34, Edda passim: Njord was the god of riches and traffic, hence the phrase, auðigr sem Njörðr, wealthy as Njord, a Croesus, Fs. 80. The name remains in Njarðar-vöttr, m. Njord's glove, i. e. a sponge, Matth. xxvii. 48, freq. in mod. usage, and that it was so in olden times is seen from the words, þessa figúru köllum vér Njarðar-vött í skáldskap, this figure (a kind of antonomasia) we call Njord's glove, Skálda 196: in local names, Njarð-vík, in eastern Icel., q. v.; Njarðar-lög and Njarð-ey, in Norway; cp. also njarð-láss, njarð-gjörð. In old Icel. translations of classical legends Njord is taken to represent Saturn, Bret., Clem. S. passim. Njörðungr, m. = Njórðr, in poët. appellations of a man, Lex. Poët. Njörvi, a mythical pr. name, Fas. iii. 706. Njörva-sund, n. the narrow strait (?), was the name given by the old Norsemen to the Straits of Gibraltar, Orkn. passim, which were for the first time passed by a Norse ship in 1099 A. D., see Fms. vii. 66 -- þat er sögn manna at Skopti hafi fyrstr Norðmanna siglt Njörvasund. The ancient route of the Scandinavians to the East in former ages was by Russia, along the rivers down to the Black Sea, cp. the remarks s. v. fors. norðan, adv. from the north; á leið norðan, Eg. 51; koma, fara, ríða, sigla ... norðan, Fms. iv. 233, passim; n. ór landi, n. ór Skörðum, Band.; n. af Hálogalandi, Fagrsk. 14; bónda-herinn norðan ór landi, Fms. vi. 258; kaupmenn þar um Víkina ok n. ór landi, i. 11 :-- of the wind

NORÐANFJALLS -- NOTKA. 457

or weather, var allhvasst á norðan, Fms. ix. 20, v. l. 2. of direction; Gunnarr stóð n. at Rangæinga-dómi, Nj. 110; Gizurr ok Njáll stóðu n. at dóminum, 87 :-- fyrir norðan, with acc. north of, fyrir n. Jökul, 192, 261; fyrir n. Vall-land, Grág. ii. 141; fyrir n. heiðina, Eg. 275; fyrir n. land (in the north of Icel.), Nj. 251. COMPDS: norðan-fjalls, adv. north of the fell. norðan-fjarðar, adv. north of the firth, Gþl. 9. norðan-gola, u, f. a breeze from the north. norðan-hret, n. a gale from the north. norðan-lands, adv. in the north, H. E. i. 435, Dipl. iv. 8. norðan-maðr, m. a man from the north, Ísl. ii. 363, Sturl. iii. 84 C. norðan-sjór, m. a sea, current from the north. norðan-stormr, m. a storm from the north, Bs. i. 533. norðan-strykr, m. a gale from the north, Ísl. ii. 135. norðan-veðr, n. = northerly winds, Nj. 124, Fs. 153, Rb. 440. norðan-verðr, adj. 'northwards,' northern, Stj. 75, Fms. xi. 411, Edda 13. norðan-vindr, m. a north wind, Rb. 440, Sks. 40, Fms. ii. 228. norðari, compar. = nyrðri (q. v.), Stj. 94, A. A. 276: norðastr, superl. = nyrðstr or nørðstr, Gþl. 88, Eg. 267. norðarla, adv. = norðarliga, Ld. 166, N. G. L. i. 257. norðar-liga, adv. northerly, Fms. i. 93, iii. 120, ix. 55, Sks. 72. norðarr, compar. more northerly, Hkr. ii. 164, Band. 2: superl. norðast, northernmost, 732. 4, passim; see nyrðst. norð-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 134. Norð-lendingar, m. pl. the Northmen, esp. of Icel., passim; Norðlendinga-biskup, -búð, -dómr, -fjórðungr, Bs. i. 68, 159, Nj. 228, 231, Lv. 30, Ld. 196, Landn. 236; see biskup, búð, dómr, fjórðungr. Norð-lenzkr, adj. from Norðrland, Nj. 32, Sturl. i. 58, Bs. ii. 40. Norð-maðr, m., pl. Norðmenn, a Northman, Norwegian, Grág. ii. 149, the Sagas passim; in Symb. 18 used as 'pars pro toto' of all Scandinavians; Norðmanna-herr, -konungr, -ríki, -ætt, Fms. x. 371, xi. 211, Hkr. i. 158, Ó. H. 142. Norð-manndi, n. = Normandy (= Northmannia), Fms. xii, Ó. H. 23, 25: Norð-manndingr, m. a man from Normandy, Norman, Str. 30. NORÐR, n., gen. norðrs, [A. S. norð Engl. north; Germ, nord] :-- the north; í norðr, northwards; þeir er bygðu norðrit, Fms. xi. 412, Landn. 23; til norðrs, Sks. 173, Grág. ii. 283; ór norðri, Eg. 133. II. as adverb; norðr eptir hafinu, to stand northwards, Orkn. 376; norðr til Bjarnar-fjarðar, Nj. 20; n. til Holtavörðu-heiðar, 36; vera n. í landi, Eg. 170; n. í Þrándheimi, Fms. i. 26; norðr á Hólum, Skíða R. 200; kunna þótta ek n. þar, Nj. 33; görask konungr yfir n. þar, Eg. 71. Norðr-á, f. 'North-water,' the name of a river, Landn.; whence Norðrár-dalr, m. Norðr-átt or -ætt, f. the Northern region, K. Þ. K. 138. norðr-dyrr, n. pl. the northern doors, Fs. 72, Fms. vii. 64. Norðr-dælir, m. pl. the men from Norðrárdalr, Ísl. ii. 168. norðr-ferð or -för, f. a northern journey, Fms. ix. 350, Fas. iii. 673. norðrfara-maðr, m. a northfaring man, Ann. 1393. Norðr-haf, n. the Northern Ocean, Bs. ii. 5. norðr-hallt, n. adj. in a northerly direction, Bs. ii. 48. Norðr-hálfa (proncd. -álfa), u, f. the Northern region, Rb. 468 :-- esp. Europe, Fms. i. 77, Orkn. 142, Ó. H. 193; Saxland ok þaðan um Norðrhálfur, Edda (pref.), MS. 625. 10, and so in mod. usage. Norðri, a, m. the Northern, one of the dwarfs who support the heaven, Vsp. (Austri, Vestri, Norðri, Suðri, Edda 5). Norðr-land, n. North-land, Fms. viii. 425, ix. 468 (a county in Norway) :-- the North quarter of Icel., passim. II. plur. Norðrlönd, the Northern countries, Northern region, sometimes used of Europe, but chiefly of lands peopled by Northmen or Scandinavians, Nj. 46, Fær. 151, Ó. H. 2 (pref.), 24, 57, 130, 131, 241. norðr-ljós, n. [Dan. nordlys], the northern lights, polar light, aurora borealis, in mod. usage only in plur.: an ancient description of the northern lights is given in the Sks. ch. 19 (by a Norwegian writer). From the words -- eða þat er Grænlendingar kalla norðrljós, Sks. 74 -- it appears that the Icel. settlers of Greenland were the first who gave a name to this phenomenon; the author of the Sks. also describes the northern lights as they appeared in Greenland. norðr-lopt, n. the 'north-lift,' north, polar heavens. Norðr-seta, u, f., or Norð-setr, n. the Northern Seat, name of a fishing-place in the north of Greenland, A. A. 273, 278, Fms. x. 112; hence Norðsetu-drápa, u, f. the name of a poem, fragments of which are collected in A. A.; and Norðsetu-maðr, m. a man from N., A. A. 275. Norðr-sjór, m. the Northern arm of the sea, Fms. viii. 426, v. 1. 2. the North Sea; Dan. Nordsöen. norðr-skagi, a, m. the north headland, A. A. 275. norðr-stúka, u, f. the north transept in a church, Bs. i. 751. norðr-sveitir, f. pl. the northern counties, Fms. ii. 202. norðr-vegar, m. pl. the northern ways, Hkv. 1. 4. norðr-ætt, f. = norðrátt, Edda 22, Fms. x. 272, Fs. 147. Norð-ymbrar, m. pl. Northumbrians, Hallfred. Norðymbra-land, n. Northumberland, Fms. xii. Noregr, m., gen. Noregs; a later Noregis also occurs in Laur. S.; [mod. Norse Norge, sounded Norre] :-- Norway, passim; that the word was sounded Nóregr with a long vowel is seen from rhymes in Vellekla (10th century), Nóregr, fóru; as also Nóregs, stórum, Sighvat (in a poem of 1038 A. D.); the full form Norð-vegr (with ð and w) never occurs in vernacular writers, but only in the Latinised form, Northwagia, which was used by foreign writers (North Germans and Saxons); even the v (Nor-vegr) is hardly found in good vellums, and is never sounded. The etymology of the latter part = vegr is subject to no doubt, and the former part nór is prob. from norðr, qs. the north way; yet another derivation, from nór = a sea-loch, is possible, and is supported by the pronunciation and by the shape of the country, a strip of land between sea and mountains, with many winding fjords. The popular but false etymology of the ancients is from a king Nór (Orkn. ch. 12), as Rome from Romulus :-- Noregs-höfðingi, -konungr, -menn, -ríki, -veldi, the ruler, king, men, kingdom of Norway, Grág. ii. 401, Fms. vii. 293, Bs. i. 720, Stud. ii. 55, Nj. 8, Ísl. ii. 234, passim. NORN, f., pl. Nornir :-- the weird sisters of the old mythology; nornir heita þær er nauð skapa, Edda 113; þessar meyjar skapa mönnum aldr, þær köllu vér nornir, 11, Sdm. 17: sundr-bornar mjök hygg ek at nornir sé, eigut þær ætt saman, Fm. The three heavenly Norns, Urðr, Verðandi, Skuld, dwelt at the well Urðar-brunn, ruled the fate of the world, but three Norns were also present at the birth of every man and cast the weird of his life; nótt var í bæ, nornir kómu, þaer er öðlingi aldr um skópu, Hkv. 1. 2; cp. the Norna Gest Þ., Fb. i. 358; góðar nornir skapa góðan aldr, en þeir menn er fyrir úsköpum verða, þá valda því íllar nornir, Edda 11; rétt skiptu því nornir, the Norns ruled it righteously, Orkn. 18; norna dómr, the doom of the Norns, the weird, Fm. 11; íllr er dómr norna, Fas. i, 508 (in a verse); njóta norna dóms, to fill one's days, die, Ýt.; norn erumk grirnm, the weird is cruel to me, Eg. (in a verse); norna sköp = norna dómr, fár gengr of sköp norna, a saying, Km. 24: in popular superstition severe hereditary illnesses are called norna sköp, Fél. x. s. v.: norna grey, the Norns' hounds = wolves, Hm. 30; norna-stóll, a Norn's chair, Sól. 51 (a dubious passage): in Akv. 16 -- láta nornir gráta nái, to let the Norns bewail the dead -- norn seems to be = fylgju-kona, q. v., as also perh. in Gh. 13: in mod. usage in a bad sense, a hag, witch, álfar ok nornir, ok annat íllþýði, Fas. i. 37; hún er mesta norn, she is a great Norn, of an angry, bad woman; arkaðú á fætr, öldruð norn, Úlf. 1. 73; galdra-norn, a witch: poët., nistis-norn, auð-norn, hlað-norn, = the Norn of these jewels = a woman, Lex. Poët. norpa, að, to lounge, tarry in the cold, (conversational.) norpr, m. a tarrier, Bárð. 15 new Ed. (in a verse), of a patient fisherman. Norræna (i. e. Norrœna), u, f. the Norse (i. e. Norwegian) tongue, see the remarks s. v. danskr, Ó. H. (pref. begin.), Fms. xi. 412, Stj. 71, Bs. i. 59, 801, 861, Al. 186; á Látinu ok Norrænu, . . . saga á Norrænu, Vm. and the Deeds, see Lex. Poët. (pref. xxix, foot-note 3); Norrænu bækr, books written in Norse, Vm. 56, Fms. x. 147, Karl. 525, v. l.; Norrænu skáldskapr, Norse poetry, Skálda. In the title-page of the earliest Icelandic printed books it is usually said that they have been rendered into the 'Norse,' thus, nú hér útlögð á Norrænu, the N. T. of 1540; á Norrænu útlagðar, (Corvin's Postill) of 1546; á Norrænu útlögð, in a book of 1545; útsett á Norrænu, 1558; Salomonis orðskviðir á Norrænu, 1580; Biblía, það er, öll Heilög Ritning, útlögð á Norrænu, the Bible of 1584 (Guðbrands Biblía), as also the Bible of 1644: again, Sálmar útsettir á Íslenzku, 1558; útlögð á Íslenzku, 1575; útsett á Íslenzku, 1576, and so on. II. a breeze from the north; lagði á norrænur ok þokur, A. A. 21. Norræna, að, to render into Norse, Stj. 2, Str. 1, H. E. i. 460, Mar.; þar fyrir hefi ek þessa bók norrænat, an Icelandic book of 1558: but again, Ein Kristilig Handbók íslenzkuð af herra Marteini Einarssyni, Sálma-kver út dregið og íslenzkað af . . ., 1555. Norrænn (norœnn), adj. Norse, Norwegian, Grág. i. 299; Danskir Sænskir eða Norrænir, ii. 72; maðr norrænn, Eg. 705, Ísl. ii. 232 (v. l.), Landn. passim; n. víkingr, Hkr. i. 198; n. berserkr, Bs. i. 16, cp. 953; norræn lög, Eg. 259; norræna skjöldu, 286; norrænan eið, Sturl. ii. 201; norræn tunga, the Norse tongue, Fms. i. 23, Sturl. ii. 3 (opp. to Latin); í norrænu máli, Skálda 189, Hkr. i. (pref.); norrænn skáldskapr, Skálda 190. II. of the wind, northern; görði á norrænt, Sturl. iii. 263; þá var á norrænt, Fms. ix. 42. Norskr, adj. Norse, appears in the 14th century instead of the older Norrænn, Fms. xi. 439. nosi, a, m. [Dan. nosse], a phallus, membrum genitale, Fb. ii. 334 (in a verse), of the phallic idol Volsi. nostr, n. a dallying, trifling about a thing, and nostra, að, to dally, trifle. NOT, n. pl. use, utility; vera e-m at notum, Sks. 481: freq. in mod. usage, koma til góðra nota; ó-not, taunts. COMPDS: nota-drjúgr, adj. useful. nota-legr, adj. snug, comfortable. nota, að, to make use of, with acc. notin-virkr, adj. doing a nice work. notka, að, to bring into use.

458 NÓGR -- NÚNINGR.

NÓGR, adj., nógligr, see gnógr, gnógligr. nói, a, m. a small vessel, see nór: hence Nóa-tún, ship town (?), a mythical local name for the place where Njord, the god of the sea, dwelt, Gm. NÓN, n. [from Lat. nona], nones, about three o'clock, received as a mark of time from the eccl. law; nær nóni dags, Ld. 224; fyrr en nón kæmi þess dags, Fms. vii. 286; öndvert nónit, 32: fyrir miðmunda (1.30 P.M.) hófsk orrostan, en konungr féll fyrir nón, en myrkrit hélzk frá miðmunda til nóns, Ó. H. 223; féráns-dómr skal sitja til nóns, Grág. i. 141; enda fái hann eigi lokit fyrir nón, 143; eptir nón, N. G. L. i. 10; at nóni, Eluc. 44, Skálda (in a verse). In the old eccl. law, according to the Hebrew reckoning, the Sabbaths, or at least the greater feasts, were reckoned from the nones (evening) of the preceding day; hence the phrase, nón-heilagr, adj. a nones-holy-day, and nón-helgi, f. nones-holiness, of the vigil of the day preceding a feast or the Sabbath; köllum vér þann dag sunnu-dag, en þváttdagr fyrir skal heilagr at nóni, N. G. L. i. 9; nú eru þeir dagar er Ólafr enn Helgi ok . . . . buðu föstu fyrir ok nónhelgi, . . . nú eru þeir dagar taldir er fasta skal fyrir ok nónheilagt, nú eru þeir dagar aðrir er eigi er nónheilagt fyrir ok fasta, 10, 139, 303, Grág. i. 143, Fms. ii. 198; vér skulum halda at nóni enn sjaunda hvern þváttdag, en þat er í þann tíma er útsuðrs átt er deild í þriðjunga, ok sól hefir gengit tvá hluti, en einn úgenginn, K. Þ. K. 92, v. l. COMPDS: nón-hringing, f. a peal of bells at nones, Fms. vii. 38 (on Saturday?). nón-klokka, u, f. a nones-bell, for the service at nones, Fms. vii. 32. nón-skeið, n. the hour of nones, Nj. 196, Eg. 602, Fms. ix. 354, v. l. nón-tíðir, f. pl. the service at nones, Fms. vi. 302, Sturl. i. 138. nóna, u, f. nones, = nón, 625. 177: the service at nones, ganga til nónu, Fms. iv. 266; allir menu vóru til nónu farnir, Bs. i. 179. NÓR, n. an inlet, sea-loch; this word is still used in Dan., and freq. in Dan. local names, e. g. Mön's nor, Falster nor, Noret near to Danavirki in Sleswig; but it is obsolete in Icel., and not recorded in old writers. NÓR, m., gen. nós, dat. nói, [an antiquated word, perh. akin to Lat. navis, Gr. GREEK, GREEK] , a kind of ship, Edda (Gl.): a smith's trough, Björn; brand-nór (í brand-nói), a 'hearth-ship,' i. e. a house, poët., Ýt. nóra, u, f. [Dan. noer = a baby], a small, wee thing, or of a person, a Lilliputian or the like; silungs-nóra, a small trout. nó-selr, m. a kind of small seal, opp. to erknselr or örknselr, Sks. 41 new Ed. NÓT, f., pl. nætr (nœtr); net and nót are kindred words, derived from a lost strong verb (a, ó), cp. the remarks to njóta :-- a net, esp. a large net for catching seals; sel, ef í nót liggr, K. Þ. K. 88; nætr tvítugar kóp&dash-uncertain;heldar, Vm. 98, D. I. i. 576 (notr = notr UNCERTAIN Ed.); hér eru þrjár nætr, Háv. 46, N. G. L. i. 379; sela-nætr, and so in mod. usage: of a drag-net, Gþl. 428. nóta-verpi, n. a right of casting nets, D. N. nóta, u, f., esp. in pl. nótur, [from the Lat.], notes in music; nótna-bok, -grallari, -kver, etc. nóta, að, [for. word], to note; with musical notes, brefer tvau nótuð, Dipl. v. 18. nótera, að, to note, mark, Skálda: to denote, Stj. 231, 278 :-- of music = nóta, sýngja sléttan söng sem nóterað var, Bs. i. 903. nóti, a, m. a note; merking eðr nóti, Skálda: notes in music, með inum fegrstum nótum, Str. 14, 6l. II. a match, equal; séð hefi ek marga Íslenzka menn en öngan hans nóta, Nj. 121; vér fám eigi hans nóta í fræðum ok íþróttum, Fms. v. 335; engi riddari er hans nóti í turniment, Karl. 36, freq. in mod. usage. NÓTT, f., gen. nætr, pl. nætr; the old writers mostly spell this word thus (not nátt), agreeably with its mod. sound and form; this, however, is not a real ó, but a remains of the old umlaut ó UNCERTAIN (neótt UNCERTAIN); nom. nótt, Sdm. 26, Hkv. 1. 2, Vþm. 24, 25, Gkv. 2. 12, Skm. 42, Alm. 29, 30, Sks. 50 new Ed.: acc. nótt, Hm. 112; miðja nótt, Grág. (Kb.) i. 36 (four times), 32, 37; þvátt-neótt UNCERTAIN, id.: dat. nótt, Ó. H. 187, Vsp. 6; nóttina, Ó. H. 62, 72, 115, 118 (twice), 187, Íb. 12, Edda 28, 29, 89, Fb. ii. 381: dat. pl. nóttom, Vkv. 6, Hkv. 2. 51; so also in old rhymes, nótt, óttu, Fms. vi. (in a verse): the spelling with á chiefly occurs in Norse MSS. or in writers influenced by the Norwegians, dag ok nátt, Stj. 15, and so rhymed in Skíða R. 194; náttinni, Stj. 15, 16: gen. nætr, passim; náttar only in a few compds: pl. nætr, but næternar (irreg.), Kb. i. 33, 36. In most kindred Teut. languages with á, not ó: [Goth, nahts; A. S. and Engl. night; O. H. G. naht; Germ, nacht; Swed. natt; Lat. noct-is; Gr. GREEK, GREEK.] UNCERTAIN A dat. sing. nóttu is used in mod. poets, e. g. Bs. ii. 479 (in a poem of 1548); eg var að ráða árið um kring það Egill kvað á nóttu, in a ditty of Björn á Skarðsá; and even in acc., þessa nóttu þegar í óttu, það til bar, Hallgr. Pétr; but in old vellums this form is not attested; for the Jd. 39, line 8 (sáttir á einni nóttu), is a mod. conjectural addition, as the vellum (Cd. Reg.) ceases at line 7 of that verse. B. The night; en at miðri nótt, Ó. H. 187, Edda 29; of miðja nótt, id.; nótt ok degi, Sks. 54; nótt með degi, day and night, Gísl. 14; í alla nótt, all night long, Eg. 418; um nóttina, through the night, Fms. vi. 16; þá nótt, that night, Grág. ii. 322; nótt ok dag, night and day; í nótt, to-night, Eg. 283, 416: the last night, 564, Ísl. ii. 156; í alla nátt Skíða R.; um nætr sakir, for one night, Bjarn. 53: in some phrases the plur. only is used, bæði um nætr ok um daga, both by day and by night, Sks. 63 new Ed.: so also, bjóða góðar nætr ! to bid good night, -- Guð gefi þér góðar nætr ! Jóla-nótt, Yule night, Grág. (Kb.) passim; haust-nótt, an autumn night; hý-nott, the bridal night; nótt ina helgu, the holy night = Germ. weih-nachten = Christmas night, Gþl. 295, 297. The years of one's age were counted by the Yule nights, N. G. L. i. 31, 32, see the remarks to Jól :-- sayings, nótt skal nema nýræða til = GREEK GREEK GREEK, Spenser's 'night, they say, gives counsel best,' Hrafnag. 22; það er tjaldað til einnar nætr, a tent raised for one night, i. e. brief and shifty; láta þar nótt sem nemr, see nema; það er ekki öll nótt úti enn. Time was (and still is) counted, not by days, but by nights (as years are by winters); eigi síðarr en nótt sé af þingi, Grág. i. 101; enda skal eigi Leið vera fyrr en fjórtán nætr eru frá alþingi, 122; tveggja nátta Leið, id.; sjau nóttum fyrir sumar, ii. 244; þá er sextán nætr eru liðnar frá þingi, 80; nefna féránsdóm fjórtán nóttum eptir vápna-tak, 81; fám nóttum siðarr, Bs. i. 321; hann var eigi lengr á Leið en þrjár nætr, Fms. ix. 267; níu nóttum síðarr, Edda 23; þrjátigi nóttum síðar, Bs.: hence, mánuðr þritog-náttar, a calendar month, Íb. 7, K. Þ. K., cp. ein-nættr, etc.; an infant is in Iceland said to be so many 'nights' old, tíu nátta gamalt, einnar nætr. So Tacitus tells us that the Germans of his day, nec dierum numerum ut nos sed noctium computant, Germ. ch. 11; it still survives in Engl. 'fort-night:' -- in poetry the winter is called bear's night (bjarnar-nótt, húns-nótt), Edda, Fas. i. (in a verse), Rekst. II. mythical, Nótt, the giantess Night, daughter of Nörfi and the mother of Earth and Day, Edda, Sdm., Vþm. C. COMPDS: I. náttar-: náttar-lega, u, f. night-quarters, Boldt 169. náttar-tal, n. a tale or number of nights, Mar. náttar-tími, a, m. = nætrtími, Stj. 16, 71, Fas. ii. 371. náttar-þel, n., in the phrase, á náttarþeli, at dead of the night, Fms. vii. 57, x. 413, Rd. 284, Orkn. 74, Bs. i. 139, N. G. L. i. 62. II. nætr-: nætr-björg, f. help through the night, Bjarn. 43. nætr-elding, f. the 'eld of night,' i. e. the end of night (see elding), Fms. iv. 263, xi. 241, Hrafn. 20, Stj. 787. nætr-ferðir, f. pl. night wanderings, Fas. iii. 478. nætr-friðr, m. peace, truce during the night, Fbr. 98, v. l. nætr-frost, n. a night frost. nætr-fyllr, f. one night's fill, N. G. L. i. 144. nætr-gagn, n. a chamber-pot. nætr-gali, a, m. [from the Dan. nattergal, Germ, nachtigall], the nightingale, (mod.) nætr-gamall, adj. one nigbt old, Rb. 522. nætr-gestr, m. a night guest, one who stays the night, Gullþ. 30. nætr-gisting, f. the staying a night. nætr-greiði, a, m. a night's entertainment, Fas. i. 94. nætr-greiðing, f. = nætrgreiði, Fas. iii. 209, 219. nætr-kuldi, a, m. night-cold, Stj. 97. nætr-langt, n. adj. night-long. Fas. i. 77. nætr-ligr, adj. nocturnal, Sks. 627. nætr-skemtan, f. night-enjoyment (euphem. = cohabitation), Fas. iii. 210. nætr-staðr, m. = náttstaðr; in the saying, einginn ræðr sínum nætrstað. nætr-tími, a, m. night-time. nætr-vist, f. night-quarters, Fms. i. 69. nudda, að, qs. gnudda to rub, (conversational): to maunder, hvað ertu að n., (slang.) nugga, að, [from gnúa], to rub. nunna, u, f. [Lat. novena], a nun, Ld. 332, Grág. i. 307, Bs. passim. COMPDS: nunnu-klaustr, -setr, n. a nunnery, Symb. 59, Fms. vi. 354, vii. 273, viii. 123. nunnu-vígsla, u, f. a taking the veil, Greg. 74, H. E. i. 329. NUNNA, að (?), [akin to nenna (q. v.), referring to a lost strong verb, ninna, nann, nunninn] :-- to do, pursue; oss nunnask skil (thus, not numnast), our subject is pursued, i. e. our song proceeds, Fms. ii. 289 (in a verse, Hkr., O. T. ch. 97): freq. in later poets, at læra þetta ok kunna, ok ekki annað nunna, to learn this and know, and study nothing but that, Vísna-bók, Ed. 1612, Hugvekju Sálm. 15. 4, 42. 3, see Nj. the Lat. Ed. p. 247, in the foot-note a. nunnr, m. [nunna], one who strives, a worker, pursuer, GREEK. in the poët, compd hlíf-nunnr = armourer = a warrior, Nj. (in a verse). nurla or nurfla, að, [nyrfill; cp. Scot, nirl = a crumb] :-- to make money like a miser. NÚ, adv. [Ulf. nu; A. S., O. H. G., Germ., and Dan. nú; Engl. now; Germ. nun; Lat. nunc; Gr. GREEK] :-- now, meðan enn er nú, Hom. (St.); eggmóðan val nú mun Yggr hafa . . . nú knáttu Óðin sjá, Gm. 53; nú né í gær, Hðm. 2; heill þú nú, Vþm. 6; rístú nú ! Skm. 1, passim :-- in a narrative, now, next, nú víkr sögunni, nú er þar til máls at taka, passim; nú er þat er, now it is to be told that, now it comes to pass, Orkn. (in a verse). II. as interj. nú nú, now now! nú fyrir því, at . . ., Mar.; nú þá, now then ! Stj. 457, 486. núa, neri, to rub, Fb. ii. 367; see gnúa. núfa, u, f., see hnúfa. núligr, adj. now being, present, of time, Eluc. 6. Núm-verskr, adj. from Numidia, Róm. 148. núna, adv. now, just now, Valla L. 223, Fb. ii. 238; þar er þat núna, faðir minn, Mar.: freq. in mod. speech, see -na. núningr, m. rubbing, = gnúningr.

NÚPR -- NÝJALEIK. 459

núpr, m. = gnúpr, q. v. nú-verandi, part. now being, now living, Skálda 179. nybba, u, f. a knob, peak; fjalls-nybba. nyðungr, m. [Dan. gnier], a niggard, miser, Ld. 38 C. NYKR, m., gen. nykrs, [a word common to all Teut. languages; A. S. nicor; Engl. nick; Germ. nix; Dan. nök and nisse; mod. Norse nyk; Swed. näcken = a sea goblin; one is tempted to suggest that the Lat. Neptunus (p = g) may be related to this Teutonic word; cp. also Germ. neckisch, neckerei = whims, Dan. nykker] :-- the 'nick,' a fabulous water-goblin, mostly appearing in the shape of a gray water-horse, emerging from lakes, to be recognised by its inverted hoofs, cp. the tale told in Landn. 2. ch. 10, as also Maurer's Volksagen: poët., nykra borg = 'nick-burrow,' a lake, Lex. Poët. The nykr is the Proteus of the Northern tales, and takes many shapes, whence the gramm. term nykrat, part. a kind of kakemphaton, a change in a figure of speech, e. g. to call a sword first a 'serpent' and then a 'wand,' or to choose a verb which does not suit the trope in the noun; sá löstr er vér köllum nykrat eðr finngálknat . . . ok er þar svá skipt líkneskjum á hinum sama hlut, sem nykrinn skiptisk á margar leiðir, Skálda 187; en ef sverð er ormr kallaðr en síðan fiskr eða vöndr eðr annan veg breytt, þat kalla menn nykrat ok þykir þat spilla, Edda 123. In mod. Norse tales a water-goblin is called nykk or nök (nökken), see Ivar Aasen and Mr. Dasent's Transl. of Asbjörnsen and Moe's Norse Tales. The legend exists also in the Highlands of Scotland. In mod. Icel. tales the nykr is also called nennir or kumbr, q. v.; nykr-hestr, vatna-hestr. II. the hippopotamus; nykrar svá stórir sem fílar, Al. 167, 171. nykrat, n. part., see nykr. NYRÐRI, compar., the older form is nørðri or neyrðri (ey = ø), or even nerðri, also norðari and norðastr, q. v.; [norðr] :-- more northerly, and superl. nyrðstr (nørztr, nerztr), most northerly; nær nyrðra hluta, Þórð. 7, Landn. 252; hinn nørðra arminn, Fms. xi. 131; í ena nørztu þinghá, Hkr. i. 147; nerztr, Fms. viii. 183, passim: of places, í Reykjadal inum nørðra, Landn.; til ins neyrðra vígis, Ísl. ii. 347; á Víðivöllum inum neyrðrum, Hrafn. 7; at enni nerðri Glerá, Landn.; at enum nerðra kastala, Fms. viii. 427. nyrfill, m., dat. nyrfli, a miser, nyrfil-skaps, m. niggardness. NYT, f., gen. nytjar, [not; Scot. note], use, enjoyment, produce: 1. in sing, specially of the profit or produce of kine, milk; veiti vörð kú, ok þiggi af nyt ok hafi þat fyrir gras ok gæzlu, N. G. L. i. 24; gefa málsverð Jóladag ok nyt fjár þess, Vm. 169; nýta sér nyt fjár, Grág. i. 428: bregða nyt, to cease to give milk or give less milk, ii. 231, passim; ær-nyt, bú-nyt, milk, dairy produce; mál-nyta, id., or milch-kine; 'fella saman nytina' is said of a cow that is in profit or gives milk all the year round till she calves again. 2. plur. nytjar, use; víkingar tóku fé allt er þeir máttu nytjum á koma, Fms. ii. 2; hún leyfði Vala bróður sínum nytjar í Brekku-landi, use of the land or pasture, Korm. 152 (lands-nytjar). II. use, enjoyment, esp. in plur.; Guð vildi eigi unna honum nytja af þvi barni, Sks. 692; hann kvaðsk engar nytjar hafa Helgu, Ísl. ii. 263; hann á fé allt hálft við mik en hefir engar nytjar (interest) af, Fms. vi. 204; Íslendingar munu hennar hafa miklar nytjar ok langar (they will derive lasting blessing from her) ok hennar afkvæmis, v. 322; litlar nytjar munu menn hafa Hafliða . . . mun hann verða skammlífr, Bs. i. 651; koma nytjum á e-t, to bring to use, make profitable, Fb. i. 300, Al. 112, 132. 2. seldom in sing.; þá á þess nyt þat at vera er ómaginn var deildr, Grág. i. 243; færa sér e-t í nyt, to bring into use, Fb. i. 118, and in mod. usage. nytja-maðr, m. a useful worthy man, Ísl. ii. 13, Sturl. i. 203. nyt-fall, n. damage to a thing's usefulness, Gþl. 398. nyt-gæfr, adj. yielding milk, Jm. 5. nytja, að, to milk; nytja ærnar, Dropl. 14; var þat fé sumt etið, sumt nytjað, Sturl. iii. 208: reflex, to yield milk, fé nytjaðisk ílla, Ld. 154. nyt-lauss, adj. unproductive, H. E. i. 489 :-- barren, dry. nyt-léttr, adj. giving little milk, Ísl. ii. 180. nyt-samliga, adv. usefully, Mar. passim. nyt-samligr, adj. useful, Hm. 154, Ld. 174, Fms. vii. 120, K. Á. 220. nyt-samr, adj. useful, advantageous. nyt-semd, f. = nytsemi, Fms. i. 261, Ld. 318, Stj. 565, Sks. 72. nytsemda-maðr, m. a useful man, Fms. iii. 74. nyt-semi, f. use, profit, usefulness, advantage, Fms. v. 26, Eluc. 2. NÝ, n. [Dan. ny], the 'new' of the moon, whereby the ancients seem to have meant the waxing or even the full moon, for the new moon was called nið, q. v.; and ný and nið (q. v.) are used alliteratively as terms opp. to one another; in the Rb., however, the translator of the Latin originals seems in a few instances to have rendered the Latin novilunium by ný: allit., ný ok nið, Vþm. 25, Edda 7, 96; um ný hit næsta ok niðar, N. G. L. i. 29, see nýlýsi below; með nýi hverju, 732. 1; verða þá misgöng at nýi meiri en áðr, ok þá gengr ný sem hæst, Rb. 478. ný-breytinn, adj. variable, Str. 26. ný-breytni, f. novelty, innovation, Fms. i. 71, vii. 94, 171, Ld. 176. ný-bæli (mod. ný-býli), n. a new farm built in a wilderness where there was formerly none, Gþl. 432. ný-bæringr, m. [bera], a cow that has just calved, Björn. ný-fenni, n. fresh fallen snow, Sturl. i. 82. ný-græðingr, m. the first crop of grass in the spring. ný-görfing, f. a novelty, innovation, Ann. 1347, Fs. 76. 2. a gramm. term, a new trope or figure of speech, esp. of poët, circumlocutions not founded on ancient usage or old mythol. tales, but drawn from the imagination of the poet; thus, calling the tears the 'rain, shower, pearls of the eyes' would be 'nýgörving,' as also calling the sword a 'snake, ' the sheath its 'slough, ' Edda (Ht.) 123; skjöldr er land vápnanna, en vápn er hagl eða regn þess lands ef nygörfingum er ort, Edda 90. II. mod. in a bad sense, whence ný-görfingr, m. of a person, an innovator, Pál Vídal. Skyr. passim; of a thing, new-fangledness, novelty, nýgörfings-ligr, adj. new-fangled. Nýi, a, m. [ný = moon], the name of a dwarf, Vsp. Nýj-ár, n. New Year. Nýjárs-dagr, m. New Year's Day. nýjung, f. newness, novelty, news, innovation, mostly in a bad sense; fals ok n., Fms. xi. 308; lands-fólkit var gjarnt á alla nýjung (= novarum rerum cupidi), i. 203; ganga undir sektir eða aðrar nýjungar; þeir vildu undir engar nýjungar ganga af Auðunni biskupi, Bs. i. 835; þá kom út til Íslands Álfr or Króki, hann hafði mörg konungs-bréf ok margar nýjungar, 807 :-- news, hann segir nú allt þat er verðr í nýjungu, Mag. 1. COMPDS: nýjunga-girni, f. love of novelty. nýjunga-gjarn, adj. fond of novelty. nýla, adv. = nýliga, Lex. Poët. ný-lenda, u, f. = nýbæli, Gþl. 437: a colony, mod. nýliga, adv. newly, recently, Sks. 58, Ld. 256, Hom. 57, Fms. vi. 144: compar., Ísl. ii. 160. nýligr, adj. new, recent, Skv. 3, 26: present, Hom. 25, 26. ný-lunda, u, f. a novelty, a new, strange thing; þótt þeir sæi nýlundur nokkurar, Fms. vii. 87; sáttú nokkura nýlundu í húsinu ? Fs. 42; segja kunnu vér nýlundu nokkura, Nj. 196; Guðmundr kvað þat enga nýlundu þar í Eyjafirði þótt menn riði þar um hérað, Lv. 19; nú berr þat til nýlundu á Hóli at Gísli lætr ílla í svefni tvær nætr í samt, Gísl. 22; þat sá borgar-menn at nokkur n. var með her Grikkja, Fms. vi. 157. ný-lýsi, n. 'new light,' light of the new moon (ný); nýlýsi var mikit ok sá þeir at jarlar lögðu frá, Orkn. 420; um vetrinn var þat siðr Arnkels at flytja heyit af Örlygs-stöðum um nætr er nýlýsi vóru, Eb. 66 new Ed.; fóru þeir tíu saman frá Hváli öndverða nótt, því nýlýsi var á, Sturl. i. 61; sigla um nóttina við nýlýsi, O. H. L. 51. ný-mjólk, f. new milk. ný-mæli, n. news, a novelty; ef þeir yrði við nokkura n. varir, Fms. ix. 465, v. l.; þótti þetta n., Fms. v. 66. nýmæla-laust, n. adj. no news. II. a law term, Lat. novella, a new law; rétta lög sín ok göra n., Grág. i. 6; þar skal n. öll upp segja á Leið, 122; þat var n. gört þá er Magnús Gizorarson var byskup orðinn, at . . ., þat var annat n., at . . ., Grág. (Kb.) i. 36, 37. nýmæla-bréf, n. a new ordinance, letter, Ann. 1314. ný-næmi, n. [nema], a novelty; þat varð til nýnæmis, at . . ., Ísl. ii. 337; tíðindi þykkja n. öll, Ó. H. 150; óll n. stór ok smá, Lv. 43; af þeim nýnæmum fýstusk fjöldi manna í Noregi til þeirrar ferðar, Fms. vii. 74, Róm. 285, 293 (rendering of the Lat. res novae) :-- a new dish, not hitherto seen on the table, það er nýnæmi, (mod.) ný-næmligr, adj. new, startling, Hom. (St.) NÝR, adj., ný, nýtt; gen. nýs, nýrar, nýs; dat. nýjum, nýri, nýju; acc. nýjan, nýja, nýtt: pl. nýir, nýjar, ný; gen. nýra, mod. nýrra; dat. nýjum; acc. nýja, nýjar, ný, see Gramm. p. xix: compar. nýri, mod. nýrri; superl. nýstr, mod. nýjastr; [Ulf. niujis -- GREEK and GREEK; A. S. niwe; Engl. new; O. H. G. niuwi; Germ, neu; Dan. -Swed. ny] :-- new; vaðmál nýtt ok únotið, Grág. i. 500; skrúðklæði ný, 504; nýtt tungl, a new moon, but in old usage, as it seems, the waxing, or even the full moon; cp. however, þvíat nýtt var at ok niða-myrkr, Grett. 111 A, where Ed. 1853 has hríð var á. 2. fresh; nýtt kjöt, þat er siðr Færcyinga at hafa nýtt kjöt öllum missarum, Fær. 298; nýja fiska ok ostrur, N. G. L. ii. 263; í nýju nauta blóði, Hdl. 10. II. temp, new, fresh, recent; ný tíðendi, fresh news, Fas. iii. 597; nýra spjalla, Hkv. Hjörv. 31; of ný samkvámu-mál, Grág. i. 458; inn nýi háttr, the new metre, Edda (Ht.); þetta görðu menn at nýjum tíðendum, Nj. 14; ný bóla, a new blotch, in the phrase, það er engin ný bóla, 'tis no new thing, 'tis an old sore. III. as subst., hón sagði at þat væri nú nýjast, Fas. iii. 219; spyrja eptir hvat til nýs (quid novi) hefir borit, Mar. 2. adverb, phrases; næst nýs, nearest new, just recently, Hkv. 2. 7; af nýju, anew, again, Hkr. ii. 38, Stj. 504; mod., að nýju, Bs. i. 768; at fornu ok nýju, of old and of late, passim; á nýja-leik, anew, again, Fms. ix. 274, see leikr. IV. in local names, as, Nýja-land, Newland (in America), Ann. 1290. COMPDS: nýja-brum, n.new-fangledness. nýja-leik, see above. B. ný-, denoting newly, recently, may be prefixed to almost every part. pass. as also to adjectives with a part. pass. sense; thus, ný-alinn, ný-fæddr, ný-borinn, new-born, Rb. 346, Fms. iii. 111; ný-gotinn, newly dropped; ný-gipt, ný-kvángaðr, newly married. Sks. 47, Fms. xi. 88; ný-skírðr, newly christened, ii. 42; ný-grafinn, -jarðaðr, newly buried; ný-

460 NÝRA -- NÆR.

vígðr, newly ordained or consecrated, Bs. i. 131, Ld. 230, Fms. ix. 413; ný-andaðr, ný-dáinn, ný-látinn, ný-dauðr, -fallinn, -drepinn, newly dead, Fms. xi. 308, Fas. i. 57, Glúm. 392, Fbr. 115, Mar.; ný-kominn, just come, Orkn. 450, Fms. i. 27, x. 118, Eg. 14; ný-farinn, ný-genginn, ný-sigldr, ný-riðinn, ný-hlaupinn, having newly gone, parted, sailed, ridden away, Landn. 84, Fms. ii. 278, viii. 350; ný-háttaðr, ný-sofnaðr, ný vaknaðr, newly gone to bed, to sleep, just awake, v. 105, Orkn. 212 Fas. ii. 411; ný-staðinn upp, having just risen; ný-seztr, having just sat down; ný-klæddr, just dressed, Hkr. iii. 128; ný-görr, newly made, Sturl. i. 121, Bárð. 168; ný-fenginn just recovered, Fms. x. 387; ný-brotinn, fresh broken, 623. 20; ný-gefinn, newly given, Eg. 174; ný-fundinn, just found, discovered, Stj. 650; ný-tekið, just received, Eg. 478, Fms. vii. 60; ný-misst, ný-tapaðr, newly lost; ný-liðinn, just past, Greg. 82; ný-byrjaðr, just begun; ný-lokinn, ný-endaðr, just finished, just done, Rb. 56; ný-lagðr, new-laid, Bs. i. 346; ný-búinn, just done; ný-mæltr, newly spoken, Fas. iii. 75; ný-tekinn, fresh taken, Eg. 478, Fms. vii. 60; ný-dubbaðr, new-dubbed, Al. 7; ný-nefndr, newly named, Bs. i. 699; ný-spurt, newly heard, Fms. i. 213; ný-orðinn (ný-skeð), having just happened, Bs. i. 469, Fms. viii. 5; ný-ortr, ný-ritaðr, ný-skrifaðr, newly composed, written, Glúm. 384; ný-sagðr, ný-talaðr, newly said, reported, Bs. i. 768; ný-greindr, id., 700; ný-vaxinn, Landn. 190; ný-runninn, ný-sprottinn, newly grown, Str. 49, Stj. 290; ný-bræddr, fresh tarred, Fms. viii. 383, xi. 437; ný-birktr, new-barked, of trees; ný-blæddr, new-bled, Orkn. 460, Symb. 29; ný-klipptr, new-shorn, Mart. 123; ný-markaðr, of sheep, Lv. 48; ný-saumaðr, fresh sewn, Orkn. 182; ný-sopit, having just sipped, Fbr. 214; ný-kefldr, newly gagged, of lambs, Eb. 244; ný-skorinn, new-cut, Eg. 516, Fms. iii. 114; ný-sleginn, new-mown, Str. 45; ný-soðinn, fresh cooked, Fas. ii. 232; ný-bakaðr, new-baked, Stj. 121; ný-þveginn, newly washed; ný-litaðr, fresh dyed, Blas. 45, Bs. i. 446; ný-þaktr, new-thatched, Fms. v. 331; ný-hvattr, new-whetted, Bjarn. 65; ný-karinn, new-polished, Fas. iii. 635; ný-bygðr, new-built; ný-þelaðr, refill nýþelaðr, a carpet with the nap on, i.e. not worn, not threadbare, Dipl. v. 18; ný-leitað, Grett. 111 A; ný-legit, Bs. i. 189; ný-rekit, Hrafn. 8; ný-skilizt, hafði hann nýskilizk við Túnsbergs menn, he had newly parted with them, Fms. viii. 408, v.l. NÝRA, n., pl. nýru, gen. nýrna; [Scot. neirs; Germ. nieren; Dan. nyre; Gr. GREEK] :-- the kidneys, Stj. 310, passim: poët., haf-nýra, a pearl, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: nýrna-mör, m. kidney fat, in beasts. nýrna-verkr, m., medic. 'kidney -work,' pain in the kidneys, Ann. 1426. ný-ráðliga, adv. oddly, queerly, Gísl. 142. ný-ræði, n. pl. new counsel, Hrafnag. 22. NÝSA, t, mod. form hnýsa, see introduction to letter H (B. II. 2. γ); [akin to njósn] :-- to pry, enquire; nýsta ek niðr, Hm. 140; svá nýsisk fróðra hverr fyrr, 7; nýsumk hins, ok hygg at því, Stor. 13: mod. hnýsa, forvitnin holdsins hnýsir þrátt í Herrans leyndar-dóma, Pass. 21. 2. II. reflex., hnýsast í e-ð, to pry into; hnýsast í bréfið, to pry into a letter; hence hnýsinn, adj. curious, in a bad sense; hnýsni, curiosity. ný-smíði, n. 'new smith's work,' the work of a beginner. ný-snævi, n. fresh snow, Eg. 544, Háv. 47. ný-stárligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), new, unusual. NÝTA, t, [njóta], to make use of; ek ætla at þú nýtir eigi boga minn, thou canst not wield my bow, Fms. vii. 120: absol., ok frétti Þorstein, hvárt þá mætti svá nýta, he asked Th. if that would do, Ísl. ii. 207; skulu vér bræðr búnir ok boðnir til slíks sem þér vilit okkr til nýta, Eg. 50; ekki nýtir þú hér af, Edda 32; eigi munu þit lengr nýta hvárt af öðru, enjoy one another, Sturl. i. 96; þau Sigríðr nýttu eigi af samförum, lived unhappily together, 116; vóru þau í Reykjaholti lengstum, þvíat ekki nýtti af henni um samvistir ef þau vóru eigi þar, ii. 48. 2. to eat, consume; þat er rétt at nýta svín, K.Þ.K.; nú nýtir hann sér nyt fjár þess, Grág. i. 428; ef hann nýtir sér fuglinn, ii. 346; nýta fæzlu, Anecd., N.G.L. i. 342. II. metaph. to use, bear, endure; údaunn svá mikill at menn þóttusk varla mega nýta at sitja yfir henni, Bs. i. 178; þóttusk menninir eigi nýta at vera hjá honum, Hom. (St.), of Job; jaxlinn varð svá sárr, at hann þóttisk eigi nýta mega at láta tunguna við koma, Bs. i. 195; ú-nýta, to destroy, N.G.L. i. 342. III. reflex. to avail; þetta má eigi nýtask, Sturl. i. 148; en þetta eitt mál nýttisk (succeeded) þat er í dóm var lagt, 31. β. = nytjask, to yield milk; ok er konur hafa mjólkat, segja þær aldrei jafnílla nýzk (nytjask?) hafa, Ísl. ii. 181. 2. part. nýtandi. fit to be used, Fms. vi. 422, Fb. i. 168: worthy, nýtandi menn = nýtir menn, xi. 80: eatable, N.G.L. i. 341 :-- part. pass., hafið þér enn framar nýttar en gefnar vóru, Fms. x. 7. nýti-ligr, adj. useful, fit to use. nýt-menni, n. a worthy, good man, Ld. 334. nýtr, adj. fit, usable; nýtr dúkr, Pm. 107; sagði fé til þess nýtt, at ..., Ld. 318: able, Str. 68; hefir eigi nýtra dreng fundit, Fms. ii. 23; hinn nýzti maðr, Eg. 141, Ld. 162; enn nýtasti fardrengr, Fms. ii. 23: valid, þá er hvárskis görð nýt, Grág. i. 494; láttú niðr detta, engu er nýtt, 'tis all good for nothing, Fs. 159: neut. as subst., at öngu nýtu, to no use, H.E. i. 243; þær konur er með nýtu hafa verit, who have been good for something, id. ný-tungl, n. the new moon, Lat. novilunium(?), Rb. 18, 20. ný-verk, n. = nýmæli, K.Á. 182. ný-virki, n. marks of new work, of human hands; sá hvergi n. á gólfinu, Grett. 160 A; tráðu niðr taðit, svá at ekki n. sá á, Fms. i. 213. NÆÐI, n. [náð], rest, the being left undisturbed; vera í góðu næði. NÆFR (i.e. nœfr), adj., næfr, næfrt, clever, skilled; hygginn ok næfr um alla hluti, Fms. v. 221; hón var næfr kona ok kunni vel fyrir sér Bs. i. 339; all-næfrir jöfrar, Sighvat; orð-næfr, wordy. NÆFR, f., dat. næfri (Stj. 330), pl. næfrar; [Swed. näfver; Dan. næver] :-- the bark of the birch, used for roofing; þurra skíða ok þakinna næfra, Hm. 59; við ok næfrar ok hálm, Fms. ix. 44; berki ok næfri, Stj. 330; but, berki næfr ok aldini, id.: næfr ok börkr, 77; næfrar skal eigi ljósta til sölu, Gþl. 430; næfrum var þakt um ræfrit, Eg. 90; eldrinn logaði upp í upsina ok svá í næfrina, 238; gengu þá klæði af þeim svá at þeir spenntu næfrum at fótleggjum sér, kölluðu menn þá Birkibeina, Fms. vii. 320. COMPDS: næfra-baggi, a, m. a bag with n., Fms. ii. 59. næfra-kimbull, m. (see kimbull), N.G.L. i. 101. næfra-kolla, u, f. dried bark. næfra-maðr, m. the 'birch-bark man,' a nickname of an outlaw clad in n., Fas. ii. 258. næfra-stúka, u, f. a sleeve of n., Fms. ii. 287. II. poët., hildar næfr, 'war-bark,' i.e. armour, Km.; nykra borgar næfr or hæings hallar næfr = the 'bark of the nick-town' or the salmon hall, i.e. the ice, Lex. Poët.; Sváfnis-sal-næfrar, the roof of the hall of Odin = the shields, Edda (in a verse). næfr-liga, adv. skilfully. nægð, f. plenty, abundance, Stj. 235, freq. in mod. usage. NÆGJA, ð, qs. gnægja (q.v.), [gnógr] :-- to be enough, suffice; sem nægir, Dipl. iv. 2; nægir at þeir trúi því sem trúir Heilög kirkja, H.E. i. 519: with dat., sá hefir nóg sér nægja lætr, a saying; hefir hann alla út lukt svá at mér vel nægir, so that I am quite contented, Dipl. iv. 5; lét Brandr sér vel n. fyrir sik ok sína arfa þeir penningar sem, 12. II. reflex. to suffice; sem nægisk með mjólk ok hunangi, Stj. 259; þóat skírnin nægisk, K.Á. 20; þótti þeim sér ekki nægjask heimrinn, Edda (pref.) nægr, adj. = gnægr, q.v. NÆLA, d, [nál], to stitch. næli, n. [nál], a needle without an eye. næma, d, [nema, námu], to bereave, deprive; næma e-n e-u, fimtán menn fjörvi næmda'k, to bereave of life, Fas. ii. 272 (in a verse); næma aldri, id.; fjörvi næmdu, they took his life, Hlt. (Hkr. i. 173): in the phrase, þat var næmt, it is heard, reported, Fms. vii. 232 (in a verse). næmi, n. docility, quickness to learn, esp. to learn by heart, of youths. næm-leikr, m. = næmi, Sks. 265. NÆMR, adj. [nema], hunted, outcast; næmir hvervetna, Sól. 9 :-- keen, sharp, of a pointed instrument (a needle): contagious, of sickness: touching, hjart-næmr, touching the heart; fast-næmr, firm, 2. quick at learning, esp. of learning by heart, Bs. i. 127; hann er vel næmr, flug-næmr, or treg-næmr, ó-næmr; næmr á kver, nú er eg kominn hér, Stef. Ól. NÆPA, u, f. [A.S. næpe; Engl. -nip in turnip; Lat. napus], a turnip; næpum ok ertrum, H.E. i. 395; næpna-reitr, a turnip-bed, Gþl. 544. NÆR, adv. used both as positive and comparative of ná-, q.v.; superl. næst; mod. usage makes nær the comparative, nærri the positive, cp. fjar, fjarri, firr, which are analogous: [A.S. and Engl. near; Scot. nar; Dan. nær] :-- near: I. as positive, with dat., brautu nær, near the road, Hm. 71; hjarta nær, 94; borgum nær, Sighvat; nær Heiðabý, Fms. vi. 64 (in a verse); vera nær e-u, to be present at; hvergi nær, nowhere near; vóru þá búendr hvergi nær komnir, Ó.H. 210, Eg. 111, Grág. i. 69; nær eða fjarri, nigh or far, Fms. viii. 346 :-- nær aptni, near night, towards night, Hm. 97; nær morni, 100 :-- near, according to, nær ætla ek þat lögum Íra, Ld. 76; er þat nær þínu skapi, Nj. 24. 2. metaph. near, close, sharp; sem þú mátt vánu nær (probably) vita, Sks. 183 B; geta þess sumir til, at þú munir þér þetta eigi nær ætla, folks say that it comes not from thy heart, Fms. xi. 280; Sigurðr þótti nær sér taka þetta bragð, it was cleverly done, vii. 219; cp. taka e-ð nærri sér, to overstrain one's powers; hann hefir tekið nærri sér, ... ok var nær hverjum vænna horfði, it was a drawn game, Nj. 45; e-m verðr nær stýrt, to have a narrow escape, Fms. v. 266; nær meir, more near to, Hom. 159; engi skal nær meir göra en, Gþl. 456. 3. adv. nearly, almost; nær þrjátigi manna, Grett. 95 B; nær tuttugu, Eg. 37; níu hundruð eðr nær því, Fms. i. 109, Rb. 466; nær hundraði vetra, Landn. 322; nær tveggja manns-vaxta, Fas. ii. 508; siðaðr nær betr en, almost better than, Fms. i. 242; nær af öllum löndum, Ld. 28. II. compar. nearer; nær kirkju eða firr, K.Þ.K.; nær vetfangi, Grág. ii. 43; ver eigi nær honum en mál nemi, Fms. iv. 28: temp., eigi nær vár-þingi en ..., Grág. i. 100; eigi nær páskum en ..., 324: metaph. nearer to, þess firr var er þeir gengu nær, Ld. 322. 2. fitter; væri nær miklu, at ..., Valla L. 218; miklu er þetta nær, en ..., Þórð. 49, Nj. 37; nær er nú aptr at hverfa en fyrr, Fms. vi. 155: in mod. usage, iron., þér er nær at þegja, it will be better for thee to hold thy tongue; þér var nær að vera kyr! B. Adv. and conj. [Dan. naar], when; hafðú njósn af nær þeir koma, Nj. 5; halda vörð á nær tími mundi vera at hitta konung, Eg. 420;

NÆRA -- NÖTRA. 461

göra orð nær líkast væri at veita atför jarli, Fms. i. 54; kveða á nær hón varð léttari, Grág. i. 349; nær þeir (supposed that) auka jömnu, ii. 257. NÆRA, ð, [akin to Ulf. nisan and nasjan = GREEK; A.S. genesan; Germ. genesen; as also Germ. nahren, changing s into r] :-- to nourish, nurse; ok næra svá sína unga, Sks. 48; næra sín híbýli, 326 B; engi gneisti lífsins má næra mik eðr lífga, Fms. x. 368; synir né nærendr, nourishers, H.E. i. 505 :-- to nurse, refresh, þeir þógu ok nærðu líkamina, Stj. 237; svá nærir önd mína hunang-fljótandi mál ór munni þínum, Eluc. 55; heldr at næra en slökkva, Sturl. ii. 15. II. reflex. to take slight food, so as just to keep body and soul together :-- to be refreshed, of a sick or faint person, nærðisk hón svá sem frá leið, Fms. vi. 353; hón dreypir víni á varrir þeim ok nærðusk þeir skjótt, Fas. iii. 571. nær-föt, n. pl. under-clothing. nær-gi, adv. [-gi], whensoever; nærgi er, Korm. (in a verse), Grág. i. 154, ii. 124; nærgi sem launat verðr, Nj. 77. nær-gætinn, adj. = nærgætr. nær-gætni, f. 'guessing true,' guessing what a person can bear and perform, with the notion of kindness, opp. to exaction. nær-gætr, adj. 'guessing true,' Eb. 262, Fs. 45, 54, Nj. 254. nær-göngull, adj.; vera n. e-m, to be near about one's person, Sks. 279: in a less good sense, to mob, throng one, 361 B. nær-hæfis, adv. nearly, almost. næring, f. nourishment, food, Germ. nahrung, Sks. 48 B, 51, Anecd. 4. næringar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), taking no food, of one sick. nær-kominn, part. 'near come to,' entitled to, Fms. Lx. 250, 345. nær-kona, u, f. a midwife, Stj. 247, 248. nær-kváma, u, f. a coming near, Sks. 38. nær-kvæmi or -kœmi, f. a 'coming near to,' accuracy, Sks. 443, 482 B. nær-kvæmr or nær-kœmr, adj. close, Stj. 270 :-- accurate, með nærkæmri visku, Sks. 572 B. nærri, adv. = nær, near, nigh; sitja nærri, Grág. i. 50; ganga nærri, Fms. vi. 112; vera hvergi nærri, vii. 283, Sks. 363 (compar.); nærri túni, Lv. 44; nærri sér, Sks. 363 B. B. Adj. compar. answering to ná-, nearer, and superl. næstr, nearest; hinn nærri ok hinn norðari partr, Stj, 94; þeir er nærri vóru, Nj. 237: nearly entitled to, þótt þær sé nærri arfi, Grág. i. 204; the compar. is rarely used. II. superl., 1. gener. next, next after; þá er næstir búa, Grág. i. 82 B, 115: of time, næstir eptir e-n, Fms. i. 108; þar næst, Eg. 512; enn næsta vetr, the next winter, Ld. 180; inn næsta dag eptir, Grág. i. 57; næstu nótt eptir, Fms. vi. 166; hinn næsta vetr er ek kem til Íslands, ii. 34. 2. also next preceding; hann hafði sekr orðit it næsta sumar (= næsta sumar áðr), Íb. 10; hefir svá fram farit inn næsta mánuð, Fms. iii. 117; á hinum næsta sunnudegi, N.G.L. i. 348; á hinum næsta fundi, Sks. 237; áðr hann fór hit næsta sinn af Noregi, Fms. i. 204; hvar skildisk þú við þetta skeyti næsta sinni (the last time), xi. 71. III. metaph. nearest in point of right or title; sá er boði er næstr, Gþl. 294; vér erum næstir sigrinum, Fms. i. 168 :-- neut., it næsta, hann sat it næsta honum, Nj. 2, 50, Ld. 26. nær-spár, adj. 'near-spacing,' prophesying true, Bárð. 164. nær-sýnn, adj. short-sighted, Sturl. i. 70. nær-vera, u, f. presence, Hkr. iii. 276. nær-verandi (-verandis), part. being present, Th. 77, Fms. v. 200. næst, superl.; næst bæ Arinbjarnar, Eg. 515; næst Skotlandi, 267; næst skapi, nearest to one's mind; þar næst Gunnarr, Nj. 240, and temp., Grág. i. 242; -- temp. next, last, næst er ek beidda, Sd. 187; næst nýs, next before, just before, Hkv. 2. 7: er næst ræddum vit um, Sks. 239; því næst, þessu næst, next in turn, Fms. i. 118, vi. 144, Ísl. ii. 209; vil ek at þit reynit hverir munn næst séð hafa, who have seen closest, i.e. truest, Fms. xi. 284. næst, adv. next; í næst, Edda 103. næsta, u, f. the last time; næstunni, Fms. iii. 140. næsta, adv. the next time, last; kom svá næsta, at Ljótr lét þau orð um munn fara, Háv. 51: very, næsta gamall, very old, Þórð. 68; næsta glaðr, Vígl. 16; þungt ok mæðisamt næsta, Hm. 125; þeir taka n. at amask við mik, Fs. 32. næsta-bræðra, u, f. a female second cousin; ef maðr liggr með næstabraeðru sinni, Grág. i. 345, Bjarn. 50; Þórdísi næstabræðru mína, 52. næsta-bræðra, -bræðri, m., either indecl., the bræðra being a gen. pl., or decl. as a weak noun, second cousins; næstubræðra eigu upp at rísa, Grág. i. 69; þeim mönnum er honum eru firnari en næstabræðri, 285; næstabræðrar, 229; næstabræðrum, ii. 172. næstr, see nærri B. næstum, adv. next before, the last time; hví heldr nú en næstum? Sks. 541; svá skildum vér næstum, Nj. 49; svá reiðr sem jarl var næstum, 134; næstum er vér komum á yðvarn fund, Fas. iii. 98, Fms. vi. 245, 370, Nj. 226, Eg. 411. nætingr, m. a bird, the nightingale(?), a GREEK, Edda (Gl.) nætr-, gen., see nótt C. -nættr, adj. [nott]; in compds, ein-nættr, þrí-n., one, three nights old. NÖF, f., pl. nafar. later nafir, [A.S. nafu], the clasps, naves, rings by which the projecting ends of beams at the corners of walls were welded together, and when they were torn or broken the wall gave way; þeir skutu öðrum endanum út í hyrninguna svá hart, at nafarnar (nafarnir Ed.) hrutu af fyrir utan, ok hlupu í sundr veggirnir, Eg. 91; þeir hlupu þá á veggina svá at af gengu nafarnar af timbr-stokkunum, Fas. ii. 43 (Hálfs S. in Bugge's Ed., Cod. nafarnir); hann átti lokrekkju görva af timbr-stokkum ok brutu berserkirnir þegar upp svá at af gengu nafarnar fyrir útan, Eb. 41 new Ed. 2. a wheel-nave; hann kallar bauginn nöf hjólsins, Edda. 3. metaph. the pole of the world; tveir eru hvirflar heimsins er fornir spekingar kölluðu nöfina nörðri ok ena syðri, Pr. 476. 4. hjól-nöf, a wheel-nave; baug-nöf, the 'circle-nave' of a shield, Bragi: the phrase, vera kominn á fremstu nöf, on the uttermost verge, brink (in extremis), at the end of one's resources. nögl, f. a nail; see nagl. NÖKKURR, nökkvarr, nökkvat, see nekkverr. nökkverr, m. a GREEK in a dub. passage, a nick (= nykr?), -- nökkvers nökkvi, the nick's coble = the stone, the rock(?), lasta lauss er lifnaði á nökkvers nökkva Bragi, when the guileless Bragi was left on the rock, Stor. 3; cp. hann tók dvergana, ok flytr þá á sæ út, 'ok setr þá í flæðarsker,' Edda 48. NÖKKVI, a, m. [A.S. naca; O.H.G. nakko; Germ. nachen = biremis] :-- a small boat rowed with a pair of sculls, a cock-boat, Edda 35 (the fishing-boat of Hymir the giant), 38 (of Balder's ship); þeir sá mann einn róa frá hafi útan á einum nökkva, ... hann kastaði árunum ok hvelfði nökkvanum undir sér, Fms. i. 180, 182 (cp. the verse 181), Fas. ii. 232, 233, 236 (of the giant's boat); stein-nökkvi, a stained, painted boat(?), (not a stone boat), 231, Bárð. 3 new Ed.; hann sá at maðr reri útan ór Kaldár-ósi á járnnókkva, Landn. 78 (of an apparition): nökkva-maðr, m. a man wbo rows a nökkvi, a sculler, Fms. ii. 180. nökleikr (-leiki), m. nakedness, Stj. 34, 35. nökviðr, adj., thus in old vellums, or also contr. nökðan; spelt with ey, neyqþan, Am. (Bugge); the true form is a single k, cp. mod. nakinn, not nakkinn, yet neycquiþr in Hm. 49, and necquiþ in Skv. l.c. (Bugge): contr. forms, nekðir (n., pl. m.), Eluc. 26, MS. 625. 66; nökðir, Eluc. 46; neykðra, Sks. l.c.: mod. nakinn, nakin, nakið, gen. nakins, but pl. naktir: [Ulf. naqaþs = GREEK; A.S. nacod; Engl. naked; O.H.G. nachat; Germ. nackt; Dan. nögen; Lat. nudus, qs. nugdus] :-- naked; lík skal eigi nökkvið niðr grafa, K.Þ.K. 24; vit nökvið hjún, Sks. 504 B; vera nökvið, Stj. 36; at þau sá sik nekvið, Eluc. 27, Maríu S. Egypt, passim; nökðra lima, Sks. 536 B; þegja (thus, as required both by sense and alliteration, not segja) skal þurs ef hann sitr nökviðr við eld, a saying, cp. 'not to speak of a rope in a hanged man's house,' Ísl. ii. 317; neiss er nökviðr halr (a saying, see neiss), Hm.; hón var nökvið, Eb. 97, v.l. 2 new Ed., but nökt in the text; þeir létu þá síga nökða í vök, 623. 33; klæddir eða nökðír, Eluc. 46 :-- metaph. of a sword, nökvið sverð, naked swords, Skv. 3. 4; nökðan mæki, Am. 47; nökð sverð, Fms. v. 233. nöldr, n. a murmuring: nöldra, að, to murmur, grumble. nöllra, að, = gnöllra, Þiðr. 245. nölta, t, to shiver from cold, Lex. Poët. NÖP, f. [napr, nepja], chilliness; e-m er í nöpinni við e-n, to bear malice against one, feel hurt and offended. nörðri, nörðstr, see nyrðri, nyrðstr. Nörfi, a, m. the giant of that name, the son of Loki, Stor.; see Narfi; Nörva-sund = Njörvasund, q.v. nörtr, m. a nickname, Bs. i. 499; cp. narta. NÖS, f., pl. nasar, mod. nasir; an s has been dropped, as may be seen from snös, berg-snös (q.v.), as also from Dan. snuse = to smell; [cp. Engl. nose; Germ. nase; Lat. nasus and nares] :-- the nostrils, the nose as the organ of smelling, also of the front of the nose; nasar þessa líkams skyldu vera erchidjáknar, þeir skyldu þefja ok ilma allan sætleik, Anecd.; opnar eru nasarnar, Nj. 154; eldar brenna ór augum hans ok nösum, Edda 41; svá at blóð hrjóti ór munni eðr nösum, Grág. ii. 11; bregða e-u fyrir nasar e-m, to put it before one's nose, Korm. 34; setja hnefa á nasar e-m, Ld. 36; höggit kom á nasir honum ok brotnaði nefit, Fms. iii. 186; fölr um nasar, pale-nebbed, Alm. 2; taka fyrir nasar e-m, Fs. 141; draga nasir at e-u, to snuffle, smell at a thing, Ísl. ii. 136; stinga nösum í feld, to cover the face in one's cloak, Sighvat; stinga nösum niðr, to bite the dust, Fms. iii. 189; ef herra þinn lýkr nösum, has his nostrils shut, ceases to breathe, dies, Str. 27; áðr en ek lýk nösum, Þórð. 31 new Ed.; þér mun verða annat eins áðr en lýkr nösum, thy nostrils will be closed before that, a ditty, see the remarks to nábjargir; blóð-nasar, bleeding at the nose; ríða kross í nasar ok eyru ok í hjarsa, N.G.L. i. 339 :-- in sing. only of one of the nostrils, upp í aðra nösina; það er ekki upp í hálfa nös á ketti, it will not fill the half of the nostril of a cat = it is nothing. II. metaph. of the beak of a ship; stögin festi á höfði skipsins ok tók af nasarnar, Fms. x. 135, v.l. COMPDS: nasa-læti, n. pl. snuffling, Fas. iii. 499. nasa-vit, n. the sense of scent, Mar.: metaph. of superficial knowledge. nös-gás, f. a kind of goose, Gsp.: mod. bles-önd = anas. nötra, að, = gnötra (q.v.), Sd. 169.

462 0 -- OF.

O - Ó O, the fourteenth letter, is in the oldest Runes, on the stone in Tune, and on the Golden horn figured by RUNE, which was evidently taken from the Greek &OMEGA;; the later common Runic alphabet in earlier monuments has no ó, but uses u or au instead, e.g. on the Jellinge stone in Denmark. Afterwards the Rune RUNE, RUNE, or RUNE, RUNE, appears under the name of óss in the Runic poems -- óss er flestra ferða (= fjarða) = all firths have an óss (mouth). The form was evidently taken from the A.S. Runic RUNE, which stands for a, and in A.S. is called ós, which answers, not to Norse óss (ostium), but to áss (= ans, i.e. the heathen gods); but the Norsemen or Danes in borrowing the Rune seem to have misinterpreted its name or mistranslated it from ignorance of the phonetic laws existing between the A.S. and the Norse. The RUNE in Scandinavian Runic inscriptions is therefore a mark of later date (11th or 12th century). B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The o is either short (o) or long (ó); the former (o) is sounded like Engl. o in cod, the latter (ó) as in Engl. no, note; but the rules given at the beginning of the introduction to letter A (p. l) apply equally to this letter, b&o-long;ð being sounded bawth, but kr&o-short;ss in North. E. cross. C. CHANGES. -- In most of the oldest vellums o instead of u is used throughout in inflexions, -o, -or, -om, -on, -oð, -ot, -osk, -oll, -onn, instead of -u, -ur, -um ... -unn (Gramm. p. xxxv, col. 1, A); afterwards both forms are used indiscriminately, till in the 15th century the u prevailed, and has kept its place ever since; whether there was a difference in sound, and what, we are unable to state. 2. so also in a few root words, goð, goll, fogl, oxi, skolu, monu, hogr, togr, monr (Dan. mon), smogoll, = guð, gull, fugl, uxi, skulu, munu, hugr, tugr, munr, smugull; on the other hand, is sonr (a son), but sunr the older form. 3. a and o or u interchange in the inflexions, fagnaðr, fognoðr, fögnuðr; kallan, kollon, köllun. 4. ú has changed into ó in the prefixed negative, ó-vitr for ú-vitr (unwise). 5. jú into jó, njóta, originally njúta; ljós, Swed. ljús: forms like mjókr for mjúkr, dókr for dúkr may also be found in vellums, but are very rare. II. &aolig-acute;, the vowel-change of á (see p. 1), is frequently spelt o (tor, nott, = t&aolig-acute;r, n&aolig-acute;tt), but was in sound different from ó proper, and has since disappeared from the language, although remains of this 'umlaut' still exist in nótt, ól, spónn (= n&aolig-acute;tt, &aolig-acute;l, sp&aolig-acute;nn), but this o is sounded exactly like common o. So also o and ö are confounded in MSS., bornom = börnom =börnum. For the absorption of consonants see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1, and the words themselves. &FINGER; Owing to the inability of the Scandinavian languages to sound v (w) before a vowel of the u class, several root words, which in dictionaries of the cognate languages (Germ., Engl.) begin with w, are in the Icelandic to be found under o, as okr, orð, orka, ormr, Óðinn, óðr, ósk, ómr; as also j, in ok (jugum), ostr, and ok the conjunction. O obláta or oblát, f. [Lat. word], a sacramental wafer, oblát, acc., 625. 192; oblátu buðkr, Vm. 6. odd-hagr, adj. skilled in wood-carving, Bs. i. 143, Fas. i. 292. odd-hending, f. a metrical term, when the first rhyming syllable stands at the head of a verse; thus in haf-löður skeflir the syllable 'haf' is an oddhending, Edda (Ht.) 121: in mod. usage, in Ballads (Rímur), it means two rhyming syllables in the first, and one in the second line, three being an odd number of rhyme syllables -- thus, sveipaðr mundd | á silki hrund | sat eg undir kvendi is an oddhending. odd-hendr, adj. written in the metre oddhending, Edda 139. odd-hvass, adj. sharp-pointed, Bs. ii. 172. oddi, a, m. a triangle, a point or tongue of land, Landn. 294, v.l.; vaxinn með þremr oddum, Fms. x. 272. II. metaph. from the triangle, an odd number, opp. to even; ein er bæn, eða þrjár, fimm, eða sjau, því er bæna tal í odda, en eigi í jafna tölu, at sú tala er í odda er, merkir eining, ok má eigi deila í tvá hluti jafna, 625. 187: hence the metaph. phrase, standask í odda, to be at odds (Shakesp.), quarrelling; stóðsk allt í odda með þeim Þormóði ok Gesti, Fb. ii. 204 (skarsk í odda, Fbr. 81 new Ed. less correct); hefir nú ok í odda staðizk með oss um hríð, Ísl. ii. 180. III. freq. in local names, of a tongue of land; Oddi, Odda-staðr, whence Odda-verjar, m. pl. the men from Oddi :-- as a pr. name, Oddi, Stjörnu-Oddi = star-Oddi, Oddi the astronomer, an Icelander of the 12th century skilled in astronomy, from whom proceeded the computation called Odda-tal, n. the calculus of Oddi, Rb. 6. COMPDS: odda-maðr, m. [Dan. op-mand, qs. 'odd-mand'] :-- the third man, who gives the casting vote, the odd man (third, fifth ...): as in the saying, oddamaðr er opt inn þriði, | jafntrúr skal sá beggja liði, Mkv.; hvart sem tveir megu eða fleiri göra sátt, enda verða þeir eigi ásáttir, þá er rétt at þeir taki sér oddamann, Grág. i. 485; þeir skyldi sjálfir semja sættir sínar, en Rafn vera oddamaðr, ef þá skildi á Sturl. iii. 179. odda-tala, u, f. an odd number. ODDR, m. [A.S. ord; Germ. ort = 'point' of land, spot, place, but in early Germ. = Lat. cuspis; Dan.-Swed. od, odd] :-- a point of a weapon Am. 59, Karl. 506, K.Þ.K. 96, and in countless instances, knífs-oddr, nálar-o., als-o., spjóts-o. (but blóðrefill of a sword): the allit. phrase, oddr ok egg, Hom. 33; með oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, at the sword's point, by force, Nj. 149, Grág. ii. 13; ætla ek at sækja oddi ok eggju frændleifð mína, Ó.H. 32; brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one's pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94: poët, a point, spear, fölvar oddar, Hkv. 1. 52; seðja ara oddum, 2. 7; oddar görva jarli megin, see jarl. 2. a spur, which in olden times had a single point, see Worsaae, No. 356. II. metaph. the front; hann hafði yxnum skipat í odd á liði sínu, Fms. x. 404. 2. a leader; hann var oddr ok æsir fyrir þessum úfriði, Fms. viii. 57, v.l. III. a pr. name, Oddr as well as Oddi: in compds, of men, Odd-björn, Odd-geirr, Odd-leifr, Odd-marr; of women, Odd-björg, Odd-fríðr, Odd-katla, Odd-laug, Odd-leif, Odd-ný, and in the latter part Þór-oddr, Arn-oddr, Landn. odd-viti, a, m. a leader, chief, who marches ahead, Hkv. Hjörv. 10, Hkv. 2. 10, Ó.H. 61, 214, Niðrst. 108. OF, prep. with dat. and acc., the form varies; umb is an obsolete and rare form, hence um, sounded umm, which is far the most common form in old writers, and has altogether superseded both umb and of: [the 'of' answers nearest to Ulf. uf; O.H.G. oba; Germ. ob; Gr. GREEK; Lat. sub; Sansk. upa.] Most of the oldest vellums, as also the poets, prefer to use 'of,' yet not all, for the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda in nine cases out of ten writes um, so also did the Cod. Acad. primus (the Kringla) of the Hkr.; and this is important, for these two vellums are our chief sources for old poetry; on the other hand, the Cod. Reg. of the Snorra Edda prefers 'of.' Among other vellums the old fragment of the Orkn. S. (Arna-Magn. No. 325) mostly uses 'of' as of nóttina, Orkn. 110; of hans daga, 178; of Jól, 180; of daga þeirra bræðra, 182; but also 'um' e.g. ofan um sik, ofan um hann, id. The word will be given in full under letter U, so that a few references may suffice here: I. in the sense over, Lat. super, with dat. and acc., α. jörð grær of ágætum barma, Eg. (in a verse); brann of fylki, Ýt.; of svírum, Hornklofi; dík flæði of líkum, Fms. xi. 191; sjár þýtr of árum, vi. (in a verse); of bý breiðum, Lex. Poët. β. with acc., of nýt regin, Vþm. 13; of dróttmögu, 11; of liðu, Sdm. 9; of sumar, Vsp. 40; of garð risa, Gs.; of lopt ok lög, Hkv.; úlfr gengr of ýnglings börn, Eg. (in a verse); vestr fór ek of ver, Höfuðl. 1; liggja of ungan Mörukára, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. in a causal sense = Lat. ob; of sanna sök, for a just sake, justly, Fms. ii. 322 (in a verse); of minna, for a less cause, Glúm, (in a verse); of litla sök, Lex. Poët.; of sannar deildir, id.; of minni sorgir, Korm. (in a verse). OF and um, an enclytic particle, chiefly placed before verbs or participles, seldom before nouns; it is obsolete, and occurs only in old poetry and now and then in the oldest prose; the spelling varies, for here too the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda, as also the Kringla, mostly prefer um, so as to take examples from the poem Hm., um skoðask, um skygnask, 1; um getr, 8; um á (owns), 9; þylsk hann um, um getr, 17; um farit, 18; síns um máls, 21; um gelr, 29; um þörf, 38; um getr, 58, 65; um dvelr, 59; um viðrir, 74; um lagit, 84; um vakin, 100; um komin, um sofin, 101; um kominn, 104; um gaf, 105; um geta, 123; um heilli, 129; um reist, 145; um stendr, 154; um kann, 163: of gat, 140; of alinn, 72; of kom, 145; of vitaðr, 100; of blótið, 145: vf, vf boðit, 67; vf heimtir, 14: thus in this single poem 'um' occurs about twenty-four times, 'of' five times, and 'vf' twice: for the other poems see Bugge's Edition: on the other hand, of traddi, Gh. 2; of þrumir, Gm. 8; of hyggi, 34; at ek öllum öl yðr of heita, Hým. 3; of geta, 4; of teknir, 14; of heitt, 32 :-- in prose, ef maðr má eigi of koma, Grág. ii. 209; of förlar, Kb. 14; of telrat, 178; er héðan of sér, Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 387; en ér of sét eigi ljós, but you see not the light, 645. 81; at eigi of sá á miðli, Íb. 11; má of rannsaka, 677. 6; þó at báðum of göri, 2; ok af því of eykr eigi atkvæði, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; sem menn of bera megu, Hom. (St.); at hann megi jafnfúss of vera, id., and passim in that old vellum, see Fritzner's Dict. s.v.; ef því um náir, Grág. (Kb.) 209; ef þeir um sitja, 74; um ves, 76; um taki, 89; um göra (twice), 109; um telrat, 194; urn býðr, 230; um komi, 234; ef sól um sæi, if the sun was to be seen, ch. 29. II. seldom before nouns; síns um máls, Hm. (see above); um þörf, 38; as hans of dólgr, Skv.; Baldrs of barmi, Haustl.; öll of rök, Alm. 9; of sköpt, kinsmen, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.; of tregi, Gkv. 1. 3 (thus Bugge in two words); Þórs of rúni, Haustl.; of kúgi, an oppressor, Fms. vii. (in a verse); with adjectives, of reiðr, Skm.: it remains in some old sayings or phrases, án er íllt um gengi; um seinan, Nj. 91. OF, adv. [this particle is closely akin to the prep. of; the extended form ofr- (q.v.) is mostly used in compds, not singly, and answers to Gr. GREEK, Lat. super, Engl. above]: 1. as subst. excess, pride, conceit; því at hón verðr eigi svá mikil, at þar muni of þitt allt í liggja,

OFA -- OFHLÝR. 463

Ld. 318; við of, to excess, Ísl. ii. 154; þótti hirðmönnum hans við of, hversu mikit, they thought it was beyond measure, Vígl. 17; um of, to excess: the phrase, of sem van, too much or too little; það er of sem van. 2. with gen., of fjár, immensity of wealth, Nj. 9, 27, Eg. 68, Ó.H. 198; of liðs, a vast host of men, Hkr. ii. 265; of manna, Fms. vi. 146. B. Adv. too, Lat. nimis, and may be used with any adjective; when with adjectives it is better written separately, of gamall, too old; of ungr, too young, Ld. 262; of langr, of stuttr, Art. 96; of stórr, of lítill, Eg. 50; of harðr, of linr, of góðr, of vándr, of kaldr, of heitr, of magr, of feitr, of digr, of breiðr, of mjór, of hár, of lágr, of víðr, of þröngr, of margr, of fár, of mart, Njarð. 372; of þögull, of heimskr, of máligr, Art. 30, 82. 2. with adverbs; of mjök, too much, Eg. 226, Ísl. ii. 391; of fjarri, Fms. ii. 181; of lengi, too long, x. 379; of seint, too late. Art. 96; of snemma, of árla, too early; cp. um of viða, of sjaldan, of opt, etc. II. with the neut. of a past part., overmuch, too much, with the notion of having overdone or sometimes wishing not to have done it; hafa of drukkit, to have drunk too much, Gm. 51; hafa of aukit, Eg. 202, Hkr. ii. 209; hafa of gefit, to have given more than one likes, Ld. 318; hafa of gört, to have transgressed, Nj. 221, Fms. xi. 333; eigi of hefnt, Grett. 124; hafa of keypt, bought too dear, Jb. 372; hafa of mælt, Fms. i. 163; þykjast hafa of talað, wish one had not said it; sé mér þetta of mælt, Mar.; hafa of tekið við e-n, to have gone too far, Fms. viii. 258; hafa of seinat, too late, Ld. 144, Fas. i. 196; um seinat, Fms. viii. 162 :-- 'of' is opp. to 'van-,' too much, too little, hafa van-dæmt, of-dæmt, of-mælt, Gþl. 378; van-refst of-refst, 272; of-talt van-talt, 477; of-alnir, van-alnir, Grág. i. 455. III. rarely with verbs; of-tala, to talk too much. ofa, u, f. overbearing (= of 1); frétt hefir öld ofu þá, (pride, pomp?), Am. 1; létt sésk Atli ofu þína, A. little heeds thy overbearing, Skv. 3. 31. ofa-, in compds, = of, vastness: ofa-fé, mikit ofafé, a vast amount of money, Fær. 11; ofafé mikit, Fms. vii. 232: ofa-mikill, adj.; ofamikit fé, Hkr. i. 182, 284; ofamikit herfang, Orkn. 378. of-allt or of-vallt, adv. always, Orkn. 90, etc.; see ávalt or ávallt. ofan, adv., in Þiðr. S. often spelt oman, [Goth. obana; A.S. ofan; Germ. oben] :-- from above, down, downwards.; falla ofan, to fall down, 623. 24, Eg. 240: taka ofan hús, to pull down, 100; fóru ofan þangat, Nj. 68; hann klauf ofan allan skjöldinn ... reist ofan allan fótum, from top to bottom, 246; hann hjó frá ofan höndina, separated, cut off the hand, 160: metaph., telja e-t ofan, to 'talk down,' dissuade, Fms. xi. 11; taka ofan, to uncover the head. II. with prepp. denoting motion from above; ofan af landi, Eg. 32; ofan af himnum, down from heaven; ofan til skipa, 244; ofan eptir dal, ofan eptir eyrum; hann féll ofan fyrir klettinn, he fell down over the rock, Fær. 31; ofan fyrir bjargið, ganga ofan í fen, to sink, plunge into the fen, Nj. 21; veit þá heldr fyrir ofan, it sloped downwards, Fær. 40.; detta ofan í, to sink down into the mire, of cattle; þeir riðu ofan í Skaptártungu, Nj. 261; ofan í fjöru, ofan í dalinn, ofan í gröfina, etc.; ofan á herðar, mitt læri, ofan á belti, 2; ór himni ofan, down from heaven, Clem. 21; ofan frá merkjá, Eg. 100; hann lét (the garment) falla ofan um sik ... sem klæðit hrundi ofan um hann, Orkn. 182; ofan um ís, down through the ice. 2. without motion; ofan á, upon, Lat. super; stendr hann þar á ofan, Ó.H. 108; liggja ofan á, leggjask ofan á, setja, láta ofan á e-t, etc.; ríða ofan á milli, to sit between the packs of a pack-horse; leggja ofan yfir, to cover over, Fas. i. 377. III. the uppermost part; viðr ofan, large at the top, Fær. 29. IV. adverbial, á ofan, over and above, to boot, into the bargain, Grett. 94, Fms. ii. 42: á þat ofan, Bs. i. 71; fyrir þat ofan, besides, Grág. i. 428: fyrir ofan, with acc.; fyrir ofan hús, Nj. 199; fyrir ofan kné, 28; fyrir ofan sjó, Fms. iv. 354; steinveggr var fyrir ofan, above, higher up, Orkn. 310; fyrir ofan ok neðan. V. with gen. above the surface of; ofan jarðar, above earth, alive; ofan sjóar, afloat. ofan-fall, n. a downfall, Fms. ii. 276. Fbr. 88: a down-pour, of rain, Sturl. i. 163, Ann. 1391, Fas. i. 64, Karl. 527. ofan-för, f. a descending, Ísl. ii. 339. ofan-ganga, u, f. a descent, Sturl. i. 180, Eb. 218, Eg. 229, Stj. 365. ofan-högg, n. a cutting down, Pr. 414. ofan-í-gjöf, f. payment into the bargain :-- rebuke. ofan-reið, f. a riding downwards, Sturl. iii. 245. ofan-verðr, adj., opp. to neðanverðr (q.v.), the upper, uppermost; í ofanvert bjargit, Hkr. i. 290; komnir í ofanvert riðit, Fms. ii. 5; skegg á ofanverðu barðinu, 310; breiðr at ofanverðu, Ísl. ii. 345; á ofanverðu fjalli, Str. 54; á ofanverðri Heiðmörk, Fb. ii. 292; frá öndverðu til ofanverðs, from top to bottom, Hom. 118; frá ofanverðu allr prjónaðr, John xix. 23. 2. temp. in the later part of a period, opp. to öndverðr; ofanverða nótt, towards the end of the night, late in the night, Fms. iv. 54, Gullþ. 27; öndurða ... ofanverða æfi sína, Ver. 25, Rb. 410; á ofanverðum dögum Haralds, Fh. ii. 182, Gísl. 3. ofarla, adv. = ofarliga, in a temp. sense, towards the end of a certain length of time; á hans dögum ofarla, 623. 11, Fms. iv. 24, xi. 201; o. á Langa-föstu, v. 168 :-- metaph., the phrase, bíta e-m ofarla, to bite sharply, Hm. 119. ofar-liga, adv. high up, in the upper part, opp. to neðarliga, q.v.; o. í dalnum, o. í skálanum, o. á fjöllum, Grett. 111, Fms. v. 197, K.Á. 70, N.G.L. i. 14. 2. metaph., þeim mun í brún bregða ok ofarliga klæja, their upper part will itch, i.e. in the vital parts of their body, = sorely, Nj. 239, cp. Hm. 119; at faðir þinn tæki o. til launanna, thy father was made to smart for it, Ölk. 37; o. mun liggja újafnaðr í þér, of bare-faced impudence, Grett. 134. 3. temp., ofarliga á Jólum, Fms. vii. 272; ofarliga á hans dögum, Orkn. 136; o. á æfi Sigurðar konungs, Fms. vii. 162. ofarr, adv., compar. answering to of, upp, yfir, opp. to neðarr, q.v.; superl. ofarst, but better efst, q.v. :-- above, higher up; sumir ofarr sumir neðarr, Hkr. i. 71; annat augat mun ofarr en annat, Fms. vi. 206; ofarr á legsteininum, Al. 65; ofarr í ánni, Edda 75; o. en nú gangi flóð, Grág. ii. 354; draga segl ofarr, Hkv. 1. 29. 2. temp. later, more advanced in time; því meirr er ofarr var, Bs. i. 137. 3. metaph., hættú, hættú! ok lát eigi ofarr koma þessa fólsku, stop, stop! and let not this nonsense go farther, Bs. i. 810. 4. with a compar., ofar meir, 'upper-more,' higher up, Fms. ix. 406: temp. later, 499; sem ofar meirr (below, in a book) mun heyrask mega, Stj. 13; sem ofar meirr mun sagt vera, 44. II. superl. ofarst, uppermost, = efst (q.v.), Edda 2, Fms. vii. 64, N.G.L. i. 59, Hkr. i. 146, Grág. ii. 402. of-át, n. (afát, Hom. 31, 53, 71), over-eating, gluttony, Skálda 208, Greg. 25, Barl. 42. of-beldi, proncd. obbeldi, n. [qs. ofveldi], violence, overbearing, Fms. i. 221, vii. 20, Al. 10, N.G.L. i. 458, H.E. i. 470. COMPDS: ofbeldis-fullr, adj. overbearing, Stj. 8. ofbeldis-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Stj. 85. of-bjóða, bauð, only impers. mér ofbýðr, it amazes, shocks, me. of-bleyði, f. cowardice, Sks. 75. of-boð, n. a shock, terror; í ofboði, in amazement :-- ofboðs, adv. shockingly, very, ofboðs-legr, adj. shocking. of-bræði, f. passion, impatience, Hom. 85. of-dan, n. too much honour; það er o. fyrir mig, (conversational.) of-deildir, f. pl. quarrelsomeness, Hom. 85. of-dirfð, f. foolhardiness, K.Á. 232, Fms. iii. 68, vii. 18, 161, H.E. i. 504, Str. 50. ofdirfðar-fullr, adj. foolhardy, H.E. i. 473. of-dirfska, u. f. = ofdirfð, passim in mod. usage. of-dramb, n. arrogance, conceit, Edda 7, Ó.H. 88, Sks. 462. ofdrambs-fullr, adj. conceited, Fms. v. 217, Hom. 123. of-drykkja, u, f. (af-drykkja, Hom. 31, 53), indulgence in drink, Fms. viii. 251, ix. 424, Barl. 42, Gþl. 276, Skálda 208. ofdrykkju-maðr, m. a drunkard, 623. 15, Fms. viii. 252, Barl. 137. of-dul, f. great conceit, Finnb. 300. of-dyri, n. (umdyri, Hom. 82 thrice), the 'over-door,' the lintel, Ver. 21, Stj. 279, Gþl. 345. of-dælska, u, f. pertness, Sks. 519, v.l. of-fari adj. having gone too far, doing wrong; verða offari, Fms. iii. 21, viii. 237, xi. 436, Bs. i. 296, 837. of-fita, u, f. too much stoutness. of-fors, n. insolence, Grett. 110 A, Fms. v. 181. offors-fullr, adj. insolent, Grett. 70 new Ed. OFFR, n., also spelt ofr, [Lat. offertum; Germ. opfer], an offering, Fms. ix. 277, Sks. 699, 781, Hkr. iii. 66, Bs. i. 820, Anecd. 8; fórnir ok heilög offr, id.; einskis þeirra offr skal taka til heilags altaris, K.Á. 208; til prests offrs, 102; prestinum til offrs, Vm. 118; at hann hefði sukkat gózi ok offri hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, þá hann hafði með at taka offrinu, Bs. i. 820. offra, að, [Germ. opfern; Engl. offer], to make an offering, sacrifice; offra e-m e-t, Mar.: o. sik Guði, K.Á. 58. 2. to make a gift, to present, in an eccl. sense, Al. 17: with dat. of the thing, hann offraði miklu fé til grafar Dróttins, Fms. vii. 92; offraði frú Kristín borðkeri miklu, x. 87; hann lét göra kirkju ok offraði þar til gullhring, 153; þeir vóru leiddir til altaris at offra, ix. 277: reflex., H.E. i. 405. of-framsækni, f. intruding oneself, Sks. 295. offran, f. an offering, Stj. 109. of-freistni, f. over-temptation, Barl. 158. offrend, f. an offering, Hom. 113, Str. 80. of-fylli, f. surfeit, Al. 153, Hom. 31: medic. dropsy. of-gangr, m. 'over-going' excess, Fms. iii. 39; ganga ofgöngum, Gísl, 79, N.G.L. i. 169; ganga ofgangi, Fms. vii. 269: o. sjóvar, Barl. 19; elds o., D.N. ii. 95; o. frosts ok jökla, Sks. 12 new Ed. of-gangsi, adj. over-prevailing, Sks. 339. of-geigr, m. a great shock, Hom. (St.) of-geytlan, f. bragging, Hom. 85. of-gjafir, f. pl. paying into the bargain, Nj. 18, v.l. of-gæði, n. pl. great advantages, Hkr. iii. 285. of-göngli, f. prevalence, Sks. 339, v.l. of-harmr, m. affliction, Fms. iii. 166. of-heyrn, f., medic. a tingling in the head, Fél. x. of-hiti, a, m. excessive heat, Hom. 87. of-hlaða, hlóð, to overload: of-hleðsla, u, f. overloading, of-hlátr, m. immoderate laughter, Hom. 85. of-hlýr, m. a calm, poët., Alm. 23.

464 OFHYLDGAN -- OFSI.

of-hyldgan, f. 'over-flesh,' proud flesh, of a wound, Fél. x. of-inndæli, f. over-comfort, easy life, Hom. 86. of-jarl, m. an 'over-earl,' an over-match; verða mér sumir ofjarlar hér í héraðinu, Valla L. 206; Jóab, er mér verðr ofjarl fyrir stórleika sakir, Stj. 537: in a play of words, Einarr þambar-skelfir sá þetta ok mælti, ofjarl, ofjarl, fóstri! -- Kann ek ekki við því, at yðr þykki sumt ofjarl en sum ekki at manna, Fms. vi. 53. of-kapp, n. stubbornness, Gþl. 199, Bret. 38, Sturl. ii. 15, Finnb. 332. of-kátr, adj. exulting, Fms. vi. 110, vii. 23, Fagrsk. 128. of-kerski, f. petulance, Nj. 129, Fms. ix. 404, v.l. of-kvæni, n. uxoriousness, Fms. iv. 21. of-kæti, f. wantonness, Fms. ix. 352, 404, 445, Hom. 86. oflát, f. = obláta, q.v. of-láti, a, m. a gaudy person, Landn. 273, Ld. 20, Nj. 142, Sturl. i. 19, Fms. ii. 6, Gísl. 14. of-látinn, part. much lamented, Sighvat. of-látligr, adj. showy, Sturl. iii. 156, Fbr. 56. of-látungr, m. = ofláti. of-leyfingr, m. a person made too much of, Grett. 121 A. of-léttleikr, m. alertness, Sks. 19. of-léttliga, adv. willingly, promptly, Ld. 182, Fms. iii. 91. of-léttr, adj. prompt, easy, ready, Fms. ii. 99; o. til góðra verka, Hom. (St.); skulu vér nú vera þér auðveldir ok ofléttir til allra hluta er þú vilt at vér görim, Stj., Fms. iv. 134 (spelt afléttr). of-lið, n. an overwhelming force; vera ofliði borinn, Nj. 180; ef menn bera þá ofliði, ok láta þá eigi ganga til dóms, Grág. i. 111. 2. over-zeal; því þér hafit mér veitt fullt lið, ef eigi oflið, Fms. vii. 143. of-ljóst, n. adj. a metrical term, a pun, equivocation in poetry; þessi orðtök hafa menn til at yrkja fólgit, ok er þat kallat ofljóst, Edda 110, Skálda 183, 189. of-ljótr, adj. very hideous. Hým. 23. of-lægja, ð, to humble. Post. 209. of-læti, n. self-assumption, Hom. 152. of-löskr, adj. very slovenly, Lex. Poët. of-maðr, m. = ofjarl; vera e-m o., Orkn. 426. of-magn, n. = oflið; in bera e-n ofmagni, to overpower, Fas. iii. 175. of-megri, f. starvation, N.G.L. i. 25, Gþl. 502. of-metnaðr, m. over-pride, over-assumption, Nj. 17, Ó.H. 69, Sks. 461, Stj. 8, 144, 145, Hom. 86, 107, Ver. 10, Greg., Mar., Bs., passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: ofmetnaðar-fullr, adj. full of pride, 625. 90. ofmetnaðar-maðr, m. an over-proud man, Vígl. 17, MS. 677. 11, Stj. 36. ofmetnaðar-samr, adj. arrogant, Bs. i. 854. of-metnask, að, to pride oneself, Karl. 197. of-mikill, adj. 'over-muckle,' excessive, Gm. 21., of-munuð, f. sensuality, Hom. (St.) of-mælgi, f. loquacity, Stj. 155. OFN, m., spelt omn, Blas. 46; an older form ogn, Boldt 48, answering to Goth. and Swed.: [Ulf. auhns = GREEK; Engl. oven; Swed. ugn; Dan. ovn, kakkel-ovn; Germ. ofen; cp. Gr. GREEK] :-- an oven, furnace, esp. in Norway, where there are no hot springs for bathing, Rb. 386, Ver. 29, Stj. 273, Fms. vii. 245, Bs. i. 223, Eb. 47 new Ed.; stein-ofn, a furnace of bricks(?), referring to the year 1316, Bs. i. 830, where the passage may refer to warming the apartments. 2. an oven for baking; gékk hón til nauðig ok bakaði í ofninum, Hom. 113; in olden times, as at the present day, baking and dairy work were in the women's charge. COMPDS: ofns-eldr, m. an oven-fire, Stj. 112. ofn-grjót, n. pl. oven-stones, bricks(?), Fms. vii. 323, viii. 166 (referring to the latter part of the 12th century). ofn-reykr, m. smoke from an oven, Stj. 124. ofn-stofa, u, f. an 'oven-closet,' close stove, bath-room, Fms. vi. 440, where it is stated that king Olave the Quiet (1066-1093) was the first who introduced ovens or stoves (ofn-stofa) into the hall instead of the old open fires, see eldr (II); these stoves served for bathing and for heating the rooms; hann lét ok fyrst göra ofnstofur ok steingólf vetr sem sumar. The account of the death of the Berserkers in Eb. ch. 28, referring to the 10th century, may therefore be an anachronism and not an historical fact, for it is reported as extraordinary for Iceland that a bishop of Hólar (a Norseman) in the year 1316 built a 'stone-oven' (brick-oven) in his house, Laur. S. l.c. of-neyzla, u, f. intemperance, Stj. 143, H.E. i. 519, Jb. 404. ofnir, m. the name of a serpent, Gm., Edda (Gl.) of-prúðleikr, m. great pomp, Str. 82. of-prúðliga, adv. with great pomp, Str. 81. of-prýði, f. pomp, show, Hom. 85. OFR, adv. [cp. Goth. ufar; Engl. over; O.H.G. upar; Germ. über; Lat. super; Gr. GREEK] :-- over-greatly, exceedingly: with gen. but rarely, ofr fjár is perh. only a misprint for of fjár, Lv. 103 (paper MS.); otherwise as a prefix chiefly to substantives and adjectives. COMPDS: ofr-afl, n. = ofrefli, Grág. ii. 192. ofr-ást, f. passionate love, Fms. vii. 357. ofr-borð, n. overboard; in the metaph. phrase, detta fyrir ofrborð, to fall overboard, lose heart and courage. ofr-dýrr, adj. over-dear, Þórð. 65. ofr-efli, n. overwhelming force, odds, Eg. 351, Fms. i. 199, viii. 90, Ísl. ii. 363: beyond one's strength, Oddr kvað sér þat ekki ofrefli Korm. 38, Eb. 112, Fms. i. 203; með ofrefli, Al. 134: excess, immensity o. frosts, Sks. 36 new Ed.; mikit o. gulls, Mar.: gen., ofreflis fjöldi, immensity, Stj. 95. ofreflis-menn, m. pl. powerful men, bearing all down, Nj. 75, Eg. 425, 520. ofr-fjöldi, a, m. an immense host, Karl. 506. ofr-gangr, m. = ofgangr, Sks. 18, 33 new Ed. ofr-garpr, m. an overdaring man, Grett. 156 new Ed. ofr-gjöld, n. pl. fearful, dire retribution, Skv. 2. 4. ofr-harmr, m. an overwhelming sorrow, Fb. i. 512, Fas. i. 181. ofr-hefnd, f. a fearful vengeance. Am. 72. ofr-hiti, a, m. an overwhelming heat, Hrafn. 15, Mar. ofr-hugi, a, m. a fearless, daring man, Nj. 220, Fms. i. 155, ii. 66, vi. 324, Fs. 54, Korm. 90: = ofrhugr, ákefð ok o., Fms. ii. 319. ofr-hugr, m. dauntless courage, Edda (pref.) ofr-kapp, n. fierceness, stubbornness, Ld. 178, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. vi. 146, 417, Eb. 98, Fb. ii. 51. ofrkapps-maðr, m. a fierce, stubborn man, Fs. 52, Glúm. 373, Ísl. ii. 369, Fas. i. 119. ofr-kuldi, a, m. excessive cold, Sks. 87. ofr-lengi, adv. very long, Hkr. i. 102. ofr-lið, n. overwhelming force; bera e-n ofrliði, to overpower, Fms. i. 154, Hkr. ii. 371, Barl. 190. ofr-ligr, adj. excessive; ofrligt er um örleik þinn, Skíða R. 26. ofr-máta, adv. beyond measure, Fas. iii. 424. ofr-menni, n. a mighty champion, Eb. 248. ofr-mikill, adj. very great, Sks. 141, Hkr. iii. 65. ofr-mælgi, f. high words, vaunting, Vþm. 10. ofr-mæli, n. big talk, Edda 57. ofr-skjótt, n. adj. very soon, Hkr. ii. 190. ofr-vald, n. = ofrefli. ofr-verkr, m. a violent ache or pain, Bs. ii. 29. ofr-yrða, t, to address in big words, Þiðr. 256. ofr-yrði, n. pl. high words, Edda 57, Karl. 509. ofr-þraut, f. a great trial, Konr. ofr-þungi, a, m. a crushing weight, Bs. ii. 81. ofr-ölvi, adj. the worse for drink, Hm. 13. ofra, að, to brandish, wave in the air, with dat. of the thing brandished; þegar er Birkibeinar ofruðu vápnum sínum, Fms. viii. 43, Eb. 60; ofra vröngum ægi, to pull the oar backwards, Bragi. 2. to raise; ofra lofi e-s, to put forth one's praise, Edda (in a verse); þegar er sólu var ofrat, when the sun had risen, Ld. 216; ofra sér, to raise the head, appear, Bs. ii. 80, 132; bið ek at eigi ofrir þú reiði þinni, Stj. 392: acc., ofra sinn hug, Bs. ii. 112. II. reflex., Guðmundr vildi þat eigi heyra né ofrask láta, G. would not let it be known, Sturl. i. 141; þat ráð sem nú var ofrat (put forth, proposed), Sturl. iv. 104, (Bs. i. 770 efnat): to pride oneself, Hom. 49, Bs. ii. 24. ofra, að, see offra and offr. ofraðr, m. [Ulf. ufarassus = abundance]: in the phrase, bera e-t á ofroð, to shew up, divulge, Stj. 619. II. gen. ofraðar, adv. exceedingly; ofraðar lengi, for a long time to come, Korm. (in a verse); ofraðar þrekmaðr er sjá, an exceeding strong man is he, Niðrst. 6; ofraðar maðr er sjá, a mighty hero is he, 645. 107; ofraðar rangt, exceeding wrong, 677. 5; ofraðar vel, exceedingly well, Fms. xi. 47; ofraðar synd, pride, presumption, = ofmetnaðr, Mar. ofran, f. pride, insolence, Bs. ii. 44: savageness, N.G.L. i. 80. of-raun, f. too great a trial, too strong a test, Nj. 220, Fas. ii. 465. of-rausn, f. 'over-boldness,' presumption, Fms. vii. 290; er öllum þat o., at halda því fyrir mér er konungr vill at ek hafa, ix. 445, v.l.; þann dóm lét hann hvern hafa, sem honum þótti þeir sakir til hafa, hvárt sem hann var ríkr eða fátækr, en þat þótti þeim o., xi. 250; hann lét jafna refsing hafa ríkan ok úríkan, en þat þótti landsmönnum o., Ó.H. 190. ofrá, adv. = offrá, from, off, Vþm. 7; whence the contr. form áfrá, Fms. x. 395, 404. of-ráð, n. too great a task, Fms. iv. 29; oss mundi þat ílla sækjask ok o. vera við þá Eyfirðinga, Valla L. 224; Sturla frændi hans segir honum slíkt ofráð, Sturl. ii. 91: too high an aspiration, ekki var þetta vel þokkat af sveitar-mönnum fyrir Þóri, ok þótti honum þetta o. ráð vera, iii. 144: too high a match, Þorsteinn kvað sér þat o., er hón stóð ein til alls arfs eptir Kraka, Þorst. hv. 38. of-refsan, f. too great severity in punishing, Fb. ii. 316. of-rembingr, m. arrogance, Bs. i. 634. of-reyna, d, to put too strong a test, Mar.; ofreyna sik, to overstrain one's strength. of-reynsla, u, f. an overstraining. ofringi, a, m. a rambler, Grág. i. 192; see lands-ofringi. of-ríki, n. overbearing, sheer force, tyranny; at þeir þerði eigi heim at ganga fyrir o. búandans, K.Þ.K.; ofvald eðr o., Stj. 154, Boll. 336; afli ok o., Fms. i. 34; o. ok újafnaðr, viii. 84; bera e-n ofríki, N.G.L. ii. 150. ofríkis-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Gþl. 488. ofsa, að, to overdo, do to excess; hinum bótum er þeir ofsa eðr vansa er í dómum sitja, N.G.L. i. 184; opt eru íll vitni ofsuð fyrir skaps sakir, 247 :-- ofsa sik, to puff oneself up, be haughty, arrogant; ef þú ofsar þik eigi þér til vansa, Hrafn. 29. II. reflex. to grow unruly; Jupiter þótti fólkit ofsask, Bret. 6; opt verðr ofsat til vansa, a saying = pride goes before a fall, Al. 138. 2. hence mod. afsast, dep. to rave, rage. of-saka, að, = á-saka, to accuse, Hom. 155. of-senna, u, f. a quarrel, row, Hom. 85. ofsi, a, m. overbearing, tyranny; fyrir o. Haralds konungs, Fs. 123; biskup kvaðsk vænta at menn munu þessum ofsa af sér hrinda, Fb. iii. 450; ofsi ok löglausa, Ó.H. 238, Eb. 116; ofsa ok yfirgang,

OFSALEGR -- OK. 465

Fms. vi. 26; ofsi ok újafnaðr, Eg. 8; ofsa ok údáðir, Fms. i. 208; at eigi mætti ofsi steypa lögunum, Hkr. i. 72; at sjatna mundi þeirra o., Ísl. ii. 386: extravagance, meir með ofsa en fyrirhyggju, Ld. 186; Þorsteini þótti nokkut svá vita ofsa þarvist þeirra ok eigi með fullri forsjá, Fs. 13; til ofsa ok frásagnar, Gþl. 275. II. gen. prefixed, excessively; ofsa hörð veðr, vehement gales, Bs. i. 893; ofsa kláði, a sore itch. Fél. x; ofsa þrútuligr, Hkr. 642 new Ed. COMPDS: ofsa-legr, adj. excessive. ofsa-maðr, m. an overbearing, violent man, Eg. 174, Nj. 89, Fms. vi. 155, vii. 113. ofsa-veðr, n. a violent gale. of-sinka, u, f. over-stinginess, Hom. 85. of-sjónir, f. pl.; in the phrase, sjá ofsjónum yfir e-u, to look down upon, despise; brott ætlar hann ok görir hann þat ílla ... þurfti hann ekki ofsjónum yfir þessu landi at sjá, Sturl. i. 225; ef hann hefði eigi séð ofsjónum yfir mannlegu eðli, Al. 160 :-- in mod. usage, to grudge one a thing. 2. mod. the seeing of phantoms. ofskaps-maðr, read ofrkappsmaðr, Bjarn. 34. of-skemtan, f. over-pleasure, Fms. ii. 271. of-skvaldr, n. over-swaggering, great noise, Fms. vi. 287. of-skynja, adj. overlooking, looking down upon; þeir þykkjask sér ærnir, en mér nokkut o., Fms. v. 226; sýnisk mér sem flestir menn sé honum o. vestr þar. Sturl. iii. 168. of-sköpun, f., medic. monstrosity, Fél. x. of-snjár, m. vast masses of snow, N.G.L. i. 392. of-sókn, f. persecution, Fær. 134, Fms. i. 224, Stj. 497, Ver. 29, Th. 79, Bs. ii. 142, passim. of-stark, n. 'over-strength,' showiness, pride, Str. 82 (twice). of-stopi, a, m. overbearing, arrogance, insolence; fara með ofstopa, Nj. 222; vildi Guð nú enda láta á verða þeirra ofstopa, Fms. vii. 18, Hom. 76; ofmetnaðr ok o., Rb. 394. ofstopa-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Eb. 14, Fms. i. 6, vii. 238, Nj. 215, Orkn. 8; íllt er at eggja ofstopa-mennina, Fb. i. 522. of-stríðleikr, m. over-strength, violence, Sks. 156. of-styrmi, n. = ofviðri, Fr. of-stýri, n. an 'over-steering,' unmanageable thing; ætla ek at þú verðir oss skjótt ofstýri, Fas. i. 365 (Skjöld. S.); yðr mun o. verða at leggja mik við velli, Boll. 344: hence the mod. ó-stýrilátr, unruly, qs. ofstýrilátr. of-stæki, n. ferocity, Ld. 252; grunar mik at ei komir þú því við fyrir þeirra o., Ísl. ii. 347, Mag. 164; ofstækis-maðr, a fierce man, Mag. of-stækr, adj. hot, fierce, vehement. of-stæri, n. [stórr], pride, haughtiness, Thom. 182. of-stöður, f. pl. priapismus, Fél. x. of-svefni, n. over-sleep, lethargy, N.G.L. ii. 418 (v.l.), Bb. 3. 81. of-svæsi, n. temerity. H.E. i. 261, N.G.L. i. 458. of-svæsinn, adj. in over-high spirits. of-sækja, sótti, to persecute, Magn. 482, Stj. 402, 448, 478, passim. ofsækjandi, part. a persecutor, Stj 376. of-sögn, f. 'over-saying.' exaggeration, Fas. i. 25. of-sögur, f. pl. exaggeration; ekki hefir hann ofsögur frá þér sagt, Fms. vi. 206; hafa eigi o. verit frá sagðar þeirra garpskap ok herði, xi. 151; eigi má ofs gum segja frá vitsmunum þínum, it cannot be too highly praised, Ld. 132, Fas. i. 84, Ísl. ii. 36, Mag. 99, 113. oft, see opt. of-tala, u, f. an 'over-number,' surplus, N.G.L. i. 182. of-tekja, u, f. a taking too much, wronging, Bs. i. 115. of-tign, f. a too great honour, Fas. ii. 489. of-traust, n. 'over-trust,' a too great confidence. of-treysta, t, to trust too much, Hsm. of-tæki, n. = ofstæki(?), Njarð. 368 v.l. of-vald, n. = ofrvald, H.E. ii. 83, Stj. 121, 154, Art. 64. of-vallt, see ofallt. of-veðri, n. = ofviðri, Hom. 97, Fas. ii. 78. of-verkr, m. a violent pain, Bs. i. 343, 456, Stj. 435. of-viðri, n. a violent gale, Fms. viii. 256. K.Þ.K. 78, Fas. ii. 37. of-vilnan, f. conceit, presumption, Stj. 144, Hom. (St.) of-virðing, f. over great an honour, Fms. vi. 17. of-viti, a, m. an over-wise person = Germ. sonderling, one who behaves in a strange manner; hann er o., a popular phrase. of-vægilegr, adj. 'over-weighing,' overwhelming, immense, Bs. ii. 5. of-vægr, adj. overwhelming: o. herr, Ó.H. 242. of-væni, f. 'over-weening' spirits, Vikv. 7. of-þrá, immoderate lust, Hom. 85. of-þröngva, ð, to force, ravish, Stj. 384. of-þögli, f. stubborn silence. Art. 30. of-þögull, adj. over-silent. Art. 30. of-ætlan, f. an 'over-task,' too great a task. of-öltiliga, adv. = úfelmtliga(?). Sturl. iii. 185 C. OK, copulative conj.; the mod. form is og, which appears in the 15th century MSS., but the word is usually in the MSS. written thus RUNE. The Runic inscriptions mostly have auk, which diphthongal form has in the conj. been changed into ok, but is retained in the adverbial auk = etiam. As neither the stone in Tune nor the Golden horn happens to have the word, we are in the dark as to its earliest Scandinavian form. The particle ok is characteristic of the Scandinavian languages, as distinguished from the Germ. und, Engl. and; although this is more apparent than real, for the identity of ok with the Goth. copulative particle jah and uh. Hel. jac, has been conclusively demonstrated by Grimm, who also makes out an identity between Goth. uh, standing for hu, and Gr. GREEK, Lat. -que; the metathesis of uh for hu is analogous to Lat. ac = Gr. GREEK. Grimm farther supports this etymology by comparing the Teutonic compounds ne-hu, Icel. contr. né, with Lat. ne-c = ne-que, which proves the identity of both the suffixed particles, the Lat. c or que and the Teut. uh. The Goth. jah is a compound = jâ-uh = 'immo-que;' the Norse ok, too, is prob. a compound particle, the j being dropped, and then jâ-uh contracted into auh = auk; the final guttural h (sounded as RUNE), instead of being absorbed by the preceding vowel, was hardened into the tenuis k. The negative verbal suffix -a and -að, the nominal suffix -gi, and the copula ok will thus all be derived from one root, -- one of the many instances of the Protean transformations of particles, even the negative and positive being interwoven into the same word. A. And, a copula between two or more nouns; í upphafi skapaði Guð himinn ok jörð, Edda (pref., Gen. i. 1); ríki ok konungdóm, Fms. i. 23; mikill ok sterkr, Nj. 2; væn kona ok kurteis ok vel at sér, 1; dætr þrjár ok sonu þrá, 30. If the nouns are many the usage may vary :-- the nouns may be paired off, eldr ok vatn, járn ok málmr, Edda 36; or the copula is only put to the last, eldr, vatn, járn ok málmr; or, if emphatic, it may be reiterated, eldr ok vatn ok járn ok málmr; or ok may be left out altogether, málmr. steinar, jörðin, viðirnir, sóttirnar, dýrin, fuglarnir, eitrormar, Edda l.c. 2. bæði ok, bæði er hann vitr ok framgjarn, Nj. 6. 3. in comparison, as, and, = Lat. ac, atque; með jöfnum skildaga ok Hrólfr Kraki görði, Fb. ii. 137; samr maðr ek áðr, the same man as before, i. 364; hafa með sér sín epli, ok bera saman ok hin, and compare them and the others, Edda 46; hón var þá úlík ok fyrr, Fms. i. 185; þat er mjök sundrleitt ok Kristnir menn göra, it differs much from what Christians do, x. 171; á sömu leið ok fyrr, i. 253; samsumars ok Steingerðr gékk frá Bersa, Korm. 160; jamvandhæfr ok flörbaugsmaðr, Grág. i. 89. 4. of an adversative character, and yet, but; mörgum sárum ok engum stórum, Fms. x. 370; þetta eru áheyrilig boð, ok újafnlig. Nj. 77; úsællig kona ertú, ok (but yet) ekki svá at eigi megi sæma við slíkt, Fms. vii. 167. 5. the particle ok connects together the parts of the sentence; þá mælti Frigg, ok spurði, then spoke Frigg, and asked, Edda 37; at þú bættir ráð þitt, ok bæðir þér konu, thou shouldst mend thy condition, and take thee a wife, Nj. 2 :-- it is used to mark the progress of a speech or sentence, féllusk Ásum orðtök ok svá hendr, ok sá hverr til annars, ok vóru allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; Loki tók. Mistiltein, ok sleit upp, ok gékk til þings ...; Höðr tók Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri; Æsir tóku lík Baldrs, ok fluttu til sjávar, Edda 37; sendu þeir Ívar til hans, ok skyldi hann vita, Fms. x. 27. II. in the old law (the Grág.) the apodosis or conclusion is headed by ok, then, as in the standing phrase, ok verðr hann útlagr, ok varðar þat ... marka útlegð, and he shall pay, i.e. then he shall ...; þeir menn er sakir eigu, ok skulu þeir ganga til dóms ..., and so in every page of the Grágás. III. in some ancient epic poems the ok is as an historical particle put at the head of sentences or verses in a manner which closely resembles the use of the Hebrew HEBREW; the old Ýt. is in this respect remarkable, -- ok sikling, I; ok salbjartr, 2; ok sá brann, 3; ok Visburs, ok allvald, 4; ok landherr, 5: ok ek þess opt fregit hafðak, 6; ok allvald, 7; ok þat orð, 8; ok hnakkmars, 10; ok varð hinn, 11; ok Hagbarðs, 12; ok þrálífr ... ok sveiðuðs. 13; ok lofsæll, 14; ok Austmarr, ok við aur, ok dáðgjarn, 16; ok ljóshömum, 18; ok ofveg, ok sá frömuðr, 19; ok Ingjald, ok sjá urðr, 20; ok Skæreið, 22; ok nú liggr, 23: ok launsigr, ok buðlung, 24; ok um ráð, ok launsigr, 25; ok niðkvisl, 26; - so used about thirty times in this single poem; in other poems less freq., but yet it occurs, e.g. in the fragments of Vellekla, see also the references given s.v. auk (III). IV. the placing the copula before both the parts to be joined is curious; this only occurs in a few instances in old poetry; ok einnar átta, 'and' one eight, i.e. one plus eight = nine, Hd. (composed about 986 A.D.); ok hárar hamljót, 'and hoary scraggy' = hoary and scraggy, Haustl.; ok Sörli þeir Hamðir, 'and Sorli Hamdir' = S. and H., Bragi; ok átta enni-tungl fjögur höfuð, 'and eight eyes four heads' i.e. four heads and eight eyes, id.; ok hörga blóthús, Rekst.; ok svá jarlar Óláfar, = jarlar ok svá Óláfar, Sighvat; ok hringa hlínar óþurft mína, the woe of her and myself, Kormak; ok há grasi viði = há grasi ok viði, Gm. 17; ok Elfar Gandvikr miðli, Edda (Ht.) 1. V. used as an interjection; þú skalt fara í Kirkjubæ -- Ok, hvat skal ek þangat? Nj. 74; ok skaltú enn þora at mæla jöfnum orðum við mik, 656 B. 10: akin to this is the mod. usage in exclamations, wrath, wonder, indignation, og, hvað er nú að tarna! og, hvernig ætli þú látir! og, ekki nema það! VI. the following are prob. ellipt.; segðú mér þat ..., ok ek vilja vita, tell thou me that, and I wish to know = that which I want to know, Skm. 3; ætlar jarl at höggva þessa menn alla, ok þeir hofðu nú höndum á komit, all those, and (whom) they had got hold of, Fms. xi. 14.

466 OK -- ORÐ.

B. Adverb; older form auk, q.v., [Germ. auch; Old Engl. eke] :-- also; þat er ok, at, Grág. i. 36; hér eru ok tignar-klæði, Nj. 6; hann vaknar ok sem aðrir, Fms. xi. 117; svá mun ok, Hom. 142, and in countless instances old and mod., see auk; eigi ok, neither, Fms. x. 324; það er og, so so! OK, n. [Goth. juk; A.S. geoc; Engl. yoke; O.H.G. joh; Germ. joch; cp. Lat. jugum, Gr. GREEK; in the Northern languages the j is dropped, ok, Dan. aag] :-- a yoke, Fb. ii. 72, Rb. 398, Al. 6, 19, Sks. 136 new Ed.: metaph., ok vóru svá Norðmenn undir því oki, Ó.T. 15; ok-björn, ok-hreinn, poët. = a 'yoke-bear,' an ox, Ýt., Lex. Poët. oka, að, to 'yoke,' subjugate; margar þjóðir okaði hann undir ríki Valdamars konungs, Fms. x. 231; at ek geta þik undir okat hans þjónustu, ii. 122; Guð okaði undir hann alla hans undirmenn, Bs. i. 167; hann mun oka yðr undir þröngvan þrældóm, Stj. 441, Karl. 134. 2. to join by a cross-piece; ker mikit ok okat með stórum timbr-stokkum, Hkr. i. 17: undir-oka, to 'under-yoke,' subjugate. oki, a, m. a cross-piece fastening boards or deals together; þar skulu vera fjórar rimar í ok okar á endum, Gþl. 381; hann hljóp upp á okann ok stóð þar, the cross-piece on the inside of a door, Háv. 39 (= hurðar-oki, Eb. 182); jafn-oki, an equal match. OKKARR, adj. pron., f. okkur, n. okkat and okkort, gen. pl. okkarra; contr. forms okkrir, okkrar, okkrum: [a Goth. uggqvar is supposed, answering to iggqvis; A.S. uncer = Gr. GREEK] :-- our, in dual; okkarr mestr vinr, Fms. ii. 221; tal okkat, Sks. 12 B; okkat viðtal, Fs. 8; vætti okkat, Nj. 233; okkart félag, Fms. v. 254; vápn okkur, Al. 138; okkarri sameign, Fs. 7; feðra, hesta, búa okkarra, Ld. 40, Fms. ii. 8, 105, Eg. 95; vættis-burð okkrum, Nj. 233; okkru liði, Eg. 283; skyldleika okkra, Ld. 40; fund okkarn, Nj. 8; okkarn glæp, Fms. x. 261; dauda okkars, i. 216, and passim :-- adding a genitive; skip okkat Özurar, the ship of O. and myself, Nj. 8; frændsemi okkra Magnúss, Fms. vi. 178 :-- used as a subst., hvára-tveggi okkar, both of us, Nj. 55; hvárrgi okkarr, Eg. 195; sér hvárt okkart, each of us separately, Fms. vi. 104; hvártki okkat, neither of us, Nj. 10; hvárs tveggja okkars, Fms. i. 216, x. 270; hvárrgi okkarr Geirs, neither of us, G. nor I, Nj. 80. &FINGER; In mod. usage the possessive okkarr is superseded by an indeclinable okkar (gen.) okkr, dat. and acc. dual, [Uif. ugk, ugkis = GREEK] :-- us, of two, in countless instances; the old writers make a strict distinction between dual and plur. (okkr oss, ykkr yðr, vit vér), whereas mod. Icel. in the spoken language has exclusively adopted the dual; thus Icel. say, hann sagði okkr, hann bað okkr; this use of the dual for the plur. is prop. a familiar way of speaking, regarding the speaker himself as the one, and 'the rest' as the other person; in writing the old distinction is still often observed. OKR, n. [Ulf. wokrs = GREEK, Luke xix. 23; A.S. wocor; O.H.G. wuochar; Germ. wucher; Dan. aager; Swed. ocker] :-- usury, K.Á. 204, 218, Bs. i. 684; the word occurs in old writers only in eccl. writers. okra, að, to practise usury; okra e-u or okra með e-t. okr-karl, m. a usurer, K.Á. 206, = Dan. aager karl. oktava or oktava-dagr, m. [Lat. word], the octave after a feast day, Bs. i. 144, H.E. i. 310. ol-bogi, a, m. the elbow; see ölnbogi. olea and olía, u, f. [Lat. oleum], oil, Pr. 470, 471. olea, að, to anoint, of extreme unction, N.G.L. i. 14, 347, Fms. viii. 445, x. 148, Bs. i. 144. olean, f. extreme unction, Fms. viii. 445, Bs. i. 469, N.G.L. i. 14, 347, H.E. i. 224, 473. olifant. m. [for. word; Gr. GREEK; Old Engl. olifaunt]. the unicorn, Karl. 386 :-- the name of a trumpet, Karl., l.c.; skaptið var af olifant-horni, ivory? Karl. 369. oliva, u, f., olivu-tré, n., -viðr, m. [for. word], the olive-tree, Stj. 256, 403, 413, 441, Karl. 199, Þiðr. 116. olifa-kvistr, m., Karl. 226, 334. olla, olli, ollat, to cause; see valda. ol-ugi, ol-hugat, ol-hugliga, oluð, = ölhugi, etc., q.v.; see alhugi. oman, n. the boss on a sword, Þiðr. 104, N.G.L. ii. 439. oman, adv. = ofan, Þiðr. passim. op, n. an opening, mouth, of a bag or the like; binda fyrir opið (poka-op), freq. in mod. usage, but does not occur in old writers. OPA, að, to retreat, go back, akin to opinn; this is the older form, whence comes hopa the common form, under which see the references. opin-bera, að, [Germ. offenbaren], to manifest, reveal, Bs. i. 275, 869, passim, H.E. i. 526. opin-beran, f. revelation. Opinberunar-bók, f. the Book of Revelation. opin-berliga, adv. openly, in public, Nj. 165, Fms. i. 142, ii. 184, ix. 452, K.Á. 108, Dipl. i. 7, Sks. 577. opin-berligr, adj. manifest, Stj. 250: public, o. skript, Fas. ii. 174. opin-berr, adj. [Germ. offenbar], manifest, Sks. 714; göra opinbert, Fms. ii. 104: open, o. víðátta, Sks. 504; notorious, o. mál, K.Á. 152; o. ránsmaðr, 62; o. okrkarl, 62, 208. opin-eygr, adj. open-eyed, Bs. i. 66, Fms. ii. 20, v. 238, vii. 101, Grett. 76 (new Ed.) opin-mynntr, adj. open-mouthed, Sd. 147. OPINN, opin, opit, adj., [A.S. and Engl. open; O.H.G. offan; Germ. offen; Dan. aaben] :-- open, prop. = resupinus, on the back, face uppermost; opp. to á grúfu (grovelling) opnu-selar eru fyrir því kallaðir at þeir svimma eigi á grúfu heldr opnir, Sks. 177; hann lét binda hann opinn á slá eina, Fms. ii. 179; féll sá opinn á bak aptr, vii. 191; ef maðr liggr opinn á sléttum velli, Symb. 31; opit ok öndvert, Bs. i. 746: the phrase, koma í opna skjöldu, to take one in the back (i.e. the hollow) of the shield, to take one in the rear, Eg. 295, Stj. 365. II. open; loptið var opit, Eg. 236; opnar búðir, Grág. i. 261; haugrinn opinn, Nj. 118; hann lét snúa fjöl fyrir ljórann svá at lítið var opit á, so that little was left open, Fms. vii. 191; var hurðin opin, Edda 30, Fms. vii. 314; opið bréf, an open deed, letters patent, Dipl. ii. 1; opin jörð, open, thawed N.G.L. i. 43; opin á, an open river, not icebound, Vm., Fs. 52; at mál stæði opin, open, undecided, Sturl. iii. 136; sjá banann opinn fyrir sér, Fb. i. 197; kominn í opinn dauða. opin-sjóðr, m. open-purse, a nickname, Sturl. opin-skár, adj. lying open, manifest, as also metaph. out-spoken, frank. opin-spjallr, adj. out-spoken, Ad. 1, Fb. ii. 701. opna, að, [A.S. openjan, Germ. öffnen, etc.], to open; hann létt opna hauginn, Eg. 601; opna jörð til þess at grafa niðr lík, K.Þ.K.; þeir opnuðu merina, cut it up, Fs. 56: impers., sýndisk himinn opna, Hom. 57: reflex. to open, be opened, Grág. ii. 262; opnask haugrinn, Fb. i. 215; sárit opnaðisk, Fms. ix. 276; fjallit opnaðisk, Nj. 211; himinn opnaðisk, Niðrst. 3; jörð opnaðisk, 645. 64. opna, u, f. an opening; hvíta-salt svá mikit umhverfis opnuna (the crater), at klyfja mátti hesta af, Ann. 1341 :-- the two pages of an open book, erkibiskup leit skjótt á þá opnu sem upp flettisk, Safn i. 677; það stendr á þessari opnu. opnu-selr, m. a kind of seal, the mod. vöðu-selr, so called because it swims on its back (see opinn), Sks. 177. oppruðar, gen. = ofraðar; prýðiliga til oppruðar, exceedingly grand, Fms. x. 387. OPT, adv., better oft, compar. optarr, superl. optast, [Ulf. ufta = GREEK, and common to all Teut. languages] :-- oft, often; þá varð þat sem opt kann henda, Fms. i. 99, and in countless instances, old and mod.; e.g. opt is freq. the first word in a host of proverbs, opt sparir leiðum þats hefir ljúfum hugat, Hm.; opt kemr æði-regn ór dúsi, oft comes a shower after a lull, Eb. (in a verse): opt er flagð í fögru skinni, etc. 2. with part. pass., opt-reyndr, oft-tried, Fms. vi. 104; opt-nemndr, opt-greindr, oft-named, etc. II. compar. optarr, oftener; eigi optarr en of sinn, not more than once, Js. 2; þá mundi hann optarr sigr fá, Fms. vi. 225; en ef hann stell optarr, Js. 129; eigi optarr, no more, id.; æ því sterkari sem hann féll optarr, Al. 52; því meira sem þat var optarr hvatt, Korm. 94, passim. III. superl. optast, oftenest, usually, mostly; hann var optast um mitt landit, Fms. i. 6; hann sat optast í Túnsbergi, 11; hann átti þar margar orrostur ok hafði optast sigr, 193, passim. optarri, compar. adj. more frequent, Þiðr. 161. opt-leiki, a, m. frequency, Fms. v. 241. opt-liga, adv. often, frequently, Eg. 60, Fms. i. 13, 23, 52, Nj. 32, Hkr. i. 199; mjök optliga, very often, Fms. vii. 150, passim. opt-ligr, adj. frequent, Stj., Mar., Skálda, Fms. x. 315. opt-samliga, adv. = optliga, Barl. 137. opt-samligr, adj. frequent, Barl. 94, Str. 8, 36. opt-semi, f. frequency, MS. 4. 8. opt-sinnis, adv. many times, Fms. iv. 176, Art. opt-sinnum, adv. = optsinnis, Sks. 255, Al. 86, Barl. 63, 70. ORÐ, n. [Ulf. waurd = GREEK; a word common to all Teut. languages, old and mod.; cp. also Lat. verbum] :-- a word. In the earliest usage, as in Old Engl., every sentence, clause, or saw is called a word, cp. Germ. sprüch-wort; an address or a reply is 'a word,' cp. Germ. ant-wort; the grammatical notion (Lat. vox, verbum) is later and derived; hann skyldi hafa þau þrjú orð í framburði sínum, þat it fyrsta orð, 'at allir menn skyldu Kristnir vera;' þat annat 'at úheilög skyldi vera hof öll ok skurðgoð;' þat var it þriðja orð, 'at fjörbaugsgarð skyldi varða blót öll, ef váttnæm yrði,' Fms. ii. 237; þau eru orð þrjú er skóggang varða öll, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, enda á maðr vígt í gegn þeim orðum þremr, Grág. ii. 147; orð mér af orði orðs leitaði verk mér af verki verks leitaði, Hm. 142: the saw, ferr orð ef um munn líðr, Þorst. Síðu H., Vápn. 15; ef maðr mælir nokkuru orði í mót, if he says a word against it, Nj. 216; trúa öngu orði því er ek segi, 265; vil eg eiga leiðrétting orða minna, 132; cp. the saying, allir eiga leiðrétting orða sinna: satt orð, Fms. vii. (in a verse); sinna þrimr orðum við e-n, to exchange three words with a person, Hm. 126; mæla mörgum orðum, 104; skilin orð, 135; spyrja einu orði, Fms. vi. (in a verse); fá orð, a few words; góð orð good words; íll orð, bad language; hálft orð, in the phrase, eg vildi tala hálft orð við þig (half a word, i.e. a few words), lofa e-n í hverju orði; lasta hann í hverju orði; í einu orði, in one word; segja í sínu orði hvárt, to say one thing in one breath and another in the next, Nj. 261; auka tekið orð; orð eptir orð, word for word, Dipl. iii. 11; taka til

ORÐAATVIK -- ORÐRÆÐA. 467

orða orðs, to begin to speak, Nj. 122, 230; kveða at orði, to say, utter, 233, 238; hafa við orð, to hint at, 160; hafa þat orð á, to give out, Fms. vii. 285; göra orð á e-u, to notice, Nj. 197; vel orði farinn, well spoken, eloquent, Fms. xi. 193, Ld. 122; varð þeim mjök at orðum, they came to high words, Nj. 27 (sundr-orða, and-orða) :-- allit., orð ok verk (orig. vord ok verk), words and work, Grág. i. 162, ii. 336; fullreacute;ttis-orð, 147; fornkveðit orð, an old saw, Eg. 520; Heilög orð, holy words, Grág. i. 76. 2. vísu-orð, a verse line, the eighth part of a strophe, Edda (Ht.); átta menn yrki alla vísu, ok yrki eitt orð hverr þeirra, if eight persons make a strophe, each of them making a 'word,' of a libel, Grág. ii. 152; ef maðr yrkir tvau orð en annarr önnur tvau ok ráða þeir báðir samt um ok varðar skóggang hvárum-tveggja, 148 (of a libel); síðan kváðu þær vísu þessa, ok kvað sitt orð hver, Sturl. ii. 9. 3. gramm. a word, verb; sögn er inn minnsti hluti samansetts máls, sú sögn er af alþyðu kölluð orð, Skálda 180; nafn ok orð, noun and verb, id.; viðr-orð, adverb, id.; þóat þat orð sé í tvau samstöfur deilt, 164. II. metaph. and special usages: 1. word, fame, report; gott orð, good report, Fs. 17, Nj. 16; þar féll hann fyrir Barða, ok hafði gott orð, Ísl. ii. 366; íllt orð, evil report, Fms. vii. 59; lék hit sama orð á, Fs. 75; er þat hætt við orði, it will give rise to evil report. Band. 12 new Ed.; fyrir orðs sakir, for report's sake, because of what people say, Nj. 6; þótt okkr sé þat til orðs lagit, although we are blamed for it, 246; þat lagði Skamkell mér til orðs, 85; aðrir leggja þeim þetta til orðs, Gísl. 84; en mér er þat lítt at skapi at hón hljóti af þér nökkut orð, Fbr. 30 new Ed. 2. a message; senda, göra e-m orð, Eg. 19, 26, 742, Nj. 163: a word, reply, sendimaðr sagði honum orð Úlfs, 160: a request, entreaty, ef þú vill ekki göra fyrir mín orð, 88; hann hefr upp orð sin ok biðr hennar, Eg. 26 (bónorð). 3. as a law phrase, an indictment, summons; enda á hann orði at ráða við hinn er við tekr, the receiver has the right of indictment or summoning, Grág. i. 334; hann á kost at sækja þann er hann vill um ok ráða sjálfr orði, 401; ok á sá orði um at ráða er eggver á, ii. 307; ok á þá hinn orði at ráða um við hann er fé þat átti, 309: orð ok særi, words and oaths, Vsp. 30 :-- a word, verdict, vote, or the like, kveðja búa allra þeirra orða, er hann skylda lög til um at skilja, Grág. i. 369, Nj. 238; sækja orð (vote) lögréttumanns til búðar, Grág. 1. 9; þá skal sækjandi bera fram vætti þat er nefnt var at orðum biskups, þá er hann lofaði fjár-heimting, 377. III. bón-orð, wooing; heit-orð, lof-orð, a promise; dóms-orð, a sentence; vátt-orð, testimony; urðar-orð, the 'weird's word,' fate, Fsm. May there not be some etymological connection between 'word' and 'weird,' Icel. orð and urðr, qs. word, wurðr? the notion of weird, doom prevails in compds, as ban-orð, dauða-orð, = death-weird, fate; other compds denote state, condition, as in leg-orð, vit-orð, = Ulf. wit-ods; goð-orð, priesthood; met-orð, rank; gjaf-orð, marriage, being given away. B. COMPDS: orða-atvik, n. pl. 'word-details' wording. orða-ákast, n. altercation, Fas. ii. 205. orða-belgr, m. a 'word-bag,' a great talker; cp. tala í belg, and the tale of talking a bag full, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 479. orða-bók, f. a word-book, dictionary, (mod., from the Dan. and Germ.) orða-dráttr, m. drawling, Edda (pref.) orða-far, n. a course of words, language. orða-fjöldi, a, m. a vocabulary, Edda (Ht.) 123. orða-framburðr, m. utterance, Th. 75. orða-framkast, n. the throwing out a word, a chance proposal, Eb. 130, Fas. iii. 66. orða-fullting, n. speaking good for one, Fms. ii. 63, vii. 182. orða-glæsur, f. pl. showy words Thom. 68. orða-gnótt, f. = orðgnótt, MS. 15. 1. orða-grein, f. a phrase, Bs. i. 847, Stj. 3. orða-hagr, adj. skilled, expert in words, wordy, Fbr. 133. orða-hald, n. the keeping one's word, Fms. viii. 413. orða-hendingar, f. pl. a bandying words, Sturl. ii. 58. orða-hjaldr, m. sounding verbiage, Odd. 20. orða-hnippingar, f. pl. altercations, Eg. 258, Fms. i. 75. orðs-kviðr, m. a phrase, Skálda 178, Mar.: fame, Sks. 447 B; but esp. a saw, proverb, Fms. ii. 39, vi. 220, 328, Hrafn. 6, Skálda 196, passim. orðskviða-háttr, m. a verse having old saws for burden, Edda (Ht.) orða-kvöð, f. = orðalag, Sks. 565. orða-lag, n. manner of words, language, Fms. ii. 18, Sks. 8, Gísl. 139, Sturl. i. 157. orða-lauss, adj. wordless: neut., láta e-t orðalaust, to leave it, to speak not of it, Sturl. i. 140 C, Valla L. 209. orða-leiðing, f. pronunciation (referring to long and short vowels, see leiða), Skálda 171. orða-lengd, f. the length of a verse, Edda (Ht.) 125. orða-maðr, m. a man of words, eloquent man, Bs. i. 273, Grett. 146. orða-rómr, m. = orðrómr, Clem. 50. orða-safn, n. a collection of words. orða-samr, adj. wordy, long-winded, Fb. i. 167. orða-semi, f. verbiage, Ld. 100. orða-skak or orða-skvak, n. a 'word-squeak,' scolding, Ó.H. 157, Eg. 287. orða-skil, n. pl. distinction of words; ekki mátti heyra o., Stj. 428; en ekki nam orðaskil, Fms. vi. 372; ok er hann hlýddi ef hann næmi nokkur o., Eb. 28; heyrðu þeir manna-mál inn í húsit en námu þeygi orðaskil, Mart. 124. orða-skipan, f. the position or order of words, wording, Skálda 197. orða-skipti, n. pl. exchange of words, Edda 45. orða-skortr, m. lack of words. orða-skrap, n. = orðaskrum, Fas. iii. 99. orða-skrum, n. bragging. Fas. iii. 98. orða-staðr, m.; görðu Svíar kurr mikinn ok mælti hverr í orðastað annars, one spoke like the other, they harped on the same word, Fms. iv. 368 :-- tala í annars orðastað, to speak as the mouth-piece of another. orða-sveimr, m. a rumour, Sturl. i. 80. orða-tiltekja, u, f. (mod. orða-tiltektir), utterance, language, Sturl. i. 109. orða-tiltæki, n. a phrase, Stj. 3. orðs-tírr, m. fame, glory, good report, Hm. 75, Eg. 35, Fms. iv. 61; falla með góðan orðstír, Ísl. ii. 394, Fs. 8; við lítinn orðstír, Fms. vii. 217, ix. 274, Fs. 34; fá mikinn orðstír, Ld. 200. orða, að, to talk, talk of; var þetta brátt orðat, Háv. 39; cp. þau eru orðuð saman, it is talked of that they are to be married; vera orðaðr við e-ð, to be talked of in connection with a thing (in a bad sense); sem hann heyrði at menn um orðuðu ok at töldu, as he heard that people talked and gossipped, Str. 54; þá orðaði konungr (the king declared) at hér skyldi laga-skipti á vera, Fms. ix. 336, v.l.; sem þeir áðr hafa orðat nökkut, as they had spoken of, discussed, 472, v.l. 2. to word a letter or the like; orða bréf, það er vel orðað, ílla orðað, well, badly worded. orða, u, f. [Lat. word], ordinance (the book of), Vm. 52, 119, 123, 128: mod. order, orðu-bók, f. a book of ordinance, Vm. 90, 91, 139. orð-bæginn, adj. taunting, Hým. orð-djarfr, adj. out-spoken, Fms. iv. 174. orð-fall, n.; e-m verðr o., to be struck dumb (from confusion), Nj. 225, Fas. iii. 451, Bs. ii. 93. orð-farinn, adj.; vel ... orðfarinn, well ... spoken, Fms. iv. 180. orð-fár, adj. using few words, silent, Eg. 107. orð-ferð, f. utterance; hafa o. á e-u, to utter, Fms. ix. 336, v.l. orð-ferli, n. expression, Bs. i. 826, ii. 165. orð-fimi, f. 'word-skill,' Edda (Ht.) 123. orð-fimliga, adv. fluently, MS. 15. 1. orð-fimr, adj. of easy, flowing speech, Ó.H. 140. orð-fjöldi, a, m. a 'word-store,' vocabulary, Skálda 154. orð-flaug, n. a floating rumour, Bs. ii. 66. orð-fleygr, adj. rumoured, Stj. 463. orð-fleyting, f. rumour, Bs. ii. 106. orð-fleyttr, part. rumoured, Ann. 1359, Bs. ii. 153. orð-fullr, adj. fully worded, Jb. 231. orð-færð, f. a flow of words, Clar. orð-færi, n. style, of a composition; þú skalt vanda bæði hátt ok o., Fb. i. 215: flow of words, eloquence, þeir hófu sitt eyrendi með mikilli snild ok o., Fms. ii. 235; skorti hann hvárki til vit né o., xi. 106; o. hennar ok vitrleikr, vi. 57. orð-færliga, adv. with great elocution, glibly, Fms. i. 148, xi. 37, Orkn. 268, Fas. iii. 363. orð-færr, adj. well spoken, Eg. 111, Fær. 200. orð-gífr, f. a 'word-hag,' a sharp-tongued woman, Nj. 49. orð-gnótt, f. a flow of words, Barl. 157, Hom. 108, Fb. ii. 175. orð-góðr, adj. speaking well of everybody, Nj. 147, v.l. orð-gæði, n. good words, Sks. 438, v.l. orð-gætinn, adj. wary in one's words, reserved, Fms. vi. 304. orð-hagr, adj. word-skilled, a master in words, Bjarn. 70. orð-hákr, m. a 'word-shark,' an abusive person, Fms. vi. 372. orð-hegi, f. skill in words, Stj. 438 B, Fr. orð-heill, f. a good omen; at hann stæði úti ok sæi för hans ok hefði o. fyrir, Ld. 96; Björn gékk í skálann inn ok leitaði orðheilla við menn, Glúm. 337 :-- report, eigi hafa þau góða orðheill, they have no good report, Fs. 34. orð-heldinn, adj. (orð-heldni, f.), true to one's word. orð-hittinn, adj. facetious, Fms. vi. 193. orð-hvass, adj. sharp-tongued, Fms. vi. 367, Nj. 185. orð-hvatr, adj. = orðhvass. orðigr, adj. wordy, plausible, Ld. 124, Sturl. iii. 123. orð-íllr, adj. speaking evil of others, Nj. 66, Sturl. ii. 39. orð-kólfr, m., gramm. a 'club-word,' an apostrophe, as mey for meyu, Skálda 186. orð-kringi, f. glibness of tongue, facetiousness, Hbl. orð-krókr, m. 'crooked words,' sophistry, Fms. ii. 185. orð-lag, n. a way of speaking, language, Sks. 454, Bs. i. 766, Fms. x. 404: talk, language, görðisk brátt mikit o. ok stórar frásagnir, vii. 293, Bs. i. 652, 665: frægðar ok góðs orðlags, good report, Fms. x. 392. orð-lauss, adj. speechless; láta orðlaust, to be silent about, Bs. i. 621. orð-lengd, f. using many words, Clar. orð-lof, n. praise; vinsæld ok orðlof, Fms. vii. 175; falla með orðlofi miklu, 245. orð-lokarr, m. a nickname, Landn. orð-margr, adj. long-winded, Fms. vi. 32. orð-fleiri, compar., Nj. 187. orð-næfr, adj. witty, Edda 108. -orðr, adj., in compds, spoken: fá-orðr, marg-o., góð-o., íll-o., harð-o. orð-rammr, adj. powerful in words, Niðrst. 2. orð-rómr, m. report, public opinion; sá o. lagðisk á, Bs. i. 133; lagðisk þungr o. á, Ó.H. 141; mun sá o. á leggjask, at ..., people will say, that ..., Nj. 32; mikill o., Fs. 47; fyrir orðs sakir ok orðróms, Lv. 15; góðs orðróms, Fs. 15; ok sneri orðróm of konung, the public opinion of the king changed, Ó.H. 228. orð-ræða, u, f. discussion; fór öll o. með þeim á sömu leið, Fms. xi.

468 ORÐRÆTT -- ORMR.

429; var lítil o. á fyrst, Nj. 82: var mikil o., Fs. 46; bar saman orðræðu þeirra jarls ok Finnboga, the earl and F. had an interview, Finnb. 268; bað Sighvatr konung eigi reiðask þótt hann talaði bert ok segði orðræðu bónda, Fms. vi. 41; at engi o. væri á gör at þit lifit, 345. orð-rætt, n. part. reported, rumoured, Rd. 286. orð-sending, f. a message, Eg. 9, 35, 37, 97, Fms. i. 53, ii. 90, 324, Nj. 217, Ld. 64, Ó.H. 141, 228, passim. orð-sjúkr, adj. 'word-sick,' touchy, Ísl. ii. 141, Nj. 83. orð-skaup, n. scurrilous language, Hkr. iii. 433, v.l. orð-skár, adj. saucy, Fas. i. 392. orð-skrípi, n. scurrility; mælti hann hin mestu o. (foul language) áðr hann væri hengdr, Fms. vii. 303; en hafa eigi hvert o. (every bad phrase) þat sem fornskáldin nýttu, Skálda 160. orð-skræmi, n. = orðskrípi, Hkr. iii. 130. orð-skrök, n. = orðskrípi, Mork. 81. orð-slunginn, part. cunning in word, Þórð. (1860) 99. orð-slægr, adj. = orðslunginn, Sks. 508. orð-snild or orð-snilli, f. eloquence, Fms. iii. 80, Fb. ii. 147, Edda. orð-snjallr, adj. eloquent, Fms. i. 17, ii. 22, Eg. 107. orð-spakr, adj. wise-spoken, Fms. ii. 138, vii. 102. orð-speki, f. wisdom in words, Edda 110, Vþm. 5. orð-stef, n. notice; hann var hafðr í orðstefi þá er um biskupa skyldu kosningar vera í Vestfirðinga-fjórðungi, i.e. he was one on the list for election, Sturl. i. 63, v.l. orð-stilltr, adj. moderate in one's words, Nj. 219, Sturl. i. 92. orð-stórr, adj. using big words, Fms. xi. 256, 267, Flóv. 26. orð-svinnr, adj. = orðspakr, Fms. v. 332. orð-sæll, adj. enjoying a good reputation, Bs. i. 58, 704, Hd. orð-tak, n. a phrase, expression; þat er o. at sá er tý-hraustr, Edda 16; þvílík orðtök hafa menn mjök til þess at yrkja fólgit, 110; vér skulum hafa allir eitt orðtak (watchword), framm fram Krists-menn! ÓH. 204, Fms. ix. 510. 2. speech, words, a way of speaking, language; þá féllusk öllum Ásum orðtök, words failed them, they were sfruck dumb, Edda 37; þat þykkjumk ek skilja á orðtaki þínu, at ..., Fms. xi. 56; at guðlasta með þínu heiðingligu orðtæki, ii. 130; o. vándra manna, Nj. 83; Gunnarr heyrði öll orðtökin, G. heard all the words they said, 68; um orðtæki manna, Gþl. 192; en þat er yðr er sagt frá orðtökum várum Þrænda, Ó.H. 103; þat var eitt orðtak allra, all said the same, Eg. 282; eiga orðtak við e-n, to have a talk with one, Sturl. ii. 163; var skirt orðtakið ok rómrinn mikill yfir málinu, Fms. viii. 447. orð-tæki, n. = orðtak, Fb. ii. 130, Gþl. 192. orð-vandr, adj. sensitive as to others' words; þarftú eigi svá o. at vera, Glúm. 354: careful as to one's words. orð-varp, n. in orðvarps-maðr, m. a spokesman (in a bad sense), Sks. 436. orð-varr, adj. 'word-wary,' watchful of one's tongue, Fms. vi. 208. orð-víss, adj. 'word-wise,' witty, clever, Eg. 147. ORF, n., also spelt orb, the stock or pole of a scythe, Fms. iii. 206, Fs. 106 (in a verse); orf-hæll, m. the peg or handle by which the orf is held, Safn i. 108; see a drawing in Eggert Itin., tab. viii, fig. 1: poët. orba-stríðir and orf-þægir, m. a mower: freq. in mod. usage, lang-orf, stutt-orf, a long, short stock. ORG, n. a howling, screaming; this word, which is very popular in mod. usage, is not found in old writers; it was prob. in the 14th or 15th century derived from the 'organ' used in churches, -- a dismal testimony to the character of the instrumental music of Icel. at that time. orga, að, to howl, scream; orga og hljóða, freq. in mod. usage. organ, n. [Gr.], an organ; allskonar söngfæri, organ, symphon ..., Fms. vii. 97; eða þá er o. gengr upp ok niðr aptr ok fram um alla gamma, Skálda 172; strengleikum ok organs-söng, 655 xxiv. 2; organ-söng, id. 2. it even occurs in the old poem, -- at leikurum ok trúðum hefi ek þik lítt fregit, hverr er organ (orgari Cod. A, œrgati Cod. B) þeirra Andaðar at húsum Haralds? Fagrsk. 6; and, Bjúgvör ok Listvör sitja í Herðis-dyrum organs stóli á, Sól. 76; for the word in both these references can only be derived from the Greek. COMPDS: organs-list, n. organ-playing, Bs. i. 868. organs-meistari, n. an 'organ-master,' organist, Bs. i. 866. organs-smíð, f. the making an organ, Bs. i. 908. orir, m. an alder, MS. 4. 17. ORKA, að, [qs. vorka, akin to verk, cp. also yrkja; Ulf. waurkjan = GREEK; and the pret. worahto on the Runic stone in Tune; A.S. weorcjan; Engl. work] :-- to work, but only used in a limited sense, for vinna (q.v.) is the general word: to work, perform, be able to do, manage, önnur vann allt þat er hón orkaði, the other worked (vann) all that she could (orkaði), Dropl. 4; ek mun hjálpa þér allt slíkt sem ek orka, Fms. i. 213; ek þarf eigi meira forvirki en þetta lið orkar, Hrafn. 5; móður sína á maðr fyrst fram at færa, en ef hann orkar betr ..., Grág. i. 232; treysta ek á sem ek orkaða, Fms. v. 301; ek orka tólf punda þunga (I can carry twelve pounds weight), en hestr minn berr fjögurra lesta byrði, Bær. 18; svá skal gerða þann garð sem búar sjá at hann má orka á þrem sumrum, Grág. ii. 331. 2. with dat.; þó hyggsk hann einn munu öllu orka, Fms. xi. 267; þótti öllum undr, hverju hann gat orkat, Grett. 125 A; allt þat lið er vápnum mátti orka, Fagrsk. 176; líkneskjum þeim, er ek veit eigi hverju orkat hafa, Fms. ii. 265; skal hann á einum degi kveðja alla, ef því má orka (if he can), Grág. (Kb.) i. 162; hann mátti engu á orka, he could do nothing, Fms. vii. 270; sá er ölverki orkar Ásar, Kormak; orka þrek, Orkn. (in a verse); orkaði hón vel þeim langa veg, she proceeded well on her long journey, Mar. 3. with gen. of the thing; o. e-m e-s, to cause, effect; mér orkar þat margra vandræða, Fs. 21; á skip skal skriðar orka, en skjöld til hlifa, mæki höggs, en mey til kosta, a ship shall be worked for sailing ..., a maid for giving away, Hm. 81; orka e-m frægðar, to give glory to one, Edda (in a verse); hvar skal ek þess orka, Fas. iii. 72; orka e-m til þarfa, to work for one's good, Eg. (in a verse): in the saw, jafnan orkar tvímælis þó hefnt sé, revenge works dissent, Nj. 68; allt orkar tvímælis þá gört er, 139; þetta mun orka tíðinda, this will make a story, Fb. ii. 270 :-- to summon, call upon, orka orða á e-n, to make one speak, accost; þá er menn orkuðu orða á hann, Fms. iv. 165 (ortu orða á hann, from yrkja, Ó.H. l.c.); ef menn tveir eigu land, ok vill annarr-tveggi orka lands-deildar á annan, Grág. ii. 253; en hverr er átt hefir skal orka heimildar á seljanda sinn, shall call on the seller to shew his title, 216; hann orkar á Óla til atkvæðis ok órræða um þetta mál, Fms. xi. 33. II. with prepp.; orkum ekki á þá fyrri, let us not be the first to use force, attack them, Grett. 119 A; þó hann orkaði á jörðina, though he tilled the earth, Ver. 5; var þat þó lengi at eigi orkaði eldr á Þórólf, that the fire could not work, had no effect on Th.'s body, Eb. 316: orka at e-u, to act, proceed with, execute; svá skal þar orka at kaupi ok at sölu sem annars staðar var tínt, Grág. ii. 246; þeir ræða nú um með sér, hversu at skal orka, what is to be done? Ld. 242; orkuðum (aurkoðom Cd.) at auðnu, we tried our fortune, Am. 96; orka til e-s, to prepare, = afla til e-s, orka til veizlu, to give a banquet. Fas. iii. 66 :-- to stride, walk proudly, þeir á jökla orka austr, they strode eastwards on the ice, Skiða R. 53: from the pret. orkaði (arrkaði UNCERTAIN) was afterwards formed another verb arka, to stride (prop. to strive) on one's journey. III. reflex., ekki orkaðisk á, no work was done, Fms. iv. 328, v.l.; honum þótti seint á orkask, vi. 77 :-- at orkask = orka at e-u, hversu hann skyldi at orkask at segja föður sínum þessi tíðendi, xi. 15 :-- fyrir þá skuld, at þau hefði sjálf orkask hugar á (made up their minds) at bæta meinbugi sína, Grett. 162 A; láttu þeygi orkask at vistarinnar, 677. 12; hann orkaðisk (he strove) at forðask rangar hugrenningar, Hom. (St.) 2. part. as subst.; orkandi, the worker, mighty; Guð er alls orkandi, all-powerful, 645. 50; Satan alls ílls orkandi, Niðrst. 7. orka, u, f. work, employment; þá skal hann orku gefa honum sem þrælum sínum, N.G.L. i. 36; ef þræll á orku, 30, Stj. 263; eiga saman verk ok orku, N.G.L. i. 34; móðr af orku, Stj. 160; orka ok erfiði, farit aptr til orku yðvarrar ok byrða, 263; hús eðr smiðju þar sem hann flytr fram orku sína, 22. 2. strength, power for work; orkan þvarr þvíat elli sótti á hendr honum, Ld. 54; fyrir orku sakir, Fas. iii. 223, and so in mod. usage. COMPDS: orku-fátt, n. adj. failing in strength, Fms. iii. 168. orku-lauss, adj. out of work, N.G.L. i. 31: powerless, mod. orku-maðr, m. a working-man, Stj. 232, 273: a strong man. orku-vana, adj. bereft of strength, Fas. iii. 387. Orka-dalr, m. Orkdale, a county in Norway, Fms.: Ork-dælir, m. pl. the men of O. orkn, n., and orkn-selr, m. a kind of seal; see örkn. Orkneyjar, f. pl. the Orkneys, Lat. Orcades, of Gael. origin, for it occurs in Lat. writers before the Scandinavian occupation, Tacitus (Agric.), Pliny, and Juvenal; hence Orkneyingar, m. pl. the men of the Orkneys: Orkneyskr, adj. passim. or-lof, n., orð-lof is a false spelling, [Germ. urlaub; Dan. orlov; Engl. f-urlough] :-- leave; beiða orlofs, Bs. i. 799; hann biðr sér orlofs konung at fara, Eg. 29; ek vil beiðask, herra, at þér gefit mér orlof til Íslands, Nj. 10; utan hans orlofs, without his leave, Landn 149; síðan tekr hann o. af konunginum til brottferðar, Fms. xi. 430, Fas. iii. 586; með orlofi at spyrja, Barl. 14, Sks. 52; hvárt skal ek mæla í orlofi, Eg. 46; með bezta orlofi, Fms. i. 15, passim. 2. in mod. usage, a visit to a friend or relative; thus a person boarded out when visiting his parents is said 'fara í orlof sitt.' COMPDS: orlofs-bréf, n. a writ of permission, authorisation, Bs. i. 799; o. biskups, Dipl. iii. 4. orlofs-laust, adj. without leave, Fms. x. 105, Fas. iii. 579, Bs. i. 631. orlofa, að, to allow, H.E. ii. 75, Bs. ii. 93, 94. orm-fránn, adj. flashing like a snake, of the eye, Sighvat, Jd. orm-garðr, m. a 'snake-pit,' in tales of throwing men into pits full of snakes, Og. 28, Fas. (Ragn. S. ch. 15). orm-gætir, m. rendering of ophiuchus, Rb. (1812) 18. ORMR, m. [Ulf. waurms GREEK; A.S. wyrm; Engl. worm: O.H.G. and Germ. wurm; Dan.-Swed. orm; Lat. vermis; cp. Orms-head in Wales] :-- a snake, serpent, also including 'worms' (cp. maðkr), and even dragons, Hm. 85, Vsp. 44, 50, Gm. 34, Skm. 27, Akv. 31, Am. 22, 55. Fms. vi. 143, Hkr. i. 103, and passim; högg-ormr, a viper; eitr-ormr, the bane of snakes, i.e. the winter time. The abode of the wicked after death was a pit full of snakes (Hver-gelmir, Ná-strönd), Edda, Vsp. 44, which calls to mind the Gehenna in Mark ix. 43, 44, and one of the

ORMSBIT -- ÓÐAFAR. 469

Bolgos in Dante's Inferno, Canto 24. Serpents gnawed at the root of the world-tree Yggdrasil, Gm. 34. Pits of snakes were a place of punishment, Ragn. S. l.c., Am., Akv.; but only in mythological, not in historical records. Serpents brooded over gold and treasures, cp. the serpent Fafnir, Edda, Fm., Gullþ. ch. 4, Ragn. S. (begin.); whence in poetry gold is called orm-bekkr, -beðr, -ból, -garðr, -land, -látr, -láð, -reitr, -setr, -stallr, -torg, -vangr, -vengr, the bank, bed, abode, garden, land, litter, earth, etc. of snakes, Lex. Poët. For the world-serpent, see miðgarðr. orm-fellir, m. the snake-killer = the winter, Fms. vi. (in a verse): a sword is called a snake, blóð-ormr, rand-ormr, see Lex. Poët.; ketil-ormr, a sausage, Korm.: of ships of war with dragons' heads, Ormr inn Langi, Ormr inn Skammi, Ó.T. II. pr. names, Ormr and Ormarr; and in compds, Hall-ormr, Ráð-ormr, Þór-ormr, Goð-ormr, Veðr-ormr. = the holy Serpent, a name which indicates serpent worship, although no record of such worship is found in the Sagas. COMPDS: orms-bit, n. a snake-bite, Pr. 470. orma-bæli, n. a den of snakes, Fms. vi. 143. orms-tunga, u, f. a snake's tongue cast in silver, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Bs. i. 690: as a nickname, Landn. orma-turn, m. = ormagarðr, Þiðr. 334. orm-snáldr, n. snakes' noses, Konr. ORNA, að, [perh. akin to ofn or from varmr?], to get warm; þá tók Pétr at lifna ok ornuðu liðir hans, es hann vas kaldr allr orðinn, Greg. 77; svá tekr brunnrinn at orna, sem sól gengr til viðar, Al. 51; ornandi geislar, Sks. 40; orna ok hitna, Barl. 93; með ornandum tárum, 90: impers., e-m ornar, it gets warm for one, one gets warm; taki menn glímur stórar ok viti ef mönnum ornar, Sturl. iii. 20; þegar er honum ornaði, 623. 33 . hleypr hann til ára ok vill láta orna sér, Fms. xi. 141; veðr var á geysi-kallt, ok höfðusk margir á fótum ok létu orna sér, viii. 306 :-- orna sér, to warm oneself; nú lát hann orna sér ok fari síðan til sels várs, Lv. 60, and so in mod. usage. II. reflex. pass., flestir ornuðusk af ásjón hennar, Str. 73. or-óf and or-æfl, n., see örof, öræfi. orra-beinn, adj., better örra-beinn, q.v. ORRI, a, m. (wrongly spelt horri in Ó.H. 78, l. 8), [Dan. aarfugl] :-- the heathcock, moor-fowl, tetrao tetrix, Stj. 77, Ó.H. 78; þiðra eðr orra, Gþl. 449. II. a nickname, Ó.H., Fms. vi: whence Orra-hríð, f. the name for the last onslaught in the battle at Stanford-bridge led by Eystein Orri, Fms. vi; hence, as an appellative, any fierce onslaught is in Icel. called orrahrið. orra-skáld, n. a nickname, Landn. orrosta, u, f., mod. orosta or orusta, with a single r; in rhymes orrostur þorrinn, Sighvat, shewing that the assimilation had even then taken place: [this word is identical with A.S. eornest = duellum; O.H.G. ernust = pugna: whence Fngl. earnest. Germ. ernst, of which orrosta is an assimilated form, qs. ornosta, see Grimm's Dict. s.v. ernst] :-- a battle, Hm., Nj. 8, Fms. v. 71, vi. 69, in countless instances, for orrosta and bardagi (q.v.) are used indiscriminately. 2. in local names, Orrostu-hólmr, -hváll, -tangi, Battle-hill, etc., Korm., Eg. COMPDS: orrostu-laust, n. adj. without battle, Fms. ix. 323, Hkr. ii. 300. orrostu-ligr, adj. warlike, Fms. x. 230. orrostu-maðr, m. a warrior, Nj. 40, Fms. i. 52. orrostu-slög, n. pl. battles, Fms. xi 200. orrostu-staðr and orrostu-völlr, m. a battle-place, Korm. 4, Fas. i. 501, Fms. i. 95. orrostligr, adj. belonging to war, Róm. 309. or-sök, f. [Germ. ursache; Dan. aarsag], a cause, freq. in mod. usage. orsaka-laust, n. adj. without a cause. Os-ló or Ós-ló, f. the name of a town in Norway, which stood where the mod. Christiania is, Fms. passim. oss, acc. and dat. pl. from vér; see ek (C. 2. γ). ossir, adj. pl. ours, = várir, Germ. unser; ossa ván, Geisli 4; at vilja ossum, Am. 30; hendr ossar, 52; ossum rönnum i, Skm. 14; ossum niðjum, Hkv. 2. 9; liði ossu, Sighvat: in prose, ok ætlaði at láta meiða eðr drepa ossa landa fyrir, Íb. 10. ostenta, u, f. the mid. Lat. ostentum, Rb. OSTR, m. [prob. identical with jastr, the Engl. yeast, dropping the initial j; ostr is a word common to all the Scandin. languages (Dan.-Swed. ost), instead of the Saxon and Germ. cheese, cese (käse), which were no doubt borrowed from the Lat. caseus] :-- cheese; slátr, skreið ok ostar, Háv. 53; smjör ok ost, Nj. 74; þeir höfðu skyr ok ost (of a supper) ... hann bargsk lítt við ostinn, he went slowly on with the cheese, Eb. 244; þar vóru tveir diskar fram settir, þar var eitt skamrifs-stykki á diski hverjum ok forn ostr til gnægta, Fbr. 37; Geysu dætr skáru akkeri af osti, ok sögðu at þau mundi fullvel halda herskipum Haralds konungs ..., Fms. vi. 253; konan hafði einn ostinn í brott, one cheese, Bs. i. 247; ef þeir selja ær til osts, Grág. ii. 309. COMPDS: ost-fjórðungr, m. a weight of cheese, Vm. 28. ost-gjald, n. a tax payable in cheese, D.I. i. 248. ost-hleifr, m. a cheese, Ísl. ii. 351, Fs. 146, Vm. 28. ost-hlutr, m. a slice of cheese, Fbr. 38. ost-kista, u, f. a cheese-press, Nj. 76 (in which cheese was made). ost-tíund, f. a tithe paid in cheese, D.N. iii. 30. ost-tollr, m. = ostgjald; þangat liggr osttollr millum Botnsár ok Hvítskeggs-hvamms af skatt-mönnum ok búprestum, Vm. 59; for a duty payable in cheese see Vm. 28 (each farm having to pay a cheese), D.I. i. 248. ostra, u, f. [for. word; Lat. ostrea], an oyster, Stj. 88, N.G.L. ii. 263. ost-vægr, adj. equivalent to cheese; gjalda fjórðung ostvægs matar, Vm. 105. OTA, að, [see etja I. 3, and not akin to hóta, as is suggested under that word] :-- to push forth, with dat.; ota sér fram, to push oneself forward, intrude oneself; Þórir otar sér fram milli manna, Ísl. ii. 150: the word is very freq. in mod. usage, ota e-u fram, to hold forth; cp. ok etr hann fram berum skallanum, Fb. i. 190. OTR, m., gen. otrs, pl. otrar, [Engl. and Germ. otter; O.H.G. otar] :-- an otter; otr einn, otrinum, otrinn, otr ok lax, Edda 72; þar lá opt otr í urðinni ... veiða otr er lá í urðinni, Orkn. 274, 276; otrs líki, Fas. i. 151: poët., hafs otr, vánar otr, a 'sea-otter,' i.e. a ship, Lex. Poët.: in local names, Otra-dalr, in western Iceland, Landn., Gísl. COMPDS: otr-belgr, m. an otter-skin, Edda 73, Fas. i. 153. otr-gjöld and otrs-gjöld, n. pl., poët. 'otter's-gild,' i.e. gold, Fas: i. 154, Bm., see the tale in Edda 72, 73. otr-hundr, m. an otter-hound, Karl. 10. otra-skinn, n. an otter-skin, Rétt. 47. oxi, a, m. an ox; see uxi: Oxi, a pr. name, Bs. i. Ó Ó- or ú-, the negative prefix before nouns and verbs, [Goth., Engl., and Germ. un-; Dan. and Swed. û-, the nasal being absorbed. The Icel. at a very early date changed this ú into ó, for the very oldest and best vellums use ó, not only the Greg., Eluc., Íb., the Miracle-book (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), but also the Grág., the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm. Edda, etc.; in later vellums of the better kind ú and ó are used promiscuously; till about the union with Norway the ú prevailed, and is chiefly used in vellums of the 14th century; but in the 15th the ó again took its old place, and has been retained ever since, agreeably with the usual pronunciation. The ó is therefore the proper Icel. form, e.g. ó-vitr = Engl. un-wise; that it was sounded thus even in the 12th century is also shewn by the treatise of the second grammarian (Gramm. p. i, col. 1), -- ó eðr ú þat skiptir orðum, svá sem er satt eðr ó-satt (ú-satt), Skálda 171. This change of spelling in the MSS. about (or a little before) the union with Norway cannot have been owing to any change in pronunciation, but was simply a Norwegianism, as were many other cases, e.g. the dropping the h before liquids, contrary to the Icel. pronunciation. On the other hand, as for the rest of Scandinavia, the ú has been retained in Denmark and in the east of Norway; but ó in the west and north of Norway (see Ivar Aasen's Dict.), as also in mod, Swed. (e.g. o-möjlig = Germ. un-möglich). In early Swed. (in the laws) u and o are used indifferently. The Orkneys seem to have followed the Icel., to judge from a rhyme in the poem Jd. composed by bishop Bjarni (died A.D. 1222), a native of the Orkneys, -- ó-teitan mik sútar, the metre of which requires a half rhyme, a rule followed strictly throughout that poem. B. Of the compds with ú- or ó-, all but a few words are from un-; these exceptional words appear to be contractions, either, α. from ör-, where we have such double forms as ör-sekr and ó-sekr, N.G.L. i. 379; ör-viti and ó-viti, ó-verðr and ör-verðr, ó-vænn and ör-vænn, ör-hæfi and ú-hæfa, ör-keypis and ó-keypis, ú-dæmi qs. ör-dæmi(?), ó-bóta qs. ör-bóta(?), ó-birgr and ör-birgr; perh. also ú-helgi qs. ör-helgi, ú-heilagr qs. ör-heilagr; cp. also such words as ú-megin and ör-megna, ú-synja qs. ör-synja(?). β. from of-, esp. before a labial or dental; thus, of-vægr and ó-vægr, ó-frýnn qs. of-frýnn, ó-skö;p = of-sköp(?), ó-freskr qs. of-freskr, ó-fyrirsynju qs. of-fyrirsynju(?), ó-hljóð or ú-hljóð qs. of-hljóð(?), of-dæll and ó-dæll, of-ljóss and ó-ljóss. In some of these instances doubt may arise, for a double set of compds might have sprung up. On the other hand, the great number of compds with ur-, er- in German and Saxon, and the scarcity of such words in the Norse tongue, lead to the conclusion that many of these compds in the course of time have been lost or replaced by ú-; cp. also of-allt and á-valt, (of-saka and á-saka, of-brýði and á-brýði, of-munir and á-munr, af-vöxtr and á-vöxtr, af-burðr and of-burðr?). Since in most Editions the spelling with ú- has been adopted in these classes of words, they must be sought for under that head. Ó, interj. oh, oh! Hom. 112, 119, Stj. 155; ó hoson, 623. 16: freq. in mod. eccl. usage, cp. hó. 2. as a noun; in the phrase, e-m er um og ó, to hesitate, waver; mér er um og ó, eg á sex börn í sjó en sex börn á landi, a ditty, Ísl. Þjóðs.: ó-já, oh yes! ó-nei, oh no! ó-ekki! id. ÓA, að, [a contr. form from óg, ógur- ógn] :-- in act. in the mod. impers. phrase, e-n óar við e-u, it shocks one, one feels shocked; mig óar við því, it forebodes me evil; huga þeirra tók at óa fyrir einhverri hrellingu, Od. xx. 349. II. reflex. óask, to dread, fear; óumk ek of Hugin at hann aptr né komit, Gm. 20; óumk ek alldregi, Am. 13; ex skoluð óask dóm Guðligs veldis, Greg. 13; þat er ér óisk at taka Corpus Domini, 686. 5; þá óaðisk biskup mjök, then the bishop was much afraid, 655 xxii. B; óaðisk hann í hug sér, 623. 62; ok óaðisk greifinn er hanu hafði látið berja hann, xvi B. 4. óan or óun, f. fear, distress; sigrmark í óunum (= ógnum), 656 B. 7. óða-far, n.; í óðafari, in a hurry, Boll. 350.

470 ÓÐAGOT -- ÓÐINNDÆLL.

óða-got, n. hurry, flurry. óða-kapp, n. = óðaönn. ÓÐAL, n., pl. óðul; in Norse MSS. it is usually contracted before a vowel (whence arose the forms öðli eðli), and owing to a peculiarity in the Norse sound of ð an r is inserted in contracted forms, örðla, orðlom, N.G.L. passim: [akin to aðal, öðli, eðli, = nature; öðlask = adipisci; oðlingr, q.v.; A.S. êðel = patrimony; it is also the parent word of Germ. edel, adel, = noble, nobility, for the nobility of the earliest Teut. communities consisted of the land-owners. From this word also originated mid. Lat. allodium, prob. by inverting the syllables for the sake of euphony (all-od = od-al); oðal or ethel is the vernacular Teut. form, allodium the Latinised form, which is never found in vernacular writers; it may be that the transposition of syllables was due to the th sound in oðal; and hence, again, the word feudal is a compd word, fee-odal, or an odal held as a fee or feif from the king, and answering to heið-launað óðal of the Norse law (heið = fee = king's pay), N.G.L. i. 91.] B. Nature, inborn quality, property, = aðal, eðli, öðli, q.v.; this seems to be the original sense, þat er eigi at réttu mannsins óðal, Sks. 326 B; þat er helzt byrjar til farmanns óðals, a seaman's life, 52; þat er kaupmanna óðal ( = mercatorum est), 28; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21. II. a law term, an allodium, property held in allodial tenure, patrimony. The condition which in the Norse law constitutes an oðal was either an unbroken succession from father to son (er afi hefir afa leift) through three or more generations, N.G.L. i. 91, 237, Gþl. 284; or unbroken possession for thirty or more years, N.G.L. i. 249; or sixty years, Gþl. 284; or it might be acquired through brand-erfð (q.v.), through weregild, barn-fóstr (q.v.); and lastly heið-launað óðal, an allodial fief, was granted for services rendered to the king, see N.G.L. i. 91: the oðal descended to the son, and was opp. to útjarðir (out-lands), and lausa-fé (movables), which descended to the daughter, Gþl. 233; yet even a woman, e.g. a baugrygr (q.v.), could hold an oðal, in which case she was called óðals-kona, 92, jörð komin undir snúð ok snældu = an estate come under the rule of the spindle, N.G.L. i. 237; the allit. phrase, arfr ok óðal, 31, Gþl. 250: brigða óðal, N.G.L. i. 86; selja óðal, to sell one's óðal, 237. The oðal was in a certain sense inalienable within a family, so that even when parted with, the possessor still retained a title (land-brigð, máldagi á landi). In the ancient Scandin. communities the inhabited land was possessed by free oðalsmen (allodial holders), and the king was the lord of the people, but not of the soil. At a later time, when the small communities were merged into great kingdoms, through conquest or otherwise, the king laid hold of the land, and all the ancient oðals were to be held as a grant from the king; such an attempt of king Harold Fairhair in Norway and the earls of Orkney in those islands is recorded in Hkr. Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6, Eg. ch. 4, cp. Ld. ch. 2, Orkn. ch. 8, 30, 80 (in Mr. Dasent's Ed.); cp. also Hák. S. Goða ch. 1. Those attempts are recorded in the Icel. Sagas as acts of tyranny and confiscation, and as one of the chief causes for the great emigration from the Scandinavian kingdoms during the 9th century (the question of free land here playing the same part as that of free religion in Great Britain in the 17th century). The attempt failed in Norway, where the old oðal institution remains in the main to the present day. Even the attempts of king Harold were, according to historians (Konrad Maurer), not quite analogous to what took place in England after the Conquest, but appear to have taken something like the form of a land-tax or rent; but as the Sagas represent it, it was an attempt towards turning the free odal institution into a feudal one, such as had already taken place among the Teutons in Southern Europe. III. gener. and metaph. usages, one's native land, homestead, inheritance; the land is called the 'oðal' of the reigning king, á Danr ok Danpr dýrar hallir, æðra óðal, en ér hafit, Rm. 45; eignask namtú óðal þegna, allan Noreg, Gauta spjalli, Fms. vi. 26 (in a verse); banna Sveini sín óðul, St. Olave will defend his óðal against Sweyn, 426 (in a verse); flýja óðul sín, to fly one's óðal, go into exile, Fms. iv. 217; flýja óðul eðr eignir, vii. 25; koma aptr í Noreg til óðala sinna, 196; þeim er þar eru útlendir ok eigi eigu þar óðul, who are strangers and not natives there, Edda 3; öðlask Paradísar óðal, the inheritance of Paradise, 655 viii. 2; himneskt óðal, heavenly inheritance, Greg. 68; njóta þeirra gjafa ok óðala er Adam var útlægr frá rekinn, Sks. 512: allit., jarl ok óðal, earl (or franklin) and odal, Gh. 21. 2. spec. phrase, at alda óðali, for everlasting inheritance, i.e. for ever and ever, D.N. i. 229: contr., at alda öðli, id., Grág. i. 264, D.I. i. 266; til alda óðals, for ever, iii. 88: mod., frá, alda öðli, from time immemorial. C. COMPDS: óðals-borinn, part. born possessor of an óðal, noble, Gþl. 298. óðals-bréf, n. a deed proving one's title to an óðal, D.N. óðals-brigð, f. redemption of an óðal, Gþl. 295. óðals-jörð, f. an allodial estate, Gþl. 240, 284, Fms. i. 225 (= native country); áðr Gyðingar næði óðalsjörðum sínum (i.e. their Land of Promise), 655 viii. 2. óðals-kona, u, f. a lady possessed of óðal, N.G.L. i. 92. óðals-maðr, m. [mod. Norse odels-mann], an allodial owner, like the 'statesman' of Westmorland, Gþl. 289, 296: metaph., væra ek sannr óðalsmaðr til Noregs, rightful heir of Norway, Fms. ix. 326. óðals-nautr, m. an 'odals-mate' or co-possessor, Gþl. 293, 296. óðals-neyti, u. a body of óðalsnautar, Gþl. 294. óðals-réttr, m. allodial right, allodial law, D.N. iv. 593. óðals-skipti, n. the sharing out óðal, N.G.L. i. 43, 91, Gþl. 285. óðals-tuptir, read aðal-tupt (q.v.), N.G.L. i. 379, v.l. óðals-vitni, n. a witness in a case of redemption of an óðal, Gþl. 296. óðal-borinn, part. = óðalsborinn, Eg. 40, Hkr. i. 125: of a king, óðalborinn til lands ok þegna, Js. 15: native, indigenous, Al. 152. óðal-jörð, f. = óðalsjörð, Fms. vi. 339. óðal-nautr, m. = óðalsnautr, N.G.L. i. 93. óðal-torfa, u, f. patrimonial land, Skv. 3. 60. óðal-túptir, f. pl. a homestead, Sighvat. óðal-vellir, m. pl. patrimony, Rm. 33. óðal-vitni, n. = óðalsvitni, N.G.L. i. 87. óða-málugr, adj. = óðmálugr, Fas. i. 230. óðask, að, = óask, to be struck with terror, Bs. i. 335. óða-stormr, m. = óðaveðr, Róm. 384. óða-straumr, m. a violent current, Bs. i. 386. óða-veðr, n. a violent gale, Clem. 27. óða-verkr, m. a violent pain, Bs. i. 259, ii. 180. óða-önn, f.; vera í óðaönn, to be deep in business, very busy. óð-fluga, adj. with violent speed, as lightning, Fms. viii. 405, Hkr. i. 150, Nj. 144. óð-fúss, adj. madly eager, Þkv. 26, Band. 8 new Ed. óð-gjarn, adj. = óðfúss, Ísl. ii. (in a verse). ÓÐINN, m., dat. Óðni; [A.S. Wodan; O.H.G. Wodan, in the Old High German song Phol ende Wodan vuoron zi holza; in the Norse the w is dropped, whence Odinn] :-- Odin, Wodan, the name of the founder of the ancient Northern and Teutonic religion, who was afterwards worshipped as the supreme god, the fountain-head of wisdom, the founder of culture, writing, and poetry, the progenitor of kings, the lord of battle and victory; so that his name and that of Allföðr (Allfather, the father of gods and men) were blended together. For Odin as an historical person see esp. Yngl. S., the first chapters of which were originally written by Ari the historian, who himself traced his pedigree back to Odin. For the various tales of Odin as a deity see the Edda and the old poems; for the legends explaining how Odin came by his wisdom, how he was inspired, how he pawned his eye in the well of Mimir, see Vsp. 22; how he hung in the world-tree Yggdrasil, Hm. 139 sqq.; and the most popular account, how he carried away the poetical mead from the giant Suptung, etc., see Hm. 104-110. and Edda 47-49; for his travelling in disguise in search of wisdom among giants and Norns, Vþm., Gm., Vsp. For Odin's many names and attributes see Edda (Gl.) The greatest families, the Ynglings in Sweden, Skjöldungs in Denmark, and the Háleygir in Norway, traced their pedigrees back to Odin, see the poems Ýt., Ht., Langfeðgatal. In translations from the Latin, Odin was, strangely enough, taken to represent Mercury; thus, kölluðu þeir Pál Óðin, en Barnabas Þór, they called Paul Odin, but Barnabas they called Thor, is an ancient rendering of Acts xiv. 12, cp. Clem., Bret., and passim. This seems to have originated with the Romans themselves; for Tacitus says, 'deorum maxime Mercurium colunt,' by which he can only mean Wodan; the Romans may have heard the German tales of Wodan's wonderful travels, his many assumed names and disguises, his changes of shape, his eloquence, his magical power, -- tales such as abound in the Edda, -- and these might make the Romans think of the Greek legends of Hermes: accordingly, when the planetary week days were adopted from the Lat., 'dies Mercurii' was rendered into A.S. by Wodansdäg, in Engl. Wednesday, in Dan. Onsdag, in Norse Óðins-dagr, Orkn. 386, Fms. ix. 282: Óðins-nótt, f. Wednesday night, N.G.L. i. 17. Óðins-hani, a, m. a bird, tringa hyperborea, or the phalaropus cinereus, or the red phalarope, see Fjölnir viii, Faber, Edda (Gl.) II. Northern local names, Óðins-vé, n. the sanctuary of Odin = Odense in Fünen in Denmark, Knytl. S.: Óðins-salr, m. in Norway. Munch's Norg. Beskr. 79: Óðins-lundr, m. Odin's grove. In a single instance Athens is rendered by Óðins-borg, and the Athenians by Óðins-borgar-menn, Post. 645. 90; the name can only have been formed from the Greek name pronounced with the th sound, perhaps by the Northmen at Constantinople, who may have associated the name, thus sounded, with Odin's supposed travels from the east to Sweden, and his halts at various places, which were afterwards called after him, as recorded in Yngl. S. As a pr. name, Othen villicus, Dipl. Arna-Magn. (Thorkelin) i. 23; Oden Throndsson, D.N. iv. 756, 764; Ódin-dís, f., Baut., but very rare. It is noteworthy that the name of Odin is, in the old poets, hardly ever used as appellative in poët. circumlocutions of a 'man;' málm-Óðinn is a GREEK = warrior. óð-inndæla, u, f. a GREEK, [qs. of-inndæla(?) from of and eindæll or inndæll = strange, odd] :-- a puzzle(?); ek skal kæra um óðindælu mína sjálfs, I have to complain of my puzzle, an accident that has happened to me, Fms. vi. 374. óð-inndæll, adj. [see the preceding word], self-willed, puzzling(?); miklu eru menn þeir óðindælli en vér fám við þeim séð, they are much too headstrong, more than a match for us, Fms. xi. 151; er nú einsætt at láta sverfa til stáls með oss, ok eigi víst hvárt færi manna óðindælla

ÓÐINSLIGA -- ÓLMAST. 471

verði en svá (seems here to stand for ú-óðindælla(?) = less embarrassing opportunity), Sturl. i. 157. óðins-liga, adv., Ísl. ii. 198, read ó-þínsliga, unlike thee. óðlask, að, to get possessed of; see öðlak. óð-látr, adj. headstrong, impatient, Korm. 80, Fms. viii. 447. óð-liga adv. rashly, impatiently, Eg. 543, Valla L. 218, Fms. ii. 236. óð-ligr, adj. rash, vehement. óð-lundaðr, adj. headstrong, Korm. 80. óð-málugr, adj. speaking violently, excited, Orkn. 430, Ísl. ii. 318, Finnb. 280. ÓÐR, adj., óð, ótt, [Ulf. wôds = GREEK; A.S. wod; Engl. wood, Chaucer, Spenser; Scot. wud; Germ. wüthend] :-- mad, frantic; nú verðr maðr svá óðr, at hann brýzt ór böndum, N.G.L. ii. 54 (band-óðr, mad so as to be kept in bonds); hestrinn var óðr ok kornfeitr, Fms. xi. 280; óðr maðr, a madman, Grág. i. 155; óðs manns víg, óðs manns verk, N.G.L. i. 64; óðr hundr, a mad dog, Pr. 473. 2. frantic, furious, vehement, eager; ólmr ok óðr, Fms. iv. 111; hann görðisk svá óðr at hann kastaði skildinum, Eg. 289; görði hann sik óðan um, Fs. 6l; göra sik óðan ok reidan, Fb. i. 559; svá vórn þeir óðir, Fms. vii. 270: hvárt þeir leggja því betr fram en ek, sem þeir eru óðari, 259; vóru þeir óðastir á þetta mál, Ld. 210; hann var óðr at verki sínu, Nj. 58; hann lét sem hann væri óðr ok ærr at íshögginu, Fms. vi. 337: of a thing, violent, óðr útsynningr, a violent gale, Bs. ii. 50; orrosta óð ok mannskæð, Fms. i. 44; bardagi sem óðastr, vii. 265, Nj. 247; óðr byrr, Hm. 89; ótt veðr, Am. 18. II. neut., ótt e-m er ótt um e-t, to be impatient; var þeim Þorgilsi ótt til at flytja líkit í brott, Fms. v. 98; hann kallaði sér þó ótt um ferðina, vi. 375; Flosi fór at engu óðara en hann væri heima, not more rashly than if, as calmly as if, he were at home, Nj. 220; vér skulum fara at engu ótt, not hastily, Háv. 48; fékk konungr sótt ok fór ekki mjök ótt í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 249. 2. adverb, phrase, ótt ok títt, vehemently and rapidly; þeir reiddu ótt sverðin ok hjuggu títt, Fms. ii. 322; drjúpa mjök ótt, vi. 351: acc. óðan, as adv., bera óðan á, to talk fast and vehemently. ÓÐR, m., gen. óðs and óðar, [totally different from the preceding word, but akin to Ulf. wods in weit-'wods' = GREEK, weit-wodan = GREEK, weit-wodiþa, weit-wodei = GREEK; cp. also Icel. æði = sense, wit, manner, answering to the Goth. weit-wodei] :-- mind, wit, soul, sense, Lat. mens, Gr. GREEK; the old Vsp. distinguishes between three parts of the human soul, -- önd, óðr, and læ, spirit, mind, and craft(?); the önd was breathed into man by Odin, the óðr by Hænir, the læ by Löðurr; the faculty of speech seems also to be included in the óðr. The tale in Plato's Protagoras is an interesting illustration of the Northern legend as briefly told (and only there) in Vsp. 17, 18: tryggva óð, hafa góðan óð, to be of good cheer, Nj. (in a verse). 2. song, poetry; bragr, hróðr, óðr, mærð, lof, Edda 95 :-- metre, sá er óðinn skal vandan velja, Lil. 98; óðar-smiðr, a 'song-smith' = poet, Eg. (in a verse); óðar-ár, 'speech-oar,' Geisli 37; and óðar-lokarr, 'speech-plane,' i.e. the tongue, Edda (in a verse); óðar-rann, mind's abode, Likn. 1. óð-borg, f, 'mind's-borough' = the breast, Harms, 1. óð-gerð, f. versification, Geisli. II. Óðr, the husband of Freyja, Vsp. 29; in the tale in Edda of Freyja, she wanders over the earth seeking for her lost husband and weeping for him golden tears, (answering to the Gr. tales of Demeter as told in the Homeric hymn.) óð-ræði, n. counsel of wisdom or a council(?); hverr mér hugaðr á hlið standi, annarr þegn við óðræði, what other man shall stand by my side, as a friend, in the council? i.e. where am I now to look for friendly help and comfort? Stor. 14; this we believe is the bearing of the passage, and not as explained in Lex. Poët. (= a row, tumult, fight, from óðr, adj.) óð-rærir, m. a 'rearer' or inspirer of wisdom, one of the holy vessels in which the blood of Kvásir was kept, Edda; in Hm. 107 it is used of the mead itself = the inspiring nectar. óðum, adv. rapidly; jafn-óðum. óð-verki, adj. taken with violent aches or pains, Gísl. 48. óð-viðri, n. a violent gale, Ó.H. 26. Ófóti, a, m. the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.) ófreskja, u, f. a monster; the word is not recorded in old writers, but is freq. in mod. usage; it originally meant an apparition which can only be seen by people endued with second sight (see ófreskir); ófreskja and skrímsl are used synonymously; eg heiti ekki náðugr herra, svaraði ófreskjan, en eg heiti skrímsl, ... Já, svaraði skrímslið, góðgjarn er eg, en eg er ófreskja, ... Til eru margar manneskjur sem eru meiri ófreskjur en þér, Kveldv. ii. 162 sqq. in the tale of the Beauty and the Beast. ófreskr, adj., qs. of-freskr(?), a mythol. word, endowed with second sight, able to see ghosts and apparitions which are hidden from the common eye; þat sá ófreskir menn at landvættir allar fylgðu Hafrbirni til þings, en þeim Þorsteini ok Þórði til veiðar ok fiskjar, Landn. 271; Geirhildr hét fjölkunnig kona ok meinsöm, þat sá ófreskir menn, at ..., 212; þat sá ó. maðr um kveld nær dagsetri, at björn mikill gékk ..., 289; ok sá hana þeir einir er ófreskir vóru, Bs. i. 607; ok inargir sj;i þat olreskir mean, ok svá þeir er eigi vóru ófreskir, Fms. xi. 136; hann sá öngir menn í bardaga útan þeir er ófreskir vóru, Fb. i. 571 (of seeing a person invisible in a cap of darkness). The word is now obsolete in Icel., and 'skygn' is used instead; it remains in ófreskja, q.v. ófrýnliga, adv. frowningly, Fms. i. 70 (spelt úfrýnliga). ófrýnligr, adj. frowntng-like, frowning, Fær. 50, Fms. ii. 101, Boll. 358, Orkn. 440. ófrýnn, adj., qs. of-frýnn, see frýnn :-- frowning, Eg. 765, Ó.H. 144, 167 (spelt ofrynn). ÓGN, f. dread, terror; ógn stendr af e-u, to inspire terror; svá stóð þeim af honum ógn mikil, Nj. 68; svá stóð mikil ógn af orðum konungs, Fms. xi. 246; þótti honum lítil ógn af þeim standa, i. 26; maðr kom til hans ljóss, ok af honum stóð mikil ógn, Ó.H. 107. 2. menaces, threats, esp. in plur.; enga ógn býð ek þér at sinni, Ísl. ii. 253; hvárki ógnir né blíðmæli, Lv. 69; með blíðmælum ok ógnum, Fms. i. 109; þéir hræddusk eigi ógnir jarls, Blas. 45; ógnir mótstöðu-manna várra, 623. 35: terrors, of the torments of hell, sá þar í ógnir margar, Nj. 279; allar ógnir þær er helgengnir hafa, Sól.; hann varð hræddr mjök við ógn þessa, Ó.H. 107. II. gen. ógnar-, prefixed as adv. awfully; ógnar-digr, awfully stout, Fb. i. 258; ógnar hár, awfully high. Fas. iii. 480; ógnar mikill, awfully great, Stj. 372, 434: in mod. usage joined with almost any adjective, ógnar-breiðr, -brattr, -djúpr, awfully broad, steep, deep. COMPDS: ógnar-andi, a, m. spirit of terror, Stj. 643. ógnar-boð, n. a dreadful message, Fms. x. 54, Stj. 447, 649. ógnar-dómr, m. an awful doom, 677. 13. ógnar-eyrendi, n. = ógnarboð, Stj. 642. ógnar-geisli, a, m. a dreadful ray, Fms. v. 166. ógnar-hlutr, m. a dire apparition, Sks. 154. ógnar-laust, n. adj. without horror, Sks. 9. ógnar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), awful, Fms. v. 241, Sks. 155. ógnar-mál and ógnar-orð, n. pl. menacing words, Stj. 643, Greg. 74, Fms. i. 216, vii. 104, x. 292, xi. 408. ógnar-raust and ógnar-rödd, f. a dreadful voice, Fb. i. 417, Greg. 39. ÓGNA, að, [Ulf. ôgan = GREEK; cp. Icel. agi = awe, A.S. ôga, which point to an obsolete strong verb, aga, óg] :-- to threaten, with dat.; þér hafit öðrum ógnat, Fms. ii. 266; hann fékk eigi fyrr en hann ógnaði honum til, Sd. 142; hann ógnaði þeim, Fms. x. 217. 2. with a double dat,; ógna e-m e-u, to threaten one with a thing; ógna e-m dauða, Stj. 35; ógna e-m hegningu, 47; þú ógnar oss Guði þínu, er blint er ok dauft, Ó.H. 109; ógnaði bráðum bruna allri hans eign, Fms. ii. 236. 3. ógna, to be afraid, Al. 34. II. reflex, to be overawed; ógnask ok skelfask, Hom. 143; ógnask e-t, to fear, stand aghast at a thing, 144; hann ógnask mjök at höggva til hans, O.H.L. 3. ógnan, f. awe, menace, Fms. x. 274. ógur-leikr, m. aufulness, Stj. 314. ógur-liga, adv. awfully, Fas. i. 383, Fb. i. 258, Fms. iii. 111, passim. ógur-ligr, adj. (not ógrligr), awful, Nj. 183, Fms. vi, 376, vii. 172, viii. 8, x. 241, 242, Ísl. ii. 447, Ó.H. 108, Hom. 13, Fbr. 57 new Ed., Sks. 159, 229, 643, Stj. 96, Bret. 96, and passim. ó-hljóð, n., qs. ofhljóð, a violent singing sound, esp. in the ears, see ú-hljóð; óhljóðs-eyru, the valves of the heart :-- but also = ofheyrn, q.v., sér er hver óhljóðs eyrun á þér! of a person imagining that he hears things which have never been spoken. ó-hræsi, n. a loathsome thing, 623. 17 (where spelt ohresi), Ísl. ii. 420 (spelt óresi UNCERTAIN), Fas. ii. 263, freq. in mod. usage; þú ert mesta úhræsi! óhræsið þitt, thou naughty thing! ó-já, interj. oh yes, yes yes! ÓL, f. a strap; var höfuðit komit á ólina, Bs. i. 314; the ó, which is kept throughout all the cases, is a remains of the old umlaut; for the references see ál. Óláfr, m. Olave, an old and favourite pr. name; the oldest form seems to have been Áleifr, from Anleifr, as seen from rhymes, e.g. Áleifr is made to rhyme with reifum, kleif, or the like, Hallfred passim; and, on the other hand, Áláfr with stála, hála, Eg. (in a verse), Fms. vi. (in a verse): then the ei was changed into á, Áláfar frið gálu, Sighvat: then the initial á into ó, and Óláfr is made to rhyme with sól in a poem of the end of the 11th century: lastly, the medial á into a, Ólafr. This Norse name is rendered by Anlâf in the Saxon Chron., and by Amlabh in the Irish Chroniclers; thus Righ Amlabh = king Olave the White in Dublin, see pref. p. iv: in local names, Ólafs-dalr, -fjörðr, -vík, Landn.: Ólafs-dælir, m. pl. the men from Olave-dale, Gullþ. The answering fem. pr. name is Álöf (the still older Áleif, qs. Anleif, is not recorded), mod. Ólöf, Landn. 2. compds referring to St. Olave; Ólafs-gildi, -kirkja, -messa, -dagr, -vaka, = St. Olave's guild, church, mass, day, vigil, Sturl. i. 23, ii. 99, Vm. 24, Fms. ix. 8, 341, x. 14; Ólafs korn, sáð, skot, tollr, a tithe in corn to St. Olave, N.G.L. i. 142, 346, 460; Ólafs minni, see minni, ii. 445; Ólafs Saga, St. Olave's Saga, Vm. 20; Ólafs skript, 21; Ólafs súð, the name of a ship, Ann. 1360. (St. Olave's Church, Bridge, etc., still exist in London, Norfolk, and Suffolk.) ÓLGA, u, f. [akin to válgr(?), changing vá into ó] :-- a swell, swelling, esp. of water; sævar ólga, the swell of the sea, Fas. ii. 378, freq. in mod. usage; cp. also ylgja = the rolling, of waves. ólga, að, to swell; ólgandi Þverá. (the swoln Cross-water) veltr yfir sanda, Snót 12, passim in mod. usage. ólmast, að, dep. to rage, rave, act or work furiously.

472 ÓLMLIGA -- ÓRKOSTK.

ólm-liga, adv. furiously, savagely, Nj. 104, Karl. 520. ólm-ligr, adj. furious, savage, Fas. iii. 411, Ld. 234. ÓLMR, adj. savage, furious, worrying; ólmr hundr, a savage dog, Grág. ii. 119; halda e-m sem ólmum hundi, Grett. 93: the saying, opt hefir ólmr hundr rifit skinn, a savage dog has often a torn skin; óarga dýr, svá at þau væri ólmari en áðr, Ver. 31; ólmt kykvendi, a savage beast, Grág. ii. 117; ólmr ok údæll, Fms. v. 240; ólmr ok óðr, iv. 111; hinir verða ólmari æ því meir, Sturl. ii. 8. ÓLPA, u, f., mod. úlpa, a kind of outer cloak, a fur cloak as it seems; ólpu eðr kápu, Jb. 187; græn ólpa, Fms. ii. 16, Fs. 92 (in a verse); loð-ólpa (q.v.), a fur cloak; á þá mynd sem ólpa eðr loðkápa, Mag. 63; ólpu-maðr, a cloaked man, Fms. ii. 17. óma, að, to resound: part. ómandi, sounding, resounding; ómandi stólpa gangr, rendering of Homer's GREEK. óman or ómun, f. sound, voice; ómon þverr, the voice fails, falters, Skv. 3. 68; heitir ok rödd ómun, Edda 110: ómun-lokarr, m. 'sound-plane,' i.e. the tongue, Ad. 16; see lokarr. Ómi, a, m. one of the names of Odin or Allfather, Gm., Edda: a personification of the wind as the voice of God (cp. 1 Kings xix. 12, God speaking to man through the 'still small voice' of the wind). ÓMR, m. [A.S. woma and wom and dæg-woma = aurora], sound, voice, esp. of a tinkling sound such as a peal of bells heard afar off; klingir mér fyrir eyrum ómr, a sound tinkles in my ears, Bjarni; held eg sem helgan dóm, hörpunnar sætan óm, a ditty: the word is freq. in mod. usage, but is not recorded in old writers, for Edda i. 544, v.l., is from a paper MS. ón, f. = ván, hope, Am. 67, Ls. 36, Hom. 60. ón, prep. = án (q.v.), without, Fms. xi. 111, 153, Eluc. 38, 39, Alm. 7, and passim in the oldest vellums; see án. ó-nei, interj. oh no! ónn, m. = ofn (q.v.) according to pronunciation; óns-hús, n. a close stove, Bs. ii. 256. ÓP, n. [cp. Ulf. wôpjan = GREEK; A.S. wôp; Engl. whoop, weep] :-- a shouting, crying: 1. without the notion of weeping; með ópi ok eggjan, Stj. 365; heyrðu þeir óp mikit, Fs. 143; þá varð óp mikit (a great shouting) at Lögbergi, Nj. 15; en er Egill heyrði óp þat, Eg. 296; æpa sigr-óp, shouting victory, id., 298, Fms. viii. 141, Karl. 365, 368; her-óp, a war-whoop, Nj. 245, Eg. 80. Ó.H. 107, Orkn., Stj. passim; hrinda upp ópi, to raise the war-cry. Fas. i. 254 (in a verse). 2. a crying, weeping aloud; þá setti hann upp mikit óp, ok í þeim angistar ekka, ... gráta með ópi miklu, Stj. 167; stóð hann þar ok grét aumliga, þessi maðr bað hann ganga inn í búðina ok taka af sér ópit, Ölk. 35; óps ok ýlfranar, Matth. ii. 18; óp og tanna gnístan, weeping and gnashing of teeth, xiii. 50; setr hon upp stór óp, she set up a great howling, Bs. ii. 87; sló síðan ópi á barnit, the child began to weep, i. 341; þeir sögðu konu hans þenna atburð, en hón kunni ílla ok grét hátt ... hann taldi sér leiðask óp hennar, Edda 48. ópi, a, m. a magical Rune character, causing hysterics, Skm. óp-ligr, adj. weeping: með ópligum tárum, with weeping tears, Greg. 39. ÓR or or, written with o in older vellums, or now and then even with y, yr; in later MSS. with u, ur, which in mod. Icel. is sounded long, úr. In other Teut. languages this prep. has been lost as an independent word; only the Goth. has us = GREEK, and the O.H.G. ar, ir, ur, which in mid. H.G. was lost and replaced by the adverb aus, O.H.G. uz, answering to Icel. út. Engl. out, a word altogether different from ór, see Grimm's Dict. s.v. er; ur, however, survived as a prefixed particle in a countless number of compds, in A.S. â-, in O.H.G. ar-, ir-, in mid. H.G. and Germ. er-; causal verbs are formed by means of this prefixed particle, e.g. Goth. us-wakjan, A.S. â-weccan, Engl. to awaken, O.H.G. ar-wechan, Germ. er-wecken. In the Scandin. languages, on the other hand, the independent prep. has been preserved in its fullest extent, whereas the prefixed particle is rare, mostly wiih adjectives, and is sounded and spelt ör-, e.g. ör-endr = exanimis; seldom er-, for erlendr (q.v.) is different; ór- or úr- seems to belong only to words of later formation, as ór-lausn, ór-skurðr, úr-kast, úr-þvætti, refuse; úr-hættis, out of time (from skera ór, kasta úr). These compds will be given under the head of ör- and úr-. The quantity of the root-vowel in the particle or, ur is an unsettled question; the German and Saxon forms er-, ar-, as also the Icel. prefixed ör-, seem to indicate a short, the present Icel. pronunciation úr- a long, vowel. The MSS. in these cases give no help; in this Dictionary it has been assumed as long (ór) in deference to the majority of Editions and the present Icel. spelling and pronunciation. A. Out of, from; as remarked in the introduction to the prep. af, the prep. ór (p. 3, col. 2) denotes from the inside of a thing (out of which), and in most cases corresponds to í, so that the same case which goes with ór would also go with í, (and thus it answers to í with dat., see í A. I-III); tekinn ór jörðu, taken out of the earth (answering to í jörðu, of anything lying in the earth), Fms. i. 51; ór skóginum, vi. 225; yr afrétt, Grág. ii. 233; yr héraði, Ísl. ii. 322, 333; fara ór landi, to leave the country, Fms. vi. 284; ór Þrándheimi, Eg. 32 (opp. to í Þrándheimi); ór Tungu, Nj. 95, 192; Ísland bygðisk ór Noregi. from Norway, Íb. 4; austan ór Smálöndum, Nj. 122; ór Breiðafirði, Ísl. ii. 368; ór Eyjum (all names compounded from Ey), Landn. passim; ór Mön, from the Isle of Man, Nj. 138; ór Hrafnistu (an island), 164; ór Þjóttu (a Norse island), Fms. iv. 275; ór Skógi, Skógum, Nj. 89; ór Gili, 113; ór Mörk, 192; ór Þórólfsfelli, 39; ór Saurbæ, 164; ór Garði, Landn., Nj. 164; cp. i, p. 315, col. 2 (A. loc. II); er þá bar ór hafi, Fms. ii. 64; ór lopti, passim; úr eldi, Nj. 132; ór vötnum, Fms. i. 226; ór höll, xi. 16; ór Valhöllu, Nj. 132; ór tjaldi, Fms. ii. 268; ór garði, Nj. 54; ór kirkju, Fms. ix. 471; ór poka, Ld. 202; hús ór húsi, from house to house, Bs. i. 386; flokk ór flokki, Karl. 244; ór gólfinu, Ld. 53; ór húsum, Grág. ii. 336; ór norðri, suðri, vestri, austri, Eg. 133: ór hendi, out of one's hand, Greg. 62, Nj. 84: the phrase, bíða ór stað, to bide 'out of' one's place, i.e. to bide without moving, Ó.H. (in a verse). 2. with adverbs; ofan ór fjalli, Eg. 766: niðr ór, Fms. iii 94; fram ór, out of; út úr, out of, (Goth. ût-;us, whence arose the mod Germ. aus); út ór hringinum, Ld. 276. 3. ok ræðr lækr ór henni til sævar, Dipl. ii. 2; festina er ór var fjötrinum, Edda 20; þit skulut spyrja ór kaupstefnu, to ask news from the meeting, Ísl. ii. 346; ráðask ór hernaði, to leave off freebooting, Eg. 2; komask ór barnæsku, Sturl. i. 226; vakna ór svefni, to wake out of sleep, 623. 14; rísa upp ór dauða, 655 ix. C. 1; segjask ór lögum, to secede, Íb. 11; vera ór sögunni, to be out of the story, Nj. 22, 120; falla ór minni, Bs. i. 39. B. Metaph., denoting forfeiture; þá er hann útlagr ok ór goðorði sínu, Grág. i. 33; ok ór öllum skrúðanum, and stripped off all their ornaments, Nj. 132. 2. of a part of the whole; þessir téllu ór liði Haralds, Eg. 11; kveðja fimm búa yr sóknar kvið, Grág ii. 208; ryðja búa ór kviði, kvöð, Nj. 110; menn sakna Skeggja ór flokkinum, Grett. 30 new Ed.; maðr andask ór kvöðinni, Band. 14 new Ed.; Joseph var ór kyni Davíðs, Post.; þriðjungr ór feti, Rb. 482. 3. denoting cause; andask, deyja ór sárum, sótt, to die of wounds, sickness. Eg. 36, Landn. 217, Fms. ii. 164, Sks. 594. 4. of the substance of which a thing is made (see af C. III); ór járni, of iron, Nj. 272; ór gulli, silfri, Akv. 7; þat er ór jörðu, Eluc. 9; ór Ymis holdi var jörð of sköpuð, en ór sveita siár, björg or beinum, baðinr ór hari, en or hausi himin, en or hans heila, etc., Vþm.; úr hári, ullu, etc.; ór osti, Fms. vi. 253. 5. of changing from one state to another, from; ek veil ekki hvat ór honum er orðit, 623. 53; verða at ösku ór miklu mannvirki, Al. 48; görir heimska ór herskum, Hm. 93; auka ór því sem áðr hafði verit, beyond what it was, Al. 145, Nj. 192; hefir þú nokkut samit þik ór því sem var, Ísl. ii. 211: þurru mjök vinsældir hans ór því sem vóru, they dwindled from what they had been, Fms. x. 160; ór hófi (cp. öróf, öræfi), exceeding, out of measure; allt ór hófi, Al. 54; fégjarn ór hófi, Rb. 370; ganga ór dæmum, beyond example, unexampled. Fms. i. 214, viii. 52. II. ellipt. and adverb. usages; annarra brjóstum ór, Hm.; skar ór spjótið, to cut through, Hkr. i. 37; ok skar út ór, Fms. i. 217. III. with verbs; fara ór, to take off a garment, Nj. 279; ganga ýr, to withdraw, 86, 113; fyrr en ór sliti (ór-slit), till it was all over, 105; skera ór, to decide; leysa ór, to read a riddle, answer, Fms. ii. 283; ráða ór (ór-ræði), to solve a difficulty, Nj. 177, 243; ok hefir þú ílla ór haft við mik, thou hast behaved badly towards me, Fs. 140. IV. ór því, since; nú er at segja hvat görðisk í Noregs ór því hann var í burtu farinn, Fas. ii. 84: causal, since, úr því þú vilt það, since thou wishest it, mod. V. double prepp. as adv. ellipt. and as prep.; tók ór verk allan yr augum hans, Bs. i. 336; at ór sé grátraust ór skapi hans, Nj. 82. óra, að. = vára (q.v.), to become spring, Orkn. (in a verse). óra, pres. órir, [órar], to rave, play pranks; órir gestr við gest, Hm. 31: the mod. phrase, mig órar til þess, to recollect dimly, of a long by-gone time. ÓRAR, f. pl., in mod. usage masc. pl. [cp. ærr = insane] fits of madness; þegar tók af honum órarnar er Davíð lék hörpuna, Stj. 467; mæla órar, to talk wildly, Mar. 1071; segi ek yðr satt, at hón bar eigi óra í augum, Bs. i. 204; hann varð ærr ok sagði í órunum (in fits of delirium) hvat þeir höfðu gört, Magn. 522; hann görði sér órar (feigned insanity) ok lét sem hann félli í brottfall, Landn. (Hb.) 215; af órum ok vitleysi, Stj. 467; höfuð-órar (q.v.), delirium. 2. wild fancies, frolics; trúir þú þegar á órar þær, er sá maðr ferr með, Ó.H. 107; þessum mun ek við bregða Áslaugar órunum, Fas. i. 257: wild pranks, mad freaks, órar (ravings) eru úrækðir órar (our), Skálda 162; ærsli og órar; þat er ok óronum næst (there will be mad doings) er veslu batnar, Al. 4; draum-órar, wild dream-fancies. COMPDS: óra-belgr, m. a merry-maker: in mod. usage of youths or children, þú ert mesti ó. óra-ferð, f. a mad undertaking, Grett. 153 A. óra-mál, n. a mad talk. Post. 645. 82. óra-vegr, m. a way of immense length, an immense distance; það er mesti óravegr, mod., perh. corrupt from afar, ofr. óra-verk, n. a law term, a deed done in a state of insanity, Grág. ii. 64. ór-dauðr, adj. extinct, quite dead, Bs. i. 879; cp. ördauða. ór-för, f. departure; krefja arfs ok órfarar, N.G.L. i. 53 (Jb. 158 B). ó-ristinn, adj., in the phrase, liggja óristinn, of one who lies down to rest without taking off his clothes. ór-kosta, u, f. = órkostr; deyja frá allri órkostu, Am. 58. ór-kostr, m. means, resources; hafa, eiga, órkost til e-s, Grág. i. 185.

ÓRLAUSN -- ÓTTR. 473

ii. 155, K.Þ.K. 90: in the mod. phrase, eiga einskis úrkosti, to be destitute of means. ór-lausn, f., mod. úr-lausn, [leysa ór], solution of a difficulty, an expedient, help; hann segir sik vera í heyþroti, ok krefr órlausna, Ísl. ii. 132; hann skal sjálfr þeirra vandræði ábyrgjask en hrepps-menn eru til engra órlausna skyldir, Grág. i. 490; vilt þú, búandi, selja oss korn? væri oss þat ó. ef vér þyrfum eigi lengra at fara, hér skalt þú fá þá órlausn, at þurfa eigi at fara lengra, Ó.H. 112: the mod. phrase, göra e-m úrlausn, to let one not go empty-handed away. 2. an answer, a reply, the reason given to a question; þér munut einskis þess spyrja er ek kunna eigi órlausn til, Fms. x. 329; vænti ek góðrar órlausnar ok andsvara, Sks. 306; engi spyrr hann þeirra hluta er eigi kann hann órlausn, Edda 47; órlausn til allra spurninga, Hkr. i. 269: a decision, skulu görðar-menn leita órlausna at lögum, Grág. i. 495; enda sé eigi aðrar órlausnir til mæltar. 490; til yðvarrar órlausnar stunda allir er vanda-málum eigu at skipta, Sks. 13. ór-lauss, adj. free, disengaged, Nj. 76, v.l. ór-nám, n. a picking out, of challenging neighbours, Grág. i. 31, 51. órr, adj. an obsolete form = várr (q.v.), our; mara óra, Hkv. Hjörv. 5; órr alda-föðr, Vþm. 4; órum höllum, 7; óru hofi, Hým. 33; óru skipi, Hkv. Hjörv. 33; ór salkynni, Skm. 17; töður órar, Kormak; guð ór, Clem. 44; leið óra, 40; augu ór, Greg. 21; önd óra, Hom.; afrétt óra, Grág. ii. 314 A; krapta óra. Niðrst. 2; lögum órum, id.; lög ór, Íb. 17; byskopum órum, 3; órum löndum, Grág.; Drottni órum, 623. 7; úrækðir órar, Skálda 62 (Thorodd, with a nasal sound). ór-ráð, n. = órræði; hvert órráð (yrráð Cd.) skulum vér nú taka, Ó.H. 88; órráð vár kvenna verða jafnan með lítilli forsjá, Ld. 42; munt þú trúa mér bezt til órráða um þitt mál, Nj. 12; liggja hér til miklu betri órráð um þetta mál, Fms. xi. 11; til atkvæðis ok órráða, 33. ór-ræði, n., mod. úr-ræði, [ráða ór e-u], an expedient; varð þat hans ó. (vrræði Cd.) at, ... sagði hann órræðit eigi gott. Fb. iii. 448. 449; þat varð ó. Özurar, at ..., Dropl. 25; þótti honum þurfa nökkurra órræða í at leita, Rd. 238; hér eru skjót órræði til, Fms. ii. 7; taka gott órræði, v. 272; hvert órræði (help) vilt þú veita mér, Nj. 31, Glúm. 352; hann hafði mörg órræði (many sources) til penninga, Bárð. 173. COMPDS: órræða-lauss, adj. helpless. órræða-leysi, n. helplessness. ór-skurða, að, to decide, give a legal decision. Stat. 296, D.N., and in mod. usage. ór-skurðr, m., mod. úr-skurðr, [skera úr e-u], a decision; veita órskurð um e-t, Fms. i. 42, v. 333; vil ek heyra fleiri manna órskurð (opinion) um þetta mál, Hkr. i. 155; en er Norðmönnum þótti seinkask órskurðrinn, Fms. vi. 20; fengusk þeir órskurðir, at ..., Hkr. iii. 306; ráðit hefi ek skjótan órskurð um þetta mál okkat, Lv. 53. 2. a legal decision, of a debated question; gefa með fám orðum fullan órskurð, Gþl. (pref. v); tóku hvárir-tveggju Gunnlaug til órskurðar ..., hvárir-tveggju undu vel við órskurðinn, Ísl. ii. 233; nú höfu vit skotið þrætu okkarri til yðvars órskurðar, Fms. vii. 203; koma til biskups órskurðar, K.Á. 118: lögmanns órskurðr, D.N. i. 93. COMPDS: ór-Skurðar-bréf, n. a writ of arbitration, Pm. 43, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) ór-skurðar-maðr, m. an umpire, Ísl. ii. 233. ór-slit, n. pl., mod. úr-slít, [slíta úr], a final decision; hann veitti engi órslit. Sturl. i. 149; vóru oss engi órslit veitt, Ísl. ii. 315; ek hefi veitt eigi órslit hingat til um þat mál, Ó.H. 141; ok urðu engi ó. gör af þeim, O.H.L. 95. ór-tölur, f. pl. dissuasion; hafa úrtölur um e-t. ór-vinda, adj., proncd. úrvinda, [the word is not recorded in old writers: the etymology may be from úr and vyndi, qs. yndi, Germ. wonne, = out of rest, out of cheer; if so, it would be an interesting instance of the retention of the w before y] :-- restless, distressed, esp. of a person distressed from want of sleep, e.g. a child crying incessantly is said to be úrvinda; barnið er úrvinda, það er úrvinda af svefni, distressed for want of sleep. ór-völ, n. pl. [velja úr], refuse; en mér þykki þó íllt at hafa af órvöl ein, Hrafn. 5. II. in mod. usage úrval, sing. = the choice of a thing. ó-ræsti [see ræsta]; þú ert mesta óræsti. naughty thing! ÓSK, f. dat. ósk, but ósku when it is a pr. name, [A.S. wiscan; Engl. wish; O.H.G. wunsc; Germ. wunsch; Dan. önske] :-- a wish; þessi ósk veitisk þér, Fb. i. 31, passim: freq. in plur., ok er gott góðu at una er yðr gengr allt at óskum, Fas. i. 189; þú ert virðinga-maðr mikill ok gengit lengi at óskum líf þitt, Glúm. 337; ok þótti Helga þetta má hafa at óskum gengit, Dropl. 14 :-- óska-vel, all as one wishes, Fb. i. 34. COMPDS: óska-barn, n. a chosen, adopted child, 625. 179; óskabarna andi, Rom. viii. 15; eptir óskabarna réttinum, 23; hverjum óskabarna réttr til heyrir, ix. 4. óska-björn, n. [Ivar Aasen fiske-bjorn = fish-bear], a kind of crab, Lat. oniscus; óska-björn is evidently a corruption from the Latin oniscus, which then gave rise to the legend that whosoever possessed the 'oniscus' might have a 'wish' (ósk) granted. óska-byrr, m. a wind to one's mind, a fair wind to one's heart's content, Hkv. 2. 30; the word may have a mythical bearing, as in the tale of Odd the Archer, who had but to hoist the sail to have a fair wind whithersoever he wished -- a popular legend analogous to Homer's Od. x. óska-sonr, m. an adopted son, Edda 13, Fas. ii. 242. óska-steinn, m. a 'wish-stone,' is the globe-formed ovarium of the oniscus; for another record see Maurer's Volks. 182; it is also called Pétrs-vaðsteinn, q.v. óska-stund, f. the 'wish-hour,' for in the popular belief there is a point of time as short as the twinkling of an eye, recurring, some say, every day, others every week, or every year; and whatsoever one wishes at that moment comes to pass: hence the phrase, þú hefir hitt óskastundina, thou hast hit on the 'wish-hour,' when a person has a piece of luck. Akin to this is the legend of three wishes granted to one by some good fairy; hence the phrase, eiga sér ósk, to own a wish; eina vildi eg eiga mér óskina svó góða, a ditty, Maurer's Volksagen. II. a pr. name of a woman, dat. Ósku, Landn. ósk-barn, n. = óskabarn, Al. 45, Clem. 24. ósk-berni, n. = óskbarn, Stj. 103, 252. Óski, a, m. the god Wish, one of the names of the highest god, All-father (Odin), Gm., Edda 2; only the name, not the legend, of this god is left. The name reminds one of the god Eros, as described by Socrates in Plato's Symposium. ósk-mær, f. the chosen maid, the name of the Valkyriur, who were the chosen maids of Odin, Og. 18 := eskimær, Fas. i. 118. ósk-mögr, m. = óskasonr, Ls. 16, Eluc. 61: a beloved son, Fagrsk. 123 (in a verse). ós-minni, n. the month of an óss, Fb. ii. 29. ÓSS, m. [Lat. ostium], the mouth or outlet of a river or lake; at ósi skal á stemma, a saying;, Edda 60; Danubius fellr með sjau ósum til sjófar, Stj. 88; þó at brjóti nýja ósa í gögnum fjöru manns, ok skal inn forni óss ráða merki sem áðr, Grág. ii. 354; hér gékk upp óss (an inlet, estuary) við nes þetta, ok féll sjórinn út ór ósinum, Ld. 76; vatn þat er Holtavatn heitir stemmdi upp, ... grafa út ósinn, hversu torsótt mundi ósinn út at grafa, en er þeir kómu til óssins, var hann út brotinn, Bs. i. 333. II. freq. in local names. Óss, Ósar, Ós-ló, in Norway; Holtavatns-óss, Bs. i. 308; Rangár-óss, Nj.; Faxa-óss (Landn. 29), Lækjar-óss, Landn.; Hóps-óss; Vágs-óss; Niðar-óss, the famous town in Norway; Ár-óss = the mod. Aar-huus, and Randar-óss = Randers in Denmark, óss-verki, a, m. a jetsum at the farm Óss, Vm. 140. III. the Rune RUNE, see introduction. óstr, m., see hóstr; lostinn öru í óstinn, Fms. vi. 419; kom örin upp í óstinn (hóstinn, Fb. l.c.), viii. 433; hann var lostinn öru í óstinn (hóstinn v.l.) ok fékk þegar bana, ix. 311, Bs. i. 414; var hann lagðr í óstinn, Sturl. iii. 251: spelt with h, Bs. i. 382, Finnb. 214. ósvift, n. adj., qs. of-svift; e-m verðr ósvift, to be stunted; þeim varð ósvift við þessa sýn. Fbr. 79; honum varð mjök ó. við óp þetta, Fb. i. 417 (vsvipt); en við þessi tiðendi varð honum svá ó., at hann mátti langa stund ekki mæla, Bs. i. 472; hinum varð svá ó. (dátt, Bs. i, l.c.) sem hann væri steini lostinn, Sturl. i. 211. ótót or ó-tæti, n. a wretched, bad creature; ótætið þitt! ótót-ligr, adj. looking wretched and rugged, of sheep or beasts. ÓTTA, u, f. [an old Teut. word; Ulf. uhtwo = GREEK, or uhtiugs = GREEK, uhteigo = GREEK, uhteigs wisan = GREEK; A.S. uhte; Hel. uhta; O.H.G. uohta] :-- the last part of the night just before daybreak; í nótt fyrir óttu, Fms. vi. (in a verse); en í óttu fyrir dag (in the ótta before daybreak) stóð hann upp ok klæddi sik, Edda 28; óttu ok öndverðan dag, Am. 50; í óttu, Fas. i. 148, Hkr. i. 70; þegar í óttu, iii. 417, Fms. xi. 433; hana-ótta, cock-crow, gallicinium, N.G.L. i. 9. COMPDS: óttu-söngr, m. matins in the Roman Catholic time, 625. 164, 167, K.Þ.K. 58, Bs. i. 673, 847; óttusöngs-bók, -kver, -mál, -tíð, -sloppr, Pm. 38, 58, 73, 117, Jm. 36, Fms. v. 224, vii. 317, Hom. 122. óttu-tíðir, f. pl. = óttusöngr = eccl. borae matutinae, Mar. ótta-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), awful, terrible, Stj. 170, freq. in mod. usage. óttask, að, dep. to fear, 623. 36: with acc., óttask e-n, Gþl. 174; þótti mér nú sem hann mundi heldr ó. yðr, Nj. 260; hann óttaðisk at ..., Fms. i. 93; óttuðusk þeir þá eigi at sér, Bret. 96, Fms. x. 220; svá heilir! drepum Ólaf digra, hann óttask nú ekki at sér, Ó.H. 70, Eg. 283; óttask um sik, id., 168. ÓTTI, a, m. [contr. qs. oht, cp. ógn, ógna, ógur-] :-- fear, dread; var þeim ótti mikill at honum, Nj. 68; gjalda ótta við, Ísl. ii. 363; bjóða ótta, to inspire fear (see bjóða IV. 2); ótta slær á e-n, Ó.H. 224; milli vánar ok ótta, between hope and fear. Mar. 2. a thing to be feared, danger; ótti var at sjá í augu honum, ef hann var reiðr, Ó.H. 16; var æ ótti at Sverri konungi, Fms. viii. 339: fear, danger, vita sér enskis ótta vánir, Eg. 74, Fms. ix. 467; vænta sér enskis ótta, Ó.H. 220; vera undir miklum aga ok ótta, Fms. x. 409; at mannsöfnuðr dragisk at Önundi ok ótti nokkurr, Sturl. i. 158. COMPDS: ótta-boð, n. a feeling afraid, Bs. ii. 32, Mag. 46. ótta-bragð, n. a looking afraid, Fas. ii. 483. ótta-fenginn, part. and ótta-fullr, adj. terrified, Stj. 119, 154, 201, Hkr. iii. 33, Ó.H. 240, Nj. 105, Fms. iii. 216, x. 366, xi. 371. ótta-lauss, adj. fearless, Bret. 24, Fbr. 88, Ó.H. 240; engi hlutr er þá óttalauss á himni eða jörðu, Edda 41: neut. not to be feared, without danger, var þá allt óttalaust. Eg. 371. ótta-mikill, adj. much afraid; þá görðisk óttamikit með Böglum, the B. were much afraid, Fms. ix. 45, v.l. ótta-samligr, adj. awful, Sks. 226 B. ótta-sleginn, adj. terror-stricken, Fms. i. 138, ix. 497. -óttr, adj. an inflexion, cp. Germ. achtig, see Gramm. p. xxxiii, col. ii.

474 P -- PAR.

P P (pé), the fifteenth letter, was not figured in the old Runic alphabet, in which the bjarkan (RUNE) was made to serve for both b and p; it is found only in very late Runes, as e.g. the Runic alphabet of the Danish king Waldemar (died A.D. 1241), where it is figured RUNE or as a dotted RUNE (RUNE), Skálda 177, and the Arna-Magn. Runic MS. II. the p is in Icel. sounded as in Engl., pína = pain, hlaupa = leap. B. REMARKS. -- As all words with p initial have been borrowed at different times from foreign languages, the number of them goes on decreasing the farther we go back into antiquity; this is also the case in other Teutonic languages; the vocabulary in Ulf. presents about seven p words, -- paida, plapja, plats, plinsjan, pungs, prangan, pund; the old A.S. poems about the same number, -- plega, plegjan, pæd, pund, pynd, pyt, pad, peord (while the oldest and best, Beowulf, has none), see Grein. The ancient Icelandic or Norse poems of the heathen age have still fewer than the A.S.; the first words we meet with are penningr, a penny, Bragi; pundari, Egil (see ljóð-pundari); -- which, with some other words beginning with p, are from the heathen age. Along with the introduction of Christianity many such words came in, chiefly through the English, e.g. prestr, pína, pínsl, páskar, páfi, pistill, prédika: through trade from the Norman-English, prúðr, prýði, páll, pallr, pell, poki, partr: and lastly, through the English trade with Iceland in the 15th and 16th centuries, prenta, púðr, petti, peisa, etc.: some few words, too, have since been adopted from the mod. Danish. A few words may be traced to Gaelic, and a few have been traced to the Chudic (Finnish); the scantiness of such words, however, shews better than anything else how very small indeed was the influence these languages had on the Norse, all the more so as the Finnish vocabulary abounds with p words. The letter p in an Icelandic Dictionary stands quite apart from all the other letters, for it is made up of a motley collection of words, incoherent and broken, containing no roots, no great verbs, particles, or such words as make the stock of a genuine vocabulary. The absence of initial p in the Teutonic language is not due to any inability to pronounce it, but to causes inherent to the parent language of the Teutonic as well as the classical languages, for in Greek and Latin the letter b, which, according to Grimm's law, answers to the Teutonic p, stands exactly in the same predicament as p in the Teutonic; there is no single instance of 'lautverschiebung' from a Gr.-Lat. b to a Teut. p (Curtius): no word beginning with p is formed by 'ablaut,' and only a few are derived by 'umlaut' (prýði, pyngja, pæla). For other details see the introduction to letters B and F. PADDA, u, f. [A.S. pada; Dutch padde; Engl. paddock] :-- a toad; ormar, eðlur, froskar, ok pöddur, snakes, lizards, frogs, and toads, Fms. x. 380; mýss ok ormar, eðlur ok pöddur, Ó.H. 109; ekki eitrkvikindi, hvárki ormr né padda, Sks. 88, MS. 623. 26; þar eru eigi höggormar, froskr né padda, there are neither snakes, frogs, nor toads, viz. in Ireland, referring to the tale of St. Patrick, -- a legend taken from a popular etymology of the saint's name, qs. 'padd-reaker,' toad-driver. 2. in Icel., where no amphibia are found, used of any insects or beetles in pools or foul water. Paðreimr, m. -- the GREEK in Constantinople, Fms. vii. 97, xi. 315. pakka, að to pack, tie up. pakki, a, m. [Engl. pack], (also pakka, u, f., Grett. 129 A), a pack, bundle, esp. used of bundles of wadmal exported from Icel. and the Faroes, D.N. ii. 559, iii. 451, N.G.L. iii. 207, 209, Bs. i. 812, 842. COMPDS: pakka-lina, u, f. pack-thread, string, N.G.L. iii. 209. pakka-vaðmál, n. common wadmal, H.E. i. 574. paktar, m. pl. [Lat. epactum], the epacts, Rb. passim; pakta tal, -öld, the tale, cycle of epacts, Rb. 4, 6, 70. paktin, m. a nickname, Fms. ix. 472. pal, n.(?); með íllsku pali, Bs. ii. 503 (in a poem). palafrey, m. [late Lat. palafredus], a palfrey, Karl. 495. palans-greifi, a, m. a palgrave, count palatine, Ann. 1223. pall-borð, n. the high table, háborð and pallborð are synonymous, Vm. 84: in the phrase, hann á ekki upp á, pallborðit, he is not up at the high table, i.e. is not made much of. pall-dómar, m. pl. fire-side gossip, = arindómar, q.v. pall-dýna, u, f. = pallkoddi, D.N. pall-klæði, n. a carpet or covering for the pallr, Vm. 109, B.K. 50, D.N., Boldt. pall-koddi, a, m. a cushion, Vm. 55, 109, D.N. PALLR, m. [the etymology of this word, as also the time when and place whence it was borrowed, is uncertain; the true Norse word is bekkr or flet; pallr may be of Norman origin, although it is frequently used in the Sagas referring to the Saga time (10th century); even the benches in the legislative assembly on the alþing were called pallar, not bekkir; but this cannot have been so originally. The word itself is, like páll, probably from Lat. palus, pala = stipes, Du Cange; Engl. pale, palings; in the Icel. it is used of high steps (Lat. gradus), esp. of any high floor or daïs in old dwellings, sometimes = flet (q.v.) or -lopt (q.v.), and lastly of the benches in the hall = bekkr (q.v.) The adoption of the word was probably connected with the change in the floor and seats of the halls, as mentioned in Fagrsk. ch. 219, 220, which arrangement of benches was adopted from Norman England, and is in fact still seen in English college-halls, with the raised high floor at the upper end. In Icel. the ladies were then seated on this daïs (há-pallr, þver-pallr), instead of being placed, according to the older custom, on the left hand along the side walls, see below, II. 2. As the Sagas were written after this had taken place, so the use of the word, e.g. in the Njála (ch. 34 and often), may be an anachronism.] B. A step = Lat. gradus; þessi steinn var útan sem klappaðr væri gráðum eða pöllum, Fms. i. 137; vindur upp at ganga, nítján pallar á bergit, Symb. 56; stíga pall af palli, from step to step, Hom. 140. palla-söngr and palla-sálmi, m. = the 'graduale,' chant, or responsorium 'in gradibus' in the Roman Catholic service, from its being chanted at the steps of the altar; sá söngr heitir pallasöngr þviat hann er fyrir pöllum sunginn, 625. 188, Hom. (St.), Mar.: metaph. degree, enn tólpti pallr ósóma, 677. 1: þrjátigi palla djúpr, Bév. palls-bók, f. 'graduale,' the service-book for the high mass, Játv. ch. 10. II. a daïs with its set of benches; þar skulu pallar þrír vera (three sets of benches) umhverfis lögréttuna, Grág. i. 4; pallinn þann inn úæðra, Eg. 303; Flosi gékk inn í stofuna ok settisk niðr, ok kastaði í pallinn (he threw on the floor) undan sér há-sætinu, Nj. 175; konungr leit yfir lýðinn umhverfis sik á pallana, Fms. vii. 156; hann lá í pallinum, 325; konungr sat í pallinum hjá honum, xi. 366; gékk Þrándr í stofu, en þeir lágu í pallinum, Sigurðr ok Þórðr ok Gautr, Fær. 195. 2. the raised floor or daïs at the upper end of the hall, where the ladies were seated (= þver-pallr, há-p.), konur skipuðu pall, Nj. 11; konur sátu á palli, Ísl. ii. 250; hljópu þeir inn ok til stofu, ok sat Katla á palli ok spann, Eb. 94; hón fal sik í pallinum, she hid herself in the pallr, Landn. 121; var þar hlemmr undir ok holr innan pallrinn, ... þá bað Geirríð brjóta upp pallinn, var Oddr þar fundinn, Eb. 96 :-- mið-pallr, the middle bench; krók-pallr, the corner bench, Skíða R. (where the beggar littered himself). 3. in mod. usage the sitting-room is called pallr, from being elevated a yard or two above the level ground; í hlýindin þar hjónin búa á palli. Snót: hence pall-skör, f. the ridge of the pallr: palls-horn, n. the corner of the pallr, Nj. 220, Sturl. iii. 141. pall-sessa, u, f. = pallkoddi, Dipl. iii. 4. pall-stokkr, m. the ridge or edge of the daïs, Nj. 220, Fms. vii., 325. pall-strá, n. the daïs-straw; verða ellidauðr inni á pallstrám, Hkr. i. 149. panna, u, f. [Lat. patina; Germ. pfanne; Engl. pan], a pan, Dipl. v. 18. 2. [Swed. panna], the skull, head, Skíða R. 168. panta, að, to bet, = veðsetja, Bs. ii. 176. pantr, m. [Germ. pfand], a pledge, Stj. 197; also panta, að, to pawn: the true old Icel. word is veð, q.v. pant-setja, tt, = panta, to pawn, D.N. panzari, a, m. [mid. Lat. panceria; Germ. panzier, from mid. Lat. panzeria = lorica quae ventrem tegit (Du Cange), from panza = abdomen; Fr. pance; Engl. paunch -- stomach] :-- prop. a leather belt worn round the stomach, whence gener. a coat of mail, a jack, Nj. 70, Sks. 375, 400, 405; panzara húfa, Fms. viii. 404; hirð-maðr skal eiga vápntreyju ok útan yfir panzsara eða brynju, N.G.L. ii. 427: a panzari as armour is chiefly mentioned in the 12th and 13th centuries, and is probably an anachronism in the Nj. l.c. papi, a, m. [Lat. papa; Gr. GREEK; cp. early Swed. pæplinger, whence mod. Swed. pebling and Peblinge-söe near Copenhagen; Germ. pfäfflein] :-- a pope, priest; the Irish anchorites were esp. called Papar; traces of such anchorites at the first arrival of the Northmen were found in the east of Icel.; þá vóru hér menn Kristnir þeir es Norðmenn kalla Papa, Jb. ch. 1, Landn. (pref.) These 'monks of the west' had sought this remote desert island in order to shun all intercourse with men, and when the heathen Northmen came to Iceland, the Papas left it; the statement of Ari Fróði in the Landnáma is confirmed by the book of the Irish monk Dicuil (De Mensurâ Orbis), Ed. Paris, 1807. From these Papas are derived some local names, Pap-ey, Papýli, Pap-óss, Papa-fjörðr, map of Icel., Landn. Papeyjar-buxur, f. pl. a kind of wizard breeches, money breeches, see Maurer's Volks. 2. the pope, Landn. 18. pappír, m. [Lat. papyrus], paper; bréf á pappír ok á Látinu skritað, D.N. iii. (a Norse deed, A.D. 1364); all Icel. MSS. and writs (máldagar) of the 14th and 15th centuries were on vellum, and paper came first into general use about or a little before the Reformation; only two leaves on satin paper (a fragment of the Grágás) are preserved in the Arna-Magn. Coll. written in the 12th century or early in the 13th. par, n. [Lat. par], a pair, occurs in the 15th century; hann gaf mér tvenn pör skæða, two pairs of shoes, Skíða R.; par skó, Bs. i. 876; ganga með pörum, by pairs, Mar.: since freq., tvenn pör vetlinga, sokka, two pairs of gloves, socks. II. a paring, scrap; hann fleygði til hennar pörum ok beinum, Clar. :-- the phrase, ekki par, ekki parið, not a paring, not a whit, Bs. ii. 254, 323, 341 (16th century); opt eru kvæða efnin rýr, ekki á stundum parið, Tíma R. (begin.): the word may have come into use in the 15th or 16th century.

PARA -- PÁSKALAMB. 475

para, u, f. pairs, of fish hung up. II. parings. paradís, f. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. paradisus], paradise (also paradísa, u, f., Sks. 502, 521 B), Stj. 36, Sks. 521, Niðrst. 8; paradísar-fagnaðr, -sæla, -vist, -grænleikr, Greg. 68, Fms. i. 227, Bs. i. 202, Sks. 580, Pass. 40. 18, Vídal. passim. II. in local names, Paradísar-hellir, m. the name of a cave in southern Icel., A.A., tab. xii, and Finn Magnússon's work Rúnamó. In some Icel. farms a grassy hollow or valley (hvammr) close by a dwelling-house is called Paradís, as at Skarð in western Icel.; another called Víti, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 32 sqq. parak, n. a nickname, Landn., prob. Gaelic = Scot. parrack: in mod. usage parraka, að, [A.s. parac = park], to keep pent in, under constraint and coercion, (slang.) parði, a, m. a leopard, Al. 85. pardun, m. a pardon, Ann. 1349. París, París-borg, f. Paris, Bs. i. 92, 799, Fms.; París-klerkr, a clerk of Paris, Orkn. 330. parlak, n. = sparlak; eitt silki p., a silken bed-curtain, D.N. ii. 165. parliment, n. [Fr.], a parley, conference, Ann. 1276. parta, að, to part, divide, H.E. ii. 167, Pr. 424. partera, að, = parta, Stj. 106, 151, Bs. i. 242. parteran, f. division, Edda (pref.) partikúla, u, f. [a Lat. word], a particle or part of a degree, Rb. 462. PARTR, m. [Lat.], a part, share, the word appears in writers of the 14th and the end of the 13th century, Stj. 50, Grett. 162, Al. 89, Ann. 824, Dipl. v. 3, Bs. i. 848; ok keypti honum þar part í skipi, Fb. ii. 105 (where Fbr. 25 new Ed. omits the word part); nokkurn part (acc.), partly, Fms. viii. 94 (v.l.), passim in mod. usage; but the true old word is hlutr :-- as a measure, part of a degree, Rb. 480: of time, 489, MS. 732. 2, 7: a party, máls-partr, q.v. parta-lauss, adj. unparcelled, Boldt. pass, n. a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.) ii. 566. passa, að, [Dan. passe], to watch; passa upp á e-ð. passi, a, m. a pint, measure; drekka passa og pela, Hallgr. 2. a passport, (mod.) passía, u, f. passion; hann las passiona, Bs. i. 155: in the name Passíu-Sálmar, the Passion Hymns, see List of Authors, p. xii. past, n. [Lat. pastus; Fr. pâte?], a feast; in the phrase, liggja á pasti, of a wild beast, to be sucking the blood out of the prey; the Landn. 235 has liggja á fasti, see fastr: gleðinnar past, Lil. 90; hyggju past, Krosskv. II. pastr, n. animal vigour; það er ekkert pastr í honum, there is no pith in him. pastrs-lauss, adj. pithless, feeble, e.g. of children suffering from atrophy. pasta, u, f. a kind of stuff. pöstu-tjald, n. a tent of p., B.K. 83. pata,, að, to 'patter,' prattle, and patari, a, m. a 'patterer,' prattler; að patarinn svo patar einn, hann patar sig inn í skaða, a ditty. pataldr, n. [Fr. bataille], a battle, a GREEK; bjóða e-m á pataldr, to challenge to fight, Bs. i. 9. pati, a, m. [the word is akin to the Engl. patter] :-- a rumour; kvað þat ekki vera nema kvitt ok pata einn, Hom. 13; vér hofum heyrt nokkurn pata af, Fms. ix. 278; þá kom pati nokkurr til Vindlands, at ..., 295; sögðu vinir Erlings honum pata þann sem þeir höfðu spurt, vii. 310, viii. 216, 262, 265; sá pati kom fyrir þá at hón mundi vera með barni, Hkr. i. 188; Hákon jarl fær nökkurn pata af því, at ..., 246; biskup heyrði pata á þessu, Bs. i. 293. patína, u, f. a paten on which the wafers are laid for mass, Vm. 54, 65, Hom. 138, 141. Patrekr, m. St. Patrick, from whom was named the Patreks-fjörðr, m. in western Icel., Landn. 1. ch. 12, where Ari, the Icelandic historian, by misapprehension, makes St. Patrick the foster-father of Örlyg (end of the 9th century) instead of his saint and patron. Ari, in this case, probably merely repeated the current legend. patriarki, a, m. a patriarch, Grág. ii. 165, Fms. vii. 91, Symb. 28. pattara-legr, adj. [cp. Dan. patte = to suck; Engl. pet may be a kindred word] :-- blooming, thriving, esp. used of a youth or child; þú ert svo pattaralegr, how thriving you look! paufa, að, to sneak, lurk. paufi, a, m. a lurking fiend; átu-maðkr og einhver paufinn ódrýgir hvað sem hún ferr með, Bb. 1. 15. paufa-legr, adj. dark, gloomy, of a road or a landscape. pauri, a, m. a goblin, devil; höfuð-paurr, an arch-fiend. pausa, að, = púsa, [Fr.], to espouse, Fms. ix. 293, x. 106, 114, v.l. pax-blað, n. a 'pacificale' on vellum, Pm. 68, 112, Vm. 7. pax-spjald, n. a peace tablet, 'pacifcale,' a tablet with a crucifix and a 'pax vobiscum' beneath; in the Roman Catholic times it was presented to be kissed by the worshippers (osculum pacis), see Du Cange, as also a description in H.E. i. 173, note a, and iv. 135, note b; the pacificale was either a piece of parchment or a slab, paxspjald steint, annat með bókfell, Pm. 108; it was different to altaris steinn, altaris steinar þrír, paxspjald gulllagt, ok paxblöð tvau, 112; p. með kopar, 10; p. gyllt, Vm. 83; páskaspjald ok paxspjald yfir altari, Pm. 11, D.I. passim. PÁ or pái, m. [A.S. peâ; Engl. pea-cock, pea-hen; Lat. pavo; Germ. pfau] :-- a peacock; it occurs as the nickname of Olave pá, who was born in Icel. about 948 A.D., but of an Irish mother, and she prob. gave him the name, Landn. (Ld., Nj.) páfi, a, m. [papa; Dan. pave; cp. Germ. pfaff] :-- a pope, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 281, Landn. (pref.); páfa boð, boðskapr, a papal message, Ann. 1310, Fms. x. 8, Bs., Ann., passim. COMPDS: páfa-bann, n. a papal ban, K.Á. 65. páfa-dómr, m. the 'popedom,' papacy, 625. 53, Rb, 422. páfa-dæmi, n. id., D.N. iii. 11. páfa-fundr, m. visiting the pope, Fms. x. 60, 99. páfa-garðr, m. the papal residence (= Rome), Grett. 162 A, Fms. x. 8. páfa-lauss, adj. without a pope, Bs. páfa-ligr, adj. popish, papal, K.Á. 228, D.N. páfa-stóll, m. the papal see, 625. 41. páfa-tala, u, f. a list of popes, 625. 60. páfa-tíund, f. a papal tithe, Dipl. ii. 16. páfa-trú, f. popery. páfa-veldi, n. papal power, 625. 61. páfa-villa, u, f. a popish error, papistry. pá-fugl, m. a pea-fowl, Karl. 51, 472, Stj. 573, Fas. iii. 359, passim in mod. usage, as the simple pá or pái is not used; páll, m. [Lat. p&a-long;lus, qs. paglus; Engl. pole; Fr. pelle; mid. Lat. pala, see Du Cange] :-- a kind of hoe or spade for digging earth or peat, for a drawing of which see Eggert Itin., tab. viii, fig. 4; pála eðr rekur, K.Þ.K. 38; páll ok reka, Ám. 34; hafa pál ok reku. Ísl. ii. 193; gengu í fjós ok tóku þar pál ok reku, Dropl. 28; þá tók Clement graftól í hönd sér ok hjó tysvar pálinum niðr, Clem. 46; Klaufi saxar í sundr baggana með páli, Sd. 157. 2. a pale, D.N. i. 527. COMPDS: pál-stunga, u, f. a thickness (of peat) which can be cut in one slice with the páll. pál-torfa, u, f. a slice of turf cut with the páll, Mar. 312. Páll, m. (the older form Póll, Bs. i. (the Miracle-book) 333 passim, K.Þ.K. 112) :-- Paul, Paulus; the name appears in Icel. about the 12th century, and soon became very popular: Páls-kirkja, St. Paul's Church, 625. 47; Páls-líkneski, Pm. 51; Páls-messa, see messa. pálmari, a, m. a palmer, pilgrim, Orkn. 176; for the palmers, when they came to the river Jordan, used to carry a palm in the hand and a cross on the breast, bartú þaðan pálm í hendi en kross á bringu, Fms. vii. 160; kross hangir þul þessum fyrir brjósti, en pálmr meðal herða, a cross hangs on this wise man's breast, and a palm between his shoulders, Orkn. (in a verse). pálmara-vegr, m. the palmer's way, i.e. the road to Palestine, Fms. ix. 417. pálma-stika, u, f. [Lat. palma], a 'palm-rule,' the striking across the palm of the hand with a ruler. Pálm-dróttinsdagr, m. Palm Sunday, Nj. 273, Fms. iii. 36. pálmi, a, m. = pálmsunnudagr. pálm-kvistr, m. a palm branch, Bs. ii. 16. pálmr, in. [Lat.], a palm-tree, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vii. 160; fagran pálm, 656 B. 7; laufgir pálmar, Lil.; pálma-borg, the palm city = Jericho, Stj. COMPDS: Pálma-dagr, m. Palm Sunday, Rb. 42, Nj. 271, Fbr. 112, Fms. x. 396; pálmadags dúkr, an inventory, Dipl. v. 18. pálm-sunna, u, f. the palm-sun, i.e. Palm Sunday; and pálmsunnu-dagr, id., Nj. 271; but the usual form at present is pálmasunnu-dagr, id., Sturl. ii. 177, Nj. 271. pálm-tré, n. a palm-tree, Stj. pálm-viðr, m. palm-wood, Stj. 386, Barl. 100, Bs. ii. 164. Pálnir, m. a pr. name, and Pálna-tóki, a, m. = Toki the Archer(?), Fms. xi. (Jomsv. S.) pál-stafr, m. [páll; cp. Engl. 'falstaff'], a 'pole-staff,' a pole with an iron spike, a kind of heavy missile, Róm. 164, Fms. viii. 139, 224, 389, Nj. 274, Sks. 386, Karl. 8l. pápi, a, m. papa, of children; hefna pápa, hefna pápa! Maurers Volks. 289; but in western Icel. babbi. pápiska, u, f. papistry: pápiskr, adj. popish. pár, n. crabbed writing, a scrawl: pára, að, to scrawl. PÁSKAR, m. pl.; ancient writers freq. used a fem. pl. páskir or páskar, thus, fyrir Páskir, K.Á. 194, Stj. 52; fyrir Páskar (acc.), Gþl. 30; hann lét í stað koma Jól ok Páskar (acc.), Fms. x. 393 (Ágrip); um várit eptir Páskir, ix. 274; when in gen. and dat. Páska, Páskum, the gender cannot be distinguished; in mod. usage it is always masc., and, as of old, never used in sing.: [Gr. GREEK; North. E. Pasch; Dan. Paaske; the ancient Teut. Easter and Germ. Oster are unknown in the Scandin. languages] :-- Easter, Passover-time; eptir Páska, Grág. (Kb.) i. 141; fyrir Páskana, Ld. 324; þváttdaginn fyrir Páska, 326; halda Páska, 686 C. 1, Rb. 4; Páskar eru mér nú (it is an Easter to me, a great feast) er ek náða at sjá þik, Greg. COMPDS: Páska-aptan, m. Easter-eve, N.G.L. i, 10, Fms. ii. 137, ix. 511. Páska-blað, m. = Páska-spjald, Vm. 51. Páska-bók, f. a Paschal book(?) of lessons, as church furniture, Pm. 74, 96. Páska-dagr, m. Easter day, K.Þ.K., Bs., passim; Jóladag ok Páskadag, Symb. 22. Páska-friðr, m. the Easter-peace, Ó.H.; in the early Swed. law (Schlyter) the 'paska-frider' lasted from Wednesday before Easter until the evening of the eighth day after Easter. Páska-hald, n. the keeping of Easter, Rb. 66, 428. Páska-hátið, f. the Paschal-feast. Páska-helgi, f. the Easter holiday, K.Þ.K. Páskahelgi-vika, u, f. Easter week, N.G.L. i. 426. Páska-kerti, n. an 'Easter-candle,' a kind of church furniture; p. af tré a wooden p., Vm. 6; p. steint, painted, 22; Páskakertis umbúnaðr, a case of a p., 51; Páskakertis stika, Pm. 17, 51. Páska-lamb, n. a Paschal lamb.

476 PÁSKAMESSA -- PINNI.

Hom. 84. Páska-messa, u, f. Easter service; svá virði ek eið biskups sem Páskamessu, Sturl. i. 68. Páska-morgin, m. Easter-morning, Fb. iii. 239. Páska-nótt, f. Easter night, K.Þ.K. 164, Fms. ii. 140. Páska-paktar, m. the Paschal epacts, Rb. 136. Páska-Saga, u, f. an 'Easter Saga,' perh. = the History of the Passion and Resurrection, Pm. 15. Páska-snjór, n. snow at Easter, Ann. 1310. Páska-spjald, n. an Easter-tablet as church furniture, a tablet representing the Resurrection, Vm. 47, Pm. 6, 112; it was different from paxspjald, see Pm. 11. Páska-tími, a, m. (-tíð, f.), Easter-time, Stj. 148, Greg. 59, Fms. x. 371. Páska-tré, n. an Easier-tree, = Páskaspjald(?), Vm. 47. Páska-tungl, n. an Easter-moon, Rb. Páska-veizla, u, f. an Easter banquet, Fms. ii. 137. Páska-vika, u, f. Easter-week, i.e. the week after Easter Sunday, Stj. 52, Rb. 70, Fms. vii. 187, Sturl. iii. 164, Ld. 216. Páska-vist, f. a staying for Easter, Fms. viii. 30. Páska-öld, f. the Paschal cycle (cyclus Paschalis = 532 years), MS. 1812. 61, Rb. 64: Páska-aldar-tal, n. computation according to the Paschal cycle, Rb. 368, 418. peð, n. [Fr. péon], a pawn in chess; kóngs-peð, a king's pawn; hróks-peð, riddara-peð, dróttningar-peð, biskups-peð. peð-mát, n. (Mag. 23, 44), or peð-rífr, m. checkmate with a pawn. peð-maðr, m. a footman, Karl. 31: a pawn in chess = peð. peini, a nickname, Fms. viii. 362; prob. Gael., cp. Engl. Payne. peisa, u, f. [from Engl. piece; Gael. pios], a jerkin, the upper 'piece,' of a woman's dress: in Icel. the word was prob. borrowed in the 15th century from English or Scottish traders, and is now very freq.; band-p., prjóna-p. Peita, u, f. Poictiers in France, Fms.: a Poictier's shaft or missile, Lex. Poët.: Peitneskr, adj. from P., id. peks, n. (peksa, að), [from the Engl.], picking a quarrel, (slang.) peli, a, m. [Dan. pægel], a quarter of a pint; yndi er ad sitja öls við pel og gamna sér, Hallgr.; drekka passa og pela, id. :-- a little bottle, with brandy or liqueurs, brennivíns-peli. pell, n. [ Lat. pallium; A.S. pelle; Engl. pall; mid. H.G. pfelle] :-- costly stuff, velvet(?); sæng tjölduð pellum, Hkr. i. 242; skikkja ok pell dregin yfir skinnin, fur lined with pell, Lv. 41; pell þat er hökull sá var ór gör, er Skarbendill heitir, Bs. i. 77; messu-hökull af pelli, B.K. 82; altaris-klæði með pell, Vm. 91; altaris-klæði tvau af pelli, 98; hökull ok kantara-kápa af nýju pelli, B.K. 83. Vm. 100; tvau handlin af pelli, B.K. 83: pells-altarisklæði, -búnaðr, -hús, -hökull, -kápa, -klæði, an altar cloth, lining, case, cope of pell, Vm. 49, 80, 92, 114, B.K. 83, Pm. 123, Am. 15, Dipl. v. 18; pells-klæði, -kyrtill, -skikkja, Ld. 328, Ó.H. 31, Fms. ii. 246, iv. 27, v. 268. penni, a, m. [Lat.], a pen, Th. 76. penna-knífr, m. a pen-knife. penningr, m., mod. peningr, with a single n; the double n is borne out by rhymes, penningi, kenna, Bragi; a contr. form pengar also occurs, Dipl. i. 8, iii. 4, Bs. i. 699, Mar.: [cp. Engl. penny; Germ. pfennig; Dan. contr. penge; from Lat. pecunia] :-- a penny, in sing. a coin, coined piece; in plur. also gener. = money: the word occurs as early as in Bragi, the oldest of Norse poets, who calls the round shield with the painted ring (see baugr) 'the penny of Walhalla,' for the halls of the ancients were hung with shields; it also occurs in the Ls. 40. It is probably one of the earliest borrowed Gr.-Lat. words in the Scandin. language; Byzantine and Roman coins up to the end of the 2nd century A.D. have been discovered in Danish cairns and fens (coins of the last decennium of the 2nd century have been discovered in a 'mose fund' in Sleswig); see also the remarks s.v. kinga; but money for trade-purposes was little used until after the introduction of Christianity, and the first mint-masters were English; Enskir penningar, English coins, English money, Eg. 767; see the curious records in the Saga, ch. 55, 61, but esp. 88; gull-p., a gold coin; silfr-p., a silver coin: for a coin used as a token see the story in Gísl. 14, 24. II. a small coin, a penny, a subdivision of an ounce; but the value varies, thus, thirty pence to an ounce, N.G.L. i. 225; sixty to an ounce, Grág. i. 500; tuttugu penningar vegnir í örtog, MS. 732. 16; ten to an ounce, Grág. i. 357; lögsilfr et forna, þat er tíu penningar göra eyri, ii. 188; penning er tíu væri fyrir alin vaðmáls, Hkr. ii. 231; ef pennings er vert eðr meira, 188; hálfum vegnum penningi miðr en hálfan sjótta eyri, 175; þrjá penninga Enska, Fms. ix. 442, v.l.; hann fann grafsilfr ok tók af tuttugu penninga, Landn. 146; þrjá penninga ok tvær örtogar, N.G.L. i. 76; bæta fjórum penningum ok tveim örtogum, id.; þrem penningum minna en eyri = an ounce minus three pennies, 77; þrjá penninga ok fimm ærtogar, ... áttján penninga, ... tólf penninga, ... tvá hluti fimta pennings ok eyri; tvá hluti sétta pennings þat er fimtungi minna en full öln, 78, 79; þrír penningar taldir eru við einn veginn, 732. 16; hálf önnur örtug ok tveir peningar, Dipl. iii. 4; hann görði penning þann er ekki stóð minna en eyri, he made a coin which weighed not less than an ounce, Gísl. 14; gjalda Rúma-skatt einn penning taldan (Peter's penny), K.Á. 194 :-- in translations, þrjátigi penninga, 655 vii. 3 (triginti argenteis of the Vulgate, Gen. xxxvii. 28); tveim hundruðum penninga, 655 xi. 4 (= GREEK, John vi. 7); en hver sú kona sem hefir tíu peninga ... eg hefi minn pening aptr fundið, Luke xv. 8, 9 :-- phrases, fyrir-göra hverjum penningi fjár síns, to forfeit every penny, K.Á. 144; hvern penning, every penny, Eg. 72; aldrei fær hann af því er ek á einn penning, MS. 4. 11; vert eins pennings, a penny's worth, 4. 13; hvárki öln né penning, neither an ell nor a penny, i.e. not a whit, Ls 40. III. in plur. money; ríkr at penningum, monied, Dropl. 35; penninga upptekt, Fms. v. 162; mildr af penningum, i. 257; fá e-m góða penninga, vii. 319; svá marga penninga sem hér verðr brestr í, Dipl. ii. 10, iv. 3; fríðra penga, i. 8; frami ok fagrligir penningar, Fs. 6; til veraldligra pengi, Mar.; góðs ok penninga, Fms. iii. 91: sing. collect., Al. 4. COMPDS: penninga-lauss, adj. penniless, Th. 4. penninga-leysi n. lack of money. penninga-ríkr, adj. rich in coin, monied, Sturl. iii. 129. penninga-skortr, m. shortness, lack of money. IV. in mod. Icel. usage penningr is used of cattle, live stock; sauð-peningr, sheep; naut-p., neat cattle; mjalta peninginn, to milk the sheep. This curious usage is due to an analogy with the old word fé, q.v. pensill, m. a pencil, (mod.) penta, að, [Fr. peindre], to paint; ráfit (the roof) var allt steint ok pentað, Fms. v. 339; hann lét penta húfuna, he had the church ceiling painted, Bs. i. 830; hann lét Atla prest skrifara p. allt ræfr innan, í stöplinum ok svá bjórinn, 132; herra Ketill lét p. innan kirkjuna, Vm. 117; p. likneskju, Mar.; Máriu líkneski pentað; fjögur blöð pentuð, Pm. 1; pentuð lesbók, a painted, illuminated, book of lessons (see málbók). Ám. 35: metaph., pentaðar málsgreinir, painted phrases, Skálda. 2. in mod. usage to stain one's clothes with food whilst eating, penta sig; þú hefir pentað þig; pentaðu þig ekki! penta, u, f. a spot of meat on the clothes in eating. pent-speldi, n. a bib or napkin tied round the neck of children when eating. pentan, f. painting, Vm. 44. pentari, a, m. a painter. Mar.: also penturr, N.G.L. ii. 246. pera, n. f. [Fr. poire; Engl. pear], a pear :-- of a pear-tree, Edda (Gl.) ii. 483. peru-tré, n. a pear-tree, Karl. 14. perla, u, f. [Fr. perle: Engl. pearl], a pearl; mitra með perlur, Dipl. iii. 4: kasta perlum fyrir svín, Matth. vii. 6. perlu-knappr, m. a pearl-stud, Vm. 21. persóna, u, f., persóni, a, m., H.E. i. 468, [Lat. persona], a person. of the Divinity, Stj. 19; þessar persónur blessi Guð at hæðum (in reading the banns); manns-p., kvenn-p.: gramm., Skálda 180, 185, 186. 2. a parson: einnar persónu verð (the wages of one parson) ... hann valdi ok hinar vísustu persónur af prestum sínum, at prédika kross, Bs. i. 699; klerka eðr kirkjulegar persónur, H.E. i. 501; prestar ok persónar (sic), priests and parsons, 468. persónu-lauss, adj. without a parson; kirkja persónulaus eða prestlaus, H.E. i. 258, N.G.L. i. 455. persóna-legr, adj. personal, Stj.: mod. persónu-legr. pervisa-legr, adj. (-liga, adv.), thin, puny. pest, f. [Lat. pestis; Germ. and Engl. pest], a plague. Petarr, Pettarr is the older form, Gd. 19, 34, Bs. i. 616; Pettars messa, K.Þ.K. (Kb.) 39; dat. Pettari, Clem. 55; else Petur or Pétr, Fb. iii. 459; in earlier times (the 12th and 13th century) this name is very rare, see the list of pr. names to Landn., Sturl., and Bs., but became in Icel. more freq. in the 15th and following centuries: Pettars-m., see messa: Pétrs-blað, a picture of St. Peter, Pm. 126; Pétrs-fé, Peter's pence, 45; Pétrs-kirkja, St. Peter's church, Vm. 21; Pétrs-kýr, St. Peter's cow, id.: Pétrs-nautr, see nautr; Pétrs-nál, see nál: Pétrs-stóll, -sæti, St. Peter's chair, cathedra Petri, Rb. 372, MS. 625. 60, 61; Pétrs-tollr, St. Peter's tithe, 671. 18; Pétrs-vaka, St. Peter's eve, Vm. 21, Fms. viii. 122. II. plants and birds with names from St. Peter; Pétrs-budda, u, f., or Pétrs-skip, n. a fish, St. Peters purse or ship = pulvinar marinum, Eggert Itin. ch. 897: Pétrs-kofa, u, f. a bird, colymbus grylla: Pétrs-mold, f. a kind of earth: Pétrs-sóley, f., botan. dryas octopetala: Pétrs-urt, f. apargia autumnalis; Pétrs-vaðsteinn, m. = ovarium onisci; also óska-björn (q.v.), Maurer's Volks., Björn. For legends referring to St. Peter see Maurer 190. petti, n. [Fr. petit; Engl. petty], a small piece of a field; svo lítið petti, freq. in mod. conversation; the word prob. was imported with the English trade (15th or 16th century). pikka, ad, to pick, prick. Bs. i. 319, ii. 163, Stj. 497, v.l. pikkis-dagar, m. pl. [Germ. pfingsten, from eccl. Lat. pentacoste] :-- Whitsuntide, Str. 47, 66, Bs. i. 706, Art. 75, but never used in speaking or classical writing, see hvítasunna. piktur, m. [Lat. pictor], a painter, Mar. pillz, mod. pils, n., older form piliza, u, f.; [from mid. Lat. pellicia, whence Germ. pelz, Engl. pelt] :-- a pelt, fur coat; Ánn var í hvítu pillzi, þat var svá sítt at þat nam hæl, Fas. ii. 342; skrýðask pilizum ok kápum, Ó.T. 12. 2. mod. a petticoat; vera í pilzi, to wear a petticoat, freq. pillzungr, m. a short pelt, Fas. ii. 343. piltr, m. a boy, prop. a boy clad in a pelt or petticoat; hann bar piltinn á handlegg sér, Fb. i. 565, Grett. 117; hann sá hvar piltrinn stóð á baki honum, 124; piltr þessi, this youth, Fs. 69; biðr Þorleifr Kol tapa piltinum, 145, Gd. 55 :-- in mod. usage also a man, thus the labourers on a farm (vinnu-menn, hús-karlar) are called piltar. pilt-skapr, m. ribaldry; and pilta-yrði, n. pl. coarse language, Bs. ii. 261. pinni, a, m. [Engl.], a pin; pinnar af stáli, Bév.

PIPARR -- PLÓGR. 477

piparr, m. [Lat. piper], pepper, Pr. 470, 475, MS. 4. 21, Str. 45, Rétt. 78, 114. pipar-korn, n. a pepper-corn, Pr. 474. pipra, að, to pepper. Fas. iii. 359, Fms. v. 193. II. perh. a different word, [Lat. vibrare] :-- to quiver, shake; hann (the horse) skalf ok pipraði, Bs. i. 318; jörðin skalf ok pipraði af ótta, 145; allar æðar pipruðu fyrir hræðslu sakir, Fb. 149 :-- reflex., Krosskv. 5. pissa, að, (piss, n.), to piss, Lat. mingere. pistill, m., dat. pistli, pistuli, a, m., 656 C. 24, Bs. i. 104, 392, Hom. 137, 140; [eccl. Lat.] :-- an epistle, Bs. i. 100, 271, 278, Magn. 538; pistlar ok Guðspjöll, Vm. i, 55, N.T.; Vídal. passim, pistla-bók, f. a book with the epistles, Pm. 24. pitlor, m. a nickname, N.G.L. i. 446. pík, m. a nickname, Orkn., Sturl. ii. 168; cp. Engl. peak. píka, u, f. [Dan. pige; Swed. piga], a girl, lass, virgin; a for. word, of which the origin is uncertain, for it occurs for the first time in Norway about the end of the 14th century, and in Icel. in the 15th; píkan Margreta, the spinster M., D.N. iii. 420 (in a deed of 1378); unga píku, Skáld H. 5. 31; sveinninn nefndist Herrauðr, en píkan Herríðr, Fas. ii. 447 (a romance and ballad of the 15th century); píku-brot, Stef. Ól. (Snót 184); píku-skrækr, Snót 136. In Icel. the word is rare and rather low; it can hardly be used of a gentlewoman. píla, u, f. [Germ. pfeil; Dan. pile], an arrow; it appears in romances of the 15th century, Fas. iii. 329, 337, Skáld H. 1. 17; and since that time in the Bible and hymns, as also Safn i. 89; the vernacular word is ör, q.v. píla-grímr, m. [Lat. peregrinus, whence Fr. Yr. pélerin; Engl. pilgrim] :-- a pilgrim, Fms. iii. 33, v. 222, vi. 302, Karl. 71, passim in old and mod. usage. pílárr, m. [Engl.], a pillar, Stj. 46, 101, 210, 284, Bs. i. 830. píll, m. a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 106. píment, n. a kind of wine, piment, Fas. iii. 359. pín, f. = pína, Skíða R. pína, u, f. [Lat. poena], a fine; undir pínu tólf aura gjalds, Bs. i. 733; hverjar pínur skyldask á þá menn, K.Á. 224; banns-pína. 2. in mod. usage, pine, torment, Vídal., Pass. pína, d, [A.S. pînan], to torment, torture, Fms. i. 4, Mork. 221, Grág. ii. 129; pína e-n til sagna, i. 347; þar skulu djöflar pína yðr, Hom. 158, passim. 2. to punish; verk pínt ok lofat, punished or allowed, Mar.; píndr er stuldr, Skálda 204 (in a verse); til þess ér hafit yðrar syndir píndar, Hom. 158. pínaðr, m. torture, Stj. 56. pínari, a, m. a tormenter, Fms. ii. 32, v.l. píniligr, adj. passive, Stj. 21: subject to pains, Eluc. 35, Hom. 86. píning, f. torture, Fms. i. 4, vii. 227, Mork. 220, Karl. 279: pain, Str. 25: gramm. passive, Skálda 180. 2. eccl. Passion, Stj. 76, Rb. 82: pass., píningar-dagr, -tími, a day, time of passion, Stj. 117, 147, 195. COMPDS: Píningar-Saga, u, f. the History of the Passion. píningar-váttr, m. a martyr, 623. 51, Fms. xi. 308. píningar-vætti, n. martyrdom, 656 B. 8. pínkill, m. a small trunk or luggage. pínsl, f. thus in Hkr. iii. 349, Sks. 676 B, Fms. vii. 91, Hom. 85, MS. 677. 6: contr. písl, and so in mod. usage since the Reformation, and so also in old vellums; píslir, 623. 32; písla, Fms. x. 389; píslar, Symb. 29, Fms. vii. 195, Al. 130; písl, Rb. 86, Magn. 506 :-- torture, passion, passim; cp. píning above. COMPDS: píslar-dagr, m. 'passion-day,' Good Friday, Bs. i. 733. píslar-færi, n. pl. instruments of torture, racks, Al. 130. píslar-mark, n. the mark of the passion, i.e. the cross, Fms. vii. 195, Hom. 96, 103. Píslar-Saga, u, f. = Píningar-Saga. píslar-sigr, m. 'passion-victory,' martyrdom, Mar. píslar-staðr, m. a place of torment, Sks. 143, Greg. 22. píslar-tíð, f. passion time, 623. 63. píslar-tré, n. the 'passion-tree,' the cross, Hom. 102, MS. 625. 70. píslar-váttr, m. a martyr, Stj. 54, Magn. 486, and so in mod. usage, Vídal. píslar-vætti, n. martyrdom, Hom. 82, Magn. 430, Vídal., passim in mod. usage, for the word 'martyr' is never used in Icel. písla-sjón, f. a vision of the torments of hell, Mar. pípa, u, f. [Fr. pipe], a pipe; drekka af pípu, to drink through a quill, Rb. 348; mjóvar pípur, Stj. 95; járnstika með pípu, Pm. 90. 2. a pipe (as a musical instrument); blása pípur, Fas. iii. 359; sýngja í pípur, Stj. 466; fiðlur ok pípur, Fms. xi. 353 (in a verse); strengjum, pípum, söngfærum, Skálda 179 (hljóð-pípa). pípna-hljómr, m. a sound from pipes, Karl. 203. pípari, a, m. a piper, Boldt 16. pírum-pár, m. a scrawl; see pár. pískra, að, to whisper, (slang.) písl, see pínsl. pítal, n. [Lat.], a petal. COMPDS: pítal-settr, part. petal-worked, Vm. 47. pítals-spjald, n. = pítal, Vm. 74. pjakka, að, to pick, prick; ef þú pjakkar broddinum á hallinn, Fms. iii. 180; stanga ok pjakka með knífum, to stab and prick with knives, Mar.; hann pjakkar sem hann getr fastast vegginn, Karl. 69, freq. in mod. usage. pjakkr, m. a stumbling hack; hann er mesti pjakkr. pjátr, n. pewter, Bs. ii. 322. pjönkur, f. pl. luggage, esp. of a beggar's bundle, pack, truss. plag, n. [Engl. play], manner; upp á þeirra plag, Skáld H. 3. 32; með æru plag, Bs. ii. 306; sóma plag, 308; með hefndar plag, Hallgr. PLAGA, að; this word, although found in old writers, is now almost out of use; it was no doubt borrowed from the German or English, perhaps through the Hanseatic trade, for it appears about the end of the 13th century; in Stj., Laur. S. (14th century) :-- the Flóam. S. l.c. is the sole instance of its occurrence in the classical Íslendinga Sögur (see List of Authors D.I. II), but that Saga is not preserved quite in its original form: [A.S. plægan; Engl. play; Germ. pflegen; Dan. pleje] :-- to cultivate; prisa ok plaga sannleik, Stj. 298; plagar hann ok elskar náttina, 86; hann plagaði í honum allskonar ávöxt, Barl. 23 (v.l. to plantaði); allar þær listir er þá plöguðu dýrar konur, Fas. iii. 238. 2. to treat, entertain; presta sína lét hann sitja yfir sitt borð, ok plagaði þá alla vel með góðan kost ok öl, Bs. i. 903; sátu þeir sunnu-daginn vel plagaðir í mat ok drykk, 860, Fas. iii. 373; plagar sik nú alla vega við skraut ok skart, Stj. 417. 3. to be used, wont; eigi hafa menn þat plagat mjök hér til at gabba mik, Fs. (Flóam. S.) 159; þeir verða með Guðligum boðorðum þar til samdir ok plagaðir, Stj. 255. 4. reflex., kvennbúnað sem þar plagaðisk, which was there fashionable, Stj. 186. plaga, u, f. [Lat. plaga], a region, Rb. 488. plagg, n. luggage; hann bar vápn þeirra ok önnur plögg, Róm. 148; hvert þat plagg sem hann hefði með farit skyldi heilög Níðaróss-kirkja eiga, Bs. i. 820; var eigi traust at hann tæki af mönnum plögg sín, Grett. 129 A; at þú legðir af við mik eitthvert plagg af þeim sem þú ferr með, id. plagga-margr, m. having much luggage, Fms. iii. 117. plag-siðr, m. custom, habit, Snót 164. planka, u, f. = planki, Rétt. 61. planki, a, m., in western Icel. sounded blanki, [planca, Du Cange] :-- a plank, thick board. planta, að, [Lat.], to plant, with acc. of the place, Stj. 14, 506, Edda (pref.): with acc. of the plant, Barl. 23, 100, Str. 17. planta, u, f. a plant. plantan, f. a planting, Stj. 14, 222. plata, u, f. [Lat. platea], an open road; á þessari hinni miklu platu (v.l to sléttu), Barl. 209. 2. a plate, mounted metal, esp. of plate armour the later Middle Ages, the 13th and following centuries; eigi hafði hann platu, muzu né brynju, Bév.: plata is a part of the armour of a king's man in N.G.L. ii. 427 (Hirðskrá, latter part of the 13th century), D.N. passim, Trist. 12 (see Fr.) COMPDS: plötu-búnaðr, m. 'plate-apparel,' of lace, Rétt. 40. plötu-meistari, a, m. a plate-master who makes sheet-iron, N.G.L. ii. 246 (Dan. plattenslager). platari, a, m. = platumeistari, N.G.L. ii. 246, v.l. plaxa, u, f. = pláss, a plain, open place, Al. 155. plága, u, f. the plague, torment, Bs. ii. 118, 160. plága, u, f. [Gr.-Lat.], a 'plague,' chastisement, of flogging, Bs. i. 912. 2. a plague = drepsótt; plágan mikla. plána, að, [Lat. planus], to efface, blot out; sem rit er plánat af vaxspjaldi, Stj. 647; af-plána, to 'plane off,' efface. pláneta, u, f. [Lat.], a planet, Rb. pláss-bera, bar, to bring abroad, slander. Snót 211. plástr, m. [Germ. pflaster], a plaster, Pr. 473, 474, Barl. 136. pláz, proncd. pláss, n.; the word never occurs in good old writers, and hardly before the end of the 13th century: [Engl. place; Germ. platz; Dan. plads; Ital. piazza; all from Lat. platea, see Du Cange; cp. plata above] :-- a place, spot; þat pláz eðr eng ..., þat pláz sem þessi fæsti hellir var í ..., kaupandi þetta sama pláz, Stj. 133; hann sá þar einn brunn í plázi nökkuru eðr eng, 171; á einn vænasta völl ... á miðju placinu (sic), Bs. ii. 10; sú höll stendr á eitt fagrt pláz, 122, Karl. 545, Fms. v. 339, v.l.: freq. in mod. usage, although mostly in a limited sense, viz. of a field, ground, spot, but seldom in the general sense 'place,' as in Engl. or Germ. plokka, að, plukka, Art. 4, [Engl. pluck; Dan. plukke; Germ. pflücken; for. and borrowed, for reyta (q.v.) is the genuine Icel. word] :-- to pluck the feathers of a bird; tók Randvér hauk sinn ok plokkaði af fjaðrarnar, Edda 77; ok plokkuðu hann, svá at af honum eru allar fjaðrar, Fms. i. 118; p. skegg sitt, Karl. 322 :-- plokka e-t af e-m, to pluck it out of one, to pluck; muntú þau hvárki p. af mér með mútu-gjöfum né heitan, Ld. 150; víða plokkaði hann menn með ráni, Ver. 54; tak ekki meir af henni nauðugri en einn koss, en ef þú plukkar nokkura konu, þá heit ömbun ok halt vel, Art. 4. plokk-fiskr, m. a kind of stewed fish (a dish). plógari, a, m. a plougher, ploughman, Stj. 395. plóg-gangr, m. a plough-furrow; spanns p., D.N. iii. 976. plóg-járn, n. a plough-iron, ploughshare, Fms. vii. 164, Sks. 425. plóg-karl, m. a ploughman, Sks. 632, 768, Stj. 556. PLÓGR, m. [Engl. plough; O.H.G. pfluoc; Germ. pflug; Dan. plov; Swed. plog; a borrowed word, for arðr (q.v.) is the genuine old Norse word; the word was also unknown to the Goth. as well as to the A.S., for Ulf. calls the plough hoha, and sulh is the A.S. term; the Engl. plough was borrowed later, see s.v. arðr, and Grimm's Gramm. iii. 414] :-- a plough; plógr first occurs in the poem Rm. --

478 PLÓMA -- PRESTTÍUND.

karta at görva, keyra plóg, 19; skilling silfrs af plógi hverjum, Eg. 278; bera þeir þá út plóga sína, Sks. 336; ef maðr höggr eyk fyrir plógi eðr arðri, N.G.L. ii. 115; hón setti þá fyrir plóg en plógrinn gékk svá hart ok djúpt, Edda (begin.); rekum eigi plug af akri, Orkn. (in a verse); eiga auðan plóg, to have an idle plough, Fms. vi. (in a verse); fjándans plógr, Gd. 33. 2. metaph. gain, produce, especial emoluments of an estate, either in down, jetsum, fowl, or the like; það er mesta plógs-jörð; virð lítils veraldar plóg, this world's gain, Pass. 16. 10. II. a Dan. pr. name, Plógr, Fms. xi. (Knytl. S.), whence mod. Dan. Ploug. plógs-land, n. an acre of land; gjalda mörk af hverju plógslandi, Orkn. 286: hann gaf henni eitt plógsland, Edda (begin.), (Yngl. S. ch. 5.) plóma, u, f. [Engl. plum; Germ. pflaume], a plum, Edda (Gl.) ii. 482, (or a plum-tree.) plytr, m. a nickname, Fb. iii; cp. Gael. pliut = a club-foot. plægja, ð, to plough, Stj. 76, Edda 149 (pref.) 2. metaph. to gain; hvat mun ek mér í plægja? Bret. 91; ræðr hann þat fyrir þeim hversu mikit í plægðisk, Bs. i. poki, a, m. [Gael. poca; Du Cange poucha; Fr. poche; North. E. poke; as also pung = pungr, púss; Byzantine Gr. GREEK] :-- a poke, pouch, bag, Fas. iii. 338; guðvefjar poki, Ld. 188, 202; in old writers of a small bag, in mod. of a big one; ullar-poki, a bag of wool, poka-prestr, m. a bag priest, a poor illiterate priest, a popular Icel. phrase, no doubt originating from the tale of the Master Thief and the Priest in the Poke, as told in the Norse Tales. pollr, m. [Gael. poll; Welsh pwl; Germ. pfuhl; Engl. pool] :-- a pool, pond; pollrinn var svá djúpr þar er skipit flaut, Ld. 78; þeir lenda skipi sínu í poll þann, er þar gengr norðan at túni, Sturl. i. 167 C: in local names, Gislu-pollar, in Bretagne; Snóksdals-pollr, Brákar-pollr, in western Icel.; cp. Liver-pool, Hartle-pool, the Pool on the Thames. polotur, f. pl., or palata, u, f. [through Byzantine Gr., from Lat. palatium] :-- the king's palace in Constantinople; þeir ganga til konungs palatu þar er hann svaf inni, Fagrsk. 111, Fms. vi. 172. polota-svarf, n. 'palace-scouring,' a right belonging to the Warengs, when the Greek emperor died, of roaming through the king's treasury for money, see Fms. vi. 171 -- ganga þeir um allar polotur konungs, ... ok skal hverr hafa at frjálsu þat sem höndum kemr á (in fact a kind of pillage). ponta, að, = punkta, Skálda 176. ponta, u, f. a mull, snuff-box with a 'pointed' end, shaped like a horn, freq. in mod. usage; for a sketch of one see Paikull's Travels in Icel. pontu-stútr, m. the pointed end of a ponta. porri, a, m. a one-eyed person. pors, m. [Lat. porrus], a kind of onion, Pr. 472, N.G.L. iii. 208. pors-mungát, n. a beverage spiced with pors, Rétt. 59. port, n. [Lat. porta], a gate, Al. 49, Stj. 120, Fms. x. 15, Th. 21. COMPDS: port-greifi, a, m. = A.S. port-gérefa, a port-reeve, Sighvat. port-hús, n. a brothel, Fms. viii. 360. port-kona, u, f. a 'gate-woman,' harlot, Sks. 26, 436, Stj. 338, 405, Karl. 320, Róm. 382, N.G.L. ii. 417. port-lífi, n. prostitution, Mar. portari, a, m. a porter, D.N. iv. 18. posi, a, m. [Fr. bourse], a little bag, Háv. 46, Fb. i. 453. postilla, u, f. [Lat. post illa], a postil. postulera, að, [Lat.], to postulate, Bs. ii. 186. postuli, a, m. [Gr.], an apostle, Nj. 275, Sks. 489, Bs., N.T., Pass., Vídal. passim; postula-dómr, apostleship, Post.; Postula-görningar, the Acts of the Apostles; postula-kirkja, an apostle's church, Sturl. iii. 58; postula-klokka, the name of a bell, Bs. i. 858; postula-messa, a mass of an apostle, Fms. x. 13, Bs. i. 830; Postula-súð, the name of a ship, Ann. 1343; Postula-Sögur, the Lives of the Apostles, Vm. 60, Dipl. v. 18. postulín, n. [corrupted from Lat. procellanea?], porcelain. postulligr, adj. apostolic, Fb. i. 234, Stj., Bs. passim. pota, að, [from the Engl. in the 15th century(?)], to put: with dat., pota e-u, with the notion of stealth. pott-lok, n. a pot-lid: hence a small, wretched cap; hvað þú hugsar, að setja skrattans pottlokið að tarna á höfuðið á barninu! Piltrog Stúlka 57. pottr, m. [potus, Du Cange, from Lat. potare; Fr. pot], a pot. Bs. i. 804; diskar í borðhúsi, fjórir tigir diska, sex katlar, níu pottar, Dipl. iii. 4; mikinn pott fullan af bjórblönduðu víni, MS. 4. 21; pottr, munnlaug, Dipl. v. 18; fjórir pottar, einn ketill, ein panna, D.N. iv. 328; pottr með höddu, 457; leir-pottr, an earthen pot: freq. in mod. usage = a cauldron or hver, q.v. 2. a measure = two merkr, see mörk, (mod.) pott-steik, f. a pottage, Stj. 165 (of Esau). póstr, m. a postman, (mod.) póst-ganga, u, f. journey of the post. prakkari, a, m. a beggar, Run. Gramm.; whence a rogue. prakt, n. [Germ. pracht], pomp, show: praktugr, adj. showy, (mod., but occurs in the 17th century.) prang, n. traffic: pranga, að, to traffic: prangari, a, m. a trafficker, in a contemptible sense. prata, að, [from the Engl.], to prate. pratara-legr, adj. prating: also used of a shy pony, hann er prataralegr. prámr, m. [Engl. prame; Swed. pråm], a flat-bottomed boat, Edda (Gl.), Gþl. 411, Skáld H. 5. 26. prám-tog, n. the towing of a prame, Gþl. 427. prebenda and prevenda, u, f. [Lat.], a prebend, H.E. i. 507, K.Á 230. prédika, að, [Lat.], to preach, Fms. viii. 269, ix. 500, Bs i. 699 766, 846, H.E. i. 463. prédikan, f. the preaching a sermon, Magn. 502, Stj. 27, Vídal. passim prédikari, a, m. a preacher. 2. a preaching friar, i.e. a Dominican, Bs. ii. 223, Fms. ix. 500, 530, x. 76. COMPDS: Prédikara-bróðir, m. a Dominican friar, Bs. i. 809. Prédikara-garðr, -hús -klaustr, -líf, -lifnaðr, -regla, u, f. a Dominican convent, order, Bs. i. 700, 809, Fms. ix. 520, x. 76. Prédikara-kirkja, u, f., Fms. ix. 530. prefatia, u, f. [Lat.], a preface, Hom. 142. prenta, að, [this word was borrowed prob. from the English during the English trade early in the 16th century; the Germ. say drucken whence Dan. and Swed. trycke] :-- to print: in Icel. prenta with compds is the popular word, Biblía ... prentað á Hólum, the Bible of 1584; Heilög Biblía prentuð að nýju að Hólum, the Edition of 1644; Almúgafólki til gagns og góða prentuð, the Book of Lays of 1612. On the other hand, the Germ.-Dan. þrykkja is often used on title-pages -- þrykkt í konungligum stað Roscylld, the N.T. of 1540; þrykt á Hólum, 1594 (the graduale); þrykt í Kaupinhafn, the Hymn-book of 1555: yet the Germ. and Dan. word was not able to displace the old word, which never ceased to be used in speech. COMPDS: prent-smiðja, u, f. a printing-house. prent-verk, n. a printing-office, prent-villa, u, f. a misprint, and so on. prentan, f. printing: prentari, a, m. a printer. presenta or presentera, að, [Lat.], to present, N.G.L. ii. 471, Pr. 405, Stj. 40, 216. presenta, u, f. a present, Fms. ix. 450, Bs. i. 707, Stj. 503. presentan or presenteran, f. a presentation, N.G.L. ii. 471, Stj. 109, H.E. i. 390. pressa, að, [from Lat.], to press, Lil. 10, and in mod. usage. pressa, u, f. a press, (mod.) prest-borð, n. a 'priest's board,' maintenance; liggja þrjár kýr til prestborðs, B.K. 10. prest-gipt, f. a 'priest-gift' donation to the priest, N.G.L. i. 360. prest-jörð, f. a priest's land, D.N. prest-kona, u, f. a priest's wife, Fms. vii. 391, Bs. i. 348. prest-lauss, adj. priestless, N.G.L. i. 455: a person who has forfeited his priestly orders. prestliga, adv. in a priestly manner. prestligr, adj. priestly, H.E. i. 474, passim; ú-prestligr, unpriestly. prestlingr, m. a 'priestling' theological student preparing for orders under the care of the bishop or a clergyman; þat er manni rétt at láta læra prestling til kirkju sinnar, K.Þ.K.; kenna prestlingum, Bs. i. 83; Klængr, er þá var p. ok ungr at aldri, 165; heyrði hann til er prestlingum var kennd íþrótt sú er grammatica heitir, 163; þá höfðu prestlingar hans farit til fjöru at leika sér, 446, (for records of such schools see Jóns S. ch. 11, Bs. i. 162 sqq., Laur. S. ch. 44.) prest-maðr, m. a clergyman, Sturl. iii. 225. prest-mata, u, f. a tithe payable to the priest; see mata. prest-mágr, m. a nickname, Fms. viii. 385. prest-orð, n. = prestdómr, D.N. i. 276. PRESTR, m., prests, presti, [the word was borrowed through the English missions from the A.S. preost, Engl. priest, as is seen from the dropping of the inflexive r or er, whereas the Germ. has priester, O.H.G. priestar, agreeably with the eccl. Lat. presbyter] :-- a priest, Fms. ix. 8, Sturl. ii. 31, Grág. i. 152, K.Þ.K., Bs., H.E., in countless instances, as also in mod. usage. COMPDS: prests-borð, n. = prestborð, H.E. i. 494. presta-bók, f. a ministerial book, N.G.L. ii. 341. presta-búr, n. a 'priest's closet,' Dipl. v. 18. presta-dómr, m. a priest's court, an ecclesiastical court, K.Þ.K. prests-dómr, m. priesthood, Bs. i. 795. presta-fátt, adj. scarcity of priests, Bs. i. 136. prests-fundr, m. the visit of a priest; biðja prestsfundar, of one dying, Sturl. iii. 206. prests-fæði, n. = prestborð, Vm. 149. presta-garðr or prests-garðr, m., prests-hús, n. a priest's residence, Sturl. ii. 124, Fms. ix. 379. presta-hatari, a, m. 'priest-hater,' a nickname of the Norse king Eric (1281-1299). presta-heimili, n. a priest's domicile, Grág. i. 471. prests-kaup, n. a priest's wage, K.Á. 102. presta-mót, n., and presta-stefna, u, f. a conference of priests, a synod, N.G.L. i. 347, Bs. i. 77, 853, K.Á. 80, Dipl. ii. 14. presta-reiða, u, f. = prestreiða, D.I. i. 161. presta-silfr, n. the priest's fee, the contribution which a priest, when at a conference, had to pay, N.G.L. iii. 309. presta-spítal, n. (-spítali, a, m.), a hospital, infirmary for priests, Bs. i. 853. prest-reiða, u, f. the rent payable to a priest, N.G.L. i. 15. prest-renta, u, f. a priest's rent, B.K. 106. prest-setr, n. a priest's residence, Bs. ii. 47, 116. prest-skapr, m. priesthood, Bs. i. 157. prest-skyld, f. = prestrenta, Pm. 21. prest-stétt, f. the priestly order, priesthood, Bs. i. 590. prest-stóll, m. a 'priest's stool,' a pulpit, Vm. 23. prest-tekja, u, f. (prest-taka, H.E. i. 494), a priest's income, B.K. 8. prest-tíund, f. a priest's tithe, K.Á. 98, Vm. 140.

PRESTVIST -- PRÓVENDA. 479

prest-vist, f. the maintenance of a priest, Fms. vii. 121, Ám. 38, prest-vígsla, u, f. the ordination of a priest, Bs. ii. 158. pretta, að, to cheat, deceive; ekki skal ek pretta yðr í þessu kaupi, Fms. vi. 110; ef þér prettið hann í öngu, Nj. 90; fær prettað mik Grettir, Grett. (in a verse, but spurious): pass. to be deceived, Gþl. 522. prettóttr, adj. deceitful, tricky, Nj. 128, Stj. 78, Fb. i. 361. prettr, m., pl. prettar, Barl. 197, but mod. prettir; acc. pl. prettu; [A.S. Dictionaries give a word præt, pl. prattas; but the age and the etymology of this word are uncertain] :-- a trick; var þetta ekki nema prettr þeirra, Fms. i. 59, Fs. 73; konungr mælti, þetta er p. yðvarr, Fms. vii. 32; hafa þeir sýnt eigi góðan prett, Ld. 704; sviksamliga prettu, Stj. 144, Al. 68, Barl. 24; Þórir svarir at hann hirði ekki um prettu þeirra Erlings, Ó.H. 115; þetta vóru þínir prettar, Barl. 197; etja e-n við prettu, Ísl. ii. 224 (in a verse of the beginning of the 10th century, if the verse be genuine). COMPDS: pretta-fullr, adj. tricky, Stj. 77. pretta-lauss, adj. guileless. Fas. i. 32, Fms. viii. 44. prettugr, adj. = prettóttr, Gþl. (pref. xv). prett-vísi, f. craftiness, Th. 2, Háv. 57, Barl. 152. prett-víss, adj. tricky, wily, Fas. i. 77, Bær. 16, Barl. 24, 150. prik, n. [Engl.], a prick or dot in writing, Dan. prik, Rb. 530. 2. a little staff, stick (staf-prik); hafa prik í hendinni, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: prika-rím, n. a computistic table with dots, called Talbyrðing, published in the Rb. 1780. prika-setning, f. punctuation, Rb. 530. prika-stafr, m. a calendar with points, Rb. 512, 530. prika, að, to prick, stab slightly, Ann. 1394. prim-signa, d and að, [Lat., an eccl. word], to give the 'prima signatio' or 'signaculum crucis' a religious act, preliminary to christening; persons thus signed with the cross were catechumens, and if adults they could join in the social life among Christians; they were also admitted to a special part of the mass (primsigndra messa = the mass for the 'prime-signed'), whereas all intercourse with heathens was forbidden. An infant who died, having received the prima signatio, but not baptism, was to be buried in the outskirts of the churchyard, where the consecrated and unconsecrated earth meet, and without burial service, -- ef barn andask primsignt, ok hefir eigi verit skírt (primsignt ok hefir eigi meiri skírn, Sb. l.c.) ok skal þat grafa við kirkju-garð út, þar er mætisk vígð mold ok úvígð, ok syngva eigi legsöng yfir, K.Þ.K. (Kb.) 7. A monster-shapen infant was to receive the prima signatio, but not baptism, and then to be left to die (exposed) at the church door -- þat barn (a monster-child) skal ok til kirkju bera, láta primsigna, leggja fyrir kirkju-dyr, gæti inn nánasti niðr til þess er önd er ór, N.G.L. i. 339; í þessi efan primsigni prestr ok skíri, iii. 251; hann primsignaði hann fyrst ok skírði hann síðan eptir siðvenju, Barl. 147. The words in the English Prayer Book -- 'and do sign him (her) with the sign of the cross' -- are remains of the 'signaculum crucis' of the ancient church. During the heathen age the Scandinavian merchants and warriors who served among Christians abroad in England or Germany used to take the prima signatio, for it enabled them to live both among Christians and heathens without receiving baptism and forsaking their old faith; ek em primsigndr at eins en eigi skírðr, I am 'prime-signed,' but not baptized, Fms. ii. 240, Valla L. 205, Kristni S. ch. 1, 2, Fb. i. 346, 357, ii. 137, 243; England var Kristið ok hafði lengi verit þá er þetta var tíðenda, Aðalsteinn konungr var vel Kristinn ... hann bað Þórólf ok þá bræðr at þeir skyldi láta primsignask, þvíat þat var þá mikill siðr, bæði með kaupmönnum ok þeim er á mála gengu með Kristnum mönnum, þvíat þeir menn, er primsigndir vóru, höfðu allt samneyti við Kristna menn ok svá heiðna, en höfðu þat at átrúnaði er þeim var skapfeldast, Eg. 265, Gísl. 96: see also Vita Anscarii, ch. 24. These 'prime-signed' men, returning to their native land, brought with them the first notions of Christianity into the heathen Northern countries, having lived among Christians, and seen their daily life and worship, and they undoubtedly paved the way for the final acceptance of the Christian faith among their countrymen. It may even be that some strange heathen rites of the last days of paganism, such as the bjannak (q.v.), the sprinkling of infants with water, were due to this cause. prim-signan, f. the 'prima signatio,' Grág. i. 29, 310. prim-signing, f. = primsignan, Nj. 158. prinz, m. [Lat. princeps,(?) through the Germ.], a prince, Ann. 1254, 1266, and in mod. usage. prím, n. [Lat.], the prime moon, i.e. the new moon, Rb. 506, 518, Stj. 16. 2. a part of the mass; óttu-söngr, prím, nón, tertia, aptan-söngr, ... prím, þat sem sungit var fyrir prédikan, Bs. ii. 247, 249. prími, a, m., or príma, u, f. the 'prima hora' = 6 o'clock A.M., MS. 625. 175, 177, Fms. ix. 283 :-- the service at prime, H.E. i. 487. COMPDS: príma-mál, n. the prime hour, Fms. ix. 283, v.l. príma-stafr, m. a prime letter, Rb. 8. príma-tíð, f. = prímamál, 655 xi. 4. príor, m. [Lat.], a prior, in a convent, Sks., Bs., Ann. passim. prísa, að, [príss], to praise, Stj. 298, Mar., Fb. 1. 408, Vídal. passim. prísaðr, part. [prísund], pressed, tortured; litt er hann enn prísaðr, Bs. i. 820; píndr ok prísaðr, Barl. 54, v.l. príss, m. [Lat. pretium?], pomp, state; ríkuliga ok með prís miklum, Fms. xi. 315; fara með inum mesta prís, x. 36; reið konungr með þvílíkan prís í Miklagarð, vii. 95; sátu þar nm vetrinn með mikinn prís, Fas. ii. 523; og sigldu þá með prís miklum, Orkn. 376; með prís miklum ok farar-blóma, 370; prís ok prýði, Stj. 142. 2. mod. praise, honour, glory, passim. II. price, freq. in mod. usage; háir prísar, góðir prísar. prísu-liga, adv. magnificently, Stj. 15, v.l. prísund, f. [Fr.], a prison, Fms. vi. 167, xi. 284, Hkr. iii. 69, Bs. i. 822, Al. 18: metaph., Stj. 157. prjál, n. [Germ. prahl], a gewgaw, show in dress or manners, Pass. 49. 16: prjála, að, occurs in the 17th century, then freq. prjóna, að, to knit, passim in mod. usage: metaph. to rear up, of a horse; see ausa. prjónn, m. [Gael, prine; Scot. prin], a prin or pin, esp. of knitting pins; whence prjón-les, n. knitted wares, Snót 161: prjóna-peisa, n. a knitted jerkin: prjóna-stokkr, n. a prin-case: týtu-prjónn, a needle-pin :-- prjónn as a nickname occurs in Sturl. iii. 209, so the word must then have been known. processia, u, f. [Lat.] a procession, Fms. viii. 41, ix. 277, 498. processionall, m. 'processionale,' Ám. 48. próf, n. a proof, evidence; til prófs ok jartegna, Stj. 199; með prófi ok skilríki, H.E. i. 436: an ordeal, þá geng ek til þessa prófs með því skilríki, at ..., Fms. i. 305: an inquest, examination, öll þau landamerki skyldi undir því prófi standa sem herra biskup tæki Rafns vegna, Dipl. i. 6; þar til er próf kemr til, Gþl. 493. COMPDS: prófs-bréf, n. a writ of evidence, D.N. i. 192. prófa-fullr, adj. evidential, H.E. i. 436. prófa and próva, að, [Engl. prove; Germ. prüfen; Lat. probare] :-- to try, put on trial, Al. 88, Stj. 145; þá skulum vit til prófa, Grett. 158 A; þeir vildu prófa hvárt ..., Fms. vi. 156; prófa má ek þetta, Ísl. ii. 12: to shew, give evidence, ok prófa slíkir af sjálfum sér at lítil mildi muni búa í annars brjósti, Al. 96. 2. to examine; prófa mál, Al. 7; p. ok dæma, Bs. i. 720; en ef þetta er prófat á þingi, Nj. 99: to enquire, Fms. x. 131; þá skal próva ef nokkurir vissu, K.Á. 18; ef ek p. þetta allt sannindi, if I find it all to be true, Fms. i. 295; p. með líkindum, Stj. 105. II. reflex., prófaðisk svá til, it proved so, Stj. 160; sem síðan prófaðisk, Fms. i. 59. 2. part., prófaðr, proved, convicted of; sem at öðru verða prófaðir, Gþl. (pref. ix); nú höfu vér prófat, we have found that ..., Mar.; ok er svá próvað fyrir biskupi, K.Á. 64, Bs. i. 755; nema þeir fengi af sér prófat, unless they can clear themselves of it; sökum prófaðrar harðfengi, Eb. 42. prófan, f. a trial, enquiry, K.Á. 31, 134, 216. prófan-ligr, adj. provable, H.E. ii. 74. prófast-dómr, m. the office of a prófastr (q.v.), Jb. 458, N.G.L. prófast-dæmi, n. the district of a provost, provostship, Ann. 1327, 1394, K.Á. 230, Bs. i. 747, 753: the revenue of the p., allt p., þat sem féll í sakeyri eðr öðrum sektum, gaf hann fátækum, ... skipaði hann presta at láta reka prófastdæmi, Bs. (Laur. S.) i. 849. prófastr, m. [Engl. provost; Germ. probst; -- all from the eccl. Lat. praepositus] :-- a provost; in the later Roman Catholic times the provost was a kind of church-steward, a 'biskups ármaðr,' and the diocese was divided into provostships, answering to the secular sýsla and sýslu-maðr; the provost might therefore be a layman; eptir ráði biskups eðr prófasts, Vm. 117, Dipl. v. 18, Fms. ix. 452, Bs. i. 841; this division of the provostship appears in Icel. at the beginning of the 14th century, cp. esp. Laur. S. and the Annals. 2. in Norway the provost or dean of a collegiate church; prófastr í Túnsbergi, Fms. ix. 284; Ketill p. er varðveitti Máríu-kirkju, Hkr. iii. 349. II. after the Reformation the office underwent some change, and the prófastdæmi (Germ. probstie) became the eccl. division throughout the whole of the land; each provostship consists of several parishes, and one of the parish priests is called prófastr, answering closely to the Engl. archdeacon; he is nominated by the bishop, and is the head and overseer of his fellow-priests in the district, has to visit the churches, look after the instruction of the young, etc., and is a kind of bishop's vicar, is unpaid, and holds his office for life. prókurera, að, [Lat.], to procure, Stj. 157. prólaga, að; p. sér e-t, to bargain for oneself, Stat. 280. própheti, a, m. [Lat.-Gr.], a prophet, Hom., Sks., Bs.; but spámaðr is the genuine word. prósa, u, f. [Lat.], prose, Nikdr. 76. próvenda or prófenda, u, f. [eccl. Lat. praebenda; Germ. pfründe] :-- a prebend, for the maintenance of the church or charitable institutions; beneficia kirkjunnar er sumir kalla próvendur, K.Á. 228; hann lét göra kirkju norðr í Vágum ok lagði próvendu til, Hkr. iii. 248, Fms. vii. 100, x. 159; en síðan er Erkibiskups-stóll var skipaðr í Noregi, þá vóru próventur skipaðar at biskups-stólum, Anecd. 76 :-- a prebend, af próventum þeirra klerka, sem í brott eru at studium, H.E. i. 507; dýrar prófentur (presents), Odd. 18. 2. spec.; in the Roman Catholic times laymen (often men of wealth and rank) in the decline of life retired and entered into a convent; at the same time they bequeathed to the church or convent a portion in money or estates for their maintenance; this portion was called prófenta, -- Magnús konungr gaf sik í klaustr í Hólmi, ok tók við múnka-klæðum, þá var skeytt þangat Hernes mikla á Frostu í próventu hans, Fms. vii. 196; þann hlut jarðar sem Gróa gaf með sér

480 PRÚÐLEIKR -- Q.

í próventu til þverár-klaustrs, Dipl. iii. 5, B.K. 124; mátn vér ok dæmdum áðr-nefnt próventu-kaup ekki arfsvik við erfingja, Dipl. iii. 14. próventu-maðr, m. (-kona, u. f.), a person who has given his próventa, Dipl. iii. 6; prestar, klerkar, próventumenn. Bs. i. 848. II. in mod. usage, gefa prófentu sína, and prófentu-karl, m.: prófentu-kerling, f., is used of old people in the same sense as arfsal and arfsals-maðr (q.v.) in the ancient law. prúð-leikr, m. show, ornament. Str. 81. prúð-liga, adv. stately, magnificently, Str. 81: manfully, courageously, Bs. i. 128, Hkr. ii. 304. prúð-ligr, adj. magnificent; p. veizla, Eg. 30, 44. prúðr, adj. [from the A.S. prâd; old French prudhomme], fine, magnificent, stately. The word is used in Sighvat, and appears at the beginning of the 11th century (in the reign of king Canute); it is very freq. in the poets of the following century, but less freq. in prose; it is also freq. in mod. usage, although not in the mod. Engl. sense of 'proud,' which is a derived one; drekans prúða, the proud ship: af þramval prúðum, id.; prúðar ekkjur, the proud ladies; várum þá. prúðir, then were we grand, Fms. vi. (in a verse), and so passim in Lex. Poët.; er ér lituð þá svá prúða, stirðu ér veslugir upp á þeirra fegrð, Mar.; ríðr nu sá prúðr, er vanr var at ganga fátækliga, MS. 4. 6; prúð hibýli, Ísl. ii. 415; konu dýrliga ok prúða, a stately lady, Str.; hár-prúðr, having splendid hair :-- of manners, fine; hann var hverjum manni kurteisari, því var hann kallaðr Ásbjörn prúði, Fb. i. 524; hátt-p., sið-p., híbýla-p. (q.v.); geð-p., gentle: a nickname, Hugi inn Prúði, Orkn. II. gallant, brave; hug-p., hjarta-p., q.v. prútta, að, onomatopoetic, to shout in driving a horse. 2. to higgle, Dan. prutte. prýða, d, to adorn, ornament, Fms. i. 141, Magn. 504, Hkr. iii. 110. prýði. f. an ornament, Stj. 396; þá er þú sigldir með fegrð ok prýði (with pride and pomp) af Noregi, Fms. vii. 157. 2. gallantry, bravery; verja með p., Fms. xi. 274: falla með p. ok orðstír, vi. 421; p. ok karlmennska, Fs. 17. passim. prýði-maðr, m. a brave man, Fb. ii. 199. prýði-liga, adv. finely, bravely, Fms. iii. 44, v. 324. vii. 223: nobly, hefir honum allt p. farit, Vígl. 33: beautifully, passim in mod. usage. prýði-ligr, adj. fine, ornamental, noble, Bs. i. 74, Al. 98; magnificent, p. veizla, Hkr. ii. 163. prýðing, f. decoration. Mar. prýðir, m. an adorner, Lex. Poët. psalmr, psaltari, a, m. [eccl. Lat.], a psalm, psalter. pukr, n. stealth, secret dealing, concealment; í pukri, in stealth. pukra, að, to do stealthily, to do a thing 'í pukri.' pula, u. f. = lota, q.v.; but in a lower sense, í einni pulu. pulkru-kirkja, u, f. [Lat.], the church of the sepulchre, Symb. 29. pund, n. [Engl. pound; Germ. pfund; Lat. pondo] :-- a pound, of a pound = 24 marks or 12lbs.; þriggja punda smjör, þeirra at fjórar merkr ok tuttugu göri hvert pund, Gþl. 524; þrir laupar þriggja punda smjörs, 100; engi maðr kunni marka tal ok varla punda tal. Fms. xi. 202; pund matar eðr eyrir vaðmáls, Vm. 147; ek orka tólf punda þunga, Bær. 18. 2. skip-pund, Dan. skibpund; pund ok nant, Fms. viii. 395; leiga tveggja punda far, Jb. 393. 3. as a rendering of the Gr.-Lat. talentum, Stj. 151, 570, N.T.; pund þat er Guð seldi mér, Eluc. 1, Stj. 151; at þessi falli ekki fyrir sína pund-tekju, Stj. 151. 4. in mod. usage pund is = two merkr = a lisb. pundari, a, m. a steel-yard, Grág. i. 499, ii. 369, Gþl. 522 (Jb. 375). pung-elta, u, f. a nickname, Fms. vii. 215. pungr, m. [Ulf. puggs], a small bag, purse, hanging on the belt (= púss); silki-pungr, Dipl. v. 18; buðkr ok pungr, id.; vefja saman ok hafa í pung sér, Edda 70, Grett. 161, Fs. 97: hefi ek elnorð allra lendra manna Magnúss konungs í pung mér, Fms. viii. 128, Sks. 27; tóbaks-pungr, a snuff-bag, tobacco-pouch :-- scrotum. pung-arfi, a, m., botan. bursa pastoris, Hjalt. punkta, punktera, ponta, að, [Lat.], to point, dot, Skálda (Edda ii. 401); ráfrit var allt steint ok punkterað, Fms. v. 339: to point with a full stop, Skálda (Edda ii. 104): metaph. to point out, Dipl. ii. 5. punktr, m. [Lat.], a point, Rb. 470: a degree or part of the circumference of a circle, Rb. 2. a full stop in writing. II. the point or nick of time; í þann punkt, sama punkt, í sagðan punkt, Stj., Mar., and passim in writers of the. 14th century, e.g. Bs. ii. 2. a point, case, Bs. i. 730. puntr or pundr, m. [pundari, from its steel-yard-like shape], a windle-straw; beint þegar börðust punti. Gd.: = phleum Alpinum, Hjalt. COMPDS: punt-hali, a, m., botan. aira caespitosa, Hjalt. punt-strá, n. = puntr. purka, u, f. [Ivar Aasen purka; Lat. porcus], a sow; in svefn-purka, a sleepy sow, a term of abuse: a local name, Purk-ey, in western Icel., but called Svíney in the Eb.; as also a deed of 1533 A.D. (bænhús í Svíney, í Hrafsey, og Langey, etc.) purkunar-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), parsimonious, perh. from the Engl. purpuri, a, m. [Lat.], purple, but also of costly stuff; thus, purpura hökul hvítan, a 'white' cope of p., Bs. i. 67; hvítr sem p., 'white' as purple, Fb. i. 33, Stj., Bs., Al. passim; purpura-hökull, -klæði, -möttull, -skikkja, Vm. 123, MS. 645. 69, Stj.; purpura-litr, purple colour, Stj.; purpura gull, purple gold, red gold, Fms. vii. 96. purpur-ligr, adj. purple, Magn. 514. pussa, u, f. cunnus, of a beast, a mare, cow. putlingar, m. pl., Stj. 344, = inadventiones (Deut. xxviii. 20) putrea, að, [Fr.]. to portray, paint, Stj. 97, 192, v.l. putt, interj. [Dan. pyt], pish! pshaw! putt, putt! Fms. vii. 21. pú, interj. pooh! púa, að, to say pooh, cp. Dan. puste. púðr, n. [Engl. powder; Lat. pulvis], gunpowder; the word was borrowed from the English during the English trade, for the Danes say krudt. púki, a, m. [akin to Engl. Puck; cp. also Dan. pokker] :-- a devil, but with the notion of a wee devil, an imp, see the tale in Fb. 1. 416-418 and freq. in mod. tales :-- the evil one, móti púkanum, against the devil Stj. 8, 55; allir menn heita í skírn at hafna púkanum, to forsake the devil, N.G.L. ii. 366; hann játar öllum púkans vilja, Th. 4: maura-púki 'treasure-puck' = a miser, Maurer's Volks. púka-bit, n., botan. scabiosa. Germ. teufels abbiss, Hjalt. púl, n. [Dan. pule], slaving, grinding. COMPDS: púls-band, n. a kind of coarse thread, Snót 163. púls-hestr, -klár, m. a cart horse, opp. to reið-hestr. púls-mennska, u, f. a slavish work. púliza, ad, [Lat.], to polish, Stj. 56. Púll, m. = Apulia; in the phrase, á Púli, Symb. 25, Fms. xii. púsa, að, [Lat. and Fr.], to espouse, Str. 20, 21, 31, 65; láta púsa sik, K.Á. 120; púsa saman, H.E. i. 523, Fms. ix. 292; púsa konu manni, 293, x. 106: reflex., Str. 48. The word is now only used in the phrase, láta pússa sig, pússa saman; but it is slang, and cannot be said of gentlefolk. púsa, u, f. [through French, from Lat. sponsa], a spouse, Fms. ix. 293, x. 106, Str. 3, 15, 16. púsan, f. marriage, H.E. i. 493: púsaðr, m. = púsan, id. púsi, a, m. a spouse, husband, Str. púss, m. [Bohem. páss = a girdle], = pungr, q.v.; hann tók línhúfu ór pússi sínum, Nj. 193; tók hann þá jaxl ór pússi sínum, 203, Fms. vi. 235., Þorst. Síðu H. 177; þá mundi horfinn hlutr ór pússi hans, Landn. 174. pústr, m., the r is radical, [early Swed. puster], a box on the ear, a blow with the fist in the face, Fas. iii. 479, Gþl. 177, Karl. 65; konungr sló hana pústr. Fms. vi. 4; ætla ek at þar muni þá vera hrundningar eða pústrar, Eg. 765; svívirðr með pústrum, Mar. púta, u, f. [early Fr. pute], a harlot, Nj. 140, Fms. vii. 162, xi. 54, N.G.L. i. 327, Rétt. 36, Stj. 188, 558, Fb. i. 158, Karl. 100. COMPDS: pútu-barn, pútu-sonr, m. a whore-son, a term of abuse, Flóv. 26, Fb. i. 256. Jb. 102. pútna-hús, n. a brothel, Sks. 358. pútna-maðr, m. a whoremonger, MS. 4. 31. pylsa, u. f. [Dan. pölse], a sausage; lífrar-p., n liver sausage. pynda or pynta, t, [from A.S. pund = a fold, Engl. pond, pound, and not from Lat. poena; A.S. pyndan; cp. provinc. Engl. pindar or pynder] :-- to extort, compel by brute force; skal eigi pynda yðr til Kristni, Ld. 172; at pynda hann til blóta, Fms. i. 38; konungr vildi eigi at bændr væri pyndir til svá mikilla fégjalda, x. 113: sögðu at bændr vildi eigi hafa frekari álög af konungi, en forn lög stæði til, ... sögðusk í engu vilja láta pynda sik, xi. 224; en móti flutningi þeirra, at biskupar pyndi um rétt fram, Bs. i. 702: to torment, pyndir þú ok pinir, drepr ok deyðir. Barl. 106; at þú vilt pina mik eðr pynda, 116. pynding, f. extortion, tyranny; álögur ok pyndingar Haralds konungs, Fms. vi. 192: hafa slíkar pyndingar (extortions) af honum, xi. 253; ok höfðu engar pyndingar á mönnum, iv. 84; láta engra pyndinga við þurfa, vii. 304: pyndingar ok kúgan, Ó.H. 61; konungr fann þat, at Þorfinnr var mikin skapstærri ok kunni verr pynding þessi, 98; krafir ok pyndingar, K.Á. 220, Bs. i. 702. 2. mod. torture, torment. pyngja, u, f. [pungr], a purse: peninga-p. pysja, u, f. the young of a puffin, called so in the south of Icel. pytla, u, f. [cp. Fr. bouteille: Engl. bottle], a little bottle. pytta, t, to dam, D.N. pyttr, m., pl. pyttar, Fs. 157, but mod. pyttir; [Engl. pit; mid. H.G. pute; Lat. puteus] :-- a 'pit,' pool, cesspool; í Helvítis pytt, Mar.; p. djúpr ok víðr. Bs. i. 452; í einn fúlan pytt, Fas. iii. 295; í enn saurgasta pytt, Karl. 320: saur-p., Ísl. ii. 367; flæðar-p., Fs. 158; hann hrapar í pyttinn, id.; djúpasta pytts, Stj.: a pit without water, Stj. 194. pýta, t, [púta], stuprare, Al. 87: reflex., El. 104. pækill, m. [from the Engl.], pickle, but only used of salt, saltpetre (salt-pækill), or the like. pæla, d, [páll], to dig, dig up. pæla, u, f. a rugged, dug up place. pör, n. pl. pairs; see par. 2. stráka-pör, bad tricks; heimsku-pör, foolish tricks. pöróttr, adj. trickish. Q Q (kú), the sixteenth letter, was in old vellums chiefly or only used in the digraph qu, perhaps under the influence of the Latin; it was afterwards disused in MSS. of the 15th century, but was reintroduced in printing (even Björn Halldórsson's Dict. has a special Qu), until of late it has been discarded, and k is used throughout. All words beginning with Qu are therefore to be sought for under k.

R -- RAKNA. 481

R R, (err), the seventeenth letter, had in the old Runes two forms; one as initial and medial (radical), RUNE; the other as final (inflexive), RUNE or RUNE. Of the last two, RUNE is used in the old Runes (stone in Tune, the Golden horn) in the words gastir, hokingar, wiwar, as these inscriptions have now finally been read and settled by Prof. Bugge of Christiana; RUNE is used in the common Runes; and its name was reið, -- reið kveða rossum versta, in the Runic poem. B. PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING. -- The pronunciation is as in Italian or in mod. Gr. (rh), and this still survives in Norway and Sweden, whereas the Danes have adopted a guttural r, which an Icelandic throat is unable to produce In ancient times radical and inflexive r were perhaps different in sound, as may be inferred from the spelling on the old Runic monuments, as well as from comparison; for the inflexive r was in the Gothic a sibilant (s), so that the Runic RUNE and RUNE may well have represented a sound intermediate between r and s. II. the inflexive r is assimilated in words such as heill, steinn, lauss: dropped in nagl, fors, son, vin, see the Gramm. :-- the ancient writers have a double r in nouns and adverbs, such as sárr, stórr, ferr, síðarr, optarr, meirr; even against etymology, as in hárr (high), márr (a mew). In mod. usage a final rr is never sounded. Again, in gen. and dat. fem. and gen. plur. and in compar., in words such as þeirri, þeirrar, þeirra, færri, fárra, the mod. sound and spelling is rr, where the ancients seem to have sounded one r only, þeiri, þeirar, þeira, færi, fára, which pronunciation is said to be retained in eastern Icel.; the Editions, however, have mostly adopted rr. The spelling of the vellums is often dubious, as in them a double r is written either dotted (r) UNCERTAIN or with a small capital R, but mostly without a fixed rule :-- Norse vellums often give rs for ss (mersa = messa, þersi = þessi, e.g. in the Hauksbók). C. CHANGES. -- As the Icel. cannot sound w before r, a set of words which in Engl. and even mod. Dan. and Swed. begin with w, in Icel. belong to r; thus, rangr, röng, rata, reini, reitr, reista, reka, ríða, ríta, reiðr, rindill, risi, rist, röskr, róg, rugl, rölta, qs. wrangr, ... wrölta. In a few words the r has been dropped after a labial, thus Icel. víxl = A.S. wrixl, Icel. beisl = A.S. bridels, Lat. frenum, Icel. bauta-steinn qs. brautar-steinn; Icel. vá qs. vrá, Hm 25, Skv. 3. 29; or a false r is inserted, as in the Icel. ábristir = Engl. beestings, Goth. beist. Germ. beist-milch; bræla and bæla, bál; analogous are Engl. pin and prin, speak and A.S. spræcan, Germ. sprechen, Icel. freta, Lat. pedo :-- in a few Norse vellums ðr for ð is used before s, l, n, oðrla = öðla = óðala, öðrlask = öðlask, Guðrs = Guðs, heiðrnir = heiðnir, liðrsemd = liðsemd, soðrla = söðla, ráðrleitni = ráðleitni, e.g. the O.H.L. (see the pref. to Prof. Unger's Ed. p. ix), owing to an inability of sounding ðl, ðs. Again, metathesis has taken place in ragr, rass, = argr, ars. &FINGER; All words having a radical initial h (hr) are to be sought for under h; see the introduction to that letter. rabba (rabb, n), að, to babble, talk nonsense, Karl. 231. RAÐA, að, [röð], to place in order, with dat.; raða e-u niðr, whence niðr-raðan. order. raddaðr, part. having a voice of web and such tone, Bs. i. 154. raddar-, from rödd (q.v.), the voice. radd-lið, n. a band of singers, musical band. Fas. ii. 506. radd-maðr, m. a man with a fine voice, Sturl. ii. 230, Bs. i. 127. radd-sveif, f. the 'voice-tiller' = the tongue, Haustl. raf-band, n. a rosary or necklace of amber beads, D.N. i. 743, iii. 417. RAFR, m., pl. rafir and rafar, amber; in raf-kastandi. rastar raf, sea amber, of which necklaces were made, Lex. Poët., cp. Tacit. Germ. ch. 45. II. metaph. the amber-like fat and fins of a flounder hung up to dry and eaten as a dainty; rikling ok rafi, Sturl. i. 164, v.l.; einn gildr rafr, D.N. v. 616; sex rafi, i. 183; rafa, riklinga, N.G.L. iii. 119: in mod. usage it is called rafa-belti, n. the belt or round of the fins, Dipl. iii. 4. rafa-kollr, m. a nickname, Sturl. rag, n a roving about. raga, að, [Dan. rave], to stagger about. raggaðr, part. provided with röggvar, q.v. raggaðar-klæði, n. = röggvarklæði, Fas. i. 346. Ragi, a, m. a pr. name, Landn. Raga-bróðir, m. a nickname, id. ragl, n. a reeling; ókyrrt hjól. ragl, ról, Hallgr. ragla, að, to stagger about. Run. Gramm.; dýr ragla, Hallgr. rag-menni, n. a craven person. Fas. ii. 49 (in a verse). rag-mennska, u, f. craven fear, cowardliness, Karl. rag-mæli, n. an ignominious calumny, the accusing one of being 'ragr;' ok bera þar upp ragmæli (rógmæli Ed. erroneously) um Þorstein, með því móti at Þorsteinn væri kona níundu hverja nótt, ok ætti þá viðskipti við karlmenn, Þorst. Siðu H. 175, Sd. 142, Eb. 60. ragn, n. a cursing, swearing. ragna, að, [regin], to imprecate, use exorcism; hygg ek at þú hafir ragnat at mér svá rammar vættir at ek varð at falla fyrir, Fms. ii 150; nema þeim ragni íllska eðr úvizka, unless they be cursed (afflicted?) with illness or insanity, N.G.L. i. 3. 2. in mod. usage, to swear; blóta og ragna, to curse and swear. ragna-rök, see regin and rök. RAGR, adj. [rög, ragt (q.v.), by way of metathesis from argr] :-- craven, cowardly; bíð þú ef þú ert eigi ragr, Nj. 205; hinnig værir þú undir brún at líta sem þú mundir eigi ragr, 55; en ek vissa þá eigi at ek munda eiga stafnbúinn bæði rauðan ok ragan, Fms. ii. 308; vesöl eru vér konungs er bæði er haltr ok ragr, vi. 322; ragr sem geit, Kari. 398; rennr þú nú, Úlfr enn ragi, ... Kallaðir þú þá eigi Úlf enn raga, er ek lagða til at hjálpa þér, er Svíar börðu yðr áðr sem hunda, ÓH. 167; ragr riddari, Str. 59; Hagbarðr inn ragi, Hbl. 27. 2. = argr, q.v.; e.g. to say that a man is a woman (blauðr) is the gravest abuse in the language: Þorvaldr svarar, ek þolda eigi er þeir kölluðu okkr raga, Biskup mælti, þat var lítil þolraun, þóat þeir lygi þat at þú ættir börn, þú hefir fært orð þeirra á verra veg, þvíat vel mætta ek bera börn þin ef þú ættir nokkur, Bs. i. 44; þegi þú, rög vættr, Ls. 61 (of Loki, of whom it is also said, átta nætr vartú fyrir jörð neðan, kýr mólkandi ok kona, ok hefir þú þar börn borit, ok hugða ek þat args aðal, 23); verða ek kona hin ragasta, ef ..., Karl. 405; rass-ragr: any one who used this word to a person might be killed on the spot with impunity, otherwise the penalty for it was full outlawry; þau eru orð þrjú er skóggang varða öll, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, ... enda á maðr vígt í gegn þeim orðum þremr, Grág. ii. 147. rag-skapr, m. dastardliness, MS. 4. 16, Karl. 80, 318; íllsku ok ergi, hórdóm ok ragskap, Barl. 138. rag-speki, f. cowardice. Mag. 65. rak, n. the rakings of hay in a field: en kona tók rökin, Grett. 109 new Ed., freq. in mod. usage, but only in plur. II. the wick in a lamp. RAKA, að, [Engl. to rake], to rake or sweep away; hann rakaði á burt með hendi sinni Lv. 50. 2. to rake hay; hann sló, en kona hans rakaði ljá eptir honum, ok bar reifa-barn á baki, Bs. i. 666; raka upp hey, Eb. 260; tók hón eigi at raka upp, þótt þat væri mælt, id.; þeir rökuðu upp töðuna, Háv. 47; raka ljá, Fb. i. 522: raka saman fé, to rake money together, Ísl. ii. 14, Glúm. 364. II. [Swed. raka], to shave; lét hann göra sér kerbað ok fór í, ok lét raka sik, Fms. x. 147; hón rakar af Samson sjau hans lokka, Stj. 418; raka skegg, Karl. 95; rakat jaðar-skegg, Sks. 66 new Ed.; ok rakaði um höfuðit á Hálfdani, Fas. iii. 535. rak-hlaup, n. a running straight; með rakhlaupinu, Fms. viii. 410. raki, a, m. dampness, wet; rakinn á trénu, Best. 60: passim in mod. usage, raki í húsi, damp in a house; raki í jörðu. RAKKI, a, m. a dog, Sturl. iii. 116; rakki, skikkju-r., a lap-dog, Orkn. 114; lá rakkinn á húsum uppi, Nj. 114; rakkar þar geyja, verðr glaumr hunda ..., Am. 24; hér eru rakkar tveir, er ek vil gefa þér, þeir vóru harðla litlir ok fagrir, viðjar vóru á þeim af gulli, ok spennt gull-hring um háls hvárum þeirra, Fas. iii. 45, Stj. 71; sumir menn segja at hann sendi rakkann til Finns þess, er heitið hafði at lækna hann Fb. i. 394; konungr tók þá fætr rakkans ok lagði at stýrinu, 405. rakka-víg, n. a dog fight, Bs. ii. 148; smá-r., Stj. 99. II. [Shetl. rakie], naut. the ring by which the sail-yard moves round the mast, Edda (Gl.) passim in mod. usage: poët. a ship is called rakka hjörtr, the ring-hart, Hkv. rakk-látr, adj. bold, upright, Am. 61. rakk-liga, adv. boldly, valiantly, Hallfred. rakk-læti, n. boldness, Hom. (St.) RAKKR, adj. [Dan. rank = slender, of stature], prop. straight, slender; sé ek at þú heldr nokkut rakkara halanum en fyrir stundu, Ölk 36; rökk brúðr, slender, Orkn. (in a verse); rökk drós, Bs. ii. (in a verse). 2. metaph. upright, courageous, bold; but hardly used except in poetry, vera rakkr at húsum (better rækinn, v.l.), Sks. 92 new Ed.; rakkr þengill, Sighvat: freq. in poët. compds, fólk-r., dáð-r., Lex. Poeuml;t.: and used in prose in hug-rakkr, bold, hence is derived rekkr, q.v. rak-leið, f. (but used adverb.), straightway; r. norðr til Björgynjar, Fms. viii. 331. rak-leiðis, adv. straight. rak-leitt, n. adj. straight, Fms. ix. 285, 473, 484. rak-lendi, n. damp land. rak-lendr, adj. damp, wet, of land. RAKNA, að, to be unwound, unwind itself; en þráðrinn raknaði af hörhnoða, Fms. vi. 296; rakna upp, to get loose, of a seam or the like: þá lætr Loðinn rakna hendr af Sigríði, L. loosened the grasp, let S slip through his hands, Fbr. 138; láta hendr rakna niðr fyrir sik, to let the hands sink, hold them still, Sks. 92 new Ed. 2. to be paid back, restored; láta ránit r., to slip it, yield it up, Bs. i. 15, Sturl. ii. 210 C; enda verða at r. (must be discharged) leigurnar allar fyrst, Grág. i. 188, 189; þá skal allt r. féit þat er með var fundit, 276; ok raknar þá mundrinn, in that case the 'mund' is to be paid, 318; þá raknar undan þeinrer UNCERTAIN áðr löfðu, 190; at gripir jarls raknaði, that they should be restored to him, Fms. xi. 87. 3. láta trú eðr vinfengi r. eðr réna, to slacken or lessen, Hom. (St.); láta eigi sannindi rakna, H.E. i. 245; seint tók gleðin at rakna, Skíða R. II. rakna við, to come to one's senses,

482 RAKNAN -- RANGÆSKR.

come to oneself, of one in a swoon and the like; Þorsteinn raknaði skjótt við, Fb. i. 417; jarl féll þá í úvit ... jarl raknaði við, 212; en aðrir menn fluttu Jón til lands kominn at bana, sátu þeir yfir honum þar til er hann raknaði við, Fms. vii. 166, Orkn. 238, Fas. ii. 87; rakna úr roti, to recover from a stunning blow: of grief, Fs. 153: of a person astray, þar til er Guðmundr raknar við, at þeir mundu eigi fara rétt, Bs. i. 472: hence the mod. corruption, ranka við sér, of a person who has lost his way and comes to himself again. raknan, f. discharge, outlay, N.G.L. ii, 429, v.l. Rakni, a, m. the name of a sea-king, his way, path, poët. = the sea, Edda; Rakna stóð, the steed of R., a ship, Ad. 13. RAKR, adj., rök, rakt, damp, wet, freq. in mod. usage, vera rakr í fætrnar; of the earth, það er rakt; rakar engjar, with regard to mowing, see rekja. II. straight; fasta sjau daga í röku, seven days continuously, 623. 27. rak-skorinn, part. clean-shaven, Gísl. (in a verse). rak-spölr, m., proncd. rek-spölr, the straight way; fara réttan rakspöl, to go straight on. rakstr, m. a raking: raktrar-kona, u, f., freq. 2. shaving; rakstr-maðr, m. a barber, Stj. 418. II. [reka, a different word], driving, N.G.L. i. 410; better rekstr, q.v. ram-aukinn, part. powerful, with the notion of charmed power, of a great wizard; r. ok fjölkunnigr, Landn. 249; hann var mjök r., 107, Hdl. 34. ramba, að, to rock, sway to and fro; ramba stól (dat.), to rock a chair: of the body, to strut, hvað dugir þó ríkr rambi, reigi sig og standi á þambi, Hallgr. rambaldi, a, m. the axis on which a bell moves, Run. Gramm., Bjarni 77. ram-bygðr, part. strong-built, Krók. 53, Post. 35. ram-byggiliga, adv. strongly, of building, Fas. i. 88. ram-byggligr, adj. = rambygðr: = reimt, hunted, Bs. i. 467. ram-efldr, part. powerfully strong. ram-görr, adj. strong-built. Fas. ii. 250, Fms. iii. 124, 310, Mart. 127. ram-hugaðr, adj. strong of mind, Bkv. 2. 25. ram-leikr, m. strength; in the phrase, göra e-ð af eigin ramleik. ram-liga, adv. strongly; göra r. samband várt, Ó.H. 6l; binda r., Nj. 136, Hkr. i. 26, Fms. i. 10; stað r., locked strongly, 104; ganga at r., in wrestling, Fas. iii. 253; öxar r. skeptar, Gþl. 104; hestr vel skúaðr ok r., Sks. 402; dysjuðu þeir Þórólf þar r., Eb. 172; setja r. skorður við, Fms. vii. 280; munu vér þurfa at göra r. samband várt, Ó.H. 61. ram-ligr, adj. strong; hús ramlig, Nj. 196; í ramligri lokrekkju, Ld. 268; r. skíðgarðr, Fb. i. 545; ramligt samband, Fms. iv. 148. RAMR, adj., röm, ramt; rammr is a less correct form, as shewn by the passage, ramr er sterkr en rámr enn hási, Skálda (Thorodd) 163: and by the rhymes, gramr, rami Hallfred; sömum, römum, Ht. 38; but we also have gamma, ramma, Vellekla; römm, skömmu, Cod. Fris. 255: mod. usage distinguishes between ramr, strong, and rammr, bitter, whence remma, bitterness: [North. E. ram] :-- strong, stark, mighty, of bodily strength, ramr at afli, Nj. 219, Eb. 182, Ld. 26, Eg. 52, 596, Fs. 3, 54; kvaðat mann raman, Hým. 28: the phrase, setja ramar skorður við e-u, af nokkurum römmum ribbalda, Stj. 65, and passim: the allit. phrase, við raman er reip at draga, to pull a rope with the strong, to struggle against what is fated, Nj. 10, Fs. 75, Fms. ii. 107 :-- strong, mighty, with the notion of fatal or charmed power; ramt tré, Hm. 137; þau blót verða römust er lifandi menn eru blótaðir, Fms. ii. 77; atkvæði ramra hluta, Fs. 23: römm ummæli, Grett. 177 new Ed.; röm ragna rök, Vsp. 40; röm róg, Sdm. 37; ramt mein, Edda (in a verse); sá er goðin ætti ramari, Fms v. 319; ramar fylgjur, Fs. 50; rammar vættir, Fms. ii. 150; raman ok röskvan Ríg, Rm. 1; svá ríkt eðr ramt, Edda 27; gala ramt (adverb.), Og 6; fátt er ramara en forneskjan, a saying, Grett. 144 :-- vehement, röm ást, strong love, Korm.; ramr harmr, Fms. iv. (in a verse); röm víg. fiery slaughter, vi. (in a verse) :-- as a nickname, hann var mikill maðr ok sterkr ok kallaðr Þórarinn rammi, Korm. 140; Finnbogi rammi, Landn. II. bitter, biting, opp. to sweet; ramr reykr, Merl. 1. 12: vatn þat er þrysvar ramt, ... en gott ávalt þess á milli, Rb. 354; römm reyksvæla, Hkr. Cod. Fris. 255 (in a verse); ramt gras, Eluc. 141; rammar súrur, Hom. 119; ramr drykkr, Hom. (St.) III. in poët, compds, ram-dýr, of ships; -blik, the strong beam = gold; -glygg, a strong gale; -þing, a meeting = battle, Lex. Poët. ram-riðinn, part. hard-ridden, an epithet of the sea crossed by the sea-steeds, Ad. 13. ram-skakkr, adj. quite wrong, absurd. ram-sleginn, part. hard-beaten, mounted, of swords, Lex. Poët. ram-staðr, adj. stubborn as if rooted to the spot, of a horse, Bs. ii. 335. v.l. ram-syndr, adj. a strong swimmer, Lex. Poët. ram-viltr, part. quite bewildered. randar-, see rönd; from rönd, a shield, whence also are formed the poët, compds, rand-álfr, -berendr, -ullr, -viðr, = a warrior; rand-él, -fár, -óp, = battle; rand-áll, -gálkn, -hængr, -laukr, -linnr, -ormr, = a sword; rand-garðr, -hvel, -láð, -völlr, = a shield. 2. pr. names of men, Rand-verr; of women, Rand-eiðr, Fms.; Rand-gríð, one of the Valkyriur, Gm. rand-verk, n.; in Darr. for randverks blá read Randves-bana = Odin(?), see the tale in Edda 76, 77; the poet seems to take Bikki to have been Odin in disguise. ranga-, see röng, a ship's rib. rangali, a, m. a passage, a narrow crooked lane, alley. rang-barmr, m. = rangbyrði, Edda (Ht.) rang-beinn, n. wry-legged, the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.) rang-byrði, n. [röng], the gunwale(?); Án skaut einum fork undir rangbyrðit á skútunni, Fas. ii. 355. rang-dæma, d, to judge unjustly, Anecd. 108, Bs. ii. 60, Barl. 44. rang-dæmi, n. a wrong doom, unjust sentence, Al. 4, Anecd. 118, Sks. 110. rang-eygr, adj. squint-eyed, Fms. ii. 154; ert þú þar fyrir rangeygðr þóat ek sé góðgjarn, Matth. xx. 15. rang-fenginn, part. wrongly got, got by iniquity, Fms. xi. 446, Gþl. 121. rang-flytja, flutti, to state wrongly, misstate, Anecd. 106. rang-fluttr, part. carried wrongly, Grág. ii. 382. rang-færa, ð, = rangflytja, Jb. 171 :-- to misconstrue. rang-hverfa, u, f. the wrong side of a cloth, opp. to rétthverfa, Dan. vrangen, vrang-siden. rang-hverfr, adj. turning inside out. rang-hvolfa, ð; in the phrase, r. augum, to roll the eyes wildly. rangindi, also spelt rangyndi, n. pl. unrighteousness, Nj. 142, Eg. 350, Fms. vi. 27, ix. 330, x. 402, N.G.L. i. 125, Al. 34, Bær. 16, Fs. 36, passim. rang-kveðja, kvaddi, to summon wrongly, Grág. i. 51, Nj. 237. rangla, að, (rangl, n.), = ragla (q.v.), to stroll idly about. ranglát-ligr, adj. unjust, Sks. 15. rang-látr, adj. unrighteous, unjust, Nj. 223, Eg. 336, Fms. x. 420, Hom. 5, N.T., Pass., Vídal. :-- as a nickname, Landn. 198. rang-leikr, m. injustice, Hom. 33. rang-liga, adv. wrongly, Fms. ix. 509, Band. 9, Bs. i. 392, ii. 71, N.G.L. ii. 150. rang-ligr, adj. wrong, unjust, Anecd. 12, Fms. i. 22, Stj. 406. rang-lýsa, t, to announce wrongly, Grág. ii. 25. rang-læti, n. unrighteousness, Anecd 16, Band. 12, Bs. i. 135, Fs. 35, Eb. 56 new Ed., Th. 27, Bs. ii. 60, Stj. 546; ranglætis dómr, flekkr, an unrighteous doom, a sentence, a blot, work of iniquity. Anecd. 22, Stj. 142. COMPDS: ranglætis-maðr, m. an unrighteous man, Fs. 8. rang-lætis-verk, n. a work of unrighteousness, Stj. 239, Mar., Vídal., passim. rang-muðr, m. wrong-mouth, a nickname, Orkn. rang-mæli, n. a false expression. rang-nefndr, part. wrongly nominated, Jb. 51. RANGR, röng, rangt, adj., compar. rangari, superl. rangastr; older form vrangr, which remains in Bragi: [mod. Swed. vrång; Dan. vrang; and in southern Norway also sounded vrang, Ivar Aasen; as also Goth. wraiqs: Engl. wrong. The Engl. wrong seems to be a Dan. word, as it does not appear in the A.S., although it has the parent word wringan, Engl. wring] :-- awry, not straight, opp. to réttr; skór er skapaðr ílla eðr skapt er rangt, Hm. 127; ofra vröngnm ægi, he wuuld not paddle in the wrong water, i.e. pull backwards, Bragi; er hann fóttreðr flein sinn rangan. Fas. ii. 122 (in a verse); fótr var rangr, the foot was wrung, sprained, D.N. iv. 90: as also in the compds rang-eygr, rang-hverfa (q.v.), and rang-hvolfa :-- this sense, however, although common in mod. Dan. and Swed., was never used in Icel., even by the oldest writers, and the word is only used II. metaph. wrong, unjust, unrighteous; telja þat rangt er rétt er, en þat rétt er rangt er, Anal.; rangr dómr, Barl. 44, N.G.L. ii. 63; rangr eiðr, 174; röng fýst, Fb. ii. 391; ef menn hafa stikur rangar eðr kvarða ranga, Grág. i. 498; alnar rangar, id., rangar vættir, 499; röng kaup, Hom. 21; búar rangir í kvöð, Grág. ii. 40 :-- neut., með röngu, wrongly, Eg. 282; aðrir rétt en aðrir rangt, Grág. i. 80; stefna rangt, Nj. 35; hafa rangara mæla, Grág. i. 393. rang-sáttr, adj. disagreeing, Fms. viii. 30, Orkn. 40, Fas. i. 443. rang-settr, part. misplaced, Anecd. 20. rang-sleitni (rang-sleitinn, adj.), f. injustice. rang-snara, að, to turn wrong, Stj. 244. rang-snúa, sneri, = rangsara, Stj. 343: to misstate, Bs. ii. 64. rang-sýni, n. a wrong view, Al. 101. rang-sælis, adv. [sól], withershins, against the sun, Grett. 167, Fær. 169, Fb. i. 553, Fas. iii. 337 (sec andsælis). rang-særi, n. perjury, Hom. (St.) rang-turna, að, to turn the wrong way, upset, Bs. ii. 71, Mar. rang-virða, ð, to reckon wrongly, Grág. ii. 200. rang-virðing, f. wrong reckoning, Fbr. 142. Rang-æskr, adj. and Rangæingar, m. pl. the men from the county Rangár-vellir in Icel.: Rang-á, f. the Rang-water, i.e. the 'wrong, crooked water'(?), prob. thus called from the angle or bend near Oddi, for in old times the Thwerá was but a small tributary river until the Markarfljót broke into its bed; cp. Dan. Wrange-bek, Dipl. Arnam. i. 22.

RANI -- RAUÐKEMBINGR. 483

RANI, a, m. a hog's snout, Fb. ii. 27; brendan rana af svíni, Fms. vi. 365 (in a verse); tún-svín þat er hringr eða knappr eða við sé í rana, Grág. ii. 232; of a snake, ein naðra gróf inn sínum rana, Fas. i. 220. 2. of the snout-shaped battle-order, (cp. svínfylking, hamalt); Eríkr konungr fylku svá liði sínu, at rani var á framan á fylkingunni, ok lukt allt útan með skjaldborg, Fms. xi. 304; þó at raninn verði harðsóttr á fylking hans, Fb. ii. 43; Hringr hafði svínfylkt liði sínu ... rani var í brjósti, Fas. i. 380, cp. 'acies per cuneos componitur,' Tacit. Germ. ch. 6, and 'Germani ex consuetudine sua phalange facta,' Caesar B.G. i. ch. 52. 3. a hog-shaped hill or elevation. ranka, að, see rakna; ranka við e-u, to remember dimly. Ranka, u, f, contr. for Ragneiðr, see Gramm. p. xxxiv. RANN, n., pl. rönn, Ó.H. 23 (in a verse), Hkr. iii. 43, 74 (in a verse); gen. pl. ranna, Gm. 24: [Ulf. razna = GREEK; A.S. ræsn; this ancient word is obsolete in prose, but remains in the Engl. law term ransack, prop. 'house-search'] :-- a house; ossum rönnum í, Skm. 14; at háfu Heljar ranni, Vtkv. 3; rymr varð í ranni, Fas. i. 492 (in a verse); styrr varð í ranni, Hðm. 24; sköptum er rann rept, Gm. 9; í væru ranni, 13; ranna þeirra er ek rept vita, 24; í ranni Randvés, Bragi: in prose, in the saving, opt er þat í karls húsi, er ekki er í konungs ranni, Fas. iii. 155 :-- poët., sólar rann, éla rann, the sun-hall, tempest-hall = the sky; aldar rann, man's abode = the earth; óðar rann, the mind's house = the breast; Sörla rann, Reifnis rann = a shield, Lex. Poët.; and in compds, ský-rann, glygg-rann, há-rann, hregg-rann, þey-rann, the sky-hall = heavenly vault; hval-rann, a whale's home = the sea; fjör-rann, life's house = the breast; dverg-rann, a dwarf's house = the rocks; leg-rann, the bed's room = the house; mjoð-rann, mead's hall = a drinking-hall; auð-rann, a treasury; böl-rann, bale's abode = death, etc., Lex. Poët. The word is still used by Icel. poets, but is masc. rannr, though it is still neut. in poems of the 16th century, heilagt rann, ... rannið friða, Bs. ii. 309 (a poem of 1540); it is freq. even in mod. hymns, í heimsins rann, Hallgr.; sælu-ranns, Pass. 25. 10. II. in a pr. name, Rann-veig, Landn., and perh. Rann-verr, also spelt Rand-verr. rann-sak, n. a ransacking, N.G.L i. 83, 255; slíkt ransak sem þeim hæfir framast at prófa, Gþl. 33; sem hefir bréf konungs várs fyrir sér til lanðs vistar eða rannsaks, 139 rann-saka, að, [Swed. ransaka; Dan. ransage; Engl. ransack; a word which must be of Dan. origin, for it does not occur in A.S.; moreover, the A.S. form of the first part of the compd is ræsn, and the assimilation of zn or sn into nn is peculiar to the Scandin. language] :-- to ransack, prop. to 'search a house;' ef hann vill fleiri bólstaði r. en einn, þeir lagsmenn skolu ganga at garði þar er þeir vilja r., Grág. ii. 193; ef þeir bera f. la inn á hendr mönnmn er r. skolu, 195, Stj. 181, Rd. 285; Birkibeinar höfðu eigi rannsakat bæinn, Fms. viii. 191; en þá er allar vánir vóru rannsakaðar fannsk sveinninn eigi. v. 216; hann rannsakaði með sundi djúpit, x. 370; ok var rannsakat liðit (mustered) ok hafði hann eigi meirr en tvau hundruð, ix. 367; síðan rannsakaði hann rúmit er hón hafði hvílt í, Eg. 566; skulu vér rannsaka alla eyna, Eg. 218; r. Guðs boðorð, 677. 6; r ritningar, Al. 6. II. reflex., menn skoln láta rannsakask áðr gangi inn, at eigi beri þeir fóla á hendr mönnum, enda svá þeir er út ganga, Grág. ii. 195. rann-sakan, f. ransacking, Stj. 181, Ld. 44 -- a searching, enquiry. rann-sókn, f, as a law term, ransacking a house for stolen things or the like, for a description of which see N.G.L. i. 83, 84, 255, in Grág. ii. 188-195 called rannsókna-þáttr, as also Rd. ch. 2, 18, Njarð. 376: metaph. a search, enquiry, passim in mod. usage. RAPTR, m. [Engl. rafter], a rafter, Eb. 224, Gullþ. 17; þeir víggyrðn kirkju-garðinn með röptum, Sturl. i. 185; krók-r., birki-r. 2. rafters, the roof, ceiling; hann stakk Gríðar-veli upp í raptana, Edda 61, Am. 62, Hom. 95; hann lá úti á herskipum, svá at hann kom eigi undir sótkan rapt, Orkn. 478, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 34; inn-raptar, q.v. :-- a local name, Rapta-hlíð, Sturl. COMPDS: rapta-bulungr, m. a pile of rafters, Sturl. ii. 47, Þórð. 19. rapt-skógr, m. wood for rafters, Vm. 108. rapt-viðr, m. wood for rafters, Am. 30; raptviðar-högg, D.I. i. 522. ras, n. [Scot. rash], a rush: allit., fylgir sjaldan ráð rasi, a saying. Fms. xi. 377; ras ok ráðleysi, Thom. 249; rasi þínu ok ákafa, Fas. iii. 91; ok er ofmikit ras á fyrir þér, Band. 10. RASA, að, to rush headlong; slíks er mér ván, sagði Höskuldr, þú fórt rasandi mjök, Nj. 155; en rasa eigi eptir reiði sinni, Fb. ii. 303; hefir þetta fólk farit æst ok rasanda, Fms. xi. 275: the saying, rasa fyrir ráð fram, Ld. 242; hætt er rasanda ráði, a saw, Pass. 48. 12; rasandi reiði, Mar.; rasa fram, to rush forwards, Al 23. II. to stumble; hestr rasaði undir honum, Landn. 146; hestr Guðmundar rasaði Fms. iii. 184; ef blindr leiðir blindan þá rasa þeir báðir, 655 xx. 3: þá rasar Sturla ok feilr, Bs. i. 527; Þorbjörn karl gékk fyrir ok fór mjök rasandi (staggering, Ed. hrasandi), Hrafn. 15. rasan, f. a rushing, Al. 146; see hrasan. ras-gjöf, f., in the saying, ragr maðr tekr aptr rasgjöf sinn, a miserly fellow takes back his rash gifts. rask, n. fish-offal. RASKA, að, to rock, displace, dislodge, with dat.; ek raskaði honum eigi, 655 viii. 2; verði engi svá djarfr at raski því leiði sem hann liggr, Stj. 650; lét hann mikla refsing eiga fyrir at koma er konunga-eign var raskat, Fms. vii. 129; ef Guðs rétti var raskat, iv. 111; eigi trevstusk menn at raska kosti þeirra, people dared not disturb them, Ld. 146; eigi raskar þat kirkju-vígslunni, K.Á. 28; raski engi föstu-tíð dróttins-dags haldi, Hom. (St.); meðan steinunum er úraskat í altarinu, N.G.L. i. 133; rangliga raskat, Bs. i. 392. rass, m. = ars (q.v.) by metathesis, Lat. anus; örin flýgr beint í rassinn á konunginum, Fms. xi. 64, Lv. 6l; höggit ór rófurnar við rass upp, Fas. i. 80. COMPDS: rass-gat, n. fissura ani. rass-görn, f. the great gut, Nj. 185. rass-hverfingr, m. of a horse of which the anus protrudes, N.G.L. i. 75. rassa-klof, n. fissura ani, N.G.L. i. 81. rass-ragr, adj. Sodomitic, a word of infamy, Sturl. ii. 59. rass-særi, n. soreness from riding. rastar-, see röst. RATA, að, originally vrata, [Ulf. wraton = GREEK], to travel, fare, journey: in the old allit. phrase, rata víða (prop. allit. vrata víða), to fare widely; sá einn veit, er víða ratar | ok hefir fjöld um farit, Hm. 17; vits er þörf þeim er víða ratar, 5; Vingþórr ek heiti, ek hefi víða ratað, Am. 6: with acc. to find the way, ok ratar hann harðla stóra fjallvegu, Fas. ii. 258: to hit, find, þat varð stundum, at menn viltusk á mörkum, at menn rötuðu þá til þeirra heimkynna, iii. 4: allvel hefir þetta til borit, Þorgils, er ek hefi þik hér ratað, Ld. 176; þat skip hafði ratað í hafinu várkulda ok aðrar raunir, Bs. ii. 439. 2. in mod. usage absol. to find the way; eg rata ekki, I do not know the way. 3. metaph. to fall into, of misfortune; ek hefi ratað í vandræði mikit, Nj. 98; er þú skalt ratað hafa í svá mikla úhamingju, Ó.H. 115; rata í mikla heimsku, Andr. 71; rata í ólukku, Fb. ii. 74; rata í stór áfelli, Al. 83; þessir stórhlutir, er vér höfum í ratað (hratað Ed.), Fms. i. 295 :-- reflex. in the phrase, opt ratask kjöptugum satt á munn, even a gabbler may by chance speak a true word. II. to reel, collapse; gífr rata, Vsp. 52; ratar görliga (collapses) ráð Sigurðar, Skv. 1. 36, (rare.) ratan, f a falling into, K.Á. 104. rati, a, m., qs. vrati, but the v is dropped even in old Runic inscriptions :-- prop. the traveller; it remains in the name of the squirrel, Rata-töskr = Tusk the traveller, the climber Tusk, see the tale in Edda; as also in the name of the gimlet by which Odin 'made his way' into the mountain where the mead of wisdom was hidden, Edda, Hm. 106. II. a demoniac, raver, madman, who wanders about as if hunted: in the Runic phrase, varþi at rata haugs upp briotr, may the breaker of his cairn become a rati, Rafn 181; at rita (= rata) sá varþi es stain þannsi elti eþa ept annan dragi, 188; sa varþi at rita es ailti stein þannsi eþa heþan dragi, 194, cp. the Engl. 'blest be the man that spares these stones, and curs'd be he that moves these bones,' on Shakespeare's tombstone; rati remains in the popular Icel. = a heedless, forgetful, senseless fellow, þú ert mesti rati! and ratalegr, adj. clownish, silly; rata-skapr, m. rashness, heedlessness. rat-ljóss, adj. so bright that one can find one's way. rauða, u, f. the red part or yolk of an egg. rauða-galinn, part. 'red-mad,' quite mad, Clar. rauða-haf, n. the 'red sea,' of the ocean surrounding the earth, Grág. ii. 166; hafit rauða er liggr um lönd öll: stórskp rauða hafs, Grett. (in a verse): the Red Sea, mod. rauða-rán, n. a 'red robbery,' a law term, a kind of aggravated robbery liable to skóggang, defined in Grág. ii. 191; graves adhuc immanesque rapinas ro boran cognoininare solemus, Saxo Grammat. i. 353. rauða-sótt, f., medic. flow of blood, Gþl. 498. rauða-víkingr, m. a 'red viking,' great pirate, Þorst. Stang. (begin.), Fms. xi. 121. rauð-álfr, m. a 'red elf,' a person dressed in gaudy colours; sjáið it rauðálfinn, sveinar, Nj. 70. rauð-bekri, a, m. a nickname, Landn. rauð-brestlingr, m., botan. carex saxatilis, Hjalt. rauð-brystingr, m. the redbreast, a bird. rauð-dýri, n. the red deer, K.Þ.K. 130, Orkn. 448, Karl. 390, Art. 18, Barl. 81, 137. rauð-feldr, m. red cloak, a nickname, Landn. RAUÐI, a, m. red iron-ore, haematite, from which the Norse settlers wrought iron (whence rauða-blástr, m. = the forging of haematite); hann bjó í Dalsminni (in western Icel.), hann blés fyrstr manna rauða á Íslandi. ok var hann af því kallaðr Rauða-Björn, Landn. (Melab.) 71; Skallagrímr var járnsmiðr mikill ok hafði rauða-blástr mikinn á vetrinn, Eg. 141, cp. the description in Sks. 162, 163; for remains of furnaces found in Icel. see Eggert Itin. ch. 575. 719, 720: for the phrase rauða undr, the red wonder Sks. l.c. :-- ore, hann (Saturnus) fann ok rauða þann í jörðu er hann blés gull af, Edda (pref.) 148. rauð-kápa, u, f. a red cape or cope. rauðkápu-maðr, m. the man in the red cope, Fms. vi. 131. rauð-kembingr, m. a fabulous whale or sea monster, K.Þ.K. 138, Sks. 129, Eggert Itin. 545, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 631.

484 RAUÐKINNI -- RAUST.

rauð-kinni, -kinnr, m. 'red cheek,' a kind of savage bear, Fas. ii. 413, iii. 77. rauð-magi, a, m. the red maw, the lump-fish. rauð-málmr, m. the red ore = gold, Bm. RAUÐR, adj., rauð, rautt, compar. rauðari, rauðastr, [common to all Teut. languages, although it appears not in Ulf. himself, but in the Skeirings] :-- red; rautt klæði, Nj. 35; rauðr hestr, Fs. 67: rautt skegg, Fb. iii. 246; blátt eða rautt, Grág. ii. 13; rauðr sem blóð, Ísl. ii. 220; rautt gull, Þiðr. 187; rautt berg, a red quarry, Bs. i. 830 :-- phrases, rautt brennr fyrir, 'red burns afar,' i.e. there is some hope yet; taldi enn nokkut rautt mundu fyrir brenna, Fms. viii. 34, Fs. 68; snýta rauðu, to spout blood, Fb. i. 412, Karl. 149; falda rauðu, to wear a red hood, to die a bloody death, Landn. (in a verse) :-- neut., et rauða, the yolk of an egg, Pr. 472 :-- metaph. bloody. fierce, arch, rauðr víkingr = rauða-víkingr, Fms. xi. 121; see rauðahaf, rauðarán, rauðkinni :-- various shades of red, fagr-r. fair-red, Vsp.: dreyr-r., crimson; dumb-r., chestnut-red: dökk-r., dark-red; mó-r., coffee-coloured. 2. in local names, Rauða-mýrr, Rauð-á, Rauði-gnúpr, Rauða-fell, Rauði-melr, Rauði-lækr, Rauði-sandr, Rauða-skriða, Rauða-vatn, Landn., from the reddish colour of bogs and moorlands, which was supposed to be a sign that there was iron in the soil; whence Rauðæ-ingar, Rauð-melingar, Rauð-lækingar, Rauð-sendir, the men from R., Landn., Sturl.: in pr. names, Rauðr, Rauð-úlfr, Landn. B. COMPDS: rauð-bleikr, adj. reddish, of hair, beard, Stj. 460, Eb. 30. rauð-brúnaðr, part. red-brown, dark-red, reddish, Fms. vii. 207, Sturl. i. 128. rauð-brúnn, adj. red-brown, Ld. 284, Sturl. i. 128. rauð-búinn, part. dressed in red. Lex. Poët. rauð-dropóttr, adj. red-spotted, Konr. rauð-eygðr, adj. red-eyed, Fas. iii. 594, Mag. 63. rauð-flekkóttr, adj. flecked with red, Vápn. 21. rauð-freknóttr, adj. red-freckled. Þiðr. 181. rauð-gulr, adj. yellow-red, orange. Sturl. ii. 114. rauð-hárr, rauð-hærðr, adj. red-haired, Sturl. ii. 111, Vígl. 23, Grett. 22 new Ed. rauð-klæddr, part. red-clad, Fb. i. 254. rauð-leitr, adj. ruddy, of the face, Ld. 276, Sturl. ii. 212. rauð-lita, að, to dye red, Karl. 505, rauð-litaðr, part. red-coloured, dyed red, Fms. viii. 447, Stj. 161, Ó.T. 44. rauð-litr, adj. reddish, Fms. v. 342. rauð-mengjaðr, part. mingled with red, D.N. rauð-síðóttr, adj. with red sides, of a cow, D.N. rauð-skeggjaðr, adj. red-bearded, Fær. 12; þat er mitt ráð at þú trúir aldri lágum manni ok rauðskeggjuðum, Fms. xi. 428, Fs. 142. rauð-skjöldóttr, adj. red-chequered, of cattle. rauðum-skjaldi, a, m. red-shield, a nickname, Thorsen. Rauð-skeggr, m. Red-beard, Barbarossa, a nickname, Sturl., Landn. rauð-skegla, u, f. a kind of sea-gull. Rauð-súð, f. the name of a vessel, Fms. viii. RAUF, f., pl. raufar, [raufa I, rjúfa], a rift, hole; þat er heilund, er rauf er á hausi til heila, Grág. ii. 11; rauf var á belgnum, Ld. 156; þeir lustu á rauf á hellunni, Edda 40; Flosi hugði at handklæðinu ok var þat raufar einar, Nj. 176; rauf á selgeiranum, Fms. vii. 202; þeir brutu þar á raufar, Eg. 125; bora sex raufar á, N.G.L. i. 172, Ó.H. 108; raufar himins, the sluices of heaven, 655 ix. B, (himin-raufar, Gen. vii. 11); bak-rauf, got-rauf, q.v. COMPDS: raufar-steinn, m. a stone with a hole drilled through it, Gísl. 46. raufar-trefjur, f. pl. cloth riddled with holes, Sturl. ii. 191. rauf, f. [A.S. reâf; O.H.G. rauf,] spoils; see valrauf. raufa, að, to break up, open, rip up; raufa til bagga, Fms. vi. 379; raufa alla vagna þá er Serkir hafa átt, Al. 112; Þorgeirr hleypr upp á húsit ok rýfr, ok þar sem húsit raufask, Fbr.: the phrase, raufa seyð, to break up the fire; raufa þeir seyðinn ok var ekki soðit, Edda 45; þann seyði raufar þú þar, at betr væri at eigi ryki, Ld. 208. 2. to pierce; raufa brjóst e-m. to cut the breast open, Hkv. 1. 40; skjöldr hans var raufaðr viða, his shield was riddled, Al. 147; grjóti barðr eða skeytum raufaðr, Stj. 300; þú skalt þá eigi með örum raufa né sverði slá, 660. raufa, að, [A.S. reâfian; Engl. be-reave; Germ. rauben], to rob, spoil, different from the preceding; Vindr lögðusk á valinn ok raufuðu, ok flettu menn bæði vápnum ok klæðum, Fms. xi. 380. raufari, a, m. a robber, Fms. vi. 162, vii. 27, viii. 216, Al. 62, reyfari. rauf-lauss, adj. without holes; rauflaust gler. Mar. raufóttr, adj. riddled with holes. Nj. 193, Fms. xi. 157. raula, að, to hum a song in a low doleful voice; raula bögu, raula fyrir munni sér; griðkur róa og raula, Hallgr. Snót 310 (1865). Raumar, m. pl. the name of a people in Norway: Rauma-ríki, n. a county in Norway: Raums-dalr, m. the present Romsdalen: Raum-dælir, m. pl. the men from R.: Raum-elfr, f. the river R. in Norway, Fms.: Raumskr, adj. from Romsdalen, Fms. ii. 252. raumr, m. a giant, Titan, Edda (Gl.) 2. a big, huge, clownish person, Fas. ii. 384, 546, Skíða R. 51. raumska, að, mod. rumska, to say hem! in awakening, Fas. iii. 11. RAUN, f. [akin to rún, q.v.], a trial, experiment, experience; sem opt höfðu raunir á orðit, Bjarn. 66; sem nú verða margar raunir á, Ó.H. 30; sem raunir bar á, skipt hefi ek nú skaplyndi til þín, ok mun ek göra á því nokkura raun, Fms. vii. 113; var þá sem opt eru raunir, Ó.H. 184; prófuðum vér fyrir sjálfra vár raun, ok margra dugandis manna.; framsögn, Dipl. i. 3; biskup svarar því, at önnur raun mundi á verða en at ..., Orkn. 280; sem opt bar raun á, Bs. i. 129; raunin er úlýgnust, a saying, 656 A.I. 25; látum þá hafa ena sömu raun sem fyrr (ærnar raunir, v.l.), Fms. viii. 134; raun bar vitni, Ísl. ii. 335; þú munt at raun um komask, 197, Bs. i. 83 :-- trial, danger, vóru þeir jafnan þar sem mest var raun, Nj. 136; röskr maðr í öllum raunum, Fms. vi. 119 því traustari sem raunin er meiri ok lengri, viii. 134; koma í nokkura raun, Fs. 120; þegar í raunirnar rekr, when it presses hard :-- trial, grief mundir þú mik þess eigi biðja, ef þú vissir hve mikla raun ek hefi af þessu, if thou knewest how much pain it gives me, Ld. 232; ærin er þó raun konunnar, Fs. 76; en nú hafi þér af ena mestu raun, Nj. 139; mér er mesta raun að því, it pains me much; skap-raun, an affliction; geð-raun, the mind's trial; hug-raun, id. :-- in plur., raunir, trials, woes, misfortunes; mann-raunir :-- a trial, ordeal, þá gengr hann til þessar raunar Fms. xi. 38 :-- investigation, konungr sagði, at hann vildi at vísu, at málit færi til raunar, vii. 136; þá skal hann stefna honum til skila ok raunar, Grág. i. 179, 226; raunar-stefna, a summons, citation, inquest, ii. 226; hann stefndi honum raunar stefnu um þat hvárt hann hefði réttar heimildir á Staðarhóls-landi ok Hvítadal, Sturl. ii. 235. II. gen. raunar, as adverb, really, indeed; raunar mjök, much indeed, Ld. 66; ok vóru þó margir raunar mjök þrekaðir, Fms. xi. 143; hafði hann vitað raunar at þar var tó undir, Rd. 310; ek heiti raunar Víglundr, my real name is V., Vígl. 29; en þat var raunar, at þeir höldrinn höfðu sæzt á laun, i.e. that was at the bottom of it, Orkn. 298; hón skildi þó raunar, Fs. 76. COMPDS: raunar-laust, n. adj. without proof or trial; þeir kölluðusk eigi mundu trúnað á leggja raunarlaust. Germ. ohne weiter, Ld. 58; at raunalausu, unprovoked. raunar-maðr, m. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 153. rauna-maðr, m. a much-tried, afflicted person. rauna-stafr, m. evidence, proof; prófa e-t skýrum raunastöfum, Mar., Magn. 482. rauna-stefna, u, f. a citation; see above. raun-digr, adj. thick indeed, Fms. v. 238. raun-drjúgr, adj. solid, O.H.L. 22. raun-góðr, adj. good withal, trusty, Bs. i. 122. raun-íllr, adj. bad withal, Bjarn. 62. raun-lítt, n. adj. very little indeed, poorly indeed, Eb. 130, Fms. x. 172, Gísl. 65. raun-mjök, adv. much indeed. raun-tregr, adj. very unwilling, Al. 17. raun-vel, adv. well indeed, Fms. iii. 114. raun-æfr, adj., qs. raunhæfr(?), quite able, Fms. xi. 78. raun-öruggr, adj. quite firm, Fms. i. 305. raunaligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sad, distressing. raund, f. = raun, raundum, or at raundum, adv. really, Barl. 23, 123; raundur, mod. reyndar, really. 62. raun-dagi, a, m. an experiment, N.G.L. i. 210. RAUP, n. boasting, Grett. 131; karla raup, an old man's boasting ('when I was young'); whence the phrase, vera kominn á raups-aldrinn, to have reached the boasting time of old age. raupa, að, to vaunt, boast, Bs. ii. 502. raupari, a, m. a braggadocio, Hallgr., freq. in mod. usage. raup-samr, adj. given to boasting. raus, n. big, loud talk, Karl. 439, v.l. RAUSA, að, [Shetl, ruz, to boast], to talk loud and fast; þvíat jafnan rausum vér þat, er vér erum einar, er lítill sannleikr fylgir, Gísl. 99; nú munda ek eigi jafnmart hafa rausat, ef ek hefða vitað, Fb. i. 472, Karl. 397, Stj. 620. rausan, f. glib talk, boasting, Harms. 10. RAUSN, f. magnificence, liberality, high life; hafði Þorólfr þar eigi minna fjölmenni ok eigi minni rausn, Eg. 67; konungr hafði mikla rausn um Jólin, Fms. ix. 347; Höskuldi þótti þat ávant um rausn sína, at honum þótti þær sinn húsaðr verr en hann vildi, Ld 26; þat er sagt at hann væri svá á þingi eitt sumar, at fjórtán synir hans væri með honum, því er þessa getið, at þat þótti vera rausn mikil ok afli, 68; hvergi þykkir nú minni rausn né risna í búinu en áðr. Band. 3; rausn Klængs biskups, Bs. i. 86; of-rausn, q.v.; rausn ok ríki, Jd. COMPDS: rausnar-bú, n. a great estate, Landn. 95, Eg. 478, Eb. 42. rausnar-kona, u, f., -maðr, m. a magnificent lady, person, Vígl. 15. rausnar-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), magnificently, Fas. i. 446. rausnar-maðr, m. a magnificent man, Gullþ. 4, 13, Eb. 12, Fms. i. 247, Ó.H. 112. rausnar-réð, n. a great living; hann var góðr bóndi ok hafði rausnarráð, Þorf. Karl. 364. rausnar-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), grandly, managnificently, Eg. 471, 645, Fms. ii. 300. rausnar-samr, adj. id., Hkr. i. 83 (in a verse). rausn and raust, f., prob. a different word, [cp. A.S. ræsn, to which a Norse term rásn would answer better] :-- the fore-castle in a ship; aptr frá stafninum ok til austr-rúms var kallat á rausn, þat var skipat berserkjum, Hkr. i. 82; til rausnar, 83 (the verse); þessir vóru á rausn í söxum, Fms. ii. 252, where distinction is made between stafn, rausn, fyrir-rúm, krappa-rúm. 2. of a house, the 'raising,' roof, ceiling(?); í stofunni, þeirri er næst stendr steinhúsinu, viðr raustið, D.N. i. 525; else obsolete. RAUST, f [Dan. röst], the voice; með fagrligum raustum, Stj. 466; hvárt sem fyrri fylgir raustinni, Mar.; til skírrar raustar, Pr. 475; hann kvað vísu þessa með mikilli raust, Nj. 195; ok beinir svá raustina, Fb. ii. 26; kveða við raust, to 'sing with the voice,' i.e. loudly. Eg. 554;, hann kvað dans þenna við raust, Sturl. iii. 317; fögr raust með söng-

UAL'STA -- KÄÐA. 485

hljóðum, Fb. ü. 26; t'agrar raustir suiguuuli nunna, Fms. ii. 200; stMig- raust, id.; grút-r., q. v. 2. n voice, vote, N. (ï. L. ii. 4/18. rausta, aê\ to raise the ronf of a house: rausta. sperra, trœða. þekja, D. N. i. 477- raustaðr, part, voiced so and so, in hig-raustaðr. RAUTA, að, to roar, Harl. 53, Karl. 140 (of a lion), Swed. ry'. n. rautan, f. roaring, Mj. 71, liarl.;6, 151, 197. RÁ, f., gen. rar, with the article rárinnar, Fbr. 133; flat, and acc. n't, with the article ráaa, ránni, N. G. L. ii. 282; pl. rár, rá, nun: [Dan. ran; Svved. rn; Shell, rac] :-- a rail-yard, Skulda 162. N. G. L. i. 100; en of n't bresír í aktauniuni eí)a tyrir útan eða inuan, ii. 283; r. ir Linear, llkv. I. 48; við miðja n't, Orkn. 356 (in a verse); drekar bum bin. segl við rú, O. II. 161 (in a verse)! brotnaði ráin, Konn. í 78; ' í^. m'r í sundr segl-n'i. Fbr. 132; siglu-troit ok ri'ma, Fms. xi. 143; Knit1) mi koina frit í seglit ok îicfla upp um rana, vi. 381; seglit var hellat upp við num. Nj. 135; fc-'s!a seglit við rána, Fbr. 133: allit., skip með rá ok reiða, Finnb. 278; nieðr rá ok öllu rciôi. D. N. iii. 160; lïir-endi, rúr-hlutr, id. 2. nictaph. a pole on which tish are hung for drying: poet., rá-fákr, m. a ' sail-yard nag, ' '•('- a s hi/1, Lex. Foi-;. RÁ, f. (nom. r. o. Skulda Thorodd). originally vru, [Dan. vran; Swi'd. vra] :-- a corner, nook; ni (r-. o) er hyrning hiiss, Skulda 162; leyniligar roar (rar, v. I. ") helviti? f'ylsna, Sks. 53'''; verja foiskalaim ok htisin, stóð þar frcmstr við rána Jón toddi, Sturl. ii. 249; klcii" í lá hverla. Am. 58. 2. a cabin on board ship. Edda (1:1.); as also in the saying, skammar em skips rár, short, s mall are Ibc ship's cabins, giving sin, ill accommodation, Um. 73, (skipsins cm skammar rar, Mkv.); cp. ra-skinn, a ' cabin-skin, ' hammock. RÁ, f. a roc: veioa rauoulvri ok r;V, liarl. 137, B''v. u. RÁ, n. [Swed. r a j, a landmark; hence" peril, the port., nis sell, rús fagrsili, the thong of the mark, i. e. a snake, \Ierl. 2. 1, 12: r;'is vi;V, perh. landmark palings (V\ Hm. 152; see also nimerki; the word is obsolete in Icel., but is t'rcq. in early Swed. in the allit, phrase ri~i och ri/r. rá-benda, d, to 'bend a . '-ail, ' make it fast to the yard, cp. Fg. 579. rá- blindiun, part, 'yard-bound, ' an epithet of a ship, Korm. (in a verse). Rábitar, in. p!. the tr a il s, Svmb. 31, Fms. xi. 415. rábítr, in. j mid. 11. G. rabbin \ :-- a race-bane, racer; best cinn mikinn rúbit, Karl. 19; or is it -- an Arabian Used? -- a nickname, Sturl. iii.;ÍS. rá-bukkr, in. a roebuck, liarl. 81. RÁÐ, n. [Dan. raad; Old F. ngl. reed; Germ, rail!, ' rede' counsel, advice; leggja ráð a, e-t, Nj. 4; hvat leggr Njáll til lïiösV 72; hvat jiykki þér rúð? 23, Fas. ii. 5 10; stundiun var hann;'i tali við þu nienn er ráð. í hans þurftu, kunni hann til alls góð ráð at loggia, þvíut b. ann var forvitri, Fg. 4; göra rúð siit, to form a plan, Ni. f,, 21; Nj;'ili g('!:k í brott cinn sainan ok hugsaði ráðit, 98; ek skal legiria p'iöin til, segir \'al:;arðr, 1 6íi; ekki or Jiaî mitt rat), Nj. 23; var Jn-tta at lúði îrört, resolved, Ld. 70; jur til or biskup görir ann. it ráð fyrir, Vm. 113; gilia ráð fyrir e-u, (o expect. Nj. 261; eiga ráð við e-n, to take counsel with one, 127; U ita r. iða, F. d-. la 26. 2. plur. a fettled plan, foresight; nice) ráöinn ok kappi, Nj. 71), K!*. 257; kó'ld ráö, Ld. 284; mi skulii vór t. ir. .;it mðuni við |;á, Eg. f. Sj; annat hvárt með styrk i:ða rai^uin, Ld. í 78; vo/n mini ven\i ongi, of vrr forum ráðum at. Fms. ii. í I; of þeir hefði nu-imni ráðuin fiam tarit, vii. 318: -- a planning, bana-r;'to, fjör-iúð, lami-iáô,;'iljú!s-r:ïð, q. v.; þat oru ráð. cf..., Griig. ii. 127; frændr Ottars keniuiu rúôji SiguríSi konuns^i, Fms. vii. 230. 3. wife, /rue coiinxl, what ii- aili'i*able; vavð allt at r;'nM (turned to good endt.) þat er hann róð nuinnuin, Nj. 30; li/t nn'r mi hilt I rúð, at ..., ix2; ok er eigi rúð at hafa i'. tri, 94; oss mini ekki hatistlatigt ráð at fara til Noregs, l-'. ir. 263; mini o'gi þat n;'i ü'tð at Jn'r hveiiit a) tr, Boll. 348; okki er ráð nema í tima, se tekit, a i-ayins;; IMugi kvað Jr. it ekki ráð, Ísl. ii. 247; ok er mi ráð at gjalda foil (hi. if h iiiite\ Fms. vi. 248; þat er mi ríið, at loggia at landi ok ganga upp, 260; andi ráðs (w:sd')tn) ok styrk'ar, 6S6 15. 13. 4. consent, will, agreement, u'i:b: su gjof var gör meö i;V5i konungs. Eg. 35; með mínu ráði, 737; án rá. ði e-s, Nj. 38, Fms. xi. 11 i, Ckasj. i. 334; at ráði mrnda liennar, 164; lion sk. ut til ráða toður sins, 331; ijarri mun Jnit þínu rúði, Nj. (So; riioð rúði hinna vitrustu manna, SS, Ld. 232; hann narn land at ráði Skalla- grims, Landn. 59, Crag. i. 232; við rúð fra'nda sins nokkors, 337; el" inaðr kyssir konn á laun ok at ráði hennar, 337; eigi ú at Ija ... nema allra ráð fylgi, 437; fyrir ráð skaparta sins, 202; at sími ráði, willingly, of one's own accord, ii. y t. II. denoting action: 1. house- hold affairs, management, bmincss, usually in plur.; hann hafði sclt í hendr oil ráð syni sinum, Eg. 22; er Jjc'irolfr var eigi heima, hafôi Jjorgils þá þar ráð, 53 • hón var at rúðuni með syni sínum, hiifðu þau rausnar-bú mikit, 4/8; Rútr fékk henni oil ráð í hentir íyrir innan stokk, Nj. 11; þeirrar einnar konu ætla ek at fc': at sn ræni þik hvárki tó 116 ráðnni, Ld. 14; engi ráð skalt þú taka af mór, ok fara hvergi fyrr en ek vil, Ísl. ii. 205, Bs. i. 819; telja hann at ráðunum fjárins ella, Cjrág. i. 202; en of hón veit at bóndi hennar mundi eigi Ijá vilja, þá á hón eigi ráð, (ben she bas no right to do it, 382; bera e-n ráðurp, (cp. taka ráðin af e-m, to over- rule), Nj. 198; hón tók við fé ok ráðum eptir föður sinn, Fs. í 2(1, 2. a state of life, condition; vilda ek brúðir, at þú bættir rúð þitt ok bæðir þér konu, Nj. 2; lausnar ráð, þorf. Karl. 364; breyttu þau faðir hans ok móðir ráði sínu (jbey broke nj- ibe bottsehohî) ok fóru útan, l's. i. 152; rúða-breyi. ni (q. v i, change, Jxirf. Karl. 370; or þér t;'i til at str. ðtVsta ráð þiit ok kv. -ingask, (ireît. 5 new Fd.; lu im skaltu tara, ok m:a vel v. ð li'ið þiït, Nj. II; ok fór yðvart ráð J.;i heir Irani. KjS; álióir mikill or um mð kommnar. Ld. 30; þar feni j. ór IK-. ÍIÎ allt mð vúrt í hondi, 174; kijipa nndan þ; irrí SÎIH") or áðr lu'lt most upp ráði lîcnnar, (iii'un. 341: sómasainligt rúo, Fs. 21; ?e;.:ia at þ. ir liggi lioiunn vift lu'ili^a;dlt ráo ok Hi, Fn-. s. xi. IOI; i. ema vôr kynniin þeim allt várt rá. ð, 655 xi. 3; at Jm þogir skj/'tt ok fie prir ekki uin niitt ráð, Fas. ii. 507; Vali sa;;ði ríott frá hans ráði, Band. 4: þú helîr mikit at rúði, 12; hann sas;ði þá htnni hv. it tíît var um ráð Elisabeth, 625. 85; Joseph varöveitti n'ið Máriu festar-konu siunar hreinlig. i. Post.; kona hót Jji'. rdíf, ei lóttari skyldi vorða, ok lioríð; ráð hennar heldr stinliga, ok til miküs luïska, lis. i. 11^5; giir svá vel ok u;;n tiænda þínum góðs ráðs, a good match, Ld. njS. 3. marrtage; K'ita þat standa tyrir ráðum, Nj. 23; lykr s\ ú með þoim at rá'ïin skyldi takask, ok skyldi boð vera at hfilfs-m;inaðar fresti at Mosfelii, 0(); þau ráð tókusk ok fékk J. x'irðr Isrídar, Fb. ii. 251; on of [n'i tak.;sk n'iðin e:gi. (ju'ig. (Kb. 1 ii. 32; engi latti ok lókusk ráðin. Fas. ii. 3. 47; lion or kvtnna friðust ok nuð m kln fé.]ivi niði mun (1; J. -t'-r í l. ondr ko:na, Fs. 21; ráð heii ok hngat i'yrir þér, Jní skalt b;ðja KolfniiU), 8S; ráð þau skyldu takask at i'ðru si;;iui, Eg. 26; jiar or Asgerðr fr. i'iidkc-na þm, þar vilda ek hafa !i;iitii;g j iu at ok uæða þvi ráös 331; Innn ú (U'itîiir or Oiof hoitir, þar þætti mi'-r va. \a þinn heiðr el þi't lengir þat rúð, Fas. ii. 433; þá vóru skil ð r;ið jieirra Sigriðar Sfóriáðu, Hns. x. 2l()^ þá, rcidd. sk drottning nijök ... engi ráð vil ek v. ô hann eig. i, 285; þat it gofug'iga rúð, 724; lózt Sigvakli mi kominn til ráða viô Ásïríði, M'. lo. j; oigi skal faðir neyða ilúttur sina til ráð. i. (. irúg. i. 307; gipîa homim dótiur þ-na er hann þoss ráðs maklogr, (îii'nn. 3^0: tmkup rauf þau ráî) (. 11 sem hann vi. ssi at limgimi ráðin vera, Us. i. 107. 4. in a pc-rs. sense, a coiin- fdlor, a council, Sti. tio; annat várt hit rcðsta ráð, Fms. vi. 59; er kor. ungr \'ar á t. ili við rúð sitt, ix. 279: a ter. ate, þat köilu vér ráð, cr Ki'Miiaðr ok ráðsinenn sitia á iiiálnm manua ok skipa, N, (ï. L. ii. 244; konungrinn ok huns rúð, Bs. i. 719; konungs rúð, /be king's council, 758; l)i. \in ok oil honnar ráð, D. and all /be '] nee?i's councils, Fb. i. 92. B. COMICS: ráðs-nndi, a, in. ibf spirit, of wifdom, Kb 80. ráða- bið, n., in llie phrase, göra e-t;i, ráðabið, provisionally, (lorm. vorlanjîg, l''ms. vii. 1 í 2. ráða-breytai, n. a change in tine's life or condition, Fms. ii. 25, Ld. 164, F. s. 21, 23, 171, þorf. Karl. 370. ráða-brot, n. pl. plain, a brooding over a thing, Sturl. i. 225. ráða-far, n. marriage, N. (i. L. i. 340. ráða-fátt, n. ndj. lacking counsel, a! one's wit's end. rúðu-görð, n. a taking connect, plan, design; Brynjollr lot íila ytir þessi råoagiirð, Fs; 24, 765, Fms. vii. 258, Fs. 39, 55; þeir nrdihi opt inn ráðagö. -ö sina. Eg. JI5; töhiðu þau leyniliga r. sina, Nj. 5; hai'a áhvgí. 'iur ok ráðagörðir, planning^, Fms. i. 84; hann hafðt r. fyrir liðinu, l'b. i. 351. ráðagerðar-maCr, m. a man of many devices, a man nf good counsel. Fms. i. 127, vii. 326, Orkn. 346. rdða-görstr, adj. suporl. the s. brfwdest of men, Fms. ix. 282, v. 1. ráön-hagr, m. n stats of life, condition, Ld. I. -. 8, Valla L. 206, Grúg. i. 332, 379, Fms. v. 321, x. 282, Glúm. 335, Vm. 108: a marriage, wedded life, Fs. 87, Kb. 132, Ld. 18, Fms. ii. 9, Fas. i. 18, passim, ráða-kensl, n. an imputation, charge, as a law term, N. G. L. i. 178. ráða-kona, u, f. a stewardess, N j. í 38. ráðs-kona, u, f. a steu-ardess, housekeeper, lis. i. 247, S^y, 848, passim. ráöa-kostr, m. state, con- dition, Ld. 6, F'g. 597, Gh'mi. 349: marriage, Fs. 21. ráða-lauss, - adj. ' redeless, ' shiftless, belfla-s, having no resource. Nj. 34^, Hom. 153. ráðn-leitrin, f. 'rede-seeking, ' contrivance. ráða-inaðr, m. = rúðs- maðr. ráðs-niaðr, m. a manager, counsellor, Fms. vii. 131/, 194, 259, ix. 239, x. 27, xi. 25:, Fg. í iS, 202, 271, Orkn. 230. Flkr. i. 19, N. G. L. ii. 244, Stj. 4116: a steward, Nj. 138, Sturl. ii. 145, Vm. 55, Dipl. i. 8: a town-counsellor, [cp. Dan. raadmnnd, Orkn. raddman] , D. N. ráðs- manns-dœmi, n. a stewardship. H. E. i. 561. ráðs-mennska, u, f. a stewardship, N. T. ráða-nautr, m. -- ráðunauir, Eg. 98. raða- ueyti, n. = ráðnnoyti, llkr. ii. i/i, Fas. 1(1. 596. ráða-rúm, n. = n'iônim, Hom. 85. ráða-skortr, m. lack of shifts or expedients. Fas. ii. 446. ráða-skot, n. resources; litið r. er til e-s, Fms. iv. 140, xi. 263. ráða-stofnan, L plans, (). II. 34, Ld. 186, Fas. ii. 124. ráða- œtlan, f. a project, design, Hkr. i. 252, Fms. iii. 48. RÁÐA, pres. ræð, ræðr, r;cð; pl. ráðum, Táðit, rá5a; pret. réð, 2nd pers. rótt, réttn, rhymed with halta, Fms. vi. (in a verse); mod. réðst, pl. réðu; subj. róöi; irnpcr. ráð, ráddú; part, ráðinn; a middle form ráðumk, Hom. 113; a weak pret. indie, réði occurs in the poem Jd. 35 (ótrauðr á hat" réði), and in prose, Fms. i. 223, and is freq. in mod. usage (eg réði honum að biða ... hann róði því ekki): [a word common to all Teut. languages; A. S. rœüan; Old Engl. r ede and r e n d; Germ. rathen; Dan. r oo d i; the Goth, has redan, but it is rarely used in Ulf.] A. To advise, counsel, with dat. of the thing and acc. of the per- son; ráða e-m e-t, réðu vinir hans honum þat, at hann berðisk eigi við þik, Nj. 33; ríðu honum þat allir at samna liði. Eg. 9; ráða e-m ráð/ to give one counsel, Vþm. i; ráðumk þér, Hm. 113 sqq.; þat ræð ek þór, Sdm. 22 sqq., Nj. 61; makligr ertú þeirra, segir

486 RÁÐA.

Njáll, ok réð honum ráðin, 71; ráð er þér ráðit, Fm. 21; ráða e-m heilræði, Nj. 85. 2. to consult; ráða ráðum sínum, to hold a conference, Edda 26, Fms. vii. 259; vóru opt á tali ok ráða-stefnu ok réðu landráðum, i. 52. 3. to devise; þá menn er konu hafa numit eða þat hafa ráðit, Grág. i. 354, Gullþ. 14. 4. to fix, decide, determine, resolve, with acc.; ek hefi áðr ráðit brúðlaup mitt, Nj. 4; ráða samband, Gullþ. 14; ráða atför við Gunnar, Nj. 1, 7; réðu þeir þat þá með sér, 93; hefi ek ráðit honum kvánfang, 151; siðan réð Gunnarr utanferð sína með honum, 41, cp Sturl. ii. 168; ráða e-m ró, Ls. 55 :-- ráða e-t af, to form a decision, Eg. 337; en af verðr at ráða nokkut ór hverju vandræði, Lv. 39 :-- ráða e-t við sik, to make up one's mind; hvárt hann vildi þar vera eða fara til Íslands, hann kvaðsk eigi þat hafa ráðit við sik, Nj. 123 :-- ráða um e-t, to deliberate; hann gaf jarli orlof at ráða um þetta kjör við menn sína, Ó.H. 97 :-- ráða e-t (or e-u) til staðar, to settle, fix definitely, Fms. ii. 78, Ld. 178 :-- ráða ór, ráða ór e-u, to find an expedient, solve a difficulty, Nj. 177. Ld. 54, 180. 5. to hire, take into service; ráða skipverja, Fms. vi. 238; réð Hallgerðr sér hjón, Nj. 25; ek em kona Njáls, segir hón, ok ræð ek eigi síðr hjón en hann, 54; Njáll réð honum hjón öll, 151; bóndi sagði húsfreyju sinni at hann hafði Hrapp ráðit með sér, 131; hón hafði ráðit mann til at svíkja konung í drykk, Fms. ix. 5; vilda ek at vit færim í hernað ok réðim menn til með okkr, Nj. 41; ráða land undan e-m, Fb. ii. 171. 6. to plan, plot, contrive, or cause one's death, put to death, betray, Germ. verra'ben; Regin þik réð, hann þik ráða mun, Fm. 22; þú rétt hann, Fas. i. 202; þær ætluðu at konungr mundi hafa rúðit hann, Fms. iv. 312; hann réð Plóg svarta föður-bana sinn, xi. 353; ef kona drepr bónda sinn eða ræðr hann fyrir íllsku sakir, Js. 27; ráða e-m bana, bana-ráð, Nj. 21, 52, Fb. i. 410, Skv. 1. 51 :--ráða e-n af, to put out of the way, put to death, Gullþ. 14, Fms. i. 204, Al. 128; sá ótti er nú af ráðinn ok endaðr, Fs. 9; ek hygg at Þóroddr ætli nú af at ráða hingat-kvámur þínar, Eb. 144; ráða e-n frá, to despatch, Ld. 294; ráða e-n af dögum, to put to death; ráða e-n frá ríki, Fms. iii. 18; ráða e-n ofan, to overthrow, Bárð. 164. II. to rule, govern, with dat.; ráða Þrænda-lögum, Fms. i. 52; ráða landi, ráða ríki, 22, Nj. 41; Einarr jarl réð Orkneyjum, Fms. i. 197; Hákon konungr réð Noregi, x. 4; er réð fyrir Holtseta-landi, xi. 3; þann konung er ræðr Jórsala-landi ... þann er Englandi ræðr, Edda 92; ráða landráðum, to have the government, govern, Fms. i. 52. 2. to rule, prevail, have one's own will, as also to manage, lead, have authority, management, and similar usages; skal ráða afl með þeim, Nj. 150; sá reð er ríkr var, Sól.; hann réð sér ekki fyrir kæti, he was beside himself for joy; skal hón sjálf ráða hvárt hón vill hann eða eigi, Nj. 24; ek skal hér ráða, 52; Ólafr bað móður sína eina ráða, Ld. 70; sögðu þá ráða eiga er fleiri vóru, 74; ætlar þú at þú munir ráða. Fms. vii. 13; konungr svarar ok biðr hann ráða, xi. 29: Lögmaðr skal ráða, he shall have the casting vote, Gþl. 18: the phrase, ef ek má ráða, if I can have it as I like; þú ræðr því, as you like! þvíat þar ræðr eigi frændsemi, Grág. i. 172: to rule, sól skal ráða um sumar en dagr um vetr, Gþl.; landfall ræðr (rules, makes the boundary) fyrir sunnan, Pm. 88; ór ánni ræðr keldan ... ok lækr út úr henni til sjáfar, Dipl. ii. 1; ráða landa-merkjum, Eg. 711; ráða boði ok banni, Gþl. 76; ráða búi ok kaupum, 269; ráða giptingum, 211; ráða sessa kostum, Gm. 14; ráða kaupum, fé, skipti, Gþl.; ráða fé til þarfa, to dispose of money to advantage, put it out at interest, Gþl.; sigri vér ráðumk, Orkn. (in a verse); hugr ræðr hálfum sigri, a saving; ráða sínum ferðum, Fms. i. 75; réð Örn leiðsögu, Ld. 74: hvárt ek má nokkuru um þat ráða, Fms. vii. 13; mörgum ræðr litlu hve, 'tis of small interest, Am. 33; ráða engu, Hdl. 49; ráða veðri. Rb. 388; veðr ræðr akri en vit syni, Hm.; hvar skal ek sitja -- Móðir mín skal því ráða, Nj. 7; ek réð ráði hennar fyrr, i.e. gave her away, 23; hvárt hann kunni ráða fé sínu, Grág. i. 176; ráða orði, ii. 309; hvárt ræðr þú því er Steinarr son þinn sækir sökum Þorstein son minn, hast thou caused it, is it thy making? Eg. 727; þú því rétt er ek ríða skyldak, Fm. 26; ek því ræð, er þú ríða sér-at, Ls. 28; en réðu því Nornir, Orkn. (in a verse); ílla réð ek því, that was foolishly done, Fbr. (in a verse); ek hefi því ráðit, at ..., Ísl. ii. 322; því þykki mér ráðit, well done, Sks. 100 :-- various phrases, ráða e-u bót (bætr) or ráða bót (bætr) á e-u, to mend, better, Hom. 159, Ld. 206, Fms. vii. 162, Landn. 8, Eb. 114 :-- with prep., ráða fyrir e-u (for-ráð), to rule, manage, govern, Fms. i. 288, Hkr. 1. 40; ráða fyrir lögum, Nj. 5, 150, Eg. 34, 239, 754, Ld. 76, 132, Fms. i. 11, Grág. i. 333 :-- ráða um e-t, to dispose of, (um-ráð); nú megu vit ekki ráða um hennar gjaforð, Fms. iv. 194 :-- ráða við e-ð, to be able to do, manage, Bárð. 163; eg ræð ekki við hann (þat), I cannot manage him; við-ráðanlegr, manageable :-- ráða yfir e-u (yfir-ráð), to rule, govern, Fms. iv. 83. 3. to have, possess, enjoy; hvítum ræðr þú enn hjöltunum, ... ráða deigum brandinum, Eb. 238; ráða fé ok fjörvi, to enjoy wealth and life, Fm. 26; ráða arfi, gulli, hringum, Skv. 2. 9, Hkv. Hjörv. 6, 11; ráða nafni, aldri, hjarta, lofi, dýrð, to enjoy a name, life ..., Lex. Poët.; ráða eign ok auðsölum. Fsm. 8, 9; ráða rauðum manni, to be red, Fbr. (in a verse) :-- part. ráðandi, with gen., ertu nokkurs ráðandi hér, hast thou any authority here? Nj. 54; þess verða ek ráðandi við mína menn, I will manage that. Fms. xi. 30; vera mikils ráðandi, of great influence, Fas. ii. 504: ráðandi postula, the ruler of the apostles, Edda 92 Lex. Poët. III. to explain, read; ráða gátu, to read a riddle, Fas. i. 454; varð engi sú gáta upp borin er hann réði (subj.) eigi, 532; ráða e-t, Am. 22; ráða draum, to read a dream, Nj. 121, Ld. 126, Ísl ii. 194, 197, x. 270, xi. 3, Rb. 394; Pharao dreymdi drauma ok urðu eigi ráðendr til, Ver. 17; veiztú hve rísta skal, veiztú hve ráða skal, of magical characters, Hm. 145 :-- ráða í e-t, to guess at, find out, Fms. xi. 16; ok væntir mik at eigi mundi í þat ráðit, Ísl. ii. 333; munu þeir ekki í ráða er myrkt er, 378, Fær. 255. 2. to read, prop. to explain, interpret; skal hann láta ráða skrá heima at kirkju, K.Þ.K. 46; ráða rúnar, Am. 12, Hom. (St.); þegar Domitianus hafði rit ráðit, 623. 12, Karl. 16: ráða upp, to read up; þessi sömu bréf lét erkibiskup upp ráða í Danmörku, Fms. viii. 293; á alþingi léc Páll biskup ráða upp jarteinir ens sæla Þórláks, Bs. i. 352; tók ok lét þar upp ráða, 623. 10; ráða skrá, K.Þ.K. IV. to punish, chastise, with dat.; Guð ræðr oss till batnaðar sem sonum, Greg. 73; fóstri hans var harðr við hann ok réð honum mjök, Bs. i. 416; nú ef sveinn vill eigi nema ok leiðisk bók, þá skal hann færa til annarra verka, ok ráða honum til, svá at hvárki verði af örkuml né ílit, K.Þ.K. 56; honum var ráðit fyrir flestum höfuð-kirkjum, Sturl. ii. 147 :-- with acc., konu sína skal engi maðr með höggum ráða at öldri né at áti, N.G.L. i. 29; nú ef maðr ræðr konu sína eigna lyklum eða lásum (beats her with keys or bars), þá er hann sekr, 356 (ráðning). V. with the notion of action, to undertake; ráða stórt, to aim high, aspire, Lex. Poët.; kann vera at ek finna þann höfðingja at minnr vaxi fyrir augum at ráða stórt (to undertake great things), en þér konungr, Fms. vi. 399 (stór-ræði); ráða gott, to manage well, Ó.H. (in a verse). 2. with prepp., ráða á e-t, to take to a thing; þeir réðu á íshöggit, Fms. vi. 336; ráða á e-n, to attack one; mun eigi þá á þik ráðit, Nj. 93, 253 (á-ræði) :-- ráða at e-m, to attack, invade, passim :-- ráða af, to get off, clear; hann bað þá taka forka ok ráða at skipinu, and get the ship off, set her afloat, Ld. 56; aðilinn ræðr sik af baugbrotum, ef ..., Grág. ii. 173; at hefir þú mik ráðit brekvísi, thou hast cured me of complaining, Ld. 134 :-- þá réðu þeir goðorð sitt undir Rafn fyrir sakir vinsælda hans, they put their 'godord' in the charge of R., Bs. i. 642 :-- ráða móti e-m, to go against in a fight, withstand; í móti Kára réð Mörðr Sigfússon, Nj. 253 :-- ráða til e-s, to rush in upon; hann reiddi upp öxina ok réð til Þorvarðar, Sturl. ii. 37, (til-ræði, an assault): to take to a thing, try, í vár réðu vér til ok hljópum í brott, Eg. 235; ok er þeim þótti sér færi til at ráða leyndusk þeir á brott, when they saw an opportunity they stole away, 572; ok er nú til at ráða ef þér vilit, now is the time for action, Nj. 154; Skarphéðinn kom fótum undir sik, ok réð þegar til í annat sinn, 202 :-- to start, make for, attempt, ráða til orrostu, to go to battle, Eg. 530; ráða til uppgöngu, 229; en þó ekki svá at til hans væri ráðanda (gerund.), Fms. vi. 352; réð hann þá til ok hjó sundr orminn, id.; þat var ekki annarra manna hlaup, enda réð ok engi til, Eg.; þeir ráða til ok hlaupa í munn drekanum, Fb. ii. 317; skal ráða til árinnar eðr eigi, shall we try to pass the river or not? Ld. 46; hann bauð út miklum her ok réð til skipa, Fms. i. 22; ráða til ferðar, to start on a journey, Landn. :-- ráða skipi til hlunns, to put the ship in a shed, Eg. 515, Nj. 10; ráða sik frá e-u, to disengage oneself from, Hom. 147, MS. 655 xxvi. 1; ráða um, hann tók um strenginn, ok réð um at fara upp í skipit, and was just about to go up into the ship, Fms. ix. 24. 3. periphrastically, with an infin. mostly without the particle 'at;' ráðumk ganga, we do go, Am. 77; ráðum yppa, spyrja segja, leyna, Lex. Poët.; hverr er segja ræðr, does tell, Hm. 125; hón réð vakna, she awoke, Am. 10; annan réð hón höggva, 48; ekki réttu leifa, 80; allt þats réð heita, 102; réð ek at ganga, Fas. ii. (in a verse); ef ek ræð á vág at vaða, Hbl. 47: with the particle 'at,' réð at stökkva, Eb. (in a verse): also reflex., réðsk at sofna, Rm. 5; but réð at sofna, went to sleep, 17: in prose, þau lög sem hann réði upp at segja, Íb. 12; ráðask geyja, Am. 24. B. Reflex. ráðask, referring to the person himself; ráðask um við e-n, to consult; Gunnarr görði görðina ok réðsk við öngan mann um, Nj. 80; hvárigum þótti ráð ráðit nema við aðra réðisk um, 167; ef hann hefði nokkut við mik um ráðisk, Ld. 306; þá réðsk hann um við vini sína, Eg. 9. 2. to be resolved, fixed, settled; þá er kaupit réðsk, Nj. 17; eigi mun þat svá skjótt ráðask, Ísl. ii. 213; þetta mál er miklu meira en þat megi skjótt ráðask, Fms. vi. 18; af þeim tiðendum ræðsk þat, at ..., ix. 433; eigi mun þetta ráðask þessu sinni, xi. 4; þá var ráðin sættin, Ld. 308; en ráðit kalla ek kaupit, Sd. 179; réðsk hann þá þar at hjóni, he hired himself out, entered service, Nj. 57. 3 (answering to and identical with A. V above), ráðask frá, to leave; þóat ek ráðumk frá, Fms. i. 225: ráðask í e-t, to undertake; ráðask í hernað, passim; hann réðsk í flokk með þeim, Nj. 94, Fb. ii. 172 :-- ráðask til e-s, to venture on a thing; þá ráðsk (imper.) þú til ok far í hauginn, Fms. iv. 28 :-- to move one's abode, Hákon spurði Gunnar ef hann vildi ráðask til Hákonar jarls, Nj. 41; bið Una selja jörð sína ok ráðask hingat til mín, Orkn.; hann réðsk þangat bygðum, Þorf. Karl. 364; ráðask til ferðar (= Germ. sich begeben), Eg. 4; víkingar ok herkonungar er réðusk til liðs með Eiriki, Fms. i. 24; réðsk hann þá þangat

RÁÐBANI -- RÁNARDÆTR. 487

um várit at fardögum ok móðir hans, Bs. i. 455: ráðask ór hernaði, to give up, leave off freebooting, Fg. 2 :-- at þeim hafði óheppilega um ráðisk, they had formed an unhappy plan, Knytl. S. ch. 69 (Lex. Poët.); cp. miðráðit. 4. to turn out; ok réðsk til allgiptusamliga, Fms. x. 53; and in the mod. phrase, það réðsk vel, ended well; sjá hvernig það ræðst, see how it will turn out; of a dream, to prove true (see A. III), ok vilda ek at hvergi réðisk, Gísl. 24 (hvárngi réði, impers., 108, l.c.) :-- réðsk mikit mannfall, there came to be a great slaughter, Odd, 28. II. recipr., ráðask á, to attack one another; þeir spruttu upp með íllyrðum, ok svá kom at þeir ráðask á, Nj. 128. III. part. ráðinn, resolved, determined, Ölk. 36, Bárð. 173; hann mælti fátt eðr ekki við frá, ... ef hann var ráðinn til at drepa þá, Fms. vii. 319 :-- likely, eigi er ráðit at oss fari svá, Nj. 89; þat er þó eigi ráðit hvárt svá berr til, Ld. 24; eigi er þat ráðit, at honum þætti allt sem hann talaði, Band. 12: compar., er engi ráðnari hlutr, more certain, Hom. (St.); at ráðnu, for certain, id.: valid, nýmæli ekki skal vera lengr ráðit en þrjú sumur, K.Þ.K. 56. 2. clever; ríkr ok ráðinn, Grett. 90; vitr maðr ok ráðinn, Fb. ii. 357; roskinn ok ráðinn. 3. betrayed, Germ. verrathen, Akv. 15, Fm. 37. ráð-bani, a, m. a contriver of a person's death, Grág. ii, 169, Fms. vi. 395. ráðbana-maðr, m. = ráðbani, Orkn. 454. ráð-bót, f. compensation, N.G.L. i. 66. ráð-deild, f. foresight, husbandry. ráðdeildar-maðr, m. a provident, good husbandman. ráð-drjúgr, adj. a shifty man, Fas. i. 325. ráð-fár, adj. shiftless, Fms. vi. 155, viii. 286, Grett. 127. ráð-festa, t, to determine. ráð-festa, u, f. determination, Bær. 4. ráð-fréttask, tt, dep. to consult, Stj. 159, 294. ráð-fýsi, f. instigation, exhortation, Þiðr. 41. ráð-færa, d; r. sig við en, to consult. ráðgask, að, dep.; r. við e-n, to consult, Bs. i. 815, Stj. 476. ráð-gáta, u, f. a riddle, 1 Cor. xiii. 12. ráð-girni, f. ambition, Fms. iv. 103, Sks. 357. ráð-gjafl, a, m. a counsellor, esp. one of the council of a king or princely person, cp. king's counsel, Sighvat, Fms. vi. 27, 439, vii. 106, ix. 459, Ó.H. 43, Eg. 646, Orkn. 442, Landn. 148. ráð-gjarn, adj. ambitious, lordly, Fms. iv. 111, x. 220, Sturl. ii. 1. ráð-hagr, m. = ráðahagr, Fb. i. 176. ráð-herra, m. a counsellor, minister of state. ráð-hollr, adj. giving faithful, good advice, Ísl. ii. 341: óráðhollr, not open to advice, Nj. 68. ráð-hús, n. [Germ. rath-haus], a town-hall. D.N. ráði, a, m. a boar, Edda (Gl.), Skálda 205 (in a verse). ráðinn, part. resolved; see ráða B. III. ráð-krókr, m. a shift, contrivance, Fms. vi. 374, Sd. 155. ráð-kænn, adj. shrewd, shifty, Valla L. 223. ráð-lag, n. providence. ráð-lagning, f. a giving advice, Valla L. 211. ráð-lausliga, adv. foolishly, Nj. 104, Fb. i. 305. ráð-lauss, adj. shiftless, having lost one's head, Lv. 105, Fms. xi. 267, 273, Al. 101, Stj. 531. ráð-legging, f. = ráðlagning, (mod.) ráð-leggja, lagði; r. e-m e-t, to advise, Rd. 273, Gísl. 49, Bs. i. 815. ráð-leitinn, adj. shifty, shrewd, Fms. vi. 374, Sturl. i. 136. ráð-leitni, f. sagacity, Fms. v. 226. ráð-leysi, n. shiftlessness, confusion, foolishness, Sturl. iii. 315, Stj. 78, Al. 101. ráð-liga, adv. cleverly, Fms. x. 29. ráð-ligr, adj. advisable, Nj. 40, Ld. 66, 172, Bjarn. 15, Fms. iii. 69, xi. 61, 92 (spelt rálligt). ráð-lögur, f. pl. advice, counsels, Grett. 71. ráð-maðr, m. = ráðamaðr, B.K. 125; hirðmenn dæmdu en tólf ráðmenn samþykktu, Ann. 1368. ráðning, f. interpretation, Fas. ii. 172: rebuke, chastisement, Sturl. iii. 73, 206, Al. 7, 18, Stj. 126, 506, 583, Bs. i. 700, 762: shrift, Stj. 9, 12. ráð-ríkr, adj. imperious: ráð-ríki, n. imperiousness. ráð-rúm, n. respite for taking counsel, Lv. 61, Grág. ii. 84, K.Þ.K. 12, Grett. 136 new Ed. ráð-samr, adj. = ráðríkr, O.H.L. ráð-semd, f. counsel, consent, H.E. i. 456. ráð-settr, part. settled, considerate. ráð-slaga, að, (ráð-slag, n., Pass. 15. 1), to confer, hold counsel. ráð-sneld (-snilli), f. sagacity, Fms. vi. 429. ráð-snjallr, adj. sagacious, wise in counsel, Fms. vi. 265, vii. 102. ráð-snotr, adj. = ráðsnjallr, Hm., Sks. 328. ráð-spakr, adj. = ráðsnjallr, Fms. i. 192, Stj. 360, v.l. ráð-speki, f. wisdom, Fms. vi. 151, xi. 98, Mar. ráð-spell, n. dishonour, of a married woman, Gþl. 203, 229. ráð-spella, t, to violate, Bs. ii. 65. ráð-stafa, að, with dat., to arrange, dispose of. ráð-stafan (ráð-stöfun), f. arrangement. ráð-stafl, a, m. arrangement, provision, esp. a home, shelter; þau fóru norðr um sveitir ok fengu hvergi ráðstafa, Landn. 178; hann kvaðsk séð hafa ráðstafa fyrir honum, he had provided for him, Lv. 98; þaðan fór hann inn á Nes, ok fékk þar engan ráðstafa, Eg. 592; vilda ek at þú tækir við honum ok móður hans ok fór þeim þar ráðstafa hjá þér, Fs. 36, Fbr. 12 new Ed. ráðstafa-lauss, adj. homeless, unprovided for, Þorf. Karl. 392. ráð-stefna, u, f. a consultation, Matth. xxviii. 12. ráð-stofa, u, f. = ráðhús, D.N., (mod. Dan. raadstue.) ráð-svinnr, adj. = ráðspakr, Orkn. 158: as a nickname, 8. ráðugr, adj. sagacious, shrewd; ráðigr til allra véla, Fær. 13; ríkr ok ráðugr, Stj. 616: plur. ráðugir, Fms. vi. 155, Fs. 41: compar., miklu er hann ráðgari ok þrárri, Fms. vi. 382; ellri ok ráðgari, xi. 12. ráðu-ligr, adj. = ráðligr, Fms. viii. 186: to be ruled, Sks. 491. ráðu-nautr, m. a 'counsel-mate,' counsellor, Sks. 110 new Ed. ráðu-neyti, n. a body of councilmen, counsellors, Fms. ii. 183, vi. 394, vii. 40, 185, x. 101, 420. ráð-valdr, m. a 'wielder of authority,' ruler, Bs. i. 301 :-- mod. a tyrant, despot. ráð-vandr, adj. 'heeding one's ráð, honest, upright, Fms. v. 240, viii. 313, xi. 54, Magn. 464, Sks. 67 new Ed., O.H.L. 22. ráð-vendi (mod. ráð-vendni, Fms. xi. 446), f. probity, honesty, Sks. 2, 80 new Ed., Al. 58, Rb. 368, Clem 33. ráð-víss, adj. one who has one's mind settled. ráð-þægr, adj. open to advice, pliable, Fms. vi. 27, vii. 175, Orkn, 384; úráðþægr, obstinate. RÁF, n., the forms vary, ráf is the older form, whence are derived ráfr, with an inflexive r. as also ræfr, which is the mod. form; ráfit kirkjunnar, Bs. i. 804; ráfinu, Nj. 201 (but ræfrinu, v.l.); ráfit, Fms. viii. 428 (ráfrit, Fb. ii. 693, l.c.); ráfit, ráfrit, ræfrit, Fms. ix. 399 and v.l.; ráfit varma, x. 68 (in a verse); ræfrit, and v.l. ráfit, 30; ráfri and ráfi, Stj. 563; ræfri, Bs. i. 354; í ráfri stofunnar, Dipl. iii. 8; bæði at ráfi ok veggjum, H.E. i. 474; the common as also the sole mod. form is ræfr, Bs. i. 132; ræfrit, Nj. 115, Eg. 239: [Engl. roof; cp. Gr. GREEK]:-- a roof; vóru þar markaðar ágætar sögur á þilviðinum ok svá á ræfrinu, Ld. 114; loginn stóð inn um ræfrit, Eg. 239; hann lét penta allt ræfr ok svá bjórinn, Bs. i. 132, passim, see above :-- ráf = hróf (q.v.), Fms. viii. 247. ráfa (ráf, n.), að, to rove, stray about, Safn i. 586; villu-ráfandi sauðr, a sheep astray. RÁK, f. a streak, stripe, Rb. 524, freq. in mod. usage, rá-merki, n. [rá, n.], a landmark, N.G.L. ii. 489, Ann. Nord. Oldk. 1845, p. 164, from a boundary-writ between Sweden and Norway. RÁMR, adj. hoarse; ramr er sterkr en rámr enn hási, Skálda 163, Fms. i. 283, x. 279, passim in mod. usage. RÁN, n. [Dan. raan; Shetl. r&o-long;n, as a law term, any unlawful seizure or holding of property; þá skal hann krefja út festar konu sinnar. ok stemna honum þing fyrir rán, N.G.L. i. 27; stefna honum þing fyrir rán ok í-setu, Jb. 159; stefna honum héraðs-þing fyrir grasrán ok þrásetu, 278; en ef hann heldr á fénu, þá er hinn kömr eptir, er á, ok náir hann eigi, þá er þat rán, ok varðar fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. i. 427; krefja hann fjár síns ok leggja honum rán við, Gþl. 497; mun hón reka okkr ór landi, en taka fé okkat allt með ráni, Nj. 5; þess fjár skal þrysvar kveðja, en ef hann vill þá eigi reiða, þá skal hann stefna honum til þings fyrir rán ok lögleysu, N.G.L. i. 21, Grág. Vígsl. ch. 116, distinguishing between hand-rán and rauða-rán :-- lífs-rán, and-rán, fjör-rán, = loss of life, poët., Lex. Poët.; lög-rán, loss of right, Eb. (in a verse) :-- seized property, láta ránið rakna, Bs. ii. 15. 2. plur. robbery, plunder; refsing ráns, Sighvat; rán ok stuld, Ó.R. 5; rán ok hernað, Jb. 66; hernað ok rán, Fms. i. 118: rifsi ok ránum, 119; rán (pl.) ok manndráp, Ó.H. 78; verða fyrir ránum, Fms. i. 258; hann tók af rán öll þar í landi, Ó.H. 190. COMPDS: ráns-fé, n. unlawful property, booty, Fms. iii. 345, Stj. 490. ráns-fengr, m. = ránfengr, Eg. 593. ráns-flokkr, m. a band of highwaymen, Hkr. ii. 395, Fms. viii. 265. ráns-hönd, f. a robbing hand, Fms. v. 55. ráns-maðr, m. a robber, Fms. iii. 143, vii. 16, 253, Barl. 44. Rán, f., dat. Rán, Hkv. i. 30, Hkv. Hjörv. 18; Ráni, Gg. 6, is a corrupt passage; [this word cannot be related to the preceding] :-- the name of the giant-goddess the queen of the sea; she was wife of Egir, mother of the Nereids, called Ránar-dætr; all that perished in the sea came and abode with her; Rán átti net, þat er hón veiddi í menn alla þá er á sæ kómu, Edda 66, 69, Eb. 274, Fas. ii. 77, Eb. ch. 54, Friðþ. S. ch. 6; þat höfðu menn fyrir satt, at þá væri mönnum vel fagnat at Ránar, ef sjódauðir menn vitjaði erfis síns, Eb. l.c., Stor. 7; sitja at Ránar, Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse); ræsis rekka er þú mundir Rán gefa, Hkv. Hjörv. 18 :-- the allit. phrase, Rán ok Regin, was a form of oath, Ölk. 36: in poët. circumlocutions, dýnu Rán - a woman, Hallfred; ósk-rán. COMPDS: Ránar-dætr, f. pl. the nine daughters of Rán, the Oceanides of the Northern mythology, also of the waves, Edda 69, 101, Fbr. 23: poët, the sea is called Ránar-land, -salr, -vegr, Rán-heimr, Lex.

488 RÁNBEÐR -- REGIN.

Poët. rán-boðr, m. the bed of Rán, the bottom of the sea, Fas. ii. 77 (in a verse). rán-baugr, m. a Norse law term, a fine payable to the king for unlawful seizure or holding of property; eyksk landnám at hálfu en ránbaug konungi, N.G.L. i. 44; ok konungi hálfa mörk í ránbaug, Jb. 321 (Js. 96). rán-fé, n. = ránsfé, Fms. vii. 54. rán-fengi, n. booty, plunder, Fms. ii. 196, Stj. 231, 236, 400. rán-fengr, m = ránfengi, Edda 63. rán-semi, f. (rán-samr, adj. rapacious), rapacity, Merl. 2. 87. rán-siðr, m. rapine, Edda (Ht.) rán-skapr, m. rapine, Safn i. 688. rán-taka, tók, to seize on, rob, Bær. 3. ráp, n. a roving, rambling. rápa, að, to rove, ramble about. RÁS, f. [perh. from renna; A.S. ræs; Engl. race], a race, running; hesta rás, Sighvat (Ó.H. 56); gullbitluð vart gör til rásar, Hkv. 1. 41; ef hestr bregðr rás, turns shy, N.G.L. ii. 132; of a man, ok hepta honum svá rás, and stop him thus, i. 68: the phrase, taka á rás, to take to one's, heels, run off, Eg. 216, Nj. 253, Eb. 62; síðan tekr hann á mikilli rás ofan eptir götunum, Hrafn. 7; hefja á rás, id. Eg. 237 :-- metaph., of water, stóra læki stemmdi upp svá at eigi náðu sinni rás, Fms. vi. 67; tóku vötnin at bægja rás sinni, Landn. 251, v.l.; blóð-rás, vatns-rás, q.v. 2. a course, channel; um leyniligar jarðarinnar rásir, Stj. 13; rás heyrnar, the channel of hearing, the ears, Edda i. 538; bruðr lætr eigi fram ór enni sömu r&aolig-acute;s bæði sætt vaða ok beiskt, Hom. (St.) James iii. 11: réttri rás Guðligra bóðorða, Fms. i. 304; lífs rás, the race of life, Hom. (St.) II. plur. a race, host; engla rásir, Lil. 40; rásir dægra, the course of the days, Lil. 67; rásir heilagra manna, Mar.; rita tvennar rásir stafanna, MS. 544. 2; vitr ok smá-smugull í rásum ritninganna, Mar.; cp. 'race of heaven,' Shakesp. rásar-skeið, n. a race-course, Sks. 631. rása, að, to race, run, esp. of flocks on mountain pastures running against the wind; það rásar gegn vindi, or simply rása. rásari, a, m. a racer, race-horse. rá-segl, n. a square sail. rás-fimr, adj. fleet, of a horse, Str. rás-hallr, adj. sloping, Sks. 440. rá-skerð, f. (rá-skerðing, f., Boldt 129), in Icel. called rá-skerðingr, m. fish hung and dried on poles, having first been split along the back (opp. to kvið-flattr), Boldt 97; tunna ráskerð, 149. rá-skerða, t, to hang split fish up to dry. rá-skinn, n.; this dubious, obsolete word occurs in only four passages; in the Fb. (in both the passages), as also in the Fbr. from the vellum Arna-Magn. 132, it is spelt hraskinn, but no doubt erroneously, unless the h be a remains of a former v, qs. vráskinn, [for the proper origin of this word can only be from rá, f = cabin, though only used metaph.] :-- a 'cabin-skin,' hammock (= húðfat, q.v.), an abode, refuge; þeir höfðu ráskinn hjá feðrum sínum, Fb. ii. 93; hann vildi eigi láta vera við bæ sinn ráskinn þeirra Þorgils ok Þormóðar, 102; Drottinn er minn styrkr, mitt r. ok frjálsati, the Lord is my strength, my hammock (i.e. refuge), and my deliverer, Stj. 51. Ps. xciv. 22. ráskinns-leikr, m. the game of hide and seek(?) Bárð. 174. rás-vakr, adj. = rásfimr. rá-vörðr, m. a sailor who keeps a look-out at the sail-yard, Jb. 407. reðinga-bók, f. [Engl.], n reading-book, Am. 56. reðr, n. pl. [Dan. ræder; cp. also hreðjar], the genitals, esp. of a beast, phallus; flennt reðr, Fb. ii. 335 (in a verse), iii. 427 (in a verse); hest-reðr, Fms. vi. 194 (in a verse). refði, n. [cp. Gr. GREEK], a kind of rod, staff, cudgel; þeir sá mann, hann hafði r. í hendi, Fær. 220, 221; þat var búningr hans hvers-dagliga, at hann hafði kyrtil svartan ok refði í hendi. Boll. 358; hann hafði r. um öxl, Fms. vii. 19; konungr hafði í hendi r. gullbúit, ... konungr hóf upp refðit ok slé með Þór, svá at hann hraut af stallanum ok brotnadi, i. 44; r. silfrbúit ok gyllt, vii. 194; hann hafði öxi í hendi, ok lýstr til Þorsteins, kom öxar-skaptið í herða-toppinn, en refðis-munnrinn ..., Sturl. i. 152; hann sló með einn r. á brún honum svá at hón sprakk í sundr, Karl. 61; konungr sló hann með gullbúnu refði í höfuðit, Fms. iii. 196. ref-garðr, m. a fox-yard or pit for shooting foxes, Gþl. 457. ref-hvörf, n. pl. a kind of equivocation which consisted in pairing off words of opposite bearing, as 'hot, cold,' 'water, fire,' Edda (Ht.) 17-23. COMPDS: refhvarfa-bróðir, m. a kind of spurious refhvörf, viz. when the opposed words stand separated in the verse-line, Ht. 23. refhvarfa-háttr, m. a metre or stanza in refhvörf. REFILL, m., dat. refli, pl. reflar, tapestry, hangings round the walls of ancient halls; refil sextögan at lengd, Gísl. 21; ok skyldu tjalda húsin ... vel kæmi oss nú reflarnir þeir hinir góðu, 27; hann fal sik á bak reflunum, MS. 4. 41; Þyri lét taka ofan allan hallar-búning, en síðan lét hón tjalda í staðinn blám reflum, þar til er altjölduð var höllin, Fms. xi. 17; refla sæmiliga, Bs. i. 877. The churches in the Roman Catholic times were hung with such tapestry; reflar um kirkju, reflar um alla kirkju are standing phrases in the má'dagar; kirkja á refil er tekr um fram-kirkju alla, Vm. 46; fornan refil um kór, 21; refill fjórar álnir ok tuttugu ok er á Karlamagnús Saga (of hangings with embroidery from the Life of Charlemagne), Jm. 32; reflar um alla kirkju ok engi tjöld undir, Pm. 16; fornir reflar vándir, fimm reflar góðir, Dipl. iii. 4; refil-stubbr, a fragment of a refil, Vm. 157. In poetry a lady is called refla grund, brú, brík, Lex. Poët.: the shield is refill Óðins, Edda ii. 428: of sails, Fas. iii. 204 (in a verse). II. [cp. refr], a serpent(?), whence the name of a sword, Edda 73. III. the pr. name of a sea-king, Edda. refil-stígar, m. pl. an obscure word, a serpent-path(?), a hidden, mysterious path; hann nefndisk Gangleri ok kominn af refilstigum, Edda 2; hann hvarf refilstíga (acc.), he disappeared by a mysterious way, Fb. i. (in a verse), cp. Prov. xxx. 19. refjóttr, adj. tricky, knavish, esp. of a bad payer. refjur, f. pl. cheats, tricks, Grett. 75; munu þeir göra yðr íllar refjur, Fms. viii. 371, v.l. refju-samr, adj. = refjóttr, Glúm. 364. ref-keila, u, f. a she-fox, vixen, Háv. 55, Fas. ii. 413. REFLA, að, [the word is obsolete in Icel., and only found here and there in old writers, esp. in the old Norse law: but the Swed. has a word räfsa of exactly the same sense, and as s and l are often hardly distinguishable in vellums, it is not impossible that refsa, and not refla, is the true form] :-- to make enquiry, scrutinise; en er þeir kómu í hús hans, þá var at reflat í hljóði hverr þar myndi vera Guðs vinr, Pr. 443; eða missker hann krossa, eða reflar hann eigi, þá gjaldi ..., N.G.L. i. 137; ef þingboð ferr eða hvatki boð, þá skal þingmaðr refla á fyrsta þingi ok hafa sótt fyrir þriðja þing, 138; þá sé nemdr váttr við, ok þess í millum sé reflat, at engi finnisk meinbugir á, ii. 368. reflan, f. (refsan?), [Swed. räfst], an enquiry; stemna honum þing til reflanar, N.G.L. ii 373, (undan færslu, v.l.) ref-ormr, m., medic. the ringworm, Fms. vi. 438 (Fagrsk. 142), Fél. x. 28. reforma-sótt, f. id., Hkr. iii. 178. REFR, m., pl. refar, mod. refir, [Dan. ræv; the root word may be Lat. repere, serpere, Gr. GREEK] :-- a fox, Þorst. Siðu H. 180, Stj. 412, 413, Grág. ii. 122: mostly in sayings, þar sá refr rakka, en rakki hafði ekki, Sturl. iii. 116, Þjal. Jóns. 41; sem kona hræðir barn sitt, þegi þú, barn, segir hón, ek læt refinn at þér ef þú þegir ekki, Hom. 144; slægr sem refr, Bs. i. 750, Fb. ii. 330; þú ert mestr í máli sem refarnir í hölunum, Háv. 41; putt, putt, skömm hunda, skitu refar í brunn karls, Fms. vii. 21; hafa skal ráð þó ór refs belg komi, Gullþ. 28: metaph. a tricky person, sly fox, hann er mesti refr, bragða-refr; þeir skyldi ekki láta þann gamla refinn sleppa, Safn i. 74. II. Refr, a pr. name, Landn., also as a nickname, Jb. ref-skeggr, a nickname, Landn.: Refs-staðir, a local name, Landn.: refa-urð, f. a fox's den, Stj. 413: ref-skinn, n. a fox's skin, N.G.L. iii. 119. REFSA, að, pret. refsti, Ól. 5; part. refst, Karl. 293; but refsat, Fms. viii. 240: [Dan. rævse] :-- to punish, with dat. of the person; refsa e-m, vii. 218, viii. 240, Karl. 319: with acc. of the thing, refsa níðings-verk Fms. xi. 241, Sks. 83; r. rán ok stuldi, Ól. 5; r. e-m rangindi sín, Fb. i. 363. 2. with acc. of the person; refsa e-n. Anecd. (but rare.) II. to enquire, see refla above, which is, may be, the original sense of the word, from which to punish is derived, cp. Lat. quaestio. refsan, f. = refsing, Fb. ii. 316, (rare, see refsing.) refsing, f. punishment, N.G.L. ii. 60, Eg. 89, Nj. 134, Sturl. iii. 261, Stj. 533, Str. 24, Fms. xi. 242, Ó.H. 60; lét hann líka refsing hafa ríkan ok úríkan, 190. COMPDS: refsingar-dómr, m. a sentence of punishment, Sks. 676. refsingar-lauss, adj. unpunished, Sks. 591, Eg. 423, ÓH. 53, 60. refsingar-leysi, n. impunity, Stj. 513. refsingar-maðr, m. a punisber, Anecd. 90, Sks. 666. refsinga-samr, m. a severe punisher, Fms. vii. 102, viii. 299, Ó.H. 190, Stj. 552. refsingar-sverð, -vöndr, m. a sword, wand of punishment, Sks. 695, 785, Stj. 651. refsingar-verðr, adj. deserving punishment, Gþl. 531. refsingar-þing, n = refsiþing, Fb. ii. 172. refsi-þing, n. [early Swed. räfsinga-thing, Schlyter] :-- a kind of public meeting or high court in old Sweden; stefna refsiþing, Ó.H. 88 (in Sweden). refst, f. = refsing, Fr. regg, n., poët, a kind of ship, Edda (Gl.) Regg-búss, m. a Wendish pr. name, Fms. vi. regi, f. [ragr], cowardice, Krók. 48 C. regi-maðr, m. a coward, Karl. 80, 398, 503. regi-legr, adj. obscene; regilig kvæði, amorous songs. Bs. i. 237. REGIN, n. pl., only in nom. and acc., for ragna, rögnum are formed from rögn (q.v.), analogously to magn and megin; [Ulf. ragin GREEK, and raginon = GREEK, ragineis = GREEK; Hel. reginu-gescapu = mighty weird] :-- the gods as the makers and rulers of the universe, the word being peculiar to the ancient poems; regin heita goð heiðin, bönd ok rögn, Edda ii. 430: freq. in the Vsp., þá gengu r. öll á rökstóla, ginnheilög goð, 6, 9, 27, 29; nýt regin, Vþm. 25; fróð regin, 26; vís regin, 39; fjöld ek fór fjöld ek reynda regin. 44. 46. 48,

REGINDJUP -- REIÐGATA. 489

50, 54; blíð regin, Gm. 6, 37, 41, Ls, 32; holl regin, 4; þá er regin deyja, Vþm. 47; urðu heldr hamljó: regin, Haustl. 10; ráð öll ok regin, Hkm. 18; Hrímfaxi heitir er hverja dregr nótt of nýt regin, Vþm. 13, 14 :-- regin is a pantheistic word, including the world, in such phrases as, unz rjúfask regin, 40; þá er rjúfask regin, 52, Gm. 4, Ls. 41; þá er í ráði at regn (i.e. regin, acc.) um þrjóti, then is the end of the world nigh, Hdl. 41; cp. ragna rök, the world-doom, answering to Saxon muspilli; as also ragna-rökr, for the explanation of which word see rök and rökr: ginn-regin, q.v.; upp-reginn, the heavenly powers, Haustl.; þrym-regin, q.v.; ragna sjöt, the seat of the gods = the heavens, Vsp. 33: in prose only in the phrase, enda mælir rán ok regin (acc.) við oss á sogurt ofan, he speaks to us rán and regin, i.e. he scolds and curses, Ölk. 36; hann var Baldr með Ásum, er öll regin grétu, Fas. i. 473, in a paraphrase from a lost poem. II. in pr. names, Reginn, a mythical name, Edda, Völs. S: esp. in compds, Regin-leif, a fem. name, Landn., but mostly contr. Ragn- or Rögn-: of women, Ragna, Ragn-heiðr, Ragn-hildr; of men, Ragnarr, Rögn-valdr, Landn.; cp. old Germ. and Saxon names beginning with Ragin-, mod. Rain-, Rayn-, Ran-, as Reginald, Reynolds. In COMPDS, [cp. Hel. regini-blind, regin-scatho, regin-thiof], mighty, great: regin-djúp, n. the deep sea. regin-djúpr, adj. mighty deep, Vísna bók 1612. regin-dómr, m. pl. the mighty doom, the last judgment, Vsp. 64; rúnar ok regindóma, mighty spells, Hm. 112 (but not in Cod. Reg.) regin-fjall, n. a wild fell, mountain wilderness, Gsp., and in mod. usage. regin-gaddi, a, m. = reginnagli, Edda ii. 494. regin-grjót, n. the holy stones, altars (hörgr), Gs. 19 regin-haf, n. the main, freq. in mod. usage. regin-hylr, m. = regindjúp, Stef. Ól. regin-kungr, adj. = Gr. GREEK, epithet of a king, Hðm. 26. regin-kunnr, adj. world-known, Hm. 112. regin-nagli, a, m. a sacred peg in the ancient high-seats was called so, Eb. 10 new Ed. regin-spönn, f. a kind of axe, Edda (Gl.) regin-þing, n. the great council, Hkv. 1. 50. regla, u, f. [Lat.], a rule, Sks. 641, Mar.; Eddu regla, Lil. 97, Gd. 2, and mod. passim: a convent, convent life, Sks. 694, Fms. viii. 245, 276, Ó.H. 195, Bs. passim. 2. a bolt, Germ. riegel, Stj. 363: a ruler, rule. COMPDS: reglu-bók, f. a book of rules, Vm. 66. reglu-bróðir, m., -systir, f. = frater, soror regularis, Dipl, i. 11, Bs. i. 840, H.E. i. 508. reglu-hald, -líf, -lifnaðr, m. convent-life, discipline, Bs. i. 96, K.Á. 105, Fms. v. 37, Laur. S. reglu-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), according to rule, H.E. i. 492: belonging to convent life, regularis, Mar. reglu-maðr, m. an inmate of a convent, H.E. i. 497: mod. a person of regular habits, hann er mesti r. reglu-staðr, m. a monastery, Landn. 265. reglu-stika, u, f. a 'rule-stick,' rule, ruler. REGN, n. [Ulf. rign = GREEK, and all Teut. languages], rain, Nj. 15, Eg. 528, Fms. vi. 136, x. 13, Fas. ii. 37, Gullþ 8, and passim: in poetry, málm-regn, stál-regn, rógskýja-regn, the weapon-rain, i.e. battle; dal-regn, the rain of the bow, i.e. arrows; regn augna, the rain of the eyes, i.e. tears, Edda ii. 500; brá-regn, id.; benja regn, wound-rain, i.e. blood: regn-býr, regn-höll, regn-salr, m. the rain-hall, i.e. the sky. Lex. Poët. COMPDS: regn-bogi, a, m. the rainbow, Edda 8, Rb. 336, Fms. v. 342, Blas. 49, Stj. 62, Ver. 70. regn-él, n. a rain-shower, Sks. 52 new Ed. regn-glæra, u, f. a glittering of rain, Sks. 227. v.l. regn-ligr, adj. rainy, Sks. 606: boding rain, Fb. i. 521. regn-samr, adj. rainy, Eb. 150, Rb. 572. regn-skúr, f. a rain-shower, Sks. 227. regn-vatn, n. rain-water, Róm. 306. regna, d, the usual as well as mod. form is rigna, Stj. :-- to rain, MS. 619. 5, Fms. x. 323, Stj. 30. regna, d, [regin], to swear, Kristni S. (in a verse). regula, u, f. = regla. REIÐ, f. [ríða; Scot. raid; Engl. ride], the riding a horse, Grág. i. 382, 432; þeir vóru beztir hestar at reið, Nj. 81; fá þeim hesta til reiðar, Ld. 82, Fms. vi. 210; hafa einn, tvá ... hesta til reiðar, to have one, tivo ... horses for riding; tóku þeir nú á reið mikilli, Sturl. iii. 185 :-- with the notion of travelling, hann var einn í reið, he was alone, Fs. 126; var þá ok sén reið þeirra, they were seen, 26 (eptir-reið, manna-reið), and passim. 2. a body of riders, a host; háfar reiðar sá ek með himnum fara, Sól. 74, and Bugge's suggestion on Hkv. 1 15 (hávar reiðar?). 3. a raid; Sveinstaða-reið, Sauðafells-reið, Safn, Bs. ii. II. a vehicle, carriage, with an old dat. reiðu; reið þá er hann ekr, en hafrarnir draga reiðna, Edda 14; en er hón ferr, ekr hón köttum tveim ok sitr í reið, 26; henni var ekit í reið einni, Fb. i. 355; sitr Þórr í reiða, Kormak, Helr. 5: poét., rýnis reið, the mind's vehicle, i.e. the breast, Stor.; brim-reið, haf-reið, lög-reið, a sea-wain, i.e. a ship; ná-reið = the gallows, Lex. Poët.: lauka-reið, hlað-reið, men-reið, þorn-reið, poët, appellations of women, Lex. Poët.; reiðar stjóri, poët. a king, Ýt. 27. III. plur. reiðar; but reiðir, Stj. 449: a clap of thunder, metaph. from the notion of Thor driving through the air, cp. Swed. åska, qs. ás-ekja; ef reið lýstr fé, N.G.L. i. 342, Gþl. 492; er reiðar ganga með mestri ógn, Konr. 35; reiðir ok regn, Stj. 449, reiðar stórar ok eldingar, Mar.; þar fylgðu reiðar ok eldingar, Fas. i. 372; því næst flugu eldingar ok reiðar, Js. (1824) 41; ok tók reiði(n) sundr í smár flísir, Fb. iii. 175. COMPDS: reiðar-duna, u, f. a clap of thunder, Fb. iii. 175. reiðar-slag, n. = reiðarduna. reiðar-týr, m. = reiðitýr, Edda 49. reiðar-þruma, u, f id., Fms. i. 10, xi. 136, Rb. 318, Sks. 94, Stj. 274. reið, n. pl. = reiði, harness, Fas. i. 186 (in a verse). REIÐA, d, a causal to riða -- to make to ride, carry; hverr reiddi yðr yfir Markar-fljót? Nj. 142; Þórðr reiddi hann at baki sér, Eg. 188; eigi skal þá reiða yfir vötn eða ferja, K.Þ.K. 82; r. andvirki, hey, to carry hay, 102; r. heim ok bera inn hey, K.Á. 176; reiða á völl, to cart dung on a field; reiða e-t um öxl, to carry on one's shoulders, Pr. 414, Finnb. 306. II. to make to rock, shake; reiðit hana af baki svá at hón falli í lækinn ofan, Ísl. ii. 339; Björn reiddi sik til falls í strenginum, Fms. i. 181; brott reknir ok af reiddir samkundu, Stj. 53; þú mun hans ok af reiða þínum hálsi, 168; þeir reiddu (pushed) hann aptr ok fram eptir vellinum, Lv. 8l. 2. to toss, of wind and waves; en skip þat reiddi vindr til Róma-borgar, Pr. 442; bátinn undir honum reiddi vindr ok straumr norðr með landi, Fms. i. 294; flóð reiddi skipið, Leiðarv. 16 :-- impers. to ride, be tossed about; örkina reiddi um haf innan, Ver. 8; reiddi þá ymsa vega, Fas. i. 383; ok lætr hann reiðask þangat sem fáir menn vóru milli, Sturl. i. 31; lögðu þeir í rétt ok létu reiða fyrir nokkurar nætr, they rode before the wind, Eg. 372; tók þá at reiða saman skipin, the ships began to drift, Nj. 273; þeir létu reiða yfir um sumarit, they roamed about, Fbr. 21; sem hann reiðir í bylgjum þessarar áhyggju, Mar.; í slíkum hvirfil-vindum reiddi þann blezaðan biskup, Bs. ii. 5, 48, Fb. iii. 409 :-- the impers. phrase, e-u reiðir vel, ílla af, to end well, ill; vóru þá margir hræddir um hversu af mundi reiða, Fms. vii. 156; kann þá enn vera at vel reiði af, vi. 10. 3. to carry about; kann vera at þeir menn reiði orð mín úvitrlig fyrir alþýðu, Fms. vi. 208: ef maðr reiðir auknefni til háðungar honum, Grág ii. 146; þeim er reiðir þann verka ok nemr, 148; hann kallask lostið hafa Ref tvau högg ok reiðir þetta víða, Krók. 4. to brandish; hann greip öxina ok reiddi upp, Eg. 717, Fms. i. 180; Þjóstólfr gékk með öxi reidda, Nj. 25, Fms. i. 181; greip hann til hamarsins ok bregðr á lopt, en er hann skal fram reiða, Edda 34; ef maðr reiðir fram þann vígvöl, er ..., Grág. ii. 7, passim. 5. to weigh in a balance; reiða silfr, Ld. 30; síðan vóru teknar skálir ok met, var þá reitt í sundr fétt, ok skipt ölln með vágum, Fms. vi. 183; nú reiðir hann rangar vættir eða mælir rangar álnar, Grág. i. 499. 6. to pay, discharge; reiða kaup, to pay wages, Grág. i. 153; r. fé af hendi, 199; r. verð fyrir e-t, Fms. x. 227; skal hann reiða sína aura fyrir landit, Grág. ii. 239; Ásgrímr setti spjóts-odd fyrir brjóst jarli, ok bað hann reiða föður-gjöld, Landn. 216; ef hann reiðir eigi biskupi reiðu eða prest-reiðu, N.G.L. i. 13. reiða, u, f. implements, an outfit; kveðja matar ok allrar reiðu er hann skal hafa á þingi, Grág. i. 133, ii. 54, 55; hafi hann þá reiðu með sér, er barn megi skúa, K.Þ.K. 6; Eyjarskeggjar fengu skipverjum þá reiðu sem þeir þurftu at hafa til brautferðar, Post. 656 C. 23; var svá hörð reiðan þeirra, at ekki var at eta nema börkr af viði ok safi. Fms. viii. 32; vistin ok reiðan, 440, v.l; skip-r., berserkja-r., Hornklofi: allit., róð ok reiðu, rudder and rigging, of a ship; hence, rá ok reiði, Fms. ix. 36. 2. attendance, service; vist ok öll reiða, Edda 69; vinna e-m reiðu, to serve, attend, Blas. 54; hón reis upp ór rekkju ok vann at nekkverju til reiðu sér, Bs. i. 353; hann lá þrjár nætr í sárum, ok fékk alla reiðu (= þjónustu), ok andaðisk, Sturl. i. 140. 3. wages; þá hefir prestr fyrir-farit reiðu sinni þá tólf mánaðr, N.G.L. i. 135; krefja reiðu biskups, 7, 13 (prest-reiða). 4. the phrase, til reiðu, ready on hand; konungr lét þat þegar til reiðu, the king gave it (paid it, had it ready) at once, Fms. i. 98, Stj. 131; þeir sögðu at þat var allt til reiðu með þeim sem hón þurfti at hafa. Fms. x. 103. 5. affairs; sú (kona) er hann hefir engar reiður við áttar, Grág. i. 332. 6. the phrase, henda reiður á e-u, to notice, heed; jarl spurði hvert hann færi þaðan, þeir kváðusk eigi reiður hafa á hent, Nj. 133, Fms. iii. 530; það er ekki að henda reiður á því, 'tis untrustworthy, mere gossip. COMPDS: reiðu-búinn, part. [Dan. redebon], ready, ready-made, prepared, Karl. 229, Nj. 220, Th. 17, Bs. ii. 15, Mar. reiðu-gipt, f. payment, D.N. reiðu-liga, adv. readily; lúka reiðiliga, to pay promptly, Dipl. iii. 11. reiðu-ligr, mod. reiði-ligr, adj. honest, safe, of a payer. reiðu-maðr, m. the steward on board a ship, N.G.L. i. 335; the master of a feast, Hom. (St.) John ii. 5. reiðu-penningar, m. pl. ready money, N.G.L. ii, D.N. passim. reiðu-stóll, m. a 'ready-chair,' easy-chair(?), Fms. v. 234, 332, Ísl. ii. 418, Bs. i. 506. reiðask, d, qs. vreiðask, [Dan.-Swed. wredes], to be wrath, angry, absol. or with dat.; reiðask e-u or e-m, þá reiddisk Höskuldr, ok var fátt um með þeim bræðrum nökkura hríð, Nj. 2; reiddisk Gunnarr þó fyrir yðra hönd, ok þykkir hann skapgóðr, 68, Ó.H. 167: r. við e-t, Eg. 51, Grág. ii. 146, 147; ef maðr er við þat reiðandi, Sks. 625: r. e-u, Fms. i. 59; konungr reiddisk orðum hennar, vi. 4; r. e-m, fyrir þat reiddusk heiðingar Friðreki biskupi, 268; at eigi reiðisk þú oss, 623. 33. reið-fara, -fari, adj.; in the phrase, verða vel r., to have a good voyage on the sea, Bs. i. 160, 411, Ld. 8, 18, 160, Eb. 32, 114, Gullþ. 5, Fms. vi. 201, 298, Fb. i. 526, ii. 142, passim. reið-gata, u, f. a riding-way, bridle-path, Eg. 742, Sturl. i. 66, Vm. 156, Dipl. iii. 10, D.I. i. 577.

490 REIÐGOTAR -- REIK.

Reið-gotar, m. pl., older form Hreið-gotar, as seen from the alliterations in Vþm. 12; [A.S. Hrêð-gotnan]:-- the name of an ancient people. Reiðgota-land, the land of the R., Fas. i. 366, Fms. i. 116. reið-góðr, adj. good for riding, Fbr. 25 new Ed. reið-hestr, m. a riding-horse, Bs. i. 138, Nj. 81; opp. to a pack-horse. reiði, n., prop. 'implements,' the rigging of a ship; nú fyrnisk skip, förlask reiði (reiðir Ed.), Gþl. 77; knörr með rá ok reiði, Bs. i. 411; enda skal hann fá húsrúm til reiðis þeirra, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 71; gjald fyrir róðr ok reiði ok allar útvinnur, Fms. viii. 173; þeir tóku frá reiðin öll frá skipunum, xi. 142. 2. harness; góðir hestar með enu bezta reiði, Fms. xi. 193; hestr með öllu reiði, Edda 38; söðul-reiði, Ó.H. 15. reiði, a, m. tackle, rigging, all that belongs to a ship; bjarga skipi ok reiða, Gþl. 371; skip, reiða ok árar, Ó.H. 103; langskip með reiða öllum, Eg. 35; allr var reiði vandaðr mjök með skipinu, 68; róðrar-skútu ok þar með reiða allan, svá tjöld ok vistir, 76; setja upp skip þeirra eðr búa um reiða þeirra, Ld. 82; reiða-fang, -kaup, purchase of rigging, N.G.L. i. 197, 199, Jb. 387. 2. the harness of a horse, Fms. v. 41, Grág. ii. 262, Eg. 547, 579, Edda 38: mod. the crupper of a saddle. COMPDS: reiða-laust, adj. without rigging, Fms. vii. 180, viii. 146, Orkn. 228: without a crupper. reiða-spell, n. damage to the rigging, Jb. 397 C. REIÐI, f., prop. vreiði, which form is preserved in the allit. phrase,vín, val-, (v)reiði, Akv. 2, and ruæiði in N.G.L. i. 352; [Engl. wrath; Swed.-Dan. vrede] :-- wrath, anger, Edda 110; mark reiði sinnar, Fms. vii. 195; biðja af sér reiði, Ó.H. 169; reiðin lítr eigi hit sanna, Fbr. 85 new Ed.; æði eðr reiði, Fms. i. 15; fær honum þat mikillar áhyggju ok reiði, Nj. 172; ógurliga reiði, Sks. 227; reiði-þoka, Hom. 19; skal sá í brottu verða ok hafa þó reiði mína, my displeasure, Nj. 68, and passim. COMPDS: reiði-hugr, m. wrath, anger, Fms. ii. 41. reiði-lauss, adj. without anger (sine ira), Rb. reiði-liga, adv. frowningly, Barl. 53, and reiði-ligr, adj., Fms. iv. 161, Mar. reiði-mál, n. pl. angry language, matter of strife; göra e-t at reiðimálum, Fs. 20; Ingimundi þótti þetta reiðimál, spiteful language, Fs. 189; var þat meirr r. en sannindi, Hkr. iii. 64. reiði-sproti, a, m. a rod of anger, Stj. 382, Pass. 48. 16. reiði-svipr, m. an angry, offended look, Bs. i. 774, Fb. iii. 449. reiði-verk, n. a deed done in anger, Sól. 26. reiði-yrði, n. = reiðimál, Sks. 795. reiði-þokki, a, m. displeasure, Fb. iii. 403. reiði-duna, u, f. thunder, N.G.L. i. 342. reiði-gangr, n. = reiðiskjálf; allt er á reiðigangi, Skíða R. 76. reiði-gögn, n. (= reiðugögn), furniture, Edda ii. 260. reiði-hestr, m. = reiðhestr, MS. 4. 53. reiði-leysi, n., qs. reiðu-leysi; in the phrase, í reiðileysi, unheeded. reiðing, f. a carrying or bringing abroad, Grág. ii. 148: uproar, wild confusion, var þá í reiðingu mikilli, Sturl. iii. 188, Mork. 40. reiðingr, m. harness, in mod. usage only of a pack-horse, Nj. 158, Landn. 94, Lv. 59, Fms. vi. 390, Bs. i. 138. reiðinn, adj. prone to anger, hot-tempered, Eg. 187. reiðir, m. a discharger, payer, Lex. Poët. reiði-skjálf, n. prop. a 'rocking-shelf,' rocking-chair(?), (Dan. gynge); only used in the phrase, vera á reiðiskjálfi, to be quaking and shaking. reiði-týr, m. the god of the wain -- Thor, Haustl. reiði-þruma, u, f. = reiðarþruma, Sks. 52 new Ed., Barl. 172. reið-klæði (mod. reið-föt), n. pl. riding-clothes, Fb. i. 359. reið-lyndi, n. anger, Art. 69. reið-lyndr, adj. hot-tempered, El. 23. reið-maðr, m. a horseman; góðr r., a good horseman. REIÐR, reið, reitt, adj., compar. reiðari, reiðastr, originally vreiðr, which form remains in the allit. poët, phrase, vega vreiðr, Fm. 7, 17, 30, Sdm. 27, Ls. 15, 18, 27; [A.S. wrâð; Engl. wrath; Dan.-Swed. vred; derived from vríða, prop. meaning a-wry, contorted, which sense however is lost, and the word is only used in the metaph. sense] :-- wrathful, angry, offended; þá mælti Þórr, gangi nú til einhverr ok fáisk við mik, nú em ek reiðr, Edda 33, Ó.H. 16; reiðr var þá Vingþórr er hann vaknaði, Þkv. 1; Gunnarr var reiðr mjök, Nj. 68; í reiðum hug, Fms. vi. 4, and passim; fok-r., bál-r., all-r., ú-reiðr: reiðr e-m, angry with one; hann var r. Einari, Eg. 694; konungr varð þessu mjök reiðr, Fms. i. 12: r. við e-t, id.; hann varð við þat reiðr mjök, Íb. 10. reiðr, adj. [ríða], passable on horseback, of a ford, river; var þar reitt at fjörum en eigi at flóðum, Sturl. iii. 33, v.l.; ó-reiðr, impassable on horseback; görði ána úreiða, Bs. 1. 138; hón var óreið, 54, Nj. 63: of weather, fit for travelling, það er ekki reitt veðr; óreitt fyrir stormi, etc. reiðr, adj. ready, clear; allr herr gékk reiðr (thus, not = vreiðr) at Rögnis skeiði, all the host went 'ready,' straight towards the sea, Bragi; kömr hann eigi til skips áðr en reiðr (sic) sé rudd, before the ship is made ready for sea(?), N.G.L. i. 335: the word is rare in old writers; mod., hafa e-ð á reiðum höndum, to have ready at hand. reið-skapr, m. readiness, N.G.L. ii. 2. mod. harness. reið-skjóti, a, m., reið-skjótr, m., Bs. i. 743 :-- prop. a 'vehicle,' but only used of a horse, a riding-horse, Grág. i. 328, Gþl. 77, 117, N.G.L. i. 145, Eg. 246, 460, Fms. ii. 270, ix. 348, xi. 33, Ó.H. 15, 62, 170., COMPDS: reiðskjóta-maðr, m. a groom, Fms. ix. 354. reiðskjóta-skipti, n. a changing horses, N.G.L. i. 145, Gþl. 118. reiðsla, u, f. discharge, payment; reiðslu hluti, a part of the payment Ám. 22 :-- a balance, steelyard, see reizla. reiðslu-maðr, m. a steward, Bs. i. 472. reið-sleði a, m. a carriage-sledge, 655 xxviii. 3. Stj. 626. reið-stóll, m. = reiðustóll, Sturl. ii. 19. reið-tygi, n. 'riding-gear,' saddle-harness. reiðu-liga, adv. with wrath, frowningly. Fms. i. 75, ii. 34, Sks. 229. reiðu-ligr, adj. looking wrathful, Nj. 83, Fms. vi. 122, passim. reiðull, adj. hot-tempered, 655 xxvii. n. reið-ver, n. a saddle-cloth, cloak. REIFA, ð, prop. to swaddle; r. barn, passim in mod. usage. II. to enrich, present with; reifa e-n e-u, to bestow upon one; r. e-n rauðum hringum, Akv. 39; r. e-n gulli, Am. 13, Gkv. 2. 1; höppum reifðr, enriched with bliss, Pd. 15; mjök eru reifðir (not röyfðir?) rógbirtingar, Fagrsk. 4 (in a verse); en er Þorgerðr fór heim, reifði Egill hana góðum gjöfum, Eg. 644; ek skal reifa þik gjöfum, Fas. ii. 508, Al. 161; konungr var reifðr mörgum gjöfum, Jómsv. S. 5. 2. to gladden, cheer; örnu reifir Óláfr, Edda (in a verse), Fms. xi. 187 (in a verse); hann (Christ) reifði fjölda lýðs af tvennum fiskum, Leiðarv. 27: reflex. to be gladdened, cheered, Fagrsk. 4 (or perh. hreyfðisk). 3. the phrase, reifa íllu, to come to a bad end, to end ill; sagði þat íllu r. mundu, it would end ill, Valla L. 214; ok þeim hefði at íllu reift, Fms. xi. 294; mun þer þetta íllu r., Boll. 336; þat mun eigi góðu r., Grett. 153; ok varir mik at þér reifi íllu ef þú ferr, Krók. 55. B. [Prob. a different word], prop. to rip up, disclose; hvárt þetta skal fyrst fara í hljóði, ok reifa þetta fyrir nokkurum vitrum mönnum, Fms. iv. 79; at r. engan hlut eðr kvittu í konungs-höll, v. 320. 2. as a law term; in the phrase, reifa mál, to sum up a case, similar to the custom of Engl. courts of the present day; þá varð engi til at r. málit, fyrr en Þorbjörn, hann settisk í dóminn ok reifði málit. Bs. i. 17; var farit at öllum málum sem á þinga-dómum, vórn þar kviðir bornir, reifð mál ok dæmd, Eb. 280; þá stóð sá upp er sökin hafði yfir höfði verit fram sögð ok reifði málit, Nj. 243, Grág. passim. In the old Icel. court each party (plaintiff and defendant) nominated a member of the court to sum up his case, and such delegated persons were called reifingar-menn, Grág. Þingsk þ. ch. 21; hence reifa mál bæði til sóknar ok til varnar, Grág. i. 79; svá skal sá mæla er sókn reifði, ... svá skal sá mæla er vörn reifði. 71: sókn skal fyrr reifa hvers máls en vörn, 65. REIFAR, f. pl. swaddling-clothes; vefja, binda reifum, Hom. 36, Bs. ii. 170, Mar., Lil. 35, 42, passim. COMPDS: reifa-barn, n. an infant in swaddling-clothes; kona hans rakaði ljá eptir honum ok bar r. á baki sér, Bs. i. 666, Al. 14. reifa-lindi, a, m. a swaddling-string, Karl. 547. reifa-strangi, a, m. the 'swaddling-roll' of an infant. reifing, f. a summing-up; sum mál dæmd sum búin til reifingar, Band. 6; um reifing, Grág. i. 63. reifingar-maðr, m. the person who sums up (see reifa), Grág. i. 63, Nj. 243. reifir, m. a giver, helper, Lex. Poët. Reifnir, m. the name of a sea-king, Lex. Poët. reifr, adj. glad, cheerful; gladr ok reifr, Hm. 14; heima glaðr ok við gesti reifr, 102; er Guðmundr reifr við þá ok veitir þeim stórmannliga, Ísl. ii. 388; reifr gékk herr und hlífar, Edda (in a verse); bjór-r., cheerful from wine, Ls. 18; hug-r., joyful of heart, Hallfred; böð-r., gunn-r., her-r., hjaldr-r., 'war-glad,' Lex. Poët., a standing epithet of a warrior, which reminds of Tacitus' 'Germani, laeta bello gens.' reigingr, m. stiffness, reigings-ligr, adj. stiff, puffed up. REIGJASK, ð, the vellums always spell with i, not ey, and Eb. 117 new Ed. note 6 is a misprint; [rígr and reigjask point to a lost strong verb, ríga, reig] :-- to throw the body back, with the notion of stiffness and haughtiness; reigðsk hann við ok lét útrúliga, Eb. 320; reigðisk (thus the vellum) næsta brúðr í móti, Þryml. 50; hón reigðisk við honum ok mælti, Fas. ii. 131; ok svá sem á leið þeirra tal, þá reigðusk æ því meir við liðs-menn, Fms. viii. 158; Þórdís reigðisk (ræiddisk Ed. wrongly) nokkut svá við honum, ok skaut öxl við Þormóði, Fb. ii. 153; reygðisk, Fbr. 38 new Ed., a paper MS., is an error. reigsa, að, an iterat. to walk stiffly and haughtily. REIK, f. the parting of the hair; hvirfil, hnakka, enni, reik, vanga, Edda ii. 430; hár hans var öðru-megin reikar bleikt en öðru-megin rautt, O.H.L. 34, Fs. i. 212, Fas. iii. 392; hnakka eða reikar, 500; Gyrðr kembir nú gula reik með gyltum kambi, Safn i. 33: poët., reikar eik, the oak of the reik, i.e. the hair, Edda 217; and reikar rúfr, the rye of the reik, i.e. the crop of the head, the hair, Gísl.; reikar-tún = the head, Lex. Poët. reik, n. [Scot. raik], a strolling, wandering; vera á reiki: wavering, þar var helzt reik á ráðinu, hvárt ek munda af ráða, Fas. ii. 335; ráð hans er á reiki, is unsettled. 2. the phrase, vera vel, ílla til reika, to be in a good, bad condition; hann er ílla til reika (reikar?), of a person wet, begrimed with dirt, or the like; þó ek væri vel til reika, Fas. ii. 395; ok sem hann hafði drukkit, var hann miklu betr til reika en áðr, Bs. i. 258; fagrliga klæddr ok vel til reika, fine-clad and in good trim, Karl. 113.

REIKA -- REITR. 491

REIKA, að, to wander, take a walk; Þrándr reikaði eptir fjörunni, Fms. ii. 93; Björn reikaði framm með sjónum, Ld. 6; Gautr reikaði á gólfinu, Fær. 242; konungr reikar ofan til strandar, Fas. iii. 456; eptir máltíðina dagliga reikaði hann fyrst, Bs. i. 848. 2. to swagger; rasa eðr reika, Lil. 92; ok reikaði hans hugr mjök, Fms. viii. 12: to totter on one's legs, þá reikaði Þórir á fótunum, vii. 12; meir reikandi en gangandi, Mar.; reikar á fótum, Band. 8, Bs. i. 338, Lv. 81; reikendr, part. pl. the wanderers, i.e. the planets (GREEK), Rb. (1812) 4. reikall or reikull, adj. wandering, unsettled: a nickname, Gullþ. reikan, f. a strolling, wandering; r. hugrenningar, a wandering of the mind, Greg. 6l; sumar fóru úr borginni til reikanar, some went out of the town for a walk. Hom. (St.) COMPDS: reikanar-maðr, m. a land-louper, Rb. 274, Ísl. ii. 243, Sturl. ii. 149. reikanar-samr, adj. wandering, Sturl. iii. 199. reikan-ligr, adj. wandering, Mar. reikna, að; this word occurs in writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, but scarcely earlier, for in Hdl. 44 reikna is an error for rekja, q.v.; [A.S. recnan; Engl. reckon; Germ. rechnen; Dan. regne] :-- to count, calculate; hann reiknaði sik hundraðfaldan ávöxt hafa fengit á því sama ári, Stj. 162; 'perfecta fortitudo' hvat er reikna má algörvan styrkleik, Fb. ii. 534; aðrir sex þeir er Styrmir reiknar í sinni bók, 68; item hefir gefisk, síðan biskup Michel reiknaði, eitt hundrað vaðmála, 22; reiknaði hón jörð eiga geldfjár-rekstr. Dipl. v. 7; biskupinn reiknaði Koðrán í banni ... var sú sök hans reiknuð, at ... reiknaði hann at þat væri mikit góz at þeir höfðu eytt, Bs. i. 830; þrgar tók hann þá eptir at reikna framferði manna, 840; reikna e-t við sik, to make up an account of, 784. II. reflex., láta reiknask eignir klaustranna, to keep an account of the glebes, H.E. i. 476; reiknuðusk þeir þá við um frændsemi, they reckoned up their relationship, Fms. ii. 19; þeir reiknuðusk viðr um kærlig ok bróðurlig viðskipti biskupanna sinna forverara, Dipl. ii. 11, passim; reiknaðisk portio ecclesiae þrjú hundruð, was reckoned, amounted to three hundred, Vm. 19; reiknaðisk í fatabúri rósir þrettán ok tuttugu, Dipl. iii. 4; Þorlákr reiknask eilíflega milli þeirra biskupa, sem ..., Bs. i. 280, Fs. 121. reiknan, f. a reckoning, N.G.L. ii. 429. reikning, f. calculation, Stj. 150, 151. reikningr, m. a reckoning, account, Fms. xi. 441 (v.l.), Dipl. ii. 12, iii. 4, v. 18, Vm. 137, 140, Rb. 196, Ann. 1348, Bs. i. 910, Skíða R. 38; reiknings bréf, a bill of account, Dipl. iii. 4; reiknings brestr, a deficit, ii. 3. 2. arithmetic, passim in mod. usage; reiknings-bók, -fræði, -list. reiknings-skapr, m. a reckoning, account, Dipl. v. 18, Pm. 35. reik-stjörnur, f. pl. the planets, (mod.) reikuð, f.(?); only in the phrase, færa e-n í reikuð, to handle roughly, of a mob or crowd, Fms. vi. 203, Rd. 306, Fs. 150, Bárð. 43 new Ed. REIM, f., pl. reimar, [Germ. rieme], a lash, thong, Bjarn. 19 (of a garter = hosnareim). reima, að, to string, fasten on a thong. II. [a different word, see reimt]. mun af reimask meir en eina nótt, the haunting, the ghost, will leave off for more than one night, Grett. 82 new Ed. reimir, m. a 'thong,' poët, a snake, Edda (Gl.) reim-leikr (-leiki), m. the being haunted by ghosts; eptir þetta görðusk reimleikar miklir, Eb. 270; reimleikar ok aptrgöngur, 278, 280, Fms. iv. 27, Bs. i. 598, Grett. 113, 140, 142. REIMT, n. adj. [the root or origin of this word and its derivatives is not known, perh. qs. vreimr, akin to Dan. vrimmel -- a swarm] :-- haunted; in the phrase, þar er reimt, a place is haunted by ghosts; þar var reimt mjök, Grett. 110; þótti þar reimt jafnan síðan, Fs. 59: reimt þykir þar síðan vera hjá kumlum þeirra, Ísl. ii. 115; þar þótti mönnum reimt mjök sakir trolla-gangs, Grett. 140, Fas. ii. 115; ok þótti þar reimt fyrir er Sigrflugan var á lopti, Fms. viii. 374, v.l. reimuðr, in. a GREEK; r. Jötun-heima, the haunter of Giant-land = a giant, Haustl. reimun, f. winding. reimunar-kefli, n. a winding-stick to wind thread on (as a clew), Krók. 41 C. REIN, f., dat. reinu, e.g. mark-reinu, kaup-reinu, Gþl. 460, 485; sef-reinu, Lex. Poët.; pl. reinar; [Scot. rins] :-- a strip of land, freq. in mod. usage; mark-rein, skógar-rein (q.v.), a strip of woodland; kaup-rein, a market-place: poët., ragna rein, the heavenly strip, i.e. the rainbow. Hd.; geð-rein, the mind's strip, i.e. the breast; svana flug-rein, swan's pinion-strip, i.e. the sky, Harms. 44: in circumlocutions, baug-rein, rein steina, = a woman, Lex. Poët. REINI, a, m., qs. vreini, [A.S. wræne; Swed. vrensk-hest = a stallion; cp. Swed. vrenska, Dan. vrinske, = to neigh] :-- a stallion; reini mun ek þér þykkja ... þótt þú hafir reina rödd, Hkv. Hjörv. 20, 21; vilda ek at Steingerðr væri gömul jalda í stóði, en ek reini, Kormak; the word is else obsolete, see Bugge 407 note. REIP, n., mod. reipi, [Goth. raip; A.S. râp; Engl. rope; Scot. raip; O.H.G. reif; Dan. reb; Swed. rep] :-- a rope, Fms. iv. 335, Grág. ii. 361; hann sleit í sundr reipin, Edda 26; láta reip á háls hverjum þeirra, 623. 33; fyrir hví gáfut ér oss eigi eins reips jörð, Stj. 361; þat er gyrði töng eða reipi, N.G.L. i. 349; reips hald, a rope's hold, Sturl. ii. 139; heljar reip, Sól. 27; festa reipin upp á hestana, Eb. 180; göra upp reipi, to tie up a rope; ólar-reip, band-reip, hrosshárs-reip. 2. of a ship's tackle; drífa til reipa, Fms. vii. (in a verse); reipa reiði, rigging, tackling, vi. 308: compds, drag-reip, hjálp-r., kjal-r., skaut-r., þrá-r., q.v. :-- the phrase, við raman reip at draga, from the game of two persons pulling a rope, Nj. 10, Fms. ii. 107, Fs. 75. reipa-knútr, m. a kind of cross-knot. reipa, að, to fasten with a rope: naut., var reipat tréit á skipinu, the mast was rigged, Fms. ix. 480, v.l. 2. reflex., ef þú reipask við at fara, if thou refuse to go, Fms. xi. 113. II. in Dan. rebe, to 'rope' a field, to measure land with a rope. reipari, a, m. a rope-maker, N.G.L. ii. 204. reip-rennandi, part. 'rope-running;' in the phrase, lesa, kunna e-ð r., to read or know by heart without a knot, i.e. fluently. REISA, t, a causal to rísa; pret. reisði or raisþi is freq. in the older Runic stones, see Rafn; [Goth. raisjan; Engl. raise, etc.] :-- to raise; takit nú ok reisit viðuna, Fms. vii. 310; þá lét hann reisa viduna ok draga seglit, Ó.H. 170; r. niðstöng, Fs. 54; r. af dauða, Rb. 82 :-- reisa e-n upp, to raise up, Fms. i. 10; hann reisti hann upp ok kyssti, 148; r. upp af dauða, to raise up from the dead, 623. 22 (upp-risa, resurrection): to raise up, put up, Fms. x. 411; reisti hann upp (restored) lög í landinu, xi. 296; upp mun Guð r. spámann mikinn, 655 xiii. B. 4 :-- r. dýr, to spring a deer, a hunting term, Gþl. 447: r. net, to lay a net, of a bird-net, Barl. 55. 2. to raise, erect, build, of ships and houses; Ólafr enn Helgi reisti kaupstaðinn, Ó.H. (pref.); reisa bæ, Ld. 96, Fs. 19; r. kirkju, O.H.L. 23, Bs. i. 20, MS. 63. 14; r. hof, Gullþ. 55; r. stein, to raise a stone, set up a monumsnt, is a standing phrase on the Runic stones, -- N.M. raisþi, or lét raisa stain þansi, Baut.; er þeir höfðu reistan laup kirkjunnar, Fms. ii. 234: r. skip, lét hann reisa skip inn undir Hlað-hömrum ... Þorbergr var höfuðsmiðr at reisa, 217, 218; lét Olafr konungr r. langskip mikit á Eyrunum við ána Níð. 50; um vetrinn reisti Þórðr ferju niðr við Miðfjarðar-ós, Þórð. 10 new Ed.: r. upp hús ..., to restore, Ó.H. 37. 3. to raise, start, begin; hvernok r. skal frá upphafi þessa ráða-görð, Ó.H. 32; reisa úfrið. to raise a rebellion, make a rising, Fms. i. 84; r. ferð, to start on a journey, ix. 344; reisa bú or búnað, to set up a household, Sturl. iii. 166, Bb. 2. 19; þau vóru með freku reist, they were roused, startled by violence, Sturl. i. 105; þeim málum, er Haraldr hafði með freku reist, Fms. x. 409. 4. the phrase, reisa rönd við e-m, to raise the shield against, to withstand, Eg. 587, Al. 7, Fms. xi. 318 (in a verse). II. reflex. to arise, be raised, or raise oneself; hón (the river) reisisk á þá leið, Stj. 69; þá reistisk hann upp, Fas. i. 346; þann er upp vildi reisask á móti honum, Sks. 681; r. móti konungi, to rebel, H.E. i. 469 (upp-reist = uprising, rebellion); reistisk hann þá upp ór rekkjunni, MS. 4. 12. reisa, u, f. [from the Germ. reise], a journey; this word, which is very rare in mod. usage (ferð and för are the vernacular words), appears at the end of the 15th century, Bs. i. 900 (Laur. S. the second recension); var svá hörð reisan þeirra, Fms. viii. 32 (v.l., an error for reiðan, in a vellum of the latter part of the 15th century, but shewing that the transcriber knew the German word); in Norway it occurs in a deed of 1344: in mod. usage Icel. say ferða-reisa, vera á ferða-reisu :-- í þrjár reisur, thrice, Bs. ii. 474. reisu-móðr, adj. journey-weary, Jón Þorl. reisa, t, [Germ. reisen], to travel, (mod.) reisa, adj. indecl., of cattle so starved or old that they cannot rise, but must be lifted up, reisa af hor. reisi-fjöl and reisi-súð, f. a wainscotted roof. reist, f. rising; in upp-reist, mót-r., við-r. REISTA, t, qs. vreista, [Engl. wrest; Dan. vriste], to wrest, wring, bend; var skipit svá reist ok hrist, at í sundr brotnuðu brandarnir, Fms. viii. 247; lagðisk litt sverðit, en síðan reisti hann þat í glugg einum, i.e. the sword was soft and he bent it straight in a window, Fas. ii. 465. reisting, f. a bending, twisting, Fas. ii. 465. reistr, m., gen. reistar, qs. vreistr, [cp. Engl. wrist], a twist; jarðar reistr, the 'earth-twist,' 'earth's curl,' poët, a serpent, Bragi, see Bugge in Philol. Tidskr. :-- a nickname, Landn., whence the local names, Reistar-á, Reistar-gnúpr, Landn., map of Icel. reisuligr, adj. high, stately; r. bær, Sturl. iii. 166, Háv. 58, Hrafn. 22. REITA, t, qs. vreita, [akin to ríta; Germ. reissen, reizen; Swed. reta]:-- to scratch, prop. to irritate, stir up, excite one's anger, Fs. 46; reita forlögin, Al. 55; reita þinn skapara, N.G.L. ii. 416; r. Guðs reiði, Stj. 54, 449; r. hug e-s, Barl. 96, 114; hví hefir þú reitta Philisteos í mót oss, Stj. 414: to charm, sú er mik reitir, Gísl. (in a verse). II. reflex. reitask or rætask; reitisk á um e-t, to be stirred up; mun á bardaga reitask, will there be a fight? Fms. x. 392; reittisk á um tal ok kossa, iii. 144; reittisk þá á um vist hans, then he was well seen there, vii. 112; þá reittisk ekki af (á) um talit, the conversation dropped, Glúm. 336; mun þá skjótt á rætask um gleði manna, Fms. vii. 119; þat tal þótti Agli gott ok rættisk af vel, Eg. 686; mál-reitinn. reiting, f. irritation, offence, Pr. 452: anger, Mar. reitinn, adj. irritating, offensive. Lex. Poët. REITR, m., qs. vreitr, acc. pl. reitu, Grág. i. 65, but usually reita;

492 REITUR -- REKJA.

[from rita or ríta; Swed. vret] :-- a square, a space marked out, a place sketched out, used of a bed in a garden, a square on a chessboard, and the like; gör þú með blóðrefli sverðsins níu reita umhverfis húeth;ina, Mar.; þrír reitar feis breiðir, út frá reitum skulu vera stengr fjórar, Korm. 86; níu reita rístr Þrándr alla vega út frá grindunum, Fæer. 184: þeir skulu rísta reitu tvá, Grág. i. 65; svá hit sama vóru ok reitir níu á taflborðinu, at annarr hverr var gyllr, enn annarr þaktr af hvítu silfri, Karl. 486; sátt er þeim lið allt er í sjóð kemr, en á reitum reitt, Gsp.; heima-menn eigu skála yztir ok reit á möl, of a place for drying fish, Vm 88, þess-háttar sjóreita kalla þeir m ð, Bs. ii. 145: göra reit, N.G.L. i. 241 (for sowing); næpna-reitr, q.v.; Guðs barna reitr, cp. Germ. Gottes-acker = a church-yard. reitur, f. pl. scourings, scrapings; eiga dálitlar reitur, of a poor man's property; fjár-reitur. reizla, u, f. = reið-la, weighing; fá þá mann til at sjá reizlur, Ó.H. 154; um reizlur, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 169; reizlu-maðr, see reiðsla. 2. a steelyard; lát fram reizluna, Ld. 30, passim in mod. usage. rek, n., qs. vrek, [Engl. wreck and wretch; early Dan. wrac, wrag: Swed. wrak; quae cognominantur lingua Danica wrec. Dipl. Arna-Magn. Thork. i. 3] :-- jetsum, a thing drifted ashore: rek þan öll er rekr í almenninga, þá á konungr, N.G.L. ii. 165; haf-rek, vág-rek, q.v. II. metaph. a prosecution; mundu miklir eptirmáls-menn ok mikil rek at gör, Njarð. 372. REKA, pres. rek, rekr; pret. rak, rakt (mod. rakst), rak, plur. ráku; subj. ræki; imper. rek, rektú; part. rekinn; originally vreka; [Ulf. wrikan = GREEK, ga-wrikan = GREEK; A.S. and Hel. wrecan; Engl. wreak; O.H.G. rechan; Germ. rächen; Dan. vrage; Swed. vräka; Lat. urgere] :-- to drive; reka hross, fé, svín, naut, to drive horses, cattle, Eg. 593, Fbr. 30, Nj. 118, 119. 264, Grág. ii. 327, 332, Gísl. 20. Fms. x. 269, 421, Lv. 47, Glúm. 342; reka burt, to expel, drive away, Fms. i. 70, x. 264; reka ór (af) landi, to drive into exile, Nj. 5, Eg 417; reka af höndum, to drive off one's hands, drive away. Fms. vii. 27; rekinn frá Guði, Grág. ii. 167; reka djöfla frá óðum mönnum, Mar.; reka flótta, to pursue a flying host, Eg. 299, Hkr. i. 238. 2. to compel; at því sem hlutr rak þá til, in turns, as the lot drove them to do, 625. 84; segir hver nauðsyn hann rekr til, Fms. x. 265; ér vegit víg þau er yðr rekr lítið til, Nj. 154. 3. with prepp.; reka aptr, to drive back, repel, Ld 112: reka aptr kaup sín, to recall, make void, Nj. 32: to refute, N.G.L. i. 240 :-- reka fyrir, to expel, cp. Germ. ver-treiben, hann görði frið fyrir norðan fjall, ok rak fyrir vikinga, Ver. 45; þá vóru villumenn fyrir reknir, 54; fyrir reka argan goðvarg, Bs. i. 13 (in a verse) :-- reka út, to expel. II. to perform business or the like; reka hernað, to wage war. Fms. i. 105, xi. 91; reka eyrendi, Ld. 92; þat er lítið starf at reka þetta erendi. Eg. 408; reka sýslu, to transact business, Grág. ii. 332; reka hjúskap, to live in wedlock, H.E. i. 450. III. to thrust, throw, push violently; hann rak hann niðr mikit fall, Fms. i. 83; rak hann útbyrðis. Eg. 221; rak hann at höfði í soðketilinn, Nj. 248; Flosi kastaði af sér skikkluni ok rak í fang henni, 176: of a weapon, to run, hann rekr atgeirinn í gegnum hann, he ran it through his body, 115, 119, 264; hann rak á honum tálgu-kníf, stabbed him. Band. 14: reka fót undan e-m, to back the foot clean off, Sturl. iii. 6. 2. reka aptr hurð, dyrr, to bolt, bar, Eg. 749, Fms. ix. 518; þeir ráku þegar aptr stöpulinn, viii. 247; hón rak lás fyrir kistuna, Grett. 159; reka hendr e-s á bak aptr, to tie one's hands to the back, pinion, Fms. xi. 146. IV. various phrases; reka auga, skygnur á e-t, to cast one's eyes upon, see by chance, hit with the eye, Ld. 154: svá langt at hann mátti hvergi auga yfir reka, so far that he could not reach it with his eyes, Fms. xi. 6; reka minni til, to remember, vi. 256, vii. 35 (of some never-to-be-forgotttn thing); reka fréttir um e-t, to enquire into, i. 73; reka sparmæli við e-n, Grett. 74; reka ættar-tölur (better rekja), Landn. 168, v.l.; reka upp hljóð, skræk, to lift up the voice, scream aloud; these phrases seem to belong to a different root, cp. the remarks s.v. rekja and réttr. V. to beat iron, metal; reka járn, Grett. 129 A (= drepa járn); reka nagla, hæl, saum, to drive a nail, a peg (rek-saumr); selrinn gékk þá niðr við sem hann ræki hæl, Eb. 272. VI. impers. to be drifted, tossed; skipit rak inn á sundit, Fms. x. 136; skipit rak í haf út, Sæm. 33; rak þangat skipit, Eg. 600; rekr hann (acc.) ofan á vaðit, Nj. 108 :-- to be drifted ashore, viðuna rak víða um Eyjar, hornstafina rak í þá ey er Stafey heitir síðan, Ld. 326; ef þar rekr fiska, fugla eðr sela, ef við rekr á fjöru ... nú rekr hval, Grág. ii. 337; borð ný-rekit, Fs. 25; hann blótaði til þess at þar ræki tré sextugt, Gísl. 140; hafði rekit upp reyði mikla, Eb. 292; fundu þeir í vík einni hvar upp var rekin kista Kveldúlfs, Eg. 129 :-- e-n rekr undan, to escape, Nj. 155 :-- of a tempest, þá rak á fyrir þeim hrið (acc.), a tempest arose, Fs. 108; rekr á storma, myrkr, hafvillur, þoku, to be overtaken by a storm, ... fog. VII. reflex. to be tossed, wander; ek hefi rekisk úti á skógum í allan vetr, Fms. ii. 59; görask at kaupmanni ok rekask landa í milli, 79; lítið er mér um at rekask milli kaupstaða á haustdegi, Ld. 312; ok ef Kjartan skal nú undan rekask (escape), 222; at hann rækisk eigi lengr af eignum sínum ok óðulum, Fms. ix. 443; hann bað yðr standa í mót ok rekask af höndum óaldar-flokka slíka, Ó.H. 213. VIII. with gen. to wreak or take vengeance; þér hafit rekit margra manna sneypu ok svívirðinga, Fbr. 30; en áttu at reka harma sinna í Noregi, Fb. ii. 120: ok ef þér rekit eigi þessa réttar, þá munu þér engra skamma reka, Nj. 63; þér vilduð eigi eitt orð þola, er mæltt var við yðr, svá at þér rækit eigi, Hom. 32; frændr vára, þá er réttar vilja reka, Eg. 458; mjök lögðu menn til orðs, er hann rak eigi þessa réttar, Ld. 250; átru vér þá Guðs réttar at reka, Ó.H. 205. IX. part., þykki mér ok rekin ván, at ..., all hope past, that ..., Ld. 216. 2. rekinn = inlaid, mounted; öxi rekna, Ld. 288; hand-öxi sína ina reknu, Lv. 30; öxi forna ok rekna, Sturl. ii. 220, Gullþ. 20. 3. a triple or complex circumlocution is called rekit; fyrst heita kenningar (simple), annat tvíkennt (double), þriðja rekit, þat er kenning at kalla 'flein-brag' orrostu, en þat er tvíkennt at kalla 'fleinbraks-fur' sverðit, en þá er rekit er lengra er, Edda 122; cp. rek-stefja. reka, u, f., qs. vreka, [Engl. rake; Germ. rache], a shovel, spade, K.Þ.K. 38, Ísl. ii. 193, Vm. 34, Dropl. 28: the saying, stikk mér í, kvað reka! Fms. vii. 115; myki-reka, fjós-reka. rekald, n. a wreck, a thing drifted ashore, jetsum, Grág. i. 218, Glúm. 393, Fs. 145; þótti Sæmudr hafa sent þeim íllt rekald, Fs. 31. rekendr, f. pl. [A.S. racenta; O.H.G. rachinza], a chain, Fms. vi. 168, vii. 184; rekendum bundinn, 623. 12, 655 xiii. B. 3; þá féllu rekendirnar (sic) af Petro, 656 C. 11; járn-r., Fms. vii. 183, xi. 322, Sks. 416; gull-r., El.; munnlaug skal dóttir hafa nema rekendr sé gör (sic) á meðal, N.G.L. i. 283, cp. 211. rek-hvalr, m. a whale drifed ashore, Grág. ii. 385, K.Þ.K. 112, K.Á. 162, Jb. 335, Am. 36. reki, a, m., originally vreki, [cp. Goth. wrakja; A.S. wraca; Engl. sea-wrack, etc.] :-- jetsum, a thing drifted ashore, see rek above; hverr maðr á reka fyrir landi sinn, viðar ok hvala ok sela, fiska ok fugla ok þara, Grág. ii. 352; kaupa reka af landi annars manns, 358, Fs. 174, 176, passim. In Icel., washed by the Polar stream and the Gulf stream, the right of jetsum in dead whales and drift-timber formed an important part of the public law; numerous passages in the Laws, Sagas, and Deeds bear witness to this, or relate to disputes about whales drifted ashore, e.g. Rd. ch. 8, Eb. ch. 57, Glúm. ch. 37, Grett. ch. 14, Háv. ch. 3. 2. in compds: reka-gögn, 'wreck-gain,' returns from jetsum, Dipl. iii. 3; reka-hvalr, Grág. ii. 358, 366. 381; reka-bútr, -drumbr, -tré, -viðr, a drift-log, tree, Fb. i. 213, Háv. 40, K.Þ.K. 84, Bs. i. 674, Eg. 135, Grág. ii. 211; reka-partr, a share in a jetsum, Dipl. ii. 9; reka-mark, a landmark of a reki, Grág. ii. 355, Jb. 316, 321, 322; reka-maðr, a 'drift-man,' lord of the manor, owner of jetsum (as owner or purchaser), Grág. ii. 359, Jb. 317; reka-strönd, a 'wreck-strand,' where whales or trees are driven ashore, Ld. 96, K.Þ.K. 82, Js. 49; reka-búi, a neighbour or juror in a case of jetsum; ok skulu rekabúar virða hval, Grág. ii. 371; reka-fjara = reka-strönd, 357, Jb. 316; reka-bálkr and reka-þáttr, the section in law referring to jetsum, Grág. ii. 352, Jb. 313, sqq. II. persecution; var eigi svá mikill reki at görr um vígit sem ván mundi þykkja um svá göfgan mann, Eb. 194; Eiðr var þá mjök gamlaðr, varð af því at þessu görr engi reki, Ld. 250; þeir görðu mikinn reka at þeim verkum er þar vóru gör, Fbr. 59 new Ed. III. in compds, as eyrend-reki, a messenger; land-reki, a king :-- a driver, drover, in sauð-reki, hjarð-reki, naut-rcki, lest-reki, q.v. rekingr, m. [? Engl. reckling], an outcast, wretch; r. ok huglauss, heita r., MS. 4. 20, 26. rekinn, rekit, part., see reka IX. REKJA, pres. rek; pret. rakði and rakti; subj. rekði, rekti; part. rakinn (older rakiðr); imper. rek, rektú; different from reka; [Ulf. uf-rakjan = GREEK; Engl. reach; Dan.-Swed. række, räcka; Germ. reichen; Gr. GREEK; Lat. r&e-short;go; cp. also rakna, réttr, q.v.] :-- to spread out, unfold, unwind, of cloth, a clew, thread, and the like, rekja, rekja sundr; hón rakti motrinn ok leit á um hrið, Ld. 202; hón þrífr upp motrinn ok rekr sundr, 192; sýndi hón Þorsteini marga dúka ok röktu í sundr, Grett. 160; þat var helzt gaman Helgu, at hón rekði skikkjuna Gunnlaugs-naut, ok horfði þar á löngum, Ísl. ii. 274, 275; hann leiddi hann um eik ok rakti svá ór honum þarmana, Nj. 275; af skolu þau klæði rekja, unwrap the clothes, N.G.L. i. 339 :-- reflex. to unwind itself, en þráðrinn rakðisk af tvinna-hnoðanu, Hkr. iii. 117; röktusk svá á enda allir hans þarmar, Fb. i. 527; lát hendr þínar í tómi rekjask niðr fyrir þik, do stretch thy arms straight down, Sks. 293; rekjask ór svefni, to arise from sleep, Am. 88: rekjask úr, to unwind itself, get disentangled, be set right; það rekst úr bágindum hans. 2. to discharge; ef þræll manns rekr til lausnar at leysa sik, þá skal eigi gefa honum frelsi fyrr en hann hafi hálf-goldit verð sitt, N.G.L. i. 174. II. to trace; rekja spor, to track, trace; þeir rekja spor sem hundar, Fms. i. 8; þeir röktu spor hans norðan, Landn. 179, Fs. 66 :-- rekja kyn, ættir, to trace a pedigree, Ó.H. (pref.), Hdl. 44; þar skal rekja til bauga-tal, Grág. ii. 63; guðin rökðu til spádóma, at ..., Edda 18, Stj. 444, Mar.; lítt rekjum vér drauma til flestra hluta, Nj. 178; rekja minni til, to recollect, remember, Fms. viii. 278; þeir röktu fram sín vísendi, Stj. 602; bað hann fram r. Guðs lög, to expose, Fms. viii. 277; rakti hann fyrir þeim helgar ritningar, Hom. (St.); r. bænir sínar fyrir e-n, to say one's prayers, Ó.H, (in a. verse).

REKJA -- RENNA. 493

rekja, u, f. [rakr], wet, rain, dew, as good for mowing; það er bezta rekja; slá í rekju. rekki-látr, adj. upright, high-minded, Gísl. (in a verse). REKKJA, u, f., gen. pl. rekkna, Edda 29, Róm. 195 (spelt rokna); also spelt reykja, Fms. v. 38, 183, 334, 339; or even rjukja in Art. :-- a bed, Nj. 14, Eg. 24, 125, 765, Edda 9, Fær. 197, Fs. 5, 143, Fb. i. 43, Fms. iv. 318, passim. COMPDS: rekkju-búnaðr, m. bed-furniture, Eb. 258. rekkju-félagi, a, m. a bed-fellow, Fms. iii. 199. rekkju-gólf, n. a bed-closet, Þorst. Stang. 55. rekkju-íllr, adj. unruly in bed, Rd. 241. rekkju-klæði, n. pl. bed-clothes, Eb. 256, Ám. 100, Dipl. v. 18. rekkju-kona, u, f. a cbamber-maid, Str. 21. rekkju-maðr, m. a person in bed, Lv. 98. rekkju-nautr, m. = rekkjufélagi. rekkju-refill, m. a bed-curtain, Eb. 258. rekkju-skraut, n. bed-ornaments, Róm. 303. rekkju-stokkr, m. the 'bed-edge,' Nj. 36, Fms. iii. 125, Fb. iii. 375, Vígl. 33. rekkju-sveinn, m. a chamber-boy, Str. 12, 21, Karl. 295. rekkju-tjald, n. a 'bed-tent,' bed-curtain, Eb. 264. rekkju-vaðmál, n. 'bed-wadmal,' a bed-sheet, Dropl. 20. rekkju-váð, f., mod. proncd. rekkjóð, a bed-theet, Dipl. iii. 4. rekkja, t, [rakkr], to strain, stretch out; uðr rekkir kjöl, Ht.: metaph. to make proud, Lex. Poët. II. [rekkja], to make a bed. Fas. i. 249: to sleep in a bed, r. hjá, to sleep with another in the same bed, Fms. vi. 121, vii. 166, xi. 52, Gísl. 99, Ld. 30; sam-r., id. rekkjóð, f. (qs. rekkjuváð), a bed-sheet. REKKR, m., dat. rekki, Hdl. 3; pl. rekkar; [akin to rakkr, q.v.]: prop. a straight, upright man, a franklin(?), a freq. word in poetry, see Lex. Poët. (Hkv. Hjörv. 18), but in prose only used in old law phrases: in the allit. law phrase, rekkr ok rýgr, man and wife; þann mann skal leiða á rekks skaut ok rýgjar, N.G.L. i. 209; árbornum manni (a noble) fjóra aura, rekks þegni (a freeholder, franklin)? þrjá aura, en leysingja tvá aura; as also, höldr, árborinn maðr, rekks þegn, leysingi, N.G.L. i. 172, 173 (the rekkr stands therefore as the third in rank next to a freed man); rekkar þeir þóttusk er þeir ript höfðu, they felt themselves proud, Hm. 48; Hálfs-rekkar, the champions of king H., Fas. ii. 25, Edda 107 (the etymology there given is a mere fancy). reklingr, m. an outcast, Str.: = riklingr, q.v. rekningr, m. an outcast; Cain var r. frá Guði, Ver. 6, Greg. 26, Hom. 38. 2. vagrancy; bera meyna á rekning, Ísl. ii. 23; see hrakningr, qs. rakningr. rek-saumr, m. 'drive-nails,' large nails, such as are used in ships, Sks. 30, Fms. viii. 199, passim. rek-spölr, m., better rak-spölr, q.v. Rek-stefja, u, f. the name of a poem with a complex (rekit) burden (stef), published in Script. Hist. Ísl. vol. iii. rekstr, m. a driving, chasing, Fms. ix. 409, 497, land-r. :-- a drove of cattle, fjár-rekstr :-- a beaten track, þjóðgata, sætrgata ok allir rekstar, N.G.L. i. 44, Gþl. 409 (Jb. 280): the right of driving cattle into the commons (almenningar), jörðin á rekstr öllu geldfé ok lömbum í Glerárdal, Dipl. v. 19. rekstrar-gata, -vegr, m. a cattle-track, N.G.L. ii. 131. rekvið, see rökvið and rökkr. ré-ligr, adj. = rífligr, ample, large; mun eigi annat réligra en færa menn í slík vandræði, will not some other thing do better than the putting people into such difficulties? i.e. is it not better to take some other course? Lv. 96; ok nú má ok vera at til verdi nokkurir at veita Þorgils, þóat þín málefni sé rélegri, even though thy case be the better of the two, Sturl. i. 44. rella, u, f. grumbling. remba, u, f. a nickname, Fb. iii. rembu-maðr, m. a puffed-up fellow, a coxcomb, Karl. 292. rembask, d, dep. to strut, puff oneself up, Ísl. ii. 219, Fas. i. 81, iii. 131, Róm. 126. rembi-knútr, m. a knot without a loop. rembi-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), haughtily, puffingly, Karl. 227. rembi-læti, n., rembingr, m. puffed manners. remja, að, to roar, of a lion, Stj. 411, Bad. 53; hinn sjúki maðr remjar hræðilega, Mar. 985. remma, u, f. [ramr], bitterness, Ísl. ii. 412, Fs. 45, Stj. 615. remma, d, [ramr], to make fast, strengthen, Al. 71, Sks. 400, MS. 673 A. 59, 60. remmi-, in poët. compds = mighty, strong; remmi-skíð, -skóð, -laukr, -tungl, -týr, -þundr, Lex. Poët. Remmi-gýgr, f. the 'mighty ogre,' Skíða R., better rimmu-gýgr. remmir, m. a strengthener. Lex. Poët. rén, n. = rénan; var þá nokkut rén á hans sótt, Bs. i. 145. réna, að, to dwindle, decrease, Fms. vii. 189, x. 394, Fas. ii. 406; skal sá þat gjalda er réna lét, Grág. ii. 211; þegar heldr rénaði hin harðasta skothríðin, Fms. viii. 289, v.l.: to become dilapidated, ef löggarðr rénar (rænar), Grág. ii. 265; ok rénar kirkja svá at eigi má tíðir í veita, K.Þ.K. 50, Eb. 6 new Ed., v.l.; lítt rénuðu (withered) þar grös, Fb. i. 539. rénan, f. decreasing, Fms. x. 252, xi. 41, Bjarn. 58. rendr, adj. [rönd], striped, edged; járni rendr, Grett. 96 new Ed.; hjálmr stáli rendr, Þiðr. 95; mó-rendr, blá-r. rengð, f. a challenge; lög rengd, Grág. i. 31. rengi, n. the layer of blubber between the spik (speck) and the þvesti (flesh), regarded as a dainty, Grág. ii. 362; átta vættir af hval, hálft hvárt, spik ok rengi, Ám. 32; eg skal gefa þér súrt smér ok rengi, ef þú verðr hjá mér lengi, í góðu gengi, og kasta eg svo fyrir þig, is the preamble in the play goða-tafl. RENGJA, d, qs. vrengja, [Dan. vrænge; Swed. vränga; from rangr]:-- to 'wrong,' put awry, distort; hann rengdi til augun, Fms. ii. 59; rúnar nam at rísta rengði þær Vingi, W. falsified them, Am. 4. II. metaph. as a law term, to dispute, challenge; kvað Eyjólfr sér nú á óvart koma ef þat mætti rengja, if that could be shaken, Nj. 236; rengja mann ór dómi, to challenge a man of the court (jury), Grág. i. 28; at hann hefir rengðan þriðjungs-mann hans ór dómi, 31; ok láta oss ná sjálfa at koma réttindum fyrir oss, fyrr en þeir felli dóm á at rengja, Bs. i. 201. rengla, u, f., dimin. [rangr], a crooked thin twig; hlykkjótt birki-rengla, a ditty, renglu-legr, adj. thin, pinched. RENNA (older form rinna, Hom. 125), pres. renn and rennr; pret. raun, rannt (mod. ranst), rann, pl. runnum; subj. rynni; imper. renn, renndú; part. runninn; with neg. suff. renni-a, Hkv. 2. 30: [Ulf. rinnan = GREEK, Mark ix. 25, = GREEK, John vii. 38; as also bi-rinnan, and-rinnan; a word common to all Teut. languages; the Engl. run is prob. formed from the pret. 3rd pers. plur.] :-- to run = Lat. currere, of any swift, even, sliding motion (for hlaupa is to leap, bound), used not only of living things, but also of streams, water, wind, light, sun; rakkar þar renna, Am. 24; freki mun renna, Vsp. 41, Gm. 32; vargar runnu á ísi milli Noregs ok Daumerkr, Ann. 1047; rennia sá marr, Hkv. 2. 30; renni und vísa vígblær hinnig, Gh. 34; renni rökn bitluð, Hkv. i. 50; Grani rann at þingi, Gkv. 2. 4; hest inn hraðfæra láttú hinnig renna, Gh.18; þann hest er renn lopt ok lög, Edda 21; renna í köpp við e-n, 31; renna skeið, to run a race, id.; þeir runnu heim, Fas. ii. 101; r. at skeið, to take a run, 111; fór hann til ok rann bergit upp at manninum, 277; hann rennr upp vegginn, Nj. 202; r. e-m hvarf, to run out of one's sight, Sturl iii. 50; mjúkr ok léttr bæði at ríða ok rinna, Hom. 125; renna ok ríða, Gþl 411; r. eptir e-m, to run after one, Nj. 275; runnit hefir hundr þinn, Pétr postuli, til Róms tysvar ok myndi renni it þriðja sinn ef þú leyfðir, id.; þat þolir hvergi, nema renn til trés eðr staurs, 655 xxx. 5; runnu þeir upp til bæjar með alvæpni. Eg. 388; hann rann þá fram í mót Bergönundi, 378; r. á hendr e-m, to use force, K.Á. 116, 150; margar stoðir runnu undir (supported him) bæði frændr ok vinir, Ld. 18; renna á skíðum, to run in snow-shoes. 2. to run, fly; þá spurði Kerþjálfaðr hví hann rynni eigi svá sem aðrir, Nj. 275; hvárt skal nú renna, 96, 247; ef maðr stígr öðrum fæti út um höslur, ferr hann á hæl, en rennr ef báðum stígr, Korm. 86; nú hefir þú runnit, ok beðit eigi Skútu, Glúm. 310; rennr þú nú Úlfr inn ragi, ... lengra mundir þú r. ..., Ó.H. 167; r. undan e-m, Nj. 95; reyndusk ílla menn Þóris ok runnu frá honum, Fms. vii. 11. II. of things; snara rennr at hálsi e-m, of a loop, Mar.; þat skal maðr eigi ábyrgjask at kýr renni eigi kálfi, ef hann hefir öxn í nautum sínum, N.G.L. i. 25 :-- of a weapon, hyrnan rann (= renndi) í brjóstið ok gékk á hol, Nj. 245 :-- of the sun, daylight, and the like, to arise, er sól rennr á fjöll Páska-dag, K.Þ.K. 124; sem leið móti degi ok sólin rann, Bév. 20; rennr dagr, rökkrið þrýtr, Úlf. 9. 83; renna upp, to rise; um mörguninn er sól rann upp ok var lítt farin, Fms. viii. 146; þat var allt senn, at dagrinn rann upp, ok konungr kom til eldanna, ix. 353; þá rann söl upp, ok litu allir bændr til sölarinnar, Ó.H. 109; en er hann vaknaði þa rann dagr upp, 207; dýr og fagr austri í upp er dagr renninn, a ditty; stjörnur renna upp ok setjask, Rb. 466; rennr ljós þat upp, 625. 66: less correctly of the setting sun, as, sólin rann, ljós leið, in a mod. hymn, (the Norsemen call the sunset sol-renning) :-- to run up, of plants, var þess ok ván, at íllr ávöxtr mundi upp renna af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; þar renna eigi upp þyrnar né íllgresi, 656 A. ii. 14; eru vér ok svá gamlir ok runnir bitar(?) upp, Fms. viii. 325, v.l.: the phrase, renna upp sem fífill í brekku (see fífill): to originate, æðar renna þar upp ok nætask, ... renn ok rödd upp fyrir hverju orði, Skálda 169, Stj. 198, (upp-runi, origin) :-- of a stream, river, water, to flow, opin renna hón skal um aldrdaga, Vþm, 16; á hugða ek hér inn renna, Am. 25; rennr þaðan lítill lækr, Fms. i. 232; rennanda vatn, a running water, Bs. ii. 18; rennandi ár, Hom. 45: blóð rennr ór sári, a running sore, wound; þar rann blóð svá mjök at eigi varð stöðvat, Fms. i. 46; vatn, sjór rennr ór klæðum, etc. :-- to run, lead, trend. þjóðvegir, er renna eptir endilöngum bygðum, ok þeir er renna frá fjalli ok til fjörn, Gþl. 413 :-- to run, melt, dissolve, ok hefði runnit málmrinn í eldsganginum, Orkn. 368; málmr rennr saman, Blas. 47; þat renn saman, blends together, 655, xxx. 5 :-- of wind, to arise, byrr rann á af landi, Eg. 389; þá rann á byrr, Nj. 135; en er Björn var albúinn ok byrr rann á, Eg. 158: hvergi var á runnit á klaæeth;i hans, his clothes were untouched, Fms. xi. 38 :-- of sleep or mental motion, rann á hann höfgi móti deginum, Ó.H. 207; þá rann á hann svemn, 240; rennr á hann svefnhöfgi, ok dreymir hann, Gísl. 67; þá rann á hann þegar reiði ok öfund, Sks. 154 new Ed.; rann þá úmegin á hann, he swooned, Fms. viii. 332: þá rann af Gretti úmegit, he recovered his

494 RENNA -- RÉTTKALLAÐR.

senses, Grett. 114; lét hann r. af sér reiðina, Fms. i. 15, iii. 73; rann nú af konunginum reiði við mág sinn, xi. 13: e-m rennr í skap, to be affected to tears; er eigi trautt at mér hafi í skap runnit sonar-dauðinn, Þorst. Stang. 55 (cp. Gísl. 39, allt í skap 'komit'): to be angry, var nú svá komit at honum rann í skap ok reiddisk hann, Fms. vi. 212, and so in mod. usage. III. recipr., rennask at (á), to attack one another, run together, fight; síðan rennask at hestarnir, ... þá er á rynnisk hestarnir, Nj. 91; þeir runnusk á allsterkliga, of wrestlers, Ld. 158. renna, d, a causal to the preceding word, [Ulf. rannjan, Matth. v. 25] :-- to make run, let run; keyrði hann hestinn ok renndi honum at, put him into a gallop, Fms. ix. 56; renna hundum at dýrum, to run the hounds after game, let slip, Gþl. 448; konungr renndi eptir honum hestinum, Fms. viii. 353; renna sér, to slide :-- to put to flight, þeir renndu þeim tíu er undan kómusk, Nj. 254; hverjum hesti renndi hann sem við hann átti, Vígl. 20 :-- to prevent, thwart, eigi má sköpunum renna, Ísl. ii. 106; þat hygg ek at rennt hafa ek nú þeim sköpunum, at hann verði mér at bana, Fas. ii. 169, 558; r. e-u ráði, to thwart it, Bret., Grág. i. 307; ok er nú rennt þeim ráða-hag, Valla L. 204; ek skal því renna, Jv. 49 :-- r. færi, neti, togum, öngli, to let the line, net ... run out, Gþl. 426: Tjörvi renndi fyrir hann tjörgu, T. flung a targe in his way, Nj. 144: impers. of a weapon, atgeirinum renndi gögnum skjöldinn, the halberd was run through the shield, 116 :-- of the eyes, mind, renna augum, to turn, move the eyes, look, Ísl. ii. 251; r. ástar-augum til e-s, 199; r. girndar-augum, 623. 23; renna hug sínum, to wander in mind, consider, O.H.L. 84, Rb. 380, Hom. 39 (hug-renning); renna grunum, to suspect, Gísl. 25, Fms. x. 335 :-- of a melted substance, to pour, var gulli rennt í skurðina, Vígl. 15, Fb. i. 144, Fas. iii. 273; renndr skjöldr, Nj. 96, v.l. :-- renna mjólk, to run milk, by pouring out the thin milk (undan-renning), Fas. iii. 373; renna úr trogunum, renna ór tunnu, Ó.H. 148; renna niðr, to let run down, swallow, Fms. v. 40; renna berjum í lófa, to run the berries out into the hollow hand, Fb. ii. 374 :-- a turner's term, to turn, with acc., flest tré vóru þar koppara-járnum rennd, Fms. v. 339; hann hélt á tannara ok renndi þar af spánu, Ó.H. 197; tréstikur renndar, Vm. 110. II. absol. (qs. renna sér), to slide, glide, of swift movement; flotinn renndi at þeim, Fms. viii. 222, 288: skip Kormaks renndi við, the ship veered round, Korm. 230; síðan renna fram skipin, Nj. 8; skipin renndu fyrir straum, Fms. vii. 260; þá renndi járnit neðan, sem fiskr at öngli, Greg. 62; þá renndi hringrinn (slipped) af hendi mér ok á vatnid, Ld. 126; þá renndu sverð ór slíðrum, Nj. 272; hann (the salmon) rennir upp í forsinn. Edda 40; þá renndi hann (the hawk) fram ok drap þrjá orra, Ó.H. 78; lagit renndi upp í kviðinn, 219; hann renndi þegar frá óðfluga, Nj. 144; hann rennir at fram fótskriðu (acc.), id. III. reflex., recipr., rennask augum, to look to one another, Ísl. ii. 251, v.l.; þá renndusk skipin hjá, passed by one another, Eg. 361; skipin renndusk á, Fms. ix. 50, v.l. renna, u, f. a run, course; ok nú er skírðr allr Dana-herr í þessi rennu, in one run, in one sweep, Fms. xi. 39; í þeirri rennu, O.H.L. 7, 55. rennari, a, m. a runner, messenger, Stj. 434: = kallari, Lat. praeco, 353, N.G.L. ii. 242, 251 (v.l. 26), Post. 645. 75. rennd, f. = renna or rennsl, Sks. 20 new Ed. renni-drif, n. snow-drifts, Fms. iii. 74. renni-kví, f. a trap, fold, Fms. viii. 60, v.l. renni-lok, f. a lid sliding in a groove. renning, f. a spar of timber, a lath; kirkja á reka ok renningar á Sandnesi at helmingi, Vm. 95; eigi eru síðr renningar til þessa nefndar ok með hverju móti er á land kemr, Ám. 108, Jm. 18. renningr, in. a running cord. renni-staurr, m. a movable piece of wood in a tether; ef hes er í bandi ok r. fyrir, N.G.L. i. 25, Js. 121. rennsl, n., mod. rennsli, a run; í einu rennsli, in one run, Ó.H. 78; í einni rensl (fem.), Sks. 20 new Ed., v.l.: a course of water , vatns-r. rennsla, u, f. a runnel, water-course; ok um síðir féll rennslan aptr vestr, Landn. 251; en þegar hón tekr hinar yztu rennslur til suðrs, Sks. 217. renta, u, f. [for. word], a rent, Bs. i. 697, Vm. 30, Stj. 157, 171, N.G.L. iii. 74, 79; rentu-meistari, Fas. iii. 423. reppetera, að, to repeat, Stj. 53. repta, t, [Dan. ræbe; Scot. rift], to belch, bring up wind, Sturl. 21, 22 (the verse, thrice) :-- repta aptr, cacare, of diarrhoea; sumum repti hann aptr ok heitir arnar-leir, Edda ii. 296. repta, t, [raptr], to roof, Gm. 9, 24; marg-r., taug-r. repti, n. spars used for roofing. resignera, að, to resign, Ann. 1393, Th. 13. rétt, f. (réttr, m., Bs. i. 415; cp. lögréttu, afréttu, acc. pl.) :-- a public fold in Icel. into which the flocks are driven in the autumn from the common mountain pastures and distributed to the owners according to the marks on the ears; the word is no doubt derived from rétta, réttr, to adjust. Germ. richten; for the sheep pen is a kind of 'court of adjustment;' and every district has its own 'rétt' at a fixed place near the mountain pastures. This meeting takes place at the middle or end of September all over the country, and this season is called Réttir. For descriptions see the Laws and the Sagas, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 13, 14. Landbr. þ. (Sb.) ch. 36-44, Eb. ch. 25, Sd. ch. 15, 17, Bjarn. 59 sqq., Gullþ. ch. 14, 16, Bs. i. 415, cp. Glúm. ch. 17, Fms. vii. 218; and for mod. description see Pilar og Stúlka (1867) 15 - 22. The assemblage at the rétt is a kind of county fair with athletic and other sports; eigi skolu Réttir fyrr vera en fjórar vikur lifa sumars, Grág. ii. 309; Réttir byrja, Icel. Almanack (Sept. 8, 1871); lög-rétt, Sd. 149; af-rétt or af-réttr, q.v.; réttar-garðr. Gullþ. 63, Sd. 149, Eb. 106; rétta-menn, the men assembled at a rétt, Sd. 156, Bjarn. 64 (Ed. friðmenn erroneous); rétta-víg, a fight at a rétt, Ann. 1162; þau misseri börðusk þeir at réttinum (thus masc.) suðr í Flóa, Bs. i. 415. rétta, tt, [Ulf. ga-raihtjan; = GREEK; Germ. richten; cp. Engl. reach] :-- to make right or straight; dvergarnir réttu skip sítt, of a capsized boat, Edda 47; at rétta þenna krók. Ld. 40. 2. to stretch out, Engl. to reach; hann réttir höndina móti fésjóðnum, Ld. 48; r. fram höndina, Eb. 38; rétti Ólafr spjóts-halann at hverjum þeirra, 132; Þórarinn hafði rétt fót sinn annan undan klæðum, Ó.H. 74; bað hann eigi r. (viz. the feet) of nær eldinum, Eg. 762; r. arma sína, Rb. 438; ok rétti frá sér alla fætr, Bs. i. 345: r. e-t at e-m, to reach it, pass it over to one, Fb. i. 149; hann lét r. yrmling at-munni hans, Ó.T. 42; hann rétti ekki ór rekkju, he rose not from his bed, of a bedridden person, Bs. i. 69: metaph., rétta við, to recover, Nj. 195, Fms. vi. 34 (við-rétting); leið-r. 3. to drift (see réttr, m.); hlaða seglum ok rétta ..., mátti þá eigi lengr rétta, Fas. iii. 118. 4. to drive into a fold; rétta smala sinn, D.N. iv. 6. II. as a law term (Germ. richten), to make right, adjust; rétta lög, to make laws; þar skolu menn r. lög sín ok göra nýmæli, Grág. i. 6; rétta kvið, 58; r. vætti, 45; höfum vér réttan kvið-burð várn, ok orðið ásáttir, we have agreed on our verdict, Nj. 238; r. mál, to redress: konungr vildi eigi rétta þetta mál, the king refused justice, Fms. i. 153, Fs. 33; r. rán, Stj. 490; leita fyrst at r. kirkju sína ok staði, Bs. i. 773; r. hluta e-s, Eb. 304. 2. to judge, give sentence; rétta mál, to judge in a case, H.E. i. 475; rétta e-n, to condemn (to death), N.G.L. iii. 78 :-- to behead, Bs. ii. in writing of the 16th century. IV. reflex., réttask, to be put straight, Bjarn. 60: to stretch oneself, réttask görði raumrinn stirðr, Skíða R. 51; r. upp, þá réttumk ek upp yfir konung, Fms. ii. 188; jarl réttisk upp, arose, vi. 320, Fs. 101, Greg. 48; hann hafði fast kreppt fingr at meðalkaflanum ... þá réttusk fingrnir, then the fingers were unbended, Grett. 154. réttari, a, m. [Germ. richter], a justiciary, justice, mid. Lat. justiciarius, appointed by the king, Edda 93, Gþl. 141, 195, Bs i. 769, Fms. x. 88, N.G.L. iii. 77, rare and not classical, and appears about the middle of the 13th century: afterwards used of a headsman, Bs. ii. (16th century.) rétta-skið, n. [Germ. rechtscheid], a ruler, Stj. 363. rétt-borinn, part. legitimate, Fms. vii. 8, Fb. ii. 50. rétt-bundinn, part. justly bound, N.G.L. i. 83. rétt-dæmi, n. justice in judgment, Fms. iii. 50, x. 281, Ó.H. 190, Sks. 110, Fs. 123. rétt-dæming, f. = réttdæmi, Sks. 751. rétt-dæmr, adj. just in judgment, Fms. iii. 50, xi. 298, Fb. ii. 123, Rb. 370. rétt-fenginn, part. justly gained, H.E. i. 241. rétt-ferðigr, adj. [Germ. rechtfertig], rightful, Dipl. ii. 15: righteous, Stat. 29, Bible. rétt-fluttr, part. rightly carried, Jb. 329. rétt-fundinn, part. duly found; r. sök, Ó.H. 190; cp. the Engl. to find a virdict. rétt-goldinn, part. justly paid, Jb. 348. rétt-görr, part. justly done, lawful, H.E. i. 433. rétt-hafi, adj. in lawful possession of, Grág. ii. 242. rétt-hárr, adj. straight-haired, Bs. i. 312, Glúm. 335, Fms. x. 321. rétt-hent, n. adj. in a metre with full rhymes throughout, Edda (Ht.) 132, for a specimen see Ht. 42. rétt-hverfa, u, f. the right side. rétt-hverfr, adj. turning right; see ranghverfr. rétt-hærðr, adj. = rétthárr, Fms. v. 255, 263. réttil-beini, a, m. 'straight-leg,' a nickname, Hkr. i. rétti-liga, adj. = réttliga, K.Á. 114, 204, H.E. i. 471, Bs. i. 739. rétti-ligr, adj. just, right, Band. 6, K.Á. 46. réttindi, réttendi, and réttyndi, n. pl. right, justice; sannendi ok r., Band. 6; þá bæti biskupar yfir með sínum réttyndum. N.G.L. i. 352; unna e-m réttinda, Fms. i. 82; ef maðr fær eigi r. sín, Gþl. 34; heimta sín r., Bs. i. 738; ná eigi réttendum, Fs. 47; láta oss koma réttendum fyrir oss (a fair hearing), Bs. i. 201; sem þeir vissu at r. vóru til, Eg. 39; virði lítils þat er hann hafði frumburðanna r., Stj. 161; halla dómi meir eptir vilja sínum en eptir réttendum, Sks. 110; lög ok r. Fms. iv. 207; þeir þolðu honum eigi r., Ó.H. 190; móti réttindum, Band. 6, Anecd. 3, Barl. 108; fylgja réttendum, Anal. 237; meirr fyrir fégirni en r., Fs. 125; réttinda vald, Gþl. 183, H.E. i. 503, passim; ó-réttindi, injustice. rétting, f. a putting right, correction; vil ek eiga r. allra orða minna, Nj. 232, Grág. i. 43, Skálda 203: redress, varð engi r. af Önundi, Ísl. ii. 273, fá r. síns máls, Rd. 237: leið-r., correction. rétt-kallaðr, part. justly called, 677. 23.

RÉTTKOMINN -- REYKELSI. 495

rétt-kominn part. legitimate, Fms. ix. 333, 335, Ó.H. 45, 0.H.L. 58. rétt-kosinn and rétt-kjörinn, part. duly chosen, Fms. vii. 24, O.H.L. 95. rétt-Kristinn, part. truly Christian, orthodox, Fb. i. 511. rétt-lauss, adj. [Germ. rechtlos], void of right, Grág. i. 192, Fms. vii. 108, Anecd. 3. rétt-látr, adj. righteous, just, Eg. 521, 754, Rb. 232, Fms. i. 256, vii. 182, x. 274, Stj. 120, N.T., Pass., Vídal. passim. rétt-leiðis, adv. straightway, Grág. i. 295, Fas. i. 9, Str. 45, Mar. :-- metaph., snúa sér r., Fms. x. 274, 277. rétt-leiki, m. straightness, Karl. 447. rétt-leitr, adj. of regular lineaments, of the face, Fms. vi. 232, Eb. 42, Hrafn. 13, Bs. i. 312, 641, O.H.L. 22. rétt-liga, adv. justly, duly, Fms. i. 138, vii. 133, K.Á. 222, 228. rétt-ligr, adj. just, due, meet, Stj. 177, Band. 6. Mar. rétt-læta, t, to justify, N.T.: rétt-læting, f. justification, Vídal. rétt-læti, n. [réttlátr], righteousness, justice, Landn. (Hb.) 259 Fms. v. 26, Magn. 513, Hom. 97, Anecd. 4, N.T., Pass., Vídal.; réttlætis- dómr, -gata, -stígr, -gjót, -töksemd, -sól, -vág, -vöndr, Greg. 4, 21, 46, Hom. 18, Stj. 242, Mar. passim. rétt-mæli, n. right, justice, Sks. 260 :-- a right expression, gramm. rétt-nefjaðr, adj. straight-nosed, Nj. 29, Fms. ii. 20, Þiðr. 20. rétt-næmr, adj. entitled to take, of one of age, Gþl. 201, 258, 438. rétt-orðr, adj. 'right' speaking, truthful, Nj. 77, Sturl. i. 98. RÉTTR, adj., réttari, réttastr; [Ulf. raihts = GREEK, i.e. straight, mostly in the proper sense, but ga-raihts = GREEK; A.S. riht; Engl. right; O.H.G. reht; Germ. recht: Dan.-Swed. ret, contr.; Lat. rectus;; Gr. GREEK; to the same root belong Icel. rak-, rakna, rekja, in all of which the fundamental notion is to stretch, extend] :-- straight; skapti réttara, Gsp., Fas. i. 470 (in a verse); rétt rœði, straight oars, Fms. vi. 309 (in a verse); réttar brautir, Rm. 14: réttr vindr, Edda (Ht.): upright, erect, Óttarr stóð réttr ok brá sér ekki við, Fms. vii. 257: á réttum krossi, 656 C. 37; svá mikil at maðr mátti standa réttr í henni. Fas. iii. 223; réttr sem laukr, Sks. 131; réttr líkams vöxtr, Stj. 20; mannsins líkamr er r. skapaðr ok upp-reistr, 22; upp-r. (cp. Engl. upright), standing upright; upp frá þeim degi mátti hann eigi réttum augum sjá Davíð, Stj. 466; þá öfundaði hann Óláf, ok mátti eigi réttum augum til hans líta, Fms. iv. 48. 2. neut. rétt, straight; þeir stefndu rétt á þá, Fms. ix. 301; fara rétt at e-u. to proceed in due form, Grág. i. 80; telja rétt, 12; ok er rétt, rétt er honum at ..., the law is, it is lawful to ..., Grág., passim. II. metaph. right, just; verðr honum rétt sú kvöð, Grág. 1. 36; þann er réttari er at bera kvið fram, 58; jamréttir at tengdum, id.; þeir eru réttir at reifa mál manna, 76; réttir í kviðum, at heyrum, ii. 93, 146 (see heyrum); réttr Noregs konungr, Fms. i. 223; betri ok réttari, 129: of a person, vera friðsamr ok réttr, just, viii. 230. 2. neut., rétt skal at draga við vaðmál kvarða, Grág. i. 497; má vera at konungr unni oss hér af rétts, Eg. 520; hafa réttara at mæla, Fb. ii. 345; næst réttu, Sks. 58; sem ek veit réttast ok sannast ok helzt at lögum, Grág. i. 76; virða svá sem þeim þótti réttast, 195; mun þat réttara, more due, meet, Fms. vi. 299; at réttu, rightly, i. 223, x. 371, Hkr. i. 5, Grág. i. 403; með réttu, id, 83. III. rétt, adverbially, just, exactly; sitja rétt þar undir niðri, Th. 76; rétt undir niðri, Stj. 393, Skíða R. 82; þar rétt í hofinu, Stj.; rétt hjá, 600, Skíða R. 81; rétt við, Stj. 395; þat rétt, exactly that, Mar.; nú rétt, just now, Lv. 34, Stj. 534; hér rétt, 442; rétt sem, 491, Skíða R. 133, Fms. iv. 211; rétt á þessari nótt, xi. 424; rétt ok slétt, downright, Stj. 276. réttr, m., gen. réttar, [Engl. right; Germ. recht; Dan. ret] :-- right, law; hann görði harðan rétt þeirra, gave them hard measure, gave them small pasture, Fms. i. 66; hann görði harðan rétt landsmanna, tyrannised over them, x. 385; konungr setti þann rétt allstaðar, at hann eignaðisk öll óðul, 182; hann skipaði svá réttum öllum sem fyrr hafði verit í Tróju, Edda (pref.) 152; at allir jafnbornir menn hefði jafnan rétt, Fms. vi. 339; þat er forn réttr, old law, time-honoured law, N.G.L. i. 135: lands réttr (q.v.), the law of the land; lög ok lands réttr: Guðs réttr, 'God's right,' i.e. church law, O.H.L. 30; Kristinn réttr, the ecclesiastical law, Fb. iii. 246; Kristins dóms réttr, id., K.Á. 2. 2. right, due, claim, referring to atonement for injury or trespasses, hence of the indemnity itself; thus the 'king's right' is the fine due to the king; ef maðr tekr minni sátt um legorðs sök en rétt þann er mæltr er í lögum, en þat eru átta aurar, Grág. i. 375; þá skulu þar dæma tólf menn, lögliga til nefndir bæði rétt ok ráðspjöll, Gþl. 203; þá á hann bæði rétt ok ráðspell, of a case of adultery, 229; þá á hann ráðspjöll en giptingar-maðr réttinn, Jb. 126; þat er argafas, engan á konungr rétt á því, 102; þá eyksk at helmingi réttr þeirra, 19; jafnan rétt ok öfundar-bót, 437; ok rétt sinn ofan eptir laga-dómi, 257; rétt skal dæma ór fénu ef réttar-sök er, en fóla-gjöld ef þjófssök er, Grág. i. 84; láta varða fjörbaugs-garð ok telja rétt (the due portion) ór fé hans, 315; konungs réttr, the king's due; at konungr mínnki nokkuð af sínum rétti, ... rétt heilagra kirkna, Fms. x. 21: the phrase, eigi rétt á sér, to enjoy a personal right; nú á engi maðr rétt á sér optar en þrysvar, hvárki karl né kona ef hann hemnisk eigi á milli, N.G.L. i. 68; hvigi mikinn rétt sem erfingi hennar á (owns) á henni, 71; hvern rétt er faðir á (owns) á dóttur, 232. II. acc. pl. réttu, a dish, prop. what is 'reached,' Germ. gericht: þar sem hann bjó þeim fyrr-sagða sína réttu, Stj. 118; jafngóða réttu af þeim villi-bráðum sem Esau veiddi, 160; en er hirðin hafði kennt fyrsta rétt ok drukkit fyrsta bikar, Fas. iii. 302; hinn fyrsta rétt barn inn þessir lendir menn, Fms. x. 17, Clar. 131 (MS.) III. running before the wind, acc. pl. réttu; þeim byrjaði ílla ok höfðu réttu stóra. velkti lengi í hafi, Eg. 158; fékk hann þá réttu stóra ok válk mikit, Ó.H. 75; þá kemr andveðri ok rekr þá allt vestr fyrir Skaga-fjörð, þá létti þeim rétti, Bs. i. 482; leggja í rétt, Fbr. 59 new Ed., Fms. ii. 64, Eg. 372, Bs. i. 420, 483, 484; liggja í rétti, Bær. 5. IV. rifja réttr. stretching of the ribs, Hkv. Hjörv. COMPDS: réttar-bót, f. an amendment of the law, a 'novel' in law, esp. a Norse law term used in the Icel. law after the introduction of a code of laws, when from time to time new amendments (novellae) were issued by the king; these were written as an appendix to the law code (and since then printed), and were, for the sake of distinction, called réttarbót, see Jb. 445 sqq, N.G.L. i. 257, 258: en er þetta spurðisk í annat fylki ok þriðja, hver réttarbót Þrændum var gefin, Gísl. 84, Bs. ii. 18; hann hét þeim sinni vináttu ok réttarbót, Ó.H. 35; else the word does not occur in the old Icel. law. réttar-far, m. right; um r. manna, of personal right, N.G.L. i. 69; um r. á festarkonu manns, 71. réttar-gangr, m. public procedure (mod.), cp. Dan. rettergang. réttar-lauss, adj. outlawed, out of the pale of the law, N.G.L. i. 247. réttar-maðr, m. a righteous man, Fms. xi. 445. réttar-staðr, m. a point of law; ef hann görir þá réttarstaði, er fjörbaugs-garð varða, Grág. ii. 153. rétt-ræðr, adj. 'right-read;' réttræðr stafr, a regular letter, Skálda (Thorodd) 161. rétt-skriptaðr, part. duly shriven, Ann. 1349. rétt-snúning, f. conversion. Fb. i. 512. rétt-streymt, n. adj. 'right-streamed,' i.e. with the stream going the right way, Gísl. 137. rétt-sýni, f. a straight direction; sjónhending ok r. í vörðu þá er stendr ..., Ám. 107; þaðan r. í fremstu Gljúfrár-drög, Pm. 46; ræðr Miðfjarðar-vatn, ok ór því r. upp í Kagaðar-hól. id.; r. upp ór Vátabergi, Dipl. ii. 2. 2. metaph. seeing right, Al. 4; speki ok r., Bs. i. 300: mod. justice, fairness. rétt-sýnis, adv. in a straight direction, Fms. iii. 441, v.l. rétt-sýnn, adj. seeing right, seeing true, fair, just; hygginna manna ok réttsýnna, Band. 6; at réttsýnna manna tilliti, Fms. iv. 112, O.H.L. 22: af öllum góðum mönnum ok réttsýnum, Fms. vii. 8. rétt-tekinn, part. duly accepted. Fms. vii. 24. rétt-trúaðr, adj. 'right-believing' orthodox, Fms. i. 229, Edda (pref.) rétt-trúandi, part. = rétttrúaðr. Fb. i. 244, Stj. 50, Mar. rétt-vaxinn, part. upright of growth, Fb. iii. 246, Fs. 129. rétt-vísa, u, f. = réttvísi, Hom. 32, Sks. 500. rétt-vísi, f righteousness, justice, Boll. 350, K.Á. 202, Stj. 177, Sks. 510, N.T., Vídal. passim. rétt-vísliga, adv. justly. Fms. i. 242. rétt-víss, adj. righteous, just, Hom. 34, 64, Karl. 552, Bs., N.T., Vídal. passim. rétt-yrði, n. = réttmæli, Lv. 105. reyði-kúla, u, f. a kind of fungus, Björn. REYÐR, f., dat. and acc. reyði. pl. reyðar, [Ivar Aasen royr-hval; Faroic royur] :-- a kind of whale, from its reddish colour; þat er enn eitt hvala-kyn er reyðr er kallat, Sks. 136; hafði rekit upp reyði mikla, í hval þeim áttu ..., Eb. 292; fundu þeir reyði nýdauða, keyrðu í festar, Glúm. 392; reyðr var þar upp rokin bæði mikil ok góð, fóru til siðan ok skáru hvalinn, Fb. i. 545, Fas. ii. 148, Edda(Gl.): names of various kinds of whales are compds with this word, hrafn-reyðr, steypi-r., vagn-r.: reyðar-hvalr, m. = reyðr, Sturl. ii. 20; reyðar-síða, u, f. a nickname, Landn. II. a kind of trout, salmo alpinus, L. Edda (Gl.), Sturl. ii. 202; aurriða-fiski ok r&aolig;ðra (sic), Boldt 147; á-reyðr, a female trout: in Icel. local names, Reyðar-vatn, n. Trout-water; Reyðar-múli, a, m. Trout-mull, for the origin of the name see Sturl. ii. 202; Reyðar-fjörðr, m., in the east of Icel., prob. from the whale. reyfa, ð, [for. word, from Germ.], to rob; reyfaði eitt af þessum sex nokkurri skreið, Ann. 1415. reyfari, a, m. [Scot. reiver], a pirate, robber, Fms. vi. 162, Fs. 14. REYFI, n. [akin to A.S. reâf; Engl. robe] :-- a fleece, the wool without the skin (but with the skin gærra, q.v.), 655 viii. 1, Stj. 279, Sturl. i. 159, Js. 78, Grág.; ullar-r., K.Þ.K. 84, Grág. ii. 401, passim in old and mod. usage := gæra, Bret. ch. 7. reyk-beri, a, m. a chimney, Fs. 6. reyk-blindr, adj. 'reek-blind,' blind from smoke, Fms. iii. 71, 0.H.L. 15. reykelsi, n. [A.S. rêcels], incense; this Icel. word was borrowed from the A.S. (words in -elsi not being genuine Norse); for incense was first known in the Scandin. countries through the Roman Catholic mass, as may be seen from the description of the impression made by peals of bells and incense on the heathen natives, see Kristni S. ch. 11, Bs.

REYKFASTR -- RIÐ.

passim, Dipl. iii. 4; reykelsis-brenna, -fórn, -ilmr, -offran, Stj., Eluc.; reykelsis-buðkr, -kcr, -kista, -stokkr, Vm. 110, 152, Stj. 565, Str. 80, MS. 623. 55, Pm. 25, 62, Jm. 35, passim, reykelsi-ligr, adj. belonging to incense, Stj. 74. reyk-fastr, adj. full of smoke, Fbr. 168. reyk-háfr, m. a chimney-pot, Ísl. ii. 91. passim in mod. usage. reykja, t, to smoke (trans.), Str. 80, N.G.L. i. 11; r. fisk, kjöt, etc. reyk-lauss, adj. smokeless, Fbr. 170. reyk-mælir, m. a measure (of malt), a tax to be paid from every 'reek' house, every hearth, N.G.L. i. 257. REYKR, m., gen. reykjar. dat. reyki, Sks. 211 B, but usually reyk; with the article reykinum, Eb. 218, Nj 58, 202, mod. reyknum; pl. reykir, reykja, reykjum: [A.S. reôc; Engl. reek; Scot. reek or reik; Germ. rauch; Dan. rög; Swed. rök] :-- reek, smoke, steam; svartr af reyk, Eg. 183; hann gengr með reykinum, Nj. 58: síðan hljóp hann með reykinum, 202; hélt þá reykinum upp í skarðit, Eb. 218; hvert hús er reyk (dat.) reykir, N.G.L. i. 11; þeir sásk til víða, ef þeir sæi reyki eðr nokkur líkendi til þess at landit væri byggt, ok sá þeir þat ekki, Landn. 26; hverfr því likt sem reyk legði, Mar.; hingat leggr allan reykinn, Nj. 202; hverfa sem r. fyrir vindi, Mar.; nú leggr sundr reyki vára ef sinn veg fara hvárir, Fms. vi. 244; hvárt sem mér angrar reykr eða bruni, Nj. 201; kómusk þeir með reyk í brott, Fs. 84; var fullt húsit af reyk, 44: metaph. phrase, vaða reyk, to 'wade in reek' to be all in the wrong; hann lagði halann á bak sér ok setti í burtu, svá at hvárki sá af honum veðr né reyk, Fb. i. 565 :-- reykjar-daunn, reykjar-þefr, a smell of smoke, Fms. ii. 98, Fær. 41, Rb. 240; reykjar-bragð, a taste of smoke; reykjar-svæla, a thick cloud of smoke; reykjar-gufa, vaporous smoke, passim. II. in Icel. local names, Reykir, as well as the compounds with Reykjar- and Reykja-, are freq., marking places with hot springs, the sing. Reykjar- being used when there is but one spring, and the plur. Reykja- when there are more than one, thus, Reykja-á, Reykja-dalr, Reykja-holt (mod. Reyk-holt), Reykja-laug, Reykja-nes, Reykja-hlíð, Reykja-hólar (mod. Reyk-hólar), Reykja-vellir; but Reykjar-fjörðr (twice in western Icel.), Reykjar-dalr, Reykjar-hóll, Reykjar-strönd, Landn.; and lastly, Reykjar-vík, thus Landn. 37, Jb. 4 (Ra/kiarvic), UNCERTAIN Harð. S. ch. 10, for the spring (in Laugarnes) is but one; mod., but less correct, Reykja-vík. Local names beginning with Reyk- are peculiar to Icel., and are not met with in any other Scandin. country; the pillars of transparent steam, as seen afar off, must have struck the mind of the first settlers, who gave the names to the localities. Reyk-dælir, Reyk-nesingar, Reyk-hyltingar, etc., men from R, Landn., Sturl. reyk-svæla, u, f. thick smoke, Hkr., Fb 255 (in a verse). reyk-vellir, m., poët. 'reek-pourer' = fire, Lex; Poët. reyma, ð, = rýma, D.N. ii. 123. REYNA, d, [raun; Norse röyna; for the etymology see rún] :-- to try; hann lét Gunnar reyna ýmsar íþróttir við sína menn, Nj. 46: segir sik vera búinn at þeir reyni þat, Fms. i. 59; menn eru við beygarð þinn, ok reyna desjarnar, Boll. 348; ef þat þarf at reyna inn skipti vár sona Eireks, Eg. 524 :-- with the notion of 'trial,' danger, spurði hvar hann hefði þess verit at hann hefði mest reynt sik, Eg. 687; ef vit skulum reyna með okkr, 715 :-- to experience, Hm. 95, 101; sannyndum ok einurð, er hann mun reyna at mér, Eg. 63; þykkir mér undarligt ef konungr ætlar mik nú annan mann en þá reyndi hann mik, 65: the saying, sá veit görst er reynir. 2. to examine; reynit (r/nit) UNCERTAIN ef ér elskið Guð sannliga, Greg. 18: to explore, fjöld ek reynda regin, Vþm.: as a law term, to challenge, síðan skolu þeir reyna dóminn, Grág. i. 165; reyna sekð í dómi, 488. 3. reyna eptir, to search, pry, enquire into; hann hét þó at fara sjálfr ok reyna eptir honum, Nj. 131, v.l.: esp of a person endowed with second sight or power of working charms, Þorkell spakr bjó í Njarðvík, hann reyndi eptir mörgum hlutum, Dropl. 34; engan bíðr minn líka í fræði ok framsýni, at reyna eptir því sem stolit er, Stj. 218 :-- reyna til, id.; Bróðir reyndi til með forneskju hversu ganga mundi orrostan, Nj. 273 (eptir-reyning). II reflex. to be proved or shewn, turn out by experience; þat mun síðar reynask, Nj. 18; e-m reynisk e-t, it proves; ef mér reynisk Þórólfr jamnvel mannadr, Eg. 28; þá skal svá fara um arfekjur sem þat reynisk, according to the evidence, Grág. i. 219; ok er þegar rétt at stefna um, er reynisk för úmaga, 258; hann deildi við Karla um oxa, ok reyndisk svá, at Karli átti, Landn. 165; hann bar fé undir höfðingja sem síðan reyndisk. Fms. x. 397 :-- part. reyndr, nú em ek at nokkuru reyndr, put on my trial, Nj. 46: tried, afflicted: experienced. reynd, f. experience; úlíkir sýnum, en miklu úlíkari reyndum, Edda 12: gen. reyndar, indeed, in fact, really, mjöðdrekku, en hón var reyndar full af silfri, Eg. 240, Fms. i. 59, ii. 77, vi. 189, Valla L. 207, Hkr. i. 246. reynir, m. a trier, examiner, Edda 68, Lex. Poët. reynir, m. [Dan. rönne], the rowan-tree (Lat. ornus), Edda passim. In a few Icel. local names, Reynir, Reyni-kelda, Reyni-nes, Reyni-staðr, Reyni-vellir, Landn., Map of Icel.; these names mark places with small rowan-groves at the time of the Settlement, -- the only sort of tree, except the dwarf birch, which was found in Icel. COMPDS: reyni-lundr, runnr, m. a rowan-grove, Edda 60, Sturl. i. 5, 6, Grett (in a verse). reyni-viðr, m. rowan-wood, Sturl. i. 6. reyni-vöndr, m. a rowan-wand, Sturl. i. 6. The rowan was a holy tree consecrated to Thor, see the tale in Edda of the rowan as the help of Thor (Þors-björg); for mod. legends of the rowan see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 641 sqq. reynsla, u, f. experience, Vídal., freq. in mod. usage; reyaslan er ólygnust. a saying. reypta, t, = repta, Sturl. i. 22 (in a verse) :-- to belch, Sks. 229, v.]. REYRA, ð, [perh. from reyrr, a reed], to wind round; strengi reyrða með járni, ropes payed or bound with iron wire, Róm. 362; hann lét göra strengi ok reyrði járni, Fb. ii. 23; örin var reyrð gulli, Fms. xi. 65: þær (the arrows) vóru gulli reyrðar, Fas. ii. 511. II. to tie, fasten; hann var reyrðr sterkliga við einn ás, Fas. iii. 270; hafði hann reyrt sik við steininn með kaðli, 486; reipum reyrðr, Pass., and passim in mod. usage. REYRA, ð, [reyrr = a cairn], to put in a cairn, hence to bury by piling stones over a dead body; þat skal á forve færa ok reyra þar er hvárki gengr yfir menn né fénaðr, N.G.L. i. 539; þeir drógu brott líkama hanns ok reyrðu í hreysi nokkuru, Fms. vii. 227; lík Þorbjarnar ok ... vóru flutt til kirkju, en öll önnur lík vóru þar reyrð sem þeir féllu, ix. 274: þung-rørðr, heavy, weighed down, Ó.H. 195. reyra, ð, [Engl. roar], to rattle; reyrir í barka, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse). reyr-bönd, n. pl. the wire by which the arrow-head was bound to the shaft, Fms. ii. 320, vi. 323, ix. 528. reyr-gresi, n. reed-grass, straw. reyr-leggr, m. a reed-stalk. REYRR, m., gen. reyrar, and later reyrs, dat. reyri, Hm. 95; [Ulf. raus = GREEK; O.H.G. rôr; Germ. rohr; Swed.-Dan. rör] :-- the common reed, Lat. arundo, Edda (Gl.); er ek í reyri sat, Hm. l.c.; hólmi reyri vaxinn, ... felit ér yðr þer í reyrinum, Fms. i. 71: used for thatching, þakt reyr eðr hálmi, vi. 153; en roknu reyr, the reeky reeds, Orkn. (in a verse): poët., reyrar-leggr, a reed-stalk, a cane(?), Edda (in a verse); hólm-reyrr, 'holm-reed' = a snake, id.; öl-reyrr, 'ale-reed' = a drinking-horn(?), Bjarn. 24 (in a verse); dal-reyrr, the 'dale-reed' = a snake, Ísl. ii. 353 (in a verse); or better dal-reyðr, 'dale-trout.' REYRR, m. [Swed. rör; cp. also hreysi and hrörr, for an h seems to belong to the word, which has been lost in the Swed.] :-- a heap of stones, a cairn (= dys); in the old Swed. law rör is a set of mark-stones, þar ær rör sum fæm stenær æru, Schlyter, see the remarks s.v. lyritr; and in the allit. phrase, rå eða rör; it remains in the poët. reyr-þvengr, rör-thong = a snake, Edda (in a verse); as also in Swed. and Norse local names, Yngva-reyr, the cairn of Y., Ýt. 6; Tryggva-reyrr, the cairn of Tryggvi, Fms. i. 60. &FINGER; The comparison with hrörligr, hrör, hrörna, hreysi (q.v.) seems conclusive that an initial h has been dropped, and that the second r stands for s. reyr-skógr, m. a rush-bed, Stj. 226. reyr-sproti, a, m. a 'reed-staff', cane, Fas. ii. 239, Fb. ii. 72, Fms. vi. 181, Stj. 641. reyr-stafr, m. = reyrvöndr, Pass. 24. 8. reyr-teinn, m. a 'reed-twig,' cane, Fas. i. 209, Hkr. i. 79. reyr-vaxinn, part. grown with reeds, Al. 170. reyr-vöndr, m. a 'reed-wand,' Karl. 224. reyr-þakinn, part. thatched with reed, Fb. iii. 299. REYSTA, t, [raust], to lift the voice, Eluc. 74, MS. 656 A. ii. 11, 677. 1; þar reystir hljómr Guðs engla, Post. 645. 73; þar eru settir englar at reysta til skemtunar, Pr. 407 :-- reflex. reystisk, MS. 655 xii. 2, l.c. REYTA, t, [Ulf. raupjan = GREEK; cp. Germ. rupfen] :-- to pluck, pick; reyta gras, Nj. 119; þeir reyttu á sik mosa, 267; sumir reyttu ok rifu af honum þá vánda leppa, Fms. ii. 161, Stj. 71; r. ok rupla, 163; þá hnykktu þær af sér faldinum ok reyttu sik, Orkn. 182; þeir hrífa upp í höfuð sér ok reyta sik, Fb. ii. 25; leysir hón hár sitt ok reytir sik sárliga, Mar. reyti-söl, n. pl. picked seaweed; allar fjöru-nytjar fyrir útan reytisöl, Vm. 87. ribbaldi, a, m. [through Engl. ribald, from Ital. ribaldo; Fr. ribauld] :-- a 'ribald,' savage, Fas. i. 3, Þiðr. 273, Stj. 65, Bs. ii. 134, Fb. i. 358: as a nickname, Fms. viii. ribbalda-skapr, -dómr, m. ribaldry. ribbungr, m. = ribbaldi, Fms. viii. 105: the name of a party of rebels in Norway, viii, ix. Ribbunga-öld, f. the age of the Ribbungs, Fms. ix. RIÐ, n., qs. vrid(?), [ríða = to writhe], a winding staircase, steps, a staircase leading to the upper part, esp. outside the walls; hann lét göra kirkju í stöplinum ok rið upp at ganga, Bs. i. 132; salernit stóð á stöfum, en rið upp at ganga til dyranna, Ó.H. 72, Grett. 98, 99, Stj. 383; Ásbjörn hljóp upp í riðit ok svá í stöpulinn, Fms. viii. 247 :-- a bridge between two buildings, as it seems, höilina miklu ok Postula-kirkju ok riðit í milli, vii. 122; þá felldu þeir ofan riðit milli kastala biskups ok kirkjunnar, ix. 523, v.l.: see lopt-rið. B. [riða = to swing], sway, swing; ok verðr svá mikit rið at, and if it comes to such a pitch, Ísl. ii. 391; Hermundr hafði sama riðit, ok hjó á hálsinn, Sturl. ii. 139. 2. weight, importance; munu stærri rið í vera, Grett. 20 new Ed.; cp. at-riði. riða-mikill, adj. heavy, ponderous.

RIÐA -- RINGAR. 497

RIÐA, að, to tremble as from age or infirmity; hann riðaði nokkut lítið, Sturl. i. 20; hann gékk við tvær hækjur ok riðar á báðar síður, Grett. 161, freq. in mod. usage: of the eyes of an infant, riðuðu augu, Rm. 18; riða skip, Fms. ix. 377, is prob. a mere error = reisa. riða, u, f. a shivering fever, ague. El. 1, MS. 544. 39, Sks. 137: in mod. usage the trembling of the head and hands from age or infirmity. COMPDS: riðu-sjúkr, adj. sick of ague, 656 C. 22, Karl. 547, Thom. 463. riðu-sótt, f. fever, ague, Str. 25; höfuð-skjálpti svá sem af riðusótt, Stj. 43, 344 (rendering of febris of the Vulgate), Mar. 131, Thom. 463. riddari, a, m., older form ríðari or ríðeri, 645. 110, Fms. x. 88, Geisli (in the burden), where it rhymes to striðum; and so in the oldest vellums, Eluc., Greg., Pd.: [Germ. ritter and reiter; Dan. ridder and rytter] :-- a rider, horseman, but esp. a knight: the word, like most of those formed with inflexive -ari, is of foreign origin; for the old Northmen or Scandinavians make no reference to horsemen in battle till the 12th or 13th century, Fms. vii. 56, 236, xi. 331, cp. vi. 411 (referring to the English in the battle of Stanford-bridge), Stj. passim; Guðs riðari, Geisli; riddara nafnbót, Bær. 6; riddara-búnaðr, -skjöldr, -vápn, -höfðingi, Fms. v. 148, vi. 225, Stj. 163, 204, Bær. 5; riddara-meistari, Stj. 513; riddara-kappi, Str. :-- a knight in chess, Ó.H. 167, Sturl. iii. 123. COMPDS: riddara-dómr, m. knighthood, Bær. 4. riddara-herr, m., -lið, n. cavalry, Hkr. i. 216 (of the German emperor's troops), Fms. i. 258 (referring to Wales), vii. 235, Ld. 78 (referring to Ireland), Stj. 513. riddara-íþrótt, f. chivalry. Fas. i. 463. riddara-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), chivalrously, Str., Fms. x. 230. riddara-saga, u, f. a knightly tale, romance, the popular name for these Sagas, see List of Authors (G); riddarasögur á tveim bókum, Dipl. v. 18. riddara-skapr, m. knighthood, chivalry, Fms. i. 97, x. 231, 381, Bær. 5. riddara-sveinn, m. a knight's page, Fms. vi. 93. riddara-tign, f. a knight's order, 623. 30. &FINGER; Riddari as a title was first introduced into Norway A.D. 1277, - Magnús konungr gaf skutilsveinum riddara-nöfn ok herra, Ann. s.a. rið-henda, u, f. [riða], a kind of metre, a specimen of which is Ht. 32; in the even lines the rhyming syllables are as far apart as possible, but in the odd lines as close to one another as possible, which gives a 'trembling,' 'rocking' cadence in recitation. rið-hendr, adj. in the metre riðhenda, Edda 135, Skálda 192. Riðill, m., dat. riðli, the name of a sword, Sæm. 136. riðl, n. [ríða A. 2]; leika á riðli, of cows that do not calve. riðlask, að, dep. [Engl. reel], to rock, waver, reel to and fro, of ranks in battle; riðlaðisk fylkingin ok losnaði öll, Eg. 298, Al. 37; flokkar tóku at riðlask (began to move), ok upp vóru sett merki fyrir höfðingjum, Fms. ii. 309; riðluðusk þá förunautar hans frá honum, his followers dropped away, slunk away, Orkn. 457; en þegar er los kom í liðit, ... til þess er allt riðlaðisk í smá flokka, Ó.H. 122; hann lét riðlask vínberin ... með riðluðum vínviðum af vínberjum ok allskyns aldini, the vine clustered with grapes and fruit, Ó.T. 39. riðr, m. a shock, shaking; stökk sú af járnunum við riðinn, Fms. vi. 168. rið-skelfðr, part. palsied, Thom. 500. rið-tíð, f. the time when sheep are at heat (October). riðull, m., dat. riðli, a milit. term, a small detachment of men; kómu þá Birkibeinar neðan ór bænum riðlum saman, Fb. ii. 578, Fas. i. 530; rennum at riðlum saman, ok görum dyninn sem mestan, Fms. viii. 403; konungr hafði riðul einn manna, 355, v.l.; var þetta lið lítill r. manna hjá þeim úvígja her er hans úvinir höfðu, ii. 306, Bs. i. 622, Stj. 522. rið-vaxinn, part. broad-shouldered and short-necked, square-built; r. ok ekki hár, herði-mikill, Fb. iii. 246, Fbr. 183 (v.l.), Fms. x. 387: Atli inn skammi var maðr ekki hár, ok riðvaxinn, ok ramr at afli, Eg. 179; lágr á vöxt ok mjök r., Fas. iii. 298. rið-völr, m. a short round stick, to carry in the hand; tók hann riðvöl í hönd sér, Dropl. 29; hann greip upp riðvöl, ok laust sveininn í höfuðit svá at blóð féll um hann, Hkr. iii. 285. RIF, n., gen. pl. rifja, dat. rifjum, [Engl. rib, reef; Germ. rippe] :-- a rib, Lat. costa; á síðuna millum rifjanna, Nj. 262, Gullþ. 26; rifin öll, Orkn. 18, Fb. i. 531, Skíða R. 176; þá tók Guð brott eitt hans rif, Stj. 33, Eluc. 24, Ver. 3; at hann fyndi þat at mér býr fleira innan rifja en kál eitt, þvíat héðan skolu honum koma köld ráð undan hverju rifi, Ó.H. 132; cp. the allit. phrase, hafa ráð undir hverju rifi, to have 'rede' under every rib, i.e. to have all one's wits about one :-- metaph. cause, reason, við þat vaknar Geirmundr, ... ok þykkisk vita af hverjum rifjum vera mun, Ld. 118; þá skildi hann af hverjum rifjum vera myndi, Ó.H. 67; konur þær er óarfgengjar vóru af þeim rifjum at þær höfðu leynt barngetnaði sínum, eða ..., Grág. i. 228; ok skal á kveða af hverjum rifjum hann færir, 245 :-- of a whale's ribs used as rollers for launching ships, Háv. 48 (hval-rif) :-- rifja rétti, Hkv. Hjörv., see réttr. II. a reef in the sea; út í hólmann lá eitt rif mjótt ok langt, Bárð. 180; rif nokkut gékk milli lands ok eyjar, Fms. viii. 306, ix. 503: freq. in mod. usage of reefs connecting two islands, but flooded over at high water, whence the local name Rif-gerðingar in western Icel. III. naut. a reef in a sail; þá var andviðri, svá at byrðingar sigldu á mót þeim við tvau rif, Fms. ix. 20; hvessti veðrit, ok sviptu þá til eins rifs, 21; herti seglit, svá hélt við rif, Fas. iii. 652; sigldu þá við eitt rif, 118, Bær. 5; var veðrit svá hart, at þeir sigldu með eitt rif í miðju tré, Bs. ii. 50: rif-hind = a 'reef-hind,' i.e. a ship, Lex. Poët. rif, n. = rifs, Barl. 134, Bs. ii. 143. rifa, u, f. [Scot. rive], a rift, rent, cleft, fissure, Sks. 210, freq. in mod. usage; bjarg-rifa, kletta-rifa, also a rift in a wall between two planks. rifa, að, [Scot. riv; Engl. rivet], to tack together, sew loosely together; Styrr var rifaðr í húð, Ísl. ii. 296, Glúm. 382 (of a corpse); hann varð djöfulóðr ok var rifaðr í húð innan, Orkn. 202 (of a madman). 2. rifa saman, to stitch together; hann vill rifa saman munninn, rifaði (Ob., rifjaði Kb. wrongly) hann saman varrarnar ok reif ór æsunum, Edda i. 346. rif-blautr, adj. lean ribbed, of a horse, Bs. ii. 389. rif-garðr, m. the swathes or rows of hay spread out for drying. rif-hrís, n. brushwood, fagots, Grág. ii. 263, 288. rifja, að, to rake hay into rows (rifgarðar); rifja hey, Eb. 260, and in mod. usage. II. to repeat (akin to reifa); mikil skynsemi er at r. vandliga þat, Edda 14: in the phrase, rifja e-ð upp, r. upp harm sinn, to rip up one's sorrow, Clem. 45; r. e-ð upp fyrir sér, to go over with oneself, as to what one has learnt, but half forgotten. rifjaðr, part. ribbed; kald-r. rifna, að, to be rent, riven, cracked; unz himininn rifnar, Arnór; muðrinn brast, ok rifnaði upp í gegnum herðuna, Eg. 181; höggvinn, rifnaðr (cracked) eða brotinn, Grág. ii. 11: esp. of texture, a membrane, or the like, þótt seglin rifnuðu, Fas. i. 156; kyrtillinn rifnaði, Eg. 602; tjaldið musterisins rifnaði mitt í tvennt, Luke xxiii. 45; ef klæði rifnar, ok skal sauma, K.Þ.K. 88; sárin rifnuðu upp, the wounds were ripped up, Fs. 67, Gullþ. 79. rifr, m., gen. rifjar, [akin to rif], the beam on which the warp hung in the ancient loom; maðr telgði þar meið til rifjar, Rm. 15; reiði-ský rifs = the hanging cloud of the rifr, the warp, poët., Darr. rifrildi, n. a shred, a thing torn to pieces; bókar-r. 2. metaph. a brawl, scolding (vulgar). rifs, n. plunder; rán ok rifs, Fms. ii. 119, vi. 42, vii. 263. RIFSA, að, an iterative, [akin to rífa], to plunder; ok rifsuðu bú þeirra, Fms. viii. 390; rifsaði hverr slíkt sem hann fékk, Al. 93. rig, n. = rígr, stiffness; en svo í kroppinn komi ei rig, karlfólkið stundum reyni sig, Bb. RIGA, að, [cp. reigja and rígr], to lift heavily or with difficulty, with dat.; fengu þeir hvergi rigat honum, Eb. 115 new Ed. (thus, not rygað); rigaðu þér á fætr, Fas. ii. 369; sagði, at hann lét eigi vinna þat er meira lá við, en at riga at slíku, than to do such drudgery, Rd. 263: in mod. usage, eg riga því ekki, eg get ekki rigat því, I cannot move it. riga, u, f. roughness on the surface; svá skírt, at glöggliga sér hverja rigu, Fms. xi. 441, v.l. RIGNA, d, regna, Hom. 5, Fms. x. 323, [regn; cp. Dan. regne; Swed. regna] :-- to rain, 656 B. 12: followed by a dat., rignir eldi ok brennu-steini, Ver. 13; rignir blóði, Darr.; blóði hafði rignt í skúrinni, Eb. 260, passim in old and mod. usage: part. rigndr, wet from rain, Bs. i. 322. II. [regin] = ragna, rigna við rögn, to blaspheme against the gods, Bs. i. 13 (in a verse). rigning, f. rainy weather; miklar rigningar, much rain; rigninga-sumar, a rainy summer, freq. in mod. usage. rigsa, að, to stalk stiffly and haughtily, = reigsa. riklingr, m. a flounder cut into strips and dried (a dainty), Sturl. i. 164, N.G.L. i. 143, D.N. iii. 914, Rétt. 47, and passim: also spelt reklingr, esp. in Norse writers. RIM, f., pl. rimar, [Engl. rim], a rail in a paling; en sá er annarr garðr er heitir rima-garðr (a rail fence), fjórar rimar í ok okar á endum, Gþl. 381; þá tók hann rim af sleðanum ok studdisk við, Bs. i. 614; ok af saumförin með af riminni, 390 (of a ship): freq. in mod. usage, meis-rim, smíða rim í meis, hurð; skjald-rim, vett-rim. rimi, a, m. a strip of land, Edda (Gl.) i. 586; hann ferr til fjalls ok görir þar kenni-mark, ... ok er sá rimi kalladr at Kambi, Sd. 137. rimma, u, f. a battle, tumult, fray; í þeirri rimmu ráku þeir Símon á braut, Clem. 37; í þeirri rimmu fékk hann fjögur sár, Sturl. iii. 30, Lex. Poët., freq. in mod. usage; ógna-hörð var r., Úlf. 7. 96. Rimmu-gýgr, f. 'battle-ogre,' the name of Skarpheðin's battle-axe, Nj. rindill, m., dat. rindli, qs. vrindill, a dimin. [cp. Engl. wren; but Dan. rindel], a bird, the wren (in Eggert Itin. ch. 678 = motacilla fusca, the smallest bird in Icel., also called músar-bróðir or músar-rindill): as a nickname of a small, puny person, Lv., Bs. (Laur. S.) rindil-þvari, a, m. = rindill, Edda (Gl.) Rindr, f., dat. and acc. Rindi, qs. Vrindr, which form remains in the old alliteration (V)rindr berr í vestr-sölum, Vtkv.; see Bergmann in the Mythol. Glossary to the Message of Skírnir, Strasburg 1871 :-- the name of a goddess or giantess, the mother of Vali, Vsp., Vtkv., Gg.; seið Yggr til Rindar, Kormak; the Earth is called Rindar elja (see elja), Edda (in a verse). The loves of Wodan and Rind resemble those of Zeus and Europa in the Greek legends. 2. in poët. circumlocutions of a woman, bands; sörva Rindr, Kormak. Ringar, m. pl. the men from Ringa-ríki in Norway: Ringskr, adj., Fms. ii. 252.

498 RINGJA -- RÍÐA.

ringja, u, f., qs. hringja. a round pail, cp. mælke-ring in Norway = a pail full of coagulated milk, Stj. 294. ringl, n. craziness: ringlaðr, crazy. ringul-reið, f.; in the phrase, vera á r., to be in confusion, topsy-turvy; síðan fór á ringulrey (sic) réttr á Ísa-landi, Bs. ii. 497. rippa, að, [akin to rifja], to sum up; þá rippuðu þeir upp öll mála-ferli þeirra vel ok einarðliga, Vápn. 30. ript, f., or ripti, n. a kind of cloth or linen jerkin; rekkar þeir þóttusk er þeir ript höfðu, Hm. 48, Edda ii. 494; Vala-ript, a Welsh, i.e. foreign jerkin, Skv. 3. 63; lé-rept, q.v.; kona sveip ripti, Rm. 18, Skv. 3. 8; strjúka ripti, to mangle linen, Rm. 25; Nanna sendi Freyju ripti, Edda 39; and setjask und ripti, of the bridal veil, Rm. 20: 'rhenones sunt velamina humerorum et pectoris usque in umbilicum, intortis villis adeo hispidi ut imbres respuant ... quos reptos vocant,' Isid. Hisp. xix. 23; this corresponds exactly with the use in Hm. l.c. ript, f. [rjúfa or rífa], a withdrawal or breach of a contract, Grág. ii. 214. RIPTA, t, to 'rip up,' invalidate a bargain or agreement; with acc., ripta kaup, Grág. i. 333, ii. 213; r. alla landsöluna, 214; engi maðr á at r. gjöf sína, i. 203; r. grip undan manni, Jb. 472; r. görð, id.: to break, fyrir-bjóðum ver þessa vára skipan at r. eðr rjúfa, D.N. i. 60 :-- to regain, of an estate, Kolskeggr ætlar mál frammi at hafa ok ripta fjórðung í Móeiðar-hváli, Nj. 102; ef undan honum riptisk at lögum þessi helmingr jarðar á Skriðulandi, Dipl. iii. 6; en svá mörg hundruð sem riptask í Torfa-stöðum, eða Skála-nesjum, þá skal Óláfr taka svá mörg hundruð upp í Bessa-stöðum, v. 23. II. in mod. usage, with dat., ripta e-u. ripting, f. a withdrawal (of a bargain); hversugi mikit fé er þeir gefa ... þá skal engi r. til þess vera, þótt eigi komi búar til at vinna eiða at, Grág. i. 223; lion gai fyrir heklu fitkkotta ok vildi kaup kalla, henni þótti þat úhættara við riptingum, Landn. 319. ris, n. the rise or top of a building; það er hátt á því risið. -risa, adj., in blóð-risa (q.v.), smeared with blood, prob. qs. vriðsa, from ríða, to smear. risa-legr, adj. gigantic, Al. 67. RISI, a, m., thus sounded with a short i, but perh. better rísi; qs. vrísi; [cp. Hel. vrisul; Germ. riese; Ivar Aascn ryse and rysel; the v shews that the word has no connection with the verb rísa, and the root is unknown; Swed. vresig = burly may be a kindred word] :-- a giant, Hkr. i. 5, Sks. 601, 705, Fas. iii. 24, Ann. 1338. In popular Icel. usage risi denotes size, jötunn strength, þurs lack of intelligence; thus, hár sem risi, sterkr sem jötunn, heimskr sem þurs, as tall as a risi, strong as a jötun, stupid as a þurs. The ancient legends describe the risar as handsome, and a long-lived race; bygðu þá risar víða, en sumir vóru hálfrisar, þá var mikit sambland þjóðanna, þvíat risar fengu kvenna af Ýmislandi, Fas. i. 513, Herv. S. ch. 1, Örvar Odds S. ch. 18; cp. also the tales of Godmund on Glasisvellir: compds, hálf-risi, berg-risi. The word is very popular (even more so than jötunn) in modern tales, but is only found once (in the compd berg-risi) in old poems; risa barn, -dóttir, a giant-bairn, giant-daughter. Fas. ii. 239; but in compds risa fólk, -kyn, -ætt, giant-folk, giant-kind, 383, 384, Bárð. 163, Landn. 118; risa vöxtr, a giant's size, Stj. 326. risinn, adj., in gest-r., víg-r. ris-mál, n. the hour for rising, about 6 o'clock A.M., Dropl. 20, Grág. ii. 224; milli ris-mála ok dagmála, O.H.L. 24; hirðis-rismál. RISNA, u, f. (spelt ristna, Fb. i. 362, ii. 227), hospitality, munificence; r. ok örlæti, Fms. ii. 118; hann lofaði risnu Þórarins, v. 315; hvárki var nú minni rausn né risna í búinu en áðr, Band. 3; ek veit risnu þína, at þú munt taka við honum, Lv. 26; varð þeim mart talat um risnu Sveins, Orkn. 464. risnu-maðr, m. a hospitable man, Fb. ii. 227. risni, f. = risna, in gest-risni. rispa, að, [Scot. resp or risp; Engl. rasp], to scratch; klóra ok r., Stj. 77 (v.l.), freq. in mod. usage. rispa, u, f. a slight scratch, Nj. (Lat. Ed.) 163 (v.l.), freq. in mod. usage. RIST, f., pl. ristr, mod. ristir, for the ristr in Pass. 33. 4 is poët.; older form vrist; [Engl. wrist, used only of the hand; Dan. vrist; the word is derived from (v)ríða, Engl. writhe; Scot. reist; cp. also Engl. wrest, wrestle, which are kindred words] :-- the instep of the foot, Þiðr. 86; gegnum búðar ristrnar, Fms. v. 347; þá sté hann fætinum á aðra ristina, vii. 13; horfa fætrnir ok ristrnar á bak aptr, Stj. 94; il ok rist, 160; sull hafði hann á fæti niðri á ristinni, Ísl. ii. 218; troðnir í sundr tvennir skór ... upp vóru hinir á ristum, Skíða R. 193. COMPDS: ristar-bein, n. the instep-bone, Sturl. i. 167. ristar-liðr, m. the instep-joint, Nj. 70, Landn. 153, Ísl. ii. 365. rist, t. a gridiron; panna, rist, steiki-teinn, Dipl. v. 18. rista, t, to slice; see rista. rista, u, f. a scratch, slash, Nj. 82. ristu-bragð, n. a (Runic) character Edda 58. ristill, m., dat. ristli, [rísta], a ploughshare, Stj. 386, Magn. 460. II. qs. vristill, [akin to rist = vrist], poët, a gentlewoman, from the slenderness of form; ristill er sú kona er sköruglynd er, Edda, Rm. 22, Völs. R. 205. 2. the 'twisted' big end-gut in animals. 3. medic. shingles (Lat. cingulum), ringworm in its most severe form (zona herpetica), Fél. x. 29. risting, f. carving, Hm. 113. ristir, m. a carver, slasher, Lex. Poët. risu-ligr, adj. = rísuligr. RIT, n. [Engl. writ], a writ, writing; ráða rit, 623. 12; hann lét þá göra rit ok sendi jarli, id., Skíða R. 50; rit ok innsigli biskups, K.Þ.K. 74; rit ok innsigli konungs, Gþl. 133. 2. penmanship; hagr at hvívetna, bæði at riti ok at öðru, Bs. i. 127. 3. writing; einn dag er hann sat at riti (when he sat writing) féll hann frá ritinu, Bs. i. 191; at rit verdi minna ok skjótara ok bókfell drjúgara, Skálda 168. COMPDS: rits-háttr, m. a way of writing, Skálda 170, 171, Stj. 48, 164. rita-görð, f. writing, correspondence, Bs. i. 475. rita, að, to write; see ríta. ritan-legr, adj. that can be written, Edda 174. ritari, a, m. a writer, transcriber, Bs. i. 175, 191; Hallr hét ok var r. hans, his secretary, 700: a scribe, Al. 66, Greg. 52. rit-færi, n. pl. writing materials, Fas. iii. 407, MS. 625. 87. rit-görð, f. a treatise, (mod.) rit-höfundr, m. a writer, (mod.) rit-maðr, m. = ritari, Hom. (St.) ritning, f. a writing, Anecd. 18, Sks. 4; postulanna ritningar, Stj. 30: Holy Scripture, Anecd. 16, Sks. 459, Rb., and passim in old and mod. usage. Ritningar-grein, f. a passage of Scripture. rit-sending, f. letter-sending, Hkr. ii. 128. rit-stofa, u, f. a writing-room, Bs. ii. 148. rit-stokkr, m. a writing-desk, Pm. 3. RÍÐA, ríð, pret. reið, reitt (mod. reiðst), reið, pl. riðu; subj. riði; imperat. ríð, ríttu, Lv. 39, mod. ríddu; part. riðinn: [A.S. ridan; Engl. ride; Germ. reiten, etc.] :-- to ride; in Icel., where all land-travelling is on horseback, ríða has become almost synonymous with to journey, travel, adding the road or way in acc. (cp. Old Engl. use of to ride); ríða leið sína, veg sinn, etc.; þeir bræðr riðu til alþingis, Nj. 2; nú skalt þú riða vestr, ... þá reið í móti þeim Þjóstólfr, reið Höskuldr heim til hús síns, 4; síðan reið hann vestr í Hjarðarholt, Ísl. ii. 199; ok þegar reið hann at leita líkanna, Eg. 601; þá lét Ásgerðr skjóta hesti undir mann, reið sá sem ákafligast vestr í Hjarðarholt ... Þorgerðr lét þegar söðla sér hest ... riðu þau um kveldit ok nóttina til þess er þau kómu til Borgar, 602, 603; flestir menn riðu Týrsdaginn í brott, Sturl. iii. 183; tóku þeir nú á reið mikilli ok var allgott at ríða ofan eptir héraðinu, 185; þeir riðu Þriðja-daginn, ... þeir riðu til Hörgárdals um kveldit, reið Eyjólfr á Möðru-völlu, ... riðu þeir upp um Hörgárdal, ... Rafn ok Eyjólfr riðu með flokk sinn upp eptir ísinum, 216, 217; géf ek þat ráð at þú ríðir í mót honum, en ek mun ríða til meðan, Fms. i. 70, xi. 364, Gísl. 19, Nj. 85, 86: metaph., at margir Íslendingar mundi kenna á hlut sínum, nema þeir riði sjálfir á vit sín, unless they rode towards themselves, i.e. took counsel with themselves, took care, Ld. 180 :-- absol. to start, part, ok hvergi í kveldi ríða, Skíða R. 108; jarl bað hann búask ok sagði mál at riðu, Orkn. 48. 2. adding the horse (vehicle) in dat.; ríða hesti, ríða svörtum, hvítum, ... skjóttum, góðum, vökrum ... hesti, Nj. 54, 8l, etc.; ríða húsum, to 'ride' the ridge of a house (as a ghost), Grett. 83 new Ed. 3. trans. with acc.; ríða hest, to break a colt for riding; and hann er vel riðinn, well broken in; ó-riðinn, unbroken: also to cover, of horses, cattle. 4. reflex., recipr. ríðask at, to attack one another, Al.; ríðask hjá, to pass by one another, Sturl. ii. 171. B. To swing, sway, with the notion of a heavy, rotary motion, as of a thing in balance, a weapon brandished, a windlass, or the like; [cp. Engl. sea-phrase to ride at anchor]; í því er hann heyrði sverðit ríða, Karl. 161; nú reið sverð at svíra, Bs. ii. 74; maðr nokkurr er sá at öxin reið, Fms. vii. 325; er öxin reið at honum, ii. 82; ef konungr léti ofan ríða sverðit, vii. 172; en er upp reið gáiga-tréit, 13; konungr stóð undir er tréit reið, ix. 386; þá reið at honum brúnássinn, ok hrataði hann inn aptr, Nj. 202; þá er sól riðr upp ok þar til er hón sezk, N.G.L. i. 218; þat tré er riða skal öllum at upp loki, of a door, Hm. 137 :-- to balance; önnur galeiðrinn sprakk er hón reið á járninu, Fagrsk.: metaph. the phrase, e-t ríðr miklu (or á miklu), to be of great importance, momentous; honum þótti í þér mest vinkaup ok stærstu ríða um þína hollostu, Fb. ii. 289; hve mjök þat er kallat at á hirti (sic) ríði, hversu til fátækra manna var gört í þessu lífi, Bs. i. 104; á-ríðandi, momentous; e-t ríðr e-m at fullu, proves fatal to one. 2. to reel, stagger; í því er fíllinn tók at ríða, Al. 76; tók þá kastalinn at ríða mjök, Fms. viii. 429; hann reið á ymsar hliðar, Konr.: impers., reið bátinum svá at honum hvelfir, the boat rolled so that it capsized, Mar.; in mod. usage better, alda ríðr undir skipið, aldan reið að, of the rolling waves, freq. in mod. usage. RÍÐA, ríð, reið, riðu, declined like the preceding word, but altogether different in etymology, being originally vríða; [A.S. wriðan; Engl. writhe; Dan.-Swed. vride, vrida; cp. Engl. wreath, wreathe; reiðr = angry, distorted, is derived from this verb] :-- to writhe, twist, knit, wind; hár riðit í hring, the hair twisted into a ring, Akv. 8; ríða knút, to knit a knot; dúk ok

RÍÐARI -- RÍKULIGA. 499

ríða á þrjá knúta, Fb. i. 212; þar var hrískjörr nokkur ok riðu þar á knúta stóra, Orkn. 372; þar á kjörrinu reið ek þér knút, ... ekki mun ek leysa þann knút er þú reitt mér þar, en riða mátta ek þér þann kaút, er ..., Fms. vii. 123; með hverri list þeir eru saman riðnir, Al. 19; ríða knapp á e-t, to finish, wind a thing up, Ísl. ii. 102; ríða net, ríða ræxna, to net a net; tók hann lín ok garn, ok reið á ræxna svá sem net er síðan, Edda i. 182; ekki ríðanda ræxn, Sd. 188. 2. metaph., vera við e-t riðinn, to be wound up with a thing; ok verðr hann lítt við söguna riðinn, Glúm. 334; ef þeir vitu at þú ert nokkuð við hennar mál riðinn, Fbr. 57; and ó-við-riðinn, unconnected with. B. [Prob. the same word], to rub, smear, with dat.; floti var riðit á öl spjótskeptin, Sd. 163; ríða smyrslum á, Hom. (St.); taka hráka sinn, ríða í kross í krismu stað á brjóst ok millum herða, N.G.L. i. 339; hann ríðr því (the lime) heitu á limar ok kvistu viðarins, Fms. vi. 153; hann reið á blóðinu. Eg. 211; hann ríðr á hann vatni sínu, Bs. i. 460; hann lét ríða leiri ok kolum í andlit sér, Fms. ii. 59; taka snjó ok bræða með höndum sér ok ríða á, svá at þat verði alvátt, K.Þ.K. 12; er dreifð síðan askan ok riðit sem víðast um þau kjöt, Stj. 71; hón vill jafnan ríða hann blóði ok róðru, Gísl. 45; hann tekr þá Sköfnungs stein, ok ríðr, ok bindr við hönd Gríms, Ld. 252; tók ek hein ór pússi mínum ok reið ek í eggina, Sturl. ii. 62. II. metaph., with dat. to thrash, flog; ef maðr bregðr manni at hann væri stafkarl, eða riðr honum kinn, bæti hálfa mörk, or smears his cheeks, i.e. buffets him, cp. vulgar Dan. smöre een = to give a sound thrashing, and Swed. han wredh hans bak, i.e. flogged him; ef þat er kennt konu at hón ríði (that she beats) manni, eða þjónum hans, ... þá er hón sek þrem mörkum, 390; hann var blóðrisa um herðarnar, en hlaupit hold af beinum ... flutti þat Oddr, at Geirríð mun hafa riðit honum, Eb. 46 (thus, and not from ríða, to ride?). III. to wring, press; mjólk sú er riðin er ór selju börk, Pr. 473. ríðari, a, m. = riddari (q.v.), Fms. x. 88, 104, 109, 140. RÍFA, ríf, reif, reift, reif, pl. rifu; subj. rifi; part. rifinn; imperat. ríf, rífðu; when in the sense to pick, scratch, it is also spelt and sounded hrífa, q.v.: [Engl. rive; Dan. rive] :-- to rive, tear; þeir létu dýr ok hrafna rífa hræin, Hkr. i. 39; vætt klæði mín, rifit ok únýtt með öllu, Fms. i. 264; var þar hverr fiskr ór roði rifinn, Eb. 276; þeir reyttu ok rifu, Fms. ii. 161; rífa hold af beinum, Magn. 531; þeir rifu af ræfrit af selinu, Ld. 280; rífa klæði af sér, Ó.H. 236: rífa ofan, to pull down, Nj. 279; rífa niðr, id., Grett. 50 new Ed.; rífa í sundr, to rive asunder, Boll. 350, Nj. 279; rífa e-n kvikan í sundr, to tear asunder alive, Fms. ix. 261; at sól rifi í sundr (rived) nýja timbr-veggi, i. 291. 2. to rend; klukka rifin, a cracked bell, Pm. 81 :-- impers. to be rent, ok reif seglit (acc.), Fms. ix. 387; ok reif ór æsunum, Edda 71 :-- rífa aptr, to rip up; Þórólfr vildi eigi at aptr væri rifit sárit, Eb. 244. B. usually spelt hrífa, to pick; fóru ungmenni tvau at hrífa mosa, to pick moss, Bs. i. 329: rífa upp, to pull up (a thing by the roots), pick up; rífa upp hrís (also rífa hrís), to pull up shrubs for fuel, Grág. ii. 263, 288. 2. to scratch; þeir hrífa upp í höfuð sér ok reyta sik, scratched their heads, Fms. v. 161; bíta mann eðr hrífa, Grág. ii. 133: hann lét hrífa sér með kömbum, Fb. i. 212; hann vaknar ok hrífr í augun, rubs his eyes, Fb. ii. 96. 3. to grasp; akkerin hrífa við, Ld. 76; þá hrífu við akkerin, Fms. x. 136, v.l.; ok hreif þegar við, it took effect, Bs. i. 197; hann brýtr upp gólfit ok hrífr þar ok rannsakar snæblandna mold, 198; see the references under hrífa. rífka, að, to enlarge, Nj. 21, passim in mod. usage: reflex. to be enlarged. ríf-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), large, munificent; ríflegt verð, Ld. 212: metaph., ekki r., a poor affair; eigi sýnisk mér ferð þessi rífleg, a poor journey, Fms. ii. 58; þó hvárki væri ríflegt, vi. 13: hvárt sem þat er ríflegt eðr óríflegt, Háv. 53; jafn-r., equally fine, Lv. 75. RÍFR, adj. [akin to reifa; Engl. rife], munificent, abundant; nú skulu þér bera út slíkan mat sem fyrr var rífastr, Fb. i. 545; boð-r., a fair bidding, fair offer; hlaup-r., very large. ríf-skipaðr, part. well-manned, Sks. 29. RÍGR, m. [akin to reigjask and riga], stiffness, medic.; bak-rígr, herða-r., háls-r., stiffness in the back, shoulders, neck, Fél. II. metaph. rigour, severity; rígr reglunnar, Mar.: stiffness, coldness, það er rígr milli þeirra. COMPDS: ríg-binda, batt, to bind fast. ríg-gyrða, t, to girth tightly, of a horse. ríg-negla, d, to nail firmly. Rígr, m. the name of the hero of the poem Rígs-þula, in the Edd. erroneously called Rígs-mál, Edda ii. 496, a poem which traces the origin of royalty to king Ríg as the ancestor of all kings. This myth belonged to Heimdal, Vsp. 1; it is very likely that the Ríg of the poem is an invented name, a poetical disguise, borrowed from the Gaelic word Righ, which means a king; Rígs-þula would therefore literally mean Konungs-þula = the King's Lay. rík-borinn, part. high-born, Fms. i. 6, Mag. 466, Stj. 425. rík-dómliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), magnificently. Fms. vii. 24. rík-dómr, m. power, might, magnificence, Fms. vii. 17, 22, 87, ix. 330, Sks. 467, 698, Stj. 88, 192, 451, Fs. 23, passim. 2. wealth, riches, Sks. 205. rík-dæmi, n. = ríkdómr, Fms. iii. 45: mod. ríkidæmi, riches. RÍKI, n. [Ulf. reiki = GREEK; Scot. ryke; Engl. -ric in bishopric; Germ. reich; Dan. rige] :-- power, might; má ek ekki heita lendr maðr ef ek skal eigi hafa ríki við einum Íslenzkum stafkarli, Fms. vii. 114; veita e-m ríki, to grant one power, Eg. 20; ríkis munr, 40, Ld. 38, Ísl. ii. 139; heita e-m miklu ríki, Fms. i. 113; lagdisk land allt undir ríki (rule) Haralds konungs, vii. 185; gaf Askell erkibiskup upp sitt ríki, gave up, resigned, xi. 392; mælti engi á móti fyrir ríki konungs, Eg. 67; kom yfir oss íll öld af ríki Alfivu, Fms. vi. 96; mikit var ríki Þinga-manna, xi. 159; ríkis-forráð, -gæzla, -ráð, ruling, governing, i. 51, Anecd. 34, Sks. 461, Grett. 97 A. 2. an empire, kingdom; ríki ok konungdóm, Fms. i. 23; at taka Magnús frá ríki, vii. 185; fór konungr heim í ríki sitt, xi. 392; hann kom heim í Danmörk í ríki sitt. 295; skal ek fá menn til at varðveita ríkit. Eg. 119; Skotland var kallat þriðjungr ríkis við England, 266; ríki-himna, 623. 54; konungs ríki, a king's rule, kingdom; himin-ríki, the kingdom of heaven; biskups-ríki, a bishopric; Danmerkr-ríki, Noregs-ríki, Austr-ríki: also of counties, ríki þat er heitir vendilskagi, Fms. xi. 230; Ringa-ríki, Ne-ríki, in Norway and Sweden. COMPDS: ríkis-dalr, m. a rix-dollar, (mod.) ríkis-djarfr, adj. ambitious, Sks. 340. ríkis-dómr, m. a reign, Sks. 324. ríkis-gull, n. the royal seal, Mag. ríkis-kona, u, f. a noble-woman, Edda 16, Fms. v. 340: mod. a rich lady. ríkis-maðr, m. (-menn), a mighty man, ruler, Grág. ii. 99, Fms. i. 32, vii. 288, 290, Eg. 9, 26, 270, Skálda 152, passim: mod. a rich, monied man. ríkja-skipti, n. a change in government, Germ. thron-wechsel, Fms. v. 297, Rb. 478. ríkis-sproti, a, m. a sceptre, Stj. 651. ríkis-stjóri, a, m. a governor, Str. 25. ríkis-stjórn, f. a government, Fms. i. 103, Sks. 611. ríkis-stóll, m. the throne, Stj. 571. ríkis-sæti, n., -staðr, m. a king's residence, Stj., Sks. 525. ríkis-vöndr, m. a sceptre, Fms. x. 15, Al. 100. ríki-látr, adj. lordly, mighty, Fms. vii. 321, Fas. iii. 455: proud, Ld. 80. ríkja, t, [Ulf. reikinon =GREEK], to reign, Fms. i. 119, xi. 405, 408, passim in mod. usage. 2. to rule, with dat.; þar sem ofdrykkja ríkir manni, Hom. 31; hann ríkti jamnan hinum yngra, Stj. 160 :-- with acc., Skálda 190. rík-leikr (-leiki), m. power, authority, Sks. 494, H.E. i. 497, Fms. v. 158. rík-lundaðr, adj. imperious, high-spirited, Ó.H. 77, Fms. vii. 15, Hkr. i. 28, Orkn. 158. rík-lyndi, n. imperiousness, Stj. 575. rík-lyndr, adj. = ríklundaðr, Fb. ii. 109, iii. 247. rík-mannliga, adv. magnificently, Fms. i. 78, vi. 141, vii. 94, x. 222, xi. 91, Fas. i. 80, Ld. 234. rík-mannligr, adj. grand, stately, magnificent, Al. 85. rík-menni, n. the mighty, the nobility, Fms. x. 138, Ó.H. 79, Hkv. 2. 26. RÍKR, adj., compar. ríkari and ríkri, superl. ríkastr and ríkstr, [Ulf. reiks = GREEK; Germ. reich; Dan. rig, etc.] :-- mighty, powerful, Rb. 370; ríkr höfðingi, Nj. 1, Fms. xi. 298; ríkr ok auðigr, Eg. 22, 83, Fms. vii. 293 (strong); ríkastr ok göfgastr, i. 61; ekki hefir Hákon látið hlut sinn fyrir enn ríkari mönnum en þú ert, 74; þeir vóru menn ríkastir í Þrænda-lögum, vi. 24: in the phrase, sagði þá inn ríkri ráð, the stronger ruled, might ruled over right, viii. 108, v.l.; ríkri ráð sagði, Am. 62; er þess ván um alla þína daga, at vér frændr sem ríkri, Eg. 475; ríkastr ok víðlendastr konungr, Fms. xi. 201, 203; ríkir ok óríkir, Ó.H. 60; hafði jarl á því ríkra manna hátt, Nj. 278; hann er ríkstr konung-manna, Rekst. 2. of things, strong; ok verðr þá þat ríkara sem verr gegnir, Fms. i. 69; var sjón sögu ríkari, Ó.H. 180 (of autopsy); fátt er sköpum ríkara, Fs. 23; nauðsyn er lögum ríkri, 656 A. i. 22; ef úgæfa mín gengi ríkra en lukka þín, Þorst. St. 54, Al. 56; var þar ríkt varðhald, Fms. xi. 247; leggja ríkt við, to lay a heavy penalty on, iv. 144, x. 173, xi. 262; banna ríkt, to forbid strongly, Sks. 126 new Ed.; eru þeir fjötraðir ok ríkt bundnir, Fær. 183. 3. magnificent; mærin gyrði sik einu ríku belti, 580 A. 2; konungr görði mannboð ríkt, Hkr. i. 231; ok halda til sem ríkast at öllu, K.Þ.K. 56. 4. as a nickname; inn Ríki, the Great, Mighty; Knútr ríki, Hákon jarl inn ríki, Rögnvaldr jarl inn ríki, Fms., Ó.H., Orkn. 8. II. [Germ. reich; Dan. rig; Engl. rich], rich, wealthy; this sense appears about the end of the 13th century, and was no doubt influenced by the foreign use of the word; þeir hafa af hennar gózi orðið fullir ok feitir ok mjök ríkir, H.E. i. 505; ok aldrei urðu þau svá rík, at þau ætti konungi skatt at gjalda, Jb. 167; ríkr at fé, Grett. 153 new Ed.; oss er mikit sagt af auð þeim ... Eigi mun þat aukit þó hann sé sagðr ríkastr maðr á Íslandi, Band. 24 new Ed. (but only in the later recension of that Saga, for the old recension in Kb. omits the word); svá miklum auð saman koma, ok verða full-ríkir á fám árum, Fms. vi. 273; hann var ríkr at fé, Dropl. 13, where it is no doubt due to the transcriber of the Arna-Magn. 132; passim in mod. usage, whereas the old sense has become obsolete, except in special phrases and compds, e.g. ráð-ríkr. ríkula, adv. = ríkuliga, Fms. vii. (in a verse). ríku-liga, adv. magnificently, Hkr. i. 193, Fas. i. 340; at þú megir fara þangat svá r. sem þú vilt, Ld. 74, Magn. 434: strongly, strictly,

500 IIÍKULIGR -- RJÖÐKHÖGGVINN.

halda e-t r., to observe it strictly, Stj. 453, Fms. xi. 298: mod. abundantly (= gnógliga), N.T., Vidal., passim. ríku-ligr, adj. magnificent; r. veizla, Fms. i. 291, vi. 342; r. maðr, a fine man, x. 418; gott líf ok ríkuligt, Edda 11. ríll, m. a mob, Björn. ríl-óttr, adj. chequered, of colour. RÍM, n. [A.S. rím and ge-rím], a computation, esp. a calendar, almanac, Rb. passim; rímna bók, an almanac, Am. 19. COMPDS: Rím-begla, u, f. an ancient Icel. work on computation and the calendar, see begla and the pref. to the Rb., List of Authors (H. 111). rím-kænn, adj. skilled in rím, Odd. 2. rím-spillir, m. 'calendar spoiler,' ' calendar confounder;' a name given to the winters of those years in which the Elevatio Crucis (14th Sept.) falls on Sunday, if in the same summer an intercalary week is added (sumar-auki, q.v.), in which case the calendar of the winter becomes irregular, defined in Rb. 44 (ch. 27), see also Rb. (1812) 58. rím-tal, n. a computation, calendar, Rb.(pref.), Pr. 384. B. [Gr.-Lat. rhythmus?], a rhyme, rhymed song; this word, which is altogether different from the preceding, occurs first in Barl., görðu sér heimskir menn mörg rim ok ræður, 34; hégómlegar sögur, rím eða ræður, ljóð eða kvæði, 40. II. an end-rhyme; in Icel. the word appears in the 14th century along with the kind of ballads called ríma, with alternate rhymes; for the ancient poets only used rhymes within the same verse line, called hending; see, however, the remarks s.v. rún-henda; eitt þýzkt rím, D.N. v. 640. ríma, u, f., gen. rímna, a rhyme, lay, ballad, and in plur. rímur, an epic consisting of many lays; ríma is the name for the epical paraphrases, which first appear in Icel. about the middle of the 14th century; the Olafs-ríma, Fb. i. 8 sqq., being the first specimen preserved; then Völsungs-rímur, Skíða-ríma, Skáld-Helga-rímur, and then very many others; for almost every Icel. Saga or Romance has been turned into such lays, even the historical books of the Bible. COMPDS: rímna-bók, f. a book (volume)of rhymes, or ballads. rímna-skáld, n. a ballad-poet. rímari, a, m. a rhymer, ballad-maker. Rín, f. the Rhine, Akv. 27, Bkv. 11, Bm., Gm., Edda, Symb., passim; the fem, gender (masc. in Germ. der Rhein, Lat. Rhenus) prob. arose from the appellative, (áin Rín, the river Rhine); Rínar-kvíslir, -ósar, Ant. 288: in poetry gold is called Rínar-málmr, Rín-leygr, -- the ore or the fire of the Rhine, referring to the legends of the Niebelungen Hort, Lex. Poët. RÍPR, m. a crag; hilmir renndi ríp í bratta guípu, Rekst. 28, freq. in mod. usage; as also in local names, Rípr, map of led.; Rípar, in Denmark, whence Rípa-Úlfr, Fms. xi. RÍSA, pres. riss; pret. reis, reist, reis, pl. risn; imperat. rís, rístn; part, risinn; with neg. suff. rís-at, rise not (imperat.), Hm. 113: [Ulf. reisan = GREEK, and common to all Teut. languages] :-- to arise, rise, stand up; rístú nú Skírnir, Skm. 1; rístú nú Fjörnir, Akv. 10, Ls. 10; upp rístú Þakráðr, Vkv. 37, Hm. 146; reis Rígr at þat, Rm. 30; reis frá borði réð at sofna, 17, cp. 5; er hann kostar upp at rísa, Al. 144; elli sótti þá fast at Unni, svá at hón reis ekki upp fyrir miðjan dag, Ld. 14; upp reis Óðinn, Vtkv. 2: to rise from bed, ár skal rísa, early shall rise, Hm. 58, Eg. (in a verse); ek þóttumk fyr dag rísa, Em.; nótt þú rísat, rise not in the night, Hm. 113; rísa ór rekkju, to rise from bed, Nj. 14: of the sun and stars, í austr, þaðan rísa öll himin-tungl, Hom. 156: rísa ór dómi, to rise, leave the court, Grág. i. 78; ef hann ryðr at frændsemi ok skal næsta-bræðri upp rísa, 50: ek vil hafa tvíbýli á Möðru-völlum ok rísa eigi upp fyrir þér, Lv. 71; rísa upp, to rise from the dead, passim (upp-rísa, resurrection): rísa í mót, gegn, to rise againsf, Fms. i. 103: rísa við, to withstand; rísa við boði e-s, Mar., Band. 17 new Ed.: rísa upp, to arise, begin; ef dags helgr ríss upp á laugar degi, N.G.L. i. 138; sundrþykki ríss upp, Mar. 2. metaph., orð ríss, a word arises, Bs. i. 182; bragrinn ríss um bátinn einn, Stef. Ól.; Jól eru risin af burð Dróttins várs, Fms. x. 377. II. recipr., er vér sám boðana rísask í móti, Fms. xi. 13. RÍSTA, pres. ríst; pret. reist, reist, reist, pl. ristu; part, ristinn; in mod. usage weak, pres. risti, Skíða R. 27; pret. risti, ristir, risti; part, ristr, which forms freq. occur on the Swed. Runic stones, e.g. rúnar þær er Bali risti, Baut. passim: [Dan. riste] :-- to cut, slash; tak ál kvikan ok ríst hann, Pr. 471; hón reist á mér kviðinn, Ld. 214; ok reist rifin öll ofan allt á lendar, Hkr. i. 108; þá reist hann frá höfuðsmátt brynjuna í gögnum niðr, Sæm. 139, Skv. 1. 15; torfa var ristin ór velli, Ld. 58; kesjan reist ór skildinum, Eg. 378; Þormóðr reist í sundr línbrók sína, Fbr. 60; Trausti reist af skyrtu sinni, Vígl. 68 new Ed.; ristu þeir sundr í strengi feldi sína, Ó.H. 152; þeir létu rísta árar á útborða, Fms. viii. 417; þat skyldi engan krók rísta, make no circuit, Ld. 96; Maríu-súðin (the ship) reist langan krók, cut a great curve, Fms. viii. 222. II. to carve; Rafn lá í bekk ok reist spán, þvíat hann var hagr (carving spoons), Sturl. i. 140; ek hefi ristið (I have carved her image) á hepti mínu, Landn. 248 (in a verse); ristin röng, the carved ribs in a ship, Fms. vi. (in a verse); ríkula ristin rít, the richly-carved shield, vii. (in a verse). 2. to slice; rísta tvá reitu, Grág. i. 65; hann setr sporann við eyra Gunnari ok rístr mikla ristu, Nj. 82; r. sjá kili, Ht. 101; r. báru hlýri, Mork. 228 (in a verse). 3. to carve, scratch, of characters, Hm. 143, 144, Sdm. 6, 9-11, 15, 18; þurs ríst ek þér ok þrjá stafi ... svá ek þat af ríst sem ek þat á reist, Skm. 36; r. rúnar, staf, rístum rún á horni, Eg. (in a verse); skal-at maðr rúnar rísta ... tíu launstafi ristna, ... Egill reist rúnar ok lagði undir hægindit, Eg. 566; Egill brá þá knífi sínum ok stakk í lófa sér, hann tók við horninu ok reist á rúnar, ok reið á blóðinu, ok kvað, 211; rísta tréníð, Grág.; þvíat allan þeirra kveðskap ok sameign höfðu þau ristið á speldi, Fas. ii. 551; hann reist með fingri sínum krossmark, 645. 69; at þú mættir yrkja erti-kvæði eptir Böðvar, en ek man r. á kefli, Eg. 605, Fb. i. 251; Gísli hafði kefli ok reist á rúnar, ok falla niðr spænirnir, Gísl. 67; tekr Gisli kefli, rístr á rúnar ok kastar inn, 45; mun ek kveða þar um kvæði, en þú skalt r. eptir á kefli, Grett. 144; eptir þat tekr hann at yrkja kvæðit, en þeir r. eptir á speldi, Fas. ii. 558; Íslendingr sá rúnar ristnar á kistunni, Fms. vi. 271; rúnar er ristið hafa Njarðar-dætr níu, Sól.: also passim on the Dan. and Swed. Runic stones. rísu-ligr, adj. rising high, lofty, of a building; r. bær. Ld. 94, 96; r. bú, Sturl. iii. 166; mikit bú ok rísuligt, Eg. 512; r. vexti, tall of stature, of a person, Fms. x. 377. rít, f., pl. rítr, qs. vrít, [from ríta, from the 'written' or carved ring on old shields] :-- a shield, but obsolete and only used in poetry, Korm., Edda (in a verse), passim; himins rít = heaven's disk, i.e. the sun, Lex. Poët. RÍTA, pres. rít, rítr, rítr; pret. reit, the 2nd pers. does not occur; pl. ritu; subj. riti; imperat. rít; part, ritinn; the earliest writers use the strong conjugation; thus in the treatise of Thorodd, ek rít, 165, l. 26, 166, ll. 22-24, 168, l. 10; rít'k = rít ek, 166, 1. 36; þú rítr, 161, l. 2 from the bottom, 168, l. 19; ek reit, 168, l. 4: part, ritnir, ritin, ritnum,161, 168-168: in the other instances the weak form seems merely due to the transcriber of the Cod. Worm, of the 14th century, and the old forms ought to be restored; thus, pres. ritar, 160, l. 3 from the bottom,165, l. 1; pret. ritaða, ritaðir, 164, l. 31; part, ritað, ll. 3, 32, etc.; intin. rita for ríta, l. 3: Ari also uses the strong form, Íb. 4, Hkr. i. 48: in the pref. to Landn. for ritað read ritið(?); reit, Hkr. iii. 347. In writers of later times, as also in later transcripts of old writers, the weak form (ek rita, ritar, ritar, ritaða, ritað) prevails; thus in the pref. to Ó.H., pres. rita (once), pret. ritaða (five times), ritaði, 248; ritaðar and rituðu, Sturl. i. 107, Fms. x. 371; ritað, Knytl. S. ch. 1, 21, 95, Hungrv, ch. 1; and so on: the part, ritinn remained longest, thus, eptir sögu Þjóðólfs var fyrst ritin æli Ynglinga, Hkr. Frissb. (pref.), Fms. vii. 156, Grág. i. 76, Symb. (fine). The Norse vellums seem to know the weak form only, e.g. ritaði, Sks. 563 B. The root to this word is well known in the Scandin. languages in derived words, as reitr, reita, rít (q.v.), yet the verb itself, at least in the sense 'to write,' seems to have been adopted from the A.S., as it nowhere occurs on the Runic stones or in old poets, and always means writing on parchment, rísta being used of writing on stone; the original form is vríta: [A.S. wrítan; Engl. to write; Germ. reissen; O.H.G. rízan = to scratch; Scot. rit or ret; cp. also Ulf. writs = GREEK, Luke xvi. 17.] B. Prop. to scratch, cut, sketch, draw an outline; hér eru ritaðir þrír hringar, Rb. 476. 2. to write, of penmanship, spelling (thus mostly used in Thorodd), as also composition, for illustrations see the references above (A). rjá, ð, to vex, worry; brott rjáðr. Fms. vi. 204; rekinn ok rjáðr, viii. 78, Mar. 178. II. to wrestle, Grett. 146 A; see hrjá. rjá, f. a 'row;' at leikum né at rjá annarri, Fas. ii. 505; tekr mér at leiðask þessi rjá, Fms. vi. 212. rjáfr, n. a roof (see ráf), Grett. 84 new Ed., Fms. v. 180. rjála, að; r. við e-t, to fidget, (slang.) rjátla, að, (rjátl, n.), to wander astray. RJÓÐA, pres. rýð; pret. rauð, rautt, and rauttú (mod. rauðst), rautt, pl. ruðu; subj. ryði; part, roðinn: [A.S. reódan] :-- to redden, besmear with blood; er þú á Fáfni rautt þinn inn frána mæki, Fm. 1; r. rauðum dreyra, Vsp. 33; r. egg, sverð, vápn, rönd, to redden the weapon; as also r. tönn, kló, fót, nef, to redden the tooth, claw, beak of a beast of prey, a standing phrase in the old war-songs, Lex. Poët.; rjóða baug í róðu nauts er hann blótaði, Landn. (Hb.) 258; rjóða stalla í blóði, Ó.H. 102; skaltú rjóða blóð (blóði?) graðungsins á hólinn útan, Korm. 216; vér skulum r. oss í goða-blóði at fornum sið, Ljósv. 4; þær ruðu sik í blóði hans, Blas. 45; skal þær fé bæta en eigi flein rjóða, Grág. ii. 169; af þeir þurfu at r. til fjár þess odd eða eggjar, Gþl. 119; rjóða kiðr e-s, to redden his cheeks, slay him, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); hefi ek nú nokkut roðit tönn á þeim, er ek tók höndum Hákon jarl, Ó.H. 32; r. hönd á e-m, id., Karl. 424. 2. of the sun; um morguninn sem sól rýðr fjöll, in the morning when the sun reddened the fells (sól-roð), Fms. xi. 438; í þann tíma er sólin tekr fyrst at rjóða, Karl. 254; árla sunnudags morguninn er sól rauð, Bs. ii. 47. rjóðr, adj. ruddy, of the face or cheek; rjóðr í andliti, Fms. iv. 38, viii. 25, x. 35; rauðan ok rjóðan, Rm. 18; andlit með rjóðum lit, Str. 44; kaf-r., rjóð í kinnum, freq. in mod. usage. 2. red; búnaðr rjóðr af gulli, Karl. 181, (rare.) RJÓÐR, n. [ryðja; ried, Schmeller], a 'clearing,' open space in a forest, Nj. 130, Ld. 96, Grág. ii. 294, Landn. 43 (v.l.), Ó.H. 135, and passim. rjóðr-höggvinn, part. cut, cleared, Jb. 237.

BJÖMI -- HOT. 501

RJÓMI, a, m. [Germ. rabm; Scot. ream] , cream: passim in mod. usage, rjóma-trog: a calm sea is said to be einsog rjómi, like cream; and rjóma-logn, 'cream-calm,' dead calm. RJÓTA, raut, rutu, subj. ryti, [Swed. ryta; Scot. rout; Old Engl. rowte], to roar; þá raut við inn regin-kunngi Baldr í brynju sem björn ryti, Hðm. 26; und raut, the wound gave a rattling sound (cp. lét í sárunum), Ht. R. 42; see hrjóta. RJÚFA, pres. rýf; pret. rauf, rauft, rauf, pl. rufu; subj. ryfi; part, rofinn; [A.S. reófan] :-- to break, rip up, break a hole in; r. undir, to make a wound, Rm. 45; Baglar rufu stofuna, Fms. ix. 55; vóru þeir sem óðastir at r. húsin, Eb. 214; hlupu þeir upp á skálann ok rufu, Grett. 154; hann lagði í óst; á Ólafi, ok rauf á barkanum, Sturl. ii. 95; r. búlka, to 'break bulk,' see búlki, Fms. vi. 378: to break up, þá rufu þeir samnaðinn, Eg. 98; raufsk þá flokkr allr, Fms. ix. 217; raufsk leiðangrinn, x. 57, xi. 248; en er raufsk fjölmenni á þinginu, Orkn. 284; varð þá at rjúfask sú íllinga seta, Bs. i. 142. II. metaph. to break, violate; rjúfa sáttmál. Fms. i. 109; rjúfa, grið, sátt, Nj. 56; Gunnarr kvaðsk ekki ætla at r. sættir, 111; rjúf aldri sætt þá er góðir menn göra milli þín ok annarra, 85; ef hann ryfi sættina, Fms. xi. 356; en ef prestr rýfr skript, K. Þ. K. 72; r. dóm, Fb. ii. 171; r. heit, Stj. 641; r. sína eiða, Fms. viii. 155; r. trygðir, Grág.; r. lögmanns órskurð, id.; eigi rjúfask honum fyrirheit Hugonis ábóta, they failed him not, Mar.; þykki mér þat opt rjúfask er skemra er at frétta en slíkt, Nj. 259; hefir yðr þat sjaldan rofizk er ek hefi sagt yðr, Fms. viii. 134, v.l.: part., var þá enn rofinn valrinn, Hkr. ii. 381. III. impers. it clears, of weather, as of fog or clouds drifting away in a gale; þá er í rauf veðrit, when the weather cleared, Fms. i. 174; ok er fyrst rauf í, sá þeir fyrir sér bratta hamra, viii. 53, v.l.; skúraveðr var á, ok var hvasst veðrit þá er rauf, en vindlítið þess í milli, Ld. 56: en veðr rauf upp í móti degi, Sturl. iii. 292; rýfr þokuna ok kyrrir sjáinn. Fas. ii. 516. RJÚKA, pres. rýk; pret. rauk, raukt, rauk, pl. ruku; subj. ryki; part. rokinn: [A.S. reôcan; Engl. reek; Germ. riechen; Dan. ryge, etc.] :-- to reek, smoke, emit smoke or steam, Fms. xi. 36; þann seyði er betr væri at eigi ryki, Ld. 208, Fms. vi. 105; rjúka mun um hauka vára, Fas. ii. 43; var stofan lítt rokin, i.e. there was steam (smoke) in the room, Grett. 170 new Ed.; hann varp af sér klæðum mæðiliga, ok rauk af honum, it reeked off him, Fms. vi. 226; hús stendr þar ok rýkr þar upp af, ok mun þar fé inni, Lv. 47; ambáttin var alsveitt af mæði ok rauk af henni, Gísl. 51; hvat rýkr á diskinum fyrir yðr? Fms. vii. 160; rjúkandi ofns-eldr, Stj. 112; hann laust á ok rauk ór eldr, Korm. 84 :-- of dust, svá sýndisk sem dusk ryki ór bjálbanum, Ó.H. 218, O.H.L. 39; mjöllin var laus, ok rauk hón, Fb. i. 579 :-- of the spray of sea-water, þótt stormr þjóti en sjnr rjúki, Bs. ii. 116 (cp. rok), það rýkr: hann tók sinni hendi hvern sveininn, ok slær niðr við steininum, svá at rýkr (was splashed) heilinn um, Finnb. 292. II. metaph. to fly with violence and suddenly, Dan. ryge; sverðit rauk ór hendi honum, the sword flew out of his hand. Fms. xi. 153; hann rauk ofan fyrir bjargit, Fb. iii. 410; rauk Áskell ofan af viðunni, Fms. viii. 388, v.l.; hann rauk öfugr út á dyrnar, Grett. 114; ruku þeir ofan fyrir bjargit, 101; r. um koll, to be overthrown, etc. RJÚPA, u, f., gen. pl. rjúpna, [Dan. rype; cp. Germ. reh-bubu] , a ptarmigan, Grág. ii. 346, Fms. vii. 3, K.Þ.K. 132: as a nickname, Landn.; cp. the riddle of the rjúpa, Gsp. (Fas. i.) rjúpna-lauf or rjúpna-lyng, n., botan. the mountain avens, dryas octopetala, Hjalt. rjúp-keri (mod. rjúp-karri), a, m. a cock-ptarmigan, Gísl. 67 (155). ROÐ, n. a fish's skin (from the reddish colour), Eb. 276; roð af fiski, Clem. 25: freq. in mod. usage, þorsk-roð, háfs-roð, skötu-roð, steinbíts-roð, etc. 2. reddening, in hlunn-roð, sólar-roð. II. [a different word], clearing; flótta roð, Fas. iii. 340; flet-roð, q.v.; see ruð, rjóðtr, ryðja, hrjóða. roða, að, to gleam red; er roðaði af skjöldunum, Fms. viii. 21O; sem þá er roðar fyrir upp rennandi sólu, in the early morning, Karl. 111. roða, að, to huddle together (i.e. hroða, q.v.); ok roðuðu Eyjar-skeggjar saman stórar eikr, Fas. i. 429. roð-háfr, m. shark's skin, shagreen, N.G.L. ii. 137. roði, a, m. redness, of the check or sky; roði í kinnum, Nj. 30; var fagr roði í andlitinu, Fms. x. 149, Skálda 195; kinn-roði: of the sky, þá laust roða; á himin ok svá á sólna, Ó.H. 216; morgun-roði, kveld-roði. COMPDS: roða-gras, n., botan. = Lat. rubea, Pr. 472. roða-vetr, m., the winter of 1118 A.D. was thus called, prob. from red lights in the sky, Ann. s.a. roðmi, a, m. [Dan. rödme], redress, = roði. roðna, að, to redden, become red, of the face, to blush, and the like, Landn. 31, Eg. 43, Ld. 146, Ó.H. 59, Fs. 10. ROF, n. [rjúfa], a breach, opening; rof á bundinni skjaldborg, Sks. 385; losnaði fylkingin, ok í rofinu gékk Haraldr konungr fram, Fagrsk. 140; var þar mikit rof í fylkingunni, Flóv. 30; sé ek rof á svörtu skýi ok stjörnu staka standa í rofi, Bjarni. 2. a law term, a retractation, reversal of judgment; lýsa dónn til rofs, Grág. i. 71; stefna dómi til rofs, 108; stefna kaupi til rofs, ii. 242; enda á at dæma rof gjafanna, i. 203; færa rof á festarmál, to repeal, N.G.L. i. 155. COMPDS: rofs-maðr, m. a pleader in appeals, D.N. i. 7, 51, 60. rofs-mál, n. a case for reversal of judgment, Grág. i. 205. rofa, að, to break up, of the clouds; það rofar til í lopti. rofna, að, (hrofna, Bs. i. 378), to be broken, ruptured; þá er r. tók fylkingin, Eg. 298; þakit tók at r., Gísl. 22; svá sem hrofnat væri fyrir nagli, Bs. i. 378 :-- as a law term, to be rescinded, á þeirra dómr at rofna, Grág. i. 80; rofnar sekð fjörbaugs mann, ef ..., 93; ok skal kaup upp rofna ef brek bersk, ii. 242. rof-torf (or róf-torf?), n. a cut sod. roftorfs-veggr, m. a wall built of sods, Sturl. ii. 101. roga, að, = riga, q.v. Roga-land, n. a county in Norway, Fms. passim. roga-stanz, m. a mighty amazement; mig rak í r. Rog-heimr, m. = Rogaland (?), Hkv. Hjörv. (Mr. Jessen). ROK, n. [rjúka], the splashing, foaming sea, Skíða R. 203, passim. roka, u, f. a whirlwind, Björn, Mkv.: fine snow like spray, mjall-roka, sæ-roka, spray of sea-water. rokin-dusta, adj. recking with dust, Fms. ii. 154. ROKKR, m. [Germ. rocken; Old Engl. rock], a distaff; sat þar kona sveigði rokk, there sat a lady twirling a distaff, Rm. 16 (yet spinning-wheels are said to have been first used in the 17th century); Katla spann garn af rokki, ... þeir tóku rokkinn ok hjuggu í sundr, Kb. 32, 33 new Ed.: a popular riddle on the distaff by Stefán Ólafsson, Þrífættr piltr, þrifinn ok vandstilltr, Snót (1866). rokk-snælda, u, f., etc. rokkr, m. [for. word; Germ. rock], a jerkin, Or. 20; it occurs also in poets of the l6th century, Bs. ii. 488. rokna-, in compds, as rokna-hljóð, a stentorian voice. rolla, u, f. [for. word; mid. Lat. rotula; Fr. rôle] , a roll, scroll, Sturl. iii. 91, Bs. i. 799. 2. an old lean scurvy ewe. ropa, að, to belch. 2. metaph., of the ptarmigan's voice; rjúp-karrar höfðu í hjali tveir hver þeirra gæti ropað meir, Grönd. ropi, a, m. a belch, Sks. 140, 211, Al. 153. rosi, a, m. sleet. COMPDS: rosa-baugr, m. a halo round the sun. rosa-ligr, adj. sleety, rough, of weather: in hold-rosi, q.v. roskin-leikr (-leiki), m. ripeness, Stj. 26. roskin-mannliga, adv. like a grown up man, Hom. (St.) roskin-mannligr, adj. looking like a grown up man; mikill maðr vexti ok r., Ó.H. 199. ROSKINN, adj., qs. vroskinn, prop. a participle, the only remains of a lost strong verb, [answering to Ulf. wrisqan = GREEK, Luke viii. 14; cp. Röskva and röskr] :-- ripe, mature, full-grown, adult, only of persons, not of fruit; madr roskinn, Nj. 131, Eg. 4; verit þér bernskir at illsku en rosknir at viti, Hom. 50 (1 Cor. xiv. 10); sveinn sjau vetra gamall skal skira barn ef eigi er rosknari madr til, K.Þ.K. 12; þegar jarl var r., Orkn. 42; Þorgunna var þá roskin kona (ripe in years) er þetta æfintýr görðisk, Fb. i. 250: allit., roskinn ok ráðinn, ripe and wise; sveinninn var sprækr ok roskinn mjök í orðum, Fms. ix. 241; verða e-m roskinn í leik, Bs. ii. 94. roskna, að, prop. to ripen, to grow up, only of persons; ok er hann var mjök rosknaðr, full grown, Ísl. ii. 208: reflex., en er Þorfinnr jarl rosknaðisk, Ó.H. 93; ef s;á randviðr rosknask næði, Stor. (MS. rosku-ast); ok er hann rosknaðisk (röskvaðist Ed.) fékk Hrólfr konungr honum skip, Fas. iii. 188. rosm, n. sweepings, offal, (Oldn. Ordbog.) rosmall, m. = rosmhvalr, K.Þ.K. (Kb.) i. 24. rosm-hvalr, m. [Ivar Aasen rosmaal; Engl. wal-rus and A.S. bors-hwæl are prob. corrupt forms of the same word: it is not known how the former part of the compd is to be explained] :-- a walrus, Jb. 310, K.Þ.K. 112, Bs. i. 641; and in local names, Rosmhvala-nes, in Icel., whence Rosm-hvelingar, m. pl. the men from R., Sturl. i. 224: rosm-hvalr and rostungr are synonymous, so that in the Jb. some MSS. have the one word, some the other. rosmu-fjöll, n. pl. a dub. GREEK; rosmufjöll Rínar, Akv. 17; this word might, if explained, throw light on rosm- in the preceding word. Ross, n. Ross-shire in Scotland, Orkn., Nj., Landn. passim. rosta, u, f. a brawl, riot. Fms. viii. 355, Fb. iii. 452, Mag. 64, 66: the name of a dog, Bs. i. 667. COMPDS: rostu-maðr, m. a rioter, Mag. rostu-mikill, adj. riotous, unruly, Þórð. 23 new Ed., Nj. 86. rostu-samligr, adj. unruly, Sturl. ii. 166. rostask, að, dep. to become scanty; rostaðisk forlag fénaðar, Bs. i. 137. rosti, a, m. = rostungr(?), a nickname, Nj., Orkn. 2. metaph. a rough person, a brawler: mod. rusti, a clown; mikill rusti ertú, Ranzau, Esp. Aib. ix. 15. COMPDS: rusta-legr, adj. (-liga, adv.), clownish. rusta-sneið, f. the crust-slice of a loaf of bread. rostungr, m. a walrus, Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 359, Sks. 178, Jb., Fbr. 161: costly things were carved on the teeth, Páls S. ch. 16, Rafn S. ch. 4; and the hide was made into ropes for ships' rigging (svörðr), cp. Sks., and Oros. in king Alfred's transl. rostungs-hauss, m., and -tönn, f. a Walrus-tooth, Krók. 34. ROT, n. a concussion of the brain from a blow, as also the stunning or insensibility from such a blow; falla í rot, Korm. 230; hann réttir

502 ROTA -- ROME.

við ór rotinu, 62; spyrndi Grettir svá fast við eyrun; á tveimr at þeir lágu í roti, Grett. 127; hann sló sveininn í rot, ... í því raknaði sveinninn við, Ísl. ii. 421: also the insensibility of a drunkard, rakna ór roti, liggja í roti, Snót 100. rot-högg, n. a staggering, stunning blow. rota, að, to stun by a blow; rota sel, rota naut, to fell an ox: part. rotaðr, hálf-rotaðr. rota, að, to tan; rota skinn, to tan a skin so that the hair falls off. ROTINN, adj. [Dan. raadden; Engl. rotten; akin to reyta, q.v.],rotten; var þá líkaminn r. ok ílla þefjaðr, Fb. i. 582; rotið vín, Stj. 367; ær ú-rotnar, loðnar ok lembdar, Grág.: also of paper, vellum. 2. esp. of hair falling off from rottenness; rotið (or rotað) skinn, a hide which has been tanned so that the hair fell off, opp. to rakað skinn, a shorn hide; a nickname, Landn. rotna, að, to rot, become putrid; ef hann lætr inni r. mann dauðan, N.G.L. i. 14, K.Á. 70; rotna kvikr, Sks. 457; hér á jörð þó holdið rotni, Pass. 48. 4. 2. of hair, to fall off; var af rotnað hár ok skegg, Fb. i. 212. rotta, u, f. a rat; a for. word, which occurs only in the nickname rottu-hryggr, Bs., Arna S. rotti, a, m. a band, gang, company; aldrei muni jafnmikill herr hafa saman dregisk í einn rotta, Róm. 198. RÓ, f. [A.S. row; Germ. ruhe; Dan. ro], rest, calm, quietness, Sks. 235; gefa ró reiði, to give rest to one's wrath, Karl. 99, Nj. 175; skömm mun ró reiði, Am. 75; at Egill skyldi aldrei ró bíða á Íslandi, Eg. 402; í ró, in rest, in peace, Orkn. 418; sofa í ró, Fms. vii. 317; með kyrð ok með ró (ra7 UNCERTAIN Cd.), Fms. x. 405; magna seið, at hann megi sér hvergi ró eiga í landi, feel restless, feel no rest anywhere, Gísl. 116 :-- medic. relief, honum þótti sér þat helzt til róar, of one sick, Fms. vi. 156. RÓ, f., pl. rœr, [Scot. roove], the rivet or clinch of a nail; eyri fyrir nagla hvern ok ró á, N.G.L. i. 100; rœrnar í sauminum, 673 A. 60; járnum þeim sem rœr heita, Þorst. Síðu H. 178; hefir bóndi slegit róspöl meitlandi af endanum til sniðs fyrstu róarinnar, Mar. 2. the burr or loose films of iron on the edge of a weapon when over-whetted. ró, f., i.e. ró, a cabin; see rá. RÓA, pres. ræ (i.e. rœ), rær, rær, pl. róm, Orkn. 402; else róum (Bs.i. 497), róit, róa; pret. réri, older and better reyri or röri, which form is still used in eastern Icel.; imperat. ró, róðú; part, róinn, see Gramm.p. xxiii: [A.S. rowan; Engl. row; Dan. roe; Swed. ro] :-- to row; sigla eðr róa, Grág. ii. 130; róa at, Fms. viii. 315; róa leiðangr, vii. 152; þeir réru yfir vatnið, Eg. 109; menn reyru til Sauðeyjar, 219; róa undan, Fms. i. 45; réri fram undan eyjunni allr herr konunganna, ii. 305; róa út ór höfninni, iv. 97 þeir reyru á brott, vii. 201; rétu þeir út fyrir Norðnes, viii. 135; hann réri til þeirra, 231; hann rær út í Bjarneyjar, Nj. 19; róm vér í mót þeim sem harðast, Orkn. 402; róa skipi, Eg. 80; þeir réru þveran árstrauminn, Fms. vii. 264; sá skal fá skip ok mat ok sæ róa, er taki skýtr, N.G.L. i. 48; róa af fjörðinn, Fms. ix. 502; fornt skip er hömlur sé af rónar, rowed off, worn off, N.G.L. i. 75: róa út, to row out to sea, go fishing, K.Þ.K. 90 (út-róðr): as also absol., ok er hann kom þar vóru allir menn rónir nema Þorvaldr, all the fishing-boats were at sea, Nj. 19; róa á sjá, róa til fiskjar, passim. 2. to fit out a ship with oars; öll vóru þessi skip borðmikil, at þvi sem þau vóru róin til, Fms. viii. 372; Sverrir lét taka byrðinga nokkora, höggva í sundr, auka at kili, ok róa (fit them out with oars) at endilöngnm borðum, id. 3. metaph., Flosi kveðsk skyldu saman róa svá at keypt yrði, F.told them to pull together, come to an agreement, Nj. 259; róa vík á e-n, to pull one round, in rowing; þess höfðingja er nokkura gæti á Hrafnkel vík róit, Hrafn. 16. II. to rock oneself backwards and forwards, in a sitting posture; hann sá trollkarl sitja þar á uppi ok láta róa fætr, Landn.(Hb.) 84; sútu inni konur tvær blóðgar ok reyru áfram, ... róm vit ok róm vit! rignir blóði, Sturl. ii. 9 (Bs. i. 497); griðkur róa ok raula, Hallgr.; Refr mundi fífl, þvíat hann lagði ekki annat fyrir sik en áfram róa, Krók. ch. 1; hann let róa tinglit, Háv. 7 new Ed. 2. of a fat beast; það rær í spiki, reri það stykki í spiki, Od. viii. 476. III. recipr., róask at, to pull against one another, of two ships in battle, Fms. viii. 181. róð, n. = ræði(?), Fms. ix. 36. róða, u, f. (róði, a, m., Vm. 32, and in the name Róðadrápa below), [a word borrowed from the A.S. rôd; Engl. rood, cp. rod; Germ. ruthe] :-- the rood, holyrood, crucifix, Fms. v. 136, 344, 345, viii. 247. Symb. 20, Rb. 370, Hom. 97, Pm. 77, and passim, but only in this eccl. sense. COMPDS: róðu-kross, m. a crucifix, Nj. 158, Bs. i. 173, Fms. ii. 178, 325, Bárð. 179, Vm. 50, 96. róðu-kyrtill, m. a holyrood-kirtle, as church furniture, Vm. 129. róði, a, m. = róða, Vm. 32. Róða-drápa, u, f. the name of a poem, Ó.H. róði, a, m., poët, the wind, tempest, represented as a giant; Róða vá-bróðir, the woful brother of R. = the Sea-giant or Egir, Stor.: in prose this ancient word remains in and-róði, a counter-wind, and in the phrase, leggja (or láta) fyrir róða, to cast to the winds, forsake; þvíat ek man eigi, at ek hafa heima-mann minn fyrir róða látið, Lv. 28, Hom. (St.); láta allir ýtar Oðins ætt fyrir róða, Hallfred; at þú látir mik eigi fyr róða, Harms. 53: the mod. láta fyrir óðal ('fyrir-óða') is a corruption of 'fyrir róða.' RÓÐR, m., gen. róðrar [róa], a rowing, pulling, Eg. 358, Fms. ii. 180; þeir höfðu fagran róðr, yi. 120; var mjök vandaðr róðr á drekanum,309, and passim. COMPDS: róðrar-ferja, u, f. a rowing ferry, Eg.354. 5OO, Fms. vii. 320, Hkr. i. 185. róðrar-hanzki, a, m. a rowing glove. Fas. ii. 237. róðrar-húfr, m. the gunwale on which the rowlocks are fixed, N.G.L. ii. 283. róðrar-leiði, n. a calm, dull sea, so that one has to take to the oars, Eg. 203; þeir tóku r., at first they rowed, Orkn. 412, Bs. i. 520, Grett. 150. róðrar-skip, -skúta, u, f. a ship with oars, Eg. 93, 109, Ó.H. 62, K.Þ.K. 86, Orkn. 462, N.G.L. i. 304, Fær. 92, Fms, iv. 91. RÓÐRA, u, f. [Sansk. rudhira], blood, esp. as it seems sacrificial blood, only used in special phrases; þeir höfðu válkask í róðru ok blóði, Gísl. 67; slátrum sýsliga sjám þá róðru, Am. 19; sýndisk tungl svá sem róðra væri, Bs. i. 145; ok var sjórinn sem á róðru sæi, Fas. i. 156; ok rjóða hann í róðru blótnauts þess er hann blótaði þar sjálfr, Fb. i. 249. róðr-göltr, m. a kind of war-ram, Sks. 394. róðr-háfr, m. a kind of háfr or bag-net, with which herrings are caught, Gþl. 427. RÓFA, u, f., proncd. róa, thus in rhymes, aldrei tryggist tóa, þó tekin sé úr henni róa, Hallgr.; [akin to Germ. rumpf] :-- a tail, i.e. the vertebral part, opp. to the hair; nú höggr maðr hala af hesti ok höggr nokkut af rófu, þat er spellvirki, N.G.L. i. 46, Fas. i. 80, Gpl. 399, Kb. 276: in mod, usage esp. of a cat, dog, or the like, kattar-róa, hunds-róa. rófu-bein, n. the caudal bone, Jb. 114. RÓG, n. in mod. usage rógr, m.; thus, með ríkan róginn mest, Bs. ii. 493, in a poem of the 16th century; originally vróg: [Ulf. wrohs = GREEK; A.S. wrôht; Germ. räge] :-- a slander, Hom. 85, Eb. 60 new Ed.; hróp ok róg, Ls. 4; þungligt, geysiligt róg, Gd. 29, 33; berask róg milli, Am. 95; róg íllra manna, Eg. 55; hvert etni þeir hüfðu í um rógit, 59; bera róg þetta fyrir konung, 576; svá fremi skaltú rógit í frammi hafa, Nj. 166; Haraldr lét drepa Þórólf af rógi Hildiriðar-sona, Landn. 55; engi á sök á sönnu rógi, Gþl. 196. II. in poetry, strife; aldar róg þat hefir æ verit, Hm.; vera e-m at rógi, to be the cause of contention, Hkv. 2. 26, Sky. 2. 5; róg Niflunga, the strife of the Niebelungs, i.e.gold, Bm.; fé veldr frænda rógi, Rkv.; háligt róg, warfare, Orkn. (in a verse); leiða nær rógi, to lead into contention, Hðm.; hjör-róg, málm-róg, = war, Lex. Poët.: as also in many compds, róg-álfr, -apaldr, -birtingar, etc. = a warrior; róg-eisa, -geisli, -linnr, -ský, = a weapon; róg-leikr, -stefna, -þing, = a battle: róg-örr, -starkr, mighty in war (in a Runic inscription in Denmark), epithets to a warrior; róg-segl, a 'war-sail,' i.e. a shield, Vellekla; róg-þorn, a 'war-thorn,' either a warrior or a weapon, Akv. róg-beri, a, m. a slanderer, backbiter, Edda 18. róg-burðr, m. slander. róg-girni, f. a disposition to slander, Hom. 86. róg-mæli, n. a calumny, Þorst. Síðu H. 175. róg-samr, adj. backbiting, Fær. 14. rógs-maðr, m. a slanderer, Fms. xi. 330, Gþl. 195. RÓI, a, m. [ró], a rest, repose, Fms. x. 354; ú-rói, tumult. ról, n. [from Engl. roll, Lat. rotula], a walking, rolling to and fro; nú er eg klæddr og kominn; á ról, Kristr Jesús veri mitt skjól, a ditty; nú eru þau öll (i.e. the bairns) á róli, einu fæst varla skóli, Espol. Arb. s.a. 1616. róla, u, f. a swing, Dan. gynge; hanga í rólu. ró-lauss, adj. restless, Sks. 235. ró-liga, adv. quietly, 655 xiv. A. 2. ró-ligr, adj. calm, quiet, [Germ. ruhig], Sks. 232. ró-lyndr (ró-lyndi, f.), adj. calm of mind, Sturl. i. 8, ii. 185. Róm, n., Róma, u, f., Róma-borg, f., but also spelt with u, Rúm, Rúma-borg, etc., Rome; the forms and spelling vary, Róma, indecl., Symb. 24, Fms. vi. 228; or Róm, n., Róms, gen., Sighvat; til Róms, Nj. 275, Bs. i. 900; Pétr ok Páll at Rómi hjálpi mér at dómi, a ditty. COMPDS: Róma-borg, f. the city of Rome, Eluc. 50, passim; Rómaborgar keisari, höfðingi, lýðr, the Roman emperor, king, people, Eluc. 50, Fms, vii. 86, 99, 221; Rómaborgar lög, kirkja, the Roman law, church, 645. 98, H.E. i 464; Rómaborgar ríki, the Roman empire, Bs. i. 71; but also Róma-skattr, m. Peter's pence, K.Á. 78, 94, 194, Vm. 89. Rúma-vegr, m. (Róms-vegr, Sighvat), a journey to Rome, pilgrimage, Orkn.,Fms. xi. 202. róma, u, f. a weapon, clash, battle, only in poetry, see Lex. Poët. róma, að; in the phrase, róma vel eðr ília, to utter assent or dissent by shouting, to applaud or the contrary; en er biskup hafði lokit sínu máli, rómuðu klerkar ok lýðr vel, Bs. i. 740, Fms. i. 208, 288, vii. 8; róma vel at e-u, xi. 270. Róm-ferð, Rúm-ferð, Róm-fór, f. a pilgrimage to Rome, Fms. iii. 31, Hkr. ii. 24, Ísl. i. 329. Róm-ferill, n. a pilgrim to Rome, Symb. 15, Fms. vi. 302. Róm-lendr, adj. Roman(?), Rd. 232, (R. at kyni, but the reading seems to be corrupt.) ROMR, m. the voice, the ring of the voice; skírt máltakit ok rómrinn svá mikill yfir málinn, at þóat hann þætti eigi hátt tala þá skildu allir þótt fjarri væri, Fms. viii. 447. 2. the shouting, cheering, at an

EÓMVERJAR -- RÚM. 503

assembly; while murmurs, groans, or silence were the signs of dissent, cp. the remarks of Tacit. Germ. ch. 11, and göra (A. 111. 6. fine); in the phrase, göra góðan ... róm at e-u, at þessu eyrendi varð rómr mikill, Fms, i. 21; göra góðan róm at e-u, to assent by acclamation, 34; engi varð rómr at máli hans, vii. 749; at Lögbergi var görr mikill rómr, at Merði mæltisk vel, Nj. 230. Róm-verjar and Rúm-verjar, m. pl. the Romans, Fms. i. 106, Hkr. i. 8, and passim in old and mod. usage; thus, Pistillinn til Rómverja, the Epistle to the Romans, N.T.; Rómverja kirkja, the Roman church, Stj.; Rómverja herr, höfðingi, keisari, konungr, land, riki, veldi, the Roman army, chief, emperor, king;, land, empire, kingdom, Symb. 9, Clem. 26, 42, MS. 673. 51, Stj., Ver. 46, Bær 12, and passim. Róm-verskr and Rúm-verskr, adj. Roman, Fms. viii. 277, Sks. 653, Ver. 37, N.T. passim. RÓR, adj., fem, ró, neut. rótt, [ró] :-- calm, composed; Þorbjörn man ekki rór í bygðinni við þik, Krók. 37 C; róir menn, hógsamir ok friðsamir, Fms. x. 415; Guðs boðorð má neykkvi helzt cun rói hugr of rannsaka, 677. 6; miklu eru róari góðir menn en íllir, 12: neut., sofa rótt, to sleep sweetly; ú-rór, restless, unruly: e-m er ó-rótt, to feel restless. RÓS, f. (the old writers use the Lat. form rósa, Fms. x. 352; rauðr sem rósa, Stj. 72, Bs. ii), [Lat. rosa] :-- a rose; rauðar rósir, Bjarni; eyra-rós, q.v.; frost-rósir. frost-roses. 2. a rosary(?); í fata-búri rósir þrettán ok tuttugu, Dipl. iii. 4, B.K. 84. rósa-vatn, n. rose-water, Stj. ró-samr (ró-semi, f.), adj. calm. ró-spölr, m. an iron sheet from which a ró (q.v.) is cut, Mar. rósta, u, f., see rosta. RÓT, f., pl. rætr (rœtr), [a word common to all Teut, languages, cp.also Lat. r&a-long;dix] :-- a root; hvers hann af rót um renn, Hm. 139; rót af grasi, Pr. 471; íllr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48: metaph., vera rót (cause) undir e-u, Sturl. ii. 72; koma af rótum e-s, id., Fms. ix. 254; rót ok upphaf, Fb. iii. 245; af hverjum rótum þetta hefði risit, 308; af rót vándra manna, Bs. 11. 93. 2. the lower part of a tree; rót kerlingar ... hann tvíhendi oxina til rótarinnar, Grett. 151: a root of a tree used in witchcraft, of an enchanted thing, engi maðr skal hafa í húsi sinn staf eðr stalla, vit eða blót, eðr rót, eða þat er til heiðins siðar veit, N.G.L. i. 383, 389, cp. Grett. 1. c. 3. mathem. a root (square, cubic), MS. 544. 154, passim. COMPDS: rótar-dráttr, m. root-extraction, 544. 45. rótar-tré, n. a root-tree, a tree with the root, Grett. 151. róta-klumba or róta-kylfa, u, f. a club. AI. 77, Fms. i. 177, ii. 163. rót, f. [different from the preceding, perh. akin to hrót, q.v.; Ivar Aasen rot] :-- the inner part of the roof of a house, where meat, fish, and stores are hung up; mær nökkur átti erendi at fara í rót upp, þá sá hún liggja á hurðásnum sjau fiska skarpa, Bs. i. 209. rót, n. the tossing, pitching, of an unruly sea; kemr ró eptir hvíldarlaust rót, calm after rough weather, Sks. 235; haf-rót, a violent rolling of the sea. róta, u, f. sleet and storm; var á róta mikil, ok stökk saurr af jörðu, Bs. i. 334; hregg ok róta, 339; hagl eðr drífa eðr róta, Edda 87; róta veðr, Hkr. iii. 315. rótu-sumar, n. a rainy, stormy summer, Ann. 1226. II. Róta, the name of a goddess who sends storm and rain, Edda 22. RÓTA, að, [Engl. to rout; Dan. rode; Lat. r&o-long;dere, but not borrowed from the Lat. word] :-- to rout up, turn up, of swine; er unnsvin róta upp, Eyvind (in a verse); nema túnsvin sé þat er eigi má róta, Grág. ii. 232. 2. to stir, turn upside down, throw into disorder; with dat., róta sundr, ok róti eldinum sundr, hingað ok þangat. Stj. 330; þeir rótuðu um koll taflinu, to upset the chess-table, Vígl. 17; þá rótar karl saman fénu, he sweeps it into one heap, Sd. 180; hann steypti silfrinu á skjöld sinn, ok rótar í hendi sinni, Fær. 216. róteldi, n. = rótakylfa, a 'root-club,' Fms. xi. 129, v.l. rót-fastr, adj. 'root-fast,' rooted, fixed, Hkr. i. 71, Js. 17, Stj. 644 (v.l.), Pr. 462, Barl. 86, N.G.L. i. 40, 63. rót-festa, t, to root, and reflex, to take root, Barl. 5, 86, 95, Pr. 462. rót-lauss, adj. root-less, without roots, Hm. 84. rót-mikill, adj. having a large root, Ísl. ii. 14. rót-setja, setti, to root, plant, H.E. i. 499, Stj. 644. rubba, að, [Engl. rubbish], to huddle, with dat.; r. e-u saman. rubbi, a, m. (and rubb, n., rubbungr, m.), rubbish, refuse. RUÐ, n. a clearing in a wood; hann lagði á þat kapp mikit, at ryðja markir ok byggja aptr ruðin, Hkr. i. 45; sá er á ruði býr, skal kalla til bónda, Gþl. 485, D.N. iii. 120: freq. in Norse and Dan. local names,-röd and -rud, Hille-röd, in Denmark; Villinge-rud, Linde-rud, in Norway; Orme-rod, in North England; these names, however, were in olden times not so frequent as at present, see Munch's Norg. Beskr. ruða, u, f. ravage; Oddr var eigi ruðu-lítill, O. made no small havock, Fas. ii. 255; to this may also belong ruðu-brandar, the ravenous swords, Orkn. 72 (in a verse). rudda, u, f. a coarse kind of club (of an unbarked tree?); ruddu er menn kalla klubbu, Ó.H. 108, 109, Fas. iii. 229. ruddu-vetr, m. the name of a severe winter, A.D. 1022; as lurkr of the winter 1601. ruddi, a, m. a clown, rude person; and of things, coarseness, refuse, e.g. of bad hay. rudda-legr, adj. (-liga, adv.), rudda-skapr, m.coarseness. ruðning, f. (ruðningr, m., Nj. 235, v.l.), [ryðja], a challenging, of neighbours or judges in the old Icel. court, Grág. i. 29, 33, 52, Nj. 82, 87, passim. ruðningar-mál, n. pl. the formula of a challenge, Grág.i. 27, Nj. 237. ruðr, m. = ruð or rjóðr, Hkr. i. 45. ruð-staðr, m. a cleared place ( = ruð), Gþl. 431, (mod. Norse Rustad.) ruður, f. pl. parings; hákarls-r., fisk-r. rugga, að, to rock a cradle, with dat., Fms. iii. 178; r. barni. rugga, u, f. a rocking cradle; barn í ruggu. ruggi, a, m. a nickname, Landn. 196. rugl, n. [Dan. vrövl?], a disturbance, H.E. i. 387, Bs. ii. 3: twaddle. rugla, að, to confound, with dat., Al. 50, Rb. 164, Sks. 234, K.Á. 28, Stj. 142; r. e-u saman, to confound. ruglan, f. confusion, Stj. 13, 122, 142, 173. ruma, að, to chatter (= rausa); um þat er Ámundi remba rumar, Fms. ix. 332, v.l. rumba, u, f., rumbungr, m. a pouring shower, down-pour. rumpr, m. the rump, buttocks. rumska, að, rumsk, n., = raumska (q.v.), of one about to awake. runa, u, f. a rune, string of words or verses; í einni runu, in one strain. RUNI, a, m. [hence Dan. orne by metathesis; provinc. Norse rone; Shetl. runnie] :-- a wild boar, Skálda 163, Hdl. 5; runa síða, Fms. vi. 365 (in a verse), Skálda 205 (in a verse). runi, a, m. [renna], a flux; in merg-runi (q.v.), vegg-runi, = eavesdropping; hall-runi, 'lava-stream,' the name of a mountain in western Icel. RUNNR, m. (older form ruðr, n., N.G.L. i. 165), [Scot, rone or ron] :-- a bush, grove, opp. to rjóðr, q.v.; í einum runni, Nj. 129; vóru runnar í sumum stóðum, Eg. 377, Gullþ. 59, Eb. 71 new Ed.; þar sem heilir runnar stóðu, Rd. 240, Magn. 468; runnr sá er Moyses sá loga ok eigi brenna, 655 viii. 2. runsa, að, to turn inside out, ransack; þeir runsuðu búm þeirra, Fms. viii. 390, v.l. rupl, n. a plundering, Stj. 647. rupla, að, to plunder; reyta ok r., Fb. i. 392, Stj. 477; r. e-n e-u, Al. 93; r. drukkinn mann fötum sínum eða fé, N.G.L. ii. 240; rupla lík, N.G.L. ii. (Hirðskrá.) ruplan, f. a plundering, Anecd. 30: = ruglan, Stj. 121. rusill, m. [cp. Germ. rüssel = a snout], GREEK in rusill kvæðis, a doggrel poet, Bjarn. (in a verse). rusk, n. a shaking: ruska, að, to shake rudely. rusl, n. rubbish, sweepings; rusla-kista, -stokkr, a box inlo which things (broken nails, etc.) are thrown pell-mell: rusli, a nickname, Fms. viii. rusti, see rosti. ruza, u, f. a nickname, Fms. viii. Rúða, u, f. Rouen in Normandy. Rúðu-jarlar, m. pl. the earls of R., dukes of Normandy, Fms. passim. rúfinn, adj. rough, uncombed, Al. 3. rúfr, m. = rúgr; a provinc. Icel. form, occurs in a verse in Gísl., where rúfr rhymes with húfa; as also in the local name Rúf-eyjar in western Icel., Sturl. i. 10, 26, Landn. 92 (v.l.), where it is even spelt Rup-eyjar. RÚGR, m., hý-rógi, Hm. 138, with o as in the Germ.; [A.S. rige; Engl. rye; Germ. rocken; Dan. rug] :-- rye, H.E. i. 394, Jb. 375, Bjarn. 28 (in a verse), passim; val-rúgr. COMPDS: rúg-ákr, m. a rye-field, Fas. i. 173, Þiðr. 180. rúg-brauð, n. rye-bread, Pr. 470, Stj. 560. rúg-hleifr, n. a loaf of rye-bread, Fms. vi. (in a verse.) RÚM, n. [Ulf. rúms = GREEK; common to all Teut. languages] :-- room, space; hvergi nær hafði þar rúm lið þeirra, Eg. 276; gafsk honum svá rúm, 532; ok rúm hindrar þik eigi at vera hvar er þú vill, Stj. 136; fá rúms, to get space, Hm. 106: the phrase, e-m liggr e-t í miklu rúmi,it takes up much room, is of great concern, Fms. i. 208, iv. 80, Fas. iii. 522, Ld. 210, Al. 152; í léttu rúmi, of little concern: the saying, ekki fyllir annars rúm, i.e. everything has its own place. 2. a room, seat, place, Am. 58; þeir skolu sitja á miðpalli, þar eigu biskupar várir rúm, Grág. i. 4; gef mér rúm, Fs. 52; ef þeir menn koma til lögréttu er þar eigu setur, en aðrir hafa sezk í rúm þeirra, þá skolu þeir beiða sér rúma, 5; búðar rúm, 24; ór lögsögu-manns rúmi at sjá, 26; Egill gékk til rúms þess er dóttir jarlsins hafði setið um daginn, en er menn skipuðusk í sæti sín, þá gékk jarls-dóttir at rúmi sínu, hón kvað -- Hvat skaltú sveinn í sess minn! Eg. 248; hverr í sínu rúmi, Ld. 4; í biskups rúmi sá ek sitja, Bs. i. 155; þokaði hann um manns rúm, Vígl. 25; í dag mun ek búa rúm yðvart á himnum, Post. 656 C. 37; aldrei gékk hann ór rúmi sínu nema jarl gengi, Fs. 69; hann vann sem áðr ok sat í rúmi sínu, Orkn. 200. 3. a place of rest, a bed; hann sá rekkju eina, ... er þetta rúm var mátuligt, Fs. 5, 7; hann gékk til rúms síns ok lagðisk niðr í klæðum sínum, Eg. 326; síðan rannsakaði hann rúmit er hón hafði hvílt í, 566; Hallfreðr lá í lokhvílu ... í því lagði Björn í rúmit, Fs. 200; var biskup færðr heim í Skálaholt, ok var gört rúm hans í kirkju, Bs. i. 63, Nj. 201, Fs. 4. naut.; the ships of the

504 RÜMBUIK -- IIYÐJA.

ancients were divided into 'rooms,' one for each pair of oars; each room consisted of two 'half-rooms' (hálf-rými), viz. one for each oar, thus a ship of thirty 'rooms' had sixty oars, see Vidal. Skýr. s.v. sessum at telja; á Lang-ormi vóru fjögur rúm ok þrjá-tigi, Fms. i. 219 (fjögur rúm ens sétta tigar, Hkr. i. 294, v.l.), cp. Fms. viii. 181; hann var sjau rúm ok tuttugu, Bs. i. 30; var þat skip þrítugt at rúma tali, ok ekki mikit í sér, ... þat skip kallaði hann Tranann, Hkr. i. 275; mikit skip, þar vóru sex rúm ok tuttugu, Fms. viii. 131; var þat þrítugt rúmum, 372. The interesting passage in Fms. ix. 33 (ch. 14) is an instance of ships with double rows of oars; Knútr inn ríki hafði skip furðu-liga stór, hann hafði sjálfr dreka þann er svá var mikill, at sextugr var at ruma tali ... Hákon hafði annan dreka, var sá fertugr at rúma tali, Ó.H. 161: the Hálfd. Eyst. S. ch. 26 (of a ship, tirætt at rúma tali) is a mere fable: only a few of the oar-rooms are known by special names, e.g. stafn-rúm, the two fyrir-rúm (eptra ok fremra), the two austr-rúm (one fore and one aft, or even four, cp. senn jósu vér í fjórum rúmum, Fms, vi, in a verse), the klofa-rúm, krappa-rúm, q.v.; betra er autt rúm en ílla skipað, better an empty seat than an ill-filled one, cp. Landn. 82 (in a verse). COMPDS: rúm-brík, f., see brík. rúm-fastr, adj. bed-ridden. rúm-fjöl, f. the side-board of a bed, see fjöl. rúm-föt, n. pl. bed-clothes. rúm-gylta, f. a sleeping sow(?), a nickname, Landn. rúm-rusk, n.; göra e-m rúmrusk, to shake a lazy fellow out of bed. rúm-stafr, rúm-stokkr, m. a bed-post, Fs. 6, Fms. ix. 293. rúm-stæði, n. a bedstead. rúm-boraðr, part, 'wide-riddled,' coarse, of a sieve, Fms. viii. 243. rúm-fár, adj. narrow, Al. 13. rúm-góðr, adj. large, wide. rúm-heilagr, adj.; in the phrase, r. dagr, a 'week' day, i.e. a common day, week day, Grág, i. 30, 73, 293, 395, Ám. 101. rúm-lendi, m. the wide land, open land, Fms. viii. 14. rúm-lendr, adj. roomy, wide, extensive, Al. 32. rúm-liga, adv. roomily, largely, Grág. i. 4, Fas. i. 58. rúm-ligr, adj. roomy, ample, wide, Sks. 403. rúmr, adj., compar. rýmri, superl. rýmstr, [Ulf. rums = GREEK; Shetl. room] :-- roomy, ample, spacious; konungs garðr er rúmr inngangs, opp. to þröngr. Eg. 519; gatan var eigi rýmri (broader) en einn maðr mátti ríða senn, Fms. viii. 81; rúmr vegr, Barl. 70, opp. to þröngr vegr; Vandráðr stýrði þar sem þeim þótti rýmst milli skipanna. Fms. vi. 321; ok sem hann er lauss þvkkir honum skör rýmra, Fas. ii. 225; til þess ens góða ok rúma lands, Stj. :-- roomy, loose, fjöturinn var rúmr, Fms. vi. 15: as also of clothes :-- neut., flestum var þar fyrðum rúmt, ample room for all, Völs. R. 13; skipin lágu rúmt í höfninni, Fas. ii. 522 :-- adv., rúmt fim-tigi, fifty and upwards, D.N. iv. 141: rúmt hálfan sétta tug, i. 168. rúm-snara, u, f. a slip-knot (mod. kappmella), Karl. 161, Fms. v. 288, Sd. 169, Mar. rúm-sæi, n. (mod. rúm-sjór, m.), the open sea, Grett. 83 A. RÚN, f., pl. rúnar: [rún, raun, reyna are all kindred words, and a lost strong verb, rúna, raun, meaning to enquire, may be presumed; the original notion is scrutiny, mystery, secret conversation; Gotb. runa, by which Ulf. several times renders the Gr. GREEK and GREEK (once, Matth. xxvii. 1), GREEK (twice, Luke vii. 30, 1 Cor. iv. 5); A.S. rún = a 'rowning' mystery, but also = writing, charter; Hel. rûna = colloquium, and geruni = loquela (Schmeller); cp. Old Engl. to rown, Germ.raunen; Gr. GREEK is also supposed to be a kindred word (Bugge). In Scandin. writers and poets rún is chiefly used of magical characters, then of writing, whereas the derivative word raun means trial, enquiry, and rúni and rúna = a friend or counsellor.] B. A secret, hidden lore, mystery; frá jötna rúnum ok allra goða segðú it sannasta, Vþm. 42, 43; kenna rúnar, to teach wisdom, Rm. 33; dæma um rúnar ok regin-dóma, Hm. 112; minnask á fornar rúnar, Vsp. 59: saws, segja sannar rúnir, to tell true saws, Fas. ii. 302 (in a verse): a 'rowning' speech, vifs rúnir, a woman's whispering, Bm.; heita e-n at rúnum, to consult one, Gh. 12, Skv. 3. 14, 43; hniga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4. II. a Rune or written character; the earliest Runes were not writing in proper sense, but fanciful signs possessing a magical power; such Runes have, through vulgar superstition, been handed down even to the present time, for a specimen of them see Ísl. Þjóðs. i.435, 436, and Arna-Magn. Nos. 687. 4 to, and 434. 12 mo (Ísl. Þjóðs.pref. ix); the classical passages for these spell-Runes are, Hm. 133 sqq.,Sdm. 5 sqq., Skm. 29, 36, Eg. ch. 44, 61, 75, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Grett. ch. 85, N.G.L. iii. 286, 300, Vsp. 59; cp. also the phrase, rísta trénið,Grág., Fs. 56. The phrase in the old Danish Ballads, kaste runer, to throw Rúnes, i.e. chips (see hlaut, hlautviðr), may be compared to the Lat. sortes, Mommsen's Hist, of Rome, vol. i. p. 187, foot-note (Engl. Ed.), or the Sibylline leaves in the Aeneid. 2. Runes as writing;the word was first applied to the original Northern alphabet, which at an early time was derived from the common Phœnician, probably through Greek or Roman coins in the first centuries of our era. From these Runes were subsequently formed two alphabets, the old Scandinavian (whence again the Anglo-Saxon), as found on the Golden horn and the stone in Tune, and the later Scandinavian, in which the inscriptions in the greater number of the Swedish and Danish stone monuments are written, most being of the 10th (9th?) and following centuries. -- A curious instance of the employment of Runes is their being written on a kefli (a round piece of wood) as messages (cp. the Gr. GREEK), as is freq. recorded in the Sagas, e.g. Gísl. 45, 67, Fms. ix. 390, 490, Grett. 154 new Ed., Fb. i. 251 (of the deaf and dumb Oddny). It is doubtful whether poems were ever written in this way, for almost the only authority for such a statement is Eg. 605, where we read that the Sonatorrek was taken down on a Runic stick, the other instances being mostly from romances or fabulous Sagas, Grett. 144, Örvar Odds S.(fine). This writing on a kefli is mentioned in the Latin line, Barbara 'fraxineis' sculpatur runa 'tabellis,' Capella (5th century). In later times (from the 13th century) Runic writing was practised as a sort of curiosity; thus calendars used to be written on sticks, of which there is a specimen in the Bodl. Library in Oxford; they were also used for inscriptions on tombstones, spoons, chairs, and the like: there even exists in the Arna-Magn. Library a Runic MS. of an old Danish law, and there is a Runic letter in Sturl. (of the year 1241); Runes carved on an oar occur in Fs. 177: a hidden treasure in a chest is labelled with Runes, Fms. vi. 271, Sd. 146, cp. also the interesting record in Bs. i. 435 (sex manna bein vóru þar hjá honum ok vax ok rúnar þær er sögðu atburð lifláts þeirra). 3. the word rún is also, though rarely, applied to the Latin alphabet; ef hann er á þingi þá skal hann rísta nafn hans ef hann kann rúnar, N.G.L. i. 171; or generally, ræki ek eigi hvárt þú rítr ô UNCERTAIN þitt eðr o, (O?) UNCERTAIN eða a, (z?) UNCERTAIN eða e, y eða u, en ek svara svá, eigi er þat rúnanna kostr þó at þú lesir vel eða ráðir vel at líkindum, þar sem rúnar visa óskírt, heldr er þat þinn kostr, Thorodd 162; þessi er upphaf allra hátta svá sem málrúnar eru fyrir öðrum minum, Edda (Ht.) 121. III. in pr. names, Rún-ólfr: as the latter part in pr. names of women, Guð-rún, Sig-rún, Öl-rún, Landn., Nj., Bs., Sturl., Sæm. COMPDS: rúna-kefli, n., see above, Sd. 142, Fms. ix. 390, 490, Grett. 154 new Ed., Eg. rúna-mál, n. pl. the Runic alphabet, Skfálda 176. Rúna-meistari, a, m. a 'Rune-master,' grammarian, the soubriquet of Thorodd, Skálda 160. rúna-stafr, m. a Runic letter, Skálda 177. rúna, u, f. a friend who knows one's secrets; kona er rúna bónda síns, Edda ii. 602; Kolbeins rúna, K.'s wife, Gd. 18; eyra-rúna, q.v. rún-henda, u, f., or rún-hending, f., is the name of the metre with end-rhymes, consecutive, not alternate; the word is now obsolete, and in ancient writers it only occurs in two places, the Ht. R. verse 24 and in Edda (Ht.), where the Cod. Reg. gives rún-, Edda i. 696 sqq. (the foot-notes); but one is tempted to suspect that this is corrupt, and that the true form was rim-, as im and un can hardly be distinguishedin MSS.; rím- would yield good sense, whereas rúm- is meaningless. The metre itself is evidently of foreign origin, borrowed from the A.S.: the first poem in this metre was the Höfuðl. of Egil, who had lived in England; it was little used throughout the 10th and the following centuries, and the few poems and fragments composed in it can be traced to Egil's poem as their prototype. The single verse in Eg. ch. 27 is prob. a later composition. rún-hendr, adj. in the metre rúnhenda, Edda (Ht.); see above. rúni, a, m. a counsellor, friend, Edda (Gl.); Sifjar-rúni, the husband of Sif = Thor, Edda (in a verse); jarlar ok hersar heita ... konungs rúnar, eða málar eða sessar, 94; rekka rúni, the ruler of men, Ó.H. (in a verse); Vagna rúni = Odin, Stor.; Þórs ot rúni, Haustl. rún-ketill, m., Grett. (in a verse), read rúm-ketill(?); regns r., the large rain-kettle, i.e. the mountain cave. rúsína, u, f. resin, (mod.) Rússar, m. pl. the Russians, Ann. 1348. Ruci-land (mod. Rússland), Bær. 16, Flóv. 36. RÚST, f. [akin to ruð, qs. ruðst?], a ruin, freq. in mod. usage; er hann hljóp yfir garðs rúst lága, Sturl. ii. 227; miklar rústir, bæjar-rúst, tóptar-rúst. rútr, m., in drykkju-rútr, a drunkard. RYÐ, n. (ryðr, m., Sks. 442 (v.l.), Fas. i. 514, Al. 132) :-- rust,from the red colour, Stj. 344, Ld. 114, Hom. 15, Matth. vi. 19, 20, passim. COMPDS: ryð-frakki, a, m. a rusty old weapon., Háv. 47; see frakka. ryð-genginn, part. rusty, Eg. 183. ryð-skálm, f. = ryðfrakki, Fas. iii. 606. ryð-skóf, f. a rusty old knife used for scraping. ryðga, að, to become rusty, Fas. iii. 240; ryðgaðr, Pm. 114. RYÐJA, ryð, ruddi, rutt, [this word has lost the initial h (qs. hryðja), being derived from hrjóða, denoting 'to clear, rid of,' cp. also hroði, hryðja, sweepings, offal; and is altogether different from rjóða = to redden; the h remains in hruðning, q.v.; see hrjóða; Engl. rid; Scot. red or redde; Dan. rydde. J B. To clear; taka at ryðja mörkina ok brenna, ok byggja síðan ... en er spurðisk til Ólafs at hann ryðr markir, kölluðu þeir hann Trételgju, Hkr. i. 55; hann ruddi lönd í Haukadal, Landn. 103; Önundr konungr lagði á þat kapp mikit ok kostnað at ryðja markir ok byggja eptir ruðin, Hkr. i. 45; sumir konungar ruddu marklönd stór ok bygðu þar, 48; þeir ruddu markir ok bygðu stór héruð, 137; sú bygð var

RYÐJANDI -- RÆÐA. 505

mjök sundrlaus, bygð við vötn en rudd í skógum, Ó.H. 174; hann lét húsa ok r. Ekreyjar, Fms. x. 154; hér eptir ruddisk landit ok siðaðisl, Fb. i. 575; hann lét r. viða í skógum ok byggja, Landn. 68; r. götu gegnum skóg, Fb. i. 72; r. land fyrir sér, to clear it, N.G.L. i. 173; r. götu, to open a road, Eb. 46 new Ed.; r. veg, stíg, to clear the way, Fms. x. 15, Eg. 293 :-- ryðja sér til rúms, to make oneself room, Fms. viii. 93; þar sem ek gæta rutt mér til rúms ok kippt manni ór sæti, Fb. i. 136; r. sér til ríkis. to clear the way to a kingdom, conquer it, Fms. iv. 60; r. sér til landa, Glúm, (in a verse) :-- r. skip,to clear, unload a ship, Fs. 182, Gullþ. 55, Eg. 100, Nj. 10, Fb. i.496, ii. 229: ryðja búrit, to empty it, Háv. 41-43 new Ed. :-- to strip, disable, in fighting, Eg. 123 :-- r. höfn, to clear the harbour, leave the haven, Fms. ix. 45; ryðja lögréttu, to clear the court of strangers, Grág. i. 7; munu halir allir heimstöð ryðja, to clear, make empty the homestead, Vsp.; Valhöll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, to clear Valhalla, make it ready for receiving slain heroes, Em. 1 :-- with dat., ryðja e-u brott, to drive away, 544. 38, Fms. iv. 231; ryðja herklæðum af sér, to strip off one's armour, El. 102, cp. Hkm. 4 :-- to heap, pile, þeir ruddu viðinum á hurðina, they blocked up the door, Gullþ. 60 :-- r. til e-s, to clear the way for a thing; at r. til þeirra atburða er Ólafr konungr verðr við staddr, Fms.ii. 89; ok mundi þat r. til landauðnar, Bs. i. 24; ok ruddu þeir til líkagraptarins við Sléttu-karla, Fbr. 58; Þorlákr biskup ruddi til þess á sínum dögum, at þá var settr ok ritaðr Kristinna-laga þáttr, Bs. i. 73; ok ryði hvárr-tveggi sín vitni til bókar, K.Á. 184 :-- impers., hvernig skjótt ruddi samnaðinn, how the flock dispersed, Ó.H. 220. II. as a law term; ryðja kvið, dóm, or also ryðja mann ór kvið, dómi, to challenge a neighbour, juror, out of the kviðr or dómr, Grág. i. 7, 17, 34, 49, Nj. 110, 235; ef hann ryðr kvið at frændsemi, ... hann skal ryðja við sjálfan sik at frændsemi ok at mægðum, skalat maðr ryðja við sjálfan sik at guðsifjum, hann skal r. við sóknar aðilja eða varnar, ... ok er honum rett at r. þann upp, Grág. i. 50; sá er ór er ruddr, 31; þá er hann ruddi hann ór dómi, 31, and passim. III. reflex., ryðjask um, to clear one's way, make great havoc; Atli hleypr upp á skip at Rúti ok ryðsk um fast, Nj. 9, Fb. ii. 219; eu þeir ruddusk um ágæta vel, Fas. ii. 492; andask ómaginn, ok ryðsk svá til (it turns out) at ómaginn átti fé eptir, Grág. i. 224 :-- to throng, crowd, ryðjask að. ryðjandi, a, m. a challenger in court, Grág. i. 31. ryðugr, adj. = ryðgaðr, Fms. ii. 163. ryf, n. [Scot. reif], a skin-eruption, scurf; sló út um hörund hans ryfi ok úþvera með kláða miklum, Bs. i. 181. Rygir, m. pl. the inhabitants of Roga-land in Norway, Fms. passim; Hólm-Rygir, the Island 'Rugians.' rygjar-tó, f., spelt rykkjar-tó, Ó.H. 227, Hkr. ii. 384, and some other vellums, see Fms. v. 101, v.l. 3, cp. also O.H.L. 60 :-- a 'lady's tae'(see tó), a tax on linen to be paid by every mistress of a house; húsfreyja hver (skyldi fá konungi) r., þat var lín órennt, svá mikit, at fengi spennt um mesta fingri ok lengsta (lengsta fingri ok þumalfingri. Fms. l. c. better); synjar-spönn, ok rygjar-tó, ok reykmela, þat hafa konungar getit Naumdælum, at þeir skolu eigi heldr greiða en allir aðrir Þrændir, N. G. L. i. 258. RYGR, f., gen. rygjar, dat. and acc. rygi, pl. rygjar, Fas. i. 497 :-- a lady, housewife, Lat. matrona; rygr heitir sú kona er ríkust er, Edda 108; þann mann (a person to be adopted) skal leiða á reka (rekks?) skaut ok rygja(r), N.G.L. i. 209; rygr kvaðsk eiga inni álfa-blót, Sighvat; aldin rygr, an old lady, Kristni S. in a verse, (of a priestess); rygjar blóð, Sól. (dubious): baug-rygr (q.v.), a matron who receives of the baugr (weregild), enjoying the rights of an agnate. II. in local names, Rygjar-dalr, Sól. Rygskr, adj. from Rogaland, Hkr. i. 301. RYK, n. [rjúka], dust, powder; einsog ryk, Stef. Ól., passim in mod.usage. ryk-mökkr, m. a dust-cloud. rykill, m. a nickname, Fms. i. 5. rykki-lín, n. a priest's surplice, spelt rykkjulín, Bs. ii. 248. rykking, f. the 'rucking,' creasing of a garment. RYKKJA, t, [Dan. rykke], to pull roughly and hastily, with dat.; hann rykkir til svá fast, at ..., Fb. i. 530; rykkja á, to pull, Fas. iii. 487; þeir tólf rykktu honum fram á fjöru-grjótið, Grett. 97; r. e-u í sundr, Fas. ii. 264, Fms. xi. 438; rykkja sverði, to draw a sword, (mod.): to draw into folds [Fr. rucher], a dress-maker's term. 2. to run, move, Germ. rücken; en er hón sér þat rykkir hón fast undan, Fb. i. 258. rykkr, m. [Dan. ryk], a hasty pull or movement; Þorsteinn hefir allan einn rykkinn, Fb. i. 258; við þenna rykk vaknar húsfreyja, Fms. xi. 438; í einum rykk, Thom.: medic, spasms, Fel. x. RYMJA, pres. rym; pret. rumdi; subj. rymdi; [rómr] :-- to roar, cry out with a hoarse voice; rymjandi rödd, Bs. ii. 10; á nótt rymr hann, 673. 54; vaknar hann ok rymr, 56: rumdi hann mjök, Fas. ii. 368, iii. 497. rympill, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. 110. rymr, m. roaring, of a hoarse voice, Edda 110; rymr oneagri, 673. 54; með rymnum, 56: poét., rymr öxa, randa, ríta, the clatter of weapons: the sea is called rym-fjall, -leið, -völlr, = the roaring fell, way, field, Lex. Poët. rypta, t, [ropi], to belch, Sks. 91 new Ed. rysking, f. a rough shaking, Grág. ii. 9. ryski-sótt, f. a kind of sickness, Ann. 1268. ryskja, t, [Dan. ruske], to shake roughly, handle roughly; hón tók báðum höndum í hár sér ok ryskti sik, Stj. 520: ef maðr ryskir mann ok varðar þat skóggang, Grág. ii. 9; hann hafði slitið af sér klæði sín ok ryskt sik, Al. 57; mjök hetir Rán ryskt um mik. Ran has dealt roughly with me, stripped me, Stor. :-- reflex., þar myndi ekki þykkja við kollóttan at ryskjask, Sturl iii. 238; eðr menn r. eðr berjask með hnefum, Jb. IOO. rytja, u, f. a vile, shabby thing, Grett. 114 A. rytningr, m. = rytingr, Js. 31, Fms. iv. 173. rytr, m., and rytsa, u, f. a sea-gull, Edda (Gl.), = the larus tridactylus, as Faber; or rather = larus albus minimus, mod. rita, as Eggert Itin. rytta, u, f. a shabby thing, Hom. 152; gömul ok vesöl rytta, Barl. 88, 154. ryttu-legr, adj. wretched. rýgi-ligr, adj. [róg], slanderous; r. orð, abusive words, Bs. i. 653, v.l. RÝJA, rý, rúði or rýði, part, rúinn, [Scot, roo], prop. to pluck the wool off sheep instead of shearing, as is still done in Icel.; rýja gemlinga, Sd. 155; hann görði Loptr rúinn, L. pulled it off, of a twig, Fsm.: the word is freq. in mod. usage, metaph., hnígr þá úr höndum mér, harpan strengja rúin, the harp stripped of its cords, Núm. (fine); ó-rúinn, unplucked. rýja u, f. a rag, esp. of worn linen. RÝMA, d, [rum; Germ. räumen; Dan. römme], to make room for; þá mælti hann at rýma skyldi pallinn, Eg. 303; þvíat hann rýmdi fyrir herra Ásgrimi, Bs. i. 716; kallar at Þorleifr skyli rýma höfnina fyrir honum ok leggja ór lægi, Hkr. i. 209. 2. to quit, leave; rýma land, to leave the country, go into exile, Fms. iv. 239; Refr man rýma virkit en flýja Grænland, Krók. 56; skoluð ér allir eta hér inni en ek mun rýma, leave, Bs. i. 853; þaðan at rýma ok brott at flýja, Stj. 66; ok sjá þá fyrst fyrir hverju (hverr?) rýmdi, Sturl. iii. 214. 3. to clear away, break up: þá skalt rýma fjalir í gólfinn, to break deals up from the floor, Eb. 118; rýma til e-s, Bs. i. 98; jörðin rýmdi sik ok opnaði, Stj. 42. 4. absol. to make room, clear the way; at rýma fyrir veginn, to clear the way, Fms. x. 15. 5. with dat., rými (imperat.) á honum fjötrinum, to loosen the fetter, Fms. vi. 35; rýma brott harmi, Karl. 213. II. reflex., ef rýmðisk í kirkjunni, Sturl. ii. 223; er rýmask tekr dalrinn, when the dale widens, Ld. 218. rýmka, að, to widen, enlarge: rýmkan, f. an enlargement. RÝNA, d, [rún; Old Engl. roun] , to enquire; rýna eptir e-n, to pry into (reyna); ok mi lætr hann sækja galdra-menn er eptir öllu geta rýnt, Fas. i. 5: part. rýnendr. friends, counsellors, Akv. 9: ræða ok rýna,to talk and converse, Rm. 11. rýni, f. scrutiny, contemplation: poët., rýnis reið, contemplation's vehicle, i.e. the breast, Stor.: grammar, skáld eru höfundar allrar rýnni, the poets are the judges, the authorities in all matters of grammar, Skálda 164. rýninn, adj. wise, deep in lore, in full-rýninn. Am. rýnir, m. a kind of shark, squalus maximus, Eggert Itin. rýra, ð, [Ulf. rjurjan = GREEK], to make small, merl. 1. 35 2. part. rýnandi, diminisher, Lex. Poët. II. metaph. to depreciate, disparage, make little of. rýrð, f. [Ulf. rjurei = GREEK], a detriment, Sturl. ii. (in a verse), Pass. 50. 7. rýrir, m. a diminisher, Lex. Poët. rýr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), thin, small. rýrna, að, to dwindle. RÝRR, adj. [Ulf. rjurs, = GREEK and un-rjurs = GREEK] :-- thin, poor; rýrt man verða fyrir honum smámennit, Nj. 94; vænti ek at rýr verði þræla-ættin fyrir oss, Lv. 4; var rýrt fyrir þeim lið Herþjófs konungs, Fas. iii. 21; en þar sem hann fór varð rýrt fyrir, i. 281, Karl. 185. rýsla, að, to clatter; rýsla í penningum. rýsli, n. [cp. Fr. ruisselant], a 'babbling' stream; bekkjar-rysli, Ann. Nord. Oldk. 1846, p. 163. RÝTA, t, [Swed. ryta = to roar], to squeal, of a wild boar or swine; rýtanda svini, Hm. 84; rýtandi ok emjandi, Fb. ii. 27; rýta man göltrinn ef gríssinn er drepinn, Þórð. 20 new Ed.; en hón (the sow) rýtti af raun, squealed with pain. Fas. i. 482. rýting, f. roaring, of a lion, Stj. 71. rýtingr, m. a kind of dirk or dagger, Gþl. 164, Hkr. ii. 112; rýtningr, Fb., Ó.H. 1. c. RÆÐA (i.e. rœða), d, [Ulf. ródjan = GREEK; A.S. rædan; Germ.reden; a word different from ráða, q.v.] :-- to speak; Högni því nítti er hinn um ræddi, Am. 7; ræðit ér um ráð, speak your rede, say what is to be done, Hðm. 20; ræða hugat mál fyrir höldum, Kormak; ræða við reglur Eddu, Gd. 2; kom þar brátt tali at þeir ræddu um skáldskap, Eg. 686; ef þú ræðir þetta mál (discusses it) fyrir konungi, Fms. i. 82; þá ræddi Höskuldr við Rút, þá ræddi Höskuldr til Rúts, Nj. 2 :-- ræða um e-t, to speak about; konungr. ræddi fátt um þessi tíðendi fyrir mönnum, Eg. 51, Nj. 270, Orkn. 400; also freq. in mod. usage, Pass. 21. 5, 39. 1. II. reflex. recipr., ræðask við, to converse; hann sagði henni allt þat er þeir höfðu við ræðsk, Nj. 26; en þeir feðgar ræddusk þá ekki við hvárki gott né íllt, Eg. 194; hann ræddisk við einn

506 RÆÐA -- RÆTASK.

saman, Boll. 338; þeir ræðask við þegar ok takask at orðum fóstrarnir, Ísl. ii. 341, Hom. (St.); svá sem buendr hafa rætt með sér á þingi, N.G.L. i. 138; þeirra orða er ek vil rætt hafa, Anecd. 2; marg-rætt, much spoken; full-rætt, fully-discussed; tið-ræit, often discussed; ú-rætt,not discussed. ræða (i.e. rœða), u, f., gen. pl. ræðna, Sks. 636, [Germ. rede],speech, talk; síðan töluðu þeir mart, ok kómu þar niðr ræður Höskuldar, at ..., Nj. 3; konungr reiddisk mjök við ræður þessar, Eg. 51; en er þeir Þórólfr ok Björn kómu á þessar ræður fyrir Eiriki, touched on this. subject, 174; jarl tók henni heldr seint í fyrstu, en mýktisk ræðan svá sem á leið, Orkn. 304; þótti hvárum-tveggjum þær ræður skemtiligar. Eg. 686. 2. a speech, sermon; veri þat upphaf ræðu várrar, Anecd,(begin.): a sermon in the pulpit is called ræða; orð-ræða, a report. ræða, u, f. [ráði; Ivar Aasen ræde], a sow at heat, Skálda 205 (in a verse), Grág. i. 427. ræða (i.e. rœða). u, f. [róða], a rod, pole; see hjálm-ræða. ræðari, a, m. [róðr], an oarsman. ræði, n. [ráðj, rule, management; skipa e-m ræði staðarins, Mar.; skal hann hafa ræði þeirra ok lukla, D.N. iii. 88. ræðis-maðr, m. a steward, manager. Fms. i. 101, 290, xi. 229, D.N. ii. 235, iii. 149, 506, Bs. i. 716, Sturl. iii. 47, Sks. 58 new Ed.: rendering of Lat. consul, Róm. 386: = imperator (Sallust Catil. ch. 53), 346. ræði (i. e. rœði), n. [Engl. rudder; Germ. ruder], an oar; veifði hann ræði veðrs annars til, he pulled backwards, Hým. 25; slíta ræði ór verri, Fms. vi. (in a verse); þeir tóku frá skipunum öll ræðin, Fb. i. 194 (reiðin, Fms. xi. l. c., less good); ræði skjálfa, Edda (Ht.); ræðit eða stýrit, Edda 109. ræðingr, m. [A.S. ræding], a reading, text, Bs. ii. 186. ræðir, m. (mod. ræðari), [Germ. ruderer], a rower, Fbr. 172. ræðri, n. a rudder(?); bera má maðr ok öll þilju-föt, ræði skips ok ræðri allt at úsekju, N.G.L. ii. 17, 36.;, v.l. ræfill, m. a rag, tatter, passim in mod. usage. ræfr, n. a roof; see rát. ræfr-viðr, m. thatch-faggots, Hom. 97. rægi-ligr, adj. accusative; r. fall, Skálda 188. RÆGJA (i.e. rœgja) or older vrœgia; [róg; Ulf. wrohjan = GREEK; Hel, wrogjan; A.S. wregjan; O.H.G. rôjan; Germ. rägen; Swed. röje] :-- to slander, defame, Grág. ii. 99, 309, Eg. 54, 56, Fms. i. 100, iii. 153, vii. 132, Nj. 166. MS. 655 xvii. 1; rægja menn saman, Jb. 292: part. rægjandi, a defamer, Edda 56; rogendr = rœgendr, pl., Kormak. rægsla, u, f. slander, calumny, Fms. viii. 295. ræingi, a, m. a rover; ræingja sveit, Bs. i. 427. rækall or reikall(?), m. [Dan. rækel], a rover, used as a kind of oath; hver rækallinn! rækals- :-- Reikall, as pr. name, Gullþ. ræki-brekka, u, f.; in the phrase, bera e-t á rækibrekku, to put out for show, exhibit; berr hann ok þá fram á rækibræku (sic) þat glys er hón hefir sýslað. Thom. 301. ræki-liga, adv. [rœkja], earnestly, carefully, sincerely, devotedly; elska r., Greg. 46; biðjask fyrir r., to pray fervently, Orkn. 166; geyma r., K.Á. 104; lifa r., 134; halda r., to observe strictly, 188; hetja söng r., H.E. i. 487; varðveita r., Barl. 148; iðrask r., to repent sincerely; gör r. við dauða menn. Fas. i. 172. ræki-ligr, adj. [reka], to be rejected, Fas. iii. 664. ræki-ligr, adj. [rœkja], true, sincere, painstaking; rækilig iðran, true repentance, Barl. 42; r. hljóman, Skálda. rækindi, n. pl. [reka], an unclean thing, refuse; hann kvaðsk aldri etið hafa rækindi, Fms. viii. 107; ef rækindi falla í grýtu þá saurgask hón, Str. 317. rækinn, adj., in trú-r., pious, devout, Lex. Poët.; trú-rækni, piety. RÆKJA, ð, qs. vrækja, [reka], to reject, refuse; at þér vitið hvat ér skoluð eta, ok hvat ér skoluð rækja, what you shall eat and what reject, Stj. 317; skal hann kenna honum rétta hluti en r. hann eigi, Greg. 27; r. syndir, forsaking the sins, 23; hann fyrirleit ok rækti fórnir hans, 656 A. i. 4; þann ilm skal hverr Kristinn maðr r. er heiðnir menn göra fyrir skurð-goðum, Hom. 53. RÆKJA, t, (i. e. rœkja), [A.S. rêcan, pret. rohte; Engl. reck, reckon; Hel. röcjan; Dan. rögte; Scot, raik] :-- to reck, regard, take care of, heed, cultivate; klæði er ér lítt rækit, Am.; skulu vér r. húðföt vár, let us keep to our hammocks, Orkn. 274; ræki ek eigi, hvárt þú rítr ..., I reck not, whether, Skálda 161; mun ek eigi rækja (heed) fjár-skaða minn, 655 iii. 2; r. kirkjur, N.G.L. i. 339, Fms. viii. 410; rækja hátíð, Barl. 150; rækja eigi ættmenn sína, Fs. 31: to keep a grateful remembrance of, rækti Árni þetta allt saman þegar er hann var biskup orðinn, Bs. i. 680: but in mod. usage also in a bad sense, rækja e-ð við e-n, to bear malice. (UNCERTAIN) By assimilation of æ and œ two sets of words, diametrically opposed in sense, have become identical in form and sound, viz. those from rækja qs. vreka, and those from rækja qs. rœkja, with their derivatives; in olden times they were sounded differently: but when all distinction between them was lost, one of them had to give way; this was rækja from reka, which, with its derivatives, except rækr (rejected), is now obsolete, whereas rækja, i.e. rœkja, with its derivatives, is still in full use. rækr, adj. [reka], rejected, outcast, Grág. ii. 167; brennu-vargar eru rækastir görvir bæði í Guðs lögum ok manna, Sturl. iii. 261; varg-rækr ok rekinn (i.e. vargr rækr ok rekinn), Ísl. ii. 381; hversu þetta verk var rækt (abhorred) fyrir Guði ok góðum mönnum, Fms. xi. 280 (Guð-rækr, q.v.); at sú fúl synd verði þeim mun rækari, H.E. i. 510; rækt kvikendi, an unclean beast, Stj. 317; ræk eru hræ þeirra, 316. rækr, adj., i.e. rœkr [rœkja, rœkta], legitimate; svá er mælt ef sá er eigi nær er arfi er rækr (the next of kin) þ;á er arfr tæmisk, ok setzk sá í arf er nánastr er at frændsemi, N.G.L. i. 207; hón var in rækasta kona, Fms. iii. 153, v.l. ræksni, a, m., prob. qs. vræksni, [from ríða = to knit?] :-- a mesh; skulu vér leysa ræksna (rexna Cod.) tortrygðar hans, 623. 26; konu svá nakta at aldrei beið á hana ríðanda ræksn (better rærksna), Sd. 188; hann reið á ræxna (acc. pl.) svá sem net eru síðan, Edda i. 182. II. metaph. rœksni, n. a rag riddled with holes like a net, freq. in mod. usage: the gut of a fish, from the mesh-like appearance. rækt or rœkð, f. love, affection; görði hann þat til skapraunar við hana en eigi fyrir ræktar sakir, Sd. 184; at hrinda ór mínu hjarta þessa rækt, en því heitari brennr ást í mér, Str.; goðin hafa lengi haft rækð mikla á ættmönnum sínum, Ó.H. 87; þá skal hann upp láta göra kirkju ... en ef hann hefir eigi kost eða vill eigi rægt (sic) hafa á, N.G.L, i. 387; ok menn vilja enga rækt á leggja, ii. 71. 2. cultivation; jarðar-rækt, agriculture, mod.; korn-rækt, etc.: ó-rækt, neglect, mod. bad cultivation. COMPDS: ræktar-lauss, adj. reckless, unmindful, ræktar-leysi, n. recklessness, impiety, negligence, Sks. 2. ræktar-maðr, m. a watcbful man, N.G.L. i. 455, Barl. 104. ræktar-þokki, a, m. devotedness, Hom. (St.) rækta (i. e. rœkta), ð, [Dan. rögte], to take care of, regard; rækta réttindi, Stj. 162, Karl. 137; at r. sínar kirkjur eða til þeirra ganga, N.G.L. iii. 290; var hans hár klippt ok ræktað, hair cut and trimmed, Stj. 202; hversu dyggiliga síra Egill hafði ræktað (performed) hans eyrendi, Bs. i. 911. 2. to cultivate; rækta jörð, to grow korn, epli, etc., mod. rælni, f. sport, play; göra e-t í r., unintentionally, Safn i. 49. ræma, u, f. a ribbon, Bjarn., = reim. ræma, u, f. [rámr], hoarseness. RÆMA, ð, (i.e. rœma), [rómr], = róma, Al. 108, Ld. 172, 196; e-t ræmisk á hendr e-m, is rumoured, Sturl. ii. 20. RÆNA, d, and mod. t, [rán], to rob, plunder, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing, Eg. 81, 85, Orkn. 94, Fms. i. 28, 151. Nj. 53, Ld. 102, K.Á. 50, Fas. ii. 521, and passim. RÆNA, u, f., qs. rœna(?), [prob. akin to rún, a corruption from the old rýni, q.v.] :-- consciousness, one's senses, esp. as a medic, term; vera með fullri rænu, hafa ráð og rænu, to have one's full senses; halda rænu fram í andlát. rænu-lauss, adj. insensible; mállaus og r., of a sick person, rænu-leysi, n. a state of insensibility, torpor. Rængjar, m. pl. the inhabitants of the island Rugen (Ræ), Knytl. S. ræningi, a, m. [rán], a robber, Eg. 736, Sd. 158, Ölk. 35, Orkn. 92, Fas. iii. 520. 2. in a passive sense; vera ræningi e-s. to be deprived of one's right, Háv. 37 new Ed.; ok ætlaðir at hann mundi vera svá mikill ættleri, at hann mundi vilja vera ræningi þinn, Eg. 736; cp. lög-r., hlut-r. ræpa, t, to suffer from diarrhoea. ræpa, u, f. diarrhoea. RÆSA, t, [rás], to make flow; ræsa; ár, Ht.; sá flytr er ræsir, id. :-- metaph., ræsa e-t á e-n, to bring it home to one, trace to one; ek mun þetta ekki ræsa á hendr yðr, I will not charge it on you, Fms. xi. 54; ér ræsit (hræsit Cod.) á hendr oss mikla synd, 656 C. 7. 2. impers., draum (acc.) ræsir, a dream proves true, comes to pass; ek em drauma-maðr mikill, ok eigi úlíkligt at brátt ræsi suma, Þorst. Síðu H. 180; væntir mik at hann mun nú ræsa, Bret. 22: reflex, to come to pass, en þat ræstisk svá, Bs. i. 471 (rættisk, v.l.) ræsi, n. a gutter. ræsi-brekka, u, f. = rækibrekka; bera e-ð á ræsibrekku, to put out for show, esp. in a bad sense, the faults of others or the like. ræsir, m. [A.S. ræswa], poët, a chief, captain, king, Edda (Gl.), Hkv. Hjörv. 18, Skv. 2. 18, Edda 104. ræsi-maðr, m. a worthy man, Lv. 108. II. = ræsi, a gutter; þat hús er menn kalla náðhús ... hann lét ræsirinn horfa í kirkju-staðinn, Safn i. 82. ræskingr, m. a slight cough, Fél. x. ræskja, t, [ = rumska], to clear the throat by coughing. ræsta, t, [rás], to clear, clean out; ræsta styfldan læk, to clear out the brook which had been 'stifled' or dammed up, Dropl. 34. 2. to clean, sweep; ræstu þeir síðan ok ruddu borgina, Bret. 100; konur skolu ræsta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175; lét konungr ræsta höllina, vóru þá í brott bornir hinir dauðu, Fas. i. 83, Fb. i. 212; hence comes undoubtedly the mod. ó-ræsti, an unclean, dirty person; as also ó-ristinn, of a person who goes to sleep without undressing, liggja ó-ristinn; þyrptusk menn at honum ok þóttusk eigi vita hvat úræst var, Ems. ii. 160. RÆTASK, t, qs. rœtask, dep. [rót], to take root, strike root, Hom. 68, Skálda 169, Fms. x. 236. II. e-t rætisk vel af, to make a good end; for references see reita. III. to be fulfilled, of a dream, prophecy, Bs. i. 471 (v.l.), freq. in mod. usage; see ræsa.

ROD -- IIÖND. 507

RÖD, f., gen. raðar, pl. raðar, Höfuðl.; later raðir; [cp. Ulf. raþio = GREEK, garaþjan = GREEK; Dan. rad; provinc. Norse rad; Lat. ratio] :-- a row, series; báðar raðir, of numbers, MS. 544. 6; svú var skipat mönnum á þinginu, at raðir vóru settar í kring, Fas. iii. 292; geirvangs raðar, ranks of shields, Höfuðl.: freq. in mod. usage, húsa-röð a row of houses; bæja-röð; ganga á röðina, to go down the row, from one to the next in turn. II. a bank, ridge, edge; ok orpinn haugr; á röðinni út við sjá (cp. á raðar broddi, Ýt. 23), on the sea-bank, Hkr. i. 59; ofan at röðinni, D.N. i. 595: and so in mod. usage, e.g. the edge of a board or deal. RÖDD, f., gen. raddar, dat. röddu and rödd, pl. raddir; [Ulf. razda = GREEK and GREEK; O.H.G. rarta; A.S. reord; the Norse is an assimilated form; rödd and kvöddusk are made to rhyme in Hkr. i, in a verse of the 10th century] :-- the voice; raddir ok orð, Stj. 67; hljóð þat er rödd heitir ... en annat er eigi er rödd, ... rödd er hljóð, Skálda 174; hverrar raddar, Sks. 635; þeir mæltu einni röddu, 656 A. ii. 5; manns rödd, the human voice, 655 xxii. B. 2; með skjálfandi röddu, Fms. viii. 8; kalla kaldri röddu, Akv. 2; kalla hárri röddu, Matth. xxvii. 46, Luke xxiii. 46; stilla röddu, Vkv. 15; ein rödd úr skýinu sagði, Matth. xvii. 5; rödd hrópanda í eyðimörku, John i. 23; röddin niðr af himni, Matth. iii. 17; engla raddir, angels' voices; -- with the notion of music, Skálda; af bar söngr hans ok rödd af öðrum mönnum, Bs. i. 127; fögr rödd, sætlig hljóð raddanna, 240 :-- reina rödd, Hkv. Hjörv.; dýrs rödd, Barl. 56; fugls rödd, Fms. vi. 445. COMPDS: raddar-grein, f. distinction of sound, articulation, Stj. 80. raddar-stafr, m., gramm. a vowel, Skálda (Thorodd) 161. raddar-tól, n. pl. the organs of speech, Skálda 176, 177, Lil. -röðr, m. in the latter part of pr. names, [Goth, and old Scandin. -rid, in Wodu-rid], Guð-röðr, Sig-röðr (whence by metathesis Sigurðr), Hún-röðr. röðull, m., dat. röðli, poët. :-- a halo, glory; verðr hann kórónaðr með gulligum röðli, Sks. 39; skínandi röðull, 41 :-- the sun, Lex. Poët. passim: as also the compd álf-röðull :-- röðlar, pl. = the saints; lesi bjartar þeir bækr ok röðla, Merl. II. an edge or crest, of a hill, cliff, or the like, freq. in mod. usage-; brekku-röðull, fjalls-r., the crest of a hill, fell. röf, f. amber, Edda i. 408; see raf. RÖGG, f., gen. röggvar, pl. röggvar; [Engl. rug; Swed. ragg, rugg = coarse hair, goat's hair] :-- a tuft, shagginess, of the fur of a cloak; á þá mynd sem loðkápa þ;á er önnur rögg fellr ofan fyrir aðra, en þessar röggvar vóru af skeljum, Mag. 63; varar-feldr, þrettán röggvar um þveran feld, thirteen strips across the cloak, Grág. i. 500; sáttu eigi at feldar-röggvarnar hrærðusk er hann hló, Lv. 55; er ýmist kallat á feldinum röggvar eða lagðr, Krók. 64. The great number of strips to a cloak may refer to the ancient Teutonic custom of having their cloaks furred with patches and stripes of various skins; eligunt feras et detracta velamina spargunt maculis pellibusque belluarum, Tacit. röggvar-feldr, m. [provinc. Norse rugge-feld], a tufted cloak, Grett. 81. rögg, f., in the popular phrase, sýna rögg af sér, to exert oneself, work hard; it is a corruption from rök in röksamr, sounded röggsamr. röggvaðr, part. furred, tufted, of a cloak, Sks. 228, v.l. RÖGN, n. pl. the gods = regin, q.v.; ramaukin rögn, Vellekla; rögn ok Óðin, Hallfr.; Hróptr rögna, Hm,; rögna kind, Hdl.: and in compds, rögna-konr, the kinsman of the gods, Vellekla; ragna-sjöt, the seat of the gods, i.e. heaven; ragna-rök, the world's doom, spell of the gods, see below. II. in pr. names, Rögn-valdr, etc.; and of women, Ragn-eiðr, Ragn-hildr; see regin. Rögnir, m., and Rögnuðr, a name of the chief deity = Odin, Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); reið Rögnis, the wain of R., of the constellation ursa major(?), also called the wain of Odin, Sdm 15 :-- land-r. = a king, poët. RÖK, n. pl. [O.H.G. rahha = sentence, judgment; the word is prob. akin to rakna, rak-, rekja, réttr] :-- a reason, ground, origin; segja nokkur rök frá Dróttins-degi, Leiðarv. 5; nú skal tína nokkut um rök tiðanna, 625. 164; af þessum rökum hófsk sjá hátíð, Hom. 132; enn eru regulares, er upp hefjask af enum sömum rökum, Rb. 124; ek skal víss verða af hverjum rökum úrar-horn er upp runnit, Fas. iii. 633; nú skal segja af hverjum rökum heiðnir menn héldu Jól sín, Fb. i. 564, Hom. (St.); nú eru þessi rök til, hví Guð vildi, Mar.; Dróttinn sýndi þeim flest rök sinnar dýrðar á þessum degi, Hom. (St.); fvrra dag sögðum vér nakkvat frá tvennum rökum hátíðar þeirrar, id. 2. a wonder, sign, marvel; vér vitum at hann (Christ) var borinn með myklum rökum, en þó var hann með meirum tákmun skírðr, Hom. 56; önnur rök þau sem Guðspjöll segja, 686 B. 14; spá-sögur ok þau rök er hann (Christ) sýndi í heimi, 625. 163; forn rök, great things of yore; var haldit fyrir speki ok spádóm flest þat er hón (the prophetess) sagði af fornum rökum, Fb. i. 77; firrisk æ forn rök fírar, i.e. let bygones be bygones, Ls. 25; stór rök, mighty things; stór verða rök, rignir bióði, Merl. 2. 31; sjá þessi rök þrennar aldir, 2. 77; ráða mörg rök, to foretell many events, 1. 2 :-- alda rök, the beginning, the creation of the world, Edda i. 36; but also of the end of the world, dooms-day, Vþm. 39; þjóða rök, the origin, creation of mankind; sv;á þundr um reis (not reist?) fyrir þjóða rök, thus Th. arose ere the memory of man, Hm. 146; tíva rök, the life and doings of the gods, Vþm. 38, 40, 42. 3. the old phrase, ragna rök, the history of the gods and the world, but esp. with reference to the last act, the last judgment, doom's-day, weird of gods and the world; feigum munni mælta ek mína forna stafi ok um ragna rök, with 'fey' mouth I spake my old saws of the life and fate of the gods, Vþm. 55; eru þat svik ein er ek sjá þykkjumk eða ragna rök, ríða menn dauðir, is what I behold a delusion or is it the last day, do dead men ride? Hkv. 2. 38, 39; unz ragna rök rjúfendr koma, Vtkv. 14; fram sé ek lengra um ragna rök röm, Vsp. 40; görðisk (= görðusk) rök ragna, it was as if the world's end was at hand, Am. 22, -- thus always in old poems, with the sole exception of Ls. 39, see rökr. rökkja, pret. rak, an obsolete strong verb; [Engl. reach; Ivar Aasen rökkja; provinc. Swed. räkkja; Dan. række] :-- to suffice, D.N. iv. 457, 564; meðan eigi rak lausa penninga til, i. 723. In mod. usage Icel. say, það hrökkr ekki til, confounding this word with hrökkva, which seems to be a different word. rökn, n. pl. beasts of burthen, as also steeds; rökn bitluð, Hkv. i. 50; kjalar rökn, rasta rökn, the keel-steeds, sea-steeds, i.e. ships, Edda (Ht.), Fms. i. (in a verse); borð-rökn, haf-r., sund-r., = ships, Lex. Poët. RÖKR, n., sounded rökkr (reykkr, Fms. iv. 70) with a double k; rokkr, Fb. i. 538; røckr, Ó.H. 28; in Edda the Ób. gives kk, the Kb. k, which is the better form, see Edda i. 186, foot-note 3: see also rökvit: - the twilight; rökr rökra, Hdl. 1; en við rökkr kom þar Þorfinnr Önundarson, Sturl. i. 156; um rökkr (røckr Cod.) eða um nætr, Ó.H. 28; þau tóku fæðslu bæði saman við rökr, Greg. 65: seldom of the morning twilight, as rennr dagr rökkrið þrýtr, Úlf. 9. 83: the twilight is in Icel. the time set apart for song and story-telling, as in the ditty, Árni Böðvarsson til sanns sýngr ljóð í rökrum | bezta skáld um bygðir lands, búandi á Ökrum. 2. the mythol. phrase, ragna rökr, the twilight of the gods, which occurs in the prose Edda (by Snorri),and has since been received into modern works, is no doubt merely a corruption from rök (q.v.), a word quite different from rökr; the corruption may have originated from Ls. 39 -- úlfgi hefir ok vel er í böndum skal bíða ragna rökrs, which resembles, Hjaðningar skolu svá bíða ragna rökrs, Edda i. 436: ragna-rökr is the form used throughout in the Edda, allt til ragna rökrs, 98; þar liggr hann til ragna rökrs, 114; hver tíðendi eru at segja frá um ragna rökr, 186; en þát er þeir göra langa frásögn of ragna rökr, þat er Trojumanna-orrosta, Edda (pref.); en við ragna rökr kom Miðgarðsormr, id.; frá fimbul-vetri ok ragna rökkrum, Edda (Ub.) ii. 290: the word occurs nowhere else in old writers. rök-samliga, adv. on good authority, Rb. 84; þessi saga er svá er til komin r., on so good authority, so trustworthy, Fms. viii. 1. rök-samligr, adj. reasonable, just, true; röksamlig ritning, Stj. 1; röksamleg bók, a true, learned book, 655 xxii. A. 2; röksamlig skilning, a true understanding, Mar.; röksamlig refsing, a just punishment, Fb. i. 409; r. í stjórn, just in government, Bs. ii. 3: freq. in mod. usage in the sense of conclusive, of an argument, authoritative, of a person. rök-samr, adj. energetic, one who makes his authority felt; þegar Jón biskup var seztr at stóli, var hann þegar röksamr ok einbeittr í kirkjustjórninni, Ný Fél. vii. (pref.) rök-semd, f. reason, authority; hann skynjaði brátt hvílíkrar röksemdar Brandr ábóti var, Bs. i. 681; fyrirbjóða af páfalegu valdi ok röksemd, K.Á. 228: móti röksemd ritninganna, against the authority of Scripture, 230; meiri er röksemd þessarar ritningar, en allr glöggleikr mannlegs skilnings, Stj. 12; hin fyrsta er drottnunar r., ... annat er upphafsins r.,20; bióðum vér með valdi ok r. þessa þings, H.E. 469; á mannligar bóklistir ok Guðligar röksemdir, theological learning, 585. 2. so also in mod. usage authority, energy in discharging one's duty. rök-stólar, m. pl. a judgment-seat, Vsp. rökva and rökkva, að, [Ulf. riquizjan - GREEK] :-- to grow dark, darken; eigi verðr þat allt at regni sem rökkr í lopti, Ísl. ii. 481 (out of a lost verse in Heiðarv. S.); rökr at regni miklu, it darkens for rain, Ó.H. (in a verse of A.D. 1030); ok nú rökr (rekr Kd.) at élinn annat sinn, Fms. xi. 137. II. of the twilight, to grow dark; er tekr at rökkva ok nátta, Sks. 50 new Ed.; er rökkr ok kveldar, v.l.; þegar er rökkva tók, Grett. 158 new Ed.; jafnan er rökkva tók á vetrum, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) rökvið, n. [rökr; Ulf. riquiz = GREEK] twilight, but only used as a participle in the phrase það er rökvið; in other phrases rökkr is used; the forms also vary, rekvið, rökvið is the oldest, whence rökkið and mod. rökkvað; er rekvið var, Hkv. Hjörv. 35 (Cod. requiþ); þá var half-rokkit, Grett. 150 new Ed. in Cod. Upsal., but rökvað (l.c.) in the Edit. 1853; þá er hálf-rökkvat var, 79, but rökit, Cod. Upsal. l.c.; hvert kveld er hálf-rökkvat var, 141; um kveldit er rökkvat var, 183, but rokkit, Cod. Upsal. l.c.; þá var rökvið er þeir gengu ór kirkju, Sturl. ii. 224; föstu-kveldit var rökkvit nokkut, iii. 154; er hálf-rökvit var, Al. 54. rölta, að, (rölt, n.), [Dan. vralte], to stray about restlessly. RÖND, f., dat. röndn, pl. randir and rendr, Rm., Bs. i. 42; [Germ. and Scot. rand] :-- a rim, border, Skíða R. 103; á fornum skjöldum var títt at skrífa rönd þá er baugr var kallaðr, ok er við þann baug skildir kenndir, Edda 87; skjaldar rönd, Vkv. 31; rauðum skildi rönd var oacute;r gulli, Hkv. 1. 33; bíta í skjaldar rendr, Bs. i. 42. 2. hence in poetry a shield;

508 HÖNDOTTR -- SAGA.

brast rönd við rönd, Hkv. 1. 24; undir randir ek gel, Hm. 157: in prose it remains in the phrase, leggja saman randir, to lay shield against shield, of a hard struggle, Fms. xi. 95, Fas. ii. 208, Korm., Lex. Poët.: as also in the phrase, reisa rönd við e-m, to raise the shield against one, to resist, withstand, Eg. 587, Fas. i. 35, 292, ii. 190, 211. 3. a stripe; rauð rönd liggr eptir baki honum, Pr. 408; dúkr með gulligum röndum, Fms. iii. 177. randa-fluga, u, f. a wild bee. röndóttr, adj. striped, 671. 16, Al. 168, N.G.L. iii. 262. RÖNG, f., gen. rangar, pl. rengr, qs. vröng; [thus called from the curved form; from rangr, q.v.] :-- a rib in a ship; nú ef brestr ór byrði eðr borði eðr brotnar röng, N.G.L. ii. 81 (Jb. 147); ristin röng, Fms. vi. (in a verse); bifask rengr í röstum, vii. 49, freq. in mod. usage: poët. ranga-jór, -hjörtr, the rib-steed, rib-stag, i.e. a ship. rösk-leikr, m. briskness, deftness, Fms. vi. 35, Sturl. ii. 217, Orkn. 344 old Ed. rösk-liga, adv. deftly, bravely; er svá r. vann at, Nj. 270; r. segir þú, Grett. 155; berjask r., Hkr. i. 342; biskupi fór svá r., Bs. i. 772. rösk-ligr, adj. deft, brisk. rösk-mannliga, adv. bravely, Grett. 109. röskótt, adj. [Ivar Aasen raaskje = sleet, wet] :-- wet, rough; þeir fengu hvasst veðr ok höfðu röskött (raskótt) fyrir stálinu, Fms. viii. 199. RÖSKR, adj., with a v before a vowel, röskvan, röskvar, röskvir, röskva; compar. röskvari, röskvastr; prop. vraskr, yet in the Am. rhyming with r, röskr ræða, 51, 56, 88: [akin to Ulf. wrisqan; Dan. rask; Germ. rasch; Engl. rash (with change of sense)] :-- prop. ripe, mature, but only used metaph. vigorous, doughty, brave. Am. 51, 56, 88; röskr maðr, a valiant man, Nj. 106; röskr maðr ok einarðr, 223; hann var röskvastr maðr með Flosa einnhverr, 205; mikill skaði er þat um svá röskvan mann, Grett. 155; hann þótti því röskvari sem meirr leið á æfi hans, Fms. vi. 218; mannvali því er röskvast var innan lands, Fas. iii. 292; verða eigi röskvari menn en þessir at minni raun, Bs. i. 581; hyggr ek at fáar konur muni finnask jafn-röskvar, Fms. xi. 229; svá röskr at viti, so ripe in understanding, Grág. ii. 68. Röskva, u, f., rhymed Vröskva, Þd., the name of the maiden follower of Thor; she is a personification of the ripe fields of harvest. röskvask, að, to grow up, ripen; þar til er sjálf vínberin röskuðusk, Stj. 200; sýndisk mér vísirinn vaxa smám þeim ok vínberin röskvask, Stj.; ef sá randviðr röskvask næði, Stor.; see roskna. 2. to grow up; ok er hann röskvaðisk fékk konungr honum skip, Fas. iii. 188. röskvi, f. quickness, Al. 89. RÖST, f., gen. rastar, pl. rastir, qs. vröst(?); [cp. reistr, rist; Engl. race; Norm. Fr. raz] :-- a current, stream in the sea, such as the Pentland Firth; nú ef maðr hittir hval á röstum út, Gþl. 464; sigldu þeir í röst norðr fyrir Straumneskinum, ... féll um sjórinn ok því næst vellti ... hann lagðisk út í röstina, Fms. ix. 320; ok er þeir sigldu yfir Petlands-fjörð, var uppi röst mikil í firðinum, x. 145; vestr í röstum, Orkn. 154 (in a verse): in local names, Látra-röst in western Iceland. rasta-fullr, adj. full of currents, Sks. 223. RÖST, f., gen. rastar, pl. rastir, [different from the preceding; Ulf. rasta = GREEK, Matth. v. 41; A.S. and Engl. rest; O.H.G. rasta; Germ. rast] :-- prop. rest, but used only in the metaph. sense of a mile, i.e. the distance between two 'resting-places,' or 'baiting' points: distances on land were counted by rasts, on sea by vika, which seem to have been of equal length, thus in the old Swed. law, rost at landi, vika at vatni, Schlyter. The ancient Scandinavian rast seems to have answered to the modern geographical mile, which agrees with the Latin mille only in name, its actual distance being that of the rast, not the Roman mille passus. The distances were not measured, but roughly guessed, and varied (like the Swiss stunde) according to the nature of the ground traversed, the rasts through mountains or deserts being shorter than those in an inhabited district; hence such phrases as, þat eru langar tvaer rastir, it is two long rasts, Fms. ix. 393; þeir sóttu svá hart þessa eyðimörk, at skammar vóru þá þrettán rastir eptir, thirteen short rasts, viii. 33: the following instances may serve, in Norway the distance from Oslo (the present Christiania) to Eidsvold was counted at eight 'rasts,' ix. 376; þeir fórusk svá nær at eigi var lengra til en röst, 371; þeir ríða síðan útta rastir ... þrjár vikur eptir vötnum, 376; riðu þeir nökkura hálfa röst, 523; þat var eina nótt, at eigi var lengra milli náttstaða þeirra en röst, viii. 63; rastar langr, ix. 394, 402; rastar-djúpr, Hým.: of the old forests, Eiða-skógr er tólf rasta langr, Fms. ix. 354; skógr tólf rasta langr, ... þann skóg er áttján rasta var yfir, viii. 30, 31; sá skógr er Tvíviðr heitir, hann er tólf rasta breiðr, Rb. 332; fjögurra rasta ok tuttugu, Gullþ. 52 :-- six 'rasts' done afoot in one night is recorded as something extraordinary, Ólafi kom njósnin um kveldit, en þeir gengu um nóttina sex rastir ok þótti mönnum þat furðu-mikit farit, þeir kómu á Ryðjökul um óttu-söng, Fms. vii. 317; átta röstum, Þkv.: an immense distance is given at 'a hundred rasts,' hundrað rasta á hverjan veg, Vþm. (Edda 41); hundrað rasta heyrði smell, Skíða R. 150: heim-röst, a homestead; út-röst, the outskirt. rösuðr, m. one who emits; reyks r., poët. 'reek-vomiter,' i.e. fire, Ýt. rösull, adj. [rasa], apt to stumble, of a horse. rötuðr, m. [rata], a hitter, finder, Bragi. S S (ess), the eighteenth letter, was, in the old Runes, on the stone in Tune, and the Golden horn, figured RUNE; in the common Runes RUNE; in the latest Runic inscriptions (12th and following centuries) RUNE or RUNE Its name was 'Sól' (Sun) -- Sól er landa ljómi, in the Runic poem; the RUNE was specially, from its form, called the 'kné-sól' (knee-sun). B. PRONUNCIATION, CHANGES. -- Sounded sharper than in English. The s is in mod. Icel. pronunciation the only sibilant sound; in olden times s and z were distinguished in sound as well as in writing, but afterwards the z sound was lost or assimilated with s. II. CHANGES: s into r, as vera, var, er, for vesa, vas, es; as also the particle es for er; Gothic s into Scandinavian r in the words, Goth. hausjan, auso, = Icel. heyra, eyra; the infiex. Goth. -s into Scandin. -r: an assimilation has taken place in such words as laus-s, ís-s, for laus-r, ís-r: again, in vellums, ss for s in such forms as búss (gen.) from bú, nýss = nýs, hirðiss = hirðis (gen.): in mod. usage this inflexive s is dropped in sound and spelling, laus, ís: the ancients, on the other hand, said víssa, víssi, mod. vísra, vísri (sapientum, sapienti) :-- sn is sounded stn, stnúa, stnöri, stnöggr, stnjór ..., = snúa, snöri, snöggr, snjór ..., and thus spelt in some Norse vellums (e.g. the Barl.): here come in also such forms as laustn, njostn, ristna, = lausn, njósn, risna, reistn and reisn, O.H.L. (pref.) ix; so also the forms Ást-ríðr, Ást-leifr, Ást-lákr (see the remarks s.v. ást), = Ás-ríðr ... Ás-lákr, Baut. 2. skl = sl, thus sklakka = slakka, D.I. i. 280, l. 10, but rare: cp. the Germ. spelling schl = Icel. and Engl. sl (Germ. schlagen = Icel. slá); as also the Fr. esclave and slave. 3. sk corrupted into skr, skokkr, skykkjum, and skrokkr, skrykkjótt; analogous are Icel. skjallr, Engl. shrill :-- sk for s, in sjaldan and skjaldan, Icel. saur-lífi, Dan. skör-levned. 4. sk answers to Engl. sh (skip, fiskr, = Engl.ship, fish), except in a few words, as Engl. skin, score, which may be borrowed from the Norse. (???)UNCERTAIN There are more words beginning with s than with any other letter of the alphabet; this is due to the combination of sk, sm, sp, and st. SADDR, part., older form saðr, Hým. 1, which answers to the Goth,and Lat., [Ulf. saþs, Luke vi. 25, xv. 16; O.H.G. sat; Lat. satur; see seðja] :-- sated, having got one's fill, Hým. 1; vera s. á e-u, Ld. 98; s. e-s, Hbl. 3; s. lífdaga, full of days, Bible; hálf-s., half sated. saðning, f. satiety, fill, Stj. 157, 164, passim. saðr, adj. sooth; see sannr. II. saðr = saddr, q.v. safali, a, m., safal, n., Flor. 5, 7, 10, D.N.; [for. word] :-- a sable, the animal, and hence the fur, Eg. 57, 64, 71, Ó.H. 134, Fb. i. 545; safala-skinn, sable-fur, Þórð. 61. SAFI, a, m. [Engl. sap; Germ. saft], the sap of trees (the juice of berries is called lögr, q.v.); börkr af viði ok safi, Fms. viii. 32; þeir átu safa ok sugu birki-við, 33; ber ok safa, Fas. iii. 208, passim. safn, n. a collection, Vm. 6, 15, passim in mod. usage. safna, að, see samna. sag, n. sawdust :-- sawing, keppa sag, Skíða R. saga, að, to saw, cut with a saw, Barl. 166, Fms. vii. 89. SAGA, u, f., gen. sögu, pl. sögur; gen. pl. sagna is rare; and in compds the gen. sing, sögu- is preferred, thus sögu-bók, sögu-fróðr, where sögu-is used in a collective sense; when gen. sagna- is used it is often to be regarded as borrowed from sögn, as in sagna-fróðr, sagna-meistari; sagna from saga, however, occurs in dæmi-sagna, Stj. 560; Orkneyinga-sagna, Ó.H. 90, l. 3 from the bottom: [from segja; cp. Engl. saw; Germ. sage.] B. A story, tale, legend, history. The very word owes its origin to the fact that the first historical writings were founded on tradition only; the written record was a 'saga' or legend committed to writing; the story thus written was not even new, but had already taken shape and had been told to many generations under the same name; hence the written history and the story told were both alike called Saga, just as in Gr. both were called GREEK (Herod, i. 184, ii. 161, vi. 19). In some instances when history is mentioned by name it is difficult to say whether a told or written Saga be meant; the former seems to be the case, esp.in the Landnáma -- þar hefsk saga Harðar Grímkels-sonar ok Geirs, Landn. 62; þar görðisk saga þeirra Þorbjarnar ok Hávarðar ens halta, 127; Vé-björn var víga-maðr mikill, ok er saga mikil frá honum, 150; þar af görðisk saga Ísfirðinga ok víg Þorbjarnar, id.; þar af görðisk saga Böðmóðs gerpis ok Grímólfs, 157; þar af görðisk Svarfdæla saga, 208; þar af görðisk Þorskfirðinga saga, 124; ok þar var Þórðr gellir leiddr í áðr hann tók mannvirðing, sem segir í sögu hans, 111. Some of these Sagas were perhaps never committed to writing; others not till a later date, when the tradition had deteriorated; but they were told and known by name at the time when the Landn. was first composed, see Safn i. 191. Written Sagas, again, are those recorded in later works, -- ok getr hans í Laxdæla sögu, Eb. 334; sem segir í sögu Laxdæla, Grett. 15; sem segir í Bandamanna sögu, 22;. vísar svá til í sögu Bjarnar, 132; sem segir í sögu Njarðvíkinga, Ld. 296; sem í sögu Þorgils Höllu-sonar segir, 290; sem segir í Eyrbyggja sögu, Landn. (Kb.) 90; sem segir í sögu Eireks, Fms. ii. 214; sem segir í Vápnfirðinga sögu, 239; sem segir í Njáls sögu, Þorst. Síðu

SÖGUBOK -- SALDAGI. 509

H. 170; ok nokkut vísar til í enum efra hlut sögu Hróks ens svarta, Sturl. i. 3 (lost): sem segir í sögu Ragnars konuugs, Fas. i. 346, cp. 510; sem segir í Skjöldunga sögu, Yngl. S. ch. 33; sem segir í sögu Sigurðar hrings, Fas. iii. 216; í Ólafs sögu Tryggva sonar, 237; sem segir í Konunga sögum, as is said in the Lives of the Kings, 509, Jómsv. (1824) 52; sem segir í Jarla sögum, as is said in the Lives of the Earls (of Orkney), Fb. ii. 347; sem ritað es í sögu hans, Landn. 41, Eg. 589; hann kemr ok við Heiðarvíga sögu, Eb. 334. 2. phrases, hér hefr or hér lýkr N.M. Sögu, see hefja and lúka; hann kemr eigi við þessa sögu, he touches not the saga, is not connected with it, Grett. 22; or kemr hann við margar sögur, Eb. 334; hann er ór sögunni, he is out of the story, Nj. 22, 29, passim; or N.M. kemr til sögunnar, comes into the story; nú víkr sögunni til ..., now the tale turns, to ..., Nj. 6; þat er löng saga at segja frá, it is a long tale to tell, Fms. xi. 89; lesa sögu, to read a story, x. 371; er engin saga af honum, no record of him, Grett.; skal við sögu súpa en eigi of mikit drekka, Str.; svá sem sögur eru til, as the story goes, Fms. i. 7: saga also includes the events which gave rise to the tale, hence the phrase, er saga þessi görðisk, when this tale came to pass, Fs. 3, and above. Classical passages referring to the Icel. Saga writings: þat var meirr en tvau hundruð vetra tólfræð er Ísland var byggt, áðr menn tæki hér sögur at rita, Ó.H. (pref.); flestar allar sögur, þær er görzt höfðu á Íslandi áðr Brandr biskup Sæmundarson andaðisk, vóru ritaðar, en þær sögur er síðan hafa görzt vóru lítt ritaðar, áðr Sturla skúld Þórðarson sagði fyrir Íslendinga sögur, Sturl. i. 107 (Arna-Magn. No. 122 B, whence Cod. Brit. Mus.) Story-telling was one of the entertainments at public meetings in Icel., at feasts, weddings, wakes; this was called sagna-skemtan, cp. the banquet of Reykhólar, A.D. 1119; hann sagði sögu Orms Barreyjar-skálds ok vísur margar, Sturl. i. 23; dansleikr, glímur sagna-skemtan, id.; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sögur eða dans, um kveldit, iii. 281; such entertainments are mentioned even at the meetings of the Icel. alþing, as also at Yule time, see the interesting record of the Icel. story-teller in Harald S. harðr. ch. 99 (Fms. vi. 354-356), see also Sturl. iii. 304, 305, Fbr. (Fb. ii. 210); Íngimundr var fræði-maðr mikill, ok fór vel með sögur, Sturl. i. 9; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. ch. 7. II. tales, reports; eigi veit ek um sögur slíkar hvárt satt er, Nj. 259; jarteinir hans urðu ágætar ok fór sagan fyrir í hvert þorp, Blas. 41; seg heill sögu! Fms. vi. 207; er yðr þá eigi segjandz-saga til, Ó.H. 206; það verðr að segja svá hverja sögu sem hún gengr, a saying, every saga must be told as it happened :-- sönn saga, a true story; skrök-saga, lygisaga, a fable; dæmi-saga, a parable; álfa-sögur, trolla-sögur, galdra-sögur, útilegu-manna sögur. COMPDS: sögu-bók, f. a saga-book, volume of sagas, Vm. 117; sögubók forn, ok á margar sögur, Ám. 42; Sturla lagði mikinn huga á at láta rita sögubækr, Sturl. ii. 123; þessar sögubækr, Maríu saga, Ólafanna sögur, Karlamagnús saga, Dipl. v. 18. sögu-brot, n. a fragment. sögu-efni, n. materials for a saga; ritum vér þar ekki fleira af, eru þar mikil söguefni, Sturl. iii. 291. sögu-ligr, adj. worth telling, important, Ísl. ii. 360. Sögu-ljóð, n. pl. epic lays, Hkr. (pref.) sögu-maðr, m. a saga-man, Hom. 88: the hero of a tale, Magn. 448: one's authority for a report, til-greina sinn sögumann. sögu-meistari, a, m. a saga-master, Fær., Bs. sögu-sögn, f. a tradition. Fms. viii. 1. sögu-þáttr, m. an episode, Fas. i. 313. sagands-orð, n. = sagorð, D.N. ii. 119. saggi, a, m. moistness, dampness, freq. in mod. usage. sagla, að, to saw or cut with a blunt instrument: metaph. to haggle. sagna-maðr, m. an historian, Sturl. i. 9; Josephus s., Stj. sagna-meistari, a, m. an historian, Stj. 245. sagna-skemtan, f., see saga, Sturl. i. 25, Þorf. Karl. ch. 7. sag-orð, n. a saw, saying, N.G.L. i. 368. SAKA, að, [sök; Ulf. sakan = GREEK, GREEK, ga-sakan = GREEK, A.S. sacan; cp. sókn, sækja, sekr] :-- prop. 'to fight,' which remains in Hom. 30. 2. to blame, find fault with; saka sik um e-t, to blame oneself for a thing, Nj. 20, Fms. xi. 2; sakask um e-t, to blame one another, Fb. ii. 25, Al. 81; Þorvaldr lét ekki tjóa at sakask um verkit, Glúm. 374; cp. the saying, tjáir ekki að sakast um orðinn hlut, no use to cry over spilt milk; sakask við e-n, to throw the blame on, to scold, Mart. 121; sakask sáryrðum, to come to words, Ls. 5. 3. part. sakaðr, charged, accused, Gþl. 548: in the phrase, sakaðr ok sifjaðr, foe and friend, 14, 67, 547: convicted, guilty, Fms. ix. 427. II. to hurt, harm, scathe; þér skal ekki saka, Nj. 53; jarl kvað þat ekki saka mundu, Orkn. 408: impers., sakaði hann (acc.) ekki, Fms. i. 104; Skúta sakaði ekki, Rd. 295: sakaðr, hurt, wounded, Sturl. iii. 267; var ekki borð sakat (damaged) í skipi þeirra, Ld. 76; mun ek göra ráð fyrir svá at ekki saki til, Fms. i. 189; Ólafr kvað ekki til mundu saka, Ld. 76. 2. recipr., eigi hygg ek okkr myni úlfa dæmi, at vér skylim sjálfir um sakask, that we should destroy one another like wolves, Hom. 30. sakar- and saka-, for these compds see sök. sak-auki, a, m. a relation of a slain person entitled to an additional portion of weregild, defined in N.G.L. i. 79, 185, and Grág. ii. 183; a son or brother born of a bondwoman, a brother on the mother's side, a grandfather and grandson are so named, N.G.L. l. c., cp. also Grág. l. c., where the sakauki is opp. to the receiver of the höfuð-baugr. sakauka-bót, f. compensation due to a s., N.G.L. i. 187. sak-bitinn, part. guilty, Fms. vii. 135, 294, Ld. 226, Ísl. ii. 385, Ó.H. 105, passim. sak-bætr, f. pl. an additional penalty, fine, damages, Grág. ii. 87, 183, N.G.L. i. 21, passim. sak-eyrir, m. a fine, penalty, Bs. i. 36, Jb. 444: esp. a fine due to the king, the king's fiscus or privy purse, Fms, iii. 16; konungs s., vii. 300: = sakgildr eyrir, en áðr hafði gengit s. sem í konungs mál, viii. 27O. By the ancient law all transgressions of law were punishable with a fine to the king. sak-fé, n. = sakbætr, N.G.L. i. 75. sak-ferli, n. a lawsuit, action, Landn. 259, Ö1k. 36, Rétt. 5: = sak-bætr, D.N. passim. sak-gildr, adj. current, as legal tender for a sakeyrir, Grág. ii. 187, N.G.L. i. 228. sak-gæfr (sak-gæfinn, Orkn. 308), adj. quarrelsome, offensive, Eb. 290. sak-harðr, adj. severe, exacting, Finnb. 270, v.l. saki, a, m. read sakni(?), Bs. i. 461. sakka, u, f. [sökkva, cp. Germ. sink-blei] , a plummet, Sks. 30. sak-lauss, adj. [Old Engl. sack-less; Dan. sages-lös; Swed. sack-lös] :-- 'sackless,' innocent, not guilty, esp. as a law term, Nj. 175, Eg. 49, Ó.H. 32, Fms. i. 84, Sól. 6, passim in old and mod. usage; vera saklauss af e-u, Mag. 60: neut. saklaust, without cause or reason, Gþl. 226: mod. það er s., it does no harm. sak-leysi, n. the being not guilty; in old writers esp. used in phrases, um (fyrir) sakleysi, without due ground, without provocation, Nj. 270; faðir hans sótti Hjalta um saklöysi, Bs. i. 19; at eigi hafi um s. verit, þar sem Gunnarr rauf sætt við þá nafna, Nj. 106; ekki görði Kári þetta um s., hann er í öngum sættum við oss, 270; eigi er s. við þú, Fb. ii. 352; fyrir s., Fms. i. 302; Ólafr var eigi í s. við Sýja, O.H.L. 12; sumir kalla at eigi sé s. í, þótt ..., Ld. 64. 2. innocence, passim. sak-mál, n. pl. a charge, lawsuit; hefja s. við e-n, 677. 13. sak-metinn, part. = sakgildr, Fms. vii. 300. SAKNA, að, [Dan. savne; Swed. sakna] , to miss, feel the loss of, with gen., Korm. (in a verse), Þkv. 1, Gkv. 1. 9, Ýt. 22; sakna vínar í stað, Fas. ii. 179; þá. saknar hann hringsíns, Nj. 74; þá var hans saknað, Orkn. 150; hann saknaði þeirra um myrgininn, Fms. vi. 325, Ó.H. 152, and passim. 2. to miss, bewail, of the mind, passim in mod. usage. saknaðr and söknuðr, m. sorrow for a lost thing, Skv. 3. 13, passim in mod. usage. sakni, a, m. a loss, = söknuðr, Fms. viii. 155, v.l., cp. Bs. i. 461. sak-næmt, n. adj. liable to a charge, blamable, Grág. i. 337, Stj. 498; eigi skal s. þó at menn blóti á laun, Fms. ii. 242; eiga s. við e-n, Ísl. ii. 385. sakrament, n. [eccl. Lat.], the sacrament, holy communion, H.E. i. 513, Pass., Vídal. sak-ráð, n. pl. consultation in a lawsuit, Grág. i. 11. sak-ráða, réð, to tender advice in a suit, Grág. i. 11. sak-rúnar, f. pl. Runes causing strife, Hkv. 2. 32. sak-sóknir, f. pl. an action, lawsuit, Fær. 257, Sturl. i. 134, Gullþ. 25, Fms. vii. 142. sak-sæll, adj. lucky in lawsuits, Bjarn. 45. sak-taka, tók, to convict, Lv. 96. sak-tal (sök-tal, N.G.L. i. 184, Fb. i. 562), n. the law as to the penalties (sakeyrir) due to the king; hann setti lög ... görði s. ok skipadi bótum, Hkr. i. 72. sak-tala, u, f. the tale of fines, = saktal, Grág. ii. 173. sak-varr, adj. inoffensive, shunning strife, Bjarn. 51; thus written, and not sáttvarr (corrupt reading for sacvarr) as in the Edition. sak-vörn (sök-vörn, Nj. 232), f. a defence; þeim manni er handselda s. hefir fyrir hann, Nj. l. c.: an excuse, exculpation, = afsakan, 655 xxvii. 2, Al. 75, Sks. 542. SAL, n. [Dan. salg; Swed. salu; Engl. sale], a sale, bargain; þá skal hann sal taka, then he shall make the bargain, N.G.L. i. 75; taka á sal, id., Js. 9; skyldi á þessu vera þriggja ára söl, a sale at three years' notice, Dipl. iii. 11; til fyrsta sals, Gþl. 27; fyrir sal, before the sale, Js. 8; selja e-t sölum, to put up to sale, Grág. ii. 368; fara at sölum, to go on sale, 205; at kaupum ok sölum. sala-stefna, u, f. a 'sale-meeting,' auction, Gþl. 132, 183, Jb. 99. sala, u, f. a sale; hafa sölur af e-m. Fas. iii. 91; varna e-m sölu, Nj. 73, v.l.; til sölu, on sale, for sale, N.G.L. i. 39; kaup ok sölur, Sturl. ii. 2. COMPDS: sölu-maðr, m. a seller, also a purchaser; sölumann þann er ek hefi jörð selda, N.G.L. i. 88. Sölu-váð, f. a piece of common stuff or cloth, for wadmal was the standard of payment; hann kastaði yfir sik söluváð, Sturl. iii. 112; söluváðar-bræðr, -kufl, -kyrtill, Finnb. 216, Grett. 148, Nj. 32; unless the word in this usage be derived from A.S. salow, Engl. sallow(?). sölu-virðr, part. valued, H.E. ii. 195. sal-dagi, a, m. the day of payment, D.N.

510 SALERNI -- SAMBYGÐ.

salerni, n. [akin to salr], a privy, Ld. 208, Fb. i. 416, ii. 87, Slurl. i. 118, Þiðr. 77, Þjal. Jóns. 51. sali, a, m. a seller, Jb. 56, 191. sallaðr, m., ? = salli; þat hygg ek at hann færi út í Káranes at búa um sallað sinn, Sturl. iii. 141. SALLI, a, m. dust or refuse, e.g. of hay left in the crib by cattle; hveíti-salli, Stj.; drífu-salli, snow-dust, Snót 73. SALR, m., gen. salar, dat. sal, plur. salir, acc. sali, [cp. Ulf. saljan = GREEK, and saliþwos = GREEK, GREEK; A.S. seliða; Germ. saal; Swed.-Dan. sal] :-- a saloon, hall; ór þeim sal, Vsp. (Hb.) 2O; inn í sal, Hým. 10; salar gafl, the house-front, 12, Vkv. 7, Hðm. 32; salar steinar (the pavement?), Vsp. 5; endlangan sal, Vkv. 15; endlanga sali, Skm. 3; sali fundu auða, Vkv. 4; taug-reptan sal, Hm. 35; salr ór gulli, ... sal sá hón standa ... sá salr, Vsp. 43, 44; í sal, Gkv. 2. 24, Gm. 14: sali (acc. pl.),5, 6, 12, 16; skjöldum er salr þakíðr, 9; okkarn sal, Skm. 16; til sala várra, Skv. 2. 13; kom hann at sal, Rm. 23; nú skínn sól í sali (acc. pl.),Alm. 36; Suptungs salir, giant-hall, Hm. 104; í Óðins sali, Em. 2, 3; Svölnis salr = Walhalla, Lex. Poët.; í lýða sölum, in dwellings of men, Skv. 2. 3; salr ausinn moldu, of a cairn, Fas. i. (in a verse); at mitt lík ok þitt væri borit í einn sal, Edda (in a verse); dísar-salr (q.v.), of a temple: poët. compds, hjarta-salr, 'heart-hall;' salr þindar, = the breast; mergjar-s., 'marrow-hall.' i.e. the bone; dóma dæmi-s., 'speech-ball,' i.e. the mouth, Eb. (in a verse); fjalla-s., heiða-s., fell-hall, heath hall, i.e. the sky; grundar-s. = the earth; mána-s., 'moon-hall;' sólar-s., 'sun-hall;' röðla-s., 'star-hall,' i.e. the heavenly vault, Lex. Poët.; sanda-s., the sea, id.: as also berg-s., fold-s., há-s., heims-s., hregg-s., regn-s., the mountain-hall, earth-hall, high-hall, world-hall, tempest-hall, etc., i.e. the sky, id.; drjúpan-salr, 'dripping-hall,' i.e. the clouded sky. Alm.; dökk-s., 'dark-hall' i.e.the sea; auð-s., 'treasure-hall,' Fsm. II. in local names, Sal-angr, Sal-björn (an island), Upp-salir, Fen-salir, Fb. iii, Hkr., Edda: in pr. names, of men, Sal-garðr; of women, Sal-björg, Sal-dís, Sal-gerðr, Landn., Fb. iii. COMPDS: sal-bjartr, m. the bright-hall, Ýt. sal-drótt, f. household-folks, inmates, Hm. 100. sal-garðr, m. the wall, Vkv. 28. sal-gaukr, m. the 'hall-gowk,' a cock, gallus, Gs. 7. sal-gofnir, m. = salgaukr, Hkv. 2. 47, Edda (Gl.) sal-hús, n. a closet, Akv. 7. sal-konur, f. a housemaid, Skv. 3. 45, 48. sal-kynni, n. pl. a home, homestead, Skm., Rm., Gm. sala-kynni, id., Vþm. 3, (= mod. húsa-kynni.) sal-vörðr, sal-vörðuðr, m. a 'house-ward,' porter, Ýt. sal-þjóð, f. domestics, Vkv. 20. &FINGER; This word with its compds is obsolete in old prose writers, and only used in poets, for Edda 12 is a paraphrase from a poem. salser, n. a salt-cellar, Dipl, iii. 4, 13. SALT, n. [a word common to the Teut, as also the class. languages]:-- salt, Stj. 609; salt ok brauð, Fb. ii. 24, Pr. 470, passim; distinction is made between hvíta-salt, white salt, Edda ii. 431, 515, and svarta-salt, black salt, from sea-water, N.G.L. i. 39 :-- of salt used for cattle, salt skal hann eigi meira göra en hann þarf at gefa búfé sínu, id. :-- the phrase, leggja sök í salt, to shelve a case, Bs. i. 690: the saying, í salti liggr sök ef sækendr duga; nú stendr skuld tuttugu vetr eða tuttugu vetrum lengr, þá fyrnisk sú skuld fyrir váttum, enn hann má koma honum til eiða at hváru, þvíat í salti liggr sök ef sækiendr duga, N.G.L. i. 24 (Gþl. 484, Jb. 351). In Norway and Icel. salt was chiefly procured by burning seaweed, cp. 'brenndum brúk á sandi,'... hinn þríði var upp á berginu ok brenndi þara, Frissb. 255; also from the sea, cp. Þorst. Síðu H. 177, ek þóttumk ganga til sjófar þar sem var saltsviða mikil, ok þóttumk ek eta glóanda salt ok drekka sjáinn við. Such salt works are often mentioned, see the compds below. For salt used in baptism, see geifla. II. in local names, Salt-eyrr (Salt-eyrar-óss), Eb.; of the sea, Eystra-salt, the 'East-sea,' i.e. the Baltic, Fins, passim. B. COMPDS: salt-belgr, m. a salt-bag, Vm. 29. salt-brenna, u, f. a salt-burning, Fas. ii. 91, 94. salt-búð, f. a salt-booth, salt-shed, Gþl. 378. salt-eyða, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. salt-fat, n. a salt-vat, Dipl. v. 18. salt-fjara, u, f. a 'salt-beach,' where salt is burned, recorded as belonging to a church; kirkja á saltfjöru í Gautavík, Vm. 155. salt-görð, f. salt-making, salt-works, Landn. 131. salt-hola, u, f. a salt-pit, Sturl. i. 61. salt-hólmr, m. a 'salt-holm,' v.l. salt-karl, m. a salt-carle, one who burns salt, as the humblest and poorest occupation, Eg. 14, Fms. vi. 9, Fas. ii. 499, D.N. ii. 292, v. 286: a salt-boiler, salt-vat. Ám. 35 (cp. jarnkarl, skeggkarl). salt-ketill, m. a salt-kettle, Gþl. 378, D.N.; saltketils sát or setr, salt-works, D.N. passim, salt-korn, n. a 'salt-corn,' grain of salt, Vígl. 63 new Ed. salt-kross, m. a cross-shaped salt-cellar, used in church at baptisms, Pm. 120. salt-maðr, m. = saltkarl, Fms. vi. 7. salt-sáð, n. a nickname, Fb. iii. salt-steinn, m. salt-stone, Stj. 123. salt-sviða, u, f. = saltbrenna, Anal. salta, u, f. salt-water, pickle; kirkjan á (owns) á Steins-mýri tuttugu skjólur söltu, Vm. 172. salta, að, to salt, pickle, Lv. 111; saltaðr hvalr, Dipl. iii. 4; saltað flesk, Art. 24, passim. saltan, f. a salting, pickling, D.N. ii. 93. saltari, psaltari, a, m. [eccl. Lat.], a psalter, esp. the Psalms, Ld. 328, Fms. vii. 227, Am. 39, Dipl. v. 18, Hom. 139, Bs. passim; saltera skrá, Jm. 25, Pm. 24, Dipl. v. 12; saltara töturr, Am. 91. salterjum, m. [Gr. GREEK], a psaltery, Fms. vii. 97, Fas. iii. 359. saltr, adj., sölt, salt :-- salt, Sks. 628, Edda 4, 79 (where see the myth how the sea became salt), passim, brim-saltr, adj. salt as brine; ú-saltr. salún, m. [for. word], a kind of stuff, H.E., D.N., Vm., Ám. SAM-, a prefixed particle in compds [cp. samr], signifying combination, not used singly. SAMA, pres. samir; pret. samði; pres. subj. sami; pret. semði; part. samat, Al. 125; with suffixed neg. samir-a, it befits not, Hkr. i. 154, Ísl. ii. 253 (in a verse); other tenses are taken from sóma or sæma, q.v.; [akin to sam] :-- to beseem, befit, become; e-t samir vel, ílla ..., it befits well, ill; or also, e-m samir e-t vel, ílla ..., it becomes one well, ill; sem þeim sami (subj.) þat sízt, at ..., Ld. 264; eigi samir þér þat, Ísl. ii. 242; samir þér þat ílla at veita mér útrúleik, Fms. i. 50, Ó.H. 216; sem þér semdi bezt, Fms. vi. 15O; samir þat eigi, xi. 123; hitt þótti oss ílla sama, vi. 260; mart ferr nú annan veg en bezt mundi sama, v. 76; svört eru augun, systir, ok samir þat eigi, it does not look well, Korm. 20; veittu alla þjónustu þá er samði, Fms. x. 149, Skv. 3. 17; þann umbúnað er góðum mönnum semði, Fms. v. 94 (sómði, Ó.H. 224, l.c.); svá samdi Kristi at láta pínask, Hom. (St.) Luke xxiv. 26: láta sér e-t sama, to put up with a thing, Sks. 476: sama sér, to look well; mundi Guðrún ekki þurfa at falda sik til at sama betr en aðrar kouur, Ld. 210; Hallgerdr sat á palli ok samði sér vel, Nj. 25; vil ek sjá hvernig þér sami skyrtan, how it fits thee, Fas. ii. 201; veiztu annan konung þann er jafn-vel sami sér í herklæðum sem ek? Karl. 466. saman, adv. [samr], but with a gen. form in til samans :-- together; lífa, koma, vera, búa, hafa, eiga ... saman, to live, come, be., dwell, have, own ... together, passim: nokkurir s., Eg. 593; allir s., all together, 11, Grág. i. 143, Ó.H. 40; allt s., the whole; báðir s., both together, Hom, 111; helmingr s., half each, Grág. ii. 152; fleiri s., the majority, i. 57; einn s., one alone, Eg. 755; honum einum s., Nj. 265; hana eina s., 129; þrír, fjórir ... saman, three, four ... together, Fms. viii. 34, Vígl. 22 new Ed.; smá-saman, by degrees, Háv. 45; kötlum s., piecemeal, Þórð. 62; mörgum mönnum s., in groups, Fb. ii. 185; riðlum s., in small groups, Fms. viii. 124, v.l.; faðm s., Grág. ii. 336, Jb. 212; til samans, together, Bs. i. 68, Sks. 367, passim in mod. usage. COMPDS: saman-ballaðr, part. balled-together, Karl. 124. saman-blandning, f. a mixture, Stj. saman-burðr, m. compilation, H.E. i. 584: mod. comparison, collation. saman-draga, dróg, to gather together, Bs. i. 134. saman-dráttr, m. a contraction, gathering, O.H.L. saman-eiga, u, f. a conflict, Stj. 523, Bs. ii. 139, Grett. 90 A. saman-hlaðning, f. compilation, Skákla 188, 192. saman-lesa, las, to compile, Fb. iii. 237. saman-lestr, m. a collection, Skálda 212: compilation, H.E. i. 584. saman-líming, f. conglutination, Skálda 177. saman-lostning, f. a collision, Skálda 183. saman-neyta, t, = samneyta, K.Á. 226. saman-safna, að, to gather together: reflex, to come together. saman-safnanligr, adj. collective, Skálda 191. saman-samnaðr, m. a gathering together, Sturl. i. 156 C. saman-setning, f. composition, Skálda 177. saman-skrifa, að, to compose, write, Landn. (App.) sam-arfi, a, m. a co-heir. sam-band, n. a connexion, Stj. 33, Nj. 49, K.Á. 104, 116, Sks. 611: a league, Nj. 86, Ld. 166, Fms. vii. 280, Mar. passim. sambandsmenn, m. pl. confederates, Stj. 261. sam-beit, f. a joint-pasture, Grág. ii. 287, Vm. 18, Dipl. iii. 8. sam-bjóða, bauð, to be equal to, Fb. i. 310; samboðit e-m, worthy of one. sam-bland, n. a mixing together, intercourse, Fas. i. 411, Bárð. 163, Fms. vi. í 23, Bs. ii. 46. sam-blanda, að, to blend together, mingle, Bs. ii. 81, El. 13. sam-blandan, f. = sambland, Stj. 21. sam-blandinn, part. blended, mixed, Stj. 7, 97, Fas. iii. 113, Eluc. 37. sam-blása, blés, to conspire, Bs. ii. 72. sam-blástr, m. a conspiracy, H.E. i. 507, Ann. 1360, Bs. i. 831, ii. 3. samborgar-maðr, m. a citizen, Stj. 9. sam-borinn, part. born of the same parents, Stj. 217, Hkr. iii. 146, Fb. i. 78. sam-breyskingr, m. [brjósk], 'hotch-potch,' e.g. fat and lean together. sam-bróðir, m. a confrére, esp. of friars, Fms. vi. 28, D.N. sam-brýnn, adj. one whose eyebrows meet above the nose; no evil spirit, it was thought, dared face a man 'with meeting eyebrows,' Ísl. Þjóðs. sam-bundinn, part. joined, strung together, Stj. 602. sam-burðr, m. a collection, mod. collation, comparison, samburðar-öl, n. a kind of symposium or picnic, to which guests brought their own provisions, Fms. vii. 190, 303, Ó.H. 151, N.G.L. i. 6. sam-búð, f. a dwelling together, cohabitation, N.G.L. i, Bs. i. 632, Stj. 21, 195, 247. sam-búnaðr, n. = sambúð, N.G.L. i. 239. sam-bygð, f. = sambúð, Stj. 367.

SAMBYLI -- SAMLAG. 511

sam-býli, n. having a farm in common, sambýlis-maðr, m. sambæri-ligr, adj. comparable, Barl. 98, 136. sam-dauði, m. death at the same time; at ykkar verði s., Grett. 144. sam-dauni, adj. smelling alike; s. við annarra syndir, Hom. 54: hann er orðinn því samdauna, he is come to smell like the rest, only in a bad sense. sam-dóma, adj. of one mind; verða, vera s., to agree, Lv. 46, Grág. i. 107, N.G.L. i. 124. sam-dráttr, m. a gathering, Sturl. ii. 191, Stj. 647, Barl. 120. sam-dreginn, part. lined all over, Fms. ii. 278, vi. 358. sam-drykkja, u, f. a symposium, Fms. i. 280, Grett. 86 A, Stj. 418. sam-dægris, adv., or sam-dægrs, Grág. ii. 32, which also is the mod. form; sam-dægnis, O.H.L. 121, N.G.L. i. 159, ii. 501, [dægr, dægn]: within the same dægr (q.v.), Gþl. 140, Fb. ii. 28, Stj. 34, Fs. 153, Grág. sam-eiga, u, f. joint-possession; sameigu-maðr, a joint-possessor. D.N. sam-eiginlega, adv. in common, Stj., Mar. sam-eiginligr, adj. common, Stj. 8, 75, 223, Fms. ii. 226, Skálda 185. sam-eiginn, adj. common, Stj. 403, Al. 154, Bs. ii. 17, Fms. ii. 199. sam-eign, f. dealings, conflict, fight, Odd. 14, Grett. 115, Fbr. 161, Fas. i. 424, Fs. 7, 156: communion, Hom. (St.) sam-eilífr, adj. co-eternal, Greg. 19. sam-eina, að, to unite: sam-eining, f. unity. sam-eldi, n. a living together, Hom. 93. sam-erfð, f. a joint inheritance. sam-erfingi, a, m. a co-heir, Fms. i. 281, MS. 623. 28, Eluc. sam-fagna, að, to rejoice with another, Stj. 9, 52, 245, 426. sam-fagnaðr, m. a rejoicing, Fms. ii. 135. sam-fallinn, part. fitted, meet, Str. 8. sam-fang, n. marriage, N.G.L. i. 230. sam-fara, adj. travelling together, Eb. 306. sam-fastr, adj. fast together, joined, connected, Stj. 307, Gþl. 459, Fms. iii. 153: sam-fast, adv. continuously; þrjú sumur samföst, Grág. i. 2; sjau daga samfast, 623. 18; mæla samfast við e-n, Ó.H. 71: þeir fóru ekki samfast, Fms. vii. 264; hvárt sem hann liggr samfast eðr eigi, Grág. i. 156; þeir fóru mjök samfast, Fms. viii. 218; róa s., Hkr. ii. 49. sam-feddr, adj. = samfeðra, N.G.L. i. 186; Ástríð var samfedd við Knút gamla, Fagrsk. 101; frá samfæddum bræðrum, Gþl. 53, 215. sam-feðri (-f;eðra), adj. having the same father, Fms. iii. 79; bróðir s., systir s., Grág. i. 170; Hkr. iii. 27; af samfeðrum systrum komnir, Gþl. 242; hón var eigi samfeðra við Magnús konung, Fms. vi. 57; hón var samfeðra við Flosa, Nj. 147; eru vit samfeðri bræðr, Fms. ix. 246; systkin hvert samfeðra, N.G.L. i. 48. sam-félag, n. fellowship, company, Fms. i. 221. sam-félagi, a, m. a co-partner, Fms. ii. 122, Mar. sam-fella, u, f. a joint, juncture :-- continuity, tvá daga í samfellu. sam-felldr, part. joined together, composed, Skálda 161, 168: continuous. sam-felling, f. a joint, Str. 4. sam-fenginn, part. whole, entire, Grág. ii. 362, Stj. 438, 456, D.N. sam-ferða, adj. travelling together. sam-festiliga, adv. jointly, Stj. 60, 246. sam-festing, f. a fastening together, Stj. 307, Skálda 203. sam-fjórðungs, adv. within the same quarter, Grág. i. 150. sam-fleytt, n. adj.; fara s., to travel together, Fms. ix. 382: uninterrupted, in succession, one after another, Fas. ii. 445, Gþl. 180, 284. sam-flot, n. a fleet sailing together, Fms. vii. 286, 310. 2. a sailing together; hafa, halda s., Fms. i. 153. viii. 213, Eg. 126, Landn. 34. sam-floti, a, m. = samflot; fram frá samflotanum, Eg. 355; halda, hafa samflota, Dropl. 5, Grett. 86. sam-fundr, m. a meeting, interview, Sks. 277. sam-fylgð, f. fellowship, accompaniment. sam-fylliligr, adj. complete, Skálda 178. sam-færr, adj. running along with; skip samfært í róðri, Fms. viii. 335: agreeing, ii. 263, Rb. 516, Al. 95, Clar. 131. sam-för, f., esp. in pl. samfarar, a travelling together, Grág. i. 405: a marriage, mæla til samfara við konu, to court, Fs. 128, Ld. 302; þá varðar fjörbaugs-garð samförin, Grág. i. 309; samför þeirra, Bret.: wedded life, s. þeirra var góð, Ld. 138; hvárt samfarar þeirra væri lengri eða skemri, 132: intercourse, Ísl. ii. 382; vinveittar samfarar, Skálda 166; í samförum öllum, Grett. 165 new Ed., Fs. 121. sam-ganga, u, f. a 'going together,' esp. of different flocks grazing together, Grág. i. 423. sam-gangr, m. a going together, conflict, fight, Glúm., Edda 42: cohabitation, marriage, 21, Stj. 196; s. hjóna, Grág. i. 277; göra samgang sinn, to marry, Fms. ii. 130, N.G.L. ii. 373, Fas. ii. 400: intercourse, Sturl. ii. 117. sam-gengt, n. adj.; eiga s., to have a common pasture, Grág. i. 423 B. sam-geta, gat, to beget with, Barl. 183. sam-gjarna, adv. equally willingly, Fms. iii. 45. sam-gleðjast, dep. = samfagna. sam-greiðsla, u, f. n contribution, N.G.L. sam-gróa, gröri, to grow fast to, Mar. sam-hald, n. a holding together, unity, Fms. vi. 286. sam-haldinn, part. continuous, Bs. ii. 66, 156. sam-harma, að, to have compassion on, sympathise with, Bs. i. 166, 170. sam-harman, f. compassion, Mar. sam-heiti, n. a common name, Edda. sam-heldi, n. a league, alliance, Fms. v. 104, ix. 344, 395, 401. sam-henda, u, f., or sam-hending, f. a metre with the same rhymes repeated, e.g. virðandi gefr virðum, Edda (Ht.) 133. 2. in mod. usage it is a kind of memorial verses strung together, e.g. the samhendur of Hallgr. Petrsson in Snót (1866). sam-hendr, adj. [hending], composed in the metre samhenda, Edda 133. II. [hönd], harmonious, of two men that work well together. sam-héraðs, adv. within the same district, Grág. i. 239, Ld. 230. sam-hlaup, n. a concourse, riot, Rétt. sam-hlaupa, adj. leaping together, Fb. ii. 235. sam-hlaupask, dep. to join in a riot, Bs. ii. 67. sam-hliða, adj. side by side. sam-hljóð, n. a consonant, Skálda 162. sam-hljóða, adj. concordant. sam-hljóðan, f. consonance, harmony, Skálda 173, Stj. 45. sam-hljóðandi, part. consonant, Edda 121, Skálda 161. sam-hljóðr, adj. concordant, Mag. 2. sam-hringing, f. the pealing with two bells together, the third and last peal before service. sam-hringja, d, to peal with two or more bells; var samhringt et þríðja sinn, Hom. 69, Bs. i. 847, Mar. sam-hringja, u, f. a kind of bell, Bs. i. 132. sam-huga (sam-hugi), adj. of one mind, agreeing, Fms. ii. 137, vi. 263, Grág. i. 377, Fs. 29, Bs. i. 107, Fs. 29. sam-hugi, a, m. concord, agreement, Fms. iii. 85. sam-húss, adv. in the same house, Hom. 127. sam-hvíla, u, f. a common bed, K.Þ.K. 12. sam-hyggja, hugði; s. e-m, to be of one mind with, agree with: sam-hyggendr, part. pl., Gh. 5, MS. 677. 11. sami, a, m. conciliation; koma sama á með þeim, to reconcile them, Fær. 127. 2. honour; tapa sama sínum, Fær. 410. 3. a due; fá sinn sama, Fms. vi. 20; sem ek hafða föng á ok þinn var sami til, Barl. 66; þat er ekki sami, 'tis not beseeming, Fbr. 81 new Ed. sama-staðr, m.; það er góðr samastaðr. sam-jafn, adj. equal to, Fms. i. 122, vi. 344; ú-s., unequal, Fs. 33. sam-jafna, að, to compare: reflex, to emulate, Fms. viii. 240, v.l. sam-jafnan, f. comparison, Hom. (St.), Skálda 185. sam-jafnanligr, adj. = Lat. comparandus, Skálda 185. samka, að, [Dan. sanke], to gather, collect, of money, with acc., Stj. 99, v.l., Hom. 151; lætr hann s. féit í einn stað, Bs. ii. 35: with dat., s. penningum, i. 710 (Ed. sumka wrongly): samka upp, to pick up, Hom. 117: reflex, samkask, Barl. 51; see sanka. sam-kaupa, adj. agreeing in a bargain, Jb. 377. sam-kenning, f. a common epithet, Skálda 193. sam-keypi, n. a bargain, Grett. 94 A, Fms. ii. 96, Róm. 134. sam-koma, u, f. = samkváma, Sks. 171 new Ed., Barl. 196. sam-kristinn, adj. a fellow Christian, Jb. 361. sam-krækja, t, to hook together, Finnb. 284. sam-kund, f. [koma], = samkunda, Gþl. 431, Str. 21, Barl. 36; samkundar-öl, N.G.L. i. 409. sam-kunda, u, f. a feast, banquet, Am. 1, Sturl. iii. 183, Fms. vi. 441, xi. 109, Finnb. 276, Ó.T. 24, Fb. i. 564, Gþl. 200, Sks. 356, Hom. 16, Greg. 28; samkunda-hús, a banquet-hall, Mar.; fagnaðr, -för, Th. 27, Greg. 29; samkundu vitni, a wedding witness, Js. 62; in old writers always in this sense. 2. mod. a Synagogue, N.T., Vídal. passim. sam-kváma, u, f. (mod. sam-koma), a meeting, assembly, Grág. i. 165, 456, K.Þ.K. 142, Fms. ii. 225, x. 393 (of a wedding), Sks. 785: a collision, Skálda 173. COMPDS: samkvámu-lag, n. an agreement, Jb. 361. samkvámu-maðr, m. a kind of umpire, a member of a meeting, Grág. i. 457, K.Þ.K. 146. samkvámu-mál, n. a discussion; hann kom seint ok var lokit öllum samkvámumálum, the debate was closed, Lv. 76: a stipulation, afbrigð samkvámumála, Grág. i. 457, 458. sam-kvæði, n. [kveða], consent, Grág. i. 2, 39, Nj. 233, Fms. v. 7O Þiðr. 183, Ísl. ii. 361. sam-kvæðr, adj. concordant, Edda 124 (ii. 602). sam-kvæmd, f. a coincidence, congruity, Edda 325. sam-kvæmi, n. a meeting, feast. sam-kvæmiligr, adj. congruous, Stj. 20: meet, due, ú-samkvæmiligr. sam-kvæmni, f. congruity, agreement; ó-samkvæmni, discordance. sam-kvæmr, adj. congruous, agreeing, coincident; ó-samkvæmr. sam-kynja, adj. of the same kind, Stj. 254; ó-samkynja. sam-kynnis, adv. at the same home, Valla L. 205. sam-lag, n. a lying together, fellowship, partnership; binda, göra s. sitt, Eg. 9, Fms. i. 214, Stj. 107; s. fjár, Grág. i. 236; taka e-n til samlags,

512 SAMLAGA -- SAMSKAPA.

Fms. vi. 183: a share, jöfn samlög, an equal share, Dipl. ii. 1; jörð með öllum gæðum, samlögum ok ítölum, id. 2. cohabitation, matrimony, Fms. xi. 310, Stj. 36; eiga s. við konu, Fms. xi. 385; sauruligt s., vi. 123; hón hafnaði samlagi bónda síns, 656 B. 8, Fas. iii. 61; nauðga henni til samlags, Fms. i. 225; hjúskapar s., Stj. 426. 3. communion; í samlagi Kristinna manna, Fms. x. 242; veitir Guð þeim s. engla sinna ok allra heilagra, 656 C. 34; í samlagi góðra manna, Fs. 54; biðja samlags, 120; eðr hvert s. hefir ljósið við myrkrin, 2 Cor. vi. 14. sam-laga, að, to join, unite, Stj. 573, Fms. ii. 241: reflex. to join oneself to, 41: in mod. usage, to assimilate. sam-laga, u, f. a laying of ships together for battle; blása skipi til samlögu, Fms. ii. 306, viii. 135. sam-lagari, a, m. a companion. Mar. sam-lagning, f. [leggja], addition, (mathem.) sam-landi, a, m. a fellow-countryman, Fms. i. 275, vii. 33. sam-leggja, lagði; s. sér konu, to cohabit, Stj. sam-leið, f., in the phrase, eiga s., to travel in the same direction, so as to be able to join, Jb. 13. sam-lendr, adj. living in the same country; Gizurr var eigi s. þá er faðir hans andaðisk, Bs. i. 66; cf þeir væri samlendir, if they happened to live in the same country, Fms. v. 314; ef þeir lifa ok eru samlendir,Grág. ii. 126, Bjarn. 5, Ísl. ii. 386, Eg. 60: a fellow-countryman, Germ. lands-mann, þú ert þeim s., Fms. i. 284; hinn nánasti niðr s. ok arfgengr, Grág. ii. 67, cp. the pun in Ld. ch. 59, 65. sam-lengd, f. = jafnlengd, K.Þ.K. 42. sam-litr, adj. of the same colour, Lv. 29. sam-líking, f. comparison. sam-líkja, t, to compare: reflex. to imitate, emulate, Stj.: pass. to be compared with. sam-líkr, adj. like, resembling one another, Rd. 255, Karl. 308. sam-líming, f. conglutination, Skálda. sam-lokur, f. pl. a pair of shells fastened together. sam-lyndi, f. concord, oneness of mind. sam-lyndr, adj. of one mind, Fms. vii. 140, Blas. 44, Bs. ii. 75. sam-lægis, adv. side by side, in the same berth, of ships, D.N. sam-læti, n., in the phrase, göra e-m e-ð til samlætis, to make one of a company. sam-mála, adj. agreeing: in the allit. phrase, sáttir ok s., Grág. ii. 171, Ísl. ii. 381, Grett. 165 new Ed. sam-máttugr (-máttuligr), adj. sharing in power, Barl. 28, 100, 113. sam-mæðr (-mæddr), adj. of the same mother, Nj. 2, Landn. 272, Gþl. 243, Fagrsk. 101, Stj. 188; cp. samfeðr. sam-mæðra (-mæðri), adj. = sammæðr, N.G.L. i. 185, Grág. i. 170, Fms. v. 93, vii. 177, Landa. 88. sam-mælask, t, dep., in the phrase, s. á e-t, to be of one mind in a matter, to agree in a thing, Nj. 86: þeir sögðusk hafa sammælzk á þat, at ..., Fs. 128: to fix an interview, í þat sama rjóðr sem þau höfðu sammælzk, Fas. ii. 201. sam-mæli, n. an agreement, Bs. i. 773, Finnb. 220, Rétt. 73, D.N. samna, að, also spelt safna, and so in mod. usage, [saman; cp. Germ. sammeln] , to gather, collect, with dat., and so in mod. usage; samna Niflungum, Akv. 17; s. liði, Eg. 9; s. herliði, 10; s. her, Fms. i. 12; s. geldfé, Eg. 740, 741; þeir söfnuðu at sér mönnum, Nj. 23; var víðar safnat, Eg. 32: metaph., samna skrökvi, to put together slander, Lex. Poët.: with acc., samna mikinn her, Fms. x. 337; s. saman mikit fólk, 289; s. lið nakkvat, xi. 27; hann samnar þat ok saman dregr, Stj. 99; saman samnandi týndar þjóðir, 402. II. reflex. to gather together; þeir samnaðusk saman, Fms. i. 136; söfnuðusk þeir saman, Eg. 59; honum samnask útöluligr herr, Al. 17; þá er Páli þótti safnask (increase) fjárhlutr sá, Bs. i. 135. samnaðr, safnaðr, söfnuðr, m. a gathering, host; göra samnað, to gather men, Fms. ix. 359, v.l.; rjúfa samnað, Eg. 58; kom þar safnaðr nokkurr móti honum, Fms. vi. 406; var þar fyrir samnaðr ok herhlaup, Ó.H. 88; samnaðar-öl, samburðar-öl, Ó.T. 24; liggja í safnaði, Fms. vii. 294, x. 344; safnaðar maðr. Fas. ii. 480. 2. a congregation; er hann tekinn í bræðra samnað, Mar.; berr svá til at nokkurr af samnaðinum görir confessionem, id.: in mod. usage söfnuðr, but gen. safnaðar, eccl. a congregation, worshippers, N.T., Vídal. passim. sam-nafni, a, m. a namesake, Sighvat, Finnb. 350. samnan, f. a gathering, Stj. 52, Hom. 140. sam-neyta, t; s. e-m, to sit at table, have intercourse with, Mar., K. Á. 222, 224, 228, Fms. i. 272; hvúrigir vildu öðrum s. Kristnir menu eða heiðair, Bs. i. 4!; s. bannscltum 1110111111111, 490; s. við t-n, i t/., 489. sam-neyti, n. communion, intercourse, Hom. 141, Bs. i. 490, Eg, 265; kristilegt s., Fms. xi. 442; s. heilagra, the communion of saints, Hom. 100, in the Creed, passim: participation, Grág. i. 70. sam-neyting, f. a holding intercourse with, Bs. i. 490. sam-neyzla, u, f. = samneyting, Anecd. 26. samning, f. [semja], an agreement, treaty, Sturl. ii. 173; samningar-maðr, a trusty man, one true to his word, Ld. 116. samningr, m. a mediation, Fær. 244: an agreement, Fb. i. 512, H.E. i. 406: of a written deed, Bs, i. 735, and in mod. usage. samn-róf, n. a congregation, Edda 108. sam-okan, f. to express the gramm. term conjugation, Skálda 185. sam-pínask, d, to have compassion upon, H.E. i. 410, Bs. i. 238. sam-píning, f. compassion, Th. 25, Stj. 155, Bs. ii. 90. SAMR, adj., söm, samt. The definite weak form (sami, sama, sama, pl. sömu) has so far prevailed that the indefinite form chiefly remains in peculiar phrases, but not throughout the cases, gen. sams, sams dæmi, Am. 21; sams misscris, Gkv. i. 9; sams konar (but rare); sams héraðs, Grág. i. 92. 151: dat. sing. fem, samri (með samri grein), Dipl. v. 21: acc. sing. fem, sama, in the phrase, í sama sæing, see below: plur. samir, Bs. ii. 41; söm laun, Clar.: neut. samt, samt lag, Fms. xi. 55; but esp. as adverb, see below: but the acc. sing. masc. saman, acc. pl. sama, samar, gen. samra scarcely occur: even at the present day the indef. nom.is used only in peculiar phrases, thus náttúran er söm að sjá, Eggert; samr og jafn; so also in the instances where samr means agreeing, the indef. form only is used: [in Ulf. only the indef. form remains, sama = GREEK; Dan. -Swed. samma; Engl. same; Old Engl. (and in Spenser) sam; but not in A.S.; same in English is therefore a borrowed Norse word, see Grimm's Gramm. iii. 4, 5, and Mr. Earle's Philol. of the Engl. Tongue; akin are Lat. simul and similis, Gr. GREEK and GREEK.] B. The same; the def. form is used both with and without the preceding article (inn in it); enna sömu, Grág. i. 92; í sama húsi, 329; ens sama konar, Skálda 165; þat sama. Fms. xi. 68; varð honum opt sama á munni, Fas. iii. 198; í sama stað, Fms. x. 132; sami ok í kveld, Grett. 98 A; sá er maðr enn sami, Fbr. 28; hann var samr í boðum sínum, the same, unaltered, Sturl. ii. 254; með samri grein, likewise, Dipl. v. 21; komask í samt lag, to become as before, Fms. xi. 55; svá fór sem samt sé, it turned out the same way, Fas. i. 128; enn er samt sem fyrra dag, Fms. vii. 146; enn er samt um viðrnefnit, ii. 51; samr hiti er þar jafnan, Al. 50; söm erfiðis-laun, Clar.; samir á svörum, Bs. ii. 41; at sömu, likewise, all the same, Hom. 70, Gþl. 405; it sama, the same, likewise, Hom. 27, 75, Vþm. 20, Gm. 15; svá it sama, Ísl. ii. 341: with dat., kom Guðrún eigi síðan í sama rekkju Ólafi, Hkr. i. 275; hvíla í sama sæing konu, to cohabit, Grág. i. 329; kom hón aldri í sama sæing Arngrími, she forsook him, never shared bed with him afterwards, Glúm. 374; í sama húsi konu þeirri, Grág. i. 314; maðr er moldu samr, Sól. 47. II. agreeing, willing, of one mind; sem sex skynsamir menn verða samir á, Gþl. 464; áðr hón telisk söm at ljá vápn, Fsm. 31; ek em samr at semja sverða leik, Draum.; seggr varð samr at þiggja bætr, Sturl. (in a verse); hann var samr um yðra ferð, Fb. i. 19; ek hefi verit ávalt úsamr (unwilling) at eiga hlut í stórmálum, Sturl. iii. 7; samr á sáttir, to have a mind to peace, Jd. 23: worthy, slíkt em ek samr at ræða of þik, Líkn. 47; ú-samr e-s, averse to, Merl. 2. 2; hjálm-s., behelmed, Lex. Poët. III. samt, adv. continuously, together; viku alla í samt, Clem. 48; átta-tigi daga í samt, Bret. 50; fjórum sinnum í samt, Rb. 568; sjau vetr um samt, Sks. 113 B: allir samt, all together, Fms. ii. 261, [Old Engl. alle samen]; öll samt, 656 A. i. 2; öllum samt, Fms. i. 15; allt samt fjöri-tigir ok átta, Dipl. v. 18; báðir samt, bæði samt. Nj. 111, Ísl. ii. 213 (v.l.), Fms. ii. 49; einn samt, alone, ix. 25, (Germ. einsam); fyrir sjóninni einni samt, Edda 28: yet, all the same, Fas. i. 443 (paper MS.), freq. in mod. usage = Germ. zwar. C. -samr, -samligr, as inflex. suffix. like Engl. -some, as in gladsome, etc., see Gramm. p. xxxiii. (col. 2. VI.) sam-ráða, adj. of one counsel, united, Bragi, Elne. 39, Fms. iii. 118, Stj. 550. sam-ráðit, part.; hafa s. e-t, to take counsel together, Ísl. ii. 344. sam-reið, f. a riding together, 655 xxv. 2. sam-reki, a, m. a common jetsum, Grág. ii. 365, Vm. 156, 159. sam-rekkja, t, to share a bed with, Fms. ix. 230, Clar. sam-rennandi, part. running together, Rb. 232. sam-rétti, n. a using folds, pastures (rétt) together, N.G.L. iii. 35, 36. sam-riddari, a, m. a fellow knight, 623. 32, Róm. 116, sam-ríkja, t, to rule in common with, Fær. 137. sam-rýndr, adj. [rún], intimate, friendly. sam-ræði, n. confidence, Sks. 358, Str. II. carnal intercourse, Hkr. i. 102, Stj. 318, 540. sam-ræður, f. pl. conversation, Barl. 93, freq. in mod. usage. sam-sáttr, adj. concordant, Landn. 333, Sks. 300. sam-setja, t, to connect, Skálda 167, Bs. ii. 111; samsett tala, a compound figure, Alg. 356: to compose, of writing, Fb. iii. 248, Stj. 59, Vm. 123. sam-setning, f. composition, Skálda 174. sam-siði, qs. samsinni, a, m. a companion, Stj. 51. sam-sinna, t, with dat. to consent. sam-sinni, n. company, fellowship, Hom. (St.), Stj. 521; ok flýði allt s. þeirra, 655 x. 1: observance, hlýðni ok s., 677. 4: consent, (mod.) sam-síða, adj. = samhliða. sam-skapa, adj. of one mind, Sturl, i. 94, v.l.

SAMSKA11A -- SANDLO. 513

sam-skara, að, [skör], to join boards; skipit varð mjök samskarat uni botninn, Fms. viii. 196; see skara. sam-skipa, adj. sailing in the same ship, Grág. i. 216, Fbr. 53. sam-skulda, adj. balancing, of accounts; það er s., making accounts equal, Fms. ii. 246, Fas. iii. 86. sam-slags, adv. of the same kind, (mod.) sams-maðr, m. [samr B.H.], a peaceful man, Ó.H. 92. sam-stafa, u, f. a syllable, Edda (Ht.) 120, Skálda 174, 178. sam-stafan, sam-stöfun, f. = samstafa, Skálda 167, Edda 120. sam-stafligr, adj. belonging to a syllable, Skálda 180. sam-staft, n. adj. all of one burden; mjök mun þér s. þykkja, þvíat ek mun einn veg alla ráða, Ld. 128. sam-stundis (sam-stundar, D.N.), adv. at the same moment, Fms. v. 168. sam-suða, u, f. fusion, of metals. sam-sumars, adv. in the same summer, Nj. 251, Korm. 160, Fs. 75, Eb. 52 new Ed., Grett. 156. sam-svara, að,to answer, (mod.) sam-svarning, f. a conspiracy, Róm. 341, 348. sam-sveit, f. a common country. Mar. sam-systkin, n. pl. = systkyn, D.N. ii. 807. sam-særi, m. [sverja], a conspiracy. samsæris-maðr, m. a conspirator. sam-sæti, n. a sitting down together; taka s., to sit down at a feast, Fms. ii. 261, Stj. 460; veita mér s. (to entertain me) at sjálfs síns borði, 539 :-- an assembly, entertainment, í svá góðu s., in such a good 'set,'in such good company, Sd. 151; staddr í s., Sks. 370. COMPDS: samsætis-drykkja, u, f. a banquet, Sks. 558. samsætis-menn, m. pl.bench-fellows, Sks. 366, 367. sam-sætt, f. a compromise, convention, H.E. i. 396. sam-sætta, t, to reconcile, Barl.: reflex., D.N. sam-tak, n. a united effort, pulling together; hafa s. at e-n, Ísl. ii. 106: esp. in plur., samtök, hafa samtök móti e-m, H.E. i. 433. sam-taka, tók, to do in common, N.G.L. i. 448; s. e-t með sér, Stj. 258, 439. sam-taka, u, f. the collection of a tax, D.N. ii. 263. sam-taka, adj. pulling together; verða s. sam-tal, n. a colloquy, interview, Stj. 129, Fms. vi. 226, Bs. i. 736 Barl. 93: a counting together, 99: gen. sam-tals, adv. altogether, in sum. sam-telja, talði, to count together, Hom. (St.) sam-tempra, að, to moderate, Bs., Mar.: sam-tempran, f., Bs. ii. 61. sam-tenging, f. a connection, Rb. 168, Sks. 51, Skálda 180, 183. sam-tengja, d, to knit together, join, Fms. iii. 163, Rb. 166, K.Á. 20, 102, 114, Blas. 47: pass., Stj. 34, Hom. 141, Greg. 31. sam-tíða, adj. contemporary, with dat., 625. 94, Fas. i. 413, Bs. i. 127, 619, ii. 104, Skálda 201; þeir vóru allir s., Fs. 124; margar sögur verða hér s., Sturl. i. 106. sam-tíðis, adv. = samtíða, Fas. ii. 459, Fs. 28. sam-tíma, að, = samtiða, Bs. ii. 27. sam-tíningr, m. pickings. sam-tvinna, að, to twist together. sam-týni, n. [tún], the line of a common fence, common boundary, Dipl. v. 19. sam-týnis, adv. abutting on, adjoining, metaphor from fields with a common fence (tún); liggja s., to lie together, of land, Gþl. 356, 357; sitja s. við e-n, cp. Engl. 'to live next door,' Ld. 246, Rd. 285, Eb. 86; fæðask upp s., Eg. 729 (samtýmis in the Ed. is a misprint); þat var s. við bæ Kálfs, Bjarn. 39. sam-veldi, n. joint authority, rule, Fms. x. 310, 311, xi. 312, Rb. 400, Stj. 314, Fas. i., 190, Sks. 340. sam-vera, u, f. a living together, community, Stj. 1, K.Á. 132. sam-verkan, f. co-operation. Sam-verskr, adj. Samaritan, Ant. R. ii. 417, N.T., Vídal. sam-viðan, f. a foresting together, wood gathering, Vm. 60. sam-vinna, u, f. a working together. sam-vinnandi, part. working together, Stj. 198, 467, K.Á. 228, Fms. xi. 310. sam-vinnari, a, m. = samvinnandi, Skálda 204. sam-virða, ð, to estimate equal in worth, compare, Fms. x. 338. Stj. 25, 83. sam-virðiligr, adj. of like value, Th. 18. sam-virðing, f. full value, Stj. 156, Mar. sam-vist, f. a living together, Fms. xi. 424, Grett. 162, Gþl. 227. sam-vista, u, f. = samvist; á málstefnum ok öllum góðum samvistum, meetings, Sks. 274; mun nú skilja várar samvistur (samvistu), Fas. i. 375, Fs. 80, Ld. 286, Fms. vi. 226; ekki bregðr okkarri samvistu, 59; nálægr at líkams samvistu, Fms. iii. 63.; samvistur syndugra, Hom. 105; þá varðar honum eigi við lög s. við skógarmann, Grág. i. 73, 138; vera samvistum með e-m, N.G.L. i. 155 :-- of wedded life, nýtti Hrafn lítið af samvistum við hana, Ísl. ii. 250; ok er þeirra s. fálig, Fas. i. 209; kallaði miklu betri þeirra samvistu en at hón ætti svá gamlan mann, 50; hón hafði fengið barngetnað af þeirra samvistu, Stj. 514. samvistu-maðr, m. a companion, 677. 11. sam-vista, adj.; vera s. við e-n, to dwell among, Stj. 318. sam-vistiligr, adj. attached, Stj. 495. sam-vit, n. [Swed. sam-veta], the conscience, H.E. i. 561. 2. consciousness; heill at samviti, Munk. 39. sam-vitandi, part. cognisant of, privy to, Fms. viii. 280, xi. 241, Fbr. 34 new Ed. sam-vizka. u, f. the conscience, Gþl. 7, K.Á. 202, Fms. i. 141, Dipl. ii. 19, Barl. 85, Bs. ii. 118, freq. in mod. usage, N.T., Pass., Vídal. 2. consciousness; heill at samvizku, krankr at líkama, Munk. 49; heill at líkama ok samvizku, Dipl. iv. S. samvizku-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), without conscience, cruel. sam-vægja, ð, to yield mutually, Stj. 384: to be of equal weight, match, samvægja e-m, Fb. i. 521. sam-værr, adj. living in peace together; sáttir ok samværir, Grág. ii. 169. sam-þinga, adj. = samþingi, Fms. viii. 173. sam-þingendr, part. pl. members of the same district, N.G.L. i. 21. sam-þingi (-þinga), adj. from the same jurisdiction (district); þann mann er samþingi er við hann, Grág. i. 102, 114; þess héraðs er samþinga er, 256; ef þeir eru s., 84. sam-þingi, n. a common jurisdiction. samþingis-goðar, m. pl., the three priests (goði) within the same district (þing) were so called, Grág. i. 24, 116, Nj. 214, Glúm. 386; see goði. sam-þjónn, m. a fellow-servant. sam-þræll, m. a fellow-thrall, Hom. 38. sam-þykki, n. consent, oneness, concord; opp. to sundr-þykki, þat er vili várr bónda ok s., Fms. i. 34, 220; með einu s., with one consent, Ó.H. 88; brátt görðusk greinir um s. konunganna, Fms. vi. 185; vant var at gæta til samþykkis þeirra, 220. sam-þykkiliga, adv. unanimously, H.E. i. 528, Th. 12, 25, Str. 54. sam-þykkiligr, adj. consenting, Bs. i. sam-þykkja, t, to consent to; s. e-t, Nj. 150, Gþl. 41, Stj. 254 :-- also with dat., Fms. xi. 265, MS. 623. 29, K.Á. 134; s. með e-m, to agree with, Fms. vii. 305. 2. reflex. to consent to, Ld. 22, Fms. vi. 177; s. e-m, 623. 29. 3. to reconcile, Barl., Hom. 67, 82, Ann. Nord. Oldk. 1848, p. 372: recipr. to come to terms with one another, H.E. i. 247. sam-þykkja, u, f. = samþykkt, Fr. sam-þykkr, adj. agreeing, at peace with one, opp. to sundrþykkr, Fms. vii. 150, Ld. 38: consenting, s. e-u or e-m, or s. við e-n, Str. 77: vertú snarliga s. þínum mótstöðu-manni, Matth. v. 25. sam-þykkt, f. consent, agreement, K.Á. 112, 200, Dipl. ii. 8, Mar.; samþykktar bréf, a contract, Dipl. iii. 5. sam-þýðask, d, dep. to associate with; s. við e-n, Pr. 90. sandi, a, m. a nickname, Fms. x. SANDR, m. [common to all Teut. languages, except that Ulf. renders GREEK by malma] :-- sand; sandr né sær, Vsp. 3; sandi orpinn, Grág. i. 354; sandi ausinn, Orkn. (in a verse); fúna í sandi, Ó.H. 229; Auðr var grafin í sand þar sem flæðr gékk yfir, Fms. i. 248: the phrase, kasta sandi í augu e-m, to throw dust in one's eyes. Band. (in a verse) :-- the sea-shore, skip koma at sandi, Hkv. 1. 48; lítilla sanda, Hm.; á sandinum, fyrir sandi, reka upp í sand, and so on, freq. in old and mod. usage; fjöru-sandr, beach sand; ægi-sandr, q.v. :-- also of the sand from volcanoes, eldr kom upp ór Heklu-felli ... bar norðr yfir landit sand svá þykkvan ... meðan niðr rigndi sandinum, ... huldi svá alla jörðina af sandinum, annan dag eptir fauk svá sandrinn, at ..., Bs.i. 804, passim. 2. in plur. sand-banks, sandy ground; eru þar smáir sandar allt með sjó, Eg. 141; sandar, öraefi ok brim, Hkr. i. 229; riðu þeir austr yfir sanda, Nj. 114; um sandana víða, Fs. 157 :-- poët, the sea is called sand-himinn, sand-men, sand-heimr, Lex. Poët. II. freq. in local names, Sandr and Sandar, Sand-á, Sand-fell, Sand-nes, Sand-brekka, Sand-dalr, Sand-eyrr, Sand-gil, Sand-hólar, Sand-lækr, Sand-vík; whence Sand-fellingar, -víkingar, m. pl.the men from S.: Sandhóla-ferja, u, f. the ferry of S., Landn. &FINGER; Gen. sands and sanns (Lat. veri) are sounded alike, hence the pun or riddle, Mart er smátt í vetling manns, | gettu sanns (guess sand or guess right), þó þú verðir í allan dag þá geturð' aldrei hans. B. COMPDS: sand-bakki, a, m. a sand bank, -hill, Bs. i. 287. sand-bára, u, f. a sand-wave, Al. 51. sand-brekka, u, f. [Dan. sand brink], a sand-ridge, sharp-edged sand-hill, Grett. 133 A. sand-fall, -fok, n. a fall of sand from a volcano, Ann. 1300, Al. 50. sand-fönn, f. a sand-drift, Róm. 236. sand-haf, n. [Dan. sandhav], a 'sand-ocean' desert, Al. 50. sand-hafri, a, m. 'sand-oats' = melr, q.v.: as a nickname, Fms. ix. 370. sand-hóll, m. a sand-hill, Karl. 241, Pr. 201. sand-hverfa, u, f. a sand-flounder, a fish, Edda (Gl.) sand-klyptir, f. pl. 'sand-clefts,' a local name, Sturl. i. 41. sand-korn, n. a grain of sand, Sturl. (in a verse). sand-kváma, u, f. = sandfall, Ann. Sand-leið, f. a way through the desert Sand in Icel., the present Sprengi-sandr, Stóri-sandr, Rd. 244. sand-ló,

514 SANDLÆGJA -- SANNR.

f. a bird, the sanderling (see sendlingr), Eggert Itin. sand-lægja, u, f. a kind of whale, Edda (Gl.) sand-melr, m. a sand-hillock, Landn. 77, Ó.H. 226. sand-migr, m. a kind of shell, mya truncata, Björn. sand-möl, f. gravel, Fs. 143. sand-síli, n. a kind of herring. sand-stör, f., botan. bent grass, carex arenaria. sand-sumar, -vetr, m. a sand-summer, -winter, so called from volcanic eruptions, Sturl. ii. 93, 128. sand-torfa, u, f. a sandy sod, Landn. 101. sand-víðir, m., botan. 'sand-withy' salix arenaria. sand-þúfa, u, f. a sand-mound, Grett. 156. sangr, adj. singed, burnt, of porridge, freq. in mod. usage. sanka, að, = samka, Barl. 37, 206. sanna, að, [Goth, sunjon; Dan. sande], to prove, make good, affirm; sannaði annarr en annarr synjaði, some affirmed, some said no, Ilkr. ii. 216; seg þat satt vera er þú hefir sannat, 645. 61; þann órskurð sem vér höfum sinnt ok sannat, Stj. 3; þ:at finnsk í frásögn Ara ins fróða, ok eru þeir fleiri er þat sanna, at ..., Fms. x. 275, þat skal nú sanna (to shew) hversu þeir telja, id. :-- s. e-u á e-u, to convict one of; aldri varð því enn á mik sannat, at ek væra falsari, ix. 262: sanna e-t á hendr e-m, to prove it against one; þeir sönnuðu þat honum á hendr, 625. 91, Al. 24; þá sannar hann sér skuld á hendi, N.G.L. i. 23; þá sannar hann sér stuld á hendr, 83; sönnuðu þeir þat mörgum orðum, 96; sanna e-t með eiði, Nj. 235, Dipl. ii. 16; s. með jarteinum, Fms. vi. 64; sanna frændsemis-töku, Grág. i. 28; sanna ek þat með þér, Sks. 64; þeir gátu enga sök sannaða, 656 C. 19; sanna mál e-s, Fms. vii. 230; þat sanna þ:ær tvær jarteinir, Blas. 40; láta sanna at dómi dauða þess er erlendr var, Grág. i. 190; sannat hefir Kjartan orðs-kviðinn, at hátíðir eru til heilla beztar, K. has made good the old saying, Ld. 176 :-- sanna e-n at e-u, to bring guilt home to one; eða sanna þá at því máli, to convict one, Lv. 77. II. reflex. to prove true, hold good, turn out: mí mun þat sannask es ek sagða þér, Nj. 6: at þat mundi sannask er faðir hans hafði mælt, Eg. 227; myndi þat sanuask ef Arinbjörn væri hér í landi, at vér myndim, 484 :-- láta á sannask, to let it be proved by oneself, to confess; nú lét hann á sannask fyrir Vermundi, at hann var valdr sauða-tökunnar, Rd. 243; hann lét á sannask, at hann myndi eigi sjálfr svá miklu orkat hafa, Fb. i. 523. sanna, u, f., only used in plur. sönnur, proofs, evidence; hann vann þar at margar sönnur, at ..., Fms. ii. 282; hann bauð til þess sönnur, x. 418; finna sönnur á máli sínu (færa sönnur á e-ð). Band. 37 new Ed., Fb. ii. 23. sannaðr, m., in sannaðar-maðr, m. [cp. Dan. sande-mænd, 'veridici'] :-- a law term, a 'sooth-man,' 'oath-helper,' in court; e.g. in the Fifth Court, each party had to be backed by two 'sooth-men,' who on oath testified to the truth of the evidence and the pleadings; it is defined in Grág. Þingsk. þ. ch. 46, 47 (Kb.); sannaðar-menn skulu eiða vinna ..., skal svá sannaðarmann vanda at frændsemi við aðilja at þeir sé firnari en næsta bræðra, Grág. (St.) i. 31; ef hann hefir eigi sannaðarmenn, þá skal hann kveðja heimilis-búa sína fimm, hvárt sá væri þar veginn eðr eigi, Kb. i. 189; hann skal hafa sannaðarmenn tvá, þeir skolu þat leggja undir þegnskap sinn, at sú er frændsemis tala rétt ok sönn, ii. 11. sannaðar-vitni, n. the witness of a 'sooth-man,' N.G.L. i. 87. sannan or sönnun, f. a proof, argument, Edda 127, MS. 655 ix. B. 2; til sönnunar síns máls, Fas. ii. 533, freq. in mod. usage: an assertion, confirmation, Stj. 3. COMPDS: sönnunar-dæmi, -mark, n. evidence, Greg. 73, Stj. 203. sönnunar-maðr, m. = sannaðarmaðr, Grág. ii. 409, Nj. 241; hafa sönnunarmann sögu sinnar, Rd. 238. sannanar-orð, adj. an epithet, Edda (Ht.) 122. sönnunar-vitni, n. = sannaðarvitni, Eg. 344, v.l. sannar-liga, adv. verily. sannar-ligr, adj. very true, freq. in mod. usage. sann-fregit, sann-frétt, part.; hafa s., to have true intelligence of, Str. 38, Bær. 15, Hallfred. sann-fróðr, adj. truly informed, well-informed, ÓH. (pref.), Fms. ix. 253, 465, xi. 120, 280, Sks. 194; sannfróðar bækr, Stj. 47. sann-fræðask, d, to be truly informed, Str. 29. sann-fræði, n. true information, Sks. 149. sann-færa, ð, to convince: sann-færing, f. conviction. sann-getall, adj. guessing true, Gm. 46. sann-girni, f. equity, fairness. sann-gjarn, adj. fair, equitable, Barl. 10, passim in mod. usage, sanngjarn-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), fair. sann-göfugr, adj. truly noble, Bs. i. 134. sann-görr, adj. true as fact, Ýt., Cod. Fris., cp. sjall-gætr. sann-heilagr, adj. truly saintly, Bs. i. 84, Fms. vii. 40, Ó.H. 227. sannindi, n. pl. (sing., Sks. 500, 505, 570, Hom. 117, but rare), sannendi, sannyndi, sooth, truth, verity; með sannendum, for sooth, K.Á. 200; með sannindum at segja, Ísl. ii. 201; vita með sannindum, to know for sooth, Fms. ii. 260; er þat sagt með miklum sannindum, Ísl. ii. 344; ef hann vill heldr trúa lygi en sannindum ok einurð, Eg. 63; manndómr ok s., Fms. ix. 333; unna e-m sanninda um e-t, to give one his due, viii. 149; flytja mál af skynsemi ok sannindum, ix. 451. 2. an evidence, proof; engi önnur sannindi hafa menn til þess, Eb. 332; vér sám ok vissum fyrir full s., with full certainty, Dipl. ii. 16; en vita hver s. til eru, af þeim er þér kennit málit, Lv. 77; nú er þat meirr til sanninda þessa fundar, as a token of this battle, Fs. 18; en þó þykki mér þat merkiligast til sanninda, er berum orðum er sagt á kvæðum ... ef eigi væri kvæði bæði ný ok forn, þau er menn tæki þar af s. fræðinnar, proof of, Ó.H. (pref.); með sannindum, Sks. 593; görit sem yðr finnask s. til, Eg. 66; sem honum þætti þar engin s. til, 39; innti hann upp hver s. hann hafði í tilkalli fjár þess, 341; þeir gengu þar til er dómrinn sat, at flytja fram s. sín, 340. COMPDS: sanninda-maðr, m. a truthful man, Hkr. i. 72. sanninda-samliga, adv. truthfully, Sks. 495 C. sanninda-sögn, f. true intelligence, Edda (pref.) sannindis-umræða, u, f. a fair discussion, Gþl. 57, Jb. 42. sann-kallaðr, part. truly called. Fas. iii. 106. sann-kenna, d, to call a thing by its right name; at styðja, reka, eðr sannkenna, Edda (Ht.): part. convicted of, s. at svikum, Al. 124. sann-kenning, f. a poët. term, a kind of epithet, Edda 108; þat er s. 'hörð' egg, en 'hvatir' menn, 122, cp. Skálda 194. sann-leikr, m., or sann-leiki, a, m.; in nom. and gen. the strong form prevails, in dat. and acc. the weak; thus in the Icel. N.T., the received text of 1644: alpha;. weak form, nom. sannleiki, 2 Cor. vii. 14; gen. sannleika, sannleikans, John i. 14, Rom. ii. 20, xv. 8, 1 Cor. v. 8, 2 Cor. iv. 2, 1 Pet. i. 22, 1 John v. 6, 2 John 2: dat. and acc. sannleika, sannleikann, sannleikanum, John v. 33, viii. 32, 40, 44, 45, xvii. 19, xviii. 37, Rom. i. 18, 25, ii. 8, 2 Cor. xiii. 8, Gal. iii. 1, iv. 16, Ephes. iv. 15, 2 Thess. ii. 12, 1 Tim. ii. 7, 2 Tim. ii. 18, 25, James iii. 14, v. 19, 1 John ii. 21, 2 John 1, 3 John 3; í sannleika, Mark xii 32, N.T. passim. β. strong decl., nom. sannleikr, samileikrinn. John i. 17, viii. 32, xiv. 6, Rom. iii. 7, 2 Cor. vii. 14, xi. 10, Gal. ii. 5, Ephes. v. 9, 1 John i. 8, ii. 4: gen. sannleiks, sannleiksins, John xvi. 13, 2 Thess. ii. 10, 13, 1 Tim. ii. 4, iii. 15, Tit. i. 1, Hebr. x. 26, 1 Pet. i. 22, 2 Pet. ii. 2, 1 John iv. 6, 3 John 8: acc. sannleik, sannleikinn, Rom. ix. 1, 1 Tim. ii. 7, John viii. 32, 46, xvi. 7, 2 Cor. xii. 6, Gal. ii. 14, 2 Tim. ii. 25, 1 John i. 6, ii. 21, 2 John 1: dat. sannleik, sannleiknum, 1 Tim. vi. 5, 2 Tim. iii. 8, iv. 4, Tit. i. 14, 1 John iii. 19, 3 John 3. B. Truth; sannleikrinn, Edda (pref.); Guð er sannleikr, K.Á. 2OO; taka fyrir sannleik, Fms. ix. 424: í sannleika, in truth, Rb. 362: the saying, sannleikanum verðr hverr sárreiðastr; sannleiks-gata, -ást, -elska, -hatr, H.E. i. 510, Al. 106, Stj., Vídal. sann-lifa, ð. to live, Fb. i. 513. sann-liga, adv. verily, Fs. 93, Fær. 189, Fms. i. 113, vi. 20, ix. 249, xi. 260, Barl. 66, N.T., Pass., Vídal. passim. sann-ligr, adj. likely to be true, probable, Sks. 555, Fms. vi. 94, ix. 463, Band. 18 new Ed.; þykkir sú saga sannligust, Bret. 88. 98. 2.just, fair, Ó.H. 45, Fær. 125, Eg. 526, Ísl. ii. 135, Fms. vi. 151, 353, vii. 115, ix. 249, 391 :-- fit, meet, proper, x. 379, Sks. 8, 283, Js. 10. sann-máligr, adj. true speaking, N.G.L. ii. (Hirðskrá). sann-mæli, n. a true speech, truth, Lv. 52, Ó.H. 232; en þá náðisk s. af mörgum mönnum til Ólafs konungs, 227, Bs. ii. 185; unna e-m sannmælis, to give a fair report, Háv. 38. sann-mæltr, part. true spoken, Sks. 474; þat er sannmælt, 'tis spoken truth. Fs. 54. sann-nefni, n. an appropriate name, Fms. i. 193, vi. 348, xi. 296, Bs. i. 589. sann-orðr, adj. truthful, Nj. 91, Fms. vii. 226, xi. 297, 326, Bs. i. 42. sann-prófa, að, to prove for certain, Fms. i. 191, Stj. 571, Gþl. 140. SANNR, adj., fem. sönn, neut. satt for sannt, Dan. sandt; an older form saðr, as also saðrar, saðri, see introduction to letter N; cp. sannari, sannastr: with suffix satt-na, Bs. i. 469, v.l.: [Goth, sunis is assumed from Ulf. sunjeins = GREEK, sunja = GREEK; A.S. and Hel. sôð; Engl.sooth; O.H.G. sunnis; old Frank, sone; cp. Germ. ver-söhnen, all with a radical u sound, whereas Swed. -Dan. sann, sand] :-- sooth, true; allit., vitni salt ok sært, D.N. ii. 140; sönn saga, Ld. 52; sönn sök, Hm. 119; sannar jarteinir, Eg. 476; segja satt, to say sooth, Vþm. 43, Ld. 194, Eb. 47 new Ed.; hafa e-t fyrir satt, to believe to be true, be convinced of, Nj. 10; eigi er þat satt, Fs. 97; þat er satt, 'tis true, Bs. i. 469; hverir sannara hafa, Fas. i. 317, N.G.L. i. 40; hann kveðsk sagt hafa sem hann vissi sannast, Ld. 194; it sannasta, Vþm. 42; mála sannast, Ísl. ii. 125 :-- at sönnu. forsooth, Sks. 491 B, MS. 655 xiii. A. 2, 633. 31: in mod. used as Germ. zwar ('tis true enough ..., but); með sönnu, Ld. 76; til sanns. forsooth, Fms. vi. 41, 128, Gþl. 315, Eg. 458, 568; vera, verða sannr at e-n, to be convicted of, be guilty of; þeir báru Gunnar sannan at sökinni, Nj. 87, Eb. 22 new Ed.; þeir er sannir urðu at á verkum við Sigurð konung, Fms. vii. 248; er áðr hefir kuðr ok saðr orðinn at þjófskap, Grág. ii. 189, Fs. 97, 159; er hann sönnu sagðr, is he justly charged? Bret. 12; þá þykkir þú bleyði borinn eða sönnu sagðr, Sdm. 25. 2. sincere; með sönnu hugskoti, Mar.: due, meet, væri þat sannara at þú værir drepinn, Gísl. 50. sannr, m. (saðr, Am. 6). justice, equity, as also evidence, proof; kenn mér engan sann, do not teach me any lessons, Fms. iii. 85; færa e-m heim sanninn, to tell one the bitter truth or the real state of things, Lv.

SAN N RE YNDR -- S AUKYRÐI. 515

20; e-t er nær sanni, near the truth, fair, reasonable, moderate, Fb. iii. 451, Fms. vii. 238 (x. 420); ástir þeirra vóru at góðum sanni, they loved one another fairly, Bjarn. 12; vil ek bæta þat með sann (estimation) góðra manna, Sturl. iii. 139, Fbr. 43 new Ed.; skulu þeir göra þér sæmðir við várn sann, as we may deem fair, Sturl. iii. 151; Þorgils skyldi sæma Halldór nokkuru eptir því sem sannr hans (i.e. Th.'s) væri til, 168; eigi vitu vér sann á því, we know not the truth thereof, have no proof of it, Fms. vii. 275; mjök þykki mér hann bera sinn sann á þetta, Fs. 46; hón kvaðsk hafa sinn sann við (for sitt satt), 170. sann-reyndr, part. duly proved, Fs. 97, Fms. ii. 57, vi. 144, vii. 115: s. at e-u, convicted of, Rd. 285. sann-reynir, m. a true friend, Kormak. sann-saga, u, f. a true tale, Barl. 112, Thom. sann-sagðr, part. truly said, Stj. 524. sann-sakaðr, part. convicted, guilty, H.E. i. 467, ii. 71. sann-sorðinn, part. = sorðinn (serða, q.v.), N.G.L. i. 70. sann-spár, adj. 'sooth-spaeing,' prophesying true, Ld. 230, Krók. 55. sann-spurt, part. = sannfregit, Eg. 19, Fms. iii. 38, ix. 351, xi. 30. sann-sýni, f. equity, fairness, Sks. ii, 467, 776, Anecd. sann-sýnn, adj. just, impartial, Fs. 29, Hom. 107, Bær. 5, 14. sann-sæi, f. a seeing right, Lv. 105. sann-sögli, f. truthfulness, veracity. Fms. ii. 87. sann-sögull, adj. truthful, Stj. 602, Fms. x. 316, Barl. 13, Karl. 390. sann-talat, n. part. truly said, Fms. ii. 304. sann-vinr, m. a true friend, Lv. 95, Fms. x. 394. sann-vitaðr, part. known for certain, Ld. 4. sann-vitr, adj. truly wise, H.E. i. 249. sann-víss, adj. = sannvitr, Lex. Poët. sann-vænn, adj. near the truth, fair, Bs. i. 761. sann-yrði, n. pl. true words, Fms. x. 316, Fas. iii. 653, Fb. iii. 452. sansar, m. pl. [Lat.], the senses; only in certain phrases, taka sönsum, to be open to reason; vera veykr á sansana, to be of unsound mind, (mod.) sarga, að, (sarg, n.), [prob. a corruption from saga, qs. sagra = sagla, q.v.] :-- to hack with a blunt instrument; sargar, gargar sira Björn, Bjarni: metaph. to higgle and haggle, eg sargaði það út úr honum. sargla, að, to clatter; er grjótið sarglaði, Grett. 135 new Ed. SARPR, m. the croup of a bird; tína í sarpinn. II. the name of a waterfall in Norway, Fms. vii. Sarps-borg, Ó.H. sauð-bani, a, m., botan. sheep's-bane, monkshood, aconitum caeruleum. sauð-bítr, m. a sheep-worrier, of a dog, N.G.L. iii. 37. sauð-fé, n. a sheep, Eg. 137, Grett. 112, 148. sauðfjár-hagi, a, m. a sheep-walk. sauð-fellir, m. the death of sheep from cold, Sturl. i. 227. sauð-fénaðr, m. = sauðfé, Bs. i. 873, N.G.L. iii. 35. sauð-gróði, a, m. a crop for sheep, Ann. 1370. sauð-grös, n. pi, = sauðgróði á þeirri sömu viku vóru s. nær ærin, Bs. i. 171. sauð-hús, n. pl. sheep-pens, Þorst. hv. 36, Dropl. 6, Landn. sauð-höfn, f. sheep-keeping, Vm. 14, 115. sauð-kind, f. a sheep. sauð-kvistr, m., botan. a kind of willow, salix repens, Björn. sauð-laukr, m. 'sheep-leek,' botan. triglochin maritimum perenne, Björn. sauð-lauss, adj. sheepless, Grág. ii. 304: a local name, Sauðlauss-dalr, Bs. i. 461, in western Icel., mod. Sauðlauks-dalr (sauðlaukr). SAUÐR, m., gen. sauðar, dat. sauð, pl. sauðir; the gen. sauðs, Barl. 47, 101, is unusual; [Ulf. sauþs or sauds = GREEK or sacrifice, which is thus shewn to be the original sense; sjóða and seyðir are kindred words; Ivar Aasen sau or saud, 'sauden er daud'] :-- a sheep; sauði eða búfé, Grág. i. 148, 414, ii. 306, Js. 78, Stj. 171, Grett. 134, 137, Fs. 25, 71, Nj. 26, Bs. i. 315, 646, 647; henda skjarra sauði, 330; svín hans gengu á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124: sing, collect., reka saudinn í réttir, Sti. 171; þat þótti honum útal hve margr sauðr þar var í dalnum, Grett. 136; hrút eðr hafra ... þótt sá sauðrinn verði dauðr, Grág. ii. 310: eccl., Clem. 58, Fms. x. 318, cp. John x. 1-16. 2. in mod. usage, a wether. COMPDS: sauða-beit, f. 'sheep-bite,' sheep-pasture, Vm. 155. sauða-dunr, m. a flock of sleep: in the phrase, sem vargr (últr) i í sauðadun, Sd. 164, Bret. 62. sauða-ferð, f. a searching for sheep, Korm. 10. sauða-flokkr, m. a flock of sheep, Barl. 104. sauða-gangr, m. a sheep-walk, Grág. i. 423. sauða-geymsla, u, f. sheep-tending, Stj. 223. sauðar-gæra, u, f. a sheep's fleece. sauða-hirðir, m. a shepherd, Stj. 41, 196, 223. sauða-hús, n. a sheep-pen, Fs. 55, Ld. 44, Nj. 153: a sheep-fold, Kms. x. 318, John x. i, 16. sauðahús-tún, n. = mod. fjárhústún. the field round a sheep-fold, Sturl. iii. 239. sauða-hvarf, -hverfa, u, f. a going astray, of sheep, Fs. 46, Dropl. 34, Rd. 240, 241, Band. 12 new Ed. sauðar-höfuð, n.a sheep's head, Landn. 211, Rd. 263. sauðar-jarmr, m. a sheep's bleating, Hrafn. 7. sauða-kjöt, f. mutton. sauða-klippari, a, m. a sheep-shearer, Stj. 196. sauða-kví, f. a sheep-fold, Greg. 56. sauða-kvöð, f. a tax paid in sheep, Sturl. iii. 258. sauða-leit, f. sheep-feeding, Nj. 143, Dipl, iv. 9. sauða-maðr, m. a shepherd, Nj. 104, Grett., Bs. i. 45. sauða-mjólk and sauða-nyt, f. sheep's milk, Bs. i.137. sauða-rekstr, m. the driving sheep, Pm. 92. sauða-rétt, f. a sheep-fold (rétt, q.v.), Landn. 292, Bs. i. sauðar-reyfi, n. a sheep's fleece, sauða-slitr, n. pl. 'slithers,' shreds of a sheep torn by a beast of prey, Finnb. 246. sauða-sveinn, m. a shepherd boy, Anecd. 28. sauða-tað, n. sheep's dung. sauða-taka, u, f. sheep-stealing, Landn. 124, 128, Rd. 236. auðar-ull, f. sheep's wool, Fins, iii. 180. sauða-þjófnaðr, m. sheep-stealing. sauða-þjófr, m. a sbeep-stealer. sauð-reki, -rekr, m. a sheep-driver, Glúm. 363, Háv. 40, 42. sauð-svartr, adj. 'sheep-black' i.e. not dyed, of cloth. sauð-vant, n. adj. lost on the mountains, of sheep, Hrafn. 6. SAUMA, að, [Dan. sömme; Swed. sömma; cp. Engl. seam] :-- to sew; sauma e-m klæði, Fb. ii. 438; hann tekr sér núl ok þráð, ok saumar, Karl. 149; sátu þær þar ok saumuðu, Gísl. 15; var saumat í horn um hálsinn, Eb. 240; líkit var sveipat en saumat eigi um, 264; s. á nisting, Glúm. 343; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, Nj. 214; s. at e-u, to stitch, K.Þ.K. 88; s. at höndum sér, Bs. i. 453; klæði ný-saumat, Orkn. 182; gull-saumaðr, id.; silfr, þat var þar saumat í, Fms. viii. 106; s. fyrir hrút (to prevent the ram from covering the ewes), Grág. ii. 311. saum-för, f. a seam in a ship's planking, Bs. i. 390, Skálda 163. saum-gjald, n. damages for breaking the nails in a ship, N.G.L. i. 198. saum-kona, u, f. a sempstress, D.N. v. 133. saum-lauss, adj. seamless: without nails, Fb. i. 524. saum-nál, f. a sewing needle. saumr, m. [Engl. seam; Dan. -Swed. söm], a seam, of cloth, freq. in mod. usage. 2. plur. saumar, needle-work, sewing; sitja at saumum, of a lady, Orkn. 182, Vígl. 28, Dropl. 4; setjask til sauma, Fas. iii. 104. COMPOS: sauma-kona, u, f. = saumkona. sauma-skapr, m. needle-work, sauma-stofa, u, f. a sewing-room, Vígl. 20. II. a nail, esp. of a ship, N.G.L. i. 202; saum þarftú ok mikinn á skip at hafa, Sks. 30; var engi saumr í, Fms. vii. 216; slá saum, Fb. i. 433 (of ship-building); rærnar á sauminum, 673. 60; skip-s., hnoð-s., rek-s. saum-skæri, n. pl. shears, scissors, Trist. 11. saum-stofa, u, f. = saumastofa, Vígl. 20. SAUP, n. [A.S. sype; O.H.G. sûf; Dan. söb in fleske-söb, söbe-kaal; cp. súpa, Engl. sup] :-- 'spoon-meat,' Krók. 64; hafra-saup, a sup of porridge, Eggert. COMPDS: saup-gríðr, f. an epithet of a dirty cook, Edda (Lauf.) saup-ruðr, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. saup-sáttr, adj. = missáttr; for the pun see Krók. 62. saur-blað, n. a fly-leaf. saur-fullr, adj. filthy, Sturl. i. 77. saurga, að, to defile, pollute, Eb. 12, 24, Fms. i. 284, Sks. 796, O.H.L. 71, Hom. 17, Karl. 319. saurgan, n. pollution, defilement, Hom. 145, K.Á. 104, Stj. 520, Sks. 796; saurganar-maðr, a defiler, Bs. i. 765. saurigr, adj., before a vowel contr. saurgan, etc., but not so in mod. usage :-- filthy, dirty, Sks. 527, 539, Korm. 118, Fs. 51, Karl. 320; saurga myki-kvísl, Fms. i. 75; myklar ok saurgar hendr, vi. 207. 2. metaph. filthy, foul, Fms. ix. 223, passim. saurindi, n. pl. dirt, uncleanness. saur-kvísl, f. n dung-fork, Fb. i. 77. saur-lifnaðr, m. [Swed. skör-lefnad], a filthy life, lechery, Stj. 384. saur-ligr, adj. unclean, Sti. 58. saur-lífi, n. (opp. to hreinlífi), an unclean life, fornication, Gþl. 216, O.H.L. 87, Fms. x. 264. COMPOS: saurlífis-kona, u, f. a harlot. saurlífis-maðr, m. a fornicator, Fms. x. 389. saurlífis-synd, f. the sin of fornication, Fms. v. 217, Stj. 338. saur-lífr, adj. lewd, El. 16. saur-ljótr, adj. shewing dirt, of cloth. saur-mæli, n. filthy, foul language, Sks. 370. saur-pyttr, m. a cesspit, cesspool, Ísl, ii. 367. SAURR, m., dat. sauri and saur; [remains with an inserted spurious k in Swed. skör-agtig = lewd, skör-lefnad = lewdness; cp. the derived words seyra and súrr] :-- mud; var á róta mikil svá at ekki stökk saurr af jörðu, Bs. i. 334; jarðar-s,, loam, Barl. 112; hlaupa í saur, to dabble in mud, Fs. 68; hann kvaðsk eigi vilja reiða eptir sér saur. 51; at engi saurr stökkvi af hestum yðrum ok; á konunginn, Sks. 365. 2. dirt, excrements; eða hrindr maðr honum í vatn eðr í hland eðr í mat, eðr í saur, ok varðar þat allt skóggang, Grág. ii. 132; í sauri, 328; sem hann hefði í saurnum laugask, Fas. ii. 332; ausask sauri á, to throw dirt at one another, Bjarn. 33; fugla s., Stj. 620; saur ok fúlindi, Mar., Stj. 383, 642, Karl. 320; s. í kviði manns, Hom. (St.) :-- metaph., synda s., Hom. 45; s. illra verka, Greg. 18 :-- as a nickname, Landn. II. in local names, Saurar, Saur-bær, esp. the latter is freq. in Icel. of sour soil, swampy tracts, Landn.; hence prob. also Sorö (mid. Lat. Sora) in Denmark; these local names shew the oldest sense ot the word, cp. seyra. saur-reiðir, m. a dung-carrier, Korm. sauru-liga, adv. in a foul manner. H.E. i. 505. sauru-ligr, adj. foul, Stj. 116: unchaste, 548, Fms. vi. 123. saur-yrði, n. pl. foul language, Hom. 53, Sks. 436.

516 SAUTJAN -- SA'LA.

sautján, an ordinal number, seventeen; see sjautján. sautra, að, mod. sötra, to suck through the teeth; s. vatn ór lófum sér, Stj. 392. SAX, n. [A.S. seax; Dan. sax; O.H.G. sahs], a kind of short,heavy sword or sabre; the sword had two edges or was tongue-formed, whereas the sax had only one sharp edge, as is seen from Grett. 124 -- reiddi hann hátt saxit, laust hann 'bakkanum saxins' í höfuð Arnóri svá hart, at haussinn brotnaði; the 'tvíeggjað' sax, Stj. 541 (v.l.), is therefore incorrect; sax eineggjat, 383 (Judges iii. 16, 22); mikit sax sem stórt sverð, Bs. i. 526; söxum ok sverðum, Vsp. 36 (Bugge); höggva með saxi, Bs. i. 543; hann leggr saxinu Tuma-naut, 526, see Grett. passim; sax eitt lítið, Fs. 101; litlu saxi er hann gyrðr með undir klæðunum, Fms. ii. 83; hann hafði brugðit sax undir yfirhöfninni, Ó.H. 70: the saying, verðr sá síðarr at leita er lítið sax hefir, Vápn. 15; hand-sax, hepti-sax, mála-sax, q.v.: in mod. usage a large knife (a carving knife, fisherman's knife, and the like) is called sax, agn-sax, q.v. 2. plur. söx, shears, cp. Dan. lyse-sax, Fas. ii. 43; eptir faldi skyrtu hans, svá hvárki komi við knífr né söx, Str. 12; hann grípr nú skærin ok ætlar at reka; á honum söxin, Bjarn. 66; síðan tók biskup söx ok skar af hári konungsins, Ó.H. 229. 3. medic, a skin-disease, when the hands are sore and chapped, being scorched and callous from dryness, see Fél. x. 32. B. A part of a ship, the raised prow; sax eða sax-bönd, hvert tré þeirra er missir, þá skal gjalda þrem aurum, ok fá tré, þó at síðarr sé, N.G.L. i. 100; en ef sax brotnar, bæti tvá örtogar, ii. 283; höfðu þeir lagt nætrnar upp á saxit, ... brynja Arons lá á saxinu skipsins, Bs. i. 388, 624; hann gengr fram á saxit, ii. 48; hleypr hann af saxinu ok aptr um stafn, Fms. x. 329; Ólafr konungr lagði hann á saxit á langskipinu, i. 277 (Orkn. 34); hann hleypr þegar á saxit á skip Vandils, Nj. 42; in Róm. 195 the word is misapplied. 2. esp. in plur. (i.e. dual) söx; sær féll inn um söxin, Fagrsk. 73; um stafninn ok um söxin, Fms. vi. 78; vátt görir nú á þiljunum fram ok drífr um söxin, viii. 209; sá gengr fast fram í söxin, Grett. (begin.); berserkir konungs tólf vóru í söxum, Eg. 32; á rausn í söxum, Fms. ii. 252; þá mun ávinnt um söxin, 308. saxa, að, to chop, hack; saxa í ketil, Stj. 615; saxa ok skera mör, K.Þ.K. 92; hann saxar baggana með páli, Sd. 157; þeir bera vápn á hann ok saxa hann þar til er hann hefir bana, Fms. xi. 146; lögðusk þeir á hann ofan ok vóru þar saxaðir, 367, Sturl. i. 85, Bret. 114; laetr hann nú saxa á geirvörtuna á sér, Fs. 176. 2. reflex., það saxask á e-t, it is soon chopped up, i.e. the thing is soon finished; saxast nú á limina hans Björns míns, Maurer's Volksagen 234. Saxa, u, f. the name of an island in Norway, Gísl.: Járn-saxa, the name of a giantess, Edda. Saxar, m. pl. [A.S. Seaxon], the Saxons, i.e. the Germans, Symb. 18, Fms. i. 116, v. 239, passim; and Sax-land, n. Saxon-land, i.e. Germany, Grág. i. 210, Symb., Fms., Bs., passim: Sax-elfr, f. the 'Saxon Elbe' = the Elbe; opp. to Gaut-elfr, Raum-elfr (see elfr), Symb., Bær. sax-bönd, n. pl. the cross timbers in the prow, N.G.L. i. 100. sax-knífr, m. a dagger, dirk, Ó.H. 73. Sax-lenzkr and Sax-neskr, adj. Saxon, i.e. German, Bs. i. 65, Fms. i. 113, 260, x. 297, ó.H. 49, Karl. 373. sax-oddr, m. the point of a sax, Fb. i. 425, Fms. ii. 205. SÁ, fem, sú (neut. þat), demonstr. pron., see Gramm. p. xxi; an older form sjá is, esp. in old vellums, often used as common for masc. and fem. (sjá maðr, sjá kona), see the references below :-- that. A. As adj.: I. with a subst. this, that; sá hlutrinn, Fins, xi. 129; sjá maðr, that man, Fs. 5, 102, 143, Fms. ii. 28, Grág. i. 74, Nj. 6; sjá bók, Íb. (fine); sá kostr, Nj. 1; sá salr, Vsp. 44; sá staðr, Fb. i. 31; sá bær, Dropl. 5; ájs sveinn, Hom. 50; sjá hverr, that cauldron, Gkv. 3. 9; sjá bragr, Fms. iv. 12 (in a verse); sjá fótr, Ó.H. (in a verse); sjá kylfa, Fms. xi. (in a verse); sjá byrðr, etc. :-- placed after the noun, so giving emphasis, konungr sjá, Ó.H. 140; mær sjá, this maid, Nj. 2; minning sjá, Ld. 234; á sú, that water, 33 :-- with the reflex. particle er, sá er (he, she, that = which), þöll sú er stendr þorpi á, the pine 'she that' stands, i.e. which stands, Hm. 49; öld sú er, Fms. vi. 336 (in a verse): contracted sá's, Hallfred (Fs.); sú's = she that, Hkr. iii. 139 (in a verse); sá maðr er Sóti heitir, that man who is named Sóti, Nj. 5; er sá engi minn frændi at gangi í þetta mál, there is none of my kinsmen that ..., 31; sá sem, he, she, that, Stj. 178, passim :-- with the suff. article, sá dómarinn er allt veit, Barl. 32; var sá úkyrr hlutrinn er þat merkði, Fms. xi. 129; sú ein er sagan eptir, er ek þori eigi þér at segja, ... sú er ok svá sagan, at mér er mest forvitni á at heyra ..., this tale is just that which I should most like to hear, Fms. vi. 355. 2. such; varð sá fundr þeirra, at Egill felldi tvá menn, Eg. 572; vera kann at enn sé sá ríkismunr, Eg.; hann er sá heilhugi, at ..., Fb. ii. 318; hann er sá orðhákr, at ..., Fms. vi. 372. II. with an adjective: 1. in the indef. form; sjá móðr konungr, Og. 13, stands perh. alone in the whole literature, otherwise always, 2. in the def. form, with the prefixed article inn; sá inn máttki munr, Hm.; sá inn góði maðr, that good man, Barl. 74; sá enn sami maðr, Fms. iv. 122; sá inn sæti postuli, Post.; hyrnan sú in fremri, Nj. 198; sá inn þriði, the third, Gm. 6 :-- leaving out the article, sjá óhreini andi, the unclean spirit, Fms. v. 172; sá ungi maðr, the young man, Hom. 114; sú ílla atkváma, 122 :-- at last 'sá' was simply used as the definite article the instead of the ancient hinn, sá vísasti klerkr, the wisest clerk, Bs. ii. 223; sá fegrsti vínviðr, the fairest vine, Art. 80 (see foot-note 25), this is esp. freq. in mod. usage, e.g. sá bleikhári Menelás, sá ráða-góði, sá ágæti Odysseifr, sú vitra Penelopa, sú árborna, rósfingraða Morgungyðja, etc., in Dr. Egilsson's Translation of the Odyssey, as also in Vídal. B. As subst. used almost as a pers. pron. he, she (it), [cp. Engl. she; Germ, sie]; Slíðr heitir sú, she (it) hight Slid, Vsp. 42; en sá Brímir heitir, 43; ör liggr par, ok er sú (viz. ör) af þeirra örum, Nj. 115; samkunda, sú (viz. samkunda) var knýtt festum, Am. 1; skal tólptar-eiðr skilja, hvárt sjá eigi arf at taka, whether he is to inherit, Grág. i. 269; sömdu þeir þessa ráða-gjörð, at sjá (viz. ráðagörð) skyldi fram koma, Nj. 107: esp. 'kostr' understood, er þá sjá einn til, 227, Fms. vii. 265; þótti honum sá (viz. maðr) ærit hár er þat rúm var ætlað, Fs. 5; sjá mun vera sönn saga, Fms. ii. 87; sá (he) kemr í borgina, Þiðr. 11; sá er vel skygðr, 81; þar ríðr maðr, sá hefir skjöld mikinn, 101; sú er öll gulli búin, 189; almáttigr Guð, sá er einn í guðdómi, almighty God, he is one in Godhead, Fb. i. 30; sá (he) seðr oss með lífligu brauði, Hom. 59; sú var stjúp-dóttir konungsins, she was the king's step-daughter; sá er sæll, er ..., he is lucky, that ..., Hm.; sú er há kona er þar fór, Nj. 200; sá yðar er sik lægir, he of you who lowers himself, Hom. 50; sá er (he who) af öllum hug treystir Kristi, he that ..., Hom.; sá er leyndr syndum sínum, and so in countless instances, old and mod., except that the mod. usage prefers sá 'sem,' sú sem. C. As adv. = svá, q.v.; skrímingr lítill sá, Ísl. ii. 46; landnyrðingr léttr sá, Fms. viii. 335. SÁ, pres. sær, Gísl. 147, Edda i. 398 (in a verse of the 11th century), Edda (Ht. 52); but sáir, Gþl. 384; sár, Nj. 82; pret. söri, seri, Akv. 39, Hom. 67, Ó.H. 135, Edda 83, Fms. i. 9: in mod. usage, pres. sá, pret. sáði, part, sáð, of which the pret. sáði already occurs, 656 C. 32, Barl. 18, Fb. ii. 258: [A.S. sawan; Engl. sow; Germ. säben; cp. Lat. sero] :-- to sow; ok sár hann niðr korninu, Nj. 82; karlar korni sá, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 170; sá akra, Stj. 225; um várit vildi hann sá, Landn. 35; bar út korn sitt ok seri, Hom. 67; korn hafði vaxit hvar sem sáð hafði verit, Fms. i. 92; sá sæði sínu, Barl. 18; sá niðr sæði, Fb. ii. 24; sá eilífu sáði, 656 C. 32; þá skal hann sá þá jörð, N.G.L. i. 39; er hann hafði þessu orða-sáði sáit í brjóst þeim, Fms. x. 236 :-- with acc., sá þar í Guðs orð, Barl. 18, but rare. 2. metaph. to sow, throw broadcast; ætla ek at sá silfrinu, Eg. 765; hón seri því um gammann, Fms. i. 9; ok söri allt um götuna, Edda 83, Hkr. i. 42; berr Hávarðr í brott vörðuna, ok ser (i.e. sær) hvern stein, Gísl. 147; hann seri því eptir í slóðna, Ó.H. 135 (sáði, Fb. ii. 258, l.c.) sáð, n. [A.S. sæd; Engl. seed; Germ. saat; Lat. satum; a Goth, seþs is conjectured] :-- seed, corn, crop; Ísak hafði þar sáð mikit ok gott, Stj, 162; biluðu mönnum sáð ok sæföng, Bs. i. 137; færa sáð niðr, Fb. ii. 512; ef maðr hellir vatni yfir sáðit, Stj. 317; þeir hafa ekki sáð, they grow no corn, Sks. 190: seed, sáð ens hvata, 673. 48. sáð-berandi, part. seed-bearing, Stj. 14. sáð-görð, f. corn-growing, Rétt. 10. 2. sáðir, f. pl. bran; hleifr þrunginn sáðum, a bran-loaf, the diet of bondmen, Rm. 4; blanda sáðum við brauð, Stj. 263; verða mönnum jamndýrar sáðar eða ok dýrri en hreint korn, Sks. 323 B; hey ok sáðir, Stj. 136; hann gaf þeim (the camels) hey ok sáðir, id.; sundrlyndis sáðir, 192: the old writers distinguish between the neut. sáð and the fem. sáðir; the neut. sing, sáðin (bran), Fél. ii. 145, l. 23 sqq., is therefore wrongly used for sáðir. COMPDS: sáða-hleifr, m. a bran loaf, Karl. 61. sáð-jörð, f. sown land, Vm. 80. sáð-korn, n. a seed-corn, Stj. 225, Barl. 19, Fms. iii. 168. sáð-land, n. a sown land, Nj. 82. sáð-lát, n. spermatorrhoea, Fél. x. 30, from an Arna-Magn. vellum. sáð-maðr, m. a sower, N.T. sáð-plógr, m. a ploughing for seed, Stj. 164. sáð-tíð, f. (sáð-tími, a, m., Stj. 61), the sowing season, Edda 103. sáðugr, adj. full of bran; brauðit var ílla bakat, blautt ok sáðugt, Art. 110. Sága, u, f. [akin to saga and segja?], one of the goddesses, see Gm. 7; often used in circumlocutions of a woman, silki-sága, öl-sága, etc., Lex. Poët. sál, f. a skin bag, carried behind the saddle; skinn-sál, selskinns-sál. SÁLA, u, f., also later form sál, f., gen. sálar, which form prevails in mod. usage, but the old writers prefer the weak form, thus sála, Hom. 31, 89; gen. sing, sálu, K.Á. 76; dat. sálu, passim (e.g. Hallfred, l.c.); acc. sáluna, Fms. viii. 252. v.l.; pl. sálur, Stj. 243, Hom. 30, MS. 671. 5, Sks. 99 C; gen. pl. sálna, H.E. i. 499, passim. The word is certainly Teutonic, but hardly Scandinavian, and was probably adopted from the Saxon with the introduction of Christianity; it is therefore only used in a religious and ecclesiastical sense: it first occurs in Hallfred (ef sálu minni vissak borgit); it never occurs in heathen poems, for the sálfastr, in Gísl. 120 (where, however, it is put in the mouth of a 'prime-signed'

SÄLUBATI -- SÄTT. 517

man) is, like other verses in that Saga, of later composition (12th century): [Ulf. saiwala = GREEK; A.S. sawl and sawle Engl. soul; Hel. seola; O.H.G. sala, etc.] :-- the soul; sálin, líkamr ok sála, Hom. 89; allra þeirra sálir, Gþl. 69, passim in old and mod. usage, N.T., Pass., Vídal. B. In COMPDS, in old writers sálu-, not sálar-: sálu-bati, a, m.= sálubót, Bs. ii. 147. sálu-bót, f. the soul's health, Hkr. ii. 347, Grág. i. 144, 202, Fms. vii. 76. sálu-búð, f. a 'soul's booth,' hospital, THom. sálu-eldar, n. pl. funeral fires, Róm. 211, 234. sálu-félag, n. 'soul's communion,' Fb. i. 268. sálu-gipt and sálu-gjöf, f. a soul's gift, B.K. 55, 110, Grág. i. 202, K.Á. 72, Vm. 143, Jm. 3. sálu-Háski, a, m. 'soul's danger,' perdition, Stj. 21, Dipl. ii. 14, (sálar-háski, id., Sturl. i. 122, Sks. 447.) sálu-hjálp, f. 'soul's help,' salvation, Orkn. 492, N.T., Pass., Vídal. sálu-hlið, n. a 'soul's gate,' a lich-gate, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 282. sálu-hús, n. a 'soul's house,' hospital, Stj. 216. sálu-messa, u, f. a 'soul's mass,' requiem, Bs. i. 712, Vm. 30, 144, Dipl. iv. 8, Pm. 97. sálu-sár, n. 'soul's wound,' Hom. 70. sálu-skaði, a, m. 'soul's scathe,' perdition, Fms. Hi. 170. sálu-stofa, u, f. = sáluhús, Kálfsk., Boldt. sálu-tíðir, f. pl. = sálumessa, Fms. x. 149, Bs. i. 173, 712, Stat., D.N., Stj. 238; sálutíða-kver, Pm. 14. sálu-tjón, n. 'soul's-tine,' perdition, Sks. 358, Bs. ii. 68. sálu-þarfligr, adj. useful for the soul, Stat. 291. salu-þurft, f. the soul's need, H.E. i. 252, Hom. 92. sálu-þörf, f. id., Hom. 158. sálu-öl, n. a funeral feast, N.G.L. i. 14. sálu-öldr, n. = sáluöl (see erfi, which is the heathen word), N.G.L. i. 15. &FINGER; In mod. compds sometimes sálar-, but sálu-hjálp, -hlið, -messa, not sálar-hjálp, etc. sálask, að, dep. to depart, Stj. 165, Fms.iii. 167; sálað hold, Pass. 49. 17: passim in mod. usage, in a religious sense, whereas deyja is the common word. SÁLD, n. [Dan. sold], a sieve; þrjá hleifa er aldregi höfðu í sáld komit, Flóv. 24; rúmborat sáld, a coarse sieve, Fms. viii. 243 :-- of a measure, Gþl. 524; sáld korns, Vm. 30; sálds sæði, D.I. i. 471; þriggja sálda öl, 31, Fms. ii. 16; sáld malts, N.G.L. i. 5; sex menn sé um sáld, Grág. ii. 402: as a measure of a field, sex sálda sáð, N.G.L. i. 6; naut skal hafa á sálds sáði hverju, 240. sálda, að, to sift; s. e-u, to let drop as out of a sieve. sál-fastr, adj. 'soul-fast,' firm of soul, Gísl. (in a verse). sálga, að, with dat. to kill, put to death. sáligr, m. [Germ. selig; A.S. sælig = blessed; whence Old Engl. seely; mod. Engl. silly] :-- poor, mostly in a good sense, but also in a bad = wretched, but only in a religious or eccl. style, Stj. 152, 428, Bs. ii. 18, Fb. i. 514. 2. in mod. usage [like Germ. selig] deceased, the late so and so, very freq., but usually written shortly, sál.; hún móðir mín sál., systir mín sál., hann Jón sál.: the usual ancient word is heitinn, see heita. sálmr (psálmr), [Gr. GREEK], a psalm, Stj., Bs,, passim, not only of the Psalms, but also generally a hymn; Passíu-sálmar, Hugvekju-sálmar, Kveld-sálmr, Morgun-sálmr, etc. COMPDS: sálma-bók, f. a psalm-book, hymn-book. Mar. sálma-lag, n. a psalm-tune. sálma-skáld, n. a psalmist, hymn-writer, Fms. viii. 239, x. 304. sálma-söngr, m. psalm or hymn-singing, psalmody, Sks. 600. Sálpti, m. the name of a firth in Norway, Grett., Munch's Norg. Beskr.; whence Sálpt-verjar, m. pl. the men from S., Fms. ix. 471. Sám-land, n. Samogitia or Semgallen, in Russia, Fms. xi. 322 (not Smáland), 324, 414. sám-leitr, adj. swarthy, blackish; þat sortnar ok verðr sámleitt, Barl. 166; svartr ok s. af sumars-hita ok bruna, 199. SÁMR, adj. [the word is prob. from the Finn, saomi] , swarthy, blackish, from the hue of the Finnish tribes; svartar ok sámar í sólviðri, Gsp.; en sáma Svívör, of an ogress, Edda (in a verse) :-- the name of a dog, Nj. :-- the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.), Fas. passim :-- a nickname, Fms. ix. 372 :-- a pr. name, Landn., Hrafn.; and Sæmingr in Yngl. S. ch. 9: the very name is a sign of intermarriage between the Finns and Northmen, see Prof. Munch's Det Norske Folk's Historie. sápa, u, f. [Lat. s&e-long;bum], soap, (mod.) SÁR, m., gen. sás, acc. sá, pl. sáir, and so in mod. usage, but saar (i.e. sár), N.G.L. iii. 15, l. 6; [Swed. så] :-- a large cask; þau báru á öxlum sér sá, Edda 7; fjóra sái fulla vatns, Stj. 593; sás-girði, cask-hoops, Grág. ii. 338; sáir kallask stór keröld, Krók.; smá-verplar eðr sár, N.G.L. iii. 15: freq. in mod. usage of large vessels in a dairy, skyr-sár. SÁR, n., old pl. sór Skálda 162, Grág. passim; [Engl, sore; Dan. -Swed. saar] :-- a sore; féllu maðkar ór sárum hans, 656 A. i. 25; hundar kómu ok sleiktu sár hans, N.T.; this, although rarer, is the original sense, cp. also sársauki; hence, II. a wound; in the Scandin. languages this is the general word, 'und' and 'ben' being special; it is thus defined, þat eru sár, ef þar blæðir sem á kom, Grág. ii. 90; þat er sár er odds farvegr er á eðr eggjar, enda er þó sár, at maðr ljósti til, ef þar blæðir sem við kemr, eðr hvat sem hann görir þess er blæðir, 115, 116; and in the Norse law, ef maðr kastar at manni ok lýstr hann, þat heitir sár, ef maði hefir ekki vápn i-hendi, en annars drep, N.G.L. i. 69; sár þau er menn fá í orrostum, Post.; hafði annarr bana en annar sár á sér, Nj. 101; veita e-m sár, N.G.L. i. 67; liggja í sárum, Fbr. 96 new Ed.; deyja ór sárum, Fs. 130; bana-sár, q.v.; holsár, Fbr. 211, vöðva-sár, a flesh wound; síðu-sár, a side wound; svöðu-sár, and so passim: poët., sár-dropi, -flóð, -gýmir, -lá, -lögr, = 'wound-drop,' i.e. blood; sár-eldr, -iss, -jökull, -klungr, -laukr, -linnr, -teinn, -viti, -vöndr, -þisl, = 'wound-fire,' ... 'wound-shaft,' i.e. a weapon; sár-gagl, -gammr, -geitungr, -límr, -mútari, -orri, = a carrion-crow; sár-fíkinn, 'wound-greedy,' Lex. Poët. COMPDS: sárs-auki, a, m. a hurt, smart, pain; kenna sársauka, Fms. ii. 174; verða fyrir skemdum eða sársaukum, Gþl. 19. sárs-brún, f. the edge of a wound, Fas. ii. 375. sára-far, n.the state of the wounds; hann varð heill sárafars þessa, Bs. i. 419; hrakningar ok s., Nj. 137; hvert s. hann veitti honum, Bjarn. 65; þá er hann fékk vansa í sárafari, Sturl. i. 103; ok er leitað var til sárafars Þorbjarnar, Orkn. 458. sára-fullr, adj. full of sores, Greg. 22. sára-menn = sárir-menn, Sturl. ii. 97; cp. sár-menn, m. pl., Bær. 19. sára-sýki or sára-veyki, f. a kind of scorbutic disease(?), Fél. x. 31, H.E. iii. 533; for a description of this illness see Hungry, ch. 7, Bs. i. 375. sár-auki, a, m. = sársauki, Js. 28. sár-beittr, adj. 'sore-biting,' very keen, Hom. 109, Þiðr. 122, Fas. iii. 353, Grett. 116 new Ed. sár-bætr, f. pl. compensation for a wound, Gþl. 149, 190, N.G.L. i. 67, 73. sár-dropi, a, m. 'wound-drop,' poët, blood, Hkv. sár-eggjaðr, adj. = sárbeittr, Trist. sár-fættr, adj. sore-footed. sár-heitr, adj. 'sorely-hot,' very hot, Grett. 126 A; [cp. Germ. sehr; Dan. saare; Engl. sore.] sár-hendr, adj. with sore hands. sárindi, f. pl. soreness; hvárki sviði né s., Fas. ii. 151. sár-kaldr, adj. 'sorely-cold,' bitterly cold, Pass. sár-keyptr, part. 'sore-bought,' dear-bought, Nj. 255. sár-leikr (-leiki), m. soreness, pain, Hom. 29, Ver. 72, Stj. 21, 38, 97, 189, Bs. ii. 25: metaph. pain, Hom, 11, Bs. i. 142. sár-liga, adv. sorely; kveljask s., Stj. 155; brenna s., id.; leika s., to handle roughly, Hkr. i. 323; hefna s., Fb. ii. 381; fyrirfarask s., Fms. xi. 425; minnask s., id.; svíkja s., vi. 218; syndga s., K.Á. 104; gráta s., Fms. xi. 425, Stj. 208; s. hryggr, Mar.; s. þyrstr, Karl. 55. sár-ligr, adj. sore, Th. 19, Anecd. 30, Mar. sárna, að, to become sore, painful, Fas. ii. 451: impers., e-m sárnar e-t, it is sore to me, pains, grieves me. sár-orðr, adj. using sore, cutting words, Karl. 124. SÁRR, adj. [A.S. sâr; Scot. sair; Engl. sore; Dan. saare]: I. sore, aching; the phrase, eiga um sárt at binda, to have sores to bind up, to smart sorely, of a loss, Nj. 54; hann þrýsti knénu ok því er sárast var, Fms. v. 224; sár skeina, Stj. 187; önd hennar varð sárari við dauða sonar síns, Mar.; með sáru hjarta, 623. 58; með sárum huga, sárr grátr, Fb. ii. 392; sáran sjúknað, Fms. iii. 172; sárar píslir, i. 189; sár kvöl, Sks. 652, hörund-sárr, hár-sárr, touchy, sensitive: neut. sárt, painful; opt verðr sárin sárt at lækna, Al. 99; bítr þat sárara, Sks. 804; en menn höfðu þó sárt haldit frændum sínum, i.e, had sore losses among their kinsmen, Ísl. ii. 384; cp. hafa ílla haldit; vera sárt leikinn, to be sorely handled, Nj. 27, 114; hverjum er lífit sárast at láta, Þiðr. 119: sáran, as adverb, gráta sáran, to 'greet sair,' Fas. ii. 236: the phrase, sitja aldri á sárs-höfði, to be always quarrelling :-- nú. þótt Þorkatli væri matrinn sárr, þá þorði hann þó eigi at synja þeim gistingar, though it pained him to part with the meat, yet ..., Fbr. 36.; skaða-sárr. II. wounded, Ísl. ii. 258; mjök sárr, Eg. 33; sárr til úlífis, 190; lítt sárr, Ld. 222; ekki sárr, passim; ú-sárr, not wounded, and so passim. sár-ráð, n. pl. the plotting bodily injury to a person, Grág. ii. 116. sár-reiðr, adj. bitterly angry. sár-vitr, f. 'wound-wise,' skilled in surgery(?), Hkv. 1. 53. sár-yrði (-yrtr, adj.), n. pl. 'sore words,' banter, Ls. 19, Hom. 143. SÁT, f. [sitja], a sitting in ambush, ambush, Grág. ii. 127, Sturl. i. 149 (v.l.), Eg. 568. 571, Fms. viii. 379, Orkn. 48; fyrir-sát, um-sát: a putting, placing, seating, in compds as upp-sát, saltketils-sát. sáta, u, f., gen. pl. sátna, Ísl. ii. 329, [setja], a truss of hay carried on horseback, two of which make a klyf: as also a small hay-rick, Nj. 194 (arfa-sáta), Ám. 37, Ísl. ii. 329, Brandkr. 60; cp. sæti, ricks, Eb. 224. sátr, n. = sát, Sturl. i. 149; better sátinni. SÁTT, f. and sætt; of the sing, in classical Icel. both forms are used indifferently, whereas in plur. sættir is usual; in mod. usage sætt prevails throughout; [setja] :-- a settlement, covenant, esp. any agreement made by umpires (through görð, q.v.); hence also peace, concord; a word much used by old and mod. writers and in conversation; göra sátt, Grág. i. 485; eigi munu þeir rjúfa þá sátt er ek göri, Nj. 65; varð þat at sætt, at Hálfdan konungr skyldi halda ríki sínu, Fms. i. 13; verða sekr at sátt, to bt fined in a court of arbitration, Grág. i. 81: the word is used freq. in the Laws and the Sagas, leita um sættir, Eb. 24, 246; slá málum í sætt, 286; eptir sætt Eyrbyggja ok Álptfirðinga, 252; hélzk sú sætt vel meðan þeir lifðu báðir, ... sumar þetta hit sama eptir sættina, 246; vildi Þorgrímr þá eigi halda sættina, 50; bjóða sættir, 100; varð þat at sætt, Fms. i. 13; segja upp sátt, to pronounce judgment as umpire, Grág. i. 118, and. passim :-- of the indemnity, skal aðili eignask tvá hluti sáttar, 144; ok

518 SÁTTAIIBIKAR -- SEGJA.

skal þar af sátt til taka, id.; skal af sáttum til taka, 382. II. concord, consent; segja sátt sína á e-t, Grág. i. 66. B.. COMPDS: sáttar-bikar, m. a 'peace-beaker,' loving-cup, Fas. iii. 299. satta-boð, n. pl. an offer of terms, Nj. 105, Eb. 128. sáttar-bætr, f. pl. satisfaction, Fbr. 72, v.l. sáttar-dómr, m. a court of arbitration, Grág. i. 359; composed of twelve persons, 487. sáttar-eiðr, m. an oath taken at a sátt, Sturl. ii. 7. sáttar-fundr, m. a peace-meeting, Nj. 256, Sturl. i. 101, Fms. vi. 209, viii. 44. sáttar-grið, n. pl. a truce, Sks. 742. sáttar-görð, f. the making a treaty, agreement, peace-transactions, Fb. ii. 234, Grág. i. 136, 485; sáttargörðar váttr, 83. sáttar-hald, n. the keeping of an agreement, Sturl. i. 81, v.l. sátta-leyfi, n. a licence to make an agreement; þar beiða menn sýknu-leyfa allra ok sáttaleyfa, Grág. i. 6. sátta-lof, n. = sáttaleyfi; stefna manni heiman til sáttalofs, Grág. i. 359. sáttar-maðr, m. an umpire, peace-maker, Grág. i. 118, 137. sáttar-mark, n. a mark of peace, 623. 50 (Gen. ix. 17). sáttar-nefna, u, f., better sættar-stefna, Sturl. i. 163. sáttar-stefna, u, f. = sáttarfundr, Grág. ii. 165. sáttar-umleitan, f. mediation, Fms. iv. 141, (sætta-umleitan, Ó.H. 58, l.c.) sátta-vandr, adj. = sáttvandr, Sturl. iii. 275. sáttar-vætti, n. testimony at a sætt, Grág. i. 183. II. sættar- or sætta-; sættar-boð, n. = sáttarboð, Hkr. ii. 103, Eb. 246, Eg. 281. sættar-bréf, n. a charter of agreement, H.E. i. 459. sætta-brigði, n. a breach of an agreement, Sturl. ii. 130, Orkn. 424. sættar-efni, n. the basis of an agreement, Sturl. iii. 170 sættar-eiðr, m. = sáttareiðr, Fms. vi. 184 (v.l.), Sturl. ii. 7 C. sættar-fundr, m. = sáttarfundr, Ld. 228, Fms. iii. 38. sættar-görð, f. = sáttargörð, Fms. i. 160, iv. 268, Nj. 187, Grág. i. 488. sættar-hald, n. = sáttarhald,Sturl. i. 81 C. sættar-handsal, n. the hanselling an agreement, Grág. i. 361; see handsal. sættar-kaup, n. the price of an agreement, N.G.L. i. 81. sætta-laust, n. adj. without truce, unable to agree, Sturl. iii. 257. sættar-maðr, m. = sáttarmaðr, Grág. i. 118. sætta-mál, n.the making an agreement, Grág. ii. 87. sættar-orð, n. a word of peace, mediation, Ld. 66. sættar-rof, n. a breach of an agreement, Nj. 106, Sturl. ii. 132. sættar-samþykki, n. an agreement, Fms. ii. 242. sættar-skrá, f. = sættarbréf, a charter, N.G.L. ii. sættar-stefna, u, f. = sáttarstefna, Fms. vii. 241, Sd. 172, Sturl. i. 163 C. sætta-umleitan, f. = sáttarumleitan, Hkr. ii. 86, Fms. ix. 51, Sturl. ii. 172. sáttan, f. = sátt, Fms. x. 160, xi. 418. sátt-band, n. a treaty, covenant, Fb. ii. 276. sátt-fúss, adj. peace-loving, willing to come to terms, Sturl. iii. 275. sátt-gjarn, adj. = sáttfúss, Nj. 88, Sturl. ii. 179, Fs. 185. sátt-gjarnliga, adv. in a conciliatory way, Fms. ii. 36, vi. 181, vii. 306. sátt-gjarnligr, adj. conciliatory, Fms. iii. 63, Sturl. iii. 170. sátt-liga, adv. peaceably, N.G.L. i. 78. sátt-mál, n. pl. words of reconciliation, Eg. 401, Ld. 228, Fb. i. 560, Fms. i. 37. II. sing. a covenant, Skv. 3. 39; esp. eccl., Stj. 56, 62, 115, 129, 305, 651, Fms. vi. 286, 0.H. 78, Grett. 103 A. COMPDS: sáttmáls-búð, f. the covenant-booth, Tabernacle, Stj. 310. sáttmáls-lög, n. pl. the law of the covenant, Stj. 650. sáttmáls-mark, n. the mark of a covenant, Stj. 62, 115. sáttmáls-örk, f. the Tabernacle, Stj. 427, the Icel. Bible, passim. sátt-máli, a, m. (old writers prefer the neut. sattmál), a covenant, Hkr. ii. 119 (but Ó.H. l.c. sáttmál), B.K. 126, Sks. 51; einn sáttmála ... þann eilífa sáttmála milli Guðs ok allra lifandi dýra ... þetta skal vera teikn á þeim sáttmála, sem ek hefi upp reist Gen. ix. 9-17; Gamli sáttmáli, the covenant between the Icelanders and the king of Norway, D.I. i. 602 sqq. sáttr, adj. agreeing, at peace, reconciled; sáttir ok sammála, Ísl. ii. 381; at vér sém sem sáttastir, Fs. 43; s. við e-n, Anal. 282: verða s. á e-t, to agree on; verða þeir á þat vel sáttir, Nj. 22, Fms. i. 279; þeir urðu á öngan hlut sáttir, x. 24; urðu allir á þat sáttir, Nj. 101; ef þeir verða eigi á sáttir, if they cannot come to terms, Grág. i. 57; s. á fjártölur, 336; at þvílíkum kostum sem þú hefir á sáttr orðit, Ld. 212: eg er s:áttr með að göra það, I am quite willing to do that, (mod.); mis-sáttr, ú-sáttr. sátt-rof, n. a breach of a sátt, Valla L. 227. sátt-samliga, adv. in peace and harmony, Dipl. v. 16. sátt-samligr, adj. peaceable, Sks. 520. v.l. sátt-vandr, adj. particular as to terms, Sturl. ii, 63. sátt-vænligr, adj. hopeful as to an agreement, Rd. 254. seði, f. [saðr or saddr], satiety, Greg. 28. seðill, m. [Lat. schedula], a slip of paper, (mod.) SEÐJA, pres. seð, pret. saddi, subj. seddi, part. saddr; [Goth. saþan, sôþ, supposed from ga-soþjan; A.S. sadjan; O.H.G. satjan; Lat. satiare] :-- to satiate, feed; Gera ok Freka seðr, Gm. 19; s. e-n af e-u, or á e-u, s. hrafn af hræjum, Hkv. 1. 43, Fas. i. 140; s. hrafn á holdi, Korm. (in a verse); og hann girnfist að s. sik af þeim molum sem féllu af borðum hins ríka, Luke xvi. 21: metaph., Stj. 29; at ek skylda sadda hafa yðra fýst á minni frásögn, 655 xxx. A. 4; s. fenginn hungr á nýju ránfengi, Al. 83: s. e-n e-u, s. oss sínum málum helgum, 625. 79; s. þorsta, to slake the thirst, Magn. 486. II. reflex. seðjask, to be sated, eat one's fill; vitnir seðsk. the wolf is sated, Edda (Ht.) 9; seðjask Sæhrímni, Gm.; vér söddumk af konunglegri sælu, Al. 165; seðjask á e-u, 677. 3; láta verða sadda sína reiði, Al. 106. III. part. saddr, [Germ. satt], sated, having eaten one's fill, eg er saddr; vera s. á e-u, to have got enough of, Ld. 98; full-s. séðr, part., from sjá, used as adj. wary, clever; hann er vel séðr, hann er se;ðari en svo. séðu or söðu, pret. pl., remains of a lost verb sýja, [answering to Goth, sjujan; A.S. siwjan; Engl. sew; Dan. sye; Lat. suere] :-- to sew; séðu (sew thou) hve vel þeir séðu (sewed) er fyrir saumförinni réðu, Skálda, Thorodd: part. seðr or söðr, sewn; jarni sæðr, Hallfred (Fs. 205); skyrta hamri söð, hammer-knit, epithet of a coat of mail, Fms. xi. 197 (in a verse). SEF, n. [Engl. sedge; Dan. siv], sedge; var stráð gólf á Sæbóli af sefinu af Seftjörn, Gísl. 27; lykklaus sem sef, Al. 173; sem af sefi eðr slýi, Stj. 253; stokk af tágum ok sefi görfan, 251: poët., svarðar sef = the hair, Kormak. COMPDS: sef-dæla, u, f. a sedgy hollow, Björn. Sef-grisnir, m. a 'sedge-boar,' poët, a wolf, Lex. Poët. sef-rein, f. a sedge-bank. Lex. Poët. sef-tjörn, f. sedge-tarn, a local name, Gísl. 27, 107, 111. sef-visk, f. a sedge-wisp, Gísl. 29. sef-þvengr, m., poët. a 'sedge-thong,' snake, Lex. Poët. SEFA, að, older form svefa, Fms. ix. 444, [akin to svefn], to soothe, soften; sefa ok svefja, allit., Rm. 41; the act. is rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. usage. II. reflex. to be soothed, appeased, of anger; kom svá. at Grímr sefaðisk, Eg. 166, Ld. 52, Fbr. 141, Fms. xi. 11; svefaðisk (sefaðisk, v.l.) þá hugr jarls, ix. 444; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28, Fms. v. 319; þeir sefuðusk, Finnb. 354; vinir hennar báðu hana sefask ok snúa hug sínum til konungs, Fms. vi, 4, vii. 128; af þessu nafni sefask höggonnr, 623. 26; ef hann fær eigi sefat hana, appeased, soothed her, Fms. xi. 135. 2. part. sefaðr, propitious; at Drottinn sé honum jafnan sefaðr, Stj. 309; ok vertú s. yfir íllskur lýðsins, 312. sefan-ligr, adj. fit for sacrifice; s. fórn, Stj. 310. SEFI or sevi, a, m. [akin to sif, sifjar, q.v.; cp. A.S. sib = peace] :-- the mind, affection, poët., Edda (Gl.); fróðr sefi, Fsm. 4; ok sný ek hennar öllum seva, Hm. 162; einn er hann sér um seva, 94; þær deyfa sverð ok sefa, Sdm. 27; sorgmóðr sefi, Gkv. 2. 40; hverr er sér getr slíkan sefa, Hkm. 19; snúisk þeim til sátta sefi, Gg. 9. II. [Old Engl. sib; Engl. gos-sip] = sifi, a kinsman, Hkv. 2. 8; Surtar sevi, Vsp. (Hb.); Ullar sefi, Vtkv. (in the interpolated part). seggr, m., pl. seggir, [A.S. säcg; from segja ?] :-- poët, a man, prop. a messenger, which sense can still be seen in Akv. 1, 2, 6, as also in the allit. seggr and segja; at þú mér, seggr, né segir, Skm. 5; seggir segja mér hvártveggja, Hallfred. 2. gener. a man, Vkv. 7, 21; nóttum fóru seggir, 6; sénir vóru seggir (strangers) und hjálmum, Hðm. 20; seggja dróttinn, Bkv. 5: the word remains in mod. usage in such phrases as, grimdar-seggr, a cruel man; óróa-seggr, a rioter. segg-fjöld, f. a host of men, Lex. Poët. segi or sigi, a, m. a slice, bit, clot; hjarta mitt var runnit sundr í siga, my heart was molten into drops, 'torn into shreds,' Sól. 43; hann skar af tungu ormsins einn sega, Tristr.; hann skar hann sundr í siga, Bret. 170; hann (the dog) greip í kálfann ok þar ór siga, Fas. ii. 426; þórir kvaðsk úviljaðr at skera slærrum segjum, to cut larger slices, Sturl. i. 61; töngu segi, the tongs' bit, poët. = the iron in the forge, Þd. 15; blóð-segi, a clot of blood; fjör-segi, the heart; tál-segi, a bait; kló-segi, kverk-segi, q.v. SEGJA, pres. segi, segir, segi, pl. segjum, segit, segja; pret. sagði, pl. sögðu; pres. subj. segja; pret. segða, segðir, segði; imperat. seg, segðú; part. sagðr: doubtful forms are sagat, sagaðr, Merl. 2. 4: a pres. indic. seg, segr, ek seg, Grág. i. 64, 134; segr hann, Fms. x. 421; segsk, Grág.i. 159, ii. 57: with a neg. suff. segr-at, Grág. ii. 214; sagðit, Hým. 14; segit-a, tell ye not! Vkv. 21: an older form seggja with a double g is suggested in Lex. Poët, in two or three passages, cp. A.S. secgan, as also seggr; but in Haustl. l.c. the g in 'sagna' is soft, and not hard (gg) as in mod. Icel. pronunciation, and sagna would fairly rhyme with segjaandum: [a word common to all Teut. languages, except that, strangely enough, no Goth, form is recorded, for Ulf. renders GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, by maþljan, quiþan, rodjan; so it may be that the earliest sense was not to say = Lat. dicere, but a limited one, to tell, proclaim; A.S. secgan; Engl. say; Dan. sige; Swed. segja.] A. To say, in the oldest poems chiefly, I. to tell, report, Lat. narrare, dicere; segðu, imperat. tell thou me! say! Vþm. 11, 13, 15. 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, Alm. 10, 12, 14, 16. etc., Skm. 3; segðu mér ór helju ek man ór heimi, Vtkv. 6; atgeirinn sagði (foretold) manns bana, eins eðr fleiri, Nj. 119; mér segir svá hugr um, my mind tells me, I have a foreboding; eigi segir mér vel hugr um þessa ferð, Ld. 366; sagði honum mjök úvænt hugr um hennar hag, Fms. x. 215; sagðit honum hugr vel þá, Hým. 14; seg oss draum þinn, Nj. 95; hann segir honum greiniliga slíkt er hann spurði, Fms. ii. 99; þessi saga er nú ætlu vér at segja, viii. 1 (see saga); hann spurði hvers synir þeir væri, -- þeir sögðu, Nj. 125; fór sveinninn ok sagði

SEGJA -- SEIÐE. 519

til Haralds, Fms. vii. 167; hvat hark var þat? -- Honum var sagt, 168; svá hafa spakir menn sagt, Ib. 6; svá sagði Þorkell oss, 5; svá sagði Teitr oss, id.; svá sagði oss Úlfhéðinn Gunnarsson, 9; þenna atburð sagði Teitr oss, at því es Kristni kom á Ísland, 13; en Hallr sagði oss svá, 15; svá sagði hann oss, id.; en honum sagði Þórarinn bróðir hans, 16; es sannliga es sagt, at fyrst færi til Íslands, 4; hvatki er missagt es í fræðum þessum (pref.); þar sagði hann eigi koma dag á vetr, Landn. (pref.); svá segja vitrir menn, ... en svá er sagt, 25; svá sagði Sæmundr prestr enn fróði, 27; er svá sagt, at honum hafi flestir hlutir höfðingligast gefnir verit, Nj. 254: of inscriptions, writing, segja þær (the Runes) formála þenna allan, Eg. 390; segja bækr, at ..., 625. 88; skal sú skrá hafa sitt mál, er lengra segir, Grág. i. 7: segja leið, to tell the way, to guide, esp. on the sea, to pilot, Fms. xi. 123, Eg. 359 (leið-sögn, leiðsögu-maðr) :-- to tell, bid, far þú ok seg Agli, at þeir búisk þaðan fimmtán, Nj. 94; hann sendi húskarl at segja Steinari, at hann færði bústað sinn, to tell S. to change his abode, Eg. 749; segðu honum að koma, tell him to come! 2. with prepp.; segja eptir e-m, to tell tales of one, inform against, Al. 125; hann sagði eptir mér, segðu ekki eptir mér! -- s. frá e-u (frá-sögn), to tell, relate, Nj. 96; þar er hón nú, Unnr, er ek sagða þér frá, U., of whom I told thee, 3; eigi má ofsögum segja frá vitsmunum þínum, Ld. 132: s. fyrir, to dictate, Fms. vii. 226, Fb. iii. 533, Nj. 256: to foretel, Rb. 332; s. fyrir úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 76, viii. 5: segja fyrir skipi, to bid Godspeed to a ship (on her first voyage), ix. 480: to prescribe, Ld. 54; þeir sigldu um nóttina, en hann sagði fyrir (piloted) með viti ok gæfu, Bs. i. 562: s. manni fyrir jörðu, to give notice as to the redemption of an estate, Gþl. 295-297, 301 sqq. :-- segja til, to give up; s. til nafns sins, to give one's name (on being asked), Hbl.; hvat er nafn höfðingja yðvars? Rútr segir til sin. R. told his name (said, my name is R.) Nj. 8; sagði Örnólfr til svá-felldra itaka, Dipl. i. 1; skal ek hér fá þér sæmd ok virðing, þá er þú kannt mér sjálfr til s. . Eg. 312. 3. impers. it is told: hér hefsk Landnáma-bok, ok segir í hinum fyrsta kapitula, hversn, Landn. 24: hér segir frá Birni bunu, 39; segir nokkut af hans orrostum, Fms. viii. 3; sem segir í sögu hans, i. 4 (see saga); sem áðr sagði, ... sem sagði fyrr, as was told before, x. 382, 410. II. to say, pronounce, declare; eg seg þat Guði, I declare to God (in an oath, cp. Engl. 'so help me, God'), Grág. i. 64, 134; ok segi ek þat Æsi, Glúm. 388. 2. so in the law phrases, segja sik í þing, lög, and the like, to declare oneself in a community, to enter a community under the law; as also, segja sik ór þingi, lögum, to declare oneself out of, to withdraw from, a community, Grág. and the Sagas passim; segja skilit við konu, to declare oneself separated from, to divorce one's wife, Nj. 50; segja þing laust, to declare a meeting at an end, Grág, i. 116 :-- segja lög, to say the law, used of the speaker's (lögsögu-maðr) decisions; syni Erlings segi ek engi lög, i.e. I give no sentence for him, Fms. ix. 331: iron., sögðu sverð þeirra ein lög öllum Svíum, ii. 315; s. prófan (á) málum, K.Á. 216; s. dóm, to give sentence. 3. with prepp.; s. e-n af e-n, to 'declare a person off a thing,' i.e. take it from him; hann sagði Vastes af drottningar-dómi ok öllu því ríki, Sks. 462; þá er hann þegar sagðr af lærðra manna tign, 694; skipta svá miklum ríkdómi, ok segja hann af einhverjum ok til annars, i.e. to take it from one and give it to another, Fms. ix. 330; þann dag segja lög mann at aptni af griði, Grág. i. 146; s. e-n afhendan, to declare a person off one's hands, give him up, Fs. 34 :-- s. e-t á, to announce:þú skalt segja á reiði mína, Nj. 216; s. á úsátt sína, 256; bæta at þeim hluta sem lög segði á hann, as the law declared, imposed, Fms. x. 152: -- s. aptr, to break up, dissolve; s. friði aptr, N.G.L. i. 103 :-- segja sundr = segja aptr, s. sundr griðum, frændsemi, Fms. ix. 276, x. 133, Fas. ii. 136 :-- s. fram, to say, pronounce, esp. of pleading, to read; s. fram sök and the like, Grág., Nj. passim :-- s. fyrir, see l. 2 :-- s. upp, to pronounce; er hann hafði þenna kost upp sagðan, Fms. xi. 284: segja upp görð, dóm, sætt, to pronounce sentence, as a judge or umpire, Grág., Nj. Band. 12, passim; s. upp lög, to proclaim the law from the law-hill (the act was called upp-saga), Ib. 17, Bs. i. 25; at hann segði upp lögin, Nj. 164: s. e-n upp, to give one up, Sturl. iii. 181 C: segja e-u upp, to declare at an end; segja upp friði, griðum, Fms. x. 133; segja upp þjónustu við e-n, to leave one's service, Hkr. iii. 68. to speak, talk; skaut konungr á erendi, talaði hátt ok hvellt ok segir svá -- þat er ..., Fms. i. 215; 'þenna kost viljum vér,' segir Skapti, Nj. 150; 'frauva,' segir hann, 'þat er satt er þú mælir,' Fms. x. 421. 2. in a dialogue: segir hann, segir hón, says he, says she, etc.; 'Kenni ek víst,' segir Otkell, -- 'Hverr á,' segir Skamkell; 'Melkólfr þræll,' segir Otkell, -- 'Kenna skulu þá fleiri,' segir Skamkell, 'en vit tveir,' 75; Gunnarr mælti -- 'Veiztú hvat þér mun verða at bana?' -- 'veit ek,' segir Njáll, -- 'Hvat?' segir Gunnarr; -- ' jþat sem allir munn sízt ætla/ segir Njáll, 85; and so in countless instances. IV. to signify, mean; þetta segir svá, Fms. viii. 239; 'fiat voluntas tua,' þat segir svá, 'verði þinn vili,' Hom. 157. B. Reflex. to declare of oneself; hann sagðisk þá vaka, he said that he was awake, Nj. 153; sagðisk Haraldr vilja leggja við hann vináttu, Fms. i. 53; þeir sem sögðusk segja fyrir úvorðna hluti, 76; at þú sér annarr en þú segisk, Fas. ii. 544, freq. esp. in mod. usage, for the old writers in this case prefer kveðsk, káðusk (from kveða). II. as a law phrase, þú segsk í þing með Áskatli goða, Nj. 231; maðr skal segjask í þing með goða þeim er hann vill, Grág. i. 159; nefndu hvárir vátta, Kristnir menn ok heiðnir, ok sögðusk hvárir ór lögum annarra, Nj. 164 (Id. 11, Bs. i. 22); hón sagðisk í ætt sína, she told her origin, i.e. she was exactly like her parents, Njarð. 382: impers. phrase, e-m segisk svá, one's tale runs so; honum sagðisk svá til, his story runs; or, honum segist vel, he speaks well; honum sagðist vél í dag, he preached well to-day! það segist á e-u, there is a penalty on it, 'tis not allowed; láta sér segjask. to let oneself be spoken to, be reasonable, Am. 29, and in mod. usage. III. part., sönnu sagðr, convicted of, Sdm. 25; Jupiter vill vita hvárt hann er sönnu sagðr, if the charge is true, Bret. 12: gerund., in the saying, segjanda er allt vin sínum, all can be said to a friend, one can open one's, heart to him. Eg. 330. IV. pass. it is said; svá segisk, at ..., Fms. i. 98; þessi kvikendi segjask augnafull umhverfis, Hom. 48; hann segisk (is said to be, Lat. dicitur) skapaðr ór jörðn, Eluc. 21; segist í hverri viku sálu-messa, Dipl. i. 8; Zabulon, þat má hér segjast bygging, Stj.; ef nokkut riptist eðr af segðist, Dipl. iii. 11; segist þetta með öngu móti aptr, cannot be refuted, Fms. ix. 476, Hom. 154; af sögðum bæjum, aforesaid, Vm. 84; fyrr-sagðr, aforesaid; but this passive is unclassical, being taken from the Latin, and rare even in mod. usage. V. segendr, part. pl. (seggendr, with a double g. Haustl.), sayers, reporters; sjáendr eða segendr, Grág. ii. 88. segjands-saga, u, f. a hearsay tale; skoluð ér hér vera ok sjá þau tíðendi er hér görask, er yðr þá eigi segjanz-saga til, þvíat ér skolut frá segja ok yrkja um síðan, Ó.H. 206; hence the mod. það er segin saga, a told tale, a thing of course [cp. Fr. ca va sans dire]. SEGL, n. [A.S. segel; Engl. sail; Germ. segel; Dan. seil] :-- a sail, Sj. 135; vinda, draga segl, to hoist sail, Hkv. 1. 29, Ó.H. 136, 137, 170; setja upp segl, Fms. ix. 10; taka til segls, Ó.H. 140; leggja ofan segl, 170; hella (to reef) segl, 182, Nj. 135, Fms. ix. 285, Fb. ii. 583; hleypa segli ór heflum, Ó.H. 182; hleypa ofan segli, id.; hlaða (to furl) seglum, Fms. viii. 135; nú lægir seglin þeirra, Ó.H. 182, passim. The ancients took pride in costly sails woven or embroidered with stripes and figures in various colours (vöndr, segl stafað vendi), stafat segl, Fms. i. 301; segl blá-stafat, x. 345; stöfuð segl með ymsum litum, xi. 437; seglin vóru stöfuð öll með blá ok rauðu ok grænu, Ó.H. 161; segl stafat vendi blám ok rauðum, Eg. 68, Ó.H. 113, 124; var seglit hvítt sem drift ok stafat rauðu ok blá með vendi, 170, Orkn. ch. 116, and passim: such sails were a fit gift to a king, see the narrative in Fms. vi, Har. S. harðr. ch. 100; at menn sendi konungi vingjafir, hauka, hesta, tjöld eðr segl, Ó.H. 126; hence the poets call the sail a 'tablet' (skript): poët. a ship is called segl-hundr, -marr, -vigg, sail-hound, sail-steed, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: segl-bót, f. sail-mending, Sks. 30. segl-búinn, part. sail-bound, Eg. 389, Eb. 140, Fms. vii. 68, ix. 439. segl-laun, n. pl. reward for a sail, Fms. vi. 358. segl-rá, f. a sail-yard, Fbr. 132. segl-reiði, a, m. sail-rigging, Sturl. i. 189, Edda i. 330. segl-tækr, adj. fit for sailing; veðr segltækt, Ó.H. 138, Fms. vii. 286. segl-viðr, n. a 'sail-tree,' of the yard, Skálda 162. segull, m. a magnet. COMPDS: segul-berg, n. a magnetic mountain, Snót. segul-steinn, m. a lodestone. seiða, d, [answering to síða, q.v.], to enchant by a spell; seiða seið, to work a spell. Gísl. 31; Gunnhildr lét þat seiða, at Egill skyldi aldri ró bíða. Eg. 403: s. til e-s, seiddi hón til þess í hallæri, at hvert sund var fullt af síld, Landn. 147; hann hefir látið s. til, at honum skal ekki vápn at bana verða nema hann, Nj. 44. seið-berendr, m. pl. sorcerers, Hdl. 32. seið-galdr, m. enchantment by spells, Róm. 383. seið-hjallr, m. the scaffold on which the wizard or witch was seated and where the incantation was performed, Ld. 142, Fas. ii. 84, iii. 319. seið-kona, u, f. a sorceress, witch, Hkr. i. 19; völva ok s., Fas. ii. 506. seið-læti, n. pl. the sound heard during the incantation, prob. the screams, songs, and charms by which the seið was accompanied, Ld. 152; see varð-loka. seið-maðr, m. an enchanter, wizard, Fms. i. 10, ii. 134, Fas. iii. 319, Bárð. 39 new Ed. seið-magnan, f. the working a spell. SEIÐR, m., gen. seiðar, dat. seiði; the fem, seið sina (sinn), Fms. ii. 136, and seiðit, Fas. iii. 319, are false forms :-- a spell, charm, enchantment, incantation, which in the heathen times was solemnly performed at night; the wizards or witches were seated with certain solemn rites on a scaffold (seiðhjallr), from which they chanted their spells and songs; the 'seidr' was performed either to work any kind of good or evil to another person, or to be a kind of oracle or fortune-telling, to foreshow future events, such as the life and fate of those present, the weather, or the like; of the evil kind is the charm in Gísl. l.c., Ld. 152; fá at seið, Hkr. i. 21; Ingjaldr ok völvan ætluðu til seiðar mikils um nóttina, Fas. ii. 507; Freyja kenndi fyrst með Ásum seið, 8; fremja seið, Þorf. Karl. 376; efla seið, Eg. 403, Fas. ii. 72; magna seið, Gísl. 116; konungr bað hann hætta seiði, Fms. i. 10: hón bað fá sér konur er kunnu fræði þat sem til seiðsins þarf, Þorf. Karl. 378; var þangat at heyra íll læti er þeir frömdu

520 SEIÐR -- SEKR.

seiðinn (seiðit Ed. wrongly), Fas. iii. 319: seiðis-hús, the house where the spell was worked. Fas. iii. 166, v.l.; in Yngl. S. ch. 7 the charm of 'seidr' is attributed to Odin; Óðinn kunni þá íþrótt, er mestr máttr fylgdi, ok framði sjálfr, er seiðr heitir, en af því mátti hann vita örlög manna ok úorðna hluti, svá ok at göra mönnum bana eðr úhamingju eða vanheilindi, svá ok at taka frá mönnum vit eðr afl ok gefa öðrum, en þessi fjölkyngi, er framið er, fylgir svá mikil ergi, at eigi þótti karlmönnum skammlaust við at fara, ok var gyðjunum kennd sú íþrótt, Yngl. S. ch. 7; as to the rites and ceremonies of the 'seidr' see esp. the interesting account in Þorf. Karl. S. ch. 3, compared with that in Vd. ch. 10 and Örvar Odds S. ch. 2 and 3; even the old poem Völuspá is framed as a song delivered by a prophetess working a spell. The witch scene in Macbeth is an echo of the ancient 'seidr' as it survived in tradition in Shakespeare's time, though the devilry and the cauldron are later additions. seiðr, m. [Norse sei], the gadus virens, a kind of fish, L., Edda (Gl.),Lex. Poët.; hence the mod. seiði, a fry; vara-seiði, the fry or young of fish. seið-skratti, a, m. a wizard, Gísl. 18. seiðsla, u, f. = seiðr, Fas. iii. 319. seið-staðr, m. the place where a spell is worked; þar fannsk kinga ok s. mikil, Ld. 328. seið-stafr, m. an enchanters wand, Ld. 328, v.l. seið-villa, u, f. spells to counteract witchcraft; rísta seiðvillur, Fas. iii. 319. seigildi, n. a tough substance, a knot. seigja, u, f. toughness. seigla, u, f. toughness, difficulty. SEIGR, adj. [Dan. seig], tough; seigu leiri, Sks. 416; seigr í sinum, Flóv. 27, Karl. 475; seig bönd, Hom. 124. 2. metaph. tough, stubborn; seigr á sitt mál, Fms. x. 300: difficult, þat mun veita seigt, ii. 118; seigt er svöngum at skruma, Fb. i. 211; þat er seigt at segja, Fms. vi. 376. SEIL, f. [a Goth. form sail is assumed from sailjan = GREEK, Mark ii. 4; A.S. Sæl; Germ. seil] :-- a string, line, esp. in Icel. used of a line on which fishermen string their catch of fish and trail them behind the boat; the word is rare in old writers, koma á seil e-m, to be carried along by one, Þd. 9; rás seil, Merl. 2. 12; seil grundar, 'earth-thong,' a snake, Lex. Poët.; seilar sól, a shield; þrym-seil, id. seila, u, f. a hollow, Björn: a local name. seilask, d, dep. to stretch out one's hands as high or as far as one can reach; þótti mér svá löng höndin á mér, atek þóttumk s. upp á bjargit, Þorst. Síðu H. 178; Þórr seildisk svá langt upp sem hann mátti lengst, Edda 33; hann bað Þorfinn þá s. í móti djáknanum, Orkn. 112; Kormakr seildisk til ok hjó, Korm. 142, Ísl. ii. 269; s. til sverðsins, Fms. viii. 332. 2. metaph. to seek far for a thing; skal ekki seilask til nafns, Fs. 23; s. til sæmdar í hendr e-m, Boll. 338; s. til e-s,to covet, 655 xxix. 6 :-- s. á e-t, to encroach on; s. á Guðs rétt, ok heilagrar kirkju, Bs, i. 741, Fb. ii. 261; hence, á-sælast, id. seiling, f. a stretching up the hands; in Icel. the height of a person stretching his hand up is called seiling, það er seiling mín, or það er seilingar-hæð, það er seiling upp undir loptið, and the like. 2. metaph. a seeking from far; er þat honum nauðsyn en eigi seiling, it is a necessity, and not his own seeking, Hrafn, 16. SEIMR, m. [síma], a wire or string; draga seiminn, to drawl out one's words, i.e. talk with a canting voice. II. riches; en hvorki gull né seim, Pass. 36. 5; bjartan seim, Fb. ii. 523 (in a verse); rautt gull er s., Þjal.; seims ok hnossa, Edda (Ht.); seima-þollr, seim-skerðir, seima-slöngvir, seim-brjótr, seim-örr, seim-stafr, seim-týnir, seim-þverrir, etc. are epithets of a lordly man, lavish of gold, Lex. Poët. III. a honeycomb, prop. 'honey-texture' (cp. Germ. wabe from weben = to weave]; hón rétti fram höndina ok tók upp seiminn, Stj. 210; sætari en hunang eða s., Bs. i. 103; sætligan seim, 240; hunanglegr s., Th. 77; hunangs-s., q.v. sein, n. a delay; nú var eigi sein á (seinat?) konungi til mótsins, the king did not wait for him, Fms. vi. 239: the saying, ein stund verðr opt at seinum, one hour may make it too late, Harms. 41; aldri læt ek at munni sein, Mkv. 24; frið-sein, lack of peace, disturbance, Þd. 9. seina, að, [Ulf. sainjan = GREEK; Germ. sehnen, but only in a metaph. sense] :-- to delay, slacken; skynda skal hverr sem einn at snúask til Guðs meðan hann má, at eigi seini hann, lest he be too late, Hom. 13: seina e-u, to delay; verðr mein ef því seinum, Leiðarv. 39: s. at hróðri, to lag with his verses, Orkn. (in a verse). 2. esp. in the part. seinat, too late, mun nú eigi um seinat at flýja, Fms. viii. 162; of seinat hefir þú at segja, thou hast delayed too long. Fas. i. 196; ok er þó of seinat, Ld. 144, Fms. ii. 195; svá at eigi verði seinat, lest it be too late, xi. 114; seinat er nú, systir, at samna Niflungum, Akv. 17. sein-búinn, part. 'late-boun,' slow in getting ready, Fms. ix, 304. sein-fyrndr, part. long-lived, lasting, Edda (in a verse). sein-færr, adj. slow, Grett. 90 A, Fms. xi. 434; brú var á, ok var seinfært yfir, it took a long time to pass, Sturl. iii. 24. sein-görr, adj. 'slow-made,' slow-growing; hann var s. maðr í uppvexti, Sturl. iii, 122; opp. to bráðgörr. sein-heppiligr, adj. slow, dull-looking, Fms. vi. 204. seinka, að, to delay, slacken, Ísl. ii. 217: with acc., s. gönguna, Rb. 106; s. e-t mál, to put a case off, Fms. i. 74: with dat., and so in mod. usage, seinka e-u, Ísl. ii. 217, Gísl. 121. II. reflex. to be delayed; þótti seinkask um kvámu hans, Fms. ii. 72, xi. 70; mjök þótti seinkask atlagan, vii. 259; þá er seinkaðisk um svörin, MS. 623. 16. seinkan, f. a hindrance, delay, Eg. 546, Bs. i. 482. sein-látr, adj. slow, dull of motion, Bs. i. 795; opp. to bráð-látr. sein-liga, adv. slowly; taka s. undir e-t, or taka e-u s., indifferently, Nj. 217, Fms. i. 74. sein-ligr, adj. slow, dull; Oddr var eldsætr ok s., Landn. 235; s. í viðbragði, Grett. 90; Sighvatr þótti heldr s. fyrst í æskunni, Fb. iii. 243; hann beiddi hann liðveizlu, Hálfdán var hinn seinligasti, H. was slow, unwilling, Sturl. iii. 16. sein-læti, n. slowness, dulness, sluggishness. sein-mæltr, adj. slow-speaking. SEINN, adj., compar. seinni, superl. seinst, seinstr, mod. seinastr, and so in Fb. i. 74, Orkn. 402; in mod. usage compar. seinni, but superl. seinastr; [A.S. sæne; mid. H.G. seine; Swed. sen; Dan. seen; Lat. segnis] :-- slow, slack, opp. to fljótr; seinn á fæti, Fms. vii. 169; hann er seinn, Rb. 358; ertú seinn mjök á slíkum sögum, Fs. 69: gramm., samstöfur seinar eðr skjótar, Edda 123, passim in old and mod. usage. 2. neut. as adverb; fara seint, to go at a slow pace, Nj. 197; maðr ríðr, ok eigi seint, Ísl. ii. 335; gengr þat seinna en sól, Rb. 108; kemsk þó seinna fari = 'festina lente,' Nj. 68; hann söng seint ok skynsamlega, Bs. i. 74. II. temp. late, slow; förum til skipa ok verðum eigi of seinir, Fms. ii. 300; hann varð s. frá heimboðinu, Gullþ. 68; verða seinni, to be behind, Nj. 28. 2. neut., honum þótti þeim seint verða, Fms, ii. 82; runnu þeir allir, ok varð Þorsteinn seinstr, the last, i. 72; þat var seinst skipa Hákonar, the hindermost, vii. 289; at seinstum kosti, at the very last, D.N. iii. 39; Sveinn varð seinst búinn, Orkn. 402; sóttisk þeim seint, Nj. 8, Fs. 71; Hallfreði þótti þeim seint verða, 100; svá margan mann at seint er at telja, Fas. i. 498; þar varð seinst (last) albygt, Landn. 276; á máuaðar fresti et seinsta, at the last, not later than that, Grág. ii. 205: seint ok seint, bit by bit, Stj. 11; komsk þat seinst (hindermost) út, Hkr. iii. 144; lauksk seint (slowly) um hag hennar, Sturl. i. 199; hafa margir menn þess seint (i.e. never) bætr beðit, Fms. ix. 427; seint er um langan veg at spyrja tíðenda, Edda 30; taka e-u seint, slowly, coolly, Hkr. i. 191, Fs. 155; hann leit seint til þeirra, Edda 30. sein-talaðr, part. slow-spoken, Stj. 260. sein-þreyttr, part. long-suffering, Nj. 90, Fms. vi. 371; s. til reiði. seizla, qs. seiðsla = seiðr, Fas. iii. 319. sekð, f., see sekt. sekð-fé, n. = sektarfé, Nj. 110. sekja, ð or t, also spelt sekkja, to fine, sentence to a fine. 2. to sentence to outlawry; sá er hann (acc.) sekði, Grág. i. 81; þeir menn er þeir hafa sekta, 94, Fbr. (in a verse). II. reflex. to be liable to a penalty; sekisk sex aurum við biskup, K.Á. 22; goðinn seksk ef hann getr engi til at nefna féráns-dóm, Grág. i. 95; þá sekjask þeir þrem aurum við erendreka konungs, N.G.L. i. 7, 20, 101, 251; seksk hann eigi fyrir þat er hann kvángaðisk, 656 A. ii. 17; þá er sem hann hafi einn sekðan hann, Grág. (Kb.) i. 110; sá maðr er sekðan hefir hann, 111; þat er hann sekði hann breksekð, id. sekka, t, to pack up; sekka vöru, Nj. 259: mod. sekkja, in the phrase, sekkja skapi sínu, to shut up (i.e. suppress) one's indignation. SEKKR, m., gen. sekkjar, Stj. 214; pl. sekkar; but mod. sekkir, also Stj. 214, Nj. 134, l. 2 from bottom: [a word common to all Indo-Germanic languages] :-- a sack, bag; s. er ílát, Skálda 168; þeir höfðu með sér sekka, Blas. 45; but acc. sekki, Stj. 217; í sekkunum, 215; sekkjar munnr, 214; þeir báru milli sín sekk, Ó.H. 135; sekkr manns heitir byrðr þær er einn fetill er í, N.G.L. i. 349. 2. a package, trunk, in a merchant ship; gefa alin af sekk hverjum, Sturl. i. 222; þeir tóku sekka nokkura ór búlkanum ... fóru nú aðrir sekkar á hann ofan þeir er léttari vóru ... sekkir tveir lágu þar hjá búlkanum, Nj. 134: hence sekkja-gjald, n. a 'trunk-tax,' a tax payable to the king of Norway by Icel. ships; this tax is first mentioned in deeds of the 14th century, N.G.L. iii. 180, 215-218 (deeds of 1360 and 1383), D.N. ii. 514. SEKR, adj.; in this word in old vellums a j appears after the k and before a vowel, whence also came the old change of the root vowel; thus, sekjan, sekjum, sekjar; in later vellums this j is dropped, sekan, sekum, etc.: [from sök] :-- prop. sentenced, to pay in money or person: esp. of a fine, mulcted, verðr hann sekr um þat þremr, sex mörkum, Grág. i. 37, 296, 363, 375; þá eru þeir sekir fimtán mörkum, N.G.L. i. 21, 359 (else the Grág. has útlagr, q.v.) II. in Icel. law, convicted, outlawed, condemned to the lesser or greater outlawry; nú verðr maðr sekr at sátt, en þá verðr maðr sekr at sátt, er hann handsalar sekt sína, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 60; sekr skógar-maðr, sekr fjörbaugs-maðr, Grág.; til ek hann eiga at verða um þá sök sekjan skógarmann, prop. = a convicted woodman, Nj. 110: maðr hafði sekr orðit um þræls morð eðr leysings, Íb. 6; but also used singly, ins sekja manns, the outlaws, Grág. i. 360; Gísli verðr sekr, Gísl. 39; verða sekr um víg, Nj. 88, Grett.,

SEKT -- SELSKUTILL. 521

Gísl., Harð. S., and other Sagas passim. 2. guilty, wicked; hefna sekjum mönnum íllar atferðir, MS. 677. 4; láta þann undan setja er sekr er Nj. 136; eigi göra verkin ein saman manninn sekjan, 656 A. ii. 16; þar til er þeir fara af heiminmn sekir, 625. 66: sekari né dauðlegri, Sks. 533; samt fyrir Guði sekr ert, Pass., N.T., Vídal. passim. sekt, f.; in the Grág., esp. Kb., the older form sekð or sekþ prevails; in Kb. ch. 60, sekt occurs nine times, sekð or sekþ seventeen times :-- a penalty, fine, mulct; varðar búanda þat þriggja marka sekt, Grág. i. 158; ef maðr handsalar manni ákveðna sekt sína, 119. II. as an Icel. law term, the condition is one of the three degrees of outlawry or lög-sekt, -- thus defined, þær eru lögsekðir þrjár á landi vóru, ef maðr er görr skógar-maðr óferjandi, eða fjörbaugs-maðr, en sú en þriðja at auka svá fjörbaugs-sekð, at hann skyli eigi eiga fært út hingat, Grág. i. 119; yet, as a rule, only the first two degrees appear in the Sagas; sekt is opp. to sætt, Fs. 73; lýsa til fullrar sektar, Nj. :-- hence the outlawry itself, Grág.; Nj.; hann (Grettir) var lengst í sekt, Grett. (fine); þótti sumum sem hann hefði úti sekt sína ef hann hafði nokkut af hinu tuttugasta ári, 149. This clause about the twenty years is nowhere mentioned in the Grágás, and seems to be a mere popular fiction in the Grett. S., cp.also Gísl. 126 and Harðar S. ad fin. 2. guilt; játa þær sektina, Th. 78; syndir ok sektir, Stj. 55; sektir eða lögbrot, Sks. 665. COMPDS: sekð-auðigr, adj. 'guilt-rich,' wicked, Landn. (in a verse). sekðar-dómr, m. a conviction, sentence of outlawry, opp. to sættardómr, Grág. i. 487. sekðar-fé, n. the property of an outlaw, which was confiscated, one half to the community (fjórðungs-menn), the other half to the prosecutor, Nj. 110, Grág. i. 120, Sturl. i. 34, Njarð. 382, Eb. 36, 110 new Ed.; af hans s. urðu almenningar, Landn. 121: a price put on the head of the culprit, Grett. sekðar-görð, f. a sentence of sekt, Grág. i. 487. sekðar-handsal, n. a 'hansel' or first trial of sekt, Grág. i. 118, 488. sekðar-lauss, adj. free, not convicted; eigi ann ek þess Þóri at fara sektalausum (unconvicted) af þessum fundi, Lv. 45; sektalaust, with impunity, N.G.L. i. 349, K.Á. 176, Jb. 22 B, Sks. 602 B, Gþl. 23. sektar-mark, n. a brand or mark of guilt, Sks. 116: plur. the marks by which to know the person of an outlaw, Band. 19 new Ed. sekta-mál, n. pl. cases about penalties, fines, N.G.L. i. 335. sektar-sakir, f. pl. a case liable to sekt, Grág. i. 462. sektar-úmagi, a, m. the destitute child of an outlaw, Grág. i. 237. sekunda, u, f. [Lat.], a second, Rb. sekventia, u, f. [Lat.], a sequence, part of a chant in the mass, Vm. 47, Jm. 14, Fms. viii. 141; sekventíu bók, -skrá, B.K. 83, Pm. 28. SEL, n., gen. pl. selja, dat. seljum, [sel stands for an obsolete 'sali,' and the word is akin to salr, q.v.; A.S. sele] :-- a shed on a mountain pasture, but within the landmarks of each farm (not in the almenningar), where the milch-kine are kept in the summer months (it answers to Germ. senn-hütte). An Icel. word; in Norway such huts are called setr (or sætr), q.v.; sel skal hverr göra sér í almenningi er vill ok sitja í sumar-setri ef hann vill, N.G.L. i. 251 (in Icel. this was not allowed, eigi skal sel göra í afrétt, Grág. ii. 302); tvá stöðla ok sel (sæll), D.N. i. 81; ek á sel skamt héðan, vertú þar í nótt, Fs. 59; þá snéru þeir til selja Gríss, Fms. ii. 247; Víga-kolr fór frá seli áðan, Nj. 55; fara í sel, fara til sels, Grág. ii. 277; færa í sel, to bring the kine to the sel (in June); fara, flytja úr seli, to bring them back, in the autumn; spurði konungr ef nokkur sel væri þar, er þeir mætti í búa, Ó.H. 187; sels-dyrr, -gluggr, -hurð, -veggr, -tópt, Rd. 310, Ld. 244, 278, 280, Þorst. S. hvíta 43, cp. Ld. ch. 55, 62, 63, Vd. ch. 40, 41, Þorst. S. hvíta 42, 43, Vápn. 24, Hallfr. S. ch. 9, Grett. 139. II. freq. in Icel. local names, Sel, Seljar, Selja-land (whence Seljalands-múli), Sel-tungur, Sels-hagi, Sel-á, Selár-dalr (whence Sel-dælir, the men from S.), Sel-fors, Heiðar-sel, Landn., Dipl., map of Icel. B. COMPDS: Sel-búar, m. pl. the inhabitants of S., a Norse county, Fms. viii. 35. sel-byggr, m. a nickname, Dipl. ii. 16. sel-fangi, a, m. the stores in a dairy (sel), D.N. sel-flutningr, m., in the phrase, fara selflutning, e.g. when three or more persons cross a river severally in a small boat which can only carry two persons at a time, one always returning to fetch the next. sel-för, f. the keeping cattle in a sel, Grág. ii. 277, Eg. 765, Landn. 95, in both passages used as mod. sel-staða: a right to keep a sel in a pasture, kirkja á selför á Flateyjar-heiði fjórum kúm, ú Balafelli, á Neðravöll, Heydal, Pm. 92, 71, Vm. 18, Dipl, v. 26. sel-gresi, n., botan. ribwort, narrow-leafed plantain, plantago angustifolia. sel-görð, f. erection of a sel, Rd. 263: = þeir höfðu selgörð á sumrum í Sclshaga, Dipl. i. 7; at Benedict ætti s. á Breiðstöðum, v. 10. sel-hestr, m. a horse used in the sel, Dipl. v. 5. sel-land, n. land for sel (pasture), Pm. 49, Dipl. v. 7. sel-mánuðr, m. the month in which milch-cattle are removed to the sel (June), Edda 103. sel-setr, n. a mountain-shed, = sel; í selsetri einu, Fms. viii. 439; Kristbúit á selsetr í Seltungu, Vm. 169. sel-staða, u, f. the place where a farm has its sel. seli, a, m., and sili, q.v. [Dan. sele], harness; saðull eða seli, N.G.L. i. 363; hvert hross skal í reiðskjóta fara, er seli eða saðull hefir á komit, 125: in mod. usage sili is a strap in the harness. sé-ligr, adj. sightly, = sjáligr. SELJA, pres. sel, selr (sell, Grág. ii. 80); pret. seldi; part. seldr; [A.S. seljan; Engl. sell; Dan. sælge] :-- to hand over to another; s. e-m e-t, or absol.; Ásta selr honum sverðit, Fms. iv. 37: hann tók sverð búit ok seldi Birni ok fingrgull -- Sverð þetta, sagði hann, gef ek þér, Ó.H. 53; hann seldi smala-manni höfuðit, Nj. 70; hann tók menit af hálsi sér ok seldi Finni, Ó.H. 136, 148: selja fram, to deliver up, Hkr. ii. 243; mun hann s. framm Hrapp, Nj. 133, 134; selja af höndum, Fms. iv. 278; s. e-t í hendr e-m, Eg. 180, 715; hann seldi búit í hendr Þorsteini, 704; s. vápn ór hendi sér, Fs. 29; hann seldu þan til fóstrs í Suðreyjar, Fms. i. 250; s. e-m sonu sína til fóstrs, 5; seldu honum margir sonu sína til læringar, Ib. 14; meirr en efni sé til seld, more than is due, Bs. i. 137, Fs. 84. 2. to yield milk, of a cow; hún (the cow) selr ekki, vill ekki selja, in which case the Scottish milk-maids use a tulchan or stuffed calfskin. 3. a law term, selja sök, to make over a suit into the hands of a delegate to plead it in court; svá skal sök selja, at þeir skolu takask í hendr, sú er sök tekr ok hinn er sell (hand-sal), Grág. ii. 80; aðra skóggangs sök sel ek þér á hendr Starkaði ... mun ek s. þér í hendr legorðs-sökina, Ni. 98, 99; s. vig-sök, Grág. ii. 80; s. mál í hendr e-m, Eg. 732; s. e-m sjálfdæmi (q.v.), Nj. 92; s. e-m grið, Edda. 57; hann kvaðsk hvárki vildu s. grið né taka, neither give nor receive pardon, Nj. 92: phrases, s. e-m laun, to give a reward, pay; hefir hann áðr selt mér laun í heilræðum, 1 79, 214; s. fé at láni, to put out money on credit, lend money, Ísl. ii. 223; s. á leigu, to put out on interest, Grág. i. 390; ljá eða selja á leigu, 437; selja á frest, to sell on credit, Vápn. 7: selja upp, to throw up, vomit, (upp-sala.) II. to sell, part with (derived from the preceding sense), Fms. x. 5, 227; hann seldi land sitt, Ld. 134; ef þú selr land þetta þeim Bolla, 212; ek em kominn at fala at þér hey ok mat, ... Hvártki vil ek þér selja -- Viltú gefa mér þá? Nj. 73; ef hón kaupir meira, ok á sá eigi heimting til þess er hann seidi henni, Grág. i. 334; s. við litlu verði, to sell for a small sum, Eg. 100; ekki sel ek hann nema við miklu verði, Fms. x. 227; cp. við hleifi seldu, they sold me for a loaf(?), Hm.: selja mansali, to sell into bondage, Fms. x. 224; s. sik sem dýrast, to sell one's life as dear as possible, xi. 376; þótti þeim konungr út seldr,a done man, Odd. 12; þeir Erlendr vóru fram seldir (lost men), ef ..., Fms. vii. 318; fram seldir ok til dauða dæmdir, 65. III. reflex. to give oneself up; seljask arfsali, to give oneself up as arfsals-maðr (q.v.), Grág. i. 204, Vápn. 13; gjarna vilda ek at hann seldisk með minnum vandræðum en á horfðisk, Ld. 254; aldri mun þat vel út seljask, it will never go well, Karl. 152; við marga hafit er heit góð, en misjafnt þykkir út seljask, Nj. 122: to hire oneself out, ef hann selsk dýrra á leigu, Grág. i. 149. 2. recipr. to exchange; þeir görðu frið ok seldusk gíslar, Hkr. i. 7; hafit heilir grið selzk, ii. 166 3. pass. to be sold, Fms. i. 79, 186. 4. part. seljandi, a seller, vendor; seljandi saka, Grág. i. 370, 480; selendr ok kaupendr, Grág. 39. selja, u, f. [A.S. seal; Engl. sallow; Swed. sälg; Dan. sælje; North. E. and Scot. saugh] :-- a sallow, a willow, salix capraea, Edda (Gl.), Pr. 473, Lex. Poët.; kirkjan á alla smá-reka, rætr allar ok seljur, Pm. 69. selju-tré, n. a willow-tree, Ám. 111. II. [selja the verb], a female dealer, whence freq. in poët, circumlocutions of a woman, Edda 68, Lex. Poët. III. the name of an island in Norway; whence Selju-menn, the saints of Selja; Seljumanna-messa, -vaka, see messa, Bs., N.G.L.; for the story see Fms. i. seljari, a, m. a seller, dealer, Mar., Hom. 23. selningr, see sendlingr. SELR, m., pl. selar, but mod. selir, [O.H.G. selah; A.S. seol; Engl.seal; Dan. sæl-hund] :-- a seal, Lat. phoca, Fs. 143; egg ok sela (acc.pl.), Sturl. ii. 77: fiska, fogla eða sela, Grág. ii. 337; sela ok fiska, 358; sela alla, 359; syndr sem selr, Nj. 29, cp. Engl. 'to swim like a duck:' the phrase, mér er ekki um sel, 'seal likes me not,' i.e. I do not like it. For a description of various kinds of seals see Sks. 40-44 new Ed. (opnu-selr, örkn-selr, látr-selr). 2. in local names, Sel-strönd, Sel-vágr, etc. :-- as a nickname, Selr, Ó.H.; sels-bani and sels-hefnir, id.; sela-gnúpr, Gísl. 9. B.. COMPDS: sela-bátr, m. a seal-boat, boat for seal-catching, Gísl. 135, Vm. 98. sel-belgr, m. a seal-skin (not cut up), Eb. 96, Landn. 76, Fms. i. 10. sel-biti, a, m. a flip with the finger; gefa e-m sel-bita. sela-dráp, n. seal-killing, Vm. 137. sels-eista, n. a seal's testicle, a nickname, Fbr. sel-feitr, adj. fat as a seal, Fbr. 19, Vígl. 36. sel-fiskr, m. a small kind of whale, Sks. 179. sel-fita, u, f. seal's fat, Ant. 275. sel-hár, n. seal's hair, Eb. sels-hreifi, a, m. a seal's paw. sela-húðir, f. pl. seal-skins, Sks. 184, Bárð. 165. sels-höfuð, n. a seal's head, Eb. 276: Dumnial selshöfuð, a nickname, in a Runic inscription in Ireland, see under mál. sel-kolla, u, f. the name of an ogre with a seal's head, Bs. i. 604 sqq. sela-kyn, n. a kind of seal, Sks. 178. sela-lagnir, f. pl. places where nets are laid for catch-ing seals. sel-látr, m. pl. places where seals litter. sel-nasi, a, m. 'seal-nose,' a nickname, Sturl. iii. 184. sel-net (sela-net), n. a seal-net, Grág. ii. 358, Vm. 108, Jb. 317. sela-nætr, f. pl. = selnet, Bs. i. 388. sel-skinn, sela-skinn, n. a seal's skin, Vm. 60; selskinns-brackr, -stakkr, -kufl, Fbr. 139, Sturl. i. 30. sel-skutill, m. a

522 SELSPIK -- SENDA.

seal-harpoon, Fbr. 144, Sturl. iii. 68. sel-spik, n. seal-fat. sels-sveif, f. = sclshreifi, N.G.L. i. 339, 363. sel-tíund, f. a tithe of seals, levied as a tax on seal-catchers, D.N. sel-tjara, u, f. tar from seal-fat, Þorf. Karl. 438. sel-vara, u, f. 'seal-ware,' fur, Rétt. 47. sel-veiðr (sela-veiðr), f. seal-catching, Ld. 90, Eg. 135, Ám. 12. sel-ver, n. a place where seals are caught, Bjarn. 22, Eg. 42, Fms. iv. 330. sel-skapr, m. [from Germ. ge-sellschaft; Dan. sel-skab], company, N.T., Pass., Vídal. (mod.) Selund, f. the ancient name of Zealand, Edda (begin.), Fas. i. (Sögubrot), and so called in old poems. SEM, a conjunction, and a relative particle, probably from the same root as sam, sama-, denoting as, the same, the like; if so, the conjunction would be the original, and the relative particle the derived use; in old writers 'sem' is in general use as a conjunction, while the pronominal 'sem' is rare, for 'er' or 'es' is the old relative particle: but in mod. usage the conjunction has been almost displaced by 'eins-og,' whereas 'sem' as a relative particle has got the better of 'er.' A. As a conj. as, Lat. ut; rauðr sem blóð, fölr sem grass, blár sem Hel, Nj. 177, Ísl. ii. 220; hvítt sem drift, Ó.H. 170; auðigr sem Njörðr, Fs. 80; syndr sem selr, Nj. 29; ragr sem geit, vitr sem Njáll, hár sem tröll, mjór sem þvengr, etc. 2. with another particle or an adjective; svá sem = Goth. swê-swê, so as, like as, Germ. so wie; svá sem salt, Pr. 472; svá sem börn föður, Edda 13; svá sem fyrr var ritið, Ó.H. 171; sva sem hér er ritað, id.; mæla svá sem einum munni, 623. 33, and passim in old and mod. usage: temp. about that time, svá sem hann fór at veiða, ... svá sem þeir lifðu, ... svá sem í þann tíma, Stj. 46, 50 :-- slíkr sem, such as; slíkum manni sem Ljótr er, Eg.; slíka sæmd sem hón hefir heitið, Nj. 5; með slíkri grein sem hér segir, K.Á. 82. 3. referring to a verb or to the preceding sentence (ellipt. = svá sem); svæla e-n inni sem melrakka í greni, Nj.; hann fór sem úsekr maðr, id.; staup mikit sem manns höfuð (= svá sem), Fms. vi. 183; þeir veittu þér allan heiðr sem sínum formanni, Karl. 221; skal hverr vera sem sjálfr ryðr sér til rúms (such as, just as), Fms. viii. 93; vit skulum ginna þá alla sem þursa, Nj. 263; henni var trúað sem góðri konu, Sks. 457; hann kom, sem hann hafði heitið, as he had promised, Fms. i. 72; sem enn mun getið verða, as it will be told, vii. 230; dugði hverr sem mátti, every one did as he could, his best, viii. 139; lagði hverr fram sitt skip sem drengr var til, vi. 315; sem fyrr var sagt, Stj. 48; Hárekr görði sem hann hafði sagt, Ó.H. 170. 4. with a compar.; því úgörr sem hann er forvitnari, the less, the more, Greg. 29. 5. with a superl.; sem hvatast = Gr. GREEK, Lat. quam celerrime, Fms. viii. 145; sem skjótast, Nj. 4; sem tíðast, Eg. 206; sem næst, 127; beita sem þverast, 161; sem bezt, Sks. 623; sem verst, sem mest, Karl. 222; sem skemst, 225; sem minnst, Nj. 263: ellipt., sem left out, Sks. 171, 2OI B. 6. with subj. as if; svá sem hann mælti annat mál, Ó.H. 171; sem þín móðir sé, Skv. 1. 41, (hence the mod. sem-sé, to wit, viz., proncd. sum-sé); lát sem þú þykkisk þar allt eiga. Fms. xi. 112; þeir vóru allir með vápnum sem til bardaga væri búnir, iv. 220; þá er þeim þótti sem minnstir væri fyrir sér, Eg. 123; svá skulu vér ok vara oss, sem vér munim eiga við borða-mun at deila, Fms. viii. 288; svá lízk mér sem nú munim vér hafa ..., Nj. 5. 7. as also, as well as; hann tekr svá kirkju-tíund sem sína tíund, B.K, 49; oss sýnisk hón svá hjálpsamlig sem nytsamlig, as wholesome as useful, Dipl. i. 3: svá ... sem, so ... as, i.e. both alike; brag sem leika, Bjarn. (in a verse); reyr, stör, sem rósir væuar, Hallgr. II. temp. as, when; sem hringdi til aptansöngs vildi konungr ganga, Fms. vii. 148; nú sem Lucifer hugleiddi, Stj. 7; enn sem Pharao sá þetta undr, 267; nú sem hvárirtveggju ..., Karl. 148; ok sem keisarinn er víss orðinn, 222; ok sem þar er komit þjónustu, 223; freq. in mod. usage, -- og sem hann var enn nú að tala, Matth. xvi. 47; enn sem hann gékk út um dyrnar, 71; enn sem þeir höfðu krossfest hann, xxvii. 35; sem Moises með sínum staf, Pass. 40. 7; nær sem, 38. 12, passim. B. As a relative particle, used just like the particle er (es), see p. 131. After a demonstrative pronoun; konungi þeim, sem svá er góðr ok réttlátr, Fms. vii. 263; eptir þetta, sem nú var getið, i. 16; at því skaplyndi, sem vér höfum, Nj. 61; þ;á menn, sem, K.Á. 10; þau vötn, sem, Stj. 91; þau læti, sem, Fms. i. 217; hinna fyrri biskupa, sem (to whom) landsháttr var hér kunnari, H.E. ii. 79; ór þeim fjórðungi, sem féit er áðr mest saman, from that quarter, whence ..., Grág. i. 195; í þess konungs veldi, sem sá var, in whose kingdom he was, 190: answering to er (ll. 2), við slíkt ofrefli, sem þeir áttu at etja (viz. við), Fms, iii. 9; ór þeim ættum, sem þér þóttu ernirnir fljúga (viz. ór), Ísl. ii. 196: adding a demonstr. pron. (cp. er A. lll), cf prestr fallerast með þeirri konu, sem hann hefir skírt barn hennar (whose bairn), H.E. i. 190. II. after adverbs; þar sem = 'there as' = where; þangat sem, 'thither as' = whither; þaðan sem, 'thence as' = whence; hann drap þar (there) fótum, sem (where) vatni því var niðr slegit, Hom, 110; muntú þar þykkja sóma-maðr, sem þú kemr, Ld. 158; skal þar kalla kirkju, sem hann vill, K.Þ.K. 42; felask þar sem (where) okkr þykkir vænligast, Nj. 263: hvar sem hann kom, wheresoever he came, Fms. vi. 356; þat sem fékksk af reiðskjótum, Ó.H. 170; hvaðan? Þaðan sem þú mátt vel éta, Nj. 75. 2. þú görir þik góðan, þar sem þú hefir verit þjófr ok morðingi, thou who hast been, Nj. 74: dropping 'þar;' eru allir þrændir sem hann er, all the Thronds are where he is, i.e. they all back him Fms. i. 53. semill, m. a composer, peace-maker, poët., Fas. i. (in a verse). semingr, m. slowness, languor; göra e-t með semingi; cp. also sems, n. and semsa, að, to eat slowly. SEMJA, pres. sem, semr; pret. samði and samdi; subj. semði; part. samiðr, samdr, saminn; [from sam-, saman, but chiefly used in a peculiar and derived sense] :-- prop. to 'put together,' to shape, compose, arrange, settle, and the like; samblandit ok úsamit efni, Stj. 7; ætlar þú hér eptir at semja kirkju-viðinn, thinkest thou after that fashion to shape it, Ld. 316; ok semja þar til eitt klæði, they shaped a cloth for that use, Mar.; síðan samði (shaped) Guð fagra konu ór rifinu, Ver. 3; s. hljóðfæri, to tune instruments, Fas. iii. 221; alla hefi ek sam-hljóðendr samða (arranged) í þat mark, Skálda 168; samði hann saman (fused into one) hin fornu lög ok in nýju, Ver. 52: mod. semja kvæði, vers, bók, to compose a poem, verse, book; semja mærð, Lex. Poët.: semja heit, to make a vow, Magn. 532; semr hann dóma, ok sakar leggr, Vsp.; s. sætt, to make peace; fyrr en sættin væri samið, Fms. xi. 362; konungar sömðu sætt sína með því móti, at ..., vi. 27; Sveinn konungr hafði samið sætt við hann, ii. 294; s. ráð sín, vi. 21; engir hlutir skyldi þeir til verða, at eigi semði (settled) þeir sjálfir, Nj. 72; hann kvað þá mart talat hafa, en þat samit, at ..., but this they had settled, that ..., Ld. 44; at þeir hefði samið með hvat ríki Norðmenn skyldi hafa. Fms. x. 5; samði hann sik lítt við kennimannskap, the priesthood suited him ill, Fms. viii. 9; hann þóttisk trautt mega s. hann þar heima, sem hann vildi, he could hardly settle (manage) him as he liked, Ísl. ii. 204. 2. to restore, reform, mend, put right; hann samði fagrliga þeirra líf, Bs. i. 96; at þeir semði sína frændsemi eptir því sem vera ætti, that they should restore their relationship to a proper footing. Ld. 66; konungr bætti trú þeirra ok samði siðu, the king mended, reformed their faith and manners, Fms. ii. 128; samdi hann Kristnina, Fb. ii. 250; hefir þú nú heldr samið þik ór því sem var, thou hast improved thyself, 211; s. sik eptir siðvenju útlendra manna, Fb. ii. 36; setja ok semja dramb e-s, compose and put down, Fas. i. 38. 3. semja við e-n, to treat with one; Hrútr kvaðsk at vísu vilja s. við Höskuld, Ld. 66; biskuparnir sömdu til (came to an arrangement) með öðrum lærðum mönnum hver boð þeir skyldi bjóða sínum undir-mönnum, Bs. i. 163: semja um e-t, to make a settlement, as also to enter into negotiation, H.E. i. 396. 4. impers., e-m semr e-t, one agrees on; þeim samdi eigi, they could not agree, D.N. ii. 99; hann skyldi fara í griðum hvert sem þeim semði eðr eigi, either they came to terms or not, Fms. x. 34; samði eigi með þeim, they came not to terms, 96; allir játtuðusk undir slíkar skattgjafir sem þeim semði, 24; samdi þeim, at þar væri söngr sem at fornu hefir verit, Dipl. i. 5. II. reflex. to be settled, agreed on; þat mál samðisk á þá leið, at ..., Fms. vii. 140; fóru þá menn milli konunganna, ok samðisk þat með einkamálum, at ..., i. 23; samdisk þetta með þeim, 35; tala þeir jarl hér um langa hríð, þar til er þetta semsk með þeim, 85; samðisk þá mikit með þeim feðgum, Ísl. ii. 210. 2. impers. it is agreed; slíkar skatt-gjafir sem þeim semdisk, Fms. x. 24; selja man ek enn yngra sveininn sem okkr semsk, 227; ef honum semsk um þat ráð við þá sem ráða eigu, K.Á. 104; sjá, hversu semsk með oss konungi, Eg. 18; samðisk hón meir skoti skildi ok sverði, enn við sauma ok borða, she took more to shield and sword than to seam and hem, Fas. i. 430: part., semjandi ok sækjandi, Sturl. iii. 136. sems sem es, Am. sem-sé, to wit, viz.; see sem A. 6. sem-sveinar, m. pl., of the Finnish messengers, prob. from Finn. Saomi, Fs. 22, for this seems to have been the real reading in the lost Cod. Vatnshyrna; Bartholin De Causis Contemptae Mortis, p. 467, gives the same reading; other copies read sendisveinn. SEN, n. a sentence; hér er seni skipt, Skálda 183; fullkomit sen, 180; makrologia er langt sen, 187, 197; eitt var sen í allra þeirra söng, the same burden, meaning, Stj. 466. SENDA, pret. sendi; imperat. send, sendu, sent þú, Fms. x. 263; sentu, Gkv. 3. 6; [Ulf. sandjan = GREEK; A.S. sendan; Engl. send; Germ. senden] :-- to send, despatch, Akv. 1; ek vil senda þik til Víkrinnar, Nj. 5; ef maðr sendir konu til þings, Grág. i. 334; senda e-n for-sending, to send one on a forlorn hope (like Uriah), Fms. x. 263, Fas. iii. 207; maðr var sendr. Gizuri hvíta, Nj. 85; þær sendu sína sveina, Stj. 206; sent þú hann til mín, Fms. x. 263; hann sendi griðkonur sínar at raka ljána, Fb. i. 522; nú skal s. mann Þórhalli syni mínum, Nj. 244; s. e-m sending, 205; nema hann sendi (unless he dismiss) þá, konu er hann hafði, Fms. x. 388. 2. senda eptir e-m, to send for a person, Ld. 320, Fms. x. 259: so also s. at e-m (but rare); senntú at Saxa, send for Saxi, Gkv. l.c. 3. to send, throw; senda spjót, to cast a spear; senda skeytin aptr, Fms. v. 170; sendir knýti-skautann á nasir Hávarði, Háv. 45, Stj. 402. II. recipr. to interchange, send to one another; sendask e-t á, hann kvað þá hafa senzk menn á, Fms. v. 315; áðr höfðu

SENDI -- SESSMEGIR. 523

þeir senzk orð í milli, Sturl. iii. 111; þeir sendusk gjöfum í millum, Fms. xi. 313. 2. pass. to be sent, rare and unclass., Fms. v. 216. sendi-, in COMPDS: sendi-bit, f. the 'biting message,' the name of a poem, Hkr. i. 117. sendi-boð, n. a message, Fms. xi. 351, Stj. 205. sendi-boði, a, m. a messenger, Fms. i. 219, Stj. 183. sendi-bréf, u. a letter, (mod.) sendi-ferð, sendi-för, f. a message, errand, Nj. 74; fara s., Eg. 119, 540, Ó.H. 52; í sendiförum, Fms. i. 15; þeir höfðu sendiferðir konungs allar, Eg. 73; koma í s. e-s, Hkr. i. 192. sendi-fé, n. presents sent, Fms. vi. 11. sendi-maðr, m. a messenger, Nj. 53, Eg. 9. Fms. i. 2, Edda 19, Rb. 368, Bs. ii. 41, passim. sendi-pistill, m. an epistle, letter, Bs. i. 766. sendi-skip, n. a despatch-boat, Fms. v. 187. sendi-sveinn, m. a messenger, errand-boy, Völs. R. 194, Fs. 22, v.l., see semsveinn. sendi-ligr, adj. fit to send, Fb. iii. 445, Eg. 515, Hkr. ii. 206, Stj. 442. sendill, m. the name of a shepherd's dog, Snót. sending, f. a message; hann hafði þakksamliga tekit sendingu konungs, Eg. 198, passim; orð-sending, q.v.; fleygir hann spjóti til Sigvalda, ... hlaut sendingina sá er stýrði, Fms. xi. 141; ek skal senda þér sending, Nj. 205. 2. a ghost raised and sent by a wizard to an enemy is called sending, see Ísl. Þjóðs. 3. a dish of meat; eptir þat bjuggusk menn til borða, því næst kómu inn sendingar, í fyrstu heitt kjöt, Fms. vii. 159; þá fóru sendingar inn ok var opin hurð, 314, Eg. 551; færðu sending þessa Halla, jafnan sé ek yðr á kveldum ekki drepa hendi við góðum sendingum, Fms. vi. 364; tak nú ok snæð þessa litlu sending, Stj. 443; þá er hann sat at einni ágætri veizlu ... ok er sendingar kómu inn, mælti einn dróttseti, Bs. i. 37. 4. presents sent; gjatir ok sendingar, Anecd. 10; með fögrum sendingum, Fms. ix. 338; hann fór margar sendi-farir með ágætum sendingum, 451; senda konungi vingjatir, hauka, hesta, tjöld, segl, eða aðra þá hluti er sendingar eru (fit as presents), Ó.H. 127; þá hluti er þeir væntu at honum mundi sending í þykkja, Fms. iv. l.c. sendinn, adj. [sandr], sandy, Róm. 268, 273, D.N., freq. sendlingr, m. (proncd. selningr), [sandr], a bird, the sanderling, Edda (Gl.) sengja, u, f. [sangr], 'singedness' singed taste. SENN, adv., an older seðr, Haustl., [Ulf. suns = GREEK; A.S. sona; Engl. soon; Germ. schon] :-- soon, at once, = Lat. jam; enn er biskup heyrði þessar greinir, tók hann senn ór at þat væri yfir-drepskapr Ásgríms, he saw at once, that ..., Bs. i. 727; seðr gékk Svölnis ekkja sundr, then went the earth asunder, Haustl.; sá maðr stóð í dyrum ok var senn horfinn, Bs. i. 199. 2. in mod. usage, presently, after a while (but not directly), e.g. eg get ekki nú komið, en skal senn koma. II. with a numeral or numeral adjective, at the same time; fimm sauði senn, Grág. ii. 359; fjóra hluti senn, i. 37; allir senn, all at once, Nj. 97; þá tóku allir senn at mæla, Niðr. 110; báðir senn, Nj. 178, Fms. i. 189; nú koma leigu-liðar eigi allir í senn, Gþl. 354, Stj. 413; ríðum í flokkum ok alldri meirr en einn í senn, one by one, Ísl. ii. 378; hann skaut báðum senn, Fms. viii. 352; ok æ tvá senn, Karl. 277; var þá mjök allt senn, at ... ok, Mar.; einn jarl senn, one at a time, Fms. vi. 289; ok er þorparalegt at væta allan senn dúkinn, 322; ef þeir mætti öllu senn liði Erlings, Ó.H. 182. SENNA, t, to chatter; sennu vit ór söðlum, Hdl. 8; þat erumk sennt, it is told us, Bragi. 2. to bandy words; er þat makligast at þú sennir við heima-menn þína, Nj. 52; senna vid bræðr ok systr, Hom. 34; sennti Loki þar við öll goð, Edda 68; s. við sér verra mann, Hm. 126; einn jötunn, ... Þrágirni vanr við Þór sennti, Hým. 28. senna, u, f. high words, gibing; deilur ok sennur, slíðrfeng s., Gh. 1, MS. 544. 39; ógóðgjarnra manna sennur, 677. 6; sennur ok öl, Sdm. 30; Loka-senna, the gibing of Loki, the name of a poem, Sæm. 113 (Bugge); Flærðar-senna, the name of a poem by Hallgrim Pétrsson; the name was prob. borrowed from the Eddic poem. senni-liga, adv. verily, forsooth, Magn. 488, Str. 29, 126, Stj. 49, Grett. 154 A, Mar.: mod. usage distinguishes between senniliga = probably, and sannliga = verily. senni-ligr, adj. likely, probable, (mod.) sepi, a, m. a lap of flesh hanging down. sepill, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. 285, ix. 419; prob. from the preceding word. seppi, a, m. a dog, a pet term; einn á hón seppa sér, Snót. SÉR, reflex. pron. dat. = Lat. sibi (see sik, sín), to himself (herself, itself, themselves), used when referring to the subject in a sentence, whether sing. or plur.; hann hafði kesjuna fyrir sér, Eg. 532; hann segir sér mikit þykkja, 539; hón lét söðla sér hest, 603; hann bað Gizur sitja hjá sér, Nj. 226; sögðu þat allir, at hann brygði sér hvárki við sár né bana, 116, where it refers to the second subject 'hann.' II. special usages; vera mikill (lítill) fyrir sér, to be great (little) of oneself, a strong (weak) man; þeir fengu sér róðrar-skip, Eg. 109; drápu þeir sér upp eld, Fms. iv. 338; leika sér, to play, Nj. 2; gamna sér, etc. 2. giving emphasis; bað hón sér til Guðs, she 'prayed her' to God, Sks. 465 B; hón veinaði sér, she 'wailed her' bitterly, Hom. 150; eiga sér e-t, to own, hirzlu átti halrinn sér, Skíða R.: þau áttu sér eina dóttur, they had one daughter, and the like. III. for oneself, separately, singly, as Lat. se-; fór Eyjólfr einn sér, Glúm. 329; einn er hann sér um sefa, Hm.; þeir vóru sér um móður, D.N. i. 149; settisk Joseph sér cinsliga, Stj. 217; þeir Þorljótr ok Sigurðr vóru sér einir ok heimasveitin, Th. and S. on the one hand and the house-folk on the other, Sturl. ii. 53; eitt er þat sér, that is a thing by itself, Gísl. 15; skyldi drekka saman karlmaðr ok kona svá sem til ynnisk, en þeir sér er fleiri væri, Eg. 247; ok vera þeir sér, er næstir búa, N.G.L. i. 98; at hverri gleði hlotnaðisk svá til, at þau urðu sér, Víglundr ok Ketilríðr, Vígl. 19. 2. in a distributive sense with the pron. hverr, one by one; ef sér ferr hverr várr, Glúm. 329; skulu ver undan hlaupa, sér hverr várr, Fær. 161; optliga allir saman, en stundum sér hvárir, Fms. i. 52; stundum báðir samt, stundum sér hvárr þeirra, Hkr. i. 30; þat lið er honum fylgði flýr, sér hvat, Fms. x. 268; þótt ek greina nú eigi svá, sér hvat, sem hann görði, each separately, Bs. i. 64; var borgin öll brotin, ok borinn sér hverr steinn, each stone of it scattered, Fms. ix. 48; greindusk sér hver skipin, vii. 289; hvártz þær (nætr) eru allar saman eða sér hver, whether they be three continuous or separate nights, Grág. i. 143; sér í lagi, for itself, separate, B.K. 83; sér í stað, id., Stj. 288: the exclamation, sér er hvað! sér er hver ósköpin, what a wonder, wonderful! expressing amazement. serða, sarð, an obsolete defective strong verb, part. sorðinn, also stroðinn (formed as if from metathesis), Grág. ii. 147; the word remains in the vulgar streða, used of dogs and beasts: [mid. H.G. serte] :-- stuprare, with the notion of Sodomitic practices; ef maðr kallar mann sorðinn, id.; viltú serða hann, Fas. ii. 337; sarð hann yðr þá eigi Agðinn, Fms. vi. 360; in Nj. 15 it is not used in a proper sense: pass., Fb. iii. 427. sér-deilis, adv. [Dan. sœrdeles], particularly, especially; þekkta ek þá ok s. Víglund, Vígl. 29; s. tiltekit, Dipl. v. 26; gefa s., to give expressly, Vm. 47; kirkja á sjau hundruð í metfé ok tvau hundruð s., 3; ein s. djákna-klæði, 2. sér-gæðingr, adj. a strange, selfish person, sérgæðings-skapr. sér-hlífinn, adj. self-sparing, of a bad worker. sér-hverr, adj. each, every one; see hverr (B. IV. 2). Serkir, in. pl. [said to be derived from Arabic sharkeyn = Easterlings], the Saracens, the people of Serk-land; used of northern Africa, southern Spain, Fms. vi, vii, ix, Orkn., also in translations of ancient Lat. writers, of the Assyrians, Babylonians, Stj., Al. passim: Serkja-konungr, Serkja-ríki, the king, kingdom of the S., Al., Stj. Serk-neskr, adj. to render the Lat. Punicus, Róm. 324. SERKR, m., pl. serkir, [Old Engl. and Scot. sark; Dan. sœrk], a sark, shirt; þú skalt fara í serk minn, Fms. iii. 190; s. af sauðar-ullu, 180; serkr eða skyrta, Edda; tók ek hamar ór serk mér, Fms. x. 329; síðar slæðr, serk bláfán, Rm. 26; blóðgan hugðak mæki borinn ór serk þínum, Am. 23; serki valrauða, Akv. 4; hón tekr ór serk sér steina-sörvi mikit, Ísl. ii. 343; hann var svá, lítill af hafa mátti í serk sér, Edda; Gísli vermir höndina í serk sér, Gísl. 29; hafa dreng í serk sér, to have a man inside one's sark, to be a bold true-hearted man, Fms. ix. 381: messu-s., a priest's cope, Vm. 156: poët, of a shirt of mail, hring-s., járn-s., Lex. Poët. II. a 'timber,' a certain number, of skins; fjóra tigi serkja grárra skinna, Fms. xi. 325. sér-lagi, adv. apart; ok epla garð þar sérlagi, B.K. 35. sér-lestis, adv. = sérdeilis, D.N. sér-liga, adv. apart; hafði hón s. herbergi innan-borgar, Fas. iii. 238. 2. particularly; s. til reiknuðum, Dipl. v. 15; at því s. til lögðu, 16; bjóðum vér yðr öllum saman ok s. hverjum, H.E. i. 434; Einarr kvað Þorstein eigi dauðan hafa verit s., not exactly dead, Þorst. S. hv. 39; kirkjan á tíu hundruð í metfe ok s. (besides) eitt hundrað vöru-virt, Vm. 126; ítem á kirkjan s. ..., 23. sér-ligr, adj. particular; var honum görr bakstr nokkurr s., Bs. i. 786; sérligt vald, H.E. i. 521; ekkr bar neitt sérligt til tíðenda, Þórð. 76 (but left out in new Ed. 46, l.c.) sér-lundaðr (-lyndr), adj. queer-tempered. sér-lægis, adv. = sérdeilis, D.N. iv. 457. sermon, m. [Lat.], a sermon, Ísl. i. 385; sermons-bók, -skrá, Pm. 109, 131; svo eptir sermon þann, Pass. 7. 7. sér-skapr, m. selfishness, Ld. 288, v.l. sér-stakr, adj. isolated, particular, apart. sér-vitr, adj. odd, sophistical, wrong-headed. sér-vitringr, m. a sophist. sér-vizka, u, f. wrong-headedness, sophistry. SESS, m. [sitja], a seat; ráða sessa kostum, Gm. 14; sessa ok staði velit mér sumbli at, Ls. 7; snjallr ertú í sessi, 15; í sessi ok sæingu, Gkv. 1. 20; hvat viltú, sveinn, í sess minn? Eg. (in a verse); eiga drykk ok sess við, 95, Fs. 43; hann var hár í sessi, he was high in the seat, Fms. x. 151, Ld. 274, v.l. (cp. Iliad iii. 211, of Odysseus); hvar vísar þú mér til sess? Nj. 129; er hann mundi setja yfir sess hans, 656 C. 25; svá var skipat sessum, Fms. x. 16; var sá sess veglegastr, Fagrsk. 149; vera kominn í vandan sess, in a difficult situation, Bs. i. 141: the saying, opt er lágr sess hægr, a low seat is an easy seat, = Lat. bene vixit qui bene latuit. COMPDS: sess-megir, m. pl. 'bench-mates,' Hm.

524 SESSMEIÐR -- SETJA.

153. sess-meiðr, m. the seat-beam, Akv, 14. Sess-rúmnir, m. the name of the palace of Freyja = 'large-seated,' Edda. sessa, u, f. a seat in a ship (= rúm), the size of the ship was counted by the 'seats;' þat skip er með sessum má telja, N.G.L. i. 39; ok göra eigi skemra en sessum má telja, 99; tvítug-s., a twenty-oared ship, id.; þrettún-s., fimt;ui-s., sextuu-s. (q. v.), id. II. a cushion in a chuïch, Ám. 77. Dipl. iii. 4: in mod. usage, of a pad or cushion on a saddle. sessu-nautr, m. a bench-mate. Fms. ii. 147, vi. 241, Ó.H. 52. sessi, a, m. a bench-mate, Edda 94 (in a verse), 108; sessar eða samsætis-menn, Sks. 366; tali hverr lágt við sinn sessa, 367; sessar manns beri vitni með honum, N.G.L. i. 68 :-- of oar-mates, bogi skal liggja við þóptu hverja, þann skulu sessar tveir fá ok streng á, Gþl. 100. SET, n., lit. the seat; in ancient dwellings it appears to have meant the aisle or wing that ran along the hall on both sides, divided from the nave or middle hall by posts and a partition (set-stokkar and bríkr); the 'set' was the daily sitting-room, and here were the beds; innar gengr hann eptir höllinni, breið vóru set báðum megin ... fyrir stokkana, Konr.; þá snúa þau rekkjum sínum ok horfa þá um endilangt setið, Gísl. 106 (endilangt húsit, 22, l.c.); en um kveldit er menn fóru í rekkjur, þá bygðu sitt set hvárir, Sturl. i. 173; þeir Ingimundr hjuggu upp í setið þá er þeir kómu í skálann (during the night when all were in bed), ii. 73; höggvit er til okkar ofan ór setinu, iii. 174; síðan bjuggusk þeir til rekkna ok lögðusk niðr í seti þar við eldinn, Ó.H. 153; var búit um þá í setinu ok lögðusk þar til svefns, id.; ef hundr er bundinn í seti, þá skal hann eigi ná á stokk (i.e. setstokk) fram, at bíta menn er ganga á gólfi, Grág. ii. 119; Grettir sér nú hvar stóðu ullar-kambar í setinu, Grett. 24 new Ed.: the phrases 'innar af seti' and 'útar af seti' are not quite clear, perh. the former means towards the nave or central hall, the latter towards the aisle or outer chambers; thus, innar frá seti, Sturl. ii. 67; ek hefi búit, góða sæng útan af seti, Dropl. 28; hann hvíldi í lokrekkju innar af seti, Ísl. ii. 262; hinu iðra setinu, Fb. ii. 297; dyrr vóru fram ór skotinu at setum innan-verðum, gékk Egill fram í setið, ok lagði hann niðr í setið, Eg. 397. seta-skáli, a, m. a sitting-room, Eb. 274. seta, n, f. a sitting; nú varð setan löng, Fms. vii. 126: a remaining, staying, þótti þeim seta hans þar úvarlig svá nærri Ljótólfi, Sd. 182; þótti þeim seta sín íll ok úfrelsi, Ó.H. 141: hvat merkir seta sjá, what means this sitting still? Fb. ii. 122; nátt-setur, a sitting up at night, Fms. vii. 126. 2. a seat; hann var hár í setunni ( = hár í sessi), Fms. viii. 447; í innstu setu, ... í yztu setu, Fb. i. 416 :-- as a law term, bjóða búum í setu, to call on the neighbours to take their seats, Nj. 87; vóru dómendr komnir í setur sínar, Grág. i. 68; þeir menn er þar eigu setur, 5: a sitting, of a judge, seta hans er dæming um fólksins verðleik, Skálda 211. 3. a body of men assembled for defence as a garrison; seta eru sextán, sixteen make a seta, Edda 108; nú hefir Barði skipat liði sínu í setu, Ísl. ii. 355; eptir þat höfðu hvárir-tveggju setu, after that both kept men assembled, as in open hostility, Landn. 104, Gullþ. 6l; senda þeir mann til Egilstaða, at seta mikil væri at Hofi, Vápn 24; þá kom Brandr biskup vestan ok fýsti þá at hafa eigi setur. Sturl. i. 170; höfðu þeir setu fjölmenna, Grett. 120, Eb. 22, 108. COMPDS: setu-efni, n. opportunity for resting; eigi er nú s., Boll. 358, Fms. viii. 40, Karl. 181. setu-garðr, m. a country-seat, manor, Safn i. 270. setu-grið, n. pl. an abode; Glúmr bauð honum með sér s., Glúm. 359: rest, sagt hefir þú oss þá sögu er oss mun eigi s. bjóða, Nj. 203. setu-hús, n. a sitting-room, N.G.L. ii. 139 (Jb. 181). setu-menn, m. pl. the people of the house, K.Þ.K. 136; skemma er Þorkell var vanr at sofa í ok s. hans, Fbr. 136: in sing., hér vilda ek vera í vetr, en görask eigi setumaðr með öllu, not as a settled inmate, Fas. ii. 346. setu-pallr, m. a sitting-floor, Hom. 95. setu-prestr, m. a domestic chaplain, Vm. 66, 136, D.I. i. 266, 270. setu-rúm, n. a sitting-room, Ísl. ii. 147: a room, space, þeir skulu allir inni vera, ef þeir hafa s., if they can find room, N.G.L. i. 47. B. seta = saeta (q.v.), a kind of bondwoman, N.G.L. i. 70. set-berg, n. [cp, the Cumbrian Saddleback], a seat-formed or saddle-formed rock or crag, Gs. 11, Edda 34 (from the points of Thor's hammer); sitja setbergs (= á setbergi), Edda (in a verse). II. in local names in Icel., Set-berg, in western Icel. These fells were looked on as the mountain-seats of tutelary giants (land-vættir), cp. 'vivo sedilia saxo' in Virgil. set-geiri, a, m. a 'seat-goar,' a piece let into a pair of breeches; í brókum með setgeira í, Ld. 136; hann skar rauf á setgeiranum, Fms. vii. 202. set-geira-brækr, f. pl. breeches with goars in the seat, Ld. 136. set-hús, n. = seta skáli, N.G.L. ii. 139, v.l. 6; called sœde-hus in Lister in Norway, Fr. SETJA, set, setti, sett; a causal to sitja, q.v.; [Ulf. satjan, ga-satjan, = GREEK, GREEK; Engl. to set; Dan. sætte; Swed. sätta.] A. To seat, set, place, put; hann setti sveininn í kné konungi, Fms. i. 16; hón var í haug sett, Ld. 20; bar hann inn ok setti hann í sæti, Nj. 179; hann setti hann í næsta sér, 46; setti hann í hásæti hjá sér, 282; setja höfuðit aptr á bolinn, Fms. x. 213; setja á sik hjálm, Nj. 42, 144; var settr undir hann stóll, 269; s. forsæti með endi-löngum bekkjum, 220; setja inn, to put in; s. inn fénað, svín, hross, to pen them, take them in, Gþl. 386, Grág. i. 436: to put in prison, Fms, x. 49; s. í fjötra, bönd, to 'set in the stocks,' put in fetters, ii. 173, x. 301; hann hafði sett spjótið (stuck it) í völlinn hjá sér, Nj. 58; s. hest fyrir sleða, Landn. 94; s. e-n til bókar, to set one to book, set one to learn, Fms. vii. 199, viii. 9; s. til ríkis, to set one to reign, Eg. 366; hann setti sonu sína hina ellri til lands, Orkn. 4 old Ed.; s. á skrá, to enter, set in a scroll, Stj.; setja inn, to insert, Bs. i. 280 :-- þar var fimmtar-dómr settr, Nj. 241; þar er dómrinn var settr, Eg. 340; setja tjöld, to set up tents, Fms. xi. 85; s. herbúðir, id.; s. gamma sinn annan veg brekkunnar, 38, 79; s. grundvöll til kirkju, to lay the foundation of, 33; s. e-m borð, Nj. 220; setja e-m gísla, to give hostages, Fms. xi. 392. 2. special usages, to drive; hann setti öxina í höfuð honum, Nj. 53; þau setja þegar af þeim nýrun, they bite them clean off, Stj. 94. 3. intrans. to set off; hann lagði halann á bak sér ok setti í burtu, Fb. i. 565; enn úhreini andi greip grís, ok setti braut síðan, Greg. 56: s. undan, to escape, Nj. 136, Fms. ii. 325; s. undan e-m, s. undan á-gangi e-s, to make one's escape, Al. 99, Fms, vi. 379. 4. with prepp.; setja af, to depose, see above :-- s. e-n aptr, to repel, hold back, check, Hkr. i. 20, Fms. xi. 81, Nj. 123, Stj. 21 :-- setja at, to set against, attack; mun ek s. at hinni rauðu töflunni, of a move in chess, Fas. ii. 67 :-- setja á, to put up; s. á langar tölur, Sturl. i. 105; s. e-t á sig, to mark, notice; svá var á sett, at Böðvarr, 32: setja á vetr, of livestock in the autumn = Germ. anbinden :-- s. eptir, to leave behind, Eg. 368, Fms. ix. 43 :-- setja e-ð fyrir sig, to set a thing before one, i.e. be sad and depressed on account of it :-- setja fram, to put forward, produce, Mar. (fram-setja): setja fyrir, to set before, as a thing ordered; eptir fyrir settri skipan, Sks. 37; setja nei fyrir e-t, to deny, refuse, Fms. ii. 131, ix. 242; setja e-m e-t fyrir, to set as a task to one; hann (the teacher) setti mér þetta fyrir :-- setja niðr, to set down, quash; þeir settu Þorgeir niðr á Ánabrekku, put him there, Eg. 237; cp. niðr-setningr, in mod. usage s. niðr ómaga, to distribute the paupers among the households in a parish: s. niðr lík, to lay a corpse in earth, H.E. i. 491, Fms. iv. 110; s. upp óp, gnegg, Hrafn. 7: metaph. to stop, Fms. ix. 355, 452, xi. 260, Hkr. ii. 136, Eg 729: to dispose, s. niðr eptir reglu, Fms. xi. 428 :-- s. saman, to put together; s. bú saman, iii. 29, Ld. 10, s. saman kvið, kviðburð, Grág., Nj.: to compose, K.Á. 220, Fms. vii. 242; eptir bókum þeim er Snorri setti saman, Sturl. ii. 123; bók þessi heitir Edda, hana hefir saman setta Snori Sturluson, Edda ii. 250; hér er lukt þeim hlut bókar er Ólafr Þórðarson hefir saman sett, 427 :-- s. fram skip, to launch a ship, Eg. 160, Fms. ix. 478: s. út skip, to launch, 480, Gþl. 371 :-- s. upp skip, to draw her up ashore (as used to be done for the winter months), Hkr. i. 152, Fms. i. 62, ix. 478, Nj. 281, Eg. 180, Gþl. 371 (upp-sátr); þar fellr á er heitir Gufu-á, í hann setti Ketill upp skip sitt (laid her up in the river), Eg. 592; (in mod. usage setja (absol.) is to launch a boat); s. upp, to put up, erect, raise, Eg. 492, Fms. vii. 265., Ó.H. 170; s. upp segl, to hoist sail, 165, Fms. ix. 10; s. upp boga, Fas. ii. 543; hann lét s. upp skurðgoð, Ver. 41: s. út, to set out for sale, Bs. i. 636 :-- 5. við, to let, Bær. 6. II. metaph. usages, to make, establish; setja lög, lands-rétt (laga-setning), Kristinn-rétt setti hann við ráð Grímkels biskups, Ó.H. 44; lög þau er Hákon Aðalsteins-fóstri hafði sett í Þrándheimi, id.: svá settu þeir Ketill biskup ok Þorlákr biskup Kristinna laga þátt, K.Þ.K.; hann setti þat í lögum, at ..., Ó.H. 4; hann setti Gulaþings-lög með ráði Þorieifs spaka, hann setti ok Frostaþings-lög með ráði Sigurðar jarls, ... enn Heiðsefis-lög hafði fyrst sett Hálfdán Svarti, Fms. i. 23; á því þingi (in Nicea) var settr allr Kristinn-dómr, 625. 48; máldagi vel ok skynsamliga settr ok skipaðr, Dipl, i. 5; svá skulu hreppar settir, at hverr bóndi skal sitja it næsta öðrum, Grág. i. 443; setja frið um heim allan, setja frið millum landa, Rb. 412, Eg. 282; settum friði, Grág. ii. 167; s. grið, to make a truce, Nj. 248 (griða-setning); Julius setti misseris-tal, Rb. 412; setja á stofn, to start, begin, Fms. ii. 35: with dat. to settle, settu þeir þessu, Fms. ix. 452; s. þeim málum er konungar áttu um at dæma, Ld. 28; þeir (búar) áttu eigi at s. málinu, Nj. 87 :-- to appoint, hann setti Guthorm son sinn til landvarnar, Ó.H. 4, Fms. i. 24, 29, Eg. 272, 537, Nj. 129, Hom. 51, Dipl. v. 8; ef hann leysir þat svá af höndum sem hann er til settr, Grág. i. 497 :-- af-setja, to depose; setja e-n af kirkju, to put out of the church, excommunicate, Sturl. iii. 167; af setja e-n konungdómi, Stj.; s. e-n af ríki, af lífi, Hkr. i. 170; hann hefir af sett mik allri minni eign, Fms. i. 264, ii. 243 :-- to order, s. e-m skript, ii. 174; hann setti þeim þvílíkan markað, x. 237 :-- so in the law phrases, s. e-m dag, stefnu, stefnu-dag, fimmt, to fix a day for one to appear, etc., N.G.L. passim, Bs. i. 742; setja mál í dóm, Hrafn. 25 :-- to plan, contrive, setja ráð, ráða-görð, bragð, Fms. vii. 128, x. 305, 315, xi. 21, Nj. 106. 2. to allay; sá dauði mun setja mína, sút, Al. 110; setið svá fyrnsku yðra, H.E. i. 251: to settle, s. mál, Grág. i. 490; enda sé settar sakir þær allar eðr dæmdar, 116: to humble, ek skal s. þik ok semja dramb þitt, Fas. i. 38. 3. to set, inlay, by way of ornament; hann lét göra gullkaleik ok setja gimsteinum, Bs. i. 83; hjálm gimsteinum settan, Ld. 128, Fms. i. 15; slæður settar gull-knöppum, Eg. 516; segl sett pellum, Hkr. iii. 243; seglit var sett með fögrum skriptum, Fms. x. 77; skjöld settan járnslám, Fas. i. 415; brynja sett hringum, 215. III.

SETKLÆÐI -- SIÐA. 525

impers. it settles; þegar er niðr setti moldrykit (acc.), when the dust settled, Al. 109 :-- to turn of a sudden, jarl (acc.) setti svá rauðan sem blóð, Ísl. ii. 22O, Finnb. 260; Páll jarl þagði, ok setti dreyr-rauðan, Orkn. 194; konungr þagði, ok setti hann dreyr-rauðan á at sjá, Eg. 113; þá setti at honum hósta ok þröngd svá mikla, a fit of coughing set on him, Fms. i. 282; þá setr at henni grát mikinn, she burst into tears, iii. 113; setr nú at honum kvarða, Skíða R. 41. B. Reflex. to seat oneself, take a seat; ek settumk á fótskörina, Fms. ii. 188; setzk hann undir höfuð honum, Finnb. 238; þeir settusk niðr á völlinn, Nj. 144; s. á tal við, e-n, to sit down to talk with a person, Eg. 37; setjask í hásæti, Fms. i. 18; Hrapp þraut vistir, settisk hann þá at með þeim, Nj. 128 :-- to take up one's abode, fór hann í Odda ok settisk þar, 117; at hann mundi fá hennar ok seljask þar, 280; setjask í kyrrsetu, Eg. 367; setjask um kyrrt, to settle oneself to rest, Fas. ii. 530: setjask í stein, to go into a cell, as an anchorite, Nj. 268; s. at ríki sínu, Fas. i. 531: setjask aptr, to desist from, esp. of a journey, Fms. xi. 129; setjask eptir, to remain behind, i. 62; s. heima, to stay at home, Grág. i. 491, N.G.L. i. 127; ek hefi hér upp sezk at þér (I have taken up my abode with thee) ok tekit hér þrifnað, Lv. 36 (in mod. usage with a notion of intrusion, hann settisk þar upp); setjask fyrir e-t, to withstand, Finnb. 320; lét Sturla þá lausa lögsögu, ok settisk hjá öllum vandraeðum, Sturl. iii. 308; setjask um, to lay siege to (um-sátr), Fms. i. 103, x. 237; en þar sem hin himneski meistari sezk um, leggr hann ..., Bs. i. 742 (or sesk um, i.e. sésk um, from sjá?), see the foot-note; nú setjask þeir yfir (to seize upon) staðinn, ok alla staðarins eign, Sturl. ii. 13. 2. to set, go down; er ok þat meiri virðing at aukask af litlum efnum en at hefjask hátt ok setjask með lægingu, Fs. 13: of the sun and stars, þat er víða á því landi, at sól setzk eigi um nætr, Fms. i. 233; vetrardag, en ( = er) sól setzk, when the sun sets, N.G.L. i. 348; frá jafndægrí er haust til þess er sól setzk í eyktar-stað, Edda 103 (see sólsetr = sunset); stjörnur renna upp ok setjask, Rb. 466; en þar er á millum allt einn dagr, svá at aldregi setzk dagr á allri þeirri stundu, Sks. 67 (see dagsetr); síðan sólu er sett, Gþl. 442; þegar degi er sett, when day is closing in, Fas. ii. 110. 3. to be settled, ended; nú skortir eigi sókn, ok setzk með því (ends thus) at Sunnan-menn láta undan, Ísl. ii. 366; síðan settisk úfriðr í Svíþjóð, Fms. x. 47; freista ef þessi kurr mætti niðr setjask, Hkr. ii. 140; en niðr settusk allar sakar, Fms. iii. 39. II. pass., ef þeir setjask (= eru settir, are appointed) til at dæma um mál manna, Sks. 649; setjask þá grið allra vinda á millum, 234 (influenced by the Latin). III. part. settr, placed, situated, doing well or ill; Rútr var eptir með frændum sínum vel settr, Ld. 20; hón skal hér svá vel sett sem hón væri mín dóttir, Eg. 156; lítt var hann ok settr at klæðum, Fas. ii. 327, Grett. 91 A; langt kvæði ok íllt, ok sett með (set, studded with) mörgum hlutum íllum ok fáheyrðum, Fms. x. 264 :-- of a ship, deep in the water, heavy, var skútan mjök sett, Finnb. 254; sá þeir at skipit var sett mjök, Ó.H. 170; skip konungs vóru sett mjök ok sollin, Fms. iii. 44. 2. as adj. settled; eru eigi þá sakarnar settri en áðr, Grág. i. 362 :-- composed, settr ok stillir, ráð-settr, q.v. set-klæði, n. a 'seat-cloth,' carpet; inn til elds ok arins, til þess húss er s. eru í breidd, N.G.L. i. 218; s. ok bekklæði, Js. 78. setna, að, = sjatna. to settle, subside, dwindle; hefir enn engi fallit, heldr setna þeir í jörð niðr (of a wall), Finnb. 336; en er setnaði ok hljóð fékksk, Fms. ii. 43; setnaði þá kurrinn, Fb. i. 56. setning, f. position, site, Al. 89; s. hússins, the plan of a bouse, Fms. v. 338; þoka e-u ór setningu, to dislodge, Rb. 562. 2. order, arrangement, mode; hver er s. háttanna, what is the mode, composition of the metres'? Edda 120. 3. an order, rule, rite; skipan ok setning, Stj. 279; bera járn eptir réttri setningu (rites), Fms. ix. 283; með annarri setningu, 625. 82; eptir heilagra feðra setning, K.Á. 30; manna setning, human rules, opp. to divine commandments, Anecd. 54; fornar ok lögligar setningar, Sks. 346; setningar eðr siðvenjur, K.Á. 222; boðorð ok setningar, Stj. 162; lögligar setningar, Sks. 342; s. landa á milli, 277; af setningu, according to a plan, Skúlda 174, Fms. iii. 184; this last use of the word is influenced by eccl. Lat. In mod. usage the masc. prevails. setningr, m. set purpose, design, Fms. vi. 372; eptir setningi, purposely, Finnb. 340: a rule, rite, Hom. 142; á-setningr. setr, n. a seat, residence; kaupstaðrinn í Björgyn görðisk brátt mikill, ok auðigra manna setr, Fagrsk. 149 (Fms. vi. 440); sælligt setr, Ls. 43: með engum konungi vil ek heldr setr (sætr Ed.) búa en með þér, Fas. i. 137; Sighvatr hafði nökkut öfundar-samt setr fyrst er hann kom í Eyjafjörð, Sturl. ii. 66, cp. Eb. ch. 65 (begin.); konungs-setr, a king's residence; at-setr, q.v. II. setting, of the sun; sól at setri komin, Bs. i. 700; til þess er sól er í setri, Gþl. 416 A; sól-setr, sunset; dag-setr (q.v.), 'day-set,' close of day. B. Mountain pastures, dairy lands, = Germ. senne, cp. sel, q.v.; better spelt sætr (mod. Norse sæter); bæði til sætra (setra v.l.) ok svá í bygðir, Fms. viii. 379; til sætra á fjall upp, N.G.L. ii. 130 (i. 41); um sætra-merki manna, id.; þat boð skal fara at boð-burðum réttum en eigi með sætrum, 140. COMPDS: sætra-ferð, f. removal into a shed, Gþl. 404. sætr-búð, f. a dairy-shed (Germ. senn-hütte), N.G.L. ii. 121. sætr-gata, u, f. a road to huts, N.G.L. ii. 131. set-skauti, a, m. = setgeiri. set-stofa, u, f. = sethús, N.G.L. ii. 139, D.N. passim, see Fr. set-stokkr, m. a partition-beam or post in a hall between the set (q.v.) and the centre of the skáli (the wainscotted space between the setstokkar or stafir was called brík, q.v.); ef hann brýtr setstokka ór húsi eða bríkr, N.G.L. i. 39 (Gþl. 345); s. mjök ramligr var fyrir framan setið, ok spyrndi hann þar í, Grett. 114 A; Gizurr lagðisk niðr í skálanum með setstokkunum öðrum megin, Sturl. iii. 189; þá tók Kári einn setstokk loganda í hönd sér, Nj. 202, Vápn. 28 (used instead of a club); Hallsteinn skaut setstokkum fyrir borð í hafi at fornum sið, Landn. 301; þá léði hann þergesti setstokka ... þá heimti hann setstokkana ... Eiríkr sótti setstokkana á Breiðabólstað, 104. sétt, f. [sex], a body of six, used only in compds. as, séttar-eiðr, m. an oath of six, i.e. of six compurgators, N.G.L. i. 16, Gþl. 144. sétti (proncd. sjötti), a, m. sixth, Sks. 308, passim. sett-letr, n. pl. black-letter, of type, opp. to Latínu-letr. sett-ligr, adj. steady; s. aldr, Al. 114: gramm., settligt nafn = positivus, Skálda 185. séttungr, m. a sixth part, N.G.L. i. 135, 346, Gþl. 524, D.I. i. 470. SEX, a cardinal number, [a root word; common to the Indo-Germanic languages] :-- six. Grág. i. 333, passim: the 'size-pint' on dice, Ó.H. 9O. COMPDS: sex-dægra, adj. six days old, K.Þ.K. 122. sex-faldr, adj. sixfold, Sturl. iii. 182 (in six rows). sex-fættr, adj. six-footed, Stj. 288. sex-höfðaðr, adj. six-headed, of a monster, Vþm. (Bugge). sex-nættingr, m. six nights' (days') notice, N.G.L. i. 218, K.Á. 182. sex-stefja, u, f. a poem with six stef (burdens), Hkr. iii. 53. sex-vetra, adj. six years old. sex-ærðr, adj. six-oared, Háv. 47, Fas. ii. 31. sex-æringr, m., mod. sexaringr, [Shetl, six-areen], a six-oared boat, Fms. ii. 164, Ísl. ii. 74. sex-ærr, adj. = sexærðr, Nj. 19, Vm. 88, Háv. 24 new Ed. sex-tán, sixteen, passim. COMPDS: sextán-mæltr, part. of a stanza of sixteen sentences, two to each line, Edda 124, Ht. R. sextán-sessa, u, f. a ship with sixteen seats (oars), Fms. x. 350, 357. sextándi, the sixteenth, passim. sexti = sétti, N.G.L. ii. 375. sex-tigir, m. pl. (mod. sextíu, indecl.), sixty, passim. sex-tugandi (mod. sextugasti), the sixtieth, 1812. 41, Stj. 52. sex-tugr, sex-tögr, adj. sixty: of age, sixty years old, Landn. 300 (twice), Fms. ii. 251, Stj. 160, 191: of measure, sixty fathoms (ells) long, refil sextögan, Gísl. 21; fordyri sextugt, Fms. viii. 14; þar var sextugt ofan á fjöru-grjótið, a sixty-fathom precipice, Fb. ii. 159; dreki sextugr at rúma-tali, Ó.H. 161. SEYÐIR, m. [sjóða; cp. A.S. seâd; mid. H.G. sôt = a pit] , a cooking-fire, prop. the fire-pit, as seen from the passage in Landn.; as also from the phrase, raufa seyðinn, to break up the seyði; en er þeir hyggja at soðit mun vera raufa þeir seyðinn, ok var ekki soðit, id.; hence metaph., þann seyði raufar þú þar, at betri væri at eigi ryki, to rip up old sores, Ld. 208; varðar eigi þótt sá seyðr rjúki, never mind, let that fire smoke. Fms. vi. 105; þar sér hrófit ok svá seyði þeirra, Landn. 30; in the Edda (Gl.) seyðir is among the synonyms of fire; hann kvaðsk ráða því er ekki soðnaði á seyðinum, Edda 45; bera oxa á seyði, to put an ox on the fire, roast it, Hým. 15; göra seyði, to make a fire for cooking, Eg. 222; búa til seyðis, to make ready for the roasting-fire, Nj. 199; þeir taka einn oxann ok snúa til seyðis, Edda 45: in local names, Seyðis-fjörðr or Seyðar-fjörðr, in eastern Icel.; whence Seyðfirðingar, m. pl. the men from S., Landn. SEYMA, d, [saum], to stud; seymdir skór, studded shoes; seymdr með járnsaumi, N.G.L. i. 101; seymdi á spengr, Stj. 563. seymi, n. [saumr], strings, of sinews of whales, cattle; garnar ok s., Grág. ii. 361; þat (a ship) var bundit með seymi, she was fastened with strings instead of nails, Ann. 1189. seymis-þvengr, m. a thong of s., Bs. i. 377. SEYRA, u, f. [from saurr in its oldest sense = bogs and moorland] :-- prop., as it seems, starvation, famine; only in the allit. phrase, sultr ok seyra, hunger and starvation, Yngl. S. ch. 18, Fms. viii. 181, ix. 51, Stj. 212, and in mod. usage; cp. the analogous word horr, which means both Lat. sordes and macies; land-seyra, q.v. seyrask, ð, dep. to starve, be famished; at ríkit mætti ekki s. í brott-færzlu penningsins, Fr. 2. part. seyrðr, drossy, of metal; also used metaph. = mixed, bad. seyrna, að, to rot, Germ. ver-faulen. seytill, m. [sautra], a sip, drop; það er ekki eptir nema seytill seytla, að, to drizzle. seytjan (mod. sautjan), m. seventeen, Fms. v. 415, passim. seytjandi (mod. sautjandi), seventeenth. siða, að, [Ulf. sidon = GREEK, 1 Tim. iv. 15] :-- to mend, improve one's life and manners, in old writers esp. to reform the faith; hann setti eptir kenni-menn at siða landit ok kenna þeim heilög fræði. Fms. i. 202; lagða ek fé til prestvistar at siða þar fólk er náliga var áðr heiðit, vii. 121. II. reflex. to be lettered, civilised; þar eptir siðaðisk landit, ok guldusk skattar it efra sem it ytra, Fagrsk. 9; þá ruddisk landit ok

526 SIÐBLENDINN -- SIFSKAPR.

siðaðisk, Fms. x. 192; at þá mundi allir siðask af honum, Sks. 279. 2. part. siðaðr, mannered; sem þingit er betr stillt ok siðat, Gþl.; hafi þit verit vel siðaðir menn, Eg. 95; hann var maðr trúfastr ok vel siðaðr, 770; Þorkell máni, er einn heiðinna manna hefir verit bezt siðaðr, Landn. 38; hann var með honum vel siðaðr, Fms. vii. 16, Sks. 57 new Ed.; ílla siðaðr, ó-siðaðr, ill-mannered, unmannerly. sið-blendinn (sið-blendni, f.), adj. sociable; vera s. við menn, to mix with other people, Háv. 54. sið-bót, f. reformation of life or religion, Greg. 22; mart var þat annat sem þeir (the bishops) settu ok sömdu á sínum dögum til siðbótar lands-mönnum, Bs. i. 73; ok vóru þar frammi höfð erendi erkibiskups ok þær siðbætr er hann hafði boðit, 684; talaði konungr marga hluti til siðbótar þeim mönnum er þar vóru saman komnir, Fms. ii. 134; til siðbótnr honum ok skilningar, Bs. i. 431. sið-ferði, n. conduct of life, morality; gott s., Fms. x. 295; stilltr í öllu s., Magn. 436. 2. often with reference to religion; samþykkja þeirra siðferði, Bs. i. 38, 39; at s. Kristinna manna sé betra en várt, Fms. i. 40: of convent life, taka e-n í sitt s., Stat. 245, H.E. i. 476; kaupa með penningum heilagt s., 230. sið-ferðugr, adj. of good morals, Stj. 158. sið-forn, adj. old-fashioned in manners, Jd. 6. sið-fróðr, adj. = siðprúðr, Sks. 371, Lex. Poët. sið-góðr, adj. of good morals, well-mannered; fyrir kaupmönnum ok öðru siðgóðu fólki, and other good, honest people, Fms. vii. 16, xi. 259; sem þeir Kristnir menn er í siðbezta lagi eru, Landn. 38. sið-gæði, f. (n.?), good breeding; mannvit ok s., Sks. 431, 435. sið-gætni, f. observance of good manners, Sks. 431. sið-lauss, adj. without manners, unmannerly, ill-bred; s. sveinn, Hkv. 1. 42, Sks. 246; siðlaust fólk, 351. sið-látliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.); lifa s., to live a pure life, Bs. i. 102. sið-látr, adj. well-mannered, of pure life, Skálda 208, N.G.L. ii. 421; góðir menn ok siðlátir, Edda 43, Ó.H. 44; s. ok bænrækinn, 189. sið-leysa (sið-lausa), u, f. want of manners, immorality, lawlessness; úvenjur ok siðleysnr, Fms. xi. 296; þótti mönnum mikit um siðlausu þá er konungr görði, Ó.H. 85; siðleysur vándra manna, Bs. i. 105: ill-breeding, Sks. 280 B. sið-liga, adv. morally, cleanly; lifa s., Hom. 53: nicely, göngum nú s., Fms. vi. 203. sið-ligr, adj. well-bred, Sks. 1; mikill maðr ok s., Fms. x. 205; siðligt athæfi, 296. sið-læti, n. good manners, morality, good behaviour, = siðferði, Mar.; þá lærða menn er miðr gættu siðlætis, Bs. i. 102, Greg. 41: with reference to religion, Kristiligt s., Fms. ii. 200, Bs. i. 42. sið-mannligr, adj. well-bred; af þingi reið með Guðmundi Sörli, enn siðmannlegsti maðr, Lv. 13. sið-næmr, adj. quick to acquire good manners, Sks. 264: as an epithet to a king, gallant, Ó.H. (in a verse). sið-prúðr (sið-prýði, f.), adj. gentle, well-mannered, Sks. 245. SIÐR, m., gen. siðar, dat. sið, pl. siðir, acc. siðu, mod. siði, [Ulf. sidus = GREEK; Hel. sidu; 0.H.G. situ; Germ. sitte; Dan. sæd; Swed. sed] :-- custom, habit, manner, Lat. mos, a word of importance and wide use; sjá, kanna annarra manna siðu, Sks. 17; sem þá var víða siðr til, Bs. i. 41; þat mun hér vera siðr, Eg. 110; sæmileikr hennar ok siðir, Str. 21; konnngliga siðu, kaupmanna siðu, lærðra manna siðu, ... siðu ok athæfi, Sks. 5; lands-siðr, the custom of the land; í fyrnskunni var sá siðr, at ..., N.G.L. ii. 416: conversation, falla í sið með mönnum, to live sociably, Þiðr. 149 (sið-blendinn). 2. conduct, moral life [Lat. mores]; góðir siðir, þat er upphaf allra góðra siða at elska Guð, N.G.L. ii. 419; hann tók at semja heima-manna siðu ok híbýla-háttu, Bs. i. 102; sjá ok nema góða siðu, 271; at hvergi hefði þeir séð fegri siðu, id.; siða-tjón, Sks. 352; ó-siðir, ill manners, a wicked life, Bs. i. 62, N.G.L. ii 419; það er ó-siðr, 'tis ill-breeding. 3. siðr (also in plur.) is the old and expressive word for religion, faith, as it appears in the life, laws, habits, and rites of a people; thus, inn Forni siðr, the ancient (heathen) faith; inn Nýi siðr, the new (Christian) faith; Kristinn siðr, the Christian religion; Heiðinn siðr, heathenism, etc.; snúa öllum til Kristins siðar, 655 iii. 3; eptir því sem mér skilsk, eru mjök sundrlausir siðir várir, Bs. i. 38; skurðgoða-blót ak allan heiðinn sið, 43; at þeir mætti sjá atferði siðar þess, er Kristnir menn höfðu, Ld. 174; er þat ok nær mínu hugborði, at þú, Kjartan, hafir betra sið þá er þú siglir af Noregi enn þá er þu komt hegat, 172; geldr at nýbreytni konungs, ok þessa ens nýja siðar er goðin hafa reiðsk ... hversu ertú fúss, frændi, at taka við trú þeirri er konungr býðr? -- Ekki em ek þess fúss, segir Bolli, þvíat mér lízt siðr þeirra veykligr mjök, 168, 170; kom þat ásamt með þeim, at níta sið þeim er konungr bauð, 166; Ólafr konungr boðaði siða-skipti þar í landi, Fms. ii. 26; þat spurðisk þar með at siða-skipti var orðit í Noregi, höfðu þeir kastað enum forna sið ... Ok ef þeir menn koma út hingat er þann sið bjóða, þá skal ek þat vel flytja, Nj. 156; þeir hafa Ebreska tíða-görð ok alla siðu, Symb. 57; þeir biskup fóru með nýjan sið, Fs. 76; nieð nýjum sið ok boðorðum. 91; siðar þess er várir foreldrar hata haft, O.H.L, 23; í fornum sið, in the olden times, in the heathen times: hann var göfgastr allra herkonunga ok bezt at sér í fornum sið, Fb. i. 349. The same term was afterwards used of the Reformation (the Reformed faith as opp. to the Roman Catholic faith), [cp. Germ. die alte Sitten]; féllu þeir helzt í sið með herra Gizuri biskupi, sira Gísli Jónsson ..., Bs. ii. 250; nokkuð ágrip um gömlu siðina, 247; hann tók af alla Pápista siðu, 249; vegna þeirra nýju siða, Safn i. 682. 4. a rite, ceremonial, esp. in plur.; brúðkaups-siðir, bridal ceremonies; kirkju-siðir. church rites; hirð-siðir, court ceremonies; borð-siðir, table ceremonies. COMPDS: siða-bót, f. = siðbót, Sturl. i. 126: mod. the Reformation, see above. siða-maðr, m. a well-bred man, Sks. 352 B: the master of a feast. siða-samr, adj. = siðsamr, Sks. 245. siða-skipti, n. pl. change of faith, Nj. 156, Ld. 128, Fms. ii. 26, xi. 12; see above. siða-vandr, adj. earnest as to other men's conduct, of a master, overseer. siða-vendni, f. the being siðavandr. sið-samliga, adv. properly, decently, Bs. i. sið-samligr, adj. well-bred, Lv. 13: becoming, Th. 1. sið-samr, adj. well-conducted; hann bað sína menn vera hljóðláta ok siðsama á kveldum, Fs. 143; kyrrlátr ok s., Magn. 438; s. ok friðsamr, Fms. viii. 253; vera hæveskir ok siðsamir innan-hirðar, N.G.L. ii. 419; s. ok léttlátr, Sks. 19. sið-semd, f. habits; þá s. sem þeir hefði um vápna-burð. Fms. xi. 162; með hvilíkum hætti eðr s., Stj. 298. 2. moral conduct, good manners, courtesy, decency; hafna ósiðum en taka siðsemd í staðinn, N.G.L. ii. 419; um siðsemdir (courtesy) ok hæversku, 416; siðsemdar búnaðr, Mar.; siðsemdar þjónosta, id. sið-semi, f. = siðsemd, Fms. ii. 228, viii. 252, Greg. 41; ó-siðsemi. siðugr, adj. well-bred, well-conducted; svá siðugr ok góðháttaðr sem hinn siðugasti spekingr, Bs. i. 38; vel siðugr, Sks. 279; spakr maðr ok s., Fms. xi. 97; ó-siðugr. sið-vandi, a, m. a custom, habit, practice, Ísl. ii. 198, Nj. 51, Jb. 156, Fms. iv. 278. 2. = siðvendi, Lv. 49. sið-vandr, adj. severe as to conduct, austere, serious, Sks. 370; var hann s. um allt fyrir þeirra hönd, Bs. i, Skálda 210. sið-vani, a, m. = siðvandi, Pass. 22. 4. sið-varr, adj. conscientious in one's life, Sks. 279. sið-vendi, f. austerity, Sturl. i. 219, Sks. 497 B. sið-venja, u, f. custom, practice, Eg. 34, Fs. 126, Hkr. i. 10, Fms. ix. 496, K.Á. 222. siðvenju-legr, adj. usual, Str. 15. SIF, f., pl. sifjar; [Ulf. sibja. Gal. iv. s. Rom. ix. 4; A.S. and Scot. sib; Engl. gos-sip = god-sib; Hel. sibbia; O.H.G. sibba; Germ. sippe] :-- affinity. 2. in sing. the word is only used as a pr. name ot the goddess Sif, gen. sifjar (dat. sifju, Edda i. 340). Sif, the golden-haired goddess, wife of Thor, betokens mother earth with her golden sheaves of grain; she was the goddess of the sanctity of the family and wedlock, whence her name, see Edda and the old poems passim. 3. plur. 'sib', affinity, connection, by marriage; the word is used in ancient poems and in the law, and in compds; byggja sifjar, to marry; jafnnáit skal byggja sifjar ok frændsemi, Grág. i. 308; eigi skulu vera skyldri sifjar með þeim enn fimmta manni, i.e. no marriage nearer than the fifth degree, 310; sifjar (affinity) is opp. to frændsemi (blood relationship), flest stórmenni var bundit í frændsemi eða sifjum við hann, Fms. vii. 299, v.l.; spilla sifjum, to commit adultery; munu systrungar sifjum spilla, cousins will 'spoil the sib,' referring to adulterous intercourse with near relations in law, Vsp.; slíta sifjum = spilla sifjum, Merl. 154: again, þyrma sifjum, to hold the sifjar holy, Skv. 3. 28: hence sifja-slit and sifja-spell, n. pl. violation of the law of affinity, adultery; frændsemis-spell ok sifja-spell, Grág. i. 341, Sks. 338 B; þat eru sifjaslit en meiri, er maðr liggr með systrungum tveim, Grág. i. 358; í manndrápum ok í sifjasliti, Edda. The word sifjar also remains in bú-sifjar (q.v.), Landn. 147, Eg. 750, Fs. 31; guð-sifjar (q.v.), as also guð-sefi, guð-sifja (q.v.), a gossip, sponsor: in karl-sift, kvenn-sift, q.v.; cp. also barna sifjar, the bond or unity arising from having had children together, or = adoption(?), cp. Ulf. suniwe-sibja = GREEK, Gal. iv. 5, Ls. 16: lastly, the phrase, blanda sifjum, to blend sifjar together, to blend souls together(?), Hm. 125 (akin to sefi, q.v.) sifi, a, m. a relation by marriage, affinis; sifja silfr, Sdm. 28 (Bugge); at álnum sifja, Ad.; but both passages are dubious; guð-sifi, a god-sib. -sifja, að, in the compd af-sifja, q.v. sifjaðr, part. bound in affinity; Óðni sifjaðr, Hým. 21; sitjaðan sjötum görvöllum, Hdl. 42: in the allit. sifjaðr and sakaðr (q.v.), Gþl. 67, 547; eiga skylt eðr sifjað við e-n, D.N. v. 360. sifjugr, adj. = sitjaðr, Skv. 1. 50. sifjungr, m. a relation by affinity, Edda (Gl.), Hkv. 2. 32: of a brother-in-law, Akv. 29, cp. also Am. 8l. sif-kona, u, f. a woman related through affinity, opp. to frændkona; þá er maðr á frændkonu sína eðr sifkonu, Grág. i. 366; frændkonu sína eðr sifkonu at fimta manni, H.E. i. 245; til Ástríðar sifkonu sinnar, Fms. ix. 243. sifr, m. a near relation, Edda ii. 496, hence in Úlf. 3. 34. sif-skapr, m. affinity, as opp. to frændsemi, N.G.L. i. 148, 382, H.E. i. 481, MS. 671. 17: varla má þat vel allt saman vera sakir ok sifskapir.

527 SIFT -- SIGHGJALD.

N.G.L. i. 187; en ef þau skiljask fyrir þann sifskap, at karlmanns völd hafa til komit, Jb. 127. sift, f. affinity; see karlsift, kvennsift. sifuni, a, m. [cp. Ulf. sipoueis = a disciple], a companion(?) = sifjungr, a GREEK., Þd. SIG, n. [síga], a rope which is let down; fóru þá sigin ofan í gröfina, en Þoroddr upp, Ó.H. 152, Þjal. S: also of the rope by which a fowler is let down precipices, as described in Bs. ii. 111. 2. in Icel. ropes with weights, put over hayricks, boats, or the like, to keep them safe (láta sig á hey); whence siga-keppr, m. a log fastened as a weight to a rope's end: metaph. of a log-like, slow fellow; þú ert einsog sigakeppr! sig, n. [sigr], a victory, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poëtt, passim, but never in prose: in poët. compds as. sig-björk, a weapon; sig-freyr, a warrior; sig-máni, a shield; Sig-föðr, of Odin, Lex. Poët.: cp. the pr. names, Sigi, Sigarr, Sig-fastr, Sig-björn, Sig-fúss, Sig-hvatr, Sig-mundr, Sig-valdi, Sig-tryggr, Sig-urðr; of women, Sig-ný, Sig-ríðr, Sig-vör, Landn. siga, að, = sígá; þá sigaði svá at honum ('it sank over him,' i.e. he fainted away) ... ok lá náliga milli heims ok helju, Grett. 85 new Ed. siga, að, to excite dogs by shouting rrr! siga or siga hundum, Fas. i. 88, Art., Mag. 64, see Gramm. p. xxviii. SIGÐR, m., in mod. usage sigð, f.; in eastern Icel. (Skaptafells-sýsla) it is still used masc., þat verkfæri kallask fyrir austan mela-sigðr, en af öðrum mela-sigð, en sigðrinn má vera svá beittr ... með sigðinum ..., sigðinn (acc.), Fél. ii. 140, 141, of the year 1781: [ A.S. sicol; Engl. sickle; O.H.G. sihila; Dutch zikkel; Dan. segel] :-- a sickle; gref, leá ok sigða (acc. pl. sigðar v.l.), N.G.L. iii. 15; þrir sniðlar, item í nöfrum öxum ok sigdum, D.N. i. 321, Post. 26, Boldt 112: the word is now fem., beitt dauða-sigðin sárbeitt sker sóltögr blómstrin væn, Hallgr. sigg, n. [akin to seigr, sigi?], = Lat. callus; hans hörund er svá hart sem sigg villi-galtar, Þiðr. 180, 297; þat var hart sem sigg ok ekki blóð í, Fbr. 77 new Ed., freq. in mod. usage. Sigg, f., gen. Siggjar, the name of an island in Norway, Munch. Sigga, u, f., Siggi, a, m., dimin. from Sigríðr and Sigurðr. sigi, a, m. = segi, q.v. SIGLA, ð or d, [segl], to sail; sigla ok róa. Eg. 86, Grág. ii. 130; s. af landi, to stand off the land, Landn. 26; s. at landi, to stand in to land; s. með landi, to sail along shore; s. rétt í vestr, í norðr, Eg. 86, Landn. 25; s. út ór ánni, Þórð. 26; s. í haf, á haf, or til hafs, to stand out to sea, Ld. 32, Nj. 4, Fms. vi. 359; en er þeir höfðu um siglt, sailed by, Fms. v. 305; freisia ef þeir sigli svá um oss fram, Orkn. 402; s. undan, to sail away, id.; s. meira, to sail faster, Ó.H. 182; s. eptir e-m, id.; sigla djarfliga. Fms. vii. 67; s. á skip, to strike against, x. 76: the distance or course in acc., sigla þeir sunnan fyrir Stað tuttugu vikur sævar, xi. 122; þá mun siglt vera tylpt fyrir sunnan Ísland, then the course will be a 'tylpt' south of Iceland, Landn. 25; segla menn, at Skopti hafi fyrstr Norðmanna siglt Njörva-sund, that S. is the first Northman that sailed by N., Fms. vii. 66; s. lítinn byr ok fagran, ii. 182; sigla þeir góða byri, x. 260; sigldi hann inn um Agðanes vá mikinn storm, at ..., ix. 314: sigldi hann ór Suðreyjum svá mikla sigling. at ..., he sailed so famous a voyage, that..., Landn. 214; þeir sigla norðr um Sognsæ byr góðan ok bjart veðr, Eg. 12O; sigli þér sælir! (Gr. GREEK), Am. 32. 2. in Icel. sigla also means to travel, like Fr. voyager; hann sigldi þrysvar, went thrice abroad; kálfr sigldi, kom út naut, kusi lifð' og dó 'ann, a ditty; hence sigldr, part. travelled, and ó-sigldr, untravelled. II. metaph. phrases; sigla á veðr e-m, to get to windward of one, take the wind out of his sails; engi maðr mun meirr hafa siglt á veðr jafnmörgum höfðingjum, Band. 39 new Ed.; sigla milli skers ok báru, between the skerry and the billow, between Scylla and Charybdis, Fms. ii. 268, Fb. iii. 402; þeir höföu sigr er ú-vænna þóttu út sigla, they won the race who were thought to have the least chance at the start, Sturl. iii. 251; þótt þér þykki eigi úvænt út sigla, though the chance be small at the start, 237. 2. to go as with sails; sigldi hann millum limanna á annat tré, of a squirrel leaping from tree to tree, Ó.H. 85. III. rccipr., þeir sigldusk nær í sundi einu, Korm. 230: part. gerund, siglanda segltækt, fit for sailing; siglanda væri þetta veðr fyrir Jaðar, ef ..., Ó.H. 138; ú-siglanda veðr, weather not fit for sailing. sigla, u, f. the mast; fyrir framan siglu, Eg. 33; fyrir aptan siglu, þeim megin siglu, Grág. ii. 137; stóð maðr við siglu, Nj. 125, Fms. vi. 359. COMPDS: siglu-biti, a, m. the step of the mast(?), Fas. ii. 442. siglu-rá, f. the sail-yard, Fas. iii. 659. siglu-skeið, n. the part near the mast, midships. Fms. ii. 323. siglu-toppr, m. the mast-head, Rb. 468. siglu-tré, n. the mast-tree, Kb. i. 532, Fms. xi. 143. sigli, n. [A.S. sigele], a necklace, Ls. 20; hroðit s., Skv. 3. 47; sigli-sága, 'necklace-fairy,' a lady, Korm. sigli, n. [Lat. sigillum], a seal; in inn-sigli, q.v. sigling, f. sailing; þegar þeir sá s. yðra, Eg. 49; Skalla-grímr var hverjum manni skygnari, hann sá s. þeirra Hávarðs, 120; þá sá menn Knúts konungs siglingina, Ó.H. 170; sjau dægra sigling, seven days' sail, Landn. 25: a voyage, tóksk þeim siglingin ógreitt, Ld. 56; hafa kaupskip í siglingum, Nj. 3 :-- in specific Icel. sense, a journey abroad, passim in mod. usage. II. the sailing, the pace of the ship, lét Sveinn þá minnka siglingina, S. shortened sail, Orkn. 402; minnka s. ok svipta, Fms. vii. 67; sigla svá mikla sigling, Landn. 214 :-- sailing, navigation, meðan þar væri s. at sem mest, Grett. 103 A. COMPDS: siglingar-austr, m. the pumping a vessel, Jb. 407. siglinga-maðr, m. a sea-faring man, seaman, Symb. 15, Grett. 93. siglinga-skip, n.; gott s., a good sailing ship. signa, að, [siga, síga], to glide down; hann hafði band fjrir augum, ok hafði signat nokkut frá augunum, Bret. 90. SIGNA, in pres. signi; pret, signdi, but also signaði; part. signt and signat. This word occurs in one of the oldest heathen poems, and is applied to a northern heathen rite; it is common to all Teut. languages except Gothic; yet as no 'laut-verschiebung' has taken place, it may be borrowed from the Latin, and perhaps came in with the earliest missions, cp. the remarks s.v. prim-signing: or sigr and signa may possibly be kindred words? [Hel. seginon; Germ. segnen; Lat. signare] :-- to sign, consecrate; signa e-m e-t: I. in a heathen sense, see the remarks on hamarr; signa full, to sign the goblet with the sign of the hammer before drinking, Sdm. 8; enn er hit fyrsta full var skenkt, þá mælti Sigurðr jarl fyrir, ok signaði Óðni ... Sigurðr jarl mælti, konungr görir svá sem þeir göra allir, er trúa á mátt sinn ok megin, ok signa full sitt Þór, hann görði hamars-mark yfir áðr hann drakk, Hkr. i. 143; en sá er görði veizluna ok höfðingi var, þá skyldi hann signa fullit ok allan blótmatinn, 139; signdi Bárðr fullit, Eg. 210 (öl þat er Bárróðr signdi, in a verse, l.c.); þar vóru minni öll signuð Á;sum at fornum sið, Ó.H. 102; þá blætr hann heiðnar vættir, ef hann signir fé sitt öðrum en Guði, K.Þ.K.; þeir eru gumnar goðum signaðir, Hdl. 27; skylda ek Vikar goðum of signa. Fas. iii. (in a verse); nú eru hér tólf hreinbjálfar er ek vil þér gefit hafa hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða (charmed and bewitched) at engan þeirra mun járn bíta, Fb. iii. 245. II. to sign with the cross; sem páfinn leit þá, signaði hann þá, Karl. 303; páfinn signdi matinn, 20; gengu þeir undir borð ok signdu mat sinn, Eb. 268; áðr matrinn var signdr, Fms. vii. 159; er hann signdi Dróttinn várn með sinni hendi, 625. 63 (of the sign of the cross in baptism) :-- signa sik, to sign oneself with a cross on the forehead and breast; þau signdu sik ok sveininn, Nj. 201, Barl. 207; sign þik eigi, Th. 3; þá er hann hefir signt sik, 655 xi. 4; ekki frá ek hann signdi sik, Skiða R. 44; hón signdi sik ok mælti, þetta er úfæra, Grett. 150 new Ed.; Þorsteinn vakti hana, biðr hana signa sik, ok biðja Guð hjálpar, Þorf. Karl. 396. 2. [Germ. segnen; Dan., Swed., and Norse signe, signa], to bless; henni mun ek bleza ok hana signa, Stj. 115; er Guð signdi ok þangat sendi, Karl. 289; Guð signi yðr! Art.; signi Guð ykkr báða, Skíða R. 118; vel ert þú signuð af sjálfum Guði, Stj. 424; komi þér, vel signaðir (Dan. vel-signet), til míns Föður ríkis, Hom. 156; hins signaða Magnúss, the blessed Magnus. Magn. 512; hans signuðu móður, Th. 25, Rb. 422; signaðr Ólafr, Fms. v. 222; hans signaði líkamr, Th. 28: van-signdr, cursed, Mar.: the word in this sense has been superseded by bleza, q.v. signan, f. a blessing. Mar., Hom. 149; far í Guðs signan., Karl. 180. signet, n. [for. word], a signet-ring. signing, f. the making the sign of the cross. 2. blessing, 655 viii. 2. SIGR, m., the r is radical, gen. sigrs, dat. sigri, plur. not used; a gen. sing. sigrar occurs in sigrar-merki, Karl. 356, 365, 366; and sigrar-óp, 365, 368; sig without the r is used in poets and in pr. names: [Ulf. sigis= GREEK; Hel. sigi; O.H.G. sigu; Germ. sieg; Dutch zege; all without the r; A.S. sige, but usually sigor (see Grein), answering to the double form sig and sigr in the Scandin.] A. Victory; hafa, fá, vinna sigr, to win a victory; hann átti þar hina þriðju orrostu ok hafði sigr, Hkr. i. 80; Haraldr konungr fékk sigr, 79; bera sigr af öðrum, to gain the day, Ó.H. 109; ráða sigri, Fb. ii. 337; mun auðna ráða sigri, fate will decide the victory, Ó.H. 209, Nj. 43, Fms. v. 273, Hkr. iii. 400, Barl. 163, in countless instances; þar með hamingju at vega sigrinn, Hkr. i. 254, Al. 83; ráða sigri, Fb. ii. 428; drekka Óðins full til sigrs ok ríkis konungi sínum, Hkr. i. 140; gaf hann sumum sigr, 10; þá nótt ina sömu gekk Eirekr í hof Óðins ok gafsk honum til sigrs sér, ok kvað á tíu vetra frest síns dauða, Fb. ii. 72; fagna sigri, to rejoice over a victory gained, to triumph (but not in the technical Roman sense, which is not Teutonic); hrósa sigri, id.; sverði hælir þú þar en eigi sigri, Edda 89. B. COMPDS: sigr-auðigr, adj. fated to victory, victorious, Ísl. ii. 319. sigr-bákn, n. a 'beaconing' of victory; þetta kalla menn s. í út-löndum, Fms. vi. 313. sigr-blástr, m. the trumpet-blast of victory, Stj. 534. sigr-blómi, a, m. a beam of victory, a halo; veit ek at konungr mun ráða sigrinum, Hví veiztú þat? þvíat konungr er bjartr at ek má eigi sjá í móti honum, ok ætla ek þat sé s. hans, Fb. ii. 337. sigr-blót, n. a sacrifice for victory, Hkr. i. 13. sigr-byrr, n. a fair wind boding victory, Fms. ix. 505. sigr-fórn, f. an offering for victory, Stj, 444. sigr-för, f. a victorious journey; fara s., Eg. 21, Ó.H. 107. sigr-gjald, n. a war-contribution, Fms. v. 161.

528 SIGHGJÓF -- SIMUL.

sigr-gjöf, f. the granting victory; eða mun Óðinn vilja skjóplask í sigrgjöfinni við mik, Fms. ii. 238: the offering up for victory, ok kalla s. við Dróttinn várn Jesum Krist, Bs. i. 23 (see the context); sigrgjafar-heit, Fms. ii. 238. sigr-goð, n. a god of victory, Fms. xi. 386. sigr-heimr, m. a home of victory, Sól. sigr-helgi, f. rendering of Latin triumphus; kom hátíð sú er Trajanus konungr hélt s. sína, 655 x. 2. sigr-hnoða, n. the 'knob of victory,' part of a sword, Edda (Gl.) sigr-kufl, m. a 'cowl of victory' cp. Germ. glücks-haube. sigr-lauss, adj. deserted by victory, Fas. i. 96, Barl. 163. sigr-leysi, n. lack of victory, Barl. 163, Róm. 278. sigr-lúðr, m. a trumpet of victory, Stj. 360. sigr-mark, n. a token of victory, Fms. i. 136, x. 239 (of the cross, 'in hoc signo vinces'). sigr-mál, n. the prize of victory, Eg. 495. sigr-merki, n. = sigrmark, Niðrst. 3. sigr-minning, f. commemoration of a victory, Hkr. iii. 115. sigr-óp (sigrar-óp, Karl.), n. a shouting of victory, Eg. 296, 298, Fms. viii. 141. sigr-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), victorious, Bs. i. 302. sigr-steinn, m. a 'power-stone' of victory, MS. 544. 39, Þiðr. 83. sigr-strangligr, adj. bidding fair for victory, Sturl. i. 27, Fas. iii. 293. sigr-sæli (sigr-sæla, u, f. Sks. 738; sigr-sæld, Fb. i. 236), f. the being victorious, Germ. waffen-glück, Róm. 157, Fær. 101, Fms. i. 214. sigr-sæll, adj. blessed by victory, victorious, Eg. 646, Fms. i. 15;, Al. 97; s. í málum, Nj. 224; inn Sigrsæli, the Victorious, the Conqueror, a name of the Swedish king Eric from his conquests in the East, Hkr. sigr-vegari, a, m, a conqueror. Fms. viii. 234, Sks. 604. sigr-vegning, f. a victory, 656 B. 7. sigr-verk, n. a victory, Fb. iii. 299. sigr-vænligr, adj. betokening victory, Al. 37. sigr-þjóð, f. the host of victory, of the Einherjar, Hkv. 2. 47. sigr-ör, f. a shaft of victory, Stj. 634. sigra, að, to vanquish, overcome, Eg. 6, Nj. 127, Fms. ii. 307, passim: to surpass, einn lokkr sigraði alla, Hkr. i. 72, Rb. 460, Fms. i. 42. II. reflex. sigrask, to gain a victory; Einarr lagði þegar til orrostu ok sigraðisk, Hkr. i. 105; sigrask í orrostu, Eg. 274; fáir hafa af því sigrask, Nj. 103; þeir sögðu at þeir höfðu opt sigrask (sigrat Ed. less correct) þá er þeir höfðu barizk með minna liði, Fms. i. 42; þeir kváðu Bersa af slysi Kormaks sigrask hafa, Korm. 90: s. á e-m, to gain a victory over, Fms. i. 127, ii. 314, Fær. 75; man ek annat-hvárt sigrask á búöndum eða falla hér elligar, Ó.H. 209: impers., optask sigrask þeim eigi vel er fleiri eru saman, ef menn eru skeleggir til móts, Fær. 8l. 2. pass. to be overcome, Rb. 462 (Latinism). sigran, f. a triumphing, Stj. 243. sigrari, a, m. a victor, Stj. 604 B. sig-tívar, m. pl. the gods of victory, Vsp., Akv., Ls. 1. sig-tóptir, f. pl. the homes of victory, Vsp. 61. sigur-verk, n. [Germ. zeiger], a clock. Sig-yn, f., gen. Sig-ynjar, the name of a goddess, the wife of Loki, Vsp., Edda; hence the female name Signý, Landn. SIK, acc. of the reflex. pron. (cp. sér, sín), also often spelt sek, esp. in Norse vellums and Grág. i. 50, 114, ii. 240, 241, etc., Js. 17, 20, Sks. 276 B, the later form sig :-- Lat. se, self; ef þat drekkr sik sjálft, Gþl. 504; þeir hvíldu sik þar, Eg. 586; Gunnarr verr sik þar til er hann féll af mæði, Nj. 116; nú er at verja sik, 83; konungr tók stór gjöld af þeim er honum þóttu í sökum við sik, Eg. 589. 2. referring to the object in the sentence; Kári bað Björn hafa sik (viz. Björn) ekki frammi, Nj. 261. II. for the use of sik to form reflexive verbs, as a suffixed -sk, see ek (B) and Gramm. p. xxvi. sikill, m. [for. word], a shekel, Stj., taken from the Bible. siklan, f., medic. flowing of the spittle, Lækn. 475. siklatun, n. [for. word], a kind of stuff, Karl. 286, 318, Fas. iii. 359. Sikl-ey, f., thus in old rhymes Sikl-ey, miklu, (later Sikiley), Sicily, Fms. vi-x. siklingr, m. a king, poët,; Sigarr þaðan eru komnir Siklingar, Edda 105, Ýt. 1, Skv. 1. 33, Hkv. 2. 22, Lex. Poët., and freq. in the mod. Rímur; sikling dáinn syrgir her | saknar lengi frúin, Núm. 20. 58. sikta or sigta, að, to sift. II. to take sight, take aim with a gun (Dan. sigte), Bs. ii. 349. sikul-görð, f. a girdle, something (uncertain what) belonging to an ancient ship, Edda (Gl.); it also occurs in a poem on king Canute, who is called sveigir sikulgjarðar, the bender of the s., Edda (in a verse). SILFR, n., provinc. Icel. also silbr, Fb. ii. 247; [Goth. silubr; Hel. silubar; O.H.G. silbar; Germ. silber; Engl. silver; Scot. siller; Dan. sölv; Swed. silfuer] :-- silver, Al. 21, 116, Fms. i. 15, ii. 76, vi. 216, Grág. i. 500, Eg. 278: when used as payment distinction is made between lög-silfr (q.v.), standard silver, Grág.; gang-s. (q.v.), current silver; brennt s., burnt, purified silver, K.Þ.K. 172; skírt s., pure silver, Fb. ii. 300, MS. 732. 16; and blá-s. (q.v.), blue, i.e. bad silver (blá-silfr had only the third part value of skírt silfr, 732. 16); bleikt s., Grág. ii. 192; grá-s., grey silver, brass; hence the phrase, bera sem gull af grá-silfri, to surpass as gold does grey silver, Gkv. 2. 2; so also in the saying, elda grátt silfr, Eb. 290, Fb. i. 522 (see elda): of coined silver, þá var mönnum gefinn máli, þat silfr var kallat Haralds-slátta, þat var meiri hluti koparr, Fms. vi. 243. II. as a nickname, silfri, silfra, Vd., Vápn. 12; whence Silfra-staðir, Silfr-toppr (or Silfrin-toppr), 'Silver-forelock,' Silver-top, the name of a mythical horse, Gm. B. Used in compds to denote a thing made of silver; silfr-ampli, -ausa, -bolli, -buðkr, -diskr, -kalkr (-kaleikr), -ker, -munnlaug, -skál ..., a jug, scoop, bowl, box, plate, chalice, vessel, basin ..., of silver, Dipl. v. 18, Hkr. i. 50, ii. 221, Fms. iii. 177, 194, Vm. 56, 63, 95, Js. 78; silfr-spánn, a silver spoon, Bs. i. 874, Vm. 58, 109, Dipl, iii. 4; silfr-baugr, a silver ring, Glúm. 388; silfr-belti, a silver belt, Ld. 284, Nj. 24, Vm. 129; silfr-borð, a desk of silver, Fas. iii. 670; silfr-stíll, a silver pencil, D.N. iv. 233; silfr-flyngja, a silver clasp, Vm. 34; silfr-spöng, a silver clasp, B.K. 83; silfr-búnaðr, silver ornaments, Pm. 90; silfr-sylgja, a silver brooch, Bs.; silfr-festr, a silver chain. Fas. iii. 273, Vm. 109; silfr-þráðr, silver-wire, Dipl. iii. 4; silfr-hadda, a silver handle, Fms. vi. 184; silfr-hólkr, a silver knob to a stick, Ó.H.; silfr-horn, a drinking-horn of silver, Fas. i. 90; silfr-hringr, a silver ring, Fms. iv. 76, Ld. 274; silfr-rós, a silver rosary(?), Vm. 58, 109, Dipl. v. 18, Bs. i. 874; silfr-kross, a silver cross, Vm. 2; silfr-lok, a silver lid, 58; silfr-skeið, a silver spoon, D.N. ii. 627; silfr-men, a silver necklace, Nj. 256; silfr-penningr, a silver penny, Fms. i. 1, Stj., Rb. 508; silfr-vápn, a silver weapon, Fas. ii. 178; silfr-hella, a plate of silver, D.N.; silfr-beisl, a silver bit, Flóv. 26. II. silfr-skrín, -hirzla, -kista, -kistill, a shrine, chest, box for keeping silver, Jm. 10, Am. 90, Karl. 13, Eg. 766. C. PROPER COMPDS: silfr-berg, n. silver ore, Stj. 85. silfr-búinn, part. silver-mounted, Fms. viii. 194, Vm. 9, 119. silfr-drjúgr, adj. well stocked with silver, money, Eb. 40. silfr-eyrir, m. a silver ounce, D.N. ii. 45. silfr-fátt, n. adj. lacking silver, Eg. 394. Finnb. 254. silfr-gangr, m. a silver standard, Grág. i. 500, Rétt. 5. 10. silfr-hvítr, adj. silver-white, Karl. 306. silfr-lagðr, part. inlaid with silver, Þiðr. 106. silfr-ligr, adj. silvery, Sks. 39, MS. 655 xiv. B. 1. silfr-merktr, adj. = silfrmetinn, Fms. viii. 270. silfr-metinn, part. valued in silver; s. eyrir, Fms. vii. 300. silfr-ofinn, part. woven with silver, Þjal. silfr-rekinn, part. = silfrbúinn, Ísl. ii. 231, Nj. 224. silfr-slátta, u, f. silver coinage, N.G.L. ii. 242, H.E. i. 394. silfr-smiðr, m. a silversmith, Fms. xi. 427, Stj. 641. silfr-smíð, f. silver-work, Stj. sili, a, m. = seli (q.v.), a strap belonging to harness; vagn festr við ok eða sila, Al. 19; söðull eða sili, Gþl. 117; festi eða sila, beisl eðr tauma, 359 A; hross, ok hefir sila nokkurn um hálsinn, Thom. 359. SILKI, n. [from Lat. sericum], silk, Rm. 31; hárit fagrt sem silki, Nj. 2, Orkn. (in a verse); rautt s., Bær. 19: a nickname, silki-auga, silki-skegg, Nj., Fms. B. As adjective, made of silk, silken; silki-band, silki-dregill, a silk-ribbon, Fms. iv. 110, xi. 2, Edda 20; silki-blaka, a silken veil, Fas. iii. 336; silki-bleikr, 'silk-bleak,' light-coloured, flaxen; hárit silkibleikt, Fms. vii. 55; fjögur merhross silkibleik, Fas. iii. 39; silki-borða or -borði, a silken brim, D.N.; silki-dúkr, a silken napkin, Fms. i. 112, Orkn. 304: = altaris-dúkr, an altar-cloth, Vm. 80, Symb. 26; silki-dýna, a silk-pillow, Karl.; silki-júpr (hjúpr), a silken jacket, Fms. vii. 69, x. 415; silki-hlað, a silk-ribbon worn round the head, Nj. 184, Dipl. iii. 4; silki-húfa, a silk-cap, Fms. ii. 264; silki-hökull, a cope of silk, Vm. 117; silki-klútr, a silk-kerchief, Fas. iii. 266; silki-klæði, silk-cloth, Greg. 22, MS. 623. 20; silki-koddi, a silken pillow, cushion. Fms. ix. 477, Dipl. iii. 4, Vm. 58; silki-kult, a silken quilt, Eb. 258, Mar.; silki-kyrtill, a silken kirtle. Fms. ii. 309, Bær. 4; silki-merki, a banner cf silk, belonging to church furniture, Jm. 10; silki-möttull, a silk-mantle. Fms. x. 268; silki-parlak, mod. sparlak, a silken bed-cover, D.N.; silki-pell, a silken pall, Str. 3; silki-pungr, a silk-purse, Ám. 42, Dipl. iii. 4; silki-reifar, silken swaddling-clothes, Fagrsk.; silki-ræma, a silken, ribbon, Edda 19; a silken garter, Fms. iv. 110, Hkr. ii. 105, Bjarn. 64; süki-saumaðr, embroidered with silk, Dipl, vi. 440, Vm. 46, Pm. 12; silki-síma, a silken cord, Lex. Poët.; silki-serkr, a silken sark, Fms. iii. 125, ix. 477; silki-skaut, a 'silken-sheet,' napkin, D.N.; silki-skyrta, a silken shirt, Fms. x. 383, Fs. 6; silki-slæður, a silken gown, Fg. 702, silken scarf(?), Nj. 190; suki-strengr, a silken cord, Karl. 42; silki-sæng, a silken bed, Fas. i. 508; silki-treyja, a silken jacket, Fms. xi. 271, Nj. 125, Skíða R. 186; silki-þráðr, a silk-thread, Fas. i. 508, Stj. 191; silki-ver, a silken case, D.N., Mag. silungr, m., better sílungr, spelt sijlungr in Run. Gramm. Ísland.; [silung and svilung = young salmon, Ivar Aasen] :-- a trout, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 173, freq. in mod. usage; silunga-net, -kista, -stöng, -veiði, Eggert Itin. p. 595. simfon, m.(?), [Lat. symphonia], a kind of instrument, a symphony, Str., Fas. iii, Fms. vii. 97. simili, n., Þiðr. 73; similia, u, f., Stj. 118, 621, v.l.; simili-brauð, n., Þiðr. 358; similus-brauð, id., Stj. 293, 560: [from Lat. simila; mid. H.G. semele; Germ. semmel] :-- flour for bread; not used in good Icel. and obsolete. simill, m.(?), Lex. Poët. simir, m. an ox, Edda (Gl.) simul, adv. [Ulf. simle = GREEK; A.S. symle; Hel. simla = semper;, O.H.G. simblun; Lat. semper] :-- ever; this ancient and obsolete word

SIN -- SINNI. 529

is preserved in only one or two passages, Hkv. 1. 41, and prob. Eg. 355 (in the verse). SIN, f., pl. sinar, [Germ. sehnen; Dan. sene; cp. Engl. sinews]: I. in plur. the sinews; brjósk eða bein eða sinar, Grág. ii. 120; hann hjó á handlegginn við hreifann, svá at ekki hélt nema sinar, Sturl. ii. 104; loddi köggullinn í sinunum, Lv. 86; enn gamli var seigr í sinum, tough, Flóv. 27; seigar verða gamals manns sinar, Bev.; þá tók hann í brott eina sin ór hans læri, Stj. 184; hans sinar ok herðar, 225; hællin kom í buginn, rétt í þá sin (of the finger) sem dregit hafði, Bs. ii. 29. II. in sing. the yard, esp. of beasts, horses, cattle, Fb. iii. 428; kóna sinar, a bull's yard, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse), Grett. (in a verse). 2. a sinew, tendon; af sinum bjarnarins, Edda; fíls sinar, Flóv. 29; skera sundr allar sinar bæði fram ok aptr, Þiðr. 87; sina magn, 'sinew-strength,' Vkv. 16; há-sin, q.v. sina-sárr, adj. sore in the sinews, Fas. iii. 384. sin, n., botan. carex vesicaria, Norse sen-gras, also called Lap-sko, from being used by the Lapps for ropes and cords; that this is an old custom is seen from Hkr. iii. 339 -- skútur tvær ok vóru sini bundnar, ok enginn saumr í, and sin-bundit skip (in the verse, l.c., of a boat made in Lapland); þat (the ship) var ok bundit sini, Ann. 1189 (Cod. Reg.) sina, u, f. [Norse sen-gras], withered grass which has stood the winter through, Grág. ii. 233, 291: in the phrase, sem eldr í sinu, like fire in dry grass; flaug þat sem sinu-eldr allt austr til lands-enda, Hkr. i. 126: freq. in mod. usage, fúa-sina. sin-bundinn, part., see sin, n. SINDR, n. [A.S. sinder; Germ. sinter; cp. Lat. scintilla], slag or dross from a forge; sindr þat er renn ór eldinum, Edda 3; liggr sá steinn þar enn ok mikit s. hjá, Eg. 142. sindra, að, to glow, sparkle, like the slag in a forge; þat (the sword) var svá bjart at s. þótti af, Fb. i. 157, Fas. i. 371; þótti mér aldri soðit verða til fulls en sindraði ávallt ór, Þorst. Síðu H. 177; ok sindrar of allt land, id.; sindrandi járn, glowing iron, Sks. 204, Fms. x. 418. Sindri, a, m, the name of a dwarf, a 'forger,' Edda (Gl.) sin-fall, n. impotency, K.Á. 124. singr, n. [syngja?], a chanting, humming; stutt er sjómanna singr, short is the seamen's chant (prayer) when putting to sea, Hallgr. singra, að, to hum a song or ditty. Sinir, m. the name of a horse, Edda. sinjor and synjor, mod. signor, m. [for. word, Ital. signore; Fr. seigneur, etc.] :-- a lord, master; Sighvat, who first uses the word, applies it to king Olave, in one passage rhyming sinnjor with þinna, in another synjor with brynju: it survives in Icel. in signor, a title of a hreppstjóri (signor Jón). sinkill, m. a clasp, Björn. SINN, sín, sitt, pron. possess. reflex.; the better and true form is sínn, sín, sítt, with í throughout, see the remarks on minn; [Ulf. seins, etc.] :-- his, hers, its, theirs = Lat. suus, usually placed after, but also, if emphatic, before; þar sitr Sigyn um sínum ver, Vsp. 39; síns um freista frama, Hm. 2; mál síns maga, 20; síns ins heila hugar, síns ins svára sofa, 105: properly referring to the subject in a sentence, Hallgerðr fastnaði dóttur sína, H. gave away her daughter. Nj. 51; Hrútr var hagráðr við vini sína, 2; hann skipaði sínum mónnum, 50; þeir leiða hesta sína, 265; hann kvaddi Ólaf stjúpson sinn til at söðla sér hest, Ó.H. 15; síðan vóru honum öll ráð sín þungrærð ok torsótt, 195; var honum sjálfum hugr sinn bæði fyrir skjöld ok brynju, Fbr. 56 new Ed. The pronoun may also refer to the object, or, in a complex sentence, to a second person in the predicate of the sentence, hvat vill Haraldr bjóða Noregs konungi fyrir sitt starf, what will H. offer to the king of Norway for his (i.e. the Norse king's] trouble? Fms. vi. 415; Sigurðr jarl gaf upp Orkneyingum óðul sín (their odals), Orkn. 20, cp. the Lat. 'Syracusanis res suas restituit;' sagði Dufþakr at Ormr skyldi hafa byrði sína, i.e. as much as O. could carry, Fb. i. 523; eigi þér at bæta prestinum rétt sinn, to the priest his due, Bs. i. 709; Eyjólfr þakkar konungi gjafir sínar ok vinmæli for his (the king's) gifts, Lv. 112; hann þakkar honum sitt sinni, he thanks him for his help, Fas. ii. 542: so also in mod. writers, og hann gaf hann aptr sinni móður, Luke vii. 15 (Vídal.); ræn ei Guð Sínum rétti, rob thou not God of his right, Pass. 7. 11, and passim. II. neut. as subst.; allt mun þat sínu fram fara (go its own course) um aldr manna, Nj. 259; ryðik hann um sitt, = Lat. pro virili, i.e. for his own part, with might and main, Fms. xi. 132: ellipt., hann segir sínar (viz. farar) eigi sléttar, Korm. 158; kom hann svá sinni (viz. ár) fyrir borð, Fas. i. 524. III. with sjálfr, both words are declined; skaða sjálfs síns, one's own self's scathe, Sks. 228 B; minni sjálfs síns, one's own recollection, D.N. ii. 110; þeir báðu hana taka sjálfrar sinnar ráð. 'take her own self's rede,' act for herself, Fms. x. 103; með höndum sjálfra sinna, Barl. 25; leggr hón í veð sjálfra sinna eignir, D.N. ii. 82; sakir óforsjó sálfra sinna, i. 107: in mod. usage both the possessive and the indeclinable forms are used, thus, sjálfs síns eignum, but if placed after, eignum sjálfs sín; the possessive however is more freq., as it also is the better form of the two. IV. with hvárr (dual), hverr (plur.), in a distributive sense: α. sinn-hverr in n purely distributive sense; tók sitt langskip 'hvárr þeirra, they took a long ship, each of the two, Eg. 74; England ok Skotland er ein ey, ok er þó sitt hvárt konungs-ríki, England and Scotland are one island, and yet each is a separate kingdom, Symb. 14: lét sitt naut hvárr fram leiða, Eg. 506; sinn vetr þá hvúrr heimboð at öðrum, each his winter, alternately, Nj. 51; ef sinn lögsögu-mann vilja hvárir, Grág. i. 1; þeirra manna er tví-tyngðir eru ok hafa í sínum hváptinum hvára tunguna, Al. 4; hón hélt sinni hendi um háls hvárum þeirra, ... liggi til sinnar handar mér hvárr ykkar, Fms. i. 9. β. sinn hverr (plur.), ferr sinn veg hverr um skóginn, they went each his own way in the wood, i.e. dispersed, Glúm. 329; skulu vaka sinn þriðjung nætr hverir tveir, two and two in turn, Fms. iv. 299; hann selr sína bolöxi í hendr hverjum þeirra, v. 288; hann sá þrjú hásæti ok sátu þrír menn, sinn í hverju, Edda 2; hann kastaði um öxl hverja sínum sauðum tveimr, Grett. 134 new Ed.; fór sinn veg hverr, they went each his own way, i.e. they parted; but, fór hverr sinn veg, each his (appointed) way: rarely with the possessive placed after, fóru hvárir leið sína, Nj. 34; fara hvárir til síns heima, Korm. 222. In mod. usage, when sinn is placed after hverr, it gives emphasis with the notion of one's due, one's own, thus, gefa hverjum sitt, to give every one his due, Lat. suum cuique; whereas 'sitt hverjum,' with the order reversed, is merely distributive; thus hver fékk sinn penning, Matth. xx. 9 (of wages due to each); whereas 'fékk sinn pening hverr' would be said of alms distributed. B. COMPDS: sinn-veg, sinn-eg, sinn-ig, adv. one each way; þykkir nokkut sinnveg hváru, they disagreed, Ld. 90; talaði annarr at öðrum, ok hóf sinneg; hverr, they all spoke in turn, and each began his speech differently, Fms. vii. 222. Also, sinns-ig, adv.; flýði sinnsig hverr, Fms. viii. 413, v.l.; sinnsiginn var litr hvers steins, Konr.; skildu þeir svá sínu tali, at sinnsiginn líkaði hverjum, Bs. (Laur.); segir svá Gregorius papa, at sinnsig á hvern á at minna, each has to be admonished in his own way, one this way, another that, 655 xi. 2. sinna, t and að, [A.S. siðjan], to journey, travel; enn hverr er austr vill sinna, whosoever travels to the east, Sighvat; ek sé hrafna sinna til hafnar, I see the ravens make for the haven, id.; en man hón sinna til sala þinna, Fas. ii. 34 (in a verse); at sinna með úlfs lifru, to go with the wolf's sister (Hel, i.e. to perish), Bragi; sinna út, Fms. x. 74 (in a verse); this sense is obsolete and not found in prose. II. metaph. to go with one, side with, with dat.; vilda ek at þú sinnaðir frændum mínum, Grett. 9 new Ed.; sem vér höfum skjótliga sinnt ok sannat, Stj. 3; Runólfr sinnaði meir með Árna biskupi, R. sided more with bishop A., Bs. i. 709; hann sinnar hvárigum né samþykkir, Stj. 16; sinnta ek því sem ek mátta framast, at ..., I pleaded the best I could, that ..., Bs. i. 845; þeir hétu þá at sinna hans máli, 882; hvárt hann sinnaði meirr þeim erendum, er ..., 868. 2. to mind, care for, give heed to, with dat.; ekki sinni ek hégóma þínum, I heed not thy idle talk, Ísl.. ii. 214; ekki sinni ek þínum áburði, Grett. 161; ekki sinni ek fé (I do not mind the money) ef nokkurr vildi ganga í málit, Band. 6; sinnaði Pharao hans ráðum, Ph. gave heed to his rede, Stj. 248; þeir sinntu (took care of) skipum þeim sem skatta fluttu, 233; so in mod. usage, sinna gestum, to attend to the guests; hón sinnaði um engan hlut, she cared about nothing, Fas. iii. 300: in mod. usage also of a person distressed or annoyed, hann sinnir engu, hann er engum sinnandi, he cares about nothing; hón er ekki mönnum sinnandi, hón varð honum aldri sinnandi (of a wife), and many similar instances. 3. part. siding with one, disposed so and so; at þeir væri þér heldr sinnaðir enn í móti, Fms. i. 297; vænti ek at hann sé þér sinnaðr í þraut, Fb. i. 78: part. act., vera e-m sinnandi, to be attentive to one, take care of, Grett. 27 new Ed. sinna, u, f. [from the Germ. sinn], the mind; sinnu-reitr, Skáld H. i. 20: the senses, kvinnan var aldrei með jafnri sinnu ok áðr, Ann. 1407. SINNI and sinn, n., Vtkv. 5, Fas. i. 73, ii. 542; sinni is the truer form, but the word is mostly used in dat.; [A.S. síð; Ulf. sinþ] :-- prop. a walk; er mér hefir aukið ervitt sinni, a heavy walk, Vtkv. 5. II. fellowship, company; nú skal brúðr snúask heim í sinni með mér, in my company, Alm. 1; ríða í sinni e-m, Skv. 3. 3; látum son fara feðr í sinni, 12; hrafn flýgr austan ... ok eptir honum örn í sinni, Fas. i. 428 (in a verse); manngi er mér í sinni, i.e. I am alone, no one in my company, 247 (in a verse); vilja e-n sér í sinni, iii. 483 (in a verse): langt er at leita lýða sinnis, Akv. 17; þjóða sinni erumka þokkt, the fellowship of men is not to my liking, i.e. men shun me, Stor. 2. concrete, a company; Vinda sinni, the company of the Wends, Lex. Poët. 3. in plur., á sinnuin, on the way; heill þú á sinnum sér, be hale on the journey! Vþm. 4; dagr var á sinnum, the day was far on its way, was passing, Rm. 29; guðr var á sinnum, the battle drew to a close, Hkr. i. 95, Hornklofi (in a verse). III. metaph. help, support, backing; in prose it remains in the phrases, vera e-m í sinni, to 'follow,' side with one, help one; ifanarlaust er Guð í sinni með þeim manni, Barl. 93; mun ek heldr vera þér í sinni, Fb. i. 529; vóru þar margir menn með jarli um þetta mál ok honum í sinni, Fms. iv. 290; þú vildir at allir væri þér í sinni, Sturl. i. 36; þeir dýrka fjallaguðin, ok því hafa þau verit þeim í sinni, Stj. 598; leiðir Víðförull Jólf út ok þakkar honum sitt sinni, Fas. ii. 542; leggja í sinni við

530 SINNI -- SÍ.

e-n, to back one, Bs. i. 882; hann þekkir sinni þeirra, at þeir vinna konunginum mikinn sigr, he knows (appreciates) their help, Fas. i. 73: in compds, fá-sinni (q.v.), solitude; sam-s., society; víl-s., q.v. B. sinn and sinni, as an adverb of time, in adverbial phrases, the latter form being rare and less correct, but occurring in a few instances in the accusative, as fyrsta sinni, N.G.L. i. 74; annat sinni, 340, Fms. vii. 325, Sks. 205; hvert sinni, Sks. 16, K.Þ.K. 10; í þat sinni, Sturl. iii. 217: [Ulf. sinþ, e.g. ainamma sinþa, = GREEK, twaim sinþam = GREEK, þrim sinþam = GREEK; Dan. sinde] :-- a time, with numerals = Germ. mal; in acc, and dat. sing., eitt sinn, einu sinni, and dat. pl. tveim sinnum, etc.: α. acc. sing.; þat var eitt hvert sinn, one time it happened, Nj. 26, Fær. 242; annat sinn, the second time; í annat sinn, K.Þ.K, 14; hit þriðja sinn, the third time, 10; í hvárt sinnit, each time, id.; í hvárt sinn, 12; þat sinn, that time, then, Fms. i. 264; í þat sinn, Hkr. ii. 15, Grág. ii. 167; ekki sinn, at no time, not once, never, Skálda 167; aldri sinn síðan, never a time since, never more, Nj. 261; sitt sinn við hvert orð, K.Þ.K. 11: um sinn, once; eigi optarr enn um sinn, Grág. i. 57, 133; hann skal drepa barninu í vatn um sinn, K.Þ.K. 10, 12; eigi meirr enn um sinn, Nj. 85; ganga til skripta it minnsta um sinn á tólf mánuðum, K.Á. 192: for this one time, ek mun leysa þik ór vandræði þessu um sinn, Ísl. ii. 133; fyrst um sinn, for the present, Þórð. 69 (paper MS.), and so in mod. usage; um sinn-sakir, for this once, Ld. 184, 196, 310. β. dat. sing, upon a time; enu þriðja sinni, the third time, Blas. 40: eiuhverju sinni, a time, a certain time, Nj. 2, 216; einu sinni, once, in an indefinite sense, Hðm. 14 (Bugge, see the foot-note); er þá kostr at kveða einu sinni (= mod. einhvern tíma) skáldskap þann, Grág. ii. 151; in mod. usage einu sinni means once, for the old 'um sinn' is now obsolete: því sinni, for that time, for that occasion, Fms. vii. 129; at því sinni, Sks. 258; þessu sinni, this time, Fms. i. 126: at sinni, for this time, at present, Nj. 216, Ld. 202, Fms. i. 3, 159: sinni sjaldnar, once less, Rb. 450. γ. dat. plur.; sjau sinnum, seven times, Alg. 262; hundrað sinnum, Flóv. 33; þeim sinnum, er ..., when, Sks. 211 B; endr ok sinnum, now and then, from time to time, Sks. 208 B. δ. gen. p!ur.; fimmtán tigum sinna, a hundred and fifty times, Dipl. ii. 14; sétta tigi sinna, Rb. 90; þúsundum sinna, a thousand times, Greg. 37. sinni, n. mind, disposition, temper, mod. and from the Germ., chiefly through Luther's Bible: freq. in mod. usage and in compds, sinnisveykr, adj. sick in mind, etc. sinni, a, m. [A.S. ge-sið], a follower, companion; Aðils of sinnar, Bm.; sól sinni mána, the sun companion of the moon, Vsp. 5; allir Heljar sinnar, Edda 41; sinni Óðins ok Ása, 56. sinni-ligr, adj. companion-like; ekki var maðrinn s., Fas. ii. 331. sin-strengr, m. a cord or tendon, Stj. 416, Barl. 147. sinur, f. pl. [sin], sinews, tendons; hann lætr skera sundr sinurnar í báðum fótum hans ... er þú lézk skera sinar í báðum fótum mínum, Þiðr. 86, 87. sissa, að, [sess], to seat; hann skal s. honum í öndvegi, N.G.L. i. 33. SITJA, pres. sit; pret. sat, sazt, sat, pl. sátu; subj. sæti; imperat. sit, sittú; part. setinn; with the neg. suff. sit-k-a, I sit not, Hkv. 2. 34: [Ulf. sitan = GREEK; A.S. sittan; Engl. sit; Germ. sitzen; Swed. sitta; Dan. sidde; Lat. sedere; Gr. GREEK, GREEK] :-- to sit; s. á haugi. Vsp. 34, Þkv. 6, Skm. 11; þeir sátu á vellinum, Nj. 114; þar sem búarnir sitja, 110, Grág. i. 4; konungr sat á hesti, Fms. x. 255, 408; hann sat it næsta honum, Nj. 2; ganga til matar, ok sátu þeir um hríð, Eg. 483; svá vildi hverr maðr sitja ok standa sem hann bauð, ... ok var rétt at segja at hann væri bæði konungr ok biskup yfir landinu, Bs. i. 67; s. fyrir, to be on the spot, Hm. 1: in greetings, sit heill! sitið heilir, 'sit hale,' be seated and welcome, Fms. x. 201, Ísl. ii. 438; nú sittú heill, Sighvat (Ó.H. in a verse); seggi biðr hann s. í frið, Skíða R. 28; s. at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. x. 378; s. at sumbli, Ls. 10; s. at tafli, to sit at chess, Ísl. ii. 359; s. at fé, s. at nautum, to tend sheep, neat-cattle, Boll. 336, Eg. 714, Sturl. i. 77; s. at málum, to sit over a case, debate it, Ld. 18; s. á stefnu, to be in the chair at a meeting, Ó.H. 85: s. upp, to sit up, sit erect; þeir létu hann s. upp í hauginum, Nj. 118: to sit at table, Jökull sat upp ok orti vísu, Ó.H. 191; gékk konungrinn at sjá þá er upp sátu, who sate at table, Greg. 43; Eyvindr hafði mest forráð at veizlunni, ok sat ekki upp, Orkn. 246; þeim sinnum er jarl sat upp (uppi Ed.) mataðisk sveinninn með honuni, Fms. ix. 245: s. úti, to sit outside (at night), of wizards (úti-seta), Vsp. 21, Orkn. 234, 246; þat er úbóta-verk at s. úti, N.G.L. i. 350; svá segja menn at Gunnhildr, fóstra Hákonar, léti s. úti til sigrs honum ... en Þórdís skeggja er sú kona kölluð sem sagt er at úti sæti, Fms. vii. 275. 2. with prepp.; sitja á svikræðum, svikum við e-n, to plot against, Fms. i. 263, ii. 34; sitja á sér, to control, constrain oneself; Hallgerðr sat mjök á sér um vetrinn, Nj. 25; hann gat ekki á sér setið, he could not keep quiet :-- s. fyrir e-u, to be exposed to, to have to stand the brunt of; s. fyrir ámæli, hættu, afar-kostum, Nj. 71, Fms. v. 71, vii. 125; s. fyrir svörum, to stand questions, be the spokesman, iv. 274, vi. 13, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; s. fyrir málum, to lead a discussion, Fms. ix. 98; s. fyrir e-m, to sit in ambush (fyrir-sát), Nj. 94, 107. Ld. 218: ellipt., Nj. 94, Eg. 577, 743 :-- s. hjá, to sit by :-- s. til e-s, to watch for; er þar til at sitja, Nj. 103 :-- s. um e-t, to watch for an opportunity; þeir sátu um at rengja, 242; er ætíð sátu um þat at spilla friðinum, Magn. 464: to plot against, s. um sæmd e-s, Fms. v. 273; hann sitr um ríki hans, 293; s. um líf e-s, to seek one's life, Ld. 40, Fms. i. 223; s. um e-n, to waylay, Landn. 287, Nj. 131 :-- s. undir, to sit under one, keep him on one's knees; s. undir barni, sittu undir mér! s. undir lestri, to 'sit under' a preaching; s. undir hlyðni, to be subject to, Sks. 476 B :-- s. yfir e-u, to sit over a thing; s. yfir drykkju, Eg. 6; s. yfir sjúkum manni, to sit up with a sick person, Fms. vii. 166, x. 250; esp. with a woman in labour, iv. 32, viii. 8 (yfirsetu-kona = a midwife); also, sitja yfir málum manna, to attend to (as judge), Ó.H. 86, Fms. vii. 60, Nj. 189; ekki er nú tóm at s. yfir kvæðum, to listen to songs, Ísl. ii. 235; s. yfir varningi sínum, to sit over one's wares, Sks. 28: to superintend, Fms. viii. 5 (Fb. ii. 533): sitja yfir e-u, to take possession of what belongs to another person; at úvinir mínir siti eigi yfir mínu, Ísl. ii. 146, 224; þeir menn hafa setið yfir eignum várum ok ættleifð, Fms. i. 223; sitr nú yfir fé því Atli inn skammi, Eg. 468; hann sat yfir virðingu allra höfðingja, Nj. 173; s. yfir hlut e-s, 89, Ld. 66, Eg. 512: s. yfir skörðum hlut, to suffer a loss of right, Ld. 266. II. to abide, stay, sojourn; sitja heima, to stay at home; sitr Gunnarr nú heima nokkuta hríð, Nj. 106; s. heima sem dóttir (heima-sæta); s. heima sem mær til kosta, Sams. S. 6; sat hann þar hálfan mánuð, Nj. 106; þat var engi siðr at s. lengr en þrjár nætr at kynni, Eg. 698; viku var at boðinu setið, Ld. 200; í slíkum fagnaði sem þeir sátu, Fms. x. 260; hann sat at Gufuskálum inn þriðja vetr, Eg. 592; setið hefir þú svá nær, at þú mættir hafa hefnt þessa, Nj. 178; sátu þingmenn Runólfs í hverju húsi, Bs. i. 20; s. kyrr, to remain quiet, stay at home, Grág. i. 163; s. í festum, of a betrothed woman between the espousals and the wedding, Nj. 4: to reside, Haraldr konungr sat optast á Rogalandi, Eg. 367, Nj. 268, Fms. i. 23, Ver. 60: s. at löndum, to reign, Hkr. ii. 3; s. at búum sínum, Fs. 12; sitja búðsetu, to live in a booth, Grág. i. 187, ii. 71; s. strandsetri, to live on the coast(fishing), i. 263, 290; s. slímu-setri, to hang on to a place, living upon other people, Gþl. 200, N.G.L. i. 70; þér munut þurrt hafa um setið allar vitundir, had no part nor knowledge of it, Sturl. iii. 261: to stay, answer not to a call, Grág. i. 447; nú sitr einn hverr lengr niðri, N.G.L. i. 40; s. um stefnu, 344; ef hann sitr svá þrjá vetr at hann geldr eigi tíund sína rétta, K.Á. 94; s. hjá e-u, to be neutral, take no part; hann hafði áðr setið hj;á málum þessum, Lv. 9, Ísl. ii. 267, Nj. 84, 97; þú lætr þá menn s. hjá kyrra, remain undisturbed, Ld. 258; s. hjá fé, to tend sheep. 2. a fishing term, to sit fishing on a mið, q.v.; á þær vastir er hann var vanr at s. ok draga flata fiska ... þeir váru komnir svá langt út, at hætt var at s. útarr fyrir Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35. 3. to tarry; görði liðinu leitt at sitja, Fms. x. 344; s. veðr-fastr, to lie weather-bound, Eg. 482; s. í díblissu, to sit in a dungeon, Fms. ix. 219; s. kyrr, Grág. i. 163; s. fyrir, to remain sitting, Fms. v. 66; sitja til járns, to sit preparing for the ordeal, 308, 311; s. fyrir ádrykkju e-s, to be one's cup-mate, Eg. 253. III. with acc.; sitju e-t ór hendi sér, to 'sit a thing out of one's hands,' let it slip through idleness, Fms. v. 276: mod., s. e-t af sér, id.; skulut ér ekki sitja byri því heldr, miss a fair wind, vi. 358; þegjandi sitr þetta Þórir jarl á Mæri, Orkn. (in a verse); hafði annat bréf komit til Lopts á sama sumri, ok sat hann bæði (acc.), he 'sate it off,' i.e. did not answer to the call, Bs. i. 726; (so in mod. usage, s. e-n af stokki, to 'sit him off,' wait till he is gone;) sátu margir af sínum hestum, many 'sate off' dismounted from, their horses, Fms. vi. 211; sitja rétti sínum, to remain inactive until one's right is prescribed, Grág. ii. 91, K.Þ.K. 26. 2. sitja vel (ílla) jörð, to keep one's estate in good (bad) order; sal hann þann bæ vel, Brandkr. 57; þessi jörð er vel setin; sátu þessir allir brullaup sitt í Gautavík, Vígl. 33; s. launþing, to hold a secret meeting, Fms. xi. 219. 3. sitja e-t, to put up with an injury; eigi mundu þeir þvilíka skömm eðr hneisu setið hafa, Ísl. ii. 338; þykkisk hann þá lengr hafa setið Sveini þann hlut er hann mundi eigi öðrum þola, Fms. xi. 62; menn munu þat eigi s. þér, ef þú meiðir fé manna, Glúm. 342; s. mönnum slíkar hneisur, Ld. 278; s. mönnum skammir ok skapraunir, Fms. ii. 14; s. e-m frýju, Hkr. iii. 397; er slíkt engum manni sitjanda (gerund.), 'tis not to be endured from any man, Korm. 162. 4. to cut one off from; fyrr munu þér svelta í hel, enn þér sitið oss mat, Fms. vi. 152; hugðusk þeir Sveinn at s. honum vatn, x. 407; ok mundi svá ætla at s. þeim mat þar í Eyjunum, Orkn. 410. IV. reflex. in recipr. sense; þeir skulu svá nær sitjask (sit so near one another) at hvárir-tveggi nemi orð annarra, Grág. i. 69; er mér lítið um at hætta til lengr at þit sitisk svá nær, Ld. 158. 2. part., nú mun eigi mega sitjanda hlut í eiga, there is no time to rest, Nj. 110. sitra or sytra, u, f. a little rippling stream; lækjar-s., a little brook. sizing, sizlingr, m. = suzungull (q.v.), Sks. 403. SÍ, adv., contracted from sin, [Goth. sinteino = GREEK, sinteins = GREEK, GREEK GREEK; O.H.G. sin- and sina- in several compds, e.g. sin-vluot, the great flood = the Deluge (whence by corruption the mod. Germ. sünd-fluth and Dan. synd-flod = the sin-flood); A.S. sin-; Lat. semper; see Grimm's Gramm. ii. 554] :-- ever; it is, however, used singly

SlBYRÐA -- SÍÐR. 531

only in the phrase, sí ok æ, ever and aye, incessantly, but it is used in several compds as a prefixed particle. II. with part., as sí-étandi, sí-drekkandi, sí-sofandi, sí-talandi, sí-sníkjandi, sí-hlæjandi, sí-grátandi, sí-stelandi, sí-ljúgandi, sí-rennandi, etc. B. COMPDS: sí-byrða, ð, to lay ships alongside, broadside to broadside, in a sea-fight; þeir síbyrðu við öllum skipunum, Orkn. 362; síbyrði hann þar við Járnbarðann, Fms. ii. 317; jarl lá ávallt síbyrt við skipin, i. 174, ii. 317, x. 358. sí-byrðis, adv. broadside to, Fms. viii. 385. sí-byrt, n. part. = síbyrðis, Fms. i. 174, ii. 317. sí-dægris, adv. every day, day by day, Ó.H. 130. sí-fella, u, f. continuity; í sífellu, adv. continuously, Skálda 173, Fms. x. 353, Al. 70, Bret. 52; í sífellu meðan hann lifði, Post. 656 C. 1; minnask í s., Bs. i. 104; ávallt í sífellu, 131; þjóna e-m í s., Fms. viii. 242. sí-fleyttr, part. continuous, Al. 23: neut. as adv. continuously, sí-frjór, adj. ever fertile, yielding crops all the year round. sí-glaðr, adj. always cheerful. sí-grænn, adj. [Old Engl. singrene], evergreen, Hb. 6. sí-hverfr, adj. [O.H.G. sina-hwerpal], = sívalr, Mork. 12. sí-máligr, adj. always talking, long-winded, Sks. 314. sí-mælgi, f. talkativeness, Sks. 314 B. sí-reiðr, adj. always angry, Nj. 210. sí-soltinn and sí-svangr, adj. always hungry. sí-vaf, n. winding round; hann vafði henni sívafi, Eg. 579. sí-valr, q.v. sí-vefja, vafði, to wind round. sí-þögull, adj. ever silent, Eg. (in a verse). SÍA, u, f. any glowing substance, esp. the molten metal in a furnace; sem síor flygi ór afli, Fas. i. 371; en þá er drómundrinn tók at loga, sá þeir svá sem logandi síor (thus, not sjór) hlypi í sjóinn, Orkn. 368; gneistum ok síum, Edda 4; síur ok gneista, 5; sólarinnar ... er goðin höfðu skapat af þeirri síu er flaug ór Muspells-heimi, 7, járn-sía; þá tók Geirröðr með töng járnsíu glóandi ... ok færir á lopt síuna, 61, Fms. vi. (in a verse); sem eðr lék utan ok innan sem ein sía, Bs. ii. 9. sía, u, f., qs. síva or sífa, [Engl. sieve; O.H.G. sib] :-- a sieve or strainer, for liquids (sáld for flour): esp. of sieves used in dairies, skyr-sía, mjólkr-sía. sía, að, to filter; láttú grön sía, sonr, sip it through the beard, my son, Sæm. 120. SÍÐ, adv., compar. síðr (q.v.), superl. sízt = least, last; but síðarr, síðast in a temp. sense: [Ulf. seiþu = GREEK, compar. seiþs; O.H.G. sîd; Germ. seit; Old Engl. sith] :-- late; sonr er betri þótt sé síð um alinn, Hm. 71; til síð, too late, 65; síð (i.e. never) muntu ráða hríngum, Hkv. Hjörv. 6; síð (i.e, never) léttir mér stríða, Edda (in a verse); ok varð heldr síð gengit til hámessu, Ó.H. 118; ef hann spyrr svá síð, so late, Grág. i. 109; ef sökin kemr svá síð upp, 373; þeim er svá síð fregna, 96; spurði, hví hann hefði svá síð komit, Eg. 150: phrases, síð ok snemma, early and late, perpetually, Stj. 462, Fms. x. 277, Gísl. 128, Þiðr. 57; ár ok síð, id. :-- with gen., síð dags, late in the day, Fs. 84, Fms. i. 69, Eg. 600; síð aptans, late in the evening, Stj. 6, Hkr. i. 103; síð aptans biðr óframs sök, Sighvat; síð sumars, late in the summer, Eg. 185; síð vetrar, or síð um haustið, late in the autumn, Fær. 128; síð um kveldit, Eg. 149, 600, Fs. 85. 2. compar. síðarr, later; þau svik er siðarr kómu fram, Fms. i. 59; Ásdísi átti síðarr Skúli, i.e. S. was her second husband, Landn. 88; eigi síðarr en nú var talit, Grág. i. 18; síðarr meirr, 'later-more,' still later, H.E. i. 414; löngu síðarr, Stj. 6; litlu síðarr, a little later, Fms. vi. 93, Nj. 4, 21; fám vetrum síðarr, a few years later, Landn. 12; tiíu vetrum síðarr en Styrbjörn fóll, Fms. i. 6l; hvárt ek dey stundu fyrr eða síðarr, ii. 158. 3. superl. síðast, last; spurðisk þat síðast til hans, Nj. 121; mæltu þat síðast, svá at menn heyrðu, 201; ek ætla þessa veizlu síðast at búa, Ld. 14; orð þau er hann mælti síðast. Eg. 356; þá, skulu þeir síðast fram segja, Grág. i. 38; þessi hólmganga hefir síðast framin verit, Ísl. ii. 259; sá er síðast gengr inn, Fms. i. 16. II. the word remains as subst. in the phrase, um síð or um síðir, at last; þó varð hann um síð ofrliði borinn, Fms. i. 79, ii. 41; þeir kómu of síðir til þess innis, 623. 39; skal sitt hafa hverr of síðir, Grág. ii. 219; görðisk svá til of síðir, Fms. x. 392; at svá færi um síðir, Eg. 701, Ísl. ii. 268; þó kom svá um síðir, Nj. 267; þó at staðar nemi um síðir, Ld. 306; þó vaknaði hann um síðir, Fms. i. 216; -- passim in mod. usage. SÍÐA, u, f. [A.S. siðe; Engl. side; O.H.G. sita; Germ. seite] :-- a side = Lat. latus; hljóp sverðit á síðuna, Nj. 262; leggja síður sínar við spjóts-oddum, Fms. xi. 30; millum síðu hans ok skyrtunnar, Bs. i. 44; konungr lagði hendr sínar yfir síðu Egils þar er verkrinn lá undir, Fms. iv. 369; reip sveigð at síðum mér, Sól. 37; hafa verk undir síðunni, to have a stitch in the side; síðu-stingr, siðu-verkr, a stitch in the side, side-ache; síðusár, a wound in the side, 625. 80; síðu-sárr, adj. wounded in the side, Str. 47; á síðu hestinum, Gullþ. 72. 2. of meat, a side of meat; nauta-limir hálfr fjórði tigr, síður hálfr þriði tigr, Dipl. v. 18; síður af nauti allfeitar, Fms. x. 303; rauðar runa siður, red-smoked sides of bacon, vi. (in a verse). 3. metaph. side, direction; á allar síður, to all sides, Fas. i. 5; á hverri heimsins síðu, Sks. 194 B; allar heimsins síður, id. II. a local name, coast, water-side; Balagarðs-síða, Kinnlima-síða, in the Baltic; Jótlands-síða, the west coast of Jutland; Hallands-síða, in Sweden, Fms. xii: or counties bordering on rivers, Temsar-síða, Thames-side, Fms. v. (in a verse); of a sloping county, Síða, in the east of Icel., whence Síðu-menn, m. pl. the men of S.; Síðu-hallr, m. the Hall of S.; Síðu-múli, Kristni S., Landn.; Hvítár-síða, Ægi-síða, map of Icel. síða, að(?), to side, Stj. 197, v.l. SÍÐA, a def. old strong verb, of which occur only the infin. pret. seið, Vsp. 25; pl. siðu, Ls. 29; part. siðit; and a weak pret. síddi: [seiðr, seiða] :-- to work a charm through seiðr, q.v.; þeir létu síða í hundinn þriggya manna vit, Hkr. i. 136; stjúpmóðir Dómalda lét síða at honum úgæfu, 20; þá var siðit til þess, at ..., 136; hann síddi þar ok var kallaðr skratti, Fms. x. 378; sízt at bræðr þínum siðu blíð regin, Ls. 29; seið hón leikin, Vsp. 25; seið Yggr til Rindar, Kormak, of a love charm. síðan, adv. [Old Engl. sithen], since, Lat. deinde; þeir koma allir við þessa sögu síðan, Nj. 30; síðan gékk hón í brott, 2; er eigi greint hvárt þeir fundusk síðan, Fms. vii. 155; ef vér förum frá eyju þessari í haust síðan, 656 C. 21; hón var síðan gipt Eireki, Fms. i. 61; þau dæmi er löngu urðu s., Sks. 469; fóru síðan út til Álptaness, Eg. 593; konungr fór s. út á Heiðmörk, Fb. ii. 192; síðan gékk hann á stefnur, Ó.H. 118; síðan lítr hann til himins, Bs. ii. 103, passim: hvárki áðr né siðan, neither now nor since, Þiðr. 73; enginn konungr áðr né síðan, Stj. 651: followed by acc. (as prep.), þeir höfðu ekki etið síðan laugar-daginn, since Saturday, Fms. ix. 406. 2. þar sem síðan er kallat Tryggva-reyrr, Fms. i. 60; þar var s. gör kapella ..., ok hefir sú kapella þar staðit síðan, all the time since, vi. 164; hans ættmenn görðu margir svá síðan, Hkr. i. 2; lengi síðan, for a long time after, id. 3. with the relat. particle either added or understood; síðan er, since that; síðan er tengðir várar tókusk, Ld. 300; síðan er Sveinn jarl mágr hans andaðisk, Ó.H. 111 (Fb. ii. 193 l.c. drops the particle er, as is also the mod. usage); síðan's = síðan es, Am. 78; síðan er þeir spurðu, Grág. i. 135; en síðan er (ever since) Freyr hafði heygðr verit, Hkr. i. 2; síðan enn = síðarr enn, Gþl. 229; or the particle 'er' is left out, ef maðr etr kjöt síðan sex vikur eru til Paska, since that time, N.G.L. i. 342; hón lifði þrjá vetr síðan hón kom í Noreg, Fms. i. 7. síðari, compar. the later; síðastr, superl. the last; hit síðara sinn, Ld. 58; Maríu-messa in siðari (opp. to in fyrri), Fms. iii. 11 (i.e. the 8th of Sept.); Ólafs-messa in síðari (= the 3rd of Aug.); hit síðara sumar, Grág. i. 467; et siðara sumarit at lögbergi, ii. 152. 2. superl., á síðustu stundu, Fms. vi. 231; í síðastu orrostu, i. 110; á síðastum dögum, K.Á. 56; hins fyrsta skips ok ins siðasta, Fb. ii. 280; fyrstir eða síðastir, Grág. ii. 376; svá munu siðastir verða hinir fyrstu ok fyrstir hinir síðustu, Matth. xx. 16: loc., hinn síðasta sess, Bs. i. 797; hit síðasta (at least) viku fyrir þing, Grág. i. 100; svá it síðasta at sól sé á gjáhamri, 26; at sumar-málum et síðasta, 140. síðarla, adv. late; svú s. at ..., Grág. ii. 105; eitt kveld s., Fms. vii. 201; einn dag s., Hkr. ii. 43. síðarliga, adv. = síðarla; svá s., Grág. i. 27; eigi má þar s. fara yfir slík höf, late in the year, Sks. 224. síðasta, u, f.; at síðustunni (at last), Fb. ii. 8, Stj. 62. síð-búinn, adj. 'late boun' to sail, Nj. 281, Landn. 28, Eb. 14 new Ed. síð-bærr, adj. calving late, Stj. 178. sídd, f. length, of a garment; cp. vídd, lengd, hæð. síðerni, n. a kind of garment, Edda ii. 494. síð-farit, n. part.; varð honum s., he walked slowly, Vápn. 23. síð-förull, adj. late abroad, out late in the evening. Lex. Poët. Síð-grani, a, m. = Síðskeggr, Alm. 6. síð-hempa, u, f. a long gown. síð-kveld, n. late in the evening; á síðkveldum, Fms. vi. 241, ix. 29, Thom. 308. síðla,, adv. (sílla, Hom. 108, MS. 4. 12), late, Grág. ii. 232, Ld. 282, Hkr. i. 86; s. kvelds. Fms. ix. 16. SÍÐR, sið, sítt, adj. [A.S. síd; Old Engl. side], long hanging, Lat. demissus, of clothes, hair, or the like; hár sítt ok flókit, Fms. x. 192; lokkar síðir til jarðar, vii. 169; sítt skegg, Ó.H. 66; kampa-síðr, Skíða R. 90; vóru honum heldr síð herklæði konungs, Stj. 464; sítt pillz, Fas. ii. 342; síðar slæður, Rm. 26; síðar brynjur, Gh. 7; brynja rúm ok síð, Þiðr. 81; drag-síðr (q.v.), long-trailing; skó-síðr, reaching to the shoes (a petticoat); knésíðr, reaching to the knee; síðar hendr, long arms, Skíða R. 8; síða hjálma, Anal. 219; hann hafði síðan hatt yfir hjálmi, a hood dropping low over the face, Eg. 407; mikla lengju ok síða, Skíða R. 27. 2. neut. sítt; falda sítt, to wear a hood low over the face, Fms. vii. 161, xi. 106. B. COMPDS: síð-faldinn, part. wearing a hood over the face, Mar. Síð-höttr, m. 'Long-hood,' one of Odin's names, from his travelling in disguise with a hood over his head, Edda. síð-klæddr, part. in long clothes, Al. 15, Fms. ii. 278. síð-nefr, adj. long-nose, a nickname, Fas. iii. síð-skeggjaðr, adj. long-bearded, 655 xiii. B. 3. Síð-skeggr, m. Long-beard, one of Bragi's names, Edda. síð-skota, adj. late-dropped, of animals, Stj. 178. síðr, compar., answering to síð, q.v. [cp. Goth. seiþs = later] :-- less: litlu síðr (síðarr Ed.) en hann, little less than he, Fb. ii. 23; er menn eigu síðr sakir við menn, Grág. ii. 137; á þeirra dómr at rofna er síðr hafa at lögum dæmt, i. 80; hann var kærr konungi, ok eigi síðr dróttningu, Fms. i. 99; eigi síðr enn þú, 216, x. 179 (in a verse); eigi síðr

532 SÍÐRAÐR -- SJALDAN.

en í harðræðum, Nj. 263, Fb. ii. 38; engu síðr, no less, Fms. vi. 92; miklu síðr, viii. 21; en at síðr vóru menn sjálfráði fyrir honum, at..., it was so far from it, that even ... (cp. Dan. end-sige, changing ð into g), Ó.H. 34; er þér at síðr fært með þessi orðsendingu, at ek hygg at..., 53; eigi at síðr, not the less; þeir héldu fram ferð sinni eigi at síðr, all the same, Fms. i. 228; eigi héldu Væringjar at síðr til bardaga, Fb. ii. 381; eigi því síðr, not the less, Stj. 158; þykki þér athygli vert, bóndi, hvar krákan flýgr? -- Eigi er þat síðr, segir bóndi, not the less! (i.e. yes) said the man, Fms. vi. 446. 2. as a conjunction, lest; síðr þú Ásum öfund um gjaldir, Ls. 12; síðr oss Loki kveði lusta-stöfum, 10; síðr þitt (þic ?) um heilli halir, lest men bewitch thee, Hm. 130. II. superl. sízt, the least; er oss gegnir sízt, Fms. viii. 21; sem sízt, not in the least, Eluc. 122 (Ed.), passim. síðraðr, m. some part of a ship's tackling; qs. sæ-þráðr(?), sea-thread, a line; bæta eyri fyrir síðrað hvern, N.G.L. i. 100. síð-skínandi, part. late shining, poët, of the sun, Skv. 2. 23. sífra, u, f. [for. word], a cipher, Alg. 358. SÍGA, pres. síg, sígr; pret. seig, seigt (seigst), seig; pret. sé, Karl. 523, l. 8, Fb. i. 227, l. 12, Nj. 21; pl. sigu; subj. sigi; part. siginn: [A.S. and Hel. sîgan] :-- to sink down, being let down by a rope or by any slow motion; lélu þeir síga festi ofan í gröfina, they lowered a rope down into the pit, Eg. 234; Ó.H. 152; létu þeir þá síga skipin ofan fyrir hellinn með reipum (in the verse, skip sigu í reipum). Fms. vii. 82; hón lætr hann síga í festi ofan fyrir múrinn, Stj. 470; haim lét stein í festar-augat, ok lét svá síga ofan at vatninu, Grett. 141; létu þá svá síga ofan á sjáinn ór borginni, Orkn. 312. 2. to slide, but of a slow, heavy motion; er betri sígandi arðr en svífandi, Bs. i. 139; höfðu út sigit iðrin í þat sárit er Jómarr hafði veitt, the entrails had slipped out through the wound, Orkn. 458; þar var fjöl ein sigin ofan, Fms. ix. 308; hann lét síga brýnnar ofan fyrir augun, Edda; var þá sigit blóð fyrir augn þeim, Hrafn. 21; sigu saman augun þá er dauðinn for á hann, Fms. xi. 150; seig þá skipit aptr millum skipanna, Grett. 82; þá er orrostan sé saman, Fb. i. 227 (Orkn. 30); hvárigir láta undan síga sín skip, Fms. x. 131; láta síga út skipin frá bryggjum, viii. 95; láta síga aptr til sömu hafnar, i. 303; láta síga á hömlu, 172; þeir létu síga fylkingar sínar ofan með ánni, vi. 406; sígr þá saman orrosta, Hkr. i. 51; þat var síðarla dags er orrosta seig saman, iii. 125; síga saman fylkingar, Stj. 598; láta síga til samþykkis við e-n, to let it slide towards an agreement, let things drift towards it, Sturl. i. 201; létum síga sáttmál okkur, we came to terms, Skv. 3. 39. 3. spec. phrases; seig á hann svefn, Fms. iii. 48; þá seig á hann svefn ok þó lauss, Ó.H. 195; konungi þótti í svefninum síga á sik svá sem nokkurr úmegins-þungi, Fms. iii. 51; þá sé á hann úmáttr, Karl. 523; sé sorti mikill fyrir augu þeim, Nj. 21. II. reflex. to let oneself sink; lætr hann sígask ór trénu, be let himself drop from the tree, Edda. 45, see the corresponding verse in the Haustlöng; láta sígask af garði, Fms. vi. 368; hann var kominn upp á garðinn, ok lét sígask of inn, hauled himself down, id.; hann lét sígask fast á stólinn, Edda 61; lætr hann sígask niðr af hestinum, he let himself drop from the horse, Ísl. ii. 150; nokkurir menn létu sígask sárir, dropped wounded, Bs. i. 528; sígask lét nú einn hér úti (one dropped), Fb. iii. 450; hans menn létu sígask ofan með díkinu, Fms. vi. 406, viii. 162, v.l.; láta undan sígask, Eg. 287, Fms. xi. 131. 2. part., get ek at héðan af fari þeim heldr síganda, it will go downwards with them, Grett. 176 new Ed. SÍK, mod. síki, n. a ditch, trench; í ár, lækjar-ósa eðr í sík, Eg. 185; fyrir enda síkisins, Fas. ii. 284; sík er vatn, Edda 126 (síks in the verse); þá reið Þórðr í síki eitt, Sturl. iii. 21; þeir færðu eykina í síki þat sem suðr er frá Grund, Sd. 141. síkr, m. [Ivar Aasen sik; Swed. sik, små-sik] :-- corregonus lavaretus, a kind of salmon, Edda (GL), Lex. Poët.; hence sík-tól, plur. from tál, in the verse in Kristni S., = the 'sík-treachcry' = the bait; halda sík-tólum í boðnar smiðju = to take the bait into the mouth, cp. gína flugu in the next verse. síl, mod. síli, n. [perh. akin to sili, seil, from its slim shape] :-- a kind of herring, corregonus albula, Fr.; síla-fullr, filled with síl, of a sea-gull, Fs. (in a verse): freq. in mod. usage, where síli is used of any fish of the herring kind, horn-síl, geir-síl, q.v. síla-varp, n. a net for síl, D.N. ii. 762. SÍLD, f., pl. síldr, Lex. Poët., but síldar, N.G.L. i. 254; [Dan. sild] :-- herring (i.e. in shoals of herrings, but síli of a single herring), clupea harengus; gékk síld upp um allt land, Fms. i. 92, Pr. 431; ausa síld or netjum, N.G.L. i. 254; síldar þær er á liggja, id.; þá kom ok þar um vár við útver nokkur broddr af síld, hann reri þannug sem síldin var rekin ... hann keypti síldina til borðs sér, Hkr. i. 185; meisa-síld, barrelled herring. COMPDS: síldar-ferja, u, f. a herring-boat, Fms. ii. 3. síld-fiski, f. herring-fishery, N.G.L. i. 254, Gþl. 422, 423, 460, Eg. 4, 68, Fms. iii. 18. sílda-kaup, n. a purchase of síld, Fb. i. 301. síld-reki, a, m. a 'herring-driver,' a kind of whale, Gþl. 460. síld-ver, n. a place for herring-fishing, Eg. 42; bjarkeyjar réttr er á fisknesi hverju ok í síldveri ok í kaupförum, N.G.L. i. 312. sílungr, see silungr. síl-vetni, n. still water, a fish-pond(?); svá at áin varð í auga-bragði sem blíðasta sílvetni, Thom. 303. SÍMA, n., pl. simu, Hkv. 1. 3, Skv. 2. 14, D.N. ii. 1035, declined like auga; the gen. plur. (símna) does not occur, [popular Norse and Dan. sîme] :-- a rope, cord; þær ór sandi síma (simo or símu ?) undu, Hbl. 18; þær um greiddu gullin símo, Hkv. l.c.; örlög-símo, Skv. l.c.; þeir er á lögðu byr-síma (acc. sing.) ok mik bundu, Vkv. 12; silki-síma, Lex. Poët.: in compds, hár-síma (Dan. haar-sime), a ribbon for the hair, Ragn S. (in a verse); lík-síma (q.v.), a leech-line; byr-síma, Vkv. l.c. (uncertain what kind of cord); brúna-síma = hársíma, Lex. Poët.; álm-síma, poët. a bow-string, Eg. (in a verse); varr-síma, 'water-cord,' the wake formed by a ship: cp. also gör-semi, q.v. sím-bundinn, part. bound with cords, Fms. vii. 216 (of a ship fastened with cordage instead of nails). síment, n. [for. word], cement, Fms. vi. 153. SÍN, gen. of the reflex. pron. = Lat. sui; hann lét díkit gæta sín, Eg. 531; hefna sín, to revenge oneself, Grág. ii. 7; eiga sín í at hefna, tala sín á milli, Eg. 541; fara heim til sín, to go home; at sín, at one's own house, Edda (Ht.); sjálfs sín, oneself; sjálfra sín (gen. pl.); and so in many instances. sín-girnask, t, dep. to covet, Sks. 532. sín-girni, f. covetousness, Hom. 17, 27 (= Lat. avaritia), Sks. 669. sín-gjarn, adj., prop. 'selfish,' 'self-seeking,' avaricious, covetous, Rd. 232, Hkr. iii. 361, Bs. ii. 160, Barl. 136; ðu síngjarn = Lat. O avare I Hom. 15. sínka, u, f. [no doubt derived from sinn = síngjarn], greed, avarice, Sks. 451, 585, 665: stinginess, 440, and so in mod. usage. sínk-gjarn, adj. = síngjarn, Barl. 136. sínkr, adj. stingy, so in mod. usage, but in old writers perhaps covetous; s. ok fégjarn, Sks. 701, Fms. vii. 239; þeir vóru menn sínkir, i. 50. Síra, m. indecl.; though so spelt, it is by old people in Icel. sounded sera, commonly, however, and less correctly séra, [a Romance word borrowed from the French] :-- sirrah (a word now only used contemptuously), sir, master; the word is in Art. S. used as an address to a knight, Síra Ivent, etc.; but this saga is a translation from the French. In Norway and Icel. the word appears at the end of the 13th century (Arna S., Hák. S. Gamla, Ann. after 1260, Laur. S.), and is then used of priests only, as it is in Icel. at the present day a recognised title of a priest, and with the Christian name only, so that a clergyman is never named without this title, -- Síra Hallgrímr, Síra Þorkell; thus in the ditty, Síra Ólafr á Söndum, | sálina og vísur kvað; Síra Hallgrímr hagr | á hróðrar smíðið var; hann Síra Joacute;n, etc.; cp. Old Engl. sir, used of priests, with the Christian name only, as Sir Hugh, etc., in Shakespeare. sírna, u, f. lethargy. sírnu-ligr, adj. sleepy, Björn; hence prob. sírnir, m`. the name of a giant, Edda, Ísl. ii. (in a verse). sí-valr, adj. [prop. the same as the early Dan. si-wal, early Swed. sifwal, si-hwalf; the word is therefore not from völr, but either from hválf (q.v.) or better from hverfa, by turning r into l, answering to O.H.G. sina-hwerpal, sin-werbal] :-- round, of a stock, steeple, or the like; sívalr stokkr, Stj. 251; s. fiskr, opp. to flatr fiskr, Vm. 91: = ball-formed, jarðar mynd er sívallt, ... sívallt yfirbragð vatns ok sjóvar, Rb. 466 (but rarely). síval-vaxinn, part. round of growth; lágr maðr ok s., Sturl. iii. 114. sízt, adv. (siz, sítz), since; síz Hákon fór með heiðin goð, Hkm.; síz, Gm. 48; sítz, Am. 52, Stor. 19; sízt Gunnarr lézk, Nj. 142; síz ek tók at erfð, Grág. ii. 204; sítz Haraldr gráfeldr féll, Fms. x. 387; sítz Magnúss féll, 407; sítz hann kom í land, 398; sítsz þeir bræðr höfðu í Noreg sótt, 382; þeir höfðu ekki etið sízt laugar-dag, ix. 406, v.l.; sízt í hanzka-þumlungi hnúkðir þú, Ls. 60; sízt þik geldu, Hkv. 1. 39; sízt vér misstum skipa várra, Fms. viii. 181, v.l.; sítz þeir Magnúss ok Erlingr gáfu honum þat upp, Pref. xxi. 2. followed by an acc.; sízt mína sonu dauða, since my sons' death, Vkv. 29. sjafni, a, m. [akin to sefi], mind, love, affection, poët., Edda. sjaldan, adv., compar. sjaldnar, sjaldnast (but sjaldar, Barl. 96, 100); in mod. proncd. skjaldan, with a non-radical k: [A.S. seldan; Engl. seldom; Germ. selten; Dan. sjelden] :-- seldom; mjök s., Am. 78; sem sjaldnar kann henda, Fas. i. 158; þá væri hann sjaldar á tali við þik, Barl. 96; miklu sjaldar enn hann vildi, 1OO; ef prestr syngr þar sjaldnar, K.Þ.K.; sjaldnar verðr sá heim sóttr er fám görir gott, Bs. ii. 98; meira vírðisk þat er sjaldnar verðr = 'omne ignotum pro mirifico.' Hom. (St.); það er nýtt sem skjaldan skeðr, a saying (mod.); sem sjaldnast, Hom. (St.); tvá daga í viku it sjaldnasta, at least, Vm. 94; it sjaldnasta á tólf mánudum, at seldomest once a twelvemonth, Bs. i. 168; ó-sjaldan, not seldom, Vsp. 26. 2. with the notion of never, not; hann s. sitr er hann slíkt of fregn, Vsp. 30; s. verðr víti vörum, Hm. 6; s. hittir leiðr í lið, 65; s. sút ala, 47; s. bautasteinar ..., 71; heldr var ek hæg sjaldan, Am. 95; sjaldan hefi ek aðra haft at skildi fyrir mér, Nj. 8; s. fór svá þá er vel vildi, Ld. 290; sjaldnar myndim vér þess iðrask, þó at vér mæltim fleira en færa, one would seldom have to repent having said too little rather than too much, Hrafn. 9; hafðu þat fram s., never put that forth, Am. 38.

SJALDGÆFR -- SJÁ. 533

COMPDS: sjald-gæfr, adj. = sjaldgætr. mod.; það er mikit sjaldgæft, this is very rare. sjald-gætr, adj. seldom gotten; s. ávöxtr, a rare fruit, Stj. 38; sjaldgæt tíðendi, 139. sjald-heyrðr, part. seldom heard, Fær. 198. sjald-kvæmr, adj. coming seldom, Fbr. 31; ek em sjaldkvæm til kirkju, 170. sjald-sénn, part. seldom seen, Fms. iii. 182, Háv. 53, Barl. 17; sjaldsénir hvitir hrafnar, white ravens are a rare sight, a saying. sjald-stundum, adv. 'seldom-times,' seldom, Sturl. iii. 20. sjatna, að, older form setna (q.v.), Finnb. 336, Fms. ii. 43, Fb. i. 56, [setna, sitja, setja] :-- to 'settle,' sink, dwindle, subside, esp. of food, to be digested just after having been taken; fyllask menn ekki af því vatni, sjatnar þat vel, ok rennr í hörund sem mungát, Sks. 163; láta sér sjatna, of resting after a meal. 2. metaph. to subside, abate; væntu þeir at heldr mundi sjatna úfriðrinn, Ísl. ii. 386; ok megi þá s. þessi úþokki er í millum ykkar er, Fs. 158; ílla mun s. újafnaðr þeirra bræðra, Lv. 4; ok vit ef sjatni hennar ofsi, Fas. i. 194; þinn ofsi mun ílla s., 189; þóttusk allir vita at eigi mundi sogurt s., Nj. 141, Orkn. (in a verse). SJAU, mod. sjö, a cardinal number; [Goth. sibun; A.S. seofon; Engl. seven; O.H.G. sibun; Germ. sieben; Dan. syv; Swed. sju; Lat. septem; Gr. GREEK; the Icel. and Scandin. is a contracted form, suppressing the medial labial, cp. Engl. sen in 'sennight,' Senhouse] :-- seven, passim; sjau-vikna-fasta, Lent. COMPDS: sjau-fald-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj., Bret. 54), sevenfold, Stj. 43, 46. sjau-faldr, adj. sevenfold, Al. 35, Stj. 416. sjau-sinnum, adv. seven times. sjau-stirni, n. (mod. sjö-stjarna, u, f.), the 'seven-star,' Pleiades, Pr. 478. sjau-vetra, adj. seven years old. sjaund, f. a period or term of seven, 'seven-night,' just as fimmt (q.v.) is used of a summons before a court, so is this word in the old law only used in the metaph. sense of a funeral or even a funeral service; nú er maðr dauðr ... komi þeir allir þar at sjaund, Gþl. 254, Jb. 146; at sjaund eða þrítugs-morni, N.G.L. i. 14, D.N. passim, see Fritzner; um sjaundar-görð (a funeral banquet) ok skulda-lúkning, N.G.L. i. 51; en þó mun ek því heita þér at þú komir til nokkurrar hvíldar eptir seond þína = after thy death, Fb. ii. 342 (Fbr. 200). sjaundi, the seventh, passim: mod. sjöundi. 2. Sjaundi, Sjundi, as a pr. name, freq. in early Dan., see Thork. Dipl. sjaundungr, m. a seventh part, Rétt 210, MS. 415. 18. sjau-ræðr, adj. = sjautugr, Fms. i. 14. sjau-tján = sautjan (sjotjan, Thom. 477), seventeen: sjau-tjándi = sautjandi, the seventeenth, N.G.L i. 348. sjau-tugr, mod. sjö-tugr, adj. seventy years old, K.Þ.K. 134, Fs. 160. Bs. i. 77, Stj. 554: of measure, measuring seventy fathoms, ells. sjautug-faldliga, adv. sevenfyfold, Stj. 46. sjau-tugti, mod. sjö-tugasti, the seventieth. SJÁ, pres. sé, sér, sér, pl. sém, séð, sé, or later, sjám, sjáð, sjá; pret. sá, sátt, sáttu (sáttu rhymes with rétti, Fms. vi. in a verse), sá, pl. sám, sáð, sá: pres. subj. sé, sér, and later sjá; pret. sæi: imperat. sé, séðú: part. sénn; neut. séð (sét): a medial form sjámk, sámk: with neg. suff. sér-at, sák-a ek, I saw not; sá-at, saw not; sátt-a-ðu, thou sawest not, Eg. (in a verse): the mod. form is, -- pres. sé, sér, sér, sjáum, sjáið, sjá; pret. sá, sást, sá, pl. sáum, sáuð, sáu; pres. subj. sjái, sjáir, sjái: pret. sæi; imperat. sjá, sjáðú; part. seðr, keeping the ð throughout: [Ulf. saiwan = GREEK; A.S. seon; Engl. see; Germ. sehen; Dan. see.] A. To see; sé þú, Hým. 12; sé þar harm ljótan, faðir, Edda 58; sé hérna, Stj. 22, MS. 656 B. 10; sé nú, seggir, Gkv. 3. 8; sé þar nú, hve fjándinn var djarfr, Fms. ii. 184; séð nú, góðir hálsar, viii. 116, v.l. sé nú; sé hér nú handlín mitt, viii. 308; sé þú nú vandliga á kostina segir jarl, xi. 31; séðú (see thou) hve vel þeir seðu (sewed), Skálda 163; merki minna verka, þau er allir menn síðan um sé (vident), Hbl. 19; sé þér (= séð ér) eigi at Heklungar flýja, Fms. viii. 119; sáttú Sigrlinn, Hkv. Hjörv. 1; nema þú mey sér (videas), Skv. 1. 29; þóttú fagrar sér (videas) brúðir bekkjum á, Sdm. 28; gefit mér rúm, at ek of sé (videam) son minn, 623. 56; at þú sér (videas) hit sanna, 655 xvi. B. 4; eigi var ek svá heimskr at ek sæ(i) (viderem) eigi at ek var fanginn, Finnb. 356; séð ér sagði hann, at lægir seglin þeirra, Ó.H. 182; séð þér eigi (pres. indic.), Fms. iii. 44, l.c. (sjái, v.l.); er þér séð (videatis, = sjáit) yfir þat at ér hittið í váginn, Fms. xi. 124; sá þeir konur úti hjá Rangæinga-búð, Nj. 3; þá er hann hafði séð (seeth Ed.) hana, Fms. i. 185; þangat er opt sénn hauga-eldr, Eg. 767; var þá sénn (seinn Ed.) eldligr stöpull falla af himni, 645. 127; sjá draum, to see a dream, Hom. 155: absol., blindir sjá, haltir ganga, 625. 95; þeir sá eigi heldr augum en hnakka, Hkr. i. 268; FIosi kvað þar gott at sitja ok mega víða sjá, Nj. 224; var konungr sjálfr við ok sá, Eg. 69. 2. to look; konungr sá til hans, Eg. 46; konungr sá við honum ok mælti, Ld. 32; hann hélt upp exinni ok sá á um hríð, Eg. 180; þat var einn morgin snemma at maðr sá út á Hrúts-stöðum (looked out of the door) ... hann kvaðsk sjá mann ríða, Ld. 148; Kári spratt upp ok sá út, 152, Fbr. 14; Gunuarr sá í móti tunglinu, Nj. 118; sjá í gaupnir sér, Vápn. 21, Ó.H. 13, Al. 115. 3. with prepp.; sjá á e-t, to look on; á þik sjálfan at sjá, Vþm. 6, Hm. 13; sá á skjöld hvítan, Hðm. 21: impers á sér, it can be seen, Am. 40; það sér á: metaph. to take care of, ek mun á sjá þetta mál fébóta-laust, Glúm. 358; at þér sjáið á með Högna, Nj. 113: -- sjá eptir um e-t, to look after, Eg. 536: to miss, ætlu vér at eigi moni aðrir eiga meirr eptir sínum hlut at sjá, Ísl. ii. 384; nær er þat minni ætlan at þeir þvkkisk nokkut eiga eptir sínum hlut at sjá, Ld. 228; þykkisk ér til Hlíðar-enda eiga eptir nokkurum hlut at sjá? Nj. 75 :-- sjá fram, to see forwards, Vsp. 40, Hdl. 43 :-- sjá fyrir e-u, to provide for, manage, Nj. 14; sjá hverr fyrir sínu skipi, ... sjá fyrir skipunum, Fms. x. 146; en þeir er úhræðnastir vóru, sá ekki fyrir því (cared not) þótt honum yrði nekkvat til meins, 655 iii. 3; eigi mun nú fyrir öllu verða um sét, Fms. v. 306; ef þú sér vel fyrir, Nj. 102; sjá þú (imperat. = sé) fyrir, 148; þeir báðu hann fyrir sjá, 259; verðr hverr fyrir sér at sjá, Ld. 264; at fyrir þeirri konu sé vel séð, sem þér er gipt, 22; ef ek gæta vel fyrir mér séð, Nj. 22: ironic., sjái hann fyrir þér, 28: to put out of the way, Al. 131, Fms. iii. 112, Háv. 40 :-- sjá í, Hrafnkell sá eigi mjök í kostnað, Hrafn. 22: to see into, sér hann ekki í þetta, Ld. 264 :-- sjá til, to look for; sjá til launa, trausts, fulltings, Grág. i. 203, Hom. 130, Fms. i. 190; æ sér gjöf til gjalda, 296, Hm. 146: to see after, take care of (til-sjón) :-- sjá um, to see to, take care of, Eg. 543, Fms. x. 116, Nj. 5, 40, 63: ef nokkurr verðr til at sjá um með honum meðan hann er ungr, Fms. i. 256; Höskuldr sá um með honum, svá at hann hélt bústað sínum. Ld. 26; ok bað, at biskup sæi um með honum, Landn. 42; -- sjá við, to beware of, Dropl. 25, Fms. vi. 18, Njarð. 382, Háv. 42, Magn. 474 :-- sjá yfir, to look over, survey; sjá yfir akra sína, Fms. iv. 35; sjá yfir ráð e-s, Orkn. 418; sjá yfir féskipti. Fms. x. 115; hann skyldi sjá yfir, at þat greiddisk allt vel, 227; sjá yfir, at hann görisk eigi of stórr. Eg. 50; hann sá eigi yfir (he saw no way) at þeir kæmisk til bæja, Biarn. 53; ekki mátti yfir sjá hvern veg hníga mundi, Fms. iv. 97; mega þeir þá eigi yfir sinn hlut sjá (= sjá eptir sínum hlut), Grett. 98 B. II. metaph. to look out for, detect, and the like; ef hón sæi nokkura útlenda höfðingja vilja ágirnask ríki hans, Fms. i. 76; móðir yðar mun þenna mann hafa fyrir séð (sieth Ed.), 141; má ek eigi á manni sjá, ef þú hefir eigi slíkan hug, Eg. 714; ek sá eigi gátur þær, er ..., Fas. i. 532; eigi kann biskup glöggra sjá mann á velli enn ek, Fms. x. 326, ii. 173; skulu þeir sjá þat fé, hvárt þat sé gilt eðr eigi, Grág. i. 392; sjá lögskipti at landi, ii. 254; ef þú sér eigi lögskipti at landi, id.; þá hann riði ofan í Eyjar at sjá verk húskarla sinna, Nj. 107; sjá eiða at mönnum, Fms. x. 161, K.Þ.K. 144, Grág. i. 444; sjá hlut til handa e-m, Fms. ix. 243; má Flosi sjá sinn kost, hvárt hann vill sættask, Nj. 250; sjá ráð fyrir e-u, sá hóm þat at ráði at heitask Þórolfi, Eg. 36; at þú kunnir eigi at sjá sóma þinn, Nj. 77; má þat hverr maðr sjá er nokkura hugsun hefir, 656 A. i. 31; hann sá hverir sauðirnir feigir vóru, Landn. 292; sét (seit Ed.) er nú hversu vera vill, Nj. 202; sét er þat (it is clear) at hvárr-tveggi ykkarr man vera haldinorðr ..., Fms. ii. 18; kann ek eigi þat sjá, at ek mona sækja eptir manninum, xi. 152. III. impers. one sees; þá mátti eigi sjá, Nj. 261; úgörla sá veguna, Eg. 544; at ekki sjái sverðin, Fms. i. 16; var þar gör dys ok sér þess merki, Ld. 152; ef nokkut mátti á sjá, Ld. 30; eðr of sér, now one sees, next in turn, Bragi; brátt sér þat á; Ólafi, at ..., Ld. 36; má þat ok sjá, at ..., Nj. 88; var andlit hans sem í blóð sæi, 232. B. Reflex., sjásk, to fear; fátt hygg ek yðr sjásk, Hkv. Hjörv. 12; sá er á sinni æfi sásk aldregi háska, Fms. vi. 413 (in a verse); búendr sásk háska, Hkr. i. 232 (in a verse); menn sásk orm, vi. 362 (in a verse); létt sésk Atli ofu þína, Skv. 3. 33; reiði sásk þeir Húna, Am. 2; Knútr sásk fátt, Ht. R. 69; sásk eigi þeir sverða söng, Fms. v. 228 (in a verse); ætt áttu, er ek sjámk, that I fear, Hkv. 2. 16; þó sjámk frænda reiði, 14; nú sjámk hitt, at ..., Eb. (in a verse); meirr sjámk hitt, at ..., Ísl. ii. 244 (in a verse); þó sjámk hitt, at ..., yet I do fear, Sighvat; þó sjámk meirr um Munin, Gm.; sá sésk fylkir fæst at lífi, he fears not for his life, Hkv. Hjörv. 11; þeirrar sýnar (er) sámk ey, the sight which ever I fear, that never-to-be-forgotten sight, Gkv. 1. 26; sjámk vér hans of hugi, Hkm. 15 (Ed. sjá). 2. with prepp.; þeir þögðu yfir ok létu ekki á sjásk, they let nothing be seen, hide it, Hom. 115, Ísl. ii. 247 :-- sjásk fyrir, to look before one, to hesitate; sá er ekki sésk fyrir, who never blushes, Edda 16; er svá röskliga vann at ok sásk ekki fyrir, Nj. 270; er Agli of mjók ættgengt at sjásk lítt fyrir, Eg. 226 :-- sjásk um, to look about; sásk konungr um, Eg. 43; vera upp á gjár-bakkanum, ok sjásk þaðan um, Nj. 224; sésk um (imperat.) hvat aðrir góðir kaupmenn hafask at, Sks. 21 B; þá litu allir út nema konungr, hann stóð ok sásk eigi um, Ó.H. 119; hann var á bæn ok sásk ekki, Fms. iv. 276, l.c.: impers., at þeim hefði kynliga um sésk, that they had made a queer oversight in this, made a strange blunder, Lv. 23; hón var trúmaðr mikill, þótt henni sæisk lítt um þetta, she was a true believer, although she made an oversight, sinned in this respect, Bs. i. 451 :-- e-m sésk yfir, to overlook, by a slip or blunder; mun þeim þetta yfir sjásk, Nj. 231, 234, Grett. 126 A (yfir-sjón). II. recipr. to see one another; vit munum aldri sjásk síðan, Nj. 202; hann kvað þau Kormak aldri sjásk skulu, Korm. 40; þeir sásk við Barðhólma, Fms. ix. 54: with prepp., ef þit sjáisk tveir á, if ye fight it out among yourselves, Eg. 715; skulu þér láta þá sjálfa á sjásk, Nj. 147 :-- sjásk til, to look to one another; sásk til

534 SJÁLDR -- SJÄLÆGR.

síðan áðr í sundr hyrfi, Am. 34. III. pass. to be seen; þeir sásk aldri síðan, were never seen since, Nj. 279; var hann horfinn ok sásk eigi síðan, Fas. i. 328. IV. part. sjándi (mod. sjáandi); at öllum á-sjándi, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; sjánda guð, Hom. 49; Áskell skyldi vera þeim jafnan á-sjándi (help them), Rd. 255; sjáendr eða segendr, Grág. ii. 88; hverir hlutir honum eru veitandi ok hverir viðr sjándi, which are to be granted, and which to be withheld, Sks. 440. sjánds-váttr, m. an eye-witness, N.G.L. i. 357. sjáldr (mod. sjáaldr), n. the pupil of the eye, Sks. 43; svá var sem ormr lægi um sjáldrit, Fas. i. 346; sjáldr augna hans, Fms. x. 229; sjáldr var svá bjart í augum hans sem lifanda manns, Bs. i. 112; vildi hón leggja saman augun, svá vóru stirð sjáldrin, at hón gat augna-bránum hvergi vikit, 206; bæði hennar augu sukku með sprungnum sjáldrum, ii. 169; spratt út auga-steinninn annarr, svá at móðirin tók hann með öllu fráskildan sjáldrinu, 170; sakir þess slíms er á sjáldrin leggsk, N.G.L. iii. 282. sjálf-ala, adj. 'self-feeding,' of cattle grazing without a shepherd; (fé) gékk þar öllum vetrum s. í skógum, Eg. 135; ef menn eigu vetr-haga saman er hross eða sauðir eða naut ganga s. í, Grág. ii. 325; er mér sagt gott frá landa-kostum, at þar gangi fé s. á vetrum, Fs. 20; má af því marka landa-kosti þá er í þat mund vóru, at féit gékk allt s. úti, 26, Landn. 47, v.l.; en er hann fór eptir fé sínu því er þar hafði s. úti gengit, 53. sjálf-birgr, adj. self-sufficient, Fb. i. 462: sjálf-birgingr, m. a self-sufficient fellow. sjálf-bjargi (mod. sjálf-bjarga), adj. self-sufficing, self-helpful; vóru þeir ekki s. til lands, Fas. ii. 269; hann varð eigi s., Fms. ii. 270; hann kvað naut hafa stangat Þórð svá at hanu mundi eigi s. vera, Þorst. St. 50. sjálf-boðinn, part. self-bidden, self-invited; skal þér allt sjálfboðit innan-bæjar, to use it as if it were thine own, Grett. 99; sjálfboðit sé biskupum ok ábótum at sækja norðr til hins Helga Ólafs konung, N.G.L. i. 4; sjálfboðit lét hann Skíða, Skíða R. sjálf-borgi, adj. = sjálfbirgr, Gþl. pref. iv. sjálf-dauðr, adj. 'self-dead,' having died a natural death, Nj. 56: of cattle = svidda, the flesh of which cannot be eaten, Stj. 61. sjálfs-dáðir, f. pl. 'self-deeds,' spontaneous action; in the phrase, göra, segja e-t af sjálfdáðum (mod. af sjálfsdáðum), to do, say a thing voluntarily, to volunteer; hann sagði þat af sjálfdáðum, Ísl. ii. 134. sjálf-dæmdr, part. 'self-judged,' i.e. as a matter of course, Stj. 162. sjálf-dæmi, n. 'self-doom,' absolute power, Greg. 8. II. as a law term, 'self-judgment,' when, instead of submitting a case to arbitration or to the judgment of a court, one party gave it over to his adversary to give judgment himself; this was by the old customs the greatest satisfaction that could be given, and it often was allowed to an injured man; it was also sometimes used as the last appeal to the justice and generosity of a powerful adversary; the Sagas afford many instances, thus, Sturl. i. ch. 26, 27, ii. ch. 35 sqq., viii. ch. 24, Glúm. ch. 7, Eg. ch. 84, 85, Ld. ch. 50, Nj. ch. 36, 51, Gunnl. S. ch. 10; taka s., selja s., Nj. 54, 77, Ísl. ii. 245. sjálf-eldi, n., in sjálfeldis menn, men who support themselves, but not householders nor griðmenn, K.Þ.K. 144. sjálf-felldr, part. falling of itself, as a matter of course; segir Kormakr sjálffelt níð á þá, Korm. 202. sjálf-görr, adj. self-made; með sjálfgörum sigri, with an easy victory, Hkr. iii. 156. sjálf-hendis, adv. with one's own hand, 625. 176. sjálf-hól, n. self-praise, Fms. ii. 267. sjálf-hælinn, adj. self-praising, Nj. 257, Grett. 133, Þórð. 69. sjálf-hælni, f. self-glorification. sjálf-kraf, n. free-will; göra e-t af sjálfkrafi, Barl. 70. sjálf-krafi (-krafa), adj. of one's own accord, of free-will, voluntarily, Bs. i. 702, Stj. 67, MS. 656 B. 3; veita þeim líf er s. ganga upp á þeirra náð, Fs. 11; gefask upp s. í vald konungs, Al. 13, Hkr. i. 85; s. útan nauðsynja, Barl. 111, 114; þá er fé er í land rekit, eðr gangi þat s., Grág. ii. 327. sjálf-kvaddr, part. 'self-summoned,' having to appear without special summons; eru gögn þau öll sjálfkvödd til alþingis, Grág. i. 105. sjálf-leyfðr (-lofaðr), part. 'self-allowed,' requiring no special licence, H.E. i. 394. sjálf-lopta, adj. lifted of oneself, Þd. 9. SJÁLFR, sjálf, sjálft, pron. adj., in old vellums sjálfr, sjólf; only in the indef. form; for the def. sjálfi is never used: with neg. suff., hón sjálf-gi, 'self-not,' Ls. 29: [Ulf. silba = GREEK; A.S. sylf; Engl. self; O.H.G. selb; Germ. selber, der-selbe; Dan. selv; Swed. sjelf] :-- oneself, himself, herself, itself; sjálfir Ásliðar, Skm. 34; sá er sæll er sjálfr um á, Hm. 9; smíðaðu, sem sjálft vill fara, Fms. ix. 55; with the pers. or demonstr. pron. both are declined, thus, þik sjálfan, Vþm. 6; við þik sjálfa, Hkv. Hjörv. 37; þér sjálfum, þér sjálfri, Vkv. 25; hann sjálfan, Vþm. 36; hans sjálfs, honum sjálfum; hón sjálf, she herself, Nj. 6, 24; henni sjálfri, hana sjálfa; sjólf þau, Sks. 503; sjálfra þeirra, D.N. ii. 97, - sjálfum þeim, sjálfum þér, Fms. i. 83; sjálfum sér, Trist. 68; sjálfan sik, sjálfra várra, D.N. iii. 81; sjálfs síns, sjálfrar sinnar, sjálfra sinna (see sinn), sjálfs þíns, sjálfrar þinnar, sjálfra þinna, passim: again, á menn þína (acc. pl.) sjálfs (gen. sing.), = Lat. tuos ipsius, Fms. xi. 59; and sjálfra vár for sjálfra várra, Stj. 392; með sínum peningum sjálfrar, D.N. iii. 45, for sjálfrar sinnar penningum. II. self, very; þeir náðu eigi sjálfu læginu, Fms. ii. 16; við sjálft borgar-hlið, Stj. 425; skógrinn var við sjálft, the wood was close by, Eg. 584: við sjálft, on the verge of; var við sjálft at þeir mundu berjask, Nj. 221; við sjálft var at kvikfé þeirra mundi deyja, Landn. 206; var þá við sjálft at þeir mundi upp hlaupa, Fms. i. 206; var við sjálft at ek mætta eigi standask, vi. 115, 136, x. 331: just, þeir stukku brott við þat sjálft er borgar-hlið vóru byrgð. just when the gates were closed, Stj. 351. III. as prefixed, self-, implying voluntary or independent action; sjálf-boðinn, -dæmdr, -felldr, -görr, -kvaddr, -kjörinn, -leyfðr, -lofaðr, -sagðr, -settr, -stefndr, -tekinn. COMPDS: sjálfs-dáðir, see sjálfdáðir. sjálfs-elska, u, f. self-love. sjálfs-völd, n. pl.; in the phrase, af sjálfsvöldum, self-caused, self-inflicted, self-made; ei er í sjálfsvald sett, Pass. sjálfs-þótti, a, m. pride. sjálf-ráð, n. 'self-counsel' independent judgment; göra e-t at sjálfráði, of one's own accord, Grett. 162 A. sjálf-ráði, adj. of free-will, voluntary; hann hafnaði sjálfráði blótum, Landn. 278: s. dó siðan, Skálda (in a verse referring to Christ). II. the indef. form, sjálf-ráðr, adj. being one's own master, independent, free, Fms. iv. 85, xi. 242; var fyrir honum engi maðr sjálfráði, Ó.H. 34; en at síðr vóru menn sjálfráða fyrir honum, at engi réð á hver guð trúa skyldi, id.; þeir þóttusk þá vera mundu heldr sjálfráða, Hkr. i. 136; vera s. um alla hluti, Fms. vi. 136; en þegar er lýðrinn varð sjálf-ráða, Ó.H. 46; þó skal maðr s. fyrir fé sínu, free to do with it as he likes, Grág. i. 202, and so in mod. usage. 2. the neut., e-m er e-t sjálfrátt, it is in one's power if one likes; þótti jarli þeim sjálfrátt at taka hann er hann fór svá úvarliga, Nj. 131: one's own fault, mér þykkir þer sjálfrátt hafa verit er bátrinn er brotinn, Grett. 131 A: er þér sjálfrátt ('tis within thy power, easy for thee) at leggja til ráð þau er dugi, svá slægr maðr sem þú ert, Nj. 115; hón var allra kvenna fegrst ok bezt at sér orðin um þat allt er henni var ú-sjálfrátt, en allt ílla gefit þat er henni var sjálfrátt, she was of all women the fairest and best in all that was not of her own making (i.e. in natural gifts), but ill in all that was of her own making, 268; thus Icel. call ó-sjálfrátt, what one cannot do for oneself (það er mér ó-sjálfrátt). sjálf-ræði, n. [Dan. selv-raadighed] ,'self'-rule,' liberty, Sks. 523; s. ok hóglífi, Ó.H. 34: self-will, Sks. 232; at þínu s., as thou likest, Fms. vii. 304; at s. sínu, of one's own free-will, Grág. i. 128. sjálf-sagðr, part. 'self-said,' as a matter of course; sé hann s. ok útsettr af heilagrar kirkju inngöngu, B.K. 108: in mod., hann er s., he is (to come) as a matter of course, self-appointed, or the like: neut., sjálfsagt, of course! no doubt! Germ. freilich. sjálf-sáinn (-sáðr), part. self-sown; akrar sjálfsánir, Þorf. Karl. 420, Rb. 318, Fms. xi. 413. sjálf-settr, part. 'self-appointed,' as a matter of course, Gþl. 177. sjálf-skapa, adj. 'self-shaped,' of one's own -making; sums ertu s., some is of thy own making, thy own fault, Am. 64: in the phrase, sjálf-skapa-víti, n. pl., sjálfskapat víti, Ld. 140: any self-caused evil (það eru sjálskapa víti), for which no one is to blame but oneself. sjálf-skeiðungr, m. a clasp-knife. sjálf-skeyttr, part., see skeyta; sé jörð sjálfskeytt, N.G.L. i. 236, 250. sjálf-skipan, f. a spontaneous order, Stj. 632. sjálf-skot, n. a trap or bow going off of itself; ef maðr leggr s. at birni, þá skal hann lýsa at héraðs-kirkju eðr á þingi hvar liggr, Gþl. 446. sjálf-stefndr, part. 'self-summoned,' without special summons; sé honum sjálfstefnt, Gþl. 21; sjálfstefnt skal sökum hans, Grág. ii. 407. sjálf-tekinn, part.; er umboð sjálftekit af honum, Gþl. 315. sjálf-valdi, adj. = sjálfráða; e-m er frjálst ok s., N.G.L. ii. 366. sjálf-vaxinn, part. 'self-grown,' home-bred, Sks. 538. sjálf-vili, a, m. free-will; með (at) sjálfvilja, of one's own will, Eg. 8, 424, Fbr. 181, MS. 625. 67, Stj. 632. sjálf-viljandi, part. with one's own free-will, willing, Fms. i. 104, ii. 46, Sturl. i. 96. Eg. 410. sjálf-viljugr, adj. = sjálfviljandi, Mar., and in mod. usage. sjálf-virðing, f. self-esteem, self-opinion, Bs. i. 98. sjá-ligr, adj. sightly, handsome; s. maðr, Landn. 190, Ísl. ii. 203;hest sjáligan, Nj. 167. sjándz-váttr, m. an eye-witness, N.G.L. i. 357. SJÁR, m. the sea, = sjór, sær: in COMPDS: sjá-byggvar, m. pl. sea-dwellers, coast-people, Fms. viii. 404, v.l. sjá-dauðr, adj. = sjódauðr, Fms. iii. 170. sjá-dreginn, part. 'sea-dredged,' caught, of fish, Bs. ii. 5, 179. sjá-drif, n. sea-spray, Fms, ii. 177. sjá-drifinn, part. sea-splashed, Fms. vii. 49 (in a verse). sjá-garpr, m. a great sea-cbampion, Stj. 571. sjá-kyrr, adj. calm, = sjókyrr, Fms. vi. 262. sjá-kæni, f. sea-skill, Fms. ii. 107, v.l. sjá-lægr, adj. lying on the

S JÄRAFtt -- S J ÜKNAÐIl. 535

sea, of fog, Fms. vi. 261, viii. 178. sjá-rafz, m. sea-amber, Sturl. ii. 245. sjá-roka, u, f. sea-spray, Hkr. i. 283. sjá-róðr, m. a rowing out to sea, to the fishing-ground, Bs. ii. 176. sjá-tún, n. a seaside-town, Bs. ii. 124. sja-vegr, m. = sjóvegr, Bs. ii. 76. sjá-verkr, m. 'sea-wark' i.e. sea-sickness, Fms. x. 75. sjávar-, gen., see sær. SJÓÐA, pres. sýð; pret. sauð, sautt (mod. sauðst), sauð, pl. suðu; subj. syði; part. soðinn: [A.S. seôðan; Engl. to seethe; Germ. sieden] :-- to cook; sjóða mat, K.Þ.K. 88; ganga sjóða, Hým. 14; soðinn kálfr, Rm. 5; soðin lifr: Gkv. 2. 23; soðinn mörr, Korm.; láta soðinn, Gm. 18; er lokit var at s., Korm. 34; var ekki soðit, Edda 45; at hverr maðr syði ok matbjöggi, Stj. 293; matgört ok soðit, 167; hann sagði at vér syðim furðu íll slátr, Fms. ii. 139; hann tók eitt kið, slátraði ok sauð, Stj. 390; hann sauð í katli miklum, Nj. 247; tak egg ek sjóð hart (imperat.), Pr. 472. 2. a smith's term, to fuse steel and soft iron; þótti mér aldri soðit verða járnit til loks en sindraði ávallt ór, Þorst. Síðu H. 177; sára-lauk suðu, Gsp.; afii soðinn, Þd. 15. II. metaph. to brood over, delay; þat sjóðum vér er vér velkjum lengi í hugskoti váru, Hom. 83; þér meltið slíkt ok sjóðit fyrir yðr svá at ekki verðr af, Nj. 154. sjóð-feldr, adj. lucrative, Fas. iii. 194. SJÓÐR, m., dat. sjóð, Ó.H. 157, ll. 2I. 3O, but sjóðinum l. 10, sjóðnum l. 35; sjóðinum, Nj. 56; acc. pl. sjóða, Sighvat (Fms. iv) :-- a money-bag, Eb. 160; sjám hvat vegi sjóðr sá er ek hefi hér, Ld. 30; Auðr tekr nú féit ok lætr koma í einn stóran sjóð, Gísl. 62; sjóðs eða diguls, Edda 84; draga af annars sjóð. Sks. 78 new Ed.; s. fullr af silfri, Ó.H. 157; hann steypði fram Ensku silfri ór miklum sjóð, 194: þeir Úlfr áttu einn sjóð báðir, they had both one purse. Eg. 2; var með okkr inn kærasti félagskapr ok áttum einn sjóð, Fms. i. 69; nú leggja menn félag sitt saman ok verja ór einum sjóð, Jb. 406: the phrase, bera e-n í sjóði, to carry a person (brother, relative) in one's purse, i.e. to accept of weregild (or atonement in money) instead of blood revenue, Grett. 102, 104, Fas. iii. 610. 2. = tafl-pungr, Gullþ., Fas. i. (in a verse). SJÓLI, a, m. [the word is prob. related to Goth. sauls = GREEK; Icel. súl, meaning a prop, stay], a king, prince; this word occurs only once in old poets, viz. in compd himin-sjóli, heaven-prop, heaven-defender(?), an epithet of Thor, Þd. 9; it does not even appear in Edda (Gl.) among the synonyms of kings and heroes; the word then re-appears in Skíða R. 50 = king; and (from that poem?) in Run. Gramm. Island.; it became freq. in mod. lays and rímur, e.g. Úlf. 1. 21; 2. 76, 81, 88, 3. 18, 44, 4. 20, 50, 5. 10, 7. 21. 2. sjóli occurs once as a pr. name on a Swedish Runic stone. SJÓN, f., in sing. the old writers prefer sýn, q.v. [Dan. syn] :-- sight, vision, the faculty of sight; mál heyrn ok sjón, Edda 6; missa sjónina, to lose the eye-sight; sjóu ok heyrn, Pass. 41. 10; gefa blindum sjón, 655 ix. C. 2; sjón er sögu ríkri, sight goes before hearsay, of an eye-witness, Ó.H. 180; sundr stökk súla fyrir sjón jötuns, Hym. 12. II. plur. one's looks; in such phrases as fríðr ... sjónum, fair to see, fine-looking, Eg. 486, Hkr. iii. 171. 2. the eyes, esp. in plur.; augu heita sjón, Edda; engi hefir sá séð ógurligar sjónir, er eigi mátti þat sjá er Þórr hvessti augun, 37; hugðisk hann mundu falla fyrir sjóninni einni saman, 28; fjándinn blindar sjónir þeirra, Fms. x. 309; leiða e-n sjónum, to look on, behold, 13; ef ek hann sjónum of sék, Hm. 151; fránar sjónir, Gkv. i. 14; á sjónum skjálfandi, Sól. 43; ok mun hann ekki eigi stað við sjónum hans, Fms. iv. 242; verða e-m at sjónum, to be seen by one, Fas. ii. 315; lýkr hann upp birtandi sjónir, Sks. 43; þrjár hafa þeir sjónir saman (three eyes), Gsp. (Fas. i. 486); hvassar ljóns sjónir, Sighvat; svart-brúnar sjónir, Eg. (in a verse); svart er mér fyrir sjónum, 'tis dark before my eyes, Fas. i. 427 (in a verse): leiða e-m e-ð fyrir sjónir, to place before one's eyes, expound, Líkn. 46, and in mod. usage; sé þá, minn Guð, fyrir sjónum þér, Sonar þíns pínan megna, Pass. 34. 11; of-sjónir, undr-sjónir, q.v. COMPDS: sjónar-berg, n. = sjónar-hváll: poët. the head, Lex. Poët. sjónar-hváll, m. a 'scout-hill,' out-look. sjónar-váttr, m. an eye-witness, Js. 38, freq. in mod. usage. sjónar-vitni, n. the testimony of an eye-witness, Js. 34. sjónar-vætt, f. the share (of a whale or the like) due to the man who first saw it; hence the phrase, eiga sjónarvættina í e-u, of a man who first discovers a thing, sjónar-vörðr, m. a scout, Fms. viii. 212. sjón-dapr, sjón-daufr, adj. dim-eyed: sjón-depra, u, f. dim-sightedness. sjón-deild, f. an 'eye-mark;' in sjóndeildar-hringr, m. the horizon. sjón-góðr, adj. having good eye-sight. sjón-hagr, adj. = sjónhannr, Fb. ii. 14. sjón-hannr, adj., (sjón-hannarr, Ó.H. 16; sjón-hannr, Fms. iv. 38, l.c.; sjónandr, Hkr. ii. l.c.) :-- having an expert, artistic eye; hann var s. um smíðir allar, Ó.H.; see hannr. sjón-hending, f. the line of sight, a straight line, esp. of boundaries; s. af útanverðu Norðnesi, N.G.L. ii. 265; þeir námu s. ór Múla í Ingjalds-gnúp, Landn. 312; s. millum Arnarstapa tveggja, ok réttsýni í vörðu, Ám. 107; þaðan s. í fuglastapa, D.I. i. 576; skipta með sjón-hendingum, Jb. 193. sjón-henni, f. the eye-sight; þat er eigi sé í alþýðu viti eðr sjónhenni, Fms. vi. 206. sjón-hverfiligr, adj. eye-deceiving, of charms, Bs. i. 237. sjón-hverfing, f. an ocular delusion, worked by spell; Æsir görðu í móti honum sjónhverfingar, Edda 1; verða fyrir sjónhverfingum, Fms. v. 161; honum mátti engar sjónhverfingar göra í augum, því hann sá allt sem var, Ísl. ii. 34; hón görði sjónhverfingar, þvíat þar sem þær sátu á palli sýndisk þeim standa eski þrjú, 78; mart áttusk þeir Óðinn við ok Gylvi í brögðum ok sjónhverfingum, Hkr. i. 10; fjandinn hræri þá með sínu falis ok sjónhverfingum, Fms. i. 304; með sjónhverfing mannligs líkama, ii. 188, Greg. 80, Stj. 250, Barl. 6. sjóni, a, m. a nickname, [akin to són, q.v., Germ. sühne?], Landn. sjón-lauss, adj. 'sightless,' blind, Ld. 339, Eg. 759. sjón-leysi, n. blindness, Eg. 762, Fms. ii. 286, Barl. 123. sjón-vættingr m., N.G.L. i. 309 (a false reading). SJÓR, im., gen. sjóvar (mod. sjóar), for all three forms, sjór, sjár, sær, as also for the compds, sjóvar-, sjávar-, sævar-, see sær :-- the sea. B. COMPDS: sjó-barinn, part. sea-beaten, Mar. sjó-borg, f. a sea-town, Orkn., Pr. 140. sjó-brattr, adj. 'sea-brant,' steep, of coast-land, Fb. iii. 408. sjó-bygð, f. a coast, Fb. ii. 51. sjó-dauði, a, m. death at sea; sætr er sjódauði, vesall vatns-dauði, a saying. sjó-dauðr, adj. 'sea-dead,' drowned at sea (= sæ-dauðr, sjá-dauðr), Eb. 274, Bs. ii. 182. sjó-drif, n. sea-spray, Landn. 84, Fas. ii. 78. sjó-dýr, n. a sea-animal, Al. 174. sjó-fang, n. 'sea-take,' a catch of fish, Eb. 12, Fagrsk. 29. sjó-ferð, f. a sea-voyage, Fas. iii. 538. sjó-fiskr, m. a sea-fish, Bs. ii. 179. sjó-fugl, m. a sea-fowl, Bs. ii. 111. sjó-færr, adj. fit for travelling on the sea, Gísl. 47, Fb. ii. 401. sjó-garpr, m. = sjágarpr. sjó-gyðja, u, f. a sea-goddess, Fas. iii. 241. sjó-gygr, f. a mermaid, Fas. iii. 241. sjó-hræddr, adj. 'sea-afraid' fearful at sea. sjó-hræðsla, u, f. 'sea-fear.' sjó-íllska, u, f. a bad, rough sea, Vígl. 22. sjó-jökull, m. hummocks of frozen sea-water, Grett. 125 A. sjó-klæði, n. pl. sea-clothes. sjó-kona, u, f. a mermaid, Þiðr. 28. sjó-kvikendi, n. a sea-animal, Fms. v. 340. sjó-kyrr, adj. calm, Magn. 486. sjó-kæni, f. = sjákæni, Fær. 100. sjó-leiði, n. a sea-way; mikit s., A.A. 276. sjó-leiðis, adv. by sea. sjó-maðkr, m. a sea-worm, Þorf. Karl. 438. sjó-maðr, m. a seaman, mariner, Bs. ii. 179. sjó-mál, n. the sea-edge, flood-mark, high-water line; fyrir ofan sjómál, Fas. iii. 426. sjó-mennska, u, f. seamanship. sjó-myrkr, n. a sea-fog, Fms. ix. 503, 506. sjó-reitr, n. = mið, Bs. ii. 179. sjó-riða, u, f. a sea-trembling. sjó-rok, n. = sjódrif. sjó-roka, u, f. = sjároka, Fms. ii. 178. sjó-sjúkr, adj. sea-sick. sjó-skor, f. a 'sea-scaur,' cliff by the sea, Nj. 252. sjó-skrimsl, n. a sea-monster, Fas. ii. 249. sjó-sótt, f. sea-sickness, Bs. i. 797. sjó-vanr, adj. skilled, practiced as a sailor. sjó-veðr, n. weather on the sea. sjó-vegr, m. a 'sea-way,' a way on the sea, opp. to landvegr, fara sjáveg. sjó-verkr, m. 'sea-wark', = sjósótt, Bs. i. 797. sjó-vetlingr, m. a 'sea-glove,' worn by fishermen. sjó-víkingr, m. a pirate, Fas. i. 443. sjó-víti, n. things forbidden at sea in popular superstition. II. in local names, Sjó-land and Sjá-land, Zealand, as also a county in Sweden; whence Sjó-lendingar, m. pl. the men from Zealand, Fms. xii. SJÓT, n., and sjöt, of which sjöt makes a rhyme with mjöt, Höfuðl. 19; [the word is not derived from sitja, but from sveit, q.v., changing v into j, as in hvel and hjól] :-- a host, assembly, but also home, abode; manna sjöt, a host of men, Höfuðl. l.c.; sótt hefi ek mörg mildinga sjót, I have visited many kings' men, kingly assemblies, Ad. 2; flotna sjót, a 'fleet-crew' mariners, Lex. Poët.; ýta sjót, rekka sjót, id.; ragna sjót, the seat of the gods, i.e. the heavens, Vsp.; tungls sjót, the moon's home, i.e. the sky, Bragi; sólar sjót, the sun's land, i.e. the sky, Skv. 1. 52; þursa þjóðar sjót, the giant-land, Fsm. 1; Heljar sjót, 'Hell-home,' id.; sjótum görvöllum, to all men, Hdl. SJÚGA, or better súga, Stj. 270, cp. lúka for ljúka, but in mod. usage inserting a j; pres. sýgr; pret. saug, saugt (mod. saugst), saug, pl. sugu; subj. sygi; part. soginn; a pret. só, Landn. 235, Fs. 176; 2nd pers. sótt, Hom. (St.); cp. smó, ló, from smjúga, ljúga: [A.S. sûcan; Engl. suck; Germ. saügen; Dan. suge; Lat. sugere] :-- to suck; sæll er sá kviðr es þik bar ok þat brjóst es þú sótt, Hom. (St.); sveinninn saug hana dauða, Fs. 144 (só hana dauða, 176 l.c.); var björninn at ok só ór þeim blóðit, Landn. l.c.; þær hafa pípu með hverri þær súga, Stj. 270; þeir átu safa ok sugu birkju-við, Fms. viii. 33; þú hefir opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; s. brjóst konu, Mar.; lík öldum kálfi sál mín saug, Hallgr.; sýg ek ór söltum ægi sylg, Fms. vi. (in a verse); þar saug Níðhöggr nái fram-gengna, Vsp. sjúk-dómr, m. [Dan. sygdom], sickness, Fs. 80, Th. 21. sjúk-fallinn, part. sickly, N.G.L. ii. sjúk-leikr, m. and sjúk-leiki, a, m., the weak form prevails in old writers :-- sickness, Fms. vi. 156, 158, viii. 443, ix. 501, Rb. 336, Sks. 105, Jb. 114, Anecd. 2, K.Á. 104, passim. sjúk-ligr, adj. sickly, Bs. i. 810. sjúkna, að, to sicken, become sick, Sturl. ii. 127. sjúknaðr, n. sickness, Fms. iii. 172, Sturl. ii. 127, Bs. i. 743, ii. 168.

536 SJÚKR -- SKAMMA.

SJÚKR, sjúk, sjúkt, adj. [Ulf. siuks = GREEK; A.S. seôc; Engl. sick; O.H.G. siuh; Dan. syg; cp. Lat. saucius; the Goth, has a strong root-verb, sjúkan, sauk, = GREEK; cp. sótt] :-- sick; hann liggr sjúkr heima at búð, Nj. 80; siúkir ymissa sótta, 655 xiv. B. 2; sjúkum kálfi, Hm.; svá s. at hann væri náliga at bana kominn, Fms. xi. 101; Grettir var svá s. at hann mátti eigi á fætr standa, Grett. 153; keli-s., q.v.; fjör-s.; ú-sjúkr, not sick; líf-s., life-sick, Lex. Poët. II. metaph. concerned; sjúkr um e-t, Stj. 422; hug-s., mind-sick, anxious. Sjöfn, f. [sjafni, sefi], one of the goddesses, Edda. sjötlask, dep. to subside, settle; hark ok háreysti, ... en er sjötlaðisk ok hljóð fékksk, Fms. ii. 43; en er úfriðr tók at sjötlask, 655 xiv. B. 1; þar til sem s. þessi mála-ferli, Grett. 112 new Ed.; ú-sjötlað, unsettled, Grett. (in a verse). sjötul, f. a settler; dólgs-s., a 'strife-settler', peace-maker, of the peace-mill, Gs., cp. also the verse in Eg. ch. 67. skaða, að, [see skeðja; Engl. scathe; O.H.G. skadon; Germ. schaden; Dan. skade] :-- to scathe, hurt, in old writers impers. to take hurt, be scathed; ekki skal þik í skaða, Ld. 212; þig skaðar ekki, frændi, ef ek einn mæli þetta, Fb. ii. 194; má ok vera at skikkjuna skaði ekki, Fms, ii. 279; bætti hann þat, svá at ekki skaðaði, vii. 158. skaða, u, f. a bird, Dan. skade, Edda (Gl.) SKAÐI, a, m. scathe, harm, damage, Grág. ii. 65; göra skaða, 121, Jb. 421; ef fieiri menn bíða skaða, Grág. i. 459; ér munuð fá skaða bæði farms ok skips, 656 C. 21; henni þótti mikill skaði (great loss) eptir mann sinn, Eg. 36, Nj. 25: in plur., hefna skaða þeirra er oss hafa görvir verit, Fms. ix. 352; varðveita fyrir þjófum, ok við eldi ok við sköðum, 623. 21: death, destruction, veita sér sjálfr skaða, to destroy oneself, Al. 106; verða e-m at skaða, Eg. 114; hversu mörgum dýrum hann hefði at skaða orðit, how many deer he had killed, Fas. ii. 543; verðr hverr öðrum at skaða, Edda i. 190. COMPDS: skaða-bætr, f. pl. indemnity, compensation. Fms. vii. 124, Grág. i. 129, 459. skaða-ferð, f. a disastrous journey, Fms. viii. 180. skaða-lauss, adj. scathe-less, Grág. ii. 43, Fas. iii. 306. skaða-ligr, adj. = skaðligr, Fms. i. 156. skaða-maðr, m. a killer, slayer; verða s. e-s, to slay, Fær. 200, Fms, vii. 202, Al. 106, Js. 30. skaða-samligr, adj. = skaðsamligr, Anecd. 82, Stj. 86. skaða-samr, adj. destructive. Fms. v. 345, viii. 205. Skaði, the giantess or goddess daughter of Thjassi and the wife of Njörð, Edda; declined as masc., gen. Skaða, i. 212, 268. skað-lauss, adj. scatheless, unscathed, Fbr. 193. 2. without loss, Dipl. ii. 11, iii. 14: neut., at skaðlausu, id., iv. 12. skað-ligr, adj. 'scathely,' hurtful, baneful, Ísl. ii. 225. skað-ræði, n. a dangerous thing. skað-samligr, adj. 'scatheful,' hurtful, noxious, Stj. 93, MS. 623. 26, Orkn. 348, Sks. 445, Fms. i. 76. skað-samr, adj. doing harm, Finnb. 264. skað-semd, f. (skað-semi, Sks. 453), harm, Stj. 24. skað-vænliga, adv. perniciously, Fas, iii. 78. skað-vænligr, adj. pernicious, 677. 3. skað-vænn, adj. destructive, baleful, Fms. vi. 145. skaf, n. [skafa], a scraping, peeling, esp. of peeled bark used in Norway for fodder for goats and cattle; brjóta hrís ok skaf, D.N. i. 215; þrjú hlóss viðar, ok tvau skafs, Gþl. 344, N.G.L. i. 39, 240; reiða heim skaf, 358; þá er uxa-mat átum inni skaf sem hafrar, Sighvat; hrís ok skaf í mörkinni, D.N. i. 291. SKAFA, skef, skóf, skófu, skœfi, skafinn; [Ulf. skaban = GREEK, 1 Cor. xi. 6; A.S. scafan; Engl. shave; Germ. skaben; Dan. skabe and skrabe with inserted r, cp. Engl. scrape; Swed. skafva] :-- to scrape with a blunt instrument (for raka, q.v., is to shave); ef maðr höggr skýli-högg á viði eðr skefr svá at spell sé at, Grág. ii. 296 (of barking trees); mánadag, þá lofar biskup at skafa fyrir naut sín, N.G.L. i. 141 (see skaf): the saying, þat hefir eik er af annarri skefr, Hbl.; þykki mér þat ráð at hér hafi eik þat er af annarri skefr, Grett. 53 new Ed.; þá skefr hann ofan af skæðum sín, he scraped the hair off the skin, Skíða R.; telgdi hann af rúnarnar ok skóf þat í eld niðr, Eg. 567, Bs. ii. 153. 2. to shave, plane; hann skefr (planes) spjót-skepti, Fas. i. 284; hann telgir, skefr ok skapar, Rétt. 2. 10; var þá kistan spánósa svá sem ný-skafin væri, Ó.H. 229 :-- skafa af, to scratch off; áðr Hróarr skóf af, Landn. 247; nöfn ykkur eru skafin af lífs-bók, 623. 22, H.E. i. 465; allar (the Runes) vóru af skafnar þær er vóru á ristnar, Sdm. 18: so in the phrase, hann skefr ekki af manni, to be a blunt man, cp. Dan. uhövlet; þú ert höfðingi mikill, ok skefr lítt af manni, Nj. 223; skafa at fastliga, to shave to the quick, to press close, Fms. xi. 94, 443; eyrsilfr drukkit gefr bana, þvíat í hvern lim er þat renn, þá skefr þat innan, Pr. 474: of hair, to shave; skafa sveinar klif knúnu, to shave the head, Skálda (in a verse). skafa, u, f. a scraper; horn-skafa, a scraper of horn = brák, q.v. sköfu-leikr, m. a kind of game, Ísl. ii. 70, 71. skaf-heið, f. a bright sky, Bs. i. 334. skafheið-víkr, adj. skaf-kafald, n. clouds of snow raised by the wind. skafl, n. [from skafa], a snow-drift, a mass of snow, Fas, i. 116; standa sumir á skaflinum, Sturl. ii. 118; skafl var lagðr af hamrinum niðr á jöfnu, Þórð. 44; var kominn snjár á jörð í skafla á fjöllin, Fbr. 36; hann tók spjót sín ok rak í skaflinn, Sd. 163; snjó-skafl, passim; metaph. of waves white as drifted snow, báru-skafl, Hallfred; sjóvar-skaflar þeir sem brökuðu öllu megin at skipinu, Fas. ii. 76. II. the pointed end of a sharp horse-shoe: skafla-járn, n. a sharp shoe: skafla-járna, að, to sharpen a shoe: skafla-járnaðr, adj. sharp-shod: hence the metaph. phrase, beygja skaflinn, to turn up the mouth in the shape of a horse-shoe, make a wry mouth, hence to cry (in mod. popular phrase, gera skeifu = make a horse-shoe, of children), Fb. i. 566, beygja af; skafl beygjattu skalli, þótt skúr á þik falli, Sturl. iii. (in a verse); hence, 2. the tusk of wild beasts; sökk tann-skaflinn djúpt, og reif með sér mikit af holdinu, Od. xix. 451. SKAGA, skagi, skagði, skagat (mod. skagar, skagaði), to jut out, project; tönnina er skagði ór höfði Melbricta, Orkn. 12; skögðu tvær tenn fram ór höfðinu, Sd. 147 (skögul-tönn); boginn skagði um herðarnar, Fas. ii. 330. skagi, a, m. [Shetl. skaw (as the Skaw of Unst)] :-- a low cape or ness (höfði is a high head-land); á lands-enda þann inn norðara eðr skagann, A.A. 276; millum konungs-garðs ok skagans við Ólafs-klaustr, N.G.L. iii. 125; út-skagi: freq. in local names, Vendil-skagi or Jótlands-skagi, the Skagerack; the Skagi, the ness between the Skagafjord and Húnaflói; the Skagi in Akraness: Skaga-strönd, Skaga-fjörðr, whence Skag-firðingar, m. pl. the men from S.; Skag-firzkr, adj. skak or skakr, n., qs. skvak(?), [Engl. squeak], a noise; göra skak at e-m, to howl at, Ann. 1305 (Hb.); gaf Sverrir konungr þeim gestunum mikit skak, he scolded them, Fms. viii. 143 (skakr, v.l.) SKAKA, skek, skók, skóku, skekinn, [A.S. scacan; Engl. shake; Swed. skaka] :-- to shake; reyrr vindi skekinn, 625. 95; skekk (skek ek) hér skinnfeld hrokkinn, Orkn. (in a verse); skóku loða, Hðm. 16; þeir skóku klæðin, ok hreyttu moldinni á þá Þóredd, Eb. 100 new Ed.; skak (imperat.) brott ór hofði þér dupt ok ösku, Stj. 208; sumir skóku at þeim vápn, Fms. i. 273; hann skekr at honum sverðit, Ísl. ii. 364; lögðu á spjóts-odda ok skóku, Fms. x. 117; tóku þeir í hurðir ok skóku fjórum-sinnum, Bær. 2; skaka höfuð, to wag the head insultingly (but hrista höfuð from surprise), Eb. 272, Lil. 53, Matth. xxvii. 39; skaka vængi, Sól. 54: metaph., skaka ok skelfa, Stj. 132; allr þróttr væri skekinn ór þeim, Sturl. iii. 237; sannliga er skekinn þróttr ór yðr, Grett. 112; skekr ór liðinu alla æðru, Al. 25; skaka skeilu at hrossi, to shake a rattle, Grág. i. 441; skaka strokk, to shake a churn, to churn; fulla skekna mæling, Luke vi. 38. II. reflex., hann hefir ekki skekisk í huginum, his courage has been unshaken, Al. 145. skaka, u, f. the block of butter from the churn (smjör-skaka). 2. = skak; gaf ek henni miklar skökur, Mar. skakka, að, to balance; in the phrase, skakka með e-m, or. skakka milli þeirra, to interfere between fighters, Fas. iii. 93, Þórð. 52; as also, skakka leik, to interfere between two combatants so as to decide the matter. skakki, a, m. a disproportion, disparity, odd amount; þann skakka er þar er á millum mun ek bæta, Bjarn. 55; skal Björn lúka Arna í skakka millum fyrr-greindra kúgilda, Dipl. v. 26; þau tvau hundruð hundraða, sem fóru at skakka, the odd hundreds, Sturl. ii. 258; var jafnat sárum manna ok frumhlaupum, en bættr skakki, Eb. 212, Orkn. 224; þann skakka gat Ketill prestr niðrfelldan, Ísl. i. 330. SKAKKR, adj. skew, wry, distorted (rangr, q.v., is mostly used in a metaph. sense); hvárki vindt né skakkt. Krók. 42; ekki skakkt né hallt, 656 A. i. 33; skakkr eða lami, 656 B. 7; bar hanu jafnan hallt höfuðit síðan, því var hann skakkr kallaðr. Orkn. 364; skakkar tenn, Skíða R.; skakkr á banni, with a sprained leg, Hým. 37: allit., skældr ok skakkr: neut., skjóta augum í skakk, to look awry, Fbr. 71. II. metaph. unequal; skökk mála-efni, Fms. iv. 332; þótt várir fundir hafi jafnan skakkir verit sakir fjölmennis, viii. 214; at görð sjá sé heldr skökk, unequal, unjust. Eg. 738. III. as a nickname, Skakki = Lat. Claudus: Skakka-skáld, a nickname. COMPDS: skakk-borinn, part. 'skew-born', illegitimate, Al. 29. skakk-horn, n. a diagonal; í skakkhorn, diagonally, 415. 18. skakki-fótr, m. wry leg, Sturl. i. 60. skakk-tenntr, part. wry-toothed, Bárð. 178. skakr, n. = skak, Fms. viii, v.l. skall or skal, n., qs. skvall, dropping the v, a squall, noise; skal ok kliðr, Mork. 100; menn heyrðu skall mikit ok óp djöfla ok íll læti, Barl. 178. 2. plur. sköll, mocking, derision; við sköll þau er Páli þótti gör at sér, Sturl. ii. 46. skallat, n. scarlet; see skarlat. SKALLI, a, m. [Old Engl. scall, scald-head], a bald head, Lv. 50; beran skallann, Fms. xi. 132; strjúka um skallann, Háv. 55; þóttú litaðir á mér skallann, Lv. 109; tók Faxa nú at sárna skallinn, Fas. ii. 451; stíg upp, skalli, stíg upp, s.! Stj. 609 (2 Kings ii. 23); þat sé ek á skalla þeim inum mikla, at ..., Eg. 114. 2. the thick end of a hammer. Skalla-Grímr, Grim the Bald, Eg. skamm, f. = skömm, Skáld H. 7. 63. SKAMMA, að, [skömm], to shame, disgrace; hraktr ok skammaðr, Sturl. iii. 11; þeir er vinir hennar höfðu drepit ok skammat, Fs. 85: to scold. II. reflex. to be ashamed, Fms. vi. 302, Hom. 10; skamm-

SKAMMFEILINN -- SKAPA. 537

ask e-s, to be ashamed of a thing; skúa ok bróka skammisk engi maðr, Hm. 60, Sks. 744; ek skömdumk at vera nökviðr, 507 B, Bs. i. 469: mod. skammast sín, to blush, Sturl. i. 210; and skammast sín fyrir e-ð. 2. recipr. to scold, use bad language to one another. skamm-feilinn, adj., in ó-skammfeilinn, impudent. skamm-fulleikr, m. shamefastness, Mar. 1028. skamm-fulliga, adv. bashfully, Barl. 59. skamm-fulligr, adj. [Dan. skamfuld], shamefast, bashful, Stj. 34, Art. skamm-fyllask, t, to be ashamed, Stj. 34, Barl. 91, 165. skamm-fylli, f. shame, blushing, Al. 80, 104, Th. 78. skamm-fylling, f. bashfulness, Stj. 34, Barl. 173. skamm-færa, ð, [Dan. skamfere], to spoil, cut short; skipit er skammfært ef eigi fylgja árarnar, 673. 59; hestana háðuliga útleikna ok skammfærða, Fas. i. 90 (spoiled by cutting off the manes and tails). skamm-lauss, adj. shameless, without shame; ætla ek at þú sér s. af þessu, 'tis no shame to thee, Eb. 160; þú góð kona, skammlaus ertú af mér, Bær. 17. 2. neut. not disgraceful; lízt mér þetta skammlaust, Korm. 192; er þat s. at þiggja ok veita stór högg, Fms. viii. 116, Hkr. i. 11: at skammlausu, without shame, Eg. 274. skamm-liga, adv. shamefully, Sks. 503. skamm-naktr, adj. shamefully naked, Sks. 504. skamm-raun, f., Fms. iv. 264; read skapraun, see Ó.H. l.c. skamm-samliga, adv. shamefully, Fs. 134, Al. 30, Sks. 503. skamm-samligr, adj. shameful, disgraceful, Fs. 31, Stj. 585, Róm. 149. SKAMR or skammr, skömm, skamt, adj., compar. skemri, superl. skemstr; usually spelt and sounded with mm before a vowel, but m before a consonant, [cp. Engl. scamped, of carpenter's work when ill-done] :-- short; var fótleggrinn skamr, Fms. viii. 447, skammar 'ro skips rár (see rá, f.), Hm.; láta e-n höfði skemra, to make a head shorter, i.e. behead, Hým.: as a nickname, Atli inn Skammi, the Short, Eg.: not freq. in a local sense, except in the neut. skamt, en er þeir vóru skamt komnir frá, skála, Fb. i. 540; ok er þeir áttu skamt til garðsins, Eb. 60; hón bjó skamt frá Skalla-grími, Eg. 109; þaðan skamt á brott, 130; skamt í frá honum, Fms. x. 420, Fs. 37, Edda 29; um aðra hluti var skamt milii máls konunga (i.e. they did not dissent much), en þó gékk eigi sættin saman, Fms. x. 132: compar., var sú leiðin skemri, Eg. 576; örskot eða skemra, Grág. ii. 264; hann hljóp eigi skemra aptr en fram, Nj. 29; þykki mér þat opt rjúfask er skemra er at frétta enn slíkt, 259: þar er skemst var milli skógarins ok árinnar, Eg. 276. II. temp. brief, short; skamma hríð, a short while, Nj. 6; til skamrar stundar, Hom. 107; skamma stund, Fb. ii. 103, passim; skömm ró, short rest, Am. 78 (Bugge); skamt mun nú mál okkat verða, short conversation, Hbl.; þótti Antenor (dat.) skamt mál í munni verða, that A. spoke now this, now that, Bret. 80; eigi skemra mel en viku-stefnu, Grág. ii. 349: neut., skamt segir þú þá eptir líf-daga várra, Fms. i. 211; eiga skamt eptir, skamt eptir ólifat, Sturl. i. 113, Nj. 85; at skamt skyli okkar í meðal, Nj. 114: þá mun þér skamt til afar-kosta, Ld. 222; hann kvað skamt til þess, that would be presently, Fs. 72. 2. adverbially, skömmu, shortly, Hkr. iii. 454; nú var þessi atburðr skammu, Anecd. 78; vildi konungrinn skömmum samfast mæla við hann, short at a time, Ó.H. 71; sat hann skömmum við drykk, Fms. vii. 106; ef þú ert skömmum í sama stað, Al. 4: compar., mundi verða skemrum biskupslaust, ef tveir væri biskuparnir, Bs. i. 159; eigi skemrum en fimm nóttum, not shorter than five nights, N.G.L. i. 42; Gautr er með Þorvaldi eigi skemrum en með Sigurði, Fær. 242: sem skemst, as short a while as possible, Nj. 251: also skemstu, very shortly, only a while ago, þá minning er nú bauð ek þér skemstu, Mar.; fyrir skemstu, recently, Eg. 322, Fms. i. 223; nú fyrir skemstu, Fs. 72. B. COMPDS: skam-biti, a, m. the short cross-beams in the roof. skam-bragðs, adv. shortly, soon, Hkr. i. 249. skam-degi, n. the 'short day,' Midwinter-day, Lat. bruma, Landn. 140, Bs. i. 350, Fb. i. 539. skam-fótr, m. short-foot, a nickname, Gísl. 33. skam-góðr., adj. good for but a brief time; s. vermir, a warmth that will not last long. skam-háls, m. short-neck, a nickname, Fms. ix. 14. skam-hygginn, adj. (-hyggni, f.), = skam-sýnn, Barl. 55. skam-höndungr, m. short-hand, a nickname, Landn. skam-leikr, m. shortness; s. várs lífs, 1812. 20. skam-leitr, adj. short-faced, Grett. 90 A. skam-lífi, n. the being short-lived, Fms. vi. 229, Hkr. i. 251. skam-lífr, adj. short-lived, Fms. xi. 329, Dropl. 6. skam-minnigr, adj. short of memory, Fms. viii. 241. skam-mæli, n. short speech, brevity, Stj. 41. skam-rif, n. pl. the short ribs, the lower part of the breast, the brisket, Dipl. v. 18, Fb. ii. 103: metaph., skamrifja-mikill, stout, fat, Grett. 148 A. skam-rækr, adj. having a short memory for revenge, Fms. v. 325, MS. 656 B. 2. skam-skeptr, part. short-shafted, Sks. 386, Fms. viii. 429, x. 363. skam-stafa, að, to abbreviate. skam-stöfun, f. abbreviation. skam-sýni, f. short-sightedness (only in a metaph. sense), Sks. 11, 302, 623, 667, Gþl. 162. skam-sýni-ligr, adj. = skamsýnn, Fms. viii. 101, Sks. 276. skam-sýnn, adj. short-sighted, foolish, only metaph. (nærsýnn in a bodily sense), Fms. viii. 17, Sks. 248, Anecd. 10, Gþl. 44. skam-sætr, adj. short of stay; skamsæta ætla ek honum þá laug, Sturl. ii. 99. skam-talaðr, part. short-spoken, Fms. viii. 204, Eg. 62. skam-vaxinn, part. short of growth, of crops, Ann. 827. skam-víss, adj. short of wit, foolish, Sks. 292. skamm-æði, f. a short duration; mun þér þetta draga til skammæðar, it will not last thee long, Þórð. 23. skamm-æligr, adj. short-lived, fleeting, brief; s. líf, Fms. i. 225; s. gleði, Greg. 42; girndir skammæligra hluta, 677. 4; hann kvað hann skammæligan (short-lived), Sturl. i. 145. skamm-ær, adj. (-æ, -ætt), short-lived; s. sigr, Fms. ii. 10 (Fs. 90); skamæ lýti, Mkv. 19; skammætt ríki, short-lived power, opp. to everlasting, 677. 7: Teitr varð skammær, Fms. vii. 40; munum skammæir, Am. 29 (Bugge). skamta, að, [from skammr], to share, dole out, portion, esp. of food at meals to the household; skamta fólkínu; skamta í búrinu; skamta e-m úr hnefa. skamtaðar-erendi, n., read skapnaðar-erendi (q.v.), Lv. 79. skamtr, m. [cp. Engl. scant], a share, portion; setja e-m skamt, Róm. 132; skornum skamti, in short measure, scantily, Nikdr. 68; þá hefir hann skamt logit á hendr sér, N.G.L. i. 73. SKAP, n. [A.S. ge-sceap; Engl. shape; cp. Germ. be-schaffen] :-- prop. shape, form. II. state, condition; at því skapi, in the same proportion, Rb. 96; nú ferr at því skapi um alla öldina, 62; hélt þat vel skapi, meðan hón lifði, it kept in a good state whilst she lived, Bs. 1. 129; því hefir haldit skapi, it has held its shape, remained unchanged, Jd. 3: under this head come compds denoting lawful, right, skap-drottinn, -þing, -dauði, -arfi, -bætendr, -þiggendr, see below. III. condition of mind, temper, mood, Fs. 128; ek kann skapi Hrafnkels, Hrafn. 27; hógværr í skapi, Nj. 2; mitt skap er eigi betra enn til meðallags, Þiðr.; hennar skap er svá stórt, at ..., 307; Högni er nú mjök reiðr ok íllu skapi, in an angry mood, 321: mod., í íllu skapi, cp. vesall maðr ok ílla skapi (ill-tempered), Hm. 21, where skapi seems to be used as an adjective; vera við e-s, skap, to be after one's mind, Finnb. 262; hón svarar sem hennar var skap til, Fbr. 137; er ok varkunn á at þvílíkir hlutir liggi í miklu rúmi þeim er nokkurir eru skapi, Fms. iv. 80; kofarn í skapi, ... íllr í skapi, ill-tempered; góðr í skapi, good-tempered; at þeir hafi ílla borit sik, svá at þeim hafi náliga í allt skap komit, áðr enn létti, so that at last they almost cried, Gísl. 39; vera lítill í skapi, of small mind, faint-hearted, Hrafn. 30; ef þeir væri svá litlir í skapi at þeir þyrði eigi, K.Þ.K. 94; hafa ekki skap til e-s, to have no mind to, Nj. 202; nú hefi ek beðit hér þá stund er ek fæ mér skap til, Ld. 256, cp. Ó.H. 47; honum rann í skap, ok reiddisk hann, Fms. vi. 212; ef þat væri feðr hennar eigi móti skapi, Eg. 36, Fms. ix. 244; óvinsæll ok lítt við alþýðu skap, unpopular, Fs. 63; enginn má við mik skapi koma, Lv. 22; þat fannsk á, at henni þótti þetta mjök í móti skapi, Ld. 88; þat væri mér næst skapi, I should have a great mind for, 86; vera e-m vel at skapi, to be to one's mind, Fs. 16, Fms. vi. 304; göra e-m e-t til skaps, to do a thing to please one, humour him, Eg. 65, Nj. 198; e-m býr e-t í skapi, to brood over, plan, Ó.H. 32. COMPDS: skaps-annmarki, a, m. fault of temper or mind, the bad side of one's character, Sturl. i. 146, Fms. iv. 382. skaps-höfn, f. mind, disposition; þeir feðgar vóru úlíkir í skapshöfnum, Fms. viii. 447, MS. 655 xi. 2; hann nennti eigi at hafa Erlend suðr þar lengr fyrir skapshafnar sakir, for the sake of his distemper, Sturl. i. 165. skaps-löstr, m. = skaplöstr, Sturl. i. 146. skaps-munir, m. pl. mind, temper, disposition, Eb. 110, Sd. 188, Hrafn. 24, Ísl. ii. 12, Fms. iii. 195, v. 341. B. Plur. sköp, what is 'shaped' for one or fated, one's fate; fár gengr of sköp Norna, Km. 24; eigi má sköpunum renna; sköpum viðr manngi, Am.; fátt er sköpum ríkra, Fs. 23; eigi má við sköpunum sporna, 26; mæla verðr einnhverr skapanna málum, Gísl. 17; íll sköp, ill fate; góð sköp, good luck, Korm. (in a verse); rík sköp, the mighty weird, Kormak; skiptu sköp, doom decided, Sturl. (in a verse); at sköpum = Gr. GREEK, Ýt. 9, Gg. 4, N.G.L. i. 204; ok gaf honum nær líf með sköpum, he escaped almost by a miracle, had a narrow escape, Fb. ii. 23. 2. a curse, fatality; þá er konunga-börn urðu fyrir stjupmæðra sköpum (curses), Fms. viii. 18; ó-sköp or ú-sköp, an ill fate, fatality, Hm. 97, Korm. 208, 240, Al. 129; verða fyrir ú-sköpum, Edda 11, Fas. i. 130 (of evil spells); ú-skapa verk, an evil deed which one is fated to do, iii. 406: vé-sköp, holy ordinance, Vsp. 2. sköpin (with the article), the genitals, Fms. v. 346, Ann. 1426, Edda (pref., of Saturn), Barl. 135, Fas. iii. 387, Bs. i. 466. skapa-dægr, n. one's fated day of death; engi kemsk yfir sitt s., a saying, Es. 39. C. = skaf, q.v.; fimm hlöss viðar ok þrjú skaps, N.G.L. i. 240, ii. 110, v.l. 15. SKAPA, the forms of this word vary much; there was a strong form, skapa, skóp, but defective, for only the pret. (skóp, skópu) remains; the other tenses follow the weak form skapa, að (of the first weak conjugation), which is freq. in old writers, while it is the only form in mod. usage. 2. there are also remains of another weak verb, skepja (answering to Goth, skapjan), to which belong the pret. skapði, part. skapið, skaptr; the infin. skepja, however, only occurs in a few instances, Kormak, D.I. i. 243. l. 31 (H.E. iv. 154), Bs. i. 734; as

538 SKAPAN -- SKAPT.

also the pres. part. skepjandi (in ein-skepjandi): [Ulf. skapjan = GREEK; A.S. and Hel. scapan; Engl. shape; O.H.G. skafan; Germ schaffen; Dan. skabe] B. To shape, form, mould, which is the original sense; takit einn trédrumb, ok skapit þar af líkneskjur, Barl. 165: the saying, engi skapar sik sjálfr, Grett. 103 new Ed.; á hverfanda hveli vóru þeim hjörtu sköpuð, Hm. 83; Skíðblaðni að skapa, to shape (build) the ship S., Gm. 43; skepja skil, to shape one's words, Korm. 164 (in a verse). 2. to make; ór Ýmis holdi var jörð um sköpuð, Vþm. 21; áðr væri jörð sköpuð, 29: to create, Guð skóp allar skepnur senn, Rb. 78; Guðs er mik skóp, Fms. i. 3; með þeim hætti er Kristr hefir skapat, iv. 175; sá maðr er Guð skapði fyrstan í heim þenna, Hom. (St.); mörgum þeim hlutum er skapara-spekðin skapði, 677. 2; í upp-hafi skapaði Guð himin og jörð, Gen. i. 1, passim. 3. to shape for one, assign as one's fate or destiny, as denoting also what is natural or inborn; ek skapa honum þat, at hann skal eigi lifa lengr en kerti þat brennr, er upp er tendrat hjá sveininum, Fas. i. 341; s. e-m aldr, to shape one's future life, of the weird-sisters; Nornir kómu þær er öðlingi aldr um skópu, Hkv. 1. 2; at eigi skapi Hallgerðr þér aldr (ironic.), Nj. 57; einu sinni var mér aldr skapaðr ok allt líf um lagit, Skm. 13; skapa e-m kaldan aldr, to 'shape one a cold age,' i.e. to make life sad, Korm.; var þér þat skapat, at..., Hkv. 2. 26; af þeim væri þat skapað, if that was fated to them, Grág. i. 368; syni þínum verðra sæla sköpuð, bliss is not fated to thy son, Skv. 2. 6; mun engi renna undan því sem honum er skapat, Grett. 159 new Ed.; mér var skapat at eiga hana, Bjarn. (in a verse); láta skapað skera, let doom decide, Fms. viii. 88; láta skeika at sköpuðu, to let things go their own course, ii. 112; vera at sköpuðu, to be according to the course of nature, Eg. 82; mun þat svá fara sem minnr er at sköpuðu, Sturl. iii. 7 (sköp). 4. to appoint, fix; at Þórólfr hafði sjálfr sér þar laun fyrir skapit, Th. had taken the reward himself, Eg. 65 A; ok þar sinn hag eptir skapa, Hom. 68: s. e-m víti, to impose a fine or penalty; sklít víti á honum at s. fyrir þat á sitt hóf sem karlmanni, ef..., Ld. 136; ok væri henni sjálf-skapat víti, self-injlicted punishment, 140; s. honum fimmtar-grið af því þingi ór landeign konungs várs, N.G.L. i. 13; þá skal s. þeim leiðar-lengd, 32; skapði hón svá skæru, Am. 48; þá eina fjár-muni er ek skapa þér, which I grant thee, Hrafn. 21; skapa sinn hug eptir e-u, Hom.; segja svá skapaða sök fram, Grág. i. 39, Nj. 110; berum vér svá skapaðan níu búa kvið, 238. 5. to shape, trim, the beard, hair; var skegg skapat, Rm. 15; breiðleitr ok vel farit andlitinu, optast skapat skegg, Fms. viii. 447; bandingjar ok útlagar láta ekki hár sitt skapa ok skera, Stj. 202; Cato skar aldrei hár sitt né skapaði skegg, Róm. 190; með saurgum búnaði ok ú-skapaðu skeggi, Stj. 538. 6. special phrases; skapa skeið, prop. to 'shape a race,' take a run; þetta dýr skapaði skeið at oss, Al. 169; Jökull skapar at skeið, Fs. 51 (see v.l., so undoubtedly the vellum Vh., not skopa); skjaldmærin skapaði skeið, ok ætlaði at hlaupa eptir honum, en er hón kom á bakkann varð henni bilt, Fas. ii. 553; whence in later vellums and in mod. usage, skopa skeið, 283 (l.c.), Gísl. 69. II. reflex. to take shape, grow; þá mátti hann eigi skilja né skapask til trúar, 655 ix. B. 1; svá skapaðisk ok Kristnin ór síðu ens krossfesta Krists, 656 C. 25; freista, hve þá skapisk, how things will shape themselves, Fms. viii. 421; vildi Þórgautr þá fara aptr, þótti ekki at skapask, iv. 112; Ámundi kvað jarl ú-áhlýðinn ok mun lítið at skapask, little will come out of it, Orkn. 40; hafði mjök skapask um bygðir, Sd. 138; at nú skyli nokkut skapask at með oss, Fms. ix. 509; ef nokkut má at skapask, if any opportunity should arise, Eb. 186. skapan and sköpun, f. a shape, form; fríðr at allri skapan, Fms. ii. 19; líkr móður sinni at skaplyndi ok sköpun, iii. 195; þú, prestr, spurðir mik, hversu þeir menn væri í skapan sem íllr er sjórinn ... sá er gráleitr ok þunnleitr sem þú ert, Bs. i. 797: an order, precept, H.E. i. 386: allit., skapan ok skipan, Stj. 5. II. creation; Adam ok Eva á fyrsta degi sinnar skapanar, Stj. 41: passim in mod. usage, esp. in the Bible, Pass., Vídal.; sköpunar verk, creation. skap-arfl, a, m. a right, lawful heir, Grág. i. 177, D.N. iii. 311, 472. skap-arfr, m. = skaparfi; þá falli undir hennar réttan skaparf, D.N. iv. 469; cp. the phrase, var þá margr óskapa-arfr kirkju-fjánna, the glebes went into wrong hands, Bs. ii. 242. skap-arfuni, a, m. = skaparfi, K.Þ.K. (begin, in Cod. Reg.) skapari, a, m. (skaperi, 623. 22), prop. a 'shaper,' but only used in a Biblical sense, the Maker, Creator, Edda (pref.), MS. 677. 2: freq. in mod. usage, the Bible, Pass., Vídal., Hymns; e.g. Skapari himins og jarðar, Skapari stjarna Herra hreinn, Einn Guð skapari allra sá, etc. skap-bráðr, adj. hot-headed, Nj. 219, Valla L. 203; e-m verðr skapbrátt, to lose one's temper, Grett. 117 A. skap-brestr, m. a fault of temper or mind, Hkr. iii. 274 (of insanity). skap-bætendr, part. pl. lawful payers of weregild, Grág. ii. 178. skap-bætir, m. 'mind-betterer;' þat var mælt at hann væri engi s. Hallgerði, Nj. 16. skap-dauði, adj., prop. dying his destined death; hann er s., Am. 57 (Fas. i. 218). skap-deild, f. good nature, Nj. 139, v.l.; hann var lítill skapdeildar-maðr, he was but little master of his temper, Grett. 90. skap-dróttinn, m. a lawful master, a law term, N.G.L. i. 13, 32, 33, 211-213. skap-erfingi, a, m. = skaparfi, K.Þ.K. 3. skap-farinn, part. disposed, tempered, Nj. 256, Ó.H. 175. skap-fátt, n. adj., in the phrase, e-m verðr s., to lose one's temper, Eb. 198, Ísl. ii. 321, Þorf. Karl. 220, Grett. 116. skap-feldr, adj. to one's mind, agreeable, Fms. vi. 110, ix. 35, xi. 78, Eg. 265, Sturl. i. 14. skap-felligr, adj. id., Nj. 191; s. í andliti, well-shapen in face, handsome, Ísl. ii. 203. skap-ferð, f. = skapferli, Barl. 27: skap-ferði, n., Fms. vi. 54, Ísl. ii. 217, 373, Nj. 49, 61. skap-ferli, n. disposition of mind, temper, character, Nj. 60, 61, Fms. ii. 154. skap-glíkr, adj. alike in character or temper, Glúm. 326: skap-líkr, id., Eg. 175, Nj. 66, Fbr. 16, Ó.H. 15. skap-góðr, adj. good-natured, gentle, cheerful, Nj. 68; e-m er skapgott, to be in good spirits, Fb. i. 540. skap-gæði, n. good nature, Sks. 670 B. skap-gæfr, adj. gentle of mood, Fms. vi. 109. skap-harðr, adj. harsh of mood, severe, Nj. 16. skap-heimskr, adj. foolish, Korm. 32. skap-hægr, adj. meek, gentle, Fs. 34. skap-höfn, f., esp. in pl. sentiments, disposition, temper, Eb. 88, Clem. 32 (skapshöfn). skap-illr, adj. ill-tempered, Nj. 32, Korm. 142, Boll. 352, Skíða R. 62. skap-íllska, u, f. evil-mindedness, Art. 69. skap-lag, n. a 'law-due,' tax; hvárki s. né skyldu, D.N. i. 59. skap-leikr, m. = skaplyndi, Höfuðl. skap-léttr, adj. light-minded, cheerful: neut., e-m er skaplétt, to be in good spirits, Ó.H. 58. skap-liga, adv. duly, fitly, as it ought to be, Am. 75. skap-ligr, adj. [Engl. shapely], shapely, handsome; kona stór vexti en þó skaplig, Grett. 143 new Ed. 2. suitable, due, meet, Fms. vi. 176; hús svá mikit at þér sé skapligt (suitable) at hvíla i, xi. 4; kenningar hans vóru skapligar ok skemtiligar, his teachings were suitable and instructive, Bs. i. 164; sem skapligt var, as was due, Ld. 32: due, meet, deserved, skapligt erendi, Fms. viii. 90, Eb. 84; hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan fund, Fms. i. 309 (x. 356). skap-lundaðr, adj. disposed, tempered, Hkr. i. 47. skap-lyndi, f. mind, temper, disposition, Nj. 112, Eg. 34, 84, 195, Fms. vi. 431, vii. 113, 150, Ísl. ii. 217, Lv. 24, Ó.H. 32; slíkt er ekki við s. Þorsteins, 'tis not at all to Th.'s mind, Ísl. ii. 216; nær mínu s., Fms. i. 42; hafa ekki s. til, he could not bear, was too proud to do it, Ó.H. 47, Eg. 525; þó at þú görir þik svá fyrir skaplyndar (sic) sakir, for humour's sake, Háv. 43 new Ed. skap-löstr, m. a fault in mind, temper or character, Fms. i. 33, Ó.H. 174, 175: depravity of mind, Sturl. i. 146. skap-mikill, adj. proud of mind, Bret. 80, 92, Fms. vi. 193, xi. 78. skap-munuð, f. an affection of the mind, Hom. (St.) skapnaðr, m. a shape, form, freq. in mod. usage. 2. what is due, propriety; mér þykkir jafnt s. at verki komi verka í mót, Bjarn. 46; skapnaðar-eyrendi, a due errand, Fms. viii. 90, 221, Lv. 79; skapnaðar virðing, due honour, Eg. 739. skap-prúðr, adj. well-disposed, generous, Bs. i. 619. -skapr, m. [Germ. -schaft], inflexive, see Gramm. skap-raun, f. 'a mind's trial,' provocation, whatsoever causes grief or indignation; hrelling ok s., Hrafn. 15; til skapraunar við e-n, Rd. 184; göra mönnum s., Fms. ii. 13; hafa s. af e-u, Nj. 68; þola s., Fms. iv. 264; mér er s. að því, I am grieved, indignant at it. COMPDS: skaprauna-laust, adj.; ok er mér eigi s., not without cause for provocation to me, Nj. 152. skapraunar-minna, adj. compar. less offensive, Hrafn. 30. skapraunar-orð, n. provoking language, Nj. 83. skaprauna-samliga, adv. iwa provoking manner, Sturl. iii. 123. skap-rauna, að, with dat. (s. e-m), to vex, tease, provoke, Dropl. 15: impers., honum skapraunaði, he was vexed, Háv. 50. skap-skipan, f. a change of mind, Bs. i. 537. skap-skipti, n. a change of mind, Hrafn. 17, Sturl. iii. 142. skap-stórr, adj. proud of mind, Nj. 16, Ld. 22, 286, Eg. 598, Fms. vii. 175, Ó.H. 15, 53, 98. skap-styggr, adj. irritable, excited, Eb. 258, Grett. 76 new Ed. SKAPT, n., or better skaft, [A.S. sceaft; Engl. shaft; Dan. skaft; from skafa] :-- prop. a 'shaved stick,' a shaft, missile, Hm. 127; skapti réttara, Gsp., Darr. 3, Gm. 9, Rm. 34, Fas. i. 173; this original sense is obsolete in prose (for Fas. i. 173 is a paraphrase from a lost poem), except in the metaph. and allit. phrase, skjóta skapti, Stj. 644, Odd. 22, El. 103; skjóta skapti í móti e-m, to shoot a shaft against, to withstand(cp. reisa rönd við e-m); at engi maðr mundi skapti skjóta í móti honum, Fms. vii. 210, xi. 344, Ld. 214; as also in the law phrase, skipta

SKAPTIÍAR -- SKARS. Í39

jörðu með skapti, to measure land with a spear, Gþl. 286. 2. of a shaft-shapen thing, a comet's tail, Fms. ix. 482: the beam in a weaver's loom, Darr. 2; skaptið upp af hettinum, of a high-raised hood, Karl. 178, 286: the shaft by which a top is spun, in skapt-kringla: the phrase, sýnisk mér sem hann muni ekki þar lengi gengit hafa skapta muninn, Lv. 35. 3. a handle, haft, of an axe, hammer, knife, the shaft or pole of a spear or the like; var skaptið (of an axe), svart af reyk, Eg. 183: of a spear-shaft, K.Þ.K. 96; hafði Ólafr skaptið (the pole) en Hrappr spjótið (the spear's head), Ld. 98; sviðu ... járnvafit skaptið, Sturl. i. 63; this is the common Icel. sense of the word. II. in local names, Skapt-á, Shaft-river, [cp. the Scot. and Engl. name Shafto]; whence Skaptár-fell (sounded Skapta-fell, cp. Shap-fell in Westmoreland); Skaptar-fells-þing (sounded Skapta-fells-þing); whence Skapt-fellingar, m. pl. the men from S., Landn.; Skaptár-jökull, Skaptár-fells-jökull. 2. Skapti, a shaft-maker(?), as a nickname, and since as a pr. name, Landn. skapt-hár, adj. 'shaft-high,' above the horizon, of the sun in the early morning; til þess sól er skapthá, K.Þ.K. 94, defined 96. skap-tíðr, adj. to one's mind, agreeable; þau létu sér skaptítt allt þat er gott var, 625. 83; þess-konar átrúnað sem oss er ó-skaptíðr, Ísl. ii. 391. skapt-ker, n., the older and truer form is skap-ker, Gm. 25 (Bugge, see the foot-note), Ó.H. 30, Edda i. 128 (Cod. Reg.), N.G.L. i. 31; the later and erroneous form is skapt-ker, Edda (Ub. l.c.), Eg. 24, Gísl. 166. Fb. ii. 33 (a v.l. to Ó.H. 30), Fms. vi. 241: [the word is therefore not derived from skapt, but from skepja = Germ. schöpfen] :-- the large vessel in the hall from which the horns (cups) were filled (= Gr. GREEK;) þat var horn Þóris ok hafði hann unnit (emptied it) ok ætlaði þú at bera til skaptkers, Fms. vi. 241, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 14; for the other references see above. skapt-kringla, u, f. a top, Nj. 253, Karl. 255, (mod. skoppara-kringla.) skapt-lauss, adj. without a handle, Fbr. 96, Stj. 544 (of a spear). skaptr, part. minded; lítt við alþýðu skaptr (skap?), Krók. 38. skap-tré, n. (thus in the vellum), a flour-bin(?), into which flour is poured, Gs. 22. skapular, n. [for. word], mid. Lat. scapulare, Mar. skap-vandr, adj. difficult of temper; einlyndr ok s., Nj. 384. skap-vani, adj. lacking in temper, Fær. 245. skap-vargr, m. a worrier. skap-varr, adj. wary of temper, discreet, Lv. 23. skap-þekkr, adj. agreeable, engaging. skap-þiggjandi, part. a lawful receiver of weregiid, Grág. ii. 175; opp. to skapbætandi. skap-þing, n. an ordinary assembly or parliament; á helgaðu skapþingi, Grág. ii. 96; skapþing þrjú, várþing, alþingi, leið, i. 163. skap-þungt, n. adj. depressed in spirit; e-m er s., to be depressed in mind, Nj. 11, Fb. i. 451, Fs. 107. skar, n. the snuff of a candle or lamp; taka skarið af ljósinu, to take the snuff off; blakta á skari, to flicker. SKARA, að, [skör], to jut out; þá skaraði ofan léinn, Korm. 38; skara fram úr, to stand out, Lat. eminere; fram-úr-skarandi, eminent. 2. to poke the fire; en þeirri ösku sköruðu þeir allri út, they raked the ashes out, Eb. 316; skara eld, to poke the fire, Fas. ii. 109; skara að eldinum, id. (skörungr, a poker); hann skaraði til spjót-skaptinu, he poked with the spear-pole, 558; hann skaraði þá upp undir fótborðit, Gísl. 31. II. [Shetl. to skare; Dan. skarre], as a shipwright's term, to clinch the planks of a boat, so that the lower edge of every plank overlaps the upper edge of the plank below it (hence skar-súð, clinch-work). 2. skarað skjöldum, a row of shields (formed like a 'wall of shields'), Al. 47 :-- chiefly used of ships, whose gunwale was lined with shields from stem to stern, var skarat skjöldum milli stafna, Grett. 97, Ld. 68; skipin vóru sköruð skjöldum á bæði borð, Fms. i. 100. skara, u, f. a little shovel for raking the fire. skar-band, n. [skör], a 'head-ribbon,' fillet, Nj. 46, Fas. iii. 307, Mag. 32. skar-bendingr, or better skar-mendingr, m. the name of a cope, Bs. i. 77; but skarmandi, 830. SKARÐ, n. [A.S. sceard; Engl. shard; Germ. scharte; Dan. skaard] :-- a notch, chink in the edge of a thing; skörð vöru fallin í sverðit, Fs. 62; þá beit Egill skarð ór horninu, Eg. 605; skarð í vör, a hare-lip, Fms. x. 88; skarð í vör Skíða, Sd.: of the moon, hvel á tungli er nær sólu, en skarð firr, Rb. 452 (skarðr máni); leysi af með skinni, eðr leysi skarð ór skinni, Gþl. 448. 2. an empty, open place, in a rank or a row; skarð fyrir skildi (see skjöldr), Fas. iii. 42, 43; betra er oss skarð ok missa í flota Ólafs, Hkr. i. 334; nú ef skörð verða á, þá skal ármaðr þau skörð bæta, N.G.L. i. 101; skarð í ætt e-s, Fs. 6; höggva skarð í ætt e-s, Eg. 475 (metaphor from a fence); var nú úhægt at verja þat skarð er þessir höfðu staðit, Fms. x. 361; en ef þeir synja þér manntals, þá máttú telja skörð (loss of right, deficiency) á hendr þeim, N.G.L. i. 98; ef skríða skal í þat skarð sem Ormr reytti af þér, Ölk. 36. 3. [cp. Cumbrian Scarf-gap], a mountain pass, Ölk. 37; vestr yfir skörðin, Fs. 41; austr um skörð, Skíða R.; hamra-skarð, fjall-skarð, q.v.: freq. in local names, Skarð, Skörð; Skarð-verjar, m. pl. the men from Skarð, Sturl. i. 199; Skarða-leið, the way through the Skörð, iii. 15; Skarðs-heiðr, Skarð-strönd, Vatnsdals-skarð, Ljósavatns-skarð, Haukadals-skarð, Kerlingar-skarð, Geita-skarð, Landn., map of Icel. skarða-lauss, adj. whole, undiminisbed, D.N. skarði, a, m. a nickname, hare-lip; í efri vör hans var skarð, því var hann kallaðr Þorgils skarði, Sturl. iii. 122, cp. Korm. II. a freq. Dan. pr. name on the Runic stones. Skarða-borg, Scarborough, Korm. skarðr, part. diminished; hinn skarði máni, the crescent moon, Vkv. 6; með skarða skjöldu, with 'sheared,' hacked shields, Hkm. 9: the phrase, hafa, bera ... skarðan hlut, to have a 'sheared lot,' not to get one's share, to be worsted, Ísl. ii. 315, Am. 100; sitja margir of skörðum hlut fyrir þér, Ó.H. 150; menn munu eigi una svá skörðum hlut við þik, Fær. 160. SKARFR, m. [Shetl, scarf; Scot. scart] :-- properly the green cormorant, pelicanus graculus, L., Edda (Gl.); topp-skarfr, the crested cormorant, p. ater capite cristato, Eggert Itin. 554; díla-skarfr, the common cormorant, p. carbo, L., Eggcrt Itin. 556, passim: also of other sea-fowl, grá-s., the grey gull, larus canus, L., Eggert Itin. 555 :-- as a nickname, Dropl. 21, Landn., Dipl. ii. 5. II. freq. in local names, Skarfa-klettr, Skarfa-hóll. skarfa-kál, n., botan. cochlearia, scurvy-grass, Eggert Itin. 321, a plant which grows on rocky sea-shores, good against scorbutic diseases. skari, a, m. a snuffer, Pm. 31; elda-skari, Magn. Ölafsson. skari, a, m. [Germ. schaar; Dan. skare], a host, troop, esp. a procession; Spes ok hennar skari, Grett. 161 A, Fas. iii. 359, Bs. ii. 122; engla skari, a host of angels, D.N. ii. 166, freq. in mod. usage. skari-fífill, m., see fífill. skark, n. a noise, tumult, Fms. vi. 248, Dropl. 30. skarkali, a, m. = skark; skarkala mikill, the making a great noise, Fas. ii. 330; spelt skarkjali, iii. 399. skark-samligr, adj. tumultuous, Edda ii. 428. skarlat (skarlak, skallat, skarlak = skarlat), n., Fb. ii. 75, 273; skarlakan, n. id., D.N. iv. 363, N.G.L. iii. 205, 208, [for. word; Engl. scarlet; Dan. skarlagen] :-- scarlet, Sks. 287, Sturl. iii. 132; kyrtill af skaljati, Fms. vi. 358; hekla gör af skarlati, ii. 70; skarlats kápa, Ld. 330, Ó.H. 31; skarlats klæði, Nj. 48, Ld. 330, Ó.H. 153; skarlas kyrtill, Nj. 24, Fms. vii. 143; skarlats möttull, -skikkja, x. 271, Nj. 48, 169, Bs. i. 636. skarn, n. [Dan. skarn; cp. Gr. GREEK, GREEK], dung; einn ók skarni á hóla, Nj. 67: grime, dirt, freq. in mod. usage, þvo af sér skarnið. skarn-sækinn, adj. shewing dirt: skörnugr, adj. dirty. skar-nagli, a, m. a clinch-nail; see skara II. skarp-eggr, adj. keen-edged, Fbr. 143. skarp-leiki, a, m. keenness, acuteness, of the mind, freq. in mod. usage. skarp-leitr, adj. sharp-featured, Nj. 33, Orkn. 66, Fms. vii. 321, Sd. 147, Þiðr. 178. skarp-liga, adv. sharply; sækja at s., Finnb. 352; skjóta s., Am. 42: keenly, acutely, svara s., freq. in mod. usage. skarp-ligr, adj. keen, of intellect, freq. in mod. usage. SKARPR, skörp, skarpt, adj.; [A.S. scearp; Engl. sharp; Germ. scharf; akin to skorpinn, related to a lost strong verb] :-- sharp, prop. scorched or pinched from dryness; með skörpum reipum, with hard ropes (of ropes of skin), Stj. 416; því harðara er hann brautsk, því skarpara varð bandit, Edda 20; skarpar álar, Ls. 62; skarpr belgr, a shrivelled skin, Hm. 135; skörp skrydda, Gd. 34; skarpr skinn-stakkr, Fas. ii. 147; skarpr fiskr (mod. harðr), a dried fish, Bs. i. 209, 365, 367, H.E. ii. 120; skörp skreið, id., i. 457. II. metaph. sharp, barren (Engl. farmers speak of a sharp gravel); landit er skarpt ok lítið matland, Fms. vii. 78; eiga skarpan kost, to have small fare; það er skarpt um, dearth, want (cp. Engl. sharp-set). 2. sharp, bitter; skörp deila, Stj. 234; hin skarpa skálmöld, Sturl. (in a verse); skarpt él, Edda (Ht.); skörp skæra, Fms. vi. 64 (in a verse); taka skarpara á, to pull sharper, Gs. 19; s. í sókn, Trist. 3. keen, sharp, of a weapon; skörp sverð, Þiðr. 322; skarpr geirr, Gs. 14; skarpr brandr, Rekst. 6; skarpr hamarr, Haustl. :-- keen, acute, of the intellect, hann er skarpr, flug-skarpr; ó-skarpr, dull, freq. in mod. usage. III. in pr. names, Skarp-héðinn, prop. 'parched goat-skin,' see Nj. skarp-skygn, adj. sharp-eyed. skarp-vara, u, f. 'sharp-ware,' dried fish. D.N. iv. 152, Munk. 154. skarp-vaxinn, part. sharp-grown, gaunt and bony, Sturl. i. 8. skarp-vitr, adj. sharp-witted. skarr, m. [cp. skæra], a skirmish, tumult; skarr í Dýra-firði, Fb. iii. 573; þótti honum ílla er þeir höfðu farit með skari nokkurum (nokkuru Ed.) at Böðvari, Sturl. iii. 231; görr skarr at Krókálfi í Skagafirði, Ann. 1305 :-- the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.) SKARS, sounded skass (? gender), [cp. skyrsi and skersa], a monster, ogress, giantess, Hdl. 39, Hkv. Hjörv. 23, Hkv. 1. 38: hjálm-skars, the

540 SKARSL -- SKAUTHETTA.

'helm-ogre' = an axe, Lex. Poët.: in mod. usage of a romping lass, þú ert mesta skass! skarsl, n. [skara], n. the snuff of a candle (= skar), Konr. 13. skar-súð, f. [skara], clinch-work (see skara II), opp. to felli-súð, in which the edges are fitted together. SKART, n. show, finery; búa sik í (við) skart, Fms. vii. 321, Ld. 194; fara með dramb ok skart, Edda 108; höfuð-búnaðar skart, Sks. 225; skarts-kona, a dressy woman; skarts-maðr, a dandy, Eb. 256, Fms. vii. 219; berjask af skarti, Þiðr. 148; skart eðr skraut, Bs. i. 92: as a nickname, Sturl. iii. 184 C. skarta, að, to dress fine, Bs. ii. 450. skartari, a, m. a vain boaster, Karl. 284; hence are prob. corrupted the mod. gort and gortari, q.v. skart-samliga, adv. finely; búinn s., Fas. i. 80. skart-samligr, adj. showy, dressy, Stj. 142, Fas. iii. 77. skart-samr, adj. dressy, Str. 9, Fms. ii. 169. skar-öx, f. a carpenter's adze, opp. to bolöx. SKATA, u, f. a skate (the fish), Edda (Gl.), passim in mod. usage. COMPDS: skötu-barð, n. a skate's flap. skötu-móðir, f. 'skate's-motber,' a fabulous monster, Ísl. Þjóðs. SKATI, a, m., pl. skatnar, poët.; [cp. Swed. skata = the top of a tree, a spar, and skat-vegr or skötu-vegr, skat-viða] :-- a towering, lordly man, but only used in poetry, Edda (Gl.); skapleik skata, Höfuðl.; skati enn ungi, Hdl. 9; skatna margra, 21; er at skamt milli skata húsa, a saying, great men are not found at every door, Ad. 21; enginn veifiskati, no open-handed men, Ölk. 34; gull-skati, Edda (in a verse); þjóðskati, a great, lordly man, Höfuðl.: plur. men, skatna vinr, the friend of men, Yngl. S. (in a verse); skatna dróttinn, Skv. 1. 5; skatna mengi, Akv. 31, Skv. 3. 54; as a nickname, Fms. xi. 351. skatta, að, to make tributary, lay a tribute on; konungr skattaði landit, Fms. x. 192, Fas. i. 451. skatt-bóndi, a, m. a franklin who has to pay skattr, Bs. i. 834. skatt-fé, n. tribute-money, Fms. vii. 145. skatt-færir, m. a 'tribute-bringer', = skattkonungr, Lex. Poët. skatt-gilda, d, to lay tribute on, make tributary, Fær. 189, Fms. i. 29, Ó.H. 57, Eg. 402. skatt-gildi, n. payment of tribute, Fær. 192, Fms. x. 386. skatt-gildr, adj. tributary; s. e-m or undir e-n, Stj. 160, Eg. 268, Fms. xi. 30, Sks. 489. skatt-gjald, n. = skattgildi, Fms. i. 103, MS. 655 xiii. B. 1. skatt-gjöf, f. the offering of tribute, Hkr. i. 15, 137, Rb. 508. skatt-heimta, u, f. a craving of skattr, tax-gathering, Eg. 574, Mar. skatt-heimtan, f. = skattheimta, Ó.H. 128. skatt-jarl, m. a 'tributary earl,' a vassal, Fær. 38. skatt-kaupandi, part. a nickname, Eb. ch. 29. skatt-konungr, m. a vassal-king, Edda 93, Fms. i. 110, 111, iii. 14, Eg. 268. skatt-land, n. a tributary land, Fms. i. 98. 2. a dependency; þeir buðu honum þriðjung af Noregi, en ekki af skattlöndum ... þriðjung af Noregi ok skattlöndum, Fms. ix. 263; skattlönd þau er fjarri lágu, Eg. 536. skatt-penningr, m. tribute-pence, Hkr. i. 13, 185. SKATTR, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK, GREEK, and GREEK all by skatts; A.S. sceat = a coin; O.H.G. scaz, whence mod. Germ. schatz; scatt is an old Danish tax still paid in Shetl.; Dan. skat] :-- tribute, Fms. i. 157, Hkr. i. 58, Nj. 8; svarinn Hákoni ok Magnúsi Noregs konungum land ok þegnar ok æfinligr skattr á Íslandi, Ann. 1262, cp. 1263, 1264: allit., leigt Ísland með sköttum ok skyldum um þrjá vetr, 1361; allan Noreg með sköttum ok skyldum, Fms. i. 3; Róma-skattr, Peter's pence: the phrase, skatt vel ek honum harðan, pay him hard tribute, Orkn. 20 (ironically, in a verse on piling stones over a slain king): in Icel. the tax paid to the king was levied on the franklins (skattbændr), as described in Jb. 52, 53. 2. in mod. usage any taxes and dues are called skattr. II. a share or portion of food, a breakfast is in Icel. called skattr, prob. corrupted from skamtr, skamta; skyr og rjóma í litla skattinn. skatt-skrifa, að, (skatt-skrift, f. a taxing, Luke ii. 2), to tax, Luke ii. 1. skatt-taka, u, f. = skattheimta, O.H.L. 42. skatt-varr, adj. liable to skattr; s. eyrir, taxable property, N.G.L. i. 44, 82; skattvarar-eyrir, 70. skatt-yrðask, t, dep., or skat-yrðask(?), to bandy high words, to rail, rant, Ísl. ii. 317, 383, Orkn. 312, Fms. vi. 153. skatt-yrði, n. pl. (skat-yrði ?), foul language, ranting, Gísl. 53; cp. skæting. skatt-þing, n. an assembly where taxes are levied, D.N. skatu-vegr, m. a tram-way for carrying heavy loads, D.N. ii. 770. skat-viða, u, f. large spars of wood; en sperrur eða skatviðu yfir þann veg at færa fyrir-bjóðum vér, D.N. i. 595. skat-yrnir, m. the 'top-sky,' ether (see skati), Edda (Gl.) SKAUÐIR, f. pl. [A.S. sceâð; Engl. sheath; Germ. schote; Goth. skauda in skauda-raip = GREEK; Dan. skede] :-- prop. a sheath, but only used of a horse's sheath; fúnuðu af hestinum allar skauðirnar, Bs. i. 319, 145. II. sing. a poltroon, a word of abuse, Edda (Gl.); þú ert skauð at meiri, Fær. 30; ekki man at ykkrum skauðum gagn, Bs. i. 712; muntú vera skaud ein, Ísl. ii. 66: in mod. usage neut., mesta skauð! COMPDS: skauð-hvítr, adj. 'sheath-white,' of a horse's disease, N.G.L. i. 75. skauð-menni, n. a poltroon, Bret. 134. skauð-mígr, adj. of a horse's disease, N.G.L. i. 75. SKAUF, n. [A.S. sceâf; Engl. sheaf; O.H.G. scoub], prop. a sheaf of corn; it exists in Dan. local names, e.g. Skevinge; this sense is, however, obsolete, and the word is used, 2. metaph. a 'sheaf-like' tail, a fox's brush; refinum er nú dregr skaufit með landinu, Fagrsk. 47. skauf-hali, a, m. 'sheaf-tail,' one of the names of Reynard the Fox in the tale, Fms. viii. 314, 319, Edda (Gl.) ii. 489: Skaufhala-bálkr, the name of an old unpublished Icel. poem, a popular Reynard the Fox of the 15th century, beginning thus, -- Hefir í grenjum | gamall skaufali, | lengi búið | hjá lágfælu. skauf-uggar, m. pl. the hinder fins of a fish, opp. to eyr-uggar. SKAUNN, m., poët, a shield, Edda (Gl.); prop. a 'protector,' akin to Germ. schonen; skaunar seil, the shield strap, Þd. 9. The word also occurs in þing-skaun, the 'þing-sanctuary', asylum, within the holy bounds vé-bönd (= þing-helgi ?), Fms. ix. 419. II. Skaun is a freq. local name in Norway, always of fertile meadow-land; [Ulf. skauns = GREEK; Germ. schön, whence mod. Dan. skjön is borrowed. This ancient Teut. root word is otherwise quite extinct in the old Scandin. languages, see Munch's Norg. Beskr. pref. xvi.] skaup, f.(?), a plug; en í blegðunum ætla ek vera skaup, Krók. 56 C. SKAUP, n. mockery, ridicule; skaupi gnegr, Ad. 2; þat varð hlaup at skaupi, Kormak; hafa at skaupi, to mock, scoff at, Clem. 43, Fms. iv. 259; hann görir af mikit skaup, Sks. 247; skaup ok skemmt, Fms. ii. 142; skaup eðr atyrði, Fs. 72; hafa í skaupi ok hlátri, Bs. i. 812; draga þeir glott at ok mikit skaup, 647; verða at skömm ok at skaupi, Stj. 569: mod. skop. SKAUT, n. [Ulf. skauts = GREEK, Matth. ix. 20, Mark vi. 56, Luke viii. 44; A.S. sceât; Engl. sheet; O.H.G. skoza; Germ. schoss; Dan. sköd] :-- the sheet, i.e. the corner of a square cloth or other object; hann sá niðr síga dúk mikinn af himni með fjórum skautum, 656 C. 8 (Acts xi. 5); hann var borinn í fjórum skautum til búðar, Glúm. 395, Fbr. 95 new Ed.; var hann fluttr heim í fjórum skautum, Vígl. 24; feldr fimm álna í skaut, a cloak of five ells square, Korm. 86: of the heaven, þeir görðu þar af himinn ok settu hann yfir jörðina með fjórum skautum, with four 'sheets,' i.e. corners (east, west, north, south), Edda; whence himin-skaut, the airts, four quarters of the heavens; or heims-skaut, the poles, norðr-skaut or norðr-heims-skaut, the north pole; jarðar-skaut, the earth's corner, outskirt of the earth, Edda (in a verse). 2. the sheet, i.e. the rope fastened to the corner of a sail, by which it is let out or hauled close, N.G.L. ii. 283; þeir létu landit á bakborða ok létu skaut horfa á land, Fb. i. 431; skautin ok líkin, Hem. (Gr. H. Mind. ii. 662): the phrase, beggja skauta byrr, a fair wind (right astern), Bs. ii. 48, freq. in mod. usage. 3. the skirt or sleeve of a garment; of a cloak, hann hafði rauða skikkju ok drepit upp skautunum, Fms. vii. 297, cp. Eb. 226; skikkju hlaðbúna í skaut niðr, Nj. 48, 169; hence, bera hlut í skaut, to throw the lot into the skirt of the cloak, Grág. i. 37, Eg. 347 (see hlutr; or is skaut here = a kerchief (skauti) tied together to make a purse?); ef fé liggr í skauti, Karl. 170: hann hafði und skauti sér leyniliga handöxi, Fms. x. 397: whence the phrases, hafa brögð undir skauti, of a cunning person (cp. hafa ráð undir hverju rifi), Bs. i. 730; hafa ráð und skauti, Sturl. i. 35 (in a verse); hann mun verða yðr þungr í skauti, heavy in the flap, hard to deal with, Fb. ii. 130: hence the bosom, Dan. skjöd (cp. Lat. sinus), hvern dag sitr hann ok liggr í hennar skauti, ok leikr sér, Mar.; Abrahams-skaut, Bible. A new-born infant used to be taken into the 'skaut' of his parents, and was thenceforth counted as legitimate; hence the phrases, sá maðr er borinn er skauta á meðal, skal taka slíkan rétt sem faðir hans hafði, N.G.L. i. 212: the same ceremony was also a token of adoption, þann mann skal leiða á rekks skaut ok rýgiar, 209; möttul-skaut, q.v. 4. of a head-dress, a hood, thrown round the head with the ends hanging down; klæði með hettu ok mjófu skauti bak ok fyrir, Mar.; skaut eða húfu, Karl. 60; síðfaldin skaut á höfði ... lyptir hón skautinu brott ór höfðinu, id.; haf þat þér fyrir skaut ok höfuð-dúk, Stj. 127; kasta af höfði þér skautum ok höfuð-dúk, 208; krúsat skaut, D.N. iv. 359, 363; skaut, höfuð-dúkr, 217; kvenna-skaut, Bs. ii. 358; hálsa-skaut, a 'neck-sheet,' the flap of the hood, Vtkv. 12 (in a riddle); Ránar skaut, poët. of the waves, Edda (in a verse). COMPDS: skauta-faldr, m. the hood worn by ladies in Icel. (= skaut), see faldr. skauta-segl, n. a square-sail, and skauta-sigling, f. square rigging, in western Icel. skaut-björn and skaut-hreinn, m. the 'tack-bear,' a ship, Edda. skaut-fagr, adj. 'fair-sheeted,' poët. epithet of a ship, Lex. Poët. skaut-feldr, m. a 'sheet-cloak,' square cloak, Glúm. 336. skaut-gjarn, adj. an epithet of the giant Thiassi, Hdl. 29 (prob. a false reading). skaut-hetta, u, f. a hood with a flap, Bárð. 179.

SKAUTI -- SKÁLI. 541

skauti, a, m. a kercbief used as a purse by knitting all four corners together so as to make a bag (see knýti-skauti), Háv. 43, Bs. i. 337, 340. 2. the square piece of wood fastened on an oar where it moves in the rowlock so as to keep the oar from rubbing is in western Icel. called skauti; það er einn skautinn af árinni. skaut-kistill, m. a chest to keep kerchiefs in, D.N. v. 69. skaut-konungr, m. 'sheet-king,' the nickname of the Swedish king Olave who was an orphan child and was carried about by the Swedes, as the tale is told in Fas. i. 511, cp. Ó.H. ch. 15; but may not the name be derived from his having been an adopted son of the old king? See the references s.v. skaut (3). skaut-reip, n. the 'sheet-rope,' of a sail; við s. hvárt-tveggja, N.G.L. i. 199, Edda (Gl.) skaut-toga, að, to tug at the skirt of one's cloak, to handle roughly, Fms. vi. 203, Edda (Gl.) skaut-vanr, adj. 'sheet-fitted,' an epithet of a ship, Lex. Poët. ská, adv. [cp. Dan. skraa; Germ. schräge], askew, askance; and á ská, id.; hence ská-hallr, adj. sloping. skáðr, part. askew, Lat. obliquus; á skáðum veg til suðrs, Sks. 50 new Ed., for 427; see skjáðr. skái, a, m. relief, of pain; ok þótti henni nekkverr skái verða á hverju dægri á sínum mætti, Bs. i. 352; varð engi skái á hans meini, 336; var fyrst með ská (= skáa acc.), it was at first with some relief, Þiðr. 248; cp. skána, skárri. skák, f. [of Persian origin], chess, Vm. 177; tefla skák, Gsp. COMPDS: skák-borð, n. a chess-board. skák-maðr, m. a chess-man, Skíða R. 164: a chess-player. 2. [O.H.G. scâb-man; Germ. schächer], a robber, highwayman, Þiðr. 100 (v.l.), 125 (v.l. 14), 353. skák-tafl, n. a game of chess, Ó.H. 167, Fas. i. 523, Fms. xi. 366 (year 1155), Bs. i. 635 (year 1238), ii. 186, D.N. (in deeds of the 14th century). There is no authentic record of chess in Scandin. before the 12th century, for Fas. l.c. is mythical, and as to Ó.H. 167 see remarks s.v. hnefi. In Icel. there is still played a peculiar kind of chess, called vald-skák, where no piece, if guarded, can be taken or exchanged. II. metaph. a seat, bench; in the popular phrase, tyltu þér á skákina, take a seat! skáka, að, to check. Fms. iv. 366, v.l. (skekði, Ó.H. l.c.), freq. in mod. usage :-- the metaph. phrase, skáka í því skjóli, to check one in that shelter, i.e. to take advantage of (unduly). SKÁL, f., pl. skálir and skálar, Vkv. 24, 35 (Bugge), and so in mod. usage; [Germ. schale; Dan. -Swed. skål] :-- a bowl; skál fulla vatns, Stj. 392; skál full mjaðar, Fms. vi. 52; þær skálir er Þórr var vanr at drekka, Edda 57. 2. a hollow, whence as a local name, Landn. II. [Engl. scale], scales, 643 B; eyri fyrir bein hvert er ór leysir, ef skellr í skálum, N.G.L. i. 67; taka skálir ok vega gullit, Fms. vii. 145; skálir góðar, xi. 128; leggja í skálir, Fb. ii. 79; vega í skálum með metum, Gþl. 523; skálir ok met, Fms. vi. 183; þá verðu vit at leita at skálum ok vega hringinn, 249. 2. metaph. phrase, stóð sú ógn af honum, at engi lagði í aðra skál enn hann vildi, Ó.H. 111; engir menn gátu nær í aðra skál lagt enn þeir vildu, þar sem þeir stóðu einn veg at málum, Bs. i. 716; þorðu þeir ekki orð í aðra skál at leggja enn konungr vildi, Fb. i. 549: gull-skálir, Bret. 59; meta-skalir, q.v. COMPDS: skála-glam, a nickname, see Jómsv. S. ch. 42; whence Skál-eyjar, Landn. skála-mark, -merki, n. the sign Libra, Rb. skála-pund, n. a weight, Dan. skaal-pund, Rétt. skála-veginn, part. weighed in scales, D.N. SKÁLD, n., pl. skáld; the word is in poetry rhymed as skald (with a short vowel), skald and kalda, aldri and skaldi, Kormak, and so on; but the plural is always spelt skáld, not sköld; the mod. Dan. skjald is borrowed from the Icel.: [the etymology and origin of this word is contested; Prof. Bergmann, in Message de Skirnir, Strasburg, 1871, p. 54, derives it from the Slavonic skladi = composition, skladacz = compositeur; but the earliest usages point to a Teutonic and a different root. In the ancient law skáldskapr meant a libel in verse, and was synonymous with flimt, danz, níð, q.v.; the compds skáld-fífl, leir-skáld (q.v.) also point to the bad sense as the original one, which is still noticeable in popular Icel. usages and phrases such as skálda (the verb), skáldi, skældinn (libellous), see also skáldmær below. On the other hand, skálda, Germ. schalte, means a pole (sec skálda, skáld-stöng below); libels and imprecations were in the ancient heathen age scratched on poles, see the remarks s.v. níð, níðstöng. The word is therefore, we believe, to be traced back to the old libel-pole, 'scald-pole;' if so, Engl. scold = to abuse, Germ. schelten, may be kindred words; the old Lat. phrase (of Mart. Capella) barbara fraxineis sculpatur runa tabellis may even refer to this scratching of imprecations on pieces of wood.] B. A poet, in countless instances; þeir vóru skáld Haralds komings ok kappar, Fas. i. 379; forn-skáld, þjóð-skáld, níð-skáld, hirð-skáld, leir-skáld, krapta-skáld, ákvæða-skáld, as also sálma-skáld, rímna-skáld; in nicknames, Skáld-Helgi, Skáld-Hrafn, Skáld-Refr, Landn., names given to those who composed libellous love-songs(?); Svarta-skáld, Hvíta-skúld. Some of the classical passages in the Sagas referring to poets, esp. to the hirð-skáld, are Har. S. hárf. ch. 39, Hák. S. Góða ch. 32, Eg. ch. 8, Gunnl. S. ch. 9, Ó.H. ch. 52-54, 128, 203, 205, O.H.L. ch. 57, 58, 60-62, Har. S. harðr. (Fms. vi.) ch. 24, 101, 108, 110. The Egils S., Korm. S., Hallfred. S., Gunnl. S. are lives of poets; there are also the chapters and episodes referring to the life of the poet Sighvat, esp. in the Fb., cp. also Sturl. 1. ch. 13, 9. ch. 16; for imprecations or libels in verse see níð. COMPDS: skálda-gemlur, f. pl., see Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 557. skálda-spillir, m. 'skald-spoiler,' the nickname of the poet Eyvind; the name was, we believe, a bye-word, a 'poetaster,' 'plagiarist;' we believe that this nickname was given to this poet because two of his chief poems were modelled after other works of contemporary poets, the Háleygja-tal after the Ynglinga-tal, and the Hákonar-mál after the Eiriks-mál; (as to the latter poem this is even expressly stated in Fagrsk. 22); the word would thus be the same as íll-skælda, a word applied to a poet for having borrowed the refrain of his poem, Fms. iii. 65. Skálda-tal, n. a List of Poets, a short treatise affixed to. the Cod. Ups. of the Edda and the Cod. Acad. primus of the Heimskringla. skálda, u, f. [O.H.G. scalta; mid. H.G. schalte], a pole or staff, whence a flute, pipe; skálda með tönn, a flute made of walrus tusk, D.N. iv. 359. 2. [mid. H.G. schalte], a kind of boat, Edda (Gl.) II. Skálda, a contr. form of Skáldskapar-mál (List of Authors C.I), but usually applied to the old collection of Philological Treatises affixed to the Edda, (List of Authors H.I.) skálda, að, to make verses, but in rather a bad sense. skálda, að, [cp. Engl. scall or scald], to rot, fall off, of hair; skáldaðr. skáld-eik, f. [Germ. schalt-eiche], the holm-oak, ilex, Þd. (the MS. has skal-eik). skáld-fé, n. a 'skald-fee' reward for a poem, Ad. skáld-fífl, n. a poetaster (perh. originally a libeller), Edda 49. skáldi, a, m. a poetaster, a nickname given in Icel. to vagrant, extemporising verse-makers; thus in this century Páll skáldi (a vagrant priest and verse-maker); and in the 16th century Bjarni skáldi; the word is never applied to really good poets. 2. as a nickname, Baut. (on Runic stones). skáld-kona, u, f. a 'skald-quean,' a poetess, a nickname of a woman, for which the reason given is this; hann átti Þórhildi skáldkonu, 'hón var orðgífr mikit ok fór með flimtan,' she was a 'word-witch,' and made libels, Nj. 49. skáld-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), poetical, Fms. ii. 50. skáld-maðr, m. a poet; skáldmenn miklir, Ísl. ii. 191. skáld-mær, adj. a 'skald-maid,' poetess, a nickname of the poetess Jórunn, Fms. i. 13; the name of her poem Sendi-bít looks as if it had been of a 'biting' libellous kind. skáld-pípa, u, f. a 'skald-pipe,' a flute(?), Clar. 135. skáld-skapr, m. 'scaldship,' poetry: I. a libel in verse; eigi skal lýsa legorðs-sök um skáldskap, Grág. i. 351; ef maðr kveðr skáld-skap til háðungar manni, ... ok varðar þat skóggang, skal sækja sem annan skáldskap, ii. 151, see the whole chapter in Kb. ch. 238, inscribed, um Skáldskap, of Libels; the word is therefore used synonymously with danz and flimt, níð, q.v. II. poetry in a good sense, Edda passim; Sighvatr var ekki hrað-mæltr maðr í sundr-lausum orðum, en s. var honum svá tiltækr, at hann kvað af tungu fram svá sem hann mælti annat mál, Ó.H. 171; ok kom þar brátt talinu at þeir ræddu um skáldskap, þótti hvárum-tveggja þær ræður skemtiligar, Eg. 686; skáld-skapar grein, -háttr, poetical metre, Skálda 183, 210; skáldskapar laun = skáldfé, Eg. 152. Skáld-skapar-mál, n. pl. poetical diction, Edda 49, Skálda 195; hence the name of the second part of the Edda, the ancient Ars Poetica, containing the rules and laws of ancient poetry. &FINGER; Skáldskapr in old writers refers to the 'form' (metre, flow, diction), not to the contents; even in such phrases as, ekki var mikill skáldskapr í því kvæði, there was not much 'scaldship' in that poem, it was a bad composition, Fms. vii. 38. skáld-stöng, f. a 'libel-pole,' a pole with imprecations or charms scratched on it; ef maðr reisir stöng ok kallar s., þá hefir hann fyrir-gört hverjum penningi fjár síns, N.G.L. i. 430. skálgi, a, m. a fish of the carp kind(?), Edda (Gl.) skál-hús, n. = skáli, 655 xxx. 9. SKÁLI, a, m. [cp. Scot. shieling; Ivar Aasen skaale = shieling] :-- prop. a hut, shed, put up for temporary use; this is the earliest Norse sense, and it is still so used in Norway; þar sér enn skála-tópt þeirra ok svá hrófit, Landn. 30; skála vist at Rauðabjörgum, of a fisherman's hut, Vm. 147; skála búi, a hut dweller = a robber, Fs.; hence, leik-skálar, play-shielings, put up when people assembled for sports; gufu-skálar, 'steam-shieling' a local name, of bathing-sheds(?), Landn.; fiski-skálar, fishing shielings; it also remains in local names as Skála-holt. II. a hall (höll is only used of the king's hall), see Orkn. ch. 18, 70, 115, Gísl. 29, Dropl. 18, 28, Fms. i. 288-292, Korm. 58, Bs. i. 41, Fbr. ch. 13 new Ed, Nj. ch. 78, Gunnl. S. ch. 11; in Landn. 1. ch. 2, 2. ch. 13, the skáli is a detached building; drykkju-s., a drinking hall; svefn-s., a sleeping hall. In Grág. i. 459 distinction is made between eldhús and skáli; in the Sturl. skáli is distinguished from stofa; and it seems that the men were seated in the former, the women in

542 SKÁLKHEIÐR -- SKEIÐ.

the latter. At still later times, and so at present, the skáli is an apartment near the entrance, a kind of for-skáli, q.v.; til þess er sér mann ór skála-dyrum ór fjöru í Nesdal, Vm. 87. III. compds, skála-búnaðr, the hangings of a skáli, Glúm. 325; skála-dyrr, -endi, -gluggr, -gólf, -hurð, the doors, end, window, floor, hurdle of a skali, Fms. i. 292, iii. 81, Vm. 87, Nj. 201, Landn. 154 (cp. Nj. 114), Krók. 39 C; skála-görð, -smíð, the building a skáli, Vm. 87, Fms. i. 290, Ld. 138, Rd. 245; skála-tópt, -veggr, -viðr, the quadrangle, wall, timber of a skáli, Landn. 30, 136, Ld. 252, Hrafn. 20, Nj. 282. skálk-heiðr, m. mockery, Stj. 63, 122, 127, 241, 263. SKÁLKR, m. [Ulf. skalks = GREEK, skalkinon = GREEK, skalkinassus = GREEK; A.S. scealc; Germ. schalk; the word remains in siniscalc, seneschal; mariscalc, mar-shall = a horse-groom] :-- prop. a 'slave,' 'servant;' skálka þeirra er skjöld bera, Fas. i. (in a verse); but that sense is else lost. 2. a rogue, yet with some notion of a 'mocker,' cp. skelkja and skálkheið, Dan. skalk-agtig; leiðr s., Clar.; ljúga sem skálkr, Rétt. 61, and so in mod. usage, Pass. 8. 19; skálka mark, a brand, 7. 13; skálka-pör, roguery. It is freq. in Germ. pr. names, as, Godi-scalk, whence mod. Icel. Gott-skalk, which appears in Icel. in the 15th century. skálm, f. a short sword, Hom. 14, Gkv. 2. 19, Fas. ii. 229, Ld. 214, Hkr. iii. 150, Fb. i. 259, ii. 138, Fas. i. 56 sqq., Fms. vi. 402, Grett. 140, Band, (in a verse); ryð-skálm. II. one part of a cloven thing; hann tók upp birki-rapt mikinn, ok reiddi um öxl svá at hann hélt um skálmirnar, ... raptrinn gékk í sundr í skálmunum, Eb. 324; skálma-tré, a cleft tree, Pr. 421; buxna-skálm, one leg of a pair of breeches. III. [cp. skálpr; old Swed. skafl], a bean-pod; bauna-skálmir, Barl. 46. IV. a pr. name of a mare, Landn. V. the word occurs in the local names, Skálmar-dalr, -fjörðr, -nes, Landn.; but may not such names be derived from the cloven shape of the firths or the fells ? skálma, að, to stride with long paces, Hallfred (Fs. 106, where reflex.): freq. in mod. usage, hann gékk burt og skálmaði stórum, Od. xi. 539. skálm-öld, f. the 'sword-age,' Vsp. 46; at margir góðir menn mundu verða drepnir í s. þeirri, Clem. 28. skálp, f., qs. skvalp, mod. skolp, prop. scullery-water, wash. II. metaph. 'wishy-washy stuff,' thick talk; mál heitir skálp, Edda 110; mál-skálp. skálp-grani, a, m. [Dan. grön-skolding], a greenhorn, Fms. ii. (in a verse). skálp-hæna, u, f. the name of a bird(?), a hen: a nickname, Landn. SKÁLPR, m. a leather sheath; varð laust sverðit, Sigurðr héit um skálpinn, Sturl. iii. 163; þeir átu skálpana af sverðum sínum, Fms. viii. 436; drag sverðit ór skálpinum, Karl. 72; skálp-hús, in a pun, Krók. II. a kind of boat or ship, Edda (Gl.); hence perhaps, Skálp-eið, the name of an isthmus in the Orkneys, Orkn. SKÁN, f. a thin membrane, film; hann laust hann með líkþrá, svá at ein skán var alt af hvirfli ofan ok niðr á tær, Hom. (St.); myki-skán, a cake of cow-dung, Þorf. Karl. 430. 2. esp. the skin on cooked milk, porridge, or the like; mjólkr-skán, grautar-skán, a common word in Icel.; cp. skæni, skeini. skána, að, [skái], to get better, of illness and the weather; mér er farið að skána, and veðrið er farið að skána. Skáni and Skáney, f.; the gen. Skáneyjar occurs as early as in a poet of the 10th century, the syllable -ey answering to the Latinised -avia :-- Scania, a local name, the Scandia or Scandinavia of Pliny and succeeding geographers, mod. Dan. Skaane; from the Saga time downwards the name of a county formerly belonging to Denmark, but since 1658 to Sweden; it is said to mean border-land, and may be akin to skán. Skáni forms the southernmost point of the great northern peninsula, and was accordingly the first district in the peninsula known to the Romans, whence in Latin writers it became the general name for the whole of the north; but not so in Icel. vernacular writers, who use it only in its proper sense of the county Skáni, Fms., Fb. passim. Skánungar, m. pl. the men of Skáni, Fms. skápr, m. a case or drawer with shelves; klæða s., a clothes-drawer; boka-s., a book-case; matar-s., a pantry. SKÁR, adj. [ská, skátt; cp. Ulf. us-skaws, 1 Thess. v. 8, and us-skawjan = GREEK; whence A.S. sceawjan; Germ. schauen :-- open; only used in the compds opin-skár, made public; her-skár, open to inroads, of a country, see herr (p. 259). skári or skárri, a compar., superl. skástr, with no corresponding positive, [skái] :-- better, best; þat mun þér ráð skást, it will be most advisable for thee, Fas. i. 421. skári, a, m. [skera], a swathe, the sweep of a scythe in mowing; as also skára, að, to make a swathe. skári, a, m. a young sea-mew, Edda (Gl.) ii. 489; má-skári: hence a nickname, whence Skára-staðir, a local name, Þórð. ské, ð, [from Germ. ge-scheben; Dan. skee], to happen; it appears first in the 15th century, í Licia skeði litlu síðarr, Nikdr. 51; þar af hefir opt mikil óhæfa skét, H.E. ii. 168 (seems to be due to a transcript, as are also passages such as Ísl. ii. 66, v.l. 4); after the Reformation the word became freq. in the N.T., Pass., Vídal., cp. also Safn i. 31, 32; in má-ské, kann-ské, may be! SKEÐJA, pres. skeðr; pret. skaddi; the subj. skeddi does not occur; part. skaddr, skatt; [see skaða] :-- to scathe, hurt, with acc.; skeðja líkami þeirra, H.E. ii. 68; ok vilda ek aldri skeðja, Fas. i. 209; ef maðr skeðr þar jörð, Grág. ii. 229; s. þá jörðu, 216; eigi á þá jörðu at s. (to violate) til þess at grafa lík, K.Þ.K. 22; þær þora ekki mýss skeðja, Pr. 474. 2. to do scathe to, damage, with dat.; iðrumk ek er ek skadda klæðum hans, that I spoiled his clothes, Sks. 720; þá á landeigandi þá sök, ef jörðu er skatt, Grág. ii. 337; svá at þú skeðir (subj.) jörðunni, Sks. 89 B; er hvergi s. hári sínu, Al. 68; s. váru ríki, 120; ekki má vápn s. henni, Karl. 461; engu hári var skatt, Fms. xi. 309; s. lífi þínu, Sks. 721; s. líkömum þeirra, H.E. i. 464; en þá er skorit er skeðr beini eðr brjóski, Grág. ii. 11; axi var skatt, one ear of corn was damaged, Fas. iii. 13. skefill, m. [skafa], a scratcher; eyrna-skefill, an ear-picker. II. = skemill, fót-skemill by changing m into f, Bs. i. 155. III. a pr. name, Rd. 289; of a mythol. king, Edda. skefjar, f. pl. a sheath(?); only used in the phrase, hafa sig í skefjum, to restrain oneself. skefju-maðr, m. a wary person, one who restrains himself, Grett. (Ub.) 95. SKEFLA, ð, [skafl], to be drifted together, massed, of snow; það skeflir yfir það, it was covered with snow: of the waves, haflauðr (acc.) skeflir, Edda (Ht.) SKEGG, n. [Engl. shaggy is akin, but in the sense of the beard the word is peculiar to the Scandin. languages, which use barð (q.v.) in a different sense; Dan. skæg; Swed. skägg] :-- a beard, prop. originally = shagginess, Þkv. 1, Rm. 15; honum óx eigi skegg, Nj. 30, Fms. ii. 59; stutt skegg ok snöggvan kaup, ... jaðar-skegg, Sks. 288; kanpa ok skegg, K.Þ.K.; hón sér undir skegg Hagbarði, Korm. 12: phrases, Úlfarr vatt við skegginu, Eb. 164; skríða undir skegg e-m, to hide behind another's beard, Fs. 31; konu skegg, a woman's beard, Germ. Kaisers-bart, cp. Edda 19; höggva skeggi niðr, to bite the dust, Fms. xi. (in a verse); meðan upp heldr skeggi, as long as we can stand upright, Orkn. (in a verse); höggvask til skeggjum, to put beards together, Grett. (in a verse). II. = barð (q.v.), the cutwater, beak, of a ship; var skegg á ofanverðu barðinu, Fms. ii. 310; flaugar-skegg. III. in pr. names, Skeggi, Járn-skeggi, Skegg-broddi, Landn., Ó.H.; Skegg-bragi, Skegg-ávaldi or Ávaldi skegg, Fs. B. COMPDS: skegg-barn, n. a 'beard-bairn,' bearded baby, a name given to a man by a giant, Fas. ii. 517. skegg-broddr, m. bristles of the beard; þeyta skeggbroddana, Fb. i. 296 (the skeggröddina and skeggraustina, Fms. i. 303, is prob. only a false reading for skeggbroddana). skegg-brúsi, a, m. an earthen jug. skegg-hvítr, adj. white-bearded, Karl. 416. skegg-karl, m. = skeggbrúsi; skyldir erum við skeggkarl tveir, Hallgr. skegg-lauss, adj. beardless, Nj. 52, Landn. 283. skegg-maðr, m. a bearded man, Fas. i. 150. skegg-síðr, adj. long-bearded, Þiðr. 18. skegg-staðr, m., mod. skegg-stæði, n. the bearded part of the face, Fb. i. 530, Fas. ii. 256. skeggi, a, m., pl. skeggjar, in the compds, eyjar-skeggjar, 'island-shaggies,' i.e. islanders, freq. in the Sagas, prob. originally a sort of soubriquet, owing to the notion that islanders were more rough and wild in their habits than other men; the word is particularly used of the Faroe islanders, Fær., Ó.H.: cp. Götu-skeggjar, the name of a family from Gata in Faroe; Mostrar-skeggr, the nickname of Thorolf of Moster, an island in Norway, Eb., Landn.; cp. hraun-skeggi, the man of the wilderness, Fs. skeggja, u, f. a kind of halberd, also called barða (q.v.), Edda (Gl.) skeggjaðr, part. bearded, Greg. 74, Fb. i. 134; ú-skeggjaðr, beardless, Sighvat. skegglingr, m. a kind of bird, Engl. shag or green cormorant(?), Edda (Gl.); mod. skeggla. skegg-öx, f. = skeggja or barða, Sks. 388, Eg. 189. SKEIÐ, f., pl. skeiðr, Fb. i. 532. l. 1, ii. 42. l. 4, Fms. iv. 135, vi. 78, x. 54 (in a verse); the form skeiðar (see Lex. Poët.) seems to be erroneous: [akin to skíð and skeið, n.] :-- a kind of swift-sailing ship of war of the class langskip, but distinguished from dreki, freq. in the Sagas; Erlingr átti skeið mikla, hón var tvau rúm ok þrjátigi, Fms. iii. 41, Ó.H. passim, cp. Fms. i. 46, vi. 308; tuttugu langskip, tvær skeiðr ok tvá knörru, v. 169, cp. snekkja. II. the slay or weaver's rod, with which in former times the weft was beaten; sverð var fyrir skeið (cp. skulum slá sverðum sigrvef þenna), Nj. 275; vind-skeið, q.v. 2. a spoon, Dan. skee, freq. in mod. usage; a spoon made of silver is skeið of horn spónn, of wood sleif; the word is mod., but occurs in D.N. i. 895, ii. 627 (of the begin, of the 15th century). COMPDS: skeiðar-kinn, skeiðar-nef, a nickname, from the beaks of swift ships, Landn. skeiðar-kylfi, n. a club or beak on the skeið, Ó.H. 40 (Fb. ii. 44, where kylfa, f., as also in Sighvat's verse). SKEIÐ, n. a race; renna skeið við e-n, to run a race with one, Edda 31; ríða á skeið, to ride at full speed, Ísl. ii. 252; hleypa (hesti) á skeið, id.; renna at í einu skeiði, in one run, one bound, Glúm. 386; taka e-n á skeiði, to overtake, Karl. 431; þeir tóku þá skeið (gallopped) ofan eptir

SKEIÐA -- SKELPA. 543

ánni, Sturl. iii. 23; skapa skeið (or skopa skeið, Fas. ii. 283, Gísl. 69, FS. 51), to take a run, Fas. ii. 553, Al. 169, Edda 31; renna skeið at kastala vegginum, Sturl. ii. 144, Fær. 110; göra skeið at vegginum, Eb. 310; hann görði skeið at dyrunum, Sturl. i. 143; hlaupa á skeið, to take a run, Njarð. 370; taka skeið, Orkn. 416; reyna skeið, Fms. vii. 170. II. a course, of space; var þar gott skeið at renna eptir sléttum velli, ... til skeiðs enda ... á mitt skeiðit, Edda 31; er þeir kómu á skeið þat er síðan er kallað Dúfuness-skeið, ... á miðju skeiði, Landn. 194; skamt skeið, a short way, Fms. viii. 34; fór hann nökkuð skeið með Rafni, Bs. i. 766: langt skeið, Edda 54: = Lat. stadium, Stj., Rb., Eluc. 2. of a space of time; þat var eitt skeið, it was one space of time that ..., Fas. ii. 408; Njáll þagnaði nokkut skeið, a while, Nj. 65; um skeið, for a while, Fms. vii. 339; hann hafði niðri aðra hendina á jörðu, ok bregðr henni annat skeið (every now and then) at nösum sér, Fær. 170; hann lagði sverðit um kné sér ok dró annat skeið til hálfs, Eg. 304: of the time of day, um sólar upprásar-skeið, dagmála-skeið, lýsingar-skeið, miðmunda-skeið, nón-skeið, náttmála-skeið, sólarfalls-skeið, dagsetrs-skeið, miðnættis-skeið, passim; see dagmál, nón, miðmundi, etc.: of the seasons, miðsumars-skeið, vetrnátta-skeið, Leiðar-skeið, see miðsumar, etc.: of life, vera á æsku skeiði, in the prime of life; á léttasta skeiði aldrs, id., Eg. 536. III. in local names, Skeið, Skeiðar-á, Landn. Skeiða-menn, m. pl. the men of S., Sturl. skeiða, að, [skeiðir], to sheath a sword, knife, Fas. i. 460. II. [skeið, n.], to gallop, passim. skeið-brímir, m. the name of a mythical steed, Edda. skeið-gata, u, f. a broad causeway (to ride on), Ísl. ii. 339. skeið-hestr, m. a race-horse, also of a horse that ambles (skeið II). skeiðir, f. pl. [Engl. sheath; Dan. skæde; Germ. scheide] :-- a sheath; ná knífi ór skeiðum, Bs. i. 385; taka kníf ór skeiðum, 229, Háv. 49 new Ed.; mér sýnisk sem réttindin skríði nú í skeiðir, Róm. 116. skeið-kollr, m. a nickname, Sturl. skeið-reitt, n. part. a broad way for riding; þá var allt s., Sturl. iii. 23. skeifa, u, f. [skeifr], a horse-shoe, Þiðr. 105; hálf-s., a broken horse-shoe; skafla-s., a sharp-shoe: metaph., það er skeifu-mynd á e-u, it is in the shape of a s., it is crooked, askew, goes wrong, Sturl. ii. 93 (in a verse); mod., það er skeifu-lag á því: as a nickname, Sturl. ii. 120: skeifa is rare in old writers, but is the common word in mod. Icel. use; the ancients said skór, a shoe. skeif-höggr, adj. cutting askew, using a hammer or axe awkwardly. skeif-ligr, adj. askew, awry, wrong, D.N. iii. 153: skeif-liga, adv., Karl. 478. SKEIFR, adj. [Engl. skew; Germ. schief; Dan. skjæv] :-- askew, oblique; ör Jonate fló aldri vint né skeift, Stj. 495; koma skeift við, to go crookedly, Bret. 174: of the feet, skeifum fæti, Fms. vi. (in a verse); inn-skeifr = Lat. varus; út-s. = Lat. valgus: skeifr, a nickname, Orkn.; Fjöru-skeifr, a nickname, Fms. SKEIKA, að, [Dan. skeje; Swed. skeka], to go askew, swerve, deviate; hann stýrði svá at landi at aldri skeikaði, Bs. i. 326; þar skeikaði mjök stjórnin, 726: the phrase, láta skeika at sköpuðu (see skapa), Fms. ii. 112, Eg. 90, Ó.H. 146, Gg. 4: with prep., skeika af, to swerve from; af trúnni svá aldri skeiki, a hymn. SKEINA, d, [provinc. Swed. skeina = to cut with a scythe], to scratch, wound slightly; hefir þú skeint þik? Ó.H. 72; ef maðr höggr til manns ok skeinir klæði hans, N.G.L. i. 164; nú hyggr hann at, hvar hann væri skeindr, Rd. 240. 2. reflex. to get a scratch, a slight wound, Grág. ii. 65, Korm. 62, Fms. ii. 82, Sturl. i. 148, Ísl. ii. 258, Fas. ii. 407; skeindusk iðrin, Bs. i. 330. skeina, u, f. a scratch, slight wound; kalla ek þetta skeinu en ekki sár, Nj. 205, Háv. 50, Fms. ix. 497, Róm. 239; var skeinan saman hlaupin, Grett. 152. COMPDS: skeinu-hættr, adj.; vera s., to be one who gives good scratches, dangerous, Fb. i. 352, 566, 571, Vígl. 29. skeinu-samr, adj. id., Eg. 293, Finnb. 352. skeini-samt, n. adj.: verðr honum þá skeinisamt, he was then much exposed to being wounded, Eb. 190; varð þeim þat s., 214. skeina, d, [skeini, skán, skæni], to wipe, tergere foramen. skeini, n. [skæni, skán], folium tergendi. skeitan, f. vanity(?), Hom. (St.) skekill (better skekkill with kk), m. dimin., [skiki: akin to Engl. shank] :-- the shanks or legs of an animal's skin when stretched out, hence út-skekill, an outskirt, of a land or field, tún-skekill, land-skekill, q.v. II. as a nickname, Sturl.: the mythol. name of a sea-king, Edda. skekkja, t, [skakkr], to set askew, displace. skekkja, u, f. obliquity. SKEL, gen. skeljar, pl. skeljar, [Ulf. skalja = GREEK, Luke v. 19; A.S. sceala; Engl. shell; cp. Germ. schale] :-- a shell, of flat or spoon-formed shells, as opp. to kúfungr (of whorled shells); báru-skel, gymbr-skel, kú-skel, öðu-skel (aða), kráku-skel; skurn eðr skel, Stj. 88, Mag.; Skelja-karl, id., Skíða R.: kné-skel, the knee-pan. COMPOS: skelja-brot, n. = skelja-moli. skelja-hrúga, u, f. a mound of shells, Mag. skelja-moli, a, m. a sherd, broken shell, Sturl. i. 119. skel-eggliga, adv. briskly, in a sweep, Fms. xi. 128. skel-eggr, adj., cp. mod. skel-þunnr; the form skeligr (skjalligr) in some Editions and paper transcripts is merely a false reading, for the vellums, even such later ones as the Fb., spell '-eggr;' the derivation in Lex. Poët. s.v. is therefore erroneous :-- shell-edged, thin-edged, keen, hence metaph. dauntless; ef þú hefir viljann skeleggjan, Al. 4; skeleggjum hugum (Cod. scelegiom), 677. 5; oss er úsigrinn víss, nema vér sém skeleggir sjálfir ráða-menninir, Ó.H. 214; snarpir ok skeleggir, id., as also Fb. ii. 350, l.c.; vóru formenn skeleggir (skeligir Ed.) um allt, Sturl. iii. 217; þeir vóru allir skeleg(g)ir í því at skilja eigi við hann, i. 41; þeir svara fá um, ok vóru í engu skeleggir (skéligir Ed., skjalligir C.), iii. 315; ef menn eru skeleggir til móts, Fb. i. 140; jafn-skeleggr til orrostu, Al. 183; skulu vér nú ok skeleggir á vera héðan í frá, Fb. ii. 552. SKELFA, ð, a causal to skjálfa, q.v. :-- to make to shake, give one a shaking; skeifa lind, Rm. 34; s. aska, 39; hann rétti gullrekit spjót at Armóði ok skelfði við, Orkn. 328; Bengeirr skelfði sverðit, Fms. viii. 317; skelfðan græði, the troubled waters, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hann fær eigi steinvegginn sundr skelfdan, Sks. 410; þat er skelfi þína hamingju, Fms. x. 223. II. to make tremble, frighten; eigi skal einn þeirra skeifa mik, Fas. i. 73; lát þik þat ekki s., Al. 5; okkr skelfa eigi brögð þeirra, 655 xiii. B. 1; s. e-n af e-u, to deter, Al. 15: skelfdr, frightened, Bs. i. 786; ó-skelfdr, dauntless. skelfi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), terrible. skelfing, f. 'shaking,' terror, Th. 25, freq. in mod. usage: as adv. = awfully, skelfing er að tarna fallegt, awfully fine! skelfir, m. a shaker, Lex. Poët.: a pr. name of a mythical king, Edda. skel-fiskr, m. a shell-fish, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 88. skelfr, adj. trembling, Al. 76, Fas. ii. 192; ó-skelfr, undaunted, Fb. ii. 8, 351: compar., at ek skula tala lægra eðr skelfra, with a lower or more faltering voice, 296. skelgjask, d, dep. [skjálgr], to come askew; augu skelgjask, the eyes squint, Anecd. 6, skeliga, adv. = skeleggliga, Sturl. iii. 147, Hkr. iii. 383. skeljungr, m. a kind of whale, a sword-fish(?), Edda (Gl.), Sks. 132. skelkaðr, part. frightened. skelking, f. mockery, Arna-Magn. 234 (vellum). skelkinn, adj. mocking, Lex. Poët. SKELKJA, ð, [skálkr], to mock; s. at e-m, Stj. 363, Al. 153, Fas. iii. 37 (in a verse); s. at Guði, Stj. 363; þeir gengu fyrir krossinn ok skelktu at líkneskinu, Bs. i. 147; þá mun hann ei ok ei (aye and aye) s. at oss, Karl. 374: reflex., Guð lætr eigi skelkjask, Hom. 144 (Gal. vi. 7). II. [skelkr], to frighten, Fms. vi. (in a verse), but rare. skelkni, f. mockery, [Shetl. skeelkin], Hom. (St.) skelkr, m. [mid. H.G. schellech; Engl. skulk], fear; only in the phrase, e-m skýtr skelk í bringu, one is taken by fear, loses heart, is frightened, Fb. i. 418, Ld. 78, Fms. viii. 43, 350, Ó.H. 108, 121, Eg. 49, with a mocking notion, see skalkr, q.v.; or e-m slær skelk í bringu, Stj. 372. skel-kussi, a, m. 'shell-bullock,' a kind of shell = kúskel. SKELLA, d, causal of skjalla (q.v.), to make to slam, clash; skelldu skip mitt er ek skorðat hafðak, knocked my ship, Hbl., Sturl. i. 177; hann skelldi þeim saman, beat them together, Landn. 84; s. sverði í skeiðin, Eg. 304; s. aptr hurðu, to slam the door, Fb. i. 258, Fms. viii. 341: to smack, s. á lærin, to smack the thigh with the palm; skella lófum, to clap with the hands, Merl.; s. hrömmum yfir, to clutch, Ld. 52; spor svá stór sem keralds botni væri niðr skellt, footprints as great as if the bottom of a cask had been thrown down, Grett. 111. 2. with prepp., skella af, to strike clean off; hann skellir af honum höndina, Al. 40; s. fót undan, Am. 48; skálmin hljóp inn í bergit svá at skellisk við heptið, Fas. i. 56: skella upp, or s. upp yfir sik (skelli-hlátr), to burst out into roaring laughter, Dropl. 31, Sturl. ii. 136, Fms. iii. 113; hón skelldi upp yfir sik ok hló, Grett. 148: skella á e-n (Dan. skælde paa een), to scold one; var þá skellt á Þorstein, at honum hefði ílla tekizk, Orkn. 264; þeir er opt á mik skella, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse): rass-skella, to flog behind, punish children. skella, u, f. a rattle for scaring horses; skaka skellu, Grág. i. 441. skelli-brögð, n. pl. merry pranks, Fb. iii. 241 (in a verse). skelli-hlátr, m. roaring laughter, Fas. iii. 572. skelli-hurð, f. a door that slams of itself, Háv. 39. skellr, m., pl. skellir, a loud splash; er hann heyrði skellina, the splash of one diving, Fær. 172: a smiting, beating, sá hlaut skellinn er skyldi, Nj. 141; hón skell um hlaut fyrir skillinga, Þkv. 32: rass-s., a flogging behind. skelmir, m. [Dan. skjelm = Germ. schelm], a rogue, devil; drepa skelmi þann, Boll. 352; skelmirinn, of the devil, Th. 76, Fb. i. 417, Bs. ii. 81; hann spratt upp ok spurði hvat skelmi þat væri, Grett. 66 new Ed.; hvat vill skelmir þinn! Fs. 52; þinn skelmir! 166; skelmir sá, Bjarn. 32. COMPDS: skelmis-drep, n. a plague, murrain, Stj. 326, 344. skelmis-skapr, m. devilry, Gísl. 31. skelpa, u, f. [skálpr], a wry face; in the phrase, göra skelpur, to make a wry mouth, in crying, Fb. i. 566.

544 SKELÞUNNR -- SKERA.

skel-þunnr, adj. 'shell-thin,' thin as a shell, of an edge, Eg. (in a verse), freq. in mod. usage. ske-maðr, see skímaðr, Fb. i. 448 (see skí). skemill, m. [Engl. shambles; Scot. skamyll, a bench; Dan. skammel = a foot-stool] :-- prop. a bench, whence a foot-stool; see fót-skemill. skemma, u, f. [prop. from skamr = short], a small detached building in an ancient dwelling, for sleeping in or for a lady's bower; hann átti eina litla skemmu ok svaf hann þar jafnan, Fær. 259; þau vóru öll í svefni í skemmu einni, Gísl. 7. Ísl. ii. 38; sá hann Steingerði sitja í skemmu einni, Korm. 228; skemmu-búr, a bower, Eg. 560; skemmu-dyrr, -gluggr, -hurð, -veggr, Fms. ii. 125, iii. 67, iv. 335, Fær. 144, Fas. i. 197; skemmu-seta, sitting in a skemma, of ladies, iii. 68, Fms. ii. 90. 2. in mod. usage, a store-house used for keeping things in, an out-house; í skemmu þrettán dýnur ok tuttugu, átján skinn-beðir, hálfr fjórði tugr hæginda, Dipl. iii. 4. skemmu-mær, f. a chamber-maid, Fas. i. 193. SKEMMA, d, [skömm, skamm], to put to shame, Sks. 702, Barl. 54, 55, 125, 146. 2. reflex. to blush, Barl. 36, v.l.; skernmask naktra líma, Sks. 534, 549. II. [skamr], to shorten; skemma svá samstöfur at göra eina ór tveim (i.e. by contraction), Edda i. 610; vél (common Engl. to skimp) skar aptan ok skemdi fjaðrar, Gsp.; skulu þeir af kili höggva, ok s. svá skip þeirra ... göra eigi skemra en ..., N.G.L. i. 99; s. líf sitt, Al. 43; þá er tveir eru skemdir, degi hvárr, shortened each by a day, Rb. 526: impers., en er dag tók at skemma, Fms. i. 67; er nótt dimmaðisk en dagr skemdisk, Fb. i. 71, Sks. 230. 2. to damage, spoil; skemma vápn manna, Al. 168; eigi er enn öllu skemt, Band. 39 new Ed.; vera skemdr, to be hurt, Bs. i. 287; ó-skemdr, unhurt, unscathed, id.: freq. in mod. usage, skemdu það ekki, þú hefir skemt það, thou hast spoiled it; or also, það er skemt, it is damaged, in a bad condition. skemmd, f. shame, disgrace, Barl. 115, 129, Ver. 5, 26, MS. 655 v. 1, 623. 31, Rb. 382; þola þeim allar skemmdir, Anecd. 12; skemmdar auki, Boll. 354; skemmdar-orð, -verk, -víg, a villainous word, deed, slaughter, Fms. vi. 33, N.G.L. ii. 49; skemmdar fullr, disgraceful, 623. 6, Fms. ii. 47, Fb. i. 512; skemmdar-lauss, without disgrace, Al. 48: neut., Hom, 111: without hurt, unscathed, Rd. 247; skemmdar-maðr, a villain, Fms. vi. 32, D.N. iv. 228. skemmi, f. shame, = skemmd, Hom. 17. skemmi-liga, adv. shamefully, Fas. iii. 143. skemmi-ligr, adj. shameful, Háv. 45. skemmingr, m. a kind of seal, the smallest species, Sks. 177: as a nickname, Sturl. skemr, adv. compar., superl. skemst, [from skamr], shorter: of space, þeir sögðu at konungr hefði skemr farit en líkligt þætti til Oslóar, Fms. ix. 529: er skemr hefir búit í því héraði, Grág. i. 423; lifa skemr, Al. 15; alldri s. en þrjár nætr, Rb. 566; hann lifði skemst þeirra bræðra, Ó.H. 92; á einum degi, ok láta sem skemst á meðal, Grág. ii. 124. 2. of time, lengr eða skemr, for a longer or shorter time, Finnb. 328; at hann væri þar lengr enn skemr, the longer the better, Ld. 162, Al. 105; hvárt sem þeir töluðu lengr eða skemr, Fms. i. 80; hirði ek alldri hvárt þú verr þik lengr eða skemr, Nj. 116. skemt, f. [Dan. skjemt], an amusement, = skemtan, Pass. 21. 2. SKEMTA, t, but að, Fms. x. 226, 281, [prop. from skamr = to shorten] :-- to amuse, entertain, with dat. of pers.; skemta sér, to amuse oneself, play, Nj. 129; þeir drukku ok skemmtuðu sér, Fms. x. 281; skemtaði hann sér á hverjum degi, 226; hón gékk um gólf ok skemti sér, Eg. 48; vér erum kátir ok skemtum oss, Fms. viii. 354. 357 :-- so also of other persons, sveinn þeirra er inni, ok skemtir þeim, Ísl. ii. 348; þótti ok vel skemt, a good entertainment, Fms. viii. 207. II. esp. to entertain people at meetings or festivals with story-telling or songs; Björn skemtir vísum þeim, er ..., Bjarn. 46; frá því er nokkut sagt hverju skemt var, i.e. what the entertainment was, Sturl. i. 23; þessi saga var skemt Sverri konungi, this story was to amuse king Sverri, id. 2. absol. to amuse, entertain people; þat er eigi, segir konungr, þvíat vetr-gestr þinn skemtir vel ... en er konungr var í sæng kominn, skemti Stúfr ok kvað flokk einn, konungr vakti lengi, en Stúfr skemti, ... hverjum skaltú s. með drápunum þínum? Fms. vi. 391; hann kvaðsk kunna nokkurar sögur. Konungr mælti, þú skalt vera með hirð minni í vetr ok s. ávallt, ... þat er ætlan mín at nú muni uppi sögur þínar, þvíat þú hefir jafnan skemt, 355; ok er menn lögðusk til svefns, þá spurði stafnbúi konungs hverr s. skyldi... Sturla inn Íslenzki, viltú skemta? ... segir hann þá Huldarsögu, Sturl. iii. 304; þar var Skíði af skötnum kenndr, ok skemti af ferðum sínum, he gave amusement by telling of his journey, Skíða R. 19; skemtask með skrök-sögur, H.E. i. 584. skemtan (skemtun), f. an entertainment, Edda 25; hafa s. af e-u, to amuse oneself with a thing, Eg. 232; at henni þætti s. at tala við Óláf, Ld. 72; at þú eigir fá skemtanar daga (days of joy) héðan í frá, 154;skemtanar-ganga, a pleasure-walk, promenade, Sks. 371; skemtanar líf, a life of pleasure, 619; hafa skemtanar ræður, to have a chat, Fms. vii. 119. II. amusement, entertainment, by story-telling or the like; þat var eitt sinn at þeir áttu hesta-þing, þá var Þórðr beðinn skemtanar, en hann tók því ekki fjarri, en þat var upphaf at hann kvað vísur þær er hann kallaði Daggeisla-vísur, ... Björu hlýddi skemtan hit bezta ..., Bjarn. 46; hvárr þeirra kvað allt þat er hann hafði kveðit um annan var sú s. sum ein áheyrilig, 56, Fms. vi. 391; ok má þá sitja skömmum við at hlýða skemtaninni, 355; tóku menn þá umtal mikit um skemtanina, id., cp. Sturl. passim; kvað vill Skíði húsgangs-maðr, hafa fyrir s. sína? Skíða R. 22; sagna-s., story-telling, see saga. skemtunar-samligr, adj. amusing, Sks. 379. skemtan-ligr, adj. amusing, pleasant, Sks. 379. skemti-liga, adv. amusingly, pleasantly; segja frá vel ok s., to tell a story well and pleasantly, Fbr. 146; svá sem skemtiligast, Mar. skemti-ligr, adj. amusing, interesting, pleasant, Fms. ii. 22, vi. 350, Ísl. ii. 212, Stj. 91; ó-skemtiligr, dull, uninteresting. skenking, f. the serving drink at the table; því næst kómu inn sendingar (dishes), þar næst skenkingar, Ó.H. 86; ekki starf skulu þeir hafa fyrir s. um Jól, N.G.L. ii. 447. 2. a present, Germ. geschenk. SKENKJA, t, [Dan. skjœnke; Germ. schenken, einschenken], to serve drink, fill one's cup, often with dat. of pers.; Orkn. 216; hann skenkti honum með fríðu horni búnu, Fms. iv. 49; drekka silfri skenkt it fagra vín, Edda (H.); Freyja fór þá at s. honum ..., eða hví Freyja skal s. honum sem at gildi Ása, Edda 57; s. mjöð, 76; þann mann er þar hafði skenkt um kveldit, Eg. 557; s. drykk, Flóv. 12; öll minni þau er bændr skenktu, Fms. i. 37; at hann skyldi s. sjálfum honum, Stj. 201; hann lét standa fyrir borði sínu skutil-sveina at s. sér með borðkerum, Fms. vi. 442, N.G.L. ii. 447: to give drink, skenkta ek þyrstanda, Sks. 632: mod., skenkja kaffé, to give one a cup of coffee. II. to make presents, mod. skenkjari, a, m. a cup-bearer, Stj. 200, 571, N.G.L. ii. 413, 415, 447, Sturl. iii. 182. skenkr, m., pl. skenkir, the serving of drink at a meal; ok er menn höfðu matask um hríð kom iunar skenkr, Sturl. iii. 182 C. II. [Germ. geschenk; Dan. skjenk], a present, mod. SKEPJA, skapði, see skapa. skepna, u, f. [skapa; Dan. skabning], a shape, form; með hverigri skepnu sem er, K.Þ.K. (begin.); eptir réttri skepnu, Fms. v. 347, Hom. 115. 2. fate, destiny (Dan. skjebne), MS. 4. 8 (but rare). II. a created thing, creature; sá Guð at þetta var allt saman góð skepna, Stj. 15; hann greindi skepnuna í tvær greinir, Rb. 78; Dróttinn Guð sá er allri skepnu stýrir, 623. 25, Lil. 6; alla skepnuna, ... öll sýnilig skepna, Stj. 29, 30; englar ... er æztir váru allrar Guðs skepnu, 656 C. i; skepnu en eigi skapara, Ver. 47; Guð skóp allar skepnur senn, Rb. 78; góð skepna, 677. 10; á enni sömu skepnu gékk Pétr þurrum fótum, of the sea, Greg. 58: compd., skepnu-dagr, the day of creation, Ver. 7. 2. in mod. usage esp. cattle, livestock; fara vel með skepnurnar, engin lifandi skepna; skepnu-laus, without livestock; skepnu-höld, the keeping of livestock, and so on. skeppa, u, f. [Dan. skjeppe; Engl. skip], a measure, bushel, N.G.L. i. 136, ii. 166. v.l. 35, 366, D.N. v. 77. SKEPTA, t, [skapt]; skepta örvar, to make shafts to arrow-heads, Rm. 25; s. geira, to make spear-shafts, Akv. 37; skepta spjót, Fs. 64, Krók.:-- to furnish with a handle, ramliga skeptar öxar, Gþl. 104: metaph., hann bað hann þá ekki um skepta = skipta, he begged him not to meddle, Fms. viii. 27. skepta, u, f. a shaft, = skeptiflétta, Fms. x. 357. II. in einskepta, fer-s. (q.v.), from a weaver's rod. skepti, n. a shaft; tvennar tylptir örva, skefla eðr brodda, N.G.L. i. 201; var skeptið langt at spjótinu, Gísl. 101. COMPDS: skepti-flétta, u, f. a kind of shaft with a cord, Sks. 389, Fms. vi. 77, Ó.H. 217, Hallfred. skepti-smiðr, m. a shaft-maker, Hm. 127. skepti-völr, m. a kind of pike, Hkr. iii. 313. II. a handle; höggva sax af skepti, Grett. (in a verse); kníf-skepti, a knife-handle. skeptingr, m. a kind of head-gear, Edda ii. 494. skeptr, part. shafted, of arrows, spears; skeptar örvar, dörr álmi skept, Lex. Poët.; auð-skept spjör, Ad. SKER, n., gen. pl. skerja, dat. skerjum; [Dan. skjœr; Swed. skär; Engl. skerry] :-- a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; í hólma eðr í sker, Grág. ii. 131; upp á skerit, Fær. 171; til þess er þraut sker öll, Eg. 128, Eb. 12, 236-240, passim; as also in local names, Skerja-fjörðr: for the saying, sigla milli skers ok báru, see sigla; eyði-sker, a desert skerry; blind-sker, a sunken skerry: also in the phrase, að flaska á því skerinu, to split on that rock. skerja-blesi, a nickname, Dropl. SKERA, sker, pret. skar, pl. skáru; subj. skæri; part. skorinn: [A.S. sceran; Engl. shear; Germ. scheren; Dan. skjære] :-- to cut; skera með knífi, klippa með söxum, Str. 9; þeir skáru böndin, Fms. iv. 369; hann skar af nokkum hlut, x. 337; s. tungu ór höfði manni, Grág. ii. 11; hann skar ór egg-farveginn ór sárinu, Þórð. 54 new Ed.; þann flekk skera ór með holdi ok blóði, Fms. ii. 188; s. á háls, Nj. 156; skera ór út ór, to cut sheer through, 244, Fms. i. 217. 2. to slaughter, Gr. GREEK; skera sauði, kálf, kið, geldinga, Landn. 292, K.Þ.K. 134, Bs. i. 646, Hkr. i. 170, Sturl. i. 94, Eb. 318; hann skar síðan dilkinn, þess iðraðisk hann mest er hann hafði dilkinn skorit, Grett. 137; þá höfðu þeir skorit flest allt sauðfé, en einn hrút létu þeir lifa, 148; Þór-

545 SKERAUKl -- SKIL.

oddr hafði þá ok skorit í bú sitt sem hann bar nauðsyn til, Eb. 316; s. gæss, Korm. 206, 208; skera niðr kvíkfé, Vápn. 30; skera af, id., Korm.; kýrin var skorin af. 3. to cut, shape; skorinn ok skapaðan, Barl 166: of clothes, klæði skorin eða úskorin, Grág. i. 504; óskorin klæði öll, N.G.L. i. 210; var skorit um pell nýtt, Fms. vii. 197; veittú mér þat, at þú sker mér skyrtu, Auðr, Þórkatli bónda mínum ... At þú skyldir s. Vesteini bróður mínum skyrtuna, Gísl. 15; skikkju nýskona, Fms. vi. 52: of the hair, þá skar Rögnvaldr jarl hár hans, en áðr hafði verit úskorit tíu vetr, ii. 189; hann hafði þess heit strengt at láta eigi s. hár sitt né kemba, fyrr en hann væri einvalds-konungr yfir Noregi, Eg. 6; hann skar hár hans ok negl, Ó.H.; ef maðr deyr með úskornum nöglum, Edda 41; s. mön á hrossum, Bjarn. 62. 4. [Scot. shear, of reaping], to shear, cut, reap; skera akr eða slá eng, to 'shear an acre' or mow a meadow, Gþl. 360; ax úskorit, Gkv. 2. 22; sá akra yðra ok skera, ok planta vingarða, Stj. 644; skera korn, K.Á. 176; sær ok skerr, Gþl. 329. 5. to carve, cut; glugg einn er á var skorinn hurðinni, Fms. iii. 148; s. jarðar-men, Nj. 227; skáru á skíði, Vsp.; var á framstafninum karls-höfuð, þat skar hann sjálfr, Fagrsk. 75; skar Tjörvi þau á knífs-skepti sínu, Landn. 248; skera fjöl, kistil, brík, as also skera út c-ð, to carve out (skurðr); skornir drekar, carved dragon-heads, Lex. Poët.; skera hluti, to mark the lots, Fms. vii. 140 (see hlutr); skera or skera upp herör, to 'carve out,' i.e. to despatch a war-arrow, like the Scot. 'fiery cross,' Eg. 9, Fms. i. 92, vi. 24, x. 388, Gþl. 82, Js. 41; s. boð, id., Gþl. 84, 370, 371. 6. special phrases; skera e-m höfuð, to make faces at one, metaphor from carving the pole, see níð; hann rétti honum fingr ok skar honum höfuð, Grett. 117 A; skera af manni, to be blunt with one (see skafa); þarf ekki lengr yfir at hylma, né af manni at skera, Mork. 138; þú ert röskr maðr ok einarðr, ok skerr (v.l. skefr) lítt af manni, Nj. 223; skerr hann til mjök (he begs, presses hard) ef Hneitir legði leyfi til, Sturl. i. 11: allit., skapa ok s., to 'shave and shear,' i.e. to make short work rf a thing, decide, Eg. 732, Hrafn. 29; láta skapat skera, to let fate decide, Fms. viii. 88. 7. skera ór, to decide, settle (ór-skurðr); biskup skerr ekki ór um skilnað, Grág. i. 328; ef eigi skera skrár ór, 7; föru-nautar hans skáru skýrt ór, Ölk. 36; þótti þá ór skorit, Ld. 74; s. ór vanda-málum, Str. 30; nú er þat vili várr, at einn veg skeri ór, to end it either way, Fb. ii. 57. II. reflex. to stretch, branch, of a landscape, fjord, valley; sá fjörðr skersk í landnorðr frá Steingríms-firði, Ld. 20; sá þeir at skárusk í landit inn firðir stórir, Eb. 5 new Ed.; fjörðr skarsk langt inn í landit, Krók.; höfðarnir skárusk á víxl, the headlands stretched across, overlapped one another, id.; í dal þeim er skersk vestr í fjöll, milli Múla ok Grísar-tungu, Ld. 146; vág-skorinn, a shore with many bays; skorið fjörðum, scored with many fjords; þar skersk inn haf þat er kallask Caspium mare, Stj. 72. 2. phrases, hón skarsk í setgeira-brækr, Ld. 136; ef nokkut skersk í, happens, Gþl. 20, Fbr. 102 new Ed.; Þórðr sagði eitthvað skyldu í skerask, Þórð. 67; þat skarsk í odda með e-m, to be at odds, Fbr. 3. to yield so much in meat and so much in tallow, of cattle when killed; skerask með tveim fjórðungum mörs, með tíu mörkum, sauðirnir skárust vel, ílla. 4. skerask ór e-n máli, to withdraw from a cause, Nj. 191; betra hefði þér verit at renna eigi frá mágum þínum ok skerask nú eigi ór sættum, 248: skerask undan e-u. to refuse, decline, Hrafn. 12, Stj. 425, Róm. 362; ef þú skersk undan förinni, Ld. 218; ef þeir játa þessi ferð, þá mun ek eigi undan skerask, Fms. iii. 70; þeir fystu hann í at sættask, en hann skarsk undan, Nj. 250; at ek munda eigi undan s. þér at veita, 180. 5. pass., boga-strengrinn skarsk, Fas. ii. 537; klæðin skárusk, Fms. v. 268; tré-ör skal út skerask í bygðir, Gþl. 13 sker-auki, a, m. a nickname, Gísl. 3. sker-borð, n. a dish, plate; eins og s. reist á rönd, rambar þar til dettr, Tíma R. skerða, ð, [skarð], to diminish; þá skal s. jafnt alla aura ... skerða mundinn, Grág. i. 125, 126; þat er hvárki skerði verð né leigu, Gþl. 503. skerðingr, m. a shark (há-skerðingr), as a nickname; whence Skerðings-staðir, in western Icel. skerðir, m. a diminisher, Lex. Poët. skerfr, m. [Dan. skjœrv], a share, portion. sker-garðr, m. [Dan. skærgaard], a reef of rocks in the sea near shore, Bs. i. 842, Trist. 8, Rafn. S. (in a verse). sker-gípr, m. a kind of bird, Fas. iii. 230. skerja, u, f., prop. a cow = skirja, akin to skars, skersa, a romping lass; að skerjan þessi skyldi mér ... snuprur nógar veita, Grönd. skerjóttr, adj. full of skerries, Fms. ii. 16, Ld. 142. skermsl, n. pl. [akin to sker], rugged, broken, rocky ground; halda þangat fénu at þeir fái versta haga ok skermsl eru mest, Ísl. ii. 181. sker-nár, m. a person left to die on a skerry, Grág. ii. 185; see nár. skerpa, t, to sharpen. skerpa, u, f. [skarpr], sharpness: = skorpa, lota, með fyrstu skerpu, in the first charge, onslaught. Thom. 482. skerpingr, m. a sharp effort; róa undan í skerpingi, Krók. 59 C: a sharp frosf. skerpla, u, f. the second month in the summer, Edda 103; see Icel. Almanack, May 25, 1872. skersa (skessa), u, f. [skars], a giantess, Fb. i. 258: freq. in mod. usage of an unlady-like woman. skersi-ligr, adj. monstrous, Pr. 403. skettingr, m. [skattr]. a kind of coin, B.K. 91, 97. Skeynir, m. pl. the men from the county of Skaun in Norway, Ó.H. skeypa, ð, [skaup], to mock; skeypa at e-n, Konr. skeypi-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), [skaup], mockingly, Bs. i. 340. SKEYTA, t, [skaut; Dan. sköde], a law term derived from the symbolical act used in transferring land by donation or bequest; the donor put a sod from the land into the new owner's lap (for the reference from N.G.L. i. 96, see s.v. mold); hence skeyta land, to convey a piece of land to another; nú kaupir maðr jörð í fjölda manna, þá eigu þingmenn at skeyta honum jörð, ... þá eigu þingmenn honum með vápna-taki jörð at s., ... þat skal jamt halda sem á þingi sé skeytt, N.G.L. i. 96; skeyta jörð undir e-n, Munk. 79, 139, D.N. iii. 250, 253; konungr skeytti honum jarðir austr við lands-enda, Fms. vi. 432; taka þeir fasteignir kirkjunnar ok s. ok skipta sem þeim líkar, K.Á. 232: of a person, vera skyldr ok skeyttr undir e-n í öllum hlutum, or vera e-m skyldr ok skeyttr, to be bound, subject to one, Fms. vi. 53, vii. 315; jörð brigð ok skeytt undir mik ok minn ættlegg, Gþl. 296, 302; skeytti hann (the king) jarðir miklar til kirkju, Ó.H. 168; þá var skeytt þangat Hernes mikla á Frostu, Fms. vii. 196; nú kaupir maðr jörð til skeytingar ok vill hinn eigi s. er seldi, N.G.L. i. 93; skeyta e-m forvitni, to satisfy one's curiosity, Ld. 98, Ísl, ii. 375. 2. skeyta saman [skauti], to join together; gékk í sundr skip-rá þeirra ... vill þú skeyta rá vára saman, Fbr. 81 new Ed., freq. in mod. usage. II. metaph., s. um e-t, to care for; þeir skeyttu ekki um þá, Sturl. ii. 100; ef sá vill sem fyrir verðr, en ef hann skeytir eigi um, þá á konungr ekki á því, N.G.L. i. 334: freq. in mod. usage, e.g. Matth. xxii. 16. skeyti, n. [skjóta]. a shaft, missile; honum selr Fjölnir í hönd eitt skeyti ... hann berr þessa ör fyrir hvern mann, Fms. xi. 71; með s. sín, Lv. 66, Fms. ii. 332; skafa s., Rm. 39; skaðleg s., Fms. ii. 198; þung s., Magn. 468, Skv. 3. 54: shafts or arrows were used for tokens or messages (cp. Swed. budkafle, her-ör, q.v.), hence the Icel. popular phrases, eg heti ekki fengið nein skeyti, I have received no notice; hann hefir ekki sent mér nein s., he has sent me no message. skeyting, f. the conveyance of an estate, see skeyta; kaupa jörð til skeytingar, N.G.L. i. 93, Gþl. 302; skeytingar vitni, N.G.L. i. 223; skeytings-aurar, a fee for the conveyance, D.N. iv. 120, 147, 880. 2. metaph. heed, care; in the compds, skeytingar-laus, adj. Dan. sködeslös, heedless, reckless; and skeytingar-leysi, n. negligence. skeytingr, m. = skæting, taunts, Bs. ii. 123. skiki, a, m., qs. skikki(?), [akin to Engl. shank; Germ. schinken] :-- a strip, lap, skirt, of skin, cloth, land; bak-skiki (q.v.), land-s.; hann hefir skilið eptir lítinn skika, passim in mod. usage. skikka, að, [from Germ. schicken], to order, ordain, Fb. iii. 337 (the third hand), Fas. iii. 295, 337 (of the 15th century); for in Sks. 803 the old vellum B has skipaðr, Bs. ii. 306 (verse 8). skikkan, f. an ordinance, order, Pass., Vídal. skikkan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), orderly, well-behaved, (mod.) SKIKKJA, u, f. a cloak, mantle, Am. 47, Nj. 22, Eg. 213, 318, 579, Fms. ii. 280; skikkja and möttull (q.v.) are synonymous, thus, hann gaf honum 'skikkju,'... hann sá altaris-klæði þat er gört var ór 'möttlinum' (both referring to the same garment), Fms. vi. 164; skikkjur þær er feldir heita, Krók.; skikkju verð, Fms. x. 199; skikkju kaup, id. COMPDS: skikkju-bönd, n. pl. the mantle straps, Fms vi. 348. skikkju-lauss, adj. cloakless, Fms. vii. 143, Sks. 289, Ld. 168. skikkju-rakki, a, m. a lap-dog, Orkn. 114, Fas. iii. 544. skikkju-skaut, n. the lap of the s., Fms. iv. 137, Mag. skikkja, ð, to put on a cloak; skikkja sik, to cloak oneself; þá tók konungrinn einn gráfeldinn ok skikði sik, Hkr. i. 180; varar-feldir nýir ok úskiktir, not worn, N.G.L. i. 75. SKIL, n. pl. [skilja; Engl. skill; Dan. skjel; a word borrowed from the Norse] :-- a distinction, of eyesight and hearing; menn sá varla handa sinna skil, one could hardly distinguish one's own hands, Eb. 260; sjá varla fingra sinna skil, Bs. i. 352; nema orða-skil, to catch the distinction of words, Eb. 28; kunna daga-skil, Sks. 2. a weaver's term, the space between the threads. II. metaph. discernment, knowledge; kunna góð skil á e-m (e-u), to have favourable knowledge of, to know distinctly, well, Ld. 22; vita skil á e-u, id., K.Á. 108, Gþl. 25; kunna skil e-s, Am. 9; Snorri vissi góð skil á honum, Eb. 142. 2. an adjustment, fair dealings, due, Dan. skjel; segja skil á e-u, to declare, Ld. 234; göra skil á e-u, to give an account of, Grág. i. 440; at skilum ok at lögmáli réttu, Gþl. 306; stefna e-m til skila, to cite a person to answer in court, Grág. i. 175, 179, ii. 227; færa mál til skila, to put a case right, Fms. v. 324; verða at litlum skilum, to be of little account, come to naught, Fms. ix. 297; svara skilum fyrir e-t, vii. 127; sá arfr skal at skilum fara, Jb. 156; koma öllu til skila, Ísl. ii. 131; hann sendi

546 SKILABOÐ -- SKILJA.

konunginum einn fríðan hest, ok kom sá vel til skila, Bs. i. 710; þar sem þryti silfr skyldi borðbúnaðinn fyrir gefa, svá at allir hefði góð skil, so that all should have their due, Fms. x. 147; hann átti engan erfingja þann er skil væri at, he had no trusty heir, Sturl. i. 45. 3. as a law term, pleading, public speaking; leysa öll lögmælt skil, Grág. i. 28, Nj. 232. 4. a despatch, message. COMPDS: skila-boð, n. pl. a message. skila-dómr, m. a Norse law term, a private court of adjustment, like the Icel. görð, q.v.; cp. mod. Germ. 'schieds'-richter, N.G.L. i. 87; halda skiladómi fyrir kaupi sínu, Gþl. 496 (Js. 119), Dipl. ii. 12; halda s. fyrir jörðina (acc.), iii. 11; halda skiladómi fyrir, ok njóta vátta sinna, at hann tók fyrri, Gþl. 335; halda (landi) til skiladóms, Dipl. ii. 6. skila-dottir, f. = skilgetin dóttir, D.N. skila-lítill, adj. = skillítill, Sturl. i. 56. skila-maðr, m. a trusty man, Sks. 20, Rd. 260, Gþl. 25; ó-skila maðr, an untrustworthy man. skila, að, to perform a duty; fylgd ok vörðr skal boðinn vera snimma dags, ok skilaðr í seinsta lagi þann tíma sem konungr gengr til borðs, N.G.L. ii. 414; at ekki sé eptir ú-skilat eðr úgört, Hom. 84. 2. skila e-u, to bring back, return a thing; hann skilaði aptr yxnunum, Rd. 257; at þú skilir aptr stóðhrossunum, Vápn. 19; fé skilisk eptir fyrra skil-orði, Gþl. 311: to deliver a message, skila e-u, því ana ek at s. til þín, at..., id. II. = skilja, to decide; til viðr-tals um þá hluti er eigi vóru enn skilaðir þeirra í milli, Bs. i. 773; þeir áttu eigi um at skila málit, Nj. 87; meðan þau vóru eigi andliga skiluð, Hom. 79; ok öllu því máli var þá skilat er áðr hafði í milli farit, Eg. 346; enda eigi þeir um einn hlut at skila, Grág. (Kb.) i. 68. 2. to expound, give reason for, explain; vilda ek at þú skilaðir þessa ræðu, Sks. 327 B; at þér skilit þetta meðr nökkurum orðum, 685 B (or from skilja); enda skil ek eigi áðr enn ek heyri þetta görr skilat fyrir mér, 36; at sjálf decreta skili þat síðan, hversu ..., Anecd. 18. skil-borinn, part. lawfully-born, born in wedlock, Fms. i. 193. skil-dagi, a, m. a condition, stipulation, terms, Nj. 81, Ó.H. 47, 98, Gþl. 494, Fms. i. 22, 80, vi. 293, vii. 92, 147, Vm. 129, K.Á. 224, passim. 2. a term, Icel. Almanack, 10th and 14th May, 1872. skildingr, m. = skillingr, D.N., in deeds of the 14th century. 2. in mod. usage, of a small coin. skildi-vöndr, m. a reed-wand, Fb. i. 405 (in a verse). skil-fengin, part. f. lawfully wedded; móðir s., Gþl. 215, 232; s. kona, N.G.L. i. 151; s. barn = skilgetið barn, Rétt. 44; dróttningar skilfenginnar, Fms. vii. 306. skilfingr, m. [either from skelfa= the shaker, or, it may be, akin to Germ. schilf = a reed] :-- the name of a mythical royal familv, a prince, lord, Edda, Lex. Poët.; dauða skilfingr, the prince of Death, Niðrst. 6. skil-getinn, part. lawfully begotten, born in wedlock; s. sonr, dóttir, arfi, Nj. 154, Orkn. 318, Fms. ix. 242, 328, Vm. 131 :-- s. móðir, = skilfengin, N.G.L. ii. 75. v.l. 17. skil-góðr, adj. trustworthy, worthy; s. bóndi, Magn. 536, Sturl. i. 8; framkvæmdar-maðr ok s., 38; skilgóðir menn, Eb. 264. skil-greiði, a, m. promptness, = greiðskapr, Nj. 18, v.l. skiling, f. a disposition, Skálda 197. skilinn, adj. [skilja; Scot. skeely], distinct; skilin orð, clear, distinct words, Hm. 135; tala hátt ok snjallt ok skilit, Konr. 56; svá skýrt ok skilit, Bs. ii. 16; til þess at þá verði skilnari frásögnin, Róm. 108; snjallr ok skilinn í öllu framferði, Mar. SKILJA, pres. skil, skill, Grág.; pret. skilði, skildi; part. skiliðr, and later, skildr and skilinn; neut. skilið and skilt: [the original sense, viz. to cut, Lat. secare, appears in Goth. skilja = a butcher; A.S. scylan = to separate. A. To part, separate, divide; Tanais skilr heims-þriðjunga, Al. 131; sú er nú kölluð Jökulsá ok skilr lands-fjórðunga, Landn. 251; Gautelfr skilr Noregs-konungs ríki ok Svía-konungs, Rb. 330 :-- to break off, break up, þessi sótt mun skilja vára samvistu, Ld. 286; mun sá einn hlutr vera at s. mun með okkr, Nj. 112; mun þat s. með okkr, Fs. 16: segja Rúti at betra mun at s. ykkr, of fighters, Nj. 32; Höskuldr skildi þær, Ld. 36; þá er barsmíð skilið, Grág. ii. 114; s. ræðu, s. talit, to break off the conversation, Ld. 36, Fms. ii. 262, Nj. 48, Bjarn. 22; s. boðinu (dat.), Gísl. 116, is prob. an error; skilja hjúskap, to divorce, K.Á. 6; váru skilið ráð þeirra Sigríðar, Fms. x. 219; skilr hann flokk sinn, then he divided his band, viii. 59; þá skildi ekki nema hel, vii. 233. 2. with prepp.: s. frá, to separate, Fms. xi. 350, Blas. 42; frá skildr, excepted, Dipl. v. 22, K.Á. 182; frá skiliðr, Grág. i. 16; skilja mik frá trú, Blas. 42; at engu frá skildu, nothing excepted. Dipl. v. 22; eiðar frá skildir, K.Á. 182; sá maðr er nú var frá skiliðr, Grág;. i. 16, 17 :-- s. sundr, to put asunder, Nj. 42 :-- s. við, to part with, put away; s. við konu, s. við bónda, 686 B. 14, Þórð. 46 new Ed.; at ek vilja s. við félaga minn, Grág. i. 326; ok sé hann skildr við (have forfeited) ábúð jarðar, Gþl 337 :-- s. eptir, to leave behind, Mag.: passim in mod. usage, eg skildi það eptir heima. 3. to part company, leave; svá skildu vér næstum, at..., Nj. 49; eptir þat skildu þeir, 98; skildu þeir með mikilli vináttu, 138; hefir þú mér heitið, at vit skyldim aldri s., 201. 4. impers. one parts; hence followed by acc., one parts a thing, i.e. it branches off, is separated; þar skilr Spán inn Kristna ok Spán inn heiðna, Fms. vii. 80; þar er leiðir skildi (where the roads parted) þá skildi ok slóðna, there the tracks too parted, Eg. 579; mundi skilja vegu þeirra, their ways would diverge, 126; með þessu skilr skipti þeirra, thus ended their dealings, Ísl. ii. 274; er þat nú bezt at skili með oss, Finnb. 334; skilr þá með þeim, Nj. 112. β. it differs; at mikit (acc.) skili hamingju okkra, there is a wide difference between, Eg. 719; hvat skilr þær ástgjafar, 656 A. i. 12; þvíat mennina skildi, Sks. 733 B. γ. it falls out, comes to a difference; even with a double acc. of person and of thing, e-n skilr á um e-t; þá skildi aldri á orð (acc.) né verk, Nj. 147; ef þá skill á, Grág. ii. 70; þeir skyldu sik láta á, skilja um einhvern hlut, Ld. 60; þeir urðu missáttir, ok skildi þá (á) um eignina á Auslrátt, Fms. ix. 458; skildi þá ekki (acc.) á ek Rúnólf, they and R. disagreed in nought, Nj. 178; hver-vitna þess er menn skilr á um sætr, N.G.L. i. 42; nú skilr menn á (um) markteig, id.; ef menn skilr á (um) merki, id.; hann (acc.) hafði skilt á við gesti jarls, Fms. ix. 449; ek vil at þú látir þik á skilja við einhvern húskarl minn, Rd. 318; ef skrár skilr á, if the scrolls differ, Grág. i. 7. B. Metaph. usages: I. [Old Engl. to skill], to distinguish, discern, understand; vóru svá skilið nöfn með þeim, Ísl. ii. 332; eru þeir hér svá, at þeir megi s. mál mitt (hear it), Eg. 735; spilltisk svá sýnin at eingi þeirra mátti s. hann, Hom. 120; s. ljós frá myrkum, Sks. 626 B; kunna drauma at skilja, to know how to 'skill' dreams, Fms. iv. 381: to understand, þat er at skilja (that is to say) á vára tunga, Anecd. 16, 18; konungr skildi at þetta var með spotti gört, Fms. i. 15; vér þykkjumk hitt s., at ..., Ld. 180; ef þat er rétt skilt, sem þar kveðr at, Grág. ii. 37; hón skildi þó raunar hvat hann mælti til hjálpar manninum, Fs. 76; kunnu vér alira þjóða tungur at mæla ok skilja, 656 A. ii. 10: very freq. in mod. usage, skilr þú þetta ? eg skil ekki hvat þú segir, það er ó-skiljandi. II. as a law term, to decide; skildi konungr erendi Sighvats svá, at ... . Fms. v. 180; þá er kviðir eigu at s. mál manna, Grág. i. 49; skulu heimilis-búar hans fimm skilja þat, hvárt ..., 58; allt þat sem lögbók skilr eigi, Gþl. 18; enir sömu búar skolu um þat skilja, Grág. i. 43; at þeir eru þess kviðar kvaddir er þeir eigu eigi um at s., 55; skulu vetfangs-búar s. um hvárt-tveggja, ii. 37; tólflar-kviðr átti um at s., Eb., Nj. 238. 2. to set apart, reserve; þat skil ek er ek vil, Nj. 55; þessu sem nú var skilt með þeim, Fms. xi. 100; nú hefir maðr kú skilt í skyld sína, Gþl. 503; þat var skilit í sætt vára, Nj. 257; þat var skilið í sæll þeirra Þóris föður míns ok Bjarnar, at ..., Eg. 345; var þat skilit til brigða um áðr-nefnt kaup, Dipl. iii. 10; hann skildi af sér (declined responsibility) um fyrnd á kirkju alla ábyrgð, iv. 4; þat er stórmæl ok skilit (express) boðorð, Anecd. 46; nema þat væri skilt (expressly reserved), Fms. x. 447: eiga skilit, to have reserved, stipulated; þat átta ek skilit við þik, at ..., ii. 93; sem Hrani átti skilt, iv. 31; at hann vill hafa gripina svá sem hann átti skilit, vi. 60: hence the mod. phrase, eg á það ekki skilið, 'tis not due to reserve this for me, i.e. I do not deserve it; hann á það skilið, it is owing to him, it serves him right :-- s. sér e-t, to reserve to oneself, Fas. i. 527, Fms. v. 293, ix. 323, Landn. 304; Njáll kveðsk þat vilja s. undir Höskuld, to make a reservation, reserve it for H., Nj. 149; þeir sem gáfu, skildu æfinlig forræði þeirra undir sik ok sína arfa, reserved it for themselves and their heirs, Bs. i. 689. 3. esp. with a prep.; s. á, fyrir, til, undan, to stipulate, reserve; vil ek s. á við þik einn hlut, Hrafn. 6; skaltú s. þat á við hann, Fms, x. 334 :-- s. fyrir, hversu var skilt fyrir félagi þeirra, Grág. i. 330; ok skili þeir þá fyrir þegar, 118; skal einn maðr s. fyrir (pronounce) en aðrir gjalda samkvæði á, i. 2; at svá fyrir-skildu (so stipulated), Dipl, v. 19; handa-band þeirra var svá fyrir skilit, iv. 9; þá skilði Sverrir konungr fyrir eidstafinum (dictated it), Fms. viii. 150; er hann hafði fyrir skilt heitinu, made (said) the vow, 55 :-- -þann hlut vilda ek til s., at vér værim austr hér. Nj. 149; þat vil ek þá s. til, segir Hallr, at ..., 156; þat vil ek ok til s. við ykkr bræðr jarla mína, at ..., Ó.H. 98; megu þeir eigi aðra göra sekð hans en til var skilit fyrir váttum, Grág. i. 118 :-- s. undir eið, to take an oath with reservation, Grág. i. 56, Sturl. i. 66 :-- s. undan, to reserve, make a reservation; s. undan goðorð, utanferðir, sektir, Ld. 308, Sturl. ii. 63. C. Reflex. to separate, break up; skildisk þá ok riðlaðisk fylkingin, Fms. vii. 277; at þau væri skild, Grág. i. 307; vóru þau þá skilið, Nj. 268 :-- s. við e-n, to part from; sá er skiliðr við konuna, Grág. i. 33; segja skilið við, konu, bónda, to declare oneself separated from, Nj. 14, 50; ef kona skilsk við bónda sinn (divorces), 656 A. 15; hvar hann skildisk við Þórólf, Ld. 44: to forsake. Fms. i. 34, Nj. 250; s. við mál e-s, Ld. 308, Nj. 177; þeir er ekki vildu við skiljask (leave off) ok láta af heiðninni, Fms. iv. 144. 2. recipr. to part company; at vit skilimk í orrostu, Eg 293; þótt vit skilimk, Korm. 88; þeir skiljask fóstrar, Fms. xi. 99; skildusk þeir með blíðskap. feðgar, Eg. 790. β. to be divorced, Grág. i. 325, 326, K.Á. 116. II. impers., e-m skilsk e-t, 'it skills one', one perceives; honum hafði þat skilisk, Eg. 715; haun kenndi honum atferli -- Nú skaltú vita hvárt mér hafi skilisk, Ísl. ii. 206; konunginum skildusk vel orð jarls, Fms. xi. 13; má mér þat eigi skiljask, Sks. 61; hón lét sér þat ok vel skiljask, to make up one's mind to it, Hkr. ii. 88; Barði lætr sér skiljask at svá er, Ísl. ii. 327; þnú vill

SKILJANLIGA -- SKIPATOLLR. 547

þér ekki skiljask (láta) þat er á mót er þínum vilja. 625. 68. III. part. skilinn, q.v. skiljan-liga, adv. distinctly, Mar. skiljan-ligr, adj. distinct, Skálda 174: intelligible, Sks. 157; ú-skiljanligr, unintelligible. skil-kvángask að, dep. to marry lawfully, Rétt. 44. skillingr, m. [Goth. skilliggs; A.S. scilling; Engl. shilling; Dan. skilling], a shilling, Þkv. 32, Eg. 278, 280: as a rendering of the Hebr. shekel, Stj. 363. 396, 461, 534, Mar. 1202; gull-s., Ó.H. 22. skil-lítill, adj. not very truthful, Sturl. i. 56, 193. skil-máli, a, m. a condition, term, stipulation, Eg. 35, Stj. 38, 173, freq. in mod. usage. skil-merki, n. [Dan. skjelle-mærke], a land-mark, Gþl. 452. skilmerki-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), distinct. skilmi, n. [Dan. skimmel; Shetl. skilm], mustiness; and skilma, að, to be covered with mouldiness, (Oldn. Ordb.) skilnaðr, m. a separation, Grág. ii. 13, 114: a separation, divorce, i. 378, Fms. x. 348: a parting, Stj. 479; at skilnaði, at their parting, at last, Eg. 574, 575, Nj. 106, Fms. viii. 258. II. distinction, Stj. 271. skilning, f. (in mod. usage skilningr, m.), a separation, division; einn Guð þrennr í skilningu, Hom. 146; Guð görði himna í skilningu, Eluc. 9; s. millum íllra hluta ok góðra, Sks 502; þær þrjár skilningar er einn Guð, Gþl. 40. II. discernment, understanding, intellect, Barl. 23, 45; skilningar andi, Sks. 611; skilningar himinn, Fas. iii. 665; leiða til fullrar skilningar, Sks. 309 B; fá skjóta s. á e-u, Fms. i. 97: koma skilningu á e-t, Mar.; eptir honum hurfu margir menn í skilningu, Ver. 95; rétta skilning, kunna góða s. á e-u, Sks. 51, 493 B; mikla s. ok minni, Stj. 70; vit ok s., Skálda 169. 3. sense, meaning; ek hefi hina s., at ..., but I think, that..., Nj. 142; meðr annarri s., Stj. 53; þessor er ráðning ok s. draums þíns, 200; hann bauð þeim gæta hverja skilning þeir skildi á hverju hafa, Barl. 22; eigi skaltú þvilíka s. hafa á þessu máli, 45; án skilning þeirra orða, Anecd. 2. COMPDS: skilningar-lauss, adj. senseless, without understanding, Sks. 246 B: a brute, s. skepna, 45. skilningar-vit, n. pl. mother-wit, sense, instinct, Stj. 98, 101: the (five) senses, 20, freq. in mod. usage. skilningr, m. = skilning, sense, meaning, understanding; þann skilning, Stj. 2; skilningi, id.; andaligr s., 25, 50; var í bréfinu sá s., Bs. i. 803, 838; þessi o:ð bera þann skilning, ii. 42; þat er minn s. at sú skipan á at standa, i. 827; tvenna skilninga, Skálda 207, and so in mod. usage: skilnings-góðr, clever; skilnings-laus, -lítill, adj. senseless, of small understanding, skil-orð, n. a condition, stipulation, terms (= skildagi), Jb. 282, Gþl. 307, 483, K.Á. 112, Fms. vi. 19, passim: a regulation, fjár s., N.G.L. i. 75: a decision, með sex manna skilorði, ii. 142. skil-rekki, n. an account, proof, evidence; með skynsemd ok s., Stj. 142, 150, 163, cp. 23, v.l. skil-rekkr, adj. trustworthy, respectable; skilrekkir menn, Stj. 90, 142. skil-ríki, n. a proof, evidence, = skilrekki; sýna s. til e-s, Grett. 121 A; sýna e-t með s., Jb. 170; sýna fullt s., Dipl. ii. 16; með fullu s., Th. 4; skrár ok s., Pm. 68; eptir því sem góðra manna s. þar um vátta, 46; fyrndar s., a proof of prescription, Dipl. ii. 5. 2. of a deed (as a document), Ann. 1361; bréf ok skilríki (plur.), Bs. i. 818, freq. in mod. usage, but skilrekki seems to be the older and truer form. skil-ríkliga, adv. clearly, conclusively, Gþl. 18 (Jb. 48), Karl. 554; frankly, H.E. i. 487. skil-ríkr, adj. - skilrekkr; s. maðr, Nj. 235, Fms. xi. 101, K.Á. 208, Gþl. 58, Grett. 90 A; s. bóndi, 110. 2. conclusive; skilríkt bréf, s. skript, Stat. 274, Bs. ii. 131; tjá skilríkt, to tell distinctly, 121. skil-samr, adj. (-semi, f.) = skilríkr. skil-vangi, a, m. = skildagi, N.G.L. i. 136, 151. skil-vísi, f. an account; göra s. fyrir kaupum, Gþl. 493. skil-vísliga, adv. clearly, conclusively, with despatch, promptly, Gþl. 66, Dipl. ii. 13, Anecd. 66, Sks. 57, 282 B, 315. skil-vísligr, adj. trustworthy, authentic, Stj. 17, Anecd.; öll bréf eiga á sér s. mörk, marks proving their authenticity, 88. skil-víss, adj. = skilríkr, trustworthy; s. maðr, Ld. 274; í skilvísum bókum, Stj. 17, 41, 58. skil-vænn, adj. = skilvíss, K.Á. 52. skil-yrði, n. = skilorð, Fms. vi. 194, D.N., freq. in mod. usage. SKIMA, að, to look all around, of a restless and eager look; hann skimar at fé sínu, Fas. i. 7; s. í allar áttir; see skuma. skimuðr, m., poët. a he-goat, Edda (Gl.) SKIN, n. [skína], sheen, shining, of the sun, moon, stars; skin sólar ok tungls, 623. 21; hann ræðr fyrir regni ok skini sólar, Edda 16; einn dag var skin heitt, Fms. i. 118, vi. 411; þann dag var fagrt veðr af skini, x. 344; höfðu þeir skorpnat í skininu, Háv. 47, passim: sól-skin, sunshine; tungl-skin, moonshine; a poët. name of the moon, Alm. 2. show = Germ. schein; yfir-skin, mod. COMPDS: Skin-faxi, a, m. Sheen-mane, name of the sun-horse, Edda. skin-hringr, m. a nickname, Fms. viii. skingr, n. a kind of cloth; Grönl. H.M. iii. 96, Flóv., D.N. skininn, part. bleached, withered; s. bein. SKINN, n. [a specially Scandin. word, not known to the Saxon and Germ., unless Germ. schinden ( = to flay) is of the same root; the Engl. skin is probably a borrowed Norse word, esp. as sk is not represented by sh] :-- a skin; húð af nauti, skinn af sauði, N.G.L. i. 420; bera (fall) af skinni, K.Þ.K., passim; sauð-skinn, sheep-skin; skinna tíund, N.G.L. i. 462. II. plur. skins, of fur or a furred cloak, Fms. vii. 34; grá skinn, 352; hvít skinn, Rétt. 2. 10; hann tók þá skinn sín er hann hafði á herðum sér, ok lagði undir höfuð Knúti konungi, 368; hann gaf honum skinn góð ok klæddi hann vel, 397; þat var skikkja ok pelldregin yfir skinnin, Lv. 41; cp. 'axlede han sit skin' in Dan. ballads. Skinna-björn, a nickname, from fur-trading in Russia (Hólmgarðr), see Landn. 3, ch. 1. skinns-litr, m. complexion of skin, Nj. 219, Bárð. 164, Fms. iii. 189. skinna-vara, u, f. 'skin-ware,' peltry, fur-ware, Eg. 69, Fms. x. 75, Ó.H. 134, Landn. 169, v.l. 7. B. As adj. of skin: skinn-beðr, m. a bed in a skin case, Dipl. iii. 4, 18. skinn-brækr, -fat, -feldr, -hosa, -hjúpr, -húfa, -kápa, -klæði, -kufl, -kyrtill, -ólpa, -rokkr, -sokkr, -stakkr ..., skin (or leather) breeks, garment, cloak, hose, jacket, cap, etc. ..., Bs. i. 355, Fbr. 139, Mart. 123, Sturl. ii. 120, Dipl. v. 18, Fms. v. 183, vi. 305, 422, x. 204, 401, Sks. 549, Orkn. 326, Hkr. iii. 166, Þorf. Karl. 430, Sturl. iii. 147, Fas. ii. 93, iii. 471 (Skinn-húfa is also the name of a giantess), Greg. 59, Glúm. 351, Fs. 52, Eb. 68 new Ed., 192, MS. 4. 8, Nj. 356, Boll. 356, Finnb. 222, in mod. usage. skinna, u, f. a skin, piece of vellum, in compds, Fagr-skinna, Morkin-s., Grá-s., Hrokkin-s., Gull-s., Rauð-s., see prefaces to Icel. Edd. of Sagas. skinnari, a, m. a skinner, tanner, 656 C. 8. skinn-bjartr, adj. bright-skinned, of complexion, Lex. Poët. skinn-dráttr, m. 'skin-pulling,' an athletic game, uncertain what; ef maðr gengr til fangs eðr skinndráttar at vilja sínum ábyrgist sá sik sjálfr at öllu, N.G.L. ii. 59. skinn-dreginn, part. lined ivith fur, Ísl. ii. 223. skinn-hvítr, adj. white-skinned, = skinnbjartr. skinni, a, m. a nickname, a skinner, Vápn. 5. skinn-klæðast, d, to put on one's skin clothes, of fishermen. skinn-klæði, n. a suit of skin clothes; see skinn B, skinn-lauss, adj. skinless, with abraded skin, Fas. iii. 393. skinn-leikr, m. a 'skin-game,' = skinndráttr, Sturl. iii. 188, Háv. 54, Fbr. 140, Bs. i. 648, 680. skinn-ræstinn, adj. white-skinned. skinn-sokkr, m. skin-socks, worn by fishermen; see skinn B. skinn-spretta, u, f. a scratch of the skin. skinn-stakkr, m. a skin cloak, used by fishermen; see skinn B. skinn-vefja, u, f. a nickname, Bárð. skinn-þaktr, part. skin-thatched, skin-covered, Stj. SKIP, n. [Ulf. skip = GREEK; a word common to all Teut, languages, ancient and modern] :-- a ship; it is the generic name, including ships of every size and shape; lang-skip, a long ship, a war ship (including dreki, skeið, snekkja); kaup-skip, a merchant ship (including knörr, buzza, kuggr); even of ferry-boats on lakes, rivers, channels, hafa skip á á (river), Grág. ii. 267; haf-skip, a sea-going ship; segl-skip, róðrar-skip, N.G.L. i. 335, Ld. 300, Hkr. i. 152, Fms. i. 38; ríða til skips, Nj. 4, and in countless instances: of a ship-formed candlestick, járn stika með skipi, Dipl. v. 18. For the heathen rite of burying a man in a ship, see Landn. 81, Ld. 16, Gísl., cp. also Yngl. S. ch. 27; Skjöld. S., of king Ring in Arngrim's Suppliments (MSS.) II. COMPDS: 1. with gen. plur.: skipa-afli, a, m. a naval force, Sturl. iii. 65, Fms. vii. 248. skipa-búnaðr (-búningr, Fms. x. 119), m. the fitting out of ships, making ready for sea, Fms. viii. 380, ix. 215. skipa-farir, f. pl. = skipa-ferð, Orkn. 428, Fms. iv. 50, Þiðr. 249. skipa-fé, n. a ship-tax, Rétt. 1. 5, H.E. i. 414, Jb. 459. skipa-ferð, f. = skip-ferð, Gullþ. 67, Fms. vi. 321. skipa-fjöldi, a, m. a multitude of ships, Magn. 450. skipa-floti, a, m. a fleet of ships, Fs. 16, Nj. 8. skipa-gangr, m. = skipaferð, Fms. vi. 238, 321, Bs. ii. 131. skipa-görð, f. ship-building, Fms. ii. 107, viii. 105, Rétt. 42. skipa-herr, m. a naval force. Eg. 13, 31, Fms. iii. 74. skipa-kaup, n. the trading with a ship in harbour,Grág. ii. 406. skipa-kostr, m. = skipaafli, Eg. 117, 527, Fms. i. 20, Orkn. 380. skipa-lauss, adj. without ships, Fms. xi. 180. skipa-leið, f. the 'ship-road,' way by sea, Fms. x. 92. skipa-leiðangr, m. a levy in ships, Rétt. 81. skipa-leiði, n. = skipaleið. Fms. x. 85. skipa-leiga, u, f. the hire of a ship, H.E. i. 394. skipa-lið, n. a naval force, Eg. 7, Fms. i. 147, vi. 225. skipa-lýðr, m. shipmen, seamen, Fb. i. 122. skipa-lægi, n. a berth, Landn. 54, Fms. vii. 122. skipa-maðr, m. a shipman. mariner, pl. a crew, Grág. i. 451, Nj. 133, Rd. 227, Fms. x. 244. skipa-meðferð, f. shipping business, Grág. ii. 394. skipa-orrosta, u, f. a sea-fight, Sks. 395. skipa-reiði, a, m. a ship's rigging, Skálda 194. skipa-saumr, m. [Dan. skibs-stöm], ship-nails, Fms. ix. 377. skipa-smiðr, m. a ship-wright, Eg. 135. skipa-smíð, f. sbip-building, Stj. 570. skipa-stóll, m. a supply of ships, fleet, Fms. vii. 292, viii. 163, 177, x. 414, Stj. 346. skipa-tollr, m.

548 SKIPAUPPSAT -- SKIPA.

a ship-tax, Rétt. 42. skipa-uppsát, n. the right of laying a ship ashore, Grág. ii. 401. skipa-viða, u, f. ship-timber, Fr. skipa-vöxtr, m. the size of ships, Fms. ii. 299. 2. with gen. sing.; skips-bátr, m. a ship's boat, Fbr. 103. skips-borð, n. a ship's board, gunwale, Vkv. 31, Skálda 192, Fms. xi. 140. skips-brot, n. = skipbrot, Grág. ii. 389, Gþl. 482, Fms. ii. 80, Edda 131. skips-bryggja, u, f. a ship's bridge, gangway. skips-dráttr, m. ship-launching, Grág. ii. 401, Gþl. 371, Fms. ix. 402, Fs. 157. skips-dróttinn, m. a ship's master, skipper, 655 x. 2. skips-flak, n. a wreck, Fms. ii. 246, Hkr. i. 303. skips-görð, f. = skipgörð, N.G.L. skips-háski, a, m. danger at sea, Jb. 402. skips-höfn, f. a ship's crew, Fms. ii. 246, vii. 298, Landn. 56, Ld. 118, passim: a harbour, berth; kirkja á s. í Herdísar-vík, Vm. 14. skips-lengd, f. a ship's length, Grág. i. 209, ii. 399. skips-prestr, m. a ship's priest, Sturl. i. 117. skips-reiði, a, m. a ship's tackling, Greg. 76. skips-sátr and skips-uppsát, n. a berth, Gþl. 98, 113. skips-verð, n. a ship's worth, N.G.L. i. 198. B. PROP. COMPDS: skip-batr, m. a ship's boat, cock-boat, Fms. vii. 82. skip-borð, n. = skipsborð, Hkr. i. 314. skip-bót, f. a ship's repair, Pm. 133. skip-brot, n. a shipwreck, Grett. 98 A, Ísl. ii. 245; vera í skipbroti, to be shipwrecked, Fb. i. 341: wreck drifted ashore, Grett. skipbrots-maðr, m. a shipwrecked person, Hkr. i. 310. skip-buza, u, f., Ann. 1349; see buza. skip-búinn, part. 'boun,' ready to sail, Bs. i. skip-búnaðr, m. a ship's fittings, Eb. 100. skip-dráttr, m. a ship-launch, Gþl. 113, Fms. vi. 202. skip-dróttinn, m. a skipper, captain, N.G.L. i. 209. skip-erfð, f. an inheritance among the ship's company, see the remarks to mis-för, p. 430, N.G.L. i. 50. skip-farmr, m. a ship's cargo, Sks. 231. skip-ferð, f. [Germ. schiff-fahrt], a sea-voyage, Fms. i. 222, xi. 263. skip-fjöl, f. a ship's plank; only in the phrase, stíga á s., to go on board, Ld. 318, Fbr. 186. skip-flak, n. a wreck. Fas. ii. 538, Ann. 1419. skip-færr, adj. navigable for a ship; veðr hvasst ok eigi skipfært, Eg. 482; lagði fjörðinn svá at ekki var skipfært, Fbr. 79 new Ed. skip-för, f. a sailing, Eg. 220: a voyage; vera í skipförum, 73; banna skipfarar upp í landit, Hkr. ii. 12. skip-gengr, adj. 'ship-going,' navigable, of a channel, river, or the like, Eg. 482. skip-görð, f. ship-building, Gþl. 78, Hkr. iii. 118. skip-herra, m. a skipper, ship-master, captain, Fms. xi. 426, Sturl. iii. 6l. skip-hlutr, m. the ship's share of a catch, Jb. 329. skip-hræ, n. the wreck of a ship, Fms. viii. 259, Jb. 392. skip-hræddr, adj.= sjóhræddr, Al. 140. skip-kaup, n. the purchase of a ship, Lv. 97. skip-kostr, m. = skipakostr, Eg. 202, Sturl. i. 77. skip-kváma (-koma), u, f. the arrival of a ship, Grág. ii. 405, Nj. 4, Ld. 62, Fms. ii. 68. skip-kænn, adj. skilled as a seaman, Stj. 571. skip-lauss, adj. shipless, Fms. viii. 371. skip-leggja, lagði, to bury in a ship, Landn. 81. skip-leiga, u, f. the hire of a ship, Gþl. 507, Jb. 383: a ship-tax, N.G.L. i. 257. skip-lesting, f. damage to a ship, N.G.L. i. 336. skip-leysi, n. a lack of ships. skip-maðr, m. a shipmate, one of the crew, Fms. xi. 430. ski-prestr, m. a ship's chaplain, Sturl. i. 117. skip-pund, n. [Dan. skib-pund], a weight; fjórar vættir ok tuttugu skulu göra s., Gþl. 523; tíu s. í lest, tólf lestir í áhöfn, 732. 16; but, tólf s. í lest, Bs. i. 545; hann kvað á at ekki s. skyldi vera dýrra en hundrað vaðmála, Fms. vi. 266; sex s. af gulli, six talents of gold, vii. 96. skip-pundari, a, m. a ship-pound steelyard, Gþl. 522. skip-reiða, u, f. 'ship-levy;' in Norway the country for the purposes of levy was divided into 'skipreiður,' tvá menn skal nefna ór hverri skipreiðu, Gþl. 10; var þá rannsakat útboð í hverri skipreiðu, Ó.H. 148; skipta í skipreiður, Hkr. i. 146. skip-reiði, a, m. a ship's rigging, Fms. i. 102. skipreiðu-menn, m. pl. the franklins of a skipreiða, Gþl. 91. skipreiðu-þing, n. a husting in a s., Gþl. 86. skip-reiki, a, m., corrupt for skipreki or -vreki, a shipwreck, Fas. iii. 529, passim: in mod. usage, verða í skipreika. skip-rúm, n. a 'ship-room,' berth, esp. of fishermen; veita e-m s., to take one among the crew, Sturl. i. 11. skip-sala, u, f. a ship's sale, Þorst. hv. 40. skip-saumr, m. ship-nails, Fms. viii. 199, Fas. iii. 301. skip-sátr, -sát, n. the right of beaching a ship, Vm. 136, 164. skip-skeggja, að, in a pun, Krók. 64. skip-skrokkr, m. an old hulk. skip-sleði, a, m. a 'ship-sledge,' roller for launching a ship, Fb. i. 22. skip-smiðr, m. a ship-wright, Fms. ix. 377. skip-smíð, f. ship-building, Bs. ii. 78. skip-sókn, f. = skipsögn, Fagrsk. skip-stafn, m. a ship's stern, Fms. vi. 402, viii. 217. skip-stjóri, a, m. = skipherra. skip-stjórn, f. the steering or command of a ship, Fms. vi. 246, vii. 287, Eg. 253. skipstjórnar-maðr, m. a 'ship-steerer,' captain, skipper, Eg. 33, Fms. vii. 256. skip-sveinn, m. a ship-boy, Bs. i. 842. skip-sýsla, u, f. = skipreiða, N.G.L. i. 153, ii. 382. skip-sögn, f. a ship's crew. Fms. vii. 43, ix. 319, x. 296, 390, Fær. 194, Hkr. ii. 226, passim. skip-taka, u, f. the seizing of a ship, Fms. v. 74. skip-tapi, a, m. the loss of a ship (at sea), Fms. ix. 427. skip-tjón, n. = skiptapi, Fms. xi. 237, Ann. 1227. skip-tollr, m. a ship's toll, Fs. 153, 157. skip-töturr, m. a hulk, Sturl. iii. 71. skip-uppsátr, n. = skipsátr, Jm. 2. skip-verð, m. a ship's worth, Fms. vi. 248. skip-veri, a, m. one of a crew, in sing., Eg. 128, Landn. 68: esp. in plur., skip-verjar, the crew, Grág. ii. 60, Eg. 100, Nj. 281, Ó.H. 56 (spelt skipverar), Fms. vi. 248, passim. skip-viðr, m. a ship's timbers; nú bera menn skipviðu eða draga langviðu, N.G.L. i. 65: of a wreck, Grág. ii. 387; sumir fylgðu skipviðum ok komu allir lifandi til lands, 656 C. 22. skip-vist, f. = skiprúm, Sturl. i. 11: the right of laying up a ship, = skip-sátr, Vm. 154. SKIPA, að, [from this word has come the Fr. équiper; Engl. equip] :-- to give order or arrangement to things, with dat., i.e. to draw up, place in order, arrange them, of seats, lines, rows; hann skipaði mönnum í skjaldborg, Ó.H. 206; þá fylktu þeir liði sínu ok skipaðu, 205; þeirra hverr á at skipa tveim mönnum í Lögréttu, öðrum fyrir sér, en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5; Gunnarr hafði marga boðsmenn, ok skipaði hann svá sínum mönnum, hann sat á miðjan bekk, en innar frá Þráinn ... þá var skipat konum í annat sinn, sat þá Þorgerðr meðal brúða, Nj. 50, 51; svá var skipat sessum, at ..., Fms. x. 16; Egill skipaði svá mönnum þeim er merkit báru, Hkr. i. 150; skipaðu höfðingjar herinum til atlögu, Fms. ii. 303; jarl skipaði svá atlögunni, ix. 430; þeir skipaðu svá sinni ferð, at ..., 468; konungr skipaði Haraldi í sína sveit, vi. 168; Gizurr skipaði Oddi yfir Skaga-fjörð, x. 6o; hann skipaði sonum sínum til landa, Rb. 316; skipuðu Ribbungar þar öllum sýslum, Fms. ix. 393; bændr ok þingu-nautar skyldu fyrst gunga á þingit ok skipa dómum eptir lögum, vii. 138; hann skipaði allri bygð ok skipti í skipreiður, Hkr. i. 146; er skipat í þáttu allri skrá þessi, Rb. 4. 2. metaph. to explain; skipa draumi, to read a dream, Fms. xi. 6; skipaði konungr fyrst þeirra máli, ix. 396; ok skipuðu málum þeim sem nauðsyn bar til, x. 32: in the phrase, of a song, eg kann kvæðið, en kann ekki að skipa því, I know the song by heart, but cannot give the order of the verses. II. with acc. to take up, occupy; konur skipuðu pall, Nj. 11; Haraldr ok hans lið skipaði langbekkinn, Fms. vi. 193; hann skipaði öndvegi, Vígl. 52 new Ed.; skipa fylking sína, to draw up one's line of battle, Eg. 292; Vagn ok Björn skipa annan arm, Fms. xi. 126: part., vágrinn var skipaðr herskipnm, ix. 360; var skipuð öll höllin, Nj. 269; hirð hans er skipuð afreks-mönnum einum, Eg. 19; höllin var skipuð hæverskum höfðingjum, Fms. vi. 3; vóru skipaðir þrettán stólar, x. 16; var skjöldum skipat allt húsit um veggina, the walls all hung with shields, vii. 147. 2. to establish, ordain, appoint, the place or office given being in acc.; þá skipaði hann lög, ... ok setti þat í lögum, at ..., Fms. i. 6; skipaði hann héraðit sínum félögum, Landn. 57; skipuðu þeir löndin Arnfinni jarli, Fms. i. 201; skipaði hann nú allt land sínum sýslu-mönnum, viii. 244; vóru þeim skipuð ríki þau á Íslandi sem konungr hafði þá heimildum á tekit, x. 45; skipa klerkum kirkjur, K.Á. 232; skipaði konungr ríki sín um öll Upplönd, ix. 410; Skúli hertogi hafði skipat allar sýslur fyrir norðan Staði, 478; fór hann inn í Sogn ok skipaði allt ríkit, x. 189; ok er skipat var ríkit með þessum hætti, Fas. i. 376; hann fékk honum umboð sitt at s. jarðir sínar, Eg. 590; Geirmundr skipar jarðir sínar á laun, Ld. 112; láta drepa stórmenni en hefja upp lítilmenni, hafa þeir verr skipat landit, Fms. vii. 183; hann skipaði dalinn vinum sínum, Gullþ. 44. 3. to compose, arrange; skipa bækr, Sks. 568; skipa máldaga (acc.), Nj. 4; skyldi Ólafr frálsliga mega skipa þenna skurð til hverrar jarðar sem hann vildi, Dipl. iv. 12; at hann skipaði (settled matters) milli þeirra, Fms. vii. 270 :-- skipa til e-s, to arrange; skipa til um fylkingar, ix. 489; skipa til atlögu, vii. 357; þeir skipuðu til bús með Sigríði, Eg. 94; at s. þar til bús, Nj. 54; skipuðu þeir til á hverju skipi, 8; s. til búa sinna, to put one's household in order, 219, 251, 259; um daginn eptir var þar skipat til leiks, Ld. 196; s. til um fylkingar, Ó.H. 215; þó mun eigi of skipat til ánna, there will not be too many rams for the ewes, Fms. xi. 149. 4. to man; skipaði konungr hana (i.e. the hall) hraustum drengjum, Fms. vi. 3; ek skal s. húskörlum mínum annat skipit en bóndum annat, Nj. 42; skipuðu þeir skipin sem bezt, Fms. ix. 401; hverr skal þau (the ships) skipa, Nj. 42; sex skip, öll vel skipuð, Eg. 87; tré alskipað af epluni, Stj. 73. III. to bid, command, Lat. jubere: s. e-m e-ð, freq. in mod. but not found in old writers; hann skipaði mér að fara. B. Reflex. to take a seat or place, draw themselves up; gengu þeir þá inn allir ok skipuðusk í dyrrin, Nj. 198; er menn skipuðusk í sæti sín, Eg. 248; þar var fjöldi fyrir boðs-manna, skipuðusk menn þar í sæti, Nj. 11; víl ek at menn skipisk í sveitir, ... skipisk menn nú í sveitir, en síðan skal sveitum skipa í fylking, Ó.H. 205 (skipta, Fms, v. 53, v.l.); þá skipaðisk jarl til atlögu, Fms. i. 169. 2. to undergo a change, sometimes with the notion for the better, to be improved; hugr yðvarr hefir skipask, 656 C. 42; mart hefir skipask í Haukadal, ok vertú varr um þik, Gísl. 20; ok er hann hafði þessa vísu kveðit, skipask nokkut hugr þeirra bræðra, Fas. i. 267; hví skipaðisk svá skjótt hugr þinn um málin í dag? Fs. 75; hefir þu mikit skipask síðan vit sámk næst, Fms. vi. 303; kvað eigi son sinn hafa vel skipask, Fas. i. 528; litr hennar skipaðisk á engan veg, Hkr. i. 102; hversu skipaðisk máttr konungsins, Fms. ix. 214: skipask á betri leið. Eg. 416: the saying, mart skipask á manns æfinni, Ó.H. 139, Fms. vii. 156; skjótt hefir hér nú skipask, 148; hvegi er síðan hefir skipask, Grág. i. 227: skipask við e-t, to yield to, be moved by; ekki er þess ván, at pit skipisk við framhvöt orða, ef þit íhugit ekki ..., Ld. 260; skipask við fortölur e-s, Fms. i. 285; konungr skipaðisk við fortölur Magnúss, vii. 210, Eg.

SKIPA -- SK1PT1. 5Í9

167; skipask við orð e-s, id., Fms. ii. 134, xi. 38, Ó.H. 48; s. við orðsending e-s, to answer to one's call, Fms. xi. 29; hann hét þeim dauða ok meiðslum, þeir skipuðusk ekki við þat, Hkr. i. 277; þenna kost görðu vér Hákoni, skipaðisk hann vel við, he took it in good part, Fms. ii. 35; of health, var heitið fyrir henni ok skipaðisk henni ekki viðr, it took no effect, Bs. i. 791; lagði Hrani um hana beltið ok skipaðisk skjótt við, Fb. ii. 9. II. pass., þeir skipuðusk múrr ok skjöldr, Mar. (a Latinism). III. part. fit, meet; vel skipaðr til klerks, Fms. x. 88; skipaðrar þjónustu af Guði, ii. 199; til-skipað sacramentum, xi. 443. skipa, að, [skip; Dan. skibe], to unload a cargo, skipa upp; Vigfúss skipar upp gózit, Fms. xi. 430; þeir tóku land ok skipuðu þar upp, Ísl. ii. 246; þeir lágu þar í lægi ok skipuðu upp, 217; skipit hélzk ok var upp skipat, Sturl. ii. 117. skipan and skipun, f. order, arrangement, disposition, of men; Aðalsteinn sagði hver s. vera skyldi fyrir liði hans, A. said how his troops should be drawn up. Eg. 292; þessi var skipan á göngu konungs til kirkju, this was the order of the royal procession, Fms. x. 15; þeir höfðu séð lið Hákonar ok alla skipan þeirra, vii. 256; varð orrosta eigi löng áðr s. raufsk á skipi Hákonar, 289; þá þynntisk skipun fyrir framan merki konungs, Ó.H. 217. 2. the manning of a ship, a crew; sex skip skipud fullri skipan, fully manned, Fms. x. 58; Eiríkr skipaði hann (i.e. the ship) sínum mönnum með þrennum skipunum, manned her with a threefold crew, 368; svá létu þér sem várt skip myndi eigi verr skipat enn Ormrinu langi var, en svá sýnisk mér sem skipti muni á vera um skipanina, vii. 11; ef háseti rýfr skipan, if one of the crew breaks the crew, by absenting himself or deserting, N.G.L. ii. 276, 278 (Jb. 387); Lögréttu-s. II. an appointed place, position; ganga til sætis síns sem hann á gang réttan ok skipan, Sks. 370; Haraldr fór þá austr til Svíþjóðar ok leitaði sér skiponar, Ó.H. 11: = skiprúm, hired service on board a ship, as a mate, fisherman; hann tók sér s. (took hire) með þeim manni er Þórólfr hét, Ld. 38; er þat siðr manna at fá sér slíka hluti áðr menn taka skipun, ... Hneitir átti nú hlut í at hann varni honum eigi skipunar, Sturl. i. 11; í Örfirisey eiga múnkar skipun (the manning of a boat) ok allan viðreka, Ám. 111; ein skipan, 112; allir kaupsveinar hafa sér ráðit skipan, Fms. vi. 238. III. metaph. order, position; af tungu-bragði ok skipun varranna, position of the lips, Skálda 170; héraðs-vöxtr ok lands-skipan (landscape), Fs. 22; borga-skipan, town geography, 32; landa-s. geography; orða-s., the disposition of words, syntax. 2. due order, due course, disposition, arrangement; tólf mánaða tiða-bækr en þó ekki eptir s., Vm. 100; vér sungum vers at skipun, unz lokit var, 623. 32; bæna-hald með þvílíkri s., Sks. 617: hann segir s. þá sem hann vildi á göra um ríkit, Fms. i. 46; lét hann upp lesa bréf um s. ríkisins, viii. 445; í millum annarra greina í sinni s. segir hann svá til prestsins. xi. 443; Kardinallinn görði þá s. þar á, at, x. 22: in mod. usage, order, command, = boð, til-s., an ordinance; tala um s. ok setning þá er vera á landa þeirra á meðal, Sks. 277 B. 3. care, charge; at þaer eignir skuli vera undir leikmanna s. ok forsjó, ... allar kirkju-eignir sé undir hans (the bishop's) s., K.Á. 30. 4. orders; þeir beiddusk skipanar af konungi, Sturl. iii. 137; skipan sú er menn göra á síðastum dögum heitir testamentum, K.Á. 50, 56; göra s. sína, to make one's last will, N.G.L. i. IV. a turn, change; var nú betri s. á komin um lund hans, his temper had taken a better turn, had improved, Hrafn. 35; var þá orðin s. mikil á hennar hag, honum sýndisk á henni grísar-höfuð, Odd. 28; þeir sá enga s. á hans yfir-bragði, 655 xiv. A. 2; mun honum þykkja góð s. á komin, Nj. 14; hversu mátti svá mikil s. verða á einni nótt? 623. 62; skipan er hér á vorðin, eldrinn er nú meirr fölskaðr enn ek hugða, Fs. 6: with the notion of change (for the better), s. er þá á orðin ef konungr mælir vel til mín, Fms. vii. 24. COMPDS: skipanar-bók, f. a book of statutes, H.E. i. 516. skipanar-bréf, n. a writ, Sturl. iii. 138. skipanar-brigð, n. trespass against an order, Sks. 592. skipari, a, m. [Dan. and Engl. skipper], a mariner, Eg. 373, Fms. ix. 319, Jb. 382, Hkr. ii. 83; skipara-stefna, Fms. iv. 298. skipt, f. [from Lat. excubitum; Byzan. Gr. GREEK], the camp of the Varangians at Constantinople, Fagrsk. 111. SKIPTA, t, [A.S. scyftan; Engl. shift; Dan. skifte] :-- to make a division of a thing, with dat. of the thing; to part, share, divide; skipta e-u í hluti, Eluc. 8; s. hrepp í fjórðunga, Grág. i. 443; s. liði í sveitir, Fms. ix. 511, x. 268; skipta þeir nú félagi sínu, Ld. 192; s. arfi, Eg. 197; s. með sér úmögum, Grág. i. 237 sqq.; sumum mönnum skiptu þeir með sér til ánauðar, Fms. i. 77; tóku þeir at herfangi allt fólk ok skiptu milli skipanna, vii. 195; s. vatni með mönnum, Grág. ii. 290; s. landi með okkr, 254; konungr skipti landi með sonum sínum, Fms. i. 6: s. e-u við e-n, to share it with another, Eg. 333, Fms. vii. 176; s. sundr, to part asunder, divide; ef sundr er skipt lögunum, þá mun sundr skipt friðinum, Nj. 164: to share, nornir skipta geysi-újafnt, Edda 11; enda skipti Guð með okkr, Nj. 165; látum s. Guð giptu, Fms. viii. (in a verse). 2. so in the phrases, vil ek mér engu af skipta, I will take no share for myself, will take no part in, Bs. i. 7, Band. 9 new Ed.; skipta sér lítið af e-u, Hom. (St.), Fas. iii. 529; s. mér engu af við þik, to leave thee alone, Fms. ii. 162; Þorgils bað hann sér ekki s. af við hana, heed her not, vii. 219; Glúmr skipti sér ekki af um búsýslu, Glúm. 335; þat er hann skipti sér af um mál manna, when he took part in men's affairs, Ld. 98. 3. acc., skipta bækr í kapítala, Skálda 174; jörðin var í brott skipt, Stj. 26; s. föng sin, Hom. 151; s. fé sitt, 152: this usage is due to the influence of Latin, and is rare in classical writings, old or mod., cp. Grág. i. 84; s. sitt líf í betra efni, Mar. II. to shift, change, also with dat.; skipta litum, to change colour, Rb. 354; s. göngu sinni, 100; s. nafni, Fms. xi. 416; s. skapi, Nj. 217; s. skaplyndi, Fms. vii. 113; s. um trúnaði sínum, to turn to the other side, x. 125: rarely with acc., skipta í ýmis kvikendi (cp. skiptingr), Barl. 25. 2. skipta e-u, to be of importance to a matter, to change or alter it; eigi skiptir þat arfi, it does not change the inheritance, Grág. i. 183; eiga máli at s. um e-t, to be concerned about a thing, Nj. 87, 240; þótti henni allmiklu máli s., it concerned her much, Ó.H. 31, 97; þat skiptir engu, it does not matter, Fms. vi. 14; þykki mér þat miklu s., Eg. 714; kveðsk ok engu máli þykkja s., it did not matter to him, Ísl. ii. 350; mik skiptir öngu, Nj. 33; ek ætla mik öngu s. hverr þú ert, Fms. x. 295; eigi þykki mér s. ('tis indifferent to me) í hverjum flokki ek em, Ó.H. 204; þik mun litlu s. um mína liðsemd, thou wilt get but little good from my help, Eg. 722; ef máli skiptir, if it be of importance, Skálda 162; hitt skiptir hana enn meira, it is of more moment for her, Ld. 136; þik mun þat eigi (engu?) skipta, 72; hvat mun þik þat s., dæmðr ertú nú til dauða, Fs. 96; eigi mun þat nú s., Nj. 134; til alls er jarli þótti skipta, Fms. xi. 128; þat skiptir hverr byðr, it makes all the difference, i. 181; þá skipti hversu gott væri mitt yfir-bragð, ef mikit er, Fb. i. 391; þat mun tveimr skipta, one of the two, of two extremes, Ld. 34, Fms. vii. 95; sér Pálnatóki, at mun tveimr um skipta, it must turn one way or the other, of the decisive moment, xi. 96; um þenna mann mun stórum s., Ó.H. 140; eigi skiptir þat (þá at) högum til, 'tis not as it should be, Fb. 1. 331, Fs. 79: þat skipti mörgum hundraðum, it is a matter of many hundreds, amounts to several hundreds, Eb. 328, Bs. ii. 56; sitr Ólafr nú at búi sínu svá at vetrum skipti, for several years, Ld. 110; matlausir svá at mörgum dægrum skipti, Fms. ii. 97, Bs. i. 339, Fb. i. 431; það skiptir tugum, etc. 3. þannig skipti til (it so turned out, it came to pass) sem úlikligra mundi þykkja, Fms. vii. 161: skipta til = skipa til, to arrange, dispose, Bjarn. 6l; skipta um, to come to a crisis, turn one way or other, Glúm. 369; skjótt mun um skipta, Ó.H. 209; láta þann verða fund okkarn, at um skipti með oss, 94. III. to exchange; skipta e-u við e-n, to exchange with another; s. höggum við e-n, Ó.H. 214; s. orðum við e-n, Nj. 62; skipta jörðum í aðrar, to exchange them with others, Gþl. 60, Barl. 4, 75, 106; vildi Sveinn skipta hornum við nafna sinn, Orkn. 246; s. orðum við e-n, s. til, undarliga skipti ér til, ye make strange shifts with things, turn them up and down, Ó.H. 67; s. um e-t, to exchange; s. um bústaði, lánar-drottna, namn, Nj. 29, 57, Fms. xi. 426, Rb. 300; hann skipti þar um er honum þótti þurfa, Nj. 122 (um-skipti). IV. absol. to change, come about, happen; ef þeir eigu nokkuru at s., Sks. 252 B; ef því er at skipta, if that is to happen, if it comes to that, Eg. 426; þótt því sé at s., Nj. 168, Fms. vi. 416, Ó.H. 33; þvi er at skipta þó, it will however turn out so, Fær. 32. B. Reflex. to divide themselves, disperse; skiptusk þeir, snöru sumir norðr, Fms. v. 44; skiptask til landa, Hom. 129. 2. to turn oneself, change; náliga mátti kalla at hann skiptisk í allan annan mann, Sturl. i. 125 C; líkamir várir skiptask til meiri dýrðar, Eluc. 43; nema fleira hafi skipzk (= skipask) um hagi þína, Fas. i. 72; þar skiptisk stórum sólar-gangr, varies much, Sks. 2OO B; þá skiptusk tungur (changed) á Englandi, er Vilhjalmr bastarðr vann England, Ísl. ii. 221; þá er tungur skiptusk, Rb. 340. II. recipr., skiptask e-u við, to make an exchange; skiptask gjöfum við, to exchange presents, Eg. 250, Njarð. 362, Fms. xi. 224; skiptask orðum, málum við, Ld. 38, Fms. vii. 138; s. höggum við, Eg. 221; skiptask við um róðr, to row by turns, 362: mod., skiptask á um e-t, id.; skiptask drottins-dagar á stöfum, to change alternately, Rb. 488; skiptask til vöku, to take turns in watching, Stj. 394. III. pass., skiptast manna á milli, Sks. 442. skipti, n. a division, distribution, sharing; þegar í áttir er skipt úmögum, þá skal þat s. halda, Grág. i. 237; þér hafit lítið af ríki, en erut margir til skiptis, Fms. i. 52; þessa skiptis mun ek opt iðrask, Eg. 294; ok er þeir fundusk um skiptin, orðu þeir vel ásáttir, Þorst. Síðu H. 117. 2. a shift; þat munu Danir kalla at betra skipti sé at drepa heldr vÍking Norrænan en bróður sinn Danskan, Fms. i. 85: a change, mörgum þótti þetta s. mjök á móti skapi, Eg. 64. II. exchange, dealings, transactions, as also contests, disputes, fights, only in plur.; í þvílíkum skiptum konunganna fannsk þat á, at ..., Fms. i. 17; þau ein s. munu vit eiga, Nj. 141; fórn þeirra s. svá, at..., 196; s. vár sona. Eiriks, Eg. 524; með þessu skilr s. þeirra, Ísl. ii. 274; hafa þeir fengit minna hlut í várum skiptum, Fms. vii. 256; mæltu menn at hér væri makliga um þeirra s., Ld. 148; ef hinn sári maðr segir öðrum frá þeirra skiptum, Grág. ii. 33; við-s., af-skipti, dealings; um-s., a change; see also the compds, missera-skipti, síða-skipti; hesta-s., a change of horses; all these compds being used only in plur. III. time; í bæði skiptin both times; eitt s., once, skipta-vinr, m. a customer.

550 SKIPTILIGA -- SKÍRN.

skipti-liga, adv. shiftingly, in parts, 677. 8. skipti-ligr, adj. divisible, 677. 11, Skálda 203. skipting, f. a division, dividing, Grág. i. 242, ii. 342, Alg. 356 (of arithmetic), passim. 2. a shifting, change, Skálda 182, 209. skiptingar-tíund, f. = skiptitíund, K.Þ.K. 162. skiptingr, m. a changeling (Germ. wechselbalg), an idiot, believed to have been substituted for the right child by fairies, Sks. 296, Fms. xi. 56, 445, Fas. ii. 341, Mar., Stj. 475; for the popular superstition see Maurer's Volksagen. 2. gramm. = semi-vocalis, the letters i and u, Skálda 170. skipti-tíund, f. a tithe, thus called from being divided into four parts, between the church, bishop, priest, and poor, K.Þ.K. 162, Bs. i. 834, Vm. 84, H.E. ii. 89. skipu-lag, n. order, disposition. skipu-liga, adv. orderly, Fms. ii. 147, Sturl. i. 9, ii. 1. skipu-ligr, adj. orderly, Sturl. ii. 174. skirfl, n., mod. skrifli, [Germ. scherbe], a hulk, an old dilapidated thing; skjaldar-s., Band.; skip-skrifli, bát-s., freq. in mod. usage. skirpa, t, to spit; hann skirpti við, er þeir riðu brott, Sturl. i. 177; s. e-u fram úr sér, to spit it out. SKIRRA, ð, [skjarr], to 'bar', prevent, with dat.; s. vandræðum, to prevent strife, Orkn. 162; ek hefi allan mik vid lagt at skirra vandræðum þeirra, Eg. 738; kvað þeim þat mikit happ cf þeir mætti s. vandræðum svá miklum, Ld. 220; þó vóru þeir sumir er s. vildu vandræðum, Bs. i. 21. II. reflex. skirrask, to shun, shrink from, with acc.; skirrask manndráp, Sks. 576; skirrask slík vandræði, Róm. 198, Hom. (St.): the mod. phrase, skirrast við e-t, to shrink from. skirvir, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp.: skirvill, a nickname, Ann. skita, u, f. [cp. skíta], diarrhoea, skitu-leitr, adj. pale, thin, Grönd. skitinn, part. [Dan. skiden], dirty, Skíða R. 123. skit-ligr, adj. dirty, paltry, Rd. 239. skitna, að, to become dirty. skitraðr, m. a nickname, Fms. ix. 421. SKÍ, n. jugglery, legerdemain; undr ok argskap. skí ok skrípi ein, Gsp. (Fas. i. 487): hence the compd, skí-maðr or ske-maðr, m., prop. a juggler, impostor, by which word the ancients rendered the 'hypocrite' of the N.T.; eigi skulu þér hryggvir vera sem skímenn, ... þeir hryggjask svá sem skímenn, Hom. 74; ér skímenn, hverr yðvarr leysir oxa sinn af bási á þváttdegi? Greg. 48 (Luke xiii. 15): in secular writings, enn Eirekr faðir hans sagði svá, at þat var samskulda er Leifr hafði borgit skipshöfn manna í hafi, ok þat er hann hafði flutt skæmanninn til Grænlands, þat var prestrinn, Frissb. 157, cp. Fms. ii. 246 (Hkr. i. 304 l.c. spells skemann). SKÍÐ, n. [A.S. scide; Germ. scheite; the root verb is the Goth. skaidan; Germ. scheiden; Lat. scindere, pf. sc&i-long;di; Gr. GREEK] :-- a billet of wood (a tablet, Vsp. 20), fire-wood; kljúfa skíð, Nj. 130, Fas. ii. 117; bátr hlaðinn skíðum, Fms. vii. 31; þurra skíða, Hm. 59; þeir báru skíðin á eldinn, Edda 82; konungr tók þá skíð eitt ok skelldi á þilit, Fas. iii. 125; skíða-fang, an armful of logs, Fms. v. 92. COMPDS: skíða-hlaði, a, m. [Germ. scheiter-haufen], a pile of fire-wood, Dropl. 29, Fs. 5, Fas. ii. 424, Landn. 179. skíða-viðr, m. fire-wood, Kd. 232. II. [cp. Engl. skid, the drag applied to a coach-wheel], of snow-shoes, such as are used by the Finns, Norsemen, and Icelanders in the north-east of Iceland (also called öndurr or andrar); ferr hón mjök á skíðum ok með boga, Edda 16, Ó.H. 185; allra manna bezt færr á skíðum, Eg. 73: stíga á skíð, Ó.H. 153, Eg. 545; kunna vel á skíðum, Fms. i. 9; skríða á skíðum, Orkn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 120; renna á skíðum, Fb. iii. 405; for descriptions of running in skíð see Ó.H. ch. 78, 131, Hem. þ. (Fb. iii. 408-410): allit., á skipi eðr skíði, Grág. ii. 171: from the likeness of a war-ship (cp. skeið) to snow-shoes a ship is called skíð sækonunga eðr sævar, sævar-skíð. lagar-skíð, Edda; as also, blá-skíð, brim-skíð, býr-skíð, haf-skíð, sæ-skíð, unn-skið, varr-skíð, etc., i.e. a ship: again, fólk-skíð, her-skíð, etc., i.e. weapons, swords, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: skíða-ferð, f. a running on snow-shoes, Fms. v. 337, Hem. skíða-geisli, a, m. the balancing-staff used by sliders, Fms. v. 337. skíða, u. f., gen. pl. skíðna, Gþl. 381: a splint, stick, Fas. iii. 125, Mar. 1055; klauf hann Þór í skíður einar, Fms. ii. 163; taka skíður í hönd sér, Bs. i. 634. skíðna-garðr, m. = skíðgarðr, Gþl. 381. II. the name of a county in Norway, mod. Skien, Fms. Skíð-blaðnir, m. the name of the famous mythical ship of the god Frey, Gm., Edda. skíð-færi, n. a passage on snow-shoes; þar til at snjófa görði ok gott s., Fb. i. 21, Fms. viii. 400. skíð-færr, adj. good at running on snow-shoes, Edda 18, Fms. iii. 18, ix. 233. skíð-garðr, m. wooden palings, a wooden fence, Eg. 80, 232, Ó.H. 135, Fb. i. 545, Fms. ix. 521; skíðgarðs-hlið, iii. 67: a yard, 656 C. 4. skíði, a, m. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.) II. a pr. name, Landn. Skíða-Ríma, the Lay of Skiði: Skíðungar, a nickname, Sturl.: in plur. the name of an old family, the descendants of S, Korm. skíði, n. [A.S. scæ-acute;ð, sceað; Engl. sheath; Germ. scheide; Dan. skede], a sheath, Hðm. 16. skíði-járn, n. a 'sheath-iron,' dirk, id. skíðing, f. = suzingull, Sks. 403. skíð-kjálki, a, m. = skíðsleði, Fb. ii. 169. skíð-lægr, adj. level, horizontal; þar skíðlægt yfir, Bs. ii. 81. skíð-sleði, a, m. a snow-sledge shaped like a snow-shoe, Ó.H. 85. SKÍFA, u, f. [Germ. scheibe], a shaving, slice, passim in mod. usage; a nickname, Fms. x. SKÍFA, ð, to cut into slices, slice; skífða hjálma, Fas. i. 158; s. sem hvannir, Bær. 8, Háv. 13 new Ed.; skífðu hnappinn or grindinni, Lv. 65; skífði frá síðuna, Flóv.; s. undurn, to carve meat, Km. 2. skíma, u, f. a shimmer, faint gleam of light; dags-s., ljós-s. skí-maðr, m. a juggler, hypocrite; see skí. SKÍMI, a, m. [Ulf. skeima = GREEK, John xviii. 3; Germ. schimmer; A.S. scîma; Engl. shimmer] :-- a gleam of light; nokkurir skímar af hennar geislum, Sks. 205; at af þeim geisli þessi skími, 206; með bleikum skíma, 627; leiðir fram dökkvan skíma, 229 B. SKÍNA, pres. skínn, Nj. 146; þú skínn, 623. 18: mod. skín (with a single n); pres. skein, skeint (mod. skeinst), skein, pl. skinu; subj. skini; part. skininn: [Ulf. skeinan = GREEK, GREEK; common to all Teut. languages] :-- to shine; sól skínn, Grág. ii. 170; nú skínn sól í sali, Alm.; sól skein sunnan, Vsp. 4; veðr var fagrt, skein sól í heiði, Ó.H. 216; geislar skinu, Ór. 60; er sólin skínn á, Nj. 146; s. með mikilli birti, Fms. i. 77: tne phrase, skína í jarteinum, 623. 18; or, s. jarteinum, of a saint, Bs. passim; ok er hann skein í þvílíkri dýrð, Fms. x. 231; þeim er skein í heims prýði, 656 A. ii. 2; heilög Krisini hefir skinit með björtum blóma, Bs. i. 237; skínanda klæði, shining, glittering clothes, of gold-embroidered stuff, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Vm. 52, 55. 2. to glimmer, gleam; skínu við tólf spjót ok skildir nokkurir, Eg. 742. II. part. skininn, bleached, withered; skininn hross-hauss, Fas. ii. 300; hvítr ok skininn. SKÍRA, ð; a distinction is made between skíra (with í) = to purify, and skýra (with y) metaph. = to explain; but that both words are identical is shewn from the Goth.: [Ulf. skeirjan = GREEK, skeireins = GREEK, skeirs = clear] :-- to cleanse, purify; s. silfr, Hkr. i. 185; þat skírir ok birtir augu, ... þat bætir myrk augu ok skírir, Pr. 472, 473; skíra sik, to cleanse oneself. 2. of an oath or ordeal, to clear, purge; skíra sik með tylptar-eiði, Gþl. 151; ok skíri hón sik, ok handsala faðerni ef hón verðr skír, Lv. 77; er þó ván at þú skírir þik í hreinsunar-eldi, Fms. vii. 38. II. eccl. [as translation of A.S. fullian = to cleanse], to baptize, christen; skíra barn, K.Þ.K., N.G.L., Fms., Nj., Bs., in countless instances, old and mod. 2. reflex. skírask, to be baptized; láta skírask, Jb. 10, Fms. i. 23, 129. skírari, a, m. [cp. A.S. fullere], the Baptist, N.T., Vídal. skír-borinn, part. 'pure-born,' born in wedlock, Grág. i. 288, Fms. x. 265. Skír-dagr, m. Maundy-Thursday, Bs. i. 168, 247, ii. 167, Ld. 324, Rb. 358, Fms. ix. 500, Sturl. i. 25, 114, iii. 203: Skíri-dagr, id., Gþl. 177: Skíri-Jón, John the Baptist, Gd. Skíri-Þórsdagr, id., N.G.L. i. 10, Gþl. 177, Fms. ix. 500, Karl. 469. skír-dræpr, adj. dazzling; lét hann tjalda svörtum tjöldum til þess at þá væri síðr skírdræpt, Ó.H. 156 (Fær. 213). skír-getinn, part. born in wedlock, Fms. ix. 250, Grág. i. 171. Skíri-dagr, m. = Skírdagr. skíri-faðir, m. a 'baptism-father,' one who has baptized one, Sturl. i. 75. skíri-nafni, a, m. a namesake, Sighvat. skíring, f. a clearing; skíringar-vitni, a compurgatory witness, N.G.L. i. 207. 2. a christening = skírn, N.G.L. i. 375, 392. Skíri-Þórsdagr, m. = Skírdagr. skír-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), purity; at slá slíkt silfr at skírleika sem várr vili verðr til, N.G.L. i. 446; sakir orða gnóttar eða skírleiks, MS. 15. 1: mostly in a moral sense, s. andarinnar, Stj. 34, 142, Mar. skír-leitr, adj. pure of countenance, Gm. 39, Akv. 35; bjartari ok skírleitari, MS. 234. 80. skír-liga, Adv. purely, Sól. 10. skír-ligr, adj. = skírleitr; s. í yfirbragði, Sturl. ii. 189; s. at yfirlítum, Fb. ii. 431 (MS. skýrligr, less correct). skír-lífi, n. a pure life, chastity, Mar. skír-lífr, adj. pure-lived, chaste, HE. i. 469, MS. 625. 78, passim. skírn, f. [as a translation of the A.S. fulluht, which prop. means cleansing, cp. Engl fuller = bleacher] :-- eccl. baptism, christening; skírn görir alla hreina ok skíra, 655 i. 1, K.Þ.K., Bs., in countless instances, old and mod.; heima-s., christening at home; skurðar-s., circumcision; halda barni undir skírn, to stand godfather, Fb. ii. 264; skírnar-hald, the standing godfather, Str. 17; skírnar embætti, -þjónosta, Fms. i. 148, H.E. i. 473, Karl. 204, Stj. 377; skírnar-dagr, 677. 15; skírnar-brunnr (-bruðr), the fount of baptism, Fms. iii. 168, MS. 656 A. ii. 2; skírnar-dropi, Hom. 56; skírnar-ketill, skírnar-munnlaug, a font, Vm. 17, 109; skírnar-Sár, a baptismal font, H.E. i. 473, Vm. 1; skírnar-klæði, baptismal clothing = hvíta-váðir (q.v.), a white garment, Fms. x. 244, Stj. 49. Ó.T. 25, 29; skírnar-nafn, a baptismal name, Bær. 6, Stj. 139;

SKÍKNA -- SKJÁLFHENDH. 551

skírnar-steinn, a font, Vm. 38; skírnar-vatn, baptismal water, 655 vii. 2. skírna, að, to become clear; vatn sem betr hefði skírnat ok setzk, Stj. 290; þá tekr þat ljós at skírnask ok birtask, Sks. 204. Skírnir, m. the Bright, the name of the messenger of Frey, the god of light, Edda. Skírnis-för (in mod. Edd. called Skírnis-mál), Sæm. skírr, adj., compar. skírri, superl. skírstr, Sks. 138 new Ed., MS. 15. 5; [Goth, skeirs; A.S. scîr; Engl. sheer; Germ. schier; Dan. skjær; cp. also skærr and skýrr] :-- clear, bright, pure, of glass, water, sky, light, etc.; gler allra hreinst ok skírst, MS. 15. 5; skírt vatn, Hb. 544. 39; skír ok úskír vötn, Rb. 352; skír veðr eðr úskír, Stj. 15; þrjár merkr gang-silfrs móti einni skírri, 732. 16; skírt silfr, id.; sýndisk honum eigi skírt mála-silfrit, Fms. vi. 243; átta hundruð marka skírra, x. 92; drykkr skírri hverju víni, id.; getinn af skírri meyju ok flekklaussi, 625. 70. 2. metaph. cleansed from guilt, esp. referring to an ordeal; hreinn ok skírr, 655 i. 1; emk skírr um þat, I am clear of that, Sighvat; verðr hón af járni skír þá er hón sýkn saka, N.G.L. i. 351; þá varð sá skírr er undir jarðar-men gékk ef torfan féll eigi á hann, Ld. 58. 3. með skírri raust, wfth a clear voice, Sks. 138 new Ed. skír-skota, að, to appeal, a law term, with dat.; the word is prob. derived from the appeal to ordeal; s. e-u undir e-n, to appeal to; s. þessum órskurði undir þá menn alla, ... ok skírskotaði til þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó.H. 86; því s. ek undir þik, Arinbjörn, ok þik, Þórðr, ... at ..., Eg. 352; s. skal hann undir vátta svörum þeirra, N.G.L. i. 348; konungr skírskotaði þá fyrir þeim er hjá vóru, at Símon gékk við, called them to witness, upon that S. confessed, Fms. ix. 358; þá er hann réttlauss ok hefir hann því skírskotað, N.G.L. i. 74. skírsl, f., prop. purification, an ordeal; for the ordeal see the remarks s.v. bera A. 111, jörð A. in fine, ketill 1. 2; as also the words járn-burðr, ketil-tak, jarðar-men; göra skírslir, Fms. x. 418; Guðs skírslir, 'God's ordeal,' is opp. to manna skírsl, man's ordeal (i.e. an oath), N.G.L. i. 389; göra e-m stefnu til þings, ok njóti þar skírsla sinna, Js. 38; hann skal eigi eiga hverft til manna skírsla ef hann býðr fyrri Guðs skírslir, i.e. if a man first offers God's ordeal he shall have no right afterwards to man's ordeal, the oath, N.G.L. l.c. COMPDS: skírslar-eldr, m. [Dan. skers-ild], purgatory, Mar. skírsla-þing, n. a meeting for an ordeal, N.G.L. i. 459. II. a christening = skírn, q.v.; um Guðsifjar ok skírsl (skísl Ed.), N.G.L. i. 339; skírsla-stefna, the fixing a time for christening, 340. skírsla, u, f. a purification, ordeal, see skírsl, Fms. vii. 164, ix. 284, K.Þ.K. 168, Grág. i. 341, 361: in a heathen sense, of passing under a jarðarmen, Ld. 58: metaph., göra skírslu til e-s, to put to the test, Fms. xi. 95, Orkn. 356. skír-teini, n. [cp. jartein], a proof, evidence (documentary or personal), freq. in mod. usage: skír-teinn, m. the name of a charmed sword, which shewed the guilt or innocence of one who touched it, Hem. skíta, skeit, skitu, skitið, [A.S. scitan; Engl. shite; Germ. scheissen; Dan. skide; now only vulgar] :-- cacare, Grág. ii. 133, Fms. vii. 21; þeir fuglar er í sitt hreiðr s., that foul their own nest, Sturl. iii. 253: part. skitinn (q.v.), dirty. skítr, m. merda, N.G.L. i. 29, passim. COMPDS: skít-holt, n. (cp. ganga til trés), a privy, a low word of abuse; skítholtið þitt! skít-karl, m. a dirty fellow, Fas. ii. 211, Mag. 73. skítugr, adj. dirty. skjaðak, n. [Norse skjak = lolium temulentum, Gunnerus Flora Norwagica] :-- a kind of weed, darnel; stundum spillir s., of a field, Sks. 322. 2. of an ill-flavoured or poisonous brewing, as of a drink made of darnel; mungát þat er s. var í, Bs. i. 64; þá kom s. í mungátið ... tók þá þegar alla úþekt ok s. ór mungátinu, 316; þar var mungát heitt ... ok görði síðan af dám ekki góðan, ok þótti halda við váða, at s. möndi í koma, 340. skjal, n. [ = skval, dropping the v] , windy, empty talk, gossip, Edda 110; s. ok hégómi, H.E. i. 475; hann kvaðsk eigi heyra skjal þeirra, Fms. v. 327; verða at skjali einu, Fas. iii. 181; skrum ok s., Skiða R. 7; alþýðu skjal, Hom. (St.) B. [A different word; from skil, Dan. skjel, cp. spell and spjall], a written deed, document, adduced as proof in a lawsuit, D.N. i. 605, iv. 538. 550, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: skjala-safn, n. archives. skjala-vörðr, m. a keeper of archives; leyndar-skjal, a secret deed. skjala, að, to prate, swagger, Fas. iii 273, 284, Grett. 89 new Ed. SKJALD-, the form taken by skjöldr in COMPDS: skjald-blætr, m. a shield worshipper(?), Yngl. S. (in a verse). skjald-borg, f. a 'shield-burgh,' wall of shields, an old battle array, Ó.H. 206, Nj. 274, Eg. 92, 532, Fms. ii. 319, vi. 416, 418, vii. 262, described in Har. S. Harðr. ch. 117 (Fms. vi 413). skjald-fimr, adj. quick with one's shield, Lex. Poët. skjald-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, from its particoloured skin, Sks. 124. skjald-kona, u, f. = skjaldmær, Lv. 63. skjald-kænn, adj. = skjaldfimr, Lex. Poët. skjald-mær, f. a 'shield-maid,' amazon, Akv. 17, Al. 121, Fas. i. 140, 177, Odd. 22, 26. skjald-rim, f. the 'shield-rim,' i.e. the line of shields along the gunwale of a ship (skip skarat skjöldum), Orkn. 104 (in a verse), Fms, vi. (in a verse), xi. 140 (read. skjaldrimna). skjald-steinn, m. 'the 'shield-stone,' the upper stone of a hand-mill(?), Gísl. (in a verse). skjald-sveinn, m. a 'shield-boy,' shield-bearer, Sks. 705, Korm. 118, Stj. 631. skjalda, að, to enclose in a fence of shields, Fms. x. 78; skip skjaldat með stöfnum, viii. 233; al-skjaldaðr, of a ship, Landn. 156 (see skjöldr): skjaldaðr, shielded, of a person, Fær. 81, Bb. i. 204, Karl. 377. skjalda, u, f. a particoloured cow, Ísl. Þjóðs. skjaldari, a, m. a targeteer, Gþl. 103. skjald-bálkr, m. (N.G.L. i. 84), and skjald-þili, n. (should be spelt skjal-, not skjald-, from skilja, not from skjöldr?), [Norse skjel-tile] :-- a wooden partition-wall, Eg. 90, 233, 235, Fms. v. 338, viii. 172, Grett. 98 A, Orkn. 110, N.G.L. ii. 245 (skjælldili). skjald-brík, f. = skjaldbálkr: skjald-bríkja, t, to wainscot, D.N. SKJALL, n. the white membrane of an egg, Edda 12; hvítr sem skjall, white as s., id.; skjalli hvítara, Gsp. 2. a membrane, the white skin stretched over a round frame (skjár) and used for a window; hence the phrase, vera sem skjall á skjá, to be like a skjall on a frame, of a fickle, shifty person, cp. the mod. 'brittle as glass:' the phrase in N.G.L. i. 384 -- en ef hann svarar, at nú gengr eigi skjall á skjá = but if he answers, 'tis no matter, never mind! -- is somewhat obscure, skjall-hvítr, adj. white as skjall, Gd. 68 (of a lily). skjall, n., qs. skval (q.v.), empty, vain flattering. SKJALLA, skellr, skall, skullu, skylli, skollinn; an infin. skella is used in mod. writings, but hardly occurs in old writers (except Ob. l.c.); the older form skjalla is analogous to skjaálfa, hjálpa, bjarga, q.v. :-- to clash, clatter, hann lætr skjalla honum höggit, Fms. xi. 149; láta hamarinn skjalla honum, Edda i. 168 (skella, Ob. l.c.); láta hnefa skjalla, Hd.; en á hælum hringar skullu, clattered, Hým. 34; áin skall þegar á brjóst honum, Grett. 140; hnefar Þórs skullu út á borðinu, Edda 36; enda skellr þar nú láss fyrir búrin Reykdæla, Sturl. ii. 53; hurðin skall í lás, the door slammed to: skella á, to burst out on, break out, of a gale, storm; veðr, hríð, stormr skall á; skall nú bardagi á þeim, burst upon them, Fms. xi. 23: impers., skall þar e-m, there was one struck, iii. 188: metaph., hjörtu skullu, were stricken with fear, Fms. vi. 39 (in a verse). skjalla, að, [skvel, skvaldr], to swagger, talk loud; vér verðum at tala meðan ungmennit skjallar, Mork. 90, cp. Fms. vi. 335. 2. mod. to flatter; s. e-n. skjallari, a, m. a flatterer. skjal-lauss, adj. without swagger or cant, Mag. skjall-fili (spelt skjæll-fili) = skjaldþili, N.G.L. ii. 245, v.l. 27. skjal-ligr, adj. documentary, authentic; skjalligt próf, D.N. ii. 580. skjall-kænliga, adv. in a swaggering manner, Grett. 131 A. skjallr, adj. [skjalla], loud, clashing, shrill; s. brestr, Bs. i. 798; lesa snjallt ok skjallt, 220; kalla skjallt, 623. 35; hann skelldi miklu skjallast, Fas. iii. 125: the phrase, hann kvað sér vera ekki einkar skjallt, he said he did not feel well, Gísl. 47. skjal-semi, f. swaggering, Hom. (St.) skjambi, a, m. = skjanni, (conversational.) skjanni, a, m. [akin to kinn?], the side of the head, Fas. ii. 451 (but coarse) skjanna-ligr, adj. gaunt-faced. skjappa, u, f., mod. skeppa, [Dan. skjeppe; East Engl. skip], a bushel; skjöppur ok vágir, N.G.L. i. 126; fjórar skeppur, 136: a nickname, Fms. vii. 215. SKJARR, adj. [Engl. shy; Germ. scheu], shy, timid, of animals, deer; skjarra sauði, Nj. 27, Bs. i. 330; skjörr hross, Hrafn. 7: skjarrt hross, Gþl. 504; sauðfé þat er skjarrast var, Ld. 96. 2. metaph., skjarr við e-t, shunning; skjarr við skot, Ls. 13; gör þér sem leiðust öll manndráp ok ver skjarr við, Sks. 382; skjörr á skeið(i), shy, faltering in the race, but the passage is obscure or corrupt, Fm. 5; dag-s., shunning the day, of a dwarf, Ýt. 2; flug-s., flót-s., shunning flight; bleyði-s., bold; læ-skjarr, fraud-shunning, Lex. Poët. skjá, ð, to stretch the membrane skjall over a window-frame; glyggi smá ok alla skjáða, Sks. 427; konu-tetrið öngan gluggan skjáði, Hallgr. skjáðr, m., Edda ii. 610; read skrjóðr. skjálf, f [Engl. shelf], a shelf, seat; remains only in hlið-skjálf, q.v. II. a pr. name, Yngl. S. (Skjálfar-bóndi). SKJÁLFA, skelf, skalf, skulfu; subj. skylfi; part. skolfit (skolf = skalf, Barl. 53) :-- to shiver, shake, quiver; honum þótti s. bæði jörð ok himin, Nj. 194; með skjálfandum beinum, Fms. x. 314: svá þat skylfi af hræðslu, Fbr. 12; s. sundr, to shake so as to burst, Sks. 412; þeyg henni hendr skulfu, Am. 48; hann skalf mjök, Lv. 59; griðkona kom inn ok skalf mjök, Orkn. 326; sá skal vita er á strengnum heldr hvárt hann skelfr, Fb. ii. 129; s. sem hrísla: skjálfandi, shivering; ú-skjálfandi, steady, firm, Lex. Poët. skjálfa = skelfa, to make to shake; s. ok hræða e-n, Barl. 197. skjálf-henda, u, f. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 35, 129, 130; for the origin of this metre see Edda l.c. skjálf-hendr, adj. in the metre skjálfhenda, Edda. 2. [hönd], with trembling hand. II. [önd], tremulous, with faltering voice; hærra né lægra né skjalfhendra (= skjálfendra), Fms. vii. 227.

552 SKJÁLFRA -- SKJÓTA.

skjálfra, ð, to shiver, shake; hann skjálfraði allr, Fms. x. 314. skjálf-raddaðr, part. with faltering voice. Skjálfti (skálpti), a, m. a shivering, shaking, Orkn. 326 (shivering from cold), Gullþ. 8: pass., land-s., jarð-s., an earthquake. COMPDS: skjálfta-fullr, adj. shivering, Fms. i. 162, Bs. i. 39. skjálfta-lauss, adj. not shaking, Bs. ii. 159. skjálg-leiki (spelt skjágleiki), m. wryness, Rb. 476. skjálgr, adj. [Engl. shallow, although in an altered sense] :-- wry, oblique; með skjálgum skotum, Sks. 383: the phrase, skjóta augum í skjálg, to look askance, Fbr. 71. 2. squinting, as a nickname, Þórólfr Skjálgr (Fms.), the father of Erling Skjálgsson (Ó.H.), whence it became a pr. name; fé-skjálgr. see fé. skjálgr, m. the crescent moon, Edda (Gl.) II. the name of a fish, Edda ii. 564. SKJÁR, m. (the older form was prob. ské, analogous to lé, klé, q.v.) :-- a window (the opening). In old dwellings the openings were round, fitted with a hoop or frame (called skjá-grind), which had a membrane (skjall) stretched over it, and this was used instead of glass, and could be taken out at pleasure-; such windows are still found in Icel. farm-houses, all such openings being in the roof, not in the walls, cp. Nj. ch. 78 (init.); and when the frame was taken out, these openings served as outlets for smoke. In some instances skjár seems to be used synonymously with ljóri (q.v.); the hlið-skjár (q.v.), or 'side-skjar,' would then answer to the window or opening in mod. Icel. dwellings; hristust skjáir (chimney-pot = mod. strompr. q.v.)á húsum sem fyrir vindi hvössum, Ann. 1341; Þorbjörn þreif upp stokk ok reisti undir skjáinn ok fór þar út, Gullþ. 19; taka af skjána ok láta leggja út reykinn, Fbr. 99 new Ed.; ef menn sitja í húsum þeim er skjáir eru á, þá er svá ljóst inni, at hverr maðr kennir annan, Sks. 47 new Ed.; konungr hafði gört skjá fyrir stofuna, Fms. vii. 34; fara upp á stofuna ok taka af skjáinn (i.e. the frame), Fbr. 170; hann kastaði því inn um skjáinn, Fas. ii. 81; brutu þeir stofuna um skjána, Sturl. i. 168; hlið-skjár, Sturl. ii. 85; hann hlörar við hliðskjáinn er á var stofunni, Bs. i. 628: the phrase, nú gengr eigi skjall á skjá, N.G.L. i. 384 (see skjall); krumminn á skjá, skjá, skekr belgi þrjá, a nursery rhyme. COMPDS: skjá-gluggi, a, m., opp. to a glass window. skjá-grind, f., see above. skjá-vindauga, n. a skjá window, Sturl. i. 168, Orkn. 250. skjáta, u, f. a piece of scorched skin; skinn-s. skjátla, að, impers. mér skjátlar, one falters, misses; see skjóplast. skjóð, f. a skin bag, N.G.L. ii. 248. skjóða, u, f. [akin to skauð], a small skin-bag, H.E. i. 473, Edda ii. 314, 430; nafra-s., skjóðu skrúð, Fms. vi. 374, freq. in mod. usage. skjóðu-pungr, m. a skin-purse, Þjorf. Karl. 374. SKJÓL, n. [Dan. skjul], a shelter, cover, Fms. iii. 112, xi. 36; in Icel. also used of any cover or hollow under a fence, a stone, or the like, where sheep seek shelter against storm and cold: the phrase, nú er fokit í öll skjól, all shelters are covered with snow, no refuge is left, the metaphor being taken from a snow-storm, Nj. 258; kirkja á fjöru-tigi sauða höfn í Múlafjall, ok skjól í Máríu-helli, Vm. 65; reka skal smala þaðan til skjóla í Vatns-hlíð jafnan er vill, Pm. 110; í mitt skjól ok húsa-skyggni, Stj. 121; flýja undir skjól e-s, Fms. i. 264; skjóta skjóli yfir, to give shelter, Ld. 40, Gísl. 40, Fs. 37: in mod. usage also, skjóta skjóls-húsi yfir e-n. skjóls-maðr, m. a shelterer, protector, 655 xxiii. 1. skjóla, u, f. [North. E. and Scot. skeel or skeil, a milk-pan], (gen. pl. skjólna, Dipl. v. 18, Lv. 98) :-- a pail, bucket, Sturl. ii. 86, Dropl. 34, N.G.L. ii. 248 (v.l.), passim in old and mod. usage: of a measure, Lv. 98, Grág. i. 501, Dipl. v. 18; katlamáls-s., see ketill. 2. of a Constellation, Rb. skjól-eygr, adj. [A.S. sceôl-eâge; Dan. skel-öjed], goggle-eyed, squinting, Bárð. 178. skjól-garðr, m. a sheltering fence, Vm. 64. skjól-góðr, adj. giving good cover, warm, of cloth. skjól-samr, adj. sheltering, Merl. skjómi, a, m. [Ivar Aasen skjoma = to flicker], a flickering light. 2. metaph., skjómi daltangar, the 'ray of the hand,' i.e. a drawn sword, Landn. (in a verse): a sword, Lex. Poët.: a nickname, Fb. iii. skjóni, a, m. a pieball horse, i.e. black and white [see skjóttr]; skjóna, u, f. of a mare. skjóplask, að, dep., not to be spelt skjöplast, as is seen both from the spelling of the vellum (o, not au, or ?? UNCERTAIN), and also from the mod. popular form skjátla, which is a corruption from skjápla, a form which occurs in Norske Saml. v. 158 :-- to be upset, fail, at eigi skjóplisk, Sks. 86 new Ed.; at engi skjóplisk í einorðinni við annan, Ó.H. 6l; svá at aldri skjóplaðisk (skjöpl- Ed.) okkur vinátta, Fms. vii. 64; kvað Sigmundr hann skjóplaz (skjöpl- Ed.) hafa í ferðinni til Noregs, ii. 114; mun Óðinn vilja skjóplaz í sigrgjöfinni við mik, Fas. i. 380; aldri síðan skal ek skjóplask í yðvarri þjónustu, Fms. via. 369. skjór, m. [Dan. skjære] , the magpie, corvus pica, Edda (Gl.), Karl. 460. SKJÓTA, skýt, pret. skaut, skauzt (skauztu rhyming with laust, Fms. vi. in a verse), skaut, pl. skutu; subj. skyti; imperat. skjót, skjóttú; part. skotinn: [A.S. sceôtan, scyttan; Engl. shoot and shut; Dan. skyde; Germ. schiessen.] A. To shoot with a weapon, the weapon being in dat.; skjóta öru (örum), spjóti, fleini, skutli, kesju, kólfi ..., Fms. i. 44, x. 308, 362, Eg. 380; þeir þykkjask eigi hafa skotið betra skot, Fms. vii. 211; vera skotinn spjóti í gögnum, shot through with a spear, Nj. 274: the object shot at in acc., skjóta dýr, fugla, sela, Edda 16, Nj. 95, Ld. 56, Fms. x. 356, 362, and passim: also, s. til e-s, to shoot at; s. til fugls, Orkn. 346; s. til hæfis, to shoot at a mark, Fms. ii. 268; s. kesju at e-m, Eg. 380; allir skutu at Baldri, Edda 37. II. to shoot, to push or shove quickly; skjóta loku fyrir (or frá) hurðu (dyrum), to shoot the bolt, lock the door; s. frá lokum, to unlock, Lv. 60; hann lagðisk niðr ok skaut fyrir loku, Eg. 601; skaut hann þá frá lokum, Fms. vi. 189; þeir lögðu hann í kistu ok skutu síðan fyrir borð, and shot the chest overboard, Eg. 127; skaut Egill yfir brúnni, E. shot the bridge over the ditch, 531; s. brú af, to draw the bridge off or away, Fms. xi. 370; s. skipum á vatn, to launch the ships into water, ix. 501; s. báti, to launch a boat from the shore, Nj. 133; s. útan báti, to shove out a boat, 272; brauð þat er hón hafði í ofninn skotið, Hom. 114; menn er í ofn vóru skotnir, 117; var þeim skotið í eld brennanda, Eg. 232; then in all kinds of relations, s. hesti uudir e-n, to put a horse under one, mount him, Eg. 397, 602, Fms. vii. 21; var mér hér skotið á land, I was put ashore here, Nj. 45; s. e-m upp á land, id., Fms. i. 131; s. barni heim af fóstri, to send back a bairn from the fóstr, Grág. i. 276; s. e-m brott, to let one escape, Fms. ix. 420; s. e-m undan, id., vi. 116, vii. 250; s. niðr úmaga, to leave a pauper behind, place him there, Grág. i. 296, 297; s. fé á brott (undan), to abstract, embezzle money, 334; þetta líkar Þórdísi ílla ok skýtr undan peningunum, Korm. 150; skjóttú diametro sólarinnar í tvá staði, divide it into two, Rb. 462; þá skaut Guð því ráði í hug þeim, put this rede into their mind, 655. 3; s. upp hvítum skildi, to hoist a white shield, Fms. x. 347; s. upp vita, to light up the beacon, Hkr. i. 148; þá varð engum vita upp skotið, Orkn. 266; vita-karlinn skaut eldi í vitann, lighted up the beacon, Fms. viii. 188; s. land-tjaldi, to pitch a tent, Nj. 157; var skotið um hann skjaldborg, 274; s. á skjaldborg, to draw up a s., Fms. vii. 70; s. á fylking, to draw up in battle array, Ó.H. 209; s. á húsþingi, to call a meeting together, Eg. 357; s. á eyrendi, to make a speech, Fms. i. 215; skýtr or skýtsk mjök í tvau horn um e-t, see horn B.I. 2; s. fótum undir sik, to take to one's heels, to run, Fms. viii. 358; hann skaut sér út hjá þeim, shot out, escaped, vi. 189; harm hljóp upp á altarit, ok skaut á knjám sínum, ix. 462; barnit skaut öndu upp, the bairn began to breathe, Hkr. ii. 199; s. skildi fyrir sik, to put a shield before one, Eg. 378, Nj. 156; s. skjóli yfir e-n, to protect (see skjól); Máriusúðin skaut lykkjunum, she (the ship) shivered, Fms. viii. 199; þá segisk, at hann skyti í fyrstu þessu orði, eldisk árgalinn nú, he is said to have let this word slip, to have said, vi. 251; s. e-u of öxl, to throw it off one's shoulder, Gg. 6; s. e-u á frest, to put off, delay: skjóta augum, to look askance, Eg. (in a verse), from which the mod. gjóta augum is a corruption. III. metaph. to shift or transfer a case to another, appeal; skutu þau til ráða Ólafs, Ld. 74; s. þrætu til ór skurðar e-s, Fms. vii. 203; því skýt ek til Guðs, i. 3; s. sínu máli á Guðs vald, x. 103; s. þessu máli til Frosta-þings ..., þeir skutu þangat sínu máli, i. 32; vér tólf dómendr, er málum þessum er til skotið, Nj. 188; s. máli á fylkis-þing, N.G.L. i. 21; skýt ek því til Guðs ok góðra manna, Nj. 176; menn þá er hann skaut ráðum undir, whom he took as his counsel, Fms. vii. 308. IV. [A.S. scot; Engl. shot, scot, see skot, I and II] :-- to pay; rétt er at fimm búar virði gripinn, ok skal hann þá skjóta í móti slíku, er þeir virða gripinn dýrra enn hans skuld var fyrir öndverðu, Grág. i. 412; skjóta fé saman, to club money together, make a collection, Mar.; þeir skutu saman fjár-hlutum sínum hverr eptir efnum, Hom, 123 (samskot); hann skaut einn fyrir sveitunga sína alla (he paid their scot) þá er þeir sátu í skytningum, Ld. 312 (see skytningr). V. impers., e-u skýtr upp, it shoots up, emerges, comes forth; upp skýtr jörðunni þá ór sænum, Edda 44; skaut upp jörðu dag frá degi, the earth appeared day by day (as the snow melted), Fms. ii. 228; þó at þér skyti því í hug, though it shot into thy mind, occurred to thee, Band. 37 new Ed.; þeim skaut skelk í bringu, they were panic-stricken, Ld. 78, Eg. 49, Fb. i. 418 (see skelkr); mjök skýtr mornar vakri, she is much tossed, Hallfred; sveita skaut á skjaldrim, the shield-rim was blood-shot, blood-stained, Orkn. (in a verse); sem kólfi skyti, swift as a dart, Fms. ii. 183. B. Reflex. to shoot, start, move, slip away; Skíði frá ek at skauzt á fætr, S. started to his feet, Skíða R. 52; Björn skauzk aptr síðan at baki Kára, B. shot or slipped behind Kári's back, Nj. 262; at menn hans skytisk eigi frá honum, lest they should slip away, abscond, Fms. vii. 49; vildi . ljósta Gretti, en hann skautzk undan, started away from the blow, Grett. 91 A; þeir fálmauðu af hræðslu, ok skutusk hingað ok þingat undan geislum hans, Niðr. 5; þó at fé hans skjótisk fyrir garðsenda, to slip through by the end of the fence, Grág. ii. 263; nú skýzk maðr undan tali (evades,) N.G.L. i. 97; kemr í hug, at hann mun skotisk hafa undan, ok vilja eigi fara, Ísl. ii. 334: skjótask yfir (impers.), to skip, slip over; mér hefir skotisk yfir að telja hann, þeim hafði yfir skotisk um þetta, they had made a false calculation, Ld. 100; þá skjótumk ek mjök yfir, then I am much mistaken, Skálda (Thorodd); skýzt þeim mörgum vísdómrinn sem betri ván er at, Grett. 25 new Ed.: skjótask

SKJOTAÐIl -- SKOL. 553

e-m, to fail; margir skutusk honum, many forsook him, Fms. i. 22; skutusk þá margir við Þórð í trúnaðinum, many proved false to Thord, Sturl. iii. 75 C; vildi dýrið Ijósta þeim hramminum seni heill var, ok skauzk á stúfinn, and stumbled, reeled on the stump of the other leg, Grett. 101 A; hann var nokkut við aldr, ok skauzk á fótum (and tottered on his legs), ok þó hinn karlmannligsti, Háv. 45: also in the law phrase, hafa e-u fyrir skotið, to have a case forfeited, N.G.L. i. 52, 53; ef hann stefnir eigi ... þá er þeim váttum fyrir skotið, then the witnesses are valueless, 54 (cp. Dan. for-skyde). 2. reflex., in the mod. skjótask, to go on a short errand, pay a short visit; viltu ekki skjótast með bréfið að tarna? eg ætla að skjútast inn sem snöggvast, bíddu meðan eg skýzt inn, and the like. II. recipr., skjótask á, to exchange shots, Fms. i. 93, vii. 54. III. part., of corn, to shoot; rúgakr al-skotinn, Þiðr. 180. skjótaðr, part. mounted, furnished with a horse or vehicle (skjótr, m.); þó ek sé verr skjótaðr, en hann fyrir vanheilsu sökum, although I am less well mounted, Fms. vii. 275. skjótandi, part. a shooter, Edda 56. skjót-fall, n. the neglecting to provide a vehicle or horse, N.G.L. ii. 336. skjótla, adv. = skjótliga, Hom. 109. skjót-leikr, adj. fleetness, Edda 31, Landn. 194, MS. 4. 18, Sks. 82. skjót-liga, adv. swiftly, quickly, Nj. 130, Fms. vi. 31, vii. 342: soon, skaltú nú ok vita s., Ld. 50; sofna s., 156. skjót-ligr, adj. 'shot-like,' fleet, quick, alert; s. í viðbragði, Fms. vii. 175; s. til karlmennsku, Nj. 183; hann var hinn skjótligsti at sjá, Fær. 256: sudden, s. dauði, Sks. 231. SKJÓTR, adj., skjót, skjótt, swift, fleet; hefir þú skjótara hest séð? Fms. vii. 169; þeir hljópu at þeim, ok varð skjótastr Moðúlfr, Nj. 262; s. til góðra verka, Skálda 169: skjótt, opp. to seint, Edda 127. 2. of time; skjótari skilning, Fms. i. 97; skjótan órskurð, 42; skjótar sölur, Ísl. ii. 126; þat er skjótast at segja, in short! Fms. vi. 84; rifhrís er skjótara er at rífa upp, it is sooner picked, Grág. ii. 288; mjólk ok aðra hluti þá er þeim vóru skjótastir til lífs, Finnb. 234; skjót samstafa, a short syllable, Edda (Ht.) 3. neut. skjótt, speedily; hón bjó sik skjótt, Nj. 11; búa sik sem skjótast, Fms. i. 73; þeir sjá skjótt (soon) logann, Ísl. ii. 152; birta skjótt sinn vilja, Ld. 186; sofna skjótt, Fms. i. 9; líf mannligt endast skjótt, Hallgr., Pass. 8. 17, 14. 1. B. COMPDS: skjót-fara, adj. swift-going, Sturl. i. 84. skjót-færi, fleetness, Edda 34. skjót-fættr, adj. swift-footed. skjót-görr, part. soon made, Fms. vi. skjót-hendr, adj. swift-handed, Fas. i. 100. skjót-keypt, n. part. a hasty bargain, Bárð. 30 new Ed. skjót-kjörinn, part. soon chosen, Fms. ii. 79, Fas. ii. 188. skjót-látr, adj. quick, alert, Ísl. ii. 6. skjót-leikinn, adj. nimble, Finnb. 352. skjót-litið, n. part.; göra s. e-t mál, to hurry, be rash in a thing, Ld. 186. skjót-lyndr, adj. impatient, Sks. 641. skjót-mælgi, f. a rash speech, Barl. 108. skjót-orðliga, adv. in a few words, Hkr. iii. 104. skjót-orðr, adj. quick-spoken, ready of tongue, Bjarn. 14, Nj. 38, Ó.H. 113, 201. skjót-ráðit, n. part. hastily decided, Edda 127. skjót-ráðr, adj. quick in resolving, Ó.H. 201. skjót-ræði, n. rashness, Fms. i. 74, vi. 104, 133, Njarð. 378. skjót-svarinn, part. rashly sworn, Sks. 607. skjót-tíndr, part. soon picked up, Sks. 7. skjót-yrði, n. hasty words, Fms. v. 253. skjótr, m. [Swed. skjuts = a post-horse; Ivar Aasen skjot] :-- a vehicle, esp. a horse; hann segir honum at búinn var skjótrinn, Fms. iv. 35: in Sweden and Norway the word specially means the conveyance (skyds) of a public person or message as by law required, en sá sem fellir þenna skjót, K.Á. 22; ok sérliga um skjót sem ér erut mínum herra biskupinum skyldugir at lögum, N.G.L. ii. 336; farar-s., reið-s., q.v. skjót-skipti, n. the change of a horse, N.G.L. ii. 336. skjóttr, adj. [contracted qs. skýj-óttr? see skjóni], skewball (i.e. brown and white), only of a horse, Ísl. ii. 62; rauð-s., jarp-s., mó-s., kinn-s., q.v., cp. skjóni. skjögr, n. limping as if palsied. skjögra, að, to limp as if palsied, esp. of animals dragging their legs after them. skjökta, að, to wag to and fro. skjöldóttr, adj. dappled, skewball, of cattle; rauð-s. SKJÖLDR, m., gen. skjaldar, dat. skildi; an old dat. in poets skjaldi, -- hjaldrs á mínum skjaldi, Eb. 27 new Ed. (in a verse); haldorð í bug skjaldi, Fms. vi. (in a verse); haldir fast ok skjaldi, Kormak: plur. skildir; acc. skjöldu, mod. skildi: [Ulf. skildus = GREEK, Ephes. vi. 16; Dan. skjold; Swed. sköld; common to all Teut. languages: it is commonly derived from skjól, shelter, although the short root vowel and the final d of skild speak against this: 'skillingr' or 'skildingr' (a shilling) may be a derivative from 'skildus,' from the shape, and from the painted or scratched 'ring' on the shields; see below: in fact, an old poet (Bragi) calls the shield 'the penny of the hall of Odin.'] A. A shield, the generic name; the special names are, rönd, rít, baugr, targa, lind; þeir höfðu ekki langa skjöldu, Fas. i. 379; góðan skjöld ok þjökkan á hálsi, Sks. 407; skjöld á hlið, Bjarn. 62, and so in countless instances. II. special phrases; halda skildi fyrir e-m (e-n), to hold one's shield, as a second in a holmganga, Glúm. 332, Korm. 88; or, fyrir e-n, Ísl. ii. 257; era héra at borgnara þótt hæna beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116: hafa e-n at skildi, to have another as one's shield, i.e. seek shelter behind him, Nj. 8; bera efra skjöld, to carry the highest shield, gain the day, Fas. i. 383, Fms. x. 394: þjóna undir þann skjöld, to serve under that shield, that standard, vii. 293; þjóna undir sama skjöld, viii. 109: binda öllum jafnan skjöld, to tie the same shield to all, treat all in one fashion (metaphor from a withy-shield?), Clem. 44: leika tveim skjöldum, to play with two shields, play a double game (metaphor from the red and white shields, see B), Am. 70, Hkr. i. (in a verse): koma í opna skjöldu, to fall into the open (hollow) shield, to attack in flank (from the left), Fms. vi. 408, Stj. 365, Eg. 295, Fb. ii. 123; rennir sá maðr í kirkjugarð, ok sækir þingat skjöld, and seeks protection there, N.G.L. i. 352; múrr ok skjöldr, Mar. III. of any shield-formed thing; tólgar-s., a round piece of tallow; also of shield-like spots on cattle or whales: of a white tablet in churches, Vm. 142, 162, 168, Ám. 55, Pm. 17: brjóst-skjöldr, a round brooch. IV. a pr. name, Nj., Hkr. (of the son of Odin, the ancestor of the Danish kings); Skjöldungar, Edda; Skjöldr Skánunga goð, Fb. iii. 246. COMPDS: skjaldar-band, n. a shield-strap, a nickname, Fms. ix. 249. skjaldar-bukl, n. the shield-boss, Al. 40. skjaldar-fetill, m. the shield-strap (mid. H.G. scilt-vezzel, Gr. GREEK), Bjarn. 36, Sks. 407. skjaldar-jötunn, m. 'shield-giant,' a war-engine, Sks. 430. skjaldar-rönd, f. the shield-rim, Fms. i. 266, Korm. 120, Sks. 385. skjaldar-skirfl, n. pl. old worn-out shields, Band. 33 new Ed. skjaldar-sporðr, m. the 'shield-tail,' the lower part of an oblong shield, Ld. 78, Glúm. 333, Fas. i. 515. B. Remarks on the shield. -- A shield was raised as a signal in time of war; a red shield betokened war (rauðr skjöldr, her-skjöldr), a white shield peace (hvítr skjöldr, friðar-skjöldr, a peace-shield); in a battle the red shield was hoisted, Hkv. 1. 33; but, bregða upp friðar skildi, to hoist the (white) shield of peace, was a sign that the battle was to cease; hann lét skjóta upp skildi hvítum, Fagrsk. 6l, Fms. vii. 23; hence also the phrase, bera herskjöld, or, fara herskildi, to harry, overrun a land with the 'war shield,' see frið-skjöldr and her-skjöldr (s.v. herr). War ships were lined from stem to stern with a wall of shields, -- skip skarat skjöldum, or skjaldat skip; hann kom í Bjarnar-fjörð með al-skjölduðu skipi, síðan var hann Skjaldar-Björn kallaðr, Landn. 156. The halls of the ancients were hung all round with a row of shields, Gm. 9, Edda 2, Eg. 43, see the curious story in Fas. iii. 42. For the shield-wall in battles see skjald-borg. Ancient sayings; nú er skarð fyrir skildi, now there is a gap for a shield, a breach in the fence, of a heavy loss, such as the death of a person, nú er skarð fyrir skildi, nú er svanrinn nár á Tjörn, Jón Þorl.; höggva skarð í skildi e-s, to cut a notch in one's shield, inflict a severe blow, Orkn. (in a verse). Shields were furnished with a painted or carved 'ring' representing mythological or heroic subjects; these rings are the earliest works of Northern art on record, hence come the names rít, baugr, rönd, of which rít points to scratching (whereas Bragi used 'fá' = to paint); rauðum skildi, rönd var ór gulli, Hkv. 1. 33. Such shields were a lordly gift, and gave rise to several ancient poems treating of the subjects carved or painted on the shield, such as the famous Haust-löng by Thjodolf, the Ragnars-kviða by Bragi, the two Beru-drápur (Shield-songs) by Egill; these 'shield-lays' were afterwards the sources of the writer of the Edda, but only a few fragments are preserved; (cp. the Greek lay on 'the shield of Heracles,' and the lay on Achilles' shield in the Iliad.) Skjöldungar, m. pl. the famous lineage of the kings of Denmark, from Skjöld, the son of Odin, Edda, Yngl. S. The Danish legend derives the name from his being found in infancy in a bed of reeds to which he had floated on a shield; but in fact the name is derived from the ancient Teutonic custom of electing the king by lifting him on a shield in the assembly. Skjöldunga-ætt, f. the kin of the S., Fas. ii. 10. skjöldungr, m. a bird, the sheldrake, from the shield-like band across his breast, Edda (Gl.) skjölug-leikr, m. wordiness. Fas. iii. 372, v.l. sko, interj. see! behold! qs. skoða, skoðaðu. SKOÐA, að, [Swed. skåda; early Dan. skode; the Germ. schauen and Goth. skawjan are kindred words] :-- to look after, view; skoða augum, Hm. 7, Skíða R. 196; er málit var skoðat, Grett. 102 A, H.E. i. 387; veri sýslumaðr skyldr at s. þetta á hverjum tólf mánuðum, Gþl. 526; s. nauðsyn mannsins, K.Á. 76; svá at vér allir megim s. hvárt ..., Dipl. ii. 14; höfu vér iðuliga skoðat hana, revised it (the book), Gpl. (pref. v); hón býðr at s. í höfði honum, Ld. 156; at líta ok eptir at s. um landamerki, Dipl. ii. 19. II. skoðask um, to look about, Hm. 1. skoðan, f. a viewing, Stj. 299, H.E. i. 584, Bs. i. 703; undir skoðan ok yfir-sjón Gunnsteins ábóta, Dipl. iii. 4. skoffin, n. an animal, said to be a hybrid between a she-cat and a fox, Ísl. i. 612. skokkr, m. a trunk, chest; skokkr var á gólfi, a carpenter's chest, Rm. 15; þeir höfðu með sér skokka (skrokka Cod.) ok í dýra-merg, Þorf. 430, v.l.: a ship's hulk, Fms. vi. 141, 252 (in a verse), Orkn. 104 (in a verse), Pd. 20, 38: mod. skrokkr = a trunk. skol, n., qs. skvál, [Engl. scullery], washing water. skola-vatn, n. scullery water.

554 SKOLA -- SKORT.

SKOLA, að, to wash; skola handklæði, H.E. i. 489; s. í vatni, MS. 544. 39; sjór skolar kjöl, Edda (in a verse): impers., skolar til hafs öllu ór skipinu, it was all washed away, Sturl. i. 12O; alda skolar kjöl, Edda ii. 492 (in a verse). skol-beinn, adj. brown-legged, a nickname, Fms. x. 123. skol-brúnn, adj. the etymology and exact sense of this word is uncertain, either from skol and brúnn = scullery-brown, or from skálpr or skolptr, qs. 'scalp-brown' swarthy, perhaps the latter; svarteygr ok s., Eg. 305; svartr á hár, skarpleitr, nökkut s., Orkn. 66; nökkut s., hvítr á hár ok rétthár, Glúm. 335; s. ok skarpleitr, Sd. 147; hárr í skeggi ok s. mjök, Ld. 274; rauðbleikr á hár, skolbrúnn, eygðr mjök ok vel, Eb. 30; Hallfreðr var s. nökkut, jarpr á hár, Fs. 86; rauðskeggjaðr, skol-brúnn. ok heldr íllmannligr, 101, Hem. (of earl Tosti). SKOLLA, skollir, skolli, skollat, to hang over, dangle; belg þann er skollir með skrám, Hm. 135; þar er þú skollir við ský uppi, Vkv. 35; Bjarni skoldi við tré, dangled in the tree, Fms. vi. 304 (in a verie); gull-mörkuð vé skollu (skolldu), the standard floated, Fagrsk. (in a verse); ek læt skeiðr skolla við sker, I make the ships hover among the skerries, Fms vi. (in a verse); létum tjöldut skip s. fyrir landi, we made the ships hover off the ness, Sighvat: in mod. usage, treyjan (the coat) skollir upp á herðar blöðum, of a short, ill-fitting jacket. 2. metaph. to skulk away, keep aloof; þá skolli þér svá at mér mun seint verða at taka af yðr hjálp. Edda 20: skolla við e-m, to forsake, prove false to; þó lætr Gerðr í Görðum gollhrings við mér skolla, she turns a deaf ear to me, Fms. vi. (in a verse.) skolli, a, m. the 'skulker,' a fox, Reynard, Edda (Gl.); esp. used in nursery tales and in games, e.g. skolla-leikr, the fox-game, blind-man's-buff, in which every man in turn pats the skolli (the blindfolded man) on the shoulder, shouting, klukk, klukk, skolli minn, klukk, klukk! and then turns round; hann hleypr upp at selinu ok spurði hvárt skolli væri inni, whether the fox were in? Ld. 278, Sturl. iii. 218; hann gaf stór högg á dyrnar ok spurði hvárt skolli væri inni ..., -- answer, Inni er skolli ok ekki hræddr | bittu til þess að hann er klæddr, Safn i. 53: in the phrase, skella skolla-eyrunum við e-u, to turn a 'fox-ear' (deaf-ear) to a thing. 2. the evil one, a word used in swearing; hvaða skolli! skollans! hence in COMPDS: skolla-brækr, f. pl. devil's breeks: skolla-hráki, a, m. 'devil's-spittle' = the jelly-fish, see Maurer's Volks.: skolla-fingr, botan. = lycopodium selago, a kind of fern: skolla-leikr, m. (see above): skolla-reipi, n., botan. 'devil's rope,' the bramble, = rubus: skolla-fótr, m., botan. = equisetum, horse-tail, a plant akin to the ferns: skolla-kál, n., botan. goat-weed = aegopodium, Hjalt. skollkini, m. [cp. Engl. skulk], poët, a wolf, Edda (Gl.); no doubt akin to skolli. skollr, m. [Ivar Aasen skæll = a fog], = skolli, a fox, Edda ii. 490. 2. skulking, deceit; byggja um skoll, Fms. xi. 365; s. var í skapi búandkarla, viii. 44. COMPDS: skoll-laust, adj. guileless, Sighvat. skoll-víss, adj. skulking, wily, Hkv. 1. 37. skoll-valdr, m. a skulker, deceiver, one of the names of Odin, Edda (Gl.); but more probably belonging to some ancient fable about Reynard the fox. skolp, n., qs. skvalp, [cp. Dan. squalpe], scullery water. SKOLPR, m. [Ivar Aasen skolpe-jarn], a turner's chisel; skolpa ok nafra, Sks. 30. skolptr, m., spelt thus, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse), and ii. 259, v.l.; sounded and spelt skoltr; [akin to the preceding word] :-- a snout, of a dog, dragon, or the like; skeið bar skolpt inn rauða, Fms. vi. (in a verse); gnöptu skoltar, ii. 259 (in a verse); hann lýstr á skoltinn hesti sínum, Þorst. St. 48; kom broddrinn í auga hestinum, ok hljóp augat út á skoltinn, ... augat var frosit á skoltinum, Bs. i. 608: of the human face, hón var steinblind ... hón bar vatnið upp í skoltana, ok þóttisk linan af fá er kallt var, ii. 169; ljótan skolt, langa trjónu, Fas. iii. 37 (in a verse); Skíða sló á skoltinn enn, Skíða R. 142. skona, að, to serve, attend, with dat.; skona ok því allir oss með út-greiðslu ok mikilli hlýðni, N.G.L. ii. 426. skon-rok, n. [Dan.], a biscuit, (mod.) skons, n. [Lat. ab-sconsa], a sconce, lantern, Bs. i. 847. skonsa, u, f. a dark nook. skop, n. = skaup, railing, mocking, Fas. iii. 37. skop-ligr, adj. skopa, að, = skeypa; skopast að e-u, to scoff, mock. II. [see skapa], to take a run; in the phrase, skopa skeið (skapa skeið), Gullþ. 57, Gísl. 69, Fas. ii. 283, Fs. 51, skopan, f. railing, Hom. (St.) skoppa, að, (skopp, n.), [cp. Engl. to skip], to spin like a top. skoppara-kringla, u, f. a top (the toy). skoppr, m. a top(?), a nickname, Sturl. iii. 153. SKOPT, n., better skoft, mod. skott, q.v.; [Ulf. skufts = GREEK; O.H.G. skuft; Germ. schopf] :-- hair; skopt heitir hár, Edda 109; skopt it svarta, Fbr. (in a verse); þó heilagt skopt, Edda (in a verse); only in poets; it remains in the pr. name Skopti, Hkr., Landn. skopta, skopti, skopta, to float atop (like hair); skopta ek upp, I rose to the surface, emerged, Fbr., Fb. ii. 215 (in a verse); this certainly is the sense, and not as explained in Lex. Poët. skor, f., pl. skorar, a score, notch, incision; setja þrjár skorar á dyra-stoð, N.G.L. i. 55; bera, þola skor, to 'thole a score,' stand a cut, of a good silver coin (bad coins were merely silvered over), Grág. i. 392, 500; hvítr í skor, white in the cut, of silver, Hkr. i. 185. 2. [North. E. scar, scaur], a rift in a rock or precipice; hleypr hann ofan fyrir skorina, Gísl. 158; er þú vatt þá sjau í skorinni, Nj. 146; svelta sem refr í skor, Fas. iii. 180, 636; fóta-festi í einni lítilli skor, Barl. 56; Skorar-geirr, a nickname, Nj.: the name of a cloven mountain north of Broadfirth in Icel., milli Skorar og Jökuls: berg-skor, hellis-skor, kletta-skor. II. a tally or stick for counting, a score or notch being made for every twenty; ef skip skal skipa ... þá skal skorar (they scored the roll) selja ármanni í hönd, ok augljós nef þau öll göra at bryggju-sporði, er skorat er fyrir, N.G.L. i. 202; hence, 2. a score, a tale of twenty; ellefu skorar af karlmönnum, sjau skorar af börnum, 415. 16. SKORA, að, (but skorðu, Gs. 14), [Engl. to score], to make a score, incision; járnin skoruðu mjök at beini, Fms. xi. 288; af annan fótinn en skoraði mjök annan, Sturl. ii. 158; þar skorðu vit (we scored) blóð ór benjum, Gs. 14; þeir skora sundr vegginn með bolöxum, Al. 148; skora sundr í miðju, Fas. iii. 343; þeir skoruðu af spjótskapti (scored a piece off) ok görðu þar af hæl, Slurl. ii. 181; þeir skora fætr á fílunum þar til er þeir falla, Al. 143. II. skora e-m hólm, prop. to 'score' or mark out a field for battle, hence to challenge to single combat, (rísta reit, to scratch the limits of a batile-fdd, see Korm. S.); skora á e-n, to challenge; s. á e-n til hólmgöngu, Dropl. 36, Fs. 137; hann skoraði á Þorfinn til landa, Landn. 80; skora á mann til e-s hlutar, Eg. 494: also, skora e-m á hólm or hólmgöngu, to challenge to fight, Nj. 15, 36, Gísl. 78: skora e-n (acc.) á hólm, Grett. 40 new Ed., is less correct. 2. to call on, summon; hann skorar á Þorgerði, Fms. xi. 134; at þú skorir á hann, at hann rétti þitt mál, Dropl. 20: to urge, fast skorar þú þat, Ld. 334; konungr skorar þetta mál við hana sjálfa, Fms. xi. 4; skaltú s. við hann fast, 113; skorar konungr til við Hákon, hvárt ..., 20; þótt þessir hlutir skoraði samvizkur manna á fornum landskap, Bs. i. 733; þat skorar Búi í sættina, at ..., Fms. xi. 86; einn er hlutr skoraðr til þess, 30; skoraði því Biskup þessa hluti, Bs. i. 736; Þorvaldr skoraði þat í mót. III. to score, count by tallies; en er skorat var lið vóru nær þrettán hundruð, Fms. vii. 295; hann lét þá s. liðit, viii. 416, ix. 382 (v.l.); þá lét hann menn ganga undir stöng (he made the men pass under a pole), var lið skorat, 320; skoraðir vóru sex tigir hundraða, 311; var þá skorat nær fjórir tigir hundraða manna, vii. 275; þá, var skorat tuttugu hundrað manna, 324; var skorat á hana (her, the ship) tvau hundruð manna ok átta tigir, viii. 198; þar vóru fyrst til skoraðir (mustered out) hirðmenn, Hkr. i. 310; skolu bændr skora görðir á hendr honum, to impose a levy on them. N.G.L. i. 200; var áðr skorat at hverjum Þórðr vildi ganga, Sturl. iii. 27. IV. reflex., skorask undan, to refuse, decline a challenge, Bárð. 179. skora, u, f. a score, notch, incision, passim in mod. usage. skoru-kefli, n. a 'score-stick,' tally (used in keeping accounts); þó skal búandi hverr augljós net" hafa á bryggju-sporði á skorukefli fyrir ármann, each franklin (in paying his levy) is to shew his tally to the king's steward, N.G.L. i. 200. skoran, f. a scoring; þriggja marka ból at s., D.N. iv. 279; á-skoran, a challenge. skor-bíldr, m. a score-axe, Km. (for skeribíldr); in the phrase, skor-bíldar ganga í e-u, the axe has been shaving off much, i.e. we have had great losses, Ld. 60. SKORÐA, u, f. a stay, prop, esp. under a ship or boat when ashore, Grág. ii. 39;, Edda 91; setja skorður undir skip. Fms. x. 98: metaph., reisa (setja) rammar skorður við, to put a stop to, take precautions against, Eb. 262, Nj. 88, Fms. vii. 28; vera (standa) í skorðum, to be well propped, all right. skorða, að, to prop; þvertré er skorða staflægjur, Hom. 96: of a ship, skorða skip, Hbl. 39, Sd. 141, freq. in mod. usage. skorin-orðr, adj. [from skora ll. 2], clear-spoken; heill ok s., Hom. 114, Mar.: mod. out-spoken, tala skorinort, to speak out. skor-kvikindi, n. an insect, (mod.) skorningr, m. a strip of cloth, Vm. 127, Pm. 7. skoron, f. a pomegranate, 'malo-granata,' Stj. 391 (Numb. xx. 5). skorpa, u, f. [Dan. skorpe], a crust, as a nickname, Fms. vii. 304; skorpu-skalli, a nickname, 253: = skerpa (q.v.), vinna skorpu, í einni skorpu. skorpinn, adj. [skarpr], shrivelled, Fas. i. 60; skorpit skinn, iii. 571. skorpna, að, to be shrivelled, Barl. 81; húð skorpnuð við eld, Nj. 208; þeir (the shoes) höfðu skorpnað í skininu, Háv. 25 new Ed.; skorpnar skór at fæti mér, Fms. vi. 45: metaph., það skorpnar at e-m, to be hard pressed, Fas. iii. 80. skorri, a, m. a bird, the pie(?), = skærr. II. a nickname, Landn.: in local names, Skorra-staðir, -dalr, Landn., map of Icel. skor-steinn, m. [Germ. schornstein], a cbimney, Fms. xi. 367, Boldt. skort, n. part., see skorta.

SKORTA -- SKÖGK. 555

SKORTA, t, [Engl. s h or t; Dan. s k or te], to be short of, lack; eigi mun bik karliiK-nnska skorta, Fms. xi. 232: mostly impers., e-n skortir e-t(acc.), bar ikorti eigi vupn (acc.), Eg. 236; at engan hlut skyrti, Fms. iv. 194, cp. 0. H. 83; svá at þá skyrti eigi svá lengi sem þeir vildu drekka, Eg. 557; menu skorti bæði hey ok mat, Nj. 73; mik skortir eigi hug, Eg. 7JQ; s. fo, 76; eini skortir mik ana, Fms. i. 75; sk-irti hann tvá vetr á scxtigi, 219; eigi mundi þar s. lausafé, Eg. 236; ok skorti eigi húlft hundrat manna, Gísl. 27. II. part, skort, used as an adverb; þeir vóru þar lítið skort viku, little íhort of a week, Sturl. iii. 2150; lítið skort fjora tigu manna, Ann. 1360; honum þótti sik skorta við oss, t o fall short of, Nj. 90; ok hafi (hann) þó allar íþrúuir skort, Fær. 152; var auðsætt at hann mundi skorta við þenna mann, O. T. 33; þat skortir (skortar Ed.) yðr herra, Fas. i. 76; skorta á (i); þat er á skorti, wha f is lacking"? Hkr. iii. 0, 8; ef úðr htlir nökkut ú skort, Fms. vii. 19; allt þat er honum (sic) skortir í, Grág. i. 214. skortr, in. a shortness, want; sitja fyrir skort, Hrafn. 9; engum skort eðrþurð, Fms. iv. 162; frama-skortr, Fb. ii. 296; bú-skortr, fó-s., orða-s., l a ck p/ w or d s, Gd. SKOT, n. [from skjóta; A. S. scot; Engl. shot and scot; Germ. scboss; Dan. skiid] :-- a shot, a shooting; skjúta langt skot af hand- boga, Landn. 2SS; þóttiík hann eigi hafa skotið belra skot, Fins, vii. 211; hann tV;!l við skotið, Nj. 247, and passim; hand-skot, boga- skot, and byssu-skot, (mod.): piur. shooting, sund ok skot, Fb. i. 368; skotum ok spjóta-lögum, Ó. II. 183. 2. the thing shot, a missile = skeyti; hval ef eigi IT skot í ... ef skot eru fieiri í hval enn eitt ... Icita skots, ... at hann útti þat skot, ... cf fleiri menu kalla til skots en einn, Gn'ig. ii. 367-371; smíða sér skot, þiðr. 87. II. metaph. usage, a scot or shot, [in the phrases to pay one's scot, scot and lot, scot- free], contribution; halda sinu skoti upp, Grúg. i. 239; sam-skot, scot and lot, portion; hulfs bolla skot, Gþl. 80; plógi-skot, Ölafs-skot, Hallvarðar-skot, a kind of ta* in Norway, N. G. L. ii. 336, cp. i. 459. 2. as a law term, an appeal; mega skoti orka, N. G. L. i. 88; fullt skot, a lawful appeal, i\; er til hans miklu niinna skot en margir li'ita yfir, there is less appeal to or worth in him than folks say, i. e. he will not do much, 0. H. 57; ráða-skot. 3. cheating, fraud; arf-skot, q. v.: km'-skot, ' knee-service, ' humiliation. III. a narrow dark passage, running (inside or outside V) along the wall of the ancient halls; separated by a partition wall from the seats (set); skot er urn var elda-hnsit, en dyrr vóru fram or skotinu at setum innan-verðum, Egill gókk fram í setið, Eg. 3^7; mi tinnr Steingerðr at hón er sen, hón snvr í skotið, ok sér nndir skegg Hárbarði, Konn. 12; hann skyldi h-yna þeim mönnum í skotinu hjá súr ... mi hleypr ofan þilit ok menninir fram (vi/. . into the part where the seats were), Rd. 313; skalinn var algutr ok skot umhverfis, Fms. i. 290; skot vi'iru um húsit ok lokhvilur, ok or einni lokhvílu mátti hlaupa í skotið, Fs. 72; cp. the passage, elda-hnsit var svá lagat ... ok vóru þat laundyrr, Ísl. ii. 294, 295, where the lost original prob. used the word skot :-- of a church,: skotið kirkjunnar, Fms. ix. 492; Guðinundr var í skotinu, þviat hann útti • eigi kirkju-gengt, Sturl. ii. 42 (kirkju-skot): of a temple, hann setti allt j grindum tor skotum, Stj. 562. í Kings vi. 5; for-skot = a vestibule, | id. 2. in mod. usage a dark nook, corner, sknina-skot. B. COMPOS: skot-ass, in. a kind of catapult, Fb. ii. 23. skot- bakki, a, m. a ' shooting-hank, ' the butts against which the target was set up; fara í skotbakka, Fær. 46; vera á sundi eðr í skotbokkum, Fas. ii. 505; Ocidr fylgdi þeiin þar til er þeir Ásmundr hó'fðu átt skoibakka, 558. skot-blað, q. v. skot-bógr, in. the shoulder, a perquisite of the shooter orharpooner, N. G. L. i. 47, D. N. iv. 268. skot-broddr, in. a missile, Lex. Poi't. skot-eldr, m. a shooting of fire, of Greek fire, Fms. vii. 97, Fb. ii. 299, þiðr. í 79, Fas. iii. 90: mod. bombardment. skot-eygr, q. v. skot-fe, n. a shooter's or harpooner'sfec, Grág. ii. 374, 377- skot-fimi, f. skill in archery, Fms. ii. loo. skot-flmr, adj. skilful as an archer. Bkot-fœri, n. shot-range; koma í s., to come within shot, Nj. 72, Gísl. 51, Al. 33; liggja í skotfærum við, to be within bow-shot, Fms. ii. 327: shoot- ing weapons, Stj. 86. skot-færr, adj. good as an archer, Fas. ii. 266. skot-henda, q. v. skot-hlutr, m. a shooter's share, Grág. ii. 387. skot-hríð, t'. a shower of missiles, Fær. 73, Fms. viii. 289. skot- hvalr, m. a dead whale with a marked harpoon in it, Grng. ii. 358, 366. skot-liyrna, u, f. a kind of a* e, D. N. skot-maðr, m. a shooter, harpooner, Grug. ii. 358, 367, Am. 4, Pm. 69, Róm. 270. skot-mál, n. a range; langt s., a long range, Fms. ii. 271; koma í s., to come within range, Nj. 108, Fms. viii. 40, x. 43; liggja í skotmúli, 353. skot-penningr, in. ' scot-wow e y' = Dan. tœre-penge, pocket- money, Fms. xi. 202, Al. 18, Fas. 1. 450. skot-silfr, n. 'scot-silver, ' Gullþ. 46 (Ed.), Fms. vii. 319, 0. H. 55, Orkn. 416 new Ed., Grett. 49 new Ed. skot-spánn, m. a target; setja at skotspæni, Fms. ii. 271: the phrase, hafa e-n at skotspaeni, Fs. 39, Nj. 222, Fær. 30. skot- teinn, m. a s tick 7/s ed as a mark, Sks. 379, cp. Fb. iii. 405. skot- vagn, m. a catapult, Sks. 421. skot-vapn, n. a missile, Fms. i. 45, Sks. 386, Fb. ii. 19, passim. skot-vöndr, m. a wand to be shot, þiðr. 37O- skot-ögn, f. a barb, Sks. 419, v. l. skota, u, f. a nickname, Fms. x. 123. skota, að, = skotra, to shove, with dat., Edda (in a verse); marr skotar knerri, Hallfred. skotan, f. a shoving; skyfing eða s., N. G. L. ii, D. N. iv. 90. Skotar, m. pl. the S cot s: Skot-land, n. Scotland, Landn., Fms., passim: Skotzkr, adj. Scottish, Lá. 12, 274, Eg. 266, Landn. 112. &nf In some passages of the Landn. Skotar and Skotland seem to be used of the Irish and Ireland, skota-kollr, in. a nickname, Landn. skot-blað, n. the shea. 'b ofan ear of corn before it opens, Edda ii. 491. skot-eygr, adj. restless of eye, like a hunted deer, Bárð. 38 new Ed. skot-henda, u, f. a half rhyme (as in land l e wda), Edda (Ht.) 135, 139; in the old dróttkvæði the half rhyme was used in the odd lines, but aðal- henda (a full rhyme) in the even. skot-hending, f. = skothenda; jvrðfyrd, ... þessa setning hljóðstafa krllum vór s., Edda 121, 139. skot-hendr, adj. composed in the metre s., Edda (Ht.) 52. 2. in mod. usage a bad rhyme; skáldskapr þinn er skothent klúðr | skakk- settum hutuð-stüfum með, Jón jporl. skoti, a, m. a shooter; in and-skoti, q. v. skotna, að; impers., e-m skotnar, to get a piece of good luck or gain, Lex. Poët.: mod., e-m á skotnast, to gain; a-skotuast, to gain, have a piece of good luck. skotnaðr, in. a gain, piece of good luck, O. H. (in a verse). skotningr, m. the name of a sword, Edda (GI.) skotra, að, to shove against, with dat., Grett. 98. skott, n., qs. skoft or skopt (q. v.), by way of assimilation; [LHf. skufts; Germ, schopf; Engl. scut, of the- tail of a hare or rabbit] :-- a fox's tail; t'ju-skott, passim in mod. usage. skotta, að, qs. skofta, which form occurs in the verse Fbr., see skopta, [skopt] :-- to dangle, wag to and fro (like hair or a tail); hann let skotta við skip sin, ok lagdi ekki til orrostu, Fms. ii. 310; þeir skotta DÚ við útan, Fas. i. 10, see skopta. skotta, u, f. [skott], the popular led. name for a female ghost, since, as she roams about, her head-gear streams behind her like a fox's tail, Maurcr's Volks.; Hviturvalla-s., Leirur-s.: Skotti, a, in. a nickname, prop, a ghost (V), also used of a horse whose body and tail are of different colours. skot-yrði, n. pl. [cp. skatyrðask], scojfs, taunts, Fms. vii. 20, Sturl. iii. 199. skozkr, adj. [skotta], nimble, alert, of a boy or puny person; hann er skolli sko/. kr. II. Scotch, see Skotar. skóa, að, to shoe: skóaðr, sboed, see skua. skóari, a, m. a shoemaker. skó-bót, f. a shoe-patch, cobbler's patch. skó-broddr, m. a sharpened shoe, Kb. 238, Fms. viii. 405. SKÓÐ, n. [ skaði and ski'. ð point to a lost strong verb], scathe, bale, a noxious thing; liji'ilma skóð. randar s., skjaldar s., the scathe of helmets, of shields, i. e. a weapon; mær skúð, the bright weapons, Hallfrc-d; Hildar s., id.: in compds, ben-skóð, víg-s., val-s., remini-s., i. e. weapons, Lex. Poi''t.; the word is only used in poetry. skóf, t. [skata], the singed crust or scraps at the bottom of a pan or kettle; grautar-skóf, mjolkr-s. 2. botan., geitna-s., a kind of lichen. skó-föt, n. pl. (skó-fatnaðr, in.), 'shoe-gear, ' shoes, Vm. 56. skóg-barn, n. a wood-bairn, a dwarf-child, Ísl. ii. 437. skóg-björn, in. a world-bear, Landn. 91. skóg-dýr, n. a wood-deer, Stj. 463, 560, Mar. skóg-gangr, in., prop, a ' wootl-going;' used as a law term for outlawry (from an outlaw being banished to the woods), Grúg. i. 90. COMPDS: skóggangs-maðr, in. a ' wood-man, ' outlaw, Grug. i. 137, 143, passim. skóggangs-stefna, u, f. a trial /o r outlawry, Sturl. ii. 2. skóg- gangs-sök, f. a case of outlawry, Gnig. i. 3, 58, ii. 2 nj, Nj. 88. skóg- gangs-býri, n. theft punishable with skoggang, Grág. ii. 137. skóg-land, n. wood-land, Hrafn. 22, Gnig. ii. 211. skóg-lauss, adj. woodless, barren, Eg. 580, Hkr. i. 45. skóg-óttr, adj. woody, Fas. iii. 119, Stj. 325, Fb. i. 541. SKÓGR, m., gen. skógar (skógs, Gþl. 145, Fms. vi. in a verse), dat. skógi, pl. skógar, -- the acc. pl. skógu, Gísl. 128, in a paper transcript, is prob. an error: [North. E. and Scot, schaw or show; Dan. í kov; Swed. skog; perh. akin to skuggi. of a shady place] :-- a sbaw, wood, mork being a forest; var þá skógr milli tjalls ok fjoru, íb. 28; þá var þar svá stórr skógr, at hann gürði þar af hafskip, Landn. 47; gengu sumir í fen ofan suinir í skópinn, Nj. 21; brenna kol í skógi, 57; skógr mikill, Eg. 276; skóg þykkvan, Ísl. ii. 43; til fjalls eða skógs, til fjoru eða skips, Gþl. 145; rji'iðr í skóginum, Ld. 96; fara í skóg, to go foresting, Js. 49, Fb. i. 252; hann lot skera torf ok hafði þat iyrir eldi-við, þvíat engi var skógr i Orkueyjuin, Hkr. i. 105 (Oikn. 16). 2. the wood or desert was the abode of the outlaw, hence various law phrases; stefna e-m til skógar, to cite a person to stand trial for outlawry, Gnig. ii. 63, 192; sækja sök til skógar, 33; kaupa sik or skógi, to buy oneself off from out- lawry, N. G. L. i. 164, 165; leysa e-n ór skógi, Nj. 193; er hann útlagr ok öllu fyrir-gort er hann ú, nema jörðu sinni einni, ok því er hann kemr

556 SKÓGARBJÖRN -- SKRÁ.

í skóg með sér, N.G.L. i. 165. II. in local names, Skógr, Skógar, Skógar-strönd, -götur, þykkvi-skógr, Landn., map of Icel. B. COMPDS: skógar-björn, m. a wood-bear, Grág. ii. 33, Landn. 35, 345. skógar-braut, f. a road broken through a wood, wood-path, Fas. ii. 197, iii. 587, Ísl. ii. 44. skógar-brenna, u, f. a wood-fire, Ölk. 34. skógar-búð, f. a wood-booth, but in a wood, Gþl. 449. skógar-búi, a, m. a 'wood-neighbour,' dweller near a wood, Grág. ii. 300. skógar-dýr, n. a wood-deer, Stj. 219, Bret. 194. skóga-fullr, adj. woody, Stj. 337. skógar-gata, u, f. a wood-path, Sturl. iii. 23, Fms. iii. 74: plur. Skógar-götur, a local name in western Icel. skógar-geit, f. a wood-goat, Fms. ii. 309 (x. 351). skógs-hagi, a, m. a wood-hedge, hawthorn, D.N. skógar-háls, m. a forest-hill, Eg. 544, Stj. 485. skógar-hjörtr, m. a hart of the forest, Stj. 560. skógar-holt, n. a 'wood-holt,' ridge, hill, Eg. 744. skógar-horn, n. = skógarnef, Karl. 98. skógar-hryggr, m. a wood-ridge, Dipl. iii. 6. skógar-hunang, n. wild honey, 625. 89. skógar-hús, n. a hut in a wood, Stj. skógar-högg, n. [Dan. skov-hugst], tree-felling, Grág. ii. 295, Vm. 80. skógar-kaup, n. the purchase of a wood, N.G.L. i. 81, 169. skógar-kjörr, n. pl. brush-wood, a holt, Eg. 546, Fms. vii. 56, Róm. 183. skógar-klettr, m. a wood-rock. Eg. 717. skógar-leiga, u, f. the rent of a wood, H.E. i. 394. skógar-maðr, m. a 'wood-man' an outlaw, Nj. 110, Grág. i. 72, 87, 119, 137, 139, 178, ii. 136, 159, Grett. and the Laws and Sagas passim, skógar-mark, n. a wood-mark, land-mark of a wood, Grág. ii. 300, Sturl. ii. 57. skóga-merki, n. id., Grág. ii. 219, Sturl. ii. 57. skógar-nef, n. a 'wood-neb,' jutting outskirt of a wood, Fms. vii. 69, Karl. 104, Thom. 473, Eg. 376, 377: as a nickname, Nj. skógar-partr, m. a share in a wood, Vm. 144, Dipl. v. 3. skógar-rjóðr, m. (see rjóðr), Fs. 69. skógar-runnr, m. a division of a wood, Eg. 219, Fas. i. 4, Róm. 236. skógar-skipti, n. a division of a wood, Grág. ii. 293, 294. skógar-spell, n. damage done to a wood, Vm. 153. skógar-spottr, m. a spot, piece of a wood, Vm. 103. skógar-staða, u, f. the place on which a wood stood, Jb. 240. skógar-strönd, f. a woodland-coast, Stj. 90, v.l. skógar-súra, u, f. wood-sorrel, Pr. 472. skógar-teigr, m. a strip of wood, Vm, 11, 138. skógar-tré, n. a tree in a wood, Stj. 256, 274. skógar-ull, f. [Germ. baum-wolle], 'wood-wool' cotton, Al. 166. skógar-vöndr, m. a wand, Fas. i. 333. skógar-þröstr, m. the throstle or thrush. skógar-öx, f. a wood-axe, Rétt. 3. 10. skóg-skipti, n. = skógarskipti, Grág. ii. 393. Skóg-strendingar, m. pl. the men from Skógar-strönd, Eb. skóg-sök, f. = skóggangssök, Nj. 232, v.l. skóg-teigr, m. = skógarteigr, skógartré, Vm. 138. skóg-tré, n. = skógartré, Stj. 399. skógungr, m. a nickname, Sturl. i. 76. skóg-vaxinn, part. overgrown with wood, Stj. 615. Skóg-verjar, m. pl. the men from Skógr, Ld. 332. skóg-viðr, m. = skógtré. skóg-vöndr, m. = skógarvöndr, Njarð. 370. skó-hljóð, n. 'shoe-sound;' þekkja e-n á skóhljóðinu, to know a person by his step. skó-klæði, n. pl. = skóföt, shoes and stockings, Ld. 36, Stj. 259, Fb. i. 547, Edda 21. skó-lauss, adj. shoeless, Landn. 215, MS. 655 xii. 3, Bs. i. 669. skó-leðr, n. shoe-leather. skó-leistr, in. (see leistr), Bs. i. 322. skó-lemja, lamði, to tread on, Eluc. SKÓLI a, m. [Gr. -Lat.], a school; vera í skóla, Fms. ix. 245; góðan skóla, Sks. 246; halda skóla, Mar.; fara í skóla, to enter a school; fara úr skóla, to leave a school; skipa e-m í skóla, Fms. xi. 427, 428; barna-s., a school for children; Látinu-s., a grammar-school; há-skóli, a high school. COMPDS: skóla-bók, f. a school-book, Vm. 61, Dipl. v. 18. skóla-bróðir, m. a school-fellow; hann er s. minn, við erum skóhbræðr. skóla-genginn, part. one who has been at a grammar-school. skóla-kennari, a, m. a teacher. skola-klerkr, m. a 'school-clerk,' scholar, Bs. i. 793, Mar., D.N. skóla-meistari, a, m. a school-master, Bs. i. 793, 850, Fms. x. 33, Sturl. ii. 49. skóla-nafn, n. a school-nickname, Bs. i. 824. skóla-piltr, m. a school-boy (in a grammar-school), D.N. i. 410, and mod. skóla-röð, f. a list of the boys at a grammar-school after the examination. skóla-stúka, u, f. (see stúka), Boldt 174. skóla-sveinn, m. a school-boy, Sturl. ii. 49. skólmr, m. = skólpr(?), a nickname, Landn. skónaðr, m. = skóföt, Ant. Russ. ii. 416. skó-nál, f. a 'shoe-needle,' cobbler's needle, Skíða R. 10, Bs. i. 377. SKÓR, m., gen. skós, dat. and acc. skó; older plur. skúar, gen. skúa, dat. skóm, acc. skúa; later plur. forms are, skór, skóa, skóm, skó, and so too in mod. usage: [Ulf. skohs = GREEK; A.S. sceô; Engl. shoe; O.H.G. scuob; Germ' schuh; Dan. -Swed. sko] :-- a shoe; skúa (skuo Ed.) á fótum, Gísl. 113; skúar (skuor), 115; loðnir kálfskinns skúar, Sturl. iii. 199; uppháfir skúar, Fms. vi. 440; uppháfir ok lágir skúar, Rétt. 112; nppháfa svarta skúa, Nj. 184; hann hafði uppháfa skó, bundna at legg, Fms. iv. 76; háfa skúa, Ó.H. 30, l.c.; hann lét skera húð til skóa (gen. pl.) föru-nautum Þorvalds, Bs. i. 669; skylda ek skreyta ok skúa binda hersis kván hverjan morgin, Gkv. 1. 9; hann kippti skóm á fætr sér, Nj. 28; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína ... hann batt skó sinn, Eg. 719; skúar, Hom. 85 (twice); gera skó (acc. sing.), stíga í skó, N.G.L. i. 31: referring to the ceremony of adoption, see hemingr. 2. a horse-shoe; skórnir, skóna, aur-skór, Fb. i. 524; þótt skúarnir hryti undan hestum þeirra, Fms. vii. 95; hest-skór, a horse-shoe. &FINGER; The proper shoeing of horses was probably unknown to the ancients even of the Saga time; they used to cover the hoof with a kind of low shoe, whence the name; this may be seen from the description in Fms. v. 181, vii. l.c.; as also from words as hóf-gullinn, golden hoof. 3. the tip of a sheath, as in dögg-skór, q.v. II. phrases, hafa slitið barns-skónum, to have worn out one's bairn's-shoes = to be past one's youth; hann slítr ekki mörgum skónum, he will not wear out many shoes, of an old man on the verge of the grave, as in the story of the merman (marmennill, q.v.) and the 'fey' man with the bundle of shoes, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 132, compared with the Engl. romance of Merlin, p. 434. skó-sala, u, f. a shoe-sale, Rétt. skó-síðr, adj. reaching down to the shoes. skó-smiðr, m. a 'shoe-smith,' of farriers, Hm. 127. skó-sveinn, m. a shoe-boy, servant, Nj. 5, Fms. i. 45, vi. 178, Ó.H. 83, Bs. i. 635, Gullþ. 46. skó-varp, n. the 'shoe-warp,' binding of a shoe; upp í skóvarp. skó-vátr, adj. 'shoe-wet,' wet-footed, Fms. ii. 273. skó-þurka, u, f. a shoe-wiper, mat to wipe the shoes. skó-þvengr, m. a 'shoe-thong,' shoe-string, latchet, Nj. 74, Þorst. St. 53, Mar., Matth. iii. 11; skúfaða skóþvengi, Eb. 220. skraddari, a, m. [Dan. skræder], a tailor, Dipl. iii. 4, N.G.L. iii. 15. SKRAF, n. a chat, talk, Edda 110, Vígl. 34, Fas. i. 14, iii. 221, Grett. 79 new Ed., Skiða R. 62. skrafa, að, to prate, chat, Háv. 42; það má kalla hyggins hátt að heyra mart en s. fátt, Hallgr.: recipr., skrafask við, Fas. i. 505; þeir skröfuðusk við, 63. skrafari, a, m. a chatterer, a nickname, Sturl. iii. 281. skraf-finnr, m. a chatterbox, Bárð. 41 new Ed., and so in mod. usage; perh. better skrá-finnr, a book-worm. skraf-karl, m. = skraftinnr, Háv. 38 new Ed., v.l. (skratta-karl.) skramsa, að, to scream, Hkr. ii. 253 (in a single MS.) skran, n. rubbish, marine stores, Dan. skramleri. skrap, n. a clattering, Mag. 71: tittle-tattle, með skrökligu skrapi, 90: scraps, trifles, Boldt 167; leikligt skrap, veraldligt skrap, Mar.; orða-skrap, Fas. iii. 99; vara-s., Sks. 438. skrap-eyrir, m. scraps, D.N. iv. 90. skrapa, að, [Engl. scrape], to scrape, clatter; beinin skrapa í skinuinu, Fas. ii. 252; skrapanda hagl, Sks. 229; öxin skrapaði við, Grett. 88 A; járnit skrapar við tennr, Mar.; penningar skrapa lítt í pungi, Bs. ii. 223. 2. to scratch; ú-skrapat bréf, D.N. iv. 304; upp gefa, né af sínum skrám skrapa, Thom. 192. skrapla, að, to grate, clatter, Grett. 83. skrapr, m. a tattler, Edda (Gl.), SKRATTI, older form skrati, as seen from rhymes, latr skrati; [akin to Swed. skratta = to laugh loud and harshly; Dan. skrade = crepare] :-- a wizard, warlock; sú segir spár sínar sem völfur ok skrattar forðum, Blanda; seið-skratti (q.v.), a wizard who works charms; the Swed. skratta refers to the strange noises with which the enchanter works (seið-læti); skratta-sker, the name of a rock on which wizards were exposed to die, Fms. ii. 142; hann síðdi þar ok var kallaðr skratti, x. 378. 2. a goblin, monster; in vatna-skratti, a water-sprite, sea-monster, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 138, provinc. in the south of Icel. for sjó-skrímsli: a giant, ogre, Edda (Gl.); in mod. usage a devil, imp, skrattinn fór at skapa mann, a ditty; skratta-atgangr, Fas. ii. 519; skrattans- so and so, in oaths; karl-skratti, an evil churl, Háv. 38 new Ed.; kvenn-skratti, a hag, fury. skratt-hanki, a nickname, Fms. viii. Skrauma, u, f., or Skraumu-hlaups-á, the name of a river, Landn. skraumi, a, m. a 'screamer,' Lat. scurra, Edda 213. SKRAUT, n. an ornament; s. ok skrúð, Stj. 188; lítið skraut, Orkn. (in a verse), Gd. 67, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: skraut-búinn, part. richly dressed, Grett. 139 A, Fms. vi. 273, Hallfred. skraut-girni, f. showiness in dress, Fms. v. 181. skraut-gjarn, adj. showy(?), Hdl. skraut-leikr, m. show, splendour, 656. 624. skraut-liga, adv. richly; s. búinn, Fms. vi. 389. skraut-ligr, adj. showy, rich, splendid, Fms. ii. 261, vi. 179, Ld. 28, 114, Fbr. 143, Háv. 58: of colours, uxi mikill ok s., a brindled ox, Vápn. 21. skraut-menni, n. a showy person, Nj. 123, 139, Vápn. 7. skrauti, a, m. a nickname, Nj. 174: the name of a ship; of a brindled ox, and skrauta, of a brindled cow. SKRÁ, f., gen. skrár, pl. skrár, skrá, skrám, a scroll, dry skin; þann er hangir með hám, ok skollir með skrám, Hm. 2. a scroll (written); lög sem á skróm UNCERTAIN standa, Grág. i. 7; á skrá þeirri er Hafliði lét göra, id.; göra máldaga á skrá, K.Þ.K.: setja á skrá, to set in a

SKRÁ -- SKRIPT. 557

scroll, commit to writing, Bs. i. 59; setja nöfn á skrár, to set a name in a scroll, Rb. 412; í þessari skrá, in this scroll, Bs. i. 59; í skrá þessi, Rb. 4; sjá skrá, this scroll, id.; skrár ok skilríki, Pm. 68; kirkju-skrá, Dipl. ii. 19: önnur skrá, Jm. 36; fánýtar skrár, Pm. 10, 86; á fornri skrá sextán heilagra manna sögur, 94; saltara-skrá, 134; skrá töturr, a shred of a scroll, 129. II. a lock; skrá fyrir kistu; hurðar-skrá; lykillinn stendr í skránni, the key stands in the lock; skrár-gat, a key-hole. skrá, ð, to put on a scroll, to enter, 656 A. i. 13; skrá nöfn þeirra allra, Fms. v. 277; var á þeim bréfum skráð öll mál, Sks. 643; hann lét ok skrá um allt konungs ríkit, at ..., 464, Jb. 288, Fms. x. 146; hann lét lesa upp hverir skráðir vóru á skipit, vii. 287. 2. reflex. to be entered on a list; skrásk skal hverr farar-maðr, svá einyrki sem annarr maðr, N.G.L. i. 199. II. = skrapa; skrá (skrapa) þetta af, Grett. 163 A. skráfa (skrjáfa), að, to grate, of shrivelled skin. skráma, u, f. [Dan. skramme], a scar, Grett. 71. skráma, ð (?), to glare; ávalt er ek lít þangat skrámir ljós í augu mér, Sturl. i. 5. skrám-leitr, adj. looking scared, Sturl. iii. 105, Bárð. 178. skrámr, m. [Swed. skrämma = to scare], the name of a monster giant. skrápr, m. [akin to skrapa], a shark's skin, shagreen, Ísl. ii. 113; skráp-skór, shoes of shark's skin: skrápi, a nickname, Fms. viii. 163. skrá-setja, setti, to put on a scroll, enter, Sturl. iii. 91; hann var skrásettr í skip (enrolled), 304. skrá-setning, f. an entering on a scroll, B.K. 18. skrá-veifa, u, f. a scare-crow, bogle; göra e-m skráveifur: a nickname, Ann. 1362. skrá-þúrr, adj. parched from dry ness. SKREF, n. [Dan. skrev], a pace; á hlaupanda skrefi, Sks. 374; í einu skrefi, Þiðr. 99; taka skref mikit, Grett. 153 A: as a measure = Lat. passus, Rb. 482, MS. 732. 5. II. skref = skrá, in Finn-skref, q.v.: for skref-hárr, adj., Bjarn. 63, read skrúf-hárr(?): skref-hlaup, n. a leap, Pr. 476. skrefa, að, to stride, Pr. 415, Mar. 1055, Bs. ii. 26. SKREIÐ, f. [skríða], a shoal of fish (A.S. scâlu; provinc. Engl. school), this is the Norwegian sense, see Ström Söndmor's Beskr. i. 317; hence, skreið varga, a flock of wolves: þar dreif at honum varga skreið mikil, Bret. 150; this sense is obsolete in Icel., where it is only used of 2. dried fish, as food and as an export (prop. ellipt. for skörp skreið), Eb. 272, 316, Grett. 98 new Ed.; skreið ok huðir, Eg. 69; s. ok mjöl, Nj. 16; skörp s., Fms. viii. 251; Háleysk skreið, Munk. 51; skreið var þá eingin flutt, Bs. i. 842; skreiðar-garðr, a platform for drying fish, Vm. 14; skreiðar-hlaði, a pile of skreið, Eb. 276; skreiðar-kaup, Fb. 348; skreiðar-tíund, -tollr, Vm. 47, Ám. 10 D.N. iii. 30. skreiðask, d, dep. [skríða], to creep, slink; s. ór rúmi, Lv. 60; s. fyrir borð, Nj. 136; skreiðisk hón undan höfði honum, Ld. 156, Stj. 418; hann skreiddisk fram með landinu, Fms. viii. 437; hann skreiðisk upp með berginu, Róm. 148; s. aptr af hestinum, to slip down, Fs. 65. skreið-fiski, n. a fishing (skreið = a shoal); hann hafði menn sína í síldveri ok svá í skreiðfiski, Eg. 42; hann hafði menn í s. í Vágum, en suma í síldfiski, 68, Gullþ. 5. skreið-færi, n. implements for snow-travelling, Fms. viii. 400. skreiði, n. = skreiðfæri; ef maðr tekr s. manns ef hann ferr til þings, N.G.L. i. 227. skreiðingr, m. a subterfuge(?), Sturl. iii. 30. skreiðr, adj. sliding; in ör-skreiðr. skreið-ver, n. = skreiðfiski; skreiðver ok síldver, Eg. 42, v.l. skrenkr, m. [cp. Engl. shrunk], a nickname, Ann. 1184. skreppa, u, f. [Dan. skreppe; Engl. scrip], a scrip, bag, Stj. 464, 616, Fms. vi. 374, viii. 26, Barl. 104, Skíða R. (of the beggar's skrip): allit., stafr ok s., of pilgrims; taka staf ok skreppu ok fara til Jórsala, H.E. i. 243, Fms. vi. 303, Fagrsk. 93, Karl. 467 (v.l.), Symb. 17: a mouse-trap, sem mús í skreppu, Fms. vii. 21. SKREPPA, skrapp, skruppu; subj. skryppi; part. skroppinn :-- to slip; skruppu honum fætr, his feet slipped, Fms. viii. 75, 393, Nj. 114; honum urðu lausar hendrnar ok skruppu af fanga-stakkinum, the hands slipped, lost hold, Ísl. ii. 447; ermarnar skruppu af höndunum fram, Fms. viii. 358, v.l.; skruppu ór tennr fjórar, Skíða R. 142. 2. to slip away, absent oneself; þá er mín er vandligast gætt, þá skrepp ek í brott, MS. 4. 22; margir bæjar-menn skruppu inn í garða sína ok í hús, skulked away into their houses, Fagrsk. 165; hafa skroppit þar um lyng, Hkr. iii. 376, v.l. (= kropit): in mod. usage, to start, move quickly, eg ætla að skreppa inn snöggvast, bíddu meðan eg skrepp inn at sækja vetlingana, and the like. skreyja, u, f. [Dan. skryde], a brayer(?), bragger, a nickname, Hkr. i. skreyta, t, [s-kraut], to ornament, dress fine; skylda ek skreyta (= Dan. pynte), Gkv. 1. 9; skreytask við körlum, to dress fine to please the men, Bs. i. 453; skreyttr inum beztum klæðum, Fms. i. 149; skreytt orð, Róm. 301; s. sína undir-hyggju, Magn. 484. skreyting, f. ornament, embellishment, Stj. 24. skreytinn, adj. [prop. adorned in one's speech, cp. Dan. forblommet]:-- untruthful; and skreytni, f. a falsehood. skribla, u, f. from the grating sound(?), the name of a hot spring near Reykholt in Iceland. SKRIÐA, u, f., gen. pl. skriðna, Ann. 1171; [skríða] :-- a land-slip, on a hill-side; fyrir skriðum eða vatna-gangi, Grág. i. 219; skriða brast upp í fjallit, Fb. ii. 72; hljóp skriða á bæinn, Hrafn. 1; skriða hljóp í Geitdal, Ann. 1186; hljóp ofan skriða mikil með grjóti ok leiri, Hkr. i. 47; í þessi skriðu týndisk Magnúss, of an avalanche, Bs. i. 640: also used of the black streaks on a mountain-side from old slips, hann keyrir undir honum hestinn upp á skriðuna, Bs. i. 625; er hann kom á skriðu þá er Geirvör heitir, Eb. 218, 226, 232, Sturl. iii. 83. II. freq. in local names, Skriða, Skriðu-klaustr, Skrið-dalr, Rauðu-skriður, Landn., Nj., map of Icel. COMPDS: skriðu-fall, n. an avalanche, Ann. 1390. skriðu-hjalli, a, m. a shelf in a s., Fbr. 88. skrið-bytta, u, f. a lantern. skrið-kvikendi, n., collect. creeping things, reptiles, worms, etc. (Dan. kryb), Stj. 19, 317, Fb. ii. 78; foglar, ferfætingar ok s. jarðar, Post. 656 C. 8. skrið-ligr, adj. creeping; s. kvikendi, a reptile, Stj. 18 . skrið-ljós, n. a 'creeping light,' lantern, Nj. 153, Ám. 6, Fms. iv. 168 (skrilljós), xi. 66, Bs. i. 635, Thom. 455. skriðna, að, to slip, slide, Bret. 92, Fb. i. 414, ii. 87, Mar. 1146; þá fellr torfa ór garðinum ok skriðnar hann, Ísl. ii. 357; skriðnaði hann öðrum fæti, Edda 77; skriðnuðu honum fætr, Fas. ii. 135; þá skriðnar þat á brott, slips away, Mar.; hvers manns líkami skriðnar í jörðina, 656 C. 8. skriðnan, f. a slipping, Bs. ii. 151. skrið-ormr, m. a 'creeping worm,' reptile, Konr. skriðr, m., gen. skriðar, a creeping or sliding motion, of a reptile; beina þeir sinn skrið, Stj. 98; til skriðsins ok rásarinnar, id.: of a ship, vóru þeir Gunnsteinn langt komnir er skriðr var á skipi Þóris, Ó.H. 137; á skip skal skriðar orka, Hm. 81; tók skridinn af skipinu, the ship stopped, Fms. ii. 305; þegar er festi ok skriðinn tók af, vi. 168; með fullum skrið, Bs. ii. 30; tekr nú buzan góðan skrið, 47; frýr skutrinn skriðar, Grett. 125; renna á, skrið, to slide, of a sledge, Mar. skrif, n. a writ, writing, (mod.) SKRIFA, að, [from Lat. scribere; the Germ. schreiben and Dan. skrive, though borrowed from the Lat., take strong forms]: I. to scratch, as also to paint, embroider; this is the earliest sense, for painting and engraving are older than writing, and the word was adopted by the Teutons before writing had begun (cp. the use of the Gr. GREEK); sögur þær er skrifaðar vóru á eldhúsinu, Ld. 114; salrinn var skrifaðr innan ok mjök gulli búinn, Fas. i. 179; á fornum skjöldum var títt at skrifa rönd þá er baugr var kallaðr, Edda 87; skjöldrinn var skrifaðr fornsögum, Eg. 698, see the remarks s.v. skjöldr; skjöld, ok var skrifat á leo með gulli, Mork. 155; yrk, skáld, um þat er skrifað er á tjaldinu, of tapestry, Fms, v. 234; várir forellrar hafa svá skrifat hana, at hón sé fótlaus en hafi hendr ok vængi, Al. 134; allt hans bak er sem skrifat með skínandum dropum, Stj. 97, 179; sem penturinn skrifaði þetta skrímsl. Mar. 1174: even of sculpture, eru þar skrifuð margs-konar forn tíðendi, Æsir, Gjúkungar, Völsungar, steypt af kopar ok málmi, Fms. vii. 97. II. to write; þá skrifaða ek þessa (bók) of et sama far, Íb. (pref.); at lög ór skyldi skrifa á bók, 17; þat finnsk skrifat, Fms. i. 231; eptir því sem fróðir menn hafa skritat, fyrst Ari prestr enn Fróði ..., Landn. (Hb.) 320; þetta bréf gört ok skrifat at Stað, Dipl. iii. 8; hann skrifaði nökkurar bækr, Stj. 48; skrifa ok í bók setja, Sks. 6: of penmanship, skrifa vel, illa; skrifaðu bæði skýrt og rétt, | svo skötnum þyki að snilli, | orðin standa eiga þétt | en þó bil á milli, a ditty. III. recipr., skrifast á, to correspond. 2. pass. to be entered, H.E. i. 516. 3. part. skrifandi, able to write; læs og skrifandi, hann er ekki s., he cannot write. skrifan, f. a picture. Mar., Stj. 179; skrifunar-fjöl, a tablet, 307. skrifari, a, m. a painter, Bs. i. 132, Eluc. 675. 26. 2. a writer, transcriber, Bs. i. 248, 420 (v.l.), 832; a secretary, as a title, ii. skrif-knífr, m. a penknife(?), Mar. 1143. skrifl or skrifli, n. a hulk; see skirfli (arkar-skrifli, see örk). skrifliga, adv. in writing. skrifligr, adj. written, Fas. iii. 421. skrifnask, að, [skrifa, cf. skript III], dep. it is imposed (of penance); skript s. e-m, shrift is laid on one, Sighvat. skrif-samligr, adj. painted, Stj. 307. skrika, að, qs. skriðka [skriðr], to slip; mér skrikar fótr. skrikan, f. slipping, stumbling, Barl. 48. skrimsl, skrim, see skrímsl. skrimta, t, = skolla; jamt læt ek við ský skrimta, Sd. (in a verse): in mod. usage, það skrimtir við að tarna (= Dan. slæber af). skringi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), strange, grotesque; s. búningr, Fas. iii. 653 (v.l.), freq. in mod. usage. skript, skrift, f. [skrifa], a picture, drawing, tapestry; skjöldrinn var skrifaðr fornsögum, en allt milli skriptanna vóru lagðar yfir spengr af gulli, i.e. the subjects represented on the shield were separated by golden spangles, Eg. 698; höfðu vit á skriptum þat er skatar léku, ok

558 SKRIPTARGANGA -- SKRÚÐ.

á hannyrðum hilmis þegna, of tapestry, Gkv. 2. 15; seglit var sett með fögrum skriptum, Fms. x. 77, see the remarks s.v. segl; hence a sail is poët. called hún-skript, the 'mast-picture,' Fms. ix. (in a verse): a painted tablet in a church, í krossum, líkneskjum, skriptum, Bs i. 132; stendr frúin frammi fyrir skriptinni með hreinum bænum, Mar.; Maríu-skript, Ólafs-s., Þorláks-s., Jóns-s., Andreas-s., Cecileu-s., the picture of the Virgin Mary, St. Olave, Thorlak, John, etc., Vm., D.I. i. passim. II. a writ, scripture (Dan. skrivten); heilög skript, Stj. 1, Bs. ii. 40; í skriptinni, Stj. 147 (but ritning, q.v., is more usual). 2. penmanship; skriptin mín er stafa-stór ... það er einsög kattar-klór, a ditty. III. eccles. confession, Vm. 37; veita mönnum skript, Fms. viii. 11, xi. 339, K.Þ.K. 72; ganga til skripta, Bs. i. 446, Fb. ii. 342, Sturl. ii. 34; bera mál til skripta, N.G.L. i. 152, passim. 2. shrift, penance; setja e-m skript, Bs. i. (Laur.); taka skript (skriptir) af biskupi, K.Á. 116, 136; henni var þat boðit í s. sína, Fms. viii. 12, N.G.L. i. 152; veita s., Fms. xi. 339; inna s- sína, 156; rjúfa skript, Mar.; stórar skriptir ok mikil meinlæti, Sks. 486; svara stórum skriptum, Gþl. 169. 3. metaph. a penalty, in a secular sense, ætla ek, at henni hafi þat engi s. verit, it has been no penance for her, Vígl. 33; fá makliga skript, to receive deserved punishment. Fas. ii. 116. COMPDS: skriptar-ganga, u, f. confession, Hom. 79, Fms. viii. 114. skriptar-gangr, m. id., Fms. iii. 175, v. 219, Sturl. ii. 34, Gþl. 41. skripta-boð, n. an episcopal ordinance as to shrift, D.I. i, MS. 655 xi. 2, 673. 61. skripta-dóttir, f. a 'shrift-daughter,' a female confessor, H.E. ii. 190. skripta-faðir, m. a 'shrift-father,' confessor, Karl. 545, Bs. i. 440. skripta-lauss, adj. unshriven, Fms. viii. 103, MS. 655 xxiv. 2. skripta-maðr, m. a man under penance, Bs. i. 855. skripta-mál, n. pl. confession, K.Á. 208, H.E, i. 483, Grett. 162 A. skripta-prestr, m. a 'shrift-priest,' confessor, Fms. v. 214. skript, f. = krypt, a crypt, Thom. 493. skripta, að, to shrive, hear confession; gékk biskup til Ásbjarnar ok skriptaði honum, Ó.H. 118; sá maðr er skriptað var, K.Á. 148. 2. to enjoin penance; skripta e-m at vatnfasta, Sturl. ii. 252; skal biskup skripta henni af landi brott, N.G.L. i. 376. 3. to punish, in a secular sense, vóru sumir háls-höggnir en sumum annan veg skriptað, Fms. x. 96, v.l.; Annes bað þá Skotana at skripta Hrólfi, Fas. iii. 355, so in mod. usage in a comic sense. 4. to confess; skripta sínar syndir, Stat. 300. II. reflex. to go to confession; hann skriptaðisk við Sigurð djákn, Sturl. ii. 228; ok skriptaðisk síðan vandliga, Bs. i. 317: skriptaðr, part. shriven, K.Á. 22, Sturl. ii. 134. skript-bera, bar, to bring to confession; s. synd, to shrive a sin, H.E. i. 484; skript-borinn, confessed. 483. skript-rof, n. the breach of a penance, K.Á. 148, N.G.L. i. 153. skript-rofa, adj. (-rofi, K.Á. 148), failing to fulfil one's penance; verða s., N.G.L. i. 152, 429. SKRÍÐA, skríð, skreið, skriðu, skriðinn; neg. suff. skríði-at, Hkv. 2. 30, [Dan. skride; Germ. schreiten]:-- to creep, crawl, of reptiles; hvert kvikendi þat er skríðr á jörðu, Stj. 317; hann brast í orms líki ok skreið í nafars-raufina, Edda 49; þá er hann (the serpent Fáfnir) skreið til vatns, Sæm. 133; þeir skríða á húðinni, Stj. 98; skriðit um lyng, Fms. vii. 251: of vermin, skríða kvikr, see kvikr. 2. generally, to creep; hann skríðr heldr en gengr, Clar.; skriða á höndum ok á knjám (mod. skríða á fjórum fótum), Mar.; svá mátt-dreginn at hann varð at s. á land, Fas. iii. 383; hann gat skriðit upp um síðir, ... hann skreið upp í fjöruna, Fær. 175; en á skreið (advanced) þá er brimit hratt at, Bs. i. 424.; hann skreið þar upp á grjót, Fbr. 160; hann bað þrælana skríða brott, Fms. vii. 298; in the phrases, saman níðingar skríða, 'birds of a feather flock together,' ix. 389; skriða undir skegg e-m, to creep under another's beard for shelter, Fs. 31. II. metaph. to glide, of a ship; skip skríðr, Grág. ii. 170; er þú skynjar eigi fyrir hræðslu sakir hvárt skipit skríðr undir þér eðr eigi, Orkn. 402; skríði-a þat skip er und þér skríði, Hkv. 2. 30. 2. to slide in snow-shoes (skíð); Fiðr skríðr, Grág. ii. 170 (Ísl. ii. 381); þá skreið Egill at leita Ölrúnar, Sæm. 89; hann skreið þar eptir allan dag, Ó.H. 85; skreið Arnljótr þá svá hart sem hann færi lauss, 153; þeir skriðu ok veiddu dýr, Sæm. 88: metaph., láta skríða til skara, 'to slide to the edge of the ice,' to fight desperately, Fms. xi. 15 (the metaphor seems to be taken from sliding); skríða í skarð, to 'slide into the notch,' fill it up, Ölk. 36. skríkja, u, f. [Engl. shrike], a shrieker; in the compd, sól-s., the shrike or butcher-bird, Eggert Itin. 582. 2. a twittering, skríkjur: the name of a giantess, Edda (Gl.) skríkja, t, [Engl. shriek] , to twitter, of suppressed laughter; það skríkti í honum, hvað ertú að skríkja? skríll, m. [cp. Skrælingi; Dan. skræl = parings of apples, potatoes]:-- a mob, freq. in mod. usage. 2. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 117. skrím, n. [cp. skími and skrímta], a glimpse; með svá miklu myrkri, ... sá ekki skrím úti heldr en menn væri blindir, Ann. 1341; náliga myrkt útan þat lítið sk(r)ím, Mar. 1051. skrímingr, m. = skrím; þar í afhaugnum var s. lítill sá, Ísl. ii. 46. SKRÍMSL, mod. skrímsli, n. [cp. Dan. skræmsel; Swed. skrämsel = scarecrow]:-- a monster; s. heldr enn menn, Al. 94, Mar. 1158; kyn fiska eðr s., Sks. 74: hann ærðisk at skrímsli nökkuru, Bs. i. 170; hljópu þeir upp allir ok lutu því skrímsli, Ó.H. 109; eitt s. er menn kalla margygi, Sks. 169; Skrímslið góða, the good Beast, in the tale of Beauty and the Beast; sjó-s., a sea-monster. SKRÍN, n., skríni. Bs. i. 134 (paper MS), [Lat. scrinium], a shrine, of a saint, 124, 134, Ó.H. 235, 246, passim: poët., skyja skrín, byr-s., leiptra-s., the shrine of the clouds, wind, lightning, i.e. the heavens, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: skrín-brot, n. a broken shrine, Pm. 131. skrín-dúkr, m. a shrine-cover, Dipl. v. 18. skrín-görð, f. a shrine-making, Bs. i. 134, 325. skrín-kista, u, f. a shrine-chest, Mar. xl. skrín-klæði, m. = skríndúkr, Vm. 46. skrín-lagning, f. enshrinement, Magn 513. skrín-leggja, lagði, to enshrine, Magn. 512. skrín-smiðr, m. a shrine-smith, Sturl. i. 146, Bs i. 144. skrína, u, f. a shrine-shaped chest, in which fishermen keep butter and the like; matar-s., smjör-s. SKRÍPI, n., mostly only in plur. a grotesque monster, a goblin, phantom (with notion of absurdity, unreality, scurrility); stundum dreki, stundum ormr eðr önnur skaðsamlig skrípi, Fas. iii. 342; verði s. ok undr mikit, Nj. 20; skí ok s., Gsp.; þegar myrkva tók, sýndisk honum hverskyns skrípi, Grett. 115: þeir þoldu mikla skömm ok s., Stj. 436; hann var fjölkunnigr ok görði mörg s. ok undr, Bret. 14; þessu kvikendi ... er þetta s. berr, glæpafull s., Gd. 3, Fas. iii. 620; ek hefi eigi séð meira s. en þú ert, 654; sel-s., a monster seal; orða-s., scurrilous language, buffoonery. COMPDS: skrípa-höfuð, n. a monster-head, Mag. skrípa-lát, n. pl. (mod. skrípa-læti), buffoonery, scurrilous gestures, Fms. viii. (in a verse). skrípa-tal, n. scurrilous language. skrípindi, n. = skrípi, Post. 29. skrípr, m. a monster, Edda 238. skrítinn, adj. funny, witty, full of humour; segja skrítna sögu, það er skrítin saga; or of persons, hann er smá-skrítinn. COMPDS: skríti-liga, adv. funnily, merrily. skríti-ligr, adj. funny, amusing. This word and derivatives, which are very freq. in mod. usage, seem not to occur in old writers, unless it be Post. 26 (paper MS.) skrítlur, f. pl. merry tales, oddities, = Germ. schwänke. skrjá, ð, to skulk like a coward (skræva); þeir sóttu at Kormaki, Narfi skrjáði um it ytra, Korm. 48. skrjáfa, að, to clatter like shrivelled skin. skrjóðr, m. [Ulf. dis-skreitan = GREEK; A.S. screadian; Engl. shred, i.e. to cut into small pieces; to this root belong the Icel. skrjóðr, skrydda, skræða] :-- a shred, see Bs. i. 76, v.l.: chiefly used of an old folio torn to shreds. 2. as a term of abuse, a ragamuffin, Edda ii. 547. skrjúpr, adj. [Ivar Aasen skryp; Swed. skröplig; Dan. skröbelig] :-- brittle, frail, Merl. 1. 65, Skálda 202 (in a verse): as a nickname, Landn. SKROF, n. snow-ice, full of holes and bubbles, passim in mod. usage: as a nickname, skrof, skrofi, skrofuðr, Landn. 47, 117. skrofa, u, f. a bird, pelicanus minimus. skrópan, f. = skrópar; s. ok látæði, Mar. skrópar, m. pl. [akin to skrípi?], a juggle, sham, hypocrisy; hræsni ok skrópar (rendering of hypocrisis), Hom. 27, Mar. 220: in mod. usage a feigned illness or the like, það eru ekki nema skrópar. COMPDS: skrópa-maðr, m. a hypocrite = hypocrita, Hom. 23, MS. 655 xxv. 4. skrópa-sótt, f. a feigned illness, Fms. vi. 32, Thom. 160, Stj. 199. skrudda, u, f., see skrydda. skruðningr, m. [cp. Dan. skryden = braying] :-- a rattling sound, as of thunder. skrugga, u, f. thunder, a clap of thunder; dunaði skrugga, Snót. skruggu-veðr, n. a thunder-storm. skrukka, u, f. [skrokkr; Dan. skrog], an urchin(?), in skrukku-ker, the shell of a sea-urchin; s. er móðir mín átti, gylta rós ok spón, D.N. ii. 255. 2. an old shrimp; kerlingar-s.: as a nickname, Fms. ix. skrum, n. swaggering talk; hól ok skrum, Nj. 258; s. ok skjal, Skíða R. 7; far í brott með s. þitt, Fms. ix. 282. skruma, að, to swagger, Grett. 144 A: to chatter, Fb. i. 211, 253. skrumari, a, m. a swaggerer, bragger, Þórð. 29 new Ed. SKRÚÐ, n. [A,S. scrûd; Engl. shroud; cp. Norse skrúd = shrouds, tackle, Ivar Aasen], collect. the shrouds of a ship, standing rigging; nú liggr skrúð várt (our shrouds, referring to the ships left behind) at skipum niðri, Fms. vi. (in a verse); generally, tackle, gear, appendages; skrúði því er hann vill ór selinu færa, K.Þ.K. 80; skjóðu-skrúð, a bag's fittings, straps; skreppu-skrúði, Skiða R.; loptlig skrúð, Sks. 627; himin, jörð ok sæ með öllu sínu skrúði, Hom. 56; schema er kallat á Girsku en skrúð á Latínu, Skálda 190; sett í skáldskap fyrir sakir skrúðs, 201: an ornament, skrýddr konungligu skrúði, Fms. vii. 107; skraut ok skrúð, Stj. 188. 2. furniture of a church; þeir ræntu hana (the church) öllu sínu skrúði, Fms. xi. 194; Josúa reisti upp sáttmáls-örk Dróttins með öllu skrúði sínu, Stj.; liggi þat kirkju til bráðs ok til ljóss ok til skrúðrs (sic) er fyrir öndverðu var til skipat, Anecd. 60; þat skrúð hennar allt er hveru dag þarf at

SKRÚÐHOSA -- SKULDAHEIMTA. 559

hafa, Grág. i. 460. II. a kind of stuff; sem af skrúði einu væri gör seglin, Orkn. 464; skrúð ok lérept, Bs. i. 453; með kaprúni af skrúði. Jb. 187; skrúðnýtt ok úskorit, N.G.L. i. 76. skrúð-hosa, u, f. [skrúð ll], hose of skrúð, Sturl. iii. 147; opp. to skinnhosa. skrúð-hús, n. [skrúð I. 2], a vestry, Fms. viii. 258, ix. 280, 430, Dipl. iii. 4, Stj. 310, Bs. i. 847. skrúð-hyrna, u, f. a nickname, Fms. vii. skrúði, a, m. = skrúð; ef maðr ferr með tré, reiði eðr viðbönd, eðr hverrgi skrúði (tackle) sem er, K.Þ.K. 88: an ornament, esp. of church vestments, í fögrum skrúða, Bs. i. 317; skrýðask biskups-skrúða, ... eigi sviðnuðu hinar minnstu trefr á skrúða hans, 42; berr eigi heilög kirkja sinn dýra ok hátíðliga skrúða, Stj. 52; þrjú goðin, ok ór öllum skrúðanum, Nj. 132. skrúða-kista, u, f. a chest for church ornaments, Jm. 12; skrúða stokkr, id., Vm. 177. skrúð-klæði, n. a suit of fine stuff, [skrúð II], dress suit, Fms. vi. 208, Grett. 135 new Ed.; s. ný, Grág. i. 504; skera e-m s. ok skarlat, Finnb. 318; maðr í skrúðklæðum, Eb. 214; skrúðklæða-burðr, -búnaðr, Jb. 187. skrúð-kyrtill, m. a kirtle of fine stuff, Jb. 187. skrúð-refill, m. a hanging of fine stuff, Ám. 71. skrúð-sokkr, m. = skrúðhosa, Bs. i. 453. skrúð-víking, f. for this word or pun, see Orkn. 464 and Mr. Dasent's Burnt Njal ii. 376. SKRÚF, n. a hay-cock, corn-rick, Edda (Gl.) ii. 493: the phrase, það er ekki hátt á því skrúfið, the hay-cock is not high, of a low and humble thing. skrúfa, að, to screw, Fas. iii. 417. skrúfa, u, f. [Dan. skrue; Germ. schraube] , a screw. skrúf-hárr, adj. curly-haired, Ld. 274, Fms. x. 420, Bjarn. 63. skrúfr, m. = skrúf; yglir brúnum undir fólgnum skrúfi, Sks. 226. skrydda, mod. skrudda, u, f. a shrivelled skin; fátækr í skarpri skryddu, Gd. 34. 2. an old scroll. skrykkjótt, n. adj., see skrykkr. skrýða, d, [skrúð], to clothe, put on; Krist skrýdduð ér, Hom. (St.): to adorn, embellish. 2. reflex. to dress, skrýðask hárklæðum, sorgar-búnaði, loðkápu, Stj. 356, 642, Sks. 226; skrýddr konunglegu skrúði, Fms. vii. 107; skrýddir dýrligum klæðum, 623. 53; eru nú margir staðir skrýddir (adorned) af þeim görsemum, Fms. vii. 100, v.l. skrýðing, f. apparel, Stj. 304; skrýðingar-kufl, Dipl. iii. 4. skrýðir, m. an adorner, Lex. Poët. skrýfa, ð, [skrúf], to stack corn, s. korn, Bjarn. 22: metaph., hann bar tjöru í höfuð sér ok skrýfði sem mest hárinu, Fms. vi. 375. Skrýmir, m. the name of a giant, Edda. skrýtingr, m. a shrite, missel-bird, Edda ii. 289. skræða, u, f. an old scroll, worn old book, Th. 78. skræfa, u, f. a coward, Fms. ii. 47, vi. 34, Fb. i. 532, Al. 30, Karl. 63, Edda 213; mann-s. skræfast, að, dep. to lose heart like a coward, Vápn. 26. SKRÆKJA, t, [Engl. to screech], to screech, shriek, Fms. viii. 432, Edda 46: of a raven, Greg. 79, Fb. i. 412. skrækr, m., pl. skrækir, a shriek, yell, Edda 61; reka upp skræk, Eb. 326; með skræk, Fbr. 212; skræki stóra, Bs. ii. 110. skræk-hljóðaðr, adj. shrill-voiced. skrækta, t, to shriek, yell, Fas. iii. 129, Hom. 69, Fms. vi. 446. skræktan, f. a shrieking, Am. 60, Fms. i. 218. Skrælingjar, m. pl. the Esquimaux, the name given them by the old Norsemen, Ib. 9, Eb. 252, Þorf. Karl. passim, Fb. i. 545, Ann. 1379. skrælna, að, to be shrivelled by the sun; grasið er skrælnað. skræl-þurr, adj. 'Shrivelling dry' of hay. skræma, d, [Swed. skrämma; Dan. skræmme], prop. to scare away; in the compd, af-skræma sig, to make a wry face; af-skræmast, to be disfigured. 2. reflex., skræmdisk hann undan þeim tveimr, he extricated himself from the two, Fms. viii. 75. skræmi, n. a 'scare-crow,' monster; in af-skræmi (q.v.), af-skræmisligr, monstrous. skræmi-hlaup, n. a 'scaring-leap,' a ruse, sudden onset, Fms. viii. 320, v.l. skræpa, ð, i.e. skrœpa, [skrópar], to feign; þeir skræpa at þeir hafi eigi heyrt, 673. 48. skræpa, u, f. [akin to the preceding], a kerchief with faded colours; hence skræpu-ligr, adj. SKRÖGGR, m. [cp. Engl. scraggy], one of the names of the fox, Edda ii. 490, and as a nickname, Sturl. iii. 228. 2. in mod. folk-lore a monster giant or goblin famous in Icel. nursery tales, a son of the Grýla (q.v.)and Leppa-Lúði. COMPDS: Skröggs-kvæði, n. a popular nursery song, a pendant to Grýlu-kvæði, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 220, 221. skröggs-ligr, adj. scraggy, gaunt and ugly. SKRÖK, n., dat. skrokvi, [Early Swed. skruk] :-- a false story, fable, falsehood; hvárt þat væri skrök eðr sannindi, Fms. ii. 185; hégómi ok skrök, Hkr. (pref.), Stj. 484: sing., ok verðr þat at skrökvi, and if it prove a story, N.G.L. i. 13; trúa því skrökvi, Hom. 123; bera saman skrök, Hkv. 1. 37; samna skrökvi, to pick up fables, stories (cp. North. E. to samm it up), Ó.H. (in a verse). COMPDS: skrök-berendr, part. pl. tellers of fables, Ad. 2. skrök-laust, n. adj.; þat er s., 'tis no exaggeration, Fms. ix. (in a verse). skrök-ligr, adj. false, fictitious, Stj. 90. skrök-maðr, m. a romancer, story-teller, Hom. (St.), Krók. 36. skrök-mál, n. a story, falsehood, Sturl. iii. (in a verse). skrök-mála-samr, adj. mendacious, Fas. ii. (in a verse). skrök-saga, u, f. a false story, tale, fable, Stj. 85, 87; með sínum skemtiligum skroksögum, Fms. ii. 142; segir Ovidius í sínum skröksögum (in his Metamorphoses?), 732. 17. skrök-samligr, adj. false, Róm. 300. skrök-semd, f. a story, falsehood, Thom. 448, Magn. 484. skrök-váttr, m. a false witness, N.G.L. i. 32, Jb. 441, Fas. iii. 157, Hom. 20. skrök-vitni (-vætti, Róm. 332), n. false witness, Hom. 86, Gþl. 547. skrökva, að, to tell or invent a story; lokleysa sem kátir menn s. sér til gamans, Fas. iii. 193, v.l.; margir hyggja þat satt sem skrökvat er, Sturl. i. 23, v.l.: with dat., s. e-u, eg s. því ekki, Skíða R. 130; s. e-u upp, to invent a falsehood; skammi mig ef eg skrökva ! This word is much used in mod. speech, being gentler than ljúga, to lie. skrölta, t, [A.S. scralletan; Engl. shrill], to jolt: skrölt, n. a jolting sound. SKUGGI, a, m. [Ulf skuggwa = GREEK, 1 Cor. xiii. 12; Dan. skygge; Swed. skugga] :-- a shade, shadow, Sks. 41, 219; manns s., Ld. 252; bar skuggann á sæinn af fjöllunum, Fms. viii. 188; s. jarðarinnar, Rb. 108; hundrinn hleypr á brúna ok sér skugga sinn í vatninu, Hem.; bar hvergi skugga á, it was all light, without a spot of shadow anywhere, Nj. 118; þá bar skugga í dyrrin, Fb. i. 545; undan skugga hattarins, from the hat's shade, Fms. vi. 60. 2. a shadow, spectre, leiðiligan skugga, Mart. 115, Post. 645. 69, Bs. i. 256, Mar. 3. in the phrase, ganga ór skugga um e-t, 'to go out of the shade' as to a thing, to shew one's mind, Ld. 170; hann bað Halldórr ganga ór skugga (speak out clearly) hvárt hann vildi unna honum landkaupsins, 322: mod. to get a thing clearly before one, eg vii ganga ór skugga um það, I wish to have no misgivings about it; also in the phrases, sem hann stæði í skugga nokkurum, in some doubt, Bs. ii. 41; hann sagði sér vera mikinn skugga á, hvat Magnús mundi ætlask fyrir, he said he felt much misgiving as to what M. had in mind, Fms. vii. 3; skuggi er honum í málum ykkrum, Valla L. 211. 4. skuggi (foreshadowing) ok spár þess ins ílla, er ..., Hom. 119. B. COMPDS: skugga-baldr, m., in popular tales a mysterious animal, a hybrid between a cat and a fox, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 612, 613. skugga-lauss, adj. shadowless, Sks. 630. skugga-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), shadowy, dusky, suspicious-looking; s. karl, Fas. i. 6. skugga-mikill, adj. shadowy, dark, Fb. i. 527. skugga-samligr, adj. shadowy, Fbr. 138. skugg-sjá (or -sjó), f. a 'shade-show,' mirror, Gd. 6, Stj. 215, Karl. 217, 324, Hom. 3; í skírri skuggsjá, Sks. 8; hrein s., Nikdr. 83; Konungs s., the name of a work, Sks. 8, List of Authors (H. II). skugg-sjón, f. = skuggsjá, 671. 22, Stj. 142, Sks. 8. skugg-sýnn, adj. gloomy, dark, dusky. skukka, u, f. [skokkr], a pot; þeir hrukku lítt meðan full var s., as long as the pot was full, Fms. ix. 439 (in a verse; skrukka, v.l.) II. [cp. Engl. to shrink, shrunk], a wrinkle, = Lat. ruga; gullknapprinn görr með þungnm skukkum gullsmiðligs hagleiks, Karl. 286; eitt klæði, þat er með sínum skukkum leynir hennar kviðar-vöxt, Mar. 447; gékk jörðin undir þeim skukkum, the earth rolled in waves under their feet, Edda i. 144 (Cod. Worm.) skukkr, m. = skokkr, a hulk, Fms. vi. (in a verse). SKULD, f. [skulu; A.S. scyld; Germ. schuld; Dan. skyld] :-- a debt, due; gjalda skuld, N.G.L. i. 52, Nj. 182; skuldir allar ok landaura gjald, Fms. x. 410; kaupa í skuld, to buy on trust, Hrafn. 4; ganga í skuld við e-n um e-t, Dipl. iv. 7; ganga í skuld fyrir e-n, to be bail for another; hann gékk í skuld fyrir Kálf ok gaf fé fyrir landit, Bs. i. 507. 2. in the oldest law skuld means a kind of serfdom or bondage in payment of debt, like that of an 'obaeratus' or nexus in the Roman law; engi má konu svá taka í skuld nema hafi frænda ráð við, N.G.L. i. 36; nú ef maðr selr skuldar-mann mansali, nema hann hlaupi ór skuld, id.; engi maðr á at seljask arfsali frá ómögum sínum, þeim er hann á at ganga í skuld fyrir, Grág. i. 205; ef hann a eigi fé til þá skal hann ganga í skuld fyrir móður sína, 232; kost á maðr hvárt sem hann vill at ganga í skuld fyrir börn sin eðr selja þau ella, 234. II. the name of one of the three works, Vsp., Edda, Gg. B. COMPDS: skulda-bréf, n. a bond, Róm. 250. skulda-dagr, m. pay-day, the term for paying a debt, K.Þ.K. 70: the saying, það kemr að skulda-dögunum. skulda-dómr, m. a court of payment, for liquidation of debt after a person s death, Grág. i. 408. skulda-far, n. a calling in debts; hann átti norðr-ferð at skuldafari ok eyrendum, Fb. i. 421. skulda-ferli, n. pl. = skuldafar, Fms. ix. 481, v.l. skuldar-fólk, n. kinsfolk, family; frændr ok s., Stj. 190. skulda-gildi, n. payment of debts, Grág. i. 302. skulda-heimta,

560 SKULDAHJON -- SKURÐGOÐ.

u, f. a calling in debts, Eg. 202, Njarð. 366. skulda-hjón. (-hjún), n. a household, family, Grág. i. 142, ii. 42, Jb. 52. skuldar-kona, u, f. a woman in bondage for debt (skuld l. 2); ef s. leggsk með þræli, þá á ármaðr ekki á henni fyrr en hón hefir goldit hina skuld, N.G.L. i. 36. skulda-lið, n. = skuldahjón, Ld. 158, Eb. 6, 8, Fms. i. 107, xi. 406, Hrafn. 30, Orkn. 184. skulda-lúkning, f. payment of debts, skulda-lykting, f. id., Jb. 351 B, H.E. i. 520. skuldar-maðr, m., q.v. skulda-mót, n. = skulda-þing, Grág. i. 396, K.Þ.K. 70. skulda-nautr, m. = skuldu-nautr, a 'debt-mate,' debtor, Js. 84. skulda-skipan, f. a discharge of debts, Gþl. 254. skulda-staðr, m. an investment, deposit of money; gefa fé eðr aðra hluti á skuldarstöðum, Grág. i. 406; játa, taka skuldarstað, Ld. 212, Gþl. 511, Dipl, i. 11, Lv. 46, Fær. 233. skuldar-tollr, m. a due, tithe, Anecd. 48. skulda-þing, n. = skuldamót, Grág. i. 108. skuldari, a, m. a debtor, Hom. 5. skuldar-maðr, m. a person in bondage for debt, Lat. obaeratus; á þingi skal skuldarmann taka ... nú ef maðr selr skuldarmann mansali, ... nú skal hann neyta skuldarmann sinn sem þræl sinn, etc., N.G.L. i. 36 (ch. 71); um innihafnir skuldarmanna, Grág. i. 73; Þorsteinn skuldarmaðr, Lv. 86. 2. a creditor, Stj. 613, N.G.L. i. 63, Gþl. 254. skuld-binda, batt, to engage: part. duty-bound, obliged, Al. 151. skuld-binding, f. an obligation. skuld-fastr, adj. 'debt-fast,' seized for debt, Lat. obaeratus, Grág. i. 233. skuld-festa, t, to seize a person for debt, take him as a 'skuldarmaðr,' Grág. i. 233, 362. skuld-festr, f. the act of seizing a person for debt, Grág. i. 363; segja til skuldfesti á alþingi, 73. skuld-gengr, adj. of money, current, lawful as tender, D.N. ii. 411. skuldingi, a, m. the nearest of kin on whom the duty of alimentation devolves; þá á til síns skuldingja hverr at hverfa, Grág. i. 250. skuld-lauss, adj. 'debtless,' free from debt, N.G.L. i. 32: of property, unincumbered, Grág. i. 444; fé skuldlaust, Gullþ. 8: metaph., e-m er e-t skuldlaust, 'tis no business of one's, uncalled for, Nj. 185. skuld-leikr (-leiki), m. relationship, prop. duty, obligation devolving from kinship, Grág. i. 153, 247, 343, Ld. 40. skuld-seigr, adj. 'debt-tough,' reluctant to pay, Sturl. i. 223. skuld-skeyta, t, to transfer a debt to another; nú heimtir maðr skuld at manni ... ef hann skuldskeytir hánum við annan mann, þá hefir hann lokit þeirri skuld, N.G.L. i. 29: mod. with acc., s. e-n við e-n, or hann skuldskeytti okkr (acc.) saman. skuld-skeyting, f. the transfer of a debt, Gþl. 511. skuldugr, adj. [Germ. schuldig], in debt, owing; s. e-m e-t (or um e-t), Dipl. iv. 7. skuldu-nautr, m., prop. a customer, used of a creditor, N.G.L. i. 51: of a debtor, Grág. ii. 216, Mar. 1202: eccl. in the Lord's Prayer, fyrir-gef oss vorar skuldir, svo sem vér og fyrir-gefum vorum skuldunautum. skuldu-neyti, n. the relation of debtor and creditor, Lv. 103 (the passage is somewhat corrupt). skuld-varr, adj., in ú-skuldvarr, Njarð. 366. SKULU, a verb whose present is in a preterite form, see Gramm. p. xxiii; pres. skal, skalt (skaltú), skal, pl. skulum, skulut, skulu; pret. skyldi and skyldu; subj. pres. skyli, skuli; pret. skyldi and skyldu; pres. infin, skulu; pret. infin. skyldu; skyli as a kind of imperat., Hm. i, 14, 32, 41, 53-55, Og. 22. In the oldest vellums o is used throughout instead of u, skolu, skolom, skolot, skolo: with the pers. pron. suffixed, skal'k = skal ek, skola'g, skyla'g, skylda'g: with neg. suff. skal'k-at, I shall not; skal'k-a, Fms. vi. 417 (in a verse); skal-at, he shall not; skal-a, Hm. 29, 34, 37; skal-at, Ó.H. (in a verse); þú skalt-at, Kormak; skal-at-tu, Hm. 130, Sdm. 29, Skv. 1. 22, Plac. 37 (skala-þu); skulu-t, Sighvat; skyli-t, Hm. 6, 39; skyldo-at, Am. 2, 3, see Bugge (foot-note), and -at, p. 2. In mod. usage and in less correct paper transcripts of vellums or Editions the pret. infin. skulu, skyldu are replaced by the subj. skuli, skyldi; in such cases the infin. is to be restored, as, hann kvaðsk skuli, skyldi koma = skulu, skyldu koma; see munu: [Ulf. skulan = GREEK and GREEK, but not freq.; A.S. sculon; Engl. shall, should; O.H.G. skolan; Germ. sollen, with elided k; Dutch zullen; Dan. skulle; Swed. skola.] B. Shall, must, denoting fate, law, bidding, need, necessity, duty, obligation, and the like, therefore the use is more positive than that of shall in Engl.; of weird or fate, skyldi, Ýt. 1, 3, 5, 7-9, 11-13, 16; deyja skal hverr um sinn, því ek land um sté'k at ek lifa skylda'k, Gh. 12: in the saying, ungr má en gamall skal, young may, old must (viz. die): of law, menn skyldi eigi hafa höfuð-skip í hafi, en ef hefði, þá skyldi þeir af taka höfuð, ... baugr tvíeyringr skyldi liggja í hverju höfuð-hofi á stalla, þann baug skyldi hverr goði hafa á hendi sér til lögþinga allra þeirra er hann skyldi sjáltr heyja, ... Hverr sá maðr skyldi áðr eið vinna, nefni ek í þat vætti, skyldi hann segja, hjálpi mér svá Freyr ... sem ek man (not skal, which however here might be used),... skyldu vera þrjú þing í fjórðungi, ... þeir skyldu nefna dóma ... hverr maðr skyldi gefa toll til hofs, Landn. (Hb.) 258, 259; and in the commandments, þú skalt ekki stela, elska skaltú Dróttinn Guð þinn, N.T.: of an oath, til þess legg ek hönd á helga bók, ok þat játtar ek Guði, at ek skal svá ráða, H.E. i. 561: of bidding, ganga skal, skala gestr vera, Hm.; gáttir allar um skoðask skyli, 1; þagalt ok hugalt skyli þjóðans barn ok vígdjarft vera, glaðr ok reifr skyli gumna hverr, 14; vin sínum skal maðr vinr vera, 41; geði skaltú við þann blanda, 43: of a promise, skal ek auka mikit þína sæmd, ef..., Nj. 102: mixed references, nú skulu vér enn við leita, let us try, Ísl. ii. 367; þá er ganga skyldi undir jarðar-men ... skyldi endar torfunnar vera fastir, sá maðr er skírsluna skyldi flytja, skyldi ganga þar undir, Ld. 58; prestar skulu eigi fara með sundr-görðir, K.Þ.K.; hann skal fara til þings, ... hann skal rétta vættið, Grág. i. 115; nú skal þat göra, Eg. 458; hann strengði heit, at hann skyldi þess manns bani verða, Hrafn. 5; nú skalt þú deyja, Nj. 64; þá skaltú trúa, Fms. ii. 268; mæla, at eigi skyli eiga við Héðin, Nj. 32; skyldi Unnr sitja í festum, ... skyldi boð vera eptir mitt sumar, 4; skaltú þiggja af mér, Fms. ii. 246; þá skaltú vera frjáls, 268, etc. 2. special usage, denoting purpose, doubt, etc., often rendered in Engl. by will; skaltú veita mér bæn þá er ek man biðja þik, wilt thou grant the request I am about to ask thee? 26; þeir Egill kröfðu dagverðar, Þorfinnr bóndi lét heimolt skyldu þat, Eg. 564; skaltú, segir Skapti, nefna fimmtar-dóminn ... þrennar tylptir í fjórðungi hverjum ? Nj. 150; hvat skaltú sveinn í sess minn? Eg. (in a verse); hvat skaltú, Konr ungr, kyrra fugla, Rm.; hvat skal ek hánum? -- Drepa skaltú hann, Nj. 53; spurði Gunnarr hvat hann skyldi, what he was for, 57; engi vissi hvat þat skyldi, Fms. viii. 45, Al. 124; hvat skal þér afgamall þræll, of what use will he be to thee? Fms. iii. 158; hvat skal þér klumba sú? xi. 129: periphrast., þat mun íllt til frásagnar, ef ekki skal mega sjá á ykkr, at (if one shall not be able to see that...) it hafit í bardaga verit, Nj. 97; ílla hefir dóttir mín brotið odd af oflæti sínu, ef þú skalt eigi þora, 94; Sveinn mátti eigi heita gildr konungr, ef hann skyldi eigi (unless he) erfa föður sinn fyrir enar þriðju vetr-nætr, Fms. xi. 69; skaði mikill er þat er Þórólfr skal eigi vera tryggr mér, Eg. ch. 13; gefsk þú upp, segir Þórðr, -- Eigi skal þat, segir Þórðr, I will not, Nj. 64: heill skaltú, 'hail shalt thou!' of welcome, Gm. 3, Hkv. i. 55; hón skyli morna, be a curse on her! Og. 32; él eitt mun verða, ok skyldi langt til annars sliks, may it be long ere such another happens, Nj. 200; sem aldri skyldi, which I never should, Fms. vii. 179. 3. so also in phrases like, görðu svo vel að koma á morgun -- answer, Eg skal koma, Eg skal göra það, where the Engl. has, I will. II. in the infin., áttú enskis annars af ván, enn þú munt hér deyja skulu, Eg. 414 A; ok muntú nú deyja skulu, þursinn, and now thou shall die, thy last hour is come, Fas. i. 385; grið man sjá maðr skolu hafa um helgina, Ó.H. 148; at Haraldr myndi skulu hafa hálfan Noreg, Fms. vi. 177; skemta mun þá fleira (dat.) skulu, 366; hafa munu þeir skulu frið um helgina, xi. 290; grunar mik at þetta muni skolu vera njósn, 333; er Guðs götur mundi fyrir skulu búa, at hann mundi leið skulu vísa, 625. 87; ek ætla mik skulu af honum hljóta inn mesta frama, it is fated to me, Eg. 19: poët, infin. skyldu, hann sagði barnit Johannem heita skyldu, 625. 86; hann kveðsk ríða skyldu, Nj. 55, Eg. 257, Ld. 116, passim. skuma = skima; hafr er úti hvítr í túni, skumir augum. Hem. skumpr or skunpr, m. a boar, Edda (Gl.): skuppr, a word of abuse, Skáld H. SKUNDA, að, to speed, = skynda; with dat., hón skyldi skunda prestinum til sín, forward the priest at once, Str. 76; skunda ferð sinni, Fms. ix. 298; skunda fé saman, to make a collection, v. 216. 2. absol. to hasten; þeir skundaðu þangat til, Fms. ii. 185, Stj. 181; skundar út með Þóri, Skíða R. 52; and so in mod. usage, see skynda. skundan, f. a speeding, Stj. 41. skundi, a, m. speed; með skunda, Fms. ii. 223, vii. 134, Stj. 479. skunza, að, [cp. Engl. shunt], to shake, ruffle; eptir þat skunzaði Einarr honum í svölunum, D.N. ii. 295. skupla, u, f. a woman's hood hiding or shading the face, chiefly worn by old women; skuplu ok skammfyllingar = 'velamen oculorum' of the Vulgate, Stj. 127. Gen. xx. 16, freq. in mod. usage; enda er faldrinn yðar fallegr, það er munr að sjá krókfaldana en skuplurnar sem ekki eru fyrir aðrar en afgamlar kerlinga-hrotur, ... hafði hún ekki gáð að því að Ingveldr var þar ok hafði skuplu, Piltr og Stúlka 34; see skypill. skupla, að, to wear a skupla; brúðirnar falda sitt svá at úgörla má sjá þeirra yfirlit, en um morguninn eptir þá eru þær vel kátar, ok skupla þá ekki, Fms. xi. 106. skura, u, f. [skera], a score, trench; skurn ok skurur, Karl. 279; engar skurur (diggings?) skulu þeir göra út í megin-forsinn frá veiði herra Finns, D.N. iv. 156. skurð-goð, skurð-guð, n., spelt skurgoð and sounded skúrgoð, a carven image. Fms. x. 255, 318, Stj. 102, 181, Pass. 26. 5; heiðin skurðgoð, Fms. i. 97; hof yðvart ok skurðgoð, 623. 24; skurðguðir, MS. 4. 31; skurgoð, 623. 24, 45, Rb. 400; skurgoð, skurgoðinu, skurgoðs, Stj. 311, 312, Barl. 124; skurðgoða blót, idolatry, Stj. 26. 404, Fas. iii.

SKURÐHAGR -- SKÚTA. 561

672; skurðgoða dýrkan (mod. skúrgoða-dýrkan), idolatry; skurðgoða-villa, id., Nj. 164, Fms. i. 282, Edda (pref.) skurð-hagr, adj. skilled in carving, Lex. Poët. SKURÐR, m., gen. skurðar, pl. skurðir, [skera], a scoring, cutting, carving; skurð ok skipti á hvalnum, Grett. 88 A; hón (the church) á skurð (has a share of whales driven ashore) um öll þing sín ... ok skurð í öllum þeim rekum, er..., Ám. 3, Pm. 133; manns-hlut í flutningu ok fullan skurð, Ám. 33; kirkja á skurð fullan milli Ormsár ok Tungu-reka af hverjum hval sem kemr, Pm. 69: of cutting peat, skurðr torfs, Dipl. iii. 6; göra skurði um torfvöllu, iv. 12: a cut, wound, skera sig djúpan skurð, þver-s.: fé til skurðar, cattle for slaughtering, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 60; skurðar-fé, sheep fit for slaughter. 2. carving (of art); silfri var rennt í skurðina, Fær. 102; stafnar útskornir ok víða í skurðina silfri smellt, Fas. iii. 426; gull-görvar með inum fegrstu skurðum, Str. 4; villa skurða, idolatry, worship of carven idols, 655 ix. B. 2; skurðar gluggr, a carved window, Str. 70. 3. a ditch, channel, Fas. iii. 449; þessi skurðr svá breiðr ok djúpr at þar mátti vel skipum halda, Fms. v. 167: hence the metaph., hvat sem gengr í skurðinn, cost it what it may; Gísli kvaðsk þó aldrei mundu Kolbeini eið sverja hvat sem í skurðinn gengi, Sturl. iii. 3 (the metaphor from filling up a ditch or perhaps from enamelling, cp. renna í skurðina, above). COMPDS: skurðar-maðr, m. a carver, Grág. ii. 370, Jb. 324. skurðar-skírn, f. circumcision, Stj. 14. skurðar-öl, n. harvest-ale, D.N. ii. 673. skurfir, m. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.) skurfur, f. pl. scurf on the head, Hjalt. skurka, að, to roll off with a rattle and noise; lét hann s. út, let him roll out, i.e. flung him out. Fas. ii. 341. skurmsl, f., mod. skurmr, n. an egg-shell, = skuru, Mork. 220, see Fms. vii. 225, l.c. SKURN, f. (cp. Fas. iii. 215, Clar., but erroneously), an egg-shell or nut-shell: ostram, þat köllu vér skurn eðr skel, Stj. 88; hafði konungr skurnit (sic) fyrir borðker, Fas. iii. 215; eggit, var brotin rauf á skurninni, id.; skurn ok kjarni, Karl. 279; egg-skurn, an egg-shell, Edda. 2. an ornamented shell-box(?); hvít skurn gyllt, með loki brotin, Dipl. v. 18; skurn búin, Vm. 109; skurnir átta svartar, ok er ein með loki, Dipl. v. 18; skurnir níu ok tvær lokaðar, iii. 4; ein skurn búin, B.K. 31, D.N. passim; valhnotar-s., a walnut-shell, Fms. vii. 225. skurtla, að, dimin. to graze, cut slightly. skussi, a, m. [see skyrsi], a slovenly follow; þú ert mesti skussi. COMPDS: skussa-legr, adj. slovenly, weak. skussa-skapr, m. slovenliness, sluggishness. skut-breiðr, adj. broad-sterned, Thom. 378. skut-bryggja, u, f. a stern-gangway, by which people went on board or went ashore. Fms. vii. 143, Eg. 121, Fbr. 130. skut-byggi (-byggvi), a, m. the 'stern-mates.' the sailors set in the stern of a ship, Fms. vi. 143, viii. 224. skut-festr, f. a cable from the stern, stern-moorings; bera á land skutfestar, to take the stern-moorings ashore. Fms. vii. 260, viii. 216. skutil-diskr, m. [see skutill ll, plates on which dishes were served. Eg. 238, Þiðr. 87, v.l. SKUTILL, n., dat. skutli, [skjóta; cp. End. shuttle]:-- an implement shot forth. 2. a harpoon, Gþl. 466, Landn. 148, Fbr. 144; sel-skutill, a seal-harpoon, id.; hval-skutill. 3. a bolt or bar, whence skutla-hlið, a 'bar-gate' D.N. ii. 735. v. 752. B. [A.S. scutel; Engl. scuttle; Germ. schässel; Icel. skutill, etc.; -- all probably from Lat. scutellum, and therefore a different word]:-- a plate, trencher, or even a small table; af helgum skutli, Haustl.; fram setti hón skutla silfri varða, Rm. 28; bar hón meir at þat miðra skutla, 4; hón gaf Sveini konungi ágætan skutil. allan gullbúinn ok settan dýrum steinum. Fms. vi. 232; tekr hann upp borð ok setr fyrir Butralda, Þorkell mælti, skammr er s. minn, Fbr. 37; eigi mundi verða síðan einn skutill svá veglega skipaðr sem þá er þrir svá voldugir konungar snæddu af einum diski, Bs. i. 37: the table (bjóðr) and the skutill are distinguished in the Rm. skutil-sveinn, m. a page at a royal table: as a title of honour, Fms. vi. 304, vii. 158, 168, ix. 362. 426, x. 15, 80, 93, Orkn. 246, Sturl. ii. 124. In Norway the skutilsveinar and other royal pageantry were introduced about the time of king Olave the Quiet (A.D. 1067-1093), see Fagrsk. 150; its occurrence in Fms. ii. 133 is therefore an anachronism, whereas the word is freq. in the lives of the kings of the 12th and 13th centuries, as also in the Hirðskrá (N.G.L. ii): a bishop's skutilsveinn, 472. skutla, að, [cp. Engl. to scuttle a ship], to harpoon. II. [Germ. schütteln], to squander; skutla staðarins gózi, H.E. i. 561, Bs. ii. 82, Thom. 2. reflex. to be scattered; skutlask í tvá staði, Bs. ii. 3. skutlan, f. a squandering, Dipl. iii. 1. skutlari, a, m. a harpooner. skut-menni, n., Sturl. ii. 192, v.l. (prob. only a had reading). SKUTR, m., gen. skutar, pl. skutir, [from skjóta, from shooting or launching a ship into the water, cp. North. E. scut = the tail of hares or rabbits] :-- the stern, Höfuðl. 1; aptr í skut, Hym. 21; réri Grettir í skut, Grett. 125 A; skaltú ganga at framstafni en ek at skut, Finnb. 254; var rekkju-maðr í skut, Lv. 98; setja augu sín aptr um skut, to look back, Al. 12; hann bað Ketil ganga fyrir skut, ok setja á (and push on) Fas. ii. 112; leggja land fyrir skut, to pass by, Edda (in a verse): in plur. including stem and stern, opp. to midship, skip minna til skutanna en um mitt, Fms. viii. 197; skipit var lítið til skutanna en breitt um miðbyrðit, Grett. 88; í hvárn-tveggja skutinn, O.T. 67. skut-stafn (-stamn), m. the 'tail-stem,' the stern, Fms. ii. 71, vii. 256, x. 348, xi. 110, Ld. 76, MS. 656 C. 22, N.G.L. i. 203, ii. 283; opp. to framstafn. skut-þilja, u, f. the poop-deck; jamlangt stýri, aust-keri ok skutþilju, N.G.L. i. 59. SKÚA, að, [skór], to shoe; vel hosaðr ok skúaðr, Sks. 286; fætr þína skúar þú, Barl. 83. 2. of a horse; at hann léti með gulli skúa hesta sína, Fms. vii. 94; var svá mikill ofmetnaðr hans, at hann vildi skúa hest sinn gullskóm sem konungrinn sjálfr, so proud was he that he wished to shoe his horse with golden shoes like the king himself, O.H.L. 48; hesti skúaðum, Fbr. 19; skúa þú hann vel ok fastliga, Sks. 374; Styrr hafði skúaðan hest, Ísl. ii. 294 (in the extracts); vóru skúaðir (skóaðir, járnaðir, v.l.) tuttugu hestar, Fms. viii. 182; see the remarks s.v. skór :-- ásar skúaðir neðan með járni, iron-shod beams, Sks. 425; ú-skúaðr, unshod, Fms. v. 196. skúfa, að, = skýfa, Fas. ii, 60; út-skúfa, to turn out. skúfaðr, part. tasselled; skúfaða skóþvengi, Eb. 220; skildir skúfaðir af skeytum, örum, Fms. ii. 332, ix. 528, x. 361. SKÚFR, m. a tassel, Eb. 216; dúk með fjórum skúfum, Post. 16. 2. the hip-tendon. II. a sea-bird = skúmr (q.v.), Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët., Eggert Itin. 2. a pr. name, Fbr.: a local name, Skúf-ey, Fær. skúf-slitinn, part. with the hip out of joint. skúlka, að, to mock, = skelkja, Fas. ii. 343. SKÚMI, a, m. [Dan. skummel, skumring, = twilight], shade, dusk; dagr myrkra ok skúma, Barl. 37, Sks. 229, v.l. skúma-skot, n. the dusk, twilight; þegar í skúma-skotinu, Barl. 190: a dark nook, skríða í skúma-skot, Mar. 1056. II. skúma, a nickname. skúmr, m. the skua or brown gull, larus catarractes, also called skúfr: metaph. a chatterer, gossip. 2. a pr. name, Landn.: skúma, u, f. a nickname, Fms. xi. SKÚR, f., but originally masc. as in other Teut, idioms, which gender is still preserved in the north of Icel.; it is thus masc. in Run. Gramm. Island.; so also Pal Vídal., -- Norðlinga kennum vér af 'generibus vocum' svo sem skúr er hjá þeim karlkennt, en kvennkennt hjá Sunnlingum, Skýr. 126; [A.S. scúr: Engl. shower; Germ. schauer]:-- a shower; fyrir élum ok skúrum, Hom.; regn eða skúr, Edda i; dropa eða skúrir, 350; þau ský er skúrum blandask, Alm.; skúr, 656 B. 12; blóði hafði rignt í skúrinni, Eb. 260; hvervetna gengu skúrir við annarstaðar í nónd, Bs. i. 339; skúrum ok regnum, Stj. 30; himins í dimmu skúr. Pass. 2. metaph. a shower of missiles; þessi skúr leið skjótt yfir, Fms. viii. 222: poët. tears are skúr augna ..., the shower of the eyes; vúpna, hjálma skúrir, the weapon-shower, helmet-shower; as also, meil-skúr, álm-skúr, dyn-skúr, skot-skúr, nadd-skúr, i.e. a shower of missiles, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: skúra-drög, n. pl. drizzling. skúra-veðr, n. showery weather, Ld. 56, Bs. i. 349. skúrr, m. [Dan. skur], a shed. skúr-fjalir, f. pl. shed-deals, Fms. viii. 329. skúr-samr, adj. showery, Rb. 104. skúr-ván, f. the clouds, poët., Alm. skúr-örðigr, adj. an epithet of a ship, Edda. SKÚTA, u, f. [Dan. skude], a small craft or cutter; a number of such used to accompany a fleet for use in rivers or on the coasts; they were distinguished from the byrðingar or ships of burden, which carried the supplies; þeir höfðu sex langskip. fimm skútur, en þrjá byrðinga, Orkn. 256; hann fór með skútu alskipaða norðr í Fjörðu, Eg. 155, Fms. i. 60; gakk á skútu er hér liggr útborða langskipinu, Eg. 354; skútur ok róðrar-ferjur, id.: hann hafði skútu er hann átti, ok á þrjá tigi manna, 23; hrundu þeir fram skútu ok hljópu þar á sex karlar, Nj. 18; þá reyri skúta at skipi jarls, Fms. vi. 317: kom borð skútunnar á kinnung karfans, Eg. 386; ganga á skútur ok sigla vestr til Orkneyja, eðr allt til Suðreyja, Fms. viii; skútu góða, réru á borð tíu menn eða tólf, Ó.T.; hann lét búa snekkju tvítug-sessu ok með skútu fimtán-sessu, ok enn vista-byrðing, Fms. vii. 310; skútu fimmtán-sessu með öllum reiða, Hkr. i. 201; hann spurði at Varbelgir vóru fyrir sunnan á þremr skútum, Fms. ix. 474: létti-s., hleypi-s., róðrar-s., lagnar-s. COMPDS: skútna-herr, m. a fleet of s. (manned); en er skútnaherrinn reyri ofan eptir ánni, Fms. vii. 259, viii. 376, ix. 6. skútna-lið, n. the crew on the s., Fms. viii. 127. skútna-menn, m. = skútna-lið, Fms. viii. 376. skúta, pres. skútir, pret. skútti, to jut out, so as to form a shade or cave, of rocks or the like; fjallit sýnisk skúta yfir fram sjóinn, Fms. x. 313; bjargit skútti yfir fram, vii. 81; þeir (the glaciers) skúttu fram yfir dalinn, Grett. 141 new Ed.; þær (the trees) skúttu svá langt, at lauf þeirra ok limar lágu á jörðu, Konr.

562 SKÚTA -- SKYLDUGR.

skúta, u, f. (skúti, a, m., Fms. l.c.), a taunt; eigi ætla ek þér nú allgóðan þykkja beinann fyrir skútu þessa, Glúm. 354; drepa e-m skúta, to taunt one with; áferli þat sem konungr drap oss skúta um, Fms. iv. 310 (in Ó.H. 140, l.c., the passage is omitted). skút-yrði, n. pl. taunts, reproaches. skúti, a, m. a cave formed by jutting rocks; hverr s. við annan ... þar hittir hvergi skúta, Glúm. 312; inn í bergit er skúti ok fellr þar úr litill lækr, Ó.T. 26; það er íllr skúti, sem ekki er betri enn úti, a saying; hellis-skúti, q.v. II. a pr. name, Rd., see the pun in Glúm. 354. skútu-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Edda (Gl.) skvaðra, u, f. a nickname, qs. skvaldra, cp. Swed. squallra = a jackdaw, Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1846, p. 166. skvakka, að, to give a sound, as of water shaken in a bottle; sökk öxin ok skvakkaði við, Grett. 16 new Ed., v.l. skvatta, see skvetta. skval, n. [Engl. squeal and squall; cp. skjal and sköll] :-- a squalling, noisy talk, Edda 110; horna-skvol, Eb. 13 new Ed. skvala, að, [North. E. squeal], to squeal, bawl out; risinn tók at s. með mikilli raust, Fas. ii. 517. skvaldr, n. [Dan. skvalder; Swed. sqvaller] , a squalling, bawling, Fms. iv. 112, vi. 287, Bárð. 176. skvaldri, a, m. a 'squaller,' bawler, a nickname, Fms. vii. skvali, a, m., in hornum-skvali, the name of a he-goat, Edda (Gl.) skvampa, að, to paddle in water. skvetta, t, to squirt out, throw out, prop. of the sound of water quickly thrown out of a jug; skvetta úr fötunni, freq. in mod. usage; tók hún vatn úr læknum, ok skvetti framan í það, Kveldv. ii. 176; hann (the brook) skvetti á mig, Jónas 322. skvettr, m. a gush of water poured out. skvíari or skýari, a, m. [French], an esquire, Thom. 100, Dip., v. 18. skygðir, in., poët, a sword, Edda (Gl.) skyggðr, part. [skuggi], bright, polished, transparent, so as to throw a light; dýrs-horn skyggt vel, sá görla í gegnum, Fms. vi. 241, Hkr. i. 90; hjálmr s. sem gler, Fas. i. 138; s. skjöldr, Lex. Poët.; s. steinn, Mar., Magn. 450; í skyggðum línkyrtli, Sturl. i. 96 C; fagr-s., svart-s., Lex. Poët. SKYGGJA, older skyggva, ð, to overshadow; skyflókum skyggðar ok huldar, Stj. 30; þegar skyggva synda-myrkr andar-ljós, Eluc. 17; s. e-t við sólu, to screen it from the sun, Rb. 348; also skyggja fyrir, Sks. 208 B; s. sér við sólar-hita, Rb. 344, Þiðr. 215; skyggja yfir, to overshadow, Luke i. 35. II. to polish; skyggja sverð, Þiðr. 16; hálf ertug fyrir hjálm en (i.e. er) hann skyggir, N.G.L. iii. 15. skygn, adj. seeing; tvan skygn augu, Mar.; skygn báðum augum. Fms. vi. 235; hann hafði fengit sýn sína ok var þá skygn maðr, Ó.H. 224; heil-s., hale-sighted, i.e. with good sight; ú-skygn, dim-sighted. 2. sharp-sighted; Einarr var einsýnn ok þó manna skygnstr, Orkn. 16, Ísl. ii. 83, Eg. 740 B; skygnastr, Ld. 278; frár ok skygn ok glögg-þekkinn, Finnb. 334; hón er svá skygn, at hón sér ..., Best. 53; hvöss ok skygn hugsunar-augu, Skálda 160; skygnan ok greiniligan, Th. 12. 3. in mod. popular tales skygn denotes second sight, the power of seeing goblins, elves, etc. through hills and stones, and whatever is hidden from the common eye (= ófreskr in the old writers), see Maurer's Volks. and Ísl. Þjóðs.; baptismal water sprinkled in the eyes of an infant is said to prevent his becoming skygn. skygna, ð, to spy, pry; skygna um e-t, to spy after, Sks. 501 B; þar skygnir hverr um annars athæti, 278; s. um siðu sjálfs sín, 9; gakk þú út ok skygn um kaup þín, id., Hom. 46: skygna egg, to hold an egg(fresh from the nest) up to the eye, to see if it is new. II. reflex., skygnask um, to look out, Hm. 1; skygndisk hann um fast, ok hyggr at, Fms. ii. 180; kom ormrinn fram ok skygndisk um, vi. 352; hann skygndisk víða um, Fas. ii. 91, Fs. 42. skygni, n. [cp. Germ. scheune], the shade of a cap. 2. a shed or cover, Bs. i. 204. skygning, f. a looking out, Sks. 43. skygn-leikr, m. the eyesight, Bs. ii. 148: með hjörtum skygnleik, Ó.H. 251; s. hugskotsins, H.E. i. 511, Nj. 258, Hkr. iii. 367. skygnur, f. pl. wide open eyes; Hallbjörn rak þá skygnur á landit, Ld. 154; hann rekr upp skygnurnar, the eyes wide open, Háv. 54; hann hafði síða hettuna ok rak undan skygnur. Band. 16 new Ed. skykkjum, adv., a dat. pl. [cp. Engl. shock], tremulously; varð landskjálpti mikill, gékk jörðin uudir þeim skykkjum, the earth went rocking under them, of an earthquake, Edda i. 144 (skukkum v.l.); svá gékk skykkjum (skrykkjum the Ed. 34) hallar-gólfit undir fótum honum sem bylgjur á sjó, Konr. (vellum MS.): akin to this is the mod. phrase, e-ð gengr skrykkjótt, qs. skykkjótt, it goes up and down, i.e. it is rather bad. skyla, pres. skylr, see skola, [Dan. skylle], to wash; dröfn skylr stál, Edda ii. 493 (in a verse); hefring skylr (skilr Cod.) hlýr, 534. SKYLD, f. another form for skuld (q.v.), a tax, due; með sköttum ok skyldum, Eg. 280: an incumbrance, outgoing, on an estate or the like, hann lagði þessa skyld á heima-land, ... bóndi skal greiða, etc., Vm. 112; Heggstaði gaf Herra Ketill með þeirri skyld, at bóndi skal lúka ..., 116; sú er skyld á Tjörn, at þar skal vera prestr, Jm. 25; kenni-manna skyld, obligatory maintenance of a person; þar er tveggja presta skyld, Vm. 13; skyldir úloknar, dues unpaid, Gþl. 276. II. sake, [Dan. skyld]; fyrir mina skyld, for my sake, Fms. i. 3 (skuld, Grett. 102 A); fyrir Guðs skyld, for God's sake, Dipl. iv. 8; fyrir þann (sic) skyld, Stj. 125 (þann skuld, Grett. 143 A). III. gen. skyldar-, = due, obligatory, prefixed to another noun: skyldar-embætti, Sks. 125, 485, 487; skyldar-evrendi, business. Eg. 319; skyldar-farleiga, Gþl. 415; skyldar-gisting, Bs. i. 807; skyldar-maðr = skuldarmaðr; skyldar-mál, Sks. 285; skyldar-nauðsyn, 636; skyldar-reiða, 494; skyldar-sýsla, 258, 600; skyldar-vápn, Jb. 187. skylda, d and að. to bind in duly, oblige, enjoin; allra þeirra orða, er yðr skylda lög til um at bera, Nj. 208; er þá skylda lög til, Grág. i. 8; en þat skyldar mik til at ríta, Bs. i. 59; konungr skyldaði þá til at flytja líkin til graptar, Fms. viii. 231; ek em skyldaðr til at blóta, 656 B. 9; vera til skyldaðr, H.E. i. 471: hverrgi má skylda annan til garðlags, Grág. ii. 262; skylda ek ykkr heldr til þessa enn aðra menn, at ..., Fms. i. 189; því skyldi ek þik til blóta, 656 B. 4; hann skyldir mik at fella tár, Eluc. 56; nauðr skyldi yðr til, urged you, Bjarn. 54: láta þeir sem eingu ætti við aðra at skylda, as if they had no concern with one another, Band. 4 new Ed. II. reflex., því skyldumk vér, 671. 3, Stj. 151, H.E. i. 410; skyldask um e-t, to be made responsible for, K.Á. 82: to be prescribed, þá hluti er eigi skyldask tiundar-görð af, which are not subject to a tithe, id.; hverjar pínur skyldask á þá menn, 224, Stj. 46. skylda, u, f. a due, tax, tribute; þeir (the kings) fengu engar skyldur í Þrándheimi, Fms. i. 49; þangat liggr tíund, lýsi-tollar, ... öll önnur skylda liggr til Hváls, Vm. 96: = skyldleikr, N.G.L. i. 350. But usually skyld is the legal and skylda the moral term. II. one's duty, Fms. i. 52, vii. 280, K.Á. 134; er þat vist hans skylda, it is his duty, Sks. 599; and so in countless instances, esp. in eccl. writers, skyldan við Guð, s. við náungann. COMPDS-: skyldu-embætti, n. = skyldarembætti, Sks. 126. skyldu-hjón, n. pl. = skuldahjón, Grág. ii. 42. skyldu-hlýðni, f. due obedience, homage, Fms. vii. 22. skyldu-lauss, adj. having no business or duty, Nj. 185, v.l. skyldu-liga, adv. in duty; bjóða s., Stj. 148, 277, H.E. i. 472: dutifully, obediently, K.Á. 202, Bs. i. 165, Sks. 603 B: necessarily, þurfa s., Fms. viii. 398. skyldu-ligr, adj. obligatory, Mar. skyldu-söngr, m. the rubrical, official mass, Vm. 74. skyldan, f. an obligation, Stj. 38. skyld-bundinn, part. duty-bound, Fms. xi. 74. skyld-fólk, n. kinsfolk. skyld-leikr (-leiki), m. relationship, = skuldleikr, N.G.L. i. 49, Stj., freq. in mod. usage. skyld-liga, adv. duly, dutifully, Hom. 80; þurfa s., to stand in pressing need of, Grág. i. 334, Fms. viii. 398 (skylliga): becomingly, þó þeir léti s. hvárir við aðra, xi. 108. skyld-ligr, adj. in duty bound, Sks. 45, 636: important, urgent, 686 C. 1, (spelt skylligr). skyld-menn, n. relations, kinsmen. skyldr, adj., compar. skyldri, skylztr, but usually skyldari, skyldastr, see below :-- due bounden, obligatory, skyldr þjónustumaðr e-s, Edda 28; vera s. undir stjórn e-s, Sks. 270 B; sá er skylztr at færa lik hans til kirkiu, Grág. i. 192; þú mant þykkja skyldastr at bæta fyrir konu þína, Nj. 76, Fs. 36; vera s. til at göra e-t, Eg. 225; or, s. við at göra e-t, N.G.L. i. 352; skyldr e-s, Fms. ix. 23: of an action, due; veita konungi skylda þjónustu, 432; skylt tal, a due, proper talk, Sks. 12; ú-skylt tal, uncalled-for, out of the way talk :-- pressing, urgent, skyld nauðsyn, Gþl. 266, skylt erendi, Eg. 29, Ld. 176; mitt erindi þykki mér skyldast, Fms. vi. 205: of debt, due, owing; vera e-m skyldr um e-t, to owe to another. 2. neut. due, bounden, necessary; enda er eigi skylt þá (one is not bound) at beiða á fleiri skip, Grág. i. 90; þat mun konungi skylt þykkja, at ek fara, Eg. 10; skyldra ætla ek mér at ganga til messunnar, en á hirðstefnuna, Fms. ix. 426; er þér ok skyldra, at sækja ..., Nj. 182; þat er rétt en eigi skylt, 'tis right, but not obligatory, Grág. i. 373; ef ek upp sem mér þykkir skyldast, Fms. vii. 146. II. related; skyldr frændi, a near kinsman, Eg. 98, Fms. vii. 281, x. 32; s. at frændsemi, related by kinship; þeir er Kjartani eru skyldari at frændsemi en ek, Ld. 242: absol., leaving out 'frændsemi,' mér er maðrinn skyldr, the man is near akin to me, Nj. 51; s. drottningunni, Sks. 463; at hann viti eigi skyldari samhéraðs, ... ef sá maðr finnsk er skyldri er, Grág. i. 246; hinn skyldasti maðr, the nearest kinsman, 339; bónda þeim er skylztr er, 154, freq. in mod. usage: skyld frændsemi, near kinship, Fms. vii. 64; er þá frændsemi ef þriðja bræðra er eðr skyldara, kinship is from third cousinship upwards. Grág. i. 246; ó-skyldr, not related. skyld-samliga, adv. = skyldliga, dutifully, Bs. i. 338. skyld-semi, f. relationship; frændsemi eðr s., N.G.L. i. 355. skyldugr, adj. [Dan. skyldig], bound, obliged; s. at göra e-t, s. at halda eið, Gþl. 62, K.Á. 8, 22; hón var eigi skyldug at lúka, not bound to pay, Dipl. iii. 13; s. til e-s, s. til hollustu ok hlýðni, Js. 17; sem vér erum skyldugir við yðr, H.E. i. 342; s. e-m e-u, hverju prestr er s. bændum, which are his duties towards them? N.G.L. i. 346: of a thing due, skyldug hlýðni, K.Á. 226; nú er skyldugt, it is obligatory, 330:

SKYLFA -- SKYRKER. 563

due, skyldug pína, id. 2. owing, of debts; e-m, to owe to one. Stj. 151; er hann s. kirkjunni fimm aura, Vm. 9: gen., svá, mikils góðs s., Dipl. ii. 8: in need of, s. e-s, Sturl. i. 218 C. skylfa, ð. to shove, push, = skýfa; skýf mér ekki, sagði sira Guthormr, -- Ekki vil ek þér skylfa, D.N. i. 359. skylft, n. adj. expensive, craving much (men or money); in the compds. fé-skylft, lið-skylft, bú-skylft, qq.v. Skyli, a, m., gen. Skylja, poët. a 'protector,' king, Edda, Lex. Poët.: a pr. name, usually Skúli, Fms., and freq. in mod. usage. skylmask, ð, dep. to fence with a weapon; hann hafði sverðit undir buklaranum sem þá er menn skylmask, Sturl. ii. 221 C; talaði maðr einn um, hvárt þeir berðisk, -- 'Skylmask menn þar,' segir hann, var því ekki til hlaupit, Bs. i. 505 (skylmar með mönnum þar, Sturl. ii. 18 C, erroneously); í hringinum innan vóru tveir menn með vápnum, ok skylmðusk, Ísl. ii. 265; þeir skylmðusk, ok vildu svá reyna vígfimi sína, Al. 137; vandi hón sik burtreið, ok skylmask með skjöld ok sverð, Fas. iii. 68; sumir ríða sumir skylmðusk, Karl. 486, Skíða R. 128. skylming, f. fencing, Fms. ii. 100, Trist. 5, Art. 15. SKYN, n. and f., skynjar, f. pl.; in sing. this word is mostly neut., but in old writers also fem. α. fem., nökkura skyn, O.H.L. 5; mesta skyn, Edda i. 174; með náttúrligri skyn, Thom. 383; slíka skyn, K.Á. 194; fulla skyn, Clar. β. neut., gott skyn, Lv. 43; lítið skyn, Nj. 69 (in a verse), Róm. 145; skyns ok skilningar, Cod. Arna-Magn. 234 (vellum); at skyni sjálfs sín, Eb. 248; fullt skyn, Clar. (vellum 657); nokkut skyn, Skáld 11. 63; lítið grasbíta skyn, Nj. (in a verse), and so throughout in mod. usage; the Dan. skjön is also neut.: in other instances when the word stands single in acc. and without an adjective the gender cannot be ascertained. 2. plur., neut., lítil skyn, Fms. vi. 276: fem. skynjar, Sighvat, Fms. v. 209, Fb. i. 207, ii. 332, Sturl. ii. 22 (in a verse), but it is obsolete. B. Sense, perception, understanding; þessar stjörnur sagði Plato hafa lif ok skyn, Skálda 174; vita, kunna, hafa skyn á e-u. to have a sense of, understand, know; en þessir hafa svá út komit at menn hafi helzt skyn á vitað, Bs. i. 64; Flosi kvaðsk eigi vita skyn á hverir lögmenn væri mestir, Nj. 223; meðal N.N. ok N.N. sonar, sem ér vituð skyn á, Grág. ii. 167; þeir vissu litið skyn a Rómverjum, Róm. 145: líkligt at konungr myndi lítil skyn á mér kunna. Fms. vi. 276; mönnum er vér vitum eigi skyn á, xi. 323; hann kunni allra skyn í borginni, knew all the people in the town, vi. 410; vissi hón skynjar (skyn, i. 186, l.c.) á honum ok ætt hans, Fb. i. 207; gékk hann út um nætr ok sá himintungl, ok hugði at vandiiga, ok kunni þar á. gott skyn, Lv. 43; en Oðinn bar þeim mun vest þenna skaða, sem hann kunni mesta skyn (he knew best) hversu mikil aftaka ok missa Ásunum var í fráfalli Baldrs, Edda 37, O.H.L. 5; öngar skynjar höfðu þau á heilagri trú, Fb. ii. 332; kunna mestar skynjar e-s, to understand best, Sighvat; veit ek á þvi skynjar, Sturl. ii. 22 (in a verse); bera skyn yfir e-t. to have perception of a thing, understand, perceive it, Fms. xi. 438; sagði skyn á öllum gripum, explained all the objects, Edda i. 342; gjalda skyn fyrir. to give reason for, account for, Bs. i. 198; skal þá hverr gjalda skyn fyrir sín verk ok vilja, Barl. 124; áðr Geirr góði fann þat af skyni sjálfs; síns at honum fakkuðusk skotvápnin, Eb. 248. II. in the phrase, í e-a skyni, with that meaning, intention; í góðu skyni, with good intent; eg; gaf þér bókina í því skyni, at þú skyldir læra hana. skyn-bragð, n. understanding, sense. skynda, d, [Dan. skynde], to hasten, with dat.; vér viljum svá s. oss af akri ok eng, N.G.L. i. 348; konungr skyndi þá, ferð sinni, Fms. ix. 390: skynda at e-u. to speed with a thing, Grág. i. 39: ef maðr dvelr ferð sína eðr skyndar hann, ii. 53. 2. absol. to hasten, go quickly; at þeir skyklu skynda á skóginn, Eg. 236: skyndum þá, let us make haste! Fs. 41; skynd þú (imperat.) til at bjarga honum. Blas. 41; skynda þ:á allir lýðir til hans, 656 B. 11; bað hana skynda. Fms. ix. 396. skyndi, a, m. = skundi; meðr skynda, 732. 15. skyndi, u. speed, haste: in COMPDS, a hurried thing: skyndi-brullaup, n. a hasty wedding, cp. 'a Scotch marriage,' Eg. 24, Fas. i. 37. skyndi-kona, u, f. a loose woman, harlot, Fms. xi. 54. skyndi-kross, m. a hasty making the sign of the cross, Skíða R. skyndi-ráð, m. a hasty deed, Sturl. iii. 245. skyndi-ræði, id., Orkn. 438. skyndi-liga, adv. in haste, of a sudden, speedily, Nj. 205, Fms. i. 163, vii. 288, Fær. 261, Eg. 81, 320. skyndi-ligr, adj. sudden, Al. 23. skynding, f. speed, haste, Skálda 167; með (af) skyndingu, Fms. viii. 175. x. 266, 281, Sturl. i. 25, (af skvndingi, masc., Fms. ix. 377, is less correct.) skyndir, m. one who speeds, Sks. 453, Lex. Poët. II. haste, Fms. viii. 57. skyn-fullr, adj. reasonable, Mar. skyn-góðr, adj. intelligent. skynja, að, [skyn; cp. Dan. skönne; Swed. skönja], to perceive, make out, understand, of the senses; þú skynjar ekki fyrir hræðslu sakir, hvárt skipit skríðr undir þér, Orkn. 402; þeir skynja skjótt, hverir höfðingjar vóru vinir Magnúss konungs, Fms. vi. 11; ef ek sé í augu manni, at ek mega þá s. háttu hans, hvers-háttar maðr hann er, Fb. ii. 295; skynja hvat þetta táknaði, Fms. i. 228; þó kann ek einna sízt at s. þat er þér kallit kveðit, vii. 60; hann kvaðsk eigi s. drauma, Fas. i. 372 (cp. Dan. jeg skjönner det ikke). 2. to search into, enquire, look out; síðan fór konungr út á báti at s. vörð Eyjar-skeggja, Fms. viii. 287; hann lét vörðu halda um nætr, hann skynjaði optast sjálfr um þá, Róm. 133, 266; en reyndar skaltú s. hverr sá maðr er, Fms. i. 188; skyldi hann vera úti með sólsetrum, ok s. alla þá hluti er þér bera fyrir augu ok eyru, Lv. 43; Vígi skynjaði hvers manns hagi þess er á bæinn kom eða brott færi, Korm. 58; er hann hefði skynjað liðs-fjölda hans ok ráða-görðir, Fms. xi. 263: Haraldr konungr reið um fylking sína, ok skynjaði hveru veg fylkt væri, vi. 414; hón bað hann skynja um sveinana, Landn. 121; vér höfum sét ok skynjat opit bréf, ... vér höfum séð ok skynjat máldaga kirkjunnar, Dipl. i. 5, ii. 13. skyn-lausligr, adj. senseless, irrational, Mar. skyn-lauss, adj. senseless, irrational; s. skepna, skynlaust kykvendi, an irrational being, a brute, animal, Sks. 46, Bad. 165, MS. 623. 18; skynlaus rödd, an irrational sound, Skálda 170; s. maðr, Sks. 246; s. snápr, Barl. 165. skyn-leikr, m. intellect, insight, Mar. skyn-leysi, n. senselessness, want of reason, Sks. 776, Barl. 133, 180. skyn-lítill, adj. small of intellect, Bs. i. 99. skyn-samliga, adv. sensibly, rationally; hlýða s., Fms. x. 296; fara s. með e-u, Edda 28. skyn-samligr, adj. rational; s. kvikendi, Skálda 104; s. skepna, Barl. 100, Greg. 33. 2. wise, sagacious, discreet, 656 B. 6; af skynsamligu viti, Skálda 160; skynsamligt orða-lag, Fms. ii. 18; skynsamlig frásögn, x. 374; þat er eigi skynsamligt, H.E. i. 421. skyn-samr, adj. rational; allt mannkyn þat er skynsamt var skapat, Greg. 48. 2. wise, sagacious; vitr maðr ok s., Fms. vi. 239, Barl. 101: kona félítil ok skynsöm, Fms. v. 182; með skynsamra manna ráði, K.Á. 14; skýran ok skynsaman, 625. 79; inna skynsamastu manna, Gþl. (pref.); dyggr, góðfúss, skynsamr, Bs. i. 850; skynsamari, Barl. 165. skyn-semd, f. reason; með lítilli s., Barl. 21; með engarri skynsemd, Gþl. 276; virða e-t með skynsemd, reasonably, K.Á. 174; þá er vér erum údruknir ok með fullri s., Fms. ii. 262; svara s., fyrir sik,, Sks. 788 B; fulla s. eða vissu, Fms. i. 138; kunna litla s. til e-s, ix. 331; upp á s. mína. upon my reason, upon my word, i. 102; skilrekki ok s., Stj. 150; þá muntú synja þess með s., deny it, giving reasons for it, Nj. 80; sakir þriggja skynsemda, for three reasons, Stj. 49: hver s. er til þess? Sks. 305; krefla e-n skynsemdar, to ask for reasons, 652; flytja þitt fals fram með nokkurum skynsemdum, Barl. 6; gjalda skynsemd e-s, to give reasons for, 687; gjalda Guði s. af öllum sinum verkum, MS. 671. 5. 2. with gen. prefixed; skynsemdar-atferð, a rational proceeding. Mar.; skynsemdar atkvæði, Anecd. 80; skynsemdar álit, regard to reason, Sks. 668; skynsemdar geymsla, Fms. ii. 33; skynsemdar gjald. a giving reasons, Stj. 151: skynsemdar grein. discernment, Fms. i. 97; skynsemdar leitan. a seeking for reasons. Mar.; skynsemdar mál, arguments, Sks. 798; skynsemdar rödd, the voice of reason, Mar.; skynsemdar skilning, rational insight, 19; reason, meaning, 148; skynsemdar skipan, rational order, Anecd. 68; skynsemdar svar, a rational ansiver, Sks. 674. 740. skyn-semi, f. = skynsemd; in old usage skynsemd prevails, in later times skynsemi: móti skynseminni, Stj. 35; aumri skynsemi ætla of hátt, aldrei til skilnings koma. Pass.; af skynsemi ok sannindum, Fms. ix. 451; hafa ærna s. at leysa ór því er þeir spurða, x. 374; með þeirri s. ok viti sem Guð hefir oss léð. Dipl. ii. 5; mikil s. er at rifja vandliga þát, it is a vast amount of knowledge, Edda 14; konungr bað hann at taka rétta trú, ok sagði honum marga skynsemi, Fms. ii. 167; ér allir er skilja megut rétta skynsemi, 656 A. ii. 14; þá tók Páll at sýna þeim s. fyrir sik, 656 C. 20; gjalda s. fyrir e-t, to give reasons for, Skálda 205; gjalda s. fyrir þik, 623. 17. 2. in compds an s is inserted; skynsemis mál, ræða of skynsemis mál, to speak of rational subjects, Clem. 44: and so in mod. usage, skynsemis-trú, rationalism. skynugr, adj. (skynjugr, Stj. 95), sagacious; vitr ok s., Fas. iii. 75. skypill, m. = skupla (q.v.), Edda ii. 494. SKYR, a. skjör-ost in Fünen in Denmark], curdled milk, curds, stored up for food; þeir vóru þyrstir mjök ok supu skyrit, Eg. 204; askar fullir af skyri ... tókn þeir askana ok drukku ákaft skyrit, 548, 549; graut, ost, ok skyr. Korm. 150; Rindill hafði (see hefja A. 2) skyr ok mataðisk skjótt þvíat skyrit var þunnt, ... skyrit sprændi ór honum, Lv. 64; í skyrbúri skyr níu tigir skjólna, Dipl. v. 18, cp. Grett. 107; þeir höfðu skyr ok ost, curds and cheese (for supper), Eb. 244; ostr ok skyr var at náttverði, Bjarn. 53; skyr ok rjómi, curds and cream; berja-skyr, blackberries and curds: the saying, þeir verða að sletta skyrinu sem þat eiga. Skyr is quite a national dish of the Northmen and the Icelanders of the present day, as it was of the Teutons in more ancient times; for it doubtless was the 'lac concretum' of Tacit. Germ. ch. 23, cp. Virg. G. 3. 463. COMPDS: skyr-askr, m. a curd-bowl, Eg. 204. skyr-búr, n. a 'curd-bower,' dairy. Dipl. v. 18, Sturl. iii. 191. skyr-hnakkr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 97. skyr-ker, n. a curd-vessel,

564 SKYRKYLLIR -- SKÆÐR.

Sturl. iii. 97. skyr-kyllir, m. a 'curd-bag;' skyr í húðum ok bundit fyrir, þat kölluðu menn skyrkylla, Grett. 107 A. skyr-kýll, m. = skyr-kyllir, Grett. l.c. skyr-bjúgr, m. [the etym. perh. from A.S. sceorfa, Engl. scurf, and bjúgr (q.v.), which word Icel. use of any tumor which sinks when touched, e.g. vind-bjúgr, vatns-bjúgr, skyr-bjúgr. In Dutch skyrbjúgr is called scheur-buyk, in Engl. scurvy, scorbutic, and in both the word may well be of northern origin] :-- scurvy; tekr hann skyrbjúg í hafi, Þorst. Síðu H. 38; hann fékk mikinn skyrbjúg í munninn, Bs. i. 781 (also at sea); þrútnuðu upp á honum fætrnir, en skyrbjúgr hljóp í búkinn, 820. skyrigr, adj. bedabbled with curds, Grett. 107. skyrsa, proncd. skyssa, u, f. a monstrous blunder; mér varð á skyssa í dag, það var ljóta skyssan! this mod. phrase is derived from the following word; see also skussi. SKYRSI, n. [akin to Ulf. skohsl = GREEK; Germ. scheusal] :-- a portent, phantasm, as also mischance arising from witchery; þeir þóttusk náliga brenna ok óttuðusk þann atburð sem skussi (= skyrsi), as a bad omen, Fms. x. 416; ho, ho, skyssi mikit, segir hann, tbou monster! Al. 42; margir eru dauðir þeir er til hafa komit at brjóta, eðr ella hafa þeim orðit önnur skyrsi (mischances), Gullþ. 6; brott rekr hann frá manni skyssi ok hégómlega drauma, phantasms and dreams, MS. 544. 39. skyrsi-ligr, adj. monstrous, abnormal; skyssiligar ásjónur, ... skyrsiligar ok hræðiligar, Stj. 75, 79; skyrsilig skurðgoða-blót, 26; sá hinn skyrsiligi ok hræðiligi hlátr, 101; af skyssiligri mynd, 96. SKYRTA, u, f. [Engl. shirt; Dan. skjorte; Germ. schürz] :-- a shirt, a kind of kirtle, Ísl. ii. 343; skyrtu þröngva, Rm. 15; ætla góðan mun styttri skyrtu þína enn kyrtil, Sks. 287; á kyrtlum ok skyrlum, Fms. vii. 321; skyrtu ok brautargangs-höfuðsmátt, Ld. 134; í skyrtum einum, Gþl. 540: jarl var uýstaðinn upp ok var í skyrtu einni ok línbrókum, Orkn. 182: in the phrase, slíta eigi mörgum skyrtum, to wear out few shirts, have but a short time left to live, Þorst. St. 53: in poets, hring-s., a ring-shirt, a coat of mail; Hamðis s., id., Lex. Poët.; fyrir-skyrta, an apron. 2. a night-shirt, so in mod. usage. COMPDS: skyrtu-blað, n. a shirt-lap, Þorst. St. 49. skyrtu-ermr, f. a shirt-sleeve, Fms. v. 317. skyrtu-görð, f. the making a shirt, Fas. ii. 198, 202. skytari, a, m. [Engl. shooter], = skyti, Barl. 137. skyti, a, m., old gen. skytja, [Dan. skytte], a marksman, shooter, archer, Vkv. 4. 8; mesti bogmaðr ok hinn bezti s., Stj. 128; skytanum, Hkr. iii. 312, Fms. vii. 192; skyti allra manna beztr, x. 362; hundrað skyta (gen. pl.), Ann. 1393: a harpooner, Jb. 326; hval-skyti, id.: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 178; ú-skyti, a bad marksman; ú-skytja ör, Fms. vii. 262, Fas. ii. 358, v.l. skytja, u, f. = skyti, mod. skytta, [Dan. skytte], a marksman, shooter; ú-skytja = ú-skyti, Fas. ii. 358, Hkr. iii. 388 (Cod. Fris. l.c.) 2. [skot], a little nook, D.N. vi. 84. skytningr, n. [skot], a 'scot-house,' an inn or club, where each guest paid or contributed his own scot or shot (skot), whence the name; skytning and hjúkólf are synonymous, whereas gildi is different, cp. höfu vér fyrir-boðit samdrykkju eða gildi ... útan skytningar viljum vér at haldisk eptir fornum siðvanda, Rétt. 6. 3; hann tók sér skytning í bænum, Fms. vii. 113; drekka í skytningum, 242; hann veitti allri hirð sinni mat ok mungát, svá at engi maðr þurfti í skytning at ganga, Orkn. 80, O.H.L. 35; gengu skipverar í skytninga at skemta sér, Orkn. 206; fór Kali í hinn sama skytning til Unnar húsfreyju, 210; þat var eitt kveld at Þórðr drakk í skytningi, Bs. i. 635; þann tíma er menn vóru komnir í skytninga, Fms. ix. 44; hann skaut ok einn fyrir sveitunga sína þá er þeir sátu í skytningum, Ld. 73; skytnings-stofa, an inn, tavern, Fms. ix. 478, D.N. passim; hann hélt skytning alla tólf mánuði ok veitti sínum mönnum, Ó.H. 48; hann lét sér sverð búa af gulli ok sýndi í skytningi, O.H.L. 48; konungr gékk frá skytningi til aptan-söngs, Fms. vii. 152; hann (the king) drakk aldri svá í skytningum, at eigi drykki húskarlar hans með honum, 242; þeir (the soldiers) dreifðusk ok skipuðu til skytninga hvar hverir skyldi drekka um kveldit, viii. 408; þat var í þann tíma er menn vóru komnir í skytninga (viz. the evening), ix. 44. All the above refer to Norway; in records referring to Icel. there is only one instance, ef hann vildi fara ofan á Grund til skytnings, Glúm. 373, and this looks suspicious. SKÝ, n., gen. pl. skýja, dat. skýjum; [Dan. Swed. sky; cp. Engl. sky, although different in sense] :-- a cloud, Alm. 18, 19; ský dökkt ok dimmt, Fms. xi. 136; svart ský, þrumu-ský, a thunder-cloud; ok sýnir regnboga þinn í skýjum, Blas. 47; þóttusk menn sjá, at regn mundi í skýinu, Eb. 260; tungl veðr í skýjum, the moon wades in clouds; skýjum efri, above the clouds, Edda; skýja deild, Skálda 162; skýja-rof, a rift or break in the clouds. For the notion that the fleeting clouds were the scattered brains of the giant Ýmir, see Gm. 41. 2. a cloud on the eye (causing blindness), cataract; drepr honum aldregi ský í augu. Hom. 47; það er ský á auganu. COMPDS: ský-bólstr, m. a 'bolster' or bed of clouds. ský-drúpnir, m. 'cloud-dripper,' poët. the air full of clouds, Sól. skýja-fall, n., botan. tremella. skýja-ferð, f. a cloud-drift, Pr. 385. ský-fjall, n. a 'sky-fell,' mountain of clouds, Sks. 229. ský-flóki, a, m. a 'sky-flock,' pack of clouds, Eb. 260, Fas. iii. 471, Bárd. 169, Stj. 30, 594, Hem. skýja-glópr, m. a 'cloud-gazer,' a fool. ský-lauss, adj. cloudless, K.Þ.K. 138: metaph. clear, certain, það er skýlaust, vita e-ð skýlaust. ský-pílarr, m. = skýstólpi, Stj. 286. ský-skafa, u, f. a 'shaving' or streak of cloud; þá vas heið ok sá hvergi skýsköfu á himni, Greg. 65. ský-stólpi, a, m. a pillar of cloud, Stj. 326. ský-svipan, f. the 'waving of a cloud,' a moment; í þeirri s., Fms. v. 80. ský-þakðr, part. cloud-covered, Sks. 225. skýfa, ð, [Dan. skubbe; Engl. shove], to shove, push; skýfðr ok rekinn, Stj. 9; út skýfðr. expelled, 275; mod. út skúfaðr: with dat., látið mik vera kyrra ok skýfit mér hvergi, Grett. 160; þat skýfir brott skotum ok járni, Stj. 86: pass., skýfast brott, to be shoved away, id. 2. with acc.; hann skýfði goðin af stöllunum, Fms. ii. 163, Fb. i. 321; en ef þik berr skjótt fram hjá, þá skýfðú (imperat.) þegar hnappinn úr hrips-grindinni. Lv. 65; þeir ætluðu hirðirinn brott at skýfa, Bs. ii. 73. II. to cut, slash, slice; hann hjó hart ok tíðum ok skýfði forkinn sem hvannir, Háv. 43. skýfing, f. a shoving; með s. eða skotan, N.G.L. ii. (Hirðskrá). skýja, að, to cloud; skýja ok skyggva fyrir ljósit, Sks. 208; ek hefir himininn skýja látið, Stj. 62; skýjat ok ú-skygnað, 142: vel hefir þú einurð haldit hér til, en nú skýjar á heldr, but now it clouds over, Glúm. 367: part. clouded, Sks. 226; skýjað veðr, Ó.H. 108: shaded, of a helmet, Sks. 42. skýja, u, f. cloudiness; ef þú ferr enga skýju fyrir honum, Konr. SKÝLA, d, [skjól; Dan. skjule], to screen, shelter, with dat., Fms. i. 136, 274, Stj. 565; skýla við e-u, Hkr. i. 26, Fas. ii. 116. skýla, u, f. a veil, cover. skýli, n. a shelter, MS. 4. 12: a shed, passim in mod. usage. skýlis-hús, n. a shed, D.N. iv. 370. skýli-högg, n. a cross with an axe, so as to spoil a thing; ef maðr höggr s. á hafskip manns, Grág. ii. 403: ef maðr höggr s. á viði, 296; ok setti í borðit ofan hvert s. af öðru, ... telgði borðin svá at ór gengu öll skýlihöggin, Fms. ii. 218, 219; þar lá tréstobbi mikill, ok í s. mikil, Ó.H. 72. skýling, f. a screening, Mar. passim. SKÝRA, ð, [Ulf. skeiran = GREEK; see skíra]:-- to explain, tell, expound, interpret, set forth; kveðsk skýra mundu fyrir honum, ef hann vildi vita, Fms. xi. 12; þá er þat nú skýranda, 'tis now to be told, Sks. 522; skýrir ritningin heimsins görð, Stj. 2; ok er þó rétt at hann skýri þat eigi meirr, enn hann segisk, he is not bound to more particulars than that, Grág. ii. 88; svá sem skýrir Decreta, Anecd. 38 C; skýra spurdaga, to solve a question, Fms. x. 377; þá skýrði hann (interpreted) bók Jobs, Rb. 368; skýra ritningar, Al. 10; ráða ok skýra drauma, Stj.; ok spyrja síðan alla lögréttu-menn at skýra þat hvat hverr þeirra vill, Grág. i. 8; skal dóttir konungs sitja hjá ok skýra (to decide) hvárir vinna, Fas. ii. 546; nema váttar skýri, unless witnesses decide, Grág. ii. 226 A; út-skýra, to comment on, Mar. 2. reflex., í þessu má þat skýrask, 677. 37; framarr enn skýrask megi með nokkurum framburði, Th. 21. skýring, f. an elucidation, explanation, Sks. 522; s. eða glöggvari greining, Skálda 205; til sanns vitnisburðar ok skýringar, H.E. i. 508; skýringar meistari, an interpreter, Stj. 542, 559; skýringar laust, without commentary, 236; skýringar-grein, an explanatory note, foot-note. skýr-ligr, adj. intelligent, clever, discreet; því mun skýrligri sem þú ert maðr vitrari, Fs. 121; skýrligr at yfir-bragði, Sturl. ii. 189 (Ed.) skýrr, adj. clear, evident, manifest; með skýrum sannindum, Fms. ii. 298; með skýrri skipan, H.E. i. 462; skýrar jarteinir, Glúm. 357; önnur skýrari tilraun, Lv. 78; Broddi kvað þat skýrst at göra svá sem hann vildi, Ölk. 72 new Ed.; á því þingi var þat skýrt gört, 625. 48. 2. clever; skýrr ok glögg-þekkinn, Ld. 274; skýran ok skynsaman, 625. 79; Sighvatr var síðan skýrr (Ed. skírr) maðr, Fms. iv. 89 (skýrr maðr ok skáld gott, Fb. iii. 243, l.c.); kona skýr ek sköruglynd, Fms. vi. 102; Guðríðr þótti skýr kona, Gísl. 74 (160). 3. neut. as adv., skýrt, distinctly; þegar möndi hvert barn mæla skýrt, Eluc. 25; kalla hátt ok skýrt, 623. 35; Arnórr kveðr skýrt á þetta, Ld. 334; ein bók ágæt kveðr skýrt á, Fms. i. 142; svá sem hann mælti þetta skýrra (more distinct), Hom. 51; ef maðr handsalar sekð sína skýrt, Grág. i. 119 B. II. = skírr, pure; drykkr skýrri hverju víni, Sks. 633 B. skæða, d, to furnish with shoes; skæða sik ok vápna, Þiðr. 129. skæði, i.e. skœði, n. pl. [derived from skór], the piece of leather cut square for making a pair of shoes; þar liggr léskrápr, taki hann sér þar af skæði, Ísl. ii. 113; var þá skorin yxnis-húðin til skæða, 71, Skíða R. 23, 24, 26, 32, 38; il-skæði, Od. xiv. 24. skæða-drífa, u, f. flakes of snow. skæða-tollr, m. a 'shoe-tax,' a kind of church-tax; s. af hverju bænhúsi, Vm. 92; s. ok osttollr, 74; hey-tollr, ljós-tollr, ost-tollr, skæða-tollr af ellifu bæjum, en af Arnar-vatni osttollr ok s. at eins, Pm. 76. skæði, n. [skæðr], scathe, damage; tungu-skæði, 'tongue-scathe,' bad language. skæð-leikr (-leiki), m. 'scathefulness,' ferocity, Mar., Stj. 236, 581. SKÆÐR, i.e. skœðr, adj. [skaði and skóð], scatheful, noxious, Hkv. i. 38; skæðr ok skaðsamligr, Stj. 23, Ld. 278; skæðir við hesta, Stj.

SKÆKJA -- SKÖRUNGR. 565

71; skæðar tungur, Nj. 264, Barl. 165; skæðir vargar, wild beasts, Fms. i. 273, x. 362, Magn. 494; auð-skæðr, easily hurt; mann-s., q.v. skækja, i.e. skœkja, [Dan. sköge], a harlot, Stj. 197, Hm. 86, Karl. 173, Rb. (1812) 17; skækju-sonr, a whore-son, Fas. iii. 556. skækja, ð, [skák], to check, Fms. iv. 366, v.l. skæla, d, [Dan. skjele; Germ. schielen], to make a wry face; skaela sig, Fas. iii. 471; hann er allr skældr og skakkr: to cry, of children, vertu ekki að skæla! skældu ekki! skæla, u, f. the making a wry face, crying: a nickname, Fms. ix. 479. skælda, að, [skáld], to make verses. skældinn, adj. skilled or versed in poetry, Hkr. iii. 319, Bs. i. 593. skæll, m. a dog-tooth, = skögultönn. skæ-maðr, m., see skí and skímaðr. skæni, n. [skán, skeini], a skin, membrane: skæningr, m. a film, of ice. skær, m., gen. skæs, dat. and acc. skæ, [skæva, skævaðr], a racer, steed, Höfuðl. 12, Orkn. (in a verse), Ísl. ii. 229: metaph., s. skorðu, sunda, = a ship, Lex. Poët.; skir (= skær), Hým. 36; only used by poets. skæra, i.e. skœra, f. a fray, quarrel, Am. 48: esp. in pl., skærur þeirra vestr í sveitum, Sturl. ii. 38; skærur Arnórs ok Sveins, 116; sennur ok skærur, Greg. 6. skæra, u, f. [Dan. skjær in dag-skjær], twilight; um skærur, Fms. v. 177 (in a verse); aptan-skæra, evening twilight, Sighvat; morgun-s., morning twilight, dawn. skæri, n. pl. (or dual), a pair of shears, Bjarn. 66, Fms. vi. 106, Barl. 136, Dipl, v. 18. COMPDS: skæra-húsi, a, m. a shears' case, Gullþ. 22. skæra-knífr, m. = skæri, Dipl. iii. 4. skær-leikr, m. brightness, Stj. 142. skær-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), purely, Mar. SKÆRR, adj. [Dan. skjær; Engl. sheer; see skírr] :-- bright, clear; skært lopt, veðr, Stj. 69, Pr. 415; skærar sem cristallus, Mar.; skært vatn, Stj. 208; skært ljós, Bs. ii. 93; skærr himinn, 29; skær ásjón, Pr. 406; skærir silfr-penningar, Fms. ii. 93; skærr kolorr, Stj. 72; skærasta gull, með skæru ljósi, hit skærasta viðsmjör, Mar.; skær rödd, skær raust, Bs. i. 830, Sks. 632: pure, skær iðran, skærar bænir, með sönnu ok skæru hugskoti, Mar.; skær jungfrú (Dan. en skjær jomfru), a pure maid, id., Stj. 70, 207; hina skærustu mey, Magn. 466; hin skærasta mær Máría Th. 21. skæting (skœting), f., mod. skætingr, m. [Engl. skit; cp. skúta, skat-yrðask; the skœt- refers to a lost strong verb skat, skót] :-- a skit, scoff, taunt; af skætingu viltú svara oss ok spotti, Rd. 311; svara þér skætingu, Ld. 34; alls þú mér skætingu einni svarar, Hbl. 59: cp. the mod. phrase, hann svaraði mér í skætingi. skætingr, m. = skæting; at honum muni skammt til skeytings ef hann snertir þeirra hoferan með fátæki sínu, Bs. ii. 123. SKÆVA, að, [Ulf. skewjan = GREEK, Mark ii. 23] :-- to stride, absol. and only in poetry; hón skævaði skýjum efri, Hkv. 2. 3; hón skævaði (she strode) veigar þeim at bera, 35; þá kom in arma út skævandi, Og. 32; skæva vér létum, Am. 96. skævaðr (skævuðr), m. a racer, steed, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. sköflungr, m. (mod. sköfnungr), the skin; framan á knjánum ok sköflungunum, Sturl. iii. 192. sköfnungr, m. a kind of weapon; sköfnungs-öx, Fbr. 12: the name of the sword of king Rolf Kraki, Landn. 169, Fas. i, Korm., Ld. 2. = sköflungr. sköfu-, see skafa. Skögul, f. (gen. Sköglar, Km.), one of the Valkyriurs, Edda, Gm. skögul-tönn, f. [a corrupt form, qs. skæltönn?], a dog-tooth. SKÖKULL, m., dat. skökli, [Swed. skakel; Dan. skagle; from skaka] :-- the pole of a cart or carriage, Hým. 37, Þkv. 21; cf maðr höggr festi, sela, beisl, tauma eðr skökla, Gþl. 359; leysa sköklana frá okinu, Al. 19: a nickname, Landn. 2. a horse-yard. sköll, f. and n. pl., Sturl. l.c. [cp. skval, skjall], mockery, loud laughter; þeir görðu at þessu mikla sköll (fem, sing.) ok hlátr, Eb. 60; but sköll þau (neut. plur.), Sturl. ii. 46. sköll, m. a name of the mock sun, supposed to run like a wolf behind the sun, Gm. 39; akin to skolli, skollkini, q.v. sköllóttr, adj. [skalli; Dan. skaldet], bald, Háv. 41 new Ed., Eg. 84, Ld. 274 (v.l.), Fms. vi. 302 (v.l.), passim. SKÖMM, f., gen. skammar, pl. skammir; skamm, n. also occurs, but rarely, Fb. i. 411; mesta skamm, Bs. ii. 494 (a poem of the 16th century); but the fem. still prevails in speech and writing with a double m, as seen from Fms, vi. 386, -- heyr þjóð-skáldit, kvattú svá, gröm skömm, ekki eru þær hendingar jafnhávar, hrömm skömm þat væri jafnhátt, en hitt er málleysa: [A.S. sceamu; Engl. shame; Germ. scham; Dan. skam; in these and other cognate languages the m is single, cp. Ulf. skaman in skaman sik] :-- a grave bodily hurt, but rare in this sense. II. a shame, outrage; skammir eðr skapraunir, Fs. 63, Fb. i. 303; skamm (sic) né úvirðing, 411; vil ek eigi lifa við skömm, Anal. 131; er þat s. ef ek sit hjá, 123; mun þín s. lengi uppi, Nj. 116; þola skammir bótlaust, 186; reka skammar, 68; fá bana eðr aðrar skammir, N.G.L. i. 122; færa skammir at e-m, Eg. 210; verða at skömm, Gísl. 3; þola skömm á sér (of lewdness, see serða), Gþl. 192. 2. a shame, disgrace, passim in mod. usage. COMPDS: skammar-erindi, n. a shameful errand, Fb. iii. 315. skammar-víg, n. = níðingsvíg, Nj. 253. SKÖP, n. pl. weird, fate; see skap. SKÖR, f., gen. skarar, [skara], a rim, edge; allt út að skörinni, the rim of ice, Eb. 236; víða um ísinn ... þeir lendu útan at skörinni, Fms. viii. 404: = tjald-skör, hljóp konungr ór lyptingunni, var hann svá reiðr at hann hljóp út um skarirnar, Fas. i. 373; spretta skörunr, ii. 187, 206, Bs. ii. 108: the phrase, skríða til skarar, to slide to the very edge, to fight it out, Sd. 189; skal nú til skarar skríða með okkr Knúti bróður mínum, Fms. xi. 15, the metaphor prob. from running or racing to the edge of the ice. 2. the joints in a ship's planking, see skara and skarsúð; þá er skipit hljóp af stokkunum bilaði í skarar nökkurar, Fms. viii. 196; húfr skörum hvelfðr, a hull covered with skarar, vi. (in a verse); þunn skör, the thin planks, Lex. Poët. 3. a row of benches or steps; it appears from this word that in the ancient halls the seats sloped upwards, in tiers, as in a theatre; skyldi sá sitja á skörinni fyrir hásætinu, on the bench next before the high seat, Hkr. i. 49; sitja í hásæti, skör lægra enn konungr, one bench, one step lower, Fms. i. 7, Fb. ii. 137; sem hann er lauss, þykkir honum skör rýmra, Fas. ii. 225; var konungr í sömu stofu ok sömu skör um vetrinn, Fms. x. 1, v.l.; fót-skör, a foot-stool; or skör fóta = fótskemill. 4. = skari (better skor), Þiðr. 288, 291, 311, 350. 5. the hair, prob. from being cut so as to make a rim round the head, cp. brúna-skurðr: skör nam at dyja, Þkv. i; skör var fyrir enni, hair cut into a forelock on the forehead, Rm. 15; skör jarpa, Hðm. 21; skarar jarpar, Gkv. 2. 19; þær skálar er und skörum vóru, Vkv. 23, 33; döglings skör dreyra runna, his gory locks, Gkv. 1. 13; alda gengr of skör drengjum, Kormak; háfjall skarar, skarar fjall, skarar haugr, the high mount of the hair, the 'knoll of the hair,' = the head, Hým. 23, Hkr. i. (in a verse), Lex. Poët.: skör is used of men's hair only, not of women, hence in the law, ef kona klæðisk karlklæðum eða skerr sér skör, eða ferr með vápn, þat varðar fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. i. 358: the word is obsolete in prose, except Grág. l.c., or in the saying, skömm eru skarar lýtin, cp. Mkv. 19: and in the phrase, mun Guðrún eiga at búa um rauda skör Bolla, G. will have to dress B.'s gory locks, Ld. 244; cp. vinna skarar rauðar, Ó.H. (in a verse); svá segir mér hugr um at rautt mun sjá í skörina, my mind tells me that there will be bloody locks, Valla L. 210: skapa skor (i.e. skör?) ok jafna ú-jafnað, to shape the cut, and make even the uneven, Fbr. 16 new Ed., skarar-fagr, adj. fair-haired, Fms. x. (in a verse). skörðóttr, adj. [skarð], notched, Skálda 170, Þiðr. 16. skörug-lyndi, n. a noble character, Magn. 480. skörug-lyndr, adj. noble, authoritative, frank-minded, Fms. vi. 102, Bs. i. 326. skörug-samr, adj. = sköraligr; skörugsöm híbýli, Lv. 73. sköru-leikr, m. = skörungskapr, Fagrsk. 1. sköru-liga, adv. bravely, frankly, with authority; mæla vel ok s., Nj. 24, Fs. 18, 91; hefna s., Fms. ii. 6, vii. 33; fremja, vinna s., v. 308, vii. 164; fara s., Boll. 344. sköru-ligr, adj. brave, frank, bold, manly, imposing in appearance; mikill maðr vexti, s., Fms. vii. 102; s. maðr, a fine, stalwart man, Eg. 28, 199; ekki fríðr maðr sýnum en þó inn sköruligsti í yfirbragði, Ld. 18; vænn maðr at áliti, meðalmaðr at vexti, kvikligr ok s., Bs. i. 80; manna sköruligastr at sjá, Fb. i. 539; Magnús konungr var sköruligastr ok skjótligastr, Fms. vii. 63; mikill ok s., Finnb. 334; vex upp sveinninn, s. með miklu mannviti, O.H.L. 4: of a lady, hón var væn ok ætt-góð ok skörulig, Lv. 73; mikil kona ok s., Fs. 54, 86. 2. of manners or things, fine; með sköruligum flutningi, with a manly pleading, Hrafn. 18; skörnlig ræða, a fine speech, Fms. vii. 102; sköruleg veizla, magnificent, Eg. 44; veita hit sköruligasta, Fms. i. 247; all-skörulig ferð, Fs. 85. skörung-lyndr = sköruglyndr, Þiðr. 175, Hkr. iii. 87. skörungr, m. (skarungr, O.H.L. 4), [skara]: I. a poker, freq. in mod. usage. II. metaph. a foreman, leader; nema hann görðisk s. fyrir þessu máli, Eb. 126; eigi man ek þessu máli skjóta til annarra manna, má ek hér vera s., 210. 2. a prominent, brave, noble-looking person, referring to heart and character, as also to appearance and manner; a very expressive word, used of both men and women; Arinbjörn var allra manna örvastr ok mestr skörungr, Eg. 517, 598, Bs. i. 86; vitr maðr ok s. mikill, Fms. vii. 144, Orkn. 46; þat er mál manna, at eigi hafi meiri s. verit ok stjórnsamari í Noregi, 150; hafði auð fjár ok var sjálfr inn mesti s., 238; félítill, en s. mikill ok drengr góðr, Eg. 691, Hrafn. 14; s. inn mesti ok stórmenni, O.H.L. 4; víst ert þú s., Sigurðr, þvi at þú hefir þat ráð upp tekit er öllum oss gegndi bezt. Fms. vii. 144: of a lady, kvenna vænst ok s. mikill, Eg. 2; munt þá nú segja, ef þú ert s., hvárt þat er nökkut nær þínu skapi, Nj. 24; hón var ok s. mikill í vitsmunum, Ld. 20; kvenna fríðust ok s. mikill, Hkr. i. 28; þótti hón (the queen) inn mesti s., 4; hón var s. ok skapstór, Ísl. ii. 477, cp. 6; Jófríðr var s. mikill, 192.

566 SKÖRUNGSKAPR -- SLÁ.

skörung-skapr, m. nobleness, manliness, generosity; með miklum ríkdóm ok skörungskap, Fms. xi. 317; líkligr til mikillar framkvæmdar ok skörungskapar, vii. 76; þú færðir þik með skörungskap í þína ætt, Glúm. 338; um ráða-görðir, vitsmuni ok allan skörungskap, Fs. 15. skötu-, see skata, skati. slabb, n. dirt from sleet and rain. slafak, n. rank grass and weeds that grow near farm-houses. slafast, að, to slacken, become slovenly; s. þegar byrleiði, Bs. ii. 48. slafra, að, (slafr, n.), to slaver, like a cow when grasing. slafsi, a, m. slaverer, a nickname, Fms. ix. 232. SLAG, n. [slá; A.S. slæge; Germ. schlag; Dan. slag], a blow, stroke; slag undir kinnina, Fms. viii. 414, Skíða R. 136: blows, a fight, eigask slög við, to come to blows, Ó.H. 321. II. metaph. a blow, defeat; veita, gefa e-m slag, to defeat, Fms. viii. 82, ix. 238: mostly plur., slaughter, loss; þeir gáfu þeim mörg slög, Fms. ix. 313; fá stór slög ok koma á flótta, vii. 325, Ó.H. 84. 2. a skirmish, opp. to a pitched battle (orrosta); jarl átti tvær fólk-orrostur, en mörg slög ok manndráp, Orkn. 94, Fms. ix. 288. 3. slaughter; slaga-sauðr = slátr-sauðr, Ó.H. 208. 4. medic, a stroke, apoplexy. 5. of time, the nick of time; í þessu slagi koma þeir af sér akkerinu, Sturl. iii. 67; annat slagið, the one moment. B. slag, n., a different word(?), [Swed. slagg], wet, water penetrating walls or houses, = slagi; hlífa svá, at eigi komi slag á veggi, protect the walls from damp, N.G.L. ii. 106 (skott eða slag, vegg-slag, v.l.) slaga, að, to tack, cruise, Fms. x. 71. slaga-kollr, m. the brisket, bringukollr: a nickname, Landn. slag-á, f. (slaga-sauðr, m., Fb. l.c.), a ewe or sheep to be slaughtered, O.H.L. 64, 67. slag-álar, f. pl. cruppers, Orkn. 12, 404. slag-bellir or slag-brellr, a nickname, Orkn. 180 (note 2). slag-brandr, m. a bolt, bar, of a door, Fms. ii. 223, Dropl. 29, 30, Ó.H. 135, MS. 655 ix. B. 2: a war-engine, Sks. 388. slag-dúkr, m. a packing-cloth, wrapper, N.G.L. iii. 209. slag-hamarr, m. a sledge-hammer, Vm. 82. slagi, a, m. [slag B], dampness; hrá-slagi. slagna, að, to flow over, be spilt; ketillinn vellnndi slagnaði á hana (scolded her), Bs. 1. 351; ok slagnaði á sveininn ór katlinum, 366; glerker féll á steina ok brotnaði eigi, ok slagnaði eigi niðr viðsmjörit, Mart. 126; ef vatn slagnask á fæzlur yðrar, Stj. 317. slag-net, n. a fowler's net, Art. 49. slagningr, m. a dust-cloak or rain-cloak, Fb. iii. 465, Fms. i. 78; karl í svörtum slagningi, Karl. 72. 2. = slag B; s. og raki í húsi, wet and damp. slagr, m., pl. slagir, [slá], = slag, a blow, defeat, Karl. 172; svá harðan slag, 176. 2. [cp, A.S. slegel, a plectrum], a tune, air, played on a stringed instrument, see the remarks s.v. drápa; konungr spurði, hvárt hann kynni eigi fleiri slagi... hann segir at eptir væri enn nökkurir slagir, sló hann þá Gýgjar-slag ... sló hann þann slag er Falda-feykir heitir ... skipti hann um slaginn, Fas. iii. 222; Gunnars-slagr, i. 318; því næst kómu inn margir slagir hljóðfæra, iii. 191; (cp. Dan. slags = kind; mange-slags = 'many-kind,' manifold; samme-slags = 'same-kind:' metaph. from the 'tune.') slag-tog, n. a tow-rope, in the phrase, vera í slagtogi með e-m, (slang.) slagæð, f. an artery, Dan. pulsaare. slakki, a, m. [North. E. slack, a hollow of sinking in the ground; cp. Dan. slank; Germ. schlank] :-- a slope on a mountain edge; slakki í brúninni, í fjallinu. Slakka-gil (spelt Selakka-gil), a local name, D.I. i. 475: a nickname, Bs. i. 424. slakna, að, to slacken, get slack. slakr, slök, slakt, adj. slack, almost used as in Engl., e.g. reipið er slakt, slack, not tight-stretched; vaðr vilgi slakr, Bragi (of a fishing-line): also the phrase, slá slöku við, to slacken one's exertion, to idle; the word is very freq. in mod. usage. slamma, að, to shamble along, walk like a bear. slamra or slambra, að, to slam, = slæma, q.v. slan-baugr, m. a 'sloth-fine,' the fine due to the king from a person who looks on at an assault without interfering, N.G.L. i. 68. slandri, a, m. [from Fr. esclandre; Engl. slander; Lat. scandalum; Gr. GREEK], a nickname, Fms. viii. 112. slang, u. the eatable inwards of an animal, (the word is freq. in mod. usage, but in Ármanns S. 13 it is misapplied both in gender and spelling.) slanga, að, to sling. slanga, u, f., gen. slöngu, a sling, Sks. 380, 464, Rb. 382, passim. 2. a catapult, Fms. i. 127, ix. 10. slöngu-steinn, m. a sling-stone, Pr. 80. slangi, a, m. [Germ. schlange], a serpent; ormr sá er s. heitir, Þiðr. 175 (but rare). 2. a landlouper, tramp; þú inn vondi s., Skíða R. 190; slinni, slangi (flangi Cod.), Edda ii. 495. slangr, m. a going astray, of sheep; komast í slangr. slangra, að, to sling; s. stóru grjóti, Sks. 410. 2. to stray, of sheep in pastures straying into another flock. slapa, að, to hang loose as a flap. slappi, a, m. a lump-fish; see grá-slappi: as a word of abuse, Edda ii. 496: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 150, Dipl. ii. 5; Höllu-s., Ld. slark, n. a drunken riot, drunken gibes, Fbr. 173: slarka, að, to be noisy like a drunkard: slarkari, a, m. a drunken noisy fellow. slasa, að, see slys; slasa sig, to have an accident. slatta, að, = slamma. slattari, a, m. [see slöttr], a landlouper, tramp, Rétt. 55. slaxa (qs. slagsa), að, to make a babbling noise, like water shaken in a bottle; slaxaði í sárinu, Fs. 167. SLÁ, pres. slæ, slær, slær; pl. slám (m. sláum), sláið, slá: pret. sló, slótt, slóttú (mod. slóst, slóstu), sló; pl. slógu (slósk = slógusk, Sturl. ii. 208 C): subj. slægi: imperat. slá, sláðú: part. sleginn: a pret. sleri or slöri occurs as a provincialism in the old vellum Ágrip -- sløru, Fms. x. 403; sleri, 394; slæri, i.e. slöri, 379: [Ulf. slaban = GREEK, GREEK; A.S. sleân, slæge; Engl. slay; Dan.-Swed. slaa; O.H.G. slahan; Germ. schlagen.] A. To smite, strike, Dropl. 13; slá með steini, Fms. viii. 388; slá e-n til bana, ii. 183; slá e-n högg, kinnhest, i. 150, ix. 469, 522, Ld. 134; slá knött, Vígl. 24; slá til e-s, to strike at one, Finnb. 306, Sturl. ii. 24 C; slá í höfuð e-m, Fms. v. 173. 2. slá hörpu, fiðlu, to strike the harp, fiddle, Vsp. 34, Fdda 76, Am. 62, Bs. i. 155, Fb. i. 348, Fms. vii. 356 (in a verse), Sks. 704, Grett. 168 (hörpu-sláttr); slá hljóðfæri, Fms, iii. 184; slá slag, to strike up a tune; hann sló þann slag, ... sló hann þá Gýgjar-slag... þann streng er hann hafði ekki fyrr slegit, Fas. iii. 222, 223, cp. drápa and drepa: slá leik, to strike up for a dance or game to begin, hann sá at leikr var sleginn skamt frá garði, Sturl. ii. 190; so in embroidery (see borð), slá danz, 117, Karl. 52: slá eld, to strike fire, Fms. ix. 234: slá vef, to strike the loom, in weaving, xi. 49, Darr.; slá borða, Fas. i. 193, 205. 3. to hammer, forge; slá hamri, Vkv. 18; slá sverð, Þiðr. 21; slá þvertré af silfri í hofit, Landn. 313; slá saum, Fms. ii. 218, ix. 377, Stj. 451; hann sló gull rautt, Vkv. 5; slá herspora, Fms. vii. 183; sleginn fram broddr ferstrendr, Eg. 285; slá öxar eða gref, Stj. 451: to mount, járnum sleginn, Fms. v. 339, Fas. iii. 574: to strike off, of coin. 4. to mow, cut grass; slegin tún, Nj. 112; þrælar níu slógu hey, Edda 48; ek mun láta bera út ljá í dag ok slá undir sem mest ... slá töðu, Eb. 150, Fb. i. 522; slá teig þann er heitir Gullteigr, Ísl. ii. 344; slá afrétt, Grág. ii. 303; slá eng, 281, Gþl. 360: absol., þeir slóu (sic) allir í skyrtum, Ísl. ii. 349, Grág. ii. 281. 5. to slay, smite, kill, Stj. passim, but little used in classical writings, where drepa is the word; sverði sleginn, 656 C. 4; slá af, to slay. Bs. ii. 56, 89, Stj. 183; slá af hest, to kill a horse, send it to the knacker: to smite with sickness, slá með likþrá, blindleik, blindi, Stj.; harmi sleginn, Fms. iii. 11. II. metaph. phrases; slá kaupi, to strike a bargain, Ld. 30, Fms. ii. 80; slá máli í sátt, to put it to arbitration, Fms. x. 403; slá kaupi saman, Fb. ii. 79: slá fylking, to dress up a line of battle, Fms. viii. 408; slá öllu fólki í mannhringa, x. 229; slá hring um, to surround, Nj. 275. Fas. ii. 523; slá manngarð, mannhring, to form a ring of men round, Eg. 80, 88, Fms. viii. 67, x. 229; eldi um sleginn, Sól.: slá í lás, to slam, lock, Sturl. i. 63: slá eldi í, to set fire to, Fms. vii. 83, xi. 420, Hdl. 47; slá beisli við hest, to put a bridle in a horse's mouth. Fas. ii. 508: slá landtjöldum, to pitch a tent, Eg. 291, Fms. ii. 264; or also, to strike a tent, take it down, Fær. 147; slá landtjalds-stöngunum, to loosen them, Hkr. i. 26; slá festum, to unmoor a ship, ii. 222, Fms. viii. 288, 379; slá undan höfuð-bendunum, to slacken the stays, Al. 67; slá netjum, to put out the nets. Bs. ii. 145; slá hundum (or slá hundum lausum, Fms. ii. 174, x. 326), to slip the hounds, Hom. 120. 2. with prepp.; slá e-n við, to display; slá við segli, to spread the sail, Fas. ii. 523; þá var slegit við öllum búnaði, all was taken into use, Fms. x. 36; ek hefi þó náliga öllu við slegit, því er ek hefi í minni fest, I have put forth all that I recollected, Bs. i. 59: slá e-n upp, to spread a report (upp-sláttr), Fms, viii. 232, ix. 358: slá niðr, to throw down, Hom. 110; hann sló sér niðr, he lay down, Fms. ii. 194; hann slær sér niðr (takes to his bed) sem hann sé sjúkr, Stj. 520; nú er niðr slegit allri vináttu, an end to all friendship, Fms. vi. 286, xi. 72: slá út, to throw out, N.G.L. i. 31; slá út eitrinu, to pour it out, Edda 40: slá saman liðinu, to join the army, Fms. x. 268: slá upp ópi, to strike up, raise a cry, viii. 414, Fb. ii. 125: slá í sundr kjöptunum, ii. 26: slá á e-t, to take to a thing; slá á glens ok glímur, he took to play and sport, Fms. ii. 182; hann sló á fagrmæli við þá, begun flattering, Nj. 167; slá í rán, to betake oneself to robbery, Stj. 400: slá á heit, to take to making a vow, Fs. 91: slá á, to take on oneself; slá á sik sótt, to feign illness, Fms. vi. 32; slá á sik úlfúð, to show anger, ill-will, Eb. 114; skaltú ekki slíku á þik slá, at þrá eptir einni konu, do not betake thyself to that, Ísl. ii. 250: slá e-u af, to put off; eg hefi slegið því af. III. impers., it strikes or breaks out to a thing, i.e. the thing happens; loganum sló út um keröldin, flames broke out round the casks, Fms. i. 128; þá sleri ljósi fyrir hann sem elding væri, x. 394; sló á hann hlátri, he was taken in a fit of laughter, vii. 150; sló ópi á herinn, the men fell a-shouting, viii. 225; þá sleri á uþefjani ok ýldu, x. 379; sló þá í verkjum fyrir brjóstið, Sturl. ii. 127 C. Bs. i. 119; sló þá felmt ok flótta á liðit, the

SLÁ -- SLÉTTR. 567

men were panic-stricken and took to flight, Fms. i. 45; þótt þunga eðr geispa slái á hana, vi. 199; sló mikilli hræðslu á konu þá, viii. 8; sló ifa í skap honum, 655 xii. 3, Stj. 424; því slær á (it so happens), at hann réttir höndina í ljósit, Bs. i. 462; slær þegar í bardaga, it came to a fight, Fms. xi. 32; sló með þeim í mestu deilu, x. 99; í kappmæli, Fb. i. 327; hér slær í allmikit úefni, Nj. 246; var mjök í gadda slegit, at hann mundi fá hennar (cp. Dan. klapped og klart), 280; þá sló því á þá, at þeir fóru í á með net, Bs. i. 119. B. Reflex. to throw oneself, betake oneself; slósk hón at fram eldinum, she rushed to the fireside, Fms iv. 339; slásk á bak e-m, to go behind another, Sturl. i. 197 C; slásk aptr, to draw back; gæta þess at eigi slægisk aptr liðit, Ó.H. 214; þeir kómu í Valadal, ok slósk (sic = slógusk) þar inn, broke into the houses, Sturl. ii. 208 C; þá slógusk í Suðreyjar víkingar, Vikings infested, invaded the islands, Fms. i. 245; slásk í för með e-m, to join another in a journey, xi. 129; ef nokkurr slæsk í mat eðr mungát, ok rækir þat meirr enn þingit, Gþl. 15; hann slósk á tal við Guðrúnu, entered into conversation with G., Nj. 129; slásk í sveit með e-m, Ó.H. 202; slásk á spurdaga við e-n, to ask questions, Sks. 302 B; slásk á svikræði, Fms. vi. 179. &FINGER; The slæsk in Ld. 144 is an error for slævask, see sljófa. II. recipr. to fight; hann slóst við Enska í hafi, Ann. 1420, cp. Dan. slaaes, but it is unclass., for berjask is the right word. III. part. sleginn; með slegnu hári, with dishevelled hair, Finnb. 250: hón var mörgu sleginn, whimsical, Gþl. 3 (= blandin): sleginn, surrounded, Akv. 14, 29; sleginn regni, beaten with rain, Vtkv. 5: sleginn, coined, N.G.L. i. 5. slá, ð, to bar; ok sláð rammliga, Fms. i. 104. slá, f. [Engl. a weaver's slay], a bar, bolt, cross-beam, Fms. i. 179; slá um þvert skipit, Nj. 44, 125; slárnar eða spengrnar, Stj. 45; hann renndi frá slánum, þeim er vóru á virkis-hurðunni, ok lauk upp virkinu, Bs. i. 672. slá-járn, n. an iron bar, Fms. ii. 179. sláni, a, m. a gaunt and clownish boor, Edda ii. 496; sláni, strákrinn þeirra hann Indriði, Piltr og Stúlka 36. slána-legr, adj. slápr, m. a word of abuse, of a good-for-nothing, Edda ii. 496. SLÁTR, n. [slag, slá, a contr. form, cp. Engl. slaughter] :-- butcher's meat, K.Þ.K. 102, K.Á. 190, Nj. 75, Ísl. ii. 331, Ó.H. 33; limr slátrs, Gþl.; slátr allt ok beinin með, eta s. allt af beinum. Edda 31; ný slátr er hér nú at höndla, Sturl. i. 169. COMPDS: slátr-diskr, m. a plate with meat, Fms. vii. 160. slátr-fé, n. cattle fit for slaughter, Fær. 248, Eg. 220, Orkn. 334, Gullþ. 67. slátr-fórn, f. a bloody sacrifice, 625. 177. slátr-föng, n. pl. provision of butcher's meat, Bs. i. 549. slátr-gripr, m. a head of cattle for slaughter, Fb. iii. 453. slátr-mangari, a, m. a 'slaughter-monger,' butcher, N.G.L. ii. 204. slatr-sauðr, m. a sheep for slaughter, Fær. 160, Hkr. ii. 349. slátra-störf, n. pl. slaughtering, Korm. 34. slátr-tollr, m. a butcher's toll, Gþl. slátr-trog, n. a trough with butcher's meat, Fs. 72. slátr-vist, f. butcher's meat. Fms. ix. 360. slátra, að, to slaughter cattle, with dat. or absol., Am. 20, Karl. 330, Bs. i. 646, Grág. i. 147. slátta, u, f., prop. a 'smiting,' mowing; sjau daga s., Pm. 77; viku s., Dipl. v. 5; dag-slátta, q.v. 2. the mowing season; þat var um öndverðar sláttur, Grett. 107 A. 3. of a field; þar er mætisk slátta ok sina, ... eigi skal í sláttu æja, Grág. ii. 291; þar vóru sláttur í ok sæði, meadows and corn-fields, Bjarn. 22; sláttur þær er í almenningi eru, Gþl. 454; ef tveir menn ganga í eina sláttu, go to mow in the same field, 455; hann hafði þar sláttu, Lv. 84. II. money struck or stamped, coin; Haralds-slátta, the bad coin of king Harold, Fms. vi. 243; silfr-s., silver coining. COMPDS: sláttu-kaup, n. mowers' wages, Finnb. 344. sláttu-maðr, m. a mower, Sturl. iii. 103. sláttu-tími, a, m. the mowing season, Grett. 66 new Ed. sláttr, m., gen. sláttar, dat. slætti :-- a smiting, mowing; vera at slætti, Ísl. ii. 346; leið nú til þess er tekið var til sláttar, Grett. 121 A: freq. in mod. usage = slátta, túna-sláttr, engja-sláttr, the season for mowing the home-field and the out-field. 3. the striking an instrument = slagr; drepa strengi til sláttar, Stj. 458. sledda, u, f. a large knife, scimitar, Ann. 1393. SLEÐI, a, m. [Old Engl. sled ('the sledded Polack,' Hamlet, and so still in North. E.); Engl. sledge; Germ. schlitte; Dan. slæde, cp. Engl. slide] :-- a sledge, Sdm. 15, Grág. ii. 295, N.G.L. ii. 118, 121, Landn. 94, Eg. 543, Eb. 188, 190, Fs. 55 Ó.H. 85. Gísl. 37, passim; sleða-menn, Fms. ix. 352; sleða-höfuð, Mar. COMPDS: sleð-færi, n.; s. gott, good sledging, Fas. ii. 5. sleð-meiðr, m. (see meiðr), Eb. 190. slefa, u, f. slaver (Lat. saliva), Edda 20, Sks. 229; slefu-speldi, a bib or tucker round the neck of children. 2. poët, a serpent, from its slime: a nickname, Hkr. slefu-mæltr, part. drawling in talking. sleggja, u, f. [from slá, slag; A.S. slecge], a sledge-hammer, Bs. i. 346, Dipl. iii. 4, Vm. 154, Þ;iðr. 166; með hömrum ok sleggjum, Al. 171; the phrase, verða milli steins ok sleggju, to come between the hammer and the anvil, Fas. i. 34; rek-s., a sledge-hammer; fiska-s., járn-s.: in Icel. the sleggja is often a round stone with a hole for the handle: sleggju-nef, a club-nose. 2. sleggja, a nickname, Vd. sleif, f., pl. sleifar, [Dan. slæv], a ladle, esp. a wooden ladle to stir with. sleiking, f. licking, Greg. 23. SLEIKJA, ð and t, [Dan. slikke; Lancashire slaak; cp. Engl. lick, American slick, Germ. lecken; Lat. linguere; Gr. GREEK] :-- to lick, Stj. 601, Al. 166, N.G.L. iii. 258; kýrin sleikti steinana, Eb. 316; hón (the cow) sleikti hrímsteina er saltir vóru, Edda 4; s. blótbolla sína, Fms. ii. 309 (x. 353); s. sár, Greg. 23; þar kómu hundar og sleiktu hans sár. Luke xv. 21: with dat., Fms. viii. 410; s. um e-t, Eb. 320; var-at af vöru, sleikti um þvöru, Fs. 159. sleikja, u, f. a lump (of porridge, etc.) Sleipnir, m. the 'slipper,' the name of Odin's eight-footed steed, see Edda, Sdm., Gm. sleipr, adj. [North. E. slape], slippery, Vígl. 31; háfa steinstrætið heimsins sleipt, hefir mér opt í vanda steypt, Pass. 34. 14, freq. in mod. usage. sleita, u, f. backsliding; með ofrkappi ok sleitum, Sks. 341; lögkrókar ok sleitur, 439; vinna mál með sleitum, Fas. iii. 196; drekka við sleitur, to drink unfairly, in a drinking-bout = Gr. GREEK, Eg. 258. COMPDS: sleitu-dómr, m. a sham court, law quirks, Anecd. 12. Sleitu-Helgi, a nickname, Landn. sleitu-laust, n. adj., in drekka s., to drink without heel-taps, Eg. 552, Fms. vi. 241 C. sleitu-liga, adv.; drekka s., Gr. GREEK, Orkn. 246. slekt, f. [Dan. slægt; from Germ. ge-schlecht], kind, order; riddara-slekt, Edda (pref.), Bs. ii. 10, 122; konungs garðs s., Stj. 1; ef eg skal dæmdr af Danskri slekt, | og deyja svo fyrir Kongsins mekt, Jón Arason; the word is unclass. slembir, m. [akin to slæmr], a nickname, also slembi-djákn, m. a sham deacon, Fms. vii. slembra, u, f. a clot; in grautar slembra, a small spoonful of porridge. SLEN, n. sloth; nú muntú verða at draga slenit af þér, mannskræfan, Grett. 91: also medic. dullness, slen ok máttleysi, slen og doði. COMPDS: slen-skapligr (slen-samr, slen-samligr), adj. slothful, N.G.L. ii. 417 (note 15). slen-skapr, m. slotbfulness, laziness, Al. 34, 42, N.G.L. ii. 418. slengja, d, to sling, with dat.; see slyngja, slöngva. slensía, u, f. = slen, sloth. slentr, n. sloth, idle lounging, Grett. 100 A. slepja, u, f. slime, viscous matter, esp. on the skin of fishes and snakes. slepjugr, adj. dabbled with slime, slimy. SLEPPA, slepp, slapp, sluppu, slyppi, slyppinn, [A.S. slipan; Engl. slip] :-- to slip, slide; sleggjan slapp (slipped) ór hendi honum, Bs. i. 342; sluppu honum fætr, his feet slipped, Fms. viii. 393; ál svá hálan, at hann sleppr manni, an eel so slippery that it slips out of one's hands, Stj. 69. 2. to slip away, escape; ef Þórólfr skal sleppa, Boll. 342; láta e-t s. hjá sér, Fas. i. 92; hinir hafa refsingar-lausir undan sloppit, N.G.L. i. 123. 3. to slip, fail, miss; vera má at fleiri sé sátir á skóginum ef hin fyrsta slyppi, may be there will be more ambushes if the first should fail. Eg. 568; ef yðr sleppr at festa hendr á Birni, if you fail to get hold of Bjorn, Bjarn. 52. sleppa, t, [Dan. slippe], the causal of the preceding word :-- to make slip out of one's hand, let slip, with dat.; Þorgils hafði sleppt öxinni, Th. had laid the axe away, Fs. 131: freq. in mod. usage, slepptu mér, let me go. sleppa, u, f. a nickname, Fms. ix. 294 ( = slappi?). sleppi-fengr, adj. butter-fingered, of one who lets slip, Grett. 137. sleppr, adj. slippery; af-sleppr, taper-formed, so that it slips out of the hand; með því at þeim hafði svá sleppt til tekizk, i.e. they had made a mess of it, missed it, Eb. 162. sletta, t, [from slá, slag, as a kind of iterative], to slap, dab, with dat.: of liquids -- skvetta, taka spann fullt vatns ok sletta á þau, N.G.L. i. 358; hann þreif upp skyrkyllinn ok sletti framan í fang hans, Grett. 66 new Ed.; hann sletti í munn sér skegginu, he slapped the beard into his mouth, Dropl. 25; heir slettu eptir henni svipu, Bs. i. 453; hann sletti flötu sverðinu um herðar honum, slapped him with the flat of the sword, Sturl. ii. 60, Fas. iii. 102, Þorf. Karl. 428; slettust fitjarnar um hellis-gólfit, Fas. iii. 386: þeir mega sletta skyrinu sem það eiga, see skyr: in mod. usage sletta expresses bespattering with slabby matter, skvetta with pure fluids. sletta, u, f. a dab, spot; blek-s., a blot of ink; bak-s., q.v. slétta, t, [Engl. slight; Germ. schlichten], to make plain, level; lítill blær sléttir ok hylr þá vegu, Stj. 16; slétta tún, to level, smooth a field: metaph., slétta yfir e-t, to smooth over a thing; hafit ér vel yfir slétt vanhyggju mína, Ísl. ii. 201, Fms. i. 74; s. um e-t, Clar. slétta, u, f. a plain, level field. Eg. 230, 528, Barl. 209. slétti-baka, u, f. 'smooth-back,' a kind of whale, balaena mysticetus L., Edda, Sks. 128. sletti-reka, u, f. an intruder, meddler. SLÉTTR, adj. [Ulf. slaihts = GREEK, Luke iii. 5; a word common to all Teut. languages, but in the Scandin. the h is lost, as Dan. slet; but in Germ. schlicht and schlecht, in Engl. slight, etc.] :-- plain, flat, even, smooth, level; sléttr steinn, Eg. 141; á sléttum velli, Fms. i. 137, ii. 319, Edda 31; slett land, Fb. i. 431; vellir sléttir, Ó.H. 134; sléttr sjór, a smooth sea; þar sem slétr er, Fms. vii. 297; ú-sléttr, uneven, rough: metaph., segja sínar (farar) eigi sléttar, to tell of one's journey not having been smooth, i.e. that

568 SLÉTTFJALLAÐR -- SLJÓFGA.

it had all gone wrong, Orkn. 68, Eg. 75, Nj. 254, Ld. 64, Fms. i. 75: gengu þeir slétt (straight) út af borðunum, Fms. ii. 319. 2. neut. slétt, just, precisely; þat nægðisk öllum slétt, Stj. 293: smonthly, well, eigi mundi ferðin takask slétt, the journey would not go smoothly, Fms. ii. 127; tala slétt, to talk smoothly, Hkr. i. 10; mæla slétt, Hom. 151; hyggja því flárra sem hann talar sléttara, Bjarn. 21. II. [Germ. schlecht; Dan. slet], slight, trivial, common; tvenn bakstr-járn ok in þriðju slétt, Vm. 58; Maríu-líkneski tvau ok þriðja slétt, Pm. 1, (but rare.) COMPDS: slétt-fjallaðr, adj. smooth-skinned, Fas. iii. 77. slétt-lendi, n. a flat land. Fms. vii. 70, Stj. 371. slétt-lendr, adj. flat, of land, Stj. 94. slétt-máll (-máligr, Nj. 89, v.l.), adj. smooth-spoken, Nj. 84, Bjarn. 71. slétt-mæli, n. smooth language, Thom. slétt-orðr, adj. = sléttmáll, Fms. vii. 120. slétt-smíðaðr, part. smooth-worked, and slétt-smíði, n. 'smooth work,' goldsmith's work, and the like, smoothed with the hammer, Rétt. 2. 10, 49. slétt-yrði, n. smooth words, Barl. 121, 164. sleyma, u, f. a scamp, a term of abuse, Edda (Gl.) ii; cp. slæmr, adj. slig, n. strain, a horse disease, Bs. i. 389. sliga, að, to strain a horse: reflex. to be strained: sligaðr, strained. slinkr, a nickname, Fms. x. 123. slinni, a, m. a clownish fellow, boor, Edda ii. 495. slinna-ligr, adj. clownish. slit, n. [slíta], a slit, tear; kápa komin at sliti, a worn-out cloak, Band. 5; rif ok slit, Bs. ii. 143; það er ekki til slits; kvið-slit, hernia. 2. metaph. in pl. a rupture, breach, Þiðr. 94; sifja-slit, frið-slit, flaum-slit, q.v. slita, u, f. 'cismos,' þat er 'slita' at váru máli, Skálda 184. slitna, að, (neut. of slita), to be rent, break, of a cord, rope, string, or the like (rifna, being used of cloth, etc.); festr mun, s., Vsp. 41, Am. 35, Fms. vii. 13, Grett. 101, MS. 656 C. 31, Karl. 450; slitnaði skóþvengr hans, Nj. 74: medic. of hernia, kviðrinn slitnaði, Bs. i. 121, 208: metaph. to end, break up, Lv. 11, Fs. 21: kaupmáli slitnar, Þiðr. 85. 2. to be torn in tatters. slitr or slitri, n. shreds, tatters, Grett. 101, 114 A; klæða-slitr, Vm. 77, Pm. 133, Finnb. 246. slitti, n. tatters, = slitr, Clar. slitt-mæli, n. a reproach for slothfulness, Sturl. ii. 192. Slittungar, m. pl. the name of a rebel party in Norway, Fms, ix. slíð, f. [Ulf. sleiþa = GREEK], punishment, the name of one of the rivers of hell, a place for the wicked, Vsp. SLÍÐR, adj., the r is radical, [Ulf. sleiþis = GREEK, cp. sleiþis = GREEK; A.S., slíð, slîdor] :-- fearful; hefndir slíðrar ok sárar, Gh. 5; í slíðri Súðvík, in the fatal Southwick, of a place of battle, Ó.H. 19 (in a verse). COMPDS: slíðr-beittr, adj. sharp as a rasor, Akv. 22, Eb. (in a verse). slíðr-fengligr, adj. dire, fearful, Gh. 1. slíðr-hugaðr, adj. atrocious, Lex. Poët. slíðr-liga, adv. savagely; eta s., Haustl. slíðrug-tanni, a, m. 'the boar with the awful tusk,' the name of Frey's boar, Edda. slíðra, að, to sheath, put in the scabbard, Nj. 185, Fas. i. 529, 576, Þórð. 49 new Ed., Al. 44, Karl. 240, Pass. 7. 5. slíðrar, f. pl. (slíðrin, n. pl., Eg. 304), [Engl. slither, sliver]; slíðr, as well as skeiðir, prop. means a lath or 'slither,' used to make cases for knives and swords, see Fritzner, s.v.; whence 2. a sheath, scabbard; slíðrar, Karl. 331 (slíðrir, v.l.); sverð brugðið í miðjar slíðrar, Bs. i. 660 (slíðrir, Sturl. ii. 23 C. l.c.); slíðrirnar, Edda i. 606 (slíðrar, Ub. l.c.); ganga, draga, bregða, renna, ór slíðrum, Korm. 84, 242, Eg. 30, Band, (in a verse), Fas. i. 57 (in a verse), Orkn. (in a verse), Nj. 159, Sd. 159: in poetry names for a sword, sliðra-tunga, scabbard-tongue; sliðr-áll, scabbard-eel; slíðr-logi, 'scabbard-lowe;' slíðr-vöndr, sliver-wand: slíðr-dreginn, -toginn, epithets of a sword, Lex. Poët. slíki-steinn, m. a 'sleek-stone,' a fine whetstone, D.I. i. 255, Vm. 6. slíkisteins-auga, n. the eye or hole of a whetstone, a nickname, Ld. slíkja, u, f. a smooth, thin texture. slíkju-ligr, adj. smooth, of a kerchief. slíkr, adj. sleek, smooth; hrognkelsi líkr, | var á holdi slíkr, flabby-fleshed, of a lump-fish, Bjarn. (in a verse). SLÍKR, adj., prop. a compd. qs. svá-líkr, so-líkr; [Ulf. swa-leiks = GREEK; A.S. swilc, i.e. swa ylc = so like; Early Engl. silk, whence mod. Engl. such, with the l dropped; Scot, sic; Germ. solch; Dan. slig; Swed. slik] :-- such; slíkr maðr, such a man, Fms. i. 99; slíkr maðr sem, Eg. 759; slíkan sem, Fms. i. 21; slíkt sems, Am. 103; slíks úfriðar, sem ..., Ísl. ii. 242; slíkt lið sem hann fékk, Fms. i. 74: slíkr svá, such-like; með slíkum svá fortölum, Al. 33; meira enn slíkt svá, Fms. v. 303; at slíkum svá, mönnum, vi. 99: slíkt ok it sama, Post. 645. 66, Stj. 356: neut., ef slíkt skyldi þreyta, Fms. ii. 176; er hann slíkt um fregn, Vsp. 30. 2. similar; slíkan löst, Hm. 97: neut., átt þú slíkt at frétta, the same news, Am. 78, Rekst. 8; svara slíku, to answer in such wise, Ó.H. (in a verse); annat slíkt, Akv. 6; slíks var þar ván, Fms. i. 74 . slíkt megu vér nú reyna, Nj. 97. 3. this, that, it; þér skulut slíku ráða, Eb. 46 new Ed.; fylgðit saðr slíku, Am. 45; slíkt er válaðs vera, Hm. 10. II. neut. slíkt, as adv. in such wise, so; slíkt sem annar-staðar, Ó.H. 47; slíkt er þér líkar, as it likes thee, 114; hann var slíkt íllr sem faðir hans, just as bad as his father, Stj. 585, 588, 625; slíkan, id.; hygg ek at slíkan mun hafa farit um annat, just so, Eg. 6l; at slíku, id., Stj. 82. SLÍM, n. [A.S. slîm; Engl. slime; Germ. schleim, etc.] :-- slime; dró af slímit augunum, Bs. i. 315, H.E. i. 513, Mar.: passim. slíma, u, f. sliminess. slímu-setr, n., in the phrase, sitja slímusetr; in olden times, when wayfarers were hospitably entertained, a man who remained as guest above a certain time (three days at most, and for a stranger a single night) was said to sitja s., and was regarded as a vagrant or cosherer, and might be punished, N.G.L. i. 72, Gþl. 200; cp. þat var engi siðr at sitja lengr en þrjár nætr at kynni, it was not manners to stay longer than three nights in a visit. Eg. 698: exactly the same is still said in Scotland, see Lockhart's 'Life of Sir W. Scott,' 1871, p. 589, in a foot-note. slípa, t, [Germ. schleifen; Dan. slibe; Swed. slipa], to whet. II. reflex. to be slim and sleek; þó slípist jór og slitni gjörð, slettunum ekki kvíddu, hugsaðu hvárki um himin né jörð, en haltú þér fast og ríddu, Pál Vídal. slípari, a, m, [Germ. schleifer; Dan. sliber], a whetter, N.G.L. ii. 204 (v.l. 23), Rétt. 2. 10. SLÍTA, slít; pret. sleit, sleizt, sleit. pl. slitu; subj. slíti; imperat. slít, slíttu; part. slitinn: [A.S. slîtan; Engl. slit; Dan. slide] :-- to slit, break, of a string, rope (rífa, of cloth); snara er slitin, 623. 36; slíta þráðu, reip, bönd. Sól. 37, Stor. 7; s. í sundr svá mjótt band, Edda 20; þeir sýndu honum silki-bandið ok báðu hann slíta, id.; þær fá nú varla svá títt spunnit örlaga-þráð sem ein slíta, Al. 141; hann tók Mistiltein ok sleit upp, Edda 37; sleit hann af sér slæðurnar, Fms. vii. 149; Steinarr vildi s. hann af sér, threw him off, Eg. 747; sleit hann undan veðr, the gale drove him out of his course, Landn. (Hb.) 27. 2. metaph. to break, break off; slíta skipan, Al. 109; s. þing, to break off a meeting, dissolve, Fms. i. 34, vi. 193 (þinginu v.l.); s. félag, Gísl. 13; s. samnað, to disperse, Fms. ix. 369; þá var niðr slegit ok slitið samhald þat, vi. 286; ef þó væri baði þing áðr slitin, divided, Grág. i. 116; slíta sáttir. Am. 67; s. málstefnunni, Ó.H. 33. β. with dat. to break with a thing, i.e. break it up, dissolve; munu þér slitið fá flokki Bagla, Fms. ix. 267; slíta þingi, to dissolve a þing altogether, Grág. i. 116; áðr þinginu sé slitið, before it be dissolved, Fms. i. 34, Hrafn. 19; var slitið veizlunni, Ld. 32; slitu þeir handlaginu, Ölk. 36; s. tali, Ld. 320; s. gildinu, Eg. 23; s. bardaganum, Fms. xi. 96; slíta búi, N.G.L. i. 201; s. svefni, Helr. 9. II. to rend, tear; brynja haus var slitin til únýts, Fms. i. 173; sár hef ek sextan, slitna bryniu, Fas. i. 427 (in a verse): to tear like a wild beast, Vsp. 45; slítr nái nefför, 50; hrafnar slitu sjónir ór höfði þeim, Sól. 67; ef dýr eða foglar s. hræ manna, Eg. 580; jarl lét s. hold hans með ullar-kömbum, Blas. 44: s. sundr, to break asunder; þat mun satt, es vér slitum í sundr lögin, at vér monom slíta ok friðinn, Íb. 12; klæði sundr slitin, torn asunder, Grett. 115; ísar með sundr slitnum vökum, Sks. 175 B; hendr með sundr slitnum fingrmn, with separated fingers, i.e. not webbed, 169. 2. to tear and wear out, of clothes; hann mun eigi mörgum skyrtunum slíta, he will not wear out many shirts, not live long, Þorst. hv. 53; slitnir skór, worn-out shoes, Ísl. ii. 80; slitinn sekkr, Stj. 366; dúkr slitinn, Pm. 62; bjórr slitinn, 108; Ingjaldr svarar, ek hefi vánd klæði, ok hryggir mik eigi þó ek slíta þeim ekki görr, I have bad clothes, and care not whether I wear them out or not, i.e. I am an old man, and care not for my life, Gísl. 50; s. barns-skónum, see skór; slitinn skrúði, Dipl. v. 18; slitið klæði, Vm. 21; með slitnum hökli. III. metaph., slíta ór e-u, to decide; hann kvað lögmann ór þessu s. skyldu, Nj. 237; en konungr slítr eigi ór því svá brátt, Fbr. 119 (ór-slit): berr hann upp þetta mál við þá, þeir slíta þat ór, at ..., Róm. 321. IV. impers. one breaks off a thing, i.e. it is torn off, from its moorings or fastenings; sleit af honum mann á báti, Landn. 28; ef fjósir (acc.) slítr út fyrir honum eða bein, ok rekr á annars manns fjöru, Grág. ii. 360; um allt þat er fémætt slítr út af hval ... ef urgur eru í þjósum þeim er út slítr, Jb. 320. 2. to be cut short, end; munu því allir verða fegnir várir menn, at slíti þessa þrásetu, that it shall come to an end, Fms. viii. 441; with dat., slítr þar tali þeirra, Fms. xi. 112; slítr þar hjali, 47; sleit Fróða frið, Hkv. i. 13; borgir ok kastalar ok þorp, svá at hvergi slítr, in an unbroken line, Fms. vii. 94; at slitið væri friðinum milli Norðmanna ok Dana, Hkr. iii. 176: þar til er ór slítr með mönnum, till it comes to an end, Nj. 105; hann vill fylgja þér, þar til er ór slítr með ykkr Hrafnkatli, Hrafn. 19. V. reflex., slítask, to tear oneself loose; slítask or höndum e-m, Sks. 598; Þórólfr sleitzk ór þessi þröngu brott, Fms. viii. 249: part., klukka slitin af ryði, Ísl. ii. 459. sljákka, að, qs. sljófga, to abate. sljófa, að, to blunt, make blunt, Mar.; but usually in II. reflex. sljófask, sljófgask, to grow slow, dull, blunt, of a sword, Fas. i. 507; sýn (the sight) sljóvask, Stj. 86, Fms. ii. 286; minnit sljófast, Bs. ii. 110; sýn sljófask, Stj. 16, Fb. i. 471; sljófaðr, blunted, dull, Dan. slövet, Mar.; sljóvaðisk grimmleikr margra, Al. 126; sljófgaðisk skap jarlsins, was blunted, smoothed, Sturl. ii. 55. sljófga, að, sljófgast = sljófast, Fas. i. 507, Sturl. ii. 25.

SLJÖLEIKR -- SLÆFA. 569

sljó-leikr, m. dulness, Bs. ii. 126. sljó-liga, slæ-liga, adv. slowly, dully, carelessly, opp. to briskly, Al 34, Stj. 531; reiða sverð s., Fms. x. 360 (sljáliga, ii. 322, Hkr. i. 343, l.c.); róa slæliga, Fms. ix. 301; ú-slæliga, deftly, xi. 277. sljó-ligr, slæ-ligr, adj. blunt, slow; er þá för vár sljólig, Fs. 66. SLJÓR, sljó, sljótt; before a vowel the v appears, sljóvan, sljóvum, ... (also spelt with f); the older form is slær, slæ, slæ, slætt (slævan, etc.), or even sljár, Ld. 312, v.l.; analogous to snjór, snjár, snær: sjór, sjár, sær; mjór, mjár, mær: [A.S. sláw; Engl. slow; Dan. slöv] :-- blunt, Lat. hebes; sverð sljó ok brotin, Fms. ii. 322; þó at sverðin sé slæ, x. 360; sljó öx. Fs. 184; sverð vár eru slæ, Hkr. i. 343; með slævu sverði, Fm. 30; slætt sverð, Fbr. (in a verse); með hljóði sljófu, a dull sound, Skálda 160. 2. metaph., hann hvessir sljófa en hrýnir hugrakka, Al. 33; þótti honum hann í öllu slær, Sturl. iii. 117; at hann hefði verit mikilsti slær, er hann hefði eigi bannsettan Rafn, Bs. i. 775; gefa enum slævurum sigr, Ls. 22, 23. slóðra, að, slöðra, as it is spelt in editions, is less correct, for the mod. slóra, q.v., is a contracted and corrupt form of sloðra (oð = ó); [cp. Ulf. slauþjan] :-- to drag or trail oneself along; sloðruðu þeir þá vestr af heiðinni, Sturl. iii. 158; þeir sloðruðu svá til lands, 163; flestir gátu fengit bakkann ok sloðruðu svá at landi, Fb. ii. 511 (slöðruðu, Orkn. 456, l.c., but less correct); hefir ek ekki spurt til sanns hverjum þá sloðraði (sloþraðe Cod.), Ölk. 36. slok, n. [Engl. sluice; Dan. slug; cp. Germ. schlucht], the sluice by which the water is led to the wheel of a water-mill, B.K. 81, D.N. iv. 536; hann var mylnu-vörðr ok hafði vaktað slok (sloa Ed.) undir mylnurnar, Post. 246 (the printed Ed.) sloka, að, [Dan. sluge] , to slop. slokna, að, [Dan. slukkes; N. Lancashire slocken; Engl. slake], to be extinguished; brennr ... sloknar, Hm. 50; ljós (log, ekir) sloknar, Rb. 352, Fms. iv. 28, xi. 35, Fb. ii. 8, 129, Gísl. 29, Gullþ. 50; sloknar hann aldregi hvárki af vindi né vætum, Stj. 86; gaus upp stundum eldrinn en stundum sloknaði niðr, Nj. 204: part., þá er sloknaðr var eldrinn, Edda (pref.) slokr, n. the slaver, saliva, from the mouth of animals. sloppr, m. [A.S. and Engl. slop; Germ. schleppe; akin to Dan. slæbe], a slop, gown, a loose trailing garment; brynja undir sloppi, Fms. vi. 158; vaðm;áls sloppr, Bs. i. 674: esp. of a priest's white gown, skrýddr sloppum ok kantara-kápum, 186, Vm., Pm., D.I., Dipl. passim; slopp-slitri, a tattered gown, Pm. 133; slopp-töturr, id., 124 (spelt slof-töturr, Bs. i. 565). slor, n. the offal of fish, used as dung: slorugr, adj. bedabbled with slor. slot, n. abatement; vind-slot, Alm.; veðra-slot, bylja-slot. II. = Germ. schloss, Dan. slot, but mod. and rare. SLOTA, að, slotir, Hom. (St.); the pret. would be slotti, but is not found (cp. þora þorði þorað); mod. usage distinguishes between slúta = to hang down, and slota = to abate; [cp. Germ. schliessen and schluss] :-- to hang down, droop; láta slota hendr niðr með síðu ok höfðusk ekki at, Fms. ii. 229,; láttú slota hattinn, Nj. 32; hann var í kufli ok lét slúta hattinn, Sturl. ii. 230, Fas. i. 61 (both paper MSS.): slota við, to slink away; ok er ekki at slota við eða svara skatyrðum, Fms. vii. 20; þat þú þegir við ok slotir, Hom. (St.) II. impers. it abates, of wind, gale; veðrinu slotar, the wind abates. sló, f. the bone in the hollow of the horns of animals. SLÓÐ, f. [cp. Ulf. slauþjan; Engl. sleuth, slot, in sleuth-hound], a track or trail in snow or the like; slóð Fáfnis, Sæm. 133; kómu á manna-för, ok lá sú slóð framm á skóginn, Eg. 578; þá skildi ok slóðina, 579; hann seri því eptir í slóðna, Ó.H. 135; skuluð ér nú fara at slóð þessi, Fms. iv. 340. II. plur. slóðir. a ship's wake; þá, velkti úti lengi í hafi, ok kómu þeir ekki á þær slóðir sem þeir vildu, Þorf. Karl. 390. slóð-gata, u, f. a track-way, Fas. (in a verse). slóði, a, m. [slóð], a truss of fagots trailed along; draga slóða, to drag a slot or trail; and metaph. to leave a slot behind, be fatal; slóða mun draga, at því er ek hygg, Band.; má annars staðar meiri slóða draga enn hér, Nj. 54. COMPDS: slóða-hrís, n. a truss of brushwood, Grág. ii. 338 (Jb. 218). slóða-stöð, f., slóða-vegr, m. a track-way., tram-way, D N. II. of a person, a sloven, slothful fellow. slóða-legr, adj. slothful. slóða-skapr, m. slothfulness. slóg, n. the eatable inwards (liver etc.) of a fish. slókr, m. [North. E. slotch], a slouching fellow, Edda ii. 495. slóra (slórir, stórði, slórt), contr. from sloðra, [Engl. slur], to trail or lounge about; hvað ertu að slóra þarna! see sloðra. slóttugr, adj. sly, wily; ú-slóttigr, guileless, Hom. 148; eigi s. ok einfaldr, Hom. (St.) sludda, u, f. [cp. Dan. slud = sleet; North. E. slutch], a clot of spittle or mucus; hor-s. slumsa, að, to slop and swill, like swine. slund-samliga, adv. flabbily(?), Eb. 37 new Ed. slunginn, part. as adj., see slyngva. slungnir, m. the name of a mythical steed, Edda. slúta, t, to project, hang down; see slota (I), as also skúta. slydda, u, f. [Dan. slud], sleet, cold rain, wet. slyðra, u, f. a flabby lump; blóðugar slyðrur, Grett. 153 new Ed. slyðrask, að, qs. sloðrast; ymsir fóru á kné eða slyðruðust fyrir öðrum, Grett. 167 new Ed. (in Cod. Upsal.) slyndra, u, f. = slyðra; mör-slyndra, of a lean animal. slyngr, adj. versed, skilled; s. við íþróttir, Fas. iii. 195: slyngum þeim sláttu-manni, Hallgr.; e-m er e-t slyngt, to be expert in a thing, Grett. 118 A. 2. as a nickname, Fms. x. 123. SLYNGVA or slöngva, pres. slyng; pret. slöng or slaung, slungu: part. slunginn; this strong verb, however, is defective in its tenses and persons, and is chiefly used in poets, but rarely in prose; and later it was displaced by the weak slöngva, ð (or mod. slengja, ð), except in the part. slunginn, which remained: [Dan. slynge; A.S. slingan; Engl. sling]:-- to sling, fling, throw, with dat. as Engl. to throw with a thing: I. strong forms: 7alpha;. poets; Sinfjötli slöng upp við rá rauðum skildi, Hkv. 1. 33; eik slaung und þér, the ship swung away under thee, Fms. vi. 174 (in a verse); sungu or slungu snúðga steini, they swung and slung the rolling mill-stone, Gs. 4; but weak, svá slöngðu (for slungu) vit snúðga steini, 12 (in the same poem); döggu slunginn, bedewed, Hkv. 2. 36; slunginn vafur-loga, encircled in a wavering flame, Fsm. β. prose; þeir slungu þar landtjöldum sínum. Fms. xi. 371, v.l.; því næst slyngr (but slöngvir v.l. from a vellum) Surtr eldi yfir jörðina ok brennir allan heim, Edda i. 192; var þessu kaupi slungit, the bargain was struck, Ld. 96: with the notion to twist, nú er svá félagi, at í vandkvæði er slungit, we are 'in a twist,' in difficulties. Fms. vi. 114; slungit gull, twisted, coiled gold, Lex. Poët.; horna-tog var slungit af silfri, of a cord, twisted of silver, Fb. i. 320: slunginn, as adj. versed, cunning, s. við e-t, Bárð. 164: freq. in mod. usage as adj. slungnari, more cunning: slungnastr, most cunning. II. weak forms: α. in poetry, Gs. 12, but better slungu. β. in prose; hann skaut í slönguna ok slöngði síðan, Stj. 465; tóku þeir brandana ok slöngðu út á þá, Nj. 201; slöngvir hann þá stokkinum, 202; ok slöngði frá durunum, Fms. ii. 160; slógu menn eldi í keröldin, ok . slöngðu at virkinu, i. 128; slöngvit mér at borginni, sling me from the catapult into the burgh, ix. 10; slöngja stóru grjóti, Sks. 410 B; þat grjót, er þeir vilja slöngva, 422 B; hann hafði slengt (better slöngt) hringnum útanborðs, Fas. i. 27 (paper MS.) slyppr, adj. [sleppa, sluppu], prop. unarmed, weaponless; ek hugðumk ganga hér ór garði einn saman ok slyppr, Glúm. 375; gengu þeir á land upp slyppir, Eg. 81; gakk eigi slyppr, Fbr. 58; sumir gengu slyppir á vald biskups, Sturl. ii. 7 C, Orkn. 114; engi þorði at honum at ráða þó at hann væri s., 105; at þú bærir vápn, en færir eigi slyppr sem konur, Ísl. ii. 407; haf þú saxit í hendi, ok ver eigi s., Fbr. 58; brast sverðit sundr undir hjöltunum, -- Nú kalla ek, at Hrafn sé sigraðr, er hann er s., Ísl. ii. 258. SLYS, n. a mishap, mischance, accident; slys mun þat þykkja, er hann hjó hönd af konu sinni, Eb. 60; vóru fallnir niðr hlekkir ór söðli hennar, ok var þat bæði slys ok fjár-skaði, Bs. i. 341; sigrask af slysi e-s, Korm. 90; Dofra þótti þá mikit orðit slys sitt, ef hann hefði drepit piltinn, Fb. i. 565, Bs. ii. 175; Þorgils bað þá gæta sín við slysum, Ld. 280 C. 2. a mischief; hefir hann miklu slysi á oss komit, Fms. xi. 151 C; erfitt mun þér verða at bæta öll slys Hallgerðar, it will go hard with thee to mend all H.'s mischief, Nj. 54; mér þykkir þú ráðinn til nökkurra slysa, Fs. 42. COMPDS: slysa-för, slys-ferð, slys-för, f. an ill-fated journey, Fbr. 31 new Ed., Th. 76, Fas. ii. 437. slysa-gjarnt, adj. ill-fated; e-m verðr s., Grett. 115 A (slys-gjarnt, 86 new Ed.) slysa-laust, n. adj. without mischance, accident, Grett. 150 A, Fas. iii. 187. slysa-vænt, n. adj. unlucky, Fms. v. 254. slysast, að, dep. to suffer mischance. slysinn, adj. mischievous, bringing ill-luck; maðr s. ok rógsamr, Eb. 44: in mod. unlucky (like Germ. fatal), of an awkward fellow who always is blundering, having a broken bone, a cut, or the like. slys-liga, adv. fatally, Fas. i. 460, Band. 14 new Ed. slysni, f. fatality:-- see slysinn. slytti, n. [slý], a flabby lump, wet rags or the like; hann er einsog s.! slytti-mákr, m. a lazy fellow, laggard, Grett. (in a verse). slyttinn, adj. flabby, sluggish; s. ok linaflaðr, Fb. i. 521. slyttu-mannliga, adv. flabbily, sluggishly, Mag. SLÝ, n., botan. water-cotton, byssus lanuginosa; af sefi eðr slýi, Stj. 253: it was dried and used as tinder, Bs. i. 616 (wrongly spelt slij), freq. in mod. usage. slæða, ð, i.e. slœða, [slóð], to trail; fax svá sítt at slæddi jörð, that it trailed along the ground, Sks. 100; hann slæðir fótspor sín með halanum, Stj. 71. 2. to 'trail the field,' spread manure; ganga um fjall um sinn, ok slátra, ok s. um vár, Grág. i. 147. 3. to drag a river. II. reflex., það hefir slæðst ofan á gólf, of thread or the like swept away and lost. slæður, f. pl. a gown, that trails along the ground; s. af silki, pelli, Eg. 516, 702, Fms. iv. 164, vii. 149, viii. 149, Nj. 149, Fs. 51, 52: the train of a lady's dress, Rm. 26. slæfa, að, to slacken = sljófa, q.v.; slævuðu þær maegður mjök liðveizlu þeirra feðga, Sturl. ii. 61 C. 2. reflex., slævaðisk skap jarlsins,

570 SLÆGÐ -- SMÁR.

his wrath abated, Sturl. ii. 55 C; slævast fyrir bæn e-s, Bs. i. 756; Þorleikr slævast nú (slæsk Ed.) nú í málinu, ok þóttu honum fögr hrossin, Ld. 144. slægð, i.e. slœgð, f. slyness, cunning, Nj. 241, Edda 18, Fms. i. 215, 221, x. 269, Stj. 366, Barl. 103, 175; lastar hann Loka með slægð sína ok vélar, Clem. passim. slægðar-maðr, m. a sly fellow, 655 iii. 2. slægja, ð, [slóg], to clean out fish; s. þorsk, silung, lax. II. [slægr], metaph. to 'clean out,' i.e. to cheat a person or steal a thing; hann þann (the devil) fló þangat ok vildi slægja öndina frá honum, and would steal his soul from him, Niðrst. 5; hversu hann vildi pretta mik ok slægja (to entice) með sínum fagrgala, Barl. 97; s. hug e-s ok hjarta, to entice, ensnare one's heart and mind, 150. 2. impers., eigi slægir mik hér til langvista í Noregi, it tempts me not here to linger in Norway, Grett. 206 new Ed. 3. reflex., slægjask til e-s, to grope or seek for a thing, of gain, the metaphor prob. from cleaning fish; hér er til lítils at slægjask, but little profit to be had, Lv. 46; Þórðr unni henni lítið, hafði hann mjök slægzk til fjár, Th. loved her not, and had married her for her money's sake, Ld. 124. slægja, u, f. profit; mun yðr ekki svá mikil s. at drepa mann þenna, Finnb. 350; þykkir svá mikil s. til mægða við Bolla, Ld. 186: kveðsk miklu meiri slægja (slægr, Fb. l.c.) þykkja til vináttu hans, enn í fé, Orkn. 428. slægju-lauss, adj. unprofitable, Grett. 120 A. slægja, u, f. [from slá], a mown field, = slátta (q.v.), freq. in mod. usage: ó-slægja, the unmown part, in a half-mown field; siðan gékk hann út aptr á völlinn og stráði orfunum til og frá með ó-slægjunni, along the edge of the unmown part of the field, Ísl. Þóðs. i. 12. 2. plur., gjalda slægjur húskörlum sínum á haust, Fbr. 201 (of a kind of Icel. harvest-feast, at mowing time). COMPDS: slægju-land, n. meadow-land. slægju-lauss, -lítill, adj. having little or no land in grass. slægleikr, m. sly, cunning, Nj. 35, 241, Stj. 357. slægliga, adv. slily, cunningly, Barl. 90. slægligr, adj. sly, cunning, Háv. 55, Fms. x. 358, Barl. 152. slæg-pungr, m. a purse to hold one's gains. Fas. iii. 194. SLÆGR, m. a profitable thing, gain, Fas. iii. 194, Orkn. 424, v.l.; segja þeir hversu mikill slægr var til fjárins, Band. 20 new Ed.; vil ek sjá hann, ok virða fyrir mér hverr s. mér þykkir í vera, consider what I think he is worth, Fs. 11; þykki mér þó meiri slægr til hans, Nj. 42, Hem.: hón kvað nú vera slæg í at hitta Hólmverja, Ísl. ii. 77. SLÆGR, i.e. slœgr, adj., compar. slægri, but slægari, Barl. 24, and so in mod. usage; acc. slægjan, Hkv. 2. 10: [Old Engl. sligh; Engl. sly] :-- sly, cunning; slægr í skaplyndi, Nj. 38; grályndr ok s., 85; ormrinn var öllum kvikindum slægri, Sks. 501, Barl. 24; veit ek engan mann slægra, Fms. vi. 18; eigi mun hittask annarr slægri, Band. 35 new Ed.; ú-slægr, Nj. 102. slægr, adj. [slá], kicking, vicious, of a horse. slæg-vitr, adj. 'sly-wise', crafty, Ísl. ii. 72, Fms. x. 420, xi. 254. slæki, n. [Germ. schlank; Engl. lanky], a slender, tall person; þú ert mesta slæki: hence perh. slæki-drengr, a nickname of a lady, Landn. (from her slender stature). slæ-liga, see sljóliga. SLÆMA, i.e. slœma, ð, to slam, i.e. to swing a weapon, to strike at an object almost out of reach; hann slæmir til hans öxinni, Ni. 155; Barði slæmir á síðu honum, Ísl. ii. 365; Sigurðr slæmir til hennar sverðinu ok höggr af henni höndina, O.H.L. 42; slæmdi hann á fót Hrolleifi, Fs. 33; hann fékk brugðit sverðinu, ok slæmir eptir honum, 65. slæmr, adj., without compar. and superl., prop. 'slim,' but only used, II. metaph. vile, bad, very freq. in mod. usage, but not found in old writers; it is a gentler expression than 'vándr' or 'íllr;' used both of men and things, þú ert slæmr, það er slæmt, 'tis a pity. slæmr, m. [akin to sleyma], the 'slim end,' only used as a technical term for the third and last subdivision of an old poem: these poems consisted of three parts, viz. the 'Introduction,' the 'Middle with the burdens' (Stefja-mál), and the 'Slæmr;' hef ek slæm, enn lýk stefjum, I begin the Slæm and finish the Burdens, Rekst. 24, Gd. 41, Harms. 46, Leiðarv. 24; see as specimens the Edit. of the poems in Bs. ii. 196, 215. slæpast, t, dep. [slápr], to lounge: slæpingr, m. a slouching fellow. slær, adj. (see sljór), blunt, Fm. 30, Sturl. iii. 117, Bs. i. 775, Ls. 22, 23, Fms. x. 360 (Hkr. i. 43), Fbr. (in a verse); for the references in full see sljór. slætringr, m. mown grass; ef maðr stelr slætringi af jörðu manns, N.G.L. i. 85 (in ii. 171 spelt sl(?)tringr UNCERTAIN). slæva = sljófa, see slæfa. SLÖKVA, originally a strong verb, of which there remains only the part. slokinn; in all other parts weak, slökvi, slökði or slökti, slökt; in mod. terms usually spelt and sounded with double k (slökkvi), but less correctly; thus slecþi, i.e. slökði, MS. 625. 70; slökþ, Fms. x. 389; slækva, Barl. 135; but slökkva, Fb. i. 435, l. 34; and slecqua, 625. 70: a strong pres. indic. slökkr has, strangely enough, been restored in mod. language instead of slökkvir, which is always found in the vellums and old writers: [Dan. slukke; cp. Engl. slake] :-- to slake, extinguish, esp. of fire; ganga frá sloknum eldi, Gþl. 377; ok var nú allr (the fire) kaldr orðinn ok slokinn, cold and slaked, Fms. xi. 35; Reginn slökkvir nú ljósin öll, Fas. i. 12 (slökkr Ed. from a paper MS.): jafn-skjótt sem þat er slökkt, Stj. 123; þótti mér slökt hit sætasta ljós augna minna, Nj. 187; svá sem vatn slökvir eldinn, 655 xi. 4; hón slökvir svá hans synd sem vatn slökvir eld, K.Á. 76; tekr sefvisk, kastar í ljósit ok slökvir þat, Gísl. 29; s. þrysvar eldinn, 7; þeir fengu eigi fyrr slökt, Fms. viii. 341; báru konur sýru í eldinn ok slöktu niðr fyrir þeim, Nj. 199: metaph., ætt öll farin ok slökð, extinct, dead, Fms. x. 389. 2. to slake, quench, of thirst; slökvir hann þorsta í munni hafðr, Hb. 544. 39; s. andar þorsta, Hom.; slökva hungr sinn, Barl. 35, Fb. i. 435; hann slœktti (sic) þar nú þorsta sinn, Barl. 198. slökvir, m. a slaker, one who extinguishes, Barl. 175, Lex. Poët.: in compds, slökkvi-tól, -vél, fire-engines. slöngva, ð, to sling; see slyngja. slöngvan-baugi, a, m. ring-slinger, the nickname of a king, Fms. slöngvir, m. one who slings away, Lex. Poët. slöp, n. pl. the slimy offal of fish; see slepja. slöttr, m. a heavy, log-like fellow; hann er mesti slöttr. smakka, að, [A.S. smæcigan; Dan. smage; Germ. ge-schmack; Engl. smack] :-- to taste; the word is mod., for in Sks. 163 it is only in the late vellums; the old B l.c. has þefjat; but it is freq. since the Reformation, Pass. 33. 1, 3, 43. 1, Vídal. passim; see smekkr. smala, að, to tend sheep, act as a shepherd, esp. to collect and drive home the flock for milking; with dat., smala fénu, farðu að smala. SMALI, u, m. [from an obsolete adjective smals; A.S. smæl; Engl. small; Germ. schmal] :-- prop. small cattle, esp. sheep, but also goats, Rb. 80; málnytan smala, milch cattle, Grág. i. 158; þá var ok drepinn allskonar s. ok svá hross, Hkr. i. 139; bæði svínum yðrum ok öðrum smala, Fms. xi. 224; tvau kýrlög í smala, two cows' worth in small cattle, Munk. 67; smala-kýrag, id., B.K. 55; smala sínum (sauðum ok lömbum), Barl. 35; ef maðr nýtir þann smala er svá verðr dauðr, N.G.L. i. 341. 2. gener. = cattle; hann sá djöful sitja á baki henni ..., far braut, þú úvinr, frá smala manna (of a cow), Mart. 123; ekki er þat sem annarr smali, engi skaptr fyrir ars aptr hali, Sturl. ii. (in a verse); smali var rekinn eptir ströndinni, Ld. 56; s. skal eigi fara með heimboðum, Gþl. 406, N.G.L. i. 41; hans s., naut ok sauðir, hverfr einn griðungr brott ok kemr eigi heim með öðrum smala, Mar.; búsmali. II. a shepherd, abbreviated from smala-maðr; Gunnarr sér smala sinn hleypa at garði, Nj. 83, freq. in mod. usage, the first sense having almost fallen into disuse. COMPDS: smala-ferð, -för, f. tending sheep in the pastures, Sd. 139, Hrafn. 6, Grág. i. 147. smala-gangr, m. a sheep-walk, Boldt 132. smala-gollur, m. sheep's-caul, for this word see Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 579. smala-hestr, m. a shepherd's horse, Nj. 83. smala-hundr, m. a sheep-dog. smala-maðr, m. a 'sheep-man,' shepherd ( = sauðamaðr), Grág. ii. 224, Nj. 83, Rb. 382, Bs. i. 45, passim. smala-mennska, u, f. the tending of sheep. smala-nyt, f. sheep's milk, Grág. i. 333. smala-sveinn, m. a shepherd-boy, Magn. 510, Landn. 178, Ld. 138, Al. 31. smala-þúfa, u, f. a shepherd's mound, used in the phrase, sitja á smalaþúfunni, to sit on the sbepherd's mound, tend sheep, Konr. 23. smalki, a, m. = smælki, smáka, Sks. 8 new Ed. v.l. smal-menni, n. = smámenni (see smár), Nj. 188. (Lat. Ed.), in the vellum fragment. smal-vamm, n. a small fault, Hom. (St.) smaragðr, m. [for. word, from Gr. GREEK], an emerald, Bb. smaragð-ligr, adj. emerald-like, Sks. 48 B. SMÁ, ð, [Dan. for-smaae; Germ. schmähen], to scorn; smá e-n í orðum, Fms. iii. 110; þó at þú smáir hann með úfögrum verka, ii. 248; hatrliga smáðr, Bs. i. 45 (for-smá, q.v.) smáka, u, f. a trifle; í smáku, in detail, Sks. 8 new Ed. smán, f. a disgrace, shame, Fms. ii. 130, Háv. 46, Nj. 210, Vígl. 59 new Ed., passim. COMPDS: smánar-lauss, adj. not disgraceful, Grett. 118 A, Fas. iii. 305. smánar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), disgraceful. &FINGER; Gg. 7 reads sinnum for smán, see Bugge l.c. SMÁR, smá, smátt: gen. smás, acc. smán, dat. smám, smá: pl. smáir, smár, smá, dat. smám, acc. smá, smár, smá: mod. bisyllabic smáan, smáum, smáa: compar. smæri; superl. smæstr. The Icel. form 'smá' instead of 'smal' of the Germ. and Saxon is peculiar to all the Scandin. languages, and also prevails in Scotland and North. E., but the words are one; 'smá' is only a contracted form, as is seen by the fact that 'smal' remains in the words smali (q.v.), smalki, smælingr; and (although as GREEK.) in smalvamm, smalmenni, q.v.: [Ulf. smals = Germ. schmal, Engl. small, etc.; but Dan.-Swed. smaa; Scot. and North. E. sma'.] A. Small, little, of size, stature; mörg skip ok smá, Vápn. 8; smæri skip, Fms. i. 93; vúru þau öll smæst, viii. 255; sumir smáir, sumir stórir, Sks. 442; keppask til smára hluta, Ó.H. 87; hann ræðr öllum hlutum, stórum ok smám, Edda 3; höfðingja ok smæri menn, Fms. x. 266; hin smæri sár, Grág. ii. 29; smá tíðendi, small tidings, Lv. 33, Fms. ix. 477; þau (mál) er smæst eru, Js. 5; skógr þykkr ok smár, a wood thick but dwarf, Fms. i. 136; smáir sandar, small sand, a beach of fine sand, Eg. 141; melja mergi smæra, Ls. 43; hann lamði hausinn

SMÁ;ATVIK -- SMIÐJUTOL. 571

í smán mola, Edda 58; ok var brotinn fótrinn svá smátt sem skelja-moli, Bs. i. 423; litlir menn ok smáir, Landn. 145; smás fylkis niðs, Sighvat; smaestir fuglar, id.; kaupa smám kaupum sem stórum, Fb. ii. 75; sás girði eðr smæri, Grág. ii. 338; opt hefir þú mér hallkvæmr verit, en eigi má nú smæstu ráða, thou hast often been good to me, and this is not the smallest instance, Lv. 42. 2. neut., hann seldi smátt varninginn, he dealt in 'small wares,' sold by retail, Vápn. 7; höggva smátt, to strike small blows, Ísl. ii. 265: hann kvaðsk eigi mundu smátt á sjá, he said he would not look minutely into it, i.e. that he would deal liberally, Ld. 50; miklu vex hón hinnig smærum, much less, Sks. 71; þeir skulu skipta vikum eða smærum, divide by weeks or less, Grág. ii. 350; selja smærrum saman, in lesser quantities, N.G.L. iii. 123: smám, nema hón seli svá smám landit sem áðr var tínt, Grág. ii. 214; en er hann var á leiðinni ok fór smóm (slowly, bit by bit) þá er hann mátti svá, Bs. i. 344; smám ok smám, bit by bit, Fms. x. 366; reiddi hann silfrit smám ok smám, Hkr. ii. 244, Al. 23: smám þeim, by degrees; vaxa smám þeim, Stj. 200; eptir þat hrærðu þau sveininn sm(?)m UNCERTAIN þeim, Bs. i. 337 (smám, 318, l.c.): in mod. usage, smám-saman, sounded smá-saman, gradually; smátt og smátt, bit by bit. II. in mod. usage smá- is prefixed to verbs, denoting little by little, by degrees; honum smá-batnaði, he recovered little by little; það smá-liðkast, það smá-batnar, smá-líðr á daginn, það smá-styttist, smá-lengist, smá-breiðkar, smá-dýpkar, smá-hækkar, smá-víðkar, smá-kólnar, smá-hitnar, smá-fækkar, smá-fjölgar, etc. B. In COMPDS, smá- is often used simply as a diminutive, as there is no dimin. inflexion in the language; it is rarely prefixed to any but plur. or collective nouns. smá-atvik, n. pl. details. smá-bátar, m. pl. little boats, Fms. vii. 224, Sks. 174, Ó.H. 137. smá-bein, n. pl. small bones, N.G.L. i. 172. smá-bjöllur, f. pl. little bells, Vm. 47. smá-borinn, part. of low birth, Hkr. i. 106, Fms. vii. 8. smá-búendr, m. pl. = smábændr, Ó.H. 101. smá-búsgögn, n. small house-implements, Dipl. v. 18. smá-byrðingar, m. pl. little ships of burden, N.G.L. ii. 251. smá-bækr, f. pl. little books, Pm. 82, Vm. 23. smá-bændr, m. pl. small farmers, Grett. 127, Bs. ii. 143, Fb. iii. 458. smá-börn, n. pl. little bairns, Fms. i. 263, x. 117, Stj. 25, N.T. smá-djöflar, m. pl. petty devils, imps, Sturl. ii. 221. smá-dúkar, m. pl. little kerchiefs, Vm. 47. smá-dýr, n. pl. 'small deer,' small animals, Stj. 572, Barl. 41. smá-eyjar, f. pl. little islands, Fms. x. 5. smá-fénaðr, m. small cattle, Gþl. 393. smá-ferjur, f. pl. small ferries, Fms. x. 153. smá-fiskar, m. pl. small fishes, Fas. ii. 112. smá-fuglar, m. pl. small birds, Grág. ii. 346, Al. 132, Fms. vi. 153. smá-geislar, m. pl. faint beams, Fms. i. 140. smá-gjafar, f. pl. small gifts, Stj. smá-gjarn, adj., Valla L. 201 (false reading for sín-gjarn, q.v.) smá-greinir, f. pl. small matters, Bjarn. 3. smá-grjót, n. smal-grit, pebbles, Sturl. ii. 210, Sks. 422. smá-hlutir, m. pl. trifles, Ld. 286, Fas. i. 112, Bs. ii. 167. smá-hringar, m. pl. small circles, rings, Stj. 80, Fas. iii. 45. smá-hrís, n. a shrubbery, Fms. vi. 334. smá-hundar, m. pl. small dogs, Flóv. 34. smá-hús, n. pl. small houses, Pr. 119. smá-hvalir, m. pl. little whales, Vm. 91. smá-kertistikur, f. pl. small candlesticks, Vm. 171. smá-kirkjur, f. pl. small churches, N.G.L. ii. 241. smá-kjörr, n. pl. scrub, brushwood, Fms. vi. 334. smá-klukkur, f. pl. small bells, Vm. 64. smá-kofar, m. pl. small huts, Bs. i. 240. smá-konungar, m. pl. kinglets, Fms. iv. 26, x. 283, Sks. smá-koppar, m. pl. small cups, hollows, Fb. ii. 284. smá-kornóttr, adj. small-grained, Stj. 292. smá-kvistir, m. pl. small twigs, Barl. 81, Bs. ii. 183. smá-kvæmr, adj. of low descent, Fær. 236. smá-látr, adj. content with little, Vápn. 7, Al. 6. smá-leikar, adj. smallness, Finnb. 262, Fas. iii. 393 (sing., Fms. iii. 192). smá-leitr, adj. small-featured, Al. 52, Bs. ii. 11. smá-lérept, n. fine linen, Pm. 123. smá-ligr, adj. trifling, Sks. 30 B. smá-líkneski, n. pl. small images, Pm. 80, 120. smá-lyginn, adj. petty lying, Rb. 310. smá-lærisveinar, m. pl. little disciples, Bs. i. 219. smá-læti, n. stinginess (opp. to stórlæti), Vápn. 10. smá-lönd, n. pl. small lands (islands); öll s. í hafinu, Fas. i. 347; a local name of the Danish islands, Fms. vi. 56, 31: cp. the county Småland in Sweden, Fms. xii. sma-mannligr, adj. mannikin-like, Landn. 121. smá-menn, m. pl. = smámenni, Fms. vi. 14, Dropl. 18. smá-menni, n. small people, Nj. 94, Eg. 770, Fms. vii. 124, Barl. 169. smá-meyjar, f. pl. little girls, Nj. 2. Smámeyja-land, n. the land of the dwarf maidens, mythical, Sams. S. smá-munir, n. pl. trifles, Ld. 286. sma-mæli, n. pl. small cases, Anecd. 46. smá-mæltr, part. 'small-spoken,' lisping, Sturl. iii. 278 (where a nickname), freq. in mod. usage. smá-neyti, n. 'small neats,' calves, and the like: mart s., Lv. 91. smá-piltar, m. pl. small boys, Stj. 123, Fas. iii. 124. smá-rakkar, m. pl. small dog's, Mar., Fms. viii. 207, Stj. 99. smá-ráðr, adj. aiming at small things, Ld. 172, Fms. ii. 32. smá-regn, n. small rain, drizzle, Stj. 14 (sing.) smá-rekar, m. pl. small jetsums or waifs, Vm. 60, Pm. 69. smá-ríki, n. pl. petty kingdoms, Fms. ii. 190. smá-róar, m. pl. small relief, Bs. i. 351. smá-sakar, f. pl. petty suits, Hrafn. 4. smá-sandar, m. pl. fine sand, plains of fine sand, Eg. 141. smá-sauðr, m. (sing.), a little sheep, Stj. 516. smá-skip, n. pl. small ships, Fms. ii. 302, vii. 266, N.G.L. ii. 252. smá-skitligr, adj. tiny; s. í andliti, tiny-faced, Fb. i. 540; lítill ok s., Fas. ii. 247. smá-skógar, m. pl. copsewood, Landn. 68. smá-skútur, f. pl. small craft, Fms. iii. 1, vi. 402, vii. 234, Eg. 341. smá-smíði, n. hardware, opp. to stór-smíði, N.G.L. iii. 15 (cp. Low Germ. klein-smied). smá-smugall, -smogall, adj. penetrating through every pore, Rb. 334: metaph. minute, subtle; vitr ok s., Mar., Barl., Str.; smásmugul ok hvöss ok skygn augu, Skálda 160: compar. smásmuglari, 159: mod., in a bad sense, hair-splitting, fault-finding, sma-smugliga, adv. subtlely, minutely, Stj. 155, Bs. ii. 52. sma-smugligr, adj. minute, Sks. 637: hair-splitting. smá-smygli, f. minuteness, Str. 2, Bs. ii. 42. smá-spengr, f. pl. small spangles, Nj. 142. smá-straumr, m. and smá-streymt, n. adj. a neap-tide. smá-sveinar, m. pl. small boys, Eg. 188, Fms. vii. 158, Stj. 121: sing., smásveini einum, Bs. i. 45. smá-sveinligr, adj. boyish; s. nám, Bs. i. 219. smá-svik, n. pl. petty tricks, Fms. vi. 383. smá-syndir, f. pl. petty sins, 677. 9. smá-tennr, f. pl. small tusks (of a walrus), Sks. 179. smá-tíundir, f. pl. small tithes, Vm. 89, H.E. ii. 167. smá-tölur, f. pl. (smá-talna), small numbers, Rb. 114. smá-varningr, m. small wares (sing.), Nj. 75. smá-váfur, f. pl. tiny ghosts, imps, Grett. 79 new Ed. smá-vegis, adv. trifling. smá-vendir, m. pl. small wands, Sks. 443. smá-verplar, m. pl. small casks, N.G.L. iii. 15. smá-viði, n. a shrubbery, Eg. 580. smá-vofrur, f. pl. = smáváfur, Grett. 112. smá-þarmar, m. pl. [A.S. smæl-þearmas], the small gut, also the lower abdomen, Nj. 262, Fas. ii. 255, Sturl. i. 196, Fb. i. 301, Mar., passim; smáþarma-mein, Bs. i. 825. smá-þing, n. a small object, Thom. 301. smá-öxar, f. pl. small axes, A.A. 270. smári, a, m., botan. clover, freq. in mod. usage. smá-saman, adv. little by little; see smár. smátka, að, to make small, Sks. 105 new Ed. smátt, f. [from smjúga; Ivar Aasen smotta], the opening for the head, in a shirt or smock-frock not open at the breast; see höfuð-smátt. smátta, u, f. [Norse smotta], a narrow lane, Karl. 152. smeita, u, f. fat steam, as from cooking; see smita. smeittr, part. [for. word, qs. smelt, q.v.], enamelled; s. söðull, Ld. 274; s. hjálmr, skjöldr, bitull, El., Flóv., Karl. smekkr, m. [see smakka; from Germ. ge-smack; Dan. smag] :-- taste; a mod. word, as also deriv. smekk-laus, tasteless; smekk-ligr, tasteful :-- the ancients seem to have had no exact word for Lat. gustus, for even bragð (IV) is not found in old writers; the Germ. has kosten, which answers to Lat. gustare, but the Norse kosta (q.v.) is never used in that sense. SMELLA, smell, pret. small, defect.; [Swed. smälla; Ivar Aasen smella; Dan. smælde] :-- to smack, crack, as a whip; the word is freq. in mod. usage, but not found in old writers. smella, d, a causal to the preceding, to make to crack, with dat. smellr, m. a smacking or cracking sound; hundrað rasta heyrði smell, Skíða R. 150. smelt, n. [Ital. smalto; Fr. émail], enamelling, B.K. 84; smelta-kross, Ísl. i. 391. smelta, t, [Germ. schmalzen], to melt; this word is hardly used except in the derivatives smolt and smeltr, q.v. smeltr, adj. enamelled; s. með gulli, Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1850. 83, Fas. iii. 273; s. skjöldr, Trist. 7, Fas. iii. 610, Grett.; bitullinn settr smeltum steinum, Ó.H. 30, Hkr. iii. 293; s. kross, Ám. 34, 76, Vm. 21, 29, 55, 110. smetta, u, f. [akin to smjúga; Ivar Aasen records a verb smetta, smatt = to dart quickly, start, like a mouse; Dan. smutte, smut-hul; but these words are not preserved in Icel., cp. however smátt] :-- a nickname, Fms. ii. 252. smeygi-ligr, adj.; í-smeygiligr, insinuating. SMEYGJA, ð, a causal to smjúga, q.v., [Germ. smeicheln; Dan. smöge], to make slip, with dat.; hann smeygði fjötrinum af niðr, Fms, vi. 15; . smeygði hann lykkjunni á háls sér, ... s. tauginni af hálsi sér, he slipped the loop off his neck, 368; hann smeygði á sik brókunum, pulled the breeks on, Hkr. iii. 323; smeygja sér inn, to insinuate oneself. II. reflex. to rid oneself; smeygðisk Egill af stafnum. Eg. 233; smeygjask undan e-u, to slip away from, Fms. ix. 333. smeykinn, adj. [smeygja, smjúga, cp. Germ. smeicheln], prop. 'insinuating,' cringing, sleek; Snorri bauð þá sínum herra smeykinn heim í holtið Reykja, Gd. 22. 2. in mod. usage smeykr, timid. smeykligr, adj. insinuating, cringing, Al. 153. smið-belgr, m. a smith's bellows, Eluc., Fms. vi. (in a verse) Þiðr. 80. smiðja, u, f. [A.S. smiððe Engl. smithy; Dan. smedje], a smithy, Vkv. 32, Eg. 141, Fms. xi. 427, Ísl. ii. 350, Þorst. Síðu H. 177, Gþl. 454, Þiðr. 75, Niðrst. 3, Skiða R. 103, passim. COMPDS: smiðju-belgr, m. = smiðbelgr. smiðju-búð, f. a booth used as a smithy, Gþl. 454: as a local name, Fms. viii. 376, ix. 516. smiðju-drumbr, m. a 'smithy-drum,' anvil-stock: a nickname, Landn. 102. smiðju-hús, n. pl. = smiðjubúðir, Fms. ix. 510. smiðju-mór, m. a kind of clay, used in Icel. as mortar in putting up a forge. smiðju-sveinn, m. a smithy boy, Þiðr. 65, Fas. i. 155. smiðju-tól, n.

572 SMIÐJUVERK -- SMYRSLINGR.

pl. smithy-tools, D.N. i. 321. smiðju-verk, n. smithy-work, Eg. 142. smið-kona, u, f. a 'smith-woman,' a nickname, Ísl. ii. 7. smið-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.; A.S. smiðlice), workman-like, Krók.; ó-smiðligr. SMIÐR, m., gen. smiðs, old plur. smiðar, acc. smiða; thus goll-smiðar, goll-smiða, smiðarnir, Mar. (xxxvi, xxxvii, in an old vellum fragment); but smiðir, 733 sqq. l.c.; smiðar, Hkr. i. 293; acc. smiða, 185, Grág. i. 149: the mod. usage is smiðir, smiði: the acc. smiðu, Stj. 362, l. 3, Fms. ix. 377, is less correct: [Ulf. smiþa; A.S. smið; Engl. smith; Dan.-Swed. smed; Germ. schmied] :-- a smith, craftsman, wright, of workers in metals and wood, ship or house-building; járn-s., tré-s., stein-s., gull-s., skip-s., knarrar-s., skó-s., skepti-s., höfuð-s., frum-s., q.v.; himna-s., the artificer of the heavens, Fbr.; þá kom þar s. nokkurr ok bauð at göra þeim borg, Edda 25, 26, Fms. ix. 55; hann var stafna-s. at skipinu, Hkr. i. 293; vóru þá smiðar þar áðr komnir, id., Fms. v. 74; ens hæsta smiðs, Greg. 20, Eluc. 7; ú skulu smiðir fé taka, Gþl. 80; smiðar þeir er hús göra, Grág. i. 149; fá smiða til at skíra silfrit, Hkr. i. 185: the saying, fár er smiðr í fyrsta sinni, none is 'smith' (master) the first time; and leggja smiðs-höggið á e-ð, to give the smith's stroke, the master's stroke, i.e. the finish to a thing. II. Smiðr, a nickname and pr. name, Landn. (cp. Rm. 21, Ann. 1362, Engl. Smith); Smið-kell, Smið-Skeggi, Landn. smið-reim, f. the 'smith's edge,' the rim running along the back of a scythe-blade to give it strength; ljár máðr upp í s., Fb. i. 522. smið-vélar, f. pl. a smith's artifice, Stj. 23, 134, Sks. 51, Bret. 94. SMITA, að, [Ulf. smeitan = GREEK; A.S. smîtan; Engl. smite; Germ. schmeissen; Swed. smeta; for the change from 'smear' to 'flog' see the analogy in ríða B, p. 499, col. 1] :-- to steam from being fat or oiled. SMÍÐ, f., old plur. smíðir, mod. smíðar; [smiðr and smíð are related to a lost strong verb smíða, smeið] :-- craft, smith's work, work of skill or art; ríss sú smíð síðan í verki, Eluc. 7; ef smíðin únýtisk, Fms. vi. 214; Bifröst er gör með list ok kunnáttu meiri enn aðrar smíðir, Edda 8; öll sjá smíð (edifice) er studd með stólpum, Eluc. 2; er þar vönduð mjök smíð á, Fas. ii. 541; hús vandað at efnum ok smíð, Fms. vii. 100; til þeirrar smíðar, Bs. i. 134; hann skal hefja smíð upp, K.Þ.K.; taka til smíðar, Fms. ix. 55; var hann þar at smíðinni, he was at the work, vi. 215; vera í smíð, to be 'on the anvil,' in hand; hón var í smíð tíu tegi vetra, áðr algör yrði, Ver. 8; hús þat var í smíð sjau vetr, 27 (mod. í smíðum); frum-smíð, a beginner's work: in the saying, flest frum-smíð stendr til bóta: járn-s., gull-s., tré-s., and metaph. hug-smíð = the 'mind's work,' imagination. &FINGER; Mod. usage distinguishes between smíð (sing.), the working, and smíði, the work; bar-smíð, beating, battle. COMPDS: smíða-blástr, m. 'smithy-blast,' forging. Eg. 141. smíðar-emni (-efni), n. the materials, Ísl. ii. 353, Fms. vi. 214. smíðar-kaup, n. wages for work, Hkr. i. 185, Edda 26, Gþl. 78, Bs. i. 81. smíðar-kol, n. pl. smith's coals, Fms. viii. 201. smíðar-lýti, n. a flaw in the workmanship; sjá s. á e-u, Ó.T. 40. smíðar-tól, mod. smíða-tól, n. pl. a smith's tools, tools of a blacksmith or carpenter, Eg. 399, Fs. 177, Stj. 563, Ísl. ii. 81, Skálda 162, passim. smíðar-öx, f. a carpenter's adze, Sks. 30. smíða, að, [Dan. smede] , to work in wood or metals; fara upp í smiðju ok s. þar, Ísl. ii. 315; auð smíðuðu, Vsp. 7; belti ok kníf... ek lét s. þessa gripi í Englandi, Fb. ii. 76; hagliga smíðað, Fms. vi. 217; konungs-garðrinn var þá eigi upp smíðaðr, ix. 338, Stj. 50; smíða skála, s. kirkju, Anal. 203; hann smíðaði himin ok jörð, Edda (pref.): mun ek yfir þann stein s. (build) Kristni mína, 656 C. 3: metaph., smíða sér ráð, Fms. xi. 445. II. reflex. to proceed, turn out, take shape, in a smith's hands; þá tók hann ok smíðaði, ok smíðaðisk ekki sem hann vildi, hann mælti, aldri smíðaðisk mér svá fyrr, sagði hann, Gestrinn mælti, smíðaðu sem sjálft vill fara, Fms. ix. 55. smíði, n. smith's work, a work of smith-craft; eigi má geisii skína gögnum þat smíði, Hom. 128; gler er gagnsærra enn annat s., MS. 15. 5; þeir þóttusk eigi hafa sét fegra smíði, Fms. vi. 216; leit hann á smíðit ok lét vel yfir, i. 291; s. þetta, Clem. 50; þá er þetta s. var svá mikit orðit, Edda (pref.); þú skalt hafa héðan smíði, Nj. 32: workmanship, skrifat smíði, Greg. 26; þat s. var svá vel vandat, Bs. i. 134; vandaðan at efnum ok smíði, 132; mis-s., q.v. COMPDS: smíðis-gripr, m. a work of handicraft, Nj. 34. smíðis-kaup = smíðarkaup, Sturl. i. 87 C. smjaðra, að, to flatter; smjaðr, m. adulation: smjaðrari, a, m. a flatterer. smjalsa, að, to smack with the lips. SMJÚGA, pres. smýg; the ancients prefer the pret. smó (smótt, smó); the mod. is smaug, which occurs in Km. 7; pl. smugu: subj. smygi; part. smoginn: [A.S. smugan; Dan. smyge; Ivar Aasen smjuga] :-- to creep through a hole, opening, or narrow space; at s. út um glygginn, Fms. xi. 277; þá smugu þeir milli spalanna, Edda 30; hann hefir smogið inn, garðr með hjarra-grind fyrir ok rimar í, svá at fénaðr megi eigi smjúga, Jb. 262; smýgr hann þá niðr undir hjá henni, creeps under the blankets, Háv. 54; ræð ek, at þú smjúgir undir þar hjá stokkinum í nótt, Gísl. 100: to put a garment on which has only a round hole to put the head through (cp. A.S. smygel), smugu í guðvefi, Hðm. 17; gullbrynju smó, Skv. 3. 45; cp. smokkr and smátt. II. to pierce; kom lásör í brúnina ok smó þegar í gögnum, Sturl. i. 180 C; örin kom aptan í bak dýrinu ok smó fram í hjartað, Fas. ii. 246; rækyndill smaug rauðar rítr, Km.; oddr smó brynjur, Fms. vi. (in a verse). III. part. smoginn; gren-smoginn, of a fox; maðk-smoginn, worm-eaten. SMJÖR, an older form smör, esp. in Norse vellums, cp. mod. Dan., Swed., and Norse smör; smörs, Gþl. 99, 110, Sks. 123; smœr, id., D.N. passim: old dat. smjörvi, 623. 1; gen. pl. smjörva; in western Icel. sounded smér (cp. mjöl and mél, kjöt and ket, gör and ger), and rhymed thus, e.g. ef þú étr ekki smér | eða það sem matr er | dugr allr drepst í þér | Danskr Íslendingr, Eggert: again, smjör rhymes with kjör, Skíða R. 104: [Ulf. smairþr = GREEK, Róm. xi. 14; as also A.S. and Hel. smere; Engl. smear; Dan. smør; O.H.G. smero; Germ. schmeer] :-- prop. grease (fat, oil); þat smjör rennr af þeim hvölum, Sks. 123; við-smjör, 'wood-smear' = oil; smjör-bakr, smear-back, a nickname, Fms. ix, but usually, II. butter; brauð ok smjör, Eg. 204; Þórólfr kvað drjúpa smjör af hverju strái á landinu, því er þeir höfðu fundið, því var hann kallaðr Þórólfr 'smjör,' Landn. 31; fraus drykkinn ok smjörit svá at eigi mátti klína brauðit, hann sá at menn sumir bitu annan bita af brauði, en annan af smjöri, hann tók smjörit ok vafði í brauðinu, svá bindu vér nú smjörit, Fms. ix. 241; mjöl ok s., Landn.; smjör ok tin, Fs. 22. The ancients used to store up butter for years, see Debes in his book on the Faroe Islands; hence, þrífornt s. = butter three years old, Skíða R. 197; fornt s., súrt s., sour, old butter. III. local names, Smjör-hólar, in Skarð in the west of Icel., 'Butter-hillock,' where the lady Oluf stored her butter: Smjör-sund, Smjör-vatn, Landn., map of Icel. B. COMPDS: smjör-askja, u, f. [Dan. smøræske], a butter-bowl. smjör-gildr, adj. payable in butter, D.N. smjör-gæði, n. a good produce of butter, Sks. 191 B. smjör-görð, f. butter-making, Sks. 191. smjör-kaup, n. purchase of butter, Bs. ii. 134. smjör-kengr, -kollr, -kringr, -magi, -reðr, m. nicknames, Landn. 211, Rd. 260, Fms. viii. 396, ix. 29, 40. smjör-laupr, m. a butter-chest, Fms. ii. 164. smjör-lauss, adj. short of butter, Skíða R. 105. smjör-pund, n. a 'butter-pound,' a kind of weight, Gþl. 524. smjör-pundari, a, m. a steelyard for weighing butter, Gþl. 523. smjör-skip, n. a butter-ship, a ship laden with butter, Ann. 1394. smjör-spann, n. a measure of butter, Bs. ii. 134. smjör-trog, n. a butter-trough, Fas. iii. 404. smjör-tunna, u, f. [Dan. smørtønde], a butter-cask, Fms. x. 204. smjör-svín, n. 'butter-hog,' the beggar's scrip, Skíða R. 13. smjör-valr or smjör-valsigill, m. the name of a little sheep-bone, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 554. smjörr, adj. buttered; smjörvan graut, Fms. vi. (in a verse). smjörugr, adj. greased, fat; var smjörug haddan (from cooking meat), Hkr. i. 143: buttered. smokka, að, [smjúga], to put on a shirt, sleeve, loop, or the like, with dat.; smokkaðu því upp á handlegginn: reflex., það hefir smokkast fram af. smokk-fiskr, m. = kolkrabbi (q.v.), a cuttle-fish, Eggert Itin. smokk-ormr, m. a kind of insect in pools. smokkr, m. [Swed. smog], a smock with an opening in front; smokkr var á bringu, she wore a smock on the breast, of a lady, Rm. 16. smolt, n. [smelta; Ivar Aasen smolt; Germ. schmalz], the grease swimming on the surface of hot water. smortr, m. a smart fellow, Edda ii. 496. smuga, u, f. [smjúga], a narrow cleft to creep through, a hole; hann gat ekki eina minnstu smugu fundit, Fas. i. 393, iii. 318; mörgum tómum smugum, Sks. 148; í neðstu smugur helvítis, 605. smugall, older smogall, [cp. Engl. smuggle], penetrating, 656 A.I. 34; see smásmugall. smug-ligr, adj. penetrating; smugligir vindar, Sks. 148; smá-s. smurning, f. anointing, Stj. 306, MS. 655 i. 1, Gd. 62, Nikdr. 59, Bs. ii. 156: pass., hón síðasta s., extreme unction, Mar.; smurningar-klæði, the dress in which one receives extreme unction, Bs. i. 145. smyl, n. = gröm, the evil one; far þú nú þar er smyl hafi þik! Sæm. 42 (the prose introd. to the poem Gm.), a GREEK. smyrill, m., dat. smyrli, a kind of hawk, the merlin, Fr. émérillon, Grág. ii. 346, K.Þ.K., Edda (Gl.) SMYRJA, older smyrva, pres. smyr; pret. smurði; subj. smyrði; part. smurðr: [smjör; A.S. smyrian; Dan. smöre: Swed. smörja] :-- to 'smear,' esp. of kings, to anoint; smyrja konung til veldis, Fms. vii. 306; hafði Samuel áðr smurðan hann til konungs, Sks. 704; at hann væri smurðr, of the extreme unction, Fms. x. 148; sjau nóttum fyrir andlát sitt, lét biskup olea sik, ok áðr hann væri smurðr, mælti hann mjök langt erendi, Bs. i. 296; smyrva með viðsmjörvi miskunnar, 623. 1; Drottins smurði, the Lord's anointed, Bible. smyrsl, n. pl. [Dan. smörelse], ointment; ilmr smyrsla ok jurta, Magn. 530; búa s., Rb. 82; dýrlig s., spices, N.T., Vídal.: for wounds, Fms. iii. 73, Fas. ii. 116, Barl. 136; smyrsla-buðkr, Fas. iii. 309. smyrslingr, m. a shell, = sandmigr.

SMÆLINGI -- SNÁPR. 573

smælingi, a, m. (smælingr), a small man, poor man; varisk nú smælingjar reiði Guðs, Stj. 495 (Sks. 729); sjaldan hefir réttr smælingsins við þat batnað, at margir hafa yfirboðarnir verit í senn, N.G.L. ii. 403. In the Icel. N.T. 'little ones' is rendered by smælingjar. smælki,n. small pieces, chips, opp. to large pieces; það er ekki nema smælki; see smalki. smætta, mod. smækka, smáttka, Sks. 105 new Ed. v.l. [smár] :-- to grow small; smækka tekr nú smíði gátu, Gsp., passim in mod. usage; smættisk þá með hans hyski, sundr-þykkjask ok smættask, ... smættask allar ættir, Sks. 77 new Ed. snafðr, part. from an obsol. snefja, snafði :-- sharp-scented; s. til at fregna aðr spyrja ný tíðendi, sharp-nosed for news, 645. 90 (Acts xvii. 21). snaga, u, f. a 'snag-axe,' a kind of halbard-like axe, = tapar-öx(?), Edda (Gl.) snag-hyrndr, adj. 'snag-horned' (see snaga), epithet of an axe, Eg. 180, Fær. 110, Njarð. 358, Valla L. 208, 212. snagi, a, m. [Engl. snag], a clothes-peg; hengja upp á snaga: a nickname, Sturl. snaka, að, [Ivar Aasen snaka; Dan. snaga] :-- to rummage, snuff about; at Ingjaldr snakkaði um hús hennar, Ld. 44; hann spurði, hví snakar þú hér, Önundr? D.N. i. 349. snakkr, m. [akin to snákr, a snake], a snake-formed imp, as described in popular superstition, made of a man's rib swaddled in wool; then under a wizard's spell, it was sent out to suck the ewes and cows of his neighbours and to bring home the milk to his master or mistress; butter made of this milk (snakk-smér) breaks up if marked with a cross; the snakkr is also called til-beri (q.v.), Maurer's Volksagen. There is a similar legend among the Finns, who call the imp 'para,' see Ihire's Diet, and Castren's Finn. Mythol. snapa, ð, pres. snapir, to snuffle, like a dog picking up crumbs on the floor; ok snapvist snapir, Ls. 44; snapir ok gnapir, órn á aldinn mar, Hm. 62. snap-víss, adj. snuffling, parasitical, like a dog under the table, Ls. 42. SNARA, að, [Engl. to snare], to turn quickly, twist, wring; hann snaraði skjöldinn, Nj. 43, 262, Valla L. 213; hann snarar (wrings) af honum höfuðit, Finnb. 228; Bárðr snaraði glóvana sundr milli handa sér, Fms. ii. 148; strengr var snaraðr at fótum þeim. i. 179; hann snaraði, svá at fætr vissu upp, Eg. 508; Hrappr tekr báðum höndum um fal spjótsins, ok snarar af út, Ld. 98; snaraði hann hárit um hönd sér, Landn. 152; snaraði hann at sér klæði, Fms. iii. 77; snaraði Þorkell höttinn at höfði honum, Landn. 146; snaraðr ok snúinn, wrung and twisted, Bs. i. 560: to translate a book, snara bók upp í Norrænu, Stj. 1, 40; hér byrjar sögu OÓlafs konungs er Bergr ábóti snaraði, H.E. i. 591. 2. to throw, fling; hann snaraði hallinum ok broddinum, Fms. iii. 193; þá var snarat út ór hólnum einum krókstaf, 176; snaraða ek síðan í lopt upp, Pr. 411; snarandi í lopt upp, of water, bubbling up. Mar. 3. [A.S. snyrian], to make a quick turn, step out quick; hón snarar þegar inn hjá honum, Nj. 153; þeir snara þegar á þingit, Fms. xi. 85; eitt skip snarar fram hjá hólminum, Mar.; hann snaraði þá inn í stofuna, Fms. vi. 33; þessi maðr snaraði fram fyrir konung, 66. II. reflex. to turn oneself quickly; nema þar snarisk stærri menn í bragð, Fms. vi. 254; hann snarask (= snarar) fram hjá þeim, Háv. 52; Skjálgr snarask þá út ór stofunni, Fms. iv. 263; snörumk ór sem skjótask, ok göngum til skripta, Hom. 71; snaraðisk öxin ofan á herðarnar, the axe rebounded, Fms. vii. 325; þau vötn er snarask í lopt upp, that bubble up or gush into the air, Rb. 354. 2. snarask í karlföt, to dress in man's clothes, Ld. 276. snara, u, f., pl. snörur, [A.S. sneare], a snare (prop. a 'hard-twisted cord'). Fms. i. 206, MS. 623. 36; egna snöru, Grett. (in a verse), Mar.; eigi sá hann snaruna, O.H.L. 53; ek mun sitja í snörunni, Fms. vi. 13; leggja snörur fyrir e-n, ix. 309; þá fann hann í hverja snöru hann hafði gengit, Ó.H. 232: a halter, Mar.; dæma e-n til snöru, Pr. 413. snar-brattr, adj. very steep, of a brink. snar-brekka, u, f. a steep brink. snar-brýna, ð, to whet keenly, Fas. i. 232. snar-eygr, adj. keen-eyed, like an eagle, Stj. 225, Fms. xi. 205, Nj. 30, Ó.H. 16; snareygja (acc.), 656 B. 11. snar-fari, a, m. the swift, smart man, a nickname, Landn. snarfla = snörgla, O.H.L. 84. snarka, að, to sputter, fizzle, of a light when the wick is damp. snarl, n. = snörgl: snarla = snarfla (Ó.H. 84), = snörgla, q.v. snarla, adv. = snarliga, Lex. Poët. snar-leikr, m. quickness, sprightliness, MS. 4. 5. snar-liga, adv. [A.S. snearlice], quickly, Boll. 360: temp., níta s., MS. 4. 5, passim. snar-ligr, adj. keen, quick; snarlig augu, Fms. i. 102: sprightly, lítill maðr ok s., vi. 416; snarligt ok snöfurligt, Band. 16 new Ed. snar-lyndr, adj. quick of mind, Skv. i. 43. snarp-eggjaðr (-eggr, Fbr. 13 new Ed.), adj. keen-edged, Sks. 645, Fas. i. 202. snarp-leikr (-leiki), m. roughness; afl trésins ok s. næfra, the roughness of the bark, 677. 14: severity, s. frosts, Mar.; s. hirtingar, H.E. i. 404, Bs. i. 276: a dash, s. í orrostum, Fms. ii. 107. snarp-liga, adv. w ith a dash, sharply; berjask s., Fs. 138, fsl. ii. 195; ganga fram vel ok s., Nj. 96; risa s. gegn e-m, Stj. 143. snarp-ligr, adj. sharp, dashing; með fylktu liði ok snarpligu, Fms. xi. 85. snarp-mannligr, adj. = snarpligr, O.H.L. 17. SNARPR, snörp, snarpt, adj. rough to the touch, opp. to linr; snarpr átöku, hárklæði ok snarpa yfirhöfn, Barl. 97; mostly used metaph. II. keen, of a weapon; snörp öx, Sturl. ii. 230; með snarpri ör, Mar.; snarpt sverð, Sturl. iii. 63; snörp egg, Skv. 3. 58; s. tindr, Bs. ii. 87; snarpir ok hvassir, Hom. (St.); snarpt auga, Þiðr. 179, opp. to linr; lina eða snarpa, Skálda 175; linan anda eða snarpan, 179. 2. dashing, smart, of a person; inn blauði sem inn snarpi, Róm. 273; snarpir sveinar, Orkn. (in a verse); manna snarpastr í orrostum, Fms. vi. 60; inn snarpasta hund Víga, Fb. i. 387: of an action, snarpari bardagi, Fms. x. 314; snarpa atgöngu, Gullþ. 12, Karl. 247; snörp vörn, Fms. vi. 156; snarpasta orrosta, Eg. 297, Fb. ii. 44; inn snarpasti kuldi, smartest cold, Fms. ii. 228; snarpr dauði, Magn. 486; snarpr vetr, Róm. 259; land svá íllt ok snarpt, Sks. 21 new Ed. SNARR, snör, snart, adj. [this word with its derivatives is akin to snúa, pret. snöri; Engl. snarl, of cord] :-- prop. hard-twisted, of a string; snarr þáttr, hard-spun cord, Stor. (snar-þáttr, Lex. Poët.); þráðrinn er snarr: chiefly used, II. metaph. swift, [A.S. snear]; snarir vindar, the swift winds, Hdl. 41; snör brögð, gallant deeds, Skv. i. 10: used as an epithet to a wrestler, fighter, snar glímu-maðr. 2. keen; snör augu, keen, flashing eyes, Fas. i. 200; augu snör, Þiðr. 178; snart auga-bragð, Fms. ii. 174: adverbially, smartly, rann hann at sem snarast, Eg. 532; berjask snart ok hraustliga, Ld. 222. III. temp. soon, Dan. snart; kom aptr snart, Fms. xi. 266: in poët. compds, geð-s., böð-s., fólk-s. snar-ráðr, adj. quick and resolute, Fms. vi. 264. snar-ræði, n. presence of mind, a dashing-, smart feat. Fms. viii. 392; þetta verk þótti it mesta s., Lv. 110; Gísl (acc.) rak þat til þessa snarræðis, this rash deed, Bs. i. 156. snar-skygn, adj. keen-eyed, a nickname, Landn. 201. snar-spjót, n. a javelin, Ísl. ii. 450. snar-völr, m. [provinc. Swed. snar-wral], a 'turning-stick,' a tourniquet, a stick by which a cord is tightened; lét hann reka at honum marga snarvölu, Fas. iii. 568: in mod. usage, a twitch, i.e. a cord twisted round the upper lip of a vicious horse while being shod, það er bezt að setja á hann snarvöl! snati, a, m. [snatta], the name of a dog, Bárð.: a nickname, Sturl. snatta, að, (snatt, n.), prop. to 'snuffle about,' to roam idly from house to house, roam without aim or business: snattaðar-maðr, m. a lounger, N.G.L. i. 327: snattari, a, m. a roamer, rover, Rétt. 56. snauð-leikr, m. poverty, Barl. 196, v.l. snauð-ligr, adj. stripped, poor; var þar mjök snauðligt tilkvámu, Bs. i. 839. SNAUÐR, snauð, snautt, adj. [North. E. snod; cp. Germ. schnöde; akin to snoðinn = smooth, of hair; referring to a lost strong verb, meaning to strip] :-- stripped, bereft, poor; híbýli snauð ok svívirðilig, MS. 4. 27; konur snauðar, beggar-women, Nj. 142; fáir eru vinir hins snauða, a saying; ungr ok gamall, snauðr ok sæll, El.; þér eruð menn snauðir, Fms. viii. 20; þeir fóru snauðir í land, Valla L. 227; margr sá er áðr var fullsæll gékk snauðr í brott, Fms. viii. 361; s. at fé, penniless Ísl. ii. 124; hinir auðgu hugðusk leysa mundu en hinir snauðu höfðu ekki fé til, Orkn. 20: sá maðr var ávallt síðan s., ok aldri festisk fé við hann, Fms, v. 194; snauðir menn, poor men, Nj. 53, Bs. i. 355. snauta, að, = snáfa, Korm. (in a verse); snautaðú sjálfr eptir þeim, þú dofni hundr, go for them thyself, thou lazy dog! Fjölnir ii. 57. snáð, n. food, meat; snáð ok drykk, Fms. viii. 411, v.l. snáði, a, m. a parasite; til rúms mér fylgði snúðuligr snáði, Hallgr.; það er fallegr snáði! (conversational.) snáfa, að, to slink, go snivelling; in the phrase, snáfaðu burt, begone! snákr, m. [A.S. snácu, snæce; Engl. snake; Dan. snog], a snake, only in poetry, Merl. 2. 16, 22, 89, Fms. ii. 18 (in a verse); snáka stríð, 'snake-bale,' i.e. the winter; snáka jörð, stígr, 'serpent-path,' 'snake-litter,' i.e. gold; snák-hauðr, snák-rann, id., Lex. Poët. II. a nickname, Fms. x. snáldr, n., snjáldr, a snout, of a serpent, Konr. v.l. (mod.) snáp-leikr, m. clownishness, Barl. 196, v.l. snáp-liga, adv. clownishly, like a dolt; þér sitið s., úfriðr er kominn at bænum, Fms. ix. 217; hann eyddi öllu fénu í fúllífi svá s., at ..., Barl. 46; víst reið ek nú s., Þiðr. 244, v.l. snáp-ligr, adj. clownish, harlequin-like; hann lék nöktr sem einn s. trúðr, like a vile juggler, Stj. 505; héldu sumir fyrir Guð, sumir hund, sumir enn snáplegari hluti, Barl. 139. SNÁPR, m. [? vulgar Engl. snob; N. Lancashire snape], a dolt, with the notion of impostor or charlatan; in the ancient law a person who attacks an innocent man, e.g. who falsely boasts of having dishonoured a woman,

574 SNÁ;PSKAPR -- SNERTIROÐR.

was called snápr, and was to be punished as if really guilty, and his fine was called snáps-gjöld or 'snob's fine,' þar sem heimskir menn ok snápar ráða upp á saklausa menn, N.G.L. i. 2O; nú vænisk maðr því at ..., gjaldi slíkan rétt, sem hann væri sannr at því máli, ok heiti maðr at verri, þat heita snáps-gjöld, Gþl. 204: in mod. Icel., when a priest or a married man breaks the seventh commandment, and to escape degradation and punishment hires another person to bear the blame, this latter is called snápr; hence it has become a by-word, a dummy, dolt, idiot; þessir menn munu vera snápar ok hafa ekki komit fyrr í önnur lönd, Fms. ii. 64; þér sofit sem snápar, Edda (Gl.), Str. 71, Fas. ii. 225; skynlauss s., Stj. 473; at snápar snubbi þik, 423; viltir snápar, 418: an impostor, laga-snápr, a 'whipper-snapper,' pettifogger; orð-snápr, a 'word-snob,' babbler, Acts xvii. 18; sem margr snápr hefir svarat hér til, Gþl. 172. II. the pointed end of a gimlet, pen, pencil, or the like, which may be the primitive sense of this word. snáp-skapr, m. the being a snápr, Skálda 208. snefgir, adj. pl. fleet, swift, epithet of ships; snefgir kjólar, Hkv. 1. 48. snefill, m. a slight scent; hafa snefil af e-u. snegða, u, f. a wench, Björn. snegla, u, f. a weaver's shuttle, Björn: in the nickname Sneglu-Halli, Fms. vi. sneið, f. [sníða; A.S. snæð], a slice, Nj. 76; brauð-sneið, ost-s., fleski-s., q.v.: metaph. a taunt, hverr á þessa sneið, who owns to this cut? who is meant by this slight? Ó.H. 87; stinga. e-m sneið, to cut with sarcasm, Eb. 56, Grett. 102 A, Fms. iv. 311. SNEIÐA, d, [sníða], to cut into slices, Fas. iii. 24 (in a verse); s. brand, ost: metaph., s. e-m = stinga e-m sneið, sneiða honum fyrir sína elli, Þiðr. 339; slíkt or ílla mælt, at s. honum afgömlum, Nj. 190; ekki vilju vér honum s., Fms. vi. 15; hann sneiddi ræðunni á hendr þeim bræðrum, hinted at them, Hkr. ii. 288; Gregoríus ræddi um fám orðrum, en sneiddi svá til (hinted) sem ..., Fms. vii. 258; in Vápn. 5 read svaddi, cp. Fs. 66. 2. to walk zig-zag; sá maðr er bratta brekku sneiðir, Bs. i. 750: s. hjá, to pass by; Katla mælti at Þormóðr skyldi þar ekki hjá garði sneiða, Fbr. 37 new Ed.; hann sneiddi hjá þeim, Niðrst. 4; eigi mun ek hjá þeim kosti s., decline it, Fær. 252, Bs. ii. 48. II. part. n. sneitt, sliced, a sheep's mark, cntting a slice aslant the ear; sneitt framan hægra, sneitt aptan vinstra. sneiði-gata, u, f. a zig-zag path up a fell-side, Ísl. ii. 175, Mar. 1055. sneiðingr, m. = sneiðigata. SNEIS, f. [A.S. snâs = a spit; Ivar Aasen sneis = a twig], a skewer, by which a long sausage is skewered into a coil; Hann spurði hvar Ögmundr sneis væri? -- Answer, þat er likara at þú hittir oddinn á hjalta-sneisinni (the hilt-spit, i.e. the sword's blade) áðr sjá. dagr líðr af, Bs. i. 568; dó Bersi þar, ok fann svá sneis, er hann leitaði um daginn, 569 (a pun, for the man Ogmund was surnamed sneis); ek þóttumk hafa mörbjúga-hlut í hendi, ok var af sneisar-haldit, a sausage from which the 'spit-hold' had been torn off, Sturl. ii. 132; fá mér annat vápn sterkara, ok skal mér ekki sneis þessi, this switch! Sd. 118 (but in the interpolated mod. part.) II. in Dan. snees, [A.S. snâs], means twenty, prob. from the use of tallies to score by. sneisa, t, to 'spit' a sausage, coil it up; ok úsýnna at þú sneisir mör þinn optarr, Bs. i. 568. SNEKKJA, u, f. [A.S. snace; Engl. smack; snakkr or snákr] :-- a kind of swift-sailing ship, belonging to the kind of 'langskip;' thus called from its swift 'snake-like' movement in the water; Ásbjörn átti langskip, þat var s. tvítug-sessa, Ó.H., Fms. v. 337; hann lét reisa langskip mikit, þat var s., skipit var þrítugt at rúma-tali, ii. 50; snekkjurnar flutu þar ekki, Eg. 362; hann lét búa snekkju tvítug-sessu ok með skútu fimmtán-sessu, ok enn vista-byrðing. Fms. vii. 310: þeir höfðu þangað snekkju tvítug-sessu vel skipaða. Eg. 28; tvær snekkjur, ellifu snekkjur, Fms. i. 27, where the verse has skeið, so that skeið and snekkja seems to be synonymous; tvau skip, var annat 'langskip' en annat skúta ... ok hleypti 'snekkjunni' í kaf undir jarlinum, O.H.L. 16 (the verse has here 'skeið' Hákonar): snekkja is distinguished from dreki, tvau skip, var annat dreki góðr en annat s., Fb. i. 154; Vinda-snekkjan, Fms. ii. 308. snellask, d, dep. to talk in a high-pitched voice; á hvern snelldisk þú? Stj. 644. 2 Kings xi. x. 22. snellt, n. adj. harshly, in a high-pitched voice; Önundr segir þá snellt, þú ert furðu-djarfr. Eg. 337; hann mælti við þau snellt, i. 70; svara snellt, Ó.H. 115; mjök var Skaði í máli snelld, Völs. R. 60. SNEMMA, adv., older form snimma; the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. spells it with e and a double m, see the references below (from Bugge); fimm snemma, Jd. 5 (skothending, according to the metre of that poem); but fimm hundraða snimma (aðalhending), Kormak; fimr snimma, Ht. R. 29; the compar. snemr (snimr) and superl. snemst are obsolete: [A.S. sneome]:-- early = árla, q.v. 1. gener. of time; borinn snemma, Vsp. 32; hve ér yðr s. til saka réðut, Skv. 3. 34; sáttir þínar er ek vil snemma hafa, Alm. 6; veðr mun þar vaxa verða ótt snemma, Am. 17; þat erumk sennt at s., sonr Aldaföður vildi freista ..., Bragi; sá sveinn var snemma mikill ok fríðr sýnum, Fms. i. 14; görðisk þegar iþróttamaðr snemma, Hkr. i. 72; snemma fullkominn at afli, Eg. 146; s. mikill ok sterkr, Fs. 86; systir fann þeirra snemst, she was the first who saw them, Akv. 15; snemr enn þú hyggir, sooner than thou thinkest, Skv. 3. 54; hón var snemr (ere) numin lífi. Edda (in a verse); hvé snemst (how soonest) vér fám snekkjur búnar, Fas. i. 268 (in a verse); urðu snemst barðir, Bragi; þeirrar mildi ok góðvilja er hann téði oss nú enn snimst (lately) er hann var í Níðarósi, D.N. ii. 87. 2. of the day, early; snemma kallaði seggr annan, Vkv. 23; ganga snemma at sofa, Hm. 19; mikilsti snemma, 66; síð eða snemma, Þiðr. 57; síð ok snemma, Fms. x. 277; í nótt eða snemma á myrgin, viii. 397, v.l.; snemma um morguninn, Nj. 23; þriðja dag snimma, Ld. 266; Álfr konungr gékk opt snimma sofa, Hkr. i. 28. 3. with gen., snimma orrostunnar, Fms. viii. 388; einn aptan snimma Jólanna, vii. 268; þat var ok snemma orrostu er Óláfr konungr féll, x. 399; snemma dags, Am. 67. snemm-búinn, part. 'early-boun,' ready, of a ship bound for sea, Nj. 163, Eg. 404, 158, Ó.H. 128 (snembúinn with a single m). snemm-bærr, adj. early lambing or calving, Stj. 178; snemmbær kýr, opp. to siðbær. sneimm-endis, adv. early; s. um morguninn, Ld. 324; býsk konungr s. í braut, Fms. xi. 52; Hallr lét skirask snimhendis, at an early stage, Íb. 10; hann lét skirask snimendis, Fms. x. 397; sendi hann þá út s., early in the summer, 97, Nj. 47; hann var snemendis mikill ok sterkr, Ld. 20, Bs. i. 640; s. mikill hermaðr, Fms. i. 8, ii. 7: with gen., s. sumars, Ísl. ii. 264; s. biskupsdóms síns, Bs. i. 67. snemm-grær, adj. early-cropping, Stj. 274. snemt, adv. early; honum þótti heltlr snemt at rekja herinn, too early, Ó.H. 207; of-snemt, too early, passim in mod. usage. snepill, m. a snip, flap; skinn-s., torfu-s.; eyra-s., the ear-lobe, N.G.L. iii. 263, mod., eyrna-s.: a nickname, Landn. sneri-látr, adj. smart, an epithet of a woman = Dan. væver, Bjarn. (in a verse). sneri-ligr, adj. smart; s. karl! Bs. i. 603. snerill, m. = snarvölr, q.v.; þeir settu í sneril, ok sneru at strenginn, Hkr. iii. 365: in mod. usage the handle outside a door which is turned round to lift a latch. snerkja, t, (mod. snarka, að), [cp. Dan. snorke = snore], to sputter, of a light when the wick is damp; með snerkjanda nefi, Sks. 228. 2. to make a surly face; hann sat uppréttr ok var snerktr mjök, Eg. 304; hann snerkir kinnr, Sks. 230. snerpa, t, [snarpr; Ulf. at-snarpjan = GREEK, Col. ii. 21 ] :-- to whet; s. Öxar sínar, Bs. ii. 94: to raise, quicken; s. róðrinn: impers., enn er s. tók leiðit, as the wind grew brisker, Fas. ii. 73: reflex., snerpask við, to bestir oneself, Lv. 91. snerpa, n, f. = skerpa, the smartness of a thing: snerpi, n. sharpness; s. þessa frosts, 623. 34. snerra, u, f. a smart shock, onslaught; allhörð snerra, Fms. ix. 516; hann drap fjögur hundrað heiðingja í einni snerru (= einni lotu), Stj. 509; veitti herrinn Davids konungs harða snerru, 534: poët, a fight, battle, Lex. Poët. snerrinn, adj. vigorous, Lex. Poët. snerrir or snerir, m. a smart, sharp-witted person; hann var ú-svífinn í æskunni ok var hann snerir kallaðr, ok eptir þat Snorri, Eb. 30. SNERTA, pres. snertr, Pr. 427; pret. snart, plur. snurtu, Helr. 9; subj. snyrti, Mar. 528; part. snortinn: a medial form, snertumk, Landn. (in a verse), Korm. 246 (in a verse): in mod. usage mostly weak, pres. pret. snerti, part. snertr; the strong form is, however, freq. in the Bible, snortið, Luke viii. 46, 47; hver snart mig, 45; hún snart fald hans klæða, 44 :-- to touch; snart oddr sverðsins kvið Hrómundar, Fas. ii. 375; sveiflandi einu saxi sem fyrst var ván at snyrti, Mar. l.c.; snertumk harmr í hjarta hrót, grief touches the heart's core, Landn. (in a verse); snertumk hjörr við hjarta, Kormak; hafa snortið hjarta e-s, Bs. i. 769; þótt hann sé nokkuð snortinn, ii. 88; snart hann þó með engu móti borðit, Stj. 210; ú-telgðum steinum þeim sem ekki járn hafði snortið, 366; sem hann snart bein hins helga manns, 634; ó-snortin móðir = the Virgin-mother, Mar. 2. s. við, to touch on; hann hefir sigr hvar sem hann snertir við, Al. 136; ef vér snertum eigi við þá hluti, H.E. i. 461; síkr snart við sæþráð, the fish snapped at the hook, Skálda (in a verse); ok snart við klæði þau, er ..., Bs. i. 311. II. metaph. to touch, concern; mála þeirra er okkr snerta, Lv. 74; þetta sama snertr marga of mjök, Pr. 427. snerta, u, f. = snerra, í þessi snertu, Fms. viii. 230: of a short distance, Barði var í skóginum, ok snertu eina frá þeim, Ísl. ii. 355; Haraldr jarl tjaldar langa snertu upp frá sjónum, Fb. i. 170 (stund þá, Fms. xi. 85, l.c.) snerta, t, to quaff off quickly; ok snerti Hrungnir ór hverri (skál), Edda 57. snerti-bráðr, adj. impatient; verit hefir þú stundum snertibráðari, Lv. 107. snerti-róðr, m. a smart, short pull, Edda 35.

SNERTLINGAR -- SNOR. 575

Snertlingar, m. pl. the descendants of Snörtr, Landn. snertr, m. a touch, slight attack, of illness or thc like. SNEYÐA, d, [snauðr], to bereave one of; s. e-n e-u, sneyddu þeir borgina nautum ok sauðum, Stj. 188; s. (to cheat) sér órikri menn, 656 A. ii. 2. sneyði-liga, adv., Grett. 88 new Ed. (read sneypiliga, p for þ). sneyði-ligr, adj. destitute. Mar. SNEYPA, t, [the original sense, = castrare, remains in Swed. snöpa; and Scot. snib, cp. Engl. to snip] :-- as a law term, to outrage, dishonour; ef maðr sneypir dóttur manns eða konu, N.G.L. i. 232: to disgrace, mjök em ek svívirðr ok sneyptr, MS. 4. 30; svívirðiliga sneypandi (gerund.), Fb. i. 89: in mod. usage to chide (a boy or child), þú mátt ekki sneypa barnid svona: the phrase, ríða sneyptr, to ride in slovenly fashion, i.e. to ride with the horse's tail hanging loose and untrimmed, instead of being bound up neatly into a knot (gyrðr í tagl). sneypa, u, f. a disgrace, ignominy; mun sjá s. jafnan uppi, Glúm. 389; mun ek sneypu fá af mönnum um tal okkart, Ld. 44; sveinninn vendi aptr með sneypu, Fms. x. 394 (snaupu); bíða mikla sneypu, Hrafn. 19; skömm ok sneypu, Nj. 186; flýja með mikilli sneypu, Fagrsk. 170. sneypu-för, f. a disgraceful journey, Nj. 79. sneypi-liga, adv. disgracefully; fara s., to be snubbed, Þórð. 44, Bret. 10, Þiðr. 244, Mag.; tala s. til e-s, to use bad language, Grett. 88. sneyping, f. = sneypa, Barl. 55, 165, MS. 4. 27. sneypir, m. as a nickname, a snipper (gelder?), Landn. 204. snið, n. [sníða; Germ. schnitt], a slice; meitla af endanum til sniðs fyrstu róarinnar, Mar.; nú skal hann þiggja af-snið þyrnisins, the cut-off piece, Karl. 546: a cut, of clothes, fata-snið: the phrase, á snið, askance; höggva á snið, to cut aslant. 2. plur. the cut edges of a book; bók í gyltum, rauðum sniðum, a gilt-edged, red-edged book. sniða, að, to go zig-zag; hann sniðar upp fjallið. snidda, u, f. a cut slice of turf. sniddari, a, m. [Germ. schneider], a tailor, N.G.L. ii. 246, iii. 14. snið-glíma, u, f. a wrestler's term, a hip-trip, Fms. iii. 189. snið-hvass, adj. keen cutting: metaph., Fms. viii. 134. sniðill, m. a pruning-knife, D.N. i. 321; sniðil at höggva upp þorna, Greg. 62; sniðrli ( = sniðli), Gþl. 58. COMPDS: sniðil-egg, f, the edge of a s., Fas. iii. 626. sniðils-varp, n. a 'cast of the pruning-knife;' a person was entitled to land so far outside his fence as he could throw his sniðill, Gþl. 453: sniðill, the name of a sword, Fas. ii. sniðugr, adj., [Dan. snedig], clever, cunning, (mod.) snifinn, part. of a lost strong verb, = Gr. GREEK, snowed-on; var ek snifin snjóvi, ok slegin regni, ok drifin döggu, Vkv. 5. snigill, m. [A.S. snegel; Engl. snail; Dan. snegl], a snail, Fas. iii. 12 (as also the verse); brekku-s., freq. in mod. usage. snikka, að, qs. sniðka, to nick, cut, esp. as a mason's or carpenter's term; telgja eðr s., Fms. xi. 431. snikkari, a, m. [Dan. snedker], a carpenter, (mod.) SNILLD, f. [snjallr], masterly skill, eloquence; orðhegi, snilld ok skilning, Sks. 438; vitra ok s., Mar.: kom hann svá sínu máli, at þat þótti öllum áheyrilegt, bar til þess s. haus, Fms. xi. 219; lauk drottning með því sinni tölu, at allir lofuðu hennar s. ok vitrleik, i. 141; ok völðusk til þrír hinir snjöllustu menn at tala á þinginu, ok vóru þessir ágæztir bæði at viti ok snilld, x. 278; með s. sinna orða, 279; vitrleik, s. ok hyggju, Barl. 12; í þeirri helgu snilld (in the holy text) mælir svá, Hom. 155; orða-snilld, Lil. 64; mál-snilld, eloquence; snilldar-orð. Gd. 41; snilldar-framr = Lat. disertus, Lex. Poët. 2. gener. excellency of art, skill, Sks. 630; það er gört með mestu snilld. COMPDS: snilldar-bragð, n. prowess, Fms, x. 258; stórvirki ok s., iv. 84. snilldar-legr, adj. (-liga, adv.), masterly. snilldar-maðr, m. a great orator, a master, Hkr. iii. 27; s. til mælsku, Sks. 475. snilldar-verk, n. a heroic deed, prowess, Fms. vi. 38, vii. 87, Ó.H. 33; a masterly work. snilli, f. = snilld; mál heitir s., Edda 110. 2. prowess; spurði, ef hann væri jam-snjallr honum | Glúmr kvaðsk eigi vita um snilli hans, Glúm. 338; eigi ætla ek þik þykkjask jafn-snjallan gyltunni ... Ekki jafna ek snilli okkarri gyltu saman, Valla L. 203; snilli-fimr = disertus, Leiðarv. 6; snilli-kenndr, við ærna snilli, Lex. Poët. snilli-bragð, n. an exploit, Flóv. 43. snillingr, m., prop. a master of speech, Edda (Gl.): in mod. usage a master in art, skill, or writing; þjóð-s., ráð-s., a wise man. 2. a heroic man; nú í hvert sinn er ek berjmnk, þá em ek fyrstr, ok þykkja þeir nú snillingar er jafn-fram fara mér, Fms. viii. 410. snippa, að. to sniff with the nose. snitti, n. [sníða], a flap or lobe; ræna hann hverju snitti, Mar. 597. SNÍÐA, sníð, pret. sneitt, sneið, pl. sniðu; imperat. sníð, sníddu; part. sniðinn; a weak pret. sníddi (analogous to líddi from líða), Fas. iii. 21 (in a verse), 356, l. 1: [Ulf. sneiþan = GREEK; A.S. sniðan; Germ. schneiden; Dan. snyden; Shetl, sny] :-- to slice, lop, cut, prop. to prune trees, as the Gothic shews, cp. sniðill, Al. 120; burt sníð þú grein lastanna, Pass.; sníðu vér löstu af verkum várum, Greg. 32; sumir orm sniðu, Bkv. 4; sníðit or hann sina-magni, cut his sinew-power, ham-string him, Vkv.; skör sniðin hjörvi, Edda (Ht.); skeið sneið, she cut the waves, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hann sníðr hann sundr í miðju, Nj. 97; sneið Karkr höfuð af jarli, Fms. i. 217; svá at sneið í sundr kjálkana ok barkann, vii. 191; sneið Egill af honum skeggit. Eg. 564: sniða um, to circumcise (um-sniðning), Stj. 353, MS. 625. 86; sniða, líma ok niðr-setja, of masonry, Fms. xi. 428: to cut cloth, of tailoring, sníða skyrtu, Gísl. 97; so also sniða skó or skæði: metaph., s. af, hann sneið af neðan þat er saurugt hafði orðit, Fs. 51; bjórar er menn sniða ór skóm sínum fyrir tá eðr hæli, Edda 42; so in mod. usage, s. fat, klæði, dúk: sniða til, to make a cut; hvar til skyldi s. um kvánfangit, Finnb. 296. sníkinn, adj., an obsolete part. 'sneaking,' i.e. covetous, hankering; sinkr ok sníkinn, Barl. 136. SNÍKJA, t, [Engl. sneak; Dan. snige, although in a different sense]:-- to hanker after; sníkja til mútu, Gþl. 175; mútur eða gjafir ... þeir er til slíkra hluta sníkja, Barl. 32. 2. mod. to beg for food silently, esp. used of a dog. sníkjur, f. pl. begging. sníkju-gestr, m. a parasite, = Dan. snylte-gjæst. snípa, u, f. a snipe; in mýri-snípa. snjall-mæltr, part. fine-spoken, Hkr. iii. 87, Nj. 229. SNJALLR, snjöll, snjallt, adj. [A.S. snel = quick; Germ. schnell; Hel. snell = strenuus; Dan. and Norse snild = good] :-- prop. swift; this sense, however, has disappeared, and it is used, II. metaph. eloquent, well-spoken; hverr var þessi inn snjalli maðr? Fagrsk. 139 (mál-snjalli, Fms. vi. 415, l.c.); s. at máli, Sks. 72 new Ed., Róm. 312; fá menn til at eiga þing við Knút, þá er snjallir sé ok slægir, Fms. xi. 219; völdusk til þrír hinir snjöllustu menn á þinginu at tala, x. 278; snjallara mál, vii. 158; tala langt eyrendi ok snjallt, Nj. 250, Fms. x. 278: mál-s., q.v. 2. good, excellent; snjallara ráð ok vitrligra, Fms. i. 104; hit bezta ráð ok snjallasta, vi. 417. 3. valiant, doughty; snjallr ok vel hugaðr, Lv. 52; at hug hafa hjörum at bregða eru hildingar hölzti snjallir, Hkv. 1. 22; hví namtú hann sigri þá, ef þér þótti hann s. vera? Em. 6; ef hann er snjallari en geit, Fb. ii. 223; snjallr í sessi, brave when in shelter, Ls. 15; vera jamn-s. e-m, one's equal in courage and valour. Glúm. 335, 336, Valla L. 203; jamn-snjallr sem geit, Bjarn. (in a verse): passim in Lex. Poët, as an epithet of kings, even as an epithet of God, and in various poët, compds; ú-snjallr, the unwise, Hm. 15, 47; ú-snjallara (more cowardly) kvað hann mik enn gyltuna, Valla L. III. as pr. names, Snjallr, Landn.; Snjall-steinn, id.: in Dan. local names, Snolde-löv. snjall-ráðr, adj. wise in counsel, Lex. Poët. snjall-ræði, n. a wise counsel, plan, course, taken in an emergency, Ó.H. 54, Fær. 204, Fms. v. 47, viii. 392. snjall-talaðr = snjallmæltr, Stj. 261, Bs. i. 641, v.l. snjá-hvítr = snjóhvítr, Fms. ii. 281. snjáldr, n. = snáldr. snjár, m., see snjór. snjáva, að, = snjófa, q.v. snjóigr, adj., contr. snjófgir, snowy, Sturl. iii. 158. snjór, m. snow; for the various forms, snær, snjór, snjár, see snær. COMPDS: snjó-byrgi, n. a snow-shed, Sd. 159. snjó-drif, n. a snow-drift, snow raised by the wind, = snjó-fok or skaf-kafald, Hkr. iii. 138. snjo-drifinn, part. drifted, Sks. 230. snjó-fall, n. a fall of snow, Bjarn. 51, Stj. 88, Bs. i. 381. snjó-föl, n. a thin cover of snow, Fbr. 59, Sd. 167. snjó-fönn, f. a snow-drift. Fas. i. 115, Dropl. 23. snjó-hríð, f. a snow-storm, Ann. 1336. snjó-hvítr, adj. snow-white, Sks. 92, Fms. ii. 254, viii. 8. snjó-kerling, f. a 'snow-carline,' snow-man :-- in time of heavy snow the Icel. amuse themselves by building a great snow-man, and this is called 'hlaða snjókerlingu.' snjó-lauss, adj. 'snowless,' free from snow, Gísl. 117, Eg. 548, Fbr. 36; snjá-lauss, Jb. 193 C. snjó-ligr, adj. snowy, Sks. 230. snjó-minna, compar. less snow, Fs. 25. snjó-nauð, f. 'snow-need' a strong snow-gale; ísar eða s., N.G.L. i. 405. snjó-samr, adj. snowy, Al. 41. snjó-skafl, m., see skafl. snjó-skriða, u, f. a snow-slip, Sturl. snjó-titlingr, m. a snow-bunting. snjó-vetr, m. a snowy winter, Ann. 1313. snjóva or snjófa, snjáva, Fms. i. 235, mod. snjóa, að, to snow, Gr. GREEK; snjávaði á fjöll, Fms. i. 235; áðr hafði snjófat nokkut, vi. 334; þann tíma er snjóva tæki, viii. 431: impers., snjófar þá á fyrir þeim, ok vetrar, Fær. 40. snoðinn, adj., prop. a part. [cp. snauðr], bald; Egill görðisk enn snoðinn, Eg. 334; snoðinn ok strý-hærðr, Sturl. i. 20. snoðir, f. pl. scent, in hunting; in the phrase, komast á snoðir um e-t. snoðra = snuðra, Finnb. 214. snoppa, u, f. the snout, of animals, cows, horses, = skolptr, q.v.; á snoppu Brún (a horse), Vígl. 21, Konr.; fá högg á snoppu, Skíða R. COMPDS: snoppu-fríðr, adj. 'fine-faced,' (slang.) snoppu-langr, adj. long-snouted, a nickname, Sturl. snoppungr, m. a buffet, a slap on the snout. SNOR or snör, f. [A.S. snoru; O.H.G. snuor; Germ. schnur; Lat. nurus] :-- a daughter-in-law; snor heitir sonar-kván, Edda 109; snor né dóttir, Gh. 18 (Bugge); sn&aolig;r, Rm. 23 (Bugge), Edda ii. 491; frá Noemi

576 SNORRI -- SNYÐJA.

ok snorum hennar tveim ... hvártveggi sn&aolig;r hennar, ... sn&aolig;r sína Orpham, ... af þinni sn&aolig;r, Stj. 420, 421, 426. Snorri, or better Snori, a pr. name, see snerrir, Eb. Snorrungar, m. pl. the descendants of Snorri the Priest, Sturl. i. 55, ii. 82. SNOTR, adj., the r is radical, fem, snotr, neut. snotrt; [Ulf. snotrs = GREEK; A.S. snotor = sapiens] :-- wise, a word noticeable for its use in the old Hm. (where it is used of the 'wise' man, ú-snotr of the 'fool'), Gr. GREEK, Lat. sapiens, cp. Hebr. CDH ; ok með snotrum sitr, Hm. 5; snotrs manns hjarta, 54; til snotr, 55; hveim snotrum manni, 94; ó-snotr maðr, 23-26, 78, 160; meðal-snotr, 53-55; al-snotr, all-wise, 54; ráð-s., 63; otherwise of rare occurrence in old writers, snotr kona, Edda; ef hann vill snotr heita, Sks. 317; ósnotr, 449; Sturl. iii. 241, -- lögðu menn á þat eigi fullan trúnað er hann sagði, þvíat Björn var nokkut snotr (ú-snotr?) ok svá nokkut grályndr kallaðr -- is a dubious passage and prob. corrupt. II. in mod. usage snotr means neat, handsome; það er snoturt, hann er snotr. snotra, að, to make wise; seint er afglapa at snotra, Fas. iii. 585. Snotra, u, f. the name of one of the minor goddesses, Edda. 2. as appell., in húsa-snotra, 'house-neat,' see hús. snotr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), clever; mæla sannara eðr snotrligra, Valla L. 206. snókr, m. [Dan. snog], a snake; see snákr: a nickname, Sturl. iii. Snóks-dalr, a local name in Icel., from the pr. name. snópa, pres. snópir, to idle about dismally (destitute and hapless); sitr ok snópir, Hm. 32; snópa snauðr, Fas. iii. 12 (in a verse); so in the mod. phrase, snópa úti í kulda. snót, f. [snotr], a gentlewoman, Edda 109; snótar úlfr, the 'lady's wolf,' i.e. Loki, who carried off the goddess Idun, Haustl.; snótum öllum, opp. to jörlum öllum, Gh. 21, Rm.; the word is poët., and in prose only ironical, þessar snótir, these dames, Al. 153. snubba, að, [Old Engl. snybbe; Engl. to snub], to snub, chide. Stj. 423; hón frúin snubbaði hann, Karl. 53; s. e-n um e-t, Mar.; hence mod. snupra, q.v. snubban, f. a snub, chiding, Mar. snubbu-ligr, adj.; s. orð, snubbing words, Mar. Snubbóttr, adj. snubbed, nipped, the pointed end being cut off; það er snubbótt fyrir endan. snudda, að, = snuðra; s. eptir e-u. snuðra, að, (snoðra, Finnb. 214), to snuff, scent, like a dog, Vd. 126 old Ed.; hann ferr ok snoðrar um hvern stein, Finnb. l.c. snugga, pres. snuggir, defect. in other forms, [Swed. snugga = Icel. sníkja] :-- to hanker after; snæliga snuggir kváðu Finnar, it snuffs of snow, quoth the Finns, Fms. vii. 2O; horfa ok snugga heljar til, to throw a hankering look towards Hel, Skm. 27; Judæi skyldi eigi þurfa til þess at snugga, at nokkurn tím komi undir þá konungdómrinn, they need not hanker after that, Stj. (MS.) snugg-íllr, adj. dismal; var heldr snuggíllt veðr, chilly weather, Grett. 111 A. snupra, að, to snub, chide a child; and snuprur, f. pl. chidings. snurða, u, f. a knot in hard-twisted thread = Dan. en kurre paa traaden. snus, f., see snös. SNÚA, pres. sný, snýr (snýrðu), snýr; plur. snúm, snúit, snúa: pret. snöri, sneri (also spelt sneyri); subj. snöri and sneri: imperat. snú, snúðú: part. snúinn: [Ulf. sniwan; Dan. snoe.] A. To turn, with dat.; sný ek hennar öllum sefa, Hm. 162; ek fékk snúit mínum hesti, Fms. ix. 382; himininn snýr sólu frá austri til vestrs. Rb. 474; hón lét hann mala ok s. kvern, Fas. ii. 377; þeir snúa skipum sínum ok láta framstafna horfa frá landi, Fms. xi. 101; Baglar vildu snúa Rauðsúðinni, viii. 378; hann hafði snúit út skinnunum, vii. 34; snýr jarl þangat herinum, Nj. 127; komask fyrir þá ok snúa þeim aptr, Al. 30: snúa umb öllu því er í er húsinu, Greg. 33; um snýr þú (to turn up and down) öllum sæmdunum, Ölk. 37; snúa sínu ráði áleiðis með sæmd, to proceed well, take a good turn, Fms. vii. 21; mikit (better miklu) þótti mér þeir þá hafa snúit til leiðar, Edda i. 52; s. máli til sættar, Fms. x. 413; þá snýrðu öllum vanda á hendr mér, Nj. 215; sný ek þessu niði á hönd Eiríki, Eg. 389; at öngri hefnd sé til hans snúit, Nj. 266; snúa vináttu sinni til e-s, Fms. x. 51; s. úfriði á hendr e-m, to turn upon a person, begin hostilities, ix. 436; s. e-m til samþykkis við sik, vii. 307; snúa at brullaupi, to prepare for, Ld. 70, Fms. x. 105; s. til seyðis, Edda; nú skiptir miklu hversu þú vilt til snúa, what turn wilt thon take? Gísl. 58; snúa aptr ferð sinni, to turn back, Fms. vi. 89. 2. to turn on a journey; göra þá ráð sitt, hvert hann sneyri (subj.) þaðan, ... snéri konungr þá með þat lið austr, Fms. v. 24: snúa aptr, to turn back; þeir snéru aptr til Kvenlands, Eg. 59, Fms. vii. 289, viii. 378; at þeir snöri (subj.) heimleiðis ... vildu þeir við þetta heim snúa, Rb. 261; sneyru þau suðr, Landn. 77; skipin snéru hér ok hvar undir nesit, Fms. ix. 314; snöri hann þá frá, Stj. 401; þá snéru þeir undan, drew back, Fms. ix. 216; snúm at þeim, let us turn upon them, Nj. 245; snéri hann þá í móti honum, 8; hann snýr í móti honum, 125; sólin snýr um jörðina, turns (passes) round the earth, Rb. 488. 3. to change, alter; hann snéri siðan namni sínu, Fms. ix. 272; nú skulu vit snúa vísum þeim er mest eru ákveðin orð, v. 173; s. skapi sínu, Fas. i. 339; snúa þingboði í herör, Hkr. i. 270: sneri hón því í villu er hann hafði mælt, Nj. 161; sneri hann manns-líki á sik, 623. 35: to turn, translate, snúa Látinu-bréfinu í Norrænu, Bs. i. (Laur. S.); Rodbert ábóti sneri ok Hakon konungr ... lét snúa þessi Norrænu-bók, El; snúa þeim lögum í Norrænu. K.Á. 122; s. ór Franzeizu í Norrænu, Art. II. to turn, twist, absol.; fá, mér leppa tvá ór hári-þínu, ok snúit þit móðir mín saman til boga-strengs mér, Nj. 114: with, acc., lét hann snúa hinu ramligustu blýbönd, Fb. i. 564; vóru snúin þar fyrir speld, a shutter for the window, Nj. 114; var vöndr snúinn í hár þeim, Fms. xi. 147; snúa e-n undir, to throw down by a turn or twist, in wrestling, 656 B. 9: so also, snúa e-n niðr, to throw down, Stj. 346; harð-snúinn, hard-twisted; margsnúinn, many-twisted, cp. snúðr, snúðigr; snúa vélar ok svik, to twist, contrive, Sks. 349. III. impers. it is turned; þá. snéri um sæti því, it was upset, Sks. 110 B: acc., þá snéri um höll konungsins ok öll önnur hús, 648 B, less correct; henni snýr frá austri til vestrs, Rb. 480; snéri þá mannfalli í lið Kirjála, Eg. 59; sneri mannfalli á hendr Ribbungum, Fms. ix. 313; brátt sneri fjárhaginum fyrir Teiti, Sturl. i. 131 C; ef konur hengja klæði út ... en ef um snýr, if they be turned up and down, N.G.L. i. 349. B. Reflex. to turn oneself; hafði Gunnarr snúizk í hauginum, Nj. 118; snerisk hann á hæli, 253; allir Þrændir snérusk til hans, Fms. i. 55. 2. snérisk hann suðr aptr, he returned, Fms. xi. 417; snýsk Jörmungandr í jötunmóði, Vsp.: en þegar eptir snýsk fram Viðarr, W. comes forth, Edda i. 192; snerisk sá maðr fyrir honum inn í höllina, wheeled round into the hall, Edda 34; snúask undan, Nj. 129; snúask at e-m, í móti e-m, við e-m, to turn upon, face about, to meet an attack or the like, 84, 115, 129. Eg. 380, 583, passim: snúask um, to turn up and down; snýsk jörðin um fyrir sjónum þeirra. Fms. i. 9; snúask í hring, to spin round, rotate, Rb. 100; svá snerisk (it turned out so) at þér kómusk í engan lífs-háska, Eg. 45; þá snýsk veðrátta á inn hægra veg, Rb. 100; vatnið snýsk til loptsins svá, sem þat þynnisk, Stj.; þó er líkast hann snúisk til várrar ættar um vinfengit, Nj. 38; snúask til leiðar, to turn towards the right, Fms. vii. 136; snúask til hlýðni við e-n, i. 232; þú neitaðir Guði ok snérisk aptr (returnest to sin), ... þú tókt við skírn ok snérisk til Guðs, Hom. 151: vér snörumk frá Skapara órum, turned away from our Maker, Greg. 38; at þeir snúisk ok fram heilsu anda sinna, 623. 26; snérisk allr lyðr í sút ok sorg, Stj.: pass., snúask um, s. niðr, he turned up and down, Sks. 110 B. II. part., for snúandi, Bs. i. 139, l. 28, read suiuandi, i.e. svífandi. 2. past part. snúinn, turning to, bent on; snúinn til fégirni, Fms. v. 35; snúinn til vináttu við e-n, xi. 350; lýðr s. Guði til handa, 656 B. 8; konungr var mjök snúinn á þat at sigla til Írlands, enn menn hans löttu, Fms. x. 142, v.l. snúan-ligr, adj. that can be turned, Stj. 40. snúðga, að, prop. to 'twist,' win, gain; at ek snúðgaða honum margan mann. 625. 27. snúðigr, adj., contr. snúðga, [A.S. snúd = quick, agile], twirling, wheeling; snúðga steini, Gs. 4, 12. 2. neut., in the phrase, ganga snúðigt, to walk at a swinging pace, Ld. 62, 148, Valla L. 212, Fas. ii. 558, Fbr. 115; fara snúðigt, id., Nj. 100. snúðr, m. [snúa; Scot. snood], a twift, twirl; það er harðr snúðr, linr snúðr; þeir knýttu saman ok görðu snúða (v.l. snýð = snúð) á endunum, and twirled it into a clew at the ends, Fms. iv. 335 (noða, i.e. hnoða (q.v.), Ó.H. l.c.) 2. the head-piece of a spindle (snælda); á snældu er snúðr og hnokki, Hallgr.; hence the allit. phrase, snúðr ok snælda, N.G.L. i. 92: the allit. phrase, hann vill hafa nokkuð fyrir snúð sinn og snældu, he will get something for his twirl and distaff, i.e. some return, see the legend Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 508. II. profit, gain, for spinning and twisting betoken wealth and gain; hvern snúð sjá þeir sinn í þvi? Sks. 251; hvat snúð (dat.), 266 B; til snúðar ok ávaxtar, Ó.T. 36; þat er lítið til snúðar, a small profit, 655 xi. 3; ráð er slikt til snúðar, Bjarn. (in a verse); fé-snúðr, money-making, Band.; þat er minn snúðr, that is my gain, 'tis a good turn for me, Fms. vi. (in a verse). snúðu-liga, adv. quickly, Hom. 120. snúin-brók, f. 'twisted-tartan.' a nickname of a lady, Eandn.: snúin-brúni, a, m. 'twirl-eyelash,' a nickname, Sturl. snúna, að, to turn; hve mun æfi s. mér, what turn will my life take? Skv. 1. 6; e-m snúnar e-t, to succeed, Ó.H. (in a verse); hversu snúnuðu yðr konur yðrar, how did your wives comfort you? Hbl. 16. snúnaðr, m. a good turn, windfall, gain, Vellekla. snúning, f. a turning, rotation, Rb. 480: in mod. usage masc. snúningr, (freq.) snúra, u, f. a lace, from Germ. schnur. snyðja, snyð, snuddi, a def. verb; [A.S. snyðjan; Ivar Aasen snydia; Engl. sniff] :-- perh. prop. to go sniffing, a metaphor from hounds; hann fór snyðjandi at leita Þórólfs, he went sniffing in search of Th., Fs. 50. 2. metaph., láta snekkjur snyðja, Edda (Ht.); ek lét (skip) snyðja ór Sogni, Fas. ii. 72 (in a verse); láta sverð snyðja í ben, Ísl. ii. 362 (in a verse); veglig flaust snuddu víða, Fms. x. (in a verse); slög

SNYKR -- SOFA. 577

(the shafts) snuddu, vii. (in a verse); cp. snoddu (better svoddu), Fs. 66, v.l. snykr, m. = fnykr, Bs. ii. 5. snyrta, t, to trim; in the phrase, snyrta til. (conversational.) snyrti-, [from snotr, qs. snytri-], neat, elegant: snyrti-liga, adv. neatly, búask s., Str. 81; snyrti-ligr, adj., Konr.: snyrti-maðr, m. a gentleman, Edda (Gl.); snyrti-drengr, -freyja, -gátt, -gerðr, -grund, all poët, epithets of gentlemen and women. Lex. Poët. snyrtir, m. a polisher, Lex. Poët.: the name of a sword, Saxo. snýpr, m. [akin to sneypa], the penis, (vulgar.) SNÝTA, t, (cp. Dan. snyde, Engl. snot], to blow the nose; snýta sér; hence snýta blóði, Fas. ii. 320 (in a verse); snýta rauðu, to get a bloody nose, Fms. iii. 147, Karl. 149. II. metaph., snýtt hefír þú sifjungum, thou hast destroyed thy kinsman, Am. 82 (cp. Dan. snyde = cheat). snýta, u, f. a 'snot,' worthless fellow; vesalar snýtur, Fas. ii. 550. SNÆÐA, d, [snáð], to eat, take a meal, with dat.; sem vit höfum snætt þessu, Stj. (mod. with acc.): absol., þeir snæddu báðir samt, Fms. i. 216; s. af einum diski, 259; er konungr hafði snætt at dagverðar-borðum, vi. 150; þeir hvíldusk ok ætlaði konungr at snæða, ix. 404. snæði, n. a meal, = snæðing, Fms. ix. 404, v.l. snæðing, f. (snæðingr, m., Fms. ix. (v.l.), MS. 4. 24, and so in mod. usage), a meal, the taking a meal; snæðingunni, Fms. ix. 404; sitja í snæðingu, to sit at meals, Korm. 232; s. ok samsæti, Sks. 632; taka snæðing, Sd. 161, Fms. viii. 411; veita e-m snæðing, to give a dinner, vii. 97. snæfr, adj., the r is radical, [Norse snæv; Dan. snæver], tight, narrow; höfðu þeir kyrtla styttri ok snæfrari en hjörtu betri. Fms. viii. 336. II. metaph. tough, vigorous; snæfrir vinir, Fms. ix. 440 (in a verse); hér var snæfrt um siglu, a close, tough, tight tug, Fas. ii. 76 (in a verse); ok hafði hann eigi verit snærri (= snæfri), he had never been 'tighter,' more hale and hearty than then, Sturl. i. 150. snæfr-leikr, m. alertness, Fbr. 145. snæfr-liga, adv. deftly, Hkr. iii. 252. snæfr-ligr, adj. deft, alert, Fms. vii. 343; s. ferð, Ld. 284: rash, er yðr eigi einn hlutr vel gefinn, at svá er allt snarligt ok snöfrligt um yðr, Band. 16 new Ed. snæfr-mannligr, adj. deft, Hkr. iii. 338 (Cod. Fris. snæfr-). snælda, u, f. [akin to snjallr], a spindle; suúðr ok snælda, N.G.L. i. 92. snældu-hali, a. m. a 'spindle-tail,' Bret. 32. II. the prop supporting the seat in a boat; sjór upp í miðjar snældur, the boat is full of water up to the middle of the s. snældingr, m. [snáldr], poët, a serpent, Edda (Gl.) SNÆR, m., this word has three different forms, snær, snjár, snjór; (analogous to sær, sjár, sjór; slær, sljár, sljór; mær, mjár, mjór); of these snær is the oldest, snjár rare, snjór prevalent in mod. usage: gen. snæs; acc. snæ, snjá, snjó: before a vowel the v (also written f) appears, snjófar, Bs. i. 198; dat. snævi, 656 A. ii. 8; snjávi, 623. 3; snjófi, Vtkv. 5, Dipl. ii. 14; nom. pl. snjóvar, Hdl. 41, Bs. i. 198, etc.; acc. gen. pl. snjófa, Lv. 25, Dipl. ii. 14; snjáva, Fms. ii. 97; dat. pl. snævum (snjávum, Fms. ix. 233), snjávum, snjóvum: in mod. usage the v has been dropped, dat. snjó, pl. snjóar, snjóa; this shortened form also occurs in old writers, esp. before the suffixed article, snænum, K.Þ.K. 6 (Kb.); snæ (dat.), Grág. ii. 88; snjánum, K.Þ.K. 12 B; snjónum, Bs. i. 198: [Ulf. snaiws; common to all Teut. languages, as also to Gr. and Lat., though without the initial s.] A. Snow; snævi hvítara, 656 A. ii. 8; snjávi hvítari, Niðrst. l.c.; hvítar sem snjár, Hkr. i. 71; hafði snjá lagt á fjöllin, 46; en er váraði ok nokkut leysti snjó ór hlíðum, Fs. 25; sem sólskin snæ lægir, Anal. 283; snjór var á jörðu, Gísl. 32; er snjó lagði á heiðar, Orkn. 4; snjó ef snjór er, sjó et sjór er, N.G.L. i. 339; snjór var fallinn, Fms. viii. 171; lagði á þá snjáva ok úfærðir, ii. 97; nú náir eigi vatni, getr snjó, K.Þ.K. 6 (Kb.); með snjófi ok frosti, Dipl. ii. 14; þá vóru snjófar miklir, Eg. 543; sakir frosts ok snjóva, Dipl. ii. 14, and passim. II. in pr. names, mostly the older form Snæ-, Snæ-björn, Snæ-kollr, Snæ-laug (spelt Snjó-laug, Bs. i. 285, note 4): contr., Snjólfr, qs. Snæ-úlfr. snjóvar-fullr, adj. full of snow, Bs. i. 198. B. COMPDS: snæ-blandinn, part. blended with snow, Bs. i. 198. snæ-fall, n. a fall of snow, Fms. viii. 52, Finnb. 312. Snæ-fjöll, n. pl. Snæfell, a mountain in Icel. snæ-fugl, m. the snow-bunting, emberiza nivalis, Edda (Gl.); whence Snæfugls-staðir, a local name in Icel. snæ-fölva, u, f. = snjóföl, Ld. 204. snæ-hús, n. a snow-house dug in the snow, Bs. i. 324. snæ-hvítr, adj. = snjóhvítr, Hom. 80. snæ-kollr, m. a mound of snow, a nickname, Fms. ix. snæ-kváma, u, f. a fall of snow, Bs. i. 669. snæ-kökkr, m. (snjó-kökkr), a snowball, Fms. vii. 230, Dropl. 22. Snæ-land, n. Snowland, the first name given to Iceland, Landn. 26. snæ-lauss, adj. = snjólauss; fjöll snælaus, Landn. 175. snæ-liga, adv. snowy, Fms. vii. 20. snæ-lítill, adj. with little snow. Fms. xi. 7. snæ-ljós, n. a 'snow-light' snow-blink, Eggert Itin. 121. snæ-mikit, n. adj. much snow, Landn. 324, Finnb. 242. snæ-nám, n. a thaw, Fms. iv. 42 (snjá-nám, Hkr. l.c.), D.N. ii. 35. snæ-skafa, u, f. the whirling of snow, mod. skaf-kafald, Ísl. ii. 87. snæ-skriða, u, f. a snow-slip, Bs. i, Gísl. 33. snæ-vetr, m. a snowy winter, MS. 415. 19. snæ-þryma, a nickname, Landn. SNÆRI, i.e. snœri, n.; [snúa; Ulf. snorjo = GREEK; O.H.G. snuor; Swed. snöre; Germ. schnure] :-- a twisted rope, of hemp, esp. such as is used for fishermen's lines and the like; hann kom snærinu á akkeris-hringinn, Lv. 99; lögð s. umhverfis, Eg. 340; þeir týndu snærum sínum, their fishing-lines, Gd. 51: the thong of a javelin, Lat. amentum; þeir fengu fingrum í snæri, they fingered their thongs, Am. 42, cp. 'inserit amento digitos' of Ovid; grípa í bug snæum, Jd. 26. COMPDS: snæri-dörr, n. pl. a javelin with a thong. Lex. Poët. snæris-spjót, n. a javelin, Eb. 310, Rd. 267, Hkr. iii. 38, Fas. snæri-ligr, adj. brisk, Fms. x. 393. snæugr, adj. snowy; skór snæugir, Gísl. 31; snæfgum höndum, Fb. ii. 334 (in a verse). snöfr-ligr, adj., see snæfrligr. snögg-klæddr, part. 'snug-clad' i.e. in under-clothing. snögg-liga, adv. suddenly, Landn. 85. snögg-ligr, adj. sudden; s. viðburðr. SNÖGGR, adj., the v appears before a vowel, snöggvan, etc.; compar. snöggvari; superl. snöggvastr: [Engl. snug, but metaph. = smooth] :-- bald or short, smooth, of wool, hair, crop; á loðna ok lembda en aðra snöggva ok gelda, Vm. 33; snöggvar ær, Grág. i. 505; nauts rófa snögg, Eb. 272; snöggvan belg, Landn. (in a verse); stutt skegg ok snöggvan kamp, Sks. 288; þeir bitu allt gras at snöggu, bit it close, Fms. xi. 6: freq. in mod. usage, esp. of grass, það er snöggt, túnið er snöggt. II. metaph. sudden, brief; orrosta hörð ok snögg, Vígl. 26; snöggr verki, hasty work, Geisli. 2. neut. snöggt, soon, at once, Finnb. 226; þá, dró svá snöggt undan, Fb. ii. 15; cp. the phrase, það er snöggt-um betra, by far better; superl. snöggvast, for a moment; eg fer burt sem snöggvast. snökta (snökt, n. whining), t, to sob, whine; ér látið ílla, snöktið eða syrgit, Fms. viii. 234; með snöktandi röddu, i. 264. snöp, f. [snapa], a 'nip,' scanty grass for sheep to nibble at in snow-covered fields; það er ekki nema litil snöp. snör, see snor. snörgl, n. (sounded snörl), a rattling sound in the throat, Fs. 144, Sturl. ii. 67 C. snörgla, ð, to 'snarl,' rattle in the throat, Hom. 121, Fms. v. 213. snörtr, m., gen. snartar, [Ivar Aasen snart = a stick burnt at one end] :-- a nickname, Landn.; hence Snartar-tunga, a local name. SNÖS, f. [Ivar Aasen snos], a projecting rock; þeir höfðu þar tjald hjá snösinni, Gullþ. 8: freq. in mod. usage, kletta-snös, fram á snösina; berg-snös, Eg., Gullþ., Hom. 2. a pot-hook; gullkaleikr með gyltum snusum (= -snösum), Vm. 52: heill og sæll hór minn eg skal kyssa snös þína ef þú græðir vör mína, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 553. snöttungr, m. [snatta], a rover, Fas. ii. 357. so -- svá. (q.v.), so; soddan, svoddan, such. soddi, a, m., mod. suddi, [soð], dampness, steam, as a nickname, Fms. ix. SOÐ, n. [sjóða; mid. H.G. sot], the broth or water in which meat has been seethed or sodden, Stj. 390, Fms. i. 35, Mag. 157, passim: swill, gefa svínum soð, Hkv. 2. 37, Vígl. 17. COMPDS: soð-áll, m. a flesh-hook, rendering of Lat. fuscinula in the Vulgate, Stj. 308, 315, 430. soð-fantr, m. a cook, Clar. soð-fullr, adj. full of sod, Mag. soð-greifi, a, m. a 'cooking-lord,' cook (ironic.), Fbr. 194, Róm. 333. soð-hús, n. a 'seethe-house,' kitchen, Korm. 34. Bs. i. 357, Pm. 133, Dipl. v. 18. soð-ketill, m. a cooking-kettle, Stj. 291, Nj. 247, 248. soð-krókr = soðáll, Sturl. iii. 176 (a nickname). soð-reykr, m. 'seething-reek' steam from cooking, Fb. i. 87. soðinn, part. boiled. soðna, að, to become sodden, cooked, boiled, Edda 45, Str. 28. soðning, f. a soddening, seething, boiling; vera at s., Rd. 260, Sturl. iii. 101, Krók.: a thing to be cooked, Stj. 620. SOFA, pres. sing. sefr, older søfr, Hom. 152; pl. sofum, sofit, sofa: pret. svaf, svaft (mod. svafst), svaf; pl. sváfu, svófu, or eliding the v, sófu; subj. svæfi or sœfi; imperat. sof, sofðu; part. sofinn: [Dan. sove, Swed. sofua; a word common to the Teut. and class, languages, if indeed, as Grimm thinks, Goth. slêpan, Engl. sleep, Germ. schlafen, are the same word in different forms; cp. svefn, Engl. swoon.] B. To sleep; mart um dvelr þann er um morgin sefr, Hm. 59 (Bugge); sjaldan getr sofandi maðr sigr, 58, Vápn. 25; sofa svefn, Fb. i. 550; s. af nóttina, 348; s. af nótt þá, Ísl. ii. 350, Fms. iii. 92; þeir sváfu um nóttina. Eg. 560; hann svaf, Fs. 6, Fms. i, 12; sefr hann þrjár nætr í húsinu, xi. 5; sá er ávalt søfr, Hom. 152; sofa fast, Fms. i. 9; hve fast hann svæfi, Fs. 6; s. sætan, to sleep sweetly. Sól., Sdm.; sem þá at hann svæfi, Ó.H. 219: the phrase, ok sofi yðr þó eigi öll vá, woe shall not sleep for you, shall lie wide awake at your door, Eb. 160; sofa lífi, to sleep one's life away, Hðm. II. reflex., hann spyrr hversu þeim hafi sofizk, ... hann lætr sér vel hafa sofnazt, he asked how they had slept, ... he said he had slept well, Þiðr. 319. III. part. sofinn, asleep, Hm.; hverr lá sofinn í sínu rúmi, Fb. i. 290, Mag. 154, Clar,

578 SOFARI -- SÓKN.

sofari, a, m. a sleeper, Játv. S. 20. sofendr, part. pl. sleepers; sjau s., the seven sleepers, Ann. sofna, að, (somna, Bs. i. 340, l. 5; sopna, 673. 2), to fall asleep, Fms. i. 9, xi. 5, Fs. 6, Nj. 33, 273, N.G.L. i. 102; margir líkamir heilagra dauðra manna, er sofnat höfðu, risu upp. Niðrst. 10; hann sofnaði til Guðs, Bs. i: to abate, Al. 54. 2. in mod. usage reflex., mér hefir sofnast vel, I have slept well, cp. Þiðr. 319, passim. SOG, n. [sjúga], an inlet; yfir skerin þar sem vága-sogin vóru mest, ok þvi skeri næst var sogit miklu breiðast, Bs. ii. 181. 2. in compds, að-sog and út-sog in Icei. the 'inrush and outsuck' of the surf; lenda með að-soginu; en með út-soginu skall það á honum aptr, og rak hann langt út á sjó, Od. v. 428. II. a local name for the outlet of the Lake of Thingwalla. soga, að, to suck, of the surf; aldan sogaði að sér skipið. Sogn, n. and Sogn-sær, m. the name of a fjord in Norway, perh. akin to sog from the inlet-like shape of this fjord: hence Sygnir, m. pl. the men of Sogn, Fms. so-guru, so-goru, so-gurt, so done (see göra F. III); enda siti um sogurt, let it remain as it is, Skáda (Thorodd); at soguru, as things stand, Ó.H. 202, Skv. 1. 24. 40; at eigi mundi sogurt sjatna, Nj.; á sogurt ofan, to boot, Bs. i. 178, Ölk. 36; þeir fóru heim við sogort, 655 vii. 4; fara heim með soguru, [= Gr. GREEK], Glúm. 332: the full form, svágörvu. Eg. 155, or svágört, Fas. i. 85, is due to editors or late transcribers, and is not idiomatic. sokka, u, f. and sokki, a, m. a horse with white legs: Sokki, a. m. a nickname, Landn., Fs, Orkn. sokkning, f. [sökkva], a sinking, Ann. 1254. sokkr, m. [from Lat. soccus?], a sock, Ld. 36, Bs. i. 342. COMPDS: sokka-band, n. a garter, Fas. ii. 374. sokka-leistr, m., see leistr; ganga á sokkaleistunum, to walk in socks, Dan. gaae paa hose-fodder. soldan, m. (sultan, Fms. viii. 236, 261), [for. word], a sultan. Fms. x. 116. soll, n. (mod. sull), qs. svill, with an elided v, [Norse sull = a sop; Dan. sul] :-- swill; teygja tikr at solli, Hkv. 1. 31, 40; hræ-soll, carrion-swill, i.e. blood. Lex. Poët. sollr, m. [from soll], a rout, a drunken company; íllr sollr, í veraldar vonzku-solli, velkist eg, Pass. 11. 17. solmr, m., poët, the swell, of the sea, Lex. Poët. son-lauss, adj. sonless, Fms. v. 132, Grág. ii. 70, Hkr. ii. 149, Fb. i. 560, Róm. 121. son-leysi, n. the having no son. SONR, m., gen. sonar, dat. syni, pl. synir, acc. sonu, and mod. syni, which form occurs in vellums of the end of the 13th century (Cod. Fris.), Sks. 329 B: an acc. sing. sunu, Thorsen 335 (a Dan. Runic stone). The forms syni, synir refer to an older nom. sunr, which is freq. in Norse vellums; on the other hand, Icel, vellums now and then have dat. søni, pl. sønir, Grág. ii. 174; senir, 656 C. 14; Guðs senir, id.; even spelt seyni, seynir, Bs. i, Rafns. S.; the ø (ey) representing the vowel change of o. When sonr is suffixed to a name, the Icel. (but not Norsemen) drop the r, e.g. Snorri Sturlu-son (not sonr); it is in Edd. written in one word, Árni Magnússon, but in the vellums in two words, as in the list D.I. i. 185, 186 (Fiðr Halls son, Hjalti Arnsteins son ...): [the root is sunu; cp. Goth. sunus, A.S. sunu, whence Engl. son, Dan. sön, but sen when suffixed, as Peter-sen B. A son; skilgetinn sonr, laun-s., bróður-s., systur-s., dóttur-s., sonar-s., Grág. i. 171; sonar-dóttir. id.; sonar-kona, sonar-kvon, a daughter-in-law, N.G.L. i. 350, K.Á. 142; sonar-synir, a son's sons, grandsons, Eg. 591; sona-torrek, a son's loss, the name of an old poem, Eg.; sonar-dauði, sonar-missir, Stj.; sonar-bani, slayer of one's son, Háv. 44, Fms. vi. 106; sonar-bætr, the weregild for a son, Nj. 21, Fms. i. 194; sonar iðgjöld, engi getr s. nema sjálfr ali, Stor.; sona-eign, Ld. 236, Fas. ii. 112; sonar-gjöld = sonar-bætr. Eg. 311; sonar-hefndir, Grett. 150. &FINGER; We may notice the brief way of stating a pedigree upwards with a running genitive; e.g. móðir hans hét Þórgerðr ok var dóttir Þorsteins ins Rauða, Óláfs-sonar ins Hvíta, Ingjalds-sonar, Helga-sonar, ... Th. was the daughter of Th. the Red, son of Olave the White, son of Ingjald, son of Helgi; ... Auðr var dóttir Ketils Flatnefs, Bjarnar-sonar Bunu, Grims-sonar hersis or Sogni, A. was the daughter of K. Flatnose, son of Bjórn Buna, son of Grim Hersir of Sogn, Nj. 2, see the Landn. passim. sopi, a, m. [súpa], a sop, sup, mouthful; drekka tvá sopa, Fas. i. 70; hann saup á þrjá sopa, Bs. i. 394; einn sopa víns, Þiðr. 167. soppa, u, f. a sop; soppu af víni, Karl. 56. soppr, m. = svöppr (q.v.), the v being dropped, a ball; slá sopp, Mar. 1034; hann sló augat ór einum með soppinum, Fas. iii. 196. COMPDS: sopp-drepr, m. a bat, Vígl. 24. sopp-leikr, m. a game of ball, Fas. iii. 196. SORG, f. [Ulf. saurga = GREEK; A.S. and Dan. sorg; Engl. sorrow; Germ. sorge] :-- sorrow, care, bereavement; the original sense is care (harmr being 'sorrow'); sorg etr hjarta, Hm. 122; kveykva sorg, Hðm. 1; ala sorg, Orkn. (in a verse); hug-sorg, mind's grief; búk-sorg, worldly care: allit., sorg ok sút, Hm. 147; snótum öllum sorg at minni veri, Gh. 21; með sorg, Fms. ii. 223, passim: plur. cares, sorrows, lægja sorgir, Rm. 41; at sorgum, Fms. vi. (in a verse); segja sorgir, Am. 84; minar eru sorgirnar þungar sem blý, an old ditty, Sturl. iii. 317; sorgar-búnaðr, -búningr, a mourning dress, Barl. 20, Stj.: in old vernacular writings the only records of mourning are the phrase 'to wear a black hood' (falda blá) in Heiðarv. S. (in a verse), and the hanging the hall with black in the celebrated passage in Jómsvík S., see Sir Edmund Head's ballad 'The Death of old King Gorm;' neither is black used for mourning in Icel., as it is the national colour. COMPDS: sorg-bitinn, part. sorrow-bitten, distressed. sorg-eyrr, adj. grief-healing, Haustl. sorga-fullr, adj. sorrowful, full of care, Hm. 115: sorrowful, Barl. 20, Bs. i. 193. sorg-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Gkv. i. 1, Fb. ii. 387, Fms. i. 263. sorga-lauss, adj. free from care, Skv. 3. 24. sorg-lauss, adj. free from care, Hm. 55. sorg-liga, adv. sadly. sorg-ligr, adj. sad, distressing, Str. 573, Bs. ii. 76. sorg-móðr, adj. distressed, Bs. i. 178, Gkv. 2. 40, Og. 14, Th. 9. sorg-mæði, f. distressed. Bs. i. 180. Clem. 47. sorg-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv., Stj. 90), melancholy, Sks. 546, 547, Stj. 50. sorgar-samligr, adj. sad, Pr. 351. sorga, að, to sorrow, (rare): to be concerned for, s. fyrir e-u = Dan. sörge for noget, (mod.); cp. Germ. sorgen. sori, a, m. [cp. saurr, súrr], dross, esp. of metals, but. also lees. sorp, n. sweepings, from houses, the floor, etc., Ísl. ii. 367; bera sorp á eld, Fbr. 168; haninn rótar haugi í, og hittir perlu í sorp í því, a ditty. COMPDS: sorp-haugr, m. a mound of sweepings; leyndisk gimsteinn í sorphaugi, Greg. 37. sorp-hæna, u, f. a top, Ivar Aasen: a hen without a cock, Björn. sorp-trog, n. a dust-bin, Fms. vi. 366. sorta, að, [Dan. sort], to dye black, N.G.L. iii. 282. sorta, u, f. a black dye, B.K. 83. COMPDS: sortu-lita, að, to dye with black heather. sortu-litan, f. a dying black with sorta. sortu-lyng, n. 'black ling,' a kind of dyer's weed. sorti, a, m. [svartr], n black cloud; skuggi eða s., Fms. v. 172, vii. 163; sé sorti fyrir augu þeim, Nj. 21; sorti á sólu, Rb. 108. sortna, að, [Dan. sortne], to grow black, Vsp. 57, Stj. 240, Fms. xi. 414, Rb. 346, Fbr. 114; e-m sortnar fyrir augum, of faintness, cp. Dan. det sortner for mine öjne. sot-dript, f. (sotdrupt, D.N. i. 590, iv. 328); [a for. word, from Lat. sudarium?] :-- a costly veil to cover relics, pictures, or other sacred things in a church; s. blámerkt, Ám. 59; s. hringofin yfir Martino, Vm. 22; s. yfir Pétrs skript, 83; s. yfir altari, Pm. 137; s. yfir heilögum krossi, Vm. 14. SÓA, að; this heathen word remains in only four passages of the old poems Hm. and Ýt., and in those only in the infin. and part. sóit; from these, however, a strong inflexion may be inferred; in mod. usage (in sense II) it is a verb of the 1st weak conjugation (að): [the etymology is doubtful; not from sá = to sow; it is more likely that sóa is the root word to són, an atonement. The passages in Hm. and Ýt. leave no doubt as to the original sense] :-- to sacrifice, make an offering, but in a specific sense, for Hm. makes a distinction between blóta and sóa; veiztú hve blóta skal ... veiztú hvé sóa skal, ... betra er ósent en sé of sóit, Hm. 145, 146; þá er árgjörn Jóta dólgi Svía kind um sóa skyldi, Ýt. 5 (where the prose is, at þeir skyldi honum 'blóta' til árs sér); at Bölverki þeir spurðu ef hann væri með böndum kominn eðr hefði honum Suttungr um sóit, or if S. had sacrificed him, put him to death, Hm. 109. II. in mod. usage the word is freq. in the sense to squander, with dat. and declined; sóa fé sinu, og þá hann hafði nú öllu sóað, það hann átti, Luke xv. 14; cp. Lat. dapes, an offering, and Gr. GREEK, a squandering. sóan, f. a squandering; fjár-sóan, Bs. i. sóunar-samr, adj. a spendthrift. sóði, a, m. n dirty fellow, a slut. sóða-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sluttish. sóða-skapr, m. dirtiness. sófl, m. a broom; sópa með sóflum, 623. 36. SÓKN, f. [sækja: A.S. sôcen; Dan. sogn] :-- an attack; í orrostum ok sóknum, Fms. ii. 106, vi. 59; harðr í sóknum, 24; tóksk harðasta sókn, Eg. 125; Guð gaf honum sigr hvar sem hann átti sóknir, Ver. 26, passim. 2. a law term, an action, esp. the prosecution, as opp. to vörn (the defence); sókn skal fara fyrr fram hvers máls enn vörn, Grág. i. 59; dómar skyldu fara út til sóknar, Nj. 87; sækja með lands-laga sókn, to raise a lawful action, Bs. i. 749; biskups sókn (action) um kristnispell, H.E. i. 251; ok á slíka sókn hverr maðr til síns fjár sem goðinn á, Grág. i. 141. II. the assemblage of people at a church, meeting, or the like; nú er sókn mikil í Skálholt um allt Ísland, því skaltú fyrir hugsa þik um sermon á morgin, Bs. i. 809; görðisk þá þegar mikil sókn at Guðmundar-degi, 829; til-sókn, at-sókn, skip-sókn, a ship's crew; sókn eru sautján, Edda 108. 2. a parish, Dan. sogn, answering to the secular hreppr or sveit; af hverri (jörð) sem í sókninni liggr, Vm. 140, passim in mod. usage; kirkju-sókn; sókna prestr, a parish priest: of a diocese, Dipl. ii. 14; þing-sókn, q.v. III. a drag, grapnel, to drag the bottom of the sea, only in plur.; hvalrinn hljóp á sjó ok sökk, síðan

SOKNARAÐILI -- SÓMI. 579

fóru menn til á skipum ok görðu til sóknir, ok vildu draga hvalinn at landi, Bs. i. 641; ef maðr dregr upp akkeri með sókn eðr kafar til, N.G.L. ii. 284; sóknir góðar skaltú jafnan minnask at hafa á skip með þer, Sks. 30; fóru hvern dag margir menn meðr sóknir at leita líkanna, Fms. viii. 231, v.l. 2. in mod. usage sóknir means a big iron hook by which sharks are caught. COMPDS: sóknar-aðili, a, m. the prosecutor in a suit, see aðili, opp. to varnar-aðili, Grág., Nj., passim. sóknar-dagr, m. a suit-day, court-day, K.Á. 180. sóknar-fólk, n. the parish-folk, H.E. i. 472. sóknar-gögn, n. pl. the proofs for a prosecution, Grág., Nj. sóknar-kirkja, u, f. a parish-church, H.E. i. 490, K.Á. 40. sóknar-kviðr, m. a verdict, Grág. i. 55, 255. sóknar-maðr, m. a kind of overseer(?) in the old hreppr; ef hann vill eigi, þá er s. sakar-aðili, ef hann vill eigi, eðr er eigi s. tekinn í hrepp, þá á hverr er vill sökina, Grág. i. 297; rétt er at þeir sé eigi land-eigendr er sóknarmenn eru í hrepp, 444, cp. Js. 31, Jb. 13, 54: mod. a parishioner, sóknar-mál, n. an action (lawsuit), H.E. i. 237. sóknar-prestr, m. a parish-priest, K.Á. 68. sóknar-vitni, n. a witness for a prosecution, Gþl. 306. sóknar-þing, n. a parliament with courts and pleading, a session, Grág. i. 99; lengr er s. er laust, þó skulda-þing sé fast, 108; aðrir eru at dómum, þvíat s. var, Gísl. 92; hann tók af Vöðla-þing, skyldi þar eigi s. heita, Sturl. i. 140. sóknari, a, m. [cp. Dan. sagsöger], = sóknarmaðr, Grág. i. 448. sókn-djarfr, sókn-harðr, adj. martial, Fas. iii. 233, Fms. iii. 17. SÓL, f., dat. sól, and older sólu; acc. with the article sólna, Edda 41, Ó.H. 216; sól is the Scandin. word, 'sunna' being only used in poets: [in Ulf. sauil occurs twice, Mark i. 32, xiii. 24; in A.S. poets sôl occurs once, see Grein; Dan.-Swed. s&o-long;l; Lat. s&o-long;l; Gr. GREEK.] A. The sun, Vsp. 4. 5, 57, Gm. 38; úlfrinn gleypir sólna. Edda 41; vedr var heitt af sólu, Ó.H.; sól skein í heiði, 216; nú vil ek heita á þann er sólina hefir skapat, Fs. 59; hann lét sik bera í sólar-geisla í bana-sótt sinni ok fal sik á hendi þeim guði er sólina hafði skapat, Landn. 38. 2. various phrases as to the sun's course; fyrir sól, before sunrise, Bs. ii. 241; einn morgin við sól, with the sun, about sunrise, Eg. 717; með sólu, id., Bs. ii. 243; sól rennr á fjöll, K.Þ.K.: or mod., sól kastar á fjöll, the sun appears on the fells; or sól roðar, það roðar af sólu; sól rýðr, or rýðr fjöll, the sun reddens the fells, Fms. xi. 438 (sólar-roð), all denoting the moment before sunrise: of the sunrise, þá rann sól upp, Ó.H. 109; þá er sól ridr upp, N.G.L. i. 218: early in the morning, sól skapthá, shaft-high, Grág.; sól lítt farin, Ó.H.; sól lítt á lopt komin, Ld. 36: of noon, sól hátt á lopti, sól hæst á lopti, sól í suðri, sól í landsuðri, Landn. 276, Sturl. iii. 70, Al. 51: of the afternoon and evening, er sólina lægði, Eb. 172; lágr veggr undir sólina, a low wall under the sun (cp. skapthá sól, in the morning), Sturl. iii. 70: of the sunset, er sól settisk (sól-setr), Eb. 172; sól gengr (rennr) í ægi, the sun sinks into the sea, the phrase suits a coast-land towards the west, Fms. ii. 302, Al. 67; or sól rennr á viðu (or til viðar), towards the wood, in a wooded inland country, Hkr. iii. 227; sól affjalla, 'the sun is off the fells,' i.e. is after sunset. 3. of the seasons; cp. the old Dan. phrase, solen bjerges, the sun is 'mountained,' sets over the fells; þá tognar dagr en sól vex, Sks. 234 (see sólar-gangr). 4. sól = day; in the law phrase, fyrir ina þriðju sól, before the third sun, within three days, Grág. ii. 20, 24, Eb. 222, Eg. 723; til hinnar þriðju sólar, Fas. i. 20; er þrjár sólir eru af himni, when three suns are off the heaven, three days hence, Nj. 206. 5. hann skyldi snemma upp rísa, ok fylgia sólu meðan hæst væri sumars, Lv. 43; þeir skyldi um nætr berjask, en eigi undir sólu, Fms. vii. 296; á þann bekk er vissi móti sólu, towards the south, Fms. vi. 439. 6. at sólu, following the sun's course, in due course, prosperously, opp. to andsælis (q.v.), 'withershins;' þér skyldið rétt horfa á sólina, ok draumr þinn skyldi þér at sólu ganga, Fb. ii. 298; Páll biskup var svá mikill gæfu-maðr, at honum gengu náliga allir hlutir at sólu (sölu = S&aolig-acute;lu, Ed.) hinn fyrra hlut æfi sinnar, Bs. i. 137: er náliga mun komið á enda æfi minnar, ok gengit áðr mart at sólu, 70; but wizards used to make a ring or walk against the sun's course, saying charms, which was thought to work evil, see andsælis: gýgjar-sól (q.v.), a mock-sun, Sól.; auka-sólir, 'eke-suns,' mock-suns: a beam gener., skínn af sverði sól, Vsp. 51. II. the Sun-goddess. the sister of Máni and daughter of the giant Möndilföri, Vþm., Gm., Edda. &FINGER; The sun as an object of worship and reverence :-- the heathen Thorkel Máni, when on his death-bed, had himself carried out into the sun, and commended his spirit to the god who had made the sun, Landn. 38, see the citation above; sól ek sá ... henni ek laut hinnsta sinni ægis-heimi í, I saw the sun and louted to him the last time in this world, Sól. So in Icel. at the present day children, immediately after getting out of bed in the morning, are made to run out of doors bare-headed, there to say a short prayer or verse, and when they return 'bid good-day,' -- a 'good-day' being not allowable till this is done; this is called to 'fetch the good-morning,' sækja góðan-daginn; the verse Pass. 3. 12 is set apart for this use; but the very words of this verse -- á morni hverjum þá upp stend eg, fyrst eg stíg niðr fæti á jörð, færi eg þér hjartans þakkar-görð -- were evidently suggested to the poet's mind by, this beautiful and time-honoured custom then general, but now perhaps fast dying out. B. COMPDS: sólar-ár, n. a solar year, Rb. sólar-áss, m. the sun-god, of Apollo, Greg. 80. sólar-bruni, a, m. the burning of the sun, Hkr. i. 5, Stj. 93, Barl. 198. sólar-fall, n. sunset, Ó.H. 238, Fms. viii. 228, Orkn. 234. sólar-gangr, m. the sun's course between sunrise and sunset; en er váraði ok s. var sem mestr, Grett. 113; þá merkðu þeir at sólargangi, at sumarit munaði aptr til vársins, Íb. 7; lítill dagr ok lítill s., Sks. 66. sólar-geisli, a, m. a sunbeam, Fas. i. 423, Al. 174. sólar-glaðan, f. 'sun-gladdening,' the sunset, Fas. i. 518. sólar-goð, n. the sun-god, Apollo, Bret., Stj., Post, sólar-hiti, a, m. solar heat, Hkr. i. 26, Magn. 430. sólar-hringr, m. the 'sun-ring,' orbit, ecliptic, Rb. 458, 462; krabba-mark er norðast er í sólarhring, 476: mod. the circuit of the sun (day and night together); einn sólarhring, tvo sólarhringa, one, two whole days. sólar-hvarf, n. = sólhvarf; 1812. 34. sólar-lag, n. sunset; this is the mod. Icel. word. sólar-lítill, adj. with little sun; sólar-litlir dagar, Maurer's Volksagen. sólar-ljós, n. sun-light, Rb. 110. sólar-rás, f. the sun's race or course, Sks. 217. sólar-roð, n. sun-reddening, the moment before sunrise, Fms. x. 258; konungr stóð upp í sólarroð, viii. 132; um morguninn í s., Ísl. ii. 266. sólar-seta, u, f. = sólarsetr, El. sólar-setr, n. sunset, Fms. vi. 411, Fas. i. 518. sólar-sinnis, adv. 'with the sun,' from east to west (opp. to andsælis = withershins), Dropl. 10, 11. sólar-skin, n. sunshine, 656 A. ii. 2. sólar-steinn, m. a sun-stone or loadstone, = leiðarsteinn, used by sailors to find the place of the sun on a cloudy day, Fms. v. 341, Bs. i. 565, 674, Ám. 52, Pm. 20, 81. sólar-suðr, n. the solar meridian, Stj. 96. sólar-tal, n. = sólaröld, 1812. 71. sólar-tár, n. the 'sun's tear,' i.e. amber. Al. 165. sólar-uppkoma, u, f. = sólarupprás. sólar-upprás, n. sunrise, Ísl. ii. 334, Eg. 593, Fas. i. 497, MS. 656 B. 8. sólar-öld, f. the solar cycle (twenty-eight years), Rb. passim. sól-baka, að, to bake in the sun. sól-bjartr, adj. [A.S. swegel-beorht], sun-bright, Hkv. 2. 43. sól-borð, n. = sólbyrði, Bs. i. 583, Edda (in a verse). sól-bráð, n. and f. a 'sun-thaw;' s. mikil, Hkr. i. 71; í sólbráðinu, 72: fem., blíðar sólbráðir, Fms. ii. 228. sól-brunninn, part. sun-burnt, Art., Rm. 10. sól-byrði, n. the 'sun-board,' i.e. the gunwale; gékk báran inn á bæði borð, ek tók frá sólbyrðin, Bs. i. 484, ii. 50. sól-eyg, f. (proncd. sóley), botan. 'sun-eye,' a buttercup. sól-gangr, m. the sun's course, 1812. 38. sólginn, part. [svelgja], greedy, Hm. sól-heiðr, adj. sun-bright, Akv. 16. sól-hvarf, n. the 'sun's turn,' solstice; s. á vetr, s. á sumar, Rb. 90, 454, 456: in popular usage in plur. sól-hvörf, fyrir sólhvörf, Grág. i. 420, ii. 306; nú liðr fram at sólhvörfum, Grett. 162 new Ed.; sólhvarfa-hringr, the 'sun's turn-ring,' the tropic, Rb. 472. sól-hvítr, adj. 'sun-white,' an epithet of a lady, Hm. SÓLI, a, m. [Ulf. sulja = GREEK; Engl. sole; Dan. saale; Swed. sola: Germ. soble; Lat. solea :-- a sole of a shoe; á berum sólum, Fms, viii. 405: sólinn var stökkr, en brúkit var hált, þá rasar Sturla, Bs. i. 527. Sól-konungr, m. [A.S. Swegl-cynig], the King of the Sun, God, Lex. Poët. sól-lauss, adj. sunless, Hb. (1865) 38. sól-mark, sól-merki, n. a zodiacal sign, 1812; 51, Rb. passim; sólmarka-hringr or sólmerkja-hringr, the zodiac, Rb. 104, 112. sól-mánuðr, m. [A.S. sôl-monað = February], the sun-month, Rb. 104, Edda i. 512 (also sel-mánuðr); in the Northern Calendar it is the third month in the summer, and begins this year (1872) on the 24th of June, see Icel. Almanack. sól-myrkvi, a, m. a solar eclipse, Icel. Almanack. sól-punktr, m. a 'sun-point,' quarter of an hour, Rb. 114. sól-sekvía, u, f., botan. the common avens, geum rivale. sól-setr, n. pl. sunrise and sunset; milli sólsetra, from sunrise till sunset, Eb. 190; várlangan dag sólsetra millim, Landn. 264, v.l.; hann skyldi vera úti með sólsetrum, all day long. Lv. 43. sól-skin, n. sunshine, Lv. 14, 50, Fær, 227, Nj. 143, Fms. vii. 68, Ó.H. 108. sól-skríkja, u, f. the shrike, butcher-bird, lanius. sól-spjald, n. a sun-dial, Icel. Almanack. sól-staða, u, f. a solstice, 415. 10, Rb. 470: usually in plur. sólstöður, nú líðr fram at sólstöðum, Grett. 145 (Cod. Ups.) sól-tíð, f. a 'sun-tide,' season; fjórar sóltíðir, Rb. 480. sól-tími, a, m. the sun-time, the natural day, opp. to the astronomical day, Icel. Almanack. SÓMA, ð, subj. sæmði, Korm. 58, Ld. 32, [Dan. sömme], to beseem, become, befit; ef hann kann eigi sjá hvat honum sómir, Ísl. ii. 160, Fms, ii. 244; sómir þér konungum at þjóna, ... er konungum sómði at hafa, 656 B. 8; láta sér sóma, 623. 28, 50; at henni sæmði góð klæði, Ld. 32; at hón sæmði þér, were a fit match for thee, Korm. 58. sómi, a, m. honour; vil ek eigi drepa hendi við sóma mínum, Nj. 71;

580 SÓMAFÖR -- SPANA.

þeir bræðr þökkuðu konungi þann sóma er hann veitti þeim, Eg. 96; leiðangrs-görða ok annars konungligs sóma (due, honour) er þér erut honum skyldir at veita, Fms. vii. 19; eigi er á kveðit hve mikit fé henni skyldi heiman fylgja, en likligt at vera mundi góðr sómi, Ísl. ii. 393; margs var alls sómi, manna tiginna, abundance of all things. Am. 92. COMPDS: sóma-för, f. an honourable journey, Eg. 107. sóma-góðr, adj. creditable, suitable, Fms. v. 336: decent-looking, Sturl. ii. 134. sóma-hlutr, m. an honourable share, Flóv. 24, Fms. xi. 55, Sturl. i. 100. sóma-kona, u, f. a respectable woman, sórna-lauss, adj. discreditable, Al. 61. sóma-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), honourable, Odd. 6. sóma-maðr, m. an honourable, respectable man, Ld. 32, Fs. 12. sóma-samliga, adv. beseemingly, befittingly, Al. 113, Fas. i. 223. Sks. 447. sóma-samligr, adj. decent, proper, respectable, Fs. 21, Fms. v. 284, Magn. 434. sóma-spell, n. lack of property, Sks. 338. sóma-sæmd, f. dignity, Fms. i. 259. SÓN, f. [Germ. sühne, ver-söhnung] :-- an atonement, sacrifice, of the heathen age; this ancient Teut, word remains in the Norse only in a few COMPDS: sónar-blót, n. an atonement-sacrifice, and at the same time an oracle; Dagr konungr ... gékk hann þá til sónar-bloós til fréttar, Hkr. i. 24. Fas. i. 532. sónar-dreyri, a, m. the blood of atonement (the blood of the sónar-göltr, q.v.), Hdl. sónar-göltr, m. the 'atonement-boar,' consecrated to the sun-god Frey. The ancient sacrifice of atonement (sónar-blót) was thus performed :-- the largest boar that could be found in the kingdom was on Yule-eve led before the king and his men assembled in the hall; the king and his men then laid their hands on the boar's bristly mane and made a solemn vow, strengja heit at Braga-falli. The animal being sacrificed, divination took place, probably by chips shaken in the boar's blood; for descriptions see Herv. S. ch. 10 (Fas. i. 531, 532), Hkv. Hjörv. (the prose), Yngl. S. ch. 21 (ganga til sónar-blóts til fréttar). The boar's head at Yule-tide in Queen's College, Oxlord, is probably a relic of this ancient heathen sacrificial rite. II. Són was the name of one of the vessels in which the blood ot Kvasir (the mead of wisdom and poetry) was kept, Edda; hence poetry itself is called fyllr Sónar, id.: orða-sáð Sónar, the word-seed of Són, i.e. inspired poetry, Kormak. This whole myth belongs to the mysteries of the heathen poets. sóna, að, to sound, = Lat. sonare. Mar. sónn, m. [from Lat. sonus], ,a sound; með sætum són, Fb. ii. 26, Pass. 25. 13; láta sónin ganga, to go on trumpeting. SÓPA, að, [A.S. swapan; Engl. sweep; Scot. soop, the oo = wn] :-- to sweep, the thing swept in dat.; ok sópaði á ofan moldu, Fms. i. 213; hann sér sópat snjánum, Glúm. 329: acc., norðan-vindr sópar burt alla illviðris-klakka, Sks. 234: griðkonan sópar saman léreptunum, Hrafn. 25; hann sópaði þeim af sér, Fms. vi. 110: s. vatni frá andliti sér, Bs. i. 355. 2. to sweep, a house, floor: sópa húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 220; var sópat allt þat er blóðugt var, Ó.H. 116. 3. in phrases; láta greipr sópa um, to make a clean sweep, carry off all, Grett. 127 A; þótti þeir sópa ekki hagliga um tún, Fms. viii. 353; sópa höndum um hirzlur bónda, 235. II. reflex., sópaðisk hón um fast ok tók beinin ok allt þat er henni þótti ætt, ok sló í munn sér, Ó.H. 153; Þórólfr sópask mjök um föng, Eg. 42; sópask um til vista. Fms. viii. 435; sópast um um útstrandir landsins, áðr vér fengim jafnmikit fé, vi. 150; sópask at um menn, Fbr. 167; brott var sópat öllum vistum, Fs. 145. sópi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. sóp-limi, a, m. a sweeping-broom; sóplimum prýtt. Luke xi. 25, in the N.T. of 1540. sópr, m. a 'sweep,' besom, freq. in mod. usage. SÓT, n. [Engl. soot; Dan. sod], soot, Edda (Ht.); sóti svartari, blacker than soot, Karl. 341, and passim. (mod. svartr einsog sót.) sóti, a, m. a soot-coloured horse, like sótrauðr. Lex. Poët., and mod. usage: poët., lög-sóti, the water-steed; griðar-sóti, the ogress-steed, i.e. the wolf, Lex. Poët. sótigr, adj. sooty; hann svaf aldri undir sótkum ási, Hkr. i. 43; þat var þrjá vetr er hann lá úti á herskipum svá at hann kom eigi undir sótkan rapt, so that he never came under a sooty rafter, Orkn. 478; both passages refer to the old laws of Wikings and warriors, and resemble in sense and phrase the words of Ariovistus, 'tectum non subissent,' in Caesar B.G. i. 36. sót-raftr, m. a sooty rafter. sót-rauðr, adj. 'soot-red,' dark-red, Vsp. sót-svartr, adj. soot-black. SÓTT, f. [from sjúkr, by way of assimilation; Ulf. sauhs = GREEK, GREEK; Dan. sot] :-- sickness, illness, disease, Hm. 94; taka sótt, to fall sick, Eg. 201, Nj. 29, Fs. 12, Ld. 102; kasta á sik sótt, to feign illness, Nj. 14; sóttum sjúkr, 623. 50; utan sóttar burdarins, without birth-pains, K.Á. 104: the phrase, sótt elnar, the illness (fever) increases, Eg. 126, Band. 14, Bs. i. 69, Fas. ii. 162 (where of the pangs of childbirth), 504; sóttin rénar, the fever abates; kenna sóttar, to feel the symptoms of illness or fever, be taken ill, Fs. 21; hón kennir sér sóttar, ok elr sveinbarn, Sd. 176; drottning fær sótt ok fæðir son, Mirm.; at sú mær hafði miklar sóttir, throes of pain, Og. 2: bráðar sóttir, paroxysms, 5; sóttar-brími, the brunt of fever, Stor.; eldr tekr við sóttum, Hm. 138 (see eldr). -- Sótt has thus a double sense, generic = Lat. morbus, and special = Lat. febris or angina: in popular phrases and usages this latter sense is very freq., see the remarks in Fél. x. 39, 40. 2. freq. in compds, land-far-sótt = epidemic; ána-sótt, skrópa-sótt, hug-sótt, bana-sótt; it is esp. suffixed to the names of sicknesses followed by strong fevers, thus, bólna-sótt, small-pox; kvef-sótt, a cough-fever = influenza; tak-sótt, a stitch in the side; létta-sótt, jóð-sótt, throes of childbirth;þunga-sótt, a severe fever; stein-sótt, the stone; bráða-sótt, sudden death; riðu-sótt, ague; ámu-sótt, erysipelas; bit-sótt, a 'biting illness,' cancer(?), Hm. 138, Ýt. 17. 3. diarrhoea, (mod.) COMPDS: sóttar-far, n. the condition of one's sickness, Nj. 14, Fms. iii. 27, ix. 434. sóttar-ferði, n. id., Sks. 710 B. sóttar-kyn, n. a kind of illness. Mar. sótta-lauss, adj. free from sickness, Eluc. 25: without fever. sóttar-leiðing, -umleitan, f. the burden of an illness. sóttall, adj. causing illness, contagious, Sks. 96 B. sótt-bitinn, part. sickness-bitten, struck down by illness, opp. to vápn-bitinn, Orkn. 178. sótt-dauðr, adj. sickness-dead, struck down by sickness, opp. to sæ-dauðr, vápn-dauðr, Edda 18. Sdm. 33, Eg. 770, Fms. i. 18, vii. 229. sótt-hættr, adj. dangerous, causing sickness, Sks. 96. sótt-lauss, adj. not ill; enn er hann kom, var Ottarr s., Fms. ii. 12: without fever. sótt-lera, adj. prostrate from sickness or fever. sótt-ligr, adj. sickly, Fas. iii. 642. sótt-lítill, adj. slightly ill or not very feverish; eru þær þá nökkuð sóttminni enn áðr, Fms. ii. 200. sótt-næmr, adj. apt to be taken ill, Ld. 102: contagious. -sóttr and -sóttligr, adj., from sækja (sótti); in compds, auð-sóttr, tor-sóttr, q.v. sótt-sjúkr, adj. fever-sick, feverish, Fél. x. 40. sótt-tekinn, part. taken ill. Bs. ii. 140. SPAÐ, n. a stew of meat or fish; brytja hænginn til spaðs, Fas. ii. 131; lamba-spað, hænsa-spað. COMPDS: spað-biti, a, m. a bit of mutton. spað-súpa, u, f. stew and soup, freq. in mod. usage. spaði, a, m. a spade, freq. in mod. usau;e. 2. the check pattern used in hand-weaving; tróður hafa á spöðum, Hallgr.; hence the phrase, hafa á spöðunum, to be all busy and bustling, id. 3. the spade in cards. spak-frömuðr, m. an 'oracle-framer,' soothsayer, sage; valteins s., the soothsayer of the chosen chip, Ýt.; see hlaut. spak-látr, adj. gentle, quiet, Stj. 213. spak-leikr, m. wisdom, prophecy, Sks. 561. spak-liga, adv. peaceably, quietly; friðsamliga ok s., Fms. vii. 312; fara s. ok göra eigi hervirki, Ó.H. 206, Fb. ii. 330; þeir fiórn at öllu sem spakligast, Fms. xi. 358; þeir sögðu ekki spakliga konungs orð, vi. 123. 2. wisely, like a wise man; göra spakliga, Fms. iv. 82; s. tungan spáði, Pass. 10. 6. spak-ligr, adj. wise, sage, Vsp. 23; spaklig fræði, Skálda 161; spaklig ræða, Sks. 237; tala spakliga hluti, Finnb. 236. spak-máligr, adj. wise, Þiðr. 174. spak-mæli, n. pl. a wise saying; s. þau er vitrir menn hafa saman sett. Skálda 200: a prophetic saying, þetta virðusk mönnum s., Sturl. ii. 78. SPAKR, spök, spakt, adj. [Dan. spag], quiet, gentle; s. ok siðugr, Fms. xi. 97; vertú sjálfr sem spakastr, Sks. 31; hann var ekki til s. við drykkinn, Bs. i. 634; ali-sauðr spakr, a gentle pet-lamb, Stj. 516; hvalir spakir ok hóg-værir, Sks. 132; spök hross, quiet horses, that graze quietly without running astray, Fms. iii. 145. 2. a nursery term for infants, quiet, not crying or restless; spakt skyldi hit elzta barn, Skálda 162: and so in mod. usage, hann er spakr; and ó-spakr, restless, crying. II. wise, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. sapiens; by the ancients the word is used with the notion of prophetic vision or second sight; ek á uxa þann er ek kalla spámann, þvíat hann er spakari en flest naut önnur, Fms. ii. 193; var Achilles vitrastr, Nestor spakastr, Al. 8; hann var s. at viti, Eg. 25; s. formaðr, Ísl. ii. 398; spaks geta, Fb. i. 201; Isidorus biskup, spakr ok heilagr, Bs. i. 266; Sverrir konungr, er bæði var merkr í máli ok s. at mannviti, 100; hón (Þuríðr) var spök at viti, Ó.H. (pref.); get-spakr, draum-s., q.v. II. as a soubriquet of several wise men of the Saga time, Spak-Böðvarr, Spak-Bersi, as also Gestr inn spaki, Ljótr spaki, Ósvifr spaki, Þórarinn spaki, Þorsteinn spaki, Þorleifr spaki; of women, Þuríðr in Spaka, Landn., Íb.; Danish, Eirekr spaki = Eric Ejegod the Danish king (died A.D. 1103): of later times, Sveinn spaki the bishop (died A.D. 1476); the last man to whom the name was given is Oddr spaki (died A.D. 1556), the translator of the Icel. N.T. spak-raðugr, adj. giving wise advice, Fas. iii. 104. spak-ræða, u. f. a wise speech, Mag. spak-vitr, adj. wise, Hallgr. (spakvitrir spáðu). spaldenera, m. [mid. Lat. spadula], armour for tbc back, N.G.L. ii. spana, að, to provoke; see spenja.

SPANGOL -- SPEGILL. 581

spangól, n. and spangýlur, f. pl. howlings. spangóla, að, [ýla], to howl, of a dog. spaning, f. [spenja], a temptation, Hom. (St.) SPANN, n. [Dan. spand], a pail; s. fullt vatns, N.G.L. i. 358, ii. 248, v.l. 13: a measure, esp. of butter, spann smjörs, Ó.H. 227, N.G.L. i. 100, Fms. x. 398, Fb. ii. 529: also used of grain, D.N. passim, but not in Icel. writers, see Fritzner. spanna, að, [spönn], to span with the hand. spannar-, see spönn. SPARA, pres. spari; pret. sparði; subj. sperði; part. sparat; imperat. spari; but also sparar, sparaði, sparat, which prevails in mod. usage: [A.S. sparjan; Dan. and Engl. spare; Germ. sparen] :-- to spare: hann sparir eigi penninga Þórólfs, Fms. i. 290; ok sparði þó aldri penninga at nauðsynjum, Bs. i. 74; hirðir hann eigi at eins fé sitt ok sparar, 656 A. ii. 2; því spari ek minn mat, at þér sparit yðvarn mat, Fs. 145; ef þeir sperði svá mat sinn, at ..., Fms. viii. 66; Geirríðr sparði eigi mat við menn, Landn. 100; nú spari ek eigi mat við ykkr, Fms. ii. 105; ek sparða aldri við yðr nytsamligar kenningar, 656 C. 17; ek hefi engan hlut til þess sparat, Eg. 423; skal ek eigi mitt til spara, Nj. 3; sparar hann bæði við sik ok aðra, 656 A. 2: s. e-m e-t, to leave to another; opt sparir leiðum þat hefir ljúfum hugat, Hm.; spörum þetta verk öðrum, Ld. 144. 2. metaph., partly of things; þat hygg ek, at meirr komi þar til lítilmennska enn þú sparir at ek henda gaman at deilu ykkarri, Eb. 170; spari ek eigi goð geyja, Nj. 160; at þeir mundi eigi af s. at rægja Þórólf, Eg. 59; viltú kaupa þræl at mér? -- þat spari ek eigi, segir Gunnarr, I am not unwilling to do that, Nj. 73; viljum vér, at þú sparir ekki af við Þorgrím, Gísl. 26; mun hér ekki af sparat at veita oss, Fms. xi. 341; spara e-t við sik, to shrink from; sá er eigi sparir þat ú-happ við sik, shrinks not from such a crime, Fms. vii. 270: partly of persons, ok sperða ek þik til þess, I would fain spare thee from that, Band. 30 new Ed.; ek spari þik til harðra álaga fyrir okkarn vinskap, Fs. 18; en sjá kveðsk hón, at þeir spörðu hana eigi til erfiðis ok skaprauna, Eb. 126. II. reflex. to spare oneself; þat orð flytzk af, at þú sparisk við, thou sparest thyself, dost not use all thy strength, Gísl. 26; sparðisk hann ekki sjálfr við orrostuna, Fms. ii. 328; muntú eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira, Edda 32. 2. to shrink from, forbear; hefi ek lengi til þessa sparask, Gísl. 43; tók fátækis-fólkit at gráta er þat mátti eigi þat skjól sækja er þat hafði lengi til sparask, long pined for, Bs. i. 332, 356. sparð, n., pl. spörð, sheep's droppings: sparða, að, to drop, of sheep. sparða, u, f. [cp. Lat. sparus], a kind of (Irish) axe, Orkn. 50, Fms. vii. 72, x. 139. spari-, spare, reserved, used in spari-föt, -treyja, -pilz ..., of a spare suit, jacket, petticoat for holidays only, opp. to hvers-dags, every-day clothes. spark, n. a kicking, trampling, Ísl. ii. 139. sparka, að, to kick, Fs. 31. sparkr, adj. [cp. common Engl. spark; akin to sprækr, sprakki] :-- lively, sprightly; sparkar konur, Hbl.; -- a GREEK. sparlak, n. a curtain; tvau sparlök. Vm. 58, 119, Vígl. 30. spar-liga, adv. sparingly, Hom. 15, Mart, 111; ó-sparliga. spar-mæli, n. 'sparing words;' in the phrase, reka s. við e-n, to spare, deal sparingly with, Sturl. iii. 264, Grett. 154 A. sparnaðr, n. a sparing, saving, passim in mod. usage: sparing, sparnaðar maðr, a person deserving to he spared, Fs. 46. spar-neytinn, adj. moderate in food. spar-neytni, f. the being sparneytinn; s. matar ok drykkjar, Bs. ii. 14, Hom. (St.) sparr, adj. [spör, spart], sparing; mér hefir verit son þinn sparari til úsæmdar, I would fain have spared him, Eg. 728; at þú værir mér sparr undir öxi, Fs. 38; ú-sparr. sparra, ao, to furnish a bouse witb spars (sperra), Boldt. sparr-haukr, m. a sparrow-hawk, El., Str., Karl., Art., Edda (Gl.) sparri, a, m. a spar or gag; setja sparra í munn, N.G.L. i. 80; góm-s., a mouth-gag, Geisli, Edda: a spar of timber, D.N. iii. 871. spar-samr (spar-semi, f. saving), [Germ. sparsam], adj. saving. SPÁ, ð, pres. spái; pret. spáð: [a contr. form; Scot. spae; cp. Germ. spähen; Lat. spec-, spicio] :-- prop. to pry, look, but only in II. metaph. to spae (Scot.), prophesy, foretel, the person in dat., the thing in dat. or acc.; eigi vil ek þess spá, Sd. 160; spá mun ek þeim þess, at ..., Fb. i. 548; spá ú-orðna hluti, 656 C. 6; spá fyrir ú-orðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; spá mér slíkar spár, Nj. 82; þat spáði mér Þórir félagi minn, 98; kemr nú í hug hvat konungrinn hafði spáð homun, Fms, xi. 83; spásaga er spáð var, viii. 240. spá, f. a spae (Scot.), prophecy; spá mér slíkar spár, Nj. 182; sjaldan hafa spár mínar átt langan aldr, Grett. 116 A; sínar spár, Al. 65; spáin Finnanna, Fs. 25; leggja hug á spár, 19; segja spár, Edda, passim. 2. as names of poems, Völu-spá, Merlinus-spá. spá-dís, f. a spae-sister, Fas. i. 144. spá-dómliga, adv. prophetically, Stj. 230, 236. spá-dómligr, adj. prophetical, Stj. 432. spá-dómr, m. 'spae-dom,' prophecy, Bret. 62, Fb. i. 77, Stj. 230; Oðinn hafði spádóm (divination), Edda (pref.); spádóms andi. Fb. i. 121, Stj. 63; spádóms fræði, 471; spádóms gjöf, 6; spádóms orð, 63. spá-farar, f. pl. soothsayings, vaticination, Gþl. 137. spá-gandr, m. 'spae-charms,' Vsp.; for this word see gandr. spá-kona, u, f. a 'spae-qneen,' spae-wife, prophetess, Fms. x. 223; s. sú er sybil hét, Edda (pref.); kona sú er Anna hét, hún var s. Mar. 35; cp. þar var Anna spákona dóttir Phanuels af kyni Asser, Luke ii. 36. 2. as a nickname, Þórdís s.; whence Spákonu-fell, a local name, Landn. spá-leikr, m. 'spaeing,' divination. Ver. 26, Rb. 384, Yöls. R. 5: a prophecy, Sturl. i. 121, Bret. 43: spáleiks andi, a prophetic spirit, Sks. 561, Stj. 6, Fb. i. 121; spáleiks sýn, a vision, MS. 623. 62. spá-ligr, adj. prophetic; ú-spáligr, Fbr. spá-maðr, m. a 'spae-man,' soothsayer, prophet, Fms. i. 145; Chalkas s., Al. 52; ek á uxa þann er ek kalla spámann. því at hann er spakari, en flest önnur naut, Fms. ii. 193; spámenn, galdramenn, H.E. i. 522; seiðmaðr, þat er s., Fms. x. 378. 2. esp. in a Biblical sense; Guðs spámaðr, Sks. 690, Stj. 6; fyrir munn Davíðs spámanns, Bs. i. 265; Lög ok Spámanns, the Law and the Prophets, Niðrst. 8: passim in the Icel. Bible, spámanns orð, the words of the prophet, Bs. i. 728, Hom. 105, N.T., Pass., Vídal., passim. spámann-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), prophet-like. spá-mæli, n. pl. prophetic words, Sturl. i. 223, Gísl. 94, Fms. v. 322. spá-mær, f. = spákona, Eb. (in a verse); in Norway spaa-möy is a knuckle in a cow's foot (the same double sense as in Icel. vala?), used in the game of playing the wizard or prophet, Ivar Aasen. spán-bakki, a, m. = skotbakki, Fms. ii. 271. spán-brjóta, braut, to shiver, break into splinters, Ann. 1343. SPÁNN and spónn, m., gen. spánar, dat. spæni, pl. spænir, acc. spánu, spónu, Fms. i. 128, 290, N.G.L. ii. 131: the mod. form is spónn, spóns, acc. pl. as well as dat. spæni: [A.S. span, spoon; Germ. spann; Dan. spaan; Engl. spoon] :-- a chip, shaving, made by a plane, knife, axe; þó at miklir spænir væri af telgdir, Bjarn. 14: spánn af krossinum helga, Fms. vii. 91; spánu nokkora ... hann sópaði spánunum öllum í hönd sér ... lét brenna spánuna í lófa sér, Ó.H. 197; spánu þá er þeir telgdu, Fms. xi. 34; ok fylldu upp af spánum, i. 127: tjörgaða spónu. 128; afhógg ok spónu, 290; til þess er snjór kemr á spónu, N.G.L. ii. 131; hrjóta spænirnir upp í móti honum, Edda; lokar-spænir, spána-hrúga, Krók. 52 C: in the phrase, brotna í spán, to be 'broken into matchwood,' of a ship, Eg. 405, Nj. 267, 282, cp. Kristni S. (in a verse). II. metaph. usages, a target; setja spán í bakka. Fms. ii. 271; skot-spánn, q.v. :-- the gilt beaks, of dragons' heads on ships (enni-spánn), bera goldna spánu, Edda (in a verse); enni-spánn, q.v. :-- of a sword's sheath, sverð með umgerð ok spónum, Þiðr. 80 :-- shingles for thatching, D.N. iii. 409, v. 387, 637 (spón-þak) :-- chips used for soothsaying, cp. Lat. sortes, féll honum þá svá spánn sem hann mundi eigi lengi lifa, Yngl. S. ch. 42 (see blót-spánn); þeir felldu spán til byrjar, ok féll svá, at Óðinn vildi þiggja mann at hlutfalli at hanga, Fas. iii. 31. 2. a spoon; eta spón-fastandi, Pr. 475; horn-spánn, Fms. vi. 364; Þórdís bar inn grautar-trygla á borð ok hélt með á spónum, Eb. 36, Gísl. 72; allr borðbúnaðr af silfri, diskar ker ok spænir, Ísl. ii. 436; spóna-trog, a trough or tray in which the spoons were served at table, Gísl. 72. Spánn, m. Spain, Fms. vii. 78 sqq., x. 92: Spán-land, n. id., Stj. 92 (Spána-land, id. v.l.): Spán-verjar, m. pl. Spaniards, Mirm.: Spán-verskr, adj. Spanish, Karl. 449: mod. Spánskr. spán-nýr, adj. (spelt spánýr), [Engl. span in 'spick and span'], span-new, very freq. in mod. usage; vín spánnýtt at drekka, fresh wine, Þiðr. 15, v.l. 2. metaph. quite fresh, not exhausted, Eg. 585, Fms. viii. 405, 413; spánnýjar sakir, Ld. 144; hann strýkr af sér eitrið allt ok verðr þá spánýr eptir, Hom. (St.) spán-ósi, adj. span-new, of ships just launched; þau (the ships) vóru spánósa ok nýbrædd, Fms. viii. 382; kista s. svá sem nýskafin væri, Ó.H. spán-þak, n. a shingle-roof, Edda. spán-þaktr, part. shingle-thatched, Fms. v. 331. spár, adj., spá, spátt, [spá] :-- prophetic; í hjarta spás manns, Hom. 58; þat er spátt, er spakir mæla, Bs. i. 264: also spá (fem. adj.) er spaks geta, Grett. 72 new Ed., Fms. xi. 154: sann-spár, for-spár, veðr-spár, q.v. spá-saga, u, f. a 'spae-word,' prophecy; nú kom fram spásagan Gests, Ld. 286, Sturl. ii. 78: plur., góðar þykkja mér spásögur þínar, Nj. 146; þessi s. er nú fram komin á várum dögum, Fms. viii. 240, Al. 65. spá-sögn, f. = spa saga, Fms. ii. 285, Stj. 240. spázera, að, [from Germ. spazieren], to walk, Fms. xi. 430, Stj. 138, Bs. ii. 57. spázia, u, f. the margin of a book, skrifa á, spázíuna. spéa (spjá), að, [Dan. spea], to mock; og spéar hann upp í há völd, Hallgr.; ... spjöðu hann, Pass.: spé-, n. mocking: spé-koppar, m. pl. dimples: spé-hræddr, adj. fearing ridicule: spé-skorinn, part. with short-cropped hair. spegill, m. [Dan. speil; Germ. spiegel; Lat. speculum.], a mirror, Stj. 9, Fms. iii. 543, Mar. 1032, Pm. 87, 98.

582 SPEGLA -- SPILLA.

spegla, að, to look in a glass. speingr, m. a spy; sínum speingum ok galdra-mönnum, Hb. (1865) 30, as also in arg-speingr, a spy, Dropl. (in a verse). speja or spæja, að, [Germ. spähen; Dan. speide] , to spy: hafa spæjat (spejat v.l.) ok rannsakat, Stj. 145; hann leyndisk ok vildi speja um húsfreyju, Grett. 200. spejari, a, m. a spy, Stj. 219. Rétt. 8 (D.N. i. 87). SPEKI, f. [spakr], wisdom (= Gr. GREEK, Lat. sapientia); sú speki er hann sagði fyrir ú-vorðna hluti, Fms. i. 146; eilíf speki, Ann. 1848. 372; speki ok vísdómr, ... af speki Salomonis, Stj. 560; speki-meistari = spekingr, id.; get-speki. heim-s., q.v. COMPDS: speki-andi, a, m. the spirit of wisdom, Rb. 80. speki-maðr, m. = spekingr, Glúm. 388. speki-mál, n. pl. words of wisdom, Greg. 20. speki-ráð, n. a wise counsel, Fas. i. 171. spekingr, m. a wise man, a sage; Sigurðar Hlaða-jarls er allra spekinga var mestr, Fms. i. 20; heyrit, ér spekingar, orð mín, ii. 240; Einarr bjó þá at þverá, s. mikill, Lv. 36; hann var inn mesti s. at viti, Eb. 26; Osvifr var s. mikill, Ld. 122; Gestr var s. at viti, framsýnn um marga hluti, 124; síðan fór hann til spekings eins ok sagði honum drauminn, Nj. 121. 2. the counsellors of kings were called so; nú ræðsk Haraldr konungr um við sína spekinga, Fms. xi. 42; sem þá var konungum títt, at hafa gamla spekinga til þess at vita forn dæmi ok siðu forellra sinna, Fagrsk. 150; cp. the A.S. witenas. spekja, ð, [Dan. spæge], to calm, soothe, keep quiet; s. menn sína, Flóv. 26: reflex. to be calmed, muntú þá spekjask, þótt eigi spekisk þú svá brátt, 677. 12; lét setja hann í járn ok hugði at hann mundi spekjask, Fms. vi. 291. II. þeir er mest eru spaktir (endowed with wisdom) af Guði, Hom. 136. spekjur, f. pl. [A.S. spæc], parley; aðrar váru okkrar spekjur, Gkv. 3. 4 (a GREEK.) spekt, older form spekð = speki, quietness, peace; gæta e- með spekt, Sks. 126; spekðar ok hógværis, Fms. x. 408; spektar-maðr, a peace-loving man, K.Á. 48. 2. wisdom, Sks. 294, Fms. i. 117, vi. 144; miklaði hann spektina, svá at þeir skildu alla hluti, Edda (pret.); spektar-andi, the spirit of wisdom, Stj. 348; spektar brunnr, Sks. 604; spektar gyðja, Al. 42; spektar ljós. Greg. 30; spektar íþrótt, Al. 42; spektar manr, komask á spektar mun við e-n, to outwit, Lv. 49; spektar nám. Sks. 15; spektar mál, wise words, Fb. ii. 249, Mirm. speld, mod. speldi, n. a square tablet; gluggar, ok snúin fyrir speld, Nj. 114; undir söðulfjölinni sprettir hann upp speldi, tekr þar upp bréfit, Sturl. iii. 295: a tablet to write on, ríta á speldi, Fas. ii. 551. spelkja, að, to stuff, of skins; síðan lætr Oddr troða belginn ok s., Fas. ii. 516. spelkur, f. pl. [A.S. spelc], a splint for binding up broken bones; hann setti við fætrna, ok batt við spelkur, Fas. iii. 309, passim in mod. usage; lætr hann flá af því belg, siðan lætr hann setja spelkur (spjalkir v.l.) í munn því, ii. 181. SPELL, n. pl. (A.S. spell], a flaw, damage; ábyrgjask landit við öllum spellum til fardaga, Grág. ii. 216; ábyrgjask e-t við spellum við kaupanda, 249; áðr menn sjá at með spellum ferr, N.G.L. i. 54: a flaw, fault, allmikil spell, Fms. viii. 53, v.l.: a breach, frændsemis-spell, sifja-spell, sakar-spell, etc. spella-lauss, adj. faultless, N.G.L. i. 232. spella, að(?), = spilla; fæðask af spellaðum hlutum, Stj.; ok hafi svá spellask = spilzk, 290; öll veröldin var spellað, 55: hann hafði spellat sinn veg, 56; ú-spellaðr mál, uncorrupt, N.G.L. ii. 78, 81. spellan, f. defilement, Stj. 24, 290. spell-reið, f. the damaging a horse by overriding him, Grág. i. 435. spell-verk, n. a misdeed, the doing damage, Grág. ii. 327. spell-virki, n. mischief-working, damage; verða sekr (fjörbaugs maðr) um s., Grág. i. 88, 129, Gþl. 241; göra spjallvirki eða rán búum, Grág.; höggva bú eðr taka aðra vist en göra eigi annat spellvirki, id.; göra skaða ok spjöllvirki, Eg. 196; nú höggr maðr í borð skipi manns framan eðr aptan, þat er s., N.G.L. i. 46. spell-virki, a, m. (-virkjar), a mischief-worker, highwayman, Nj. 183, Fms. ii. 83; hugðu þeir at spellvirkjar mundu vera, i. 226, Fs. 6; björn gengr um eyna ok er sá inn mesti s., Eg. 375; spellvirkja bæli, a robber's den, Fms. ii. 81, Matth. xxi. 13. spell-virkni, n. the doing damage, Grág. ii. 327, Fbr. 99 new Ed. spélni, f. [spé], a gibing. spen-bólga, u, f. a swelling of the teat or dug, Pr. 471. spen-drekkr, m. a sucking child; þat barn er s. er, Grág. i. 240. spengi-legr, adj. tall and fine, of stature. spengja, ð, [spöng], to spangle; borðit var spengt járni, Fas. ii. 64; exi forna ok spengda, Sturl. ii. 170. SPENI, a, m. [A.S. spana], a teat, dug, esp. of animals: grís er drukkit hafði spenann, Fs. 71; fjórar mjólkár runnu ór spenum hennar, Edda; ýla þegar er þeir missa mjólkr ór þurrum spenum, Al. 31; þat var gyltr ok spenar á, Fms. vi. 216; fjórir hanga spenar, Gsp.; þat skrímsl hefir á brjósti sér stóra spena, Sks. 169; hann kom hverju lambi á spenann, Od. ix. 245. spena-barn, n. a sucking child, Fas. ii. 328. SPENJA, pres. spenr; pret. spandi; subj. spendi; part. spanit; cp. spana: [akin to speni; A.S. spanjan] :-- prop. to draw the teat, but only used 2. metaph. to attract, allure; spenr í sælu sína, sín börn jöfurr stjörnu, Skálda 248; hefi ek menn spanit ór þinni hirð, of allan heim hefi ek spanit menn til Guðs, 656 C. 33; hann spandi út hingað með sér Sæmund, brought S. back with him, Bs. i. 240; hann mon deyja, ok mon ek hann þá hingat s., Niðrst. 2; þeir spönðu lið undan konungi, Fms. vii. 248; hann fékk honum lausa-fé; mikit at s. lið undir þá, Ó.H. 25; þar sem hann fann sterka menn eðr spekinga at viti þá spandi hann alla til sín ok görði sér kæra, Fms. x. 293; s. frá honum þá er honum vóru hollir, ix. 262; honum þótti þar megin landsins, ef hann fengi þar undir sik spanit, meðan jarl væri í brottu, iv. 105 (komit, Ó.H. l.c.) SPENNA, t, [A.S. spannan], to span, clasp; s. sverð báðum höndum, Fms. viii. 363; spenna árarnar fjórir hverja, 384; á langskipunum spenntu tveir eina ár, ix. 310; spenntu tveir hverja ár, 303, v.l. 2. to span; lín svá mikit at spennt fengi um mesta fingri, to span with the thumb and the middle finger, Ó.H.; hjálm á höfði enn ekki spennt (clasped) kinnbjörgunum, Grett. 118; spennt gullhlaði at höfði sér, Fms. ii. 264; s. um sik beltinu, xi. 272; Egill spennti gullhring á hverja hönd honum, Eg. 300; ok er hann spennir þeim um sik, Edda 15; þeir spenntu næfrum at fötleggjum sér. Fms. vii. 320; hann hafði spennt af sér (unclasped) beltinn, xi. 290; spenn af mér belti ok knífinn, iv. 27; s. höndum um háls e-m, to clasp the hands round one's neck, Ísl. ii. 343; hann spennti um hann stúfunum, Gullþ. 59; s. karls dóttur, Fas. i. 50; prestr nokkurr gékk á land, Birkibeinar spenntu hann, clasped, caught him, Fms. viii. 358; harðliga spenntr, in hard straits, Grett. 158 A: spenna boga, to draw a bow, Þiðr. 39. II. to spend, enjoy; meiri Sæmd en hann hefði fyrr því lika spennt, Th. 18; eptir ár liðit skal ek segja þér hvat þu spennir, Fms. xi. 423; upp spenna góz e-s, N.G.L. iii. 245. III. -- spenja, Fms. ix. 262, v.l. spenna, u, f. spasm; slikum spennum ok únáðum, Ísl. ii. 63: medic. a fit of vomiting, fá harðar spennur: a grasping, hrygg-spenna, q.v. spenni, n. a locket, D.N. spennill, m., in Eir-spennill, Brasen-clasp. the name of a vellum MS. spennir, m. a grasper, compasser, Lex. Poët. spenni-töng, f. a 'clasp-tongs', forceps, Ó.H. 223, Eb. 244. spennsl, n. a clasp; s. bandanna, El. 2: esp. of books, mod. spennsli. spen-volgr, adj. warm from the cow, of milk. sperðill, m. a kind of sausage; bjúgu og sperðla, Hallgr. SPERNA, d, (of an older strong verb there only remains the pret. sparn), [cp. A.S. spurnan; Engl. spurn] :-- to spurn, kick with the feet; hann spernir til risans með fæti, Þiðr. 186; þo at þeir vili sperna yðr frá þeim tagnaði. Barl. 44; þeim sem hann fær spernt frá hirðvist, N.G.L. ii. 422; þá er Haraldr sparn á mörnar mó, Hkr. i. (in a verse); ok er hann sparn gálgann, Eb. 34 new Ed. v.l. 1; er Egill sparn gálgann, Hkr. iii. 199; álmr spann (= sparn) af sér odda, the bow spurned the shafts off, Jd. sperra, u, f. [Engl. spar], a spar, rafter, of a roof. COMPDS: sperri-leggr, m. a spar-stick, Fms. vii. 72. sperru-tær, f. pl. the 'spar-toes,' i.e. the ends of a spar in a roof. sperru-vegr, m. a 'spar-way,' tram-way, D.N. i. 577. sperra, ð and t, to raise the spars in a house, D.N. i. 477. 2. to stretch out the legs like rafters; hrossit sýktisk ok sperrði frá sér fætr, Bs. i. 614. II. reflex. to struggle by putting the feet out like spars; hann sperrisk við fast í sætinu, Th. 76; siðan gengu þeir á land, en hón sperrðisk við, ok tók annarr í hár henni ok leiddi hana, Sd. 185: upp spertr, strutted (better stertr), Hrafn. 18. spez-skór, m. a kind of shoes, Fms. viii. 358. SPIK, n. [A.S. spic; called by the English whale-fishers speck] :-- blubber, the fat of seals, whales; sel-spik, hval-spik, finnanda-spik, N.G.L. i. 252; spik ok rengi, Grág. ii. 362, Ám. 32. COMPDS: spik-feitr, adj. seal-fat. spik-hvalr, m. whale-blubber, Vm. 143. spikaðr, adj. fat as a seal. spiki, a, m. [A.S. spic-máse], a bird, the tit, parus L., Edda (Gl.) spil, n. a tablet, = speldi; hann þildi alla veggi með spjöldum eða spilum, Stj. 563. 1 Kings vi. 15. II. (Germ. spiel], a game; barna-spil, a child's game, Bb.; leik-spil, mansöngs-spil, Skáld H. 2. plur. cards, (mod.) spila, að, [Germ. spielen], to play; the word occurs in the 14th century; hann spilar fingrum at Rómi, Fbr. 198 (in the text of the Fb. the old phrase is leika fingrum, see Rm.), passim in mod. usage. 2. also, to spend; s. út eigum sínum, of a spendthrift; út-spilan, squandering. 3. to play at cards. spilda, u, f. [speldi], a flake or slice; hér er skjöldr er ek vil gefa þér -- Ærnar á Grímr fóstri minn flagspildur, Ísl. ii. 32; spilda af ísi, a flake of ice. spildingr, m. = spilda. SPILLA, t, to spoil, destroy, with dat.; brutu niðr hof ok spilltu blótum, Fms. i. 51; þeir spilltu því er þeir máttu eigi með fara, Eg. 385; spilt var slæðunum, 703; spilla íll mál góðum siðum, Bs. i. 271; s. máli e-s, Eg. 418; s. okkru vinfengi, Nj. 49; s. sér í saurlífi, Stj. 55; s. fyrir e-m, to spoil one's condition, do one harm, Eg. 255, esp. of harming by slander. II. reflex. to be spoiled, damaged, grow worse, Grág. ii.

SPILLIDYR -- SPORNA. 588

288, Hom. 120; spillask við, to get worse, Eg. 566; trú spilltisk, Landn. 117; mun mikit hafa um spilzk, taken a turn for the worse, Ísl. ii. 369; spilltisk skjótt árferð, Fms. i. 51; spillask þá sakarnar, Grág. i. 373 :-- part. spellandi, a spoiler, Ó.H. 114; um-spillendr: spilltr, spoiled, corrupted. spilli-dýr, n. a noxious animal, Fb. ii. 78. spilli-ligr, adj. corruptible, Bs. ii. 183. spilling, f. corruption, Mar., passim in mod. usage and eccl. writings. spillir, m. a spoiler; spillir bauga, Fm., Lex. Poët.; skálda-spillir, q.v. spinka, að, to sprawl; þeir draga hann fram at gálga ... hversu hann spinkar, Thom. 472. SPINNA, spann, spunnu, spunnit; [Ulf. spinnan = GREEK; a word common to all Teut. languages] :-- to spin; Katla sat á palli ok spann garn, Eb. 92, 94; ek hefi spunnit tólf álna garn, Ld. 224; drósir suð-rænar dýrt lín spunnu, Vkv. 1; Grima sat á þreskeldi ok spann, Fbr., passim in old and mod. usage. spík, f., pl. spíkr, [Engl. spike; Dan. spig], a spike, sprig; fjala-spíkr, board-splinters, Pr. 415; skyldi ek sundr bjóta hverja spík er í þeim er, Mirm. 70: in mod. usage of a thin worn-out scythe, ljá-spík, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 11; hann hafði aldri annan ljá en spíkina álf konu-naut, 12. spíra, u, f. a spar, N.G.L. iii. 204, Edda ii. 482; spíru-viða, a spar-timber, N.G.L. iii. 207: a stilt, Stj. 95. II. a kind of beaker or vessel in church furniture, Dipl. iii. 4, Vm. 58, B.K. 84, 130, D.N. III. the town Spira, Symb. spítal, n. (spítali, a, m., Symb. 30, Fms. x. 153, xi. 202, 301; not specially for the sick); [for. word; mid. Lat. hospitale] :-- a spital or hospital for the poor or strangers, Symb. 28, Fms. x. 153; lærðra manna spítal, Ann. 1308; for lepers, Dipl. ii. 16, 94; spítals-prestr, D.N. ii. 16. spítalskr, adj., spít-elska, u, f. [Dan. spedalsk], leprous, for the old hospitals were established for incurable lepers. spíz, n. [for. word; Ital. spezie], spices, B.K. 88, Rétt. 49, Mar. spíza, að, [for. word; Germ. speisen], to furnish with provender; vel spízaðan, Clar., Bláus S., (unclass. and obsolete.) SPJALD, n., pl. spjöld, [Ulf. spilda = GREEK, GREEK]:-- a square tablet; með spjöldum ok spilum, Stj. 563: a tablet in a church, brík yfir altari, spjöld tvau, Vm. 149; spjald ok á crucifixio. Ám. 58: the square wooden board in the binding of a book, átta bækr í spjöldum, Vm. 177; hálfr fimti tugr bóka í spjöldum, Dipl. v. 18: spjalda-laus, without a cover, id.: the phrase, spjaldanna á milli, from one cover to the other; eg hefi lesið bókina spjalda á milli, i.e. all, every word of it: vax-spjöld, wax-tablets, Sturl. iii: for writing, Lat. cera, skrifa á spjald, Stat. 275; kirkjunnar lög rituð á spjali(d) ok upp-fest, H.E. i. 501: the squares made in weaving by ladies, hlaða spjöldum, to make, weave, check, Gkv. 2. 26; hence a woman is in poets called spjalda gná, the fairy of the tablets, Skáld H. 6. 48; spennti eg miðja spjalda gná spriklaði sál á vörum, a ditty. spjald-hryggr, m. the back above the hips, the small of the back; lendar, spjald-hryggr, mjó-hryggr, bak. spjald-ofinn, part. 'woven in squares,' of a lady's work. spjald-vefnaðr, m. weaving in squares, check-work, embroidery. SPJALL, n. [Ulf. spill = GREEK; A.S. and Engl. spell; O.H.G. spel, hence mod. Germ. spiel] :-- a 'spell.' saw, saying; hafa mart í spjalli, to treat of many things. Skáld H. 4. 10; and-spjall, an answer, reply; guð-spjall (q.v.), gospel :-- else used in plur. and only in poetry: spjöll, words, tidings; forn spjöll, old words, old lore, of bygone days, Vsp 1. Hkv. 1. 36; ný spjöll, news, Hkv. Hjörv. 31; jó frá ek spjalla, asked him for news, Gkv. 2. 5; sunnan em ek kominn at segja spjöll þessi, Fas. i. 499 (in a verse); heilög spjöll, holy 'spells,' Skákl H. 7. 62; móðug spjöll, 'moody spells,' lamentations, Gh. 9; hermdar spjöll, angry words, Edda (in a verse); fé-spjöll, 'fee-spells,' Vsp. (see fé); vig-spjöll, war-news. Lex. Poët.; læ-spjöll, lewd spells. spjall, n. a 'spell,' mischief, damage, = spell; taka spjall af e-u, Sks. 352 B. 2. a flaw; spjöll, á máli, Glúm. 347; hafi þér málit meir tilbúit með úskapi, en eigi sé spjöllin á, id.; sýnisk mér auðsæ allmikil spjöll á yðarri ráðagörð, Fms. viii. 53, v.l.; spjöll, opp. to kostir, Merl. 2. 97: mann-spjöll, a loss in men. spjalla, að, [Ulf. spillen = to pronounce], to 'spell,' talk; myrkri við man spjalla, Hm. 81; fjöld nam at s., Bkv. 13; spjallandi = mál-vinr; spjalii, Edda ii. 497. spjalla, að, to spoil; spjölluð mál, Háv. 57. spjalli, a, m. a 'speller,' one who converses with another friend, Edda (Gl.); gumna spjalli, gauta s., gotna s., the friend of men, Lex. Poët.; Hrungnis s., the friend of H., Hým.; jöfra s., the secret friend of kings; s. landreka, id., Lex. Poët. spjallr, adj. spoken; in opin-spjallr, q.v. spjátra, að, to behave like a fop: spjátr, n.: spjátrungr, m. a fop, coxcomb. SPJÓT, n. [Dan. spyd; Swed. spjut; Germ. spiess; Engl. spit] :-- a spear, lance, both to throw and thrust (prop. of a wooden staff), K.Þ.K. 170, Nj. 8, 264, Fms. i. 44, viii. 352, Anal. 116; spjóts-skot, Fms. viii. 352, Fs. 17, Ó.H. 183, passim. COMPDS: spjóts-falr, m. the socket of a spear-head, Fms. vi. 198. spjót-garðr, m. a fence of spears, Gþl. 457. spjóts-hali a, m. the 'spear-tail,' the end of the wooden shaft of a spear, Ld. 132, Eg. 289, Fms. vi. 413. spjót-lag, n. = spjótslag, Fms. ix. 489. spjót-leggr, m. the 'spear-leg,' shaft, Nj. 64, v.l. spjóta-lög, n. pl. spear-thrusts, Eb. 190. spjóts-oddr, m. a spear's point, head, Ld. 78, Landn. 215, 308, Grág. i. 89, 133, Fs. 99, Fms. vii. 149. spjót-skapt, n. = a spear-pole, Nj. 70, Sturl. i. 196 C, Fms. ix. 405, Eb. 190; spjótskapts-hali, K.Þ.K. spjót-skepti, n. = spjótskapt, Sturl. i. 196, iii. 113 C. spjóts-skepti, n. = spjótskepti, Nj. 145, v.l. spjót-spík, f. a 'spear-spike,' thin spear, Ld. 278. spjótaðr, part. furnished with spears, Al. 21. SPJÖR, n. pl. [A.S. spere; Engl. spear; Germ. speer] :-- a spear, only in plur. and poët, (neither gen. nor dat. occur), Edda (Gl.); erat audskept almanna spjör, 'tis not easy to make spears for all men, i.e. to please all men, Ad. 21, cp. Hm. 127; dreyrug spjör, Höfuðl.; spjör gullu, spjör knáttu glymja, braka, spears clashed, etc., Lex. Poët.; rjóða spjör blóði, Nj. (in a verse). spjörr, f., only in pl. spjarrar, mod. spjarir :-- swathing-bands, used instead of hose or stockings; Auðr kona þín er í brókum ok vafit spjörrum mjök í skúa niðr, A. thy wife dresses in breeks (like a man), winding swathes round her legs almost down to the shoes, Ld. 136; hvítar brækr ok vafit at neðan spjörrum, því var hann vaf-spjarra Grímr kallaðr, swathing the legs (instead of stockings), for which he was called 'swaddle-leg' Gullþ. 14. 2. mod. a rag, tatter; þat sem áðr er slitið ok at spjörum orðit, Fas. iii. 7: the phrase, spyrja e-n ór spjörunum, to examine one without his hose on, i.e. to strip and examine him closely, Snót: in mod. usage also sing., hann á ekki eina spjör, not a scrap of clothing on his back. sponz, n. [Dan. spunds], a bung of a barrel. SPOR, n. [Ulf. spaurds = GREEK; A.S. spyrd, spor, = a track, footstep; O.H.G. spurt; Germ. spur; Dan. spor; these last having, like the Icel., dropped a d]:-- a track, footprint; eptir þetta sté Froði í bergit ... til þessa spors mun ek koma hvern dag, ok vita hvat í sporinu er, Fas. i. 63; manns-sporin í snjónum ... heim munu liggja spor hans, Fs. 41; mátti eigi hrærask ór þeim sporum, Bs. i. 357; standa í þeim sporum, Sturl. ii. 63; þeir rekja spor sem hundar, Fms. i. 8; standa í sömum sporum. to stand still, Clem. 32, Fas. i. 63; hann stóð í spori er hann hafði gört sér, Grett. 89: ganga í spor e-m, to go in a man's footsteps, go behind him, Nj. 26 vist hefir þá vel fram gengit, en þó hefir þú eigi gengit mér í spor, not followed in my steps, 108; hvetja sporit, to quicken one's steps: spretta úr spori, to question the pace of a rider; fót-spor, q.v.: metaphorical phrases, þótti synir hans vel stíga í spor honum, his sons stepped well in his footprints, were like him, Fs. 61; blístra í spor e-m, Korm.; sjá ben markar spjóti spor, Sd.: the phrase, renna blóði í spor, Bkv. 17, referring to a heathen rite of making foster-brotherhood by blending blood in one's footprints (vestigia sua mutui sanguinis aspersione perfundere, Saxo 12), cp. Gísl., Fbr. S.: at vörmu spori (adverbial), on the warm track, instantly, in return: poët. usages, sverða spor, a'sword's prints' i.e. wounds., Ulf. 11. 16; eggja spor, an 'edge-print,' Lex. Poët.: dólg-spor = dólk-spor, dirk-prints., Hkv. 2. 40. spora-drjúgr, adj. fast pacing. spora, að, = sporna; þorðu eigi hestarnir s. hana, Fas. i. 226. spor-askja, u, f. an oblong box. spor-baugr, m. an elliptic ring, (mod.) sporð-dreki, a, m. a 'tail-dragon,' scorpion. Rb. 102. SPORÐR, m. a fish's tail; s. sem á fiski, Sks. 167; hrygg höfuð ok sporð, N.G.L. i. 59. Gþl. 459: of a serpent, Fms. x. 407; hann (the world serpent) bitr í sporð sér, Edda: hence of a ship with dragon heads at her bows, the stern is called sporðr, var á stafni visundar-höfuð, en aptr sporðr, Hkr. iii. 25: phrases, standa e-m; á sporði, to be a match for, metaph. from fighting a dragon; vitr maðr ertú. svá at fáir munu standa á sporði þér, Nj. 244; mun engi maðr þá þér á sporði þér standa, 111; þessa menn er nú hafa mjök yðr á sporði staðit, who have withstood you, hampered you, 655 xiii. B. 2: víta hvárki höfuð né sporð á e-u, to know neither the head nor the tail of a thing, know nothing about it. 2. metaph. the tail or pointed end of a shield (the oblong shield, skjaldar-sporðr): hjó í skjöldinn ok af sporðinn, Nj. 200, Fs. 135 :-- of a bridge, brúar-sporðr, a bridge's end (see brú): bryggju-sporðr, bygðar-s., outskirts, Skáld H. sporða-köst, n. pl. the flapping of a fish, salmon, Bb, spor-ganga, u, f. (cp. ganga í spor e-m), backing, assistance; veita e-m fylgð ok sporgöngu, Eb. 112. sporgöngu-maðr, m. a 'step-goer,' follower, Fas. iii. 46, Eb. 112, Bs. i. 766: a persecutor, grimmir sporgöngumenn, 623. 35. spor-hundr, m. a slot-hound, bloodhound, Fms. vii. 50, Orkn. 150. spori, a. m. [A.S. spor, spora; Dan. spore], a spur, Nj. 82, Fms. vi. 424; slá (keyra, höggva) hest sporum, ix. 518, Gullþ. 68; spora-högg, Nj. 8; the oldest spurs were pointed (oddar), see Worsaae, No. 356. spor-latr, adj. slow or lazy in walking. spor-léttr, adj. quick of step. sporna, að, [A.S. spurnan], to spurn, kick, tread on; sporna vóll, Vsp.

58-1 SPORRAKKI -- SPURN.

28; s. moldveg, Og. 9; sem Absalon spornaði enn á eikinni, Stj. 534. 2 Sam. xvi. 14; en er hann spornar gálgann, Eb. 96, Trist. 3; hann vildi taka af mér hringinn en ek spornaði við, struggled against (= sperrast við), Fas. iii. 395: metaph. to withstand, eigi má við sköpum s., Fs. 26; kvað eigi mundu tjá við at s., 22. spor-rakki, a, m. a slot-hound, Str. 3. spor-rækt, n. adj. footstep-tracking; hafði fallit snjófölva svá at s. var, Ld. 204, Ann. 1362, p. 310. spott, n. (spottr, m.; drag öngan spott at oss, Nj. 16; þeim þótti þetta spottr einn, Fms. viii. 437); [Dan. spot; Germ. spott] :-- 'sport,' mock, scoff, Fms. vi. 156; mart annat spott görðu þær Norðmönnum, 253; verða fyrir spotti, 209; spott ok háð, Nj. 66; með spotti, Fms. i. 15; hafa e-t at spotti, viii. 10; svara skætingu ok spotti, Glúm. 363. SPOTTA, að. [Germ. spotten; Dan. spotte], to mock, make sport of;þó þeir spotti mik, Fms. vi. 208; eigi þarf at s. þetta svá, mjök, Ld. 216; mun þú vera spottaðr, duped, mocked, made sport of, Fms. vii. 153; þótti honum þeir hafa mjök spottað sik, er honum höfðu komit í þessa ferð, 212: spotta e-t af e-m, to cheat one of a thing; hafa þær hæðiliga spottað af mér mitt ríki, Bret. 164; s. at e-n, to make sport of, Nj. 95. spottan, f. a mocking, Flóv. 30, Skálda 199. spotti, a, m., spottr, Vm. 103, [Engl. spot], a bit, small piece; brátt mun hann beita upp land várt þegar er hann þykkisk nokkurn spotta í eiga. Fms. vi. 103; tak nú til þín þessa tíu spotta möttulsins, Stj. 576 (seissura of the Vulgate): freq. in mod. usage, band-spotti, a piece of string; reipis-s., ólar-s.: of distance, vegar-s.; fara lítinn spotta; or spotta-korn, n. a bit of the way. spott-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mocking. Barl. 197. spott-samr, adj. mocking, sporting, Nj. 61, Bjarn. 3. spozkr, adj. [Dan. spodsk], mocking, jeering. SPÓI, a, m. [Swed. spof], a bird, a curlew, scolupax arquata L., Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 346; spóa-egg, vella einsog spói, freq. in mod. usage. spóki, a, m. [Engl. spoke], a small spoke, piece of wood; dreng-spóki, a 'boy-spoke', an imp. Grönd. spóla, u, f. a weaver's shuttle (in the mod. loom). spónn, m. a spoon: see spánn. COMPDS: spón-blað, n. the bowl of a spoon. spóna-matr, m. 'spoon-meat.' spraðka, að, to sprawl, Al. 179. spraka, u, f. a little flounder. spraka, að, to crackle; þá tók brauðit at spraka sem steinn í eldinum, Greg. 57. spraki, a, m. a rumour, flying report, Fms. i. 187, viii. 365, 416. 2. [A.S. spræca], a speaker; in for-sprakki, a spokesman. sprakki, a, m., qs. spraðki, [cp. Dan. sprade or sprade-basse = a dandy] :-- a 'spark,' poöt. a woman, Rm., Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët., freq. in mod. lays, but not used in prose, spraka-leggr, n. a nickname, Ó.H. sprang, n. lace-weaving; dúkr hálfr með sprang (lace), hálfr með glit (brocade), Pm. 123; dúkar tveir blámerktir, hinn þriði með sprang, 14, cp. D.N. v. 386. sprang-dúkr, m. = sprangaðr dúkr, Pm. 51. spranga, að, to walk sprightly, Úlf. 11. 50; spratt hann upp frá spaðs rétt og sprangaði út á húsgang, Stef. Ól. 2. to braid lace; part., sprangaðr dúkr, laced, Ám. 46, Vm. 21; dúkr sprangaðr ok annarr glitaðr, 40; altaris-dúkr sprangaðr, 52; lectara-dúkr s., 119, D.N. sprek, n. a stick; eldiviðar-stikum eðr sprekum, Stj. 264; smá-sprek, small sticks. spreka, að, [from Germ. sprechen]; spreka e-m til, to accost one. spreklóttr, adj. speckled. sprengi-kveld, n. 'bursting-eve,' i.e. Shrove Tuesday, from the habit of over-eating at that time, Icel. Almanack. sprengja, ð, the causal of springa, [A.S. and Germ. sprengan; Dan. sprænge] :-- to make burst; öxi forna ok sprengda, Sturl. ii. 170; s. egg, to break an egg; s. ber, Stj. 200; s. augu úr hausi e-s, Landn. 51; s. hest, to ride a horse to death, Korm. 68, Ísl. ii. 331, Landn. 84, Karl. 308; ok vilit þér s. mik, to work one to death, Sturl. iii. 225. sprengr, m. bursting; honum hélt við spreng (from exhaustion), Fas. iii. 411; fólkinu hélt við spreng (from heat), Sturl. iii. 223; ek hefi unnit hér til sprengs í sumar, worked me to death, Grett. 121 A. SPRETTA, pres. sprett; pret. spratt, sprazt, spratt, pl. spruttu; subj. sprytti; part. sprottinn: [an iterative from springa; Swed. spritta; Engl. spirt; Germ. spritzen] :-- to spirt out, of water; þar sprettr einn brunnr, Ver. 2; spratt þar vatn upp, Edda (pref.); þar spratt upp brunnr, Fms. vii. 251; helli þeim sprettr vatn ór berginu, i. 232; veita vötnum þeim er spretta upp í engi manns, Grág. ii. 289; sá er næstr býr vötnum þeim í héraði, er upp spretta næst líki á fjalli, K.Þ.K. 34; spratt honum sveiti í enni, sweat burst out on his forehead, Nj. 68. 2. to start, spring; hann sprettr upp, starts to his feet, Fms. xi. 151, Bs. i. 420; Hrútr vildi upp s. ok fagna henni, Nj. 6; þeir spruttu upp með íllyrðum, 128; hann spratt upp skjótt ok hart, Eg. 717; s. á fætr 129; s. af baki, to spring off horseback, Ld. 220; s. ór snöru, to spring out of a snare, 623. 36; spratt upp lássinn, up sprang the latch, Gullþ. 27; þá sprettr tjaldskörin, Sturl. i. 117; ok sprettr þá láss af limum, Gg.; sprettr mér af fótum fjöturr, Hm.; spruttu honum fætr á jakanum, he slipped, Eb. 238; spratt henni fótr ok féll hón, Bs. i. 385; spratt upp fjándskapr, Sturl. ii. 57; spretta upp af honum einstaka mansöngs-vísur, Fbr. 69; spratt þat upp af heima-mönnum (it was rumoured), at ..., Dropl. 17. 3. to sprout, grow, of hair, grass, crops; hárið spratt á sauðum, Þryml. 8; honum var sprottið hár ór kolli, Fms. iii. 125; svá ungr at eigi mun grön sprottin, Sturl. iii. 129; honum var ekki grön sprottin, Ld. 272, v.l.; þá er blómin spruttu, Karl. 546; vel sprottið (illa sprottið) tún; sprottnar engjar, good, bad crops. spretta, t, a causal to the preceding, to make spring up, unloose; s. gjörðum, to ungird, Ísl. ii. 339, 340; s. belti, Fms. iv. 31; hón spretti frá sér nisti, Bs. i. 337; s. af sér digrum fésjóð. Fms. viii. 141; s. frá loku, to unlock, 332; s. tjaldskörum, Fbr. 65, Fms. vi. 179, Bs. i. 420; sprettir hann upp speldi, Sturl. iii. 295; s. gildru um nætr, to unbend a trap, Gþl. 445. 2. to rip up, of a seam; hann spretti af annarri erminni, Fms. vi. 349; s. saum, to rip up a seam; s. upp fati, to rip up an old cloth; Þjálfi spretti á knífi sínum, Th. split the bone with his knife, Edda 28; ek lét spretta berkinum, I peeled off the bark, Al. 173. spretti-tíðindi, n. pl. flying news, Fr. sprettr, m. a 'spurt,' spring, bound, run; hlaupa í einum sprett, to run in one spurt: esp. of a horse, ríða í einum spretti, hleypa á sprett, harðr á spretti. sprett-harðr, adj. id. spreyta, t, [spjátra], to make show, sport: spreytingr, m. prudery. sprikla, að, to sprawl, = sprökla. SPRINGA, pres. spring; part. sprakk (Early Dan. sprank), sprakkt (sprakst), sprakk, pl. sprungu; subj. spryngi; imperat. spring; part. sprunginn: [common to all Teut. languages] :-- prop. to spring, leap, bound; this sense, however, is obsolete in the Icel. and only found in poets; hefðir egi mat nema á hræjum spryngir, unless thou springest on carrion, as a beast of prey, Hkv. 2. 31. II. to burst, split; steinar springa, Blas. 47; horuit sprakk í miðju, Eg. 212; kýlinu því er ek hugða fyrir löngu mynði s., Fms. vii. 121; sprakk fótrinn í nátt, of a boil, Hrafn. 15; eggið sprakk, the egg burst; rak hann niðr annat knó á arinhellu svá at sprakk mjök, Bs. i. 680; sprotinn kom á andlitið ok sprakk fyrir, struck him in the face so that the skin was grazed, Nj. 16; kom hamarinn í höfuð Þorvarði ok sprakk mjök fyrir en haussinn rifnaði, Sturl. ii. 38; ok springr fyrir undir, svá var höggit mikit, Fms. xi. 133; bold hans bólgnaði ok sprungu á sár, Mar. 2. to die from over-exertion, grief, or the like, Bs. i. 631; sumir sprungu með öllu ok dó úsárir, Fms. vi. 421; ok vóru þá sprungnir báðir, Eb. 178; eykirnir sprungu, Fms. x. 203, Gísl. 15, Karl. 310; annat mun þér verða enn þú springir af torfkasti, Sturl. iii. 225; Grímr var sprunginn af róðrinum, Fas. ii. 355; s. af harmi, Sæm. 158, Gkv. 1. 2; at hón hafi sprungit af stríði, Ld. 230; sprakk hón af harmi ok dó, Edda 38. sprita, að, to sprawl; s. fótum, Þiðr. 94, v.l. sprok, n. pl. [ Dan. sprog; Germ. sprache], foreign phrases, gibberish; útlend sprok, Eggert, (mod.) sprok-verskr, adj. mixing one's native language with foreign jargon. sproti, a, m. [Germ. spross], a sprout, twig, stick, rod; vínviðis teinungar eða sprotar, Stj. 200; stangir eða sprota, N.G.L. i. 380; hann laust sprotanum á pallinn, Landn. 121; laust hann sveininn með sprota, Nj. 16; reiði-s., a rod of ire, Pass. 48; veldis-s., ríkis-s., a sceptre :-- the end-piece or clasp of a belt, Þiðr. 114 (beltis-sproti). sprota-barn, n. a 'rod-child,' Fas. ii. 328; ef átta vetra gamalt barn stelr eðr yngra, þat er s., berja skal þat ef vill, N.G.L. i. 325. spróga, að, to amble of a horse; yfir um skóg at spróga, Fms. vi. (in a verse): Sprógr, m. an ambler, the name of a horse, Sturl. spróg-setja, t, to stare at mockingly or critically; ambátt hann ein sprógsetti, Pass. 11. 4. sprund, n. a woman, poët., Rm. 22, Edda 108, Hallfred (Fs. 114, v.l.), freq. in mod. lays. sprunga, u, f. a chink, fissure; jökul-s., a crevice. sprækr, adj. (spræk-ligr, adj., -liga, adv.), sprightly, sprouting; sveinninn var sprækr, Fms. ix. 241. spræna, u, f. a spirt, sprout, spring, of water; lækjar-s. spræna, d, to spirt, sprout; sprændi fram saurrinn, Stj. 383; skyrit sprændi ór honum, Lv. 64; blóð sprændi á brand, Lex. Poët.; und sprænir rauðum legi, Ó.H. (in a verse). sprökla, að, spelt spraukla, mod. sprikla, [Dan. sprætte], to sprawl, kick with the feet; annarr sprauklar nú, Al. 41, Mag. 134; þeir létu smábörn sprækla á spjóta-oddum, Fms. x. 117: also of fishes, hann nær seiði ok kastar því spriklandi á land upp, Od. xii. 254. spuni, a, m. [spinna], spinning. spurall (spurull), adj. speering, asking many questions; vera glaðr ok spurall, Fms. iv. 82; görðisk hann spurall við þá menn er norðan kómu, viii. 15; hverr er sá maðr er svá er spurall? Finnb. 250. spur-dagi, a, m. a speering, report, Sks. 86, Fms. x. 377; þann einn spurdaga höfum vér til þín, at ..., Ld. 22, Fas. i. 266; eigi munu menn til slíkra ferða spurdaga haft hafa, Orkn. 278. spurn, f. a speering, report; hann hefir góða spurn af þér, Fms. ii. 262; hafa s, af e-u, Eg. 15; hann hafði s. af um farar Ásbjarnar, Ó.H. 115;

585 SPURNING -- STAÐFESTULAUSS.

hafa sauna s. til e-s., Fms. viii. 239; mun þegar s. (news) koma til Höskuldar, Nj. 154. spurning, f. (spurningr, m., þenna spurning, Sks. 193 B), a speering, asking a question; minni spurningu, Sks. 5; mín s., ... ein lílil s., 220; mína s., 6; at yðr þykki bernsliga reika s. min, 566; leiða spurningum at um e-t, Fms. iv. 230; at þessi s. væri með svá mikilli vél, vii. 203. spurs-mál, n. [Dan. spörsmaal], a question, (mod.) spúa, ð, = spýja. spúsa, u, f. [a Fr. word], n spouse, Str. 20. spúsa, að, to espouse. Str. 65: spúsi, a, m. = púsi. 20, 53. spyrða, d, [sporðr], to tie up fish by the tail, Fas. ii. 352. spyrða, u, f. a pair of fish hung up, also of the strings for tying them up: whence the phrase, gefr Guð í görðar spyrður, God will supply the fish to the ready-made spyrður. SPYRJA, pres. spyr, spyrjum, pl. spurði; subj. spyrði; imperat. spyr, spyrðú part. spurðr, spurt: a part. spurnum, as from a strong verb spurinn, Sks. 12 B. In mod. usage sounded as with u throughout, thus, infin. spurja; pres. spur; imperat. spurðu: with neg. suff. spyrjattu (speer thou not), Fas. i. (in a verse): [spor; A.S. spurian; Scot. and North. E. speer; Germ. spüren; Swed. spörja, spörge.] B. To track, trace steps or footprints; nú er maðr stolinn fé sínu, ok sér hann manna-farveg liggja frá garði, þá skal hann ... spyrja til garðs manns, Gþl. 539; með hundum, er því vóru vanir at s. þá upp er undan hljópusk, Ó.H. 247, Hom. 159. 2. metaph. to track, investigate, find out (Germ. aufspüren): ok er engi likari til enn annarr, þá skolu ölhús-menn morð spyrja, N.G.L. i. 62; en erfingi spyri morð ef hann kann eptir koma, ii. 215; þá spyri erfingi morðs (morð), i. 309, but this sense is old and obsolete: s. upp, to find out; þeir fengu hann eigi upp spurðan, Sturl. ii. 125. II. to speer, ask, absol. or with gen.: spyrja lögspurning, Grág. i. 21; Gunnarr spurði, hvat hann vildi þá láta at gera, Nj. 100: þeir spurdu hvat þar væri komit. Fms. i. 9 :-- with gen., s. e-s, to enquire after; spyrr konungr margra tiðinda, iv. 192: hann spurði margs ór brennunni, Nj. 213, passim: to request, spyrja síðan alla lögréttu menn, Grág. i. 8. 2. with prepp.; spyrja at e-u or spyrja e-n at e-u, to speer or ask after; spurði hann at Ástriði ok syni hennar, Fms. i. 70; s. at þingfesti manna, Grág. i. 19: spyrr Sigvaldi at ferðum Ólafs, Fms. x. 226, Gþl. 221; konungr spurði hann at nafni, speered at him for his name, Nj. 6 :-- s. eptir, spurði Höskuldr dóttur sína ekki eptir, did not ask her, ask her consent, Ni. 17; spurði Fjönir eptir bræðr sína, F. asked after his brothers. Fms. xi. 44; s. eptir e-n, to enquire after, i. 263, iv. 32, Eg. 89 :-- s. e-n um e-t (= eptir e-u), þeir spurðu Gunnar um fundinn, Nj. 100. 3. to hear, be informed of (Germ. erfahren): þat spyrja synir Haralds, Fms. i. 18; þat spyrr Bárðr at ..., Eg. 31; Snorri spyrr nú hvar komit er málunum, Nj. 244, passim: s. til e-s, to get intelligence as to; þeir spurðu til Birkibeina, Fms. ix. 224; Gregorius spurði til þeirra þar sem hrita Saurbæir, vii. 270; spurði hann til Sóta, at hann var farinn suðr, Nj. 7. III. reflex. to be reported, get abroad; skipkváman spyrsk, Nj. 5; tíðendi spyrjask, 25, 85; til Þorveigar spurðisk þat, at hón lá hætt, it was told of Th. that she was very ill, Korm. 164; hefir til þess skips aldregi spurzk, nothing has since been heard of this ship. Nj. 282: impers., mér spyrsk á þann veg, I am told, Eg. 20: spyrjask fyrir um e-t, to enquire, Ld. 226, Hkr. ii. 333: spyrjask um vandliga, id., Sks. 284. 2. recipr. to ask one another; spyrjask tíðenda, Nj. 227, 228, Eg. 547. 3. part., svara spurnum hlut, Sks. 12 B. spyrna, d, [spor, cp. sperna, sporna; A.S. speornan; Engl. spurn] :-- to spurn, strike with the feet; er úlfrinn spyrnir, Edda 20; s. fæti á e-m, Glúm. 338, Edda 38; stinga huefa eðr spyrna fæti, Grág. ii. 133; s. við fætinum, Bs. i. 462; spyrna fótum í e-t, to spurn with the feet at, Fms. vii. 120; svá hafði Björn hart spyrnt til Vagns, xi. 153; hann spyrndi til sveinsins, Dropl. 31; s. í e-t, to put the feet against, to kick, Bs. i. 462: s. móti broddinum, Acts ix. 5; s. af sér fjötri, Ísl. ii. 52. II. reflex., spyrnask í iljar, of two stretched on their backs, heels to heels, Fas. ii. 147, Þorf. Karl. 410, v.l. 2. part., frá spyrndr allri eign, spurned from, bereft, Fagrsk. 100. spytta, t, [spott 1, to cheat; s. e-t af e-m, Anecd. 10. SPÝJA, pres. spý; pret. spjó, spjótt (spjóst), spjó, pl. spjó; subj. spýi; part. spúinn: the mod. form is a weak spúa, spúði, spúð: [Ulf. speiwan; common to the Teut. and Lat.] :-- to spew, spit up, vomit; hón spjó blóði, Bs. i. 323; hón hafði mikla sátt ok spjó jafnan, 189; spýja upp, to cast up, Sks. 629 B; s. e-u ór sér, id., Al. 44; sumir spjó (plur.) þar inni í stofunni, Eg. 206; lýkr hundi þeim er spýr, Hom. 159. spýja, u, f. a vomit, Eg. 553, Magn. 532, Hom. 151, 159. spýta, t, [spjót], to spit, pin with sticks; s. at sér vaðmál, Fas. iii. 10; hann spýtti aptr tjaldinu, ii. 285; s. skinn, to spit a skin, for drying it. spýta, t, [spýja], to spit, Bs. ii. 45, Edda 47; s. út bita, N.G.L. i. 343; spýtir hann honum út, Greg. 49; s. í andlit e-m, Pr. 445: to sputter,þat vatn er keldan hefir spýtt, Sks. 147; spýta, u, f. [spjót], a spit, stick, wooden pin, Fas. ii. 285, iii. 10; s. er fyrir er stungit, Edda ii. 431, freq. in mod. usage. 2. a candlestick; kerta-klofi ok s. með, Ám, 6. spýta, u, f. [spýja], medic. a running sore; fótar-mein þat er menn kalla spýtu, Bs. i. 457. spýtu-leggr, m. a nickname, Orkn. spýting, f. a spitting, Mar., Th. 23. spýtingr, m. a roll containing sixty ells of wadmal, D.N. iii. 914, Bs. i. 842. spæja, see speja. spækja, u, f. [Engl. spoke], a thin board or deal. spæna, d, [spánn], to cut a chip. Spænskr, adj. Spanish, Fms. x. 139. spætr, n. [Dan. spette; Germ. specht], a wood-pecker, picus, Edda (Gl.) spöl-korn, n. a little bit of a road; fylgja e-m s. SPÖLR, m., pl. spelir, gen. spala, acc. spölu (the gen. spalar and dat. speli hardly occur); [cp. Fr. espalier] :-- a rail, bar, lattice-work; smugu þeir milli spalanna, Edda 30; ró-spölr, q.v.: bring-spelir (q.v.), 'breast spars.' 2. metaph. a bit, short piece; hefja upp sögu ok segja af spöl nokkurn, a bit of the story, Fms. vi. 355: a bit of a road, Bb. 3. 19. SPÖNG, f., gen. spangar, pl. spengr and spangir; [A.S. and Germ. spang] :-- a spangle; vórn lagðar yfir spengr af gulli, Eg. 698; hann görði af þeim spengr ok festi á altara, Stj. 330; spengr ok listur, 563: slárnar eðr spengrnar, 45; brynju-spangir, the spangles of mail, Edda (Ht.); járn-spöng, gull-s., q.v.; hjósk niðr spöngin, Rd. 278: of ice making a bridge across water, Markar-fjót féll milli höfuðísa, ok vórn á spengr hér ok hvar, Nj. 142; þar var mjó spöng yfir (viz. the river), Sturl. ii. 248. spanga-brynja, u, f. plate-mail, Ld. 276, Hkr. iii. 390. SPÖNN, f., gen. spannar, [A.S. span, sponn; Engl. span] :-- a span. (from the end of the thumb to the end of the middle finger is called lang-spönn or 'long-span;' but that to the end of the fore-finger a stutt-spönn or minni spönn, 'short-span'); varð þat ekki fjarri hinnar minni spannar langt, Bs. i. 387; spannar (a span long) fram frá hepti, Eb. 250; tveggja spanna digra, Bær. 16; ekki meirr en alin eða spönn, Bs. ii. 168; þat var spannar breitt, Fs. 51: spjót spannar langt, N.G.L. i. 44. II. spann, a pail, Rétt. 2. 10, B.K. spör, f., spörð, Sighvat, [sparaj, sparing, Barl. 120; erat af spörð, not sparingly, Sighvat. SPÖRR, m., gen. spörs, Ýt. 8. but sparrar, Landn. 135, [A.S. spearwa; Engl. sparrow; Dan. spurv; cp. Fr. épervier] :-- a sparrow, Edda (Gl.); spórr einn, Hkr. i. 24: as a nickname, Landn. l.c.: the word is, however, rarely used in Icel. spöruðr, m. a sparer. Lex. Poët. stabbi, a, m., also stobbi, stubbi [from stafr], a block; tré-s., Fms. vi. 179: also used of a stack, hey-s. STAÐA, u, f., gen. stöðu, pl. stöður, [standa], a standing, place, position; leiddisk bændum staðan, Fms. viii. 415; viti þá hverr sina stöðu ..., gefa gaum at um stöður sinar, Ó.H. 204, 215; skipa mönnum í stöður, Bs. i; halda vel stöðunni, Sturl. ii. 44; hann hugði at stöðu hússins, Fms. v. 338; var brotinn hverr steinn ór sinni stöðu, ix. 48: the position or quarter of the wind, veðr þvert at stöðu, Fms. viii. 209 (veðr-staða):-- sólstaða, er fimm nætr eru til stöðu, N.G.L. i. 39. 2. position, state, condition, of life, Skálda 211; lífs-s., heims-s., the era of the world, Rb. 82, Fb. (inscription). COMPDS: stöðu-brunnr, m. a well of still water, N.G.L. i. 341, Trist. 11. stöðu-garðr, m. a standing, permanent fence, Gþl. 350. stöðu-merki, m. a standard, Karl. 364. stöðu-vatn, n. a 'standing-water,' pond or lake, Stj. 75, 82, 89, Str. 78, MS. 623. 33, Fms. viii. 31. staðaldr, n. continuity; at staðaldri, continuously. staddr, part., see steðja. stað-fastliga, adv. steadfastly, K.Á. 230, Fms. iii. 168, Dipl. i. 3, passim. stað-fastligr, adj. steadfast, firm, Fas. iii. 90, Sks. 452, Fms. ii. 38. stað-fastr, adj. steadfast, residing, abiding; s. á Haðalandi, Fms. x. 378. 2. metaph. settled, steadfast, fixed; s. dómr, Sks. 598; staðfast í skapi e-s, fixed in one's mind. Band.: steadfast, true, Blas. 44, Fs. 69, Bær. 11; staðfasta ást, 10. stað-festa, t, to give a fixed abode; s. úmaga, Grág. i. 128; staðfestr úmagi, 206; s. sik þrjár nætr til vistar, v. 10. 2. metaph. to make steadfast, make up one's mind; ekki hefi ek staðfest um þat, Grett. 129; s. sátmál með sér, Fms. vi. 286; svá er mælt ok staðfest, established by law, Gþl. 168; staðfesta ráð sitt, to establish oneself, Ld. 14. 2. eccl. to confirm, K.Á. 174. II. reflex. to take up one's abode, establish oneself, Eb. 12, Eg. 182, 596, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 25. 2. to be determined; staðfestisk þessi ráða-görð, Eg. 271: to grow strong, sem ríki hans staðfestisk meirr, Sks. 684. stað-festa, u, f. a fixed abode, residence; hafa staðfestu, Sks. 525; taka staðfestu, Eb. 12, Eg. 319; kaupa sér staðfestu, Ld. 210; goðorð ok staðfestu ... þær staðfestur er bræðr mínir búa á, 308, passim. 2. metaph. steadfastness, stability, firmness, Sks. 587, 701; friðr ok s., K.Á. 200: truth, faithfulness, Sks. 590. 3. a confirmation, K.Á. 2; bréf ok staðfestur, Anecd. 88. COMPDS: staðfestu-bréf, n. a deed of confirmation, Pm. 43. staðfestu-lauss, adj. without a fixed abode or livelihood, Grág. i. 206, Sturl. i. 136.

586 STAÐFESTI -- STAFR.

stað-festi, f. steadfastness, Blas. 44; s. ok jafnlyndi, Bs. i. 141, pass. stað-festing, f. confirmation, K.Á. 20, H.E. i. 261. stað-góðr, adj. well-tempered; staðgott sverð, Fas. ii. 465. stað-hæfa, ð, to aim true; s. á e-t, to make a hit. stað-högg, n. a good hit; koma staðhöggi á. Fas. iii. 332, 353. staði, a, m. a rick, stack; ef tveir menn eigu staða saman hvárt sem þat er korn eðr hey, Gþl. 349, Jb. 223. stað-lausa, u, f. absurdity; mæla staðlausu stafi, he will say many absurd things, Hm. 28. stað-lauss, adj. timid, unsteady, Róm. 237. stað-leysi, n. restlessness of mind: s. ok vitleysi, Fms. vii. 150: unsteadiness. stað-ligr, adj. local, Skálda 211, 212: firm, Bs. i. 724. stað-lítill, adj. weakly, timid. stað-lyndr, adj. 'steady-minded,' stubborn, Brandkr. 63: steadfast. staðna, að, to stop, pause, abate; staðnaði orrostan (kurrinn), Fms. i. 34, 386, xi. 224, Ó.H. 69, Stj. 445. stað-nefna, d, to fix, determine, Grett. 129. stað-næmask, d, dep. to take up one's abode, settle, stop. STAÐR, m., gen. staðar, dat. stað, and older staði, pl. staðir: [from standa; Ulf. staþs = GREEK; A.S. stæð; Engl. stead in home-stead; Dan. stæd; Germ. statt] :-- a 'stead,' place, abode; stjörnur þat né vissu hvar þær staði áttu, Vsp. 5; sessa ok staði, Ls. 7; fá mönnum stað ok mála, Grág. i. 473; nú hefir maðr eigi stað þeim mönnum, 465; færa úmaga til staðar, 256; færa varnað til staðar, Eg. 535; koma í þann stað, Grág. i. 485; í einn stað, in one place; í annan stað, in another place, 656 C. 11; fimmtán í hvárum stað, fifteen in each place, Eg. 577; í einhverjum stað, in some place, somewhere, Sks. 94; í einum stað í England, somewhere in England, Fms. x. 392; ek hefi í einum stað á stofnat, Nj. 3; í öllum stöðum, in all places, altogether, Grág. ii. 178; í öllum stöðum þeim, er..., in every case, where ..., i. 153. 2. skipta í tvá, fjóra, sextán ... staði, to divide into two, four, sixteen ... parts, 656 C. 16; skiptask í tvá staði, Fb. ii. 437 :-- fara af stað (mod. á stað), to go away, leave, Gþl. 177; hafa sik af stað, to absent oneself, Fb. i. 565; bíða e-s ór stað, to wait in one's place, wait till one is attacked, Fms. iv. 268, viii. 48, 318, 355; ráða e-u til staðar, to settle, ii. 78, Ld. 178; gefa e-u stað, or gefa staðar, to stop, halt, Edda (pref.) 3, 40, Fms. vi. 384 (gefa A.V. 3), viii. 400; nema stað or staðar, to stop, Nj. 18, 54, 132, Dropl, 29, Fms. i. 167, 206, Fas. ii. 535, Ld. 104, Bs. i. 144, Edda 40 (nema A. 5); leita staðar, to seek a place (privy), Hm. 113. Hkr. i. 16, Fær. 197 (leita I): to seek an outlet, Fas. ii. 528; ganga at staðar, cacare, N.G.L. i. 127. 3. adverbially, í stað, on the spot, at once, presently, Dropl. 9, Fas. ii. 508, Stj. 263, 505, Fms. iv. 249; rétt í stað, just now, Flóv. 7; í marga staði, in many respects, Fms. vii. 221; í engan stað, noways, i. 80; í alla staði, in every respect, Nj. 213, 224, 237, Fms. vi. 59, xi. 58; í staðinn. instead, Grág. i. 61, Fms. i. 24, Nj. 73, Fb. i. 285; í annan stað, on the other hand, secondly. Fms. vi. 191, Nj. 210, 216 :-- gen. as adverb, alls staðar, everywhere; annars s., elsewhere; einhvers-staðar, nökkurs-s., somewhere; marg-staðar, fás staðar, in many places, in few places; né eins staðar, nowhere; sums-staðar, somewhere; see allr, annarr, einn, nekkverr, margr, sumr. 4. metaph. a goal, aim; hvern stað á sættar-umleitan þessi, Fms. ix. 51; ef þann stað tæki vizka þeirra, H.E. i. 249; vil ek vita hvern stað eiga skal málit, I wish to know the final answer, Ísl. ii. 216: hann spyrr hvern skal eiga hans mál, Eb. 132; koma í einn stað niðr, to turn out the same way, Fb. ii. 168. II. spec. usages, a stop, pause, hesitation; þeim varð staðr á um andsvörin. Fms. ix. 461; nú drepr ór hljóð, ok verðr honum staðr á, ok mælti þó vánu bráðara, xi. 115. 2. elasticity, of steel or the like; ok dregr ór allan staðinn ór honum, it (the bow) lost all its elasticity, 623. 19; var þá ór sverðinu allr staðrinn, Sd. 118, 132; staðr í sverði, Kormak, freq. in mod. usage :-- strength of mind, courage, þann úhreinan anda er hann átti eigi stað við at sjá, Sturl. iii. 246; mun hann ekki eiga stað við sjónum haus, he will not be able to stand his looks, Fms. iv. 242; ef þú þykkisk mega göra stað í hestinn (make the horse firm), þá far til, Bs. i. 633. 3. a mark, print; sýndi hann oss á sínum limum járna stað ok banda, Hom. 121; sá þar öngan stað (no marks, traces were seen) þeirra tíðenda er þar hofðu orðit, Fb. i. 283. III. a church-establishment (church, see, convent); höfuð-kirkja á staðinum, Fms. ix. 369; staðrinn í Skálaholti, s. á Hólum, or Hóla-staðr, á staðnum á Hólum, Bs. i. passim; staðr í Lundi, Ann. 1234; klaustr eða aðrir stórir staðir, Fms. xi. 202; Brandr er setti stað (a benefice) at Húsa-felli, Ld. 332; staðr í Viðey (a convent), D.I. i. 512 stað hér at Helgafelli, 282: a town, staðr í Lybiku, Fms. x. 48; s. í Óðinsvé, xi. 267; þann inn dýrliga stað (Konunga-hella), vii. 187; stað eða borg, K.Á. 222: staðar-ábúð, staðar-bót, staðar-spjöll; staðar-bú, a rectory; staðar-eign, church-possession; staðar-fé, church-property; staðar-forráð, administration of church-establishments; staðar-jörð, a glebe; staðar-prestr, a parish-priest; staðar-setning, an establishment, Sturl. i. 113, 143, iii. 229, Vm. 6, Ám. 28, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Bs. i. 546; staða-mál, the church contest, the name given to the struggle between clergy and laity about the ownership and administration of the churches and glebes (staða-forráð), which took place in Icel. at the end of the 13th century, and was partly settled by the agreement of A.D. 1296, Bs., Arna S., Ann. passim; staða-menn, the lay proprietors of the church estates, Arna S.; staða-gjafir, the yielding up of staðir, Ann. 2. 'staðr' was hence (but always in sing.) added to several local names where such an establishment had been erected, e.g. Staðr, Staðar-fell, Staðar-hraun, Staðar-hóll, as also Mel-staðr, Reyni-staðr, the old names in the heathen age of these places being Fell, Hraun, Hóll, Melr, see Sturl., Band., Bjarn. 3. again, the plur. -staðir is freq. in local names of the heathen age; Grani bjó at Grana-stöðum, Grímarr á Grímars-stöðum, Höskulds-staðir, Alreks-staðir ..., Landn., Fms. passim, see also map of lcel. staðr, adj. restive, of a horse; hross skjart eða statt, Gþl. 504; verða staðr at, to stop, start, from surprise, Korm. 76; þá varð þeim staðara at höggva, Fms. ix. 225. stað-ramr, adj. = sfaðfastr, Clem. 26. stað-ráða, réð, to fix, determine, make up one's mind, Fms. iv. 148, vii. 144, Vígl. 28. stað-remi, f. firmness, 623. 58. staðsa, adj. indecl.; in the phrase, verða staðsa, to stop, hesitate; the word is a GREEK. occurring in a verse on the fly-leaf of the Ub. of the Edda, cp. Dan. standse. stað-þrotinn, part. quite exhausted, Gullþ. 20. stafa, að, [A.S. stafjan], to make staves; in the phrase, þat stafar í sjóinn, of a dead calm sea under sunshine. 2. to put letters together; stafaðr við annan raddar-staf, ... á hverja leið stafi skuli saman stafa, Skálda 164. 3. stafa fyrir, to rule; hvergi er hann stafar fyrir. howsoever he ordains, rules, Grág. ii. 249; skyldi þeir s. fyrir þeim slíkt er þeir vildi, to dispose of them as they pleased, Ó.H. 151; s. e-m dauða, to pass sentence of death on; sýnisk oss þessum manni harðr dauði stafaðr, Fms. ii. 173; s. e-m eið, to dictate an oath to another, Sturl. iii. 3. stafaðr, part. striped, coloured, Eg. 68, Fms. ii. 301, iii. 136; see segl. staf-gólf, n. a 'stave-space,' the distance between two posts or pillars, of about two yards: the length of a building is denoted by its number of stafgólf. stafi, in ráð-stafi. staf-karl, m. [Norse stakkar: Dan. stakkel], a 'staff-carle,' an old and infirm person, a poor beggar, Fms. i. 70, ii. 59, iii. 94, v. 287, vii. 360, Fas. i. 22, Bs. i. 525: stafkarla stigr, beggary, vagrancy, Fms. vi. 302, viii. 279; stafkarla-háttr, Háv. 40; stafkarla færsia, N.G.L. i. 138. stafkarla-letr, n. a kind of Runic letters, Sturl. ii. 241. staf-kerling, f. a beggar-woman, Fms. viii. 106. staf-kerti, n. a staff-taper, Str. 6, 46, Karl. 86. staf-lauss, adj. 'staff-less,' without a stick; ganga staflaust, to walk without a stick, i.e. firmly, Ld. 82, Bs. i. 179, Háv. 50. staf-ligr, adj. of or pertaining to letters, Skálda 180. staf-lurkr, m. a cudgel. Fas. ii. 262. staf-lægja, u, f. 'staff-layers,' the plates or long beams along the walls joining the pillars (stafir), Hom. 95, 96, N.G.L. i. 101, Ld. 316. STAFN and stamn, m. [A.S. stefn; Engl. stem; Dan. stavn] :-- the stem of a ship (prow or stern); stafna á meðal, from stem to stern, Fms. i. 278; hann hjó stafna af skipi sinu, vii. 215; áðr stamnar sé seymdir við kjöl, N.G.L. i. 101; fram-s., the fore-stem = the prow; aptr-s., the 'aft-stem' = the stern; hvárn-tveggja stafn, Bs. i. 146; varð þeim litið aptr um stafn, Fms. x. 226; fló hann aptr um stafn: esp. of the stem or prow, iv. 57, vi. 78, Eg. 32: the phrase, fyrir stafni, ahead, Sks. 223: and metaph., hafa e-t fyrir stafni, to aim at, be engaged in a work. Fms. iii. 102; þessa iðn hefir hann nú fyrir stafni. Band. 1: berjask um stafna, to fight stem to stem, Fms. i. 93, vi. 76; deila um stafn við e-n, to have a hard struggle with one, Orkn, 232: the gable-end of a building, þykkir mér sem undan sé báðir . stafnarnir, Nj. 197. v.l. B. COMPDS: stafn-búi, a. m. the forecastle-men on a war-ship. Eg. 33, 54, 772. Fms. ii. 331, vii. 266, Nj. 8, passim; the best men were selected for this post. stafn-gláma, u, f. a nickname. Fas. ii. stafn-gluggr, m. a gable-window, Sturl. i. 160. stafn-haf or stafn-hald, n. a standing, course on the sea. stafn-hár, adj. stem-high, Fms. ii. 50. stafn-hvíla, u, f. a bed in the gable, Sturl. ii. 67 C. stafn-lag, n. fighting stem to stem, Sturl. iii. 63, v.l. stafn-leggja, lagði, to lay stem to stem in battle, Fms. viii. 386, v.l. stafn-lé, m. a grappling hook, in sea-fight, Nj. 47, Fms. vii. 64, Sturl. iii. 63. stafn-lok, n. the locker in the stem, Sturl. iii. 106. stafn-rekkja, u, f. = stafnhvíla, Sturl. iii. 186, Háv. 40. stafn-sveit, f. the forecastle-men, Fms. vii. 289, viii. 385. stafn-sæng, f. = stafnhvíla, Fas. iii. 209. stafn-tjald, n. a tent in the bow or stem, Fms. vii. 114, Hkv. 1. 24. STAFR, m., gen. stafs, old pl. stafar, Hom. 97. Plac. 48, Korm. 178, 246 (in a verse); stafana (acc.). Fms. x. 16, v.l., [Ulf. stabs = GREEK, cp. staua -- GREEK; a word common to all Teut. languages] :-- a staff, post, esp. in a building, as is still seen in Norway; bundinn við staf einn, Eg. 232; þrír aurar við staf hvern, ok svá fyrir staflægju hverja, N.G.L. i. 101; ása, stafi, þvertré, syllur, Dipl. iii. 8; hit nyrðra megin við innstafana sat konungr, the inner posts in a hall, Fms. x. 16, v.l.; Egill tók

STAFANÖFN -- STANDA. 587

höndum í axlir honum ok kneikti hann upp at stöfum, Eg. 552; hann hafði lagt af sér kápuna uk vápnin ok sat upp til stafa, Ld. 282; kastalarnir vóru svá görvir, at stafir fjórir stóðu upp ok syllr upp í milli ok þar arinn á, en hurðir milli stafanna, ... hann bar kaðalinn um einn kastala-stafinn ... tók þá kastalinn at ríða mjök, Fms. viii. 429; cp. Ivar Aasen, s.v. stav-hus, stav-kyrkja, stave-naust; horn-stafir, dyri-s. (q.v.) 2. a stave of a vat or cask; færa ker út af stöfum, Grág. ii. 339; tunnu-stafr, detta í stafi, to fall into staves, i.e. to pieces, also metaph. of amazement. 3. a staff, stick, to walk with; ganga við staf, Nj. 219; hringr var í stafnum, ... hann hélt tveim höndum um stafinn en beit í hringinn, Landn. 251; staf þann er þú heldr á, Stj. 197; staf ok skreppu, H.E. i. 243: of a beggar's staff, see Skíða R.: of a crozier, Bs. i. 489: of a staff used in a horse-fight, Nj. 91, Bs. i. 633, 634; stafs-broddr, Landn. 251; stafs-endi, Sturl. ii. 180; stafs högg, Rd. 304, Fær. 239; brodd-s., klafa-s., göngu-s.: of a magical wand, hafa í húsi sínu staf eðr stalla, N.G.L. i. 383; kerti s., Dipl. v. 18, Pm. 17. II. written letters, staves, originally derived from the magic twigs and rods used for enquiring into fate, see the remarks s.v. rún: of magic staves, Hm. 143 (stinna stafi, stóra stafi); þurs ríst ek þér ok þrjá stafi, ergi, æði, óþola, Skm. 36. 2. lore, wisdom; forna stafi, Vþm. 1, 55; sanna stafi, Sdm. 14; laun-stafir, hidden staves, Eg.; staðlausu stafi, Hm. 3. letters (Germ. buch-stabe), Skálda 174, Mar., passim; bók-stafr, hljóð-s., raddar-s., a vowel; mál-s., a consonant; upphafs-s., an initial letter; höfuð-s., Látínu-s., q.v. COMPDS: stafa-nöfn, n. pl. the names of letters, Skálda 175. stafa-setning, mod. staf-setning, f. arrangement of letters, spelling, and the like, Skálda 178: of alliterative staves, Edda (Ht. begin.) stafa-setningar-regla, u, f. orthography, Skálda 160. stafa-skipti, -víxl, n. a transposition of letters, Skálda 182: of prosody, Edda (Ht.) stafa-snúning, f., gramm. metathesis, Skálda 182. staf-róf, n. (prop. a row of twigs, Lat. sortes), [A.S. stæfrawa], a 'stave-row' the alphabet, Skálda 160, 176, Bret. 106, Al. 48, Rb. 186: metaph., Sks. 16, freq. in old and mod. usage. stafrófs-kver, n. an ABC book. staf-setning, f. spelling, orthography, (mod.) staf-slanga, u, f. a sling on a stick, Sks. 388. staf-sleggja, u, f. a 'pole-sledge,' Sks. 415. staf-sproti, a, m. a stick, Fær. 236, Fs. 74. STAG, n., pl. stög, [A.S. stæg] :-- a stay, esp. the rope from the mast to the stem; en fyrir dragreip tvá aura silfrs ok svá fyrir stag, N.G.L. ii. 283, Edda (Gl.); stögin á kugginum festi á höfði skipsins, ok tók af nasarnar, Fms. x. 135, v.l.; bændr skulu fá reip til skips, en ef missir stags, þá liggja við aurar tólf, N.G.L. i. 199; en er þeir drógu seglit gékk í sundr stagit ok fór seglit ofan þver-skipa, Ó.H. 137: the phrase, á stag, ahead, of a ship; rétt á stag, Fms. vi. (in a verse); á stag stjórnmörum steypa vildi, to make the ship go down head foremost, Hkv. i. 29 (thus to be emended, stagstiorn mörum Cd.) 2. a rope between poles to hang clothes on for drying. staga, að, to darn or to patch coarsely; draugr stagaðr náböndum, Mar.; ef maðr stagar (sews up) höfuð svá at ekki bitr, Grág. i. 383; hvítum svörtum stagat allt með þráði, Hallgr. (of a beggar's rags). 2. reflex., stagast á e-u, to harp on the same thing. stag-brellr, m. 'stay-brails'(?), a nickname, Orkn. STAGL, n. [Dan. steile], a rack; þenja í stagli, 625. 76; písl sem í stagli, 656 B. 3; festa í stagli, id.: a local name, Stagl-ey, Sturl. stagla, að, dimin. from staga, to keep harping on, lit. darn often; s. upp aptr og aptr = jaga: as also stagl, n. a darning; bóta-s. stagl-festa, t, to fasten on a rack, 623. 51. stag-nagli, a, m. a 'stay-pin,' the pin to which the stay is fastened, Edda ii. 494. stag-nál, f. a darning-needle, a nickname, Fms. STAKA, að, to punt, push; stökuðu þeir húskörlum Sveins, Landn. 286 (stjaka, v.l.), Fms. vi. 269; þeir stökuðu Gretti, Grett. 198 A; síðan tók hann ok stakaði (stjakaði) honum, Fas. i. 62, Bs. i. 860. II. to stagger; stakar hann at eldinum, Finnb. 310; hrindr maðr öðrum svá at hann stakar við, N.G.L. i. 69; hann stakaði við, Fms. i. 44; hann stakar nær at honum Þorleifi ... ok jafnt í því hann stakar við, xi. 133; ok stakar hann fyrir vápna-ganginum, Al. 80; hestrinn stakaði, Karl. 538. staka, u, f. a single ditty; kveða stöku, Eb. 218, Fas. ii. 213; honum varð s. af munni, Band., passim in mod. usage. staka-stormr, m. a gale with squalls and gusts, Fms. ii. 177. stakka, u, f. [akin to stakkr; cp. Dan. stakket = brief, scant] :-- a stump; hafi sá stökku er stytti, Gþl. 399, Jb. 274. 2. a hide, when flayed, but not cut up (= belgr); in bjarn-stakka, hafr-stakka, hrein-stakka, varg-stakka, q.v. (not staka). stakkaðr, part. [Dan. stakket], short, curtailed, D.N. v. 87 (of time). stakk-garðr, m. a stack-yard (for hay), Grág. ii. 233, Eb. 58, Njarð. 374, Bs. i. 669, Dipl. iii. 11, iv. 9, Sturl. ii. 31, 140, passim. STAKKR, m. a short coarse bag-like blouse without a waist, Fas. ii. 343, Nj. 143, Fbr. 59, Fs. 33; skinn-s., fanga-s., bak-s., þófa-s., q.v.; stakks-vaðmál, Ann. 1330. II. a stack of hay, from the shape; átta stakka völl, Fb. i. 522; myndi þó af ganga fimm stakkar, Ísl. ii. 138; útbeit svá góð at þat var jafnt ok s. töðu, Eg. 711; torf-stakkr. stakks-völlr, m. a field producing one s., Fb. i. 522. STAKR, adj. [stök, stakt], single, odd; handlín stakt, an odd napkin, Pm. 73 (cp. Dan. umage); tvennir hauzkar og einn stakr, stakr sokkr, etc.; annan vetr verðr stakt sævar-fall, Rb. 90; fjórtán hundruð, sextigi, ok eitt stakt, Ann. 415. 10; sjaldan er ein báran stök, a saying: adv. stöku-, in compds, stöku-sinnum, adv. now and then; ein-stakr. stakra, að, = staka, to push; jafnan finn ek at á-flóð (river-stream) stakrar, Mkv. 2. to stagger; hann stakraði við, Al. 66; stakraði Eyvindr við, Hkr. i. 159. stak-steinar, m. pl. single stones, stepping-stones. stak-steinóttr, adj. stony, with stones here and there, Eg. 755, v.l.; rough, of a road. stalla, að, to put in a stall, Ann. 1413. stallari, a, m. [through A.S. stallare, from Lat. stabularius], a king's marshal; the word and title first occur in the reign of St. Olave (Björn stallari), Ó.H.; then Ülfr s., Har. S. Harð.; since freq. in Norway, stallara-sæti, stallara-stóll, Sks. 289, Hkr. iii. 181, N.G.L. ii. (Hirðskrá). stall-bróðir, n. [Dan. stald-broder], a companion. stallbræðra-lag, n. fellowship. Fas. iii. 649. stall-heilagr, adj. altar-holy, Fsm. 40. stall-hús, n. [stallr 4], the step of the mast, El. STALLI, a, m. [see stallr], an (heathen) altar; moldina undan stallanum þar er Þórr hafði á setið, Eb. 8; stóð þar stalli á miðju gólfinu sem altari, ok lá þar á hringr einn mótlauss ... á stallanum skyldi ok standa hlautbolli ... umhverfis stallann var goðunum skipat í afhúsinu, 10; baugr tvíeyringr skyldi liggja í hverju höfuðhofi á stalla, Landn. 258, Stj. 335; engi maðr skal hafa í húsi sinu staf eðr stalla, N.G.L. i. stalla-hringr, m. the altar-ring, see above, Eb. 230; vinna eið at stalla-hring, Landn. 89, Hrafn. 16. STALLR, m. = stalli, [the word may be akin to standa, cp. Lat. stabilis; A.S. steall; Engl. stall] :-- any block or shelf on which another thing is placed; skurðgoð sett á stall, Fms. x. 255; af heiðnum stalli, Kristni S. (in a verse). 2. a pedestal; kross með stalli, a holy rood, Vm. 165; hann er holr innan ok görr undir honum sem stallr sé, ok stendr hann þar á ofan, Ó.T. 3. a stall, crib; hestr at stalli, Fas. ii. 508, Hdl. 5, Og. 2; etu-s. 4. the step of a mast; en þat voldi, at íss var í stallinum, Fms. ix. 386: the phrase, hjarta drepr stall, the heart fails, Fbr. 36, Ó.H. 214; the metaphor is taken from the mast rocking in the step, (and not as suggested s.v. drepa A. l. 4.) stallra (stallðra, Fms. iii. 178, and so in mod. usage), að, to halt, stop a bit; stallra við, Stj. 383: to falter = drepa stall, þá tók at stallra hjarta heiðingja, 357, 463. 491. v.l. stall-staða, u, f. a standing in a stall, Gþl. 392. stall-systir, f. a female companion. stamba, að, = stumra; stamba at e-m, Fbr. 16, v.l. stam-hendr, adj. of a metre, Edda (Ht.) stamma, mod. stama, að, to stammer, Anecd. 10, Nikdr. 3. stampa, að, to push with the foot. stampr, m. a large tub; trogum, stömpum, keröldum, skjólum, tunnum, Vm. 177. stamp-austr, m. a bucket for baling out, Grett. 51 A. STAMR or stammr, adj. [A.S. stamor], stammering; þá varð hann svá stammr, Fms. i. 282; sjá maðr varð svá stamr at ekki nam, x. 279; annar hét Þorviðr stammi, hann fékk eigi mælt þrem orðum lengra samt, Ó.H. 87. 2. wet, damp, so as not to go on smoothly, of gloves, socks, or the like, cp. glý-stamr (q.v.) stand, n. [Dan. word], a position, rank in life; á-stand, condition. STANDA, pres. stend, stendr, stöndum, standit, standa; pret. stóð, stótt, stóttú (mod. stóðst, stóðstú), stóð, pl. stóðum; subj. stæði; imperat. statt, stattú (cp. stand-þú); part. staðinn; pret. infin. stóðu = stelisse, Fms. vi. (in a verse); a medial form, pres. stöndumk ( = stat mihi), Fm. 1. Kormak; pret. stóðumk ( = stabant mihi), Hm. 106: with neg. suff. stóð-k-at, Fas. iii. 22 (in a verse). [Common to all Indo-Germ. languages.] A. To stand; þó at hann gangi eðr standi áðr, Grág. ii. 95; hann stóð við vegginn, ... stóð á víxl fótunum, Sturl. ii. 158; standa höllum fæti, Nj. 97; koma standandi niðr, to come down standing (after a leap), 85, Grág. ii. 110; skal mik niðr setja standanda, in a standing position, Ld. 54; munkr er eigi mátti standa á bænum ok reikaði, Greg. 62; standa á götu e-s, Nj. 109; standa fast, to stand fast, 92; standa frammi, to stand, be on one's feet, Fms. vii. 85; s. fyrir dómstóli keisarans, 656 C. 19; s. fyrir manni, to stand before a man, so as to screen him, Grág. ii. 12. 115, Eg. 357: s. hjá, to stand by, metaph. to assist, Fas. ii. 501: standa nær e-m, to stand near one, metaph. to back, Nj. 76; nær standa vinir Gunnars, 88. 2. to stay; Egill stóð meðan ok beið þeirra, Eg. 483; statt (stop) ok trú mér, 623. 17. 3. to stand, stick; stóðu spjót þeirra ofan frá þeim, Nj. 253; at hann standi fastr í fönninni, 84; skildinum, svá at fastr stóð í vellinum, 262; öxin stóð á hamri, i.e. went through to the back, and stuck there, 165; sveininum stóð fiskbein í hálsi, the bone stuck

588 STANDA.

in his throat, Blas. 40; ef nökkurum stendr bein í hálsi, 655 ix. B. 2: absol., það stendr í e-m, it sticks in one's throat. 4. to stand, remain; borð stóðu, stood, were not removed, Fms. vii. 144; skála þann sem enn stendr í dag, Þórð. 58 new Ed.; svá lengi sem heimrinn stendr, Rb. 64; skyli bú yðr standa ú-rænt, Nj. 208. 5. to stand, be seated, placed;í þeim dal stendr kirkja, Greg. 57; kirkja sú er stendr í Reykja-holti, D.I. i. 476; bær einn stóð skamt frá þeim, Eg. 230; ór þeim . sal er und þolli stendr ... ask veit ek standa, ... stóð fyrir norðan salr, sal veit hón standa, Vsp.; Lissibón stendr á Spáni, Fms. vii. 80; Narbón stendr vid Jórsala-haf, x. 85; öll þau fylki er í hans biskups-ríki stóðu, vii. 300; Illugastaði ok Hrafnagil er standa í Laxárdal, Dipl. v. 17; standa á bók, reikningi, skrá ..., [Germ. es steht geschrieben], ii. 12, 13, Bs. i, passim. II. with prepp.; standa á e-u, to stand on, insist on, persevere in; statt eigi á því er þér er bannat, Mirm.; s. á illu ráði, id.; s. á hendi e-m, Nj. 88, Grág. i. 121 (see hönd); mest mundi á fyrir-mönnum standa, Nj. 106: to stand upon, s. á lögum, Js. 41; s. á rétti sínum, ... standa á dómi e-s, to stand by, abide by :-- s. gegn, á móti, to withstand, Hom. 7, Fms. ii. 36, 225, x. 401 :-- s. af e-u, to give up, Dan. afstaae, Fb. i. 523 :-- s. at, to help (at-stoð); hvaðan Guðmundr stendr at, ... hvaðan sem hann stendr at, Nj. 214; þeim er þaðan standa at, 193 :-- s. eptir, to remain, N.G.L. i. 335, Fms. ii. 231, vi. 248, Grág. ii. 301, Eg. 202, Rb. 116, Hom. 12, Stj. 422 (eptir-stöðvar = arrears) :-- s. fyrir, to stand before, to stand in the way of a thing, Ísl. ii. 262, Fms. vi. 61, Grág. i. 140; s. e-m fyrir þrifum, Fms. ii. 154; s. e-m fyrir gleði, vii. 162; s. e-m fyrir svefni, Gísl. (in a verse); s. e-m fyrir ljósi, to stand in the way of one's light; láta e-t s. fyrir kaupi, Nj. 17; láta s. fyrir kviðburði, 87; ef afl hefir staðit fyrir kvið þeirra, Grág. i. 53; þat á eigi fyrir málum at s., 106; eiðr Vermundar stóð fyrir, Fbr. 22; járni á hann fyrir at standa, N.G.L. i. 342; s. fyrir með eineiði, 346 :-- s. í e-u, to be deeply engaged in; s. í bardögum, einvígum, málum, stórmælum, kvánbænum, etc., Eg. 486, Ld. 262, Nj. 53, 224, 227, Ísl. ii. 216; standa í ábirgð, Dipl. v. 24; s. í þjónustu, Mar. :-- standa saman, to stand together, put together in one place; þar stóðu saman fé mikil, Eg. 318; stóð úmegð mörg saman, Ísl. ii. 198; þar stóð auðr mikill saman, Ld. 124: to consist, Hom. 2 :-- s. undir e-u, to be subject to; s. undir prófi, Dipl. i. 6; féit stendr undir honum, is in his keeping, Grág. i. 395: standa undir með e-m, to support, Sturl. i. 2O; s. vel undir e-t, to support well, back, Nj. 215, Fms. vii. 125; jarl stóð vel undir hans mál, viii. 282; munu margir vel undir þat s., to back it up well, Ó.H. 52 :-- standa upp, to stand up from a seat, Nj. 3, Fms. i. 33, x. 401: to rise from bed, Nj. 69, Eg. 121; s. upp fyrir dag, 577; s. upp ok klæðask, Ld. 44; hann liggr sjúkr ... þar er standi aldri upp, Nj. 80 (standa upp ór sótt); s. upp með e-m, to rise, join one, Sturl. ii. 203 :-- s. uppi, of a ship, to be laid up ashore (during the winter), Nj. 259, Ísl. ii. 273: of a corpse, to lie on the bier, Fms. ii. 257, Ám. 101: of a bow, to be kept bent, 623. 19: standa upp, to be standing, be left standing on one's feet; færri standa upp enn fallnir eru, Fms. xi. 110; stóðu þá enn upp mjök margir á skeiðinni, many still stood up (not dead or wounded), 142; flýði allt lið er upp stóð, Eg. 33; fimm einir menn stóðu upp á skipinu, Orkn. 356 old Ed., (new Ed. 414 l.c. leaves out 'upp'); meðan ek má upp standa ok vápnum valda, Ld. 170: standa uppi, id., Fms, viii. 139, Hkr. i. 210 :-- standa við e-u, to withstand, Grág. i. 1, 336 (við-staða); svá harðfengir at ekki stendr við, Nj. 271; svá mikit troll at ekki stendr við honum, Bárð. 177; þeir skutu svá hart, at ekki stóðu við hlífarnar, Fms. i. 173: to stand against, stop, hann stóð við litla stund (við-staða, a pause, halt) :-- standa yfir, svá lengi sem þingboð stæði yfir, lasted, Fms. ii. 216: hversu lengi skal fjárbón sjá yfir standa? Nj. 141; í þessum griðum ok svardögum sem yfir standa, which now stand, are in force, Fms. xi. 365; þar er þeirra ríki stendr yfir, extends, Eg. 344. B. Metaph. usage, to stand still, rest, pause; verðr hér fyrst at standa sagan, the story must stop here, Fms. vi. 56: nú skal hér standa um athæfi Varbelgja, ix. 473; skulu sóknir standa, meðan leiðangr er úti, Gþl. 486; útlegðar-sakir skulu eigi standa um várþing, Grág. i. 103; skyldi málit standa um nóttina til rannsaks, Fms. ix. 414; skal þá standa leigan í hross-verðinu, Grág. i. 434; stóð þá kyrrt nokkura hrið, Fms. xi. 397; at svá búit stæði, Nj. 139; eigi mátti svá búit s., Fms. ii. 9; standa með blóma; stendr búit með miklum blóma, Band. 2. 2. to last; Guðs ríki stendr ei ok ei, Hom. 160; ok standa eina þrjá vetr, Sks. 323; þá sjau daga sem veizlan stóð, Stj.; en er þrjár nætr hafði veizlan staðit, Landn. 117; hafði lengi staðit bardaginn, Odd. 18; er deildir várar s. lengr, Eg. 738; stóð mikil deila milli þeirra langa hríð, Fms. x. 169; stóð þetta heimboð nokkut skeið, Nj. 81; meðan erfit stóð, Eb. ch. 54; stóð hennar hagr með þeim hætti, Bs. ii. 166 :-- to be valid, skal þetta testamentum s. ok haldask, Dipl. iv. 8; ok standa enn þau lög, Ver. 52; um tólf mánaðr stendr þeirra mál, Grág. i. 143; skal þat allt s. ok satt vera, 655 xxvii. 28; hans tala skal s. á fé sjálfs hans, K.Þ.K. 146; má þat eigi s. né fyrir satt halda, Stj. 31; hann mun láta s. boð þessi (stand by it), Nj. 77; þrjú kúgildi þau er standa með jörðunni, Dipl. iii. 8; ekki á Bjarkeyjar-réttr á því máli at standa, this case does not fall under the town jurisdiction, Fms. vii. 130; stendr þat mál (it extends) um þrjá fjórðunga, Grág. i. 464. 3. to befit, become; konungr kvað þat ekki standa, at menn lægi svá, Fms. x. 157; berr þat eigi né stendr þvílíkum, Stj. 132; hví stalt þú guðum mínum, ekki stendr þér slíkt, 181. 4. phrases, nú stóð í stilli, see stilli; var þat boð með svá miklu kappi, at stóð í stönginni (cp. Dan. saa at det stod efter), Fms. xi. 424; standa í háska, Mar. 5. sem inn átti dagr Jóla standi á Dróttins degi, Rb. 128; en á þeim degi stóð Ólafs messu-aptann, Hom. 111. II. of direction, to stand in a certain way, project, trend; fjögur horn ok stóðu fagrt, hit þriðja stóð í lopt upp, hit fjórða stóð ór enni, ok niðr fyrir augu honum, Ld. 120; geitar-horn stendr ór höfði henni, Fms. vii. 156; vápn stóðu á Birkibeini svá þykt at varla mátti hann falla, 325; gákk af bryggjunni eðr spjotið stendr á þér, 144; ella hefði spjótið staðit gegnum hann, Nj. 246; blóðbogi stóð ór hváru-tveggja eyranu, 210, Fms. vi. 419; boginn stóð inn um ræfrit, Eg. 239; kallar hann betr standa veðrit, at fara landhallt, the wind stands better for making land, Fms. x. 347; sunnan-vindr hvass ok stóð at virkinu, xi. 34; stóð gnæðingr með fjöllum, Bárð. 171; af íllsku ok úþef þeim er af stóð, Fms. iii. 128; stóð vindr af landi, Vigl. 79 new Ed.; stendr inn straumrinn, Bs. ii. 143: stóð stropinn um kyrtilinn, Clar.; standa grunnt, to be shallow; vinátta okkur stendr grunnt, Eg. 520; stóð hón alla vega jörð, touched the earth. Art.; stafir stórir ok stóðu grunn í ánni, Fb. ii. 19; örkin stóð grunn, stuck to the ground, Stj. 50, Gþl. 460, Grág. ii. 358; þrjár rætr standa; á þrjá vega undir aski Yggdrasils, Gm.; augu yður standa lengra fram, Sturl. iii. 129; finnr konungr at mikit stendr undan við hann í vinfenginu al hendi Sigvalda, Fms. xi. 106; heilræðit stóð á þenna sama sendiboða, referred to him, 433; hvaðan Guðmundr inn ríki stendr, on which side he stands, with whom he sides, Nj. 214. 2. to proceed from, be caused by; eigi standa þin orð af litlu fári, Fas. i. 195; stóð lítil stjórn af honum, Fms. xi. 223; þótti af honum minni ógn standa, Eg. 268; e-m stendr mein, úhapp, útili, íllt, gagn, hjálp ... af e-m, 175; guðin rökðu til spádóma at af systkinum þessum mundi þeim mikil mein ok úhapp standa, Edda 18, Nj. 65, Barl. 39; eigi mun svá mikit íllt af þér standa, Nj. 368; opt stendr íllt af kvenna hjali. Gísl. 15: yðr munn vandræði af standa, Nj. 175. 3. standa til, to tend towards; nú stóð áðr til svá mikils váða, at ..., Fms. vii. 144; þá stendr þó til meira geigs, xi. 275; standa til umbótar, to stand for mending, need it, Fb. ii. 234; flest frumsmíð stendr til bóta, needs mending; standa til mikils kostnaðar, D.N. ii. 18; sem bæn yður stendr til, tends to, Nj. 192; hvárt honum standi hugr til nökkurrar konu, Ísl. ii. 285; engi ván eða verðleikr stendr til at fáisk, Al. 91; sem bæn yður stendr til, Nj. 192; eptir þeim efnum sem honum þætti til standa, according to the merits of the case, Fms. vii. 60; eptir þvi sem lög stódu til, as the law stood, Nj. 146, Ld. 28; frekari álög en forn lög stæði til, Fms. xi. 224; latari enn líkendi stæði til, 256; fremr enn ritningar stóðu til, tended towards, i.e. warranted, Mar.; líta á mál hans eptir þeim efnum sem honum þætti til standa, as the merits were, Fms. vii. 60; eptir því sem lög stóðu til, Nj. 146, Ld. 28; standa til váða ok auðnar, Fms. x. 271. III. to catch, overtake; hann drap menn Eiriks konungs hvar sem hann stóð þá, Hkr. i. 91; var hverr drepinn þar er staðinn varð, 107; lét hann ræna hvar sem hann stóð þá, Fms. vii. 181; hörmuðu bæði at þau máttu eigi fá staðit hann, Hom. 120; ef hann er með vátta inni staðinn, Grág. ii. 18; ef maðr tekr fé manns ok vinnr þjófskap at, enda standi hinn hann (acc.) at þvi er fé þat á, svá at handnumit verðr, ok ..., 136; hinum er þýfð var í höndum staðin, id.; nú stendr maðr fé sitt þjófstolit í hendi öðrum manni, Gþl. 537. 2. to stand, i.e. to endure or bear; hverr sem fyrir-smár dómarann, ok vill eigi dóm standa, N.G.L. i. 452: to discharge, skal dæma landit þeim manni er varðveizlu stendr, to the man who stands as guardian, Grág. ii. 251; sá er vitna þarf skal standa þeim kost allan, Jb. 358. 3. to press, urge, trouble; ef ofviðri stendr mann, N.G.L. i. 349; Alfhildi stóð sótt, Hkr. ii. 199, Stj. 425; mun þik nú hræðsla standa, Fas. iii. 429; elli stóð Hárek, Ísl. ii. 482; hver fjölskylda sem þik stendr, Fms, xi. 429; segja máttu hvat þik stendr, what urges thee. Mar.; ok vænti af þér mests trausts, því heldr sem mik stendr meirr, Fms. iii. 70; standa mik svá stórar þröngslir, at ..., Stj. 495; hvat stendr þik, what ails thee? Grett. 75 new Ed.; hvat stendr þik, Bergr, sagði biskup, Bs. i. 807; því at eins at þeim (þá?) standi ofviðri, N.G.L. i. 371. 4. to be of weight, value; skal hann eigi standa tómr meirr enn átta merkr, Gþl. 524; gullhringr stendr sex aura, mörk, Fms. ii. 246, xi. 204; strútrinn stóð tíu merkr, 77; vættir þær er hver þeirra standi hálfa níundu mörk, Gþl. 523. C. Reflex. to stand right, be able to stand; steðjaði hann upp yfir törguna ok stóðsk þó, Nj. 144; þar mundir þú eigi hafa staðizk fylgjur þeirra Þorvarðs, Lv. 104; hann druknaði, því hann stóðsk ekki fjölkyngi Ragnars, Bárð. 181. 2. standask e-t, standask áhlaup, Sks. 411; höggum standask fáir, Sks. 411 B; fáir stóðusk honum, þótt fræknir væri, Grett. 87 A; gull stendsk elding, Grág. i. 501; þetta éi var með svá miklum býsnum, at ekki máttu sumir menn betr enn fá staðizk, Fms, xi. 136; var við sjálft at ek mætta eigi standask, x. 331; stóðsk hann eigi ok dó, 623. 33; hví lét Guð þeira freista, þar er hann sá at þau

STANDALI -- STÁZA. Í8Í)

máttu eigi standask, Eluc. 28; at þér standisk jafnvel ef þér sjáit frændr yðra svívirða, Fms. v. 270. 3. to stand, bear, tolerate; hann skekr at honum sverðit, þetta fá þeir eigi staðizk ok hlaupa, Ísl. ii. 364; Kári stóðsk þetta eigi, Nj. 270; Björn stóðsk eigi ámælis-orð Sigmundar, Valla L. 218; standask frýju-orð, Fær. 196. 4. standask við e-m, to stand, be able to withstand; Heiðrekr vá með Tyrfingi ok stóðsk ekki við honum, Fas. i. 526; engi hlutr var svá sterkr at standask mætti fyrir honum. Edda. 5. to be valid; skulut mál hans standask um þá sök, Grág. i. 64; á þeirra dómr at standask, 80; eigu jammikit þeira orð at standask, sem annarra lögréttu-manna, 10; ef þú kemr til konungsins, ok megi þín orð nokkut standask, Fms. xi. 193; hennar orð stóðusk svá mikit, at ..., Fas. i. 208; um þat vilda ek at mín at kvæði stæðisk, at ..., Eb. 98. 6. of direction, to proceed from; standask af e-m, af henni mun standask allt it ílla, Nj. 49; svá stenzk af um ferð mína, the matter stands so as to my journey; Ólafr sagði jarli hversu af stóðsk um ferð hans, Ld. 112 (hversu af stóð, 340); ekki sagði Kjartan föður sínum hversu af stóðsk um ferð þessa, 208; Gautr segir honum geiniliga allt hversu af stóðsk inn ferðir hans, Fms. iii. 57; svá stendsk af um ferðir mínar, at ek má hér ekki dvelja lengr, vi. 350; eigi veit ek hvernig af stenzk (stennz) um för þína, hvárt þú ferr nökkut í konungs leyfi, Ó.H. 143. 7. a middle form; yfir ok undir stóðumk jötna vegir, the 'giant-ways' (rocks) stood above and below, Hm.; stöndumk hjörr til hjarta, the sword touches me to the heart, Fm. 1. II. recipr. to stand opposite one another in the same line: to meet, of ends; þat stóðsk á, nesit þvert ok fylking þeirra, Ísl. ii. 326; stóðsk þat á, at Jólin þraut ok lokit var sögunni. Fms. vi. 356; vígin Áskels ok Steingríms skyldi á standask, Rd. 281; stóðsk þat á endum ok ostkistan, Nj. 76; stóðsk þat á endum ok þat er Gunnarr; átti at gjalda, 111; létu þeir þat á endum standask, 120; standask á mót; sandmelr sá er á stendzk ok Seftjörn, Gísl. 23; bær hans stóðsk á ok konungs atsetr, Fas. ii. 63: bíða þess at á stæðisk misganga straumanna ok austan-veðr, Orkn. 266: stendzk heldr í móti með þeim hjónum, they were rather at sixes and sevens, did not agree well, Bjarn. 21: hendingar standask sem næst, to stand as close to one another as possible, Edda (Ht.); tungl þau er næst standask, nearest to one another, Rb. 34, 1812. 56. III. staðinn = staddr, steadfast, placed, abiding; hvar sem maðr er staðinn, N.G.L. i. 163; vildi hann nú til staðins vita (knew for certain) hver svör jarl vildi gefa, Vígl. 18. standali, a, m. a post: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 234. stand-eykr, m. a nickname. Fms. ix. 372. stand-söðull, m. a 'stand-saddle,' high saddle, Ld. 274. Sturl. iii. 163; such a saddle is described in Mr. Freeman's Norman Conquest, iv, p. 703 (the death of William). stanga, að, to prick, goad, Fms. iii. 193, vii. 62, 161, viii. 281, xi. 155; stanga ór tönnum sér (s. tennr), to pick the teeth, Nj. 185. 2. to spear fish, Grág. ii. 346. 3. to butt, of cattle, Bs. i. 345, Grág. ii. 119, Gþl. 190. II. reflex. to butt one another, Grág. ii. 329, Vápn. 46, Bret. 55. stangan, f. a goading, stimulus, Stj. 78. stank, n. a bustle, shaking; starf ok stank, Fbr. 173. stanka, að, to stand stumbling; hann stankaði mjök við, he was very reluctant, Fær. 121. stanz, n. [akin to staðsa (q.v.), ðs = nz] :-- a standstill, hesitation; honum verðr stanz at svara, Sturl. i. 18: amazement, e-n rekr í stanz, (mod.) stanza, að, to pause, stop, Fas. iii. 443. stapi, a, m. a steeple-formed single rock, Fas. iii. 7: freq. in mod. usage and in local names, Arnar-stapi, Ætternis-s., etc. stappa, að, [Germ. stampfen; Engl. stamp], to stamp; stappa fótum, to stamp with the feet, Grett. 130 A; s. niðr stafnum. Band. 16 new Ed.; stappa e-n til dauðs, MS. 4. 32: to stamp down, þeir stöppuðu snjóinn með spjót-sköptum sínum, Fms. ix. 234: phrases, stappa stáli í e-n, to put steel into, to encourage; það stappar nærri, it 'stamps near one,' is on the point. Fas. i. 420. II. to bray in a mortar; stappa lauk, Ó.H. 223, Pr. 471, 472. STARA, pres. stari; pret. starði; part. starat; [A.S. starjan; Engl. stare] :-- to stare, gaze; stara eptir e-m, Ísl. ii. 261, v.l.; hón starir á þenna væna mann, Bær. 12; ormrinn starði í mót, Edda. star-blinda, f. [A.S. stæ-acute;r-blind; Engl. stark-blind], blindness. STARF, n. a trouble, labour, business, Sks. 549; þetta starf, Nj. 77; hann hafði ekki starf fyrir því, Fas. i. 36; hafa mikit starf, Fms. ix. 480; hvers starfs (employment) eðr stéttar, H.E. i. 514; hafa þvílíkt starf, Eg. 50. starfs-maðr, m. a worker, Eg. 203, Grett. 123 A, Lv. 105, Bs. i. 738. starfa, að, to work, labour, Eg. 1; starfa í e-u, to be busy about, Nj. 185, Al. 99, Fms. x. 231: starfa at e-u, Fbr. 16, Al. 147: starfa á mönnum, to trouble people, Bs. i. 439. starf-hús, n. a factory, workshop, Gþl. 178. starf-hvalr, m. blubber paid as wages for cutting up a whale, Pm. 69. starfi, a, m. = starf; þeim starfa. Fms. vi. 344; starfa mikinn, ii. 27; hafa starfa á mönnum, iv. 215; leggja starfa á e-t, to take trouble, Fb. i. 118. starfa-lítill, -mikill, adj. doing little, much work, Hrafn. 21; starfa-meiri, Sturl. iii. 41. starf-laun, n. pl. wages. Mar. starf-samr, adj. industrious: of a thing, laborious, starfsamt líf, Barl. 111; hafa starfsamt, to be busy, have much trouble, Fms. xi. 311, 383, vii. 73, Fas. i. 374: a nickname, iii. 592. starf-semi, f. industry. starf-sveinn, m. a workman, apprentice. Fms. xi. 431. Starkaðr or better Störkuðr, m., qs. Stark-höðr, [from sterkr and Höðr] :-- a pr. name, Landn., Fas., the famous Danish mythical hero. Starkaðar-lag, n. the name of a metre, Edda (Ht.) starr, adj. blunt; starr staðr, in a sword, Kormak. starri or stari, a, m. [Lat. sturnus; A.S. and Dan. stær; Engl. stare, starling] :-- a bird, the starling, Edda (Gl.) 2. a pr. name, Landn. star-sýnn, adj. staring; vera starsýnn á e-t, Nj. 50, Korm. 50: mod., mér er starsýnt á e-t, id. statút, n. [for. word], a statute, H.E. i. 514. staulask, að, to walk with infirm steps; staulast á fætr; stafkarlarnir staula, Hallgr. stauli, a, m. a lad, urchin; in svein-stauli, q.v. staulpa, u, f., mod. stelpa, a girl; mey-staulpa, Sturl. i. 152, ii. 101. STAUP, n. [O.H.G. stouf; A.S. steâp; Engl. stub; Dan. stöb] :-- a knobby lump; þá kom upp staup mikit sem manns-höfuð, ... hvar er nú þat gull er þú leggr í mót þessum knapphöfða? of a ball-formed piece of gold, Fms. vi. 183; þeir drepa fótum sínum í hvert staup (obstacle) er fyrir verðr, Barl. 71; hatt-staup, the 'hat-knoll,' i.e. the head, Ad. 7; gull-staup, q.v. 2. [A.S. stoppa; Engl. stoup], a stoup, beaker, cup, prop. from the form, freq. in mod. usage; taka í staupinu, to take a stoup of brandy. stauple, að, see stöpla. staura, að, to raise a post; þá skal staura niðr á kistu (to drive a stake down to the coffin) ok steypa helgu vatni á, N.G.L. i. 14. 2. staurask, to be ripped up, Pr. 472. staur-karl, m. a hobbler on crutches, staurkarls-ligr, adj. clumsy, stiff. STAURR, m. [Gr. GREEK], a pale, stake; vóru settir stórir staurar yfir dikin, Eg. 529: skjóta staurum. Fms. vii. 190; höfuð á staurnum, on the stake, xi. 376: trés eða staurs, Pr. 472; staurs-högg, Gþl. 177, v.l., passim: a local name, Hkr. i. 295. staura-garðr, m. a paling, Fas. iii. 280, Mar. 1198. staut, n. a stuttering in reading. staut-færr, adj. able to read a little. stauta, að, [Dan. stöde; Germ. stossen], to beat, strike; stautar á honum spjótinu, Karl. 182. 2. mod. to read stutteringly. stá = standa, q.v. STÁL, n. [a common Teut. word; O.H.G. stahal], steel; sterkasta stáli, Karl. 285, Fms., x. 172, passim: phrases, sverfa til stáls, to file to the very steel, to fight to the last, vii. 244, Gullþ. 69. 2. plur., of weapons: er stálin mættusk. Art., Lex. Poët. passim. 3. a part of a ship, the beak; þeir höfðu raskótt fyrir stálinu, Fms. viii. 199; kjalar, stála, súða, Edda 66, Lex. Poët. II. metaph., from steel wrapped in soft iron before being fused in the forge :-- the inside of a hay-stack or rick (= staði); hann tók laust hey ór stálinu. Njarð. 378; ef maðr á korn falt í stáli eðr hey, N.G.L. ii. 111 (v.r. to staði), freq. in mod. usage. 2. an intercalary sentence in a verse, much used by the ancient poets, esp. in the metre dróttkvætt, Edda i. 618; thus in Haustl. 13 the words 'sveipr varð í för' is a stál. In the old poems of the metre dróttkvæð the strophes are interwoven with such intercalary sentences; in some editions these sentences are marked by [ ] or by ( ) :-- as a gramm. term, embolismus, köllum var þat gört á stál ef á meðal verðr hendinga, Skálda ii. 106. COMPDS: stál-broddr, n. a steel prod, Fms. iii. 180. stál-gaddr, n. a steel goad, Barl. 109. stál-görr, part. made of steel, MS. 4. 30. stál-hanzki, a, m. a steel glove, D.N. stál-harðr, adj. hard as steel, Sks., Karl. 164, Al. 40, 394. stál-hattr, m. a steel hat, Hkr. iii. 202. stál-hjálmr, m. a steel helmet, Karl. 366. stál-húfa, u, f. a steel cap, Sks. 400, Ld. 276, Bs. i. 31, Landn. 330, Sturl. ii. 91, passim. stál-nagli, a, m. a steel pike, Mar. stál-pík, m. a steel pike, Karl. stál-slá, f. a steel bar, Mag. stál-sleginn, part. steel-mounted, Jb. 345. stál-sorfinn, part. filed to the steel, Grág. i. 501. stálligr, adj. of steel, Art. stálmi, a, m. a swelling of the udder with milk; standa í stálma. stálpaðr, part. grown up; ungarnir vóru lítt stálpaðir, Fas. ii. 231. stálpask, að, to grow strong, be full grown. stálpi, a, m. pith, strength, esp. of the young: as a nickname, Fms. ix. 26. stát, n. prudishness; sprettir úr sporunum státi, Hallgr. státa, að, to be prudish; heimskir helzt sig státa, Hallgr. stáz, n. [Dan. stads; Engl. slate], finery, (mod.); stáz-mey sat í sorgum; Stef. Ól. stáza, að, to dress finely.

590 STEDDA -- STEINABRU.

stedda, u, f. [Germ. stute; cp. A.S. stood; Engl. stud] :-- a mare, Grett. (in a verse), Art. 53. STEÐI, m., gen. steðja, pl. steðjar, [Engl. stithy] :-- a stithy, anvil, Edda 9, Fms. i. 177, Þiðr. 166, Dipl. iii. 13, passim; konungs steði, the 'king's stithy' the mint, Gþl. 139, Bs. ii. 58. COMPDS: steðja-bréf, m. a writ granting licence to the mint, D.N. steðja-kollr, m. a nick-name, Nj. 182. steðja-nef, n. the 'stithy-neb,' thin end of a stithy, Fms. i. 133; cp. nef-steði. steðja-steinn, m. a stithy-stone, base of an anvil, Þiðr. 166. steðja-stokkr, m. a stithy-stock, id. steðja, að, to bound, leap, Bs. i. 527, Al. 146; steðjaði yfir upp, Nj. 144; steðjar upp yfir hann, Finnb. 310, passim. STEÐJA, pret. staddi, part. staddr, neut. statt; the word is little used except in part. pass.; [staðr] :-- to stop; stöddu þeir ferðina er í fyrstu riðu. Fagrsk. 138: to permit, steðja fyrir-boðna hluti (cp. Dan. tilstede), Rétt. 95: to fix, appoint, þeir stöddu með sér á alþingi þann samning, at ..., Bs. i. 770. II. reflex. to be decided on; sættar-görð þá er nýliga staddisk, H.E. i. 458; kaup staddisk, Dipl. iii. 10; stöddusk þá þeir hlutir, N.G.L. ii. 428; hafa statt e-t, to have made one's mind up, Fms. i. 284; hafa e-t statt fyrir sér, to have determined on, Ld. 184: to make firm, þá er hann hafði statt ok styrkt ríki sitt, Stj. 455; hann hugðisk hafa statt sik í ríkinu, Barl. 61: göra e-t, to resolve, Fms. ii. 293, Bárð. 164; með stöddum endi-mörkum, fixed limits, Gþl. 44. III. part. staddr, as adj. placed, present, esp. used of a temporary chance abode; hvergi sem þau eru stödd, Grág. i. 332; ef hann var þar staddr þar sem blót vóru, happened to be present, Fms. i. 35; margir ef þar vóru hjá staddir, Eg. 64; vera við staddr, present, Nj. 63, Eg. 64, passim. 2. placed in such or such a position; Einarr spurði Egil, hvar hann hefði þess verit staddr, at hann hefði mest reynt sik. Eg. 687; þér ernt staddir ekki vel, ye are in danger, Fms. ii. 16; litt staddr, doing poorly, x. 173; þeim mönnum er í sóttum vóru staddir, Blas. 40: neut., hvi er yðr svá statt til Sigfússona, why are you thus troubled about them? Nj. 252. STEF, n. (root stafi), gen. pl. stefja, dat. stefjum, a summons, term, time fixed, (= stefna); viku-stef, a week's notice, Eg. 274; var kveðit á viku stef, 394; þriggja nátta stef, a summons with three days' notice, Grág. i. 385; bardaga stef, Al. 54. II. a stave in a lay, burden, refrain; hann orti Hafgerðinga-drápu, þat er þetta stef í, -- 'Minar bið ek,' etc., Landn. 106; kvæðit, ok er þetta stefit í, Ísl. ii. 222; Þórarinn orti þá stef, ok setti í kvæðit, ... ok er þetta stefit, Ó.H. 180, Eb. i. 210. In the old poems, called drapa, the middle part had a burden; this part was called 'stef' or stefja-bálkr, m. the 'stave-balk,' stave-section, Ó.H. 180; and consisted of several equal sets of verses, called stefja-mel or stefja-mál, n. stave-measure; the number of stanzas to each 'stave-set' varies in different poems (3, 4, 5, 7); the number of the sets also varies according to the length of the poem, e.g. if the stave-section were of twenty-one stanzas it would fall into seven 'sets' (3 x 7); if of twenty, into five (4 x 5); er rétt at setja kvæðit með svá mörgum stefjamelum sem vill, Edda (Ht.) i. 686; hef ek þar lokit stefjum, here the staves end; hefja upp stef, and so on, see the remarks s.v. slæmr. The stave or burden usually stands at the end of each 'set;' the burden might even be distributed among the stanzas of the stefjamel, as may be seen in the Togdrápa on king Canute in Ó.H., or in the poem Rek-stefja or Banda-dápa (Hkr. i. and Scripta Hist. Island, iii.) stefja, að, to prevent; stefja manntjón, Fms. x. 418. II. to address with a stave or stanza; þá stefjaði trollkona á hann ok spurði hverr þar fór (then follows the ditty), Edda 95. -stefja, u, f. a suffix indicating a lay with burdens; Rek-stefja, Stolin-stefja. stef-lauss, adj. without burden, Edda (Ht.) stef-ligr, adj. belonging to a stef, Lil. 51, Gd. 24. stefna and stemna, d, [stafn, stamn], to 'point with the stem' to stand in a certain direction, (esp. of sailing, from which the metaphor is taken); s. inn fjörðinn, Landn. 56, Eg. 128: s. út ór firði. to stand out of the firth, Ó.H. 37; s. út á haf, Fms. i. 26; þeir stefndu inn í Víkina, 60; s. á land upp, vii. 202; s. til bæjarins, Eg. 230; þat stefndi til Rúts-staða, Nj. 35 :-- to aim at, höggit stefndi á fótlegginn, the blow aimed at the leg, Fms. vii. 325; sendi ör af lásboga, þó óafvitandi á hvern hann stefndi, Stj. 604: phrases, e-m verðr nær stefnt, to escape narrowly, Fms. viii. 328; betr enn til var stefnt, better than it was begun, of luck better than foresight, ix. 414; stefna sér til örkumla, to court, expose oneself to, Bjarn. 56. II. a law term, to give notice to one, summon him, the person in dat., Grág., N.G.L., Nj.; s. manni í dóm, til alþingis, etc., passim; s. e-m um e-t, Grág. i. 107; s. um sök, 21: with a double dat., s. manni þeirri sök er tólftar-kviðr fylgir, to summon a person in such a case, 20; ek skal þér Mörðr vera ok stefna þér af konunni, Nj. 15. 2. to cite, of a case; stefna sök, to call a case into court, Grág. i. 36; s. máli, Nj. 33; s. dómi til rofs, Grág. ii. 101; s. til alþingis, i. 106; s. í hvárt þing sem vill, 162: the word is used in countless instances in Grág., Nj., and the Sagas: to recite the summons, hann stefndi fyrir málinu, en hann mælti eptir ok stefndi rangt, Nj. 35. 3. to call together, with acc., of a meeting; s. þing, to call a meeting, Fb. ii. 38, Ld. 2, Hkr. iii. 26, Fær. 119, Eg. 338 :-- s. saman, to call together; stefna saman þegn ok þræl, Stj. 611; s. saman öllum lýð, 541; s. at sér liði, to summon the troops, Eg. 270; s. til sín, 26, 32, 269; s. at sér mönnum, to gather men, Nj. 104; stemna stemnu, to summon formally, Grág. i. 108; s. veizlu, to bid people to a feast, Fms. xi. 45; þessi ætlan er nú er stefnd, Hkr. iii. 384. stefna or stemna, u, f. a direction, Hkr. i. 158 :-- an appointed meeting. II. a law term, a summons, citation; eiga stefnu við e-n, Eg. 271; koma fyrr til stefnu, Fms. vii. 151. 2. the term = stef; þriggja nátta stefna, Fms. viii. 200; mánaðar-s., at liðinni þeirri stefnu, Grág. i. 378; er at þeirri stefnu kom, Eg. 30; er sú s. var liðin, 277; tólt mánaða stemna, N.G.L. i. 43; selja jörð ór stemnu, to sell an estate held by lease, Gþl. 309: the saying, allr dagr til stefnu, all the day for a citation, a summons being lawful if served before nightfall, Jb.; hence metaph., það er allr dagr til stefnu, i.e. plenty of time or leisure, of a thing which is not pressing. COMPDS: stefnu-boð, n. a summoning to a meeting, Bs. i. 785. stefnu-dagr, m. a day of summons; leggja stefnudag, Sturl. ii. 207; koma í nefndan stefnudag, Dipl. ii. 5; biða stefnudags, Eg. 274: plur. stefnudagar, citation-days, when citations can be lawfully made, Nj. 79; þat var um stefnudaga (in the spring), E.b. 46; er váraði ok stefnudagar kómu, Band. 14 new Ed. stefnu-dægr, n. = stefnudagr, Bær. 19. stefnu-fall, n. a failure to appear on summons, N.G.L. ii. 482. stefnu-fundr, m. a meeting, Str. 27. stefnu-för, f. a journey to appear on summons, Eg. 722, Nj. 78, Lv. 5. stefnu-görð, f. a summons, N.G.L. i. 344, 350. stefnu-jörð, f. land held on lease; brigða s. sína eðr mála-jörð, Gþl. 309, passim in the Norse law. stefnu-lag, n. an appointment; göra s., Eg. 41, Fms. i. 19, vii. 151, 279, Orkn. 404. stefnu-leiðangr, m. a naval expedition, Ld. 28; í viking eða s., Fms. iii. 41. stefnu-lið, n. a body of persons summoned, N.G.L. i. 382. stefnu-lýðr, m. an assembly, D.N. stefnu-maðr, m. a summoner, K.Þ.K. 86. stefnu-morginn, m. the morning of a citation-day, Mar. stefnu-rof, n. failure to appear at a stefna, Fms. ix. 378, v.l. stefnu-staðr, m. the place of citation (where it is to be lawfully made), Grág. i. 153, 297: a meeting-place, Fms. ix. 378, x. 393. stefnu-stofa, u, f. a citation-room, D.N. stefnu-sök, f. a case of citation, Grág. i. 69, 177. stefnu-tal, n. a discourse at a stefna, Fms. vi. 145. stefnu-tími, a, m. a fair time(cp. tími til stefnu = plenty of time), Grett. 100 A, the metaphor from citations. stefnu-vargr, m. a mythical word, e.g. used of a house haunted by mice or vermin as if it were under a spell, see Maurer's Volksagen. stefnu-váttr, m. a cited witness, a witness to a summons, Grág. i. 42. stefnu-vitni, n. a citation, bera s., Jb. 191, Nj. 36, Grág. i. 42. stefnandi, part. a summoner, Gþl. 32. stefni or stemni, n. the prow, = stafn, Edda (Gl.) stefning, f. a summoning, Sturl. ii. 116. stefningr, m. a kind of snake, Lex. Poët. stefnir, m. one who directs, Lex. Poët.: a helmet, poët., Edda (Gl.) steggr, m., steggi, a, m. [prop. a mounter; in Yorks. a steg is a gander; from stíga, cp. seggr from segja, hugga from hugr] :-- a he-bird; andar steggi, a male duck, Karl. 260 (Dan. andrik): in mod. usage steggr also means a tom-cat. stegla, d, [stagl], to put on racks, Fms. xi. 375. stegla, u, f. [A.S. stægl; Dan. steile], a rack (stagl), esp. in plur. steglur: a low name for a woman, Edda ii. 629. steigur-liga, adv. prudishly; láta s., Korm. (in a verse); standa s. í stigreip, Fms. vi. 416. steik, f. a steak; steikarnar, Stj. 45; steikar (gen.), N.G.L. i. 84; lamba-s., kálfa-s., passim. steikari, a, m. [cp. Engl. stoker], a roaster, cook, Edda 23, Róm. 302, Bs. i. 810, Þiðr. 86, Orkn. 170, Fms. x. 302; steikara hús, Fas. i. 457; steikara höfðingi, meistari, Fms. x. 302, Stj. 200. steiki-teinn, m. a spit, Dipl. v. 18. STEIKJA, ð and t, [a common Teut. word], to 'steak' or 'stoke,' roast; s. á teini, Am. 79; s. hjarta við funa, Fm. 32; eta lítt steikt, Hkv. 2. 7; en er Sigurðr steikði hjartað, Edda 74; sá hann at maðr steiktr lá á eldinum, Fms. viii. 107: the phrase, steikja smæra enn ..., to have a smaller steak on the spit than ..., 414: steikja is in Icel. also used of meat baked on embers, steikja köku, steikja roð, opp. to baked in a pan. steiklingr, m. a nickname, Fms. xi. 126. steina, d, [A.S. stânjan; Engl. to stain], to stain, colour, paint; s. skipit með allskyns litum, Fms. x. 320: esp. used in the part. pass., skipit var allt steint fyrir ofan sjó, Orkn. 332, Eg. 68; karfi steindr allr fyrir ofan sjó, 371; altara-klæði steint, bríkar-klæði steint, Vm. 10, Jm. 22; steint merki, B.K. 83; hús tjaldat með steindum klæðum, Fms. x. 16; í steindum söðli, Ld. 272; lopt steint með líkneskjum, Str. 5; steinda kistu, Am. steina-brú, f. a stone-bridge, stone-arch, a natural one, not made by human hands, hence the phrase, gamall sem steinabrú, old as a stone bridge = 'stone-old,' Fas. iii. 61, cp. Ht. (fine): the very phrase shews the ancient Scandinavians, like the old Germans, knew not the arch, as their buildings were all of wood, cp. Tacit. Germ. 16, Herodian. vii. 2: indeed, stone masonry first became known after the introduction of Christianity.

STEINASÖrvi -- STÉTT. 591

steina-sörvi or -seyrvi, n., see sörvi, Edda 68, Ísl. ii. 343, Fas. iii. 543. stein-bítr, m. a fish, anarrichas lupus, Edda (Gl.). freq. in mod. usage. stein-blindr, adj. stone-blind, Stj. 121, 620,Bs. ii. 81, Fms. vi. (in a verse), passim. stein-bogi, a, m. [A.S. stânboga], = steinabrú, Fas. iii. 668, Fms. xi. 74, Þiðr. 100. stein-delfr, m. (mod. stein-depill), [Norse steindolp], the wagtail, motacilla L., Edda (Gl.) stein-geit, f. a 'stone-goat,' the Germ. steinbock, Al. 167, Rb. 102, Deut. xiv. 5: of the zodiac, MS. 732. 18, Rb. 102. stein-kast, n. a throwing stones, Fms. iii. 186, Grett. 151 A. stein-klæði, n. steint-klæði, Vm., Ám., Bs. i. 641, D.I. i. 597. stein-kol, n. pl., [Germ. stein-kohl; Dan. stenkul], mineral coal, mod. stein-ligr, adj. stony, Greg. 45, Hom. 79. stein-meistari, a, m. a stone-mason, Hom. 122, Fms. v. 215, xi. 428. STEINN, m. [a word common to all Teut. languages], a stone, N.G.L. i. 65; meistari á stein, Barl. 167; steinn einn mikill, Fms. viii. 8, passim: a boulder, rock, stein at lýja járn við. Eg. 141: allit., stokkar eða steinar, Grág. ii. 132, Fb. ii. 102; gengr mark fyrir neðan ór steinum þeim er heita Klofningar, D.I. i. 471; dyrnar á steininum lukusk, Fas i. 514: of a gem (gim-steinn), Js. 78, Þkv. 16, 19, Ó.H. 30; settr steinum, Eg. 698; altaris-steinn, Vm. 37; leiðar-s., sólar-s., a loadstone: stones used for warming rooms, ok hófðu hvárki á því kveldi ljós né steina, Eb. 276; cp. mjólk var heit ok vóru á steinar, Lv. 70: dragging stones as a punishment, see Sól. (draga dreyrga steina); draga stein ok vera útlægr, N.G.L. iii. 16, 210. but it is of foreign origin. 2. metaph. phrases; verða milli steins ok sleggju, between the 'stone and the sledge-hammer' (stones being used for anvils). Fas. i. 34; taka stein, or kasta steini um megn sér, to throw too heavy a stone for one's strength, to break down, Fær. 58, Eg. 473; þykkir ekki ór steini hefja (see hefja), Gísl. 54; ljósta e-n íllum steini, to hit with an evil stone, hit hard, Glúm, (see the verse); steins hljóð, stone-silence, dead silence. II. spec, usages, a cell for an anchoret, Fms. x. 373; setjask í stein, Nj. 268, Grett. 162, Trist.; gefa sik í stein, Játv. ch. 8; sitja í helgum steini. III. medic. stone, gravel, in the bladder, Pr. 472, Bs. i. 123, 644. IV. pr. names; Steini, Steinarr, Steinn, Stein-björn, Stein-finnr, Stein-grímr, Stein-kell (the stone-font for sacrifices), Stein-ólfr, Stein-móðr, Stein-röðr, Stein-þórr: of women, Stein-unn, Stein-vör: and in the latter part, Hall-steinn, Þór-steinn, Vé-steinn (the Holy stone for sacrifices), Her-stcinn, Há-steinn, Ey-steinn, Út-steinn, Inn-steinn, etc., Landn.: and in local names, Steinar, etc.; Dverga-steinn. B. COMPDS, of stone: stein-altari, a stone-altar, Stj.; stein-bogi, q.v.; stein-borg, a stone-castle, Fms. x. 154; stein-garðr, a stone-wall, Str. 6; stein-dyrr, stone-doors, Vsp.; stein-gólf, a stone-floor, Stj., Fms. vi. 440; stein-hjarta, a heart of stone, Mar.; stein-hurð, a stone-hurdle, Fas. iii. 213; stein-hús, a stone-house, Fms. x. 154, v.l.; stein-höll, a stone-hall, 153, Nj. 6 (where it is an anachronism), Hkr. iii. 62; stein-kastali, a stone-castle, Sks. 423, Orkn. 318; stein-ker, a stone-vessel, Stj. 268; stein-ketill, a stone-kettle, Ó.H. 223; stein-kirkja, a stone-church, Fms. vi. 440, ix. 535, x. 409 (11th and 12th centuries), Bs. i. 32 (Kristni S. fine); stein-kjallari, a stone-cellar, B.K. 103; stein-knífr, a stone-knife, Stj. 117, 261; stein-topt, a stone-floor, Str. 70; stein-musteri, a stone-minster, Fms. vii. 100, Orkn. 258; stein-múrr, a stone-wall, Fms. ix. 434, x. 153; stein-nökkvi, a stone-boat, Fas. ii. 231, Bárð. 164 (of a giant in a tale); stein-ofn, a stone-oven, Bs. i. 830 (Laur. S.); stein-ráfr, a stone-roof, Mar.; stein-sker, a rock, Fms. viii. 367, v.l.; stein-smiði, stone work, stone implements, Íb. ch. 6; stein-spjald, a stone-tablet, Sks. 671, Ám. 46; stein-stólpi, a stone-pillar, Fms. i. 137; stein-súla, id., 655 xxviii. 1; stein-tabula, a stone-tablet, Stj. 311; stein-veggr, a stone-wall, Fms. vii. 64; stein-virki, id., Sks. 415; stein-þildr, stone-wainscotted, Str. 75; stein-þró, q.v.; stein-ör, a stone-arrow, Fas. ii. 260. steinn, m. [Engl. stain], a stain, colour; birt með hvítum steini ok rauðum, Ó.H. 124; rauðum steini, red paint, Karl., Edda (in a verse). stein-óðr and stein-óði, adj. 'stone-wood' (cp. Engl. stone-deaf; Germ. stein-alt), violent, of a gale; útnyrðingi steinóðum, 656 C. 2; útsynningr steinóðr, Clem. 24; steinóði, Eg. 600. stein-pikka, u, f. a mason's pick, Flóv. 37. stein-setja, setti, to set with stones, Fms. xi. 427. stein-smiðr, m. a 'stone-smith,' mason, Fms. xi. 428, Stj. 562, Bs. i. 890. stein-smíð, f. stone-masonry, Grett. 162 A. stein-smíði, n. id., Fms. xi. 429: articles worked of stone, Íb. 9. stein-snar, n. a stone's throw, of distance, N.T., Pass. 4. 2. stein-sótt, f., medic. stone, gravel, calculus, Bs. i. 123, 310, 644. stein-tálga, u, f. stone-carving, masonry, Stj. 562, Fms. viii. 279. stein-tjald, n. a coloured tent, Vm. 17, Pm. 14. stein-ungi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. stein-þró, f. a stone-coffin, Fms. viii. 236, x. 384; s. ins helga Stephani, 655 xiv. B. 2, Pass. 50. 16. STEKKR, m., gen. stekkjar, pl. stekkir, a fold in which lambs in spring are weaned during the night before being taken from the ewes and driven to the mountain pastures; which season in Icel. is called stekk-tíð, f., Edda 103; eggtíð eða stekktíð, Icel. Almanack, 1872. May 27; merkja lamb í stekk, Grág. i. 415; taka lamb ór stekk, Ld. 170; lamb skal marka ór stekk hvert vár ok skal Pétr ábyrgjask ok gefa um haust er aptr kemr, D.I. i. 201; göra upp stekka, Sturl. i. 27; stekkjanna, 28; skal gefa lamb ór stekk, ok gefa um haustið ef aptr kemr, Vm. 169; hafði faðir minn stekk fyrir neðan langa-garðinn fyrir útan ána, Dipl, v. 25. stekkjar-lamb or stekk-lamb, n. a lamb from the stekkr. STELA (stel, stell, Js. 128), pret. stal, stalt, stálu; subj. stæli; imperat. stel, steldú; part. stolinn: [a common Teut. word) :-- to steal, with dat. (stela e-u), Eg. 237, Boll. 350, Nj. 74, N.G.L. i. 82; stela stuld, to commit a theft, 83: the phrase, hann stelr öllu sem steini er léttara, he steals whatever is lighter than stone, of a thorough thief. 2. with acc. to bereave, rob a person; várr skal engi annann stela, N.G.L. i. 81; stela mik (acc.) eign minni, to rob me of my property. Boll. 350; nú er maðr stolinn fé sínu, Gpl. 539. II. reflex., stelask, to steal in or upon; stelask at e-m, to steal upon, attack a person unawares, Lv. 47; berjask um ljósa daga en stelask eigi at þeim um nætr, Fms. vii. 296; hvárigir stælisk á aðra, ix. 489, v.l.; stelask á e-n, id., Fas. i. 144, Al. 158. 2. recipr., stelask frá, to steal from one another, Sturl. i. 173. 3. stolinn; með stolinni hendi, with a stolen, thievish hand, Js. 24. stelari, a, m. a stealer, Þiðr. 21. stelkr, m. a bird, tringa islandica L. stelling, f. [cp. Germ. stellen, stallr], the mast-step; íss var í stellingunni, Fms. ix. 386, v.l.: hence the phrase, setja e-ð í stellingu, to put it firm, right; úr stellingu, out of groove; setja sig í stellingarnar, to put oneself in posture, metaphor taken from raising the mast. stel-víss, adj. thievish. STEMMA, d, [stamr], to stem, stop, dam up, esp. of a stream or fluid; steinn sá er stemdi þurftina, stopped the urine, Bs. i. 310; tekr kuldinn at s. vindæðaruar, Al. 22; stemdu svá upp vatnit, Ó.H. 163; stemma af, Fms. vi. 351: impers., stóra læki stemdi uppi, were stemmed, obstructed, 67; vatnið (acc.) stemdi uppi, Bs. i. 315; at ósi skal á stemma, to dam up a river at its outlet, a saying, Edda; demma ok stemma, D.N. i. 275; hljóp skriða ... fylldi dalinn ok stemdi ána Gaul, Ann. 1345: reflex., stríð stemmisk, grief abates, Brand. 60. stengja, d, [stöng; Dan. stænge], to bar; s. úti, Mar. sterk-leikr, m. (-leiki, styrk-leikr, Fms. i. 261), strength; afl ok s., Edda 7; ágætr at sterkleik, Fms. x. 293. sterk-liga, adv. (styrk-liga, Fms. iii. 60, vi. 267), strongly, Th. 4; berjask vel ok s., Fms. iii. 77. sterk-ligr, adj. (styrk-ligr, Fms. ii. 81), strong-like, strong looking; mikill maðr ok s., Eg. 486. sterk-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), = sterkligr, Fas. ii. 478, vl. STERKR, adj., and styrkr, q.v.; the older form takes a j before a vowel, sterkjan, sterkjum; whereas styrkr has both j and v, styrkjan and styrkvan: compar. sterkari, sterkastr, but sterkstr, Hom. 46, 95, 97: [a common Teut. word; A.S. stearc; Engl. stark; Dan. stærk] :-- stark, strong; mikill maðr vexti ok sterkr, Nj. 29; hverjum manni meiri ok sterkari, Eg. 179; allra manna sterkastr, Fms. i. 2; styrkr at afli, 19; hverjum manni meiri ok styrkari, 17; aðrir styrkari njósnar-menn, ix. 365; meiri ok styrkari enn aðrir menn, vi. 65; sterkstu stoðir, Hom. 95, 97; sterkst allra dýra, 46; sterkjan vað, Edda 36; styrkja treyju, Fms. ix. 527. 2. metaph., sterkari fæðu, 655 xvii. 5; sterkt mungát, Bs. i. 316; hit sterkasta mungát, Eg. 551; styrkan drykk, Fms. vii. 316; styrkt vín, ix. 420; grasaðr mjöðr ok inn styrkasti, iv. 168; sterkr vetr, Rb. 572; sterk orrosta, Bret. 56; æðri kraptr eða styrkri, Sks. 25; tvær skepnur þær er styrkvar urðu þeirra mótstöðu-mönnum, Fms. iv. 56; styrkr allir enir styrkustu eiðar, Nj. 150; sverja hina styrkastu eiða, Fms. i. 189. sterk-viðri (styrk-viðri, Fms. ii. 177), n. a strong gale, Grett. 131. sterlingr, m. [Engl. Easterling, sterling; a word given to the Flemish and Baltic traders] :-- sterling; Enskra sterlinga, Ann. 1265. sterta, t, to crease, pleat; in the phrase, strauk of ripti, sterti ermar, she smoothed the kirtle and pleated the sleeves, Rm.; cp. þá höfðu menn ermar fimm álna langar ok svá þröngvar, at draga skyldi at við handtygil, ok lerka allar at öxl, Fms. vi. 440. sterta, u, f., in hosna-sterta; cp. drambhosur lerkaðar at beini, court-breeches tight to the leg, id. sterti-maðr, m. a stately, fine-dressed person, Edda (Gl.) stertr, m. [A.S. steort; Engl. start in red-start; O.H.G. sterz], a tail, the vertebrae of the tail; skera tagl upp í stert, to dock a horse's tail; því berr hann stýfðan stert, Fas. i. (in a verse). stertr, part. [cp. Engl. start, upstart], stately, haughty; Sámr gékk mjök upp stertr, S. stalked very stately, haughtily, prob. from the fine dress (sterta); gengr hann upp stert mjök, Mork. 38. STÉTT, f. [no doubt akin to A.S. stibtan = to found; Germ. stiften;

592 STÉTTARKER -- STIKLA.

formed like réttr, léttr (q.v.); stétt therefore prop. means a foundation] :-- a pavement; en er hann kom fram í stéttirnar, Sturl. ii. 107; kirkju-stétt, iii. 200, 221: in Icel. the raised pavement running along the front of houses is called stétt, bæjar-stétt. 2. stepping-stones; þeir færðu stéttir þær í ána, er aldri hefir ór rekit síðan, Grett. 113 A. 3. the foot-piece or base of a vessel; fjórði kaleikr er undan er stéttin, Vm. 29. II. [influenced by, if not derived from, the Lat. status] :-- degree, rank; hverrar stéttar ertú, Fms. iii. 182; makligan þeirrar stéttar, Mar.; til allra klerkligra stétta, H.E. i. 475; margar stéttir, Stj. 299: very freq. in mod. usage, andleg stétt = the clergy; veraldleg stétt = the laity: old writers freq. use it in masc. when in this sense (stéttr), hann tekr aptr allan fyrra stétt, Th. 5; resignera ábóta-stéttinn, Ann. 1393, Bs. ii. passim. COMPDS: stéttar-ker, n. a vessel with a base, Fs. 5, Vm. 58, 109, Dipl. iii. 4. stéttar-lauss, adj. without a base, D.N. stétta, t, to found, establish; s. mikit íllt, to cause much evil, Stj. 32; to avail, s. harðla mikit, 298; hvat stéttir, at ..., 110: to support, at s. vára þörf, Mar.; stétta bæn e-s, Karl. 355; þau stoða þér ekki né stétta, Stj. 20; at þú megir fleirum stétta ok stoða, 143. stéttr, m., see stétt (II). steyldr, part. [stauli, staulast; cp. Ivar Aasen stöl = a horseshoe-shaped iron hook or clasp] :-- crouching; steyldr á hæli, standing in a crouching posture, Fbr. 53. STEYPA, ð and t, [a causal answering to stúpa, staup] :-- to 'make stoop,' cast down, overthrow (Germ. stürzen), with dat.; at vér steypim hánum, Fms. vii. 261; s. þínum úvinum, viii. 220; at eigi mætti ofsi lögum s., x. 120, Hkr. i. 72; s. niðr e-u, to throw down, Barl. 152; s. hjálminum þeim inum gullroðna, Fms. vii. 242; þeir steyptu fimm konungum í eina keldu, Ó.H. 69; hann steypir sér fram, stooped down, Karl. 161. 2. to let sink down, put on (or off) a smock-formed garment; hann tók selbelgi ok steypti yfir höfuð þeim, Fms. i. 10; s. kyrtli yfir e-n, Blas. 46; hann steypti á sik grárri kápu, Fms. vii. 289; s. af sér brynjunni, kyrtli ( = Lat. exuere), i. 43, vi. 421, Fb. ii. 214: of a hood, hann hafði loðkápa yzt ok steypt hettinum, he let the hood sink over the face, Fms. ii. 149. II. to pour out, with dat.; steypa soði á leiði hans, Fms. vii. 251; steypa viðsmjörvi í vár hjörtu, Mar.; hann lét s. þar á gullinu, poured the gold out into it, Hkr. iii. 80; hann tók byttu eina fulla af drykk, ok steypti yfir dokkuna, ok kældi svá eldinn, Fms. x. 54; s. vatni í munnlaug, Mar.; þá er sínu blóði hafa út steypt, 671. 4; tekr örvarnar ok steypir þeim niðr fyrir sik, Nj. 107; s. heitu vaxi á andlit sér, Fms. vi. 153, vii. 30, 225: s. út, to pour out; s. út geislum, Sks. 48: s. niðr, to pour down: s. yfir e-n, to pour out over one, Fms. i. 97. III. reflex. to tumble down, fall stooping, Germ. stü;rzen; steypðisk hann dauðr á gólfit, Fms. iii. 193; Þorkell steyptisk yfir hann, Fagrsk. 52; jarl steyptisk fram á gólfit, Orkn. 48; hón steyptisk í gljúfrin, Grett. 141; iðrin steyptusk ór honum ofan í ána, id.; steypask yfir borð, to plunge overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. i. 239; þá steypumk á þá ofan fyrir brekkuna. let us plunge upon them, like a stream, Fms. vii. 297: of a waterfall, forsinn steypisk fram af berginu. 2. part., in the phrase, með steyptum kertum, with candles reversed in the ceremony of excommunication, H.E. i. 146, Stat. 283, Sturl. iii. B. With acc. [staup; Dan. stöbe], to cast, found; steypa skurðgoð, guða af málmi, Barl. 139, Stj. 188, 583; steyptr kálfi, Sks. 574; steypt af kopar ok málmi, Fms, vii, 97, passim in old and mod. usage: svelli var steypt í gilit, lumps of ice, Mar.: metaph., rendering of Lat. fundere, s. fram bæn = fundere preces, id. steypari, a, m. a caster, Clar.; eir-s., a brass-founder, Rétt. 120. steypðr, stopðr, part. [see stopi, stapi; A.S. steâp], steep, rising high; steypðir hjálmar, steep helmets (cp. Fris. stâpa helm), Gkv. 2. 19; stöpðir reykir, steep (pillars of) smoke, Edda (in a verse). steyping, f. an overthrow, Fms. viii. 16. steypir, m. a caster(?), a nickname, Fms. viii. steypi-regn, n. a pouring rain. steypi-reyðr, f. a whale, balaena maxima. STEYTA, t, [Ulf. stautan = GREEK; Dan. stöde; Swed. stöta; Germ. stossen; connected with a lost strong verb stúta, staut] :-- to push, with dat., cast violently; hverjum hlut er þar í hefir steytt verit, cast into the lake, Stj. 75; þeir steyta þeim út ór vagninum niðr á jörðina, Karl. 161; steytandi honum dauðum á jörð, 194; steytast (to be thrown) niðr í eina dýblizu, 550; vóru þar út á steyttir (flung) dauðir menn, Ann. 1349; steytir urð at urð, was flung from rock to rock, Bs. ii. 25; skipið steytti á skeri, she struck on a skerry; steyta fót sinn við steini, Matth. iv. 6. steyting, f., in á-steyting, a stumbling, N.T., Vídal. steytr, m. [Dan. stöd], a capsize; fá úhagligan steyt, Bs. ii. 129; hón (the wave) horfði á þvert skipit ok ógnaði hræðiligan steyt, 50. stibba, u, f. [akin to stifla], a stifling; það er stibba í mér, stibba í nefinu: in reykjar-s., a stifling smoke. stig, n. [stíga], a step; stig fyrir stig, step for step. 2. a path = stigr, hann freistaði um öll stig. Róm. 310. 3. as a measure, a pace = Lat. passus; fjögur fet göra stig, MS. 732; mæli-stig, a degree, mathem. 4. the step of a ladder; var ek þá kominn í hit efsta stigit, Ó.H. 211 (mod. hapt or stiga-hapt). II. a step or degree in point of birth or family; in the phrase, af ... stigum, of low (small, high) degree; af meirum stigum eðr minnum, Fas. i. 242; af litlum stigum, Sks. 749; af háfum stigum, and the like. stig-gata, u, f. a footpath, Sks. 728. stig-hosur, f. pl. riding-stockings, Fms. x. 415. stigi, a, m., stegi, Sks. 423 (v.l.), 428 B, [stigr] :-- a step, ladder, steep ascent; hann sá stiga frá himnum, Ó.H. 211; stiga sex álna hávan, Vm. 129; stigi skal til eldhúss hvers vera, ok tveir krókar í hverjum fjórðungi, N.G.L. ii. 248, passim in old and mod. usage: of a scaling ladder in war, Al. 146, Sks. 413, 423, 428: the phrase, leggja á stiga, to stretch on a ladder, as on a rack, Fms. ix. 349. II. Stigi, Stiga-gnúpr, a local name, Landn. stiga-hapt, n. a step in a ladder. stigning, f., in upp-s., niðr-s., q.v. STIGR (also sounded stígr, stíg and víg make rhyme in old poems), m., gen. stigs, dat. stig; n. pl. stigar, stiga, which forms seem older and better than stigir, stigu, which also occur: [A.S. stíg; Early Engl. stie; Engl. stair; Dan. sti; Germ. steg; cp. North. E. stye or stie, a steep ascent or pass, as in stye-head Pass] :-- a path, footway; sveinarnir hljópu þegar á stiginn er heim lá til bæjarins, Fms. ii. 100; sá er stigana hafði bannat, Fs. 5; dreif liðit af hverjum stig (dat.). Anal. 88; ok ferr þá stigu, Edda 44; taka úkunna stiga, to walk in unknown paths, Fms, viii. 30; kanna ókunna stigu, to visit unknown paths, i.e. foreign lands; ganga þessa stigu, Fs. 32; þóttú lafir á stigum, id.; hylr stigu alla, of snow, Gísl. 28 (drífr í stigu alla, 112. l.c.); stemma stiga fyrir e-m, to bar one's way, cut one off, Róm. 213; vega ok stiga, ways and paths, Sks. 625 B; götu ok stigu, Greg. 31; ryðja stiginn, to rid or clear the way, Eg. 289; af-stigr, Fs. 5; hjá-stigr, a by-path; leyni-stigr (q.v.), a hidden path; gagn-stígr, a 'gain-path,' short cut; glap-stigr, vil-stigr, stafkarls-stigr, ein-stigi, q.v. stiga-maðr, m. a highwayman. Eg. 537, Fs. 8, Gullþ. 10, Fms. v. 46; stigamenn ok ránsmenn, Hkr. ii. 336. stig-reip, n. [A.S. stig-râp; O.H.G. steka-reif; Engl. stirrup] :-- a 'stepping-rope,' stirrup, Fms. vi. 416; menninir stóðu í stigreipum, Bs. i. 670; varð fótrinn fastr í stigreipinu, Orkn. 450. STIK, n. pl. stakes, piles, which in times of war were driven in the mouths of rivers, inlets, and along the shore; stiknðu Gautar Gautelfi, at konungr skyldi eigi mega leggja skipum sínum upp í landit, Haraldr konungr lagðisk við stikin, Hkr. i. 92 (see also the verse); þeir lögðu at landi við stikin, Fms. vii. 188; uppi við stikin, 256; þeir hjuggu tengslin frá stikunum, 259: sing., þar gengr Sjólfr til er stikat er, a stake for shooting, Fas. ii. 266. stika, að, [A.S. stician], to drive piles (stik), Hkr. i. 92 (see stik); hann lét stika ána Temps, Bret.; stikaðr var út óssinn, sem vandi er á í Austrvegum (as is the custom in the Baltic) at stika fyrir úfriði, O.H.L. 12; svá er sagt at Ólafr konungr lét stika ána uppi, ok stór vötn er nær lágu. 52; hann skyldi ok láta stika þjóðleið ... svá at eigi væri þar skipum fært, Fb. ii. 72; stika hvert grunn, Edda (Ht.): stakes driven in between high and low water-mark for whale or salmon catching, s. fyrir hval, N.G.L. i. 61; s. laxa-fiski, D.N. v. 531. II. to measure with a yard-measure; stika lérept, Fms. vi. 348; s. vaðmál, Ölk. 36; s. niðr hundrað vöru, Bs. i. 849; þar fyrir skaltú s. þér ór fatabúri þrjátigir álnir lérepts, 876. stika, u, f. a stick; hvárki steinn né stika, Stj. 531; eldiviðar-stikum, sticks for fuel, 264. 2. a yard, yard measure (equal to two ells); með stikum þeim er jamnlangar eru tíu, sem kvarði tvítögr sá er merktr er á kirkju-vegg á Þingvelli, Grág. i. 497; met, mæli-keröld ok stikur, Gþl. 522; hafa ranga stiku, Jb. 375: greiða vaðmál eigi skemra saman en stiku, Vm. 16; stiku-breiðr, yard-broad, Grág. i. 498; stiku-blígr, a nickname, Landn.: compds, kerti-stika, a candlestick; reglu-s., a ruler. &FINGER; The old stika seems to have answered to the Engl. yard; gaf þá þat ráð til Páll biskup, at menn skyldi hafa stikur, þær er væri tveggja álna at lengd, Bs. i. 135 (Páls S. ch. 9). stikan, f. a measuring, Grág. i. 497. stikill, m. [Ulf. stikls = GREEK], the pointed end of a horn, often mounted with gold or silver; manns-höfuð var á stiklinum, Fms, iii. 190; stikillinn hornsins, Edda 32; ristin horn vóru á honum (the ox) ok rennt gulli í stiklana, Fas. iii. 30; slær sik eitt horn á auga hestinum ... stikillinn stingr þat brott, Bs. ii. 177. II. = stilkr, a stilt; bauna stiklar, Barl. 46. stikki, a, m. a kind of short, measured poem; stundu vér til stikka ... nú er vel tamiðr stikki, Fms. xi. 222 (in a verse); Sörla-stikki, the name of a poem, Fb. i. 277; stikka-lag, a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) i. 712. stikkinn, adj. stickling, saucy, Fb. ii. 134. stikkjask, dep.: sá er við þat stikkisk, feels himself hit, Hom. stikk-knífr, m. a sticking-knife, dirk, H.E. ii. 113. stikla, að, to leap, as on stepping-stones; sá studdi höndunum á bálkinn, ok stiklaði svá út yfir bálkinn ok mannhringinn, Orkn. 112; hann stiklar í södulinn, Nj. 112; ok stiklar svá með reykinum, 202; hann stiklar yfir inn, Ísl. ii. 357; siðan stiklar hann út af Járnbarðanum,

STIKNA -- STÍGA. 093

Fms. xi. 133; hann stiklaði þá hart upp á þéttleif, 367; stiklar hón ofan af seið-hjallinum, Fas. i. 12. stikna, að, [steikja, ei and i indicating a lost strong verb] :-- to be roasted, scorched; bréfit stiknar, Th. 27, passim. stilkr, m. [Dan. stilk], a stalk, stem, freq. in mod. usage: as a nickname, Fb. iii. STILLA, t, [A.S. stilljan; Engl. still; Dan. stille] :-- to still, soothe, calm; Njörðr stillir sjá ok eld, Edda; stilla sik, to still oneself, keep down one's wrath, Nj. 27, Fms. i. 15; hann var svá óðr at þeir fengu varla stillt hann, Fs. 38; s. skap sitt, 34; s. sonu okkra, to restrain them, Eg. 2. to moderate, temper; stilla til mundangs-hófs, Sks. 778: with dat., svá stillti hann lífi sínu, at ..., 655 iii. 4; stilltú vel aflinu, Nj. 32; s. afli þínu, Fms. vi. 105; s. lítt drykkjunni, Hkr. ii. 249; stilla orðum, Fms. vi. 323, vii. 158, Glúm. 338; s. röddu, Vkv.; vel er þessu í hóf stillt, Nj. 54; engi er svá snjallr, at svá kunni at s. sínu viti, at ..., Flóv. 31; stilla görðinni, to moderate, regulate the arbitration, Nj. 54; nú, ef undir þik kæmi görðin, vil ek at þú stillir henni, Band, 9: s. til um e-t, to arrange; hversu þeir skyldi til stilla um ferðina, Fms. i. 163; skulu vér s. svá til, at ..., Eg. 582, Fs. 29; hann stillir svá til um róðrinn, Gullþn 70; stilltu þau Ásgerðr um, watched the opportunity, 702; Guð stillti honum til lausnar, Fms. x. 391; Fjölni þótti nú ofraðar-vel um stillt, xi. 47; stilla til friðar, to make peace, conciliate. 3. to tune an instrument; stilla hörpu, stilla strengi, Bs. i. 155. II. to walk with measured, noiseless steps; hvert stillir þú, Halli(?) ... Hleyp ek fram at skyrkaupum, Fms. vi. 363; ok stillti næsta Brúna, Skíða R. 163; fékk hón síðan lurk, ok stillti at selnum, Bs. i. 335; hann stillti at rekkjunni hljóðliga, Grett. 126 new Ed.; þeir stilltu at steininum, Fms. viii. 343; þá stillti Davíð til, ok skar nokkut svá af kyrtil-blaði Sauls konungs, Stj. 718. 1 Sam. xxiv. 4; hann stillir nú fram tré undan tré, Karl. 67. 2. to entrap; hann þykkisk nú hafa. stilltan þik mjök í þessu, Fms. xi. 113; vér stilltum svá til glæps, Sighvat; nú kveð ek her stilltan, led into a trap, entrapped, Fms. vi. 420 (in a verse). III. part. stilltr, q.v. stilli, n. a resting-place; friðar-stilli, Pass. 21. 8, 12; til-stilli, um-stilli, an arrangement. 2. a trap on the sea or in a river; stóð svá í stilli, Safn i. 61; nema selr liggi á látri því er stilli er til hlaðit, Gþl. 465; ganga í stilli, to go into a trap, Fas. iii. 355; koma í stilli, id., Grett. 83; stillis-veiðr, catching in a trap, Dipl. v. 23. stilli-liga, adv. composedly, calmly, with moderation; svara s., Ó.H. 59, 97, Ísl. ii. 351; fara s., Fms. vii. 262; fara s. með e-u, Bs. i. 139; maela s., Eg. 51. stilli-ligr, adj. moderate, composed, Al. 87, Stj. 381. stilling, f. moderation, calmness, temperance, Fms. ii. 38, Fs. 36; með stillingu, Th. 11, Bs. i. 136; hafa stilling við, Ísl. ii. 347: management, kunna góða stilling á e-u, Fms. i. 98; stillingar-maðr, Bs. i. 635. stillir, m. a 'stiller,' 'moderator,' i.e. a king, poët., Hdl. 42, Hkv. Hjörv. 31, Lex. Poët. stilltr, adj. (or part.), still, calm, tempered, composed, of mind, character; ákafr ok eigi mjök s., Þorst. Siðu H. 173; vel stilltr, Fs. 23, Nj. 14; s. manna bezt, Eg. 702; ó-stilltr, unruly. stillur, f. pl. stepping-stones, in water. stimpast, að; s. við e-t, to tug against. STINGA, sting, pret. stakk, stakkt (stakst), stakk, pl. stungu; subj. styngi; imperat. stikk, stikktú; part. stunginn: [Goth, stiggan; A.S. stingan; Engl. sting, stick, and stitch; Germ. stechen; Dan. stikke] :-- to sting, stick, stab; maðr stingr á manni stauri, stöngu eða öxar-skapti, eða spjótskapti, N.G.L. i. 69; hann stakk öxar-skaptinu á Þrándi, Eg. 717; hann stakk við forkinum, 220; s. höndum við e-m, Finnb.; stinga við fótum, to put the foot forward, of one suddenly stopping, Finnb. 300; hann stingr niðr atgeirinum, Nj. 83; hann stakk niðr merkinu í jörðina, he stuck the pole fast, Fms. viii. 363; hann stakk sverðinu í bug hringinum, Eg. 306; at Búi hafi stungit stúfunum í hringa kistnanna. Fms. i. 178; stikk stafs-broddi mínum í vatnið, Landn. 251; stikk mér í, kvað reka, Fms. vii. 115 (stikk í mér, Mork. l.c.); Þórólfr stakk þar sverðinu, Ld. 204; hann stakk því í munn sér, stuck it in his mouth, Eb. 242; stakk hendinni í eldinn, Bs. i. 341. 2. naut., stinga stafni, to stick to the stem, to stick close to; Baglar stungu stófnum at nesinu, Fms. ix. 45; varðmenn sjá land svá nær at þeir stungu nær stafni at, Ld. 76; þeir stinga at stafni, Finnb. 232, 254; hann stakk stafni á milli ok skips Sigurðar, Fms. vii. 264; stinga saman stöfnum, to come to close quarters, in a sea battle, xi. 131. 3. to stab; stinga augu ór höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11, Fs. 99, Fms. vii. 185; s. augat brott, Bs. ii. 177; þeir stungu raufar á hásinum þeirra, Hrafn. 2O; hann stakk í lófa sér, Eg. 211; of a stitch of pain, svá stingr mik í hjartað, Bs. i. 810 (stingi). 4. metaph. to sting, instigate; stakk hana náttúran til þess, Skálda. 5. phrases, stinga nösum niðr, to bite the dust, Flóv. 41, Fas. i. 41; stinga saman nefjum, Grett.; s. nefi í feld, Fms. x. 401 (see nef); stinga e-n af, to thrust one through, slay, Ld. 262 (Germ. abstecben); s. e-n af stokki, to spear, slay with a spear, Nj. 166; stinga e-m sneið (see sneið), Fms. iv. 310; stinga e-n, to sting, goad, to blame, Fms. viii. 369; s. at e-m, to have a hit at, Skíða R. 124. II. reflex.; þú hefir mjök stungizk til þessa máls, thou hast stuck to, meddled with the case, Ólk. 36: in mod. usage, to stick fast, nálin hefir stungizt í koddann, hnífrinn stakst á oddinn, of a knife dropping on its point; stingast á höfuðið, to make a somersault; stakkst á hnífil feigðar-far, the boat sank stem foremost, Stef. Ól. 2. part. stunginn, gramm. dotted, pointed, Skálda 178 (see introduction to letters G and T). stingi, a, m. a pin, stiletto; in fetil-stingi. 2. medic. a stitch in the side (mod. stingr); hann hafði tekit stinga svá hættligan, at hann mátti varla draga öndina fyrir sárleikinum, Bs. i. 182; kenna sér stinga undir síðunni, Band. 41 new Ed.; stjarfa ok stinga, N.G.L. i. 29; með hördum stinga, Ann. 1349. stinga-sótt, f. the stitch (illness), Ann. 1310. stinn-leggjaðr, part. strong-legged, Fas. ii. 358, Fb. i. 69. stinn-leikr (-leiki), n. solidity, N.G.L. i. 446. stinn-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), strongly, Hkr. iii. 161, v.l. STINNR, adj. stiff, unbending, strong, esp. of anything like a stick, opp. to klökkr, q.v.; stinna stafi, Hm. 143; stinnt spjót, Sturl. ii. 221; setja undir stafi, ok ærit stinnt fyrir grjóti, Hkr. ii. 11; stinnr bogi, stinn skeyti, Karl. 168; s. hjálmr, 285; stinn stál, Stj. 544; stinnr jökull, Mar.: neut., fljúga stinnt, to fly with great force, Hm. 151. II. metaph. stiff, very large, of a measure, amount; stinn manngjöld, a stiff, heavy weregild (beyond the average), Lv. 55; stinn sár, severe wounds, Edda (Ht.); stinnr laupr, D.N. stipta or stifta, að, older form stigta; [A.S. stihtan; Germ. stiften; old Low Germ. stiftion = aedtficare; Dan. stifte; see stétt] :-- to establish, found; the word with its derivatives is mod. and from the Dan. stiptan, f. an establishment, foundation. stipti, n. [Dan. stift, and earlier Low Germ. form stigt] :-- in Denmark and Norway the country is divided into stifter, i.e. bailiwicks, or eccl. bishoprics; in Icel. the word and thing are quite mod.; hence stiptamt and stiptamt-maðr, a governor. stira, ð, [Dan. stirre; see stara], to stare, = stara; stirðu ér á þeirra fegrð, Mar. 655 xxxii. 3; hann spurði hví sjá ambáttar-son stirði (not styrði) svá á sik, Fs. 68. stirðna, að, to become stiff, Greg. 67, Fms. iii. 129, Eb. 220; stirðnaðr ok dauðr, Fær. 269; stirðnat lík, Fms. viii. 232, freq. in old and mod. usage. 2. metaph. to become severe; tók veðrit at stirðna, Grett. 86 A; þá stirðnaði (styrmdi?) á fyrir þeim, it grew rough, 125 A; of the temper, þeir tóku mjök at s. við hann, Fms. xi. 245. STIRÐR, adj. stiff, rigid; hann var andaðr ok svá s., at menn fengu hvergi rétt hann, Eg. 396; er ek lá stirðr á strám, Sól. 47; fótinn görði stirðan sem tré, Bs. i. 180; ákafliga móðr ok stirðr, Grett. 98; gamlan mann ok stirðan, Sturl. ii. 251; af stirðu lérepti, Sks. 404 B; með stirðum orðum, Mar.; stirt kvæði, stiff, not fluent, of rhymes, Fms. vi. 217, Ísl. ii. 237, v.l.; e-m er stirt um mál, to talk with difficulty, Fms. vii. 165; honum var málit stirt, he had not a fluent tongue, Bs. i. 277. II. harsh, severe; talar langt ok snjallt ok stirt á hendr bændum, Fms. xi. 251; stirðr dómr, v. 191; harðr ok stirðr, 343; var frú Kristín stirðari til sveinsins, enn hón hafði áðr verit, ix. 244, v.l.; Helga görðisk þá svá stirð við Rafn, Ísl. ii. 249; í stirðum hug, in sad, gloomy mood, Fms. vii. 159; við stirðan hug, Ad. 4; stirðr ok stríðr, Bs. i. 136; svara stirt ok stutt, Ó.H. 69. COMPDS: stirð-fættr, adj. stiff-footed, stiff-legged, Fas. ii. 354. stirð-kveðinn, part. stiff and hard, of poetry, Ísl. ii. 237. stirð-lyndr, adj. peevish, Ó.H. 92, Fms. ix. 243, Hrafn. 4. stirð-læti, n. frowardness, hardness, a hard temper, Ó.H. 70. stirð-orðr, adj. stiff-spoken; Halldórr var maðr fámæltr ok s., Hkr. iii 97. stirfinn, adj. [stjarfi], peevish, froward, Fs. 78, Grett. 111; ú-stirfinn, unfroward, Hkr. i. (in a verse). stirna, d, [stjarna], to sparkle, gleam; in the phrase, það stirnir í það. stirndr, adj. starry; s. himinn, Al. 134; al-stirndr, heið-s., star-bright; stirnt hásæti, a starry throne, i.e. the heavens, Sks. 627; stirnd hjálmgjórð, studded, Hkr. iii. 455. stirtla, u, f. a dry cow. stirtlu-ligr, adj. dry, dull. stirtla, að, [stirðr], to hobble, stagger; karlinn getr stirtlað sér á fætr, he staggers to his feet, Mag. STÍA, u, f. [A.S. stige; Engl. sty; Dan. sti], a sty, kennel; sem hundr hjá stíu, Fas. iii. 129; hundr til varðar fyrir búri, búð eða stíu, Grág. ii. 119; svína-stí, a pig-sty. stía, að, to pen, to pen sheep, putting lambs into the separate kró, q.v.; hann heyrði jarm þangat er stiat var, Gullþ. 19, cp. Páll Vídal. 519, and so at the present time, see the remarks s.v. stekkr; hence metaph., stía e-m sundr, to separate. STÍFLA, d (mod. að), [Engl. to stifle], to dam up; lækrinn var stífldr (dammed, blocked), Dropl. 34; stífldu með viðum ok torfi, ok stifldu svá upp vatnit, Fb. ii. 280 (stemdu, Ó.H. l.c.) stífla, u, f. a dam; göra stíflur í engi, Grág. ii. 281; göra stíflu, Ó.H. 163; brjóta stíflurnar, 164; lækr, vóru þar í stíflur, Háv. 51 (for flooding a field); brast stíflan, Ann. 1345. STÍGA, pres. stíg; part. steig, steigt (Fms. vii. 160), steig, pl. stigu; also sté, Niðrst. 8; þú stétt, Blas. 50, Fms. vii. 160, v.l.; stéttú, Edda 54 (in a verse): subj. stigi; imperat. stíg, stígðú; part. stiginn: [Ulf.

STÍGANDI -- STOÐ. 594

steigan = A.S. stîgan, Old Engl. to sty; Germ. steigen, etc.] :-- to step, esp. to step upwards; hón mátti ekki stíga á fótinn, Bs. i. 343; stíga fótum á Noreg, á land, to set foot on, Fms. x. 259; svá nær landi, at maðr má stíga á hólmann, Sks. 93 B; stíga í skó, N.G.L. i. 31; hann sté í gólfit upp at ökla, Fms. iii. 188; þú steigt (v.l. stétt) upp ór ánni, vii. 160; annarr fótr sökk áðr öðrum væri upp stigit, ix. 511, v.l.; s. yfir borð, to step over the table, Sks. 259; s. fram, to step forward, Nj. 50, 52; s. undan borði, to rise from table, Ísl. ii. 352; þeir stigu á skíð, Eg 545; stiga á skip, to go on board, Nj. 19, Fms. viii. 228; s. í bát, ix. 374, Nj. 172; s. á hest, to mount one's horse, Fms. xi. 332; s. á bak, to get on horseback, Nj. 58; s. af hesti, af baki, to alight, 53, 58, 104, Eg. 744: stíga stórum, to stride, take long steps; hann spurði hverr þar stigi stórum, Bs. i. 628 (stór-stígr, smá-stígr); s. fyrir borð, to leap overboard, Fms. ii. 117; s. ofan, to step down, x. 238; s. upp, to ascend; s. upp til himna, Rb. 56; s. niðr, to descend, 623. 8; cp. upp-stigning, ascent; niðr-stigning, descent: s. í fótspor e-m, Fs. 4, Sks. 13; s. til ríkis, to ascend the throne, Fms. x. 390, 410, 415; s. til föður-leifðar sinnar, xi. 331; konungr steig til vizku, x. 380 :-- s. yfir, to overcome, Blas. 50; stíg þú yfir íllt með góðu, Hom. 6; at stíga yfir höfuð þvílíkum höfðingjum, Fms. vii. 296; en nú er svá komit aldri mínum, at þat er á öngri stundu örvænt, nær elli stígr yfir höfuð mér, Eb. 332; ef talan stígr yfir (oversteps, exceeds) sjau, Rb. 128. 2. with acc., steig hann keflit af spjóts-oddinum, Fms. xi. 347; hann steig í sundr orbit, Fb. i. 522. II. reflex., sú reiði stígsk yfir með þolinmæði, Hom. 26; hirð eigi þú yfir at stígask af íllu, 6. Róm. xii. 21. 2. part., yfir-stiginn, overcome, vanquished, 625. 40, Sks. 551. stígandi, a, m. a stepper, strider, a nickname, Eb., as in the name Stigand. 2. of a ship, Fs. stígr, adj. striding, stepping; in stór-s, smá-s. 2. a pr. name, Stígr, Knytl. S., freq. in old Dan. stíg-vél, n. pl. [a for. word, a mod. form of styfill, q.v.], boots. stíla, to put into style, fix. stíll, m. [Lat. stilus], style, Bs. ii. 55: as a school term, Látínskr stíll, Latin composition. stím, n. a struggle, Skáld H. 7. 44; in stíma-brak, n. a hard struggle, hard tug, Bjarni 138. stíma, að, to wrestle, have a hard tussle with; s. við e-n (e-t), Fas. iii. 502. stírur, f. pl. stiffness in the eyes, from sleep; hafa stírur í augum. 2. stíra, a nickname, Fms. x. stívarðr, m. [from the Engl.], a steward, Stj., Fms. ix. 421. stjaka, að, to punt with a stjaki, q.v. stjaki, a, m. a punt-pole, stake, boat-hook. 2. a candlestick; kerta-s. stjana (stjan, n.), að, to serve, attend (as a drudge); stjana undir e-n. stjanka, að, to be busy about small trifles, Dan. pussle. stjarfi, a, m. [A.S. steorfa = a plague; cp. Germ. sterben, Engl. starve] :-- epilepsy, N.G.L. i. 29, 182, Fél. x. 40. stjarfr, adj. subject to fits; hross stjarft eða statt, Gpl. 504, v.l. STJARNA, u, f. [a word common to all Indo-Germ. languages], a star, Vsp. 5; heiðar stjörnur, 57, Rb. 110, Stj. 299, and passim. In olden and modern days in Icel., the time in the winter evenings was marked by the position of the Pleiades above the horizon (as that of the day by the sun, see dagr, dags-mark); that constellation is therefore GREEK called 'the Star,' Þórðr reið Fimmta-daginn um hádegi af Þingvelli en kom til Helgafells Föstu-náttina er stjarna var í austri, on Friday night when the Star was in the east, i.e. was just risen, Sturl. iii. 25; sendi hann Einar djákna út at sjá hvar stjarna væri komin, he sent Einar out to see where the Star was (i.e. to see what the time was), Bs. i. 874; þegar er úthallaði á kveldum, skyldi hann halda til stjörnu, he 'should keep to the Star,' 'keep to the time,' Lv. 43; so also in the ditty, Sjö-stjörnu spyr enginn að | inn í bóndans garði | hún er komin í hádegis stað | hálfu fyrr enn varði, Eggert. But with sailors 'the Star' means the load-star (leiðar-s.), allt norðr undir Stjörnu, north under the Star, to the north pole, Fms. x. 112; þar (þaðan) er stjarna er Hafshvarf heitir á austan-verðu landi, A.A., cp. Symb. 31: 'stjarna' also may mean Arcturus; vagn-s. = the 'wain-star,' i.e. Arcturus; kveld-s., morgun-s., blá-s., leiðar-s. Northern mythical names of stars, Örvandils-tá, the toe of Orwendel = Rigel in Orion(?), Edda 59; Þjassa augu, the Eyes of Thiassi = Castor and Pollux(?), 47; Loka-brenna = 'Sirius;' Reið Rögnis = the 'Wain of Odin' = the Great Wain(?), Sdm. 2. a star on the forehead of a horse; such horses are called Stjarni, a, m., and Stjarna, u, f. II. COMPDS: stjörnu-bók, f. a star-book, register of stars; stjörnubókar-maðr, an astronomer, Rb.; stjörnubókar-list, astronomy, id. stjörnu-fræði, f. astronomy. stjörnu-fræðingr, m. an astronomer. stjornu-gangr, m. the course of the stars, Al. 42, Barl., Mar. stjörnu-hrap, n. a shooting star. stjörnu-íþrótt, f. astronomy, Stj. 64, Al. 42. stjörnu-list, f. astronomy. Fas. iii. 497. stjörnu-ljós, n. star-light, Fms. i. 54. stjörnu-mark, n. a constellation, Rb., Stj. stjornu-meistari, a, m. an astrologer, Barl. 7. stjörnu-rím, n. astrology, Stj. 278, Barl. 189. stjörnu-vegr, m. a 'star-way,' constellation, Karl. 129. stjá, n. toil, esp. daily toil, irksome trouble, (conversational.) stjóri, a, m. a steerer, ruler, Lex. Poët., mostly in compds. stjóri, a, m. a kind of stone anchor (Gr. GREEK) hleypa niðr stjóra, Eg. 142; draga stjóra, to weigh the s., Hallgr.: metaph. phrase, taka stjórann, to 'cut and run.' STJÓRN, f. a steering, steerage; setjask við stjórn, Fms. i. 147; sitja við s., to sit at the helm, xi. 141, Fb. ii. 14, Ó.T. 62; kvaddi hann Þórarinn til stjórnar, Fb. i. 405; Ormrinn lét ekki at s., yielded not to the rudder, 520: so in the phrase, á stjórn, on the starboard side; sá er næstr hvílir borði á stjórn (= stjórn-borði), N.G.L. i. 103; betr á stjórn (a word of command), Fms. vii. 10; á stjórn Hákoni jarli er Sigurðr sonr hans, Fagrsk. 48; lá landit á stjórn, Þorf. Karl. i. 410. 2. rule, Fb. ii. 308; þat er meiri stjórn, Fms. vii. 133; þat mun fleiri ok meiri s., at ..., Fas. ii. 73: government, mod.; þjóð-s., lýð-s., a republic; harð-s., tyranny, etc. (mod.) COMPDS: stjórnar-blað, n. the blade or flat of a rudder, Sdm. 10. stjórnar-bót, f. a constitution, (mod.) stjórnar-lauss, adj. without rule; s. ríki, Fas. iii. 57, Sks. 751. stjórnar-maðr, m. a steersman, Fms. x. 368: a ruler, 236, Sks. 610 B, 611, Edda 8, Bret. 72. stjórnar-skrá, f. a constitution. stjórnar-vald, n. authority, Bs. i. 280. stjórnar-völr, m. a tiller, Bs. ii. 51. stjórna, að, to govern, with dat., Fms. i. 18, xi. 99, Anecd. 40, Al. 8. stjórnaðr, m. = stjórn; in stjórnaðar-maðr, a ruler, Anecd. 26. stjórnan, f. a ruling, Stj. 26. stjórnari, a, m. a steersman, Fb. i. 405: a ruler, Edda (pref.), Mar. stjórn-bitlaðr, part. with the bit for a rudder, poët, of a horse, Og. 2. stjórn-borði, a, m. [A.S. steôrbord; Engl. starboard], (sounded stjór-borði), the starboard side, Fms. vii. 10 (v.l.), viii. 386, Orkn. 362, passim. stjórn-byrðingr, m. a starboard man, Fms. viii. 224. stjórn-fastr, adj. provided with a rudder; s. skip, Fms. vii. 47, Orkn. 152, Fas. ii. 20. stjórn-lauss, adj. rudderless, Hm. 89: unruly, Stj. 255. stjórn-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), well-steered, orderly, Hom. 26; ú-stjórnligr, immoderate, Bárð. 26 new Ed. stjórn-marr, m. a 'rudder-steed,' i.e. a ship, Hkv.: see stag. stjórn-samr, adj. a good, wise ruler, epithet of a prince or the like, Fms. vii. 150, Orkn. 176, O.H.L. 22, Magn. 464, Grett. 40 new Ed. stjórn-taumar, m. pl. the mod. word for the old stjórnviðjar. stjórn-við, gen. -viðjar, the 'steer-withies,' steerage-ropes, by which the rudder is worked instead of a tiller, Edda (Gl.) i. 583, v.l. 7; nú brestr í sundr stjórnviðin, ok gengr frá stýrit, Þiðr. 313; stjór-viðjar (gen. sing.), Edda (in a verse). stjórn-völr, m. a 'steer-wand,' tiller, Edda (Gl.) stjórr, m. [Ulf. stiurs; A.S. steôr, stirc; Engl. steer; North. E. and Scot. stirk; Germ. stier] :-- a steer, stirk, young bull, an obsolete word, which seems to occur in Edda i. 460 (in a verse), unless the true reading be stjórnviðjar, q.v. The word may be preserved in such local names as Stjóra-dalr, and prob. in the dimin. Sturla, q.v. (qs. stjuri-la). STJÚP-, in later, esp. Norse, MSS. the form is deteriorated into stýp-, N.G.L. i. 170; thence into stýf-, 392; and, lastly, the f is changed into g or k, stjúg-, 405, stjúk-, D.N.: [A.S. steôp-; Engl. step-; Germ. stief-; Dan. stiv-; Swed. styf-: the mod. Dan. sted- is a corruption of quite modern date; the original sense of stjúp (= bereft, orphan) is preserved in the A.S. verb steôpan.] B. Step-, in step-son, -child, -daughter, -mother, -father: stjúp-barn, n. a stepchild, Hkr. ii. 118, Ld. 300, Orkn. 434. stjúp-dóttir, f. a stepdaughter, Eg. 597, Landn. 136 (v.l.), 245, N.G.L. i. 350, K.Á. 142. stjúp-faðir, m. a stepfather, Edda 53, Fms. i. 277, vi. 93, Karl. 490. stjúp-móðir, f. a stepmother, Landn. 261, N.G.L. i. 350, K.Á. 142; stjúpmóður sköp, a stepmother's spells, from nursery tales. Fas. i. 31; var þvílíkast sem í fornum sögum er sagt, at verit hefði, þá er konunga-börn urðu fyrir stjúpmæðra-sköpum, Fms. viii. 18; stjúpmæðra-sögur, stepmother-stories, nursery tales; ok betra er slíkt meðr gamni at heyra, enn stjúpmæðra-sögur er hjarðar-sveinar segja, er engi veit hvárt satt er, er jafnan láta konunginn minnstan í sínum frá-sögnum, Ó.T. (pref.) stjúp-son, m. a stepson, Edda 18, Grág. ii. 45, Fms. xi. 183, Rb. 416, Fas. i. 374. stjúpa, u, f. = stjúpmóðir, Fas. iii. 471. stjúpr, m. (mod. stjúpi, a, m.), a stepson, Hkv. 1. 40, Sturl. iii. 146, Edda 56, Fs.: dat. stjúpi, Sighvat. STJÖLR, m., acc. pl. stjölu, Hornkl. [cp. stél] :-- the hinder part; létu upp stjölu stúpa, Hornkl.; stjölinn konungsins, Fms. xi. 64; með breiðan stjöl, Bjarn. (in a verse). stjörnóttr, adj. [stjarna], starred, with a star on the forehead, of a horse. stobbi, a, m. a stub, block; see stubbi. STOÐ, f., pl. stöðr or steðr, later stoðir, Hom. 95; stuðir, 97; [styðja] :-- a post; stukku steðr frá lúðri, Gs. 20; stóð hón und stoð, Gkv. 1; broddrinn stóð fastr í stoðinni, Fms. viii. 258, Sturl. ii. 119; steðr ok stólpar, Edda i. 78; ábyrgjask hús, ef steðr eru til fengnar, Grág. ii. 336: metaph. a prop, in phrases, kippa undan þeirri stoð er

STOÐA -- STOTI. 595

áðr hélt mest upp ráði hennar, Glúm. 341; margar stoðir (stoðar Cod. C.) runnu undir hann, frændr, mágar ok vinir, Sturl. i. 160; stoð ok styrkr, Bs. i. 131; at-stoð, help. stoða, að, to stay, support, back; er þú vill eigi stoða mál vúr, Vápn. 14; þér vilit ekki stoða mína nauðsyn, Fms. xi. 225; þinn stoða ek mátt, Sighvat: stoða e-m til e-s, to help one towards, Stj. 570; stoða til e-s, to help towards, Hom. 4, 73. 2. to avail, boot; ekki mun mér stoða, ef mér er dauði ætlaðr, Nj. 62; stoðaði þat ekki, Hkr. i. 277; hvat stoðar þat? what boots it? Fms. vii. 182; mun þér ekki stoða undandráttr, ii. 115; ekki stoðar heimboð við hana, af ..., Grág. i. 381; leita annarrar lækningar ef önnur stoðar ekki, 623. 26; hvat hann stoðar í málinu, Skálda 165. stoði, a, m. = stoð; vinna mikinn stoða, Fms. viii. 167, v. 1. STOFA, u, f., older form stufa; [A.S. stofa; Engl. stove; Old Germ. stuve; Germ. stube; Dan. stue] :-- the oldest sense seems to be that of a stove-room, like Germ. stube, a bathing-room with a 'stove;' stofur tvær, þar skyldi konungr taka bað, Bs. i. 632; bað-stofa, q.v.: and to this refers the phrase, kafna í stofu reyk, to be choked with the stove-reek in a bath, as an ignominious death, Grett. 116; stofu-reykr, the reek of a stove; kafna í stofu reyk, Grett. 116 A; stofu-smíð, Sturl. i. 181. 2. one of the rooms in an ancient dwelling, esp. used for the ladies' sitting-room, and opp. to the skáli; stofa, eldhús, búr, Grág. i. 459; eldhús eðr stofur, 468; sat Gunnlaugr í stofu, Ísl. ii. 250; gékk Þormóðr milli stofu ok eldhúss, Fbr. 164; Rannveig gékk til stofu, Nj. 83, 175; ganga inn í stofu, Eg. 23, 49, 110, 149, 205, 206, 215, 233; ganga inn ok finna stofu, þar sátu konur tvær, Fær. 41; í stofu þá er konur sátu at verki, Bs. i. 627; þar var karlfátt heima ok hvíldu allir menn í stofu, Sturl. i. 142; var sleginn danz í stofu, ii. 117; hann dreymdi at hann þóttisk sitja í stofu í rúmi sínu, þótti honum stofan alskipuð, stóðu borð um alla stofu ok vistir á, 186, 206, iii. 267; fram í stofunni frá ek hann var er fólkit skyldi hátta, Skíða R. 36; þeir gengu frá elda-skála með skutil-diska ok báru inn í stofu, Eg. 238; til stofu er jarl drakk inni, Fs. 112; litla stofa, Sturl. ii. 152, 153, 181, 185, iii. 100, 187, Orkn. 182; ytri stofa, Sturl. iii. 42; almanna-stofa, ii. 153, iii. 194, 198; bað-stofa, ii. 121, 167, iii. 102, 176, 196; biskups-stofa, 267; set-s., svefn-s., q.v.; myrkva-s., a 'mirk-stove,' a dungeon; stofu-búnaðr, hangings, Fms. vi. 342; stofu-dyrr, -gluggr, -gólf, -horn, -hurð, -pallr, the door, window, floor ... of a stofa, Eg. 46, Sd. 142, 143, Gullþ. 62, Fms. ix. 55, Fbr. 168, Gþl. 344, H.E. i. 495, Fær. 194; stofu-refill, Dipl. iii. 4. STOFN, m., or stomn, N.G.L. i. 243, [Ulf. stoma = GREEK; A.S. stofn; Engl. stem; Germ. stamm; Lat. stipes] :-- a stem of a tree; tré á sterkum stofni, Al. 131; líkt sem stykki af stofni tré, Skíða R.; ef maðr höggr tré, ok hylr stofn, the stump of a cut tree, Grág. ii. 296, 298; var eytt skóginum ok stóðu stofnarnir eptir, Sd. 169; hann hnekði þá at stofni einum, Ísl. ii. 268; ef maðr höggr við í mörku manns, þá skal hann leiða menn til stomns ok láta sjá viðar-höggit, N.G.L. l.c. 2. metaph. a foundation; standa á sterkum stofni, on a strong footing, Al. 119; hefjask tveim stofnum, to look uncertain, Fas. iii. 76; setja á stofn, to establish, Fms. ii. 35; þú settir ílla á stofn við hann, Grett. 138; fjár-stofn, bú-stofn, stock to begin with. stofna, að, to establish, lay the foundation of; s. musteri, Ld. 316; stofnuð með góðum efnum, Bs. i. 146; úvænt stofnat, Rd. 270; landkaup sem þér hafit stofnat, Ld. 212; þessi kaupmáli sem þit hafit stofnat, Nj. 24; stofna heit, Fms. ii. 16; stofna ráð, 655 iii. 3; stofna ráða-görð, Ld. 64; stofna hesta-þing, Glúm. 366; þessi ætlan sem nú er stofnuð, Fms. vii. 258; þó hefi ek í einum stað á stofnat, I have decided on one place, Nj. 3. stofnan, f. a founding, establishing. stofn-setja, t, to establish: stofn-setning, f. a foundation. stokka, að, to build, raise; in the phrase, s. hátt, to aim high, from raising a high scaffold, Fb. i. 134, Fas. ii. 552. stokk-bólga, u, f. a hard swelling, hard as wood to the touch: stokk-bólginn, part. hard-swollen. stokk-lauss, adj. without a stock (of an anchor), Fas. iii. 377. STOKKR, m. [A.S. stoc; Engl. and Germ. stock; Dan. stok, etc.] :-- a stock, trunk, block, log of wood; þar höföu stokkar stórir verit fluttir heim, ok svá eldar görvir sem þar er siðvenja til, at eldinn skal leggja í stokks-endann, ok brennr svá stokkrinn, Egill greip upp stokkinn, Eg. 238; sá eldr sem lagðr er í eiki-stokkinn, Bs. i. 223; hann settisk á einn stokk er stóð fyrir honum, Finnb. 222; þeir görðu brúar stórar yfir díkit ok görðu stokka undir, Fms. xi. 34; skyrker stóð á stokkum í búrinu, Sturl. iii. 192; hann lét hola innan stokk einn, Mar.; skutu þeir stokki á hrygginn, Fms. vii. 227: allit., stokka eðr steina, stocks or stones, ii. 265, vii. 227, x. 274, Grág. ii. 132, 360 (of idols). II. spec. usages, stocks on which ships are built (bakka-stokkar); skipit hljóp af stokkunum fram á ána, she slipped from off the stocks into the river, Fms. viii. 196 :-- the mast-step, tók tréit at falla fram eptir stokkinum, ix. 386 :-- the gunwale of a ship (borð-stokkr), Fas. ii. 38 :-- the plates or beams laid horizontally on a wall, hence the mod. Norse stokka-búr, Gísl. 88; hence the phrases, 'innan stokks' or 'fyrir innan stokk,' in-doors, opp. to 'útan-stokks,' 'fyrir útan stokk, ' out-of-doors; according to an Icel. phrase, the wife rules 'innan-stokks,' the husband 'útan-stokks,' Nj. 11, Ísl. ii. 401, Grág. i. 333, Rd. 176; innan stokks eðr innan garðs, Gþl. 136: = gafl-stokkr, Eg. 91: = set-stokkr (q.v.), Nj. 202, Gísl. 72, Grág. ii. 119; hann gékk síðan inn í eldahús ok steig síðan á stokk upp ok skaut exinni upp á hurð-ása, 182; Hörðr stóð við stokk, ok gékk nú hit fyrsta sinni frá stokkinum ok til móður sinnar, Ísl. ii. 15, cp. Flóam. S. ch. 4 (the local name Stokks-eyrr): cp. also the phrase, strálaust er fyrir stokkum, no straw before the benches. Fas. ii. 38 :-- a bed-side (rúm-stokkr), hvíla við stokk eðr þili, Sturl. i. 207; á stokk fram, Ld. 214, Eg. 560; sitja fram á stokk, 396 :-- the stock of an anvil, Edda 74: the stock of an anchor, see stokklauss :-- a pair of stocks for culprits, setja e-n í stokk, to set one in the stocks, Bs. i. 910; liggja í stokki við vatn ok brauð, Rétt. 6l; fella stokk á fætr e-m, ... sitja í stokkinum, Fas. i. 125: also of a piece of wood put on the horns of cattle, Eb. 324: the single square pieces of a silver belt are called stokkr, whence stokka-belti = a belt composed of several pieces clasped together, as worn by ladies in Icel. 2. a trunk, chest, case, Pm. 103, Ld. 326, Sd. 191; sívalr stokkr af tágum ok sefi, Stj. 251: freq. in mod. usage of small cases in which women keep their things (often carved), þráðar-s., prjóna-stokkr. 3. the narrow bed of a river between two rocks is called stokkr, or áin rennr í stokk, Hbl. 56, freq. in mod. usage. 4. phrases, drekka e-n af stokki, to keep drinking with one till he drops, Ó.H. 71; sitja e-n af stokki, to sit one out, till he leaves; stinga af stokki við e-n (mod. stinga e-n af stokki), to prick one out of one's seat, Nj. 166; stíga á stokk ok strengja heit, to place one's foot on the stock (the set-stokkr) in making a vow, a heathen rite, Fas. ii. 293. 5. a pack of cards. COMPDS: stokka-belti, n. (see above), Sturl. ii. 212. stokka-búr, n. a chamber built of stocks (as in Norway), Gísl. 88, Fbr. 172, Glúm. 358. stokka-ker, n. a cask placed on stocks, Gísl. 88, Ám. 6. stola and stoli, adj. stolen; in draum-s., vit-s., ham-s., q.v. stola-fé, n. stolen property, Bjarn. 39 (Ed. wrongly stela-fe). stola-herr, m. [A.S. stæl-here], a band of robbers, Bs. i. (in a verse). stolin-stefja, u, f. a poem with a stolen burden, Fms. iii. 65. stolt, n. pride, (mod.) stoltz and stoltr, adj. [for. word from the Germ. stoltz], proud; in alliteration, svá styrkr ok stollz, Þiðr. 112; svá stoltz eðr stórr, Fms. iv. 162; þótt þú sér stolz ok stórr, Mag. 3; þó þeir væri svá stollz, at ..., Eb. 10 new Ed. (see the foot-note 4): the form stoltr only occurs in later vellums and paper MSS., stoltum né dramblátum, Fas. i. 89, Eb. 10, v.l.; þeim hvíta hesti, er ek sá engan stolltara, Karl. 234: passim in mod. usage since the Reformation, through Dan. from Low Germ., stoltir herrar, stoltan stað, Bs. ii. 305 (verses 2-4 of a poem of A.D. 1540); borgaði holtið stoltum, Bs. ii. 482 (verse 18), Pass., Vídal. COMPDS: stoltar-fljóð, f. a gallant lady. stoltar-menn, m. pl. stout, gallant men. stoltz-liga, adv. proudly, Fms. x. 278, Þiðr. 156. stopall, adj. [stúpa], shaking, reeling, rocking; fara stopalt, to go rocking, meet with a mischance, Fms. iii. 84, vii. 23; ganga stopalt, vi. 108; stopalt monuð ganga, Ám. 14. 2. in mod. usage stopull means variable, unstable, of a thing; stopul atvinna; stopul gæði, Bb. stopðir, adj. pl. [see steypðr], erect, steep, like a steeple, epithet of a column of steam; stopðir reykir, Edda 102 (in a verse). stop-hnísa, u, f. a 'somersault(?),' = kollhnís, q.v.: the name of a giantess, Þd. stoppa, að, [Germ. stopfen], to stuff, Fas. iii. 211: to stop, mod. STORÐ, f. a young wood, plantation, Edda ii. 483: in the phrase, falla sem storð, to fall like storð, Fas. ii. 554: poët., storðar úlfr, storðar gandr, -galli, the wolf, bane, etc., of the s., i.e. fire, Lex. Poët.; storðar lykkja, 'wood-loop,' i.e. a serpent, Km. 2. the earth (grown with brush-wood), poët., Lex. Poët.; storðar men, poët, the necklace of the earth = the sea, Hd.; hauk-storð, 'hawk-land,' i.e. the wrist, Lex. Poët. II. the name of an island in Norway, Fms. storgr, m. a nickname, Fms, vii. 281. storka, að, to provoke, irritate; s. e-m: storkan, f. provocation. storka, u, f. coagulation, a nickname, Fms. ix. storkinn, part. coagulated; blóð-s. storkna, að, [Ulf. staurknan = GREEK], to coagulate; storknad blóð, Clem. 55, freq. in mod. usage. storkr, m. [common to all Teut. languages], a stork, Edda (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage. STORMR, m. [A.S., Engl., and Dan. storm; Germ. sturm], a storm, gale, tempest, Fms. x. 135: stormar miklir, s. mikill, i. 102, Eb. 48, 50, Al. 67, Bs. i. 484, Sturl. ii. 121; s. veðrs, Fms. iii. 16, passim. 2. metaph. an uproar, tumult, Fms. i. 36, vi. 437, xi. 160: storm, fury, hann (the bear) fór með miklum stormi, Fms. ii. 100. storma-samr, adj. stormy, Sks. 181. storm-samr and storm-samligr, adj. stormy, Sks. 629, Stj. 446, Fms. i. 97. storm-viðri, n. storm-weather, a tempest, Bs. i, Grett. 128 new Ed. stoti, a, m. a nickname, Landn.

59G STÓ -- STÓRMENNI.

STÓ, f. [a contracted form of stofa?], a stove; in eld-stó (qs. eld-stofa?), q.v. STÓÐ, n. [A.S. stôd; Engl. stud; Germ, stut] :-- a stud of horses, Fms. vii. 21, Fas. iii. 91, Krók. (in a pun), Sæm. 128; fylmerr í stóði, Grág. i. 504; jalda í stóði, Kormak; hann gékk upp eptir dalnum til stóðs síns, Hrafn. 8. COMPDS: stóð-hestr, m. a stallion, Grág i. 441, 504, Landn. 93, Lv. 19, Nj. 69. stóð-hross, n. [A.S. stôd-hors], a stud-horse, Nj. 63, Landn. 93, Bjarn. 55, Gullþ. 13, Fms. vi. 98, Ísl. ii. 62; stóð-hrossa beit, -hagi, Vm. 18, 80, Dipl. v. 22, H.E. ii. 121, passim. stóð-merr, f. [A.S. stôd-myre], a brood-mare, mod. stóð-meri. &FINGER; Studs are freq. mentioned in the Sagas, not for racing, but for horse-fights (hesta-víg, hesta-þing), see the passages above, as also Þkv. stóla, u, f. [eccl. Lat.], a stole, Sturl. ii. 2, Fms. iii. 168, Vm. 13, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, MS. 625. 184, N.G.L. i. 347; stólu-blað, -búningr, Pm. 19, Dipl. iii. 4. stól-brúða, u, f. a 'chair-bride,' chair-post, thus called from the heads carved at the top of the uprights (Worsaae, No. 556); þeir sá Þór með hamri sitja skorinn á stóðbrúðunum, Fbr. 170; þeir sá Sólrúnu sitja á stóli ok var hár hennar bundit við stólbrúðurnar, Bárð. 31 new Ed. (thus the vellum brúðirnar of the Ed. is an error); hón hnígr þá aptr at stólbrúðunum, Fas. ii. 223; síðan drap hann sér við stólbrúði (-brúðu?), ok fann at þar sat maðr á stóli, Grett. 37 new Ed. stól-klæði, n. = stóla, Dipl. iii. 4, B.K. 84. stól-konungr, m. 'the throne-king,' thus the Northmen styled the Greek emperor, Fms. passim. STÓLL, m. [common to all Teut. languages], a stool, chair; setjask á stól, Nj. 179; eptir endi-löngu vórn skipaðir stólar, Fms. x. 16; stólar tveir (in a church), Vm. 70. 2. metaph. a bishop's see or residence, Fms. ix. 2 (biskups-stóll); sitja at stóli, Bs. i. 171; for biskup heim til stóls síns, 508; skal annarr biskup vera at stóli í Skálaholti, K.Þ.K.; Hóla-stóll, Skálaholts-s, the see of H., Sc.: of the pope, a see, 625. 58: of a king, a throne; stól ok höfuðstað, Ó.H. 65, Fms. vii. 159, Stj. stóll, m. [Gr. GREEK?], a stock; in compds, skipa-stóll, a stock of ships, a fleet, see skip; höfuð-stóll, funds, stock. 2. plur. stólar, eccl. hosts of angels, Hom. 133; stóla-fylki, a host of cherubim, Greg. 37 (from the white gown 'stóla'?). stól-maðr, m. a chairman, MS. 234. 157. stólpi, a, m. a post, pillar, Bs. ii. 122, Stj. 285, Fb. ii. 24, Al. 116, Magn. 428; steðr ok stólpar, Edda. COMPDS: stólpa-gripr, m. a pillar of an animal, of a fine horse. Stólpa-sund, n. the 'Pillar-sound,' Straits of Gibraltar. stól-setning, f. enthronement, Fagrsk. 134. stól-settr, part. enthroned, Fms. vi. 93, Stj. 631. STÓRR, adj., compar. stæri or stærri, superl. stærstr, i.e. stœri, stœrstr; [a word peculiar to the Northern languages, from which it has entered into the Finnish; A.S. stôr; Engl. sturdy; North. E. stordy] :-- the original sense seems to be 'stirred,' 'disturbed' (cp. III), but it is only used in the sense big, great, of size; ein stærst, Fms. iii. 123; bein miklu stærri, Eg. 769; stórir járnrekendr, Sks. 457; stórir askar, Eg. 204; stór héruð, 275; stór veðr, [cp. Shetl, stoor], rough weather, great gales, Ld. 50; stórr sær, a high sea, Sks.; stór, stæri sár, Nj. 153; stærst hof hér á landi, Landn. 335 (Mantissa); í stórum töskum, Hkr. iii. 244. II. metaph. great, potent; við alla ena stærri menn, Ld. 124; mæltu at hann skyldi göra Ólaf eigi of stóran, Fms. i. 99; at hann görisk eigi of stórr, Eg. 50; gör þik eigi stærra enn þú átt kyn til, Fms. xi. 236; hve marga (aura) ok hve stóra, Grág. i. 136. 2. great, important; enna stærri mála, Nj. 2. 3. proud; bændr vóru þar því stærri enn annarsstaðar, at engi vildi til koma, Fms. iv. 112: Sigríð kona hans var heldr stór, v. 30 (skap-stórr, Ó.H. l.c.) III. neut., görði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high, Eg. 60; tíðendi þau er honum lægi svá stórt við, Fms. xi. 102; höggva stórt, to strike hard, Nj. 53. IV. adverbial phrases, stórum, very greatly, much; svá at ek finna stórum, Ísl. ii. 343; stórum stauplar nú yfir, Fs. 153; þat berr stórum, it amounts to much, Fms. ii. 37; ætla ek stærum bera hin laga-brotin, vii. 305; stórum ríkr, very mighty, Hkr. iii. 244; stórum vinsæll, Fms. vii. 102; stórum feginn, Eg. 567; stórum sköruligt, Ld. 106. 2. stærrum, more, in a greater degree; skjótara ok stærum, Sks. 71; gefit hefir þú mér stærum, Fms. vii. 56; eigi stærum né smærum, neither more nor less, Grág. i. 241. 3. stórs, adv.; ekki stórs of ökla upp, Bs. i. 349. 4. stóru-gi, adv. much, greatly, Ísl. ii. 384; see -gi. B. In COMPDS, and with nouns, stór-, like smár-, is chiefly prefixed to nouns in plur. or in a collective sense: stór-auðigr, adj. very wealthy, Landn. 68, Eg. 2, 23, Fms. xi. 293, Hdl. 39. stór-ár, f. pl. great waters, Stj. 87, Rb. 350. stór-beinóttr, adj. bony, coarse-faced, Eb. 30, Fas. i. 173. stór-blót, n. pl. great sacrifices, Fms. v. 164. stór-bokkar, m. pl. 'big bucks,' lordlings, mighty and overbearing men, Eb. 334, Fms. viii. 238 (spelt bukkar), xi. 260, Bs. i. 621. stór-borgir, f. pl. big towns, Róm. 264. stór-borinn, part. high-born, Hkr. i. 243, Bær. 14. stór-brögðóttr, adj. very sly, Hðm. 13. stór-burðigr, adj. = stórborinn, Fas. ii. 474, v.l. stór-bú, n. pl. great estates, Eg. 170, Fms. i. 13. stór-bygðir, f. pl. large counties, settlements, Ó.H. 174. stór-byssur, f. pl. big catapults, Fas. iii. 428, v.l.: big guns. stór-bæir, m. pl. great estates, Hkr. i. 20. stór-bændr, m. pl. great freeholders, Fms. ii. 40, Orkn. 136, Sturl. i. 37. stór-deildir, f. pl. great differences, quarrels, Sturl. i. 140, iii. 7. stór-deilur, f. pl. id., Sturl. i. 140 C. stór-draumar, m. pl. portentous dreams, Sturl. ii. 204 C. stór-efli, n., in stór-eflis-menn, m. pl. mighty men, Fms. xi. 7, 13, Gísl. 55, Háv. 50, Glúm. 37. stór-efni, n. pl. important cases, N.G.L. stór-eignir, f. pl. great landed estates, Hkr. iii. 19; stóreigna maðr, a great landowner, Ísl. ii. 202. stór-erviði, n. severe toil, hard work, Sturl. iii. 65. stór-eyjar, f. pl. great islands, Fms. vii. 85. stór-fé, n. great wealth, Nj. 178, Eg. 75, Fms. ix. 320; stórfjár ok dýrgripa, vii. 186. stór-feginn, adj. very fain or glad, Ver. 19, Bret. 46, Fms. xi. 29. stór-fengr, adj. gross, huge; hann var s. ok auðigr, Sturl. i. 8; föður átta ek heldr stórfengan, Brand. 62; stórfeng kýr, a good milch cow, Bs. i. 194. stór-fetaðr, part. long-striding, taking great steps, Fas. ii. 348; s. hestr, Edda 57. stór-fetr, adj. id., Greg. 17. stór-firðir, m. pl. big firths, Fb. iii. 446. stór-fiskar, m. pl. big fishes (whales). Fas. ii. 113. stór-fjaðrar, f. pl. big feathers, Sks. 114. stór-fjarri, adv. very far, Lex. Poët. stór-fjöllóttr, adj. with great fells, Eb. 8. stór-flokkar, m. pl. great 'flocks,' large detachments, Ó.H. 208. stór-frörar, m. pl. ice-fields, Grett. (in a verse). stór-fuglar, m. pl. big birds, El. 2. stór-fundir, m. pl. great meetings, great battles, Nj. 107. stór-föt, n. pl. big clothes, Glúm. 390. stór-geðr (-geðjaðr), adj. great-minded. Lex. Poët.: = stórgætr(?), Bs. i. 606. stór-gjafar, f. pl. great, lordly, rich gifts, Nj. 151, Fms. vii. 2. stór-gjöfull, adj. munificent, Hkr. i. 291, Fms. viii. 238, Bs. i. 81, Magn. 464. stór-gjöld, n. pl. heavy fines, Fms. i. 66. stór-glæpir, m. pl. great crimes, Fms. vii. 261, Stat. 260, Sks. 773. stórglæpa-maðr, m. a great criminal, Stj. 40. stór-glæpligr, adj. highly criminal, Sks. 773. stór-gnípur, f. pl. huge peaks, mountains, Fas. ii. 76. stór-góz, n. a great property, Bs. i. 853. stór-grýti, n. pl. big stones, rocks, Mag. stór-grýttr, adj. rocky, stony, Fms. xi. 239. stór-gættingar, m. pl. magnates, 623. 32, Al. 16. stór-görr, part. of great size, Lex. Poët. stór-hagr, adj. very skilled, handy, Fas. ii. 347. stór-heimsligr, adj. 'big-foolish,' grossly foolish, 625. 73. stór-heit, n. pl. great vows, Bs. i. 421, Fms. ix. 387. stór-héruð, n. pl. great districts, Stj. 83, MS. 655 xvi. A. 3, Ó.H. 125. stór-hlutir, m. pl. great things, Fms. vii. 136: in an evil sense, great sins, MS. 671. 16, N.G.L. i. 459. stór-hræddr, adj. much afraid, Fbr. 149. stór-huga, adj. aiming high, aspiring. stór-hugaðr, adj. high-minded, proud, Am. 72, Stj. stór-hvalir, m. pl. big whales, Sks. 122. stór-hveli, n. id., Fas. ii. 78. stór-höfðingjar, m. pl. great magnates, Fms. vii. 206, 209, Hkr. ii. 140, Barl. 127, Sks. 6. stór-höggr, adj. dealing heavy blows, Fms. xi. 131, Landn. 69, Fb. ii. 128. stór-ílla, adv. very badly, Grett. 120, Fms. i. 12, Fb. i. 411. stór-íllr, adj. very bad, Fms. ix. 393, Lv. 68. stór-jarteinir, f. pl. great wonders, Stj. 289. stór-kappar, m. pl. great champions, Fas. ii. 481. stór-katlar, m. pl. big kettles, Fms. x. 29. stór-kaup, n. pl. wholesale buying. stórkaup-maðr, m. a wholesale dealer, Fb. ii. 75. stór-keralda, að, in a pun, Krók. 63, 64. stór-kerti, n. pl. geat tapers, Flóv. 35. stór-keröld, n. pl. large vats, Dipl. v. 18. stór-klæki, n. pl. great wickedness, Band. 38 new Ed., Ó.H. 217. stór-kostliga, adv. in grand style, Bs. i. 645. stór-kostligr, adj. grand; bær s., Ó.H. 66; s. gjafir, Sturl. i. 48: colossal, Fb. i. 522. stór-kvikendi, n. pl. great beasts, Stj. 70. stór-kvæði, n. pl. great poems, Skálda 205. stór-langr, adj. very long, Eb. 24. stór-látr, adj. proud, haughty, Fms. i. 2: munificent, Fs. 51, Al. 70: not content with a little (opp. to smá-látr), Eg. 17, Fms. vi. 368. stór-leiði, n. a long way, Bs. i. 458. stór-leikr, m. presumption, pride, Fms. iv. 206, Ölk. 34, Stj. 537. stór-leitr, adj. big-faced, Sturl. ii. 99. stór-lendur, f. pl. great lands, Bs. i. 226. stór-liga, adv. greatly, very, Bret. 24, Eg. 57: proudly, Edda. 30; svara s., Fms. i. 3; mæla s., vi. 246, x. 194. stór-ligana, adv. = stórliga, Stj., MS. 227, passim. stór-ligr, adj. great, Eg. 46. stór-ljótr, adj. very ugly, Glúm. 387. stór-lokkar, m. pl. long locks, Fas. i. 173. stór-lyndi, f. magnanimity, Fms. vii. 198, Hkr. iii. 245; sína s., Fms. vii. 96. stór-lyndr, adj. magnanimous, Fms. vii. 98; high-spirited, Nj. 18, Fs. 129, Grett. 158. stór-læti, n. liberality, Ld. 30, Fms. x. 235: pride, v. 71, Ölk. 34. stór-lönd, n. pl. great counties, Fms. iv. 140. stór-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), like a grand man, munificently, Fs. 15, Ísl. ii. 337, Eg. 62, Fms. xi. 244. stór-mannligr, adj. magnificent, Fs. 11, 30, Fms. ii. 133, vi. 13, xi. 321. stór-margr, adj. very many, Eg. 219. stór-mál, n. pl. great suits; standa í stórmálum, Nj. 227, Fs. 29, Vápn. 22. stór-mein, n. pl. great evils, Fs. 44. stór-meizl, n. pl. great injuries, Sturl. ii. 49. stór-menni, n. great men, men of rank, Eg. 30, Fs. 11, Fms. i. 31, vi. 19, Ó.H. 71: great folk, Bárð. 172; frá Birni bunu er komit nær allt s. á Íslandi, Landn. 39: a liberal man, Sturl. i. 4, 9,

STÓRMENNSKA -- STRÁKR. 597

Eg. 38, 198: a big man, giant, Edda 33. stór-mennska, u, f. greatness, munificence, Fms. xi. 19, 293, Fs. 15, passim; meir af stór-mennsku enu forsjá, Bs. i. 83. stórmennsku-fullr, adj. munificent. stór-merki, n. pl. wonderful things, great wonders; Guðs s., Edda (pref.), Fms. i. 133, Magn. 534, Symb. 29; hvat er fleira stórmerkja frá askinum, Edda. stór-merkiliga, adv. wonderfully, Mar. stór-merkiligr, adj. wonderful, Mar. stór-mikill, adj. huge, immense, Lv. 68, Eg. 59, Fms. i. 63, vii. 79, 278. stór-mjök, adv. very much, immensely, Fms. vii. 110, Fb. 1. 411, Bret. 54. stór-mæli, n. pl. great affairs; standa í stórmælum, Nj. 224: grave affairs, þau s. er ek hefi mót yðrum vilja brotið, Orkn. 118; eccl. the greater excommunication, hafði biskup í stórmælum (in ban) tvá höfðingja, Sturl. ii. 2; lýsa stórmælum yfir, to excommunicate, iii. 201; biskup vildi ekki með hann tala, þvíat hann var í stórmælum, Bs. i. 286, 490, Stat. 260, Anecd. 8, 26. stór-nauðsynjar, f. pl. hard necessity, Gþl. 27, 352. stór-nær, adv. very nigh, Bs. i. 21. stór-orðr, adj. using big words, Fms. i. 75, xi. 94; stórort kvæði ok úfagrt, a big-worded, high-sounding poem, Ísl. ii. 237. stór-ráð, n. pl. great undertakings, Fms. i. 83. stór-ráða-samr, adj. daring, venturesome, Grett. 158. stór-ráðr, adj. ambitious; stórráð ok ráðgjörn, Fms. x. 220; s. ok ágjarn, vii. 28, Orkn. 144; a nickname, Sigríðr stórráða, cp. Lat. superbus. stór-ref-singar, f. pl. severe punishment. Fms. vii. 36. stór-regn, n. pl. heavy rains. Fms. viii. 202. stór-reki, m. 'big-wreck' big pieces of jetsum; allan stórreka, opp. to smáreki, Vm. 129. stór-riðinn, part. with big meshes, of a net. stór-ritaðr, part. written in large letters, Pm. 125. stór-ríki, n. pl. great empires, Bs. ii. 43. stór-ríkr, adj. very powerful,Ísl. ii. 202, v.l. stór-ræði, n. pl. daring, dangerous, great undertakings, Gþl. (pref. vi), Nj. 66, Fms. i. 83, vi. 10, 37, viii. 120, Sks. 746. stórræða-maðr, m. a man of great aims. Fms. ix. 283. stór-rök, n. pl. mighty events, Hom. 55. stór-sakar, f. pl. great offences. Fms. ii. 4, 33, Ld. 172. stór-samligr, adj. severe, Sks. 49. stór-sár, n. pl. grievous wounds, Fms. iii. 118. stór-skaðar, m. pl. great damage, Bs. i. 144. stór-skip, n. pl. great ships. Fms. vii. 259. stór-skorinn, part. huge, gaunt, Fb. i. 566; mikill vexti ok s., Bárð. 175; s. í andliti, Fb. i. 258; s. sem Goliath, Stj. 464; stórskorit höfuð, Grett. 83 new Ed. stór-skriptir, f. pl. heavy penances, K.Á. 192, H.E. i. 509; stórskripta-maðr, ii. 78. stór-skuldir, f. pl. great debts, Grág. i. 500. stór-slög, n. pl. great visitations, plagues, Stj. 268. stór-smiðr, m. a notable workman, Eg. 4. stór-smíði, n. pl. a huge, bulky work, Edda 19. stór-staðir, m. pl. great towns, Stj. 68; in Icel. or Norway of great church-prebends, Fms. vi. 157. stór-stígr, adj. long-striding. stór-straumr, m. a spring tide. stór-streymt, n. adj. = stórstraumr. stór-sveitir, f. pl. a large detachment., Fms. ix. 429. stór-syndir, f. pl. great sins, H.E. i. 521. stór-sæmdir, f. pl. great honours, Nj. 134, Fms. xi. 331. stór-sæti, n. pl. large ricks, Eb. 150, 224, Brandkr. 30. stór-tákn, n. pl. great wonders. Fms. i. 29, Stj. 261; sing., Bs. i. 42. stór-tignir, f. pl. high dignity, 625. 98. stór-tíðindi, n. pl. great tidings, great events, Fms. iii. 15, vi. 230, Nj. 195, Rb. 394, Sturl. i. 107 C; wonders, Edda 14, Fms. xi. 38. stór-tré, n. pl. huge beams, Karl. 448, Fms. x. 358, Krók. stóru-gi, see stórr (A. IV. 4). stór-úðigr, adj. high-minded, Hbl. 15, Valla L. stór-vandi, a, m. a great difficulty, Sturl. ii. 79. stór-vandræði, n. pl. id., Fms. vii. 25. stór-vegir, m. pl. broad roads, highways, Barl. 190. stór-vegligr, adj. very honourable, Hkr. ii. 100. stór-veizlur, f. pl. great banquets, Fms. i. 291. stór-vel, adv. right well, Eg. 60, 423, Ísl. ii. 382. stór-verk, n. pl. great deeds, Fms. v. 345. stór-viðaðr, adj. large timbered, Fms. ii. 218. stór-viðir, m. pl. great timbers, big beams, Fms. ii. 328, x. 361. Nj. 201, Bs. i. 81. stór-viðri, n. a great tempest, Fms. vii. 310, Grett. 153. stór-virki, n. pl. great feats, Fms. i. 287, ii. 109, vi. 55, Nj. 193, Ld. 40, Eg. 686, Korm. 242, Al. 160. stór-virkr, adj. working mightily; sterkr ok s., working like a giant, Bárð. 163; stórvirkr, opp. to góðvirkr, Nj. 55: as the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.), Fas. i. (Hervar. S. begin.) stór-vitr, adj. very wise, Nj. 22, Fms. i. 31, vi. 10, xi. 13, 205. stór-víða, adv. very widely, Fbr. 41. stór-yrði, n. pl. big words, Eg. 258, Nj. 261, Fms. ix. 419, x. 71, xi. 256, Al. 18. stór-ýðigr, adj. = stórúðigr, Valla L. 208. stór-þing, n. a 'storthing,' great council (oecumenical), Karl. 548, Pr. 104, Rb. stór-þorp, n. pl. great villages, Fagrsk. ch. 193. stór-þungt, n. adj. very heavy, Eb. 284. stór-þurftir, f. pl. great need, Bs. i. 525. stór-ættaðr, adj. high-born, Eg. 16, Nj. 178, Fms. i. 186, vi. 246. stór-ættir, f. pl. great families. STRAFF, n. [from Germ. strafe], punishment, N.T., Pass., Vídal., (mod.); not used before the time of the Reformation. straffa, að, to punish, N.T., Pass., Vídal., (mod.) stranda, að, to founder: strand, n. foundering, (mod.) strandar-, see strönd. strand-högg, n. a 'strand-raid,' such as the raid of the old Vikings who landed on the coasts and drove off cattle and stores for their ships; þar var nógt búfé til strandhöggva, Fms. i. 128: in the phrase, höggva s., to make a strandhögg. Eg. 81; þurfa strandhöggva, ... leita eptir strand-höggvi, Fms. vii. 68; um morguninn kómu þeir ofan með strandhögg mikil, much cattle, great booty, vi. 79. strand-lag, n. 'strand-laying,' the right of laying a net along a shore or bank, Grág. ii. 350. strand-maðr, m. a 'strand-man,' one who lives on the coast, Sturl. ii. 205: Strand-menn, m. pl. the men from a (country) strand, iii. 276. strand-setr, n. the being left behind on the strand after the ship has sailed; sitja strandsetri eptir, Grág. i. 263; sitja strandsetrum, 290. strand-varpa, u, f. a net to be laid along the coast, Þiðr. strand-vegr, m. [Dan. strandvei], a coast-road, road to the coast, D.N. iii. 496. strangi, a, m. a roll of clothes; fata-s., klæða-s., lérepts-s., reifa-s., q.v. strang-leikr, m, strength, Bs. i. 349. strang-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), strongly, severely, Stj. 155. STRANGR, adj., ströng, strangt, [a common Teut. word] :-- strong: of a stream, ströng á, a strong, rapid river, Ísl. ii. 352, Fms. viii. 49; strangt straumfall, Stj. 489; allra á (gen. pl.) strangast, Stj. 73; strangr, opp. to hægr, Hom. (St.); ströngust orrosta, the strongest, hottest fight, Eg. 33; bardagi langr ok s., Stj. 544: of pain, strangan augna-verk, Bs. i. 317; ströng sótt, Pr. 411. 2. hard, rigid, severe, [Germ. streng]; strangr ok stríðr, Stj. 155, Bs. ii. 58; strangt atkvæði, Hom. (St.); at þeir sé strangari í at göra yðvarn vilja, Ld. 178; ströng var stórhuguð, Am. 72; ú-strangr, gentle, meek, Fb. i. 340. II. a nickname, strangi, Landn. straum-brot, n. a breaking the stream, Fms. vii. 27. straum-fall, n. a stream, current; s árinnar, 623. 37: a tide, köstuðu akkerum ok biðu straumfalls, Ó.H. 136. STRAUMR, m. [a common Teut, word; A.S. streâm; Germ. strom; Dan. ström] :-- a stream, current, race, of the sea, the tide, a river, Rb. 438; ullar-lagð rak fyrir strauminum. Edda 74; straumr var í sundinu, Fms. i. 93; sigla þeir inn at straumum (of the currents through the belt of islands which bar the mouth of Hvamm-firth in western Icel.) í þann straum er hét Kolkistu-straumr, sá er í mesta lagi þeirra strauma er á Breiðafirði eru, Ld. 56; misganga straumanna, Orkn. 266; fyrir veðri eðr fyrir straumi, Grág. ii. 384: in the phrase, brjóta straum fyrir e-u, to break the stream for one, bear the brunt, Karl. 136, Orkn. 344. 2. of the tide; Gunnsteinn segir at þá skipti straumum (change of tide) ok mál væri at sigla, Ó.H. 136; stór-straumr, a spring-tide; smá-straumr, a neap-tide. II. in local names, Straumr, Straum-fjörðr, Straum-nes, Landn. strauma-skipti, n. pl. the change of spring-tides, Fms. iv. 304. straum-vatn, n. stream-water, running-water, Stj. 490. straum-önd, f. a 'stream-duck,' anas torquata. strax, adv. [from Germ. stracks], at once; the word first occurs in the 14th century, Fms. xi. 435, Fas. iii. 420, and is freq. in mod. usage, both in speech and writing, Vídal., Pass. STRÁ, f., dat. pl. strám, [A.S. streaw; Engl. straw; Dan. straa; Germ. stroh] :-- straw; af hverju strái, Landn. 31; hann tók eitt strá ok dró eptir gólfinu, Fms. vii. 219; liggja stirðr á strám, of a corpse, Sól. 47: the floors of ancient halls were covered with straw (sedge), hence flets-strá, pall-strá, bench-straw, Ls. 46: allit., í búri ..., á starru eða strái, N.G.L. i. 383: corpses were laid on straw at a lyke-wake, sú eina nótt er ek lá stirðr á strám, Sól. 47; lík skal færa í úthús ok hylja með starru eða strái, 392; lík-strá, ná-strá, q.v. 2. phrases; öll strá stanga e-n, every straw stings one, of an ill-used man (perhaps from some old tale similar to that of Herr Korbes in Grimm's Märchen), Fms. xi. 155; mjök vilja mik öll strá stanga, Sturl. iii. 141; stráin stangi þik, an imprecation. Fas. iii. 206 (in a verse) :-- falla í strá, to fall into itraw, be lost, Fbr. (in a verse); falla sem strá, to fall like straw, be mown down, perish. strá, ð, [A.S. streowjan; Engl. strew], to strew, cover (benches) with straw; stráit bekki, Þkv. 22; bekki at strá, Em. 1; gólf var stráð, Rm. 23 (but only in the house of Faðir and Móðir); var stráð gólf á Sæbóli af sefinu af Seftjörn, Gísl. 27 (cp. síðan tekr hann sefit af gólfinu, 29); brynjum um bekki stráð, Gm. 9. &FINGER; The 'strá gólf' (Hkr. iii. 180) is an error for stein-gólf, see Fms. vi. 440, l.c., for the custom of strewing the hall was not a novelty, but a well-known custom of the heathen age from time immemorial. 2. to strew, Sks. 633 (138 new Ed.) strá-beygir, m. the 'straw-bender,' i.e. the wind, in a pun, Krók. 64. strá-dauða, adj. [Dan. straa-död], 'straw-dead,' dying a natural death, from the corpse being stretched on straw, see strá (above), Korm. (in a verse); in the old heathen times an inglorious death, opp. to vápndauðr, cp. þat óttuðumk ek um hríð, er friðr þessi inn mikli var, at ek munda verða elli-dauðr inni á pall-strám mínum, Hkr. i. 149. strá-drepa, drap, to slay all, leaving none. strá-hattr, m. a straw-hat, D.N. v. 835, (mod.) STRÁKR, m. [strjúka?], a landlouper, vagabond, Korm. 196; hón átti börn með strákum, Bs. i. 286, 807; strákar, opp. to góðir menn, Sturl. i. 62; strákar, stafkarlar, göngu-menn, opp. to 'röskir menn,' ii. 6; einn útan-héraðs strákr ... strákrinn, Bs. i. 627; þar vóru menn fengnir at vaka strákar þrír. Sturl. iii. 146: in mod. usage an idle

598 STKÁKLIGR -- STRJÚKA.

lad, a rascal, þegiðu, strákr! COMPDS: strák-ligr, adj. roguish, Skíða R. strák-maðr, m. a rascal, Fær. 254. strák-óttr, adj. rascally. strák-skapr, m. rascality. strá-lauss, adj. 'strawless,' of a floor, Fas. ii. 38. strá-viði, n. brush-wood, = hráviði, Fas. ii. 178. streða, að, see serða, part. stroðinn, Grág. ii. 147. streita, u, f. a hard struggle, tug. streitask, t, [strita, the i, ei referring to a lost strong verb], to struggle hard, tug (conversational), Finnb. 220. strembinn, adj. hard to digest. Strendir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the county Strönd, Sturl. ii. 90, Bs. i. (in a verse), passim: also -strendingar in compds. strendr, adj. [strönd], only in compds, fer-strendr, þrí-s., átt-s., = square, triangular, octagonal. streng-beint, n. adj. = strengréttr (q.v.), Fr. streng-flaug, f. the notch for the bow-string in an arrow, Fms. ii. 271, Hem. MS. (Fb. iii. 404 has wrongly strenglág). streng-færi, n. pl. stringed instruments, Mar. strenging, f. a stringing, binding fast; in heit-s. strengja, ð, [strengr], to string, fasten with a string, to bind tight; hosan strengd at beini, Eg. 602; sterkliga saman strengt, Stj. 12; strengdr niðr í kistuna, Pr. 412; s. aptr dyr, kirkju, hlið, port, to fasten the door, Grett. 159, Bs. ii. 76, Mar.; s. e-n inni or úti, to shut one in or out, Karl. 152, Stj. 40; þeir létu búa um akkeri, ok strengja um viðu, Fms. viii. 113; hann strengdi allt í milli skipanna ok bryggnanna, stretched cables between the ships and the bridges, 121; steinninn á sleða settr ok ramliga strengdr, Mar. 2. the phrase, strengja heit, or s. e-s heit, to 'fasten a vow,' make a solemn vow, Fs. 122, Hrafn. 5, Fms. i. 3, xi. 26, 109-112, Fb. ii. 353, Ísl. ii. 166; see heit, heit-strenging. streng-leikr, m., pl. -leikar, a stringed instrument; alls-konar söngfæri, organ, simpon, salteríum. gígjar, hörpur ok alls-konar strengleikar, Fms. vii. 97, Stj.; margháttaðir strengleikar, Fms. viii. 48; leikastreng-leik, to play an instrument, Bret. 56, 104; heyra þjótandi strengleika, Sks. 633, Fms. xi. 341. 2. [as a rendering of the Breton or Fr. lai] :-- a lay, Str. 37; a collection of such lais translated into Norse is called Strengleikar, see List of Authors (G. II. β); strengleiks-ljóð, strengleiks-saga, Str. 14, 74. STRENGR, m., gen. strengjar, pl. strengir, strengja, strengjum, strengi; [A.S. streng; Engl. string; O.H.G. strang; Dan. stræng]:-- a string, cord, rope, with a notion of being hard-twisted; var strengr snaraðr at fótum þeim öllum, of an execution, Fms. i. 179; bundnir á einum streng, xi. 146; leysa menn ór strengnum, 147; strengir til at festa með hús, Nj. 115; þeir ristu í strengi feldi sína, they cut and twisted their cloaks into ropes, Ó.H. 152, Fms. xi. 3. 2. naut. a cable(anchor-cable, mooring-rope); bera strengi á land, Nj. 273; þeir skutu út bryggjunum ok slógu strenginum, ok drógu út skipin, Eg. 75; drekinn flaut um strengi, rode at anchor, Fas. i. 395; liggja um strengi, to lie at anchor, Ld. 76; heimta skipin út undir strengina, Fms. viii. 202, 379; draga upp strengi sína, Ó.H. 136; ek fæ dreng til strengjar, Fs. (in a verse); til strengjar, Grág. ii. 399; gékk í sundr akkeris-strengrinn ... hann kafaði eptir strengnum, Fs. 92; rann á blásandi byrr svá at stóð á hverjum streng, Fas. iii. 630; hann lét þekja sundit ok bera strengi á land, Nj. 273; at skip þeirra hafi eigi rúm, ok eigi liggi skip á strengjum þeirra, N.G.L. ii. 281; höfðu þeir þá strengja-raun mikla, Fms. ii. 16. 3. spec. usages, a bow-string (boga-strengr); brast strengr, en ör sú er skotið var ..., Fms. i. 182; boga ok streng á, N.G.L. ii. 41; boga-strengr, Nj. 115, 116: the string of an instrument, strengir gullu, Og. 30; glumdu strengir, Akv. 31; drepa strengi, Stj. 458; þann streng hafði hann ekki fyrr slegit, Fas. iii. 223; harpa strengja rúin, Núm. (fine): of a bell-rope, Hom. 69: buxna-strengr, the cord round the top of a pair of breeches. 4. a narrow channel of water; áin rennr í streng, the river flows in a narrow channel. COMPDS: strengja-ferja, u, f. a rigged ship, Fms. ii. 117, v.l. strengja-lauss, adj. stringless, Pm. 66. streng-réttr, adj. 'string-right,' straight by the line (Germ. schnurrecht), D.N. i. 92. streng-vörðr, m. a watch at the anchor-cable (moorings); halda strengvörð, Fms. x. 135; við strengvörð á stýri, Kormak. streyma, d, [straumr; Dan. strömme], to stream; vötnin streymdu í sinn farveg, Stj. 355, freq. in mod. usage. streymr, adj. running; streymt sund, a sound (strait) with a current, Flóv. 11; and-s., mót-s. (q.v.), adverse; stór-s., smá-s. STRIGI, a, m. [Dan. strie], sack-cloth, coarse cloth; lérept, váðmál, strigi, N.G.L. iii. 205; skyrta af striga, Art. 10; tólf álnir striga, Rétt. 4; striga-dúkr, Fb. i. 212; striga-slitri, Clar., freq. in mod. usage. strik, n. a kind of cloth, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18 (spelt stryk); silki-strik, D.N.; strik-skaut, a hood of strik, id., B.K. 83. Strind, f. the name of an island. 2. land, earth, in poët, circumlocutions; in mod. poets even strindi, n.: Strind-sær, m. a local name in Norway: Strindir, m. pl. the men of Strind, Ó.H. stripill, m. a 'stripling;' a smooth white-haired dog is in Icel. called stripill. striplast, að, to run about stripped, of children; vertú ekki að striplast. strit, n. a hard task (strit-vinna); standa í striti. strita, að, to struggle, strive hard; hann stritaði heim til skála, Grett. 151 A. 2. reflex., stritaðisk hann við at sitja, he strove hard to sit, Nj. 66 (ironical). STRÍÐ, n. [A.S. strîð, whence Engl. strife, by changing the ð into f; O.H.G. strît; Germ. streit] :-- woe, grief, affliction, calamity; sótti bæði at henni stríð ok elli, Ld. 82; hann bar þat með allmiklu stríði, he was much afflicted by it, Fms. x. 239; springa af stríði, Ld. 230; síð léttir mér stríða, Edda (in a verse); stemma stríð manna, Brandkr. 60; munar-stríð, hug-stríð, Skv. 3. 38; aldr-stríð, of-stríð, a heavy grief. Helr.; af stríðum, Og. 28; mitt stríð er þat ... stríð hafa staddan mik, Fms. vi. (in a verse); bíða stríð, Hallfred; æxta e-m stríð, Am. 102: poët., snáka stríð, 'snake-bale,' i.e. the winter, Fb. ii. 523 (in a verse). 2. a strife, combat; hann gékk fyrstr í hvert stríð, Fms. iii. 17. II. war, strife, Lat. bellum; this sense occurs first at the end of the 13th century; þá varð stríð mikit á Englandi, Fms. x. 158; halda stríð við e-n, Stj. 435, v.l.; heyja stríð, to wage war; í stríði, Bs. i. 799; stríð milli Engla-konungs ok Frakka-konungs, ok hafði Engla-konungr sigr, Ann. 1340; lauk svá stríðinu, Fas. iii. 421. COMPDS: stríðs-afli, a, m. an army, 420. stríðs-kostr, m. the means of fighting, Sturl. iii. 240. stríðs-maðr, m. a warrior, fighter, Edda (pref.), Grett. 118 A, Fas. iii. 421. stríða, u, f. adversity, Stj. 445: hardness, austerity, severity, er biskup lagði stríðu á stóra höfðingja, Sturl. iii. 266; með valdi ok stríðu heilagrar kirkju, Bs. i. 288; með freku fullrar stríðu, Fms. ii. 243; stríða vendisk brátt í blíðu, Bs. i. 125; hvárt sem hann mætti bliðu eðr stríðu, Fms. vi. 250; gangask heldr fyrir blíðu enn stríðu, to yield sooner to gentleness than to hardness. stríða, d, to harm, punish, with dat.; stríddi hón ætt Buðla, Am. 72; hann stríðir þeim með mörgum býsnum ok bardögum, Stj. 436, 517; s. misgörandum en miskunna iðrandum, 567, Bs. ii. 72: the saying, sér stríðir vesall maðr, he is a fool that plagues himself, Hom. (St.); here belongs, Hðm. 8 (at sér né stríddit). 2. in mod. usage, to vex, tease, provoke, with words; þú mátt ekki stríða henni, do not tease her so! 3. with prepp.; stríða mót, to strive against, Fms. ix. 399, Stj. 370; stríða á e-n, to fight against, 142, 379, Mar. II. to fight, to war; Eatvarðr Engla-konungr stríddi á Skotland, Ann.; þeir stríddu sín á milli, Fms. ix. 229. 2. recipr., striðask á, Edda (pref.), Stj. 384; at vér samlandar ok frændr stríðimk á með ofr-kappi, Mar. stríð-gríð, f. an affliction(?), Gh. 13. stríðir, m. an adversary, Lex. Poët. stríð-leikr (-leiki), m. vehemence, of a stream, Sks. 154; s. vatnsins, id. 2. metaph. severity, rigour, Sks. 639, H.E. i. 515: sullenness, obstinacy. Fms. iv. 165. stríð-liga, adv. rigidly, Sks. 496; fara fram s., 569; dæma s., Mar.; blása s., roughly, Sks. 229. stríð-ligr, adj. severe; s. dómr, Sks. 726; s. kváma, Hkv. 1. 47. stríð-lundaðr or stríð-lyndr, adj. obstinate, sullen, Hkr. iii. 97, Þd. stríð-læti, n. backwardness, sullenness, Fms. vi. 245, xi. 240. stríð-mæli, n. strong language, Bs. i. 102. stríð-mæltr, part. using hard language, Fb. i. 506. STRÍÐR, stríð, strítt, adj. strong, of a stream, Stj. 73; keldan vall stríðara, Art.; í stríðri móðu, Fms. vii. (in a verse); stríðr straumr, Bs. ii. 5, Edda (in a verse); stríðr verkr, a strong pain, Bs. i. 183, Mar. II. metaph. hard, stubborn, Fb. i. 558; menn stríðastir ok torsveigastir, Ísl. ii. 346; s. ok drambsamr, Sks. 701 :-- severe, stríðrar refsingar, 581; stríðr dómr, Fms. xi. 246; stríð nefst, see nefst :-- vexed, í stríðum hug, Hkr. iii. 277; hvárt sem þat er blítt eðr strítt, be it either blithe or adverse, Sturl. i. 193; tala strítt, to speak harshly, Fms. vii. 38. stríð-vana, adj. 'sorrowless;' era s., grief is not wanting, Fms. vi. (in a verse). stríð-viðri, n. a contrary wind, Vígl. 27. strí-nefr, m. a nickname, Fms. viii. 310 (strý-nefr?) strípaðr, part. stripped, naked. strípr, m. a stripling, Run. Gramm. stríp-rendr, part. with stripes, Sturl. iii. 113. strjál, n. [cp. A.S. slral = a dart; Germ. strahl; Dan. straale] :-- a scattering abroad; vera á strjáli: also as adj., fara strjált, to go one by one. strjála, að, to disperse, be scattered abroad, sauðirnir strjálast. strjálingr, m. = strjál; á strjálingi, scattered abroad. strjóna, u, f. [A.S. word], a nickname, Fms. xi. (see Saxon Chron.) strjúgr or strúgr, m. [the Engl. stew may be the same word, dropping the r] :-- a stew of meat, esp. of a coarse kind; stafkörlum strjúg skal senda, Hallgr.; beina strjúgr, bones boiled to a jelly. 2. metaph. bile, fastidiousness; strúgs galli, 'bile-destroyer,' i.e. wine, Edda(Ht.); fæða strúg sinn heima, to nurse one's own bile at home, Þórð. 10 new Ed. STRJÚKA (strykja, Ó.H. 61, Fms. viii. 217), pres. strýk; pret. strauk, straukt, strauktu, Fms. vi. (in a verse); mod. straukst; plur. struku; subj. stryki; imperat. strjúk. strjúktu; part. strokinn: [Dan.

STRJÚPI -- STUND. 599

stryge; Engl. stroke] :-- to stroke, rub, wipe; hann strauk blóð af sverðinu, Sæm. 135; strauktu um mækis munn, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hann strauk diskinn með dúknum, Ó.H. 154; þá stökk Sigurðr af baki, en ek strauk hest hans ok þó ek leir af honum, Fb. i. 354; tók dúkinn, strauk hann sér kurteisliga á miðjum, Hkr. 597 new Ed.; lét konungr göra sér laug ok strykja (strjúka, strykva, v.l.) klæði sín, to brush, beat his clothes, Fms. viii. 217; en húskona strauk of ripti, smoothed it, brushed it. Rm.; nú tekr hann enn ör ok strýkr blaðit ok fiðrit, Þiðr. 88; hann strauk höfuð-beinin, Gísl. 47; þreifaði um hendr þeim ok strauk um lófana, Fms. vi. 73; strauk hann hendi sinni um augu honum ok bein, Ó.H. 250: in the phrase, strjúka aldri frjálst höfuð, 'never to stroke a free head,' to live in worry and work, cp. the Engl. 'no one dared to call his life his own,' Fms. viii. 412 (v.l.), Sturl. ii. 124; aldri strykum (sic) vér frjálst höfuð meðan Ólafr er á lífi, Ó.H. 61; Skarphéðinn strauk um ennit, Nj. 190: with prepp., strjúk þoku ok mörkva frá augum þér, Barl. 116, 180. 2. to stroke gently, with dat.; gékk hann jafnan ok strauk hrossunum, Finnb. 280; strjúka ketti (or kött), to stroke a cat; kött at strjúka og kemba lömb, Jón Þorl. II. metaph. [Dan. stryge], to stroke, flog, Clar.;, strjúka af e-m alla húð milli hæls ok hnakka, id.; strjúka e-n til blóðs, Bs. ii. 149; see strýkja, húð-strýkja. 2. to strike out, dash off; strýkr hann út jambrátt til skógs, Hom. 120; at morni vill hann s., Skíða R. 20, 33; s. brott (cp. Dan. stryge af sted), Skálda (in a verse); strauk hann yðr (dat.) þar, grautnefr, Sturl. iii. 219; strauk Rögvaldr oss (dat.) nú, Mag. 120: to absent oneself, þeir struku brott í myrkrinu, Stj. 351; enn hann strjúki veg sinn, Rb. 174; þau eru öll strokin, all gone, Fms. xi. 423; gózin strjúka, Mar.: so also of a horse or sheep running away from a new owner or pasture to its old home, hestrinn strauk frá mér (strok-hestr). strjúpi, a, m. [Dan. strube; Swed. strupe = throat; akin to stropi, q.v.] :-- the spurting, bleeding trunk, when the head is cut off; hann lét höggva kálf, ok blæða ór kálf-strjúpanum, Njarð. 374; mjólk hljóp ór strjúpanum fram fyrst, 655 xiii. A. 1. stroðinn, part., see streða, serða, Grág. strok, n. [strjúka], a running away, strok-hestr, m. a stray horse. stroka, u, f. a stroke, in a game of cards, Piltr of Stúlka. strokka, að, to churn, freq. in mod. usage; það er farið að strokka. STROKKR, m. a churn (the hand-churn with an upright shaft which is worked up and down), Vm. 177; hence the name of the famous hot spring in Icel., the name being taken from the churn-like perpendicular column of water. strokk-hljóð, n. the sound of churning. strompr, m. [Germ. strümpfe] , a chimney-pot, Skýr. 512. stropa, að, to be not quite fresh, of an egg: part. stropaðr: an egg is first glæ-nýtt, then stropað, and lastly ungad. stropi, a, m. [Ivar Aasen strope = a spurt], the thin yolk of a stropað egg, Clar., and so in mod. usage. strundi, a, m. an idler, Edda ii. 496. strunza, að, [strundi], to strut; s. framhjá e-m, (slang.) STRÚTR, m. [Engl. strut], a sort of hood jutting out like a horn, Fms. xi. 77 (whence the name Strút-Haraldr), D.N. ii. 380, Mag. 63; hettu-strútr, a 'strutting' hood, H.E. ii. 652; hafa strút á höfðinu, to wear a handkerchief wound round the head, as old women do in Icel. 2. the name of a dog with a white neck or head, Fs. (in a verse), and in mod. usage; cp. strýta. 3. as a local name, of a 'strut'-formed fell in Icel., see map of Icel. stryk, n. [Engl. stroke, streak; Dan. streg], a stroke; merkja hina löngu (letters) með stryki frá hinum skömmum, Skálda 163: a dash. stryka, að, to streak, mark with lines. strykja, strykva, see strjúka. strykr, m. a stroke, gust of wind; ok var á norðan-strykr sá ok heldr kaldr, Ísl. ii. 135. strylltr, m. a stroller(?), as a nickname, Fms. ix. strympa, u, f. [strompr], a kind of water-jug or bucket, Skýr. 512. STRÝ, n. tow of hemp; næfrar, strý ok brennu-stein, Fms. viii. 342, Bs. i. 799. strý-hærðr, adj. tow-haired, Sturl. i. 20, strýkja, t, [strjúka], to flog, punish; húð-strýkja, strýkja barn, to whip a child. strýta, u, f. [strútr], a cone-formed thing. stræltr, adj. [ = the mod. strjált, strjálingr; cp. A.S. stræl = a shaft; O.H.G. strâla] :-- scattered, dispersed; allr herrinn fór strælt, Bær. 13. stræta, t, to waylay(?); hann ferr heimleiðis, þó leyniliga, ok vill stræta þá árdegis, Sturl. i. 14. STRÆTI, n. [from the Lat. str&a-long;ta; A.S. stræt; Engl. street; O.H.G. straza; Germ. strasse; Dan. stræde] :-- a street in a town (braut, q.v., is a road). The word is no doubt borrowed from the Latin, for as the old Northmen and Teutons had no towns, they had no streets; it is therefore strange to find such a word in an old poem like Hðm. 13, (the passage is prob. corrupt); so also, einn dag var þat er Kormakr gékk um stræti, Korm. 228, referring to the middle of the 10th century; but as the Saga is of the 12th, the words may perhaps here too be taken as an anachronism; Ólafr konungr gékk einn dag úti á stræti, Fs. 115, referring to Níðarós of the year 996; since in the 11th, and esp. in the 12th and 13th centuries, the word becomes freq. in Sagas referring to Norway, but never to Icel., Fms. vi. 363, vii. 39, Blas. 40. In the old Norse market-towns of the 11th, 12th, and following centuries, the 'street' ran along the shore (bryggjur), with 'scores' or cross lanes (veitur or almenningar) leading up to the houses (garðar), N.G.L. ii. 240, 243; strætis-búð, a street-booth, opp. to garðs-búð, iii. 112; strætis-görð, ii. 244; strætis-kaup, i. 324; strætis-lopt, -stofa, D.N. (Fr.) 2. a kind of gangway on board of a ship, [cp. Fr. pont]; göra með bryggjum útan tvá vega slétt stræti, til ástigs hjá viðum, Sks. 400. II. Streiti or Stræti, a local name, Landn., Þórst. Síðu H., is no doubt a different word, perh. Gaelic. STRÖND, f., gen. strandar, dat. ströndu and strönd, pl. strendr and strandir, the latter being the older form used in local names; [A.S., Engl., and Dan.-Swed. strand] :-- a border, edge; skjöld, ok gylltir naglar ok strendr, Fms. vii. 323. II. a strand, coast, shore (not of a river, though the London Strand is such); allt annat lið hans stóð eptir á ströndu, Fms. i. 159; ferr hann til strandar, Fas. ii. 505, Gh. 13; öll hin nyrðri strönd Seyðis-fjarðar, Landn. 252; á hvárri-tveggju strönd, Gísl. 8; á inni syðri strönd, id.; hér fyrir ströndinni, Fms. viii. 230; ná-strönd. III. freq. in local names, of a coast-land, Strönd, Strandir, and in compds, Horn-strandir, Barða-strönd, Skarð-strönd, Meðalfells-strönd, Sýr-strönd, Landn. COMPDS: strandar-glópr, m. a strand-fool; in the phrase, verða s., of one who arrives after the ship has sailed, Bs. i. 482, Sturl. i. 165. stranda-menn, m. pl. men from the county Strand. Sturl. ii. 169 (= Strendir). stubbi, a, m. (stobbi), stubbr, O.H.G. 79, [Engl. stub], a stub, stump, Grett. 84; þann litla stubbinn er eptir var tungunnar, Ó.H. l.c.; með þeim stubba, Karl. 511, v.l.; árar-stubbi, an oar stump, Ísl. ii. 83; tré-s., kertis-s. 2. as a nickname, Bs. STUÐILL, m. [styðja], anything that 'steadies,' a stud, prop, stay; styrkir stuðlar, Barl. 5; þá skulu styrkir stuðlar styðja þik alla vegu, 41; tjöld ok tveir stuðlar, Stj. 308 (= columna of the Vulgate); þeir settu þar í stuðla, ok festu þar við víggyrðlana, Fms. viii. 216; öruggir stuðlar bæði brjósti ok herðum, Anecd. 4. 2. spec. usages, an upright on board ship, Edda (Gl.): the four posts of a box are called stuðlar (meis-stuðull, opp. to rim, q.v.): pentagonal basalt columns are also called stuðlar, and stuðla-berg, n. is a basaltic dyke. II. metaph. and as a metrical term, the supporter, second repeated letter in an alliterative verse; thus in 'sól varp sunnan sinni mána,' the s in 'sunnan' and 'sinni' is stuðill, supporting the head-stave in 'sól' (see höfuðstafr, p. 308, col. 2), Edda i. 596, 612, ii. 150. stuðla, að, [stuðill], to prop, help; in the metaph. phrase, s. til e-s. stuðning, f. (mod. stuðningr, m., Bs. i. 836, 874), a steadying, support; með stuðningi, Fas. ii. 68; ganga með stuðningi manna, Bs. i. 837, 874; styrkr ok stuðning, Stj. 51; allar stuðningar, Róm. 266 :-- a gramm. term, Edda i. 604. stuðningar-laust, adj. without support, Fas. iii. 370, Bs. i. 614. stufa, u, f., see stofa. stuggr, m. [styggja], loathing, abhorrence; mér stendr stuggr af því, it bodes me ill. stugg-lauss, adj. free from dislike, Bs. i. (in a verse). STULDR, m., gen. stuldar, pl. stuldir, [stela] :-- theft, stealing, Skálda 204, Gþl. 531, Stj. 63; án ok s., K.Þ.K. 176; stefna e-m stuld, Nj. 78, Landn. 161; refsa stuldi, Magn. 464, passim. stulda-maðr, m. a stealer, thief, Sturl. i. 61, Fms. iv. 111. stumpr, m. [Germ. stumpf; Engl. stump], a stump, = stubbi, Bs. ii. 138, D.N. ii. 61. stumra, að, [Engl. stumble], to stumble, of the gait; fór hann seint ok stumraði, Fms. ii. 59; stumrar hann geysi-mjök, iii. 94; stumraði hann ok gékk við tvær hækjur, Grett. 161. 2. = styrma; stumra þeir at Butralda, Fbr. 40. STUND, f., dat. stundu, pl. stundir, with neg. suff. stund-gi, q.v.; [A.S. stund; Old Engl. stound; Dan. stund; Germ. stunde] :-- a certain length of time, a while, hour, of a longer or shorter time according to the context, mostly of a short time; en er at þeirri stundu kom at hón mundi barn ala, Fms. i. 14; var stund til dags, it was a while before daybreak, Ld. 44; stund var í milli (a good while) er þeir sá framstafninn ok inn eptri kom fram, Fms. ii. 304; langa stund eðr skamma, for a long while or a short, Grág. i. 155; langri stundu fyrr, long ere, Fms. ix. 450; litla stund, a little while, for a short time, MS. 623. 32, Bs. i. 42, Eg. 160; jafnlanga stund sem áðr var tínt, Grág. i. 406; er á stundina líðr, er á leið stundina, in the course of time, after a while, Fms. x. 392, 404; jarl mælti er stund leið, after a while, Fær. 93; þat var allt á einni stundu, er ... ok, that was all at the same moment, Bs. i. 339; var ok stundin eigi löng, it was but a short time, Fms. iv. 361; þat var stund ein, but a short time, 623. 32; allar stundir, always, Fms, i. 219, xi. 76; nú líða stundir, the the time passes on, Fær. 23; er stundir líða, as time goes on, in course of time, Nj. 54; vera þar þeim stundum sem hann vildi, whenever he liked, Ísl. ii. 205; stundu eptir Jól, a while after Yule, Fms. ix. 33; stundu síðarr enn Skalla-Grímr hafði út komit, Eg. 137;. alla stund, the whole time, all the time, Fær. 123; á þeirri stundu, er ..., during the time, that..., in the meantime. Fms. xi. 360.

600 STUNDAREL -- STYÐJA.

K. þ. K. 33 new Ed.; á þessi stundu, Eg. 424; fyrir stundar sakir, in respect of time, Gbl. 31; but urn stundar sakir, but for a while; dvelja af stundir, to kill (be time, Band. 23 new Ed.; hann gáði eigi stundanna, Ems. v. 195: savings, opt verðr lítil stand at scinum, Líkn.; lítil er Hðandi stund, brief is the fleeting hour, Hkr. i. 154; hvat bíðr sinnar stundar, Grett. 168 new Ed.: allit., staðr ok stund, pl ac e and time. 2. adverbial phrases; af stundu, ere long, soon, íb. 12; fundusk þeir af stundu, Sighvat; munu þeir margir hans uvinir af stundu, er..., Ld. 146, Ems. vii. 159, xi. 357; af annarri stundu, ' the next while, ' ere long, Band. 27 new Ed.; fyrir stundu, a while ago, Oik.; urn stund, for a while, Eb. i. 170, Ísl. ii. 260; nú um stund, now for a while, Grág. i. 317: stundum (dat.), [cp. A. S. stundum] , at times, sometimes, Ld. 256, Ems. i. 14; optliga allar saman en stundum (b;* t now and then) sér hverir, 53; stundum ... stundum, sometimes ... sometimes, Sks. 96; gaus upp eldrinn stundum en stundum sloknaði, alternately, Nj. 204. 3. in a local sense, a certain little distance, a little way, a bit; hann stóð stund frá dyrunum, Bs. i. 660; hann hafði tjaldat upp frá stund þá; stund þá, a bit, Ems. xi. 85; jarðhús-munna er stund þá var brott frá bæaum, Fær. 169; þar í brekkunni stund frá þeim, Rd. 316; stund er til stokksins önnur til steinsins, Hbl., cp. Germ, stunde. 4. gen. stundar, stundar hríð, a good while, Hkr. i. 150: very, quite, with an adjective, stundar fast, Grett. 84 new Ed.; stundar-hart, Ems. iv. 153; stundar hátt, vi. 303, Eg. 408; stundar mikill, Jjorf. Karl. 426; ox stundar mikil, Fbr. 12; stundar heilráðr, Eb. 54. II. an hour, adding 'dags' (cp. Lat. hora diei); í dægri era stundir tólf, Rb. 6; önnur, þriðja stund dags, Mar., Ems. iii. 57; eina stund dags, 623. 29; tvaer stundir dags, two hours, Ems. x. 218; of þrjár stundir dags, 623. 14. III. metaph. C are, pains, exertion; leggja stund á e-t, to take pains, Ísl. ii. 341; leggja her mikla stund á, to make great exertion, Boll. 354; leggja mesta stund á, Nj. 31; leggja minni (litla, oaga) stund á, Ísl. ii. 347. COMPDS: stundar-el, n. a brief storm, Nj. 200. stundar-hríð, f. a small dis- tance, Hkr. i. 150. stundar-stefna, u, f. a summoning with short notice, Jb. 30. stunda-tal, n. alaleofhonrs, Rb. 568. stundar-vegr, m. a short distance, Pr. 411. stundar- þögn, f. a brief silence, H. E. ii. 80. stund, n. dust; gneri hann of andlit honum moldar stundinu, Greg. 54. stunda, að, [stund III], to go, proceed; stopalt munuð gangs ef it stundit hingat, if ye intend to go thifher, Am. 16; stundu ver til strandar, Ems. xi. (in a verse); obsolete in this sense. 2. metaph., ef hann vildi s. til Knúts konungs, cultivate his friendship, Ems. iv. 293; hvat tjáir mér na at hafa til hans stundat, Al. 129; hugr minn stundar til þess Guðs, er..., Eagrsk. ii. II. to strive, usually with prep.; stunda á e-t, er til e-s, (rarely single); þeir stunda fast á at ræna okkr, Bs. i. 40; man ek á þat stunda meðan ek lift, Fagrsk. 11, Sks. 14 B; sá hann at ekki var at stunda á þat lið, they were not to be trusted, Ems. viii. 29; róit út ór firðinum, ok stundit ekki á Vikverja, ix. 507 (a-stunda, q. v.): stunda til e-s, to strive towards, seek; til yðvarrar órlausnar stunda allir, Sks. 13; stunduðu báðir til þess, at konungr skyldi gefa þeim konungs nafn, Ems. x. 28; stunda ek enn til þeirrar ræðu, Sks. 483: to take pains, afla þess er hann stundar ekki til, Al. 88. 2. with acc., vilda ek, at allir minir menn stundaði hann, Grett. 119 A; Isodd stuudar hann í hvern stað framar enn yðr, Trist.; stunda sik með fustum ok vökum, Bad. 148; sá fagnaðr er ek vil sjálfan mik til s., 99; hann þótti enga þá hluti stunda er lands-monnurn vaeri til nytsemdar, Ems. xi. 346: mod., stunda bókiðnir, s. lestr, to study, cultivate. stundan, f. a paying respect, regard; þeir menn er hann áðr hefir haft stundan af, Ld. 146: heed-taking, painstaking, hefi ^ek verið með yðr í góðum fagnaði, en þú hefir ekki haft fyrir þína s., Bær. 5: pursuit, industry, af lífi þínu ok s. munu mikil stór-tíðindi hljótask, Orkn. 140; á-stundan, industry, painstaking. stund-gi, noti me; hví gegnir er góðlr menn lifa stundgi (that good men live no time) í þessum heimi. Greg. 67. stund-liga, adv. with zeal, eagerly, Stj. 557: temporally, Vidal. stund-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), temporal, worldly, opp. to eilifr (mostly eccl.), Sks. 794, Blas. 44, Ems. i. 274, x. 371. stundum, adv. [Dan. stundom] , sometimes; see stund I. 2. stunga, u, f. [stinga], a stab, a wound from a pointed weapon; blúði því er ór stungunum hafði runnit, Mar. stunga-fóli, a, m. (= borufoli, q. v.), N. G. L. i. 383. Sturla, u, f. (or perh. better Stúrla, later corrupt form Stulli, a, m., Skíoa R. 99); [this word is probubly not related to the verb sturla, but is better explained as a diminutive noun (qs. stjuri-la) from stjorr (or stjûrr), meaning a stirk, young bull, cp. mey-la; the ancient Gothic abounded in such diminutive proper names] :-- a pr. name, Sturl., Landn.; hence Sturlungar, the Sturlungs, a family famous in Icel. in the 12th and 13th centuries. Sturlunga-saga, see List of Authors. sturla, að, qs. sturla, [a derivative 'from stúra, q. v.] :-- to stir, de- range, disturb, esp. of the mind; íllr andi sturlaði hann, Stj. 460 (of king Saul), Barl. 160, 180, 186. 2. reflex., samvizkan mjög þar sturlast við, Pass. 34. 6: part, sturlaðr, deranged; oil em ek sturluð af angri, 5tr. J2, freq. in mod. usage of religious madness. sturlan, f. derangement of mind, gloom, despair; sturlan ok a-hyggja, Fas. iii. 456, Pass. H. 4; hugar s., Stj. 461. STUTTR, adj., compar. styttri, superl. stytztr; stuttara, Sks. 288; stuttr is no doubt assimilated qs. stuntr: [A. S. and Engl. stunted, stinted] :-- prop, slun'ed, scant; stutta brynju, Gkv. 2. 19, Fms. vi. 66; s. kyrtill, vii. 63, Valla L. 208; ætla síyttri skyrtu þína enn kyrtil, Sks. 287; hár styttra en eyrna-blöð, Sks. 66 new Ed.; s. toppr, id.; stutt skapt, Sturl. i. 64; þrjá tigi álna var yfir gjána þar sem stytzt var, Fas. ii. 405: of time, stuttar samvistir, Bs. i. 629; fyrir stuttu, a sh or t while ago, Fas. iii. 532; stuttr máls-háttr, Bs. ii. 6; hafði hann stuttar kvað- ningar, Ems. iii. 95: scant, stutt hjáip, Barl. 58; svara stutt, to answer shorily, Eg. 95, 175, Karl. 200, Stj. 578; svara stutt ok styggt, Ems. vii. 65. B. COMPDS: stutt-brækr (mod. stutt-buxur\ f. pl. s h or t breeks, curt hose, reaching to the knees, Sturl. ii. 221. stutt-búinn, part, c l a d i n a s h or t mantle, Mart. ill. stutt-feldr, m. short-cloak, a nick- name, Ems. vii. 75. stutt-klæddr, part. = stuttbúinn, Sturl. ii. 281. stutt-leikar, m. pl. abruptness; þau höfðu skilit í stuttleikum um kveldit, parted abruptly, Eb. 46. stutt-leitr, adj. short-faced, þjal. stutt-liga, adv. shortly, abruptly; mæla stuttliga til e-s, Korm. 229; skilja s., Band. 13 new Ed.; for s. með þeim bræðrum, Sturl. ii. 98. stutt-ligr, adj. brief, abrupt, Mkv. II. stutt-mæltr, part, sh or t- spoken; s. ok fátalaðr, Hkr. ii. 275; hón var s. (harsh) við sveininn, Ems. ix. 242. stutt-nefja, u, f. ' ihori-beak, ' prob. the little auk, Eggert Itin. 355. stutt-orðr, adj. short-worded, Ems. vi. 250. stúdera, að, [Lat.], t o s twdy, Sks. 6, Bs. i. 793, Karl. 129. stúderan (mod. studering), f. studying, Stj. 8. stúfa, u, f. a stump, N. G. L. i. 85 (the reference see under hnúfa); the name of a poem (by the poet Stúfr), Ems. vi. 2. botan. the scabius, scabiosa succisa, Eggert Itin. stúf-hendr, adj. apocopate, of a metre, of which a specimen in Edda (Ht.) 74. STÚFR, m. (stúfi, a, m., N. G. L. i. 350); [cp. Engl. stump; Germ. stumpf] :-- a stump, Nj. 97, Ísl. ii. 268, Ems. i. 178, Oik. 36; festar-s., Grág.; tungu-stufr, see festr, tunga. 2. a kind of;n e/r e (apoco- pate), see Edda (Ht.) 49-51. II. of an ox (short-horn ?), Edda (Gl.) III. a pr. name, Landn. STÚKA, u, f. [mid. H. G. siuche = manicá] :-- a sleeve; næfra- stúkan ú hendi hans annarri, Fas. ii. 281; bryn-stuka (q. v.), a sleeve of mail. II. a wing of a building; hús ... þar vóru fjórar stúkur, Ems. v. 287: esp. of a church, a wing, chapel, vestry, í musteris-vegginn er stúka, Symb. 57; kemr bróðir í stukuna, Mar.; leiddi hann í eina stnku norðr frá sönghús-dyrum, Ems. viii. 25; Nikulás-stúka, Vm. 118; Jons-s., Bs. i. 430; stúku-dyrr, Sturl. iii. 90. stúlka, u, f., staul-ka, [cp. stauli, staulpa; the - ka being a diminutive inflexive] :-- a girl, lass; ung stiilka, Fær. 41; sá hann stúlku ganga með vatns-fötur, Fb. i. 258; sjau vatn gamlar stúlkur, Fas. ii. 149; ef þat er sveinn ... en ef þat er stnlka, 236; hversu lizk þér, bróðir, á stúlkur þessar, Ísl. ii. 200; mey-s., Eb. i. 262: the word is very freq. in mod. usage, and answers to ^ irl in Eng\., flicka in Swed., genla in Norway. stúmi, a, m. [Germ. stumm~] , dumb; ok þegir sem stúmi, Skald II. R. 5. 10; the root-word is else rare and obsolete. 2. the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.) STÚPA, a defect, obsolete strong verb, [Ivar Aasen stûpa, staup; Swed. stttpa; Engl. s ioo p; mid. H. G. stieben] :-- to stoop; létu upp stjölu stúpa, stungu í kjöl höfðum, Hkr. (Hornklofi): the word is thus a air. \fy., and is now obsolete in Icel. stúr, n. = stúra; þeir kenna Guði sultar-stúr, Bb. I. 7. STÚRA, u, f. gloom, despair; Steingerðr hefir steypt mer í stúru, S. (his lady love) h as steeped me in gloom, made me unhappy, Kormak; ekki er mér (manni?) at stiiru gaman, a gloomy mind has no happiness, Mkv. 22, cp. Hm. 94; en er hann heyrði þetía, þá drap honum í stúru, he was stunned and downcast, Barl. 8. stúru-maðr, m. a care-worn man, Valla L. 208. stúra, stúri, stúrði (stúrat?), [Ulf. and-staurran = (iJ. lJpLna. vOai~\ :-- to mope, fret; hann síúrði ok svaraði engu, D. N. i. 961. stúta, að. to Mil, destroy, with dat., of dogs or the like (slang), cp. láta höfði skemrâ: t o s t wn t, heldr mun fyrir hoggin stór þinn hrottinn verða at stúta, Skíða R. 163; Starkað gamla stnta let, 171. stútr, m. [Dan. stud; Swed. stilt; Engl. stot; akin to stuttr?], a bull, D. N. i. 63, iv. 664, 782, Boldt 165, 167; uxa-stutr; this sense, however, is not in use in Icel. II. metaph. the butt end of a horn (used as a cup or vessel); Heimdoell gaf honum höggit þat, horns með stúti sínum, Skíða R. 126. 2. a stumpy thing; drykkju-stutr, a kind of c a n, Bs. i. 877; ferju-stutr, a stumpy ferry-boat, Fbr.: the necl; of a bottle is called stutr, flösku-stútr :-- the spout of a kettle or can, Ingveldr tók við katlinum, bit's í station og setti hann á borðið og túk að skenkja kaffeð, Piltr og Stúlka 51. STYÐJA, styð, pret. studdi; subj. styddi; imperat. styð, styddií; part, stutt; [stoð; A. S. stitdu; Dan. stone] :-- to steady, prop: s. hendi.

STYÐJA -- STÝRA. 601

fæti, to lean upon the hand or foot; þat er fall ef hann styðr niðr kné eðr hendi, Grág. ii. 8; sá studdi höndunum á bálkinn, Orkn. 112; annarri hendi styðr hann á herðar Jökli, Finnb.; styðja sik við, to lean upon; falla munda ek nú, ef eigi stydda ek mik við báða fætr, Fas. i. 22; Hrafn hnekði at stofni einum ok studdi þar á stúfinum, Ísl. ii. 268; hann studdi sik með hendinni ... þeir segja at þat var alls ekki at fótr styddisk við hönd, Edda 77: styðja e-n, to hold one up, support one; at eigi tæki menn til hans ok styddi hann er hann gékk út á skipit, Ó.H. 125. 2. metaph. to prop, back; allt skal ek styðja þar um, Nj. 41; hann skal styðja allar fylkingar, Fms. xi. 127; hamingja er yðr styðr, i. 104: as a law term, to back, second, fimm menn skolu s. vætti hans, Grág. i. 42, ii. 321; styðja svá orðin með sönnu efni, Edda (Ht.); s. eyrendi, ræðu e-s, Fms. vi. 44, passim. II. reflex. to lean oneself upon; at þú styðisk við konungs borð, to lean the hands on the king's table, Sks. 292; þeir stóðu ok studdusk við spjót sín, Fms. i. 280; þá styðsk þú á kné fyrir hánum, to lean upon one's knee, Sks. 363: metaph., styðjask við þeirra ráða-görð, Fms. viii. 28. 2. part. studdr, supported, backed; studdr ríki ok virðingu af keisara, Mar. B. To hit with a pointed thing (Dan. stöde); Bragi styðr á hann reyr-sprotunum, touches him with the wand, Sturl. i. 2; er Gullveig geirum studdu, when they goaded G. with spears, Vsp. styðja, u, f. = stoð, Stj. 210. styfill, m. (mod. stígvél), [from Ital. estivale, stivale; Germ. stiefel] :-- boots, D.N. iv. 221. stygð, f. a 'shunning,' aversion, anger; með s., Stj. 268; hafa s. við e-n, to shew dislike to, Fms. x. 98; görði hann þá stygð mikla við frændr Arinbjarnar ok vini, Eg. 538; hann mælti fátt, en af stygð (peevishly) þat er var, Eb. 270; stygðar strengr, Pass. 21. 12; and-stygð. stygðar-fullr, adj. froward, Mar. STYGGJA and styggva, ð, prop. to make shy, make to run, which sense remains in the phrase, styggja sauðina (féð), to worry, start the sheep, the herd. 2. to frighten away, offend; þat sama sem fyrr gladdi oss kann nú vera at styggi oss, Fms. vi. 13; ek óttask meirr at s. veraldligt vald, H.E. i. 502; ek vil þik eigi styggva, Fms. i. 98; þú styggir Guð með svoddan sið, Pass. 34. 6. II. reflex. to become shy, start, of sheep, horses, herds; sauðarnir stygðusk. 2. to shun, abhor; styggjask manndráp, Sks. 674 B: to shun, shirk, svá hugsterkr, at hann styggisk enga ógn, Str. 3. with prepp.; styggjask við e-t, to be offended with, Ísl. ii. 387, Ld. 52, Hom. 97: to forsake, shun, allir munu þér við mik styggvask ... aldregi mun ek styggvask við þik, þóat allir styggvisk aðrir, 656 C. 4 (Matth. xxvi. 31); landsmenn stygðusk við þessu. Fs. 76 :-- s. í móti e-m, Bs. i. 867. stygg-leikr, m. aversion, Sks. 485, Fb. i. 410: a hasty temper. stygg-liga, adv. harshly, angrily; svara s., Eg. 40, Fms. vi. 158, 364, xi. 286; s. hafði farit með þeim, Sturl. ii. 98. stygg-ligr, adj. = styggr; in and-styggiligr, loathsome. stygg-lyndr, adj. hasty-tempered, peevish, Fms. ii. 98, vi. 250. STYGGR,, adj. [Dan. styg = ugly], shy, wary (= skjarr), of deer, birds, animals, which are easily startled; hann vildi höndla hann (the horse), en hann var þá svá styggr, at Einarr komsk hvergi í nánd honum, Hrafn. 7; styggr sauðr, N.G.L. i. 36; ef menn eigu haglendi saman ok styggan sauð, 38; very freq. in mod. usage, in which skjarr (q.v.) is obsolete; hlaup-s., læ-s., flótt-s., fraud-shunning; dag-styggr, 'day-shy' shunning light, of a dwarf; Dag-styggr, a pr. name, Landn., Sturl. 2. peevish, of temper; hvern dag er at kveldi kom görðisk hann styggr, svá at fáir menn máttu orðum við hann koma, Eg. 1; konungr görðisk styggr ok fár til hans, Fms. i. 100; Þórðr varð s. við þetta, Ld. 42; ver eigi stygg, húsfreyja, Grett. 98, Fas. iii. 244: neut., svara, mæla styggt = styggliga, Nj. 142, Fms. vi. 118, vii. 65: skap-s. stykki, n. [Germ. stäck; Dan. stykke], a piece, chop; skipta í tólf s., Stj. 384; smá s., 458; sníða í s., 309; hón leggr sitt s. (a piece of meat) fyrir hvern þeirra bræðra, Ísl. ii. 337; fiska-s., Skíða R. 40; eitt s. af disk konungs, Fms. v. 149; í öllum sínum stykkjum, in all its parts, Dipl. ii. 13: in a local name, Stykkis-hólmr, map of Icel. styn-fullr, adj. sighing, groaning, Al. 153. STYNJA, styn, pret. stundi; subj. styndi; part. stunit; [Dan. stönne; Germ. stöhnen] :-- to groan; grét ok stundi, Hkr. iii. 366; stynéndr, Hom. 54; Helgi tekr at stynja fast, Gísl. 47; stynja dvergar, Vsp. 53, passim. stynr, m., pl. stynir, a groan, Hom. 57, Fb. i. 145; sjúkra manna s, Skálda 174; dauðans stynir, Stj. 50; s. ok sýting, 51; með miklum styn, Fms. v. 218; styn né hósta, Nj. 201; sárum styn, Fb. ii. 392. styrfinn, adj., better stirfinn, q.v. styrja, u, f. [Germ. stör; Norse styrja, makrél-styrja; Engl. sturgeon], a sturgeon, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms. viii. styrj-öld, f., gen. styrjaldar, spelt stjorjold, Bs. i. 581; [styrr and öld] :-- 'stir-age,' war, fray, tumult; vekja styrjöld, 623. 25; hefir þú þat skap er engi styrjöld fylgir, thou art no man of war, Landn. 260; með mikilli s. ok gný, Fms. x. 265; ópi ok s., i. 273; standa á s., Fas. iii. 155; fremja s., 623. 11; göra mikla styrjöld, Stj. 489; með harðfengi sinni ok s., Fb. ii. 71; orrosta þessi ok s., 298. styrjaldar-maðr, m. a warlike man, Ísl. ii. 361; vér fundum þenna styrjaldar-mann, this peace-disturber, 645. 97; hann hafði engi s. verit hér til, Sturl. iii. 7; styrjaldar-Magnús, Fms. vii. styrking, f. a strengthening, refreshment, Stj. 493, Bs. ii. 161: confirmation, Dipl. ii. 14. styrkja, ð, to make strong; skepta spjót, styrkja skjöldu, Fas. i. 505; minta styrkir kvið, Pr. 473, 474. 2. metaph. to strengthen, confirm; styðja ok styrkja, Fb. i. 93, Bs. i. 132; s. með handa-bandi, Dipl. iv. 7: to assist, s. e-n, Nj. 41, Fms. vi. 28; at hvárir styði ok styrki aðra, ii. 36. II. reflex. to be strengthened, get strength, Fms. ii. 230, viii. 26, xi. 291 (of a sick person), Sks. 717; styrkstú aumr, Orkn. styrkjandi, part. a supporter, Blas. 42, Stj. styrkjari, a, m. a strengthener, Stj. styrk-leikr, m. strength, Bs. i. 39. styrk-ligr, adj. strong-looking, Fms. ii. 81. styrkna, að, to grow strong, Al. 23. STYRKR, m. [A.S. stearc; Engl. stark; Dan. styrke], strength, bodily strength; hann drakk eigi meira enn hann mátti halda styrk sínum, Fms. i. 82; eljan ok styrkr, vii. 228; reipi öruggligt til styrkjar, a rope strong enough, Sks. 420 B. 2. force, of war; sögðu at bændr höfðu gört meira styrk móti honum, Fms. ix. 496; spurt höfum vér hversu mikinn styrk þú hefir, i. 103; konungar sendu sinn styrk, Róm. 264. 3. help, assistance; leggja styrk með e-m, Nj. 7; með styrk e-s, Fms. vi. 25; e-m er s. at e-u, Eg. 44; lét hann þar sitja til styrks við sik, Orkn.; lið-styrkr, fé-styrkr. 4. the main strength; konungr sat löngum í Þrándheimi, þar var mestr styrkr landsins, Fms. i. 32. styrkr, adj. strong; see sterkr. styrkt and styrkð, f. strength; styrkðina, Fms. x. 373; s. ok hófsemi, Hom. 97, Fb. ii. 37, 365: help, Orkn. 108; styrkðar-andi, Rb. 80; styrktar bréf, a writ of confirmation, Ann. 1371. styrktar-maðr, m. a helper, Dropl. 23, Fms. vii. 229. STYRMA, d, [stormr; A.S. styrmian], to blow up for a gale; gékk um veðrit ok styrmði at þeim, Bs. i. 775, Grett. 113 new Ed.; þá tók veðrit at s. af land-suðri, id. 2. metaph. in the phrase, styrma yfir e-m, to storm, make much ado about a body or a person suddenly slain or wounded; styrmdu heima-menn yfir honum, Ld. 40, Sturl. ii. 38, Gísl. 142, Fær. 112, Orkn. 452; styrma at líki, Fbr. 40; þeir stöktu vatni strákinn á ok styrmdu yfir með ljósi, Skíða R. 189; see stumra (by a metathesis). STYRR, m., gen. styrjar and styrs, [Engl. stir], a stir, tumult, brawl, disturbance; styrr varð í ranni, there arose a stir in the hall, Hðm. 24; úlitill styrr, no small stir, Edda (Ht.); stála styrr, hjálma styrr, randa styrr, 'steel-stir,' 'helm-stir,' 'shield-stir,' i.e. a battle, Lex. Poët. 2. a stir, battle, war; í styr, ór slíkum styr, Hallfred; gera harðan styr, í þeima hörðum styr, vekja styr, Ó.H. (in a verse); styrjar væni, Hornklofi; styrjar skyndir, deilir, kennir, valdi, = a warrior; styrjar-gjarn, martial; as also styr-fimr, styr-remdr, styr-bráðr, styr-viðr, styr-bendir, alert, mighty ... in battle, -- all epithets of a warrior; styr-vindr, 'war-wind', i.e. battle, Lex. Poët.; all these compds are solely poetical; styrjöld (q.v.) alone is used in prose, both old and mod. II. Styrr as a pr. name, gen. Styrs; and in compds, Styr-björn, Styr-laugr (mod. Stur-laugr), Styr-kárr, Landn. STYTTA, t, [stuttr; Engl. stunt], to make short, shorten; hafi sá stökku er stytti, who scamped it, Gþl. 399; ok styttu svá strenginn, Fms. v. 289: freq. esp. in mod. usage, stytta sér stundir. 2. to gird up a frock, by tying a band round the waist; hann stytti upp um sik kuflinn, Grett. 91 new Ed.; s. upp kyrtil sinn, 656 C. 5; stytta sik upp, Fas. ii. 333, iii. 283; mod. simply stytta sig, esp. of women. II. reflex. styttask, to be shortened; vegrinn styttist, dagr styttist: metaph. to get angry, Vápn. 26. 2. part. styttr, shortened, Skálda 171. stytta, u, f., in styttu-band, n. a band to hold up a woman's dress. stytta, u, f. [Dan. stötte], a column, (mod.) stytti, f. (styttni, Mork. 51), = stytting, Fms. ix. 329. stytting, f. a shortening; dægra-s. 2. shortness, unfriendliness; skilja með styttingi, to part coldly, abruptly, Eb. 106, Fms. iii. 122, Vápn. 26; styttingar fóru í með þeim, their intercourse grew cold, Fms. ix. 329, v.l. STÝFA, ð, [stúfr], to cut off, chop off, curtail, Jb. 274; af stýfa, Stj. 379; s. af tungunni, Hom. 115; s. höfuð af e-m, Al. 53; því berr hann stýfðan stert, a docked tail, Gsp. II. part. stýft, a metrical term, apocopated; stýfð vísu-orð, Edda (Ht.) 133. 2. a mark on a sheep's ear, made by cutting the top off (stýft hægra). STÝRA, ð, [stjórn, stýra; Goth. stiurian; A.S. steôrjan; Engl. steer; Germ. steuern; Dan. styre] :-- to steer, with dat., Hbl. 7; s með bryggjum ok árum, Fms. xi. 193; stýra skipi, N.G.L. i. 98; stýr þú hingat eikjunni, Hbl.; en Loki stýrir, Vsp. 51, passim; stýra á e-n, to steer upon another; stýrðu ekki á mik, Steingerðr, Kormak: metaph. phrases, s. til váða, to steer into straits, take a dangerous course, Fms. vii. 145; mér þótti þú stýra oss til ens mesta váða, Ó.H. 136; eigi hefir tekizk misræða við, en var þó til stýrt, i.e. attempted, but failed, Grág. ii. 61; stýra undan, to escape. Post. 645. 88; hversu sem ek fæ undan stýrt, Fms. xi. 193,

602 STÝRA -- STÖKKVA.

Lv. 69, Fb. ii. 80; ok orðit þó heldr nær stýrt, 'steered near' i.e. had a narrow escape, id. 2. to be skipper; skip kom í Arnarbælis-ós, ok stýrði skipinu Hallvarðr hvíti, Nj. 40; ef stýri-maðr stýrir ílla skipinu, 673. 59. II. metaph. to direct, govern, manage; stýra ríki. Fb. ii. 146; stýra lögum, Fms. xi. 99; s. sakferli, Landn. 259; s. vápnum, Al. 10; ætla ek flestum ofrefli at s. þeim, Eb. 112; mega ekki stýra sér fyrir reiði, could not steer himself for wrath. Mar.; tók hann sótt svá ákafa, at hann mátti varla s. sér, Bs. i. 746; hann kvað íllar vættir því snemma stýrt hafa, ill fate had ruled it so, Korm. 240; þat mun þó mestu um stýra, hversu Þórdisi er um gefit, it will all depend on how Th. likes it, Ld. 302. 2. stýra e-n, to rule, possess, Fs. 27, Hkr. i. 307; þat mun mestri giptu stýra, must bode good luck, Odd. 22; því at vér stýrim penningum, Hrafn. 10; hverju geði stýrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17; s. auði, Skv. 3. 16; máttkum Guði stýrir þú, Fms. ii. 152; stýra máttkum hlutum, x. 229; hvárt sem hann stýrir meira viti eða minna, Fb. iii. 402. III. part. stýrandi; s. Mjölnis, the keeper of M., i.e. Thor, Edda 53. stýra, u, f., in bú-stýra, q.v. stýri, n. a helm, rudder, Korm. 230; leggja s. í lag, Hkr. i. 32, Fms. i. 42, vii. 47; leggja stýri ór lagi, Al. 67; sitja við stýri, Eg.; láta (vel, ílla, ekki) at stýri, to answer (well, ill, not) to the rudder, O.T. 70, Fms. x. 368. COMPDS: stýris-drengr, m. a rudder-post(?); stýri ok stýris-drengi, N.G.L. i. 102. stýris-fiskr, m. a fish, echinus cauda bifurca, Eggert Itin. 994. stýri-hamla, u, f. the 'rudder strap,' the loop by which the tiller is worked (sec hamla), Gþl. 122; sitja við stýri-hömlu, Ó.H. 16; skiptusk menn við stýrihömlurnar, Fms. viii. 383: in the phrase, ræna e-n stýrihömlu, to take the skipper's place, N.G.L. i. 98. stýris-hnakki, a, m. the 'rudder-neck,' the top piece of the rudder, Fms. ii. 320. stýris-knappr, m. = stýrishnakki, Fb. i. 486. stýris-lykkja, u, f. the rudder-hook, by which the rudder is hooked on to the stern-post, Eg. 360. stýri-látr, adj. manageable, Grett. 98; ú-stýrilátr, unruly. stýri-læti, n., in ú-stýrilæti, unruliness. stýri-maðr, m. a 'steersman,' but only in the sense of a skipper, captain, N.G.L. i. 98, 103, Grett. 95, Ó.H. 136, Fms. vii. 257, 286, ix. 19, Landn. 51; stýrimaðr ok hásetar, Grág. i. 90. stýri-stöng, f. a rudder-post, Fms. v. 186, Eg. 360, Fas. ii. 37. stæða, d, to establish; s. ok staðfesta, H.E. ii. 187. STÆÐI, i.e. stœði, n. [standa, stóð], the place which a thing takes up; fimm manna stæði, room for five men, Ám. 98: the place on which a thing stands, skegg-stæði. stæði-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), fit to stand, stable; stæðiligt hús, s. veggr; gegn-s., q.v. stæðingr, m., a naut. term, braces, 673. 60; dragreip, stœðingr, höfuð-benda, N.G.L. i. 199, Edda (Gl.) stæðr, adj., neut. stætt, standing; in compds, gagn-s., contrary; sam-s., harmonious. stækja, u, f. a bad stench. stækka (stœkka), qs. stærka, að, [stór], to grow, wax, impers.; sjó stækkar, Þorf. Karl. 372, v.l. (better stæra): reflex. stækkask, Háv. 12 new Ed.: freq. in mod. usage, það stækkar. stækr, adj. [Engl. stink, stench; Dan. stinke], a stinking. STÆLA, d, [stál], to steel, put steel into, a blacksmith's term; hence to temper, hann lét stæla oddana, Str. 77; sverð stælt með eitri, a sword tempered with poison, poisoned, Bær. 15 (= eitri herðr); stæltr lé, Grág. i. 501. II. metaph. to intercalate a poem with burden (stál); stefjum verðr at stæla brág, Mkv. 11; þá tók Sighvatr at yrkja drápu um Ólaf konung enn Helga, ok stælti eptir Sigurðar-sögu ... þú skalt fara til móts við Sighvat skáld mitt ok seg honum svá, at ek vil eigi at hann stæli drápu þá, er hann yrkir um mik, eptir Sigurðar-sögu, heldr vil ek at hann stæli eptir Uppreistar-sögu, ... Sighvatr sneri þá drápunni, ok stælti hana eptir Uppreistar-sögu. Fb. ii. 394; -- Fms. v. 210 (l.c.) has 'drápu' wrongly for 'sögu;' for the sense is that the poet intended to borrow the subject for the burden from the Saga of Sigurd Fafnisbani, but the king bade him not do so, but take the burden from the History of the Creation: specimens of such poems, furnished with intercalated sentences taken from mythical subjects or old wise sayings, are the drapa of Kormak on Earl Sigurd, and the Edda (Ht.) 13 :-- neut. stælt, intercalated sentences (stál) in an old poem, þessa fígúru er vér köllum stælt, Skálda 198; standa þessir hættir mest í því sem stælt er kveðit, 206; þetta er stælt kallat, Edda (Ht.) 125; hjá-stælt, the 'stál' at the end of a verse line, id., -- ok skal orðtak vera forn minni, Edda (Ht.) 2. hence in mod. usage stæla means to plagiarise, imitate; stæla eptir e-u. STÆRA (i.e. stœra), ð, [stórr], impers. of the wind, sea, it swells, waxes rough; stærði veðrin (acc.), Eg. 404; sjó tók at stæra, Þorf. Karl. 372; haustar, stærir sjóinn, Finnb. 242; stærir sterkar bárur (acc.), Bs. i. (in a verse). II. reflex. stærask; sjár tók at stærask, 656 C. 21; vegn stærask, Sks. 231. 2. the phrase, stæra sig, to pride oneself, boast; and stærask, id., Fms. x. 107, Al. 36, Stj. 635, Barl. 172; stærask af sinni ætt, Landn. 357, v.l. stærð, f. size, bigness; borgar-stærð, Völs. R. 10, freq. in mod. usage. 2. pride, Karl. 411; stærð ok metnadr, Sturl. iii. 130; taka stærð, to take pride, Fms. x. 107; s. ok siðleysa, iv. 206. stæri-látr, adj. proud, Korm. (in a verse): stæri-læti, n. pride. STÖÐ, f., gen. stöðvar, pl. stöðvar; [staðr. standa; A.S. stæð; Engl. stead, in roadstead; cp. Lat. st&a-long;tio :-- a berth, harbour; stýr þú hingat eikjunni, ek mun þér stöðna kenna, Hbl.; ef hvalr rekr í stöð manns, ... er í stöðinni liggr ... er stöðina á, er um gengr stöðina út, N.G.L. i. 252: esp. in plur., þeir kómu í þær stöðvar, ... ok lögðu skipit undir mels-höfða, Sd. 147; í þær stöðvar er átti Sveinn konungr ok leggja þeir skip sín í lægi, Fms. xi. 70; þeir kómu í stöðvar Gorms konungs síð um aptan, 15. 2. metaph. place; ok verðr sá at skilja af stöð (from the context) er ræðr skáldskapinn um hvárn kveðit er konunginn, Edda 92. 3. stöðvar, dwelling-places = Gr. GREEK; á sömu stöðvum, freq. in mod. usage. II. in local names; Stöð, the harbour in Skard in western Icel.; fara ofan í Stöð, lenda í Stöðinni: Stöðvar-fjörðr, Landn.; whence Stöðfirðingar, m. pl. the men from S., id. stöð-renni, n. a neighbourhood; búa, sitja í s. við e-n, Fas. ii. 152, Bs. i. 417, Sturl. i. 115. stöðu-, see staða. stöðu-gleikr, m. steadfastness, firmness, N.G.L. iii. 92, Bs. ii. 159. stöðugr, adj. steady, stable; ver s., ok hræðsk eigi, Th. 3; stöðugir í sér, Al. 173; s. í framferði, Mar.; þessi stöðugi riddari, Magn. 496; stöðugan stólpa, Fms. iii. 174; stórlyndr ok stöðugr, Fs. 129; varð honum þat (viz. the heart) eigi stöðugt, Edda 58; göra stöðugt, to confirm, Vígl. 29, Dipl. iii. 9; standa stöðugt, Pass., D.N.; halda e-t stöðugt, to observe, Dipl. v. 16; til stöðugrar eignar, i. 12. stöðull, m., dat. stöðli, [A.S. staðol; O.H.G. stadal] :-- a milking-sbed, for kine; milli bæjar ok stöðuls, K.Þ.K.; griðkona þín þerrir fætr á jafnan er hón gengr af stöðli, Fb. i. 268; naut vóru á stöðli, ... graðungr var á stöðlinum, Vápn. 1; fé var á stöðli of aptaninn, Bjarn. 47: vóru konur at mjöltum, Þóroddr reið á stöðulinn, ... hvert sinn er Þóroddr kom á stöðul, Eb. 316, 320; reka naut á stöðul, Eg. 712; konur er til stöðuls fóru, 713; konur vóru á stöðli, Nj. 83; norðr í stöðlum, Sturl. ii. 249; stöðul ok kvíar, Vm. 18; tvá stöðla ok sel, D.N. i. 81; stöðuls-hlið, Landn. 78. stöðul-gerði, n. a milk-pail, Ísl. ii. 74. stöðva, að, with neg. suff. stöðvig-a-k, Hom, 151, [stöð] :-- to stop; hann stöðvar sik ekki, Nj. 144; hann stöðvaði her sinn, halted, Eg. 274; s. liðit, Fms. vii. 298. 2. to soothe, halt; hlaupa menn ok stöðva Hall, Ld. 38; kvað bændr mundu stöðva sik, they would calm themselves down, Magn. 424; stöðva ræðu yðra, Sks. 250; s. úhreina anda, Hom. 133; s. þorsta sinn, Al. 83; s. blóð, blóðrás, to still the blood, Lækn.; ok varð eigi stöðvat, Nj. 210, Fms. i. 46; stöðva sik, to contain oneself, Grett. 93 new Ed., Hom. (St.) II. reflex. to stop oneself, calm down; stöðvaðisk Dana-herr, Fms. i. 109; kyrrask ok stöðvask, 623. 26; settisk þá niðr ok stöðvaðisk úfriðr allr ok agi, Fms. vi. 286: to be fixed, stöðvask sú ráðagörð, Bs. i. 809. stökkóttr, adj. [stakkr; Dan. stakket], stinted, curtailed, D.N. stökkr or stökr, m. [provinc. Norse staak = noise], a stir, disturbance; vær kómum stökk (dat.) í lið þeirra, we put them to flight, Stj. 515; ek mun vita ef ek koma nokkurum stökk í lið þeirra, Fms. viii. 49; áðr hann görði stökk í órum búðum, ere he brought discord into our dwelling, Bjarn. 28 (in a verse, if thus to be emended); stökkr óx, the swell (of the sea) waxed, Edda (Ht.) stökkr, adj. 'springing,' brittle, of steel or the like; koparr harðr ok stökkr, Fms. v. 344; stökkr stálbugr, Hallgr. 2. slippery; sólinn var stökkr ... rasar Sturla, Bs. i. 527. stökkull, m. (stökkvill, D.I. i. 408), a sprinkling, Eb. 10, Stj. 279, Bs. i. 195, Hkr. i. 139. 2. a 'jumper,' the name of a whale, see Ísl. Þjóðs., Eggert Itin. STÖKKVA, pres. stökk, pl. stökkvum; pret. stökk, stökkt, stökk, pl. stukku; subj. stykki; imperat. stökk, stökktú; part. stokkinn: also spelt with ey (steyqva): [Ulf. stigqwan; A.S. stincan] :-- to leap, spring; stökkva hátt, to make a high leap, Fær. 57; hann stökk ofan ór loptinu, Fms. i. 166; þeir stukku upp, they sprang to their feet, Korm. 40; stukku þeir á skip sín, Fms. ix. 275; s. á hest, Karl. 261; þessi maðr stökk af bjarginu, Fas. iii. 197. 2. of things, to spring, rebound; sverðit stökk af í braut á úlfliðinn á Moðólfi, Nj. 262; stökkr undan hold, of a blow, Grág. ii. 15; fótrinn stökk ór liði, the foot sprang out of joint, Ísl. ii. 246; sundr stökk súla, Hým. 12, hann stökk í sundr í þrjá parta, Bs. ii. 127; hringrinn stökk í tvá hluti, sprang in two, Ld. 126; þar var stein-veggrinn helzt stokkinn, broken, Þiðr. 325; or Elivágum stukku eitr-dropar, Vþm. 31. 3. to take to flight; margir stukku ór Noregi, Fms. i. 77; vetrinn eptir er hann hafði stokkit ór Noregi, 82; stukku þeir Hákon undan, vii. 270; úvinir stukku undan, vi. 24; stukku sumir at landi á brott, Eg. 20; stukku þeir feðgar til Gautlands, Nj. 8; stökk þá Hallgerðr til Grjótár, 218; stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, Ld. 180; s. á flótta, Fms. v. 84. 4. impers., Flosa stukku aldrei hermðar-yrði, angry words never escaped him, Nj. 281; honum stökkr aldrei bros, he never smiles, of an earnest, austere man. II. to be sprinkled, cp.

STÖKKVA -- SUMAR. 603

Vþm. 31: in the part. stokkinn, bedabbled, sprinkled; sveita stokkinn, Fm. 32: blóði stokkinn, Hkv. 1. 15, 2. 6; Erlingr var þá á öfra aldri ok stokkit hár hans nokkut, his hair was sprinkled with grey, O.H.L. 54. stökkva, t (ð), a causal to the preceding, to cause to spring, make start, propel, drive, with dat.; s. úaldar-flokki þessum, Fms. vii. 263; sumum stökti hann brott, i. 98; ek stökta í brott Steinari, Ísl. ii. 215; þeir hafa stökt honum norðan, Eb. 304, Dropl. 35; hann stökti honum ór landi, Fms. vi. 27; hví er þér stökt ór landi, Hkv. Hjörv. 31; vér munum ríða at sem harðast ok s. í sundr (break) fylkingu þeirra, Orkn. 12. II. to sprinkle; hón hafði stökkul í hendi ok stökkvir of hús, Bs. i. 195; með því skyldi s. hlautinu á mennina, Hkr. i. 139; stökti hann vígðu vatni um allt skipit, Fms. ii. 178; vatn stökt of hús, Pr. 474; ef þú stökkvir á með honum, Hb. 544. 39: to be sprinkled, hann stökkvir blóði himin ok lopt, Edda 8. stökkvi-brögð, n. pl. an unforeseen accident(?); nú hafa vorðit í s., Fb. iii. 450. stökkvi-víg, n. a single, isolated case of manslaughter, Ann. 1296, Krók. 36. stök-land, n. [stakr], an isolated land; sitja á stöklöndum, N.G.L. i. 380, 393. STÖNG, f., gen. stangar, dat. stöngu, Haustl., but else stöng; plur. stangir and stengr: [A.S. steng; North. E. stang; Germ. stange; Dan. stang, pl. stænger] :-- a pole; taka mikla stöng ok binda við hvíta blæju, Fms. ix. 358; berja e-n stöngum, to beat with staves, Blas. 51, MS. 655 xiii. B. 3: of a standard pole (merkis-stöng), taka merkit af stönginni, Nj. 274: the phrase, ganga undir stöng, to go under a pole, in order to be counted up (see skora), Fms. viii. 320: the phrase, bera fé til stangar, of cattle as booty, to bring to the pole, that it may be counted and valued (cp. Lat. 'sub hasta'), Barl. 188; allt þat er þeir fengi í herförum þá skyldi til stanga bera, Fms. xi. 76; var féit til stanga borit ok skipti Hákon jarl fénu með sér ok svá vápnum þeirra, 147; með svá miklu kapp, at stóð í stönginni, that the tally was full(?), 424 (probably a metaphor from scoring). COMPDS: Stangar-bolli, -foli, a, m. names of ships, Bs. stangar-fylja, u, f., -högg, n. a nickname, Þorst. St. 48, 49. STÖPLA (better than staupla), að, (stolpa, N.G.L. iii. 27, v.l.), [Swed. stjelpa; Dutch over-stelping = overwhelming] :-- to bespatter, sprinkle; stórum stauplar nú yfir, Fs. 153; stöplaðisk út af keri, a drop was spilt out of the beaker, Vígl. 52; stöpluðusk yfir kerit (af kerinu) nokkurir dropar, Flóv. 2. ekki ætla ek at steplaz UNCERTAIN við h&aolig;ott Haralds konungs, Mork. 89. stöppuðr, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. stöpull, m., dat. stöpli, [A.S. stypel; Engl. steeple], a steeple, tower, Rb. 402; smíða einn stöpul, Edda (pref., of Babel); þann stöpul, 656 A. ii. 10; hann lét göra stöpul mjök vandaðan ... uppi í stöplinum, ... stöpulsins, Bs. i. 132, Fms. viii. 247, ix. 12; kirkju-s., 285; klukkur fjórar í stöpli, Pm. 99: a beacon-tower, Fms. vii. 122, viii. 97: a pillar, Eluc. 2; sá stöpull, a pillar of smoke, Ver. 21; stöpul-dyrr, Sturl. iii. 101; stöpul-görð, -smíð, Pm. 9, Bs. i. 132, Edda (pref.); stöpul-vörðr, a steeple keeper, N.G.L. ii. STÖRR,, f., mod. stör, gen. starar, old dat. starru, bent-grass, Lat. carex; á starru eða strái, N.G.L. i. 383, 392; star-engi, star-gresi, q.v. subb, n. sluttishness: subba, u, f. a slut. sub-djákn, m. [for. word], a sub-deacon, H.E., K.Á., Bs. i. 418, 871. sub-dufl, -tripl, n., of extracting the square and the cubic root, Alg. subtili, a, m. = eccles. Lat. subtile, Stj., Vm. suddi, a, m. = soddi, [soð], prop. steam from cooking, whence drizzling rain, wet mist; suddi og væta. COMPDS: sudda-ligr, adj. wet and dank. sudda-þoka, u, f. a drizzling fog. SUÐR, n., gen. suðrs; older form sunnr; in poets sunnr gunnar, sunnr runna, Hkr. i. (in a verse); sunnr runnu, Vellekla: [A.S. suð; Engl. south; Germ. süd; Dan. syd] :-- the south; af suðri, Fb. ii. 481; í suðri, Rb. 92; til suðrs, Sks. 163; í suðr, passim; land-suðr, south-east; út-suðr, south-west. II. as adv.; ríða suðr, Nj. 4; suðr til Hallands, Dýflinnar, Danmerkr, Jótlands, Fms. i. 26, Eg. 157, Orkn. 256; suðr um lönd, Bs. i. 744; fara suðr, to pass southwards, Eg. 53: esp. of pilgrims to Rome or Palestine, Nj. 268, Gísl. 73. 2. with motion; hann dvaldisk suðr í landi, Fms. i. 96; suðr í Sogni, Ó.H. 26; suðr frá, southwards, Nj. 118; þeir áttu suðr (in the south) Engey, 22; suðr (in the south, i.e. in southern Iceland), Þorkell máni, Bs. i. 4, 31, l. 4. II. compar. sunnar, more to the south, Fms. vi. 379, Rb. 472; sunnar meir, Sks. 213. 2. superl. sunnarst, Rb. (1812) 18; sunnast í zodiaco, 732. 4, Rb. 478. suðr-búr, n. a south bower, south room, Sturl. i. 63. suðr-dyrr, n. pl. south doors, Sturl. iii. 172, 186, Fs. 72, Fms. ix. 522. Suðr-ey, f. a local name, South Island, Fms. ii: plur. Suðr-eyjar, Sodor, the Hebrides, Landn., Orkn., Fms.: Suðr-eyingr, m., Suðr-eyskr, adj. from Sodor, Landn. 89, Fms. ix. 420, Nj. 16. suðr-ferð, -för, f. a journey to the south, Bs. i. 867: esp. a pilgrimage, Fms. iii. 19, Fb. ii. 421. suðr-ganga, u, f. = suðrferð, Nj. 257, Fms. vi. 35. Suðr-haf, n. the South-sea. Stj. 88. suðr-hallr, adj. south-slanting, of the sun, Akv. suðr-hálfa, -álfa, u, f. the southern region, Rb. 398: of Africa, Ver. 9: of Asia, Edda (pref.) Suðri, a, m. a dwarf, cp. Norðri, Edda, Skíða R. 203. suðr-jöklar, m. pl. the south glaciers, Landn. 63. suðr-land, n. a southern county, the south shore of a fjord, Fms. viii. 220: plur. suðrlönd, the south-lands, Saxony, Germany, Fb. i. 502. II. a local name = Sutherland in Scotland, Orkn., Landn. suðr-maðr, m. a southerner, esp. of a Saxon, German, as opp. to a Northman, Magn. 528, Fms. viii. 248, xi. 303, 354, Fb. i. 540, Karl. 288, 355, passim. Suðr-nes, n. pl. a local name, Landn. suðr-reið, f. a journey to the south, Sturl. iii. 19. Suðr-ríki, n. = suðrhálfa, esp. used of Central and Southern Europe, Ver. 52, Rb. 420; Austrlönd ok S., Fms. iv. 82; ýmist til Saxlands eðr S., vi. 7; víða hafði hann verit í S., viii. 148; í Vallandi eðr í S., Fagrsk. suðr-strönd, f. the south shore, Grett. 13 new Ed. suðr-stúka, u, f. the south wing of a building, Fms. xi. 277. suðr-vegar, m. pl. the southern ways, opp. to norðrvegar, Gkv. 2. 8; vera á suðrvegi, on a pilgrimage, Fbr. 196: southern countries, as opp. to norðrlönd, Fms. x. 375. suðr-veggr, m. the southern wall, Fms. viii. 264. Suðr-virki, n. Southwark in London, Fagrsk., Ó.H.: rhymed, Súð búðir, Ó.H. (in a verse). suðr-ænn, adj. southern; suðræn veðr, Þorf. Karl. 436; var á suðr-ænt, Fms. ix. 42. suðr-ætt, f. the southern regions, Rb. 468, Fms. x. 350, Sks. 215. SUFL, n. [cp. Goth. supon = GREEK; A.S. sufol; Swed. sofvel; Dan. sul] :-- whatever is eaten with bread, = Gr. GREEK; Lat. obsonium; hleif ok sufl á, N.G.L. i. 316, Fb. iii. 419 (in a verse); ok væri hverjum vár deildr hálfr hleifr, en öllum saman suflit ... hefði etið brauð-suflit allt ok hálfan sinn hleif, Þorst. Síðu H. suga, u, f. [sjúga], a sucking; opt eru tregar kálfsugur, Hallgr.: a cake (dúsa) given to suck (barn-suga). sukk, n. = svakk, [Engl. soak], a muddle, N.G.L. iii. 80, Fas. iii. 129, 142; kennslu-piltar görðu sukk í kirkjunni, Bs. i. 792; maki enginn sukk, 801, veraldar sukk, Mar. 2. the phrase, hafa allt í sukki, to have all in a muddle, waste, of bad husbandry, Nj. 18. sukka, að, to make a muddle, Bs. ii. 143: to squander, with dat., i. 734, 767, 820, K.Á. 230, Grett. 197 new Ed.: augu sukkuð (soaked) í laugu, Fas. ii. (in a verse). sull, n. = soll, q.v.; sam-sull, sullum-bull, a swill: sulla, að, to swill, (vulg.) sullr, m., pl. sullir, [svella], a boil, Bs. i. 465; sullr á fæti, Ísl. ii. 218; s. á hendi, 176, 196; kverka-s., id.: in mod. usage esp. of an internal boil or swelling in the liver, lungs, intestines. sultan, m. Sultan, Fms. viii: as a dog's name, hér er þér skattr, Sultan, Skálda (in a verse). SULTR, m., gen. sultar (sults, N.G.L. i. 140), dat. sulti; [svelta; Dan. sult; A.S. swylt = death] :-- hunger, famine (the notion of death found in A.S., is lost in Icel.); deyja af sulti, Nj. 265; ór sult(i), Magn. 510; heim í sultinn, Band. 12; Þorgils tekr úr seggnum sult, Skíða R. 2. famine; þá var svá mikill s. í Noregi, Fms. i. 86; s. ok seyra, q.v.: the phrase, sitja í sults húsi, to 'sit in hunger's house,' be starved, N.G.L. i. 140; sultar-kví, a 'famine-fold,' Fms. xi. 248. SUMAR, n., dat. sumri; pl. sumur; sumra, sumrum; in the old language this word was masculine in the form sumarr, of which gender a trace may still be seen in the contracted forms sumri, sumra, sumrum, for a genuine neuter does not admit these contractions. But there remains a single instance of the actual use of the masculine in the rhyme of a verse of the beginning of the 11th century, sumar hvern frekum erni, Skálda, -- from which one might infer that at that time the word was still masc.; if so, it is not likely that in a poem so old as the Vsp. it would be neuter, and 'sumur' in 'of sumur eptir' perhaps ought to be corrected 'sumra' or 'sumar' (acc. sing.); as also 'varmt sumar' should be 'varmr sumarr,' Vþm. 26: [A.S. sumar; a word common to all Teut. languages; in the Orm. sumerr, denoting a long u; the mod. Dan., Germ., and Engl. have sommer, summer, with a double m] :-- a summer, passim. II. mythical, Sumarr, the son of Svásað, Edda 13. B. CHRONOLOGICAL REMARKS. -- The old Northmen, like the Icel. of the present time, divided the year into two halves, summer and winter; the summer began on the Thursday next before the 16th of April in the old calendar, which answers to the 26th of the Gregorian calendar (used in Icel. since A.D. 1700). The Northern and Icelandic summer is therefore a fixed term in the calendar, and consists of 184 days, viz. six months of thirty days, plus four days, called aukanætr ('eke-nights'). Summer is divided into two halves, each of three months (= ninety days), before and after midsummer (mið-sumar); and the four 'eke-nights' are every summer intercalated immediately before midsummer: thus in the Icel. Almanack of 1872 -- Sumar-dagr fyrsti, or the first

604 SUMARAUKI -- SUNDRINGUM.

summer-day, falls on Thursday the 25th of April; Auka-nætr from the 24th to the 27th of July; Mið-sumar on the 28th of July; Sumar-dagr síðasti, or the last day of summer, on the 25th of October; cp. sumar-nátt siðasta, Gísl. 67. In mod. usage the time from April to October is counted by the summer weeks, the first, second, ... twentieth ... week of the summer, and in Icel. Almanacks every Thursday during summer is marked by the running number of the week. The ancients, too, counted the summer by weeks, but only down to midsummer, thus, tíu vikur skulu vera af sumri er menn koma til alþingis, K.Þ.K. 166; but in the latter part of the summer they counted either by the weeks from midsummer or by the weeks still left of the summer, thus, hálfum mánaði eptir mitt sumar, Nj. 4; er átta vikur lifa sumars, Grág. i. 122; frá miðju sumri til vetrar, 147; er átta vikur eru til vetrar, Nj. 192; er tveir mánaðir vóru til vetrar, 195; líðr á sumarit til átta vikna, 93; ellipt., var Rútr heima til sex vikna (viz. sumars), 10. C. COMPDS: sumar-auki, a, m. 'summer-eke,' the intercalary week, an Icel. calendar-term; the ancient heathen year consisted of 364 days, or twelve months of thirty days each, plus four days, which were the auka-nætr or 'eke-nights' (see above); the remaining day and a fraction was gathered up into an intercalary week, called 'Summer-eke' or 'Eke-week,' which in ancient times was inserted every sixth or seventh year at the end of summer, which in such years was 191 days long; the 'Summer-eke' was introduced by Thorstein Surt (Thorstein the Wise) in the middle of the 10th century, see Íb. ch. 4, and is still observed in Icel.; now that the Gregorian style is in use in Icel. the intercalary week is inserted every fifth or sixth year; thus the year 1872 is marked as the 'first year after sumarauki,' (the years 1860, 1866, and 1871 being years 'with sumarauki'); 1872 sem er 'fyrsta ár eptir Sumarauka,' Icel. Almanack, 1872; the years 1864 and 187O were 'fjórða ár eptir sumarauka;' thus in 1871 the summer had twenty-seven weeks, the eke-week being the 21st to the 27th of October. sumar-ávöxtr, m. the summer produce, Fms. x. 337. sumar-björg, f. support during the summer, Sturl. i. 136. sumar-bók, f. a summer-book (missal for the summer), Vm. 52, Pm. 86. sumar-bú, n. summer-stock, Sturl. ii. 65. sumar-bær, adj. calving in the summer. sumar-dagr, m. a summer day, N.G.L. i. 348; cp. Sumardagr inn fyrsti, Fms. ix. 511, Jb. 204; inn fimmti dagr viku skal vera fyrstr í sumri, K.Þ.K. ch. 45; þá var svá fram komit ári, at Páska-aptan var sumardagr inn fyrsti, en þetta var Laugar-dagr í Páska-viku, Fms. ix. 511 (of the year 1241). sumar-fang, n. a summer-catch, Krók. 38, Bs. i. 335. sumar-fullr, adj. full as in summer, Karl. 134. sumar-gamall, adj. a summer old, Fms. vi. 368. sumar-gjöf, f. a summer-gift, a present on the first day of summer, which in Icel. is observed as a feast day. sumar-hagi, a, m. summer pasture, Grág. ii. 313, Jb. 298. sumar-herbergi, n. = sumarhöll, Stj. 383. sumar-hiti, a, m. summer heat. sumar-hluti, a, m. a part of summer, Vm. 81. sumar-hold, m. pl. summer flesh on cattle, Eb. sumar-höll, f. a summer palace, Fms. ix. 372, x. 162. sumar-kaup, n. summer wages, Ísl. ii. 124. sumar-langt,? n. adj. the summer long, Ld. 72, Ísl. ii. 240, Fms. x. 456, xi. 59, sumar-liði, a, m. a 'summer-slider,' a sailor, mariner; the Saxon Chron. s. a. 871 says there arrived a 'mycil sumar-liða,' i.e. a great fleet of Vikings, as has been explained by Prof. Munch. Sumarliði as a pr. name is freq. in Icel., Landn.: cp. vetrliði. sumar-ligr, adj. summery, Sks. 48. sumar-magn, -megin, n.; at sumar-magni, in the height of summer. Fas. ii. 210, iii. 145, 187. sumar-mál, n. the 'summer-meal;' the last days of winter and the first of summer are thus called, e.g. in the Icel. Almanack for 1872 'sumar-mál' is on the 20th of April and the following days: in sing., N.G.L. i. 240: plur., at sumarmálum, Grág. i. 140, 198, Gþl. 422, Rb. 42, Fms. ii. 99; sumarmála dagr = sumar-dagr fyrsti, Fb. i. 132; sumarmála-helgr, the Sunday that falls in the beginning of the summer, Sturl. ii. 235 C. sumar-nátt, f. a summer-night; sumarnátt siðasta, Gísl. 67. sumar-nætr, f. pl. = sumarmál, Gþl. 422, v.l.; cp. vetrnætr. Sumar-Páskar, m. pl. 'Summer-Easter;' whenever Easter falls between the 22nd and 25th of April inclusively, the first summer day will fall on the preceding Thursday, so that Easter Sunday falls on the first Sunday in summer; this is in Icel. called Sumar-Páskar. sumar-setr, m. a summer abode, Gþl. 454. sumar-skeið, n. the summer-season, Fms. viii. 55. sumar-stefna, u, f. a market, D.N. sumar-söngr, m. summer service, Pm. 90. sumar-tíð, f., sumar-tími, a, m. summer-time, Bær. 17, Fms. xi. 441. sumar-tungl, n. the 'summer-moon,' i.e. the moon at the time when summer begins. In popular belief one ought to notice when he first sees the summer-moon, and then mark the first word spoken by the first person he meets, for it is prophetic; this is called 'svara einum í sumartunglið,' 'to address one at the summer-moon,' see Ísl. Þjóðs.; in the Icel. Almanack for 1872 the 7th of April is marked as the 'sumar-tungl.' sumar-verk, n. summer-work, Bs. i. 336. sumar-viðr, m. wood for charcoal to be gathered in summer, opp. to fuel in winter, Hrafn. 6, Vm. 164. sumbl, n. [A.S. symbel; O.H.G. sumbal; prob. a compd from sam and öl)] :-- a banquet, symposium; á þat sumbl at sjá, Ls. 2: at sumbli, 8, 10; gamban-s., 8; göra s., 65; segja frá sumbli, to tell the news from the banquet, Kormak; nema sumbl = göra sumbl, Hým. 1; Jólna-s. the banquet of the gods, Ht.; kalla s. Suttungs synir, Alm. 35; Suttung svikinn hann lét sumbli frá, Hm. 110. COMPDS: sumbl-ekla, u, f. lack of drink at a banquet, Eg. (in a verse). sumbl-samr, adi. banqueting, Hým. 1. sumla, að, to be flooded; sumlaðisk konungrinn ok sópaðisk, he was overwhelmed and swept away, Stj. 287. SUMR, adj. [Ulf. sums = GREEK; common to all Teut. languages, but mostly with o; Dan. somme; Engl. some] :-- some; þá fell áin sum (some part of the river) í landsuðr, Nj. 263; hann rænti fólk, en drap sumt, sumt hertók hann, Fms. i. 28; Anakol ok sum sveitin var eptir, Orkn.; yðr þykkir sumt ofjarl en sumt ekki at manna, Fms. vi. 53. 2. plur., sumra presta, H.E. i. 513; sumir ... guldu fé, sumir ..., Hkr. i. 89; Hvat görðu húskarlar Njáls? Eigi veit ek hvat sumir görðu, einn ók skarni á hóla, Nj. 66. COMPDS: sums-kostar, adv. partly, Fms. v. 69, ix. 379. sum-staðar, adv. in some places, Eg. 41, Hkr. ii. 93, passim. sumr, m. (qs. svumr), [sund, svimma], the sea, Edda (Gl.) sumra, að, to become summer, Fms, i. 32, vii. 304. sumrungr, in. an animal a summer old, Grág. i. 501. 2. hann var s. einn, Sturl. i. 88 C(?). SUND, n. (qs. svumd), [from svimma, dropping the v and changing m into n] :-- a swimming; koma á sund, Gþl. 447; kasta sér á sund. Eg. 219; á sundi, swimming, 123, Ld. 130; með sundi, by way of swimming, Fms. i. 112, Eg. 261, passim, see Grett. ch. 40, 80, Fær. ch. 38, Kristni S. ch. 10, Ld. ch. 33, 40; cp. also the story of Heming. Swimming was a favourite sport, the antagonists trying to duck one another; 'sund' is one of the sports in king Harold's verses, -- hetik sund numit stundum, Fms. vi. 170. B. COMPDS: sund-farar, f. pl. swimming, Fms. ii. 29. sund-fjöðr, f. a swimming feather, a fin, Sks. 133. sund-færi, n. a swimming apparatus, Sks. 179. sund-færr, adj. a good swimmer, Ld. 168, Fms. ii. 20, x. 295. sund-föt, n. pl. swimming clothes, Fas. ii. 545. sund-hreifi, a, m. a swimming paw, of a seal, Sks. 179. sund-íþróttir, f. pl. the art of swimming, Fms. ii. 27. sund-laug, f. a swimming-bath, Sturl. iii. 170. sund-leikar, m. pl. swimming sport, Fms. ii. 27. sund-læti, n. swimming movements. Fas. ii. 452. sund-magi, a, m., q.v. sund-móðr, adj. tired with swimming, Fær. 155. SUND, n. [quite a different word from the preceding, derived from sundr] :-- prop. that which sunders, a sound, strait, narrow passage, channel, of water, Nj. 8, Fms. iv. 41; var þar sund í milli eyjanna, Eg. 218; í fjorðum eðr í sundum, Grág. ii. 385; Þuríðr sunda-fyllir, hóu seiddi til þess í hallæri á Hálogalandi at hvert sund var fullt af fiskum, Landn. 147: so in the saying, nú eru lokin sund öll, all passages were stopped, all hope gone, Hkr. i. 251: in local names, Eyrar-sund, Njörfa-s., Stokk-s., and in countless other compd names, Landn., Fms.: also a lane, alley, búðar-sund, the lane between two booths; bæjar-sund, the lane between two walls; í sundinu milli húsanna, in the lane between the houses, freq. in mod. usage: so also, flóa-sund, holta-sund, mýrar-sund, strips of fen between hillocks. 2. a defile, hence Mjó-syndi, q.v.; var sund breitt (a broad channel] miilum knarranna ok skeiðanna, Fms. v. 169. sunda-leið, f. the 'sound-passage,' the coarse through the islands along the coast of Norway, Eg. 476, Fms. viii. 334. sundl, n. (or sunli, Fél, x. 43), [Germ. schwindel], a swimming in the head. sundla, að, to be giddy: impers., mik sundlar, Fas. ii. 236. sund-magi, a, m. 'swim-maw,' the bladder of a fish. SUNDR, adv. [Goth. sundro; A.S. sundar; Dan. sönder; common to all Teut. languages] :-- asunder; skipta, deila, hluta s., Nj. 164; ganga, stökkva, rifa, bresta, brjóta, höggva, skera ... sundr, 19, passim; rekja sundr, Ld. 192; breiða s., Karl. 423; segja sundr, to declare at an end. sundra, að, [Germ. sondern], to break asunder, Al. 32: to cut in pieces, cut up, of a killed beast; s. hjörtinn, Flóv. 27: s. fórnina, Stj. 430, 454: reflex. to be sundered, scattered, ef flokkr sundrask, Fms. ix. 36. sundran, f. a sundering, separation, N.G.L. i. 155. sundr-borinn, part. different in origin, opp. to samborinn, Fm. 13. sundr-brotna, að, to throw asunder, break asunder, Fb. ii. 389. sundr-dreifa, ð, to scatter, Barl. 161, Róm. 244. sundr-grein, f. distinction, Skálda 177: discord, Sturl. iii. 276, Bs. ii. 44. sundrgreini-ligr, adj. different, Ísl. ii. 191. sundr-greining, f. division, Stj. sundr-görðir, f. pl. show in dress, fashion; s. útlenda siðu ok klæðasnið, Fms. vi. 440; prestar skolu eigi fara með s. þær er biskup bannar, K.Þ.K. sundrgörða-maðr, m. a showy person, in dress, Fb. i. 368, Eb. 242 :-- an ostentatious man, inn mesti kappi ok s., Ísl. ii. 367; s. í orðum, showy in one's speech, Fms. iii. 153, v. 69. sundringum, adv. scatteredly, Fagrsk. ch. 279.

SUNDRLAUSS -- SÚTLIGK. 605

sundr-lauss, adj. incoherent; lítil bygð ok s., Ó.H. 57; fara sundrlaust, to go in loose order, Sturl. iii. 52, Fms. ix. 320 (opp. to in a body); sundrlaus orð, 'unbound words,' 'sermo solulus,' prose, (opp. to bundinn, bound, of poetry), Fms. iii. 153, Ó.H. 171. sundr-leitr, adj. differing, at variance; s. litr, variegated. Best. 50; s. hljóð, Eluc. 45; sundrleitir siðir, Fms. i. 261; þat var sundrleitt, two extremes, Eg. 771; sundrleilir litir, of white and black, Eluc. 16. sundr-ligr, adj. different, Karl. 209, v.l. sundr-litr, adj. = sundrleitr, Þiðr. 178. sundr-lyndi, n. discord, Eluc. 58, Sd. 153, Stj. 173, Glúm. 360. sundr-lyndr, adj. disagreeing, Bs. i. 278. sundr-merja, marði, and sundr-mola, að, to crush, Gen. sundr-mæðr, adj. born of a different mother, Hðm. (opp. to sam-mæðr). sundr-orða, adj.; verða s., to come to words, Sturl. i. 142, iii. 134. sundr-skila, adj.; verða s., to be separated, Fms. xi. 131. sundr-skilligr, adj. separable; in ú-sundrskilligr. sundr-skilning, f. diversity, Rb. 438. sundr-skiptiligr, adj. divisible, Alg. 364, Str. 61. sundr-skipting, f. a sundering, separation, Stj. 5, 198, 286. sundr-skorning, f. a cutting asunder, Skálda 184. sundr-slita, adj. slit asunder, torn asunder, Fms. ix. 382. sundr-tekning, f. a taking asunder, Skálda 183. sundrung, f. a sundering, scattering; renna á sína s. hverr, Fms. vi. 415; á sundrungu, scattered. sundr-þykki, n. discord, Fms. i. 7, ii. 242, vii. 240, Stj. 400. sundr-þykkja, u, f. = sundrþykki, Fms. x. 161, Ísl. ii. 217. sundr-þykkjask, t, to fall out, quarrel, Sks. 339. sundr-þykkni, f. = sundrþykki, Anecd. 76. sundr-þykkr, adj. dissenting, Fms. ii. 241. sundr-þykkt, f. discord, Stj. 13. SUNNA, u, f. [Ulf. sunna (masc.); A.S. sunne; Engl. sun; O.H.G. sunna; but in the Scandin. languages the proper word is sól, sunna being only used in poets] :-- the sun; sól heitir með mönnum, en sunna með goðum, it is called 'sól' among men, 'sun' among the gods, Alm.; sunna heitir sól, ok er við hana kenndr Dróttins-dagr, Rb. 112; réttlætis-sunna, Geisli: kaf-s., mars s., the sun of the deep, i.e. gold; sunnu skeið, 'sun-space,' i.e. the heavens, Lex. Poët.: sunna is also found in the compds, Sunnu-dagr, m. Sunday, which word the Northmen prob. borrowed from the Saxon (see the remarks s.v. fimt and dagr), passim: in local names, in Sunnu-dalr in southern Icel., Landn.; but that name may stand for Sunndalr = Southdale, cp. Sundal in Sweden. Sunnu-nótt, f. Sunday night, N.G.L. sunnan, adv. from the south; suðr ok sunnan, Sturl. i. 194, Vsp. 4, 5; halda, koma, fara, ríða, sigla, róa ... s., Fms. i. 27, passim. 2. of direction without motion; Gizurr stóð sunnan at Rangæinga-dómi, Nj. 110; sunnan undir heiðinni, Eg. 277; fyrir sunnan, with acc. and absol., Ld. 10, Grág. ii. 141; fyrir sunnan land, in the south of the land, Ld. 6; vóru þeir fyrir s. at komnir. Eg. 99; í borg þeirri er næst var heiðinni fyrir s., on the south side of the heath, 281; leggja hann í steinvegginn í Krists-kirkju fyrir sunnan, the south wall of a church, Fms. vii. 291. COMPDS: sunnan-ferð, f. a journey from the south, Fms. vii. 282. sunnan-fjarðar, adv. south of the firth, Gþl. 9. sunnan-herr, m. a southern army, Fas. i. 374. sunnan-lands, adv. in the south, H.E. i. 437. sunnan-maðr, m. a southerner, Ísl. ii. 362. sunnan-veðr, n. a southerly wind, Fms. iv. 306, vii. 310. sunnan-verðr, adj. 'south-wards,' southern, Edda 12; sunnanvert England, Eg. 271; á sunnan-verðu Íslandi, Landn. 25; réttsýni upp í sunnanverða Hundatjörn, Dipl. v. 19. sunnan-vindr, m. a southerly wind, Fms. i. 128, xi. 34, Sks. 40, 217. sunnarla, adv. = sunnarliga, N.G.L. i. 257, Fms. v. 252. sunnar-liga, adv. southerly, Ld. 26, Sks 71. sunnarr, compar. more southerly: sunnarst, superl., see suðr. Sunnlingar, m. pl. = sunnlendingar, Skýr. 126. sunnr, adv. south; see suðr. II. in local names, Sunn-dalr, Soulhdale, in Sweden: Sunn-mærr, a county in Norway; whence Sunn-mærir, m. pl. the men of S.: Sunn-Hörðar, the South Hörds, the inhabitants of a district in Norway; whence Sunnhörða-land, a county, Fms. passim: Sunn-lendingar, m. pl. the men of Suðrland in Icel.; Sunnlendinga-fjórðungr, the south quarter, Landn.: sunn-lendr, sunn-lenzkr, adj. southern, Ld. 276, Sturl. SUNR, m. a son; see sonr. surkot, n. [for. word], a surcoat, B.K. 98. surna, u, f. [a corruption from Lat. sirena], a siren, Fms. iv. 56. Surtr, m., gen. surts and surtar, [svartr], the Black, the name of a fire-giant, the world-destroyer, Vsp. 52, 54, Vþm. 17, 18; Surta(r)-logi, the flame of Surt, the last destruction of the world by fire, Vþm. 50: curious is the phrase, gott er þá á Gimli með Surti, Edda (Cod. Ups. ii. 292). surtar-brandr, m. 'surts-brand,' is the common Icel. word for jet, see Eggert Itin. The word is found on vellum MS. of Bret. (1849) 116, and is therefore old, and interesting because the name of the mythical fire-giant and destroyer is applied to the prehistoric fire as a kind of heathen geological term. 2. in local names; Hellinn Surts (mod. Surts-hellir) is the name of the famous cave in Icel.; hellinn Surts, Sturl. ii. 181; hann fór upp til hellisins Surts ok færði þar drápu þá er hann hafði ort um jötuninn í hellinum, Landn. 199. II. a nickname and pr. name, Landn. 2. the name of a black dog. surtar-epli, n., botan. 'Surt's apple,' the pod or capsule of an equisetum, Eggert Itin. 434. sussu, interj. of wonder or amazement; sussu, sussu! fyrr er fullt enn út af flói, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 482. Suttungr, as spelt in Hm. 104, 109, 110, Alm. 35, Edda i. 218-222, (Suptungr seems to be an erroneous later form) :-- the name of a giant, the keeper of the divine mead of wisdom and poetry; Suttunga mjöðr, the mead of S., i.e. poetry, 218, 244. suzingull, m. [for. word], a surcingle, Sks. 403 B. sú, see sá. SÚÐ, f. [sýja], prop. a sewing, suture, but only used of the clinching of a ship's boards (see skara and skarsúð); skipa, súða, sýju, Edda, freq.; skar-súð, felli-súð; poët. súð-bani, 'plank-bane,' i.e. the sea, as destroyer of ships, Stor.; súð-marr, 'suture-steed,' i.e. a ship, Lex. Poët. 2. of the outer boarding of a house, Nj. 114. súðar-steinn, a nickname, Bs.: a local name, Súða-vík, whence Súð-víkingr, m. a man from S., Bs. súð-þakiðr, part. clinch-boarded, of a house, Nj. 114. SÚGA, saug, to suck; see sjúga. súgandi, a, m. a gush of wind: a nickname, whence Súgandisfjörðr, a local name, Landn. súgr, m. a 'sucking,' a draught of wind; arn-súgr. SÚLA, u, f., and súl; [O.H.G. sul (in Irmen-sul); Germ. saüle; A.S. sýl; Dan. soïle] :-- a pillar, Hým. 12; súlur í gögnum, 29; súla ... járn-súla, Edda 6l. II. a bird (haf-súla), the gannet, solan goose, Edda (Gl.) súlda, u, f. dankness. súlda, að, to be dank. súldu-legr, adj. dank. SÚPA, saup, supu, sopinn; [A.S. sûpan; Engl. sip, sop, sup; Dan. söbe]:-- to sup, drink; súpa kál (Dan. söbe kaal), Þórð. 51 new Ed., Fms. xi. 348; skal við sögu súpa en eigi of mikit drekka, Art.; súpa á, to take a sup; láttú son þinn súpa á handlaug konungsins, Fms. vi. 199; hann saup á þrjá sopa, Bs. i. 394; súptu á aptr, Siggi minn, Stef. Ol. súpa, u, f. a soup; kjöt-súpa, spað-súpa. súra, u, f., botan. sorrel, Lat. rumex, Stj. 176, 279, Pr. 470. súr-eygr, adj. blear-eyed, Fs. 88. súr-leikr, m. sourness, Stj. 176. súrna, að, to become sour; súrnar í augum, the eyes smart from smoke, Nj. 202. SÚRR, adj. [A.S. sûr; Engl. sour; Dan. sur; cp. saurr, sori, all forms indicating a lost strong verb] :-- sour, acid; súr mjólk, sour milk; súr blanda, sour whey; súrt vín, Pr. 470; súr epli, Stj. 73, passim: of the eyes, bleared, súr augu, Skálda (Thorodd). súrr, m. a sour drink. 2. a nickname, Gísl. súrsa, að, to pickle; súrsuð svið, roasted and pickled sheep's-head. súr-skapr, m. sourness, a sour face, Ó.H. 141. sús, n. [cp. Dan. suse; Germ. sausen], the roar of the surf; a GREEK. in a paper MS. to Vsp. 17, at 'súsi,' to the roaring sea(?), but as both the extant vellums, the Cod. Reg. and the Hb., read 'húsi,' this reading, if correct, must be traced to some lost vellum of the Vsp. (perhaps a lost leaf of the Cod. Arna Mag. No. 748?). The context, and the paraphrase in Edda, 'með sævar-ströndu,' are in favour of the reading of the paper MSS. and against that of the vellums. sús-breki, a, m. a roaring breaker(?), surf, a dubious word, Skm. 29. súst, f. = þúst (q.v.), Fms. viii. 96, 436, v.l. súsvort, f. the nightingale; einn fugl þann er heitir philomela á Látinu en á Norrænu heitir súsvort, sumir kalla ok niktigalu, Barl. 39: the word is obsolete in Icel., and the passage in Barl. stands alone in the old literature; not even does the Edda (Gl. in the list of birds) record this word; but it is preserved in provincial Norse sysvorta (sisvorta, svisvorta) = turdus torquatus, the ring ousel, Ivar Aasen: the etymology is quite uncertain. SÚT, f. [A.S. suht; sút and sótt are identical, but sótt is used of physical sickness, sút in mental] :-- grief, sorrow, affliction; ala sút um e-t, to pine, Hm.; verða e-m at sútum, to cause grief to, Hallfred: the older sense of sickness is perceptible in Hm. 147; manna bölva sútir hverjar, Hðm. 1; eigi sút né sótt, Fms. ii. 199 (Rev. xxi. 4); sorg ok sút, Stj. 265; sút ok iðran, H.E. i. 484; sút sízt mátti sorgum létta, sút flaug í brjóstið inn, Pass. 11. 8. súta, að, to tan skin. sútari, a, m. [Lat.], a tanner, Grág. ii. 84, N.G.L. ii, Rétt., D.N. sút-fenginn, adj. mournful, Mar., Bs. ii. sút-fullr, adj. mournful, Hkr. iii. 366. sút-laust, n. adj. = sóttlaust. sút-ligr, adj. painful, Mar.

606 SVAÐ -- SVARTAÐR.

SVAÐ, n. and svaði, a, m. [sveðja], a slippery place, a slide, as of frozen ground with a half-thawed muddy surface; þá var þeyr, var svað (svaði, Fb. l.c.) á þelanum, Fms. viii. 393; svað (svaði C) var á vellinum, ok skriðnaði hann, Sturl. ii. 104; hestrinn skriðnaði á svadanum, iii. 141: metaph. phrase, var við svað um, at mart manna mundi drukna, it was on the slide, was imminent, that many people should be drowned, Mork. 92. In mod. usage svaði is chiefly used of slippery ledges of rock projecting into the sea, and washed by the tides. svaða, að, to swathe; svaðaðir upp í kurt ok skart, Karl. 168. svað-háll, adj. slippery. svaði, a, m., see svað. svaða-ligr, adj. slippery, dangerous. Svaði, a pr. name, Fms. ii: the name of a giant, Orkn. svaðill, m. a slippery place: in the phrase, fara svaðil fyrir e-m, to get on slippery ice, get a bad fall, Fms. vii. 56, Stj. 433, 513. COMPDS: svaðil-farar, -ferðir, f. pl. disasters, Ísl. ii. 54; veita e-m svaðilfarar, Fms. viii. 408; fara svaðilförum fyrir e-m = fara svaðil, vii. 261. Svaðil-fari, a, m. a mythical steed, the father of Sleipnir, see Hdl., Edda. svafnir, m. [svefja], a sleep-maker, soother, Lat. sopitor; fjör-svafnir, the name of a sword, Nj.: poët, a serpent, Gm., Edda, Lex. Poët. svagi, a, m. a gurgler(?), a nickname, Fms. viii. svagla, að, to gurgle, Sturl. iii. 192 C. svak or svakk, n. [cp. sukk], a muddle, disorder, Nj. 18, v.l. svakka, að, to riot, be disorderly, svakk-samr, adj. sval, n. a cool breeze. SVALA, gen. svölu; a v has been dropped, as the proper form would have been svölva (gen. svölu), cp. völva (völu); [A.S. swealwe; Engl. swallow; Germ. schwalbe] :-- a swallow, Eg. 420, Edda (Gl.), Karl. 304, Fas. iii. 280; svölu-hreiðr, a swallow's nest: poët. dólg-svala, a 'war-swallow,' i.e. a shaft, Eb. (in a verse): a pr. name of a woman, Band. svala, að, to chill, cool; frost má við koma sínu afli at svala, Sks. 197 B; svala sér, to slake one's thirst. 2. impers. it is cooled; svalaði honum meðan, Sturl. iii. 189; it is chilled, Fms. vi. 422; hann lagðisk í bergskor nökkurri, honum svalaði mjök, vii. 220. svala-drykkr, m. a cooling draught. svala-lind, f. a refreshing stream, Pass. svalar, f. pl. a kind of balcony running along a wall; stóð jarl í svala-glugg einum, Fms. ix. 427, v.l.; Sverrir konungr var genginn ór herberginu út í svalarnar, ... síðan hljóp hann ofan í garðinn, viii. 123; hann hljóp út um svalarnar ok ofan í kirkju-garðinn, var þat furðu-hátt hlaup, 191; jarl svaf í öðru herbergi, hann hljóp upp við ok gékk út í svalarnar, ix. 449; hann var úti í svölum í gæzlu hafðr, Ó.H. 117. cp. 235, Stj. 211, 402. Judges ix. 51. svala-klefi, a, m. an alcove with balcony, D.N. v. 342. svall, n. [identical with soll (q.v.) and Engl. swill] :-- a drunken bout; and svalla, að, to swill, drink hard. svallari, a, m. a swiller, debauchee. SVALR, svöl, svalt, adj. cool, fresh; með svalri veðr-blöku, Sks. 234; svölum regnélum, 629; vindr mikill ok s., Fms. vi. 421; hægra ok svalara, 226; svölum eggjum, Hdl.: poët, eitr-s., úr-s., Lex. Poët.: freq. in mod. usage, svala-drykkr, q.v.: as a nickname, Bs. COMPDS: sval-brjóstaðr, adj. cool-breasted, chilly, Edda. sval-kaldr, adj. cooling, cold, of the sea, Hdl. svamla, að, (svaml, n.), to swim with great fuss and noise, like a whale, Fas. iii. 443; víða trúi eg hann svamli sá gamli, Jón Arason. svangi, a, m. or svangr, m. [svange Ivar Aasen], the groins, esp. of animals; tina í svanginn, to fill the belly; ek em lagðr í gögnum spjóti svangann, ok er út kominn oddrinn at hrygginum, Karl. 404; takit ór mér svangan og langann, Ísl. þjóðs. i. 152; svangs súðir, 'belly-boards,' i.e. ships, Ó.H. (in a verse). SVANGR, adj. [svangi], slender, slim, thin (= Germ. schlank), of a horse; svangir (hestar) sól draga, Gm. 37 (Bugge); svangri und söðli, Hkv. 1. 41; svipta söðli af svöngum jó, Og. 3; this sense is obsolete, and the word is only used, 2. metaph. hungry, Fms. ii. 328 (in a verse); seigt er svöngum at skruma, Fb.; at hestar yðrir sé svangir, Lv. 20; svangir ok soltnir, Fms. x. 194, and so in mod. usage. svang-rifja, adj. bare-ribbed, of a steed, Rm. svang-vaxinn, part. slim of stature, Vígl. (in a verse). svanni, a, m. [akin to svanr or svangr?], poët, a lady, Edda 108, Kormak, Hallfred, Rm., freq. in old and mod. poetry. SVANR, m., gen. svans, Pr. 478, pl. svanir; [A.S. swana; Germ. schwan; a common Teut. word, but in Icel. svanr is the poetical, álpt (q.v.) the common word] :-- a swan; svanir hvítir at lit, Stj. 90; fugls þess er s. heitir, Barl. 135; hjá söngvi svana, Edda 16 (in a verse): poët., svana beðr, fold, fjöll, dalr, strind, the swan's bed, land ..., i.e. the sea: as also svan-bekkr, svan-bingr, svan-fjöll, svan-flaug, svan-fold, svan-mjöll, svan-teigr, svan-vangr, svan-vengi, the bench, bed, fell, field, earth, snow ... of the swans, i.e. the sea, the waves, Lex. Poët. II. Svanr, as a pr. name, Landn., Hdl. COMPDS: svan-fjaðrar, f. swan's feathers, Vkv. svan-hvítr, adj., as a pr. name, Swan-white, Vkv. svan-mærr, adj. swan-bright, Ísl. ii. (in a verse). svana-söngr, m. a swan's song. svar, n., pl. svör, a reply, answer, in ancient writers only in plur.; sagði Kári Eireki svör þeira, Nj. 137: the phrases, halda upp svörum fyrir e-n, to be one's spokesman, Fms. ii. 292, vi. 269; sitja fyrir svörum id., iv. 274, vi. 13, Band. 36 new Ed.; gjalda svör fyrir e-t, to give a reason, Barl. 91: in mod. usage also in sing.: compd, and-svör. SVARA, að, [A.S. and-swarian; Engl. an-swer] , to reply, answer, absol. or with double dat. (s. e-m e-u), ef maðr svarar eigi, Grág. i. 21; svara engu orði, Fb. ii. 63; Hrútr svaraði þá -- 'ærit fögr er mær sjá,' Nj. 2; því (dat.) mun ek svara þér um þetta er satt er, 49; hón svarar svá, at hón vill ..., Fms. i. 2; svara e-u fyrir sik, to make answer in defence, 656 C. 29. II. as a law phrase, to answer, respond; svara til laga þeim jörðum sem keypt hefir, Dipl. iv. 9; s. lögriptingum á jörðu, ii. 20; svara máli fyrir e-n, to answer for, Nj. 106; s. sökum fyrir e-t, to pay the penally for, Sks. 796; s. e-m lögum, to answer according to the law, D.N.; s. þessum lögbrotum, to answer for them, Sks. 546; at þér svarit slíku fyrir sem þér hafit til gört, that you shall answer for what you have done, Boll. 350; s. skilum fyrir, to give an account for, Fms. vii. 127; eiga at s. málum, Stat. 309; um presta, hverju þeir skulu s., what duties they have to discharge, N.G.L. i. 345; svara til allra stétta, to pay taxes to all estates (king and clergy). 2. svara e-u, to be equal, amount to; svá mikil kol sem svaraði fimm hrossa göngu, Dipl. v. 14; er svari innkaupum, N.G.L. iii. 16; sam-s. svar-dagi, a, m. an oath, usually in plur., allra svardaga, binda svardögum, veita svardaga, and the like, Nj. 164, Eb. 302, Íb. 16, Hkr. i. 272, Fær. 191, Fms. i. 49, 206, Stj. 303. svarð-fastr, adj. [svörðr], 'sward-fast,' swarded, turfed, with sward or sod; svarðfast land, Grág. ii. 291, 355. svarð-lauss, adj. without greensward, rotten, of soil, Hrafn. 26. svarð-lykkja, u, f. [svörðr], a ring of a rope of walrus-hide, Fms. viii. 216. svarð-merðlingar, m. pl. a poët, word, read svartmerlingar, the black glittering (see merla), Fas. i. (in a verse). svarð-reiði, a, m. tackle (harness) of walrus-hides, Fms. vi. 147, viii. 440, Dipl. v. 18. svarð-reipi, n. a rope of walrus-hide, Sks. 184, Bárð. 169. svarð-svipa, u, f. a whip of walrus-hide, Fms. vii. 227. SVARF, n. [sverfa], file dust; þélar hann sverðit allt í sundr í svarf eitt, Þiðr. 79; járn-svarf, kopar-s.; rauð svörf þélar, Lex. Poët., freq. in mod. usage. II. metaph. a hard fray, broil; þeim þótti í orðit nokkut svarf, Ísl. ii. 411; hann ríðr at í þessu svarfi, in the midst of the fray, Al. 40; ok sannast hit fornkveðna, at sitt ráð tekr hverr er í svörfin ferr, Fms. iv. 147. 2. plur. shaving, extortion; með ránum ok svörfum, Fms. iii. 146; margr hefir sá meiri svörf (is more exacting), er minna treystir göngum, Skíða R. 23 (the passage should thus be emended). svarfa, að, [Engl. to swerve], to sweep, of filings, thence gener. to upset, by sweeping, overturning; Þorgils svarfaði taflinu ok lét í punginn, Th. upset the chess, Sturl. iii. 123. 2. to swerve; ok svarfaði (= svarfaðisk?) léinn upp eptir síðunni, Hkr. iii. 390. II. reflex. to swerve, turn aside, to be turned upside down; taflit svarfaðisk, Fms. vii. 219; svörfuðusk skíðin utanborðs, 31; þeir ætluðu fyrst at svarfask mundi hafa aptr hurðin, Grett.; svarfaðisk ok sópaðisk allt út í sjóvar-djúpit, Stj. 287; höfðu fötin svarfask af honum ofan á gólfit, Grett. 170; þótt áðr hefði nokkut um svarfast (svarfat Ed.), Fms. xi. 97; svarfask um, to cause a great tumult, make havoc, 40. svarfaðr, svörfuðr, svörfr, m. a sweeper, desolator(?), a nickname, Landn.; whence Svarfaðar-dalr, the name of a county in Icel.; Svarf-dælir, m. pl. the men from S.: Svarfdœla-saga, u, f. the Saga of the S., Landn. II. svarfaðr eru sjau tigir, Edda i. 534, v.l. 7 (in Cod. Ub. and Arna-Magn. 748). svarfan, svörfun, f. a wild fray. Am. svarf-hvalr, m. (?), a kind of whale (perhaps the Shetl, swarfish, the spotted blenny); hlasshvalr ok s., Vm. 150. svarf-samr, adj. turbulent, Sks. 31. svari-bróðir, m. (svara-bróðir, Gísl. 21, Fms. xi. 206), a sworn brother, confederate, (= fóstbróðir, q.v.), Fbr. 32, 128, Fms. xi. 343. Svarinn, m. the name of a dwarf, Edda. svarka, að, to quarrel, grumble; s. um e-t, Fms. vii. 143; lýðr svarkaði jafnan af sínu fangaleysi, Róm. 263; hann sýtti ok svarkaði mjök, Stj. 634. svarkr, m. a proud, haughty woman, Edda 108, Ó.H. 11, Hkr. i. 180, Fbr. 163, Gísl. 82, Orkn. 382 (v.l.), Grett. 195 new Ed. svarmr, m. [Engl. swarm; Germ. schwarm], a tumult, Bs. i. 663 (in a verse); sverðs s., 'sword-fray,' i.e. battle, Orkn. (in a verse). svarning, f. [sverja], a conspiracy, Róm. 349. svarra, að, to swarm(?), a GREEK; svarraði sárgýmir, Hkm. svarri, a, m. = svarkr; svarri ok svarkr, þær eru mikillátar, Edda 108; hón var s. mikill ok sjálig kona, Fær. 233; hón var væn ok s. mikill; Fms. i. 288; fríð kona ok s. mikill, Orkn. 382. svar-stuttr, adj. giving short replies, Fms. iv. 165. svartaðr, part. dyed black, Sks. 400, 405.

SVARTR -- SVEFNHÖFGI. 607

SVARTR, svört, svart, adj., compar. svartari, superl. svartastr: [a common Teut. word; Goth. swarts = GREEK] :-- swart, black; s. sem bik, Nj. 195; s. sem hrafn, Edda 76 (hrafn-s.); s. hestr, Fms. ix. 523, Nj. 58; s. björn, a black bear, Sks. 186; svartr sem jörð, Fms. i. 216; svört augu, Kormak, Sighvat, Ó.H.; s. at lit, Fms. xi. 7; s. á lit, x. 420; tjalda svörtu, Fas. ii. 534; svartara, Landn. 206; myrkr sem þá er svartast er, Ann. 1341; svartir djöflar, Hom. 33; þat svarta úáran, Fms. xi. 7: as a nickname, svarti, Landn. passim; Þorsteinn svartr, Dipl. v. 15: as a pr. name, Landn.: a local name, Svarta-haf, n. the Black Sea, Hkr. i. 5, MS. 732. 17. B. COMPDS: svart-álfar, m. pl. the black elves, Edda. svart-bakr, m. [Shetl. swartback, or swabie] :-- the great black-backed gull, larus marinus, Fs. 145. svartblá-eygr, adj. dark-blue-eyed. Eg. 305, v.l. svart-blár, adj. dark blue, Ann. for Nord. Oldk. (1848) 191. svart-blesóttr, adj. black-headed with a white stripe, of a horse, Sturl. iii. 199. svart-brúnaðr, part. dyed black-brown, B.K. 98. svart-brúnn, adj. black-brown, Eg. (in a verse), Eb. 258 (of the eyes). svart-eygr, adj. black-eyed, Eg. 305, Fms. vii. 175, Fas. iii. 627. svart-flekkóttr, adj. black-flecked, Mkv. svart-fygli, n. a gull, uria troile L., Ann. 1327 (mod. svart-fugl). svarta-hríð, f. a pitch-dark snow-storm, Fas. ii. 144. svart-höfði, a, m. a nickname, Landn. svart-jarpr, adj. dark-brown, Ld. 276 (of hair). svarta-kampi, adj. black-beard, a nickname, Sturl. ii. 240. svart-klæddr, part. clad in black, Fms. ii. 195, Sturl. ii. 9. svart-kollr, m. black-pate, a nickname, Sturl. iii. 220. svart-leggja, u, f. 'black leg' or black stalk, of a battle-axe with a smoky black handle, Band. svart-leitr, adj. swarthy, Fas. ii. 149. svarta-meistari, a, m. a 'black master,' of the Dominican order, Fms. viii. svart-munkr, m. a black monk, black friar, Dominican, Fms., Bs., passim; svartmunka klaustr, -líf, -lifnaðr. svart-nætti, n. the black night. svarta-salt, n. black salt, N.G.L. i. 39. svarta-skáld, n. a black poet, a nickname, opp. to hvíta-skáld, Sturl. svart-skeggjaðr, adj. black-bearded, Bárð. 38 new Ed. svart-skjór, m. = svartbakr, Edda (Gl.) svarta-slag, n. a black or dark blow, a law term, of a blow which draws no blood, and to which there are no witnesses, N.G.L. i. 73; s. hit hvíta, 357. svarta-svipr, m. deep gloom; var mikill s. at fráfalli hans, his death caused deep gloom, Bs. i. 144. svart-söðlóttr, adj. black-saddled, of a beast with a black saddle-shaped mark on the back, D.N. ii. 225. svarta-þurs, m. black giant, a nickname, Landn. Svasi or Svási, a, m. the name of a giant, Fms. x. (Fb. i.) SVÁ, adv., so in old rhymes in the 13th century, e.g. svá and gá, Mkv. 20; svá and á, Ht. 82; later form svó (freq. in the 14th and 15th centuries); whence svo, and lastly so: [a common Teut. particle; Ulf. swê; A.S. swâ; Engl. and Germ. so; Dan. saa.] B. So, thus; ertú Íslenzkr maðr? -- Hann sagði at svá var, he said it was so, Nj. 6; beiddi Þorsteinn Atla at ... Hann görði svá, he did so, Ísl. ii. 193; nú görðu þeir svá, so they did, Fms. x. 238; eigi görr enn svá, 'not farther than so,' only so far, Grág. i. 136; þeir heita svá, thus, Edda, Hom. 141; ef þú vill eigi segja mér, ok farir þú svá (thus, i.e. without letting me know) héðan, Fms. vii. 30; þeir segja svá Ólafi konungi, at ..., iii. 181; svá er sagt, at ..., it is told, that ..., vi. 3. 2. joined with another particle; svá ok, so also, also; svá skal ok ætla þeim er þá kömr við, Grág. i. 235; svá ráns-maðrinn ok okrkarlinn, the robber as well as the usurer, Mar.; öll landráð, svá lögmál ok sættar-görðir, the law as well as the s., Sks. 13 B; svá starf ok torveldi, both toil and trouble, Fms. vii. 221; ok svá, and also, as also; höfuð hans ok svá marga dýrgripi, Eg. 86; sumarit ok svá um vetrinn, the summer, as also the winter, Fms. xi. 51; fögr augu ok svá snarlig, fair eyes and also sharp, i. 102; ekki líkr yfirlits föður sínum ok svá í skaplyndi (here ok svá is adversative = né), x. 266; í Suðrlöndum ok svá norðr, Þiðr.; þeir minntu konung opt á þat, ok svá þat með, at..., Eg. 85; ok hlaða svá veggi, and also make the walls, Grág. ii. 336; austr undir Eyjafjöll ok svá austr í Holt, and so also east of H., Nj. 261. II. so, denoting degree; ærit man hann stórvirkr, en eigi veit ok hvárt hann er svá (equally) góðvirkr, Nj. 55: with a compar., eigi getr nær enn svá, it is not to be got nearer than so, Clem. 46; ekki meirr enn svá, not more than so, so and not more, with an adverse notion; ekki þótta ek nú dæll meirr enn svá, Fms. xi. 91; eigi fengiligri enn svá, Sturl. i. 159. 2. svá followed by an adjective and 'at;' svá ríkr, góðr, mikill, margr, fáir ... at, so mighty, good, great, many, few ... that, Nj. 1, Fms. i. 3, passim; svá at, so that, contracted svát (as þótt for þó at), see 'at' III. γ (p. 29, col. 2): the svá put after the adjective, kaldr svá at, so cold that, Edda (pref.); ástblindir svá, Mkv.; sjúkr svá, at (so sick that) hann sé kominn at bana, Fms. xi. 158: with a gen., Hallfreðr er svá manna, at ek skil sízt hvat manna at er, H. is such a man as I never can make out, Fs. 98; hón er svá kvenna, at mér er mest um at eiga just such a woman as I like best, Ld. 302; hón er svá meyja í Noregi, at ek vilda helzt eiga, Fms. v. 310. 3. svá sem, so as, as; þjóna honum svá sem börn föður, Edda 13; ok svá sem hón er sterk, þá mon hón brotna, er ..., strong as it(the bridge) is, it will break when ..., 8 (see sem); hárit var svá fagrt sem silki, fair as silk, Nj. 2; þeim konungi sem svá er góðr ok rétt víss sem Ingi, i.e. so very good and just a king, Fms. vii. 263; svá vel sem þér ferr, well as thou behavest, Nj. 225. 4. the phrase, gör svá vel, be so good as to, I pray thee! Nj. 111, Fms. vii. 157; göri guðin þá svá vel, láti mik eigi bíða, Al. 106. 5. in greeting; heill svá! 623. 17; heilir svá, Stj. 124, 475, Karl. 507; ek svá heill! Fms. v. 230; svá vil ek heil! Grett. 170 new Ed; farit ér í svá gramendr allir! Dropl. 23. III. slíkr svá, nokkur svá, því-líkr svá, mjök svá, somewhat so, much in that way, about so; slíkum svá fortölum, such a persuasion, Al. 33; ekki meira enn slíkt svá, not more than so, Fms. v. 308; þvílíkum svá mönnum, sem þit erut, Eg. 739; þiggja gjafar at slíkum svá mönnum, Fms. vi. 99; nakkvat svá, somewhat so, xi. 11; fegnir nokkut svá, i.e. rather glad, quite glad, viii. 27 (v.l. mjök svá, very); mjök svá, almost, very nearly, all but; hafa lokit mjök svá heyverkum, Ísl. ii. 329; mjök svá kominn at landi, Fms. i. 212; mjök svá kominn at bana, 158; mjök svá feginn, viii. 27, v.l.; allmjök svá, v. 320. 2. the phrases, svá-gurt, see soguru and göra (F. III); svá-búit, see búa (B. II. 2. δ): svá-nær, so near, i.e. quite near; þat mun þó svá nær fara, it will be quite on the verge of that, Nj. 49; ef barn elsk svá-nær Páskum, just before Easter, K.Þ.K, 7 new Ed.; lagði þá svá nær, at..., Nj. 163; hafði svá nær, at, 160. svá-gi, adv. not so, Hm. 39 (Bugge); svági mjök, Akv. 25; svági ... eða, Fms. x. 406. svá-leiðis, adv. thus, Fas. ii. 378. svá-na, mod. svona, sona, adv. [see na], thus, Band. 18 new Ed., Fms. v. 318; hér svána, just here, Fas. ii. 473. SVÁRR, adj. [Ulf. swêrs = GREEK; A.S. swær; Scot. sweir (= heavy); Germ. schwer] :-- heavy, grave; sváran súsbreka, Skm. 29; síns ins svára sefa, for her strong affection, Hm. 106; svárra sára, Gh. 11; svárt ok dátt, Skv. 3. 26; at svárra fari (compar.), Kormak: sváran, as adv. sorely, sló sváran sínar hendr (thus to be emended, svárar Cod.), she wrung her hands so sore, Skv. 3. 25, 29. The word is poët, and obsolete, and not used in prose, either ancient or modern; the mod. Dan. swær is borrowed from the Germ. svás-ligr, adj. lovely, delightful; af hans nafni er þat svásligt kallat er blítt er, Edda 13. SVÁSS, adj., originally a possessive pronoun; [Ulf. svês = GREEK; A.S. swæs = proprius; cp. Lat. suus] :-- prop. one's own, which sense is obsolete, and the word is used, II. metaph. beloved, dear; hvars getr svást at sjá, Fsm. 5; á svásum armi Menglaðar, 41, 42; at bjóri svásum, Akv. 1; buri svása, my own dear sons, 38; svása bræðr, my dear brother, Gkv. 3. 8; in svásu goð, Vþm. 17, 18: in prose it remains in úsvást veðr, unpleasant, wretched weather; veðr er úsvást úti, Grág. i. 216 (Ed. 1853); veðr var æsiliga úsvást af hreggi ok regni, Bs. i. 199; hregg ok rota ok svá ósvást, at trautt þótti úti vært, 339. Svásuðr, m. the delightful, the name of a giant, the father of the sun, Vþm., Edda. svát = svá at, so that, Grág. ii. 214. SVEÐJA, pres. sveðr; pret. svaddi, [svað], to slide, glance off, as a sword from a bone; sverðit sveðr af stálhörðum hjálmi, Al. 40; svaddi sverðit allt ofan á kinnar-kjálkann, Sturl. iii. 186 C; sverðit beit ekki þegar beinsins kenndi, ok svaddi ofan í knés-bótina, Dropl. 24; hlífðu hellur þær, ok svöddu lögin af honum, Fs. 66; kom í helluna ok svaddi (thus to be emended, sneiddi Ed.) af henni svá hart, at hann féll eptir laginu, Vápn. 5. sveðja, u, f. a kind of sax (q.v.), Nj. 96, v.l. SVEFJA, svefr, pret. svafði, [see sofa, svæfa], to lull to sleep, assuage, soothe; hón endir ok svefr allan úfrið, Al. 71; görir sá betr er annan svefr, Mkv. 28; at þú sárdropa svefja skyldir, to still the blood, Hkv. 2. 40; sæva ok svefja, sorgir lægja, Rm. 44 (Bugge); áttu margir hluti at svefja (sefja Cod.) Sæmund, Sturl. ii. 47; svefja reiði e-s, to soothe one's wrath, Al. 16; svefja þeirra sút, Al. 90; at svefja útrú Steins, Sturl. i. 210 C; vóru þeir óðastir, en Bolli svafði heldr, Ld. 210; gramr svafði bil, Vellekla. 2. reflex. to be soothed; svafðisk hann ok var hann þó allreiðr, Bs. i. 558. SVEFN, m., also söfn, sömn, semn; [A.S. swefen; Old Engl. sweven; Engl. swoon; Hel. sweban; Dan. sövn; Swed. sömn; Gr. GREEK; Lat. somnus; see sofa] :-- sleep; ganga til svefns, Nj. 7; í söfninum, Hom. 114; í semnenum, 119, and passim. 2. a dream; þér er svefns, thou art dreaming, Fbr. 73, Ld. 120; íllt er svefn slíkan segja nauðmanni, Am. 23; e-m ber e-t í svefn, to tell one something in a dream, Fas. i. 432 (in a verse): esp. in plur., sú bar mér í mína svefna, Kormak; mér gengr sjöfn í svefna, Gísl. (in a verse); grand svefna, bad dreams, Am. 21; svefna sýnir, dream visions, Stj. 492. B. COMPDS: svefn-búr, n. a sleeping-bower, bedroom, Landn. 215, Str. 46. svefn-farar, f. pl. dreams, a dreaming state, Bjarn. 62; harðar svefnfarar, Gísl. 44, 58. svefn-fátt, n. adj. lacking sleep, Kormak. svefn-gaman, n. 'dream-joy,' poët, the night, Alm. svefn-hellir, m. = svefnhús, of a giant, Bárð. 176. svefn-herbergi, n. a sleeping-room, Bárð. 20. svefn-hús, n. id., Eg. 420, Bs. i. 74. svefn-hvild, f. the rest of sleep, Str. svefn-höfgi, a, m. heaviness from sleep, drowsiness, Nj. 104, Gísl. 67.

608 SVEFNHÖFUGT -- SVEIPOTTR.

svefn-höfugt, n. adj. sleep-heavy, drowsy, Nj. 264, Ld. 120. svefn-höll, f. a sleeping-hall, Stj. 631, Karl. 11. svefn-inni, n. a sleeping-inn, Al. 15. svefn-ker, n. pl. 'sleep-basins,' i.e. the eyes, Gísl. (in a verse). svefn-klefi, a, m. a sleeping-room, Stj. 149, 204. svefn-lauss, adj. sleepless, Róm. 195. svefn-leysi, n. sleeplessness, Fms. viii. 48, Sturl. iii. 73, Pr. 470. svefn-lopt, n. a sleeping-loft, bed-chamber, Grett. 118 C, Art. svefn-órar, f. pl. dream-phantasms, Hkr. ii. 354, Anecd. 8; see órar. svefn-purka, u, f. a 'sleep-sow,' a drowsy fellow. svefn-samt, n. adj.; e-m er ekki s., to be sleepless, Nj. 210, Fms. iv. 336, Al. 73. svefn-sel, see sel; selin vóru tvau, s. ok búr, Ld. 242. svefn-skáli, a, m. a 'bed-shieling,' sleeping-hall, Fas. ii. 416. svefn-skemma, u, f. = svefnbúr, Fas. i. 359, Eg. 80, Fms. vi. 188, Landn. 215, v.l. svefn-stofa, u, f. = svefnbúr, Ld. 16, Bs. i. 782. svefn-stund, f. a sleeping hour, Sks. 618. svefn-styggr, adj. 'sleep-shy', sleeping lightly, Fas. iii. 124. svefn-tími, a, m. the time of sleep, Str. 21. svefn-vana, adj. wanting sleep, Sturl. iii. 256. svefn-þorn, m. a 'sleep-thorn;' the popular notion was that charmed sleep is produced by putting the 'sleep-thorn' into the sleeper's ears, then he will not awake until the thorn falls out; stinga e-m svefnþorn, to stick one with the sleeping-thorn, Fas. i. 18, 19; or, stinga e-n svefnþorni, Ísl. ii. 183, iii. 303, (cp. Fm. 43, Hrafnag. 13.) svefn-þungi, a, m. = svefnhöfgi. svefn-ærr, adj. 'sleep-raving;' in the phrase, s. ok dauða-drukkinn, sleep-mad and dead-drunk, Hkr. i. 17, Fms. viii. 189. svefni, n. sleepiness, Hom. 26: cohabitation, in the law phrase, biðja konu svefnis, Grág. i. 337, 338; brjóta konu til svefnis, to ravish, ii. 60, N.G.L. i. 71, 357. svefnugr, adj. [Dan. sövnig], sleepy; svefngar (plur.), Sdm. 36; svefnugr ok latr, 656 B. 2; þeir vóru mjök svefnugir, Sturl. iii. 256, v.l. Svegðir, m. one of the names of Odin, as also of a Swed. mythical king, Edda, Yngl. S. SVEGGJA, ð, [Ulf. af-swaggwjan = GREEK], to make to sway or swag, turn round, veer round; sveggja lét fyrir Siggju sólborðs goti norðan, she (the ship) stood, veered round the island Sigg, Edda (GREEK. in a verse). SVEI, interj. fye! svei, segir hón, aldri muntú vel reynask, Þórð. 74; with dat., svei þér, fye upon thee! Th. 21; svei mér syndugum! 20; svei verði þínum legg! Fms. vii. 122; svei verði mínum herra, ef ..., Karl. 301; svei verði yðr svá rennandi! Fms. viii. 401; svei þér! is the cry of an Icel. shepherd to a dog if he worries a sheep or barks at a stranger; svei-svei-svei! sveia, að, to shout svei; sveia hundum, hann hljóp á eptir hundunum, sveiaði þeim, Od. xiv 35. sveiðandi, part., in the GREEK. ek skal senda þér sveiðanda spjót = sviðu-spjót or sviða (q.v.), Fas. ii. (in a verse). Sveiði, a, m. the name of a sea-king, Lex. Poët. sveiðuðr, m. a bull, poët., from the spear-like horns, Ýt. SVEIF, f. [svífa], a tiller, Fas. iii. 197; sels sveif, a seal's paw, N.G.L. i. 363. sveifi-rúm, n. room for the tiller to work so as to veer the ship; sigla svá nær at eigi sé sveifrúm, N.G.L. ii. 281, Jb. 396; sveifingar-rúm, 396 B: svif-rúm, N.G.L. l.c. (v.l. 8, 11), whence mod. svig-rúm: room to move the body freely, eg hafði ekki svigrúm til þess. sveifla, að, to swing or spin in a circle, like a top; s. sverði, exi, Nj. 56, 97, Eg. 80, Fas. i. 415, Fbr. 209, Ó.H. 222. sveifla, u, f. a wrestler's term, a swinging round with one's antagonist; snúa e-m til sveiflu, Fas. iii. 392, Grett. 15 new Ed. sveiging, f. a bending, swaying. sveigir, m. one who bends, a swayer, Lex. Poët. SVEIGJA, ð, [svig; cp. Engl. to sway; North. E. swag] :-- to bow, bend, like a switch; s. armleggi hans, Landn. 169, v.l.; s. trén, Fær. 50; s. álm, to bend the bow, Fms. vii. (in a verse); s. rokk, to swing the distaff, Rm. 16; s. fast árar, Fms. ii. 180; s. hörpu, to sway, strike the harp, Og. 27; s. á e-n, to pull round, in rowing, Nj. 90; s. e-t eptir sínum vilja, Mar.; þá ætla ek at lögin mundu sveigð hafa verit, the law was tampered with, Valla L. 209; it þriðja má kalla nökkut sveigt, the third is not straight, Band. 6; sveigja til við e-n, to give way, yield somewhat, Hkr. i. 142, Stj. 578; vér skulum s. til, svá ..., come to a compromise, so that..., Fær. 35; konungr þóttisk hafa mýkt sitt skap, ok sveigt til samþykkis með þeim, Fms. vi. 280; heljar-reip sveigð at síðuin inér, Sól. 39; jofurr sveigði y, drew the bow, Höfuðl.; s. hala sinn, to droop the tail, Hkv. Hjörv. II. reflex. to be swayed, sway, swerve; þá tók at sveigjask hugr jarls, Fms. ix. 444; hvergi sveigðisk hugr hans fyrir þeirra kúgan, Bs. i. 287; láta sveigjask eptir e-s vilja, Fb. ii. 146; sveigjask til (= sveigja til) við e-n, i. 410. sveigja, u, f. a bending, elasticity. sveigr, m. [Engl. switch; Swed. svæge; Norse sveig; cp. svigi] :-- a switch, álm-s., Fas. i. 271; sveigar kör, a 'switch-bane,' i.e. an axe, Eg. (in a verse). II. metaph. a bow, Edda (Gl.) 2. a head-dress or snood, a kerchief wound round the head; sveigr var á höfði, Rm.; s. á höfði mikill, Ld. 244; hence sveigar-sága, -þöll, -gátt, the fairy of the hood, i.e. a woman, Lex. Poët.: the passage, nú mun þér ekki sveigr á (sveigra Ed.) verða, er þú ferr aptr, it will be no bend in thy way, it will all be straight. Fas. iii. 281. SVEIMA, að, [akin to svimma], prop. to swim, Sks. 116, but only used, 2. metaph. to soar, tower, wander about; þeir sveimuðu um bæinn ok drápu mart af Birkibeinum, Fms. viii. 173; fylgjur úvina várra sveima hér nú í nánd, 281; þótt vér hafim sveimat í sumar um bygðir þeirra, vi. 261; sveimaði Bárðr víða um landit, Bárð. 170; s. úti um nætr, Stj. 424; sveimar Þórðr at þeim, Þórð. 78; hyrr sveimaði, the flame soared, spread wide, Lex. Poët.; ef eg sveima elli-grár, eitt sinn heim at Fróni, Núm. sveimaðr, m. one who soars,wanders about, Lex. Poët. sveiman, f. a soaring, of fire, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse). sveimr, m. (sveim, n., Orkn. l.c.), a soaring, bustle, stir; göra fjándsligan sveim, Hallfred; sá sveimr görisk um allar herbúðir, at ..., Al. 117; í Eyjunum var sveim mikit, in the islands there was mickle stir, Orkn. 334: a nickname, Sturl. svein-barn, n. a 'boy-bairn,' a male child, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 14, Fb. i. 252. svein-dómr, m. youth, boyhood, Stj. 25: Lat. pubertas. Sveinki, a, m. a diminutive of Sveinn, Fms, vii; veit eg það, Sveinki! Esp. Árb. 1550. SVEINN, m. [a northern word, from which the A.S. swân, Engl. swain, seems to be borrowed] :-- a boy; fæddi Vigdís barn, þat var sveinn, sá var vænn mjök, Ingimundr leit á sveininn ok mælti, sjá sveinn ... son áttu þau annan ... þessi sveinn, Fs. 23; sveinninn Hörðr stóð við stokk ok gékk nú it fyrsta sinn frá stokkinum til móður sinnar, Ísl. ii. 15; skal þat barn út bera ef þú fæðir meybarn, en upp fæða ef sveinn er, 198; kona hans fæddi barn, ok hét sveinn sá Hrafn, Eg. 100; svá sem þeir sveinar aðrir er vóru sex vetra eðr sjau vetra, 147; sveinar tveirléku á gólfinu, Nj. 15; var þá nafn gefit sveininum, 91; kallaði Njáll á sveininn Höskuld, ... hann lét sveininum ekki í mein, ok unni mikit, 146, 147; sveininn Þórð Kárason ... hinu hefir þú mér heitið, amma, segir sveinninn, 201, Bs. i. 599. II. boys, lads! often used in addressing grown-up men; eld kveykit ér nú, sveinar! Nj. 199; hart ríðit ér, sveinar! 82; sjáit ér nú rauðálfinn, sveinar! 70; hverr á sveina (gen. pl.) hendr í hári mér? Fms. xi. 151; hvernig er, sveinar? 145; sveinn ok sveinn! hverjum ertú sveini borinn? Fm. 1; inn fráneygi sveinn! id.; Hjalla-sveinar, Hofs-sveinar, Gullþ. 4, Finnb. 2. a servant, attendant, waiter; sveinar Ólafs, Ld. 96: esp. a page, sveinn Gunnildar, Nj. 5, Fms. ix. 236, Ann. 1346 C; skutil-sveinn, skó-sveinn, q.v.: of bondsmen, N.G.L. i. 35, 76: in mod. usage an apprentice, Dan. svend. III. a nickname, Sigurðr Sveinn (= the Germ. Siegfried), Skíða R. 2. Sveinn, a pr. name, very freq., Landn., Fms.: in compds, Svein-björn, Svein-ungr, Sveinki, Berg-sveinn, Koll-s. COMPDS: sveina-lauss, adj. without attendants; ríða s., Lv. 43. sveins-leikr, m. a boy's game, Hkr. i. 46, Eg. 189. sveins-ligr, adj. boyish, Fas. iii. 486. svein-piltr, m. a boy, youth, Bs. i. 539. svein-stauli, a, m. = sveinpiltr, a little boy, Edda 31. SVEIPA, ð and að: stray forms of an obsol. strong verb (svípa, sveip) are, pret. sveip, Rm. 18, Vkv. 23, Skv. 3. 13; pres. sveipr (for svípr), 3. 8; part. sveipinn (for svipinn), Fm. 42, Fas. i. 439 (in a verse); [cp. Engl. sweep; a Goth. sweipan may be assumed from midja-sweipans = GREEK, deluge; A.S. swâpan; Germ. schweben; cp. svipa, sópa] :-- to sweep, stroke; hann sveipaði hárinu fram yfir höfuð sér, stroked the hair with the hand, Fms. i. 180; sveipar hann þeim saman, Grett. 129 new Ed.; greip hann til hendinni, ok sveipði af sér flugunni, swept the fly away, Edda 70; hann sveipaði hárinu fram yfir höfuð sér, Fms. i. 180; hann sveipaði at hendinni dúki þeim er ..., Bs. i. 188. 2. to wrap, swaddle; hann hafði sveipat at sér möttli einum, wrapped himself in a mantle, Stj. 492; lét hann s. (wrap, swathe) skipit allt fyrir ofan sjá með grám tjöldum, Ó.H. 170; hann sveipar sik í skikkju sinni, Sks. 298; þeir fundu barn sveipat líndúk, Fms. i. 112; fæddi hón barn, var þat sveift klæðum, Ó.T. 4; kona sveip ripti, Rm. 18; ok hana Sigurðr sveipr í ripti, Skv, 3. 8; þeir þógu því ok sveipðu þat (the corpse) líndúkum, Fms. v. 29; var kistan sveipð pelli, Ó.H. 229; lét ábóti þá s. líkit, Sturl. iii. 284; lík konungs var sveipað dúkum, Fms. viii. 232; en þær skálar sveip hann útan silfri, Vkv. 23; eldi sveipinn, wrapped in a sheet of fire, Fm. 42, Fas. i. (in a verse). II. to sweep, swoop; þeir sveipuðu (v.l. svipuðu) yfir ána, Fms. viii. 170; hann sveipaði til sverðinu, swept round him with the sword, v. 90; hann sveipar öxinni til hans, Fbr. 111 new Ed.; sveip sínum hug, 'swooped' turned his mind, Skv. 3. 13. 2. to be twisted; eitt er lýtið á, hárit er sveipt í enninu, a falling forelock on the forehead, Korm. 18; and the verse, hón kvað hári mínu sveipt í enni, id. 3. part. sveipandi (= svipandi), swooping, flaming; Cherub með sveipandu sverði, Gen. iii. 24. sveipa, u, f. a kerchief, hood (= sveipr, sveigr), Edda (Gl.); hón sækir þá sveipu sína ok veitði upp yfir hófuð sér, Ísl. ii. 76. sveipin-falda, u, f. 'Swooping-hood,' the name of a giantess, Edda (Gl.) sveip-óttr, adj. eddying, an epithet of a river, Od. xi. 240.

SVEIPR -- SVELTIKVI. 609

sveipr, m. a fold, Lat. plica; gyrða um sik með tvauföldum sveip, to gird with a twofold 'swoop,' wrap it twice round the waist, Sks. 405 B: a twirl, a falling lock on the forehead, s. í hári, Nj. 39; svartr á hár ok sveipr í hárinu, curled hair(?), Korm. 8. 2. a hood (= sveigr), Edda ii. 494. 3. poët., öldu-sveipr, a 'wave-sweeper,' i.e. an oar, Fms. ii. (in a verse). II. a sudden 'swoop,' an accident, catastrophe; sveipr varð í för, Haustl.; opt verðr sveipr í svefni, a saying, Sturl. ii. 210. sveip-vísi, f. (svip-vísi, Am. 7), a 'swooping-mind,' fickleness, versatility. Am. 70. SVEIT, f., svít, Eg. 19, [A.S. sweot], a body, esp. as a milit. term, a squad, small detachment, company, each with its own officer (sveitar-höfðingi), sveit ef sex eru, Edda 108; vil ek at menn skipizk í sveitir, ok heimtisk saman frændmenn ok kunnmenn, Ó.H. 204; liði var skipt í sveitir, tólf mönnum saman, Eg. 229; þeir fengu til margar sveitir, at veita Varbelgjum bakslag, Fms. ix. 491; Þórir hundr með sína sveit, Ó.H. 214; gékk hann í sveit með þeim, 215; en eptir fall hans þá féll flest sú sveit er fram hafði gengit með honum, 219; Arnljótr gellini ok þeirra sveit öll, 217. 2. a company, train; þeir höfðu samburðar-öl ok héldu sveit um Jólin, held revels at Yule, Fms. vii. 303; Grjótgarðr hélt þó sveit, i. 53; ek var með hánum ok í hans sveit, Eg. 65; þykki mér allfýsiligt at koma í þeirra sv(e)it, 19; þóttú komir í sveit með hirðmönnum Haralds, 21; þessi sveit (troop) kom til Virfils bónda, Fms. iii. 212; ef lögsögu-maðr er í inni minni sveit, in the minority, Grág. i. 9; drógu Gyðingar sveit saman mikla, Hom. (St.); sum sveitin ... sum sveitin, one part ..., another ..., Róm. 261; eigi skal þá draga sveitir saman þá er aðrir menn eru sofa farnir ... þá skolu þeir vita er í sveit þeirri vóru hverr bani er, N.G.L. i. 163: poët., lýða sveit, seggja sveit, a company of men, Lex. Poët.; fljóða s., a bevy of women, Merl. 1. 49: of the crew of a ship, skírskota á önnur skip, at þeir hafa eigi meira mat en mánaðar-mat hvars í tvennum sveitum, N.G.L. i. 99. 3. a party; þá görðusk þrætur miklar, ok gékk liðit sveitum mjök, Clem. 43; mannkyn var í tvenningu, í annarri sveit Gyðingar er á sannan Guð trúðu, en í annarri heiðnar þjóðir, 625. 170; öll góðra manna sveit, Hom. 142. II. geograph. a community, district, county; Rauðamels-lönd vóru betri en önnur suðr þar í sveit, Landn. 80; mikil kynslóð í þeirri sveit, Eg. 100; gékk þat hallæri um allar sveitir, Nj. 73; allar kirkjur þær er í þessum sveitum vóru, 623. 14; norðr um sveitir, Lv. 20; fara um sveitir ok boða Guðs eyrendi, Bs. i. 45. 2. in mod. usage a district for relief of the poor, like hreppr; in such phrases as, fara á sveitina, to become a pauper; vera á sveit, liggja á sveit, þiggja af sveit, to receive parish relief; honum lá við sveit, he was on the verge of becoming a pauper; sveitar-kerling, an old female pauper; sveitar-ómagi, a pauper; sveitar-þyngsli, burdens of the sveit; sveitar-tillag, a poor-rate; sveit-lægr, q.v. 3. the country, as opp. to town; búa í sveit, to live in the country; sveita-bóndi, a country farmer, husbandman; sveita-fólk, sveita-menn, country folk; sveita-bragr, country costumes, habits; sveita-búskapr, husbandry. B. COMPDS: sveitar-bót, f. an acquisition to a party; þykkir oss s. at bróður þínum, he is good company, Eg. 199: a nickname, Sturl. sveitar-dráttr, m. a faction, Orkn. 180, Fms. x. 251. sveitar-drykkja, u, f. a drinking party, Hkr. i. 50, Sturl. iii. 126, Eg. 258. sveitar-gengi, n. help from a party, Háv. 40. sveitar-höfðingi, a, m. the captain of a sveit (I. 1), Eg. 272, 280, Ó.H. 205, Fms. vii. 259, Orkn. 476. sveitar-menn, m. pl the men of a community or district; þar var sett héraðs-þing með ráði allra sveitarmanna, Landn. 97; þá menn heldr enn aðra sveitarmenn, Ísl. ii. 324; vóru þeir allir sveitarmenn, Sturl. i. 146; sveitarmenn skulu leggja tíund, Vm. 36: in mod. usage, see II. 3. sveitar-rækr, adj. expelled from the country, Hrafn. 29. sveita-skipan, f. an arrangement of the country, Sturl. iii. 243. sveitar-skítr, m. a nickname, Fms. viii. sveitar-vist, f. abode in a sveit, Lv. 24. sveita, t, [A.S. swætan; Lat. sudare], to sweat: esp. reflex., sveitask ok hafa erviði, Lv. 61; sveitask blóði, to sweat blood, Mar., Rb. 334; þá sveittisk róðan helga, sweated blood, Fms. viii. 247; sveitask viðsmjörvi, Mar. sveita, adj. = svidda (q.v.), of cattle; sveita ok svidda, s. né sviða, N.G.L. i. 341. sveit-búi, a, m. a man of the same sveit, a comrade, Fms. vii. 262. sveit-fastr, adj. dwelling in a sveit (I. 1), N.G.L. ii. SVEITI, a, m. (mod. sviti), [A.S. swât; Engl. sweat; Germ. schweiss; Dan. sved; cp. Lat. sudor] :-- sweat; blóð ok sveita, Blas. 45; spratt honum sveiti í enni, Nj. 68; konungr hafði fengit sveita, got into a perspiration, Fms. viii. 444. 2. a bloody-sweat (blóð-sveiti), Fas. i. 159. COMPDS: sveita-bora, u, f. a sweat-pore, Róm. 338. sveita-dúkr, m. [cp. Lat. sudarium], a napkin, 655 A. 3. sveit-lægr, adj.; hann er þar s., he is entitled to alimentation there. sveittr, adj. (or part.), in a steaming heat, Sturl. ii. 217 C, Ísl. ii. 210, Fb. i. 254; kóf-s., löðrandi s. sveitugr, adj. = sveittr, Sturl. ii. 217, Þiðr. 229, Karl. 315. sveitungr, m. a man belonging to a sveit (I. 1), a comrade; vil ek fylgja sveitungum mínum, ÓH. 209. 2. followers; Hrói sveitungr jarls, Fms. ix. 413; Magnúss ok hans sveitungar, M, and his men, vii. 169; jafnan skildi sveitunga þeirra á, ix. 424; sveitunga mína mun ek ekki af hendi láta, Eg. 66; sneri hann aptr með sveitunga sína, 300; heimta at sveitungum sínum, Nj. 256; hann drap mart af sveitungum þeirra, Fms. vii. 303; Snækollr ok enn fleiri sveitungar, ix. 425; at þú komir mér í sætt við sveitunga mína, my countrymen, Fb. i. 136. SVELGJA, svelg; pret. svalg, pl. sulgu; subj. sylgi; imperat. svelg; part. solginn; since it became weak, svelgðist, Bs. ii. (in a verse of the 14th century), and so in mod. usage; [A.S. swelgan; Engl. swallow, swill; Germ. schwelgen] :-- to swallow, with acc., Ýt. 4; hræ Ólafs hofgyldir svalg, 21; at jörðin sylgi hestinn, Nj. 163; mun hón solgit hafa yrmling, Fms. vi. 350; s. sinn föður-arf, Al. 114; eitt skógar-dýr svalg hann, Stj. 219; svelgja þik, Barl. 111: to swallow, svelg hrákann niðr, Pr.; svelgr hann allan Sigföðr, Ls. 58; Eljúðnir vann solginn Baldr, Mkv. 2. with dat.; ef hann svelgr niðr þeim bita, N.G.L. i. 343; þá svelgit mér sem fyrst, Barl. 54. 3. absol.; var honum bæði meint niðr at svelga, ok svá at drekka, en meinst at hósta, Bs. i. 347: to take a deep draught, hann tekr at drekka, ok svelgr allstórum, took a deep draught, Edda 32; þeir sulgu stórum, Grett. 43 new Ed.; svelgjandi eldr, Hom. 31. II. recipr. (weak); e-m svelgisk á, to go down the wrong way, Dan. faae i den vrange strube; honum svelgðist á. III. part. solginn, hungry, Hm. 32, Haustl. svelgr, m. [Shetl, swelchie], svelga, a swirl, whirlpool, current, stream, = röst, q.v.; var þar eptir svelgr í hafinu, Edda; sem svelgr í hafi eða Sirtes aðr Scylla, Al. 50. 2. esp. as a local name of the race in the Pentland Firth, Orkn. 276, Ó.H. 193, Fms. x. 145. II. metaph. a swallower, spendthrift; þú inn gráðugi svelgr, El. 95; hvel-svelgr himins, Edda (in a verse); vín-svelgr, a wine-swiller, drunkard: hræ-svelgr, carrion-devourer, Vþm. svelja, pres. svelr; pret. svalði, to swell, an obsolete word, only two forms of which are recorded; gadd svelr blóðug-hadda, Edda 23 (in a verse); húfar svölðu, Edda (Ht.) svell, n. swollen ice, a lump of ice; mikit svell var hlaupit upp, Nj. 144; svell þrútnar upp hjá garði, Grág. ii. 283; svelli ok hjarni var steypt yfir alla jörð, Fms. ii. 228: in mod. usage 'svell' is ice with solid ground beneath, 'iss' ice on water: poët., handar svell, the ice of the hand, i.e. gold; sárs, dreyra, fetla svell, 'wound-ice,' i.e. weapons, Lex. Poët. SVELLA, pres. svell; pret. svall, pl. sullu; subj. sylli; part. sollinn; [A.S. swellan; Engl. swell; Germ. schwellen; Dan. svolne; Swed. swälla; cp. Goth. uf-swalleins = GREEK] :-- to swell; skip konungs vóru sett mjök ok sollin, of ice, Ó.H. 182; húfr svall, sjór svellr, sollit haf, sollinn sær, éli sollinn, veðr-sollinn, hrími sollinn (of the waves), Lex. Poët.: of a wound, sár þat tók at þrútna ok svella, Fms. ix. 276; sárit var sollit, ÓH. 223; hestrinn svall svá ákafliga at allan blés kviðinn, Bs. i. 319. 2. metaph. to swell, of wrath, anger; með sollinni þykkju, Mar.; sollin reiði, Al. 3; nú svall Sturlungum mjök móðr, Bs. i. 521; móðr svall Meila bróður, Haustl.; þá svall heipt í Högna, Bragi; synd hans svall, Sól. 5; sútir sullu mér, 38; sorg svall, Bs. ii. (in a verse); af slíkum hlutum svall mjök með þeim biskupi ok Ásgrími, i. 730. svella, d, a causal to the preceding, to make to swell; svellendr, Eb. (in a verse); böð-svellendr, sveldr húfr, blown up, Fms. viii. (in a verse); sveldr af harmi, Skáld H. svellir, m. who makes to swell, Lex. Poët. svell-óttr, adj. swollen with lumps of ice, Fb. iii. 408. svellr, part. qs. svelldr, swelling high; með svellu sinni. Pass. 7. 4; svellt hafði hón belti, Bs. ii. (in a verse). II. svellað, swollen with ice, Hem. SVELTA, part. sveit; pret. svalt, 2nd pers. svaltz, Ls. 62 (Bugge); mod. svalst: pl. sultu; subj. sylti; part. soltinn; [Ulf. swiltan = GREEK; A.S. sweltan; Early Engl. swelte] :-- to die; this sense, which agrees with the use in Goth. and A.S., is disused in the Northern language and remains only in poetry; svalt þá Sigurðr, saztu yfir dauðum, Hm. 7; þat mál it hinnsta áðr hann sylti, Og. 16; björt áðr sylti, Akv. 43; hafa skal ek Sigurð mér á armi, eða þó svelta, Skv. 3. 6; þeim er sultu með Sigurði, 62; nema þú Sigurð svelta látir, 11, Gkv. 2. 3; er annan lét s., Fms. i. 258 (in a verse), ii. 271 (in a verse); soltnar þýjar, ærnar soltnar, Skv. 3. 45, 48; soltinn varð Sigurðr sunnan Rínar. Bkv. 11; aflir svelta, þeir er af bekkjar bergja drekku, Merl. 1. 7. II. [Dan. sulte], to starve, suffer hunger; ok svaltz þú þá hungri heill, Ls. (Bugge); mod., svelta heilu hungri; þó at fé svelti, Grág. ii. 328; s. í hel, or, til heljar, Fms. vi. 132, Bret. 8; soltinn maðr, Gþl. 400; hann var mjök soltinn, very hungry, Edda; sárt bítr soltin lús, Landn.; svangr ok soltinn, Fms. x. 149, and so passim in old and mod. usage. svelta, t, a causal to the preceding, to put to death (by hunger?); svinna systrungu sveitir þú í helli, Am. 53; láta sveitask, Og. 20. 2. to starve a person, Ver. 51, Rb. 394; læsti hann í kistu ok svelti hann þar þrjá mánuðr, Edda; þá var hann sveltr svá at þau kenndu hann eigi, Landn. 205; hann svelti menn at mat, Fms. i. 1; s. sik til fjár, Nj. 18. II. reflex. to refuse to take food; hann sveltisk ok þá eigi fæðslu, Fms. x. 369: pass. to be famished, K.Á. 130. svelti-kví, f. a pen in which one is put to starve, Grág. ii. 328, 330; reka fé ór sveltikvíum, K.Þ.K. 90.

610 SVELTIR -- SVIGNIR.

sveltir, m. a starver, one who starves, Lex. Poët.; hrafna-s., raven famisher, a nickname, Fb. iii. svemla, u, f. a cow (a cow with a great belly). svengð, f. [svangr], famine, hunger, Fms. iii. 96; svengð ok föstur, Hom. (St.) svengjask, d, [svangr], to grow thin in the belly or waist, Pr. 470, Sks. 167. 2. in mod. usage, impers., mig svengir, to get hungry. Svenskr, adj. Swedish, Fms. x. 394; see Svænskr. SVERÐ, n. [A.S. sweord; Engl. sword; Germ. schwert; Dan. sværd]:-- a sword; söxum ok sverðum, Vsp.: öx, sverð, spjót, K.Þ.K. 170; sverð á vinstri hlið, Hkr. i. 120; sverð þat er hjöltin vóru af gulli, Fms. i. 17; í þenna tíma vóru hér á landi sverð útíð mönnum til vápna-burðar, Fbr. 13; féll niðr sverðit, Nj. 9, in countless instances. Every king's man, from an earl downwards, had in token of homage to lay his hand on the hilt of a sword in the king's hand, and this done he was the king's 'sword-taker' (sverð-takari); this is described in the Hirðskrá; nú skaltú vera þegn hans er þú tókt við sverði hans, Hkr. i. 119; ek tók lystr við sverði þínu, I took gladly thy sword, gladly entered thy service, Sighvat; gengu menn þá til handa honum ok tóku við sverði hans, Fms. viii. 28; sverð heilagrar kirkju, Sturl. iii. 30; hér hefir látizk eitt hit bezta sverð af várum þegnum, the best sword, i.e. the best knight. Bs. i. 638. 2. poët, compds, sverð-álfr, -berendr, -freyr, -gautr, -maðr, -merlingar, -rjóðr, -runnr, a sword-elf, sword-bearer, etc., i.e. a warrior; sverð-dynr, -él. -hríð, -jálmr, -leikr, -regn, -tog, -þing, sword-din, sword-storm, etc., i.e. battle; sverð-fen. i.e. blood; sverð-fold, i.e. a shield; sverð-bautinn, 'sword-bitten,' wounded, Lex. Poët. B. COMPDS: sverð-berari, a, m. a sword-bearer, Róm. 114 (= Lat. lictor). sverðs-egg, f. a sword's edge, Edda 74. sverð-fetill, m. a sword-strap, Sturl. iii. 163, Fas. iii. 643. sverð-fiskr, m. a sword-fish, Edda (Gl.) sverðs-hjölt, n. pl. sword-hilts, Landn. 181, Fms. iv. 37, xi. 133, Ld. 204. sverðs-högg, n. a sword-stroke, Fms. viii. 180, xi. 190. sverð-skálpr, m. a scabbard, Fms. vi. 212. sverð-skepti, n. a sword-hilt (meðal-kafli), Sturl. i. 177. sverð-skór, m. a 'sword-sboe,' the chape of a scabbard, Fms. vi. 212. sverð-skreið, f. sword-cutlery. Grág. i. 468. sverð-skriði, a, m. a sword-cutler, Nj. 247, Grág. ii. 84. sverð-taka, n, f. sword-taking, as a token of homage, (see above under sverð); allt þat sem áðr váttar í jarís sverð-töku, N.G.L. ii. (see sverð A). sverð-takari, a, m. a 'sword-taker, ' a king's man, N. G. L. ii. 399 (see above). sverð-ótt, n. adj. full of swords, Hallfred; as a pun. SVERFA, sverf; pret. svarf, pl. surfu: part. sorfinn; [Ulf. af-swairban = GREEK; Engl. swerve; Dutch swerven; Swed. swerfva] :-- to file; járn sorfit, Stj. 160; sverfr hann, 158; svarf hann með snarpri þél, Bs. i. 237; sverfa til stáls, to 'file to the steel' to the core, i.e. to fight it out to the last; kvað þá verða at s. til stáls með þeim, Fms. vii. 244; láta þá til stáls sverva með þeim, Ó.H. 41; ok láta s. til stáls með ykkr bræðrum, Fb. ii. 122, Orkn. 234, 428: sverfr at, it presses hard; er í kreppingar kemr ok at sverfr, Fms. iv. 147. SVERJA, pres. sver, pl. sverjum; pret. sór, pl. sóru (also svór, Fas. iii. 393, Fms. x. 396; svóru, 416, Grág. ii. 410); subj. sœri; imperat. sver, sverða; part. svarinn. A weak pret. svarði, part. svarðr. also freq. occurs in old writers, thus, svarði, Hkr. i. 79, Fas. i. 178, Edda i. 136 (Cod. Reg., sór Cod. Worm. l.c.); þú svarðir, Gkv. 1. 21 (Bugge); svörðu, Landn. 154 (sóru, Hb. l.c.), Fms. xi. 67, Nj. 191, Grág. ii. 410 (twice); svörðusk, Mork. 207 (in a verse): but in mod. usage the strong form alone is used: [a common Teut. word; Ulf. swaran = GREEK; A.S. swerjan Engl. swear; Germ. schwören; Dan. sværge; Swed. svärja.] B. To swear; allir menn virðu fé sitt, ok sóru at rétt væri virt, Íb. 16; sverja eið, to swear an oath; sverja rangan eið, to swear a false oath, K.Á. 150; s. eiða, Edda l.c.; þeir svörðu eiða til lífs sér, Landn. 154; at þú eið né sverir, nema þann er saðr sé. Sdm.; gangi nú allir til mín ok sveri eiða ... þá gengu allir til Flosa ok svörðu honum eiða, Nj. 191; hann svarði honum trúnaðar-eiða, Hkr. i. 79: halda lög ó-svarit, without oath, Bs. i. 727. 2. with acc. to confirm by oath; sór hann lög ok réttindi þegnum sínum, Fms. x. 80; flutti hann krossinn norðr ... sem hann var svarinn, as he was sworn, bound by oath, 417; var hann á hverju þingi til konungs tekinn, ok svarit honum land, Fms. iii. 42, Ó.H. 181; þeir svörðu Sveini land ok þegna, Fms. xi. 67; svarit Hákoni ok Magnúsi Noregs-konungum land ok þegnar ok æfinligr skattr af Íslandi, etc., Ann. 1262. 3. with gen.; þeir svóru þess (they made oath that), at Ísleifr biskup ok menn með honum svörðu ..., Grág. ii. 410; skal hverr þeirra taka bók í hönd sér ok sverja þess allir, at ..., N.G.L. i. 68; viltú s. mér þess, at þú ..., Nj. 137; sór konungr þess, at ..., Hom. 106; ek sver þess við Palladem, at ..., Bret. 90; s. þess ina styrkustu eiða, at ..., Fms. i. 189; þeir svörðu til þessa réttar, at ..., Grág. ii. 410; nema hann sveri til fjórðungi minna enn sé, ... sem hann hefir til svarit, ... er hann sverr til, K.Þ.K. 146; s. um, konungr sór um, at þat skyldi hann vel efna, Fms. i. 113. II. reflex. to swear oneself, get oneself sworn; sverjask e-m í bróður-stað, Mork. 207 (in a verse): recipr. to get oneself sworn in; sverjask í fóstbræðra-lag. to enter a brotherhood by mutual oath, Ó.H. 240. sverra, ð(?), an obsolete defective word, [svarri, svarkr; cp. Goth. sweran = GREEK], to be mighty(?); sverrandi hjaldr, Eg. (in a verse): hence sverri- in poët, compds, sverri-flagð, the mighty ogress; sverri-fjörðr, the mighty firth; sverri-gjörð, the vast belt of the land, i.e. the main sea, Lex. Poët.: Sverrir, a pr. name (of king Sverri), the worthy(?). sverta, t, [svartr], to make black, blacken. sverta, u, f. a black, a black dye. Svertingr, m. a pr. name: Svertingar, [cp. A.S. swertling], the name of an old family, Ld. 2, Saxo. sve-víss, adj. a GREEK., Hkv. 1. 38, (prob. an error for sve(ip-)vís.) svið, n. pl. singed sheep's heads, Sturl. i. 166, freq. in mod. usage. svið, n. a space, esp. on the sea, = mið. 2. a local name for a fisherman's sea-mark near Reykjavik; róa út á Svið; perh. so called from the bottom of the sea there being an oid lava-field (sviða); hence Mardöll á miði, ... seiddu nú að sviði sæ-kinda val, Jónas. SVIÐA, u, f. [svíða], a roasting, burning, singeing; bæta eyri fyrir sviðu hverja er sviðin er, N.G.L. i. 67. 2. in Norway sviða means a woodland cleared for tillage by burning, see Ivar Aasen. COMPDS: sviðu-eldr, m. a roasting fire (for roasting sheep's heads); um haustið sátu menn við sviðu-elda at Hofi, cp. sviðu-kveld var þat, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Þorst. St. 50. sviðu-fölskvi, a, m. ashes, Stj. 124. Sviðu-kári, a nickname (= Brennu-kári), Landn. sviða, u, f. a kind of weapon, a halberd, Edda (Gl); spjót, sviður, bryntröll, K.Þ.K. 170; Viðkuðr hafði sviðu. silfr-rekinn leggrinn, járn-vafit skaptið ... lagði Viðkuðr til Jóns með sviðunni, Sturl. i. 63 C; hann hafði sviðu í annarri hendi, Nj. 96; skaut hann sviðunni eptir Óspaki, Eb. 298; bjarn-s., q.v. sviðu-skapt, n. the handle of a sviða, Fas. iii. 546. Sviðarr, Sviðuðr, Sviðrir, m. the burner, destroyer(?), one of the names of Odin, Edda (Gl.) svið-bálki, a, m. a nickname, Landn. svidda, adj. indecl., contr. form svidaði, N.G.L. i. 341, v.l. 14; svedae, 399; svidauðar, 341, l. 1; qs. sve-dái, sve-dauðr; [the etymology is uncertain, but it appears to be a compd word, the latter part being -dái or -dauðr] :-- suddenly-dead, from falling sickness or the like; in the old eccl. law the word is used of cattle that have died a natural death, whose flesh may not be eaten; um svidda ok úátan, ... eta svidda ... þat köllu vér svidda er engi maðr veit bana at, N.G.L. i. 18; sveita né sviða ... þat heitir allt sviða er svá verðr dautt at eigi ganga manns handa-verk til, 341 (sviðaði v.l. 14); um svedae, 399; allt annat ef sviða liggr, 144, 342; verða s., K.Þ.K. 172, K.Á. 198. svið-eldr, m. = sviðueldr, Fær. 17. sviði, a, m. a burn, the smart from burning; þola sár ok sviða, Edda; sviða ok þrota, Ld. 252; sviðar ok hitar, Bs. i. 182. sviða-lauss, adj. free from burning pains, Bs. i. 182; brjóst-sviði, heart-burn. sviðinn, part. singed; see sviða. sviðin-horni, a nickname, Landn. svið-kaldr, adj. 'roasting-cold,' Fms. i. (in a verse describing the waves): in mod. usage of a drink. sviðna, að, to be singed; loði sviðnar, Gm. 1; eigi sviðnuðu hinar minnstu trefr, Fms. i. 266; sviðnar þat at eins en brennr eigi, Sks. 145; torfi því er sviðnaði, Ísl. ii. 412; hendr sviðnuðu, Gkv. 3. 10. sviðningr, m. = sviða 2; brunnu skógar viða um hraunit, ok er þat nú kallat á Sviðningi, Ölk. 34. sviðnur, f. pl. a local name of islands in western Icel., where salt was made by burning sea-weed (salt-sviða), see Landn. 2. ch. 23, and Gullþ. S. sviðra, að, to burn, singe, Lil. 77. sviðvis,(?), a part of a ship, the kitchen(?), Edda (Gl.) SVIF, n. [svífa], a swinging round, veering, esp. of a ship; þá varð svá mikit svif at skipinu, at eldr kom í dokkuna, Fms. x. 53: plur., at-svif, an attack, swoon; um-svif, turmoil. 2. the nick if time; í þeim (þessum) svifum, Fas. i. 26, Karl. 182, 261. svif-rúm, n. room for a ship to swing round when at anchor; see sveif-, (mod. corrupt, svigrúm.) SVIG, n. [sveigja, from a lost strong verb svíga, sveig, sviginn], a bend, curve, circuit, esp. in the adverbial phrase, fara í svig. to pass by in a circuit, avoid; fór snekkjan í svig við jarls skip. Fms. ii. 299; þeir fóru í svig við konung, Eg. 52. Karl. 243; í svig við Hlíðarenda, Nj. 69, v.l.; sá hann at maðr gékk í svig við hann. Fas. ii. 344; í svig löndum, off the coast, Lex. Poët. 2. phrases, vinna svig á e-m, to make to give way, overcome; gætum til at þeir vinni engi svig á oss, Fms. vi. 324; fá svig á, id. (cp. Dan. faa bugt med), Al. 89, Róm. 354; bað þá ef þeir fengi nokkur svig á, at glettask við Bagla, Fms. viii. 305; freista svigs á, to try,, 413. svigi, a, m. [Engl. switch], a switch; sviga læ switch-bane, i.e. the fire, Vsp.; hann tók einn sviga ok ætlar at berja piltinn með, Ísl. ii. 179; sviga í hendi, Ó.T. 6, Fms. viii. 322, x. 216; berja e-n svigum, Blas. 42; skulu þér höggva yðr sviga stóra ór viði, Vápn. 15. 2. mod. a hoop of switch; tunnu-svigi. svigna, að, to bend, give way, like a switch, Þiðr. 197, 236, freq. Svignir, m. pl. = Sygnir, q.v.; in Svigna-kappi, a nickname, Landn.; Svigna-skarð, a farm in western Icel.

SVIGRMÆLI -- SVIPR. 611

svigr-mæli, n. pl. taunting words. SVIK, n. pl. [A.S. swic; Scot. swick or swyk; Dan. svig], treason, fraud, falsehood, betrayal; segja upp svikin, Karl. 318; ef eigi fylgði svik, Nj. 105; brugga, ráða s., Fms. i. 59, v. 316; hver svik hann hafði heyrt, v. 320; verða fyrir svikum, Skv. 1. 33; sitja á svikum við e-n, Bs. i. 39, passim; dróttins svik, treason. 2. poison; gefa e-m svik, to poison, Fms. viii. 275. COMPDS: svika-drykkr, m. a poisoned drink, Konr. svika-fullr, adj. treacherous, Sks. 456, Fms. xi. 435. svika-lauss, adj. guileless, free from treason, Fms. ix. 420, Bret. 88. svika-ligr, adj. treacherous, Sks. 525. svika-þjóð, f. . false people, Hom. (St.) svik, n. = svig; fara á svik, Fms. vi. 41 (in a verse), viii. 165, v.l. :-- in the phrase, opt er svik á millum tanna (= gisnar tennr?), Hallgr. svikall, mod. svikull, adj., contr. sviklar, Gd. 49; inn svikli, Flóv. 36; but svikalir, Hkr. iii. 227; svikalasta, Anecd. 100, as also in mod. usage :-- treacherous, Fær. 138, Fms. i. 219, passim. svikari, a, m. (sykeri, 655 iii. 2), a traitor, Fms. i. 205, ix. 375, Karl. 318, Bs. i. 40. svikara-dómr = svikdómr, Mar. svik-dómr, m. treason, Hom. 159, Fms. xi. 303 (in a verse). svik-fólk, n. rebels, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse). svik-fullr, adj. full of falsehood, Fms. v. 217, Anecd. sviki, a, m. a traitor; in drottins-s. svik-liga, adv. treacherously, Stj. 312. svik-ligr, adj. treacherous, Sks. 525, 558, Anecd. 86. svik-lyndr, adj. false-minded, Róm. 308. svik-máll, adj. false-spoken, Róm. 139. svik-ráð, n. pl. treachery, Fas. i. 83, Stj. 553. svik-ræði, n. pl. = svikráð, Ó.H. 63, Orkn. 268, Sks. 710, 753, Fms. ii. 34: sing., s. nokkut, i. 188, (rare.) svik-samliga, adv. treacherously, Fms. i. 72, Fær. 133. svik-samligr, adj. treacherous, Fms. i. 74, x. 221, Stj. 144. svik-samr, adj. false, Hkr. iii. 227, v.l. svik-semd, f. (svik-semi, N.T.), treason, Mar. svikul-görð, f. the cap of a mast(?), see sikulgörð, which is a less correct form, having dropped the v, Edda (Gl.), = Dutch mars, Germ. mast-korb(?). svil, n. pl. the milt offish, Björn; takit úr mér svilin og vilin, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. SVILI, a, m. [qs. sif-ili, from sif, sifjar?], a brother-in-law, but in a limited sense, viz. the husbands of two sisters are called svilar (Gr. GREEK), Edda (Gl.) ii. 497, freq. in mod. usage. svill, f., pl. svillar, = syll, sylla; [A.S. syl; Engl. sill; Germ. schwelle]:-- a sill of a door; nýjar svillar, nýjar sperrur, D.N. iii. 409. svima, að, to swim; svimaði þar yfir ána, Grett. 137 new Ed. (svam v.l.); svimar, Sks. 28, v.l. II. impers. to be giddy; mig svimar (my head swims), in mod. usage = svimra, q.v. svimi, a, m. [A.S. svîma; Engl. swim] , a swimming in the head, giddiness; slá, ljósta í svima, Fms. i. 150, Grág. ii. 16, Bs. i. 342; liggja í svima, Fb. ii. 387. SVIMMA, a defective and obsolete word, which has been superseded in Icel. by synda, q.v.; pres. svimm; pret. svamm, pl. summu; part. summit; the spelling with one m (svam, svimr) in Editions is erroneous; svimm rhymes with grimmu, Sd. (in a verse); þramma svimmi, Hallfred: 3rd pers. plur. symja, Sks. 177 B: a pret. svámu, Fms. viii. 38; subj. svæmi, Bret. 12: [A.S. swimman; Engl. swim; Germ. schwimmen; Dan. svömme] :-- to swim; svimma til lands, Fms. viii. 264; hann var því opt vanr at svim(m)a í brynju sinni, x. 314; þeir symja eigi á gráfu, heldr symja þeir opnir, Sks. 177 B; svimma hestar þeirra yfir stórar ár, Edda 8; svim(m)a í móðu marir, Fm. 15 (Bugge); svimma yfir vatnið, Al. 167; hann svim(m)r þá þangat á leið, Fbr. 104 new Ed.; svimm ek við ský, Sd. (in a verse); þess manns er í sjó svimmr, Sks. 28 new Ed. (svimar v.l.); svamm sjálfr konungr, svamm hann milli skipanna, Fms. x. 366; maðr svamm at skipinu, 367; svamm hann síðan ... er hann svamm, vii. 225; göltrinn svamm þar til er af gengu klaufirnar, Landn. 177; hann hljóp fyrir borð ok svamm til lands, Orkn. 150, Fms. viii. 291; hann svamm yfir ána með vápn sín, Bjarn. 50, Fms. vii. 123; eigi svamm ek skemra enn þú, 119; þeir summu frá landi (Cod. sumu), Eg. 593 A; svámu sumir yfir ána, Fms. viii. 380; sögðu at hann svæmi um hafit, Bret. 12; pres. subj. svimmi, Hallfred; hann mun hafa summit (for svimit, Ed.) í hólminn, Fbr. 104 new Ed.; svimmandi fiskar, Stj. 17, Barl. 22, v.l.; symjandi, v.l. 2. metaph., er áðr svimma í myrkrum, 625. 87; svimma í fullsælu, to swim in abundance, Fms. ix. 248. II. reflex., svimask í e-u, to swindle, Thom. svimr, n. giddiness, Fél. x. 43. svimra, að, to be giddy, stunned by a blow; impers., Rögnvald svimraði við, Bs. i. 624; Clitum svimraði með höggit, Al. 78; svú at hann (acc.) svimrar, Glúm. 356. svina, orig. a strong verb svína, svein, whence the pres. weak form, hence the contr. form svía, q.v.; [O.H.G. svinan; Germ. schwinden]:-- to subside, of a swelling; tók þegar at svina sköp hans, Bs. i. 466; minkar ok svenar allr þroti, Sks. 235 B. svingla, að, (svingl, n.), to rove, stray to and fro. svinna, u, f. sagacity, good sense; kann ek mér meiri svinnu. enn at takask á hendr einn útlendan mann, Ó.H. 144; með enga svinnu, Fms. i. (in a verse); ú-svinna, discourtesy, rudeness. svinn-eygr, adj. clever-eyed, Mkv. 2 (svíneyg?). svinn-geðr, adj. ready-minded, Fbr. (in a verse). svinn-hugaðr, adj. wise, Hkv. 2. 10. svinn-liga, adv. wisely, sensibly; all-s.; ú-svinnliga. svinn-ligr, adj. sensible, Fas. ii. 270. SVINNR, adj., also sviðr (nn = ð); [Ulf. swinþs = GREEK; A.S. swið; Hel. swiði; Germ. ge-schwind] :-- prop. swift, quick, which sense, however, only remains in svinn Rín, the swift, rapid Rhine, Akv. 27; veg-s., 'way-swift' (of a river), Gm. 28. 2. metaph. wise; ins svinna mans, Hm. 162; ú-sviðr, unwise, 20, 22; konan svinna, Korm.; alls þik svinnan kveða, Vþm. 24, 30; ek mun segja þér svinn ór reiðu, Helr. 5; svinna hafði hann hyggju, Hðm. 9; und svinnum sigrunni, gallant, Vellekla: the saying, sá er svinnr er sik kann, he is wise who knows himself, i.e. knows how to moderate himself, Hrafn. 10; sviðr um sik, wise of oneself; heima glaðr gumi ok við gesti reifr, sviðr skal um sik vera, Hm. 102; al-sviðr, fill-wise, the name of the wise dwarf; geð-svinnr, mind-wise; hug-s., orð-s., wise or swift in words(?), eloquent; ráð-svinnr, wise in counsel; ú-svinnr, unwise, and also indiscreet, rude: with gen., in the sense of ready, quick, elsku-svinnr, s. heilags tafns, Edda 51 (in a verse). 3. in mod. usage svinnr (like glöggr) means stingy. II. as subst. in the phrase, snúa á svinn sínu ráði, to turn to reason, mend one's ways, Fms. ii. 235. SVIPA, að, [svipr], to swoop, flash, of a sudden but noiseless motion; létu síðan frá landi ok svipuðu yfir ána (sveipuðu v.l.), and swooped, went swiftly across the river, Fms. viii. 170; fugl eir. n fló inn um glugginn ok svipaði (swooped) um húsit, Þjal.; sverð þat er svipar (flashes) allan veg meðr eldbitrum eggium, a flashing sword, Sks. 548 B; svipandi logi, a sweeping fire, 203 B (cp. sveipanda sverð, Gen. iii. 24); þegar hann sezt í sætið há, svipaði þaðan ótú, fear flashed out from him where he sat, Núm. II. [A.S. swipjan; cp. vulgar Engl. swipe], to whip, horsewhip; var útraust at hann svipaði honum eigi stundum, Stud. iii. 125. III. reflex., svipask at e-u, to look after; svipask at hrossum, Sturl. iii. 227; er þeir svipaðusk at, sá þeir..., Fms. v. 160: svipast eptir e-u, id.: svipask um, to look around, Ísl. ii. 353; svipaðisk Einarr um ok sá eigi Kálf, Fms. vi. 28; þá er ek svipuðumk um, Stj. 600. svipa, u, f. a whip; berja með svipum, Stj. 578, MS. 623. 12; hann hafði svipu í hendi ok keyrði hana, Sd. 185: esp. a horse-whip, svipu-ól, svipu-skapt, the lash, handle of a whip. svipu-leikr, m. a play, 'swoop-game,' perh. it should be sviðu-leikr (sviþu-leikr, p having crept in for þ), Fms. iii. 193, 196. II. gramm. a polysyndeton; svipa heitir þat ef fleiri sann-kenningar heyra einum hlut, Skálda 193. svipaðr, part. looking so and so; svipaðr ílla = svip-íllr, Fas. iii. 627. 2. mod. like, looking like, with dat.; hann er svipaðr henni móður sinni, það er svipað því ... ó-svipaðr, unlike. svipall, adj. (svipull), shifty, changeable; svipul verðr mér sona-eignin, Grett. 123 A; afla svipulla sæmda, Al. 163: unstable, svipul er sjó-veiðr, svipull er sjóvar-afli, a saying, Hallgr. svipan, f. a 'swoop,' suddenness; þessi atburðr varð með svá skjótri svipan, at ..., Nj. 144; kasta með harðri svipan, quickly, Fas. i. 67; sverða s., the'swoop of swords' poët., Skv. 2. 19: a fight, þar varð hörð s., Fms. viii. 317; varð hörð s. um hríð, ix. 257, 311; svipan þeirra frá ek snarpa, Nj. (in a verse). II. the nick of time, critical moment, in battle; í þeirri s. féll Þorgils, Eg. 92, Fms. vi. 78, v.l.; féllu menn hans í þessi s., Fms. ii. 313; í þessi s., Ld. 244, Fb. ii. 355 (ský-svipan, Fms. v. 80, l.c.), Fms. x. 365 (in all these instances of a battle); varla vitum ver hver s. í er, Njarð. 378. svip-góðr, adj. good-looking. svipil-kinnaðr, adj. with gaunt cheeks(?), Fas. ii. 149. svip-illr, adj. ill-looking, Fas. i. 234, v.l. svip-liga, adv. sweepingly, rashly; fara hölzti s., Valla L. 223: suddenly, of a sudden; deyja s., to die suddenly. svip-ligr, adj. unstable; sviplig sæla, Al. 115: sightly, ekki sýndisk henni konan sviplig, Ld. 328: sudden, s. atburðr, a sudden accident; hljóp fram piltr einn heldr svipligr, suddenly (prob. an error for ú-svipligr, ill looking, ill-favoured, Cod. Ub.), Grett. 93 new Ed.; konungr varð svipligr við þenna atburð, Fas. iii. 610; íll-svipligr, ill-looking, Fb. i. 260. svip-ljótr, adj. hideous, Fas. iii. 183, v.l. svip-lyndr, adj. fickle, Fms. vi. 287. svip-lækja, u, f. the brown sandpiper, tringa fusca, Edda (Gl.) svip-mikill, adj. imposing, Fms. iii. 192. svipr, m., pl. svipir, a swoop; svipr einn var þat, it was a sudden swoop, but a moment, Hkv.; sverða svipr, a swoop of swords, Fms. vi. (in a verse): a moment, í þann svipinn, í þessum svip = svipan, q.v.; sitt í hvern svipinn, one moment this, another that. 2. a sudden loss; at þeim þykki heldr svipr í at missa mín, Fms. vi. 222; mér þykkir næsta s. at brautför ykkarri, ii. 102; frændum Hrafns þótti mikill s. er hann fór í brott, Ísl. ii. 101; Friggjar þótti svipr at syni, Mkv. II. metaph. a glimpse of a person, a fleeting, evanescent appearance; við þetta vaknaði Grímr,

612 SVIPSTUND -- SVÍNBEYGJA.

ok þóttisk sjá svip mannsins, G. awoke and thought be saw the shadow of a man, Fms. iii. 57; Ólafr vaknaði ok þóttisk sjá svip konunnar, Ld. 122; en er konungr vaknaði, þóttisk hann sjá svip mannsins er braut gékk, Ó.H. 196; þóttusk þeir sjá svip manns niðr við ána, Fs. 73; hann hefir af svip af göngu mannsins, ok mælti, at hann þóttisk þar kenna Eyjólf, Bs. i. 531; Þorbjörn hafði svip af konunni, ok lét eigi sjá sik, Grett. 121; þóttisk Kolbeinn sjá svipinn til konungs, at hann stökk fyrir borð, Fms. iii. 2; annarr segir, at hann sá svipinn mannsins er stökk yfir götuna ... þeir vissu eigi hvárt þessu olli menn eðr tröll, Fb. ii. 132. 2. a look, countenance; sýndi konungr vinganar-svip (a friendly look) til Einars, Fms. vi. 279; með áhyggju-svip, a grave, concerned look, 239, vii. 30; spurt muntú hafa úþyktar-svip Ísólfs til vár, his frowning towards us, Lv. 79; reiði-s., Bs. i. 774; gleði-svipr, a cheerful, glad countenance; svipum hefi ek nú yppt, Gm. 45. 3. a likeness; ættar-svipr, a family likeness; það er svipr með þeim; or, hann hefir svip af henni móður sinni til augnanna. svip-stund, f. a moment, the twinkling of an eye, Eg. 240; á einni s., Hkr. i. 11, Rekst. SVIPTA, t, [cp. svipr, svipa; Engl. swift], to pull quickly; hón svipti (sweeped, swept) at mötli sínum, Fs. 60; hón svipti honum á herðar sér, 623. 36; svipta e-u ofan, to sweep off, knock down, Fms. ii. 45; svipti hón söðli af svöngum jó, Og. 3; s. ofan forfallinu, Konr.; er hann svipti honum Svarti, gave him a shaking, Fs. 140; þat (the bear) svipti honum undir sik, 149; s. undir sik tjaldinu, Fms. vii. 114; hann svipti undir hönd sér einum litlum gullbaug, Edda 72; s. e-u undan e-m, to strip one of it, Sks. 682. 2. to strip, deprive; svipta e-n e-u, to strip one of a thing; hann sviptir hana faldinum, strips her of her hood, Nj. 131: to deprive one of, s. e-n e-u, this sense is freq. in mod. usage; syptir (i.e. sviptir) riddaratign, stripped, bereft of, 623. 30; sviptir sæmdum, Ld. 164. 3. a naut. term, to reef, (Dan. svigte, gt=ft); svipta af handrifi, Ó.H. 182, Fms. iii. 44; s. seglunum, to reef the sails, Fas. i. 138; þeir tóku veðr stór, ok vildu margir minnka sigling ok svipta, Fms. vii. 67; veðr óx í hönd ok bað Bjarni þá svipta, Fb. i. 432; skal engi... sigla fyrir mér né ek vilja svipta fyrr en þeir, Fms. v. 337; svipta til eins rifs, to take in all reefs but one, ix. 21. II. recipr. to tug, wrestle; sviptask fast, Fms. i. 306, iii. 224. svipta, u, f. a loss; hann kvað sér sviptu at þeirra skilnaði, Fs. 20. svipti-kista, u, f. a movable chest, Eb. 256, Sturl. iii. 304. sviptingar, f. pl. a tugging, wrestling; harðar, miklar sviptingar, Edda 33, Fms. iii. 188. 2. sing., naut. a reefing-rope; svipting ok skaut, Edda (Gl.); þræðr ok sviptingar (acc.), Sks. 30 B. sviptingr or sviptungr, m. [cp. Engl. swifters = shrouds, thus in a different sense] :-- reefing-ropes, (Swed. svigt-linor, Dan. svöft, tage svöftet ind); eyri við svifting hvern, til þess er kemr í sex sviptunga ... sviptung hvern, N.G.L. i. 199. sviptir, m. a loss; e-m er s. í e-u, Vápn. 13. Svipul, f. one of the Valkyriur, Edda (Gm.) svipull, see svipall. svip-vindr, adj. fickle, Fb. iii. 360. svip-vísi, f. fickleness, Am. 7. svip-víss, adj. fickle, = sveipvíss; svipvísar konur, faithless wives, Sól. svirgull, m. [svíri], a kind of coarse necktie(?); hence svirguls-ligr, adj. coarse, bulky. sviti, a, m. sweat, perspiration; see sveiti. svitna, að, to sweat. sví, interj. = svei, q.v.; sví verði þeim! Karl. 364; this form is else only used as prefixed in sví-virða, -virðing, q.v. svía, að, [Dan. svia], to abate, of pains, (mod.); see svina. Svíar, n. pl. [Suiones, of Tacit. Germ.; Swed. svear], the Swedes, originally in the limited sense of the Northern Swedes, -- 'Svea och Göta konung' is still the title of the king of Sweden; Svía-kind, Svía-dróttinn, Svía-kappi, the kind, lord, champion of the Swedes, Ýt., Lex. Poët.; Freyr Svía-goð, Frey the god of the Swear, Fb. iii. 246; Svía-herr, the host of Swear, Fms. x. 349; Sía-sker, the Swedish skerries, islands in the Baltic near to the Mälar lake; Svía-gríss, the name of a mythical ring, Yngl. S., Edda: Svía-konungar, the Swedish king, passim. II. Svía-veldi, the empire of the Swear, Fb. i. 139, Ó.H.; Svía-ríki, mod. Swed. Sveriga, i.e. Sweden, Fb. i. 139, ii. 57; Sví-þjóð, q.v. Svíarr, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp.: the forger, the smith (?), akin to sía, q.v. SVÍÐA, svíðr; pret. sveið, sviðu; part. sviðinn: a weak pret. svíddi, Greg. 60; svíddu, Lil. 56, Fms. vii. (in a verse): [Dan. svie] :-- to singe, burn; tak rúgbrauð ok svíð við eld, ... et þat sviðit, Pr. 475; svíða dilka-höfuð, to singe, roast sheep's heads, Þorst. St. 51; nú svíðr hann lítt um höfuðit, Rd. 260; hann svíddi útan af þornunum, Greg. 60; hann svíðr klumbuna útan, Fms. xi. 129; svíða hár, Grág. ii. 129; nauts-rófa sviðin, Eb. 276; annat brjóstið svíða þær, Al. 121; sviðu hverja er sviðin er, N.G.L. i. 67; jöfurr svíðr bygðir, ... logi svíðr bý, Lex. Poët.; sviðnir fuglar, Sól.; hann sveið hræ, Fms. vi. 55 (in a verse). 2. to smart, of a wound, burn; sár svíða, Ó.H. (in a verse); svíðr sárt brendr, Hallgr.; svíða get ek bringspala-dílann (metaphor from caustic), Sturl. i. 140; vant er þar er brennr at s., Rkv.; armar svíddu af broddum, Lil. l.c.; svíða sætar ástir, a saying, Flóv. 41. II. svíðandi, a nickname of the stingy Danish king Swein, Fms. xi; see svíðingr. svíðingr, m. a 'singer,' a stingy man; hann er mesti s. SVÍFA, sveif, svifu, svifit; [Ulf. sweifan = GREEK; A.S. swîfan; Engl. sway; Germ. schweben, schweifen] :-- to rove, ramble, turn; sumir svifu at nautum, some rambled for the cows, Sturl. iii. 241; sveif hann þá til stofunnar, Gullþ. 62; hverr svífr at sinni eigu, Al. 117; sveinn sýsliga sveif til skógar, Hým.; láta skúturnar svífa suðr um Stað með landi fyrir vindi, to stand southwards before the wind, Fms. vii. 186; bændr kómu at svífandi (hence the mod. að-vífandi) ok drápu hann, overtook him of a sudden and slew him, viii. 414; kom höggit á öxlina ok sveif (= svaddi, bounded) ofan á bringuna, vii. 167; láta samþykki sitt s. til e-s, to sway one's consent towards, to agree, 8; cp. létum svífa sáttmál okkur, Skv. 3. 39. (which is prob. the right reading for 'síga' of the Cod.); betri sígandi arðr en svífandi, Bs. i. 139 (see arðr). 2. to drift; sveif þá skipit frá landi, Fms. vi. 108, v.l.; skip Gregorii sveif upp á grunn, vii. 186; Sigfús (Sigfúsi v.l.) sveif at landi, Bs. i. 139. 3. impers., with dat.; svífr skipinu fyrir straumi ok veðri, Þiðr. 313; sveif þá skipinu frá landi, Fms. vi. 108; sveif skipi hans á eyrina, x. 98; sveif öllum saman flotanum inn með ströndinni, viii. 222; sveif mjök stór-skipunum, vii. 264; sveif honum þar at, ix. 24; festa bátinn svá at ekki svífi frá, ii. 71; hann hélt svá at hvergi sveif, so that the boat swerved not, Grett. 125 A; sveif saman konungs skipinu ok Hallvarðar, Fms. viii. 385; en þegar þær hóf frá skipinu sveif þeim til ens vestra fjarðarins, Eb. 8; setstokkum sveif á land, Fs. 123; þótt þér svífi af þessum ættjörðum, 21; segir Þórðr at svífi yfir hann, that he was taken suddenly ill, Sturl. iii. 286; svífr þá af honum, Grág. i. 14; þó svífr enn nokkut kynligt yfir þik, Ld. 328; svífr jarli því í skap, at láta ..., Fms. x. 358; hinu sveif honum lengstum í hug, iii. 48; sveif honum því í skap ... þessu sveif mér í skap, it shot through my mind, Fas. i. 342; svfr nú ymsu á mik, Fs. 178. II. reflex., svifask um, to make a sweep, bustle about; svífsk hann um, grípr upp einn asna-kjálka, Stj. 414; settisk síðan til matar ok sveifsk um sváfast, at þeir þrír fengi hvergi nærri jafn-skjótt etið sem haim, El. 2. in the phrases, svífask einskis, to shrink from nothing; and so, hann sveifsk (svífðisk Ed. from a paper MS.) einskis þess er honum bjó í skapi, Lv. 68; ganga undir vápn heljar-mannsins þess er einskis svífsk, Bs. i. 290; nú er sú atför þeirra at þeir munu einskis ílls svívask, Nj. 240; Halli er sá orðhákr, at hann svífsk enskis, Fms. vi. 372; at þú mundir fás svífask, ok láta þér mart sóma, ii. 51, Fs. 93. In mod. usage the weak form is often used in this phrase, e.g. hann svífist einskis, hann svífðisk eiuskis. svífr, adj., see ú-svífr. SVÍKJA and svíkva, svík; pret. sveik, sveikt (sveiktú), sveik, pl. sviku; imperat. svík, svíktú; part. svikinn (svikvit = svikit, Hom. 64): a pres. sýkva (y = vi), Blas. 42, 59, Clem. 53; sykr rhymed with lykr, Mkv. 18; a weak form svíkvir, Hom. 33; [A.S. swicjan; Dan. svige] :-- to betray; vil ek þik í engu svíkja, Nj. 49; mundo eigi mik of sýkva, 623. 53; sýkva andir ústyrkra manna, Blas. 42; þessir hlutir svikva þá er elska, Hom. 28; viltú svíkja mik, Fms. i. 159; þetta mun mér kallat íllt verk at svíkja fóstrson minn, 85; svík mik þá eigi -- Eigi mun ek svíkja þik ... ílla sveiktú mik nú, Ísl. ii. 269; engi fémúta sveik hans auga, Mar.; af sviptr ok svikinn þinni ásjónu, Stj.; svikit hefir þú oss nú ... Er svá? þykkisk þú svikinn? ... Svikinn þykkjumk ek, ok hefir þú svikit mik... þat þykki mér vel at ek svíkja (subj.) þann er engum trúir, Band. 36; þeir er land ok þegna sviku undan Ólafi konungi með fégjöfum, Fms. iii. 41, vi. 12; hinn er Svein konung sveik ór landi, Ó.T. (in a verse) :-- s. e-n e-u, to cheat one of; fé opt svikinn, Am. 52; hann (Loki) sveik Ásu (acc.) leikum (dat.), Haustl.; Suttung svikinn hann lét sumbli frá, Hm. 110. II. reflex. svíkjask; svíkjast að e-m, to steal upon one. 2. svíkjask um, to fail, break an engagement or promise, from laziness or not fulfilling an obligation; hann lofaði að koma, en sveikst um það. SVÍN, n. [a common Teut. word], a swine, Grág. ii. 315, Fms. i. 213, Fs. 26, Landn. 177: the saying, opt er it sama svín í akri, Fms. vi. 216, viii. 233, Mkv., cp. Odyss. xviii. 29: of the hog-shapen beggar's scrip, Skíða R.; (cp. Dan. 'gris,' = a clay-pig used as a money-box); svíns belgr, blóð, bógr, rani. Fas. iii. 622, Stj. 363, 644, Sturl. iii. 44; svíns hrin, Fas. iii. 149; svíns-lifr, swine's liver, as a charm used to still enmities or in truce-making, Gkv. 2. 23 (cp. Stj. 363, v.l., -- því vóru heiðnir menn vanir at ...); hafa svíns minni, to have a swine's (i.e. short) memory, Ld. 216. II. in local names, Svína-fell (whence Svín-fellingar), Svína-vatn, Svína-dalr, Svína-nes, Svín-ey, Svín-hagi, etc., Landn. COMPDS: svína-bæli, n. a hog-sty, Fms. i. 213, Hkr. i. 71 (of dreams in a hog-sty). svína-geymsla, -gæzla, u, f. swine-tending, Grág., Fs. 71, Fas. i. 218. svína-hirðir, m. a swine-herd, Mart. 123, Fas. i. 430 (see the verse). svína-hús, n. a swine-house, pig-sty, Fms. x. 269. svín-beygja, ð, to make one stoop like a swine, a word of contempt (cp. make one pass the Caudine forks); svínbeygt hefi ek nú þann er ríkastr er með Svíum, Edda 83, Fs. 53.

SVÍNDRUKKINN -- SYKN. 613

svín-drukkinn, part. drunk as a swine, Bárð. 176. svín-eygr, adj. swine-eyed, Mkv. 2, (svíneyg drós, not svinn-eyg, cp. Odyss. viii. 319.) svín-fylking, f. a 'swine-array,' the wedge-shaped phalanx of the Scandinavians, from its being shaped like a swine's snout (see hamall and rani), Sks. 384, Fb. i. 140. svín-fylkja, t, to draw up in a svínfylking, Sks. 384; mjótt framan, en breiðast aptan, ok kalla menn þat svínfylkt, Mag. 167 (Ed.) svín-fætr, m. pl. a term of abuse (cp. Germ. bunds-vot), Mag. svín-galinn, part. mad (drunk) like a swine, Bárð. 33 new Ed. svín-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 123. svín-höfði, a, m. a nickname, Landn. svínka, að, [Germ. schwanken], to stagger; frétta þat sem Girard hefir svínkat, Karl. 192: part. svínkaðr, the worse for drink. svín-skinn, n. pig-skin, Edda 69. svín-stí, f. a swine-sty, Fms. x. 388. SVÍPA, pret. sveip, for the other forms of this strong verb see sveipa. SVÍRI, a, m. [A.S. swîra], the neck, esp. of an ox or beast of burden; beygt hefi ek svíra á feitari bukkum en þú ert, bowed the neck, metaphor from an ox under the yoke, Fms. xi. 237; þit brutuð svíra minna andskota, Th. 9; saur-stokkinn svíri, Fms. vi. (in a verse); til svíra, Þd. 7; hár vigra söngr of svírum, Hornklofi; lýðr þessi er með hörðum svíra, stiff-necked, Stj. 312 (harð-svíraðr, stiff-necked); herða þeir sinn svíra gegn Guði, 639; en er blóðit út springr af svíranum (= strjúpi), Karl. 56: svíra vín = blood, Km. 7. II. a bust, image; svírar ok mannlíkan tvau gylld með kopar, Dipl. iii. 4. 2. of the beaks of a ship of war at stem and stern; var hvárr-tveggi svírinn (both fore and aft), ok svá stafninn, með gulli lagðr, Fms. i. 179, Hkr. i. 284; sporðrinn ok svírarnir báðir, iii. 25; búnir enni-spænir ok svírarnir, Fms. v. 304; búnir svírar, vii. 51 (in a verse). III. Svíri, the local name of a neck-shaped ridge in Brekka Gils-fjörðr in western Icel. sví-virð, f. = svívirðing, Anecd. 104. sví-virða, ð (mod. t), [sví and virða], to dishonour, disgrace, put to shame, Fs. 60, Fms. xi. 55; svívirðr, Ld. 40. sví-virða, u, f. a disgrace, Nj. 15, 139, Fms. xi. 65, 86, Stj. 21. sví-virðing, f. = svívirða, Eg. 155, Nj. 139; svívirðingar-lauss, Fms. ii. 269; svívirðingar-maðr, -namn, -orð, Grett. 116 A, Sks. 270, Fms. vii. 166, Ld. 92. sví-virðliga (mod. sví-virðiliga, Karl. 159), adv. disgracefully, Fms. vi. 245, vii. 23, x. 237, 341, Karl. 160. sví-virðligr (mod. sví-virðiligr), adj. disgraceful, Fms. x. 217, 372, Nj. 263, Ó.H. 220, Stj. 58, passim. Sví-þjóð, f. (often spelt Sviðioð), dat. Svíþjóðu, Gs. 13, Fas. ii. 485 (in a verse); Svíþjúðu, Rafn 181, 189: [Svíar and þjóð; the d in the forms Suede, Schweden, Sweden is from the þ in þjóð: the etymology (Edda 107) from Odin's name Sviðrir is quite fanciful, for even Tacitus calls the people Swiones, not Swithones] :-- the people, land of the Swedes, i.e. Sweden, orig. only of Sweden proper as opp. to Gothland; í Danmörku, Gautlandi eðr í Svíþjóð, N.G.L. ii. 277; afterwards used as a general name for the later Swedish empire, including Gothland (Svía-veldi, Svía-ríki): again, Svíþjóð in Kalda or in Mikla, Svíþjóð, 'the Cold, the Great,' was the old name of the east of Europe, 'Scythia,' see Hkr., Yngl. S. ch. 1; Symb. (begin.), Al. 131: the European Svíðjóð was therefore Svíþjóð in minni, or Swecia Minor,' Symb. 13. svo, adj., see svá. svoddan, adj. indecl. such, Dan. saadan (mod. and borrowed from Low Germ. through Dan., and much used since the Reformation), Pass. 4. 18, 35. 6, 50. 6, Vídal. passim, so in mod. speech, in which it is gradually displacing the old and vernacular slíkr. svolgra, að, to swill, swallow, drink greedily. svoli, a, m. [svola?], prop. a burnt rafter(?): metaph. a huge brutish person, svola-legr, adj. brutish. svunta, u, f., in the east of Icel. svinta, Oldn. Ordb., [from a mid. Lat. succinctum or the like; the word was prob. borrowed during the Engl. trade of the 15th century] :-- an apron, very freq. in mod. usage, Piltr og Stulka 35; röndótta svuntu, 50; svuntu-horn, id. svyk, n.(?); bollar tveir annarr með svyk, Dipl. iii. 4; bolli með svyk, v. 18. svæði, n. an open space; görði á storm veðrs er þeir lágu á svæðinu, Fms. ii. 16; Kingála stóð á þar sem mest var svæðit, Grett. 91 A: in the mod. ber-svæði, a bare, open field exposed to wind and rain. &FINGER; On the Runic stone, Rafn 189, read Svíþjúðu. SVÆFA, að, [cp. svefja and sefa = to sooth, sæfa = to kill], to lull to sleep; hón svæfir með fögrum söng, Fms. iv. 56, v. 162; hann sló hörpu ok svæfði ormana, Sæm. 162; svíkja ok s. þá er vér skyldim vaka, Fms. ii. 142; vekja upp svæfða reiði, Al. 127; svæfðr, B.K. 121. svæfill, m. a head-pillow. svæla, u, f. [A.S. swol = heat, swælan = to burn; Engl. swelter, sultry; Germ. schwüle] :-- a thick, choking smoke; reykr ok svæla, Sturl. iii. 189 C; dimri svælu, Fas, iii. 441; nú görðisk brátt s. mikil í húsunum ok reykr tók at vaxa, Þorst. Síðu H. 175; reykjar-s., a stifling smoke, freq. in mod. usage. 2. metaph. cheating, rapacity: draga saman auð með sökum ok svælum, 623. 21; svæla eðr flærð, Sturl. i. 20. svæla, d, to smoke out, suffocate with smoke, used of a fox; s. e-n inni sem melrakka í greni, Nj. 198; leita heldr út en vera svældr inni, Sturl. iii. 189 C. 2. metaph., svæla undir sik, to gain by fair or foul means. Svænskr, more freq. Sœnskr, adj. [Svíar], Swedish. SVÆRA, u, f. [Ulf. swaihra = GREEK; A.S. sweor, sweger; O.H.G. swehor; Germ. schwager; Lat. socer] :-- a mother-in-law, 623. 57, Stj. 343; sværu léztu þína sitja opt grátna, Am. 94; s. heitir vers móðir, Edda 109; s. Nönnu, 63: s. Sifjar, 65. The word was obsolete even in old writers; Icel. use a compound, tengda-faðir, -sonr, -móðr, -dóttir. svæsinn (svæsni, f.), adj. coarse, gross, rude. svöðu-sár, n. [svað], a wound from a weapon glancing off a bone; s. í enni, Lv. 86; s. en eigi beinhögg, Sturl. i. 13; grunn verða svöðu-sárin, 140; á bringuna, var þat s., Fms. vii. 167. svölr, m. the cold sea, sea-spray, Fas. ii. (in a verse). SVÖPPR, m., gen. svappar, dat. sveppi, pl. sveppir, acc. svöppu; the mod. form is sveppr, pl. sveppir, acc. sveppi; an assimilated form: [Ulf. swamms = GREEK; A.S. and O.H.G. swam; Germ. schwamm; Dan. swamp] :-- a sponge; váta svöppu, Stj. 17, see v.l. 3. 2. a ball (mod. soppr (q.v.), dropping the v); einn svöpp at leika með, ... einum digrum sveppi ... svöppinn, svöpp þenna, ... þessum sveppi, Karl. 64, 65. SVÖRÐR, m., gen. svarðar, dat. sverði, sverðinum, Fas. iii. 503; pl. sverðir; acc. svörðu: [A.S. sweard; Engl. sward = turf, and Swed. sward; Dan. swærd, in grönswærd, fleske-swærd; Germ. schwarte] :-- the skin, esp. of the head (hár-s., höfuð-s.); meðan s. ok hold fylgði, of the skull, Eg. 770; svörðinn á höfðinu, Fms. vii. 227; hár manns má kenna við svörð eða. hvirfil eða hnakka, Edda ii. 430; hnakka, reikar, svarðar, eða ennis, 500. 2. often of walrus-hides used to make ship-shrouds, in ancient times an article of trade; Einarr hafði með sér tannvöru mikla ok svörð (viz. from Greenland), Fb. iii. 445; svörð tekr heldr at herða, Fs. 92 (in a verse); lét konungr bera þar at svörðu ok stór reip, Fms. ix. 521 (v.l.), cp. Sks. and Alfred's Oros., -- on þæm scip-râpum þe beoð of hwæles hyde geworht, Edit. Dr. Bosworth, p. 20. II. the sward or surface of the earth, passim in mod. usage; jarðar-svörðr, gras-svörðr = Dan. jord-sværd, grön-sværd. svörfr, svörfuðr, see svarfaðr. svörr, n. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.) svörr-gælir, m. the gladdener of a bird of prey, Vellekla. SYÐRI, compar., from suðr, the more southern; superl. synnstr, the southernmost (mod. also syðstr, to make it conform to the comparative, but less correct; on the other hand, the old poets also use compar. synnri); hinn syðri hlutr, Edda 4; nær enu syðra landinu, Ld. 6; þverá hinni syðri, Fms. i. 251; á Víðivöllum inum syðrum, Dropl. 7; inum syðra, Landn. 218; Reykjadal inn syðra, Nj. 27; í syðra Bretlandi, Str. 1: hit syðra, as an adverb, in the south, southwards, Landn. 62; vendi Magnúss konungr it syðra (he stood southwards) með Bretlandi ok Skotlandi, Orkn. 150; at inu synnsta fjalli, Landn. 43, v.l.; it synnsta fjall, Ísl. ii. 398; frá hinum synnsta vita, Hkr. i. 147; Vallá hina synnstu, Dipl. iii. 8; synnsta Grund, v. 3. SYFJA, að, [svefn, sofa], he gets sleepy, only impers.; e-n (acc.) syfjar, mik syfjar, Finnb. 340, Nj. 94; hvárt syfjar þik, Járnskjöldr faðir? Fb. i. 258; hann kvað sik svá syfja, at hann mætti engan veg uppi sitja, Háv. 55. 2. pass. part. syfjaðr, sleepy, Fas. i. 231, 256, Fms. viii. 94, ix. 532. syfla, d, to furnish with sufl, q.v.; syfldr brauðhleifr, Bjarn. 27. Sygnir, m. pl. the men from Sogn, a county and firth in Norway, Orkn. 214, Fms.; Sygna-fylki, the county of Sogn, x. 168; Sygna-kappi -kjúka, -trausti, a nickname, Landn., Gísl., Fb. iii; Sygna-ræsir, the king of Sygnir, i.e. the Norse king, Hallfred: Sygnskr, adj. from Sogn, Fms. SYKN, adj.; not sýkn; the short vowel is borne out by rhymes, lykill, syknu, ... as also by etymology, for vi changes into y, not into ý(sykn = svikn): [Ulf. swikns = GREEK; Prof. Bugge suggests that this word may be a compd, from an intens. particle sve-, and an adjective, ikn or akn, Gr. GREEK] :-- 'sackless,' free from guilt, innocent; hlutlauss eða sykn af manndrápi, Fms. ii. 225; hafit ok hirðit syknar hendr yðrar, Stj. 193: with gen., sykn saka, N.G.L. passim. II. esp. as a law term, free; sé nú, seggir, sykn em ek orðin, blameless, declared free, by performance of ordeal, Gkv. 3. 9; vér dæmum M.N. mann syknau, give sentence for him, declare him innocent, Grág. i. 71. 2. esp. of a person who has been outlawed, but who is now declared a free man, one who is released, reprieved, having formerly been sekr; vágum ór skógi þann vildum syknan, Am. 97; görði jarl Þorkel syknan á alsherjar-þingi, Fms. ii. 106; far þú átan með mér ok mun ek göra þik syknan, Bs. i. 17; leysa sekt mína ... ek skal gefa þér heilla-ráð at verða sykn, Fms. ii. 208; síðan fór hverr til sinna heimkynna, er allir vóru syknir, Ísl. ii. 392; syknir menn ok þeir menn er landvært eigu út hér, Grág. i. 209; þótti nú at vísu ganga, at hann

614 SYKN -- SYRPA.

mundi sykn vera á öðru sumri, Grett. 174 new Ed.; ok verði Grettir sykn ... at Grettir yrði sykn, 116, 117 new Ed.; taldi hann vera syknan, Rb. 292. sykn, f. = sykna; ok varð ekki af sykninni, it was dropped, Grett. 117 new Ed.; af þessu eyddist sykn (syknan Ub.) at sinni, 173 new Ed. sykna, u, f. [Ulf. swikniþa, swiknei = GREEK; swikneins = GREEK] :-- blamelessness, the state of being sykn; ef skógar-maðr hefir vegit annan skógar-mann til syknu sér, Grág. ii. 160; víg Þorvalds skyldi vera til syknu Helga, Rd. 265; lýsa syknu e-s, ... ok fékksk þar hvártveggja syknan, ... mæla móti syknu e-s, 292; færa fram syknu e-s (to bring it out in parliament), Fms. vi. 119, Fbr. 53; meðan þeir hafa eigi farit syknu sinni, Grág. i. 97. COMPDS: syknu-leyfi, n. a licence of the alþing to grant sykna; lögsögu-maðr á upp at segja s. öll, Grág. i. 2; ok talði hann vera frjálsan ef þar fengisk syknu-leyfit, Rd. 292. syknu-lof, n. = syknuleyfi; ef mönnum er syknulofs beðit at lögréttu skógar-mönnum eða fjörbaugs-mönnum, Grág. i. 99. sykr, n. [Dan. sukker], sugar, (mod.) sylgja, u, f. a brooch or buckle, chiefly of silver or gold, worn by women; þrjár sylgjur sex aura, Dipl. iii. 4; s. ok fingrgull, Fms. ix. 263; gull-sylgja týndisk ... ok fannsk ekki sylgjan ... hét hón at gefa hálf-virði sylgjunnar, ... sylgjöna þá ena sömu, Bs. i. 348; fimm sylgjur ok þrjú nisti, 874. sylgr, m., gen. sylgjar and sylgs; [svelgr, svelgja; Engl. swill]:-- a drink, beverage; allt er senn ef hann sylg um getr, Hm.; ylgr fær af hræm sylg, Edda (in a verse); the word is not used in prose, see Lex. Poët. SYLL, f., qs. svill, gen. syllar, pl. syllr; mod. sylla, u, f.; [A.S. syll; Engl. sill; O.H.G. and Germ. schwelle] :-- a sill, door-sill; reisa upp góða stólpa ok þar yfir leggja stórar syllr, Sks. 91 new Ed.; stafir fjórir stóðu upp ok syllr upp í milli, Fms. viii. 429 (so also Cod. Eirsp. 192, Ed. 1871); fjóra ása, átta stafi, tvau þvertré, ok tvær syllr, Dipl. iii. 8; hann fékk komizt út undir syll kirkjunnar, Slurl. iii. 102 C (kyrkju-sylluna Ed.); syllr ok stöðr, Ld. 316, cp. v.l.; sönghús-syllur, Fms. ix. 26: syllar-efni, Pm. 11. syllu-stokkr, m. a sill-post, Hom. 94, 96. sylla, d, to furnish will a sill; ok syllt upp í milli, Fms. viii. 429, v.l. Syllingar, f. pl. the Scilly Islands, Fms, passim. syn, f., gen. synjar, [synja; syn is the root from which syn-ð is a derivative] :-- a denial, protest; used in law phrases, koma, setja, hafa syn fyrir, to protest or repel a charge on oath, by ordeal, or the like; ef þeir hafa syn fyrir, þá skulu þeir synja með einseiði, K.Á. 150; hann setti þar syn fyrir, ok bauð skírslur, Fms. ix. 5; bændr kómu þar sumir syn fyrir sik, Hkr. i. 89; hón er sett til varnar á þingum ... því er þat orðtak, at 'syn sé fyrir sett' þá er hann neitar, Edda 21; the word is freq. in the compd nauð-syn (q.v.), necessity, otherwise obsolete. II. the name of a goddess, Edda 21; arin-syn, the goddess of the hearth, Þd.; mens Synjar (gen.), the goddess of the necklace, i. e. a woman, Lex. Poët.; according to Edda 21, Syn was the goddess of lawsuits: synjar-spann, N.G.L. i. 258, is prob. an error = smjör-spann. SYND, f., older form syn-ð, syn-þ, shewing that the d is inflexive, svnþ, svnþir (sins), Mar. pref. xxxii, xxxiii, Eluc., Greg., passim; [A.S. syn and synn, whence the Norse word may have been borrowed when Christianity came in, for it does not occur in poets of the heathen age; Engl. sin; Germ. sünde; Dan. synd] :-- a sin (it prop. means 'negation, denial,' no doubt referring to denial by oath of compurgators, ordeal, or the like). Mar., Stj., Bs., H.E., passim in old and mod. writers in an eccl. sense only, for the very word implies a Christian, not a heathen, notion (the heathens said glæpr or the like); synda-freistni, bót, auki, band, bruni, byrðr, dauði, daunn, díki, flekkr, fýsi, gjald, görð, iðran, játning, kyn, lausn, lifnaðr (líf), líkn, saurgan, saurr, sár, sótt, verk, = the temptation, atonement ..., sickness, work of sin, H.E. i. 462, 522, Greg. 9, 18, 19, 22, 45, 46, 73, K.Á. 76, Stj. 51, 119, 123, 142, 145, 162, 220, Rb. 82, 400, Hom. 5, 11, 41, 48, 59, 73, Vm. 84, Magn. 542, and passim; synda far, Stj. 123; synda þræll, Hom. 94. COMPDS: synda-fullr, adj. sinful, Stj. 404, Barl. 99. synda-lauss, adj. sinless, Stj. 567, Sks. 486, Gþl. 169. synda-liga, adv. sinfully, Stj. 18. synda-ligr, adj. sinful, Stj. 26, 119. synda-maðr, m. a sinner, 677. 8. synda-þræll, m. a thrall of sin, Hom. 51. synda, d, mod. t, [sund], to swim; synti allt út í haf, Brandkr. 60 (paper MS.); ok syndu vestr yfir Jökuls-á, Sturl. ii. 157; the word has prevailed in mod. usage, but is very rare in old writers, who either use the tenses of svimma (q.v.) or more freq. leggjask, see leggja. syndari, a, m. a sinner, freq. in mod. usage. synd-auðigr, adj. sinful, Greg. 76. synd-fullr, adj. sinful, Hom. 63. syndga, að, [syndigr, from A.S. syngjan], to sin, N.T., Pass., Vídal. passim; in old writers only used in the 2. reflex. syndgask, id., Hom. 154, Sks. 573 B, Fms. iii. 167, Barl. 46. synd-getinn, part. sin-begotten, Eluc. syndigr, adj., contr. syngan (qs. syndgan), Hom. 40; syndgir, 130; synþgom, Mar. pref. xxxii, l. 23; but else uncontr. syndigir, Niðrst. 7; synduga, Stj. 173, 316, and so in mod. usage: [A.S. synig; Dan. syndig] :-- sinful; einn syndugr maðr, Barl. 173, passim; see the references above. synd-ligr, adj. sinful, Sks. 449 B. syndr, adj., qs. symdr, svimdr, [from sund; symd, Ivar Aasen], able to swim, swimming; vera syndr, Fms. x. 66; s. vel, Fb. i. 368; s. sem selr, Nj. 29, passim. synd-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sinful, of a deed, Sks. 674. syndvar-liga, adv. warily against sin; lifa betr ok syndvarligar, Bs. i. 23. synd-varr, adj. wary against sin, Hom. (St.) SYNGJA, pres. syng; pret. saung or söng, pl. sungu; subj. syngi; imperat. syng, syngdu; part. sunginn; older syngva, and then even sounded singva, as seen from rhymes, þings, singva., Eb. 27 new Ed. l. 24, in a verse of the 10th century: [Ulf. siggwan = GREEK; A. S. and O.H.G. singan; Engl. sing; Dan. synge; Swed. and early Dan. sjunga]:-- to sing, prop. to ring, clash, of metals, weapons; to whistle, of wind, or the like; hurð syngr í lási, Fms. iii. 67; syngr í atgeirinum, Nj. 44, 119; bítia þat sverð, nema sjálfum þér syngvi um höfði, Hkv. 2; (örvar) sungu á mínum skjaldi, Eb. (in a verse); sverð saung of vanga mér, Kormak; það syngr í reiðanum, syngr í böndum, of the rigging of a ship in a storm, see Lex. Poët.: of the swan's single sad note, syngi, syngi svanir mínir. II. to sing, in tunes; sungu ok slungu snúðga steini, Gs. (of the maids at a hand-mill); s. sálm, to sing a hymn. 2. in an eccl. sense; s. messu, to sing the mass, Nj. 157; prestr á eigi at syngva fleiri messur enn tvær, K.Þ.K. 21 new Ed.; s. messu heiman, Bs. i. 440; um morguninn er sungnar vóru tíðir, Fms. x. 10; ok sungu upp responsorium, 15; s. psaltara, Bs. i. 74, Fms. xi. 274; syngja tíðir, to chant the 'hours,' passim: absol. to officiate in a mass, þar söng prestr sá er Þrándr hét, Fms. ix. 232; þangat söng haun einn hátíðar-dag, Bs. i. 435: spec. phrases, s. e-n til moldar, 'to sing a person into the earth,' to perform the funeral rites; þeim lærðum manni er mik syngr til moldar gef ek þrjú kúgildi, Dipl. iv. 8; syngja yfir e-m, to sing over one, i.e. to sing the burial service; syngja yfir líki, þær tiðir er til byrjar, N.G.L. i. 16, and so in mod. usage (yfir-söngr); also of the sick, Fms. vii. 39; s. e-n í bann (bannsyngja), to chant an excommunication, Bs. i. 768. III. pass., þann tíma er söngst óttu-söngr, Fms. vii. 310; þá er messa syngst, Am. 101; skal syngjast messa, Dipl. i. 10; syngjandi sálu-messa, iv. 8. syngn, see sýkn. SYNJA, að, [this is the root verb for syn and synð], to deny; sannaði þat annarr en annarr synjaði, Fms. iv. 294; þá muntú s. þess með skynsemd, Nj. 80, passim. 2. esp. as a law phrase, see syn, the charge to be repelled in gen., s. e-s; syni hann vilja síns með séttar-eiði, at hann vildi þat verk eigi gört hafa, Gþl. 162; nú verð ek sjálf fyrir mik synja lýta, to prove my innocence by ordeal, Gkv. 3. 8; vil ek þessa máls s. fyrir mik ok fyrir oss alla skipvera, vil ek þar bjóða fyrir eiða svá sem lög yður standa til, Ó.H. 140. 3. to deny, refuse; ef hann vill synja mér ríkis, Fms. i. 83; s. mér mægðar, Ísl. ii. 215, s. kaups, Vápn. 7; honum skal beiða fars at skipi ... ef honum er synjað þar, Grág. i. 90; þriggja marka útlegð varðar þeim er synjar, 80; þótt þeir syni, 90. II. reflex. to refuse an offer, of a lady; er þú synjask hverjum konungi, Fas. i. 365; þeirrar konu bað Catilina, en hón synjaðisk, Róm. 332. synjan or synjun, f. a denial, refusal, Grág. i. 91; far-s., Hbl. synnstr, superl. southernmost; see syðri. syn-samr, adj. unobliging, 655 iii. i. syn-semi, f. an unobliging mood, petty denial of a favour; en synsemi mun þér í þykkja ok eigi stórmannlegt ef ek synja, Fs. 34. syptir, m. [Germ. seufzen; Engl. sob and sigh], a sobbing; in and-syptir or and-syftir. syrgi-ligr, adj. sad, Stj. 52, Bs. i. 819. SYRGJA, ð, [sorg; Ulf. saurgan = GREEK; A.S. sorgjan; Engl. sorrow; Germ. sorge; Dan. sörge] :-- to sorrow, mourn; hann bað menn eigi syrgja né láta öðrum herfiligum látum, Nj. 197; snökta eðr s., Fms. viii. 234; þeir syrgðu ok hrygðusk, Barl. 191. 2. to bewail, with acc.; syrgði hann hana dauða, Fms. x. 379; þessa hluti syrgðu þeir, Barl. 189; ek syrgi eina jungfrú ok fæ hana eigi, Fas. iii. 643; s. af e-u, to mourn over, Barl. 91: s. sik, to bewail oneself, wail, Róm. 233, passim in old and mod. usage. syrja, u, f. [sori], dress; as a nickname, Sturl. iii. 74. syrpa, u, f. [sorp; prop. = a swill for beasts; Norse sörpe] :-- a dirty woman, Edda ii. 629: the name of an ogress, Edda (Gl.) 2. a volume of miscellaneous things; kvæða syrpa, syrpa mín ('my syrpa,' i.e. the book into which the poet entered his occasional songs), pref. to the Poems of Bjarni Thorarinson, p. 1. syrpu-þing, n., in syrpuþings-lög, n. pl. a kind of mock pleading, mock lawsuit, composed as an entertainment; var hann eptir í stofu á kveldin er Þorkell gékk at sofa, ok hefir frammi margs-konar ertingar, ok þat hafa menn sagt at hann hafi fyrstr fundit upp á Syrpuþings-lög; menn kómu víða af bæjum, ok görðisk þar af þyss mikill, Lv. 26; the exact thing is now lost, perh. it was something similar to the mod. Skraparots-prédikan.

SYRTA -- SÝNN. 615

syrta, t, [sorti], to grow dark; það syrtir að. SYSTIR, f., gen. acc. and dat. systur, pl. nom. and acc. systr, gen. systra, dat. systrum; [Goth. swistar; A.S. swuster; Engl. sister; O.H.G. swestar; Germ. schwester; Dan. söster; Swed. syster; Lat. soror] :-- a sister, Nj. 30, Grág. i. 288, passim; s. samfeðra, sammæðra, 170; al-systir, hálf-systir, a half-sister; móður-systir (Dan. moster), a mothers-sister, aunt; föður-s. (Dan. faster), a father's-sister, aunt; afa-s., ömmu-s., a great aunt. II. metaph. in addressing; eigi má ek hljóð vera, sæl systirin, segir griðkona, Grett. 170 new Ed.; allra-s., all men's sister, a nickname, Landn.; leik-s., stall-s., a play-sister; fóstur-s., a foster-sister: eccl., Guð vakti þik, systir, Bs. i. 438; bræðr ok systr, Hom. 32. 2. a sister of charity, nun, Ann. 1343; systra-klaustr, a nunnery, H.E. i. 470; systra lifnaðr, lag, id., 470, 476. COMPDS: systur-barn, n. a sister's child, niece, nephew, Sturl. i. 163. systra-börn, n. pl. sisters' bairns, i.e. cousins, Gþl. 245. systur-dóttir, f. a sister's daughter, Grág. i. 171, Ld. 26, Finnb. 258; systurdóttur sonr, N.G.L. i. 77. systra-dætr, f. pl. daughters of two sisters. systur-sonr, m. a sister's son, Grág. i. 171, Nj. 193, Fms. vii. 269; tveir systursynir Barða, Ísl. ii. 236. systra-synir, m. pl. sisters' sons, Gþl. 242, Ísl. ii. 208, Landn. 151. systkin, n. pl., sounded syskin and spelt thus, Edda i. 56, Landn. 149, Fms. vi. 398, Grág. i. 232, N.G.L. i. 151; [Dan. sösken] :-- collect. a brother and sister, brothers and sisters; öll syskin sín, þau systkin, systkin sín, passim; telja frá systkinum tveim, N.G.L. i. 147. COMPDS: systkina-börn, n. the bairns of systkin, first cousins, Gþl. 245. systkina-dætr, f. pl. the daughters of systkin, first female cousins, Gþl. 242; systkinadætra-synir, N.G.L. i. 188. systkina-synir, m. pl. the sons of systkin, first male cousins, Hkr. i. 327; systkina-sönir (first cousins) ok systrungar, 'systkin-sons' and sister-sons, Grág. ii. 172. systlingr, m. = systrungr, a 'sisterling,' a sister-son, N.G.L. i. 76. systrung, f. = systrunga; ef maðr tekr bræðrung sína eðr systrung (bræðrungu, systrungu, v.l.), N.G.L. i. 148, ii. 302; Guðrúnu systrung Oddkötlu, Sturl. 1. 132; systrung sinn(sína), K.Á. 140; hón var systrung (Cod. systrungr) hans, she (Rachel) was the systrung of him (James), Stj. 171; whereas James and Rachel would collectively be called systkina börn. systrunga, u, f. one's mother's sister's daughter, a female cousin, Am. 52; systrungu Oddkötlu, Sturl. i. 132 C; hón var s. Úlfeiðar, 109 C; ef þær eru bræðrungur eða systrungur eða nánari, Grág. i. 346. systrungr, m. one's mother's sister's son, a male cousin (Dan. moster sön), Landn. 107, 178; s. við konung, the king's cousin, Gþl. 54; Johannes euangelista, systrungr hans (i.e. Jesus) at frændsemi, Barl. 49; bræðrungar ok systrungar, brother's sons and sister's sons, first cousins on the mother's and father's side, Grág. i. 171; munu systrungar sifjum spilla, Vsp. (or is systrungar here the plur. fem, from systrung?); systrungs barn, a sister's son's child, a cousin's child, Gþl. 244. SÝÐA, d, [súð], to wainscot; sýða loptið fyrir gaflinum, D.N. i. 506. sýðing, f. wainscotting; nýjar syllar, sperror, ok nýja sýðing, þekja með spón ok bræða, D.N. iii. 409. SÝJA, pret. seði, söði, [Ulf. siujan; A.S. and O.H.G. siwian; Engl. sew; Dan.-Swed. sye, sy; Lat. suere] :-- to sew; only cccurs in the part. söðr and pret. seðu, q.v.; sé þú hvé vel þeir seðu er fyrir saumförinni réðu, Skálda (Thorodd); hamri söðr, járni söðr, hammer-knit, iron-knit, of a coat of mail, Lex. Poët. sýja, also spelt sýgja, u, f. the suture of a ship (súð is the board, sýja the single suture, a súð therefore contains so and so many sýjur); komnar vóru níu sýjur á hvárt borð (mod. saumför), Fms. viii. 196; kjalar, stála, súða, sýgju, Edda 66; kjöl-sýja, q.v. SÝKI, f. [Ulf. siukei; Dan. syge], sickness, freq. in mod. usage, esp. in compds. sýkjask, ð and t, [sjúkr; Ulf. sjûkan = GREEK], to grow sick, sicken, Sks. 97; sýkðisk, Fms. x. 410; sýkisk öll sú hin úhrausta kona, 656 B. 7; sýkðusk af heilsu hennar, Greg. 46; sýkjask í hugnum, Pr. 124. SÝKN, adj. an eccl. term, in sýkn dagr; the more correct form is sœkn, N.G.L. i. 385; [from sókn, Dan. sögne-dag] :-- a day on which lawsuits and actions are permitted (= Lat. dies fastus), opp. to a holy day or Sabbath; in the phrase, sýknt eða heilagt, sýngnt (sic) eða heilagt, N.G.L. i. 349; meðan sýnkt (sic) er ... þegar syngt er, 380; mod. Icel. sounded, sýnt og heilagt; á sýknum dögum, Gþl. 80; sœknum dagum, N.G.L. i. 385; nú er eigi langt til morguns ok er þá sýkn dagr, Ó.H. 118, Fms. iv. 265. sýla, d, or better syla, with y, qs. svela, [svell; Engl. swell; cp. Dan. svulme] :-- to swell, turn into ice, of water; sýldi hvern dropa er inn kom, ... sýldi um hann öll klæðin, Ísl. ii. 461, 462; allt sýldi bæði úti ok inni, Fas, ii. 144: part. sýldr, stiff with ice; kuflinn var sýldr allr, Grett. 117 A; skipit með öllum jöklinum, en þat var mjök sýlt, 125 A; hvar skúar Gísla liggja ok eru sýldir allir, Gísl. 115: of a wound, sýldi benjarnar (acc.), Þjal. 30. sýlt, n. adj. (part.), [from syll = a sill?], a sheep's mark, a piece being cut from the top of the ear; kirkja á mark, sýlt hit hægra, en heilt hit vinstra, Vm. 29, freq. in mod. usage. 2. a horse when sleek and dappled is said to be 'sýldr í lend,' 'loin-dappled:' of a short-legged dwarf it is said, 'var sýlt í neðan þar sem fætrnir vóru, " instead of instep there was but a groove, Fb. iii. 48. sýn, f. = sjón, q.v. [Dan. syn], a sight; sýn, heyrn, Fms. i. 97; heyrn eða sýn, Grág. ii. 16; þat birtir sýn, Pr. 471; sýn er sögn ríkari, a saying, Stj. 621; kunnugr at sýn ok máli, Fb. ii. 58; sýn, at sjá it rétta, 623. 26, Gþl. 58; er mér þat at sýn orðit er ek hefi opt heyrt frá sagt, I have seen it with my eyes, Ó.H. 57; í sýn við bæinn, within sight of the farm, Fms. ix. 510; koma í sýn við menn, Rb. 388; ganga í sýn við e-n, Fms. x. 329; lét hann leiða í sýn við þá tvær dætr sínar, 105; svá at feli sýn (acc.), Vm. 88; sól hvarf at sýn, Ó.H. 218; sólar-gangr vex at sýn, visibly, Rb. 92: tungl er þá ekki at sýn, not visible, 452; hvarf hann frá henni at sýn, Bs. i. 184; var þeim at sýn þar vel fagnat, apparently, Hkr. i. 73; hann druknaði á firðinum, ok gékk þar inn í fjallit at sýn, apparently, Landn. 159, v.l.; an appearance, bregða á sik mannligri sýn, Fms. x. 301; forkunnar sýn, Fsm.: a vision; bar fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137. 2. sýnum, adverbially, by sight, apparently; fríð sýnum, Nj. 2; hann var fríðr sýnum, Eg. 22; hinn likligsti sýnum, Hkr. i. 262. II. [a different word = sunna, q.v.], poët, the sun, Edda (Gl.) SÝNA, d, to shew; hón bað hann sýna sér sverðit, Gullþ. 14; á þinginu sýndu menn vápn sín, Fms. iv. 326; þú skalt enga fáleika á þér sýna, Nj. 14; sýna sik glaðan, Barl. 16; hann sýndi mun ek sýna yðr (dat.) í fata-búr Þorfinns, Grett. 98 A, passim. II. reflex. sýnask, to appear, Rb. 478; sýnisk þat jafnan at ek em fégjarn, Nj. 102; hann kvað mikla úsæmd í slíku sýnask af Sturlu, Sturl. i. 87; ok sýndisk hann þá Nero (dat.), he then presented himself to N., 659 C. 29. 2. to seem, with dat.; e-m sýnisk e-t, it appears to one; óss sýnisk úmakligt, at ..., Eluc. 3; sýndisk vitrum mönnum hann afbragð, Fms. x. 397; hefir mér tvennt um sýnzk, Nj. 3: to see in a dream, somnaði hann, honum sýndisk þá enn helgi Ólafr konungr, Ó.H. 240; sýndisk honum í svefni engill Guðs, Bær. 12; sem konunni hafði sýnzk um nóttina, Fms. v. 222: so also, mér sýndist hann koma, I thought I saw him come; mér sýndist eg sjá hann, I thought I saw him; ekki er allt sem sýnist, a saying, varla sýnisk allt sem, Mkv. 3. to think fit; veitið mér gröpt slíkan sem yðr sýnisk, such as you deem fit, as you like, Fms. ix. 309; fékk konungr sveitar-höfðingja þá er honum sýndisk, Eg. 272; sýndisk mönnum, at Andrés misti sæmda sinna, Fms. ix. 309; sýnisk þat þó flestum, at fá mér þat er ek vil, Grett. 129 A; Þrándr kvað hitt mundu sýnask (that would seem better) at unna Leifi föður-bóta, Fær. 159. sýnd, f. = sýn, in á-sýnd, a countenance; til-sýndar, adverb, to see from afar off; á-sýndar, adverb, to see (as in the phrase 'fair to see'). sýndr, adj. with eyesight so and so; gamall ok sýndr lítt, Eg. 710; lítt s., Hkr. iii. 127; hinn mikli maðr er svá lítt var sýndr, Nj. 34 (where ironic.); ú-sýndir hvelpar, a litter of blind whelps: of weather, clear, í björtu ok vel sýndu veðri, Konr. sýni, n. the sight; in the adverb. phrase, til sýnis, for the sight's sake; var hann sendr konungi til sýnis. for the sake of curiosity, Fms. vi. 362; til sýnis vaxtar hans, as a sample of his sight, Fas. i. 331; víð-sýni, a 'far-sight,' a wide horizon; mis-sýni, eye-deception; glám-sýni, glamour-sight. sýnis-horn, n. a sample, specimen. sýni-liga, adv. visibly, Fms. x. 332, 374 (publicly); ú-sýniliga, invisibly. sýni-ligr, adj. visible, Fms. i. 139, Blas. 44; ú-sýniligr, invisible. 2. sightly; mikill maðr, hárr, s., Fms. x. 393; enn sýniligsti maðr, Ld. 24: advisable, Ó.H. 166: likely, sýniligri, more likely (to pay), K.Þ.K. 48. sýning, f. a shewing, 655 xxvi. 3; s. ok skýring, Stj. 30. sýnn, adj. visible; þótt ek sjá sýnar váfur, Grett. 112 A. 2. clear, evident; þer skal sýn búhlífð í því vera, Fms. v. 306; lýsir hann því, at hann er sýnn at brigðar-manni, if he declares himself as the unmistakable brigðar-mann, Gþl. 290; þeir atburðir er miklu eru sýnstir til þess úárans, most likely to cause, Sks. 332 B; sýna stund, a good while, Grett. (in a verse): likely, ef yðr þykkir eigi annat sýnna fyrir liggja enn vera hér, if you have nothing better to do than ..., Fær. 45; sýnisk mér sem eigi muni í annat sinn sýnna at leita til fundar við Bolla enn nú, there will not be a better chance another time, Ld. 238; er þessu sýnna at svá beri (berr Cod.) til, there is every probability that it will turn out so, Fms. xi. 114; þótti mönnum ó-sýnt (uncertain) hverr friðr gefinn mundi, Ó.H. 188. 3. sightly; vápnum ok váðum skolu vinir gleðjask, þat er á sjálfum sýnst, Hm. II. spec. or adverb. usages; þótti þá öllum at sýnu ganga, at stórflokkar mundi komnir í héraðit, all thought that it was clear, beyond doubt, that ..., Sturl. iii. 41. 2. sýnu with a compar., a great deal; sýnu minna, a great deal less, far less, Fms. vii. 242, xi. 112; sýnu meiri, much greater, Fas. ii. 515; sýnu verri, much worse, Ld. 322, Fb. i. 259; sýnu betri, s. betr, a great deal better, Fms. iii. 222, xi. 154; sýnu yngri, v. 263: superl., sýnu fyrstr, far a-head, Fær. 168. 3. sýnt, as adv. evidently, quite, very; greindi þá sýnt um, Vápn. 5; þik skortir sýnt við hann, thou fallest quite short

616 SÝPINN -- SÆNGARFÖR.

of him, thou art no match for him, Ísl. ii. 215; hildr var sýnt í vexti, the battle waxed quite hot. Km. III. in compds, ein-sýnn, one-eyed; tví-sýnn, doubtful; víð-sýnn, auð-sýnn, evident; ó-sýnt, uncertain. sýpinn, adj. a corrupt vulgar pronunciation for sýtinn (q.v.), used esp. of a niggardly person; hann er sýpinn: as also sýpa, t; sýpa í e-ð (qs. sýta), to grudge an outlay, of a miser, cp. Hm. 47. SÝR, f., gen. sýr, acc. sú, pl. sýr (declined as kýr, q.v.); [A.S. sú; Engl. sow; Dan. so; Germ. san; Gr. GREEK; Lat. s&u-long;s] :-- a sow; sýr ok grísir með, Grág. i. 504; sú (acc.) ræða, 427; súr eru augu sýr (gen.), Skálda (Thorodd); the word is obsolete in prose. 2. a nickname, Sigurðr sýr, gen. Sigurðar sýr, Fagrsk. 106; sýrar, v.l., also Fms. x. 405. II. one of the names of the goddess Freyja, in gen. Sýrar, Edda; á ek Sýrar mey dýra, Edda (in a verse); fólk-sýrar, Korm. (in a verse). sýr, m. a dish, kind unknown; sýr var kallaðr réttr á Grænalandi er konur görðu ór kálfa-görnum, Fbr. 108, v.l. (A word of doubtful genuineness, and wanting in the vellums of that Saga.) SÝRA, u, f. [súrr; Germ. saüre], sour whey, stored up and used for drink instead of small beer, Nj. 199, Gísl. 58; sýru-ker, Eg. 701, Bs. i. 120, Sturl. iii. 192, Gísl. 7. Sýr-dælir, m. pl. the men of Súrna-dalr, a county in Norway, Gísl. Sýrland, n. Syria, Stj. passim: Sýr-lendingr, a Syrian, 656 B. 10: Sýr-lenzkr (Sýr-neskr, 655 xiv. B. 2), adj. Syriac, Al. 77, Stj. 641. SÝSA, t, a defect. verb, of which only the pret. and the past part. remain; [this is the root word from which sýsla (q.v,) is a derivative, cp. also sús and sús-breki] :-- to be busy with a thing, give effect to it; either with dat. (s. e-u), or s. at e-u; or used absolutely, to be busy; hón sýsti um þörf gesta. Am. 6; sýsti hann svá mikit at á lítilli stundu, Barl. 177; at vér fáim ekki at sýst, Fms. v. 155; ér sýstuð suðr, ye went busily, hastened, southwards, vi. (in a verse); ef Magnúss konungr yrði víss hvat sýst væri, 13; þá er því var sýst, Hom. 117; þá er hann hefir sýst eyrendum sínum, when he had done his errand, Fms. ix. 345, v.l.; því er sýst, that is done, Geisli 12; þeim er þar sýst saman, there they are busied together, Hornklofi (Fagrsk. rather to be taken as a part. than as a fem, subst., see, however, Lex. Poët. s.v. sýst); fara brottu með svá sýstu eyrendi, Stj.; hvat hann hefir at sýst á þeirri stundu, Rd. 304; hvat þeir höfðu at sýst meðan, Fms. xi. 41; þeir sýstu þat eitt, at þeir sættusk á víg Snorra, Sturl. 186 C; höggva ísinn, ok var þat sýst á tveim dögum, Fms. ix. 400; Eysteinn konungr hafði mart sýst í landinu þat er nytsemd var á, vii. 100; bauð ok sagði, ok var þegar sýst allt á einu auga-bragði, Barl. 22; ef hann mætti nökkum þann mann fá sýst honum (if he could get him a man) er þessa mætti honum bætr ráða, 16; ef hón hefir eigi þann riddara nú sýstan, MS. 4. 30; var svá til sýst, at ..., Fms. vi. 38; ef þetta sýstisk fremr en aðrir höfðu sýst, x. 7, v.l.; þá hefir þú vel sýst, well done, ix. 366; þeir gátu alls engi at sýst, could procure none, Str. 12; var svá til sýst (it was so arranged that ...) at Sighvatr skáld hlaut ..., Fms. vi. 38; ef hón gæti nokkut at sýst, Str. 13; leituðu margir við at bera hana, er alls ekki gátu at sýst, 54; sem víst er at vér fáim ekki at sýst, Fms. vi. 155, Hkr. iii. 162. sýsl, f. business, = sýsla; góð sýsl var þat, Fms. vi. 333 (in a verse). sýsl (sýsla, Mkv.), adj. eager, painstaking; nökkuð varð hón sýsla of sik (= sýsl), she was a meddlesome thing, Mkv.; þá er þú ferr með úvin þínum á götu, ver þú sýsl at leysask frá honum, Greg. 41 (an old rendering of Matth. v. 25). sýsla, að, [Dan. sysle] , to be busy, transact business; menn skulu sýsla þat Föstudag hverr vera skal lögsögu-maðr, Grág. i. 1; Ólafr setr upp skip sitt ... en er þat er sýslat, Ld. 87; er þ;tta var at sýslat, Al. 123: to procure, s. einn svá góðan mann, MS. 4. 27; sumir sýsla bann ok bölbænir í land várt, Anecd. 12; sýslaði biskup þeim allt lið er hann fékk, Fms. viii. 144; sýsla sínum bræðrum nökkurn kost, Mar.; sér sýslaðan ok sendan, Stj. 250; at þú mættir s. mér nokkura staðfestu, Sturl. i. 209, 210; segl ok akkeri skal til sýsla af bónda fé, Gþl. 8l; sýsluðu hvárirtveggi vel í þeiri ferð, made a good job of it, succeeded, Fms. ix. 270. II. reflex., vit skulum sitja á Norðmæri ok freista svá hvat at sýslisk, Fms. i. 53, Hkr. i. 171. sýsla, u, f. business, work; hjón sátu þar, héldu á sýslu, Rm. 14; hygg ek at vér eigim aðrar sýslur en bjór at drekka, Hkv. 1. 17; andlegu verki, jarðligum sýslum, 655 xxvi. 1; hann hafði lokit þeim sýslum er hann vildi, 656 A. 4; var þat siðr hans, at rísa upp árdegis, ok ganga þá um sýslur manna, Eg. 2; fyrir sýslu góðs verks, doing a good work, Hom. 26; ef hann hefir eigi sýslu á (if he has no time, no leisure) at færa barn til skírnar, K.Þ.K. 4 :-- hence, bú-sýsla, husbandry; um-sýsla, activity, endeavours. II. as a law term, any stewardship held from the king or bishop, also as a geographical term, a district, bailiwick, prefecture; sýslur ok ármenningar um öll þrænda-lög, Hkr. i. 303; Guttormr þvari, hann hafði haft sýslu, Fms. ix. 15; Ólafr sem þá hafði hirðstjórn ok sýslu norðan lands, Dipl. ii. 15; allt til þess er þeir kómu ór sýslu Þóris, Ó.H. 137; skal sýslumaðr lýsa hversu margir údáða-menn urðu í hans sýslu á næstum tólf mánuðum, Gþl. 22; hafa sýslu á Hálogalandi, Eg. 66; þá er hann (the bishop) hafði yfir-för um sýslu sína, a diocese, Bs. i. 140. COMPDS: sýslu-bréf, n. letters patent, N.G.L. iii. 77. sýslu-færr, adj. fit for work; vel s. at flestu verki, Bs. i. 307. sýslu-lauss, adj. unemployed, idle, Barl. 156, Fb. i. 508. sýslu-leysi, n. idleness, the being out of work, Róm. 333, Mar. sýslu-maðr, m. a worker; s. mikill ok starfsmaðr góðr, Eg. 203, Ld. 73: a prefect, bailiff, king's steward, Gþl. 22, Eg. 67, Fms. ix. 429 (v.l.), x. 10, Nj. 126; sýslumenn konungs ok biskups, ... lendir menn, sýslumenn, ármenn, Gþl. 12; sýslumaðr eða ármaðr, 6; Jamtr höfðu þá Svía-konungi skatt goldit, ok þaðan höfðu verit sýslumenn yfir landinu, Ó.H. 142, and so in mod. Icel. usage, the country being divided into sýslur, answering to the þing (q.v.) of the Commonwealth, each sýsla with its bailiff (sýslumaðr), who at the same time is the justice and the tax-gatherer or steward of the king; sýslumenn skulu þing eiga á Leiðum, Jb. 23; lögmenn ok sýslumenn, 27. B. In local names, Aðal-sýsia, the present Esthonia, Yngl. S.; Ey-sýsla = the present Osel in the Baltic: also simply Sýsla, a Slavon. word = Sysyle in Alfred's Orosius, a country in eastern Prussia; in Sýslu-kind, the people of Estbonia, Ýt. sýs-liga, adv. busily, smartly, speedily; rís upp þú s., rise up thou briskly! 656 C. 11; högg enn mennina s., Fms. xi. 152; hann sá merki konungs fara s., viii. 86; slátra s., Am. 20; sveinn s. sveif til skógar, went quickly to the wood, Hým. 18; ganga s., to walk briskly, Fas. i. 433 (in a verse). sýsl-rækr, adj. transacting business, Bs. i. 754. SÝTA, t, [sút], to wail; veit ek at vætki of sýtig, hvar aldri skal slíta, Hallfred; þeir sýttu hann sem dauðan, Bs. i. 743; Elena sýtti alla æfi dauða hans, Bret. 77: absol., Skálda 211; sýta ok klökva, Hom. 193; þér munuð sýta og gráta en heimrinn mun fagna, John xvi. 20: to pine for, with acc., er þat (acc.) íllt at sýta er maðr fær eigi. Fas. i. 174; sýtir æ glöggr við gjöfum, a saying, Hm. 47; sýtir eigi drengr við dauða, a saying, ... er-at sýtandi dauði, Km. sýti-ligr = sútligr, sad, Mar. sýting, f. wailing; grátr ok s., Fms. x. 290; stynr ok s., Stj. 51; uggr ok sœting (sic), Mar.; sýtingar tími, a time of mourning, 238. sýtinn, adj. [Norse syten], peevish, Lat. morosus. SÆÐI, n. [sáð], seed; sálds sæði niðr fært, D.I. i. 476; sá sínu sæði, Barl. 18; rótfesta sæði sitt í hjarta sínu, 5. 2. metaph. seed, offspring, freq. in eccl. usage, kvinnunnar sæði, Abrahams sæði, Bible. 3. plur. crops; þar lét hann hafa sæði ok kallaði at Ökrum, Eg. 136; sláttur ok. sæði, Bjarn. 22; í sæðum Philistinorum, Stj. 413; árferð tók at versna ok sæði manna tóku at bregðask, ... eptir um várit fengusk lítil sæði, því at engi gat frækorn at kaupa, Ó.H. 113; þetta var þann tíma, er sæði manna vóru eigi tekin til ávaxtar ... er hann gengr sinn veg nær sæðum (fields) nökkurum, Mar. sæðingr, m. [Norse sæing], the common gull or sea-mew, larus canus L., Edda (Gl.), Ó.T. (in a verse). SÆFA (i.e. sœfa), ð, [akin to svefn, svæfa; cp. Lat. sopire], prop. to put to sleep, but distinguished from svæfa, and only used to kill, slaughter beasts; vök sú er menn sæfa hvali í, Jb. 331 B; skal gefa af inn fimta hlut af öllu fé nema maðr sœfi, K.Þ.K.; blóðit flóar svá sem lifandis maðr hefði sœfðr verit, Mar.; hann sæfði girndar-synd, Greg. 38. 2. esp. of a sacrifice; ef sæfð vóru þau kvikendi er goðunum var fórnat, Eb. 10; lamb Guðs er sœft til þessa nótturðar, Greg. 29; sæfandi son sinn ysak, Stj. 130; skal hverr s. sitt lamb, 279; lamb sœft ok etið, Post. 645. 83; sá er sæfði fórnina, Stj. 430; sæfa hjarðir, Hsm.: svæfa naut, to kill a beast by driving a sharp instrument into the nape of the neck, severing the spine, as the Spanish Torreadore do (the heathen way of killing the sacrificial beast?). II. reflex. to be killed, expire; sæfisk hón á spjótinu ok deyr, Fb. i. 258; jarlinn sæfðisk á spjótinu, Eg. 289; Hrafn hrærði hvárki hönd né fót er hann sæfðisk, Bs. i. 674 (of a man beheaded); nú veiðir maðr hval ok sæfisk hann á djúpi, N.G.L. i. 59; val-sæfendr, Ýt. sæfari, a, m. the slaughterer, sacrificing priest, Stj. 430. sæfing, f. the sacrifice, Stj. 377. sægr (i.e. sœgr), m. [cp. A.S. gar-secg = the ocean], sleet, wet, rain;þat var allt á einni stundu er sœgr enn mesti var, ok þat at þurrt var ok heið ok sólskin, Bs. i. 339: sægjum, adv. pouring; þó sjór um þik sægjum drífi, Fas. ii. (in a verse). 2. a tumult, confusion, swarm; vera mun mikill sœgr í bænum, ok allt lið ölótt, Fms. viii. 392. 3. in mod. usage sægr means a swarm, mesti sægr. II. the name of the man in the moon's pail; sægr heitir sár, en simul stöng, Edda. sæi, n. [through the Fr. soie, Ital. saia, from Lat. sericum; as are also A.S. seolc, Engl. silk], silk, Rétt., N.G.L. iii. 122, 125, D.N., B.K., Vm.; sæi-kápa, 90. SÆING, f., gen. sæingar, these being the old forms; the later and mod. contr. form sæng, gen. sængr, pl. sængr, which is used in vellums of the 14th century; [Dan. sæng; Swed. säng] :-- a bed; sakna ek í sessi ok í sæingu mins málvinar, Gkv. i. 20; sæing fóru síðan sína þau Högni, Am. 10; sofnuð var Guðrún í sæingu, Skv. 3. 24; ganga í sama sæing konu, Grág. i. 175, 311, 329, Glúm. 374(sæng Ed.); hann lagði hana í sæng hjá sér, Fms. i. 4; kona liggr í sænginni, ... í sængina, Fb., i. 258. 2. childbed; er hón á sæng ferr, N.G.L. i. 30; þær konur sem á sæng andaðisk, Bs. i. 687; liggja á sæng, to lie in childbed; kona lá á sæng. COMPDS: sængar-ferð, f. childbed, K.Á. 18, Bs. i. 687. sængar-för (mod. sængr-för),

SÆNGRFÖT -- SÆLL. 617

f, id., H.E. i. 492; kona hans var þá önduð af sængrför, Vígl. 53 new Ed. (vellum of the 14th century). sængr-föt, n. pl. bed-clothes, sængar-klæði, n. pl. id., Jm. 24; sængr-klæði, Karl. 57. sængr-kona, u, f. a woman in childbed, Fb. i. 71. sængr-stokkr, m. a bed-side, Grett. 107 A (vellum of the 15th century); but sængar-stokkr, Bs. ii. 228. sæki-ligr, adj., in ú-sækiligr, impregnable, Str. 11. sækinn, adj. plucky; eigi afl-mikill en þó ákatliga s., Sturl. i. 23. SÆKJA, i.e. sœkja, an irregular verb, pres. sæki (sœki); pret. sótti, qs. sókti (as þótti from þykkja; cp. Engl. seek, sought); subj. sækti (sœkti); imperat. sæk, sæktú: part. sóttr, sótt (qs. sóktr, cp. þótt from þykkja): [sak, sök, sók-n, referring to a lost strong verb, saka, sök; Ulf. sôkjan = GREEK; A.S. sêcan; Engl. seek; O.H.G. sohhjan; Germ. suchen; Dan. söge; Swed. söka.] A. To seek, fetch; ek mun fara heim ok s. mér bendi, Fms. iii. 209; s. sér skála-við, Nj. 280; s. sér kirkju-við, to fetch church-timber, Ld. 316; s. heilræði at e-m, Nj. 31; sækja vatn, to fetch water, Fas. ii. 29, Fb. i. 257, Fs. 100; gékk Gunnlaugr til lækjar eins ok sótti (vatn) í hjálminum, Ísl. ii. 269; er þér skyldra at s. Svanlaugu, Nj. 182; Kormakr sótti (Germ. abbolen) Steingerði, Korm. 228; skatt er Egill hafði sótt til Vermalands, Eg. 588; s. giptu á fund e-s., to fetch, derive good luck from, Fms. v. 253, 254. 2. to visit, frequent (Germ. besuchen); enn aldna jötun ek sótta, Hm. 104; skyldi menn þangat til s. um alla Vestfjörðu, Eb. 26; sækja þing, to frequent a þing (þing-sókn); þeir vildueigi þangat s. þingit, Íb. 9; s. kirkju, to visit, frequent a church (kirkju-sókn); þessa brennu sótti margs-konar þjóð, Edda 38; sækja e-n at liðveizlu, to call on one for support, Fms. xi. 344; sækja e-n at eptirmáli, to seek one's aid in ..., Sturl. i. 193; hann var mikill málafylgis-maðr ef hann var at sóttr til ásjá, Bs. i. 82; s. or s. heim, to visit; fyrir því sótta ek þik heim, at mik hafði hér at landi borit, Eg. 165, (cp. heim-sókn, in a hostile sense), Nj. 107; hann sótti marga ókunna staði, Fms. vii. 199; sækja fuglar háleik lopts, Sks. 47 B; sækir Anselmus heim þat klaustr, Mar.; hann mundi aldri fljúga svá langt, at eigi mundi hann s. heim hönd, come back to the hand, Edda 70; s. fund e-s, Sturl. iii. 8l; skyldi Bárðr s. norðr þangat ráðit, B. should go north to fetch his bride, Eg. 26; Sveinn sótti sér friðland, went in search of, Fms. x. 404; drottning býðr honum veizlu með svá mikið fjölmenni sem hann vill til hafa sótt, Orkn. 340; var blótveizla mikil ok sótti þar til konungr, Fms. i. 35; hann sækir á hönd Engla konungi, sought his service, Eg. 76; til Túnsbergs sóttu mjök kaupmenn, Fms. i. 11; at þér sækit norðr higat á várn fund, Sturl. iii. 8l; þeir höfðu sótt (advanced) langt á land upp, Fms. x. 239; þeir sækja (advance) upp hólinn, Eg. 744; þá sækir (arrives) sá maðr vestan af Írlandi er Haraldr hét, Fms. x. 418. 3. to proceed, advance, absol.; er hann sótti langt austr, had advanced far eastward, Eg. 56; þá er þeir sóttu ofan at skipunum, Fms. vii. 159; er mornaði ok sól sótti á himin, Eg. 372, v.l.; þeir biðu þess at sólin sótti á himininn. Fms. viii. 114: impers., fór hann útleið, er suðr sótti, 82; þegar er ór sækir enum mesta háleik hafsins, Sks. 173 B; er síðar er á hausti ok nær meir sækir vetri, 225 B. 4. to catch, overtake; fiðr hann geldinga ok fær eigi sótt, Ísl. ii. 331: to overcome, munu þeir mik aldri fá sótt meðan ek kem boganum við, Nj. 116; hann varðisk svá vel, at þeir fá eigi lengi sótt hann, 153; mér lízt ef þeir standa úti sem vér munim þá aldri sótta geta, 197; þangat sækir þik engi, ... er þat eigi allra at s. hann þangat, 20, 21; mun ek eigi skjótt verða sóttr, Eb. 188: to carry, take, eigi mun eyin sótt verða, Fær. 98; her eru hiis ramlig, ok munu beir eigi skjótt sækja, Nj. 198; var áin allíll at sækja, the river was very bad to cross, Ld. ch. 15; býðr hann þeim at s. fjallit norðr í bygð, to cross the mountain, take that road, Bs. ii. 32. II. to attack; þá er hann (acc.) sótti þetta mein (nom.), Mar.; s. e-n með vápnum, Fms. ii. 172; griðungr sækir mann, Grág. ii. 122; s. e-n til dauðs. Stj. 99; samna liði ok s. hann norðr þangat, Nj. 20; þá er þeir sóttu Gunnar á Hlíðarenda inn í hús inn, Eb. 248; þeir sóttu þá hálfu djarfligar, 287. 2. to pursue; hann lét þaðan s. útróðra ok selveiðar ok eggver, Eg. 135; Skallagrímr sótti fast smiðju-verkit, 142; hann lét mjök sækja föng þau er fyrir vóru, 134; sækja knáliga ferðina, leiðina, róðrinn, to press a matter, urge it on, 203, Fms. viii. 144; straumr var mikill, hann sótti fast sundit, swam hard, Grett. 148; s. bardagann frýju-laust, Fms. xi. 136; réri skip innan fjörðinn ok sóttu knáliga, Grett. 89; þeir er eptir Agli réru sóttu ákaft, Eg. 362. 3. as a law phrase, sækja sök, mál, to prosecute, lead a cause; á hverr at sækja þá sök er vill, Grág. i. 17; skalt þú s. þær sakir báðar, Nj. 98; nú liðu þrjú þing þau er menn ætluðu, at hann mundi s. málit, 71; at annarr-hvárr okkarr sæki málit, ok munu vit þá verða at hluta með okkr, 86; nefndu þér nökkura vátta at orðunum -- Önga, segir Skarphéðinn, vér ætlum ekki at s. þetta nema á vápna-þingi, 141, passim: metaph. to urge, press, hann sótti þat mál mjök, pressed the case bard, Eg. 108; sótti (urged) hann þá enn um liðveizlu, Sturl. iii. 232: s. mann, to prosecute in a lawsuit; manna þeirra er menn vilja s. hér á þingi, Grág. i. 19; á þingi, þess manns er sóttr er, 26; sá skal s. goðann er sótt vill hafa, til fullra laga, 34; s. mann fullri sekt, 120; s. e-n sökum, Eg. 728; sótti Kolskeggr til lands at Móeiðar-hváli, laid claim to the estate at M., Nj. 103: with prepp., s. eptir, to pursue, 20, Fms. x. 239, Sturl. i. 11 (cp. eptir-sókn): sækja at (cp. at-sókn), to pursue, attack, Fms. vii. 70, Nj. 83, 84, Eg. 585: s. fram, to advance in battle, 297, Fms. i. 38. B. Reflex. to be advanced, be past, of a road or distance, work in hand, or the like; sóttisk þá mjök hafit, Fms. iv. 201; nú er meir en hálf-sótt, more than half-way passed: dró sundr með þeim, ok sóttisk mjök hafit, vi. 263; en er á leið vetrinn sóttisk mjök borgar-görðin, Edda 70; sóttisk þeim seint skip þeirra, Nj. 8; seint mun þat ok sækjask at grafa undir borgina, Fms. vi. 152; Galta þótti Lopti seint sækjask, that he went on slowly, Bs. i. 650; en þeim mönnum hefir lítt sókzk (little succeeded in attacking) ofr-menni slikt í hús inn, Eb. 248; því nema þeir nú stað, at þeir ætla at þeim muni ílla sækjask at vinna oss, Nj. 198. 2. recipr. to seek one another; sækjask sér um líkir, to flock together, Fms. ix. 389: to attack one another, fight, þeir nafnar sóttusk lengi, Landn. 85; þeir Hrafn sóttusk meðan ok Þorkell svarti, Ísl. ii. 268; fá sér vígi ok sækjask þaðan, Sturl. ii. 192: of a lawsuit, ef þeir vilja eigi sækjask, K.Þ.K. 52. sækjandi, part. a prosecutor, opp. to verjandi, Grág., Nj. passim. sækn, adj., see sýkn. sæ-konungr, m. a sea-king; vóru margir sækonungar þeir er réðu liði miklu ok áttu engi lönd, þótti sá einn með fullu heita mega sækonungr, er hann svaf aldri undir sótkum rapti ok drakk aldri at arinshorni, Yngl. S. ch. 34, cp. Caesar Bell. Gall. i. 36; sækonungur, opp. to herkonungar, Fb. i. 25, ll. 6, 7; Auði ok Buðli vóru sækonungar ok fóru báðir með her sinn, id.; Haki ok Hagbarðr hétu bræðr tveir, þeir vóru sækonungar (sjá-konungar Ed.) ok höfðu lið mikit, Yngl. S. ch. 25; Gorr hafði Eyjarnar ok var hann því kalladr sækonungr, Orkn. 8; Sváfu barn ok sækonungs, Hdl.; hvernig skal sæ kenna? Kalla sækonunga leið ok braut, Edda 66; hvernig skal kenna skip? -- Svá at kalla hest eða dýr eða skið sækonunga, 90. For a list of the names of mythical sea-kings see Edda (Gl.), ending thus, -- sékk-at ek fleiri sækonunga, 111. The word is poetical, and refers only to the ancient age of the Vikings in the 8th and 9th centuries, see konungr. SÆLA, u, f. [a common Teut. word; A.S. sæl, sæld] :-- bliss, happiness; veitti Guð þeim fé ok sælu, Edda (pref.); með Eireki at Uppsölum var sæla mest, Fas. i. 339; þar fyrir muntú öðlask eilífa sælu, Fms. i. 138; úþrjótanliga sælu, Sks. 523; himneska sælu, Pass.; sælur þessa heims, Hom. 28, passim. B. In COMPDS, for hospitals, refuges, or charitable works, built or done for the soul's salvation, see the remarks s.v. brú; the forms vary between sælu- (salvation's) and sálu- (soul's). sælu-brú, f., see brú. sælu-bú, n. a hospital, alms-house, D.I. i. 169. sælu-dagar, m. pl. the 'days of bliss' = the Ember days, see Bingham's Orig. Eccl.; Laugar-daginn, Miðviku-daginn í Sæludögum, the Saturday, Wednesday... in the Ember weeks, Fms. viii. 446, Sturl. i. 137. sæludaga-vika, u, f. the week of the sælu-dagar, i.e. an Ember week, Sturl. ii. 130. sælu-hús, n. a 'refuge,' hospice in deserts or mountains to receive travellers, Fms. ii. 82, iii. 124, iv. 338 (sálu-, Ó.H. 153, l.c.); um Dofra-fjall var för ór Þrándheimi, urðu menn þar opt úti ok fóru hörðum förum, lét ek þar sæluhús göra ok leggja fé til, Mork. 187, Fms. vii. 122; þar var mikit sæluhús við kirkjuna, ix. 353 (v.l. sálu-stofa, sæluhús-stofa, Fb. l.c.; or sáluhús-stofa, Cod. Eirsp. 302, v.l.); sæluhúss brenna, Grett. 121; sem vér kómum til sáluhússins á veginum, Stj. 216. sælu-setr, n. = sæluhús, Fms. viii. 439. sælu-skip, n. a ferry-boat, K.Þ.K. 142, v.l. (sálu-skip), bridges and ferries being originally works of charity, (cp. the legend of St. Christopher.) sálu-stofa, u, f. = sæluhús; þessar jarðir liggja til sálustofu Helga Ivarssonar, B.K. 45. sælu-söngr, m. a mass for one's soul, Hom. (St.) sælu-vika, u, f. an Ember week, abbrev. = sæludaga-vika, Sturl. i. 137, iii. 146. sæla, d, to bless, MS. 677. 8. sæla (i. e. sœla), d, [sól], to slake; slökvir eld, sœlir andar-þorsta, Greg. 62. sæla, u, f. [sól], in for-sæla, to shade. sæld, f. bliss, = sæla; sældar kostr, -líf, -staðr, Landn. 276 (v.l.), Sks. 523, Fas. iii. 8. sælda, d, [sáld], to boult, sift; s. mjöl, Greg. 58, Fas. ii. 513. 2. metaph., eiga saman við e-n að sælda, to have dealings with a person, metaphor from two persons sifting their com in one sieve. sældingr, m. a measure; s. korns, Vm. 18; sældings land, 168. sæl-gæti, n. a dainty. sælingr, m. a wealthy man (cp. Gr. GREEK), Edda (Gl.), Eb. (in a verse); sælingr, opp. to úgöfgir menn, Hom. (St.): a nickname, Landn.; whence Sælings-dalr, a local name. sæl-kéri, a, m. = sælingr, Edda i. 532: in mod. usage an epicurean, hann er mesti s. SÆLL, adj. [sæl, sælt], compar. sælli, sælstr (mod. sælli, but sælastr); [A.S. sæl; Old Engl. seely; Engl. silly; Germ. selig; Dan. sæl, salig; cp. the double use of Gr. GREEK; Engl. simple] :-- blest, happy; hann þóttisk sæll ef þeir skyldi dæma mál hans, Ölk. 35; þrællinn mælti, at hann þættisk sæll ef Otkell ætti hann, Nj. 73; hann görði hana svá sæla sem þá at hón væri sælust, Sd. 187 (paper MS.); eru þeir því sælli,

618 SÆLLIGA -- SÆFARAR.

sem..., Gþl. 173. 2. poor; ek hefi eigi kysst kerlinguna sælu inni, Bs. i. 469. 3. phrases, sælum mönnum ok vesælum, Fms. vii. 220; senda kveðju ungum ok gömlum, sælum ok veslum, Ó.H. 126; við alla ríka ok úríka, sæla ok fátæka, wealthy and poor, Fms. i. 33: in greeting, kom heill ok sæll, Nj. 175; far heill ok sæll, Fms. vii. 197; bóndi sæll, Ísl. ii. 24: freq. in mod. usage, komdu sæil, welcome! (the address to one who comes); vertú sæll, farewell! hann kyssti kerlingu ok mælti, vertu nú heil ok sæl kerling, Bs. i. 470. 4. of a saint (cp. Germ. selig), the blessed; hinn sæli Magnús jarl, Orkn.; sælan Johannem, 623. 11; ins sæla Þorláks, Bs. i. passim; ins sælsta Erasmus, MS. 655 v. 2. sæl-liga, adv. blissfully; svá s. sett í Paradiso, Niðrst. 4; s. frammlíðandi, Fms. iii. 172. sæl-ligr, adj. happy, wealthy, blissful; svá sælligt setr, Ls. 43; hann sagði sælligra (more blessed) vera at gefa enn þiggja, 655 xvi. B. 2; þetta er ok sælligra, Hom. 28. sæl-lífi, n. a life of enjoyment; krásir eðr s., Stj. 68; vanr áðr sæmd ok s., Fms. iii. 95; á engis konungs æfi var þar alþýðu slíkt s. sem um hans daga, vi. 441; sællífis paradís, Stj. 39: = Lat. luxuria, Róm. 303. sæl-lífr, adj. living a life of enjoyment, Edda 13; s. at fæðslu, Greg. 22 (of Dives); svá s. sem Salomon, Eluc.; hirt þú líkam þinn ok georsk eigi s., Hom. (St.) Sælund, better Selund (q.v.), rhymed Silunz kilir, Ó.H. (in a verse), f.; the gender varies between fem, and neut., gen. Selundar, Hkr. i. 132; but Selundz, Fms. i. 27, l.c.; Selund, Skáney, Gautland, x. 381; heima á Selund, ríkit á Selund, 366; af Selundi, 371 :-- the old name of Zealand; þar setti Gefjun landit ok gaf nafn ok kallaði Selund, Edda 1, Fms., Fas., Lex. Poët.; svals Silunz, Ó.H. (in a verse of A.D. 1027): dat. Selundi, Fms. i. 115, but Selund, v.l; af Selundi, x. 371. The word is said to be derived not from Sæ-lund (i.e. Sea-grove), but from the root sal-, the und being inflexive, cp. 'Insula Oceani,' Tacit. Germ. ch. 40, which is not improbably a kind of translation of Selund, cp. Prof. Munch's remarks on this name. SÆMA (i.e. sœma), d, [sama, sóma], to honour; ef hann vildi sæma (endow, grant) hann í nökkuru léni, Fms. vi. 52; þeirra sætta er vér sém vel sæmdir af í alla staði, Nj. 176; rituðu þá sér hverir þat sem eigi vildu sæma né játa, Bs. i. 718. 2. sæma við e-t, to bear with, submit or conform to; s. mun ek við slíkt, lízk mér þetta skamlaust, Korm. 192; þeim hlutum er ek vil fyr engan mun við s. (put up with), Fms. ii. 51; ferlegr fótr, en ekki má gaum at því gefa, s. verðr við slíkt, vii. 162; svá stillti hann lífi sínu, at hann sæmði meirr við heiminn (conformed more to the world) en aðrir helgir menn, 655 iii. 4; Skeggi kvað hana helzti lengi hafa sæmt við klækis-mann þann, Þórð. 49; þú, kerling, skalt s. við gestinn, attend, wait on him, Fas. ii. 540. sæmd, f. (prop. sæmð), honour; auka þína sæmð, Fms. i. 76; göra okkr sæmð sem hón hefir heitið, Nj. 5; sæmdar ok virðingar, Bs. i. 764; stendr hann í greindri sæmd mikils virðr, Mar. passim. 2. plur. sæmdir, redress; hann fékk þar engar sæmdir, Landn. 122; hann skyldi engar sæmðir hafa fyrir þá áverka, Ld. 230. COMPDS: sæmdar-atkvæði, n. honourable mention, Sks. 311. sæmdar-auki, a, m. honour, Korm. 150. sæmdar-boð, n. an honourable offer, Fms. vii. 88. sæmdar-ferð, f. an honourable journey; fara s., Finnb. 268, Grett. 151. sæmdar-fýst, f. ambition, Ó.T. 71. sæmdar-för, f. id., Fms. ii. 118, Hkr. ii. 173 (sigrfór, Ó.H. 107, l.c.) sæmdar-hlutr, m. a share of honour, Lv. 55, Sturl. i. 105; þessi tvau hundruð silfrs skaltú þiggja, ok er þetta nökkurr sæmdafhlutr, some acknowledgment, Band. 26 new Ed. sæmdar-klæði, n. pl. robes of honour, Stj. 52. sæmdar-lauss, adj. honourless, Fms. v. 327, Stj. 5. sæmdar-maðr, m. a man of honour, importance, distinction, Nj. 40, Fms. i. 85; s. ok fuilhugi, vii. 150, Fs. 23; hón var hæfilát ok sink, en þó s., Sturl. iii. 169, Sks. 280. sæmdar-mál, n. pl. honourable mention, words of praise, Sks. i. 702. sæmdar-nafn, n. a name or title of distinction, Sks. 270 B. sæmdar-orð, n. pl. words of praise, Th. 18. sæmdar-ráð, n. honourable match, Fms. i. 103, vi. 56. sæmdar-spell, n. dishonour, Sks. 775. sæmdar-sæti, n. a seat of honour, Sks. 251, 616, Fs. 22. sæmi-leikr, m. becomingness, propriety, Str. 21. sæmi-liga, adv. honourably, becomingly, Ld. 62, Nj. 281, Fms. ix. 315, 418; vel ok s., Bs. i. 129; kaleikr s. görr, handsomely, Vm. 31; sæmiligar haldinn, in more honour, Fms. vii. 299; sem sæmiligast, i. 147. sæmi-ligr, adj. becoming; karlmannligr ok s. at sjá, Bjarn. 3, Fms. vi. 52; veita e-m sæmiligan umbúnað, Eg. 92; makligt ok sæmiligt, Fms. ii. 304; hit sæmiligsta sæti, Nj. 7; s. söngvari, Bs. i. 832; kirkja á sæmiligan kaleik, a costly chalice, Vm. 21, Bs. i. 872; steintjald nýtt, sæmiligt, Vm. 129. sæm-leitr, adj. fine to look at; s. sólar-geisli, Gh. 15. sæmr, adj. becoming, fit; þar eru eyru sæmst sem óxu, Nj 8o; baugr er á beru sæmstr, Edda (in a verse), a saying; höfuð þitt mun þar sæmst sem nú er þat, Fb. ii. 290; þér væri semra, UNCERTAIN it would become thee better, Hkv. 2. 21; heldr er s&aolig;mri hendi þeirri meðal-kafli enn möndul-tré, 2. 2, o Hkv. Hjörv. 34; fyrr væri sæmra, it would have been better sooner, Fas. ii. 518. sæng, f. a bed; see sæing. sœni, n. [són], in hapt-sœni, the reconciliation of the gods, Kormak. Sænskr (i.e. Sœnskr), adj. Swedish, passim in old writers; the full form Svænskr is much rarer. SÆR, m., there are three forms, sær, sjór, sjár (cp. snær, slær, etc.); in old writers sær is commonest, sjór in mod., sjár is the most rare: the v (also written f) appears in gen. sævar, sjóvar, sjávar; dat. sævi, sjóvi, sjávi; acc. sæ, sjó, sjá; the dat. sing. was then shortened into sæ, sjó, sjá, which forms prevail in prose: in mod. usage the v has also been dropped between two vowels, sjóar for sjóvar, pl. sjóir for sjóvir, dat. sjóum: a gen. sjós is only used in special phrases, and is borrowed from the Danish: [Ulf. saiws and mari-saiws = GREEK, Luke v. 12; A.S. sæ; Engl. sea; O.H.G. seô; Germ. see; Dan. sö; Swed. sjö.] A. The sea, never used, like Germ. see, of a lake; himin, jörð ok sjá, Fms. i. 304; á sjá ok landi, 31; ef sjár kastar á land, Grág. ii. 388; þar sem sær mætisk ok græn torfa, N.G.L. i. 13; sær eða vötn, Grág. ii. 275; sær ok vindar, Eluc. 10; særinn féll á land, Fms. xi. 6 (and sjórinn, id.); upp ór sæ (dat.), 7; sænum, 6, 7 (four times); and sjónum, 6 (once); í sæinn, 6, 7 (thrice); sjóinn, id. (once); á sæinn út, Hkr. i. 229; út til sævar, ii. 106, Ó.H. 69; þar er vatni náir, eða sjá (sea-water) ef eigi nær vatni, K.Þ.K. 5 new Ed.; sjár kolblár, Nj. 42; sjór kolblár, 19; á hverngi veg er sjór blendr saman fé manna, Grág. ii. 389; sá þeir skína ljós á sjóinn, Fms. i. 228; vestr með sjó, Landn. 36; sjór í miðjum hlíðum, 25, v.l.; Danavirki var gört ... um þvert landit millum sjóva, Fms. xi. 28; sjór enn rauði, the Red Sea, 655 viii. 2; hann bað þrælinn færa sér í dælu-keri þat er hann kallaði sjó ..., Ekki þykki mér þetta sjór, Landn. 251; bar sjóinn í seglit (the sea, waves), Fms. ix. 320; hón hjó fram öxinni á sjóinn ..., varð af brestr mikill ok blóðugr allr sjórinn, Lv. 68, 69: the phrase, kasta á sæ, to cast into the sea, throw away, Ó.H. 38 (see glær); því kalla menn á sæ kastað er maðr lætr eigu sína, ok tekr ekki í mót, Ld. 128: storm mikinn ok stóran sjá, a high sea, Fms. vii. 51: sigla suðr um sjá (= sail through the Straits of Dover southward), Nj. 281. COMPDS: α. sævar-: sævar-bakki, a, m. the sea-beach, Sturl. ii. 31 C. sævar-borg, f. a castle on the sea-side, = sæborg, Fms. xi. 74. sævar-djúp, n. the depth of the sea, the deep sea, Mar. sævar-fall, n. tides, Rb. 6, 90. sævar-floti, a, m. a float, raft of timber, N.G.L. i. 423. sævar-gangr, m. the swell of the sea, the sea running high, Edda 41. sævar-hamrar, m. pl. sea-crags, Orkn. 310 (sjávar-hamrar, Fbr. 155). sævar-strönd, f. the sea-strand, 655 xii. 3. sævar-urð, f. piles of rocks on the sea-shore, Orkn. 114. β. sjávar-: sjávar-brekka, u, f. a shelving shore, Bs. i. 669. sjávar-djúp = sævar-djúp, Nj. 279. sjávar-gata, u, f. the way from the sea to a bouse; eigi er löng s. til Borgar, B. is not far from the coast, Band. 28 new Ed. sjávar-hamrar = sævarhamrar, Nj. 182, Fbr. 155. sjávar-háski, a, m. danger, distress at sea, Fms. x. 135. sjávar-hella, u, f. a flat rock projecting into the sea, Landn. 326 (Append.) sjávar-höll, f. a king's hall on the sea-side, Fms. x. 20. sjávar-lopt, n. a house built aloft in the sea, Fms. vi. 162. sjávar-ríki, n. the kingdom of the sea, Bret. 6, Edda (pref.) sjávar-stjarna, u, f. the star of the sea, i.e. the Virgin Mary, 'stella maris', Mar. sjávar-stormr, m. a sea-storm, MS. 415. 9. sjávar-strönd, f. = sævarströnd, Edda i. 50. γ. sjóvar-, often spelt sjófar-, mod. sjóar-: sjóvar-afli, a, m. sea-fishery, produce from the sea, Grett. 88 A; svipull sjóar afli, a saying, Hallgr. sjóvar-bakki, a, m. = sævarbakki, Fms. vii. 145. sjóvar-bryggja, u, f. a landing bridge, Fms. vi. 5. sjóvar-djúp, n. = sævardjúp, Str. 288. sjóvar-fall (sjóar-fall) = sævarfall, Rb. 438, Jb. 338. sjóvar-floti = sævar-floti, K.Á. 178. sjóvar-gangr (sjóar-gangr) = sævargangr, Bær. 5, Fms. xi. 6, Edda (pref.) sjóvar-háski = sjávarháski, Fas. ii. 112, Bs. i. 326, Stj. 27. sjóvar-hringr, m. the circle of the ocean, girding the earth, Rb. 466. sjóvar-lögr, m. sea-water, Stj. 242. sjóvar-ólga, u, f. the swell of the sea, Fas. ii. 378. sjóvar-sandr, m. sea-sand, Stj. sjóvar-skafl, m. (see skafl), Fas. ii. 76. sjóvar-skrimsl, n. a sea-monster, Sks. 86. sjóvar-stormr, m. = sjávarstormr, Stj. 287, Al. 99. sjóvar-straumr, m. a sea-current, Fs. 142. sjóvar-strönd (sjóar-strönd), = sævar-strönd, N.G.L. i. 345, Fms. x. 233, Stj. 288. sjóvar-sýn, f. an outlook at sea; þvíat eins at allgóð sé s., in bright weather only, Landn. 25 (v.l.), Stj. 288. sjóvar-urð, f. = sævarurð. sjóvar-vatn, n. sea-water, Stj. 287. δ. sjóar-, passim in mod. usage. B. PROPER COMPDS: I. in pr. names, Sæ-björn, Sæ-mundr, Sæ-unn (Sæ-uðr), Sæ-hildr; contr. in Sjólfr, qs. Sæ-úlfr, Landn. II. sæ-borg, f. a sea-side town, Clem. 24, Fms. xi. 75; a sea-castle, sæborgir Birkibeina, i.e. their ships, ix. 221. sæ-brattr, adj. 'sea-brent,' steep towards the sea, Ísl. ii. 73, Bret. 90. sæ-bygð, f. a coast-land, Fms. iv. 116. sæ-byggjar, m. pl. coast-dwellers, Fms. viii. 404. sæ-dauðr, adj. dead at sea, drowned, Sdm. sæ-farar, f. pl. sea-faring; á hann (Njörð) skal heita til sæfara ok veiða, Edda; kenna menn til víga eðr sæfara, id.: hann hét á Þor til sjófara ok harðræða, Landn. 206.

SÆFARI -- SÖG. 619

sæ-fari, a, m. a sea-farer: as adjective = sæhafi, Landn. 129, v.l.: for the sæfa in Orkn. 406 (v.l.). Grett. 88 A, read sæfara (sæ..a) UNCERTAIN. sæ-fiskr, m. a sea-fish, Karl. 476. sæ-færr, adj. sea-worthy, Fms. iv. 246, Landn. 107: of weather, fit for sea-faring, veðr hvasst ok eigi sæfært, Eg. 482; hvern dag er sjófært var, Gísl. 47. sæ-föng, n. pl. stores from the sea; úáran, biluðu mönnum sáð ok sæföng, Bs. i. 137. sæ-garpr, m. a great sea-champion, Fb. iii. 446, Bárð. 169. sæ-hafi or sæ-hafa, adj. sea-tossed, driven out of one's course; in the phrase, verða s., hann var s. til Hvítramanna-lands, Landn. 129, Bs. i. 675, Orkn. 406, Grág. i. 93, 217, ii. 410; kemr á andviðri ok verða þeir sæhafa at dalnum, Fbr. 68 (new Ed. 36 l.c. line 15 has wrongly 'sækja'), Grett. 17 new Ed. Sæ-hrimnir, m. the name of the mythical boar whose flesh the heroes in Walhalla feed on, Gm., Edda. sæ-karl, m. a sea-carle, raftsman, Skálda 163. sæ-konungr, m., q.v. sæ-kykvendi, m. a sea-beast, Ver. 2, Skálda 170, Rb. 104. sæ-kyrra, u, f. a sea-calm, smooth sea, Orkn. 164. sæ-lið, n. service at sea, Ld. 142. sæ-lægja, u, f. a mist on the sea; þoka ok sælægjur, Orkn. 358. sæ-lægr, adj. lying on the sea, an epithet of a sea-mist; s. mjörkvi, Fms. vi. 261, viii. 178 (spelt sjálægr). sæ-naut, n. a sea-cow (fabulous); þjórr, ok var sænauta litr á hornunum, Vápn. 21, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 134. 135. sæ-nár, m., Grág. ii. 131, see nár. sæ-sjúkr, adj. sea-sick, Fb. iii. 427. sæ-tré, n. pl., poët, sea-trees, i.e. ships; hér eru vit Sigurðr á sætrjám, Skv. 2. 17; hann lá úti á sætrjám vetr ok varmt sumar, Fas. ii. 242. &FINGER; For the compds in sjá- and sjó- see pp. 534, 535. sær, sæ, sætt, adj. [sjá], seen, in the compds, auð-sær, ein-sær, clear, evident. SÆRA, ð, [sár; Dan. saare], to wound, Grág. i. 92, 442, ii. 11, Nj. 18, passim; særa e-n sári, to inflict a wound, Grág. ii. 35; særa e-n holundar-sári, Nj.; hana skyldi s. til barnsins, of hysterotomy, Fas. i. 118. II. recipr. to wound one another; nú drepask menn eðr særask eðr vegask, Grág. ii. 92. 2. pass. to be wounded, Fms. viii. 248 (særðusk for urðu sárir). SÆRA (i.e. sœra), ð, [sverja, sór], to conjure; ek særi þik fyrir þann Guð er ..., Fas. ii. 547; ek særi þik fyrir alla krapta Krists, ... at, Nj. 176; sœri ek fyrir goð vár þessa riddara, 623. 31; pat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at s. Guð til nökkurs vitnis-burðar, of an ordeal, Fms. x. 547; hann sœrði hann í nafni Guðs at bíða sín, Barl. 135; ek særi yðr, minn herra, fyrir nafn várs herra Jesú Krists, Bs. i. 192. særi (i.e. sœri), n. pl. oaths, swearing; heit ok særi, Fms. i. 205; vinna s., vi. 94; at kaupi þeirra vóru sterk vitni ok mörg særi, Edda 26; goðinn sór sœrin, Skálda 162; færa fram sværi (sic), N.G.L. i. 4; eiðar, orð ok sœri, Vsp. 30; heilug sœri, Bret. 40; var þat sœrum bundit, 82; hygg þú heldr á þinn eið | og óbrigðanleg særi, a hymn. særi, n. [sár], a sore, boil; olboga-særi, a sore on the elbow. særing, f. a wounding, Stj. 46, 88. sœring, f. an exorcism, H.E. ii. 52. særr (i.e. sœrr), adj. to be taken, of an oath; hann sór þeim eið, ok sagði þó at eigi mundi vel særr vera, it was not quite a fair oath, Fms. ix. 344; ú-sœrr eiðr, Sks. 80 new Ed., N.G.L. i. 17: the saying, lítið er í eiði ú-sært, see eiðr; heið-særr :-- so in the mod. phrase, mér er sá eiðr sær, I will swear to it that it is so :-- of the time when an oath can be taken, sœrr dagr, Gþl. 379, K.Á. 186. SÆTA, t, [sitja, sat, sátu], to sit in ambush for, waylay; with dat., var þeim sætt við sætr nokkur, vóru þar drepnir sumir, Fms. viii. 380; at þér sætið þeim á Eiða-skógi, Eg. 576; hann ætlar at s. yðr (waylay you) þá er þér farit sunnan, 261; s. honum ef hann færi austan, Orkn. 406; hann sætti þar skipum ok rænti, Hkr. iii. 336; sæta því er Áki færi aptr, ... ok taka hann af lífi, Fms. xi. 46; þessu sætir Sturlaugr ok höggr, Fas. iii. 331; s. áverkum við e-n, Orkn. 408, Fbr. 29; s. uppgöngum við Birkibeina, Fms. viii. 73; s. fláráðum við e-n, Boll. 348; s. leyni-brögðum, Fms. v. 257. 2. to undergo, expose oneself to; sæta fjándskap af e-m, Sks. 268; s. mótgang eðr fjándskap af e-m, Fms. vii. 280; s. af mér reiði ok refsingum, i. 282, Eg. 89; er sá heimskr er sætir því (waits for), at annarr göri eptir hans daga, Hom. 153. 3. to amount to; þat sætti vetrum eigi allfám, Eg. 512; þat er nauðsynjum sætti, Hom. 129; gripum er honum þætti görsemum sæta, Landn. 331 (Mantissa); geta þess er mér þykkir mestum tíðindum sæta, Fms. vii. 240; þau áhlaup er geig sætti, 656 B. 1; var á henni hugar-ótti ok kvíði svá at meinum sætti, in an alarming degree, Fms. vi. 353; hví mundi þat sæta, what is the reason ? Nj. 67; hann spurði hví (dat.) þat sætti, asked how it came about? what was the reason? Fms. i. 302, vii. 353; hann vildi vita hverju um sætti, er jarl hafði ekki komit, xi. 11; hvat sætir þyss þeim ok hlaupum? Gísl. 143; þessi tvau orðin er sæta (which regard) sannindum ok réttindum, Band. 18 new Ed. II. sæta hey, to stack hay, put it into ricks (sæti). sæta, u, f. a kind of bondwoman; tvær eru hans enar beztu ambáttir, sæta ok deigja, N.G.L. i. 70, 234; sæta heitir sú kona, er búandi hennar er af landi farinn, Edda 108. 2. in poetry, a woman (generally), Lex. Poët.; sætan átti sjúkan mann, sér kaus dauða ef lifði hann, a ditty; heima-s., a marriageable girl staying at home. II. a midden, dung-hill; jam-mikit sem hann taddi sér með sætu hans, N.G.L. ii. 113. sæta (i.e. sœta), t, to sweeten, MS. 23. 28. sæti, n. a seat; sitja í því sæti, Edda 12; vísa e-m til sætis, Eg. 29; halda máttu þessu sæti, Nj. 6; leiða e-n til sætis, Fms. vii. 315, ix. 250; þat sæti (i.e. the throne) ætlaði sér hverr sona hans, i. 7; hof þat er sæti þeirra standa í, Edda; há-sæti, a high seat: eccl. a see, chair, postulligt, pávaligt s., H.E. i. 503, Dipl. v. 4; sam-s. COMPDS: sætis-pallr, m. a seat-bench, N.G.L. ii. (Hirðskrá). sætis-stóll, m. a chair of state, Stj. 550. II. hay-ricks; keyra naut ór sæti sínu, Fms. vi. 104; stór-s., Eb. 224. sæti, f. (sæta, u, f., 656 A. 12), sweetness, 673 A. 2; sæti mín, my sweet! Fms. xi. 424: in addressing, sæti minn, Bs. ii. 133. sæti-ligr, adj., in ú-sætiligr, q.v. sætindi, n. pl. sweetmeats. sæt-leikr (-leiki), m. sweetness, Stj. 60, 310, Sks. 107, Magn. 486, Fms. x. 288, Eluc. 54. sæt-liga, adv. sweetly, Stj. 1, 70, passim. sæt-ligr, adj. sweet, 655 v. 2. SÆTR (i.e. sœtr), adj., compar. sætri, Hom. 4; but sætari, Bs. i. 277, l. 25; superl. sætastr: [Ulf. suts; A.S. swête; Engl. sweet; O.H.G. suozi; Germ. süss; Dan. söd; Swed. söt; Gr. GREEK] :-- sweet; sætt epli, MS. 4. 9; sætan ilm, Fms. i. 228; sætt vatn, Stat. 251: metaph., sætt mál, Fms. v. 239; svíða sætar ástir, Flóv. 41; sætar syndir verða at sárum bótum, Sól.; þótti mér slökt et sætasta ljós augna minna, Nj. 187; sætr svefn, a sweet sleep; the phrase, sofa sætan, to sleep sweetly; engan máttu þeir sætan sofa, Sól. 13; ok biðja sætan sofa, Sdm. 34 (Bugge's emend, for sælan of the MS.), cp. the Germ. schlafen sie wohl! sætr, n. pl. mountain pastures, see setr B (p. 525). SÆTT, f. [as to the etymology sátt or sætt is the same word as A.S. saht = peace; cp. Lat. sancio; it must not be confounded with Germ. sachte, whence Dan. sagte, a Low Germ. form answering to Engl. soft] :-- a reconciliation, an agreement; for the references see sátt: also for compds in sættar- see sátt B (p. 518, col. 1). Sætt, f. Sidon in Palestine, Fms. vii. sætt, n. adj. [sitja], what one can sit under, endurable; stóð hann upp ok mælti, setið er nú meðan sætt er, we have sat as long as we could bear, Eb. 280, Bs. ii. 224; víst líkar mér ílla, ok er eigi um slíkt sætt, it is not to be endured, Bjarn. sætta, t, [sátt], to reconcile, make peace among; s. mennina, sætta þá, Nj. 149, Landn. 105, Fms. i. 36, 48, vi. 337, x. 266, passim; sætta e-n við e-n, to reconcile to another, Eg. 226. II. reflex., sættask við e-n, Fms. vi. 286; láta sem þú vildir sættask, Háv. 57; at sækja eðr sættask, either to prosecute or to come to terms, Grág. i. 226; hann hafði sætzk á vígit, Nj. 57; svá at þú sættisk á þat, Ld. 50. 2. recipr. to come to terms, agree; þeir sættusk, Fms. i. 13, 57; sættask á mál, Nj. 22; þeir höfðu sætzk í konungs dóm, á öll mál sín, Fms. x. 8; er þeir sjálfir mundu á sættask, Sturl. iii. 246. sættir, m. a peace-maker, reconciler; engi var hann s. manna (manna sættir C), Sturl. ii. 39; er Týr ekki kallaðr s. manna, Edda 17; garðr er granna sættir, a law saying, N.G.L. i. 40. sævar-, see sær. söðla, að, to saddle, Nj. 20, Eg. 396; hestr söðlaðr, Ísl. ii. 333, Hkr. ii. 77. 2. the phrase, söðla því á ofan, to add one (affront) to another; hann söðlar því á ofan, at hann kvað vísu þessa til Þórðar, Bjarn. 26; s. glæp á úhapp, Sturl. iii. 116, Bs. i. 329. söðlari, a, m. a saddler, N.G.L. ii. SÖÐULL, m., dat. söðli, [A.S. sadol, sadel; Engl. saddle; Germ. sattel; Dan. saddel; this word cannot belong to the vernacular Teut., but is borrowed from Lat. sedile, as appears from the unchanged medial d, for sitja would require an Engl.-Icel. t, Germ. z (sötull, satzel)] :-- a saddle; the word occurs in such old poems as the Vkv. 7, Akv. 4, Og. 3; leggja söðul á hest, Eg. 719; bera söðla í haga, Nj. 33; saðul, Sks. 403; steindr söðull, a stained saddle, Ld. 272; trog-söðull, q.v.; stand-s., q.v.: in mod. usage söðull is a lady's saddle or pillion (formed like an arm-chair), hnakkr a man's saddle. COMPDS: söðul-bakaðr, part. 'saddle-backed,' hollow-backed, of a horse, when the back sinks in instead of being straight. söðul-bogi, a, m. the saddle-bow, Sks. 406. söðla-búr, n. a saddle-room, Sturl. ii. 250. söðul-fjöl, f. the saddle-board, the side board of an Icel, lady's saddle, which is made like a chair, Sturl. iii. 295, Nj. 205. söðul-gjörð, f. a saddle-girth, Lv. 92, Mag. 8. söðul-hringja, u, f. a saddle-buckle, Fas. i. 319. söðul-ker, n. a saddle-bottle, Sks. 725 B. söðul-klæði, n. a saddle-cloth, Akv. 7, Sks. 725. Söðul-kolla, u, f. the name of a mare. Söðulkollu-vísur, f. pl. the name of some verses, Grett. söðul-nefjaðr, adj. bottle-nosed. söðul-reiði, n. saddle-harness, Nj. 33, K.Á. 166, Sks. 403, Gísl. 103. söðul-reim, f. a saddle-strap, Sturl. 1. 177. söðul-treyja, u, f. a saddle-tree; í hann lagði tennr upp á söðultreyjuna, Fms. iv. 58; see trog-söðull. söfn, m. = svefn, q.v. SÖG, f., gen. sagar, pl. sagar, [saga; A.S. saga; Engl. saw; Dan. sav] :-- a saw, passim in mod. usage. saga-tenn, f. pl. saw-teeth. Stj. 77.

620 SÖGGR -- SÖKUNAUTR.

söggr, adj. [saggi], dank, wet. sögli, f., in sann-sögli, q.v. SÖGN, f., pl. sagnir, [Dan. sagn; see segja and saga], a saw, tale, report; at sögn Ara prests ins fróða, Fms. i. 55; brá flestum sú sögn (news) í brún, vi. 226; nauðga e-m til sagna, to force one to confess, by tortures, Fbr. 46; pína til sagna, id., Fms. vi. 14: gramm., Skálda 174, 178, 180. II. a host, men, poët., Edda (Gl.); sagna segendum, Haustl.; skipa-sögn, a ship's crew, Fms. vi. (in a verse); skip-sögn, q.v.; sjau fylla sögn, seven make a crew, Edda. COMPDS: sagna-maðr (q.v.), m. an historian, Sturl. i. 9; inn vísi s. Josephus, Stj., Mar. sagna-skemtan, f. an entertainment of story-telling, Sturl. i. 25, Þorf. Karl. ch. 7. sögu-, in compds, see saga. -sögull, adj. [segja], in sann-sögull, q.v. sög-vísi, f. tattling, Sks. 25 A. SÖK, f., gen. sakar, dat. sök, and older saku, which occurs on Runic stones; pl. sakar, later sakir; a gen. sing. söku or saku (from saka, u, f.) remains in the compds söku-dólgr, söku-nautr: [Ulf. sakjo = GREEK; A.S. sacu; Engl. sake; Germ. sache; Dan. sag; Swed. sak.] A. A charge, then the offence charged, guilt, crime, like Lat. crimen; göra sakar á hendr sér, to incur charges, Ld. 44; sannr at sök, guilty, Nj. 87, Grág. i. 75; sök er sönn, a true charge, 294; sakar allar skulu liggja niðri meðal okkar, Grág. i. 362; svæfa sakar, Gm. 15; semr hann dóma ok sakar leggr, Vsp. 64; ef sakar görask þær skal fé bæta, Ísl. ii. 380; bæta sakir þær allar með fé er görzk höfðu í þeim málum, Eg. 98; nú er sagt hvaðan sakar görðusk, Hkv.; veiztú hverjar sakir ek á við konung þenna? ... hann hefir drepit föður minn, Fas. ii. 532; þeim megin siglu er menn eigu síðr sakir við menn, Grág. ii. 137; gefa e-m upp sakir, to remit a charge, Ld. 44; or, gefa e-m sakir, id., Fms. x. 326; gefa e-m sök (sakar) á e-u, to make a charge against one, Landn. 145; gefa e-m e-t að sök, id., Fms. i. 37; bera sakar á e-n, to bring a charge against, Hkr. i. 168; eiga sakar við e-n, to have a charge against a person; færask undan sökum, to plead not guilty, Fms. xi. 251; verjask sök, id., Grág. i. 38; lúka sökum með sér, to settle the charges brought by one against the other, 361; líta á sakar úreiðr, Fms. i. 15; vera bundinn í sökum við e-n, to stand committed, Eg. 589, Fms. i. 61. 2. the offence charged; falla í sök, to fall into crime, Sks. 575; fyrir sakir (for wrongs committed) skyldi niðr falla þriðjungr gjalda, Fms. ix. 227; dauða verðr fyrir sökina, Sks. 575 B; fyrir-gef oss várar sakar (our trespasses), Hom. 158; fyrir hví var hann píndr, eða hvat sök görði hann? Bs. i. 9. II. a law phrase, a plaint, suit, action in court; ef hann á sök at sækja, þá er ..., Grág. i. 64; sakar-aðili, a plaintiff, Grág. passim; eiga sök í dómi, i. 74; sækjandi ok sakar verjandi, 17; á sá sök er ..., he owns the case, i.e. is the right plaintiff, 38; fara með sök, to conduct a suit, 37, Nj. 86; færa fram sök, Grág. i. 83; segja fram sök, 39, 43, Nj. 36, 87, 110, 187; sök fyrnisk, is prescribed, Grág. i. 381; í salti liggr sök ef sækendr duga, see salt; göra tvær sakar ór vígi ok fram hlaupi, ii. 35; hafa sök at sækja, or, hafa sök at verja, i. 37, 76; hafa sök á hendi e-m, 75; hluta sakir, 74, 104; lýsa sakar, 19, Nj. 110; lýsa sök á hönd e-m, 18, 19, 110; selja e-m sök á hendr e-m, at þú mættir hvárki sækja þína sök né annarra, 99; sækja svá sök sína, Grág. i. 75; hafa sök at sækja, etc.; verja sök, 298; eiga sök á e-u, to have a suit against one, of the injured person; hvat hafðir þú til gört áðr? -- þat er hann átti enga sök á, what hast thou done? -- That for which he had no ground for complaint, i.e. which did not concern him, Nj. 130; eg á sjálfr sök á því, that is my own affair; dómar fara út til saka, the courts are sitting to hear the pleadings, 295; því at eins verðr sökin (the action) við hann, ef ..., 405; bjóða sök á þingi, N.G.L. i. 20; sökin Tyrfings, the case of T., Nj. 100, 101; þriggja þinga sök, a case lasting three sessions, Grág. i. 441, ii. 233; tólf aura, sex aura, merkr, þriggja marka sök, an action for three marks, N.G.L. i. 81, 82, Grág. i. 405, ii. 113; víg-sök, a case of manslaughter; fjörbaugs-sök, skóggangs-sök, a case, action of outlawry, passim; borgit málinu ok svá sökinni, the case and the suit, Nj. 36. 2. spec., persecution; sök eða vörn, Grág. i. 17, (rare, see sókn); at sökum öllum ok svá at vörnum, 104. 3. phrases; hafa ekki at sök, to no effect; hann kvað sér þó þungt, at nokkut mundi at sök hafa, Eb. 53 new Ed.; tók Þóroddr at vanda um kvámur hans, ok hafði ekki (not eigi) at sök, 50 new Ed.; ok hafði ekki vætta at sök, Fms. viii. 18; hann eggjar lið sitt ok hafði gott at sök, Flóv. 44. III. a 'sake,' cause; eru fleiri vinda sakir, are there more causes of the winds? Rb. 440; þótti konungi sakir til þótt hann hefði eigi komit, Fms. xi. 13; hann skal segja hvat at sökum er, what is the reason, cause? Grág. i. 310; sú var sök til þess, at ..., Fms. i. 153; brýnar sakar, Al. 7; fyrir hverja sök, for the sake of what? wherefore? Fms. i. 81; af sök nökkurar óvináttu, for the sake of, because of, Hom. 20. 2. adverbial phrases; fyrir sakar (sakir) e-s, for the sake of, because of; fyrir sakir orma, Al. 1; beztr kostr fyrir sakir frænda ..., Glúm. 348; er þér þat sjálf-rátt fyrir sakir höfðing-skapar þíns, Nj. 266; fyrir tignar sakir várrar ok lands siðar, 6; fyrir styrks sakar ok megins, Eg. 107; fyrir úrækðar sakar, ... fyrir veðrs sakar, K.Þ.K.; fyrir ástar sakir, Nj. 3: leaving out 'fyrir,' whereby sakar (acc.) becomes quite a preposition; sakir harma várra, Lv. 67; sakar refsingar ok ástar sakar við hina, Sks. 666 B; sakir þess at hann var ekki skáld, Fb. i. 215; sakir (þess) at hann var gamall, Fas. iii. 260: acc., fyrir þínar sakir, Nj. 140; fyrir várar sakir, Fms. vii. 190; um sakar e-s, id.; um konu sakar, Grág. ii. 62; of óra sök, Skv. 3. 49: temp., um nökkorra nátta sakir, for a few nights, Fms. i. 213; of stundar sakir, for a while, Nj. 139, Al. 99, Fms. xi. 107; um viku sakir, a week's respite, Eg.; um hríðar sakar, a while, Mar., Al. 83; gefa mat um máls sakir, for one meal, Vm. 16; um sinn sakir, for this once, Ld. 184, 196, 310, Þórð. 36 new Ed. :-- dat. plur. sökum, placed after a genitive, in which case even indeclinable fem. nouns for the sake of euphony assume a final s; af hennar sökum, for her sake, Ver. 44; af frændsemis sökum, Grág. ii. 72; af hræsnis sökum, Hom. 23; at sinn sakum, for this once, Sks. 483 B; fyrir þeim sökum, on that account, Grág. i. 48; fyrir veðrs sökum, K.Þ.K.; fyrir aldrs sökum, for old sake, Fms. xi. 50; fyrir veilendi sökum, Grág. i. 41; fyrir fáfræðis sökum ok úgá, Bs. i. 137; fyrir mínum sökum, for my sake, Þorst. St. 54; at hann mundi eigi mega vera einn konungr fyrir Áka sökum, Fms. xi. 46; sökum snjóvar, Lv. 25; fylgir þar enn sökum þess því goðorði alþingis-helgun, Landn. 336 (Append.), and passim. B. COMPDS: sakar-aðili, a, m. the chief party in a suit, Grág. i. 144, 355, ii. 405, Nj. 239; see aðili (p. 3, col. 2). sakar-áberi, a, m. a plaintiff, accuser, Sks. 644, Gþl. 22, saka-bætr, f. pl. = sakbætr, Fs. 34. saka-dólgr, m. = sökudólgr, Fs. 63, Fbr. 102 new Ed. sakar-eyrir, m. = sakeyrir (q.v.), Fms. vii. 300, Gþl. 159. sakar-ferli, n. pl. = sakferli, q.v.; kæra mál ok s., Stj. 164. saka-fullr, adj. guilty, Fms. viii. 326, Sks. 341. sakar-gipt, f. a 'charge-giving,' charge, Fms. vi. 163, vii. 293, K.Á. 174, Nj. 11. saka-lauss, adj. 'sackless,' guiltless, = saklauss (q.v.), Sks. 337; þat vilda ek at þú tækir sættir ok sjálfdæmi sakalaust (dropping the prosecution?), Lv. 30. saka-maðr, m. a man qualified as an attorney; vænn maðr, görr at sér ok s. mikill, a great litigant, Ld. 124: a man under charge, Lat. reus, Bs. i. 727: a guilty man, criminal, (mod.) sakar-spell, n. 'suit-spoil,' mispleading, by which a suit may be spoiled or lost, Grág. i. 40, Nj. 235. sakar-staðr, m. an offence, transgression; hann kvaðsk vilja góðu við hann skipta ok upp gefa sakar-staðinn, Finnb. 346; Áskéll görði Mýlaugi við jafn-mikinn ok tólf aura silfrs fyrir sakar-staði (where sakastaðr is almost identical with lögmáls-staðr); féllu hálfar bætr niðr fyrir sakastaði, þá er hann þótti á eiga, Nj. 166. sakar-taka, u, f. the taking up a suit. sakartöku-váttr, m. a witness in sakartaka, Nj. 234. sakartöku-vætti, n. a witness to a sakartaka, Nj. 36. sakar-vandræði, n. pl. litigation, Edda 18. sakar-vörn, f. = sakvörn (q.v.), Sks. 510, 542, 546. sökk, n. pl. a sinking; láta skip liggja fimm nætr í sökk (in a sinking state) þá, skulu þeir upp ausa, N.G.L. i. 102. 2. [Ulf. saggqs = GREEK; Engl. sink], a hollow, a pit; sökk síðra brúna, the pits under the brows, i.e. the eye-sockets, Ad. 8; sökk-dalir Surts, the pit-dales of S., deep abysses, Ht. sökk-Mímir, the giant of the deep, Gm., (see Mímir.) SÖKKVA, pres. sökk; pret. sökk, sökkt (sökkst), sökk; plur. sukku; subj. sykki; imperat. sökk, sökktu; part. sokkinn: [Ulf. siggqan = GREEK; A.S. sincan; Engl. sink; Germ. sinken; Dan. synke] :-- to sink; hann sökk niðr, sank down, Landn. 44, v.l.; sökk niðr hestr hans, Fms. ii. 202; sökk hón niðr með öllum farminum, Nj. 19; exin sökkr, Fær. 49. sökkva, ð and t, a causal to the preceding, [Ulf. saggqian; Dan. sænke] :-- to make to sink, sink, with dat., Fms. vi. 286, Blas. 48; ok sökðu þar niðr kistunni, Ó.H. 226; brutu á raufar ok söktu niðr, Eg. 125, (cp. Dan. bore i sænk); bar ek á sæ út ok sökða með grjóti, 656 B. 1; sökkva í fötu (dat.), to sink a pail into the well or brook, for fetching water; gékk Gunnlaugr til lækjar ok sökti í hjálminum, Ísl. ii. 269, v.l.; Egill tók hjálminn ok sökkvir (sökkr Ed.) niðr í kjölinn, ok drakk þrjá drykki mikla, Fms. xi. 233. II. reflex. to sink oneself; nú mun hón sökvask (seycquaz Ed.), Vsp. fine; sökstú (imperat. seycstu Ed.) nú gýgjar kyn, Helr. 14; hann sökðisk í hafit, Edda (pref.) i. 226; hann skaut, kom á hvalinn, ok sökðisk, Korm. 164; svá sem vagn snýsk á himni ok sökkvisk (söksk Ed.) eigi, Magn. 470, cp. Od. v. 275. Sökkva-bekkr, m. the 'sink-bench,' deep seat, the mythol. seat of Freyja, Gm., Edda. sökótt, n. adj., in the phrase, eiga sökótt, to have many enemies, Lv. 36, Eb. 54, Korm. 150, Fms. vi. 112; þykki mér vera mega, at sökótt verði nú í dag, v. 258. sök-tal, n. = saktal (q.v.), N.G.L. i. 187, Fb. i. 562. söku-dólgr, m. an enemy lying under penalty; biskup segir öllum sökudólgum sínum, at ..., Bs. i. 771 (of a person under ban); sá maðr er Ingólfr heitir, hann er sakadólgr (sic) minn, Fs. 63; sökudólgar (the murderers) hygg ek síðla muni kallaðir frá kvölum, Sól. 24; mun þat ekki upp tekit af sökudólgum mínum, Nj. 257. söku-nautr, m. = sökudólgr; s. várr (= Lat. reus) býðr okkr Guðmund til görðar, Ölk. 35; svá sem vér fyrir-gefum várum sökunautum, Hom. 158 (Lord's Prayer); skal hann bjóða skapdróttni hans til með váttum ok bjóða eigi sökunautum hans, N.G.L. i. 33.

621 SÖKVÖRN -- TAFL.

sök-vörn, f. = sakvörn (q.v.), Nj. 232. SÖL, n. pl., gen. pl. sölva; an eatable sea-plant, perh. the samphire; ber ok söl eigu menn at eta sem vilja at úsekju í annars landi, Grág. ii. 347; hvat er nú, dóttir, tyggr þú nökkut ... ? Tygg ek söl, segir hón ... slíkt görir at er sölin etr, þyrstir æ því meirr, Eg. 604, 605; freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: sölva-fjara, u, f. right of picking samphire; kirkja á sölvafjöru til búnautnar öllum heima-mönnum, Vm. 96. sölva-kaup, n. pl. purchase of samphire, Sturl. i. 18. sölva-nám, n. samphire-picking; s. ok þangskurð eiga Gaulverjar, Vm. 18. sölna, að, to be begrimed. SÖLR, adj. [A.S. salu, salwig; O.H.G. salo; Engl. sallow], yellow, of linen or the like: a pr. name, Söl-mundr, Landn. sölsa, að, to rob; s. e-ð undir sig, to get by covetousness and avarice. Sölvi, a, m. a pr. name, the 'Sallow(?),' Landn. sömu-leiðis, adj. likewise, N.T. söndugr, adj. [sandr], sandy, Stj. 96, Fms. vi. (in a verse). söngla, að, (söngra, Mag. 8), to make a rattling sound, like pebbles; spratt járnit á gólfit svá at sönglaði við hátt, Fms. v. 255; en er hann heyrði at grjótið sönglaði, Grett. 134 A; þá söngraði í lokinu ok síðan spratt upp hurðin, Mag. 8. SÖNGR, m., old dat. söngvi, later söng; gen. acc. pl. söngva: [Ulf. saggus, = GREEK; a common Teut. word] :-- a song, singing, music: þeir lásu aptan-sönginn, varð söngrinn eigi greiðligr, Fms. vii. 152; strengjum ok allskyns söng, Skálda; fagrlig samhljóðan söngsins, Bs. i. 240; syngja með fögrum söng, El. 21; fugla-s., a bird's song; svana-s., a swan-song; söngvi svana, Edda (in a verse); vápn-s., a 'weapon-song,' clash of weapons, Akv. 2. a chanting, of Ave Marias, etc.; heita föstum, fégjöfum ok söngum, lítið varð af söngum, Skíða R.; yfir-söngvar, Bs. i. 242: lága-s., q.v. (in the mass); tví-s., q.v. 3. a song, lay; ok er þessa næst upphaf sanganna (gen. pl. sic), Str. 1; með kveðskap ok söngum, Bret. 48; man-söngr, a love-song; Grotta-s., the name of a poem, Edda 79, (ljóð þau er kallat er G.); söngs-íþrótt, music, Clem. 33. söngva-dikt, n. a song, composition, Stj. 560. B. COMPDS: söng-bók, f. a song-book, chant-book, missal, Vm. 15, 47, 55; söngbókar skrá, Pm. 24. söng-færi, n. pl. musical instruments, Stj. 181, 407, 631, Fms. vii. 97, Al. 71. söng-hljóð, n. pl. singing, tunes, music, Fb. ii. 16, Stj. 632. söng-hljómr, m. the ring of music, Mar. söng-hús, n. a choir, N.G.L. i. 348, Fms. viii. 25, ix. 18, 19, xi. 271, Eb. 10, Grág. i. 460, Vm. passim, Stat. 267; 'sanctum sanctorum' er vér kollum sönghús, Stj. 563; sönghúss dyrr, horn, pallr, sylla, tjald, N.G.L. i. 348, Fms. vii. 230, viii. 25. ix. 26, Bs. i. 670, Vm. 64, Sturl. ii. 125. söng-kórr, m. = sönghús. söng-lauss, adj. without service, Ann. 1232. söng-list, f. music, Stj. 45, 86, Bs. i. 220, 239 (en einn sæmiligan prestmann er Rikini hét, kapalin sinn, fékk hann til at kenna sönglist ok versa-görð). söng-maðr, m. a singing-man; mikill raddmaðr ok s., Bs. i. 127; íþrótta-menn ok söngmenn, 655 v. 1. söng-mær, f. a 'singing maid,' a kind of bell; klukkur, söngmeyjar tvær, D.I. i. 476; Postula-klokkur ok enn söngmeyjar fimm, Bs. i. 858. söng-nám, n. the learning of music; kenndi sira Valþjófr s. (in the cathedral of Hólar), Bs. i. 850. söng-prestr, m. a priest who chants mass, Pm. 60. söng-raust, f. a singing voice, Fms. ii. 199, Hom. söng-skrá, f. a music-book, Pm. 98. söng-tól, n. pl. 'song-tools,' instruments to accompany singing, Ó.H. 86, Stj. 49. söngra, að, = söngla, Mag. 8. söngvari, a, m. a singer; sæmiligr s., Bs. i. 832. söngvinn, adj., hann var s. ok mikill bænahalds-maðr, Ann. 1341; hann var ú-söngvinn ok trúlauss, Grett. 111. sönnun, f. a proof, evidence; see sannan. Sörkvir, m., qs. Sverkir, m., [akin to svarkr, q.v.], a pr. name and a nickname, Landn., Fagrsk. Sörli, a, m. [the root is Goth. sarwa = GREEK; A.S. searo; O.H.G. saro, ga-sarawi; mid.H.G. ge-serwe = Lat. armatura] :-- a pr. name, Hðm. (the son of king Jonakr), Landn., Sarius of Jornandes; the -li in Sör-li is a dimin. inflex., which would in Goth. be sarwi-la, since freq. as a pr. name, Landn., Lv. Sörla-stikki, the name of a poem, see stikki. II. meton, a gross, rough fellow is called sörli, (from the romance of Sörli the Strong?), whence sörla-ligr, adj., and sörlast, að, to go about as a sörli. SÖRVI, pl. sörvar, for the root see the preceding word, a lady's necklace of stones; sörva gefn, sörva Rindr, the goddess of the s., i.e. a woman, Kormak; in prose, in the compd steina-sörvi (seyrvi), a stone necklace; höggr á hálsinn ok brast við furðu hátt ok koni á stein þann í sörvinu, er þokask hafði, Ísl. ii. 364; þat var í forneskju kvenna-búnaðr er kallat var steina-sörvi er þær höfðu á hálsi sér, Edda 68; hón tekr ór serk sér steina-seyrvi mikit er hón átti ok dregr á háls honum, Ísl. ii. 343; hón tók eitt steina-sörvi ok batt um háls honum, Fas. iii. 443, cp. Worsaac, Nos. 90, 397: armour, sörva hyrr, the armour-fire, i.e. the sword, Vellekla. II. a band of men, sörvar; seven men make a sörvar, Edda 108. sötra, ð, see sautra. T T (té), the nineteenth letter, was in the Runic alphabets represented by RUNE, and in later Runes also by RUNE; its name was Týr -- 'Týr er einhendr Ása,' in the Runic poem; a marked RUNE, 'stunginn Týr' represented the d. Týr was the first of the third and last group in the alphabet, T b l m y, which was therefore called Týs-ætt, or the family of Tý, cp. the introduction to letters F and H. B. CHANGES. -- T is sounded as in English. Various kinds of assimilation take place with this letter, -- dt into tt, e.g. neuters of adjectives, gótt, ótt, blítt, qs. góð-t, óð-t, blíð-t, see góðr, óðr, blíðr: ht or kt into tt, sótt from sjúkr (Goth. sauhts), see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1: nt into tt, stuttr, brattr, vöttr, for stunt, brant, vant; vittr (i.e. vetr) for vintr: ndt into tt, as statt, batt, bitt, vatt, hritt, hratt, qs. standt, bandt, bindt, from standa, binda, vinda, hrinda: the mod. preterites, benti, lenti, synti, kynti, from benda, lenda, synda, kynda, qs. bend-ti, lend-li, where the ancients have bendi, lendi, etc.: tþ into t or tt, as imperatives, viltú, sittú, vittú, vertú, for vil-þú, sit-þú, vit-þú, ver-þú: also in mod. pronunciation, tótt for topt, bátt for bágt: tt for t after a long vowel or diphthong, mjó-tt, fá-tt, há-tt, smá-tt, ný-tt, from mjó-r, fá-r, há-r, smá-r, ný-r: kð, pð, into kt, pt, sekt, vakti, dýpt, dreypti; older and better, sekð, dýpð, see introduction to letter D. In some Norwegian vellums a digraph tð is used for ð, etða, matðr, atðrum, þatðan, smitðja, ytðru, = eða, maðr, aðrum, þaðan, smiðja, yðru, see Þiðr. (pref. xvi): also stn for sn, stnúa, stnjór, for snúa, snjór, see introduction to letter S. II. an initial t, as is remarked by Prof. Bugge, has become k in the words kvistr, kvísl, qs. tvistr, tvísl (from tví-). III. following Grimm's law the Teut. t answers to Gr. and Lat. d, GREEK- = tor-, GREEK = tár, GREEK = tré, GREEK = tigr, Lat. d&o-short;mo = temja, videre = vita, sedere = sitja, and so on. 2. the Norse t, as well as Engl., answers to High Germ. z, Icel. tíð, tal, = Germ. zeit, zahl, etc. tabarðr, m. [for. word; Low Lat. tabardum], a tabard, Bs. i. 876; vás-t., a rain-tabard, D.N.: a nickname, Fms. vii. tabula, tabola, u, f. [for. word; Lat. tabula], a picture, altar-piece, Mar., Fms. vii. 159, 194, Bs. i. 143. tabúr, n. [for. word; through Fr. from Arabic atambor], a tabour, tambourine, Karl. 157, 284. TAÐ, n., pl. töð, Stj. 344 :-- manure, dung; reiða tað á akrland, Bs. i. 348; síðan hulðu þeir með taði ok ráku inn svínin, ok tráðu þau niðr taðit, Fms. x. 269 (i. 213); akrlanda skiptis ok svá taðs, Grág. ii. 260, v.l.; hrossa-tað, horse-dung; sauða-tað, sheep-dung; but kúa-myki. COMPDS: tað-fall, n. droppings of manure, Gþl. 354. tað-kláfr, m., -hrip, n. a dung-box, dung-cart. tað-skegglingar, m. pl. dung-beards, a soubriquet, for which see Nj. 67. taða, u, f., gen. pl. taðna, Grág. ii. 257, [tað], the hay from the well-manured home-field (see tún), Nj. 67; þá er þar útbeit svá góð nautum, at þat er kallat jamnt ok stakkr töðu, Eg. 711; auka sína töðu, Grág. ii. 257; raka töðu sína alla saman í stór-sæti, Eb. 224; var þá svá komit heyverkum at Fróðá at taða öll var slegin, en full-þurr nær helmingrinn, 260; veðr er gott, sagði hann, ok mun skína af í dag, skolu þér slá í töðu í dag, en vér munum annan dag hirða hey várt, 152; taðan stóð úti umhverfis húsin í stór-sæti, Bandkr. 59; hann setti fyrir tveggja yxna sleða, ok ók saman alla töðu sína, Landn. 94; hey heima ok útangarðs nær fjórum tigum faðma toðu en mjök svá engi úthey, Dipl. v. 18; sjá um bú sitt meðan töður manna eru undir, Nj. 193. 2. the home-field, infield; Vali beitir töður órar, Kormak; töður ok engjar, the infields and outfields, Grág. ii. 217; menn eigu ok at brjóta jörð ef þeir vilja til taðna sér, 257; ok er hann hafði lokit heimatöðunni, when he had done mowing the infield, Finnb. 340; svá görisk at þessu mikill gangr, at þat beit upp alla töðuna, Krók. 5 new Ed. COMPDS: töðu-alinn, part. fed on infield hay, of a horse, Lv. 19. töðu-annir, f. pl. the season for mowing the infield, beginning a little before the Icel. midsummer time, the middle of July, from the 12th to the 14th week of the summer, see Icel. Almanack; in 1872 it falls on the 13th of July; after the töðuannir follows the engja-sláttr, or mowing the open outfields, Nj. 192. töðu-garðr, m. a stack-yard of infield hay, Sturl. i. 83. töðu-gjöld, n. pl. a kind of 'churn-feast' in Icel., when all the infield-hay is dry, stacked, and housed, and a kind of porridge, called töðugjalda-grautr, is given with cream to the labourers. töðu-gæft, n. adj. hay as good as if it were infield, of hay grown in an outlying field. töðu-göltr, m. a home-boar, kept grazing at home, Fs. 141. töðu-verk, n. the making hay in the infield, Finnb. 340. töðu-völlr, m. a manured infield, Grág. ii. 259, Háv. 46. tafar-, delay; see töf. tafernis-hús, n. [for. word; Lat. taberna], a tavern, Rétt., Mar. TAFL, n., pl. töfl, [from the Lat. tabula, but borrowed at a very early time, for it is used even in the oldest poems] :-- a game, like the Old Engl. tables or draughts, used also of the old hneftafl (q.v.), and later of chess and various other games; sitja at hnef-tafli, ...

622 TAFLBORÐ -- TAKA.

Hvitserkr ok Sigurðr láta þegar falla niðr taflit, Fas. i. 285; leika skák-tafl, 523; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höfð ok sagna-skemtan, ok mart þat er til híbýla-bótar mátti vera, Þorf. Karl. 407; þeir bitusk bæði um tafl ok kvátru, Sturl. i. 173; vera at tafli, Fs. 40; Valdimarr konungr lék at skáktafli ... konungr sá eigi af taflinu, Fms. xi. 365; konungr bar aptr tafl hans, Ó.H. 167; konungr sat ok teflði hneftafl, ok nefndi maðrinn töfl (fem. sing.) konungs, ... taflmaðrinn ætlaði at konungr mundi tala til taflsins, Fms. vi. 29; leika at tafli, Ó.H. 167: þá skildi á um tafl, of chess, Sturl. iii. 123; tafl em ek örr at efla, iþróttir kann ek níu, Orkn. (in a verse); ek em maðr hagari ok teflig hneftafl betr, Mork. 186; tefldi annarr Austmaðr við heima-mann Þorgils ... kallaði Austmaðr á Sigurð at hann réði um taflit með honum, þvíat hann kunni þat sem aðrar iþróttir, ok er hann leit á, þótti honum mjök farit vera taflit, ... en taflit svarfaðisk, 204, 205; um daginn eptir tefldi Grímr við Austmann ok rann at borðinu sveinn ok rótaði taflinu, Dropl. 31; Eiðr sat at tafli ok synir hans tveir, Ísl. ii. 359, Vigl. 17; jafnan skemtu þau Helga sér at tafli ok Gunnlaugr, Ísl. ii. 205: the pieces were of gold and silver, cp. gullnar-töflur, Vsp.; þar sátu konur tvær ok léku at hnet-tafli, ok var taflit allt steypt af silfri enn gyllt allt it rauða ... en hann hefði taflit ok þat er fylgði, Gullþ. 20; taflborð ok tafl af lýsi-gulli gört, Fas. iii. 627: of walrus, tennr eigi stærri en göra má mjök stór knífskepti af eðr tafl, Sks. 127, cp. Skíða R. 164, Worsaae, Nos. 560-563; hnefa-tafl, skák-tafl, goða-tafl: in the phrases, verða tafli seinni, to be too late; Snorri kvað enn farit hafa sem fyrr, at þeir höfðu orðit tafli seinni enn Arnkell, Eb. 166; nú eru brögð í tafli, a trick in the game, foul play, Fas. iii. 607; merkti Ögmundr biskup at þá vóru brögð í tafli ok líkaði stórílla, Bs. ii. 318, cp. Þryml. 13; jarl kvað Aron svá tafli teflt hafa við sik (played him such a game), at okkur sambúð mun skömm vera, Bs. i. 632. 2. also of dice-throwing, dicing; en þeim er leggr fé við tafl eðr aðra hluti, verðar fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. ii. 198; enn eru þeir hlutir er þú skalt flýja ok varask, þat er drykkja, tafl, portkonur, Sks. 26, B. COMPDS: tafl-borð, n. a chess-board (for playing the hneftafl or chess), Ó.H. 167, Fas. iii. 627, Mag. 43: a board, tray, Fms. x. 15, 109 (a board to carry the crown jewels on). tafl-brögð, n. pl. feats of playing; t. Úlfs jarls, Fb. ii. 283; eigi skildi minna glímu þeirra en tafl-brögð, Vígl. 17. tafi-byrðingr = tal-byrðingr (q.v.), see Rb. tafl-fé, n. a bet, Mag. tafl-kast, n. dice-throwing, Sks. 436 B. tafl-maðr, m. a player (at chess or hneftafl), Fms. vi. 29. tafl-pungr, m. a bag for the pieces, Gullþ. 20. tafl-speki, f. skill in playing, Mirm. tafla, u, f. a piece in a game of tables; gullnar töflur, Vsp. (gull-tafla); hnef-tafla ... nú skulu vér skjóta töfluna ór höfði sveininum, Fms. ii. 271; mun ek setja at inni rauðu töflunni, Fas. ii. 67; ok skýtr Sjólfr þar ofan töfluna, 267; hann greip upp töfluna, ok setti halann á kinnbein Þorbirni, Grett. 161 new Ed. II. like tafli, a tablet, any square-formed board; altaris-t., an altar-piece: mathem. the table, stóra, litla-t. TAFN, n. [cp. Lat. daps; Gr. GREEK; the Greek word is analogous to sóa, which means to sacrifice and then to waste] :-- a sacrifice, = Lat. victima, hostia, but only in a heathen sense, and obsolete; heilagt tafn, the holy sacrifice, Hd.; Gauts tafn, the victims of Odin, i.e. the slain, who in the heathen creed were an offering to Odin, the god of victory, Landn. (in a verse). 2. a bloody prey, poët.; tafn fékksk hrafni, tafns leitandi hrafnar, hrafn fagnaði tafni, hrafn á ylgjar tafni, bola tafn und kló hrafni, Lex. Poët, (in all these references 'tafn' is used by the poets to rhyme to hrafn); val-tafn, id.; gefa ærit tafn hrafni ok vargi, Karl. 152: in old eccl. writers, sæfa töfn, Stj. 348; tafn Guðs, 310 (victima Domini, Vulgate); fórn ok töfn, 655 xxiii. 1; fórnir ok töfn, id. tafsa, see tapsa. taf-samr, adj. dilatory. tafsi, a, m. a scrap, shred, [tafs = filings, Ivar Aasen.] TAGL, n., pl. tögl, (Ulf. tagl = GREEK; A.S. tægel; O.H.G. zakal; Engl. tail; Swed. tagel] :-- prop. hair, but only found in the sense of, II. a horse's tail (cp. skopt and skott); hvárki toppr né tagl, Fas. i. 80, 486 (in a verse); skera tagl ór hrossum, ... ef maðr bindr tagl í munn hrossi, Grág. i. 383; ef maðr skerr tagl ór stóðhesti manns, þat varðar skóggang, ef maðr skerr tagl ór þinghesti manns eða þess manns hesti er í brúðför er, þá varðar fjörbaugs-garð, 441 (riding a horse with a docked tail has always in Icel. been looked on as a disgrace, hence the heavy penalty), cp. Fas. i. 80 (höggit ór rófurnar ok skerit ór toppanna); töglin fylgja hánum (há = the hide of a horse), Hallgr.; hann tók í taglit annarri hendi, Grett. 108: of a cow's tail, Gþl. 399. 2. a horse-hair rope, for trussing hay (reip-tagl), see högld (tögl og hagldir). tagl-skurðr, m. the docking a horse's tail, Grág. i. 441. TAK, n. [taka], a taking hold, a hold; urðu menn konungi því verri til taks sem hann þurfti meirr, i.e. they slipped out of the king's hold, forsook him, Fb. ii. 304: a hold, grasp, esp. in wrestling or fighting (cp. Dan. tav, tage et tav), laust hann hestinn af takinu, Rb. 299, Grett. 69 new Ed.; af mæði ok stórum tökum, Bs. i. 634; halda fasta-tökum, with a firm grasp; lausa-tök, q.v.; Grettis-tak, the lift of Grettir the Strong, a name for those boulders which would require Herculean strength to lift them; so also, það er tak, 'tis a heavy task, as of cleaning an Augean stable. 2. medic. a stitch, also tak-sótt. II. as a law term, chattels; hann skal færa tak sitt ok hey af landi því, er hann bjó á, Grág. ii. 249 (cp. tak-fæð 'lack of holding,' i.e. poverty; fá-tækr, 'few-holding,' i.e. with few means, poor); í-tak, q.v. 2. seizure; dæmdum mér Heilagri kirkju fyrir takit þrjár merkr, D.N. iv. 231. 3. bail, security; æsta taks, D.I. i. 66, N.G.L. i. 47, passim; synja taks, to refuse bail, id.; nú æstir maðr taks annan, nú skal engi öðrum taks synja, fá honum tak samdægris, ... varðar bú hans taki ... þá skal hann vera mánað í því taki ef hann æstir laga-taks, 47; ganga í tak fyrir e-n, segjask ór taki ... eigi skal hann lengr í taki vera, ... nú ef hann á kaupskip þat er sessum má telja, þá má þat varða taki fyrir hann, l.c. ch. 102; færa tak fyrir (to bring bail), ... fá mann í tak fyrir sik, 154; leiða mann í tak fyrir sik, ii. 264; sækja þat mál með takum sem aðrar fjársóknir, 191; ok færi sá, er taksettr var, tak með fullum vörðslum, id.; sitja í tökum, to sit as bail; þá skal þræll í tökum sitja til hann hefir undan færzk eða hann er sannr at, i. 85; selja, skjóta fé undan tökum, 154; ok fé hans allt í tökum á meðan, 306; laga-tak, legal bail; kyrrsetu-tak, security; brautar-tak, 44; trausta-tak, in the phrase, taka e-ð trausta-taki; taks-æsting, a demanding bail, D.I. i. 66: the word is chiefly a Norse law term, and hardly occurs in the Icel. law, of the Commonwealth. TAKA, pres. tek, tekr; tökum, takit, taka; pret. tók, tókt (tókst), tók, pl. tóku; subj. tæki (tœki); imperat. tak, taktú; part. tekinn: with neg. suff. tek'k-at ek, I take not, Kristni S. (in a verse); tak-a-ttu, take thou not, Fas. i. (in a verse); tekr-at, Grág. (Kb.) i. 9: [Ulf. têkan, pret. taitok = GREEK; Swed. take; Dan. tage, sounded t&a-long;, 'du tar det ikke, vil du ta det;' Engl. take is a word borrowed from the Dan., which gradually displaced the Old Engl. niman.] A. To take hold of, seize, grasp; taka sér alvæpni, Eg. 236; tóku menn sér þar byrðar ok báru út, Egill tók undir hönd sér mjöð-drekku, 237; nú taki hest minn, ok skal ek ríða eptir honum, 699; tóku þeir skíð sín ok stigu á, 545; hann tók inni vinstri hendi spjótið ok skaut, Nj. 42; lauk upp kistu ok tók upp góð kvennmanna-klæði, Ld. 30; hann tekr nú bogann, ... tekr nú kaðal einn, Fas. ii. 543; taka upp net, K.Þ.K. 90; hross skal maðr taka ok teyma ok hepta, þótt heilagt sé, id. 2. to seize; þeir tóku þar herfang mikit, Nj. 43; tóku skipit ok allt þat er á var, Fms. vii. 249; þeir tóku þar skútu, viii. 438; tóku skip hans, landtjald, klæði, ix. 275; taka fé okkat allt með ráni, Nj. 5; engi maðr skal fyrir öðrum taka, Gþl. 473; hann leiddi þik til arfs ... munu taka óvinir þínir ef þú kemr eigi til, Nj. 4; þeir tóku bæinn, seized, Sturl. ii. 149; kona hafði tekit (stolen) ... ok vildi hann refsa henni, Fms. vii. 330. 3. to catch; Skotar munu hafa tekit njósnir allar, Nj. 126; standi menn upp ok taki hann, 130; hann skyldi taka hundinn, 114; þeir tóku á sundi mann einn, Fms. vii. 225; gröf, at taka í dýr, Flóv. 33; taka höndum, to lay hold of, take captive, Nj. 114, 275; in a good sense, Fms. x. 314. 4. taka e-n af lífi, to take one from life, Fms. x. 3, Eg. 70; taka e-n af lífdögum, id., Fms. vii. 204: ellipt., taka af (af-taka), to take one off, put to death, Js. 23; taka e-n af nafni ok veldi, to deprive of ..., Eg. 268; tóku þeir af eignum jarla konungs, Fms. i. 6: taka af e-m, to take a thing from one, x. 421, Nj. 103, 131, Eg. 120, Ld. 288; taka frá e-m, to take from, off, Nj. 253, K.Þ.K. 48; taka ofan, to take down, pull down, Nj. 119, 168; taka ór, to set apart, 232; taka undir sik, to take under oneself, subject, Fms. x. 24: to take charge of, Nj. 110, Eg. 725: taka upp, to take up, pick up, assume, 23. 5. to take, grasp; taka í hönd e-m, to shake hands, Nj. 129; taka á lopti, to interrupt, Fms. x. 314; taka í ketil, of the ordeal, Grág. i. 381, Gkv. 3. 7; taka í jörð, to graze, of an animal, Bs. i. 338; jó lætr til jarðar taka, Skm. 15; skulu þér láta taka niðr hesta yðra, to graze a little, Band. 14 new Ed.; tók einn þeirra niðr í sinn klæðsekk, Stj. II. metaph., taka upphaf, to begin, Hom. 49; taka vöxt ok þroska, to increase, Rb. 392; taka konungdóm, Eg. 646; taka ráð, 49; taka skírn, 770; taka trú, to take the faith, become a Christian, Nj. 273; taka hvíld, to take rest, 43, 115; taka á sik svefn, 252; taka ræðu, to begin a parley, Eg. 578; taka umræðu, id., Nj. 146; þau taka þá tal, Ld. 72, Fms. ii. 254; taka nærri sér, see nær l. 2; taka á sik göngu, Fbr. 101 new Ed.; taka á sik svefn, Nj.; taka eld, to light a fire, 199; taka e-n orðum, to address; taka í sætt, to receive into reconciliation, Eg. 168; taka sættir, to accept terms, id. (also taka sættum, id.); taka þenna kost, 280; taka samheldi, Fms. ix. 344; ok tóku þat fastliga, at friðr skyldi standa, declared firmly that, x. 40, v.l.; taka stefnu, to fix a meeting, xi. 400; tóku þeir stefnu í milli sín, 402; nú er svá tekið um allt landit, at ..., fixed by law that ..., Gþl. 275; þeir tóku fastmælum sín í milli, at ..., Bret. 82; taki í lög, to take into fellowship, Fms. xi. 96; lög-taka, cp. lófa-tak, vápna-tak; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð enn þú vildir engi af taka, thou wouldst accept none of them, Nj. 77; tók hann þann kost af, at leggja allt á konungs vald, Fms. iv. 224; ok þat tóku þeir af, ix. 367; Ólafr kvaðsk þat mundu af taka, Ld. 72; taka e-t til ráðs, or taka ráðs, bragðs, to resort to, Nj. 75, 124, 199: also, taka e-t til, to resort to, 26, Fms. xi, 253, passim (til-tæki); taka mót, to receive, Edda 15; taka e-t við, to

TAKA. 623

receive in return, Fms. ii. 269; taka bætr fyrir e-t, xi. 253; með því þú görir sem ek býð þér, skaltú nökkuð eptir taka, take some reward for it, Ld. 44; þat er bæði at vér róum hart, enda mun nú mikit eptir taka, a great reward, Finnb. 232 (eptir-tekja); taka fæðu, to take food; taka corpus Domini, Mar.; taka samsæti, Fms. ii. 261; taka arf, Eg. 34; taka erfð, Gþl. 241; taka fé eptir föður sinn, Fms. xi. 47; taka laun, Nj. 68; taka veizlu, to take, receive a veizla (q.v.), Fms. xi. 239; konungr ... hann tekr (receives) af mörgum, skal hann því mikit gefa, 217; taka mikit lof, x. 367; taka helgun af Guði, Rb. 392; taka heilsu, to recover, Stj. 624; ek skal taka hæði-yrði af þér, Nj. 27; taka af honum rán ok manntjón, Ld. 64; taka úskil af íllum mönnum, Greg. 44; taka píslir ok dauða, 656 B. 30; drap hann þar menn nökkura, þótti mönnum hart at taka þat af útlendum manni, Bs. i. 19; þeir tóku mikinn andróða, Fms. viii. 438; taka andviðri, Eg. 87; þeir tóku norðan-veðr hörð, were overtaken by, Nj. 124; taka sótt, to be taken sick or ill (North E. to take ill), 29, Fms. xi. 97, Eg. 767; taka þyngd. id., Ísl. ii. 274; taka fótar-mein, Nj. 219; taka úgleði, to get out of spirits, Eg. 322; hann tók þá fáleika ok úgleði, Fms. vii. 103; hann tók langt kaf, 202; taka arftaki, to adopt, Grág. i. 232; taka konung, to take, elect a king, Fms. ix. 256; taka konu, to take a wife, x. 397; hann kvángaðisk ok tók bróður-dóttur þess manns er Finnr hét, 406; tók Magnús konungr Margrétu, 413; taka konu brott nauðga, to carry off a woman, Grág. i. 353; tók hann þá til háseta, he hired them, Eg. 404; taka far or fari, Landn. 307, Grág. ii. 406 (far, ii. 3); taka úkunna stigu, to take to unknown ways, Fms. viii. 30; taka ferð, to start, Stj.; taka til konungs, or the like, Eg. 367, 400, Fms. vii. 252; taka til siðar, Sks. 313; taka e-n vel, to receive well; ok taki ér, herra, vel þá Hjalta ok Gizur, Bs. i. 19; tók Skota-konuugr hann vel, Fms. xi. 419; taka e-t þvert, to take a thing crossly, deny flatly, Nj. 26; taka fyrir e-t, to stop, interrupt, refuse, Fms. x. 251. III. to reach, stretch forth, touch; hann beit skarð, allt þat er tennr tóku, Eg. 605; eigi djúpara enn þeim tók undir hendr, Ld. 78; skurðrinn tók á framan-verðan bakkann, Krók.; hyrnan tók andlitið, Nj. 253; rödd tekr eyru, Skálda 175; döggskórinn tók niðr akrinn upp-standanda, Fas. i. 173; hafði flóð tekit þær, swept them away, Fms. xi. 393; spjót langskept svá at vel taki skipa meðal, Sks. 385; nef hans tók austr til landsenda ... véli-fjarðar tóku norðr í Finnabú, Fms. viii. 10; tekr mörkin náliga allt it efra suðr, Eg. 58; þvíat ekki tek ek heim í kveld, Nj. 275; mun ek taka þangat í dag? Hbl.; bóndans bót tekr fyrir (encompasses) konu, hans ok börn ok hjón, N.G.L. i. 341; taka niðri, to take the ground, of a ship or thing floating, Fas. iii. 257; svá at upp tekr um klaufir, Boll. 336; at eigi tæki hann (acc.) regnit, Stj. 594; skulu vér varask, at eigi taki oss þau dæmi, Hom. 70; svá mikit er uxa-húð tekr yfir, Fas. i. 288; nær því er þú sér at taka mun en ekki ór hófi, Sks. 21; hundr bundinn svá at taki eigi til manna, Grág. ii. 119; taka höndum upp, to lift up hands, Bs. i. 735, Edda 22; ek sé fram undir brekkuna, at upp taka spjóts-oddar fimtán, Finnb. 286; þetta smíði (Babel) tók upp ór veðrum, Edda 146 (pref.); hárit tók ofan á belti, Nj. 2; stöpul er til himins tæki, 645. 71; hér til tekr en fyrsta bók, reaches here, 655 vii. 4; taka mátti hendi til fals, Eg. 285; þeir tóku fram árum, took the oars, Fms. vii. 288; smeygði á sik ok tók út höndunum, 202; þeir tóku undun, to escape, viii. 438: to reach, land, take harbour, gaf honum vel byri ok tóku Borgarfjörð, Nj. 10; tóku þeir Friðar-ey, 268; þeir tóku land á Melrakka-sléttu, Ísl. ii. 246; byrjaði vel ok tóku Noreg, Ld. 72, 310; tóku þar land sem heitir Vatnsfjörðr, Landn. 30: ellipt., hann tók þar sem nú heitir Herjólfs-höfn, id.; þeir tóku fyrir sunnan land, 175. 2. to take, hold, of a vessel; ketill or tók tvær tunnur, Fb. i. 524; lands þess er tæki (of the value of) fjóra tigi hundraða, Sturl. i. 98, v.l.; hringrinn tók tólf hundruð mórend, Nj. 225: so in the phrase, það tekr því ekki, it is not worth the while; þann enn eina grip er hann átti svá at fé tæki, the sole object of value he had, Bs. i. 636. 3. spec. usages; fara sem fætr mega af taka, Finnb. 288; konur æpa sem þær megu mest af taka, Al. 47, (aftak, aftaka-veðr, q.v.), Karl. 109, 196; fóru hvárir-tveggju sem af tók, went as fast as possible, Fms, iv. 304; hann sigldi suðr sem af tók, Eg. 93: in the phrase, taka mikinn, lítinn ... af e-u, to make much, little of, take it to heart or lightly; mikit tekr þú af þessu, thou takest it much to heart, Lv. 10; öngan tek ek af um liðveizlu við þik, I will not pledge myself as to helping thee, Ld. 105; eigi töku vér mikit af at tortryggva þá bók, þótt mart sé undarligt í sagt, we will not strongly question the truth of the book, although many wonders are told therein, Sks. 78; Óspakr kvað hana mikit af taka, said he used very strong language, Ld. 216; mikinn tekr þú af, segir konungr, thou settest much by it, said the king, Fms. vi. 206: munda ek sýnu minna hafa af tekit ef ek væra údrukkinn, I would have kept a better tongue, xi. 112; Þórvarðr tók eigi af fyrir útanferð sína, did not quite refuse the going abroad, Sturl. iii. 244; hann kvaðsk eigi taka mega af því hvat mælt væri, he did not much mind what folks said, Nj. 210; hón tók lítið af öllu, said little about it, took it coolly, Eg. 322; tók hann minna af enn áðr við Íslendinga, he spoke not so strongly of them as he used to do, Glúm. 328; ok er sendi-menn kómu tók hann lítið af, Fms. x. 101; Flosi svaraði öllu vel, en tók þó lítið af, F. gave a civil but reserved answer, Nj. 180. IV. with prepp.; taka af hesti, to take (the saddle) off a horse, Nj. 4, 179; taka af sér ópit, to cease weeping, Ölk. 35; taka skriðinn af skipinu, Fms. ii. 305; taka e-t af, to abolish, vii. 1, x. 152, Ísl. ii. 258 :-- taka á e-u, to touch (á-tak), Nj. 118; þegar sem nær þeim er komit ok á þeim tekit, Stj. 76; sá er tekr fyrst á funa, Gm.; þat er ok, áðr þeir taki á dómum sinum (ere they deliver sentence), at þeir skolu eið vinna áðr, Grág. i. 64; taka vel, auðvelliga, lítt, ekki vel, ílla ... á e-u, to take a thing so and so, take it well, in good part, ill, in ill part, etc., Ld. 50, 248, Fms. xi. 124, Nj. 206, 265; Gunnarr talaði fátt um ok tók á öngu úlíkliga, 40; tak glaðan á (cheerfully) við konunginn, Fms. xi. 112; þeir höfðu sagt hversu hann hafði á tekit þeim feðgum, Rd. 284; Leifr tekr á þessu eigi mjök, Fb. ii. 397; tók Börkr (á) því seinliga, Eb. 15 new Ed. :-- taka eptir, to notice, observe, Sturl. i. 2 (eptir-tekt) :-- taka móti, to withstand, resist, Nj. 261, Fms. ix. 307, 513 (mót-tak) :-- taka með, to reserve, accept, iv. 340, xi. 427 (með-taka): taka við, hann tókþar ok við mörg önnur dæmi, bæði konunga æfi, he tacked to it many records, the lives of kings, etc., Ó.H. (pref.): this isolated phrase has led editors (but wrongly) to substitute hann 'jók' þar við :-- taka aptr, to take back, render void, undo, Bs. i. 631, Nj. 191, Sks. 775; eigi má aptr taka unnit verk, a saying, Fms. ii. 11: to recall, unsay, mun ek þau orð eigi aptr taka, Ld. 42, Fms. ii. 253 :-- taka í, to pull off; taktu í hann, to pull his stocking off :-- taka um, to take hold of, grasp, Eg. 410, Hkr. ii. 322 :-- taka upp, to pick up, assume; niðr at fella ok upp at taka, 625. 68, Eg. 23; taka upp borð, to put up the tables before a meal; tekr upp borð ok setr fyrir þá Butralda, Fbr. 37; vóru borð upp tekin um alla stofuna ok sett á vist, Eg. 551: but also to remove them after a meal ( = taka borð ofan), 408, Hkr. ii. 192, Fms. i. 41, Orkn. 246 (see borð II); taka upp vist, to put food on the table, Vm. 168; taka upp bygð sína, to remove one's abode, passim; taka upp, of a body, to take up, disinter, Hkr. ii. 388; taka upp, to seize on, confiscate, Nj. 73, 207, Ld. 38, Eg. 73; þeir tóku upp (laid waste) þorp þat er heitir Tuma-þorp, Fms. i. 151; var þá tekin upp bygð Hrolleifs, Fs. 34; hón tekr þat mart upp er fjarri er mínum vilja, Nj. 6l; at þú gefir ró reiði ok takir þat upp er minnst vandræði standi af, 175; taka upp verknað, to take up work, Ld. 34; taka upp stærð, to take to pride, Fms. x. 108; halda upp-teknu efni, i. 263; taka upp sök, mál, to take up a case, Nj. 31, 71, 231: to interpret, eigi kann ek öðruvís at ráða þenna draum ... glíkliga er upp tekit, Sturl. iii. 216; ok skal svá upp taka 'síks glóð,' þat er 'gull,' Edda 127; kvæði, ef þau eru rétt kveðin ok skynsamliga upp tekin, Hkr. (pref.); tók hann svá upp, at honum væri eigi úhætt, Fms. ix. 424; drykk ok vistir svá sem skipit tók upp, as the ship could take, iv. 92; er þat skip mikit, ok mun þat taka oss upp alla, Nj. 259; þat hjóna er meira lagði til félags skal meira upp taka, Gþl. 220; þótti þeim í hönd falla at taka upp land þetta hjá sér sjálfum, Ld. 210; skal sá sem at Kálfafelli býr taka upp vatn at sínum hlut, Vm. 168; taka upp giptu hjá Dana-konungi, Fms. xi. 426; taka upp goðorð, Nj. 151, 168, Grág. i. 24; taka upp þing. Ann. 1304 (to restore); tókusk þá upp lög ok landsréttr, Fs. 27; taka upp vanda, Fms. vii. 280 :-- taka til, to take to; hefna svá at ekki fýsi annan slík firn til at taka, 655 xiii. A. 3; tóku margir þá til at níða hann, Bs. i; taka til ráða, ráðs, bragðs, Nj. 19, 75, 124; hann tók til ráða skjótt, 19; enn þó munu vér þat bragðs taka, 199; hvat skal nú til ráða taka, 124; ef hann tekr nökkut íllt til, 26; hverja úhæfu er hann tekr til, Fms. xi. 253; taka til máls, to take to talking, Nj. 16, 71; taka til orðs, or orða, 122, 230, 264; hann tók nú til at segja söguna, to take to telling a story; taka til varnar, to begin the defence, Grág. i. 60, Nj. 271; nú er þar til at taka, at ..., 74; er blót tóku til, Landn. 111; þá tók til ríki Svía-konungs, Fms. iv. 118; um Slésvík þar sem Dana-ríki tók til, xi. 417: to concern, þat mun taka til yðar, Hom. 150; þetta mál er til konungs tók, Fms. xi. 105; láta til sín taka, to let it concern oneself, meddle with, Band. 23 new Ed.; Gísl lét fátt til sín taka, Fms. vii. 30; vil ek nú biðja þik at þú létir ekki til þín taka um tal várt, Nj. 184: to have recourse to, þú tekr eigi til þeirra liðsinnis ef ekki þarf, Fms. vii. 17, Grág. i. 41; taka til segls, Eg. 573, Fms. ix. 22; taka til sunds, 24; taka til e-s, to note, mark, with dislike :-- taka undir, to take under a thing; hann tók undir kverkina, took her by the chin, Nj. 2; þá tók Egill undir höfða-hlut Skalla-grími, Eg. 398: to undertake, þat mál er þeir skyldi sjálfir undir taka, Hkr. i. 266; þá skal hann taka undir þá sömu þjónostu, Ó.H. 120: to back, second, hann kvaðsk ekki mundu taka undir vandræði þeirra, Nj. 182; undir þann kviðling tók Rúnolfr goði, ok sótti Hjalta um goðgá, Bs. i. 17: ek mun taka undir með þér ok styðja málit, Fms. xi. 53; hann tók ekki undir þat ráð, Fb. ii. 511; þau tóku undir þetta léttliga, seconded it readily, Ld. 150; hann tók seinliga undir, Nj. 217; hann hafði heyrt tal þeirra ok tók undir þegar, ok kvað ekki saka, Ld. 192: göra tilraun hversu þér tækit undir þetta, Fb. i. 129: to echo, blésu herblástr svá at fjöllin tóku undir, Fas. i. 505; taka undir söng, to accompany singing :-- taka við, to receive; nú tóktú svá við sverði þessu, Fms. i. 15; siðan hljópu menn hans, enn hann túk við þeim, 105; jörð tekr við öldri, Hm.; til þess er akkerit tók við, grappled, took hold, Dan. holde igen, Fms. x. 135. v.l.; þar til er sjár tók við honum, Edda 153 (pref.); taka við ríki, Eg. 241, Fms. i. 7; taka við trú, Nj. 158, 159; taka við handsölum á e-u, 257; ef maðr

624 TAKA -- TALA.

görr við at taka við dæmdum úmaga, Grág. i. 258; taka vel við e-m, to receive well, Nj. 5; ekki torleiði tekr við yðr, no obstacle stops you, Al. 120; þeir tóku við vel ok vörðusk, made a bold resistance, Fms. i. 104; eggjuðu sumir at við skyldi taka, vii. 283; at þeir skyldi verja landit, en þeir vildu eigi við taka, xi. 386; ganga fram á mel nökkurn, ok segir Hrútr at þeir mundu þar við taka, Ld. 62; þar stóð steinn einn mikill, þar bað Kjartan þá við taka, 220; seg þú æfi-sögu þína, Ásmundr, en þá skal Egill við taka, tell thy life's tale, Asmund, and then shall Egil take his turn, Fas. iii. 374; tók við hvárr af öðrum, one took up where the other left off :-- taka yfir, hann vildi eigi til ráða nema hann ætlaði at yfir tæki, Fms. iv. 174; þeir munu allt til vinna, at yfir taki með oss, Nj. 198; at eyrendi þeirra skyldi eigi lyktuð né yfir tekin, Fms. iv. 224. V. to take to, begin: 1. with infin., tóku menn at binda sár sín, Eg. 93; hann tók at yrkja þegar er hann var ungr, 685; hans afli tók at vaxa, Fms. viii. 47; á þeim veg er ek tæka ganga, Sks. 3; taka at birtask, 568; tekr at dimma, birta ... rigna, it gets dim, takes to darken ... rain; allt þat er hann tekr at henda, Nj. 5; þá tók at lægja veðrit, 124; tók þá at morna, 131; tók þá at nátta, Fms. ix. 54; kvölda tekr = Lat. vesperascit, Luke xxiv. 29. 2. in other phrases, taka á rás, to take to running, to run, Nj. 253, Eg. 216, 220, Eb. 62 (hófu á rás, 67 new Ed.), Hrafn. 7: ellipt., tók bogmaðr ok hans menn á land upp undan, they took to the inland and escaped, Fms. ix. 275; tók hann þegar upp um brú, viii. 169; svá íllt sem nú er frá at taka (to escape, shun), þá mun þó síðarr verr, Fs. 55; taka flótta, to take to flight, Hm. 30; Eirekr tók út ór stofunni, took out of the room, ran out, Sturl. ii. 64; þeir tóku út eitt veðr allir, stood out to sea with the same wind, Fb. ii. 243. VI. with dat., to take to, receive (perh. ellipt. for taka við- e-u); jarl tók vel sendi-mönnum ok vináttu-málum konungs, Fms. i. 53; konungr tók honum vel ok blíðliga, vii. 197; tekit mundu vér hafa kveðju þinni þóttú hefðir oss fyrri fagnat, Ld. 34; Grímr tók því seinliga, Eg. 764; Sigurðr tók því máli vel, 38, Fms. x. 2; konungr tók þá vel orðum Þórólfs, Eg. 44; hann tók því þakksamliga, Fms. i. 21; taka vel þeirra eyrendum, x. 33; Barði tók þessu vel, Ld. 236; Hákon tók því seinliga, Fms. i. 74; eigi mun konungr taka því þótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, Eg. 59; tók Brynjólfr þá sættum fyrir Björn, 168; Njáll átti hlut at, at þeir skyldi taka sættum, Nj. 120; taka handsölum á fé, 257; taka heimildum á e-u, Fms. x. 45; taka fari, Grág. ii. 399, Nj. 111, 258 (see far); taka bóli, to take a farm (on lease), Gþl. 328, 354; mun ek máli taka fyrir alla Íslenzka menn þá er á skipi eru, speak for them, Bs. i. 421. VII. impers. it is taken; hann brá upp hendinni ok tók hana af honum ok höfuðit af konunginum, Nj. 275; ok tók af nasarnar, Fms. x. 135, v.l.; þá tók af veðrit (acc.), the weather 'took up' (as is said in North of England), the storm abated. Fas. i. 157; svá at þar tæki af vega alla, all roads were stopped, Fms, iii. 122; af þeim tók málit ok görask úfærir, Fas. ii. 549; kom á höndina fyrir ofan úlflið svá at af tók, Nj. 84; kom á fótinn svá at af tók, 123; þá tók efa af mörgum manni, Fms. iii. 8; sýnina tekr frá e-m, to become blind, x. 339; undan kúnni tók nyt alla, Eb. 316; jafnskjótt tók ór verkinn allan, Fms. iv. 369; tók út skip Þangbrands ór Hitará, she drifted out, Bs. i. 15; í þat mund dags er út tók eykðina, when the time of 'eykð' was nearly passed, Fms. xi. 136; um várit er sumar-hita tók, when the summer heat set in, Fs. 67; réru svá skjótt at ekki tók (viz. þá) á vatni, Fms. vii. 344. 2. as a naut. term, to clear, weather a point; veðr var litið ok tók þeim skamt frá landi, the weather was still, and they kept close in shore, Fms. vi. 190: hence the mod. naut. phrase, e-m tekr, to clear, weather; mér tók fyrir nesit, I cleared, weathered the ness; vindr þver, svo að þeim tekr ekki. 3. þar er eigi of tekr torf eðr grjót, where neither is at hand, Grág. ii. 262; þau dæmi tekr til þessa máls, the proofs of this are, that when ..., Hom. 127. B. Reflex., takask mikit á hendr, to take much in hand, Band. 3, Nj. 228, Fms. i. 159; tókumk ek þat á hendr, xi. 104; láta af takask, to let oneself be deprived of, Eg. 296; takask e-n á hendr. 2. to be brought about, take effect, succeed; cp. þykkir mikit í hættu hversu þér teksk, Ld. 310; þat tóksk honum, he succeeded, Bárð. 167; tekst þá tveir vilja, it succeeds when two will, i.e. joint efforts prevail, a saying :-- takask til, to happen; Ásgrími tóksk svá til (it so happened to A.), sem sjaldan var vant, at vörn var í máii hans, Nj. 92; ef svá vill til takask. Fas. i. 251; svá erviðliga sem þeim hafði til tekizk at herja á þá feðga, Fms. i. 184; mér hefir úgiptuliga tekizk, Ld. 252; þætti mér allmiklu máli skipta at þér tækisk stórmannliga, that thou wouldst behave generously, Hkr. ii. 32; hefir þetta svá tekizk sem ván var at, er hann var barn at aldri, 268. 3. to take place, begin; tóksk orrosta, Nj. 8; teksk þar orrosta, 122; ráð takask, of a marriage; en ef þá takask eigi ráðin, if the wedding takes not place then, Grág. i. 311; lýkr svá at ráðin skyldi takask, 99; ráð þau skyldi takask at öðru sumri, Eg. 26, Fms. x. 40: to be realised, hvatamaðr at þessi ferð skyldi takask, Ld. 240; síðan er mægð hafdi tekizk með þeim, since they had intermarried, Eg. 37; takask með þeim góðar ástir, they came to love one another much, of newly-married people, passim; féráns dómr teksk, Grág. i. 95; takask nú af heimboðin, to cease, Ld. 208; ok er allt mál at ættvíg þessi takisk af, 258. II. recipr., takask orðum, to speak to one another, Fms. xi. 13; ok er þeir tókusk at orðum, spurði hann ..., Eg. 375; bræðr-synir takask arf eptir, entreat one another, Gþl. 241; ef menn takask fyrir árar eða þiljur, take from one another, 424: takask á, to wrestle, Bárð. 168; takask fangbrögðum, Ld. 252, Ísl. ii. 446: takask í hendr, to shake hands, Grág. i. 384, Nj. 3, 65. III. part. tekinn; vóru þá tekin (stopped) öll borgar-hlið ok vegar allir, at Norðmönnum kæmi engi njósn, Fms. vi. 411: Steinþórr var til þess tekinn, at ..., S. was particularly named as ..., Eb. 32, 150; hann var til þess tekinn, at honum var verra til hjóna en öðrum mönnum, Grett. 70 new Ed. (cp. mod. usage, taka til e-s, to wonder at): lá hann ok var mjök tekinn, very ill, Sturl. i. 89: Álfhildr var þungliga tekin, ok gékk henni nær dauða, Fms. iv. 274; hann var mjök tekinn ok þyngdr af líkþrá, ii. 229; þú ert Ílla at tekin fyrir vanheilsu sakir, vii. 244; ú-tekin jörð, an untaken, unclaimed estate, Sturl. iii. 57, Gþl. 313. 2. at af teknum þeim, except, Fms. x. 232; at af teknum úvinum sínum, 266, (Latinism.) taka, u, f. a taking, capture, Fms. x. 417 (of a fortress); of a prisoner, Ann. 1254: a taking, seizing, unlawful or violent, of property, Grág. ii. 188, 301; gjalda fyrir hval-tökuna, Bs. i. 657; fjár-taka (see fé), upptaka. II. revenue = tekja; með öllum tökum ok skyldum, Fms. vi. 431. III. tenure of land; eiga töku á jöfð, N.G.L. i. 240. IV. bail, security; hlaupask undan töku ok sókn, N.G.L. i. 258; see við-taka, á-taka, töku-vætti. takaðr, part. bailed; á því móti er hann er takaðr til, N.G.L. i. 328; ef maðr lýstr mann ok ferr svá á braut at hann er eigi takaðr, 306. tak-fall, n. a failure to find bail, N.G.L. ii. 482. tak-fæð, f. destitution, Fas. iii. 10, cp. fátæki = poverty. tak-færsla, u, f. a bringing or finding bail, N.G.L. ii. 260, 263. takka, að, to shout takk, takk, a drover's or shepherd's cry, Run. Gramm.; smalar trutta ok takka, Hallgr. tak-lauss, adj. without security; tækr er taklauss eyrir svá mikill sem sök var gefin til, N.G.L. i. 364 (434). tak-mark, n. [cp. North. E. take-note], a 'take-mark,' i.e. line of demarcation, boundary; setja frið milli landa várra til þeirra takmarka sem ..., Ó.H. 53; í hverju héraðs-takmarki, Grág. ii. 404; prestar þeir sem búnað hafa í fyrr-sögðu takmarki, Vm. 28; milli Lóns ok Bjarnar-gnúps, ok lambeldi af sögðu takmarki, 82; þeir er bygðum vóru í Súganda-firði ok vestr þaðan í því takmarki sem áðr var tjáð ... ok skyldu aldri koma í þetta takmark, Bs. i. 675; allt fyrir vestan þessi takmörk, Fb. i. 22. tak-merki, n. = takmark, N.G.L. i. 265. tak-mikill, adj. who takes a good pull, able-bodied, Fb. i. 509. takmörk, f. = takmark, pl. takmerkir, i.e. takmarkir, N.G.L. i. 336; innan takmarkar þess er jórð á, Gþl. 449. tak-setja, t, to put to bail; ok færi sá er taksettr var tak með fullum vörðslum ... ef menn verða aflögliga sóttir ok til laga taksettir, N.G.L. ii. 191; skal sá, er tuftir á, taksetja þann mann til sín, en hann færi þat tak með lögum, 244; en um allar aðrar fjár-sóknir skal þann taksetja sem sök kemr á hendr á þessum tímum, K.Á. 182. tak-setning, f. bait-setting; hvárki fyrir forboð né taksetningar, Gþl.; nýjar álögur, taksetningar eða stefnur, H.E. i. 419; um mannhelgi vára ok um taksetning ok aðrar sóknir, N.G.L. ii. 265, passim. tak-sótt, f., medic. a stitch = tak, Fél. x. TAL, n. [tala, the verb], talk, parley, conversation; töluðu þeir lengi, fór tal þeirra vel, Nj. 11; en í þessu tali þeirra bræðra, whilst they were talking, 23; stundum var hann á tali við menn, Eg. 2; þeir bræðr vóru optliga á tali við konung, 60; hélt biskup mikit tal af honum, held much talk with him, Bs. i. 716; sátu þau öll samt á tali, kom þat upp ór tali þeirra, Fms. iv. 196; skilja talið, 142; eiga tal við e-n, hafa tal af e-m, taka annat tal, to change the conversation to another subject. 2. speech, language; þú munt vera útlendr, þvíat tal þitt ok yfirbragð er ekki líkt hérlenzku fólki, Fb. i. 79, Stj. 94, 204. II. [telja], a tale, number; í bónda-tali, Bs. i. 716; í tali með öðrum himin-tunglum, Barl. 133; engi veit töl á, Bret. 86; daga-tal, tale of days: gen. tals, in number; tólf einir talsins, Barl. 169; krossa fimm at tali, Pm. 85. 2. a tale, list, series; ættar-tal, a pedigree; konunga-tal, Fb. ii. 520; presta-tal, skálda-tal, Lögmanna-tal, a list of priests, poets, 'lawmen;' fara á þing ok bjóða sik í tal með öðrum mönnum, and enter the lists, N.G.L. i. 99; ó-tal, countless. tals-verðr, adj. worth counting or worth speaking of, considerable. tala, u, f. [tala, the verb], a talk, speech, oration; hafði konungr allt í einni tölu at hann sagði fyrir skipinu, ok setti grið manna í milli, Fms. ix. 480; né ek heyrða tölu greiðri, Sighvat; hann tók at lofa þessa tölu (this speech), 656 A. ii. 16; láta ganga töluna, Grett.; telja tölu fyrir e-m, to make a speech, lecture, Hom. (St.); hann snéri þá tölunni á hendr þeim bræðrum, Fms. iv. 380; þá hóf hann tölu sína upp, ok sagði, Íb. 12. II. a tale, number, Edda 120; öll tala minni enn tíu, Hb. 544, 151; hann hafði tölu á þessum mönnum (took tale of, counted them), at þeir vóru tólf, Grett. 97; þar mátti eigi tölu á koma, not to be told, Barl. 26; margfalleg tala, Skálda 185; einn í tölu þeirra sjálfra, one of them, 623. 35; í kappa tölu, í þræla tölu, of the number of, Fms. i. 289; vinna eiða

TALNABAND -- TASVIGR. 625

at tölum at réttar eru talðar, Grág. i. 327. 2. an account; kost á kona at beiða talna búanda sinn um fjárfar á milli þeirra, Grág. i. 336; hans tala skal standa á fé sjálfs, K.Þ.K. 146: calculation, tölur eru tvennar, Rb. 2. 3. a bead, of pearl or glass; gler-t., D.N., and in mod. usage, so called from the practice of telling beads while the Pater Noster was said; tölur með raf, iii. 260. COMPDS: talna-band, n. a row of beads, a rosary, D.N. and in mod. usage. talna-fræði, f. arithmetic, (mod.) tölu-eyrir, m. an ounce's worth on the standard of quantity (not of weight), N.G.L. i. 244. tölu-maðr, m. a teller; nú eru eigi tölu-menn til, N.G.L. i. 49, 350. tolu-mark, n. a mark in counting, Rb. 564. tölu-snjallr, adj. eloquent, Róm. 325. tölu-sveinn, m. chatterbox, a nickname, Sturl. tölu-verðr, adj. worth counting, considerable, Sturl. iii. 145. TALA, að, [Swed. tala; Dan. tale; A.S. tale, talian; cp. telja], to talk; tölum þetta eigi lengr, Ísl. ii. 237; mun ek þetta mál tala við föður minu, talk it over with him, Lv. 22; síðan töluðu þeir leyniliga ráða-görð sína, Nj. 5; tala hljótt, 140; tala hátt ok hvellt, Fms. i. 215; Njáll talar (says), at mönnum væri mál at lýsa sökum sínum, Nj. 149; síðan töluðu þeir mart, 3; þeir bræðr töluðu, Glúmr ok Þórarinn, 22; töluðu þeir Ketill allan dag, 146. 2. to speak, make a speech; talaði konungr fyrir liðinu ok mælti svá, Ó.H. 204; talaði sitt eyrendi hvárr þeirra, Nj. 188; tala langt örendi ok snjallt, Fms. x. 163; er hann hafði talat snjallt örendi ... þóat bændr talaði snjallt, þá brásk þat þó jafnan yfir er konungr talaði, 322; þetta þarf eigi optarr at tala, to discuss; tala af hendi e-s, to speak in one's behalf, i. 21. 3. to record; ok er ekki um hans ferðir at tala fyrr enn hann kemr heim, Nj. 215: = telja, tala trú fyrir mönnum, Fms. x. 17; er þau mál vóru fram talað (i.e. töluð), Sks. 642, (rare.) II. with prepp.; tala um e-t, to talk about; hann talaði þar um mörgum fögrum orðum, Nj. 255; tala þeir um málit, ok þykkir þeim eigi einn veg báðum, 139; þeir töluðu mart um draum þenna, 280; þá skal Kári um tala. 139; leita um sættir ok varð saman talat, agreed, Bs. i. 547 :-- tala eptir við e-n, Dipl. v. 14; tala eptir víg, = mæla eptir víg, Dropl. 10 :-- tala til e-s, to talk to one, Nj. 3; of a thing, þeir bræðr töluðu til (entreated) at Kári mundi fara til Grjótár, 139; finnsk honum fátt um, ok talar ekki til þessa gripar, makes no remarks. Fas. i. 317; þeir kváðusk mikit eiga at Þráni nær sem þeir talaði til (laid claim to it), Nj. 139 :-- tala við e-n, to speak to, address, Nú talar Flósi við menn sína, 197; Njáll talaði við Höskuld, 139, 148; Hafr sat í miðri búðinni ok talaði við mann. 182; tala við e-n um e-t, Fms. x. 12; tala þeim orðum við konung, id. III. reflex., okkr hefir talask svá til, we have agreed. 2. recipr., þeir töluðusk mart við, Nj. 222; töluðusk þeir við, sagði Ölvir at ..., Eg. 62. 3. part. talað, spoken; ú-talað, unspoken; van-talað, var-talað, of-talað. talaðr, part. spoken; vitrastr ok fegrst talaðr, Edda 15; lítt talaðr á þingum, Fms. vii. 102; snjallr í máli ok talaðr vel á þingum, ix. 534; fámáligr optast, eigi talaðr á þingum, glaðr við öl, málreitinn í kyrð ok blíðmæltr, vi. 438; fámálugr ok ekki talaðr á þingum, Orkn. 184; talaðr vel, djúpráðr, Fagrsk. 32; fá-talaðr, of few words. talandi, f. (or m.), elocution. tal-byrðingr, n. = taflbyrðingr, a reckoning table containing the solar, lunar, and paschal cycles, published as an appendix to the Rb. tal-hlýðinn, adj. listening to talk, credulous, easily swayed (not in a good sense), Nj. 102,, Bjarn. 21, Eg. 254. tali, a, m. a teller, counter, in ár-tali. talna-, see tala. tal-víss, adj. wise in numbers, Rb. 448. tamning, f. [temja], a taming, breaking, Sks. 79, Al. 119. TAMR, töm, tamt, adj.; [A.S. tam; Engl. tame; O.H.G. zam, etc.; see temja] :-- used in Icel. mostly in the sense of ready; þat varð tamast sem í æskunni hafði numit, Grett. 150; allskonar leikar er tíðir ok tamir vóru, Karl. 482; emk-at ek tamr at samna skrökvi, Ó.H. (in a verse); víg-tamr, val-tamr, Veg-tamr, gang-tamr, ready for, used to..., Lex. Poët. 2. = tamiðr, tame, of a colt; ílla tamr, Hm. 89; ú-tamr, untamed, wild. tams-vöndr, m. a taming-wand, Skm. 26. tandr, m., gen. tandrs = tandri, Rekst., (of a sword.) tandra, að, fengu þeir varla tandrat ljósit, Orkn. 208 (tendrat, v.l.), cp. Vísnabók, 1748, p. 49. tand-rauðr, adj. 'fire-red, ' of gold, Hær. 6, Mag. 13, Clar. TANDRI, a, m. [Ivar Aasen tandre, frisk som 'tandre' = fresh as fire; cp. Germ. zünden; A.S. tyndre; Engl. tinder] :-- fire, only in poetry, Edda (Gl.); a nickname, D.N. tandra-sel, a local name in western Icel. TANGI, a, m. [A.S. tange; North. E. tang], a spit of land, a point projecting into the sea or river (but tunga when two rivers meet); á tanganum nessins, Eb. 12; er skipit kom fram fyrir tangann, Ísl. ii. 99; eyrar-tangi, see eyrr: in Icel. local names. 2. the pointed end by which the blade is driven into the handle; sverðit brast í tanganum, Valla L. 213; lagði hón klæði um tangann ok togaði, of a knife, Bs. i. 385. tangr, n., in the phrase, hvorki tangr né tegund, not a whit. TANN, m., see tönn. tanna, að, [tönn], to dent, Korm. (in a verse.) -tanna, u, f., -tanni, a, m., and -tannr, m. toothed; in compds, Grottin-tanna, sliðrug-tanni: Tanni, a pr. name, Landn.; Hildi-tannr, a nickname. tanna-, gen. pl., in compds, see tönn. tannari, a, m. a tusk-chisel; hann hafði í hendi kníf, ok hélt á tannara, ok renndi þar af spánu nökkora, Ó.H. 197; ein sylfskeið ok einn tannari, D.N. ii. 627. tann-bagall, m. a crozier of walrus-tusk, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. tann-belti, n. a belt of walrus-tusk (worn by a seiðkona), Þorf. Karl. 384. tann-berr, adj. 'tooth-bare,' with prominent teeth, Ld. 272. tann-buðkr, m. a box of walrus-tusk, Ám. 102, Pm. 17. tann-fé, n. a 'tooth-fee' a gift to an infant when it cuts its first tooth, a custom still observed in Icel., and mentioned in Gm. 5; ek skal í dag heimta tannfé þitt at Sveini konungi, Fb. i. 481; þessi þræll hafði Hákoni verit gefinn at tannfé, Fms. i. 210; þenna grip gaf faðir minn mér at tannfé, Ld. 72; þat sem þau höfðu gefit Ásmundi syni þeirra í tannfé, D.N. ii. 364. tann-fjöld, f. the row of teeth, Ad. 9. tann-garðr, m. 'tooth-fence,' 'tooth-wall,' the row of teeth = Gr. GREEK, Nj. 39, Skálda 170, Dropl. 25. tann-gnjóstr and tann-grisnir, m. 'tooth-gnasher,' the name of the goat, Edda; as a nickname, Korm. tann-hjölt, n. pl. a hilt of walrus-tusk, of a sword, Fms. vii. 69. tann-hjaltaðr, part. walrus-tooth-hilted, Fms. vii. 69. tann-hold, n. the tooth-flesh, gums. tann-kröm, f. teething pains, of infants, Fél. tann-lauss, adj. toothless, K.Þ.K. 28, Barl. 15. tann-leysi, n. loss of teeth. tann-pína, u, f. tooth-ache. tann-refill, m. a 'tusk-chisel,' Þjal. 8 (cp. blóð-refill). tann-sárr, adj. tooth-sore, from having one's teeth drawn (metaph.), Lv. 95, Fms. vii. 261, viii. 415, Stj. 544. tann-skafl, m., see skafl. tann-skári, a, m. = tann-refill, as a nickname: in a local phrase, tannskara-staðir, Orkn. tann-skeptr, adj. with handle of walrus-tusk, Fas. ii. 357. tann-skrín, n. walrus-tusk shrine, Vm. 105. tann-spjöld, n. walrus-tusk tablet, Bs. i. 874. tann-tafl, n. pieces of walrus-tusk, of chess, Krók. 54; t. með taflborði, D.N. ii. 255. tann-vara, u, f. 'tusk-ware,' i.e. walrus-tusks as an article of trade, Rétt. 47, Fb. iii. 445, cp. Sks. 127. tann-veggr, m. a(?), A.A. 270. tann-æta, u, f. decay in the teeth. TAPA, að, [Swed. tapa; Dan. tabe] :-- to lose, with dat.; eigi hefir þú tapat örlyndinni, Bs. i. 53; þar tapaði hón kambi sínum, Ld. 10; tapa lífi ok sæmd, Bær. 14; tapa sama sínum, MS. 4. 10. 2. to destroy, kill; tapa mínu lífi, to put one to death, Fms. viii. 240; biðr hann tapa piltinum. Fs. 145, Merl. 1. 28; tapa sveininum ok drepa hann, Mar.; tapa sér sjálfum, Barl. 123. II. reflex. to be lost, Fb. ii. 391; töpuðusk þau heit öll, came to nought, Fms. v. 113: to perish, Clem. 26. 2. part. tapaðr, lost = Lat. perditus, Barl. 133; fortapaðr, forlorn, N.T. tapan (mod. töpun), f. loss: tjón ok t., Stj.: perdition, Fms. ii. 48, passim in mod. usage. tapar-öx, f. [from the A.S. taper-æx], a small tapering axe or halberd of English workmanship, Lv. 6. Nj. 32, 179, Sturl. iii. 125, Fs. 68, 69. tapit, n. [for. word], a carpet, tapestry, D.N. tappa, að, [Engl. tap; Germ. zapfen], to tap, draw, from a cask; t. mungát, Rétt. 2. 10; t. ok drekka, Norske Saml. v. 159. tappi, a, m. a tap, in a cask, bottle. tappr, m. a tapster, Rétt. 13. 3; bjór-tappr. tapsa, að, to tap; rétti lambit fót sinn ok tapsaði honum, Clem. 46. 2. in mod. usage, to read hurriedly; þú mátt ekki t. tapsi, a, m. a nickname, Bs. tara, u, f. [perh. a for. word], poët, war, fight, battle, Edda (Gl.) tarfr, m. [Lat. taurus], a bull, Edda (Gl.); leiða kú undir tarf. targa, u, f. [perh. a for. word; A.S. and Fr. targe], a target, small round shield, occurring in Kormak and Hkm. 6 (poets of the middle of the 10th century), Nj. 144; törgu-buklari or törgu-skjöldr, a target-shield, 143; himin-t., the 'heaven-target,' i.e. the sun, Þd. tarna, interj. this, there; tarna er fallegt! tarna eru ljót læti! tarna er ljóta vorið, Jónas. tarra, að, to stretch, spread out; breiða pell á alla borgar-veggi, ok törrudu fyrir þeim gulli ok görsimum, Fas. i. 274. tas-, [etymol. uncertain]: in compds, tas-brenndr, part. quite burnt, duly cleansed, of silver, Norske Saml. v, 150, a GREEK. tas-vígr,

62G TASALDI -- TÁR.

adj. a GREEK in vera t. at e-u starfi, quite busied(?), Vígl. 61 new Ed., also a GREEK. tasaldi, a, m. a tassel(?), as a nickname, Landu. (Glúm.) taska, u, f. [Germ. tasche], a trunk, chest, Fb. ii. 288, Fms. vi. 182, 183, vii. 95; tólf hesta klyfjaða ok töskur á, Landn. 218, Grett. 123 new Ed.; töskum þeim sem konungs-bréfin vóru í, Bs. i. 709; ef hann hittir fé sitt í örk manns eðr tösku, N.G.L. ii. 271; hestr búinn með töskum, Krók. 2. a pouch, pocket, Germ. tasche; prestar sýni önga lausung í klæða-búnaði sínum, hvárki töskur né stikknífa, H.E. ii. 113. tösku-bakr, m. a nickname, Landn. tasla, u, f. [Engl. tassel], a tassel, Edda ii. 494. Tattarar, m. pl. the Tartars, Fms. x. 44, 56, 152, Ann. 1286; Tartara, Bs. i. 756. TAUFR, n., the mod. form is töfrar, m. pl., Fas. iii. 608; [O.H.G. zoubar; Germ. zauber] :-- sorcery, also, charms, talismans; hann hefir með sér leynd taufr, Konr. 21 (leyndar töfrir, v.l.); skjóðu-pungr, ok varðveitti hón þar í taufr sín, Þorf. Karl. 374; þinn skelmir treystir taufrum (töfrum Ed.) móður þinnar, Fs. 166; taufr, lif, rúnar, N.G.L. iii. 286 (foot-note 2); farit eigi með taufr né lyf, ... taufr eða með lyf eða með spár, Hb. (1865) 30, 31; hón kunni mart í töfrum, Fas. iii. 196; spurði hvar nú væri komin taufr hennar, 202. COMPDS: taufra-maðr, m. a wizard, Korm. 82. taufr-maðr, id., H.E. i. 522. taufra, að, to enchant, Fas. iii. 416. TAUG, f., pl. taugar, MS. 623. 33, and so in mod. usage; [A.S. teâg, tige; Engl. tag, tie; Germ. tau; Swed. tag, etc.] :-- a string, rope: lausa-taug, tauginni, Eg, 579; taugar-endi, ... smeygja tauginni af hálsi sér, Fms. vi. 368; tóku hestana ok lögðu taug við, Vígl. 21; taugar þær héldu, er á hálsum þeirra vóru, 623. 33; guðvefjar-taug, Stj. 360. 2. mod. cords, strings, nerves; hjarta-taugar, heart-strings(see tág): hence the phrase, það er góð taug í honum, there are good fibres in him (of feeling and character); ragr í hverja taug, a coward in every fibre, Fas. iii. 297; see tog and tág. taug-reptr, part. roofed with fibre(?), of a poor cottage, Hm. 35. tauma, að, to bridle, K.Þ.K. 90; see teyma. TAUMR, m. [A.S. teâm = a line of descendants; Engl. team; Germ. zaum; Dan. tömme] :-- a rein, bridle; leiða hest í taumi, MS. 4. 29, Fbr. 65 new Ed.; taumr hestsins var bundinn við hæl, Fms. vi. 234; þeir bera taum á ísinn, a cord for measuring, viii. 416; hón hafði höggorma at taumum, Edda 37; beils eðr tauma, Gþl. 359: of a ship, taumar ok stœðingar, 673. 60; ak-taumar (q.v.), N.G.L. ii. 283: metaph. phrases, ljá e-n tauma, to give it the rein, Mar.; leysa tauma síns valds, H.E. i. 501; ganga lítt í tauma, to go quietly in harness, i.e. to go straight, prove true, Nj. 20; gékk þat lítt í tauma er hón sagði, Þorf. Karl. 380; at mér akisk þetta eigi í tauma, id., Fms. xi. 121. COMPDS: taum-burðr, m. = álburðr, measuring with a line, Gþl. 286. taum-hestr, n. a led horse, N.G.L. i. 386. tauma-lag, n. the holding the reins, Al. 6. taurar, m. pl., poët, treasures, Edda (Lauf.); taura týr, Korm. Taurr, m. a local name in Sweden, Ýt. (Hkr. i. 26). taut, n., in the phrase, koma öngu tauti við e-n, to be unable to manage a person, Bs. ii. 355; það verðr öngu tauti við hana komið, she is quite ungovernable. tauta, að, [Engl. toot; Dutch tuyten], to mutter, murmur in a low voice; ekki týr yðr nú at tauta eðr tutla hann Sverri af konungdóminum, Fms. viii. 234; hvað ertú að tauta? tauta e-ð fyrir munni sér; tauta í hljóði: poët, of a stream, vatnið af heiðum veltist niðr, var það að tauta giljum í, Bb. taxti, a, m. [for. word], a tax. TÁ, f., gen. tár, pl. tær, gen. tá, dat. tám; [A.S. tâ; Engl. toe; Germ. zehe; Swed. tå; cp. Lat. digitus; Gr. GREEK] :-- a toe; táin in mesta var miklu meiri á Ólafi enn á öðrum mönnum, Sd. 167; tána mestu, Nj. 245, Ó.H. 75; fimm tær, id.; tám eða hæl, Edda 42; horfa hælar í tá (gen. pl.) stað, en tær í hæls stað, N.G.L. i. 339, Bs. i. 423; standa á tá, to stand a-tiptoe: phrases, græða á tá og fingri, to make money with toe and finger, of one who grows quickly rich. 2. the tip of a ness; Skaga-tá: Örvandils-tá, a star, Rigel in Orion(?), Edda 59. TÁ, n. [Swed. taa = a bye-path, walk (= Icel. geil or tröð); Swed. tå also means a sheep-walk, in naut-tå, fä-tå, svin-tå, Rietz 770 b; the word also remains in Dan. for-tov = fore-path, pavement] :-- a path, walk, as rightly explained by N.M.Petersen in his Nordisk Mythology; the word is only found in the phrase, standa á tái, to stand on the path, Skv. 2. 21; spruttu á tái tregnar iðir, ... sprang up on the walk, Hðm. 1; gékk hón tregliga á tái sitja, she moodily sat down on the walk, Gh. 9: in prose only once, heimtusk nú á ta enir vitrostu menn, Mork. 17, (unless 'ta' be here but a misspelling for ta(l), see Fb. iii. 306 l.c.) TÁG, f., pl. tágar, (tægr, Barl. 86), a willow-twig; stokk af tágum ok sefi görvan, Stj. 251: of the roots of a plant or tree, tré tekr at hníga ef höggr tág undan, Am. 69; upp at rífa þær rætr ok tægr, Barl. 86; lágu þar á tágar af hjartanu (heart-strings), Ó.H. 223. tá-hreinn, adj. (qs. tár-hreinn ?), quite clean, e.g. of linen, clean from the mangle. tá-járn, n. a 'toe-iron,' fetter, Ann. 1343. TÁKN, n., also teikn, [Ulf. taikns = GREEK; Engl. token; A.S. tûcen; Germ. zeichen; Dan. tegn]:-- a token, mark; krossa ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167; at vér megim betr skilja t&aolig-acute;kn hennar, Hom. 51: a zodiacal sign, Barl. 132, Stj. 15. 2. a token, wonder; göra mörg tákn, to work wonders, 625. 30; tákn þau er sögð vóru frá Ólafi konungi, Fms. v. 104; tákn hennar, Hom. 51; tákn ok stórmerki, passim. tákna, að, to betoken, Fms. i. 228, vi. 202, xi. 12, Rb. 336, Barl. 57; tákna fyrir, to forebode, Hom. táknan, f. a betokening, significance, Mar. tákn-samliga, adv. significantly, Stj. 110. tákn-samligr, adj. significant, Al. 117, Mar., Hom. 84. TÁL, f., pl. tálar, in mod. usage neut. when sing.; thus dat. táli, Pass. 33. 2; but af tál (dat. fem.), Bs. ii. (in a verse); [A.S. tæ; Early Engl. tele; cp. Lat. d&o-short;lus; Gr. GREEK; the Icel. vowel is long, as if denoting some contraction] :-- a bait, allurement; önga vél eðr tál, Fms. v. 172; mæla tál ok hégóma, to talk deceitfully and untruthfully, Nj. 258; hverjum manni er tál at mæla annat, Fms. vi. (in a verse); verðr þat mörgum tál, Pass. 2. pl. devices; tálar ok svik er fyrir hann vóru settar, Fms. x. 339; draga á tálar, to draw into a trap, betray, Al. 46: to defraud, eigi vil ek þik á tálar draga, Grett. 112; sá er Svein konung sveik ór landi ok Tryggva-son á tálar dró, Ó.T. (in a verse); öngan drögum vér á tálar, we defraud none, 2 Cor. vii. 2; verða e-m at tálum, to betray, Sól. 20; tældr miklum tálum, Alm. 36. COMPDS: tálar-dísir, f. pl. false fairies, Skv. 2. 24. tál-gröf, f. a pit used as a trap, Sks. 425, Eluc. 34. tál-hreinn, m. a decoy-reindeer, used as a stale or lure to catch other deer, a GREEK. in Haustl. 3, for this prob. is the sense; and this may have been the very Norse word that Óttarr (Ohthere) used to king Alfred, and which the king rendered into English by stæl-hrânas; but see hreinn. tál-lauss, adj. guileless, Merl. 2. 8l; n. tállaust, as adverb, forsooth, verily, Fms. ix. (in a verse). tállaus-liga, adv. sincerely, Bs. i. 170, MS. 655 xi. 4. tál-ráð, n. devices, Merl. i. 24. tál-samligr, adj. treacherous, Fms. x. 305. tál-samr, adj. id., Merl. 2. 45. tál-sigi, a, m. a treacherous bit, a bait, Fb. ii. 290. tál-smuga, u, f. a treacherous hole to slip through; opt eru tæpar tálsmugur, Hallgr. tál-snara, u, f. a treacherous snare. tálar-snara, u, f. id., Bs. i. 244. tál-vinr, m. a treacherous friend, Gísl. (in a verse). tála, adv. deceivingly; in ú-tála, Lex. Poët. TÁLGA, u, f., prop. talga, [Fr. tailler, a Norman word; cp. telgja, and Engl. tally = a shaped stick] :-- a cutting, carving; höggva tré til viðja, bæta allri bót með tálgu ok bandi, K.Þ.K. 88; hvárki hamarshögg né öxar-tálga, Stj. 563; stein-tálga, stone-cutting, 562. COMPDS: tálgu-grjót, n. [Norse talg-stein], a quarry of free-stone, Fms. v. 215, Hom. 122, D.N. iv. 82. tálgu-knífr, m. [Dan. tolle-kniv], a carving-knife, to carve wood and walrus-tusks, usually worn in the belt (knífr ok belti), Korm. 144, Band. 42 new Ed., Bs. i. 330, Eb. 250, passim. tálgu-öx, f. a shaping-axe, adze, Eb. 182, Rd. 313. tálga, að, to shape or carve wood, Fas. iii. 546; see telgja. tálgi, a, m. a mason(?), a nickname, Fms. viii. TÁLKN, n., usually in pl. the gills of fish, as also of whale-bone; bein eða tálkn, Grág. ii. 371, Jb. 315; fann hann tálkn ok vóru þar á rúnar, hann brenndi tálknið allt, Eg. 566, 567; tálkn þau er vaxin eru í munni honum, Sks. 135; þessir fiskar (those whales) hafa hvárki tönn né tálkn, 120: as a nickname, tálkni, Landn.: whence Tálkna-fjörðr, id. COMPDS: tálkn-fanar, f. pl. fan-like fringes of whale-bone, Fms. v. 183, Fas. ii. 518. tálkn-kefli, n. a piece of whale-bone, Eg. 566. tálkn-skíð, n. a splint, rod, wand of whale-bone, Fbr. 6l, Fas. ii. 534. tálkn-sproti, a, m. a wand of whale-bone, Mag. tálkn-stika, u, f. a candlestick of whale-bone, Ám. 60. TÁLMA, að, to hinder; tálma e-t or tálma e-m e-t; t. ferð e-s, Fms. vii. 118; t. mér þá götu, Barl. 163; t. þann inn litla geisla, 180; t. verk þeirra, Ver. 32; tefja ok t. e-t, Fms. ii. 140, vi. 146, 301, Fær. 149; t. framkvæmd e-s, Al. 83: hann vill tálma (to obstruct) neðri húsin á Grannesi sem frú Magnildr gaf fyrir sál sína, D.N. i. 193. II. reflex., tunga mín er tálmuð, 655 xx. 7; at samþykt megi tálmaz, H.E. i. 393. tálman, f. a hindering, obstruction, Fas. iii. 542, Barl. 60, Stj. 286. tálmi, a, m. a hindrance, obstruction; in farar-tálmi, see för. tá-meyra, u, f. 'toe-decay,' a disease of the toes, Fél. táp, n. [perh. akin to Germ. tapfer], pith, pluck; það er svo lítið táp í honum. COMPDS: táp-lauss, adj. pithless. táp-maðr, m. a brave man. táp-mikill, adj. brave. The word is not recorded in old writers. TÁR, n., pl. tár, old pl. t&aolig-acute;r; [Goth, tagr; A.S. teâr; Engl. tear; O.H.G. zakar; Germ. zähre; Swed. tår; Dan. taare; Lat. lacryma; Gr. GREEK] :-- a tear, tears; móðug tár, moody tears, Gh.; fella tár, to let fall tears, Stj.; tárin hrundu, Fms. vi. 235; hrutu ór augum honum tár þau sem því vóru lík sem hagl þat er stórt er, Glúm. 342 (cp. þá fann Páll at

TÁRBLANDINN -- TELGJA. 627

hann leit frá, ok stökk ór andlitiuu sem haglkorn væri, Sturl. iii. 193); hvat berr nú þat við, faðir minn, er þér hrynja tár, Ld. 132: the instances of this word in the Sagas are rare, bearing out the remarks of Tacitus -- lamenta et lacrymas cito, dolorem et tristitiam tarde ponunt; feminis lugere honestum est, viris meminisse, Germ. ch. 27, words which call to mind the scene in Fær. S. ch. 7 -- sveinarnir sátu á klettimun ok sá upp á þessi tíðendi. ok grét Þórir, en Sigmundr mælti, grátum eigi, frændi, en munum lengr; víg-tár, 'war-tears,' tears boding revenge, Sighvat: in poets 'tears' are called the brá-regn, brú-dögg, skúrir, él kinna, brá, i.e. rain, dew, shower, hail of the cheeks, brows, see Edda: gold is called Freyju-tár, i.e. tears of Freyja; 'tears of the wound' = blood, 'the tears of the sky' = rain, etc., Lex. Poët.: the mod. Dan. and Swed. usage, calling a drop of wine or spirits 'en taare,' god tår, is curious. COMPDS: tár-blandinn, part. blent with tears, Fms. xi. 425. tár-döggr, -döggvaðr, adj. tear-bedewed, Sks. 227. tára-fall, n. a shedding tears, Eluc. 150. tár-fella, d, to shed tears, Fas. i. 264, Rb. 332. tár-felldr, adj. weeping, tearful, Bs. i. 876. tár-felling, f. a shedding tears, Stj. 220. tár-melti, f. a melting into tears, Hom. 9, tár-mildr, adj. profuse of tears, apt to weep; tármild augu, Pr. 472 (cp. hlátr-mildr). tár-stokkinn, part. tear-besprinkled, of the eyes, Bs. i. 784, Karl. 166, Mar. tárask, að, dep. to shed tears, weep, Fær. 104, Fms. ii. 108, Barl. 10, Stj. 214, Bs. i. 876. tárugr, adj. tearful, tárug-hlýra, adj. with tearful cheeks, Gh. 9, (A.S. teârig-hleôr.) táta, u, f. [Engl. teat], a teat, esp. a sugar-teat for babies; skinn-táta, a skin-teat. II. a pr. name, in the nursery rhyme, Táta, Táta, teldu dætur þínar. tá-tilja, u, f. a kind of outer soles or socks worn by fishermen. TÉ, n. [tjá], in the phrase, láta e-m e-ð í té, to grant a thing to one;það er yðr jafnan í té, it is always free to you, Fas. iii. 156. TEÐJA, teð, taddi, tatt, [tað], to dung, manure; akra töddu, Rm. 12; t. vel garða, Am. 59; of land verðr þá verr tatt, Grág. ii. 341; jammikinn akr sem hann taddi með myki hans, ... hvar er taddan hefir, N.G.L. ii. 113. tefill, m. a hinderer; orða-tefill, Fas. i. 533, Gsp. 1. TEFJA, tef, tafði, tafit, [töf], to hinder, delay; tefja fyrir e-m, hann tafði fyrir oss hvíldina, Fms. ii. 140, Fær. 149, (Sturl. iii. 56 read kafði for tafði): freq. in mod. usage, tefðu mig ekki, do not interrupt, disturb me, of a person when busy and wanting to be let alone. 2. reflex., eg tafðist, I was delayed. B. [Dan. tæve], a bitch, an altogether different word; in Clem. 44, tefr hann Tý, níðir hann Njörð, he calls Ty (the god) a bitch; cp. grey þykkir mér Freyja, in a verse in Kristni S. TEFLA, d, [tafl], to play at tables or draughts; tefldu í túni teitir vóru, Vsp., Hkr. iii. 320; menn skolu ok eigi t. svá at þeir leggi fé við, Grág. ii. 198; konungr sat ok teflði hnettafl, Fms. vi. 29; sumir tefldu skáktafl eða hnettafl eða kvátru, Konr.; tveir menn vóru á heystáli ok tefldu, brann þar ljós, Ísl. ii. 69; t. kvátru, Sturl. ii. 184; þá skildi á um tafl, vildi Sámr bera aptr riddara er hann hafði telft í uppnám, iii. 123: metaph. in the phrase, t. e-n upp, to take one up, beat in a game of draughts; þann veg máttú mér mest upp tefla, Ld. 42; hann hefir ykkr upp teflt um fjárreiður, Bjarn. 40; ekr hart at mönnum ok eru margir þá upp tefldir, Ísl. ii. 132; en sá er tefldr verðr til eyris, gjaldi konungi tólf aura, ok svá sá er af honum teflir, Js. 128. 2. the word is also used of dice; the early passion of the Teutons for the dice is attested by Tacit. Germ. ch. 24, cp. the story in Magn. S. ch. 49 (Orkn. 200 referring to England), as also the Icel. phrase, um lífið er að tefla, life is on the die, metaph. of a great emergency. II. to weave checks (= byrða borða), of ladies' work; hón saumaði, teflði, eða vann aðrar hannyrðir, Bs. i. 341. tefli, in jafn-tefli, a drawn game. tefling, f. a playing. teflingr, m. [tefla II], a weaving of checks; altaris klæði meðr tefling, Ám. 89, Pm. 7, 78; teflings hægendi, a cushion, case of t.; teflings-ver, Vm. 109, Dipl. v. 18; sex sængr, hægindi, góðr teflingr um, D.N. i. 590, (= the mod. kniplingr.) tegla, ð, see telgja. tegund, f., see tigund. teiga, að, to take a long draught in drinking; teiga mjólk. TEIGR, m., gen. teigar, Landn. 241; later teigs; acc. pl. teigu, Grág. ii. 227 :-- a strip of field or meadow-land, a close or paddock; á teigum úti, Best. 47; eng þat er þú kallar Græna-teig ... selja mun ek þér teiginn, Fms. vi. 103; teigr lá ónuminn ... þann lögðu þeir til hofs ok heitir sá nú Hofs-teigr, Landn. 241; þeir sá at Þórir reið út um teig fyrir vestan fjörð, Gullþ. 13; mæli hann sér jammikinn teig, Gþl. 355; slá teig þann er heitir Gull-teigr, Ísl. ii. 344; mundi sleginn verða Gull-teigr þann inn sama dag, ganga til teigs, gékk Gísli um teiginn ok sá á er þeir ætluðu at slá, ... sem þeir væri staddir á Gullteig, 354, 355; sagði hann at jörðin ætti hálfs-mánaðar-teig í Auðbrekku- jörð, ok annan hálfs-mánaðar-teig á Möðruvalla-staðar-nesjum, Dipl. v. 28; skal landeigandi gjalda teigs-verð inn fimta dag viku er sjau vikur eru af sumri, Grág. ii. 228; harðslægr var Hrísa-teigr í dag, sveinar, Glúm.; beitu-t., úværu-t. 2. metaph. a long draught of drink; drekka stóran teig. II. local names, Teigr, Teigar-á, Landn. 241; Hof-teigr, Landn.; Hrísa-teigr, Glúm.; Gullteigr, Ísl. ii. 344; Græni-teigr, Fms. vi. 103. COMPDS: teig-skógr, m. a measured strip of wood-land; teigskógr ok torf-skurðr í Topta-dal, Vm. 97: poët., sval-teigr, the cold strip, i.e. the sea; svan-teigr, the swan-field, i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët. teig-yrki, a, m. a field-labourer, Róm. 290. teikn, n. [see tákn], a token; ek gef þér þetta teikn, Bret. 108, Mar. 2. a sign, N.T. passim (Matth. xii. 38, 39, xxiv. 3, 30, xxvi. 48, 1 Cor. i. 22, Rev. xv. 1): the mod. usage prefers teikn, the ancients the form tákn, q.v. TEIKNA, að, [see tákna], to mark, denote; teikna ok fyrir-benda, Stj. 87; teiknar ok merkir, 110; hvat mun þetta hafa at teikna, Þorf. Karl. 422. 2. to beckon; hann rétti fram öxina ok teiknaði til, at nökkurr skyldi vega at Herði, Ísl. ii. 104; t. með bendingum, Stj. 79; rétti konungr hönd sína til mín, ok teiknaði mér at ek skylda byrla honum, Fb. i. 399. 3. to draw, paint, mod. teiknan, f. a beckoning, Sks. 70, 294. teindr, part. beaten into bars; teint járn, Grág. (Sb.) i. 504, (Kb.) i. 250, 251. teiningr, m. the horn-beam or maple, carpinus or acer, Björn. tein-lautar, in Vellekla, see hlaut; cp. also A.S. tân-hlyta or tân-hlytare = a soothsayer. TEINN, m. [Ulf. tains = GREEK; Dan. teen, cp. Engl. tiny; A.S. tân; Engl. 'toe', in mistle-toe] :-- a twig, sprout, of a living tree; sem mjór teinn, Stj.; hugða ek hér í túni teina fallna, þá er ek viklig vaxna láta, rifnir með rótum, Gkv. 2. 39; hón þóttisk vera stödd í grasgarði sínum, ok taka þorn einn, óx hann svá, at þat varð teinn einn mikill, Hkr. i. 71; mistil-t., the mistletoe; gamban-t., a divining-wand: of twigs for soothsaying, see hlaut; hrista teina, Hým. 1; hlaut-teinn, val-teinn, the chip chosen for soothsaying. II. a spit; þeir myndi smæra steikt hafa en hafa konunginn á teinum, Fms. viii. 414, v.l.; tók ek þeirra hjörtu ok á teini steikðak, Am. 80. 2. a stake to hang things on; hlaða síld á skip, flyti ok festi upp, ef görvir eru teinar ok áðr til búnir, N.G.L. i. 140. 3. a stripe in a kerchief or clothes; rauðir, bláir teinar. 4. poët., sár-teinn, a wound-sprout, i.e. a sword, Landn. (in a verse); unda-teinn, id.; skarar-teinn = hair, Kormak; egg-teinar, q.v.: in pr. names, Ben-teinn, Mar-teinn. teinungr, m. a twig, sprout; viðar-t., Edda 37; vínviðis-t., Stj. 200 (cp. Goth. weina-tains). teinur, f. pl. [cp. Ulf. tainjo = GREEK], a basket, creel, used for fishing; eigi eigu menn at leggja net um þvera á né göra teinor í eða góra garða eða ker, nema einn maðr eigi alla ána, Grág. ii. 350. teina-stæði, n. a place where creels are put (in a river), D.N. i. 889. tein-vöndr, m. a wand, Karl. 58. tein-æringr, mod. teina-hringr, m. [tíu and ár; mod. Norse tendring] :-- a ten-oared boat, Eb. 234, Fbr. 180, Orkn. 242, Vígl. 63 new Ed., Vm. 109, Gullþ. 69, Grett. 18, 175 new Ed.; cp. átt-æringr, sex-æringr. tein-ærr, adj. ten-oared, Ld. 292. teista, u, f., and teisti-kofa = þeista, q.v. teistinn, adj. peevish, fretful, Björn. teita, t, to gladden, cheer; hvat er mik teitir, Gísl. (in a verse); gamm-teitandi, 'vulture-cheerer,' i.e. a warrior. Lex. Poët. teitan, f. = teiti (q.v.), Kormak; ó-teitan, sadness, Jd. teiti, f. gladsomeness, joy, cheerfulness; mæla teiti, Gh. 2; opt var í túni teiti meiri, Gkv. 1. 22; ek verð at hefja þessa teiti, Fms. vii. 119; hitt er ölsiðr meiri, at menn göri sér gaman, ok fám oss ölteiti nökkura, id.; leik ok teiti. play and joy, vii. (in a verse): poët., hugins teiti, the raven's cheer, Geisli. teiti-mál, n. pl. words of good cheer, Kormak. teitir, m. a gladdener, cheerer; varg-t., úlf-t., Lex. Poët. TEITR, adj. [A.S. tât; mid.H.G. zeiz = dear, beloved], glad, cheerful; tefldu í túni teitir vóru, Vsp. 8; teitum jó, a wild steed, Hm. 89; vit skolum teitir, Hkv. 1. 6; ú-teitr, downcast, Hým.; ein-teiti, q.v.; öl-teiti, q.v. II. Teitr, a pr. name, Landn. TEKJA, u, f. [taka], a take, taking; ábúð jarðar heimilar tekju, Gþl. 329: seizure, booty, plur., miklar tekjur fjár, Fs. 14; hafa kostgrip af hverri tekju, Fms. i. 158. 2. an income, revenue (the king's); konungr gaf þeim hálfar tekjur við sik, Fms. i. 7; þeir Gunnildar-synir fengu engar tekjur í Þrándheimi, Hkr. i. 174; konungs-t., minni tekjur enn faðir hans hafði haft, Fms. vii. 2: in mod. usage income, gener., both in sing. and plur. tekt, f., qs. tekð, [taka], = taka, bail; njóti vátta at þat fé var í tækt (sic) fengit, N.G.L. i. 434; á-tekt, a touching; inn-tekt, 'intake,' income; fyrir-tekt, til-tekt, upp-tekt, q.v. TELGJA, að, [tálga], to shape, hew wood or stone with adze or knife: of wood, telgja tré, N.G.L. i. 64; timbr er hann telgir, iii. 15; þó at miklir spænir væri af telgdir, Bjarn. 14; sumir at fella, sumir at telgja,

628 TELGJA -- TEPPA.

some to fell the trees, some to hew them into shape, Hkr. i. 293; síðan gékk Þorbergr til ok telgdi borðit svá at ór gengu öll skýlihöggin, 294; Arnórr telgði þá með knífi, en tálgöxin lá þar hjá honum, Rb. 313; t. lokar-spánu af tyrvi-tré, Fms. vi. 183; spánunum þeim er hann hafði telgt, Ó.H. 197: of whalebone, síðan telgði hann af rúnarnar, ... á telgðu tálkni, Eg. 566, 567: of stone, Mag. 63; af telgðu grjóti, 655 xxv. 2. telgja, u, f. a cutter; in tré-telgja, a wood-cutter. TELJA, pres. tel, telr, tel, pl. teljum, telit, telja; pret. talði and taldi, pl. tölðu; subj. telði; imperat. tel, teldú; part. taliðr, taldr, and talinn; neut. older form talt, then talið: plur. neut. talið, Gh. 20; thus in Edda i. 401, v.l. 22, all forms occur, tolð, taulld, i.e. töld, talin, see also the references below: with pron. suff. tel-k, Stor. 22: neg. suff. telr-at, Grág. (Kb.) i. 178: [A.S. tellan, telian; Engl. tell; Dan. tælle; Germ. zählen.] B. To tell, count, number; árum at telja, Vsp. 6; nú hefi ek dverga talða, 12; meðan teljum hans ætt til goða, Ht., Vsp. 14; talði aura, Skv. 3. 37; t. fé í haga, skalat fyl telja, Grág. ii. 258; skalat úmögum fé t., K.Þ.K. 142; t. ætt e-s, Mar.; töldu margir kyn sitt til hans, Ld. 12; sá maðr talði frændsemi, telja knérunnum, ... ef maðr telr rangt, Grág. i. 28; talðir til arfs, 172; talðir, Edda i. 482; þótt þú eigir frændsemi at t. við mik, Nj. 42: t. sér e-t, to claim; Þórarinn krókr taldi sér dalinn, Gullþ. 4; þá taldi hann til ríkis, Fb. ii. 70. II. to tell, say, mention; ef it betra telk, Stor.; fyr telja (Dan. fortælle) fornspjöll, Vsp. 1; telja böl af trega, ... t. móðug spjöll, ... trauðmál talið, ... tregróf um talið, to tell a woful tale, Og. 12, Gh. 1, 9, 21; t. tíva fyr fyrða liði, to tell tales of the gods before men, Hm. 160: to call, say, þat tel ek undr, Yt.; hann talði litla sína fýsi at róa lengra, he said he had little mind for roving farther, Hým. 20; talði honum happ ef ..., Am. 87; lífs tel ek ván önga, 88; as a law term in pleading in court, tel ek (I declare) hann eiga at verða um sök þá sekan, Nj. 229; tel ek hann af sök þeirri sekjan fjörbaugs-mann, Grág. i. 365, 366; eigi síðarr enn nú er talið, told, 18; þá talði Þórðr Gellir tölu um at Lögbergi, ... ok talði hvat honum varð fyrir, áðr ..., then Thord Gellir spoke at length on the Law-hill, and told how much trouble it cost him, ere ..., Jb. 8. 2. to talk, speak; Skeggi kvað engan mann t. af sér þat er hann ætti, talk it from him, talk him out of his own property, Grett. 93 A; telr hann merkiliga tölu, preached a remarkable sermon, Bs. i. 465; fær Porus talt huginn í þá, he put courage into them by his speech, Al. 142; talði hann honum allt hversu hann kom þangat, Str. 10; Saulus talði á mót Gyðingum, spoke against the Jews, 656 C. 13; Gyðingar tölðu i gegn Páli, 15; Guð, sá er svá telr (tölr Cod.) 'gefit allt'..., Blas. 43; tjá ok telja, Fms. ii. 157. III. with prepp.; telja af, to dissuade, Eg. 765: telja at e-u, to blame, find fault with, object to, Fms. i. 35, x. 38, Eg. 252, Nj. 66: t. á e-n, to charge (átölur); með því at hvárir-tveggi teli nökkut á aðra, Fms. x. 28; þeir þóttusk mikit eiga at telja á við Dani, 50, Nj. 26; er talið einlát á hendr honum, he is charged with 'einlát, Grág. i. 178, Ld. 282: t. fram, to tell out, count out; t. kvið fram, Grág. i. 53; t. vætti fram, Nj. 233: t. eptir, to grudge. Fms. ii. 150 (eptir-tölur): t. ofan, to dissuade, xi. 11: t. upp, to tell up, enumerate, Nj. 22, Fms. i. 21, 80: t. fyr, to tell, narrate, record (Dan. fortælle), Vsp. 1; t. fyrir e-m, to persuade (for-tölur), Nj. 160; t. trú fyrir e-m, to preach the gospel for one, 623. 28, 656 C. 19: t. til, to claim, Eg. 338, Fms. xi. 388; t. til við e-n, to count, plead; á ek hvárki at t. til við þik mægðir né frændsemi, Nj. 213; skaltú til telja skatna marga, Hdl.: t. um e-t, langt es um þat at telja, 'tis a long tale to tell, 655 xiii. A. 2; t. um fyrir e-m, to persuade, Fms. xi. 105: t. við, to speak against, Greg. 29. IV. the naut. term, telja fyrir vindi, to be going well through the water, of a ship, but only in the pret.; var byrr góðr ok tölðu (tolþo Cod.) snekkjurnar ekki lengi fyrir vindi, the wind was fair, and the smacks were making good way, Ó.H. 104; töldu snekkjurnar ekki lengi fjörðinn fyrir vindinum, Fms. iv. 237, l.c.; skipin vóru örskreið ok töldu vel fyrir vindinum, the ships were fast, and went well before the wind, i. 100; töldu snekkjurnar skjótt fyrir vindinum, Orkn. 412; the phrase is now obsolete, but an analogy is found in lesa (lesa ..., esp. as in the phrase lesa hafit, Fs. 28). V. reflex., telsk saman frændsemi þeirra, they prove to be relations, N.G.L. i. 350; ekki var ek hér til með þjófum talin, Fms. vi. 106; em ek eigi ráðspakr taliðr, Skv. 1; þú munt taliðr ættar-spillir, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); teljask með dugandi mönnum, Fms. xi. 270; í Bjarka-málum eru tölð (tóð Kb. erroneously) mörg gulls heiti, Edda i. 400, v.l. 22; engi fær talt með tungu, Líkn.; nú hefi ek talt tíu landreka, Fb. ii. 524 (in a verse); er þat enn útalt (untold) at ..., Fms. vi. 222; svá mikit sem til telsk, in proportion (til-tala), Grág. i. 270; þat telsk svá til, it turns out, of accounts; teljask undan, to excuse oneself, decline, Fms. iii. 109, x. 99, Nj. 200. 2. to say of oneself; teljumk ek nú aðili at sök þeirri, Grág. i. 365, 366; talðisk eigi vita sér ván verka-manna, told that he knew of none, Edda 48; telsk mér þat helzt í hug (Lat. animum inducere), Eg. 521; þat talðisk lengstum í huginn at hugsa, ef ..., Ó.H. 195; þeir tölðusk ílla við komnir, 51. 3. part., talið silfr, counted silver, i.e. the wadmal-standard, opp. to vegit, Grág. i. 500; ú-taldr, untold, uncounted; van-talið, of-talið. teljandi, part. a letter, counter, Grág. i. 30. telpa, u, f. a girl, = stelpa, by lisping and dropping the s, Piltr og Stúlka 9, freq. so in popular usage, for stelpa sounds too harshly; litla telpan, biddu telpuna að koma. TEMJA, tem, pret. tamði; subj. temði; imperat. tem, temdú; part. tamiðr, tamðr, taminn: [Ulf. tamjan = GREEK; A.S. tamjan; Engl. tame; O.H.G. zemen; Germ. zähmen; Dan. tæmme; Swed. támja; Lat. domare; Gr. GREEK] :-- to tame, break, of a steed; vel taminn, ílla taminn; öxn nam at temja, Rm. 19; tams vendi ek þik drep, en ek þik t. mun, Skm. 26; t. sterkustu flugdreka, Sks.; Kjalarr tamði mara, Skálda (in a verse); hross ú-tamit ... hrossit ú-tamda, Sd. 177; ó-tömðum, Stj. 94. 2. temja e-n við e-t, to break or train one with a thing; t. sik við íþróttir, Hkr. iii. 283; hann átti hrafna tvá er hann hafði tamit við mál, i. 11; völðu menn at afli ok tömðu við skaplyndi sitt, Eg. 84; t. sik við hesta, Stj. 409; lítt hefi ek tamit mik til leika, Ld. 196; tem þik til, hversu ..., Sks. 371: t. sér e-t, to exercise; t. sér leika, Konr.; t. sér iþróttir, id. temja, u, f., in ó-temja, an unbroken colt. tempra, að, [Lat.], to temper, moderate, Rb. 440; t. úspaka með hirting, Gþl. (pref. xi); t. reiði sína, Al. 43; tempra dóma ok greinir milli lærdómsins ok leikmanna, Bs. i. 724; t. skaplyndi sitt, Fms, xi. 92: part. tempraðr, temperate, mild, Sks. 196. 2. to temper, blend; temprað við mjólk ... temprað við hunang, Pr. 473; temprandi sín tár með hans tárum, Bs. i. 243. tempran, f. a tempering, Stj. 68, 91, Stat. 233; tempranar-laust, intemperately, Th. 77. TEMPS, f. the river Thames; Tempsar bakki, -síða, -minni, the bank, mouth of the T., O.H.L. (in a verse), Fms. xi. 195. temsa, að, [ = tempsa?], to eat slowly and reluctantly, of dainty children; þú tempsar, því ertu að tempsa með matinn? ténaðr, n. a help; see tænaðr. TENDRA, að, [tendr; Dan. tænde; Swed. tända; cp. A.S. tyndre; Engl. tinder; cp. Germ. zänden] :-- to make a fire, light; t. ljós, Sturl. ii. 67, Orkn. 208, v.l.; t. kerti, Hkr. i. 283, Fms. viii. 56; t. eld, i. 268; Hallfreðr sló eld ok tendraðisk eigi skjótt, ii. 82; vóru þá ljós upp tendruð, iii. 139; tendra sinn hug, Bs. i. 238; kveykt eða tendrað, Mar.; tendrask með æði, upp tendrandisk, id. tengðir, f. pl. 'bonds,' affinity; as a law phrase this word displaced the old heathen sifjar, q.v.; réttr at tengðum, Grág. i. 191; fyrir tengða sakir, Nj. 177; var honum efling at tengðum við Mýra-menn, Ld. 98; binda saman lag sitt ok félagskap eptir því sem tengðir þeirra vórn til, Fms. iv. 295; hann batt við þá tengðir, Eb. 4; ná-tengðir. COMPDS: tengða-faðir, m. a father-in-law. tengða-lið, n. relations by affinity, Al. 45. tengða-menn, m. pl. = tengðalið; frændr ok tengðamenn, Fms. i. 203, Ld. 104. tengða-móðir, f. a mother-in-law. tengða-systir, f. a sister-in-law. tenging, f. a joining, Mork. 138 (points of meeting); sam-tenging, conjunction. TENGJA, ð, [cp. töng], to fasten, tie together; hann lét t. skip sín hvert fram af stafni annars, Fms. i. 157; viðum er þeir tengðu útan við vígin, Bs. i. 392: to tie ships together in battle, þat var þá siðvani er menn börðusk á skipum, at tengja skyldi skipin ok berjask um stafna, Hkr. i. 85; þar sem konungarnir höfðu barizt ok tengd vóru flest skipin saman, Fms. vi. 319; tengi saman skipin, ok búi menn sik til bardaga, ii. 306; heimti skip sín saman ok sé búnir við at tengja, Ó.H. 38: saman tengja, to knit together, 656 B. 7; sem tengjask saman á fitfuglum, Sks. 39 new Ed.: eigi varði oss, at ér munduð þetta mál þannig tengja til vár, connect us thus, mix us up with this case, Fms. xi. 54. II. part. tengðr, bound in affinity, Fms. v. 345; ná-tengðr. tengsl, n. pl. the ropes or fastenings by which ships were bound together during battle, Fms. vii. 259; þeir lögðu hvern aptan skipin í tengsl, Orkn. 418; höggva tengslin á skipum sínum, Fms. i. 174; mátti; þar eigi fram komask fyrir skipum þeim er lágu í tengslum, vi. 320; þeir hjuggu tengslin frá stikunum, vii. 259. tengslur, f. pl. = tengls; eigi þykkjumk ek slíkar tengslur séð hafa, Grett. 119. tenningr, later teningr, m. [Dan. terning is a corrupt form, for the word is no doubt from tönn = a tooth, tusk, the dice being made of walrus-tusk] :-- a die; tenninginn, tenningonum, Ó.H. 90; tenningrinn, Orkn. 200; teningr, tafl ok ten[n]inga kast, Sks. 436 B; dufla eðr kasta ten[n]ingum um penninga, N.G.L. ii. 165; kasta til teningum, Sturl. ii. 159, Fb. ii. 174, (where it is spelt teningana l. 7, tenningunum l. 8, te[n]ingum l. 5.) tenntr, part. toothed, Lat. dentatus, Al. 173, Sks. 121, Fas. iii. 341; smá-t., with small teeth; skögul-t., with a dog-tooth; hvít-t., white-toothed. tepet, n. [for. word], a carpet, D.N. teppa, t, [tappi], to confine, enclose, shut in; vildi eigi láta teppa sik þar, Rd. 303; ok teppir oss inni, Stj. 526; teppa eyrun á hesti, to stop the ears, Karl. 282; vera inni tepptr í váginum, Fms. xi. 63; teppa þá inni í dölunum, viii. 60. 2. to close, stop, bar; teppa e-m stig, to stop the way for one, Al, 20.

TEPPA -- TIGR. 629

teppa, u, f. an obstruction; medic., andar-teppa, 'breath-stoppage,' croup(Fr. la grippe); tíða-t., stoppage of menstruation. teppi-maðr, m. an impeder, Ann. for Nord. Oldk. (1845) 168. tepra, u, f. dimness, faintness; augna-t. tepru-legr, adj. foppish. termin, m. [for. word; Lat. terminus], a term, Stj., Rb. (a comput. term). terminera, að, to limit, Stj. 148. terra, ð, = tarra (q.v.), to stretch out, Dan. spile ud; terra fingr, fætr; tamt er fingr að terra | þá tekr sjón að þverra, Hallgr. tertia, u, f., mathem. [for. word; Lat. tertia], a part of a second, Rb,: a third part, 625. 177. testament, n. [for. word; Lat. testamentum], a bequest, will, Bs. i. 718; bequests were an innovation from the Roman law, for as Tacitus says -- heredes successoresque sui cuique liberi, et 'nullum testamentum,' ch, 2O; the ancient Northern law knows no 'last will,' yet cp. Eg. ch. 9. II. eccl. the Testament, N.T., Vídal. tetr, n. (see töturr), Skíða R. and in mod. usage. texti, a, m. [mid. Lat. textus], an evangelistary, the four Gospels, in a costly cover, silver, gold, ivory, as church property; smíða texta tvá sæmiliga ok kaleik, Bs. i. 872; textar fjórir með silfr ok einn með tönn, Dipl. iii. 4; þetta í bókum, messu-bók, texti, legendu-bók, Am. 29; texta, graduale, Vm. 117; texta-dúkr, 52; texta-silfr, D.N. ii. 16; texta spjald, 136, Ám. 55. 2. a text, context, Stj. 25, D.N. teyða, u, f. a vile, wicked person (abuse), Edda i. 532; cp. tuddi. teygi-agn, n. a bait, Fær. 254. teygi-ligr, adj. seductive, tempting, Bs. i. 372. teyging, f. an enticement, temptation, Bs. i. 372, Fms. i. 304, MS. 645. 68 (spelt tægingum). TEYGJA, ð, with neg. suff., imperat. teygj-at and teygj-at-tu, draw thou not, Sdm., Hm. [referring to a lost strong verb, tjúga-, taug-, of which only the part. toginn remains; cp. Engl. tug] :-- to stretch out, draw; teygja hálsinn, ... teyg þik sem mest, Fas. iii. 488; síðan lætr hann teygja, Fs. 176; teygja sig, to stretch one's limbs; or, tevgjast sundr og saman, to writhe like a worm. 2. to spread out dough into a loaf or flat cake (mod. fletja brauð); þeir kváðusk vilja at hón teygði brauð, en þeir mundi baka á eptir, Fas. i. 244. 3. to draw out; teygja (mod. tægja) ull, to card wool; ófu ok teygðu, of the wind and the waves, Edda (in a verse), the metaphor is from wool-dressing. II. metaph. to draw, allure; teygjattu þér at kossi konur, Sdm. 28, 32, Hm. 101, 116, 121; sá er þaðan teygir eða t. lætr, N.G.L. i. 148; teygir Loki Iðunni ut um Ásgarð í skóg nökkurn, Edda 46; teygir hann rakkann á brott með sér, Nj. 114; t. Herjólf út, Rd. 265; er hann hafði teygt Kálf vestan um haf, Fms. vi. 295; t. tíkr at solli, Hkv. 1. 40; t. e-n til hlýðni, Fms. ii. 33; ef þu fær teygt af honum sverðit svá at hann gráti eigi, iv. 37; teyja (sic) hann þangat með fám skipum, Fms. x. 341; t. til þessarar gildru, Bs. i. 372; hann teygir en neyðir eigi, Hom. (St.); t. til e-s, to draw towards, contribute to a thing; varð hann þó mjök at teyja til (from týgja?) ok mart stórt at vinna áðr við gengizk um trúna, Fms. x. 322; hugðumk ek með þessu til teygja at vér mættim frið ok náðir hafa, D.N. vi. 69. &FINGER; For the phrase, teygja tanna, see tönn, tjá (B. l. 2). teyma, ð, [taumr], to lead by the rein, Sól. 55; teyma hest, freq. in mod. usage. tifa, að, [akin to tapsa?], to trip, move the feet quickly; fætrnir tifuðu óðar en vant var, Od. xxiii. (begin.); tifaðisk þá þegar saman fénaðrinn, the sheep hastily flocked together, Stj. 458. tiggi, a, m., poët, a king; see tyggi. TIGI, n. [O.H.G. zîg = a charge], a charge; only in the phrases, enginn í tigi nema þú, none can be charged but thou, there is no question of any but thee; kalla ek þar öngan mann annan í tigi til at eiga þenna svein með mér enn yðr, konungr, Jómsv. 6 (cp. Fms. xi. 53, wrongly spelt tyge); er þar þó enginn í tigi til, nema þú, at vera faðir at barni því er ek geng með, Fas. ii. 235; at hón væri með barni, ok er þar engi maðr í tigi til nema ek, Fb. i. 136; spurði hverr ætti (sveininn) með henni, -- Hón sagði at þar var engi maðr í tigi til nema Haraldr konungr, 157: in all those instances of paternity; so also, það eru tveir í tiginu, there are two suspected. tigin-borinn, part. of noble birth. Eg. 343, Mar. TIGINN, adj. [tiginn and tigund are kindred words, so that tiginn prop. means notable, marked] :-- high-born, of high estate, of a king or an earl; Uppsvía-ætt er tignust er á Norðrlöndum, þvíat sú ætt er komin frá goðunum sjálfum, Ó.H. 87; en þeir mundi þrjú hundruð vetra, at engi mundi vera í ætt hans kona eðr ú-tiginn maðr ..., Edda 104; konungr mælti, far þú vel, vitr maðr ertú ok siðugr ok kannt vel at vera með tignum mönnum, Ó.H. 66: þá sagði Ólafr konungr, vel kanntú at vera með tignum mönnum, Sighvatr, Fb. ii. 112; lítt nýt ek þess þá, segir hón, at ek em konungs-dóttir, ef mik skal gipta ú-tignum manni, ... þat hugda ek, segir hann (the king), at ek munda hafa vald at göra þann tiginn mann hér í landi sem ek vil, Fms. ii. 298; höll skipat með enum tignastum mönnum, Þiðr. 319; tiginn at metorðum, 655 x. 2; göra öngan manna mun hvárt er tiginn eða ú-tiginn, Eg. 351; öllum gaf hann þeim nökkurn grip, þeim stærri er tignari vóru, Fms. vi. 181; segir sér torfenginn slíkan mann ú-tiginn sem Kjartan var, Ld. 189; nú er þess engi ván, at ek giptumk ú-tignum manni ... nú vill hón eigi eiga ú-tiginn mann, þá meguð ér gefa mér tignar-nafn, hefi ek til þess ætt, at ek mætta jarl heita, Fms. vi. 289: in tigna, a nickname, Orkn. tigl, n. [Lat. tegula], a tile, brick; af tiglinu ... meðr tiglit, Stj. 46; elta leir ok göra tigl, 247; steikja tiglit, 263; þeir höfðu tigl fyrir grjót, Al. 29; see tigull. COMPDS: tigl-grjót, u. 'tile-grit,' tiles or bricks used as stones, Stj. 264. tigl-görð, f. brick-making, Stj. 264. tigl-hús, n. a tile-bouse, D.N. ii. 27 (Norse deed of 1290); tiglhús-tópt, N.G.L. ii. 483 (A.D. 1277). tigl-ker, n. an earthen pot, Mar. tigl-ofn, m. a tile-oven, D.N. i. 241 (deed of 1336); see ofn. tigl-veggr, m. a tile-wall, Stj. 612, Al. 86. tigla, að, to reimburse, refund, of small sums; ok skalat bóandanum tigla þat, Grág. i. 156; ok skal bóandinn tigla honum ef þá er hross þat verra en þá er hann tók við, 435: to dole out, of food or drink, opt er tiglat baulum töðum, Hallgr.; tiglaðu e-u í hann! tign, f. the state of being high-born, highness; taka af honum (the earl) tignina, Eg. 271; með mikilli tign ok virðingu, Fms. xi. 88; eptir tign verðleiks, Hom. 29; kyns tign, birth, rank, Greg. 64; fyrir tignar sakir várrar (of a king), Nj. 6; tign þín, your highness, 655 xxviii. 2; há-tign, majesty, (mod.) COMPDS: tignar-bragð, n. rendering of Lat. reverentia, Al. 70. tignar-dregill, m. rendering of Lat. vitta, Bret. ch. 7. tignar-klæði, n. pl. princely robes, robes of state, Nj. 6, Ó.H. 50, Stj. 396. tignar-kóróna, u, f. a prince's crown, diadem, Stj. 495, Karl. 217. tignar-lauss, adj. = ú-tiginn, Fms. vi. 93. tignar-maðr, m. = tiginn maðr, Fms. v. 5. tignar-mark, n. a mark of high rank, Stj. 396. tignar-nafn, n. high rank; t. at ek mætta jarl heita, Fms. vi. 289, cp. i. 53, 61, vii. 119; tignar-nöfn svá sem konungs nafn eðr nafn jarls, Edda 104. tignar-skrúð, n. = tignar-klæði, Þiðr. 118, Hom. 131. tignar-stóll, m. a chair of state, a throne, Pr. 113. tignar-svipr, m. an air of highness, royal countenance, Fas. ii. 475. tignar-sæti, n. a seat of honour, high seat, Stj. 551. 561. tigna, að, to worship, honour; t. sik konungs-nafni, to assume a king's name, Fms. x. 387; skal ek þau aldri tigna, I shall never worship them(the gods), i. 98; t. líkneskjur, Barl. 171. 2. reflex. to be glorified, exalted, Bs. i. 141, Fms. x. 177; tignaðr veldi ok virðingu, Magn. 434; af-tigna and an-tigna (qs. and-tigna), to depreciate. TIGR, tegr, also tögr, togr, tugr, m., gen. tigar, pl. tigir, acc. tigu (tögo, tugu), later tigi, Band. 36, Fb. iii. 578; [a Goth. tigus is suggested by the adj. -tigjus; A.S. tig, teg; O.H.G. zic, zuc; Germ. zebn; Dan. ty; Engl. ten.] A. A ten, decade. The ancient Scandinavians and Teutons had no indeclinable numeral adjectives from twenty to a hundred; the word tigr (like hundrað and þúsund) being a regular substantive. The ancient way of counting is therefore complex and curious; e.g. forty-one was called 'four tens and one' or 'one of the fifth decade;' forty-eight was called 'four tens and eight,' or by counting back, 'five tens short of two,' cp. the Lat. un-de-viginti, duo-de-triginta: forty-five was called 'half the fifth ten,' and so on, as will best be seen from the references below; and so it goes on to 'one hundred and twenty,' for in Icel. a hundred means the duodecimal hundred. In the 14th century (in deeds) 'tigr' began to lose its character of a substantive, eg. þrjátigir, fimtigir ..., or þrjátigi, fimtigi (used inclecl.), whence at last came the mod. þrjátíu, fjörutíu, fimtíu ..., the tíu being a contracted form from the acc. pl. tigu. At the same time hundrað and þúsund became indecl. adjectives, e.g. þrjátiu, brjúhundruð, þrjuþúsund skipum, for the old þrem tiguin hundruðum, þúsundum skipa. B. REFERENCES: þessi vetr fylidi annan tög aldrs Magnúss konungs, this winter completed the second ten, i.e. the twentieth year, of king Magnus' life, Fms. vi. 90; þat skipti tögum, it amounted to tens, several tens, ii. 32; þrjá tigu manna, three tens of men, Eg. 41; á þrem tigum daga, on three tens of days, 656 A. ii. 14; þrír tigir hundraða, Dipl. v. 2; níu tigu manna, Eg. 62; þrettán tigi aura, Band. 36; nær fjórum tigum faðma töðu, well-nigh four tens of fathoms, i.e. forty, Dipl. v. 18; fjóra togo dægra, 655 iii. 3; sex togo hundraða, D.I. i. 350; sex tigir manna, Grág. ii. 194; sex tigir þúsunda manna, Post.; sex tigu hundraða, six tens of hundreds, i.e. sixty hundred, i.e. six thousand, Orkn. 416 old Ed.; tíu tigir manna, ten tens of men, i.e. one hundred, Nj. 191; tíu tigo fjár, K.Þ.K. 140; tíu tigum ásauðar, a hundred sheep, Dipl. v. 19; tíu tegu bæja, Fms. viii. 203: ellifu tigir vætta skreiðar, eleven tens, i.e. one hundred and ten, 655 iii. 4; even, þrettán tigi aura, thirteen tens, i.e. one hundred and thirty, Band. 36; fimtán tigum sinna, fifteen tens, i.e. one hundred and fifty, Dipl. ii. 14: repeating, fjóra tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, four tens of winters and four winters, i.e. forty-four years, ÓH. (pref.); með tveim skipum ok átta togum skipa, Fms. x. 394; sex tigi vetra ok fjóra vetr, Ó.H. (pref.); þrjá tigi ára ok sex ár, three tens of years and six years, Bs. i. 30; eitt skip ok sjau tigu skipa, i.e. seventy-one, Fms. x. 344; hálfan fjórða tög vetra, half the fourth decade, i.e. thirty-five, vi. 430; hálfan fjórða tög skipa, i. 76;

630 TIGR -- TIL.

hálfr fimti tugr kúgilda, half the fifth decade, i.e. forty-five, Dipl. v. 18; hálfr þriði tögr manna, Ísl. ii. 387, Ld. 292; hálfr átti tögr kirkna, seventy-five, Clem.; á einu ári ins fimmta tigar konungdóms Hákonar, on the first year of the fifth ten, i.e. forty-first, Sturl. iii. 308; hann hafði vetr ens sétta tigar, one winter of the sixth ten, i.e. fifty-one, Fms. ix. 534; á öðru ári ens fjórða tigar, i. 67; annann vetr ens fjórða tigar konungdóms hans, Fms. x. 33, Bs. i. 74; fjóra vetr ens tíunda tegar, Ó.H. (pref.); sex ens fjórða tigar, i.e. thirty-six, Thorodd; vikur tvær ens sétta tegar, i.e. fifty-two, Fb. 7; hann hafði sjau vetr ens sjaunda tigar, i.e. sixty-seven, Ld. 330; á enum sjaunda vetri ens sjaunda tugar aldrs síns, Eb. 125 new Ed.; á enum sétta vetri ens átta tugar aldrs síns, Sturl. ii. 187; Þorkell hafði átta vetr ens fimta tigar þá er hann druknaði, i.e. forty-eight, Ld. 326; átta dagar ens níunda tegar, i.e. eighty-two, 1812. 49; átta aurar ens fimta tigar, Grág. ii. 144; á níunda ári ens sjaunda tigar ens tíunda hundraðs, in the ninth year of the seventh ten of the tenth hundred (i.e. 969 A.D.), Fms. i. 67; þá var Egill á níunda tigi, then was Egil in the ninth ten (between eighty and ninety years of age), Eg. 764; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, one year short of four tens, i.e. thirty-nine, Fms. x. 2, v.l.; lítið fátt í fimm tigi vetra, iii. 60; einu ári fátt í fimm tigi, i.e. forty-nine, ... vetri einum fátt í níu tigi ára gamall, i.e. aged eighty-nine, Fb. iii. 578: curious is the phrase, af-tig gamall, = Lat. unde-viginti, aged 'lacking twenty,' i.e. nineteen years old, Fms. vii. 84 (in a verse); the context and chronology shew that this is the sense, and not as explained in Lex. Poët. s.v. afstigr: níu tigir ok tvau ár (elliptically dropping gen. ára), Dipl. v. 3; whence lastly as adj., þrítigir álnir (sic) lérepts, id.; fjöre-tiger manns, Bs. i. 867. As this method was somewhat unwieldy, the counting by twenty was also resorted to, cp. Gramm. xxi, sex merkr ok tuttugu; spænir þrír ok tuttugu, ... sjautján merkr ok tuttugu, Bs. i. 874 (Laur. S.), or the word tigr was altogether discarded, and replaced by skor or sneis (Engl. score, Dan. snees). &FINGER; As in vellums the numbers are mostly represented by Roman figures, and abbreviations used, the editions cannot in these cases be implicitly relied on; the same is the case with old texts preserved in mod. paper transcripts. -tigr, -tögr, -togr, -tugr, adj. (the mod. form is -tugr), only in compds, tví-tugr, þrí-tugr, fer-tugr, fim-tugr, sex-tugr, sjau-tugr (then átt-ræðr, ní-ræðr, tí-ræðr, tólf-ræðr), = twenty, thirty ... years old, or measuring twenty ...; so also, hálf-þrítugr, hálf-fertugr, hálf-fimmtugr, hálf-sixtugr, hálf-sjautugr, aged, measuring half the third, fourth ... seventh ten, i.e. twenty-five, thirty-five, ... sixty-five; var honum vetri fátt í hálf-fimtugum, five tens minus one, i.e. forty-nine, Grett. 186 new Ed.; skorti þrjá vetr á fimtugan at aldri, i.e. forty-seven, Bs. i. 74; tveim vetrum meirr enn þrítogr, 30; þá skorti hann vetr á þrítugan ..., fimmtugan, i.e. aged twenty-nine ..., forty-nine, Sturl. iii. 308; þá var hann vetri meirr enn hálf-fertugr, i.e. thirty-six, Bs. i. 79. tigu-liga, adv. nobly, princely; þeir létu t. yfir sér, Hkr. i. 213; taka t. við, Fms. xi. 341; klæddr tigurliga, Barl. 35. tigu-ligr, adj. (tigúrligr, Fms. vii. l.c., Barl. 35), lordly, princely; t. forvista, Fms. x. 273; tiguligir siðir, Magn. 434; inn tiguligi maðr, Ó.H. 241; í hinu tiguligstu yfirlæti, Bs. i. 130; herligra mann né tigurligra, Fms. vii. 69; tigurligt borð, Barl. 35; at engi hefði sét fegra mann eðr tigurligra sýnum, Fms. vi. 438; tigurlig ok tillystilig, Stj. 417. tigull (proncd. tígull), m. = tígl, q.v. 2. metaph. any tile-formed thing, a square: in cards, the diamond (Dan. ruder), tigul-myndaðr, tile-shaped; the deigul-mór (q.v.) is a corruption from tígul-mór = 'tile-clay.' tigund, f., older and better form than tegund, see below; [akin to tiginn, tign] :-- a kind, sort, species; at hverr sé mundang-maðr í þeirri tigund (condition of life) sem hann er í skipaðr, Sks. 496 B; hverrar stéttar ok tegundar sem hann er, H.E. i. 432; stéttar eðr tigundar, D.N. ii. 504; þau orð er þeirra tigund hæfi (where tigund is = tign), Sks. 432 B; hversu menn skulu landnám taka hverr í sína tigund, N.G.L. i. 239; rakkar tveir ..., eigi þóttusk menn sét hafa slíkar görsimar í þeirri tegund, Fas. iii. 45: the phrase, ekki tegund, not a whit; ágætastir hlutir, hverr í sinni tegund, Fms. ii. 285; æxla ættir sínar hverr í sínu kyni ok tigund, Sks. 12 new Ed.; sjau þau er æt eru af tegund, Ver. 8; hann gleymir svá sinnar tegundar (sex) ok náttúruligs eðlis, Stj. 78. tiktúra, u, f. a whim. TIL, prep. with gen. As to this particle, the two branches of the Teutonic family vary: all the South Teut., including the Goth., present the form without the final l; Goth. du (qs. tu) = GREEK; A.S., Hel., Old Fris. te, to; North. E. te; Engl. to; Dutch te, toe; O.H.G. zi, za, zuo; Germ. zu; Old Frank. to, te, ti; while the Northerners add the l, as Dan., Swed., North. E. and Scot. til; the Swedes double the l, till. That til is the truer form is seen from rhymes, til vilja, Vígl.: on the other hand, mod. provinc. Norse and Swedish drop the l, thus te, Ivar Aasen, Rietz. The Engl. uses both forms, to, of place, till, of time, of which the latter is no doubt borrowed from the Norse or Danish: til = to is quite common still in Cumberland and other North. E. counties, 'to gang til Carlisle,' etc.; a single instance of the form til is said to exist in an old Northumbrian vellum. Both forms, to and til, are, we believe, identical, the latter being a compound particle, ti-l, although the origin of the l has not as vet been made out. The uncompounded particle ti- is not entirely unknown in the Scandinavian, for it has been preserved in the compds mikils-ti, hölz-ti, unz-t, qq.v. &FINGER; Particles, even brief monosyllabic ones, often turn out to be compds, as e.g. ok(conj.), or the suffixed verbal negative; the prep. 'til' therefore is no more akin to the Germ. noun ziel than is 'ok' (and) to ok (a yoke); the apparent similarity in sense is in both cases merely accidental. A. To, with gen., also used elliptically or as an adverb; bjóða e-m til sín, Eg. 140; til kirkju, Nj. 209; koma til boðs, 50; ganga til búðar, Grág. i. 31; ríða til skips, Ísl. ii. 192; leiða til skips, Ld. 74; til Íslands, Nj. 10; ríða til Norðrárdals, ok svá til Hrúta-fjarðar ok til Laxárdals, 32; koma til Noregs, 121; hann fór til Ólafs á Dröngum, til Gests í Haga, Landn. 154; sækja giptu til e-s, Fms. v. 154: adding direction, austr, vestr, suðr ... út, inn, upp, fram, norðr til Þrandheims, austr til Danmerkr, vestr til England:, suðr til Björgynjar, etc., passim; út til, inn til, Landn. 140; heim til, Fms. xi. 382; upp til borgar; neðan til knjá, Nj. 209. 2. with verbs, to, towards; leiða, stefna ... til, to lead, tend towards, Eg. 230, Nj. 4, 102; tala vel, ílla til e-s, to speak well or ill 'towards, ' i.e. of; vita til e-s, to know of, be conscious of, Fms. i. 142, x. 377; íllorðr til e-s, Nj. 142; minna til e-s, to remember; minnask til e-s, to kiss, 282; drekka til e-s, to 'drink towards' (vulg. Engl.), i.e. drink to one, Eg. 552 (also ellipt. drekka e-m til); vísa til e-s (til-vísan), Landn. 192, Nj. 209; taka til e-s, 196, Fms. i. 151: with verbs denoting to look, see, hear, turn, sjá, gæta, hlýða, heyra, hugsa ... til e-s, to look, listen, think, speak ... to one, Eg. 380, Nj. 2, 10, 87, 91; þeir sá eyjar í haf til útsuðrs, Landn. 35; hann sá opt ljós til leiðis konungsins, Fms. xi. 286; þeir sá eld til Úlfars-fells, Eb. 156; heyra gný ok glam til hersins, Fms. vi. 156, viii. 125; til norðr-ættar, xi. 230; sá menn elda brenna til hafs, x. 157; vissi til lands, Eg. 389; þann veg er veit til Hlaða, Fms. x. 265; horfa aptr til hala; í þeim hlut húss er til vetfangs horfir, Grág. ii. 125; spyrja til e-s, to speer after, hear tidings of one, þetta spyrsk til skipa, Fas. i. 241, Nj. 7; spyrja gott til e-s, Hkr. i. 140: segja til e-s, to tell of(see segja), Nj. 46, Ld. 40, Hrafn. 5; ljúga til e-s, to tell a falsehood of, Finnb. 318. 3. til annarrar handar, on the other hand or side, Nj. 50, 97; til vinstri, hægri handar, til beggja handa, Hkr. i. 158, Eg. 65. II. denoting business, reason, purpose, capacity, respect; leggjask til svefns, ÓH.; ganga til svefns, Eb. 156; halda barni til skirnar, K.Á. 146; ríða til dagverðar, Nj. 219; fara til vistar, 40; dómar fara út til sóknar, Eg. 725; falda sér til vélar við konu, Grág. i. 338; skipa mönnum til umráða, i. 5; svelta sik til fjár, Nj. 18; drepa e-n til fjár, göra e-t til fjár, Ld. 264; gefin (married) til fjár, 26, Nj. 257; skora á e-n til landa, Landn. 80; Eg. 498; sækja til trausts, Ld. 26; sækja til landa, Nj. 103; sækja til faðernis, Grág. i. 140; leggja fé til höfuðs e-m, taka fé til höfuðs e-m, Ld. 50, Eg. 375; berjask til ríkis, Fms. vii. 283; blóta til árs, Hkr. i. 13; sverð öruggt til vápns, Ld. 244; hafa eðli til e-s, Skálda 171; selja e-t til silfrs, to convert it into silver, Landn. 293 (Hb.); ætla e-n til dráps, Nj. 163; hlaðinn til hafs, ready for use, Fms. x. 157; liggja til byrjar, i. 135, Eg. 183; taka til konungs, Fms. i. 21; taka til lögsögu-manns, Nj. 164; kjósa til veganda, 100; vinna til e-s (see vinna); gefa til bóta, 101; göra til saka, 80; taka til ráða, 75; hvat er til ráðs, 76; þat er til jartegna, Eg. 768; til merkja (til marks), 766; til gagns, til lítils, Nj. 52; til meins, 106; til sæmdar, 79; til tíðenda, Eg. 201; til næringar, til viðrværis, til fæðu, til matar, Stj. 87, Fms. i. 126, Eg. 221; hross til reiðar, Hrafn. 7; til skjóls, Grett. 169; til sóma, til eptirlætis, Nj. 89; til spotts, Korm. 232; til gamans, til hvárs, for what purpose; as also, til einskis, til góðs, til ílls, til nokkurs. 2. kaupa til tuttugu hundraða, to the amount of, Landn. 145; til fulls eyris, Grág.; fé til tveggja aura gulls, Fms. vii. 218; til fulls, fully; til jafns við, Nj. 46; til hálfs, Eg. 379; til loks, finally, to the end (see lok); vaxa meirr en til dæma, beyond example, unexampled, Stj. 87; draga til dæmis, to produce for the sake of example, Mar.; hence, til dæmis (as adverb), for instance (written abbreviated in mod. books, t.d. = e.g.) 3. e-m verðr gott, íllt til e-s, to be well or ill off for a thing, have little of it; þeim varð gott til manna, Nj. 20; land íllt til hafna, a land ill off for havens, Eg. 332; þar var íllt til vað-mála, short of, Bárð. 5 new Ed.; henni féll þungt til fjár, Nj. 31; góðr til (open-handed as to) fjár ok metnaðar, Eg. 17; færr til e-s, able to do a thing, Nj. 97, Fms. ix. 530; vænn til framkvæmdar, 480; líkligr til e-s, likely to, Nj. 132; hafa verðleika til e-s, to deserve of, Eg. 226. 4. with verbs; göra e-t til skaps e-m, Nj. 198; göra til skaps vina minna, 80; jafna e-u til e-s, to compare it with, Ld. 60; vera til eptirmáls, Nj. 166; göra vel, ílla til e-s, Eg. 542, Ld. 62; vinna til e-s, 50, Ísl. ii. 253, Nj. 101, Eg. 519; hlutask til e-s, Nj. 101; beina til, búa til, afla til, efna til, fá til, göra til, hjálpa til, inna til, leggja til, reyna til, ráða til, segja til, skipa til, stilla til, stoða til, stofna til, taka til, vinna til, vísa til, vána til, e-s, all verbs of providing, doing, helping, disposing, and the like; as also kalla til. 5. vera til vers, to be fishing, Korm. 142, rare, but cp. the Dan. phrase, til sös = at

TILAFLAN -- TILMÆLI. 631

sea. III. temp., til miðs aptans, Hrafn. 7; til elli, Ld. 12; til dauða-dags, Nj. 109; allt til dauða-dags, Fms. i. 17, etc. 2. til skamrar stundar, i.e. till within a short time, a short time ago, Hom. 107; líðr á sumarit til átta vikna, the summer passed till eight weeks (were left), Nj. 93; vika til þings, a week to (i.e. before) the season of the þing, Grág.; þrír dagar til sumars, Edda 26; tíu vikur til vetrar, Ld. 106; stund til hádegis, stund til miðs morguns, dagmála, in measuring time, used in Icel. exactly as in Engl., ten minutes to eight, a quarter to eleven, (but mod. Dan. follows the Germ. mode of reckoning, for there 'ti minutter til tolv', ten minutes towards twelve, is = Engl. 'ten minutes past eleven'); til þess, until, Nj. 153; allt til, all the time till, 272, Hrafn. 7; þar til er, until, Nj. 4. IV. ellipt. and adverbial usages; vera til, to be 'toward' to exist; eiga til, hafa til, to possess; fala hey ok mat ef til væri ... hvárt-tveggja er til, Nj. 73; ef þú kemr eigi til, if thou comest not to hand, 4; ef nökkut var til, Eg. 267; þat ráð sem helzt var til, ready on hand, 42; munu eigi tveir til, Nj. 261; kómu þeir þangat til, 80; ætla svá til, 86; vera til neyddr, to be forced, 98; þat er þú þarft til at taka, 105; gefa fé til, 75; væri mikit gefanda til, at, 98; telr hann þat til, at ..., Fms. xi. 137; skilja til, to reserve, Nj. 54; spara til, 3, Hkr. i. 196; mæla til, 99; tala til, 216; eiga ætt til, Edda 7; hafa aldr til, Eg. 190; skorta til, Nj. 73; íllt þótti mér til móti at mæla, Fms. xi. 242; verða fyrstr til, to be the first to do a thing, v. 103; sem lög stóðu til, Ld. 32; hljótask af mér til, Nj. 113; sækja mál til laga, 86. 2. of direction; sunnan til, Sks. 216; norðan til, e.g. sunnan til við ána, on the south side of the river, Sks. 216. B. Too, Lat. nimis; eigi til víðlendr, Fms. vi. 94; eigi til görla, 205; til ungr, til gamall, Grág. i. 192; verða til seinn, Bær. 15; honum þótti sinn hluti til lágr, Lv. 97; engi hefir til djarfligar risit, Mar.; helz til, mikils til, by far too much, as in mod. usage; but the ancients said hölzti (helzti) and mikilsti, thus mikilsti (too much), Hm. 66, Bs. i. 775; hölzti, Nj. 191, Ld. 188, 216, Al. 37, 41, Fms. viii. 91, 133, Hkr. iii. 376; helzti, Eb. 154, etc., see heldr, B. III; unzt, see that word. til-aflan, f. produce, supply of stores, Ld. 298, Eg. 84. tilannaðr, m. furtherance; tilannaðar-maðr, a furtherer, Orkn. 286. til-beiðsla, u, f. adoration. til-beini, a, m. furtherance, help, Eg. 139, Glúm. 326, Fms. vi. 368, x. 60, v.l. til-beri, a, m. = snakkr (q.v.), a word used in western Icel.: [Fin. para; Swed. bjára; whence probably til-beri, for in witchcraft and sorcery the Finns were the teachers, and it is more likely that the Scandin. borrowed this word from them than the reverse.] til-biðja, bað, [Dan. tilbede], to adore. til-boð, n. an offer, Dan. tilbud, (mod.) til-bragð, n. a contrivance, Ld. 150; með skjótu tilbragði, Mar. til-brigði, n. pl. a change, Bárð. 169. 2. nature; sem hann á t. til, Art.; sem líkindi eru á ok þeir áttu t., Sturl. i. 3; hon hefir íllt lunderni hlotið af íllum tilbrigðum, Al. 153, Str. 61, Þiðr. 129, Fb. ii. 142. til-búinn, part. ready. til-búnaðr, m. an arrangement, Fms. xi. 431: preparation, Nj. 86, Grág. i. 373. til-búningr, m. = tilbúnaðr, Grág. ii. 30. til-bæriligr, adj. [Dan. tilbörlig], fit, suitable, (mod.) tildra, að, [akin to tjald?], tildra e-u upp, to build loosely. til-dráttr, m. a pulling, attraction, Mar.: an incident, occasion, Stj. 35. til-drög, n. pl. what leads or conducts to, the cause or origin of. til-efni, n. business, affairs, deserts; hann vissi t. sín, understood his own affairs, own deserts, Fms. vii. 61: a cause, reason. til-eygðr, part. squint-eyed. til-fangi, a, m. and til-föng, n. pl. materials, provisions; timbr ok allan tilfanga, Gþl. 377, D.N. vi. 167. til-felli, n. [Dan. tilfælde], an occurrence, circumstance, accident, case, K.Á. 224, 226, Bs. i. 288, 711, 728, Fms. vi. 118, Gþl. 483, H.E. i. 475, Sturl. ii. 80, passim: gramm. a case, Skálda 175, 178, 180, 185: an effect, 204. til-felliligr, adj. suitable, Bs. i. 234, 769, (Fr.) til-ferð, f. admittance, Stj. 68. til-finning, f. feeling, sensibility. til-flutning, f. a supply, Ó.H. 129, Fms. viii. 179, v.l. (in mod. usage masc.) til-fyndiligr, m. suitableness, Skálda 167. til-fyndinn, adj. fault-finding (mod. að-fyndinn), Grett. 108 C. til-fýsi, f. a desire, longing, Al. 115. til-fýsiligr, adj. desirable, Str. 38, Barl. 56. til-fýst, f. = tilfýsi, Barl. 122. til-færur, f. pl. instruments. til-föng, n. pl. supplies, means, Fs. 11, 13, 25, Ó.H. 113, Fms. xi. 69. til-för, f. the moving to a place, Grág. i. 451, ii. 334: an attack = atför (q.v.), Nj. 101, Eb. 90 new Ed., Ld. 226, Grág. ii. 37, Gullþ. 12: an execution, in civil sense, N.G.L. ii. 89. til-gangr, m. circumstances, grounds, shewing how a thing comes to pass; vígit ok allan þann tilgang, Þórð. 69; er löng frásaga um málaferli þessi ok tilganga, Sturl. i. 10; segir honum tilgang sinnar þarkvámu, Fms. ii. 197, Sturl. iii. 155, Sks. 587. II. recourse; at oss sé t., at várr hlutr sé réttr, Ísl. ii. 141. III. mod. intention. til-gjarn, adj. forthcoming, Stj. 186. til-gjöf, f. a dower, bridal gift, given by the bridegroom to the bride (cp. mundr), Gþl. 212, 214, 221, Fms. ii. 132, ix. 453, x. 309, 340, D.N. passim. 2. endowment of a church, K.Á. 24. 3. an additional payment (Dan. tilgift), D.N. til-göng, n. pl. = tilgangr, Anecd. 56, Sks. 588. til-görð, f. desert, merit; eptir tilgörðum, according to one's deserts, Fms. i. 104; fyrir enga t., without provocation, v. 135; útan várrar tilgörðar, id., ix. 352; minni skömm en tilgörðir hans vóru til, vii. 167; líta á t. með efnum, Eg. 417; gör eigi eptir tilgörðum várum, Mar.; fellt á sik bann af sínum tilgörðum, by their deeds, K.Á. 64. til-görning, f. = tilgörð, Hom. 111. til-görr, part. full-shapen, finished, Bs. i. 59. til-hald, n. (Dan. tilhold), tilhalds-maðr, m. a showy person; Björn var t. mikill, Eb. 200 (Cod. Wolph.) = áburðarmaðr. til-heyriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), due, proper, Stj. 44, 283, Fær. 141, H.E. ii. 190, Th. 12; ú-t. til-hjálp, f. help, Norske Saml. v. 551. til-hliðran, f. a yielding, concession. til-hlutan, f. an interference. til-hlýðiligr, adj. due, becoming. til-hlökkun, f. joy; hlakka til e-s. til-hneiging, f. a bent, inclination, desire, Stj. 70, 79: freq. in mod. eccl. usage, girndir og tilhneigingar. til-hugi, a, m., in tilhuga-líf, n. the life of longing, of a loving pair before the wedding. til-hæfi, n. the foundation of a statement; það er ekkert t. í því. til-hættni, f. a venture, Sks. 231. til-inning, f. an indication, Hom. (St.) til-kall, n. a claim, laying claim to, Fms. i. 83, ix. 327, Grág. i. 177, Eg. 267, Hkr. i. 198. til-kalla, u, f. = tilkall, B.K. 125. til-komandi, part. coming, H.E. i. 389. til-kostnaðr, m. costs, expense. til-kváma, u, f. a coming, arrival, Edda 9, Grág. ii. 293, Nj. 112, 175, Fms. ii. 188, ix. 415, x. 31. COMPDS: tilkvámu-fólk, n. comers, Stj. 568. tilkvámu-lauss, adj. of no consequence, Fas. ii. 442. tilkvámu-maðr, m. a comer, Fms. ii. 285. 2. a matter of importance, Fbr. 140. til-kvæði, n. the addressing one in verse, Fas. i. 296. til-kvæmd (til-kœmd, Anal. 247), f. = tilkváma(?), Fms. x. 212; tilkvæmdar-maðr, Ld. 10. til-lag, n. a help, contribution; heit ek þér nökkuru tillagi, Ísl. ii. 387, Fær. 69, Fms. xi. 56, 114, Fs. 13; þeir beiddu hann tillaga, Gullþ. 46, Glúm. 314; fjár-tillag, a contribution in money; hann efldi staðinn í mörgum tillögum, endowments, Bs. i. 77. II. counsel, advice; tillög mín ok ráða-görðir, Fs. 41; haf þökk fyrir þín tillög, ok við skal ek leita at yrkja kvæðit, Fms. vii. 113, xi. 61; þetta er ráð mitt ok t. með yðr, 98; þat er mitt t. at Kjartan göri annat-hvárt ..., Ld. 216. COMPDS: tillaga-fár, adj. reserved in counsel, cold, Fas. ii. 402. tillaga-góðr, adj. well-disposed to, furthering, taking interest in, Nj. 2, Band. 12 new Ed. tillaga-íllr, adj. interfering in a hostile way, evil-disposed as to a thing, Orkn. 424, Nj. 73, Sturl. iii. 35; hinir tillaga-verstu, the most hostile, Orkn. 310. tillaga-súrr, adj. sour, Bs. i. 722. til-laga, u, f. = tillag, a contribution, N.G.L. iii. 77, D.N. ii. 16. II. counsel, advice; vilju vér heyra fleiri manna tillögur, Fms. ix. 328, xi. 84, Stj. 194; ráðgjafa síns tillögu, Barl. 151, Fb. i. 386; tillögu-fé, a contribution-fee, Gþl. 12. til-lagan, f. a contribution, H.E. i. 309. til-láta, n. compliance, deference, Fms, iii. 208. COMPDS: tilláts-samr, adj. yielding, Grett. 49 new Ed. tilláts-semi, f. compliance. til-leiðing, f. an inducement, temptation, H.E. i. 490, Th. 15. til-leitinn, adj. pert, saucy, = áleitinn, Grett. 100 new Ed., Fb. i. 125. til-leitni, f. an attempt, Krók. 30 C. til-lit, n. [cp. Germ. ant-litz], a look, glance; hefir Höttr íllt t., a dismal look, Fas. i. 67: an opinion, Guðs vilja ok réttsýnna manna tilliti, Fms. iv. 112: the looking after a thing. til-lokkan, f. an allurement, Mar., Bs. i. 857. til-lotning, f. reverence; vegsemd ok t., Mar. til-lystiligr, adj. = tilfýsiligr, Stj. 417. til-læti, n. deference, Nj. 169, Sturl. iii. 94; göra e-m t., to shew deference to, Finnb. 322; veita e-m t,, Stj. 126; veita mér t. ok virðing, Fas. ii. 545; hafa t. við e-n, Fms. iv. 127; ek vil sýna þér lítið t., gefa þér gullhring, Boll. 356. til-máli, a. m. an admonition, H.E. i. 252. til-mæli, n. a claim (= tilkall), Fms. ix. 327; Knúti þótti sem hann

C32 TILRAUN -- TITLA.

ætti rétt t. til Noregs, x. 402: a request, Sks. 78; veita t., to answer to one's request, 101, 656 C. 12; tilmælis-orð, Stj. 199: a wish, verða við tilmælum e-s = veita e-m t. til-raun, f. a trial, experiment, Fms. iii. 72; göra t., Fær. 32, Fms. vi. 163, Fs. 6; önnur skírri tilraun, Lv. 78. til-ráð, n. an onset, Ísl. ii. 357; veita e-m t., to assault, Clem. 37. til-ráðning, f. the clearing the way for a thing, Fms. i. 244; af t. e-s, by one's efforts, Bs. i. 710. til-ræði, n. an assault, outrage, with a weapon; veita e-m t., Korm. 38, Fms. viii. 249, xi. 148, 151, Ld. 278 (of an outrage); hann hjó til höfuðs Flosa -- Glúmr gat séð tilræðit, Nj. 220; varð hann fyrir áverka af mínu tilræði, Ísl. ii. 327. 2. boldness, daring; tilræði sitt ok hraustleik, Fms. ii. 217; mun oss sigrs auðit ef oss skortir eigi þrá ok t., Ó.H. 168; eljan ok t., Fs. 4; tilræðis-maðr, a daring man, Fms. vii. 296. til-saga, u, f. a giving notice of, Grág. ii. 328, Hom. 5. til-sagt, part. the name of a metre, Edda (Ht.) 129. til-setning, f. disposition, Al. 104, Fms. x. 300. til-sigling, f. a shipping to a place, Fms. vi. 440. til-sjá, f. the looking to a thing, attention, care, Fms. i. 71; með t. e-s, superintendence, supervision, vi. 13; hafa tilsjár um hag e-s, 354, Orkn. 446 (where 'við' should be 'um'); þóttisk eiga þar t. (recourse) um eptirmál er hann var, Hrafn. 15; í einn stað var tilsjáin með Guðs miskunn, Fms. viii. 56, Str. 55. til-sjón, f. superintendence; tilsjónar-maðr, an overseer. til-skipan, f. an arrangement, disposition, Eg. 67, Ísl. ii. 355, Fms. xi. 126; at bæn ok t. Eiriks konungs, 319; eptir Guðs vilja ok t., viii. 229; eptir t. Óla, i. 128, Bret. 4. 2. mod. law term, a royal ordinance, as a translation of Dan. forordning. til-skyldan, f. one's deserts, due, Stj.: compulsion, af t. eða kúgan, Bs. i. 857. til-slægr, m. a profit, Hkr. iii. 341. til-sókn, f. a crowding, frequenting, Mar., Hom. (St.), Stj. 190. til-spurn, f. = tilspurning. til-spurning, f. a hearing, intelligence, Fms. vii. 24. til-staða, u, f. a condition, state, circumstances, Fb. ii. 146. til-stand, n. a condition, state, = á-stand. til-stilli, n. an inducement, management; af þinu t., by thy guidance, Lv. 34; af sínu t. ok vitru, Fms. xi. 104; hafði konungr allt t. um brögð þessi, Ó.H. 163; t. um málaferli, a conducting of suits, Band. 16 new Ed. til-stilling, f. = tilstilli; yðra t. ok forsió, O.H.L. 43. til-stoð, f. assistance, Fms. vi. 235. til-stofning, f. a causing, Grett. 146 new Ed. til-stuðning, f. assistance, backing, Norske Saml. v. 551. til-stundan, f. an inducement, exertion, Fms. vi. 224, Al. 114. til-stýring, f. = tilstilli, Fms. ii. 68, Clar. til-sýn, f. an appearance; in the phrase, tilsýnum, Sks. 46 new Ed.: til-sýndum, id., Fas. i. 246: mod. til-sýndar: of such and such an appearance; fagr t., fair to behold. til-sýni, n. a look-out, view; þykkir mér þar gott t., Sd. 174. til-sýsla, u, f. management, Fms. xi. 120. til-sögn, f. (segja til), a confession; t. synda, 625. 179: mod. information, teaching, tilsagnar-fingr, m. the index-finger, Stj. 210. til-taka, n. a laying hold of; vera góðr, íllr tiltaks, to be good or ill to resort to, Ó.H. 44; höndin varð honum hvergi betri tiltaks, the hand was of little use to him, Ld. 140, Eg. 524; urðu konungi því verri tiltaks menninir, ok fékk hann lítið lið, Ó.H. 177; þeir kváðu nú lítið tiltak hjá sér vera mundu sakir fastra heita við Sturlu, Bs. i. 626. COMPDS: tiltaka-góðr, adj. = góðr tiltaks, good to aid, Fb. i. 433. tiltaka-samr, adj. busy, meddling; hann var t. um allt, Fms. ii. 68. til-taka, tók, to appoint, fix. til-taka, u, f. = tiltekja, Fms. xi. 248: the mod. phrase, það er ekki tiltöku-mál, there is no question, possibility of it. til-tala, u, f. proportion, of numbers; eptir réttri tiltölu, in due proportion, Gþl. 214, K.Á. 18, Dipl. v. 21; ok svarar stund sú er barnit er fætt þeirri tiltölu sem til heyrir, N.G.L. ii. 26. 2. a claim = tilkall, Fms. i. 52, iv. 86, xi. 388. til-tekit, part. n. the name of a metre, Edda 125, Ht. 15, 39. til-tekja, u, f., lit. what a man takes to do (esp. in a low sense), an expedient, contrivance, Fms. iii. 85, vi. 189, xi. 15, Fs. 18, 64, Nj. 54; þá grunaði mjök um tiltekjur jarls, about the earl's designs, Orkn. 440; at hvárri-tveggju tiltekju þessi, in either case, Grág. ii. 228. til-tekt, f. = tiltekja, Lv. 25, Bárð. 181, Fs. 9, 17, 73. til-teyging, f. a temptation, Stj. 146. til-trú, f. [Dan. tiltro], trust, confidence, (mod.) til-tæki, n. = tiltekt, Þorst. Síðu H. 182, Fs. 9, Anal. 237, Fms. vi. 107, vii. 2, 218, viii. 15, ix. 428; fyrir þetta þitt t. skaltú þiggja frelsi, Landn. 150, v.l. til-tækiligr, adj. expedient, Eg. 371, Grett. 33 new Ed., Fms. i. 127, Ó.H. 178, Karl. 397. til-tækr, adj. seizable; göra dræpan ok tiltækjan, hvar sem hann yrði fundinn, Eb. 4; dræpr ok t., hvar sem hann verðr staðinn, Fms. iv, 319; er sekt fé hans allt ok tiltækt (forfeited), Grág. i. 461. 2. ready, at hand, in a condition fit for use; sá þeir at belgirnir vóru ekki tiltækir, Sd. 157; svá at þegar væri sverðit tiltækt er vildi, Eg. 505; skáldskapr var honum svá t. at ..., Ó.H. 171. til-verki, a, m. desert, merit, Sks. 551, 615. II. a deed, action; engi skyldi gjalda annars tilverka, Fms. x. 152, Barl. 28, 31 (= tilgörð). til-verknaðr, m. = tilverki, Fs. 10. til-vik, n. a circumstance, Sks. 565. til-vísan, f. guidance, direction, instruction, Landn. 27, 287, Edda 37, Fms. vii. 296, Sks. 58, 195, Ver. 34, Stj. 156, passim. til-vísing, f. = tilvísan. O.H.L. 61. til-vonandi, part. to be expected, future. til-æsking, f. adoption, a translation of Lat. adoptio; tilæskingar-sonr, an adopted son, Fbr. 21, Fb. i. 512. til-ætlan, f. an intention, purpose, Fms. x. 336, Fs. 109. TIMBR, n. [Engl. timber; Dan. tömmer; Germ. zimmer], timber, wood felled for building, = Lat. materies; hann hafði látið höggva í skógi timbr, Glúm. 368; timbrit var þurt ok bræddir veggirnir, Eg. 90; þetta var þar haft til timbrs, Al. 166; hjöggu þeir timbr mart ok hlóðu saman, Eb. 178; forn timbr féllu, Akv. 42; t. í annars manns mörku, N.G.L. ii. 106; mærðar-timbr máli laufgat, Stor., passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: timbr-fastr, adj. timber-fast, an epithet of a house, Ýt. timbr-hús, n. a timbered-house. timbr-högg, n. a felling of timber, Fms. viii. 116, D.N. iii. 236. timbr-kirkja, u, f. a timber-church. timbr-maðr, m. [Germ. zimmermann], a house-wright, (mod.) timbr-stofa, u, f. a hall of timber, Bs. i. 826, 830, 874. timbr-stokkr, m. a timber-stock, beam, of the beams in a wooden wall, Eb. 118, Eg. 233, Hkr. i. 17, Bs. i. 828. timbr-veggr, m. a wooden wall, Eg. 234, Fms. i. 291, vii. 54. B. A set of forty skins, Fms. xi. 325, Rétt. 2. 10. timbra, að, [Ulf. timrjan or timbrjan = GREEK; A.S. timbrian; Engl. timber; O.H.G. zimbaron; Germ. zimmern; Dan. tömre; Swed. timbra] :-- to 'timber,' i.e. to build of timber; the very word proves that all ancient Teutonic dwellings were of wood; hús at t., Rm.; timbruðum vér hásæti, Sks. 626; upp at t. Guðs Kristni, Fms. x. 277, Sks. 26, passim; há-timbra hús ok hof, to raise high houses and temples, Vsp. 7, Gm. timbran, f. an erecting, building, Hom. (St.) timpan, n. [for. word; Lat. tympanum], Konr. TIN, n. [a common Teut. word; Lat. stannum], tin, Fs. 22, Stj. 340, Konr., Dipl. iii. 4, Vm. 47, passim. COMPDS: tin-bjalla, u, f. tinkling bells(?), Grett. 129 C. tin-diskr, m. a tin plate, Vm. 109, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. tin-fat, tin-flaska, and tin-kanna, n. a vat, flask, can of tin, D.N. tin-ker, n. a pewter-pot, Vm. 104. tin-knappr, m. a tin knob, Þorf. Karl. 374. tin-kross, m. a tin cross, Vm. 53. tin-ligr, adj. of tin, tinned, 732. 15. tin-smiðr, m. a tin-smith, white-smith, Sturl. iii. 191. tin-söðull, m. a kind of saddle, Vm. 177. II. nicknames, Tin-forni, Eb.; Tin-teinn, Korm.; (tindráttar-maðr, a pewterer, in Kormak's verse.) tina, að, to tin; tinaðr, Ám. 83, 84; tinnat beisl, Grett. 129. II. to twinkle or blink with the eyes, like an albino, Lat. tintinnare. tinda, að, to furnish with tindr; tinda hrífu: tindaðr, dented; tindaðir rekendr, byrstr með eiki-tinduðu baki, Sks. 419. tindil-fættr, adj. walking as on tiptoe. tindóttr, adj. toothed, spiked, covered with spikes, Edda 58, Rb. 348, Bs. i. 326, Odd. (in a verse). TINDR, m. [A.S. tind; Germ. zinne], a spike, tooth, as of a rake, harrow, carding comb; hrífu-tindr, gékk út kerling ein ok hafði ullkamb í hendi ... muntú festa, bokki, tindinn í kambi mínum? Fb. iii. 446; járna-tindar, iron spikes, Gd.; með snörpum tindum, Bs. ii. 87: a mountain-peak, hann komsk upp í tindinn ok varðisk þar, Sturl. iii. 50; hér er mér sagt til skógar-mannsins upp í tindunum þessum, Grett. 134, passim; fjalls-tindr, jökul-t., hamra-t., kletta-t.: also freq. in local names, Tindr, Tindar, Tinda-stóll, Hafra-tindr, Landn., Sturl., map of Icel.: as a pr. name, Tindr, Landn. tinda-bikkja, u, f. a kind of skait, raia clavata. tingja, u, f. = tingl; kerrnanna tingjur, Stj. 289. TINGL, n. [akin to tungl, q.v.], an ornamental head-piece or beak(Lat. rostra) on a ship; með gínandum höfðum ok gröfnum tinglum, Hornklofi; tingls marr, a 'tingol-steed,' i.e. a ship, Hkr. i. (in a verse); tingla töng, the 'tingl-tong,' i.e. the rostrum, the ship's beak, Hallfred; tingla tungl, Lex. Poët.; enni-tingl, the forehead beaks, i.e. the eyes, Bragi (thus, not tungl, as seen from the rhyme tingl gingu); gékk Þormóðr inn í skálann ok lét róa tinglit, of a ghost, to wag the head(?), Háv. 7 new Ed. tinna, u, f. a flint; taka eld með tinnu, Fms. viii. 56; tiunu-grjót, a flint-stone, Gsp.: freq. in mod. usage, hrafn-tinna (q.v.), 'raven-flint,' tinta, u, f. [tint, Ivar Aasen], a pint, small bottle, D.N. iv. 359. titla, að, [titull], to give a title.

TITLINGR -- TÍLI 633

titlingr, m. [a dimin. from tittr, q.v.], a tit, sparrow, 623. 36, Stj. 318, Fas. iii. 13, Trist.; smá-t., snjó-t., a snow-bunting: titlingr is the common Icel. word for spörr (q.v.), which, strangely enough, is quite obsolete; thus seljast eigi tveir titlingar fyrir einn penning, Matth. x. 29: a nickname, Landn. II. the penis. titra, að, [O.H.G. zittaron; Germ. zittern], to twinkle (= tina); hann titrar augunum, he twinkles with his eyes, Band. 119. 2. to shake, shiver; hvert bein titrar, MS. 4. 5; titra af kulda; hann tók þá til at hryggjast og titra, Matth. xxvi. 37. titringr, m. a shivering. tittr, m. a small peak, a pin; see hor-tittr. II. a tit (bird), obsolete. titull, m. [for. word; Lat. titulus], a dot, abbreviation, Skálda 167, 171: an inscription, Stj. 650, Hom. 139, Dipl. v. 18: mod. titill = a tittle, Pass. 35. 5. TÍÐ, f.; the curious phrase í þann tíð is prob. not to be explained as an old masc., but rather by þan = þá, 'þan' being an obsolete pron. form with a final n, cp. þansi on the Runic stones: [A.S. tîd; Engl. tide; Dan.-Swed. tid; Germ. zeit] :-- tide, time; langa tíð, a long while, Íb. 12; skamma tíð, a short while; alla tíð, all times, ever; Ísland bygðisk í þann tíð es ..., Jb. 4; í þann tíð árs, Anal. 291; í þann tið var úfriðr, Blas. 43, Hkr. ii. 211 (þenna tíð, Ó.H. l.c.), Grág. i. 500; þeirrar tíðar, then and there, Fms. vi. (in a verse); skamrar tiðar ríki, 656; nökkuri tíð, once upon a time, Fms. iv. 46; á þeim tíðum, Ver. 7; áðr á tíðum, in days of yore, Hallgr. 2. the season; hin bezta tíð mun koma yfir Egiptaland, Stj.; góðrar tíðar, in a happy hour, Fms, x. 432 (in a verse); sá er borinn var beztrar tíðar, id., vi. (in a verse); hæstrar tíðar, ix. (in a verse); íllrar tíðar, in an evil hour, Hallfred, Stor. 8 (allrar tíðar Cod.): freq. in mod. usage of the weather, season, það er góð tíð, bezta tíð til lands og sjóar; ó-tið, a bad season, bad time, bad weather; Páskar eru helgari enn aðrar tíðir, Anal. 291; at hann hafi haft þrjár tíðir á sínum dögum, Fms. x. 276; skal vanda tíð at eiðfæra úmaga ... eigi skal færa um Langaföstu né löghelgar tíðir, Grág. i. 245; konur skal taka á tíðum (in season) en eigi á útíðum (cp. Dan. i utide = out of season), N.G.L. i. 16; á helgum tíðum, on sacred days, 10: the phrase, á öllum árs tíðum. 3. an hour;á níundu tíð dags, Stj.; leið eigi helmingr einnar tíðar, áðr ..., Fms. x. 347; þriðjung tíðar, hálfa fimtu tíð, Rb. 480, 524; á enni fyrstu tíð nætrinnar, 623. 32; sem leið at þriðju tíð nætr, Al. 168. 4. service-time, bora canonica in the eccl. law; miðs-morguns tíð, dagmála tíð, miðs dags tíð, eykðar tíð, aptan-söngs tíð, Hom. (St.): esp. in plur., syngja tíðir, Fb. ii. 295; flytja tíðir, Stat. 267; syngja yfir líki þær tíðir er til byrjar, N.G.L. i. 14; kaupa tíðir, 12; til kirkju þeirrar er hann kaupir tíðir at, 19; var þat lengi at hann mátti eigi syngja tíðirnar, Nj. 279; sækja tíðir, fylgja tíðum, etc., passim; Máríu-tíðir, Þorláks-tíðir, the service, chant to the Virgin Mary, St. Thorlac, Bs. i. 847. 5. gramm., Skálda 179, 185, Edda 124. COMPDS: tíða-bók, f. a breviary, Fms. v. 172, Bs. i. 83, Vm. 15. tíða-færr, adj. able to go to church, Bs. i. 180. tíða-för, f. church-going, Fms. viii. 358. tíða-gata, u, f. a church-path, Ám. 107. tíða-görð, f. divine service, Fms. i. 260, Bs. i. 38, 84, Sym. 57, Dipl. ii. 14. tíða-hald, n. performance of tíðir, N.G.L., Mar. tíða-kaup, n. a priest's salary, K.Þ.K. 170, 172. tíða-lauss, adj. without tíðir, Sturl. ii. 13. tíða-maðr, m. a worshipper, Fb. iii. 449, Fms. v. 182. tíða-offr, n. = tíðakaup, Vm. 129, Dipl. i. 5, Bs. i. 287. tíða-renta, u, f. id., H.E. ii. 108. tíða-skrá, f. a 'tide-scroll,' missal, Pm. 18, Dipl. v. 18; ártíðar-skrá, an obituary. tíða-sókn, f. church-going, K.Þ.K. 46, Hom. 74, Vm. 77; tíðasóknar-maðr, a worshipper, K.Á. 100. tíða-söngr, m. a church-chant, 625. 163. tíða-veizla, u, f. = tíðagörð, Str. 5. tíða, d, impers. to long for, wish; mik fara tíðir, I long to go, Vþm. 1; á fjalli eða firði ef þik fara tíðir, Hm. 117; ek get hins, at ykkr vega tíði (subj.), Skm. 24. 2. reflex., svá at hægra verði at ríta ok lesa, sem nú tíðisk ok á þessu landi, Skálda (Thorodd) 161; hví hafa munkar lága skúa ok rauðar hosur? -- Ymist tíðisk nú, Fms. viii. 358. tíð-hjalat, part. n. much-spoken; þat er t. um e-t, Ld. 160; göra sér tíðhjalað við e-n, Þorst. Síðu H. 175. tíðindi, n. pl. [Engl. tidings is a Norse word, d having been changed into g; Dan. tidende; Ormul. tiþennde] :-- tidings, news; meiri t. ok undarligri, Fms. ii. 194; hver t., xi. 102; þá er hann frétti þau t. er mikils vóru verð, Eg. 51; Björn spurði þessi t., 160; sögðu þeir þau t., at ..., 168; segja Snorra Goða þessi t., Ld. 224; spyrr Helgi hvat hann sæi til tíðenda, 172; þú skalt eigi þurfa frá tíðendum at segja, be left to report the tidings, Nj. 8, Bs. i. 521; segja t. sunnan ór héraðinu, Ísl. ii. 333; spurðusk þessi t. um allar Færeyjar, Fær. 33; eigi kæmi þau t. til eyrna mér at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64; mikil t., great tidings, Ld. 326, Edda 12; sagði Bragi Ægi frá mörgum tíðindum þeim er Æsir höfðu átt, 45; en sömu tíðendi, 655 i. 1; ný tíðindi, new tidings; forn t., old tales, Ht. R. 2; íll t., ill tidings, Hom. 150; góð t., good tidings; smá t., Ó.H. 85; spyrja almæltra tíðenda, the news of the day, Eb. 250; þeir kvöddusk ok spurðusk almæltra tíðenda, Band. 2. 2. news, an event; hann sá tíðendi görva á Gullteig, he saw clearly what happened to G., Ísl. ii. 349; er þetta var tíðenda, happened, Fb. i. 127; vita tíðenda, to be important, ii. 87 (gegna tíðendum, ÓH. l.c.); verða til tíðenda, to betide, happen, Ó.H. 120; við staddr þau in miklu t. er ..., Fms. vi. 186; hér segir frá þeim tíðendum, sem nú hafa verit um hríð, viii. 5; eptir þessi t., x. 1. COMPDS: tíðenda-laust, adj. void of news, void of startling tidings, Ld. 148; eptir um sumarit var kyrt ok tíðendalaust, Fb. ii. 123. tíðenda-pati, a, m. a rumour, Al. 17. tíðenda-saga, u, f. a telling tidings, Eg. 515. tíðinda-Skopti, a, m. S. the news-teller, a nickname, Hkr. i. tíðenda-spurn, f. a hearing of news, Al. 188. tíðinda-sögn, f. a report, Fms. i. 202, Ld. 82. tíðenda-vænligr, adj. fraught with great tidings, Eb. 220 (foreboding great things), Karl. 259. tíðenda-vænn, adj. id.; draumar tíðenda-vænir, Sturl. ii. 109. tíðis, adv., in the phrase, vita hvat tíðis var, what was the news? Stj. 113. tíðka, að, to be wont; hefi ek eigi tíðkat at taka við mönnum, Þjal. 7. II. reflex. to be in use, fashion, be in vogue; þau tíðkask nú enu breiðu spjótin, Grett. 103 new Ed.; sem nú tekr mjök at tiðkask, Fs. 22. 2. tíðkast e-m, to become dear to; hann tíðkaðisk Máríu, he courted Mary, Fagrsk. 111. tíðkan, f. eagerness; e-m er tíðkan á e-u, to be eager for, Karl. 35. tíðkan-legr, adj. usual. tíð-leikr, m. popularity; fá tiðleik ok metnuð, Ver. 26; vera í tíðleikum við konu, to go a courting, Bs. i. 652. tíð-ligr, adj. temporal, Eluc. 8, Hom. 41. TÍÐR, tíð, títt, adj. [cp. Dan. tidt = often], frequent, usual, customary; svá, sem títt var at búa um lík göfgra manna, Eg. 94; knattleikar vóru þá tíðir, 187; þau vápn vóru þá tíð, 189; annat var tíðara með Ólafi konungi, Ld. 196; svá sem konungum eða jörlum er títt í öðrum löndum, Orkn. 80; langa kanpa serm þá var títt, Fb. ii. 376. 2. often spoken of, noted, famous; varð Martinus tíðr af því, es hann görði þat es ..., Mart. 119; á þeim tíðum var Ambrosius biskup í Meilansborg, harla tíðr ok ágætr, Ver. 50; hvárrtveggi var tíðr alþýðu (popular), 655 vi. A. 14; ok var orðinn enn tíðasti, most famous, Fms. x. 417. 3. skilled in, versed in; tíð erum bók ok smíðir, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. metaph. dear, beloved; í Gymisgörðum ek sá ganga mér tíða mey ... mær er mér tiðari en, dearer than, Skm. 6, 7; þá sá Ölvir hnúfa Sólveigu, ok görði sér um títt, and courted her, Eg. 5; er honum títt um ferð sína, he has no time to lose, is eager to return, 54. 2. eager; þeim var títt heim at fara, Ó.H. 165; kann ek skaplyndi alþýðunnar, at til þess væri öllum títt at komask undan þrælkan útlendra höfðingja, 32; hann býsk heiman, ok er títt at reyna þessa vitru hennar ok tilskipan, Fms. xi. 4; ok er honum títt til at þessi ráða-hagr tækisk, 106; nú er honum títt til síns matar, Þiðr. 168; hann vissi hve títt vera mátti hans kvámu, how eagerly his coming was looked for, Bs. i. 392; til einskis var honum svá títt, hvárki til svefns né matar, at eigi ..., 643; Þórólfr görði sér títt við Björn, Th. courted B.'s friendship, Eg. III. neut., ok sá þá hvat títt var, what had happened, Eg. 216; höfðu njósn af hvat títt var um hans mál, Ó.H. 120. 2. adverbially = sem tíðast, at once, with all speed; þeir réru í brott sem tíðast, Fms. iv. 169; kuflmaðr réri yfir ána sem tíðast, v. 182; æ sem tíðast, Karl. 240; geng ek aldri tíðara (Dan. tiere = after) never more, þess eyrendis, Clar.; en er þeir ræddu þetta tíðast, Fms. vii. 214; gangi menn eptir þeim sem tíðast, Eg. 206; át hvárrtveggi sem tíðast, Edda 31; fara þeir þegar í Hereyjar sem tíðast, Fms. xi. 124; fóru þeir í brott sem tiðast, Hkr. i. 244; brá hann saxinu bæði hart ok títt, Stj. 383; hann sprettr upp hart ok títt, Fms. iv. 173; höggva títt ok hart, i. 45; títt nefndr so and so, Dipl. iv. 13; ótt ok títt, Fms. ii. 322, see óðr II. 2. tíð-rækinn, adj. often attending service, Bs. i. 265. tíð-rætt, part. n. = tíð-hjalat; þeim var tíðrætt Einari ok Þórvaldi ok Steingrími, Glúm. 372; þat höfðu menn á máli hve tíðrætt þeim jarli var ok Þorbirni, how much parley the earl and Th. had with one another, Orkn. 300; var ekki jafn-tíðrætt sem þat, Grett. 81 new Ed. tíðska (tízka), u, f. a custom, fashion; efna til erfis, því þat var tízka í þann mund, Ld. 104; þat er tíðska at binda mönnum helskó, Gísl. 24; áðr á tíðum var tíðska hjá lýðum, Hallgr.; þat var þá tíðzka í þær mundir at konur þær fóru yfir land er völfur vóru kallaðar, Fb. i. 524. tíðuliga, adv. frequently, repeatedly, Rétt. 40. tíðum, adv. frequently; höggva hart ok tíðum, Fas. ii. 556; lagði spjótinu hart ok tíðum, Fbr. 78, Karl. 242; drekk þú smám ok tíðum, drink little and oft, i.e. keep sipping, Sks. 379; opt ok tíðum, many times and oft, D.N. i. 195, freq. in mod. usage. tíðungr, m. a full-grown bull (and not gelded, see Ivar Aasen s.v. tidung), Edda (Gl.) tíð-virkr, adj. industrious, Fms. xi. 377. tí-faldr, adj. tenfold, Mar. TÍK, f., gen. tíkr, pl. tíkr, [North. E. tyke], a bitch, Hkv. 1. 34, Sd. 168; hafa tíkr eyrendi, Kormak; hjarð-tík, hund-tík. tíli or tili, a, m. [this word belongs to a root freq. in the other Teut. languages, Goth. til = fit; A.S. til = fit, good, also til = fitness, till = an

634 TÍLI -- TJALD.

end, a scope; Engl. till = cultivate; Germ. ziel; in Norway, people have a word 'tilna,' (tilnaðr, m., would be the answering Icel. form, but it is lost), aptitude, fitness, in a phrase like 'e hev ki "tilna" for da' = I have no aptitude for that] :-- scope, found only in the compds, aldr-tíli, 'life's-scope,' i.e. death, and ú-tíli, a mishap, mischance; konungr sagði, at þeim hafði ótíli mikill staðit af Kveldúlfi ok sonum hans, Eg. 175; þóttu Rauðssynir líkastir til at valda slíkum ótíla, Ó.H. 174. Tíli, n. Thule (geograph.), Landn. (pref.) TÍLT (better than tilt), n. [the word is undoubtedly the same as A.S. tîhtle = a charge, suit] :-- strife, litigation, a GREEK; þú kunnir aldregi bera tílt með tveim, Ls. 38; prob. = Lat. componere lites, ('deila' tilt would better suit the sense.) tíma, d, only used with a negative; tíma ekki, to grudge, be distressed at an outlay; hann var svá sinkr at hann tímdi öngu at launa, Fas. iii. 40; hann hafði auð fjár, an tímdi hvárki at hafa sjálfr né láta aðra hafa, Þórð. 50 new Ed.; þú tímir ekki til at vinna at þú fáir nökkura framkvæmd, Fær. 24; Atli tímdi ekki at halda vinnu-menn, Háv. 53; hann tímir af öngu at sjá, Stj. 516, hann tímdi eigi at gefa mönnum sínum mat, Fas. ii. 104. II. impers. to 'betime', befall; varð honum þat sem margan tímir, Fb. i. 208. III. reflex. to happen to one, betide or befall one (cp. Dan. times); ef tímask vill, er slíkum manni tók svá þungt at tímask, Al. 122. tímanliga, adv. timely, betimes, early, = tímaliga, Fas. iii. 158. tímgask, ð (spelt and sounded tíngast), dep. to thrive; lítt hafa menn setið yfir várum hlut Mýra-manna, þá er oss tímgaðisk, Sturl. i. 225. 2. to increase, multiply, of breeding; eprir þat kom hafr til geita hans, ok tingaðisk þá svá skjótt fé hans, at hann varð skjótt vellauðigr, Landn. 271. TÍMI, a, m. [A.S. tîma; Engl. time; Dan. time; it is strange that Ulf. uses no word analogous either to 'tíð' or 'tími'] :-- time; langr tími, Fms. vi. 92; eptir tíma liðinn, after a little time, Bs. i. 857; eigi langan tíma upp frá þessu, Fs. 61; í þann tíma, at that time, Eg. 15, Stj. 50; í þenna tíma, at the time, then, Fms. x. 27, Sd. 138; einn tíma, once, a time, H.E. i. 516; tvá tíma, twice, Fms. xi. 159; um tíma, for a time, Mar.; hann sat þar um tíma, Ann. 1363; í annan tíma, the second time, again, Stj. 50, Fb. i. 145, 211; þriðja tíma, the third time, D.N. i. 263; fyrstan tíma er ek var hér, the first time that I was here, Fb. i. 512: gramm., Skálda 159, 175; a time, season, allir ársins tímar, Stj. 148. 2. time, fit time (= Gr. GREEK); er þeim þótti tími til at ganga á fund konungs, Eg. 28; þeir héldu vörð á nær tími mundi vera at hitta konung, 421; eigi hittu þér nú í tíma til, Fms. vii. 197; ú-tími, the wrong time; í ótíma, too late; ákveðinn tími, a fixed time, Grett. 161; á hæfiligum tíma, in due time, Fms. vi. 133; í tíma, betimes, Karl. 12; hón fór at mólka kýr eptir tíma, Grett. 80 new Ed. II. metaph. a good time, prosperity; en sá tími fylgði ferð þeirra, at ..., Edda 152 (pref.); gefi Guð ykkr góðan tíma, Stj. 426; hann skyldi þar vel kominn ok með tíma á þenna enn nýja bólstað, Ld. 98; halda tíma sínum öllum, Al. 59; gangi þér allt til tírs ok tíma, Fb. i. 566; en upp frá þessu gékk Eyjólfi hvárki (til) tírs né tíma, E. had henceforth bad times, Bs. i. 286; meðan ríki stóð með beztum tíma ok siðum, Sks. 526; með betra tíma, with better times, Al. 100. COMPDS: tíma-dagr, m. a day of bliss, Fms. i. 214, Ld. 154, Fas. i. 141; lét þat vera mundu tíma-dag er þeir höfðu lendt við Sælu, Ó.H. 36. tíma-hald, n. chronology, observation of time, Stj. 279. tíma-land, n. a land of bliss, Mag. tíma-lauss, adj. luckless, Fms. ii. 240. tíma-leysi, n. lucklessness, Al. 57: lack of time, (mod.) tíma-liga, adv. timely, early, Stj. 184. tíma-ligr, adj. temporal, Stj. 3. tíma-samliga, adv. successfully, Fær. 108. tíma-skipti, n. change of time (gramm.), Skálda 206. TÍNA, d, [akin to teinn = a twig(?), pointing to a lost strong verb, tína, tein] :-- to pick; tínda ek saman alla góðgripi þá er í skálanum vóru, Fb. i. 262; var þá niðr breiddr einn möttull ok þar tínd á af herfangi öll eyrna-gull, Stj. 396; hann tíndi upp gullit, Grett. 161. 2. to pick, cleanse; korn tínt ok ú-tínt, D.N. i. 432; tína ok rækja korn, ii. 48; skera ok tína, Rétt. 10. 2; tína grös, to pick moss (separate it from the leaves); ú-tínd grös; tína dún, to pick eiderdown. II. metaph. to recount, narrate; ok tína Imbrudaga-hald ok föstu-innganga, Grág. i. 2; svá sem tint er í lögum, 6; hann skal tína þat, er reifir, hver gögn fram hafa komit ... sá maðr er vörn skal reifa, hann skal tína gögn þau öll er til varnar hafa fram farit, 64, 65; sem tínt ok upp sagt, K.Þ.K.; sem áðr var tínt, Grág. i. 208, Fms. vii. 91; ek mun tína fá artictilos, Mar.; er þú þinn harm tínir, Am. 53; í mörgum frásögnum, þóat vér munim fár tína, Fb. i. 435; þarf þar eigi orð um at tína, Sturl. ii. 180: allit., tjá ok tína, Fms. vii. 125; sem áðr er tínt ok talt, ii. 47, Barl. 138; engi tunga má tína né hugr hyggja, Fms. v. 241. III. reflex., bað jarl sína menn tínask (go one by one) undan hverjum enda, Fb. i. 532. tína, u, f. a handful of a thing to be cleansed; tína eina tínu af dún. tíningr, m. pickings; úr-tíningr, offal. tínir, m. a gatherer, Lex. Poët. TÍRR, m., gen. tírar and tírs, dat. tíri; [A.S. tîr; Germ. zier] :-- glory, renown; með tíri, with glory; með öllum, hæstum, öflgum tíri, með frygðar tíri, with glory, Lex. Poët.; tíri gæddr, gifted with glory; stýra fremd ok tíri; bella tíri; þat fær e-m tírar, Vellekla; góðs höfum tírar fengit, Hðm.; fá sér langs tírar, lasting fame; stýrir alls tírar; ins sanna tírar, etc., Lex. Poët.: the word is poetical, in prose it only remains in the allit. phrase, tírs ok tíma, Bs. i. 286 (see tími): in the compounded words, orðs-tírr, good report; lofs-tírr, fame, praise; in ú-tírligr, inglorious: in the phrase, taka tírar-hendi á e-m, to treat with distinction, Sturl. i. 183 C: it is freq. in poët compds and epithets, tír-bráðr, tír-eggjaðr, tír-göfigr, tír-kunnr, tír-mildr, tír-prúðr, tír-rækr, tír-samr, tír-sæll, -- all poetical epithets to a hero = glorious, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: tírar-för, f. a glorious expedition, triumph, Hkr. iii. 3. tírar-gjarn, adj. glorious, Lex. Poët. tírar-höfuð, n. an illustrious head. tírar-lauss, adj. inglorious, Lex. Poët. tírar-sterkr, tírar-fróðr, adj. glorious. tírar-þing, n. a glorious meeting, Lex. Poët. Tírs-dagr, m. Tuesday; see Týr. tí-ræðr, adj. decimal, of a hundred, tvau hundruð tíræð, two decimal hundreds, opp. to the duodecimal (see hundrað), Bs. i. 136, Ská;lda 166; at bókmáli verða öll hundruð tíræð, Sks. 57: a hundred years old, Fms. iv. 24; vetri miðr enn t., 623. 27: measuring a hundred (fathoms, ells), eldhúsit var tírætt at lengd, en tíu faðma breitt, Gísl. 14. tísta, t, to twitter, of a small bird; to squeak, of a mouse; hestr, mús, titlingr ... gneggjar, tístir, syngr, a ditty. TÍU, [Swed. tio; Dan. ti; cp. tigr, and Engl. -ty in twen-ty, thir-ty, etc.] :-- ten; tíu tigir, 'ten-ty,' i.e. a hundred, Nj. 219; hundrað ok tíu-tigir, a hundred (i.e. 120) plus 'tenty' (= 220), Vm. 107, see hundrað: hence mod. tíu-tíu, indecl. 'ten-ty' = hundred. tíund, f. the 'tenth;' kona má gefa tíund ór heiman-fylgju sinni, N.G.L. i. 153; tíundar gjöf, q.v. II. as a law term, a tithe, Scot. teind, being the tenth part of the produce, K.Á. 96; for the introduction of the tíund by Bishop Gizur, in the year 1097, see Íb. ch. 10. For the Law on Tithe, Tíundar Lög, see D.I. i. 70 sqq. For Norway, see N.G.L. ii. 310. The tithe was divided into four parts, -- between bishop, priest, church, and the poor, biskups-t., prests-t., kirkju-t., fátækra-t.: names of other tithes are, osta-t., sel-t., skipar-t., skreiðar-t., báta-t., kaupeyris-t., D.N., N.G.L.: other special names, leiðangrs-t., höfuð-t. (see p. 308, col. 1), ávaxtar-t. (see p. 48), in meiri tíund, Grág. i. 202, K.Þ.K. 37 new Ed.; lög-tíund, skipti-t., heima-t. COMPDS: tíundar-fé, n. tithe-money, Grág. i. 308. tíundar-gjald, n. payment of t., D.I. i. 77, Bs. i. 68, Fms. vii. 91. tíundar-gjöf, f. a gift of a tenth, the tenth part of a thing; fjórðungs gjöf ok tíundar gjöf, Dipl. v. 1, D.N., N.G.L. tíundar-görð, f. a tithe-making, setting the tithe, KÁ. 80, Dipl., N.G.L. i. 346. tíundar-hald, n. a holding back the tithe, Grág. tíundar-heimta, u, f. a claim of the t., H.E. i. 544, ii. 109. tíundar-lag, n. a levying t., Vm. 113. tíundar-mál, n. a case regarding t., Grág. i. 18, Sturl. ii. 4. tíundar-reikningr, m. a tithe-account, Pm. 36, Dipl. v. 23. tíundar-skipti, n. the apportionment of the tithe, Grág. i. 443, Jb. 185. tíundar-sókn, f. a suit of t., K.Þ.K. 162. tíundar-sök, f. a case referring to t., K.Þ.K. 160. tíundar-tími, a, m. a term for paying tithe, Stj. tíundar-vara, u, f. tithe goods, Sturl. i. 220, Bs. i. 481. tíundar-virðr, adj. titheable. tíunda, að, to pay tithes, or have one's property taxed for tithe; t. fé sitt, Grág. i. 202; tíunda fé sitt inni meiri tíund, id., K.Þ.K. 142, passim: also used with the amount, hann tíundar tuttugu, sextigi hundruð, i.e. his titheable property amounts to twenty, sixty hundred; see hundrað B. tíundi, the tenth, N.G.L. i. 348, passim. tíu-tíu, indecl. 'ten-ty,' i.e. one hundred: the older form is tíu tigir; see tigr. TÍVI, a, m., also spelt with f; mostly only used in pl. tívar; a dat. sing. tíva occurs in Haustl. 8; fróðgum tíva (thus Ób., the Kb. has tífi, a less correct form): a gen. sing. tíva, Vsp., in valtíva; [this old word is identical in root with Lat. divus; Sansk. devas; Gr. GREEK (GREEK); cp. also Týr] :-- a god, divinity; þriggja tíva, Haustl. 1; tormiðladr tívum, 3; tíva rök, Vþm. 42; Álfheim Frey gáfu tívar at tannfé, Gm. 5; ríkir tívar, Þkv. 14; mærir tífar, Hým. 4; sig-tívar (q.v.), gods of victory, Ls. 1, 2, Vsp., Gm., Fm., Akv. 29 (Bugge); val-tívar, the gods of the slain, Vsp. 50 (Bugge); sæki-tívar, the martial gods, Landn. (in a verse); kykvir tívar, living beings, applied to men, Ó.H. (in a verse of the Christian time), all the other references being heathen. tívor, m. [this word, a GREEK in the Vsp., is, as the form shews (the r being radical), different from the preceding, but identical with the A.S. tifr or tiber = a victim, hostage, and akin to tafn, q.v.] :-- a victim; Baldri, blóðgum tívor, Balder, the bloody victim, Vsp. TJALD, n., pl. tjöld; [A.S. teld; Engl. tilt = the cover of a cart; Dan. telt] :-- a tent, Ísl. ii. 178, Eg. 276: tents were pitched not only on land, but on ships, esp. when in harbour; dreki með tjöldum ok öllum reiða, 44; róðrar-skútu ok þar með reiða allan, tjöld ok vistir, 76; hann gékk út á skipit ok fyrir útan tjöldin, 195; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin,

TJALDASS -- TJÚGA. 635

261; bregða stafn-tjöldum, Hkv. 1; hlupu menn þá upp skyndiliga ok ráku af sér tjöldin, Fms. x. 135 (v.l.), viii. 130. At the time of public meetings (such as parliament) the men lived in tents; at þinglausnum þá er menn bregða tjöldum sínum, Grág. ii. 93; en er hann kom á þingit ok búð hans var tjöldut þá lét hann tjalda undir svörtum tjöldum innar af til þess at þá væri síðr skírdræpt, Ó.H. 156; for the tent-booths in market-places, see Ld. ch. 12, Fbr. 51, 52 new Ed.; land-tjald, a tent ashore. 2. hangings, of a church; kirkja á tjöld umhverfis, ... kirkju-tjöld öll, ... tjöld um alla kirkju, ... búning allan í tjöldum ... tjöld um kór, D.I. i. 251 sqq. passim. II. for local names, Tjald-brekka, Tjalda-staðir, Tjalda-nes, Tjalda-vellir, Landn., Sturl. B. COMPDS: tjald-áss, m. a tent-pole, Fms. x. 54. tjald-búð, f. a tent-booth, Stj. 247; þeir görðu þar tjaldbúðir er heitir á Tjalda-velli, Landn. 270: eccl. the Tabernacle, Hb. 544. 1, Fms. v. 276, Stj., N.T., Vídal. tjald-dyrr, n. pl. tent-doors, Fas. ii. 441, Fms. xi. 144. tjald-kúla, u, f. a 'tent-ball,' tent-knob, the knob on the tent-pegs; þeir berja þeim tjaldkúlur ok fella á þá tjöldin, Ísl. ii. 56, Fas. ii. 522, Fb. ii. 16. tjald-lauss, adj. tentless, in open air, Fms. ix. 300, x. 135, v.l. tjalda-lauss, adj. id., Hkr. i. 108. tjald-leppr, m. a rag of hangings, Jm. 9, Pm. 5, Vm. 161. tjalds-nagli, a, m. a tent-peg, Fas. ii. 262: also of the pegs to which hangings are fastened, Sturl. iii. 146. tjalds-rúm, n. a lodging in a tent, Grág. ii. 55. tjald-skör, f. the border, edge of a tent; kona sat út við tjaldskörina, Ld. 30; þá hljóp inn of tjaldskarar Sigurðr Þorláksson, Ó.H. 158; hann gengr inn til tjalds þess er Gautr var, sprettir tjaldskörum, gengr inn í tjaldit at rúmi Gauts ok vekr hann, Fbr. 52 new Ed., Bs. i. 509. tjalda-slitr, n. worn hangings, Dipl. v. 18, Pm. 23, 27. tjald-smótti, a, m. an oblong piece of tapestry(?); blóðrefillinn kom upp í tjaldsmóttann, Sturl. iii. 188. tjald-sperra, u, f. tent-spar, a nickname, Sturl. ii. 233 C. tjald-staðr, m. a tent-stead, baiting-place where to pitch a tent, Eg. 275, Fms. v. 286; kirkja á tjaldstað ok hrossa-beit, Pm. 38. tjald-steinn, m. a tent-stone, a rock looking like a tent, Dropl. 33. tjald-stokkr, m. a tent-block, Fas. ii. 285. tjald-stuðill, m. a tent-pole, Fms. viii. 388. tjald-stæðingr, m. tent-pitcher, a nickname, Landn. 294. tjald-stöng, f. a tent-pole, Hkr. i. 26. tjalds-trönur, f. pl. a platform on which to pitch a tent, Sturl. i. 147. tjald-töturr, m. worn hangings, Pm. 36. tjald-viðir, m. pl. the wooden frame of a tent, K.Þ.K. 90, Stj. 321. tjalda, að, to pitch a tent, Fms. vi. 181, v. 286, Hkr. iii. 286: on ships, þat var annarr siðr þeirra at tjalda aldri á skipum, Fas. ii. 37; þeir lögðu skip sitt til hafnar, en er þeir höfðu tjaldat ok um búizk, Eg. 37; þeir sá þar fyrir bænum fljóta langskip tjaldat, 88, Hkr. ii. 43; er þeir höfðu tjaldat ok fest skip sitt, Fms. vii. 314; þeir höfðu tjaldat yfir skipi sínu, Eg. 121: vagn tjaldaðan, a tilted or covered wagon, Hkr. i. 70; tjalda klæðum of kistu, Bs. i. In places of annual popular meetings such as the Icel. Alþing, each priest or man of mark had his own búð, viz. four roofless walls, which remained open; and when parliament met, he threw a tent over his booth as a roof, dressing it out as a room with hangings and benches; this was called 'tjalda búð,' see Grág. i. 186, and Nj. passim, Ó.H. ch. 133 (for the Faroe), and Mr. Dasent's Burnt Njal. 2. of the hangings of a bed; rekkjan var vel tjöldut, Fs. 5; höll tjaldat inum fegrsta borða, Nj. 6; tjalda höllina grám vaðmálum, Fms. i. 118; hann lét t. kirkju borða þeim er hann hafði út haft, Bs. i. 77: of a canopy, tjaldat var um þveran skálann í milli þeirra, 41. tjaldan, f. the pitching a tent, N.G.L. ii. 256. tjaldari, a, m. [tjaldr; O.H.G. zeltari and zeltian], a racer, race-horse, Edda (Gl.) tjaldr, m. a bird, an oyster-catcher or sea-pie, hæmatopus ostralegus L., Edda (Gl.), and mod. usage, (Dan. tjald); so called prob. from its long legs, like tent-spars. TJARA, u, f. [A.S. tearo; Engl. tar; Dan. tjere], tar, Grág. ii. 404, Gþl. 43, Sks. 425, Fas. i. 18; bera tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Fms. i. 127; svart sem t., black as tar, Band. 15; tjöru-pinnr, a tar-pin, Sturl. iii. 189; tjöru-skinn, a tarred skin, a nickname, Sturl. i. 112, 155 (a kind of waxen cloth?); tjöru-spann, N.G.L. i. 198; tjöru-tjörn, the tar-tarn = Lat. lacus asphalti, Stj. 73; tjöru-tunna, a tar-barrel, Vm. 62: the law phrase, torfs maðr ok tjöru, a sort of running the gauntlet, cp. the Engl. 'tarring and feathering,' NG.L. i. 253, 334 (§ 168). tjöru-virki, n. tar-works, where tar is made; sætr, smiðju, tjöru-virki, veiðibúðir eða andvirki, N.G.L. ii. 145. tjarga, að, to tar: in part. tjargaðr, tarred, Rekst. 4. tjasna, u, f. [akin to Engl. tassel?], an old obscure word; the pegs by which lists for battle were marked off were called 'tjösnur,' for the description see Korm. 86. COMPDS: tjösnu-blót, n. a kind of sacrifice or rite to be performed at a wager of battle; með þeim formála sem síðan er eptir hafðr í blóti því er kallat er tjösnu-blót, Korm. l.c. eikin-tjasna, u, f. oak-peg(?), is the name of one of the bondmaids in Rm. from her stumpy figure. TJÁ, qs. téa; the pres. varies between several forms, tér, tjár, tjáir; pret. tjáði; imperat. té; part. tjáðr (analogous to sjá); tjá is a contracted form from an older tega, which only remains in the pres. reflex. tegaz, tegumk, in four instances, (see B. III): [Ulf. teihan = GREEK; Hel. tihan; O.H.G. zihan; Germ. zeigen or zeihen; cp. Engl. teach; A.S. tæcan; Lat. dicere, in-dicare; Gr. GREEK; cognate or derivative is Goth. taiknjan = GREEK, whence tákn, teikn, Engl. token, and so on.] B. To shew, exhibit; er honum er téð sverð, when the sword is shewn him, Vkv. 17 (Bugge); sýndi hón ok téði bónda sínum þann möttul, Stj. 199; sá skal fyrri tjá vátta sína fyrir dóms-mönnum, er ..., Gþl. 372; lypti hón skautin brott af höfðinu, tjándi sína ásjónu, Mar.; hann tjáir mikinn heiðr sinnar risnu, Rb. 196; hann tér sinn ham af sínum líkam á vetrar-tíma, Stj. 97; oss tæjandi Kristni frægja, shewing to us, Gd. 44; þeir báru út pell ok silki ok marga dýrgripi, ok tjáðu fyrir þeim (and shewed it to them) ok báðu þá eptir sækja, Fas. iii. 99; teer ok endrfórnar, offers and presents, Stj. 50; þeir kvóðusk engan varning hafa meir enn þeir höfðu tét, D.N. i. 147. 2. in the phrase, tjá tanna, or tega tanna, to shew the teeth, i.e. to smile, cp. Dan. trœkke paa smile-baandet; ek má eigi tjá tanna né nökkura gleði fá, Bær. 14; við þessi tíðendi úgladdisk Guítalin konungr svá at hann tjáði ekki tanna, Karl. 382; tenn honum tegask (teygiaz Cod. less correct) er honum er téð sverð, Vkv. 17 (Bugge); traulla má ek of teia (sic Cod.) tanna, sízt faðir þinn fastnaði þik blota-manni, Kormak 162 (in a verse). 3. to shew, grant; þann góðvilja er þér hafit mér téð, Fas. iii. 315; ok frelsi þat er Guð hefir tjáð (granted) hverjum, H.E. i. 243; tjá e-m tillæti, to shew one a kindness, Stj. 137; tjá e-m þjónustu, to pay homage to, Norske Saml. v. 98. 4. to mark, note; eptir því sem jafnan hefir fyrir yðr tjáð verit, Fms. viii. 101, v.l.; í þessum fám orðum tér (teer Cod.) fyrr-nefndr spámaðr, Stj. 29; Níuvikna-fasta tér herleiðingar-tíma Israels fólks, 49; tjár ok presenterar, id.; tér ok sýnir, 71; sýndi hón ok téði bónda sínum þann sama möttul, 199; sýnisk enn ok teez (= tésk), 288. II. to tell, report, relate; þeir tjáðu þat fyrir honum, at ..., Fms. i. 220; tjá ok telja fyrir honum stórmerki Guðs, ii. 157; hann tjáði fyrir konu sinni ok dóttur at Hrafn væri úskapgæfr, vi. 109; var þat tjáð fyrir honum at hann skyldi vera erkibiskup, x. 160; ræðir Veseti mál sitt, ok tjár á þessa leið, xi. 84; tjáði málit fyrir honum vel um stýrimanninn, Glúm. 324; Gunnarr tjáði hversu vel þeim hafði farit, Nj. 71; þá hluti er þar görðusk téða (told) ek þér í fyrra bréfi, Al. 165; té (imperat.) honum innvirðuliga allt okkat tal, Stj. 261; þá tjáða (teede v.l.) ek þeim eigi mitt nafn Adonay, 265; mun ek nú tína þér ok tjá minn harm ok angr, Bær. 14; þetta tjáir Stúfr skáld, Hkr. iii. 72; þeir téðu oss með bréfum, H.E. i. 429; góðir menn hafa oss téð ok váru ráði, 433; svá var sagt at þessir menn hefði þat tjáð ok ráðit Skúla jarli, at ..., Fms. ix. 325; sem nú var tjáð ok sagt, xi. 130. III. paraphrast., hann tegaz sækja mik, Hallfred; þeir tegask görva Ólaf fjörvaltan, Sighvat; nú tegaz öld at sækja, Orkn. (in a verse); ek tegumk at drekka, Eb. (in a verse). IV. reflex., þar sýnisk ok tésk (teez Cod.) enn sá staðr, Stj. 105; téðisk fótleggrinn brotinn, Bs. i. 889; hann lét taka bréf Þorsteins bónda, í hverju tjásk má (may be seen) hans sögn ok vitnisburðr, Dipl. ii. 5; tésk (teez) ok auðsýnisk, Stj. 71; tésk (teez) ok sýnisk, 28. tjálgr, n. [A.S. telgor = a branch, bough; Gr. GREEK; Let. dilgas] :-- a prong, fork(?), an obsolete word, which occurs only twice, viz. handar-tjálgr, 'hand-prongs' i.e. the arms or the fingers(?), Sighvat; uxu tjálgur, langir leggir ok ljótt höfuð, Fas. iii. 18 (in a verse). tjogu, prop. an acc. from tjogr, = togr, tigr; [Swed. tiogo; Dan. tyve; Early Dan. tjuge; Norwegian kjogo] :-- twenty, Sighvat, Ó.H. 233 (in a verse); else not used in Icel. except in the compd tut-tugu; but in full use in Swed. as well as in Dan. tjossi, a, m. a he-goat(?), Merl. 2. 75. TJÓÐR, n. [Engl. tether; Ivar Aasen tjor], a tether, N.G.L. i. 390; hestr í tjóðri, 46, passim. tjóðr-hestr, -kýr, a tethered horse or cow, Gþl. 388. tjóðra, að, to tether, Vm. 14, D.N. v. 518, passim in mod. usage. TJÓN, f., the gender varies: α.. fem., sú tjón, Sks. 74 new Ed., l. 26; slíka tjón, 159, l. 8; af tjón (dat.), Barl. 91; mann-tjón mikla, Fms. x. 394. β. neut., mann-tjóns, Bs. i. 327; mikit mann-tjón, Fms. vii. 263; líf-tjóns, viii. 147, v.l., and so in mod. usage; in old writers the fem. prevails, so that it may be regarded as fem. wherever the form is ambiguous, as in acc. sing., without an adjective, or in dat. pl., as e.g. falla í tjón, Stj. 6; verða með tjónum, to be lost, Sks. 6; siðar-tjón, mann-tjón, fjár-tjón, Sks. 79 new Ed.: [A.S. teôn and teôna; early and provinc. Engl. teen, tene; Scot. tyne, and both as verb and as noun.] B. A loss, damage; verða fyrir tjónum, Sks. 34: allit., tjón ok tapan, Fb. i. 324, Barl. 91; göra e-m tjón, O.H.L. 41; af tjón ok tapan e-s, Barl. 91; mann-tjón, fjár-tjón, líf-tjón, freq. in mod. usage, but then always neuter. TJÚGA, taug, tugu, toginn; an ancient obsolete verb; [Ulf. tiúhan, = GREEK; O.H.G. ziuhan; Germ. ziehen; cp. Lat. ducere -- is in the Icel. and Norse only preserved in the part. toginn] :-- to draw; enn togni hjörr, a drawn sword, Merl. 2. 66; með sverð um togin, Hkm. 9; tognum sverðum (Germ. ge-zogenes schwert), Darr.;

636 TJUGA -- TORF.

toginn skjómi, Vellekla; cp. the derivatives toga, teygja, as also in tjúga. tjúga, u, f. [Dan. hö-tyv; Swed. tjuga; from the obsolete verb tjúga] :-- a pitch-fork, prop. a 'drawer;' hey-tjúga, a hay-fork; rann verkþræll á árbakkann, ok skaut hey-tjúgu í lið þeirra, Hkr. i. 25: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 160. tjúgu-skegg, n. fork-beard, a nickname of the famous Danish king Swein, the conqueror of England, Fms. This word is quite obsolete in Icel., but in full use in Swed. and Dan. tjúgari, a, m., prop. a pitch-fork; hence poët. tungls tjúgari, the pitch-forker of the moon, who forks the moon out of heaven, Vsp. tjústr, adj. [Dan. tyst], Fms. ix. 510, v.l.; see tvistr. tjörgaðr, part. tarred, Fms. i. 128. TJÖRN, f. [North. E. and Scot. tarn], gen. tjarnar, pl. tjarnir, a tarn, small lake; tjörn ein, Fær. 46, Rb. 352, Stj. 75, 268; þeir leika knatt-leika á tjörn þeirri er Sef-tjörn heitir (viz. on the ice), Gísl. 26 (cp. leikpallr íss á vötnum varð | í vetrinn þannig hjuggu skarð, Bb.), cp. Vígl. S. ch. 13 new Ed., very freq. 2. a pool; hann kenndi at t. var á gólfinu, a pool of water, Fms. v. 95. II. also in local names, Tjörn, Sef-tjörn. tjörugr, adj. tarred; tjörgum árum, Hornklofi, (but in mod. usage uncontr. throughout.) Tjörvi, a, m. a pr. name, prop. a charmer, wizard(?), akin, by way of metathesis, to Tyrfingr, q.v.; as also taufr; the later and common form is Torfi, Landn. tjösull, m. [cp. A.S. tæsel; Engl. teasle; Lzt. dipsacus fullonum; perh. from the herb being used for charms] :-- a magical character, Skm. 29; cp. Swed. tjusa, fortjusa, = to charm, spell-bind. todda, u, f. a nickname, Dropl. 9. TODDI, a, m. [an almost obsolete word in Icel., but preserved in Engl. tod, a weight of wool = 28 lbs.; a tod is also = a bushel; in Jamieson toddie is a bit of cake; Germ. zotte answers in form to the Norse toddi] :-- a tod of wool; toddu gefn, the fairy of the tod, i.e. a woman, Bjarn. (in a verse): a bit, in vinjar-toddi, q.v.; þá eru tveir um toddann, than two go on each piece, cp. Maurer's Volks. 306; hón gaf aldregi minna enn stóra todda þá hón skyldi fátækum gefa, Dropl. (viz. the large apocryphal Saga). TOG, n. a 'tow,' rope, line; flota ok tog í bæði lönd, Gþl. 410; hafi sá varp er fyrr renndi togum sínum, of an angler's line, 426; akkeri með digru togi, Gsp. 2. a cord by which another is led; hafa hest í togi, to have a horse in tow, a led-horse, Grág. i. 441, Fbr. 77; þinn hestr skal mér nú í togi vera, MS. 4. 16; hann hélt höndunum um togit (leading a calf), Fms. vi. 368: the phrase, svá eru lög sem hafa tog, law is just as it is stretched, i.e. might goes for right. II. goat's hair, or in Icel. the long coarse flax-like hair in the wool of mountain-sheep; the English wool merchants call it 'kemp,' see Þjóðólfr, 12th of June, 1872, p. 120. TOGA, að, [see tjúga; Engl. tug], to draw; mér þótti sem vit héldim á einni hönk ok togaðim, Fms. vi. 312; er þessi maðr góðr af tíðindum, þurfum vér eigi at toga orð út ór honum, Grett. 98 C; síðan togar hann á honum tunguna, Fms. iii. 103, 154; toga ok teygja, Hom. 114; tóku hann tveir ok toguðu hann milli sín, Fms. ix. 241; með töngum togaðr, Barl. 166: in the phrase, fara sem fætr toga, to run all the feet can stretch, Gísl. 6l, Fas. i. 434; toga af e-m, to draw the shoes and stockings off a person (of an attendant, mod. taka í e-n), Ld. 36, Bjarn. 29, Fbr. 137, Bs. i. 847, cp. Eb. 242; toga af öllu afli, id. 2. reflex., togask við fast, to pull hard, Fms. iii. 188; hón togaðisk ór höndum honum, Fbr. 137; eigi muntú við mikinn aldr togask eiga, Fas. ii. 507. tog-drápa, u, f. a drápa composed in a special metre, called toglag, for specimen see Edda (Ht. 68-70), and the fragments in Ó.H.; togdrápu-háttr, -lag, the metre of a togdrápa, Edda (Ht.), 137, 138. tog-fiski, f. line-fishing, angling, Ísl. ii. 303. -togi, a, m. a leader; in her-togi, leið-togi; [cp. A.S. heretoga; Germ. her-zog.] II. [tog], carded wool, wool drawn into a hank, from which the thread is spun; esp. in the metaph. phrase, það er af þeim toga spunnið, 'tis spun from that tow, of causes or motives. togin-leitr, adj. long-faced. toginn, part., see tjúga. tog-lag, n. the metre of a togdrápa, Edda (Ht.) 138. tog-löð, f. a body of twelve; t. eru tólf, Edda 108. tog-mæltr, part. in the metre toglag, Edda 138. togna, að, to be stretched; dagr tognar, the day lengthens, Sks. 67; var þá hvönnin nær öll upp tognuð, pulled up, Fbr. 88; það hefir tognað sin, been stretched, strained; það tognar úr því, it unwinds itself. TOLLA, pres. tolli; pret. tolldi; part. tollað :-- to cleave to, hang fast, without dropping off; húfan tollir ekki á höfðinu, það gat ekki tollað, it would not sit fast, dropped off; í tízkunni eg tolli, I cleave to the custom, Eggert; the word is very freq. in mod. usage, but only once occurs in old writers, viz. in the old ballad, -- svá vil ek ok, kvað kerling, með Ingólfi ganga, meðan mér tvær um tolla, tenn í efra gómi, whilst two teeth still cleave to my upper gum, Hallfr. S. ch. 2 (in a verse), Fs. 86. tolla, að, [tollr], to toll, take toll; tolla ok tíunda, Stj. 441: to pay, t. fyrir e-t, D.N. i. 266. TOLLR, m. [A.S. and Engl. toll; Germ. zoll; Dan. told], a toll, esp. of excise duties; Íslendingar skulu engi toll gjalda í Noregi nema landaura, Grág. ii. 408; hverr maðr skyldi gefa toll til hofs (hof-tollr) sem nú kirkju-tíund, Landn. (Hb.) 259; hann fær toll af hverjum uppdal sem útnesi, Fms. x. 185; læsa hafnir ok taka þar toll af, xi. 321; tollr kirkjunnar, Vm. 91; spyrr hann um skuld sína -- Hann kvaðsk eigi vita, hvat til mundi verða um slíka tolla, Njarð. 396; tíundir vóru þá öngar en tollar vóru þá til lagðir um land allt, Bs. i. 55; hafði hann þá tekjur allar af sveitunum ok sauða-toll, a sheep-tax, Sturl. iii. 78; hafnar-t., a harbour-toll, Grág. ii. 401, Fs. 157,; skip-t. (q.v.), a ship-tax; hof-t., q.v.; vápna-t., N.G.L. iii. 80; Ólafs-tollr, D.N. v. 660; tollr Holts-kirkju, Bs. i. 737. COMPDS: toll-heimta, u, f. the levying a toll. tollheimtu-maðr, m. a publican, tax-gatherer, N.T. toll-laust, adj. toll-free, Vm. 87. TOPPR, m. [Germ. zopf; cp. topt or tupt], a tuft or lock of hair, of a horse's forelock, Fas. ii. 207, 534; ok var síðan skorinn stuttr toppr yfir brúnum, Sks. 288; tuttr litli ok toppr fyrir nefi, and a tuft under the nose, Fas. ii. (in the giantess' lullaby song): Katla lék at hafri sínum ok jafnaði topp hans ok skegg (a goat's tuft or beard), ok greiddi flóka hans, Eb. 92. 2. of a horse; hvárki toppr né tagl, Fas. i. 80; hestr hvítr at lit, rauð eyrun ok topprinn, Ld. 194; enn ef topp skerr ór höfði hrossi manns, sá er sekr aurum tveimr, N.G.L. i. 228; láta kasta toppi, to amble so as to shake the forelock: the poët. names of steeds, Gull-t., Gold-tuft; Silfrin-t., Silver-tuft, Edda. II. metaph. a top (Lat. apex), prop. a 'crest;' toppr siglu, a mast-top, a mast-head, Mar. topp-önd, f. a tufted duck. TOPT, tomt, tupt, toft, tuft; the vowel is short, and toft makes a rhyme to opt (Sighvat), Hroptr, lopt, Skáld H. 6. 8: in mod. pronunc. tótt, cp. Dr. Egilsson's Poems, p. 95; [the forms in early Swed. and Norse also vary much, tompt, top, toft, Schlyter; the word is identical with Engl. tuft.] B. A green tuft or knoll, green, grassy place, then generally like mid. Lat. toftum, Engl. toft, a piece of ground, messuage, homestead; en nú Skaði byggir fornar toptir föður, Gm. 11; atgeirs-toptir, poët. 'halberds-homestead,' i.e. the hands holding the halberd, Ad.; óðal-toptir, an allodial piece of ground, Fms. vi. (in a verse); ef maðr færir hús frá óðals-tuft, þá skal hann bera einu sinni með vátta tvá á óðals-tuftir, if a man removes a house from its ancient (allodial) ground, N.G.L. i. 379 (v.l. 14, 15); toptar nökkvi, the 'toft-ship,' i.e. a house, Ýt.; Hropts sig-toptir, Odin's homestead of victory, i.e. Walhalla, Vsp. 2. a place marked out for a house or building, a toft; en ef sú kirkja brotnar ok falla hornstafir, þá eigu vér timbri á tuft at koma fyrir tólf mánuðr, bring the timber to the toft within twelve months, N.G.L. i. 7, 8; göra kirkju ok hvergi tuft eyða, build a church, and not lay waste the toft, 8; en ef hón er eigi til, þá skal kaupa tuft þar sem menn vilja svá sem menn meta, purchase a toft where to launch the ship, 100; kirkja á skóg hálfan með tupt ok vexti, Vm. 114; mylnu-hús, tuppt ok grundvöll, D.N. iv. 537, B.K. 55, 57; skyldi þar vera kaupstaðr, hann gaf mönnum toptir til at göra sér þar hús, Hkr. i. 274; hann markaði toptir til garða, ok gaf búondum eðr kaupmönnum, Ó.H. 42; verk Dróttins várs marka topt fyrir verkum órum, Greg. 56. 3. a square piece of ground with walls but without roof (cp. tjalda), this is the special later Icel. sense; Hjörleifr lét göra skála tvá, ok er önnur toptin átján faðma enn önnur nítján, Landn. 35; skógr umb skála-tofst, D.I. i. 475; sér þar tuptina sem hann lét göra hrófit, Ld. 34; en er hús vóru ofan tekin, þá var þar síðan kallat Hrafn-toptir, Eg. 100; út með firðinum eru víða toptir ok vítt land þat er engi maðr á, þar vil ek at vit reisim okkr bústað, Háv. 41; rétt er at kveðja búa at toptum ef búar eru brott farnir, Grág. ii. 124; búðar-tópt, the square walls of a hut without a roof, Rd. 274; toptin var full af torfi ok grjóti, id.; hann lét grafa hann hjá toptum nokkurum, Fs. 141; hús-topt, skála-t., kirkju-t., skemmu-t., fjós-t., fjárhús-t., bæjar-t., nausta-t., the bare walls, ruins of a house, skáli, church ...; augna-tópt, eye-socket; svá stóð toptin eptir í varr-símanum at þar var logn, the water in the wake was like a lane, with a wall of waters on both hands, Hkr. i. 283. TOR-, an adverbial prefix to compds, opp. to auð-, q.v.; [this inseparable particle answers to Gr. GREEK, and remains only in O.H.G. zur-; in Ulf. tur- in a single word tur-werjan, Mark xi. 23; it is lost in A.S., Engl., Germ., and in the mod. Scandin. languages; in Icel. it is in full use up to the present day] :-- difficult, hard. tor-breytligr, adj. very difficult, Fms. viii. 12, v.l. tor-bænn, adj. hard to move by prayer, Skv. 3. tor-bættr, adj. hard to make good again, Hom. 73. tord-yfill, [= A.S. tord-wifel, tord; Engl. turd; Swed. and mod. Dan. skarn-basse] :-- a dung-beetle; vér höfum veiddan tordyfil einn, Dropl. 10. TORF, n. [A.S. and Engl. turf; Dan. törv], a turf, sod; hylja hræ grjóti, torfi, klæðum eðr snæ, Grág. ii. 88; til garðlags torf eðr grjót, 262; torf ok grjót, Nj. 64; toptin var full af torfi ok grjóti, Rd. 274;

TORFBASS -- TORTYNA. 637

borgar-vegg af grjóti ok torfi ok viðum, Fms. i. 123; lét konungr bera til viðu ok torf ok fylla díkit, vii. 54; torfs-maðr, a person who runs the gauntlet pelted with sods, N.G.L. i. 253. 2. turf for fuel, peat; geita gættu, grófu torf, dug turf, peat, Rm. 12; hann fann fyrstr manna at skera torf ór jörðu til eldiviðar á Torfnesi á Skotlandi, þvíat íllt var til viðar í Eyjunum, Orkn. 16; skera torf til eldibranda, Grág. ii. 338; elda er rétt at göra ok kljúfa torf til, K.Þ.K. 88; hann stóð í mýri nökkurri ok gróf torf, Njarð. 370; eldi-torf, 'fuel-turf,' i.e. peat, Ísl. ii. 112. B. COMPDS: torf-báss, m. a boose or shed to keep sods (or peat?) in, Ísl. ii. 113. torf-bingr, m. a pile of turfs or peat, Ísl. ii. 112. torf-færi, n. pl. tools for cutting sods and peat, Háv. 47. torf-garðr, m. a fence of sods, D.N. v. 957. torf-gröf, f. a turf-hole, peat-pit, Grág. ii. 338; kirkja á tvítuga t. í Nesland, Vm. 39; eptir mýrinni fyrir sunnan Molastaða torfgrafir, Dipl. v. 25; Haraldr jarl ungi féll við torf-grafir nökkurar, Orkn. 476 (referring to the Orkneys). torf-hraukr, m. a peat-stack, Sturl. i. 179. torf-hrip, n. a basket to carry peat, Nj. 252. torf-hús, n. a peat-shed. torf-kast, n. a pelting with sods, Sturl. iii. 225, cp. Eb. ch. 41. torf-krókr, m. a kind of box (a sketch of which see Eggert Itin. tab. viii. fig. 2), to carry peat and sods, Sturl. i. 179 C. torf-köstr, m. a turf-stack, peat-stack, Vm. 13. torf-leikr, m. a game, 'turf-laking,' pelting, Eb. 210; prob. = the Scot. game of bickers, see Sir W. Scott's Waverley, the Appendix to the General Preface. torf-ljár, m. = torfskeri. torf-menn, m. pl. 'turf-men,' dealers in turf, N.G.L. iii. 15 (year 1282). torf-mór, m. a turf-moor, Grág. ii. 338. torf-mýrr, f. turf-moor, a local name, Vm. 5. torf-naust, n. a ship-shed (naust) built of turf (or a 'turf or peat-shed?'), Landn. 118. torf-skeri, a, m. a turf-cutter, Landn. 283, (mod. torf-ljár.) torf-skurðr, m. cutting turf or peat, Sturl. i. 79; Vetrliði skáld var at torfskurði með húskörlum sínum, Bs. i. 14; staðrinn í Runa á torfskurð í Bakkaland á Torfmýri svá sem þarf til eldiviðar, Vm. 5; t. er í Hólalaud frá Spákonu-felli, Pm. 67; skógr í Þverárhlíð at viða til sels, t. í Steindórs-staða land, D.I. i. 471. torf-staða, u, f. a place where turf or peat is cut; jörðin á torfstöðu á Hól ofan frá Öngulstöðum, Dipl. v. 5. torf-stakkr, m. a peat-stack, Ísl. ii. 116; griðungrinn hefir brotið niðr torfstakka hans, Ld. 336. torf-verk, n. a cutting turf or peat, Rd. 278, Vm. 5. torf-virki, n. pl. a false reading for tjöru-virki, N.G.L. i. 251, cp. ii. 145. torf-völlr, m. a place to dry peat, Dipl. iv. 12. torf-völr, m. [torvol, Ivar Aasen], a thin plank running along the eaves of a turf-thatched cottage, so as to prevent the earth falling down, N.G.L. i. 101, Gþl. 331. torf-öx, f. a turf-axe, for cutting turf or peat, Háv. 47. &FINGER; The passages quoted all refer to Iceland, except two or three to the Orkneys, and one to Norway, viz. torfmenn. In a country bare or stripped of wood, turf plays an important part in husbandry, as sod for buildings and fencing, and as peat for fuel. In the Orkneys the Norse earl Einar got the soubriquet of 'Turf-Einar' (Torf-Einarr) for having taught the Norsemen to dig peat (having probably learnt it himself from the Gaelic tribes in Scotland); the place was hence called Torf-nes, Orkn. The digging of peat in the poem Rigsmál is one of the many proofs of the birthplace of that poem. The only passage referring to Norway is that cited under torfmenn, a peat-man (see B), unless the legislator here specially had in mind the Norsemen of the Orkneys who, at that time, were an integral part of the Norse kingdom, without a special code of laws. torfa, u, f. turf, a green spot; á yztu torfur sinna herbergja, Fbr. 156; þar sem sær mætisk ok græn torfa, N.G.L. i. 13. 2. many farms built together are in Icel. called torfa. II. a slice of sod (if square it is called hnauss, q.v.); þá fellr torfa ór garðinum ok skriðnar hann, Ísl. ii. 357; eyri fyrir torfu hverja (troðu, næfra kimbul, torfu), N.G.L. i. 101, Ld. 58, 60, referring to the ordeal of going under a sod of turf; torfu bugr, the bend of the sod, Ld. l.c.: metaph., höggva torfu, a slice, af höfði, N.G.L. i. 81. torfu-þíðr, adj. thawed, Jb. 302. Torfa, u, f., and Torfi, a, m., pr. names, Landn. (in Skáld torfa). tor-fenginn and tor-fengr, adj. hard to get, Fms. v. 187, Ld. 188. tor-flutt, part. n.; þat eyrendi mundi torflutt, difficult to carry, Þorf. Karl. 386. torf-viðr, m. = tyri-viðr, [A.S. tyrwe], a tarred tree; kasta loganda torfviði með brennu-steini, Róm. 277 (= Lat. 'picem et sulphure taedam mixtam ardenti mittere,' Sallust, Jug. ch. 57). torf-völr, m., see torf B. tor-fyndr, adj. hard to find, rare, Stor. tor-færa, u, f. a difficult, dangerous passage or road, Al. 20, Fms. xi. 253, Sks. 207, MS. 655 viii. 2, Clem. 29. tor-færi, n. = torfæra, Orkn. 208. tor-færiligr, adj. hard to pass, Al. 54, Sks. 214. tor-færr, adj. id., Fms. vii. 297. tor-færur, f. pl. places hard to pass. TORG, n. [Swed. torg; Dan. torv; the other word markaðr is from the Lat., and torg is prob. a Slav. word; Russ. torge] :-- a market or mart; menn konungs höfðu torg ok skemtun ok leika úti hjá herbergjunum, Fms. xi. 366; hann var úti staddr á torgi, þar var fjölmenni mikit, i. 80; hann leitaði eptir of matkaup, görðu þeir honum þann kost, at þeir mundi setja þeim torg framan til Föstu, Orkn. 344; setja e-m torg til matkaupa, Fms. vii. 78; Sigmundi konungi var hvervetna sett torg ok annarr farar-greiði, Fas. i. 143; hafa torg fyrir hvers manns dyrum, Rétt. 12; á bryggjum eðr á stræti eðr á torgi, Gþl. 178, Matt. xi. 16, xx. 3, xxiii. 7, Mark vii. 4, Luke vii. 32, Acts xvi. 19, xvii. 17. II. a market-place, in Nidaros, D.N. iii. 195; in Bergen, Bs. i. 636; in Oslo, D.N. iv. 307, 697; cattle and sheep were to be bought 'á torgi' in the market-place, but fresh fish 'fyrir torgi,' Rétt. 2. 5 (Fr.); the word is never used in reference to Icel. In Scandin. towns the squares are called 'torg,' e.g. Kongens Ny-torv, Gammel-Torv, in Copenhagen: allit., um tún og torg, þjóðin öll um tún og torg | tók upp hrygðarklæði, Barbarossa kvæði (Ed. by Maurer). torga, að, to eat up; with dat., eg torga því ekki, I cannot eat it up; hann át sem hann torgaði, he ate all he could. Torgar, f. pl. (name of an island in Norway), a market(?); see Gramm. p. xvii, col. 2, l. 12 from the bottom. tor-gætr, adj. hard to get, rare, Fms. iv. 124, Ld. 128; torgætar görsimar, Stj. tor-höfn, f. atrophy, Björn. tor-kenna, d, to transform, so as to make it hard to recognise; leitaðusk þau við at torkenna hann sem þau máttu, to dissemble, disparage, Finnb. 220. tor-kenndr, part. hard to recognise, Sturl. iii. 148, Fms. x. 383. tor-kenniligr, adj. = torkenndr. tor-kenning, f. a disguise, Art. tor-leiði, n. = torfæri, Eg. 410, Edda 60, Al. 50, Greg. 22. tor-merki, n. pl., in the phrase, telja t. á e-u, to dissuade by detailing all the difficulties, Fas. ii. 393. tor-moltinn, part. hard to digest, Björn. tor-mæði, f. rancour, Hom. 26 (= Lat. rancor). tor-næmr, adj. hard to learn, Sks. 244, 265: of a person, slow to learn, opp. to næmr. tor-ráðr, adj. embarrassing, a pr. name, Landn. tor-rek, n. (qs. tor-wrek, a dismal wreck, sad loss), a loss, detriment; ef maðr er stolinn fé sínn ... ok lýsa sínu torreki, N.G.L. i. 83; furðu mikit t. görir faðir þinn sér at, Hkr. i. 73; várt t. lízk verra, Sighvat: the name of a poem, Sona-torrek, Sons' loss, Eg. tor-reyfiligr, adj. difficult, Sks. 20 (v.l.) new Ed. tor-ræki, n. misfortune, Eg. 699. tor-sóttligr, adj. of persons, hard to overcome, come at, Lv. 49, Ld. 238; eiga við torsóttligt fólk, Fb. iii. 445: of things, hard to perform or the like, Fms. ix. 295, Ld. 178, 292. tor-sóttr, adj. = torsóttligr, Nj. 223, Ld. 278, Fbr. 38, Fms. v. 37. tor-sveigðr, part. hard to sway, bend, Fms. x. 288. tor-sveigr, adj. id., Ísl. ii. 246. tor-sýnn, adj. hard to see, Nj. 111, v.l. tor-sækiligr = torsóttligr, Grett. 133 C. tor-sær, adj. = torsýnn, Ísl. ii. 333. torta, u, f. the podex of a beast. tor-talinn, part. hard to count, Fms. viii. 411. tor-tíma (mod. tor-týna), d, to destroy, with dat., Fas. ii. 517, 519, Stj. 456; drepit hafa þeir Jamund ok allt lið hans, ok tortímt hafa þeir guðunum sjálfum, Karl. 231; fyrirbjóðu vér hverjum manni þeim at tortíma eðr þeirra varnaði aflögliga, D.N. i. 80. 2. to kill; engu skyldi tortíma í fjallinu hvárki fé né mönnum, Eb. 7 new Ed.; vildi hann eigi t. hindinni, Þiðr. 165; ok lét öngu tortíma (tortýna Ed.) þar nema kvikfé heimilu, Landn. 254; taka við barninu, fara með þat til Reykjadals-ár ok tortíma því þar, Ísl. i. 19; hánum mátti hvárki tortíma gálgi né virgill, O.H.L. 8l. tortís, m. a torch, Mar., Karl. tor-tryggð, f. doubt, suspicion, incredulity, 623. 26; nú skulu vér hnekkja þeirri t. ok sýna einurð várrar frásagnar, Fms. viii. 48; skulu þeir vera vitnis-menn ok ef nokkur verðr t. þar á, ok skal fé virða, Jb. 406; hafa t. á e-m, to suspect, Str. 16, 76; t. leikr á e-u, Js. 26; e-m er t. á, Þiðr. 128, passim. tor-tryggiliga, adv. doubtfully, suspiciously, Sks. 80. tor-tryggiligr, adj. doubtful, suspicious, Nj. 103 C. tor-tryggja, ð, to mistrust, doubt, suspect; ok bað hann ekki t. þess ins helga manns miskunn, Fms. v. 147; enn margir eru þeir menn er þetta gruna, ok tortryggva þessa hluti, x. 371; skal ek aldrigi tortryggva mátt hans, Blas. 48; verði hann tortryggðr um eiðinn, Grág. i. 56; ef sá tortryggvir boðit er málann á, ii. 245; nú vill maðr úskyldr kaupa ok tyrtryggir (sic) sá er næstr er kaupi, N.G.L. i. 92; ef sá tortryggir er fyrir varð, Gþl. 164. tor-tryggleiki, a, m. distrust, Str. 32. tor-tryggr, adj. doubtful, incredulous; Högni var hljoðlyndr, tortryggr ok sannorðr, Nj. 91; hann er svá t. at hann trúir engum manni, Glúm. 397; hann ávítaði þá, þvíat þeir vóru tortryggvir, Hom. 88. tor-týna, d, an etymologizing corruption of tortíma, but only in very late vellums and in mod. paper transcripts; Fms. v. 213 is an error, for

638 TORUGÆTR -- TRAÐK.

Fb. ii. (l.c.) 389 has the true old form, cp. N.G.L. ii. 9, v.l. 18; the reading Landn. 254 must be due to the transcriber of the lost vellum. toru-gætr, adj., older form = torgætir, Korm. ch. 12 (in a verse), Fms. iv. 124 (torgætr, Ó.H. l.c.), ix. 450, x. 62, 116, Eb. 92 new Ed.; jafn-torogætt, Bs. i. 143. tor-unninn, part. hard to overcome, Fms. viii. 220. tor-velda, d, to make difficulties; t. e-t fyrir e-m, Ld. 238. tor-velda, u, f. a difficulty, Rb. 336. torvelda-laust, adj. without difficulties, Bs. i. 307. tor-veldi, f. a difficulty; engi torveldi, Fs. 50; starf ok t., Fms. vii. 221; hver t. þar er á, Fas. i. 266: neut., meira torveldi, Stj. 326; með miklum torveldum, Fms. x. 368. tor-veldligr or tor-velligr, adj. 'hard to wield,' hard, difficult, Nj. 122, Fms. vii. 257, Ísl. ii. 223, Greg. 62, MS. 656 C. 24. tor-veldr, adj., torvelzt, Eluc. 58 (mod. torveldari, -astr); [valda] :-- hard, difficult; torveldar sendifarar, Fms. i. 15; þótti honum torvelt at rétta þeirra hlut, Orkn. 12; torvelt get ek yðr verða at ..., 358, passim. tor-virðr, adj. difficult to estimate, Band. 31 new Ed. tor-þeystr, part. (opp. to auð-þeystr), hard to stir, Nj. 90 C; opp. to auð-þeystr, Stor. 2. tor-æri, n. a bad season, famine, = hallæri, Bs. i. 744. tosa, að, [A.S. tæsan; Engl. tease], to drag a dead weight; tosa við e-ð; perh. from the English. toskr, m., thus (not töskr) in Gm. (see Bugge, foot-note), in Edd. of Edda it is erroneously spelt with ö; [A.S. tusc or tux; Engl. tusk; Fris. tosk and tusk] :-- a tusk, tooth; only remaining in the pr. name, Ratatoskr, Gm., Edda; see the remarks s.v. íkorni and rati. Tosti, a, m. a pr. name, a Scandin. and Swed. name, in Sköglar-tosti, the father of queen Sigrid the Proud, Hkr. i; hence the name came to England, as in earl Tostig, son of Godwin; it occurs several times on Swed. Runic stones: as appell. it means a frog, see Bosworth's A.S. Diet. tota, u, f. a teat or teat-like protuberance, e.g. of the toe of a shoe; stendr fram eins og tota; cp. A.S. totodon, p. 105 in Gregory's Pastoral, edited by Mr. Sweet; cp. tottr, tútna (Dan. tude = a spout). toti, a, m. = tota; in the saying, hverr vill sínum tota fram ota: a nickname, Fms. i. 8. totta, að, [akin to tuttr, tottr], to suck, esp. to suck the last drop of a drained teat; totta mína pípu, to suck my pipe, Sig. Pét. tottogo = tuttugu, D.I. i. 476. tottr, m. [Dan. tommel-tot = tom-thumb], a nickname, Sturl., Fms., of a dwarfish person. TÓ, f. a tuft of grass, grassy spot, among rocks; þar var tó undir er hann fór ofan, Rd. 310; einn dag fóru þeir í bjarg at sækja sér hvannir í einni tó er síðan er kölluð Þorgeirs-tó, Fbr. 87; gammrinn settisk í eina tó, er varð í björgunum, Fas. ii. 231; hann hljóp ofan fyrir hamrana í tó eina, 251; gras-tó, grass-turf, af hömrunum ofan í grastóna, Fbr. 156; freq. in mod. usage. II. [A.S. taw = spinning, weaving; Engl. tow; Ivar Aasen to; cp. toddi, Dan. uld-tot] :-- a wool-tod, a tuft of wool; vinna tó, to dress wool (spin, card), konur unnu þar tó á daginn, Grett. 34 new Ed.; rygjar-tó, q.v. COMPDS: tó-vara, u, f. 'tow-ware,' i.e. socks and gloves, and the like. tó-vinna, u, f. wool-dressing, spinning, carding. TÓA, u, f. (qs. tófa); [this word, at present the general name for the fox, seems not to occur in old writers (cp. fóa, refr, melrakki), not even among the names of foxes, Edda ii. 490; but it occurs in the modern rhyme quoted by Maurer, 169; the etymology is not certain, between the two vowels some consonant has been absorbed, perh. f, qs. tófa, from the fox's tufted tail; or, it may be akin to tæfa, týja (q.v.), Dan. tæve = a dam with cubs.] B. A fox, passim in mod. usage; aldrei tryggist tóa | þó tekin sé úr henni róa, Hallgr.; aldrei verðr tóan tryggð | teigað hefir hún lamba blóð, | sízt er von á djúpri dyggð | dóttir Skolla er ekki góð, a ditty; there are in Icel. rhymed fables called Tóu-kvæði = Fox-songs; one at least (not published) is attributed to Hallgrim Pétrsson (17th century); but the earliest is the Skaufala-bálkr, cp the words grýla, refr, skröggr, skaufali, mel-rakki (see melr). COMPDS: tóu-skinn, tóu-skott, n. a fox-skin, fox-tail. tóu-yrlingr, m. a fox-cub. tóbak, n. tobacco, (mod.) Tófi, a, m. and Tófa, u, f. freq. old Dan. and Swed. pr. names, Sighvat, Baut.; cp. Germ. zôbe -- a bondmaid. Tóki, a, m., prop. a simpleton (Swed. toket = silly, idiotic); hence a pr. name, freq. in old Dan., whence mod. Dan. Tyge, and Latinised Tycho (Tycho Brahe); the name is connected with the ancient tale of the master-archer Tóki (the Norse form of the Tell legend in Switzerland), told in Saxo and partly in the Icel. Jómsv. S. (Pálna-tóki), an Indo-Germanic legend. TÓL, n. pl. [A.S. tôl; Engl. tool], tools; tangir skópu ok tól görðu, Vsp.; hamar, töng ok steðja ok þaðan af öll tól önnur, Edda 9; brjóta borgina með þess-konar tölum sem þar til hæfði, Al. 11; skolpa ok nafra ok öll önnur þau tól er til skipsmíðar þarf at hafa, Sks. 31; tönn snúin svá sem hón sé með tólum gör, 131, passim; smiðar-tól, graf-tól (qq.v.); tóla-kista, a tool-chest, Fs. 176, Ísl. ii. 81. II. metaph. genitalia, Mar. 867; hringja tólunum, naturalia aperta gerere (like the Cynics), cp. the pun in Maurer's Volks. 62 (the verse). TÓLF (qs. tvalf), [Goth. twa-lif; A.S. twelf; Engl. twelve; Germ. zwölf; Dan. tolv] :-- twelve, Grág. i. 16, ii. 20, 31, 45, Rb. 368, passim. II. as noun, both sixes on the dice; in the phrase, kasta tólfunum, of a great piece of good luck. COMPDS: tólf-eyringr, m. a twelve-ounce ring, Grág. ii. 171. tólf-feðmingr, m. a twelve-fathom square, Ám. 22; fylgir þar tólffeðmings skurðr torfs, Dipl. iii. 6, iv. 12. tólf-fótungr, m. a 'twelve-foot a kind of grub or maggot. tólf-greindr, part. divided into twelve, Stj. 286. tólf-mánuðr, m. a twelve-month; nú líðr þessi t., Þiðr. 68; innan tólfmánuðar dags, D.N. iv. 323; tólfmánaðr stefna, N.G.L. i. 343. tólf-menningr, m. a company of twelve at a banquet; en þá er t. var skipaðr til at sitja, Glúm. 331. tólf-ræðr, adj. consisting of twelve tens, epithet of a hundred; tólfrætt hundrað, a duodecimal hundred, i.e. a hundred and twenty, Ó.H. (pref.), Grág. ii. 91, Sks. 56, Fb. i. 271 (see hundrað). tólf-tigr, adj. = tólfræðr, Sks. 56, v.l. tólf-æringr, m. a twelve-oared boat, Sturl. ii. 162, Fas. ii. 509, N.G.L. ii. 138. tólf-ærr, adj. twelve-oared, N.G.L. i. 159. tólft, f. = tylpt, a number of twelve, duo-decade, dozen; in tólftar-kviðr, m. a verdict of a jury of twelve neighbours, Grág. i. 138, 168, 207, K.Þ.K. 168, Glúm. 365, cp. Eb. 19 new Ed. tólfti, a, m. the twelfth, Grág. i. 118, N.G.L. i. 348, passim. tólftungr, m. the twelfth part of a thing (cp. þriðjungr, fjórðungr ... áttungr), Sks. 59, Vm. 48. tólgr, m. (mod. also tólg, f., or even tólk); [Engl. tallow; Germ., Dan. talg; akin to Goth. tulgus = GREEK] :-- tallow, when melted and stiffened; til tólgs ok vax, Pm. 103; tólgar skjöldr, a round piece of melted tallow. TÓM, n. emptiness, vacuity; jörðin var eyði og tóm, Gen. i. 2. II. metaph. leisure = Lat. otium; þeir báðu hann gefa sér tóm til, at þeir hitti Aðalstein konung, Eg. 279; tóm er at klæðask, Bev.; gefa sér tóm til e-s, Hom. (St.); ljá e-m tóms, Ld. 276; Aron kvað nú eigi tóm at því, there was no time (leisure) for that, Sturl. ii. 69; ok væri lengra tóm til gefit, Fms. xi. 27; sá er úrækir langt tóm, 656 C. 34 :-- with prepp., the phrase, í tómi, at leisure, Fs. 105, Gullþ. 18, Eb. 256, Fms. ii. 261; leika við e-t í tómi, Fms. vi. 152, O.H.L. 22; hann kallaði ákaft en þau bjoggusk í tómi, Fms. x. 216; af tómi, by and bye, Nj. 18, Fs. 24; í góðu, ærnu tómi, in good, full leisure, Fms. viii. 88, Fb. i. 196. tóm-látr, adj. slow, slovenly; Sköfnungr er t. en þú óðlátr, Korm. 80; eigi vóru þér nú tómlátir Íslendingar, Fms. vii. 35; Þórir var inn tómlátasti, Fas. ii. 414; var hans saknað ... þeir kváðu öngan skaða vera um svá tómlátan mann, Fs. 69; mjök fúsum manni þykkir flýtirinn jafnvel t. vera, Stj. 172. tóm-liga, adv. slowly, leisurely, Fms. ii. 275, ix. 357, Ísl. ii. 345, Gþl. 108; en er hann kom suðr um Staði þá fór hann allt tómligar, Hkr. i. 264. tóm-læti, n. slowness, slovenliness, indolence; þeir sögðu Þorleif mjök Íslenzkan fyrir t. sitt, Eb. 198; t. (indolence) góðs verks, Hom. 26; t. várt er latir erum, 84. tómr, adj. [Dan. tom; North. E. and Scot. toom], empty; tómr laupr, Gþl. 524; it tóma haf, Sks. 199: empty-handed, missir hann ok ferr nú tómr aptr at landi, Hom.; með tvær hendr tómar, empty-handed, Sturl. iii. 258: slovenly, tómr maðr = 'homo otiosus,' Hom. 26: vain, vera kann, at þetta sé eigi tóm orð, Ld. 254; tóm er lækning sú er eigi græðir sjúkan, 623. 19; tóm dýrð, vain-glory, 655 xvi. 3. tóm-stund, f. a leisure-hour, leisure (= tóm), Nj. 77; gefit mér t. til ráða-görðar, Fms. vii. 258. tóna, að, [Lat. tonare], to intone, of the priest in the service: to set in tunes, in a book, syngja sléttan söng eptir því sem tónat væri á kór-bókum, Bs. i. 847. tónn, m. [Lat.], a tune; syngja tíðir við tón, Sturl. iii. 210. tóni, a, m. = tónn, Sks. 633: as a nickname, Ann. 1393. tópi, a, m. [Dan. taabe = a fool; cp. Germ. toben], a 'fool,' obsol. in Icel. 2. the name of a Runic magical character causing madness, Skm., a GREEK. tóra, tóri, pret. tórði, part. tórt, to lounge, linger; látið þá tóra at eins, let them be all but living, Fas. i. 80; meðan eg tóri, as long as I live, freq. in mod. usage; also of a light, to gleam faintly (see etýra). tót, n. [akin to tó, q.v.], a flock of wool; in ó-tót and ó-tæti, a 'un-flock,' a rag. traðar-, see tröð. trað-gjöf, f. cramming, giving sheep and cattle as much fodder as they can eat, Jb. 224. trað-jóla, að, or troð-jóla, to drop; en það er til í tungu vorri, að sá sem týnt hefir nokkru, hann hafi 'traðjólað' því eða 'troðjólað,' sumir segja 'taðjólað,' allt í sömu merkingu, að hafa því niðrfellt, að troðast undir fótum eða velkjast á gólfi, Pál, Skýr. 265. traðk, n. (or better traðkr, m.), a track, a path or trodden spot in

TRAÐKA -- TRÉKIRKJA. 639

snow, or the like; kómu þeir á traðk mikinn ofarliga í dalnum, Grett. 111 new Ed.; traðkit var mikit, Finnb. 248; er þar umhverfis traðk mikit (traðkr, v.l.), Konr. 30. traðka, að, with dat. to tread on with the foot, to trample on: metaph., t. réttindum e-s. TRAF, n. [cp. trefr], in old writers only in pl. tröf, a hem, fringe;þá tók hón til trafanna es á klæðum þeim vóru er tjaldat var of kistuna, Bs. i. 347; hón hafði knýtt um sik blæju, ok vóru í mörk blá, ok tröf fyrir enda, a kerchief with blue marks or stripes and fringe at the ends, Ld. 244; at þeir göri tröf með dreglum um skikkjur sínar, Stj. 328 (= Lat. fimbria of the Vulgate); at snertum tröfum klæða sinna, ... klæða-tröfum, the hems of one's garment, Post. (Unger) 29. II, in mod. usage traf, sing., is a white linen kerchief; hvítr sem traf, white as a traf: traf-hvítr, adj. id.: trafa-kefli, n. a mangle: trafa-öskjur, f. pl. a linen-chest. trafali, a, m. [prob. from Engl. travail], a hindrance, impediment; vera e-m til travala. trafn or tramn, m. [Swed. trem; Dan. treme = a beam], a beam, log, Korm. (in a verse, the Ed. has trafr, but the rhyme with 'hramni' shews that the true form has mn). traktera, að, [for. word], to treat, H.E. i. 469, 528: to entertain, Bs. i. 220. trakteran, f. treatment, Stj. 30. traktr, m. a kind of chant. Hom. (St.) tramar, m. pl. [Norse tramen; provinc. Dan. tremmind = the evil one; 'trami um jag dä gär' is a Gottland oath; provinc. Swed. trommä, see Bugge's note, ad loc. citand.; but þramar, not tramar, may be the original of all these words, for the Icel., at least now, say, þremillinn! hver þremillinn!] :-- fiends, demons, a GREEK, Skm. 30; but in this passage 'gramar' would better suit the alliteration, which is otherwise somewhat lame; it is to be borne in mind that in ancient vellums g and t initial are often hard to distinguish (see gramr II). trampa, að, to tramp, (mod.) trana, u, f., see trani. II. pl. trönur, a frame-work, e.g. on which trunks of trees are laid to be cut by the saw; cp. tjald-trönur, a tent-frame. trana, að, to intrude; esp. in the phrase, trana sér fram, to push oneself, of an impertinent and intruding person. trandill, m. [A.S. trendel = an orb, sphere; Engl. trundle], a trundle(?); as a nickname, Landn. (Nj.), Bs. i. 172. TRANI, a, m.; this is the oldest form and gender, whence later, trana, u, f.; the masc. form occurs in Höfuðl. 10 (tranar); tranann, acc., Fms. x. 50, 353, 354; trananum, 304; traninn, 347, 350, Ó.T. 52; tranann, 32; but Tronona, trönu, 55, ll. 19, 23; tranann, trana, 64, l.c. (in an older vellum): in the verse of Hallfred (Fs. 209) Trönu should be Trana; cp. also Fagrsk. ch. 76, 80; [A.S. crân; Dan. trane] :-- a crane, Fas. iii. 359, Art. 86, Str. 67, Edda (Gl.): metaph. as the name of a ship, Fms.: of a sword, Edda (Gl.) 2. a snout = rani, Fms. iv. 58 (but rani, Fb. ii. 27, l.c.) trantr, m. a snout, in vulgar use. trapiza, u, f. [a Gr. word, GREEK, from the Byzantine, through the Wærings] :-- a table at the entrance of the hall, where the skapker (q.v.) was kept, and the horns were filled, and on which also stood the washing-basin, Fms. iii. 177, iv. 75, vi. 442, vii. 148, viii. 13, x. 331, Sd. 161. trappa, u, f. [Dan. trappe; Germ. treppe], a step in a staircase. trassa, að, to be sluttish; lítt hafði hann verit upp á skartsemi ok hirti ekki hvernig það trassaðist, Safn i. 656. trassi, a, m. a slovenly fellow, esp. one negligent as to one's dress or appearance: trassalegr and trassa-fenginn, adj. slovenly: trassa-skapr, m. slovenliness. trauð, f., in the phrase, við trauð ok nauð, 'let or hindrance,' cp. Dan. 'med nöd og neppe,' Bs. i. 200, Karl. 384. trauða, að, to impede; in the phrase, þat trauðar eigi, that does not hinder, Fb. i. 260, Fas. i. 564, ii. 201. trauðla (spelt traulla, Orkn. 204 in a verse, Fms. vii. 239, Korm. in a verse), adv. scarcely, hardly, = trauðliga. trauðliga, adv. scarcely, Nj. 245 C, Róm. 312, Hkr. iii. 361. trauð-mál, n. pl. dismal sayings, laments, Gh. 1. TRAUÐR, adj. unwilling, loth, reluctant, Hkv. 2. 28, Skv. 3. 49; Kjartan var trauðr til ok hét þó ferðinni, Ld. 204; t. mun ek af hendi at láta sveit þessa, Eg. 65; em vér því trauðir at taka vandræði annarra, Nj. 181; t. em ek at fyrirláta þann átrúnað, sem ..., Fms. i. 129; hann var t. til, he was loth to do it, Orkn. 40; trauðr em ek at týna þeim sigri, Ó.H. 74; Björn var t. til ok mæltisk undan, 51. 2. with gen., trauðr e-s, esp. in poets, Korm. (in a verse); trauðr góðs hugar, Gkv. 2. 10; all-trauðr flugar, Hkv. i. 52. 3. neut. trautt, as adverb, hardly, scarcely (= Germ. kaum), Band. 32 new Ed., Hkr. iii. 85, Fs. 67, Gullþ. 9; trautt til fær, Bs. i. 267; sem trauðast, Clem. 36, Þiðr. 203. TRAUST, n. [Dan. tröst; Engl. trust; derived forms from trúa, q.v., the st being inflexive] :-- trust, with a notion of protection, shelter, safe abode; hann setti hann eptir til trausts Berg-Önundi, Eg. 368; em ek kominn at sækja heilræði at þér ok traust, Nj. 98; ef ek héta trausti mínu eðr umsjá, 260; hón hafði þenna mann sent honum til halds ok trausts, Ld. 46; í trausti konungs, Landn. 214, v.l.; er hann spurði at synir hans hötðu ekki traust í Englandi, Fms. i. 26; meðan ek em traust-lauss, slíkt traust sem þú hefir af Skota-konungi, iv. 222; þú skalt hafa tvá hluti landa ok þar með traust mitt, 229; en ek veita yðr mitt traust, vi. 54; með hamingju ok trausti hins heilaga Ólafs, 166; vera e-m traust ok hlífi-skjöldr, viii. 239; leita sér trausts til e-s, Fb. ii. 169; sitja í trausti e-s, 80. 2. firmness, confidence; veit ek eigi ván þeirra manna er traust muni hafa at brjóta orð konungs, to whom it will be safe, who will dare, Fms. iv. 257; af Guðs trausti, Ver. 22; þeir er heldr höfðu sér traust at mæla sem þótti, who had no fear of speaking as they thought, Fms. i. 22; vér megum með minna trausti um tala, with less confidence, vii. 261: mun ek selja þér fé at láni undan hans trausti, i.e. take it out of his keeping and lend it to thee, 655 iii. 1; ek hefi lítið traust undir mér, small power, authority, Ísl. ii. 145; þoran eðr traust, Fms. i. 265. trausta-tak, n. a taking in trust, only used in the phrase taka e-ð trausta taki, e.g. of going into the rooms of a friend when absent and there taking a book 'in trust,' knowing that he will have no objection. Trausti, a, m. a pr. name, Vígl. traust-lauss, adj. [Germ. trostlos; Dan. tröstes-lös], without protection, helpless, Fms. iv. 222, Sks. 252. traust-leiki, a, m. strength, firmness, Sks. 420, Bær. 9 (valour). traust-liga, adv. firmly, Gþl. 105: confidently, Hom. 14. traust-ligr, adj. safe, to be relied on, Bær. 9; miklu væri traustligra (much safer) at týna barninu, 3. traustr, adj. trusty, sure, firm, strong, safe; þeir höfðu skjöldu traustari enn Kvenir, Eg. 59; kvóðu silki-bandit vera nökkuru traustara enn líkindi þætti á fyrir digrleiks sakir ... fjöturinn var sléttr ok blautr sem silki-ræma, en svá traustr ok sterkr sem nú skaltú heyra, Edda 19, 20; hvárt af osti eru gör akkeri vár, eðr reynask þau nökkuru traustari, Fms. vi. 253, traust brynja, Gd.; hlífar traustar, Edda (Ht.); so also Icel. say, íssinn er traustr, the ice is safe; ó-traustr, unsafe. 2. metaph., traustr til vápns ok harðfengi, Fs. 13; þeir hétu honum traustri fylgð, Orkn. 258; eigi berjumk ek ef ek fæ eigi traustara her., Fms. vi. 25; var eigi traust at hann næmi eigi galdr, it was not free from it, Bárð. 164; vera e-m traustr, to prove true to one, Ó.H. (in a verse). tráss, n. [Dan. trods], obstinacy. trássask, að, [Germ. trotz], to be obstinate, dogged; að hann hafi trássað og sagt, hann skyldi vinna allt Ísland með sjöunda mann, Bs. ii. 271; trássast við e-t, to neglect defyingly. TRÉ, n., gen. trés, dat. acc. tré; pl. tré, gen. trjá; spelt treo, Stj. 14, 74, Barl. 138; dat. trjám; with the article tré-it, mod. tréð; [Ulf. triu = GREEK; A.S. treow; Engl. tree; Dan. træ; Swed. trä, träd, the d representing the article; in Germ. this word is lost, or only remains in compds, see apaldr] :-- a tree, Lat. arbor; askrinn er allra trjá mestr, Edda 10; hamra, hörga, skóga, vötn, tré ok öll önnur blót, Fms. v. 239; höggva upp tré, Gullþ. 50; rætr eins trés, Fms. x. 219; höggva tré í skógi, Grág. ii. 296, Glúm. 329; milli trjá tveggja, 656 B. 4; lauf af tré, Fs. 135; barr af limum trés þess, er ..., Edda; tvau tré, Ask ok Emblu, id.; ymr it aldna tré, Vsp.: of trees used as gallows, ef ek sé á tré uppi, váfa virgil-ná, Hm. 158; skolla við tré, Fms. vii. (in a verse); cp. the Swed. allit. galge ok gren: hence of the cross, 655 xvi. A. 2, Fms. vi. 227, Vídal. passim; and so in mod. eccl. writers. Sayings, eigi fellr tré við it fyrsta högg, the tree falls not at the first stroke, Nj. 224; falls er ván at fornu tré, of a person old and on the verge of the grave, Ísl. ii. 415; tré tekr at hníga ef höggr tág undan, Am. 69. II. wood (= Lat. lignum); hann sat á tré einu, Fms. i. 182; tré svá mikit at hann kemr því eigi ór flæðar-máli, Grág. ii. 351; at þar ræki tró sextugt ... súlur er hann let ór trénu göra, Gísl. 140. 2. the mast of a ship; ok skyldi standa tréit, Fms. ix. 301; æsti storminn svá at sumir hjoggu tréin, x. 136; lét hann eigi setja hæra enn í mitt tré, Orkn. 260; viti hafði brenndr verit, ok var brunnit mjök tréit, Finnb. 232; á skipi Munans brotnaði tréit, Fms. viii. 209, (siglu-tré = mast.) 3. a tree, rafter, beam; sax eðr saxbönd, hvert tré þeirra er missir, N.G.L. i. 100; ok ef hús fellr niðr, þá skal ekki tré af elda, 240; þver-tré, a cross-tree, Nj. 201, 202. 4. the seat of a privy; gengr til kamars eðr setzk á tré, Grág. ii. 119. B. IN COMPDS, made of wood. tré-bolli, a, m. a wooden bowl, Vm. 110. tré-borg, f. a 'tree-burgh,' wood-fort, Eg. 244, Fms. viii. 113. tré-bót, f. as a nickname, Sturl. tré-brú, f. a wooden bridge, Þjal. 53. tré-drumbr, m. a drum of wood, log, Fms. vi. 179, v.l. tré-fótr, m. a wooden leg, Eb. 66, Bs. i. 312; the phrase, ganga á tréfótum, to go on wooden legs, of a thing in a tottering, bad state, Fb. ii. 300; það gengr allt á tréfótum. tré-guð, n. wooden idols, MS. 4. 68. tré-hafr, m. a wood-goat, Fb. i. 320. tré-hús, n. a wooden house, Fms. vii. 100, D.N. ii. 152. tré-hválf, n. a wooden ceiling, Bs. i. 251. tré-höll, f. a wooden hall, Fms. ix. 326. tre-kastali, a, m. = treborg, Sks. 423. tré-kefli, n. a wooden stick, Orkn. 150, Sturl. i. 15. tré-ker, n. a wooden vessel, Stj. 268, Karl. 546. tré-kirkja, u, f. a wooden church, Fms. xi. 271, Hkr, ii. 180.

640 TRÉKROSS -- TRÍZA.

tré-kross, m. a wooden cross, Vm. 38. tré-kumbr (tré-kubbr), m. a log, Barl. 165. tré-kylfa, u, f. a wooden club, Sturl. i. 15. tré-kyllir, m. a 'wood-bag,' name of a ship, Grett., whence Trékyllis-vík, f. a local name. tré-köttr, m. a 'wooden cat,' a mouse-trap, mod. fjala-köttr; svá veiddr sem mús undir tréketti, Niðtst. 106. tré-lampr, m. a wooden lamp, Ám. 51, Pm. 108, tré-laust, n. adj. treeless, Karl. 461. tre-lektari, a, m. a wooden reading-desk, Pm. 6. tré-ligr, adj. of wood, Mar. tré-lurkr, m. a wood-cudgel, Glúm. 342. tré-maðr, m. a 'wood-man,' Fms. iii. 100; carved poles in the shape of a man seem to have been erected as harbour-marks, cp. the remarks s.v. hafnar-mark (höfn B); in Hm. 48, of a way-mark; a huge tré-maðr (an idol?) is mentioned in Ragn. S. fine, (Fas. i. 298, 299); the Ask and Embla (Vsp.) are also represented as 'wood-men' without living souls. tré-níð, n., see níð, Grág. ii. 147, N.G.L. i. 56. tré-reiði, a, m. wooden equipments, harness, Jb. 412, Sturl. iii. 71 (of a ship, mast, oars, etc.), K.Þ.K. 88 (of horse-harness). tré-ræfr, n. a wooden roof, Þjal. 53. tré-saumr, m. wooden nails, Ann. 1189. tré-serkr, m. a wooden coat; in tréserkja-bani, as a nickname, Fas. ii. 6. tré-skapt, n. a wooden handle, Grett. 141. tré-skál, f. a wooden bowl, Dipl. iii. 4. tré-skjöldr, n. a wooden shield, Gþl. 105. tré-skrín, n. a wooden shrine, Landn. 51 (Hb.), Vm. 54. tré-smiðr, m. a craftsman in wood, carpenter, Bs. i. 858, Karl. 396, Rétt. 2. 10. tré-smíði, n. and tré-smíð, f. craft in wood, wood-carving, Bs. i. 680; hann (the steeple) bar eigi miðr af öllum trésmíðum á Íslandi en kirkjan sjálf, 132; hagr á trésmíði, Stj. 561. tré-spánn, m. wood-chips, Ó.H. tré-spjald, n. a wooden tablet, such as was used in binding books; forn bók í tréspjöldum, Ám. 35, Pm. 131, Vm. 126. tré-stabbi (tré-stobbi, Ó.H. 72; -stubbi, Fb. i. 433), a, m. = trédrumbr, Fms. vi. 179. tre-stokkr, m. the 'stock of a tree,' block of wood, Fms. ii. 75. tré-stólpi, a, m. a wooden pillar, Fb. ii. 87. tré-telgja, u, f. a wood-carver, a nickname, Yngl. S. tré-toppr, m. a tree-top, Al. 174. tré-virki, n. a wooden engine, Sks 425, Bs. i. 872. tré-þak, n. a timber roof, Bs. i. 163. tré-ör, f. a wooden arrow, as a signal, N.G,L. i. 102, Gþl. 83. II. plur., trjá-lauf, n. leaves of trees, Stj. trjá-heiti, n. pl. names of trees, Edda (Gl.) 85. TREÐJA, traddi, traddr, [cp. troða], to tread, occurs only in a few forms; þá er Jörmunrekr jóm of traddi, Hðm. 3; törgur tröddusk, Hkm.; hafit ér mey um tradda, Hðm. 18; þú lézk tradda grund, Fms. vi. (in a verse). trefill, m. a dimin. [Dan. trævler], a fringe, fringed kerchief; hékk annarr t. fyrir enn annarr á bak, Sd. 186 (of rags). 2. in mod. usage, a fringed scarf; láta trefil um hálsinn. II. as a nickname, Landn. Trefla-kolla, the name of a witch, from her rags. TREFJA, trafði, trafiðr, to tear into fringes; a defect. verb, of which there only remains the part. trafiðr, Pr. 329. trefja, u, f. = hefr, mod. form. treflugr, adj. [Dan. trævlet], fringed, with fringes, Fb. iii. 375. trefr, f. pl. fringes; eigi sviðnuðu hinar minnstu trefr á skrúða hans, Bs. i. 42; blóðgar trefr, Fas. ii. 554; trefr af einu dýrligu klæði, i. 230; blæju ok trefr fyrir enda, Ld. 244, v.l.; sjúkir menn kómu við hans trefr ... at snertum tröfum klæða þinna ... trefum (dat.), Post. (Unger) 29. TREGA, irreg. verb, pres. tregr, pret. tregði, part. tregað, with suffixed neg. tregr-að, Gh. 2: part. tregnar, Hðm. 1. The mod. form is trega, að, which, though but rarely, occurs in vellums, e.g. tregaði, Bs. i. 301, in a vellum of the earlier part of the 14th century; [A.S. tregjan] :-- to grieve, used impers.; fjölð er þat er fíra tregr, many are the woes of man, Sdm. 30; tregr mik þat, Gkv. 3. 2; hví tregrað ykkr teiti at mæla, how can ye be glad? Gh. 2; (hana) tregði för friðils, Vkv. 27; þat mál er mik meirr tregi, 35; alla menn tregr fall grams, the king's death grieves all men, Hkr. i. (in a verse); tregnar iðir, dismal thoughts(?), Hðm. 1; marga menn tregaði mjök andlát Þorláks biskups, many were grieved over Th.'s death, Bs. i. 301; munaðar-ríki hefir margan tregað, brought many to grieve, Sól. 10. 2. in mod. usage, person., hann (nom.) tregaði, he wailed. tregða, u, f. reluctance, difficulty, unwillingness; ef konungr hefir nökkut tregður í at fara, Fms. vii. 116; hann hafði í nökkura tregðu um vígslu hans, Bs. i. 73; göra tregður í e-u, Mag. 134. tregða-laust, n. adj. without cavil, willingly, Bs. i. 388. tregi, a, m. [Ulf. trigo = Gr. GREEK; A.S. trega], difficulty, reluctance; vil ek nú biðja yðr alla at vér hafim önga trega í málum þessum, to raise no objections, Nj. 188; þá gékk at Þórir ór Garði ok leitaði at færa í alla trega þá er hann mátti, Grett. 150; at allir tregar myndi úr leggjask málum biskups, Thom. 381. II. grief, woe, sorrow; með tárum ok trega, Thom. 45; af trega stórum, Gh. 1; ok leiða með tárum trega, Skm. 30; trega þér at segja, Hkv. 2. 28; hver sagði sinn trega, each told her woe, Gkv. 1. 3; löngum trega, Sól. 34; svá fellr mér þetta nær um trega, at ..., it grieves me so, that ..., Nj. 171; þrútinn af trega, Ld. 272; hón mátti hvárki eta né drekka fyrir trega, Fms. iii. 12. tregliga, adv. with difficulty, as opp. to smoothly; kómu þeir honum at kalla ok þó sem tregligast, they moved her (the ship) with great difficulty, Fms. iii. 13. 2. unwillingly, reluctantly; Brúsi gékk tregliga at öllu sáttmáli, Ó.H. 98; beiddi leyfis ok fékk t., Karl. 277; hafði hann þat t. fengit af Katli ok þó nauðungar-laust, Sturl. iii. 224: scarcely, mega vér t. at oss gæta, Bs. i. 300; mátti hann t. bera þau úhægindi, 318. 3. wofully; gékk hón t. á tái sitja, Gh. 9. tregligr, adj.; it tregligasta, with the greatest difficulty, Fb. i. 260; var Þorgils heldr tregligr í fyrstu, Sturl. iii. 222. TREGR, adj. [O.H.G. tragi; Germ. träg], dragging, slovenly, going with difficulty; sagði at lömbunum væri tregast um átið fyrst er þau væri nýkefld, Eb. 244; tregum otrs-gjöldum, Bm.; opt eru tregar kálf-sugur, Hallgr.; mun honum þat tregt veita, it will go hard with him, Rd. 276; tregt hefir féit út greiðzk, Fb. ii. 123. 2. unwilling; Þórir gékk at eldinum ok var þó tregr til, Fms. i. 106; at þú haldir því betr helga trú sem þú ert tregari til, ii. 32; t. til sætta, Bs. i. 658; at Sverrir konungr mundi tregr at ganga út ór tréborginni, Fms. viii. 113: vórn margir tregir til, at segja af hendi sér, Bs. i. 686; ó þér heimskir og tregir í hjarta, Luke xxiv. 25. treg-róf, n. a lamentation, Gh. 21. trekt, f. a funnel, (mod.) Trekt, f. a local name, Utrecht, Bs. tréna, að, to become woody, dry, Edda (pref.) 11, Fms. ii. 179, v.l.; in mod. usage of turnips or the like. tresk, n.(?), a doubtful word, a veil(?), cushion, pillow, or the like; svá at tár flugu tresk (tresc Ed.) í gögnum, Gkv. i. 16 (where the tresk seems to be acc., the tears flew through the t.) TREYJA, u, f. [Dan. tröje], a jerkin; fór í treyju ok kipti skóm á fætr sér, Nj. 28; treyja með kaprúni af skrúði, Jb. 187; hann hafdi hvárki brynju né treyju, Sturl. i. 197; hann hjó á öxl Oddi, gengu í sundr treyjur tvær, ok brynjan lúðisk, iii. 205; vóru þrír tigir manna í hringa-brynjum ok tvær treyjur með, 184; hann hafði góða brynju ok styrkja treyja, Fms. ix. 527; Aron var í síðri treyju ok góðri stálhúfu, Bs. i. 624; græn treyja, D.N. iii. 160; söðul-treyja, q.v. COMPDS: treyju-hosa, u, f. a kind of hose; svá at sundr tók treyju-hosuna, bryn-hosuna ok svá fótinn, Þiðr. 203. treyju-söðull, m. a kind of saddle = trogsöðull, Grág. ii. 239 (Kb.) treyna or treina, d, to use sparingly, esp. of food, so as to make it last longer; treyna sér e-t. treyskr, adj. [Dan. trædsk; Germ. trotz], obstinate; villan treysk, Pass. 50 (from the Dan.?) TREYSTA, t, [traust; Dan. trouml;ste = to comfort], to make trusty, make strong and safe; Höskuldr treysti mundriða í skildi, Nj. 66; hann setti þar forráða-menn ok treysti sér fólk, Hkr. i. 84: to confirm, make firm, at treysta vináttu Snorra, Sturl. ii. 260; hann treysti sálu þína, Barl. 94; þá treysta fól hinn heimska svá at hann skal ríkastr vera, Sks. 342; treysta herinn ok eggja, Ó.H. 214; t. heilsu hans, Greg. 49; treystr með holdi ok blóði Guðs, Fms. xi. 38; várir menn þurfu nú at þér treystið þá, viii. 317. 2. to try the strength of a thing with the hand; Egill færðisk við ok treysti stafinn (grasped firmly) til þess er upp losnaði, Eg. 233; hann treysti með handa-afli ok slitnaði silki-bandit eigi, Edda 20; ganga at ásendunum ok t. svá fast, at brotnaði, Ld. 280; tók ek þá til, treysta ek á sem ek orkaða, gat ek honum þá fram kipt, ... tók ek í hendr Böðvari, treysta ek þá af öllu afli ..., Fb. ii. 136; treysta nú á timbr-veggina svá brakar í hverju tré, Grett. 99; treystu síðan á ásinn, til þess er hann brast í sundr, 154; fór hann þá ok treysti á sira Þorlák með alvarligri bæn, Bs. i. 269. II. reflex. to trust to, rely upon; with dat., ek treystumk hamingju minni ok sigrsæli, Fms. ii. 108; treystask eigi þeim griðum, ix. 520; at engum manni treystisk hann betr enn honum, xi. 392; engi hlutr er sá er sér megi treystask er Muspells-synir herja, Edda 8; öllum þeim sem honum treystask, Stj. 641; treystask í e-u (Latinism), Hom. 78, MS. 655 iv. 2; ek treysti (better treystisk) eigi at halda yðr heima með mér, Fms. ii. 4: cp. treysta sér, to dare, passim in mod. usage; eigi mun Sveinn konungr því treystask at taka, he wont dare, xi. 364; treystask betr fótum enn vápnum, Róm. 291; hann mun eigi treystask öðru enn göra sem ek vil, Nj. 229; höfðu þeir ætlað at veita honum atgöngu, en treystusk eigi, 36; treystisk ér (be of good cheer), ok hirðit eigi at óttask, 623. 32; er með engu móti treystanda á hennar hverfanda hvel, Fms. i. 104; treysti hann svá vel her sínum, at ..., 24. treystir, m. a strengthener. Lex. Poët. Trinitatis, [Lat. gen.], Trinity-Sunday; in Trinitatis-dagr, Fms. ix. 340, Vm., and so in mod. usage; fyrsti, annar ... sunnudagr eptir Trinitatis, Icel. Almanack. tripl, n. treble, Alg.: tripla, að, to chant in treble tunes, Bs. i. 847. trippi, n. [cp. Engl. to trip], a young colt before it is broken in, Fas. i. 9: freq. in mod. usage, ótamið trippi. trítill, m. [Dan. trilde], a top. trítla, að, [Dan. trilde], to trot at a slow pace; cp. Dan. trilde-bör = a wheel-barrow. tríza (proncd. tríssa), u, f. [mid. Lat. tricca], a pull(?); hann sér at í berginu vóru steinar sem tríza væri gör, Róm. 148: in mod. usage = Dan. tridse.

TRJÓNA -- TROS. 641

trjóna, u, f. [Dan. tryne; trana and trjóna seem to be akin] :-- a snout, Lat. rostrum, Fms. vi. 143 (of a serpent); með gínandum trjónum, Landn. 257 (Hb.): of a hammer, trjónu-tröll, the 'snout-ogress,' of the hammer of Thor, Haustl.: of projecting land, Selmeina trjóna, the ness of Selund, i.e. Zealand, Hkr. i. (in a verse). 2. of a pole; harðar trjónur, Gs. 17; var þá ok veift af hverju skipi trjónum (or = trjánum from tré?), Þorf. Karl. 424; tjald-trjóna, a tent-frame, Sturl. i. 147, 148. troð, n. a treading, trampling; ef fellr í nauta-troð, if trampled down by cattle, N.G.L. i. 379. TROÐA, pres. treð, treðr, older form trøðr; tröðz, Grág. ii. 285: pret. trað, tratt (traðst), trað, pl. tráðu (mod. tróð, tróðst, pl. tróðu): subj. trœði; imperat. troð, troddú; part. troðinn: [Ulf. trudan = GREEK, Luke vi. 44; A.S. trêdan; Engl. tread; Germ. treten; Swed. tråda; Dan. træde] :-- to tread; vegr er vetki treyðr, Hm. 120; at vegrinn væri troðinn, beaten. Eg. 578; t. stafkarls-stíg, to tread a beggar's path, Fms. vi. 304; troða skó, to 'tread shoes,' wear them out, Eb. 20; troðnir í sundr tvennir skór, Skíða R. 193; troða villu-stigu, Barl. 29; troða halir helveg, Vsp. 52; manna þeirra er mold troða, Fm. 23; troða goðveg, Hdl. 5; aur tráðu vér áðan, Fms. vi. (in a verse); ek trað hauðr um heiði hundvillr, Eb. (in a verse); hlynbjörn trað Áta jörð, Orkn. (in a verse); nú treðr þú mik undir fótum, Nj. 82; hann trað járnin, Fms. xi. 38; trað nipt Nara náttverð ara, Höfuðl.; reyks rösuðr trað Ingjald, Ýt.; mara trað hann, ... trað hon fótleggina, Hkr. i. 20; tráðu (tróðu Ed.) þeir sér gadd hjá brekkunni, Fms. ix. 490, (tráðu, Fb. iii. 139, l.c.); niðr-troðinn ok svívirðr, Fms. x. 305; troða niðr dauðann, to beat down under one's feet, Niðrst. 6; skulu ér nú því síðr troða fyrir yðr, sem ek var þá erfiðri, metaphor from beating down the snow, making a track, Nj. 229, Grett. 174 new Ed.; t. íllsakar við e-n, to fight it out with one, Nj. 219; en ef aðrir-tveggju troða þing ok vitni hins, if they quash his suit and witnesses, Js. 41; fót-troða, q.v. II. to stop or stuff (a bag), metaphor from treading with the feet, with dat. of the thing which is stuffed; heyi var ok troðit í gluggana, Sturl. i. 160; var þér troðit í kýl, sem korni í belg, Fms. vii. 21; var þér í hanzka troðit, Hbl. 26; át kýrin, ok þó lítt, ef maðr trað í munn henni, Bs. i. 615; hann flær belg ok treðr hann síðan lyngvi ok mosa, Konr.; þeir tráðu upp otr-belginn, Fas. i. 153; þat dýra vín er þú treðr þik með dagliga, Karl. 210. III. reflex. troðask, to throng, of a crowd; troðisk eigi svá ákaft, Fms. xi. 102; ef menn troðask svá mjök at lögréttu fyrir önnkost ... ok varðar þat fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. i. 5; ef fé tröðsk at heyvi, ii. 285; ef fé treyðsk í svelti-kví, ii. 119 (Kb.) troð-fullr, adj. choke-full, of animals, also of a bag. troðningr, m. a crowded throng :-- a beaten truck. TROG, n. [A.S. trog; Engl. trough and tray: Dan. trug] , a trough, Edda 31 (slátr-trog); sá ek konur tvær, þær höfðu trog í milli sín, ok jósu blóði héraðit allt, Glúm. 376; ljá sér trogs at sælda mjöl, Greg. 58; troll-kona, hón hafði í annarri hendi trog en annarri skálm, Grett. 140, Hkr. iii. 150; var sem trogi væri hvelft á síðurnar, Bs. i. 330; trogs-brot, Greg. 59; rjóma-trog or mjolkr-trog, a milk-trough in which the milk is kept for cream; renna úr trogunum, to pour out the milk so that the cream remains; slátr-trog, a meat-trough. trog-söðull, m. a kind of pummel-formed saddle, Eb. 34. TROLL, n., the later but erroneous form is tröll; the rhymes require it to be troll; thus, troll and ollu, Fms. vi. 339; troll and kollr, Sturl. ii. 136 (a ditty); troll and sollinn, Rekst., Landn. 212 (in a verse); and so spelt in old vellums, trollz, Vsp. (Kb.) 39; in later vellums tröll, Mar. 1055; and so rhymed, tröll, öll, Mkv.: [Dan.-Swed. trold; Low Germ. droll, whence the mod. Dan. drollen; cp. also trylla and Dan. trylde = to charm, bewitch] A. A giant, fiend, demon, a generic term. The heathen creed knew of no 'devil' but the troll; in mod. Dan. trold includes any ghosts, goblins, imps, and puny spirits, whereas the old Icel. troll conveys the notion of huge creatures, giants, Titans, mostly in an evil, but also in a good sense; Þórr var farinn í Austrveg at berja troll, Edda; þar mátti engi maðr úti vera fyrir trolla-gangs sakir ok meinvætta, Ó.H. 187; et mat þinn, troll, Fas. iii. 178; trolla þing, ii. 131; trolla-þáttr, Fms. x. 330; maðr mikill sem troll, Eg. 408; hann var mikill vexti sem troll, Gísl. 132; hár sem tröll að líta, Ülf. 7. 13. 2. a werewolf, one possessed by trolls or demons, = eigi einhamr, cp. hamr, hamramr; ef konu er tryllska kennd í héraði þá skal hón hafa til sex kvenna vitni at hón er eigi tryllsk, sykn saka ef þat fæsk, en ef hón fær þat eigi, fari brott or héraði með fjár-hluti sína, eigi veldr hón því sjólf at hón er troll, N.G.L. i. 351 (Maurer's Bekehrung ii. 418, foot-note), see kveklriða and Eb. ch. 16; mun Geirríð, trollit, þar komit, G. that troll! Eb. 96, cp. the Dan. din lede trold; troll, er þik bíta eigi járn, troll whom no steel can wound! Ísl. ii. 364; þá þykki mér troll er þú bersk svá at af þér er fotrinn -- nei, segir Þorbjörn, eigi er þat trollskapr at maðr þoli sár, 365; fjölkunnig ok mikit troll. Þiðr. 22; Sóti var mikit tröll í lífinu, Ísl. ii. 42; kosti ok skeri troll þetta, this fiendish monster, Eb. 116 new Ed. v.l.; trolli líkari ertú enn manni, þik bita engi járn, Háv. 56; mikit troll ertú, Búi, sagði hann, Ísl. ii. 451, Finnb. 264; þótti líkari atgangr hans trollum enn mönnum, 340; fordæðu-skap ok úti-setu at vekja troll upp (to 'wake up a troll,' raise a ghost) at fremja heiðni með því, N.G.L. i. 19. 3. phrases; at tröll standi fyrir dyrum, a troll standing before the door, so that one cannot get in, Fbr. 57; troll milli húss ok heima, Fms. viii. 41, cp. the Engl. 'between the devil and the deep sea;' troll brutu hrís í hæla þeim, trolls brake fagots on their heels, beat them on their heels, pursued them like furies, Sighvat; glápa eins og troll á himna-ríki, to gaze like a troll on the heavens (to gaze in amazement): in swearing, troll hafi þik! Fms. vi. 216; troll hafi líf! Korm. (in a verse); troll hafi þik allan ok svá gull þitt! 188; hón bað troll hafa hann allan, Art. 5; troll hafi þá skikkju! Lv. 48; troll (traull) hafi þína vini! Nj. 52; troll hafi þitt hól! 258; troll vísi yðr til búrs! Bs. i. 601; þykki mér því betr er fyrr taka troll við þér, the sooner the trolls take thee the better! Band. 37 new Ed., Fs. 53; þú munt fara í trolla-hendr í sumar! Ld. 230, Fms. v. 183; þú munt fara allr í trollindr (= trolla hendr), Band. (MS.); munu troll toga, yðr tungu ór höfði, the evil one stretches your tongue, some evil demon speaks through your mouth, Fb. i. 507; honum þótti helzt troll toga tungu ór höfði honum er hann mælti slíkt, Rd. 276; þú ert fól, ok mjök toga troll tungu ór höfði þér, Karl. 534; the verse in Korm. 210 is corrupt; trautt man ek trúa þér, troll, kvað Höskollr, Sturl. ii. 136, from an ancient ballad. In one single instance the trolls, strange to say, play a good part, viz. as being grateful and faithful; trolls and giants were the old dwellers on the earth, whom the gods drove out and extirpated, replacing them by man, yet a few remained haunting lonely places in wildernesses and mountains; these trolls, if they meet with a good turn from man, are said to remain thankful for ever, and shew their gratitude; hence the phrases, tryggr sem tröll, faithful as a troll; and trygða-tröll, hann er mesta trygða-tröll, a faithful soul, faithful person; trölla-trygð, 'trolls-trust,' faithfulness to death; troll eru í trygðum bezt is a saying; these milder notions chiefly apply to giantesses (troll-konur), for the troll-carles are seldom well spoken of: for trolls and giants as the older dwellers on earth, see the interesting tale in Ólafs S. Trygg. by Odd, ch. 55, 56 (Fms. x. 328-332). II. metaph. usages, a destroyer, enemy of; þess hlutar alls er troll sem þat má fyrir fara, Edda ii. 513; bryn-tröll, q.v. III. in local names; Trolla-botnar = the Polar Bay, between Greenland and Norway, believed to be peopled by trolls, A.A.; Trolla-dingja, Trolla-gata, Trolla-háls, Trolla-kirkja, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 142: [cp. Troll-hættan in Sweden.] B. COMPDS: trolla-gangr, m. a troll-haunt, Grett. 148 new Ed., Fms. ii. 185, x. 330, Ó.H. 187. trolla-grös, n. pl., botan. lichen rangiferinus, Hjalt. trolls-hamr, m. a troll's shape, Vsp. trolls-háttr, m. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) trolla-hlað, n. a troll's building, Cyclopic works, a giant's causeway. trolls-liga, adv. fiendishly, Nj. 181, Fs. 43. trolls-ligr, adj. huge, but also fiendish, Eb. 314; úgæfusamligr, harðligr ok trollsligr, gaunt and fiendish, Nj. 181; skessa há ok digr ok at öllu trollslig, Fb. i. 258; t. var sú tönnin ein, huge, gaunt, Skíða R. trolls-læti, n. pl. fiendish howlings, as of one possessed by the evil trolls, Eb. 318. trolla-saga, u, f. a tale of giants and trolls, with the notion of coarse and vulgar fiction. trolla-slagr, m. the name of a song, see Lex. Runic. trolla-urt, f., botan. 'troll's-wort,' louse-wort, rhinanthus pedicularis, Hjalt. trolla-þáttr, m. an episode, a tale of trolls, Fms. x. 330. trolla-þing, n. a meeting of trolls, Fas. ii. 131. troll-aukinn, part. 'troll-eked,' possessed by a troll, but only in heathen sense = hamramr, epithet of a werewolf; Þorgrímr var tröll-aukinn ok tók þó Kristni, Landn. (Hb.) 45, Fms. iii. 195. troll-dómligr, adj. belonging to witchcraft, Bær. 19. troll-dómr, m. [Dan. trolddom], witchcraft. Stj. 101: monstrosity, Mar. 105. 5. trolli, a, m. a nickname, Landn. (cp. Dan. Herluf Trolle); whence in local names, Trolla-tunga, Landn. 2. a huge horse is called Trolli. troll-karl, m. a giant, a male troll, Fas. iii. 178. troll-kerling, f. = trollkona. Fas. ii. 519. troll-kona, u, f. a giantess, Fs. 145, Fb. i. 257, Grett. 140, Edda 53, Fas. ii. 151, Sturl. iii. 304: sendi drottning eptir Sturlu, bað hann koma til sín, ok hafa með sér tröllkonu-söguna, 305, passim. troll-kyndr, part. of 'troll-kind,' Ýt. troll-marr, m. a 'troll-steed,' i.e. a wolf, Hallfred. troll-menni, n. a giant-like man, Finnb. 344, Fas. iii. 259, 285. troll-riða, adj. ridden by a troll, witch-ridden; yxn þeir er Þórólfr var ekinn á urðu trollriða. Eb. 172. troll-skapr, m. = trolldómr, the being a troll; eigi er þat trollskapr at maðr þoli sár, Ísl. ii. 365, Fs. 43: witchery, berja grjóti í hel fyrir fjölkyngi ok trollskap, Landn. 236; hann verr hauginn með trollskap, Gullþ. 6, Karl. 241. troll-skessa, u, f. = trollkona. TROS, n. droppings, rubbish, leaves and twigs from a tree picked up and used for fuel; en er Páll samnaði trosum til elds, 656 C. 22; mik grunar at tros nokkor af kvistunum félli í höfuð mér, Edda 30; cp. ó-tros. rubbish; ótrosa-lýðr, ragamuffins.

G42 TROSNA -- TRÚNAÐR.

trosna, að, to 'fall into tros,' split up, of a seam or the like. trossa, u, f. a truss of nets, a fisherman's term. TRÓÐ, n. fagot-wood; bæði timbr ok tróð, D.N. i. 657; bæði tróð ok sperru, iii. 669; tráðusk þær und þungu tróði, Þd.; glóð var föst í tróði, Fms. vi. 340 (in a verse). 2. in mod. usage tróð and tróðviðr mean the fagots stuffed in between the thatch and the rafters. tróða, u, f. = tróð; eyri fyrir tróðu hverja ok svá fyrir næfra-kimbul hvern, N.G.L. i. 101; remains in the compd mæni-tróða. 2. in poetry tróða is freq. in circumlocutions describing women, auð-tróða, gulls-tróða, menja-tróða, see Edda, Lex. Poët. tróð-högg, n. the cutting of fagot-wood; timbr-högg ok tróð-högg, D.N. iii. 237. tróð-næfr, f. bark used for thatching (see næfr), Eg. 238. tróð-viðr, m. = tróð; eldrinn las skjótt tróðviðinn, Eg. 238, 239. Trója, u, f. Troy: Tróju-land, n. the land of Troy: Tróju-menn, m. pl. the men of Troy: Tróverskr, adj. Trojan, Rb., Fms. ix. 416, Bret. 62. truff, n. trumpery, Thom. 40, 76. trumba, u, f. a pipe; veita þagat vatni í leyniligum trumbum, Hom. 131; hvann-jóla trumba, the stalk of the angelica, Fms. ii. 179. 2. a trumpet; umb sá er þýtr í trumbu, Fms. viii. (in a verse); blása trumbum, Karl. 180; þeyta trumbu, 157; ljósta trumbum, 236; trumbu-þytr, Fas. i. 503; trumbu-hljóð, Hom. 68. trumbu-bein, n. a nickname, Landn. 255. trumba, að, to trumpet, Sks. 779. Matth. xiv. 6. trunsa, að, to turn up one's nose at; t. við e-u, Fas. i. 54. trunt, a shouting; trunt, trunt! og tröllin í fjöllunum, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 193. trutta, að, to shout trutt trutt! or trrrh, as shepherds or horse-drivers do; tauta eðr trutta, Fms. viii. 234 (v.l.), Fb. ii. 619; smalar trutta og takka, þá teygja þeir með sér rakka, Hallgr. trú, f., see trúa. TRÚA, trúi (monosyll. trý, Str. 46, l. 17), pret. trúði; subj. trýði (thus rhymed, lýði, trýði, Bs. ii. 308, in a poem of A.D. 1540, but the mod. form is tryði with a short vowel); imperat. trú, trúðu; part. trúað: [Ulf. trauan = GREEK; A.S. treowian; Engl. trow; Germ. trauen; Dan.-Swed. troe, tro] :-- to trow, believe; seg þú frá, Njáll, segir Gunnarr, þvíat allir munu því trúa, Nj. 51; mundir þú trúa fyrirburð þessum ef Njáll segði þér eða ek? -- Trúa munda ek, segir hann, ef Njáll segði, þvíat þat er sagt, at hann ljúgi aldri, 119; henni var trúað sem góðri konu, Sks. 457; trúa megit þér mér þar um, at ..., Fms. ii. 241; vilið þér mér ei til þess trúa, sem talað hefig um búskap lands, Bb. 3. 100; mant þú trúa mér bezt til órræða um þitt mál, Nj. 12; engu öðru því er mér er til trúat, 112; ek trúi honum til þess bezt allra manna, Eg. 34: imperat. as adv., tíminn líðr, trúðu mér, trow once! forsooth! a ditty; trú mér til, depend on it! trúi-eg, I trow, Skíða R. 34, 35; eg trú 'ann sé dáinn, freq. in mod. usage. 2. in a religious sense, to believe, with dat., or trúa á e-n, to believe in; þeir trúðu seint upprisu hans, Greg. 14; trúa á mátt sinn ok megin, Landn.; æ trúði Óttarr á Ásynjur, Hdl.; á sik þau trúðu, Sól.; þeim er eigi trúðu Guði, Hom. 51; er á Guð trúðu, 625. 70; skulu allir vera Kristnir hér á landi ok trúa á einn Guð, Nj. 164; trúðu þeir því at þeir dæi í hólana, they believed that they were to die into (i.e. go after death to) these hills, Landn. 111. II. to trust; vin þann er þú vel trúir, ... ef þú átt annan þanns þú ílla trúir, Hm. 43-45; akri ársánum skyli engi trúa, 87; meyjar orðum skyli manngi trúa, 83; véla þik í trygð ef þú trúir, Sdm. 7; ef þú hug trúir, if thou hast heart to do it, Hým. 17; trúa magni, trust on his strength, Fas. i. 438 (in a verse); nótt verðr feginn sá er nesti trúir, Hm. 73; trúðir vel jöxlum, Am. 80; Hlenni mælti at þú skyldir eigi trúa þeim, Glúm. 369. trúa, f., gen., dat., and acc. trú, like frú (q.v.), but without plur.; this is the old form, whence comes the contr. nom. trú, and later even a gen. trúar, which is prevalent in mod. usage; the gen. trúar occurs in vellums, Barl. 151. l. 16, Fs. 103 (from the Arna-Magn. No. 132), and Skálda (in a verse); so also passim in Post. S. Edit. C.R.Unger, 1872; the old bissyll. form still occurs in the Icel. N.T., ó þú kona, mikil er þín trúa, Matt. xv. 28: [Dan. troe; A.S. treowe] :-- trust, belief; segja upp á trú sína, Fms. xi. 285; þeir sögðusk vildu tala við hann með trú, 400; rjúfa trú sína, 356; ok gáfu þar til trú sína, Fas. ii. 540; svá sem trúa þeirra öðlask, Blas. 50: as an oath, þat veit trúa mín, upon my word! by my troth! Edda 25, Bær. 2; þat er mín trúa, at ..., Edda 5; svá njóta ek trú minnar, by my troth! i. 130. II. faith, belief, in a theological sense; Helgi var blandinn mjök í trú, þann trúði á Krist, en hét á Þór til sjófara ok harðræða, Landn. 206; taka við trú, to receive the Christian faith, Nj. 158, 162; at trúa þessi skuli við gangask, id.; ung er nú trúan, Valla L. 209, Lil. 34; at sú var sönn trúa, Fms. i. 231; þat er heiðinna manna trúa, at ..., Bret. 56; trú várrar, Greg. 14; sinnar trú, Pd. 8; þinnar trú, Blas.; snúask til trú, Blanda; réttrar trú, id., Lex. Poët.; til styrkðar trúar (gen.) várrar, Greg. 14; þat hafði hann helzt til trúar, at ..., Fs. 103; ung at aldri fegri at trú, svá var trúa hennar mikil, at ..., Bs. i. 204; ó-trú, unbelief; van-trú (as also Fb. i. 312, l.c.) B. COMPDS: trú-boð, n. a preaching the gospel, as a missionary, Fms. ii. 31. trú-bót, f. a reformation in faith, H.E. i. 584. trúar-bót, f. id., Skálda 203 (in a verse; the flow of the line, however, shews that it should be trú-bót, a dissyllable). trú-brögð (mod. trúar-brögð), n. pl. religion, Magn. 442, Fms. ii. 256, Orkn. 140. trú-fylgja, u, f. religious observance, Hom. trú-hald, n. observance, rites of faith, Fms. ii. 31, MS. 655 xxvii. 18. trúar-játning, f. a confession, creed, in an ecci. sense. trúar-níðingr, m. an apostate. trú-skjöldr, m. the shield of faith, Mart. 121. trú-verk, n. a work of faith, 645. 111. trúar-villa, u, f. heresy. trúaðr, part. believing; hón var skírð ok vel trúuð, Landn. 111; rétt-trúaðr, orthodox (in a good sense); öllum góðum mönnum ok rétt trúuðum, Fms. i. 229; ekki var hann mjök trúaðr at sið þeirra, 154; van-trúaðr, unbelieving; vert eigi vantrúaðr, heldr trúaðr, John xx. 27. trúan-ligr, adj. credible, Fms. i. 293, Magn. 448; ú-trúanligr. trúari, a, m. a believer, Fms. v. 219. trú-bundinn, part. bound in truth, Fr. trúðr, m. [A.S. trúð; a word of doubtful origin, but it is old and occurs in a verse of Hornklofi, also in a verse of the beginning of the 11th century, and as a nickname in Dropl. of a person who lived in the middle of the 10th century] :-- a juggler, Grág. ii. 84; inn í búð at trúðum, Nj. (in a verse); both passages refer to the jugglers at the alþing; einn snápligr trúðr, Stj. 505; at leikurum ok trúðum hefig þik lítt fregit, Hornklofi; leikarar ok trúðar vóru margir í herinum, Pr. 132: as a nickname, Ánn trúðr, Dropl. trú-fastliga, adv. faithfully, Fms. ix. 485, x. 370. trú-fastr, adj. [A.S. treowe-fast; Old Engl. true-fast; Dan. troe-fast] :-- truthful, faithful, of belief: trusty, Bs. i. 392; hann var maðr trúfastr ok vel siðaðr, Eg. 770; vitr kona ok trúföst, Blas. 50: as a nickname of the English king Athelstan, Eg. 265, Fms. i. 15. trú-festa, t, to pledge one's faith, Str. 46. trú-festi, f. faithfulness, firmness in faith, Játv. ch. 4. trú-fylgja, u, f. the observance of the faith, Hom. 108. trú-girni, f. credulity. trú-gjarn, adj. credulous. trú-góðr, adj. religions, sound in the faith, Bs. i. trú-kona, u, f. a religious, devoted woman, Ld. 328, Bs. i. 438. trú-lauss, adj. infidel, Grett. 111, Greg. 71, MS. 673 A. 46. trú-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), faithfulness, fidelity, Al. 104, Nj. 62, Eg. 50, 65; í öllum trúleika ok þjónustu við yðr, Fms. vi. 36. trú-leysi, n. infidelity, Hom., Barl. 145, Fb. i. 36. trú-liga, adv. faithfully, Nj. 62, 146, Hrafn. 28, Sks. 705, Hom. 37, Bs. i. 39, 203, passim. trúlig-leiki, a, m. = trúleikr, Nj. 260. trú-ligr, adj. faithful; trúlig geymsla, Fms. vii. 25; vináttu ok trú-liga fylgð, Eb. 45 new Ed.: safe, to be relied on, veðr er trúligt, the weather bids fair, 53 new Ed.; þótti honum þeir ekki trúligir, Eg. 538; at engum várum bræðrum þykki trúligt (safe) at sitja undir hendi þeim Þrændum, Fms. i. 53; ekki friðsamligt ok ekki mjök trúligt, Ó.H. 173; ú-trúligr, veðr ú-trúligt, suspicious weather, Vápn. 11; þeir munu vera ú-trúligir, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 249, Lv. 62: credible, likely, ú-trúligr, incredible, Edda 2, Fms. x. 307, Sks. 138. trú-lofa, að, to pledge one's faith, = lofa á sína trú, Mar., H.E. i. 483, ii. 111. 2. to betroth; trúlofa sér konu, D.N. i. 160. trú-lofan, f. the pledging one's faith, N.G.L. iii. 124, 148. 2. betrothment, of lovers, Fas. ii. 69, H.E. ii. 111. trú-lyndi, f. faithfulness, truth, Fms. i. 305, Stud. i. 57; í allri t., Stj. 488; traust ok t., Mar. trú-lyndr, adj. faithful, true, trusty, Nj. 83, Fs. 10, Fms. i. 141, ix. 230, xi. 246, Stj. 433, Matth. xxv. 21, passim. trú-maðr, m. a true believer, good Christian, Fms. viii. 238, ix. 531, Sturl. i. 126, Vídal. passim. trú-mennska, u, f. faithfulness. trú-mikill, adj. strong in faith, believing, Fms. viii. 410; trúmestr, Bs. i. 526. trúnaðr, m. [trúa], trust, good faith; halda mun ek við þik mínum trúnaði til dauða-dags, Nj. 109; halda trúnað við e-n, Fms. vi. 53; var þetta sáttmál bundit með fullum trúnaði, i. 57, vii. 280; veita e-m traust ok trúnað, vi. 19; skipta trúnaði sínum, Al. 46; draga hann frá konungs trúnaði, allegiance, Sturl. iii. 142: selja e-m sinn trúnað, Fb. ii. 285; ganga í trúnað fyrir e-n, to become bound for another, Fms. xi. 356; eiga trúnað undir e-m, x. 103; eigi þótti mér goðin göra af trúnaði brúna, i.e. they built it not sufficiently strong, Edda 8. 2. trust, confidence, belief; festa, leggja trúnað á e-t, to give credence to, believe, Eg. 51, Ld. 204; til hvers reitt þú til þings ef þú vill eigi segja mér trúnað þinn, if thou wilt not open thy heart to me, Nj. 11; þeir einir menn eru hér at hverr veit annars trúnað, 226; trúnað ok leyndar-mál, Fb. i. 64; þeir menn er vestan komu ok helzt mæltu trúnað fyrir honum, spoke in confidence to him, Orkn.; þér mun ek segja trúnað minn, I will open my heart to thee, Fær. 248; hann átti trúnað (secret information) í hvers þeirra herbergi, Ld. 176: af trúnaði, in confidence, secretly; ef maðr selr manni fé af trúnaði, Grág. i.

TRÚNAÐAREIÐR -- TUNGA. 643

400; segja e-m e-t af trúnaði, Fas. i. 187, Ó.H. 56. II. a creed, belief, Sks. 647. COMPDS: trúnaðar-eiðr, m. an oath of allegiance, Fms. ii. 127, vi. 53, ix. 48, Gþl. 69. trúnaðar-hylli, f. allegiance, Landn. (App.) 340. trúnaðar-kona, u, f. a female confidant, Bs. i. 627. trúnaðar-maðr, m. a confidant. Fms. i. 66, 113, Ld. 167, Sks. 361. trúnaðar-tómr, adj. toom (Scot. for empty), void of faith, Al. 46. trúnaðar-traust, n. protection, security; veita e-m t., Bs. i. 728: full confidence, trust. trúnaðar-váttr, m., for definition see Grág. i. 42. trúnaðar-vinr, m. a confidential friend, Fms. vii. 279. trú-orð, n. a word of faith, creed, Sturl. i. 34. trúr, trú, trútt, adj., compar. trúri, trústr or trúastr; [Dan. tro] :-- true, faithful; trúr skal ek þér í ráðum, Nj. 75; ef þú vilt mér trúr vera, Þorst. St. 54; hefir þú lengi verit trúr oss frændum, Ld. 320, Fs. 90; þat er ráð mitt at þú sér trúr konungi þínum, Fms. i. 145; undir-hyggju-maðr ok meðal-lagi trúr, iv. 198; eigi var Magnús trúr, viii. 314: trusty, safe, enn trúasti hlífskjöldr, Hom. 72; trútt traust, Stj. 647; at eigi mundi allt trútt vera, Fms. viii. 337 v.l.; at hón væri trú ok örugg fyrir bergrisum, Edda 25: trúr á Guð, believing in God, Hom. 109; þeir vóru eigi trúir at því (not free from) at þeir færi eigi með danza-görð, Sturl. iii. 80: er eigi trútt, at mér hafi eigi í skap runnit sonar-dauðinn, Þorst. St. 55; ó-trúr, unfaithful. trú-rof, n. a breach of faith, Karl. 151. trú-rækinn, adj. religious, Fms. ii. 163, Þorf. Karl. 174, Fs. 185. trú-rækni, f. piety. trú-skapr, m. = trúleikr, Fms. v. 24, Fs. 18. trúss, n. [Engl. truss], a trussed-up bundle, only of vile things, of a beggar's wallet, Skíða R. 28, 42, 199. tryggð, f. [Ulf. renders GREEK by triggwa; A.S. treowð; Engl. truth; hence mid. Lat. treuga; Engl. truce] :-- faith, good faith, trustiness, as of a friend; trú og trygð. 2. as a law term, esp. in plur., plighted faith, truce; eiða svarða, unnar trygðir, Skv. 3. 20; griðum ok trygðum, N.G.L. ii. 50; gengu til ok veittu Gunnari trygðir, Nj. 88; svíkja e-n í trygð or trygðum, to betray one in time of truce, Hkr. i. (in a verse), Ld. 8; Hrafn son þinn sveik hann í trygðum, Ísl. ii. 272; hvat skal hans trygðum trúa, Hm. 110; ú-trygð, falseness, perfidy. COMPDS: trygða-eiðr, m. an oath of fidelity; vinna t. at því at eigi sé undirmál við hann, Grág. ii. 21. trygða-festa, u, f. a pledge of faith, Str. 32. trygða-kaup, n. a giving truce, safe conduct, N.G.L. i. 310. trygða-maðr, m. a man of good faith, Odd. 2: one with whom one is at truce, þat er níðings-verk ef maðr vegr trygða-mann sinn, N.G.L. ii. 50 (v.l. 26). trygða-mál, n. pl. a formula for making a truce, Grág. Vígsl. ch. 113 (ii. 168, cp. Ísl. ii. 300). trygða-rof, n. pl. a breach of truce. trygðarofs-maðr, m. a truce-breaker, Nj. 102. tryggð-rofi, a, m. a truce-breaker, Gþl. 27, 198. trygðrofa-maðr, m. id., Gþl. 198. tryggi-liga, adv. faithfully, Sks. 33. trygging, f. security, assurance, D.N. i. 82: freq. in mod. usage. tryggja and tryggva, ð, to make firm and trusty; at þeir tryggvi sættir sínar, Ó.H. 90; trygðu þeir Þórir þá sættir með sér, Eg. 169; þá frændr mundi seint at tryggja, 227; aldrei verðr tóan tryggð, a saying; or aldrei tryggist tóa, þó tekin sé úr henni róa, Hallgr.; er ek hræðumk at oss hafi ekki vel tryggt hafnirnar, Fms. viii. 328: to ensure, skeyta ok t., hón (the estate) var tryggð ok skeytt undir mik ok minn ættlegg, N.G.L. ii. 99, Munk. 79; t. e-m eign, D.N. i. 80; tryggja trygðir, N.G.L. ii: tor-t., q.v. trygg-lauss, adj. truceless, treacherous, Haustl. trygg-leikr, m. faithfulness, N.G.L. ii. 399, Sks. 457. trygg-liga, adv. faithfully, H.E. i. 561, Sks. 705, Sól. 20. trygg-ligr, adj. trustworthy, reliable, Fas. iii. 269; ú-tryggligr. TRYGGR, adj., before a vowel tryggvan and tryggan; it was even sounded with i, as in Gothic, as is seen from rhymes, trigglaust þriggja, Haustl.; [Ulf. triggvs = GREEK] :-- trusty, faithful, true; tryggr vinr, Ad. 10; trygg ok góð kona, Str. 15; t. höfðingi, Sks. 456; t. í trúnaði, Fms. vi. 52; þá mun fár vera tryggr, viii. 314; at eigi myndi allt tryggt vera, ix. 337; trygg ok staðföst ást, Str. 26; þú enn góði þræll ok inn tryggi, Hom. (St.); tryggr vinum ok frændum, Fs. 23. 2. unconcerned, Dan. tryg; verðit maðr svá tryggr at þessu trúi öllu, Hm. 88; var-at þat tryggt né ógnlaust, Ad. 5; jötnum þótti eigi tryggt at vera með Ásum griða-laust, Edda 25. trygg-rofi, a, m. = trygðrofi, N.G.L. i. 13, 106, K.Á. 62, Barl. 181. tryggva-kaup = trygða-kaup, N.G.L. i. 81. tryggva-váttr, m., -vitni, n. a faithful witness, N.G.L. i. 223. Tryggvi, a, m. a pr. name, the Faithful, Fms. i. (Ólafr Tryggvason); Sig-tryggr, Ú-tryggr, Tor-tryggr, Landn. trygg-vinr, m. a trusty friend, Skálda (in a verse). trygill, m., dimin. [trog], a little trough, tray, Ísl. ii. 350; blót-t., grautar-t., q.v. TRYLLA, d, [troll; Dan. trylde], to enchant, turn into a troll; blótuðu þeir hann ok trylltu hann svá at hann varð engum mennskum manni líkr, Fas. ii. 242; þú þykki mér troll ... ok væri þat svá at virða en trylla menn eigi, thou art a troll ... it would be better to put this construction upon it, and not call men trolls, Ísl. ii. 366. II. reflex. to be turned into a troll, enchanted; ok hafi hann síðan tryllsk ok orðit at ormi, Fms. vi. 143; eigi vitu vér hvárt hann trylltisk dauðr eða kvikr, Gullþ. 2. part. trylldr, charmed; mikill ok mjök trylldr svá at hann var eigi einhamr, Fb. i. 522; svá kann ok verða, at af stundu eru þeir trylldir er áðr vóru blótaðir, ... en þó munu vér því næst blótaðir ok síðan trylldir, ii. 7; kettir svartir ok mjök trylldir, Fs. 44: to become mad, furious, demoniac. tryllska, u, f. witchery, the being a witch, N.G.L. i. 351. tryllskr, adj. bewitched, the being a troll or a witch; ef konu er tryllska kennd, ... skal hón hafa til sex kvenna vitni at hón er eigi tryllsk ... ekki veldr hón því sjálf at hón er troll. N.G.L. i. 351. trýju-söðull, m. = trogsöðull, Grág. i. 175. trýni, n. [trjóna], the snout of a dog, Fms. iii. 13; passim in mod. usage, hunds-trýnið; of a bear, Glúm. 330. trýta, t, [Ivar Aasen tryta], to growl, murmur; trýtti æ trönu-hvöt, Hðm.; the passage is somewhat corrupt, but the word is still used in Icel.; kerling trýtir æ sem tíðast at bera fyrir Thomam, bróður Christjan, þat er hón hefir bezt til, ertrnar, eplin ok ostana, Thóm. 360. trýtill, m. a bird, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. TRÖÐ, f., gen. traðar, pl. traðir; [akin to troða] :-- in the Norse, a piece of fallow land where cattle are kept grazing; ef maðr leggr tröð sína við akr eða eng annars manns, þá skal hann hverfa garði gildum um, Gþl. 407; af jörðu skal leggja fjórðung í tröð (trod Cod.), vetrar-myki alla skal reiða í tröð (treðe, v.l.) þar sem ómykjat er ... en ef tröð er mykjat, N.G.L. ii. 110 (tröð, tröðin, i. 240, l.c.); this sense remains in ör-tröð, in ganga í ör-tröð, a pasture overcrowded with sheep or cattle. II. in Icel. sense, a pen for cattle during the night; traðir vóru fyrir ofan garðinn á Hlíðarenda, ok námu þeir þar staðar með flokkinn, Nj. 114; graðungr einn í tröðinni ... í því stóra byrgi, sem nauta-hjörð föður hans stóð inni um nætr, Karl. 550; reka fénað lausan í hús inn eða tröð, Jb. 264; þeir menn er sambeit eiga upp á Völl skulu hafa í tröð fé sitt upp frá Ólafs-messu, Vm. 18. 2. in mod. usage, traðir means a lane leading up to the houses, which in old writers is called geil, q.v.; það kemr maðr ríðandi heim traðirnar. III. in local names, Traðir, Traðar-holt, Landn., Fs. COMPDS: traðar-garðr, m. the enclosure of a tröð, Gþl. 350 (where in the Norse sense). traðar-lag, n. enclosure of pastures, N.G.L. i. 239. traðar-veggr, m. the wall of a pen, in the Icel. sense, Sturl. ii. 209. traða-staðr, m. a place where to build a tröð (II), Jm. 20. tröf, n. pl. fringes; see traf. TRÖLL and compds, see troll, trönu-beina, u, f. 'crane-leg,' a nickname, Rm. tuddi, a, m. a bull is in the east of Icel. called tuddi: hence a mean fellow: tudda-legr, adj. mean, vile. tuðra, u, f. in skinn-tuðra, a flap of skin. tuft, f., see topt. TUGGA, n, f. [tyggja], a chewed mouthful, the word is freq. in mod. usage, but seems not to be found in old prose, although it occurs in poets (in poët, phrases), munins tugga, Gísl., Lex. Poët, tugla-, see tygull. tugr, m. ten, decade; as also in tví-tugr; see tigr. tug-tugti, the twentieth, Fb. ii. 469. tug-tugu, twenty, D.N. ii. 67, 172. tumba, að, [a for. word; Fr. tomber], to tumble, Finnb. 352, Fas. iii. 503; þeir tumba báðir ofan fyrir fönnina, Háv. 9 new Ed.; hann tumbar af hestinum, Mag. 8, Bs. ii. 225, Mar. Tumi, a, m. a pr. name = Thomas, Sturl. TUNDR,, n. [A.S. tynder; Engl. tinder; Germ. zunder; early Dan. tunder; mod. Dan. tönder] :-- tinder, Bs. ii. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 192, freq. in mod. usage: tundr-ör, f. a tinder-arrow, a burning shaft hurled in taking possession of land; for this heathen rite see Landn. 3, ch. 8, p. 193; cp. also Fms. vii. 192, where the tinder-arrow has magic power, like silver-buttons in mod. tales. tundra, að, to 'tinder,' catch fire; eldrinn tundraði skjótt, Fas. i. 83. TUNGA, u, f., gen. pl. tungna; [Goth. tuggo; common to all Teut. languages; cp. Lat. lingua] :-- a tongue, Sól. 44, Grág. ii 11, passim: metaph. usages, hraðmælt tunga, Hm. 28; skæðar tungur, evil tongues, Nj. 264; hafa tungu fyrir e-m, to have tongue for a person, be the spokesman, Fms. vi. 223; harðr í tungu, Hallfred; skáldskapr var honum svá tiltækr, at hann kvað af tungu fram sem annað mál, Ó.H. 171; hann sá eld mikinn í tungna líkjum, Hom. 91; lof-tunga, 'praise-tongue,' flatterer, a nickname. 2. sayings; tunga er höfuðs-bani, 'tongue is head's bane,' is the ruin of a man, Hm. 72; e-t leikr á tveim tungum, N.G.L. i. 211 (see leika II. 4); tungan leikr við tanna sar, the tongue touches sores of the teeth, Mkv.; hann hefir tönn og tungu á öllu, of a ready tongue; gæti hann, at honum vefisk eigi tungan um hófuð, let him beware lest his tongue winds round his head, i.e. let him beware of loose talk, (a long tongue being = inconsiderate tongue that works evil), Nj. 160, Þorst. Síðu H. 178; also, e-m vefsk tunga um tönn, to be discon-

644 TUNGUBRAGÐ -- TÚN.

certed: a person endowed with poetical gifts is believed to have a tongue longer than other men (the tongue-tip reaching to the nostrils), Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 557; to this refers the legend of Hallbjörn hali, síðan togar hann á honum tunguna, ok kvað vísu þessa, then be stretched his tongue and said, Fb. i. 215; on the other hand, of words spoken in an evil hour, it is said that fiends have stretched (pulled) a man's tongue, troll toga tungu ór höfði e-m (see troll): in nursery talk, swearing is said to leave a black spot on the tongue, blótaðu ekki, það kemr svartr blettr á tunguna á þér! II. a tongue, language; Dönsk tunga, the Danish (Norse) tongue, see Danskr; tungan er vér köllum Norrænu, Fms. xi. 412; vitr maðr ok kunni margar tungur, 298; þar eru tungur sjau ok tuttugu, 414; hverega tungu er maðr skal ríta annarrar tungu stöfum, þá verðr sumra stafa vant, af því at eigi finnsk þat hljóð í tungunni sem stafirnir hafa þeir er af ganga, ... nú eptir þeirra dæmum, alls vér erum einnar tungu, ... or vóru teknir þeir (stafir) er eigi gegna atkvæðum várrar tungu, Thorodd; ein var þá tunga á Englandi, sem í Noregi ok í Danmörku, en þá skiptusk tungur í Englandi er Vilhjálmr bastarðr vann England, Ísl. ii. 221; Danskir, Sœnskir eða Norrænir ór þeirra konunga veldi þriggja er vár tunga er ... af öllum tungum öðrum enn af Danskri tungu, Grág. ii. 72; tungna-grein, tungna-skipti, division of tongues, Stj. III. metaph. of tongue-formed things, a tongue of land at the meeting of two rivers (= Gr. GREEK); í tungu einni milli gilja tveggja, Valla L. 223, Sd. 141; Önundr nam tungu alla milli Hvítár ok Reykjadalsár, Landn. 60; frá Flókadalsár-ósi til Reykja-dalsár-óss, ok tungu þá alla er þar var á milli, Eg. 186; very freq. in Icel, local names, Tunga, Tungur, Tungna-jökull, Tungna-fell, Tungu-á, Tungu-heiðr, Hróars-tunga, Biskups-tungur, Stafholts-tungur, Skaptár-tunga, Landn., map of Icel.: Tungu-goði, a, m. a nickname: Tungu-menn, m. pl. men from T., Landn., Sturl. 2. the tongue of a balance, in tungu-pundari; in the poets, a sword is slíðr-tunga, hjalta-tunga, slither-tongue, hilt-tongue, and the like, Lex. Poët. B. COMPDS: tungu-bragð, n. tongue, speech; mjúkt t., Fms. i. 283; hefir því t. ekki ómjúkligt, ii. 60; málit görisk af blæstrinum, tungubragðinu ok skipan varranna, Skálda 170. tungu-fimi, f. fluency of tongue, Konr. tungu-hapt, n. a tongue-tie; medic. anchylo-glossum. Fél. x. tungu-hvass, adj. keen-tongued, Sks. 315. tungu-lauss, adj. tongueless, Rb. 348 tungu-mjúkr, adj. smooth-tongued, eloquent, Fms. viii. 314, Sks. 315, Sturl. i. 105. tungu-níð, n. a libel by word of mouth, opp. to tré-níð, a libel carved on a tree, N.G.L. i. 56. tungu-pundari, a, m. a steelyard with a tongue, Jb. 375. tungu-rætr, f. pl. the roots of the tongue, Pr. 474; gull þat er sú náttúra fylgir, at hverr maðr sem mállauss er, ok leggr þat undir tungu-rætr sér, þá tekr þegar mál sitt, ... hann færði móður sinni gullit ok tók hón þegar mál sitt er þat kom undir t. henni, Fb. i. 255, 256; metaph., þessi orð sem hann hafði lagt undir tungu-rætr þeim, Stj. 398; eigi þarf ek at eiga þetta undir tungu-rótum Odds, Eg. 73; ræða þessi mun vera komin undan tungu-rótum þeirra manna er miklu eru óvitrari enn hann ok verri, Fær. 200; þau svikræði höfðu fyrst komit undan tungu-rótum biskups, Fms. viii. 296. tungna-skipti, n. change of tongue or language, Stj. 25. tungu-skorinn, part. tongue-cut, Hkr. iii. 285. tungu-skæði, f. 'tongue-scathe,' slander, Sks. 25. tungu-skæðr, adj. evil-tongued, Nj. 264, v.l. tungu-snjallr, adj. eloquent, Fms. viii. 314. tungu-sótt, f. a tongue-disease, Ann. 1310. tungu-sætr, adj. sweet-tongued, Lil. tungu-varp, n. the motion of the tongue, Sks. 438. TUNGL, n. [Goth. tuggl in a gloss, to Gal. iv. 9; A.S. tungol; Hel. tungal; O.H.G. zungal; Swed. tungel; cp. also tingl] :-- prop. a luminary (= Lat. sidus), which sense remains in the compd himin-tungl; in Icel. prose, ancient as well as modern, this word has altogether superseded the word 'máni,' which is only poetical. II. the moon(= Swed. tungel), Nj. 118, Grett. 114, Rb. 108, Sks. 627, Al. 172; nýtt tungl, fullt tungl, Icel. Almanack (cp. the words ný and nið), passim: phrases, tunglið veðr í skýjum, the moon wades in clouds: for poët, usage, enni-tungl, tungl brá, = the eyes, etc., see Lex. Poët. &FINGER No word in the language rhymes with tungl, hence the tale of the man capping verses with the devil, Maurer Volksagen. The ancients called the full moon the 'new moon,' ný (q.v.), but used nið (q.v.) = no moon for the new moon; the modern phrase 'new moon' (nýtt tungl), = the young moon, is derived from the Latin. B. COMPDS: tungl-aldr, m. moon's age, a calendary term, Rb. tungl-aukan, f. growth of the moon, Rb. 428. tungl-ár, n. a lunar year, Rb. 438. tungl-fyllr (tungl-fylling), f. a lunation, a calendary term, Rb. 18, 122, 442. tungl-ganga, u, f. the lunar course, Rb. 116. tungl-hlaup, n. 'leap-moon,' a calendary term, Rb. 32 (see the foot-note). tungl-hoppan, f. = tungl-hlaup, MS. 732 B. I. tungl-kváma (tungl-koma), u, f. a new moon, Stj. 278, Bs. i. 165, 237, Icel. Almanack. tungls-ljós, n. moon-light, Fms. ii. 64, Þiðr. 311. tungl-mein, n., medic, a kind of scurvy in the head. tungl-sjúkr, m. moon-sickness, lunacy. tungl-skin, n. moon-shine, Ad. 5, Nj. 118, Grett. 114, Fms. ix. 357, passim. tungl-sýki, f. epilepsy, Fél. x. tungl-tal, n. 'moon-tale,' lunar computation, Rb. tungltals-öld, f. = tunglöld, Rb. tungl-tíð, f. a lunar hour, Rb. tungl-tími, a, m. = tungltið, Rb. tungl-æði, f. lunary. tungl-ærr, adj. 'moon-mad,' lunatic, 656 B. 7. tungl-öld, f. a lunar cycle, Rb. tungli, a, m. = máni, Fms. viii. tunna, u, f. a tun, barrel, Nj. 133, Al. 114, Fms. ix. 425, N.G.L. ii, D.N., Edda Ht. (sal-tönna): as a measure, Fms. iii. 211, the word seems not to have come into use before the 13th century. tunni, a, m. a nickname, Yngl. S. turfa, u, f. [torf], a vile hack or beast, turfu-ligr, adj. vile, of a hack. turn, m. [Dan. taarn; Germ. thurm; from the Lat. turris] :-- a tower, Symb. 30, 56, Fms. vi. 158, 164, ix. 3, Hkr. iii. 69, Skíða R. 68; the word appears in the 12th or 13th century. turna, ð, [Fr.], to turn; turna essi, to wheel a racer round, Karl. 72; turna e-u um, to turn upside down, overthrow, Al. 22, 42, Stj. 287; it is now used in the compds, um-turna e-u, to turn upside down, and um-turnan, a turning upside down. turnera, að, to ride a tilt, turney, Bév. turniment, n. a tilt, tournament, Fms. viii. 158, Fas. i. 369, Mag. 8, Þiðr. 24, 36; a for. word, which appears in the 12th or 13th century. turn-reið, f. = turniment, Fms. viii. 158, Þiðr. 23. turtil-dúfa, u, f. = turturi, N.T. (mod.) turturi, a, m. [for. word], a turtle-dove, Stj., Hom., Mar. tusi, a, m. fire, a GREEK, Edda (Gl.); a Tzeckish word, Hung, tuz, Rask i. 33. tuska, u, f. (qs. tuzka, akin to tuttan), a rag, vile cloth. tuskast, að, dep. to wrestle, wrangle (slightly); tuskuðust húskarlar ok gestir, made a row, Fms. ix. 340, v.l. and mod. usage. tustleiki, a, m. (qs. tvistleiki), dusk; t. tímans, Norske Saml. v. 164. tutl, n. a nibbling, picking, teazing. tutla, að, to nibble, teaze; tauta eðr tutla, Fms. viii. 234. tuttan, f. [from toga], a pulling, tearing; ef hann bæði görir (viz. tekr í hár öðrum ok kippir) þá heitir þat tuttan, þá skal hann bæta fullum rétti fyrir, N.G.L. i. 70. tuttr and tottr (q.v.), a nursery word, a tom-thumb, cp. túta; tuttr litli, in the lullaby song of the giantess, Fas. ii. 234; cp. totr and tutr, Edda ii. 496: the word has therefore no relation to stuttr, like telpa qs. stelpa. tuttugandi (tuttugti, D.N. ii. 285, Post. (Unger) 47, N.G.L. ii. 355, tutukta hvárt pund), mod. tuttugasti, the twentieth. tuttugu, indecl. adj. twenty; þrettán dýnur ok tuttugu, Dipl. iii. 4; fjórtán vetr ok tuttugu, Bs. i. 445, passim. tuttug-sessa, u, f. a twenty-oared ship, Fms. ix. 474. TÚLKA, að, [a Slavon. word], to interpret; t. mál e-s, to plead one's case, be the spokesman, Eg. 410; t. eyrendi e-s, Fms. i. 139; Guðs orð ok eyrendi þótt eigi sé með snilld mikilli frain túlkat, MS. 15. 1; Austmenn munu ílla túlka fyrir þér, give thee a bad report, Nj. 178; Þiðrandi kvað sik nú gruna hversu Vegghamarr mundi t. fyrir þeim, Njarð. 370; mun ek fylgja þér til staðarins ok t. fyrir þér, be thy interpreter, Fms. iii. 58. túlkan, f. a pleading, Stj. 144, Thom. túlkari, a, m. an interpreter: a nickname, dóttir Kára þess er t. var kallaðr, Landn. 158, v.l., of a person of the 11th or 12th century. túlkr, m. [a Slavon. word; Lett. tulkas], an interpreter, spokesman, in a foreign language, Ld. 76, Orkn. 330, Fms. iii. 33, vii. 192, xi. 300, Stj. 542: a broker, þeir brakkernir er vér köllum túlka, Fms. v. 183 (Fb. ii. 138): a spokesman, Stj. 157. TÚN, n. [a word widely applied and common to all Teut. languages; the Goth. is not on record; A.S. tûn; Engl. town; O.H.G. zûn; Germ. zaun; Norse tûn] :-- prop. a hedge; this sense is still used in the Germ. zaun; but in Scandin. the only remnant seems to be the compd tun-riða (see B). II. a hedged or fenced plot, enclosure, within which a house is built; then the farm-house with its buildings, the homestead; and lastly, a single house or dwelling: in Norway tun is = Dan. gaards-plads, the quadrangle or premises annexed to the buildings; whereas 'bö' answers to the mod. Icel. 'tún:' in Norse deeds each single farm is called tún, í efsta túni í Ulfalda-stöðum, D.N. ii. 534: the same usage of the word town remains in Scotland, see Scott's Waverley, ch. ix, sub fin.: many of the following examples run from one of these senses into the other; tefldu í túni teitir vóru, Vsp.; allir Einherjar Oðins-túnum í, Gm.; ok gullu við gæss í túni, Skv. 3. 29, Gkv. 1. 15; hér í túni, 2. 39; ok er þeir koma heim þá er Úlfr fóstri þeirra heima í túni fyrir, Fb. i. 133; jarls menn tóku skeið ór túninu, galloped out of the tún, Orkn. 416: this sense still remains in phrases as, ríða í tún, to arrive at a house, Nj. 23; cp. skal hann ei bráðum bruna í tún, bóndann dreymdi mig segir hún, Bb.; fara um tún, to pass by a house; þeir fóru um tún í Saurbæ, Bs. i. 647; þá fara þeir Ingi hér í tún, 648; í túni fyrir karldyrum, K.Þ.K.; tún frá túni, from house to house, Karl. 129, 138; þeir fá brotið skjaldþilit, ok komask út fram í túnit, ok þar út á riðit, Grett, 99 (Cod. Ub.);

TÚNANNIR -- TVÍMANUÐR. 645

ok er þeir kómu á Ré, gengu þeir ór túni á veginn, fylktu þeir fyrir útan skíð-garðinn, Fms. vii. 324; borgir eða héruð eða tún, x. 237; borgir ok kastala, héruð ok tún, Karl. 444; fór ek um þorp ok um tún ok um héraðs-bygðir, Sks. 631. 2. in Icel. a special sense has prevailed, viz. the 'enclosed' in-field, a green manured spot of some score of acres lying around the dwellings; bleikir akrar, slegin tún, Nj. 112; skal hann ganga út í tún at sín, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 209; var þá fluttr farmr af skipinu upp í tún at Borg, Eg. 163; um einn völl svá til at jafna sem eitt tún vítt vel ok kringlótt, Fms. vii. 97; látið hesta vára vera nærri túni, Lv. 44; í túninu í Mávahlíð, Eb. 58; í túninu í Odda mun finnask hóll nokkurr, Bs. i. 228, and so passim in old and mod. Icel. usage; thus tún and engiar are opposed. III. metaph. in poets; snáka tún, 'snake-town,' i.e. gold; reikar-tún, 'hair-town' i.e. the head, Lex. Poët.; bragar tún, the 'town of song,' i.e. the mind, the memory of men, Ad. (fine); mun-tún, the 'mind's town,' i.e. the breast, Fas. i. (in a verse); mælsku tún, hyggju tún, the 'speech town,' 'mind's town,' i.e. the breast. Lex. Poët.: in local names, but rare, Túnir: Túns-berg, in Norway; Sig-túnir, a place of victory, in Sweden; Tún-garðr, in Icel., Landn. B. COMPDS: tún-annir, f. pl. haymaking in the in-field; um sumar um túnannir, i.e. in July, Eb. 248. tún-barð, n. the outskirt of an in-field. tún-brekka, u, f. the brink or edge of an in-field, Ld. 36. tún-fótr, m. the outskirt of a home-field, tún-garðr, m. a 'town-garth,' fence of a tún, Grág. i. 147, ii. 263, Eg. 713, Ld. 138, Gullþ. 61, 77, Bs. i. 648, K.Á. 64, Fms. vi. 368. tún-göltr, m. a home-boar, Eb. 94, Glúm. 365. tún-hlið, n. the gate of a castle, in the Norse sense, Hkv. I. 47. tún-krepja, u, f., botan. a cryptogamous plant resembling the lichen tribe, tremella. tún-riða, u, f. a 'hedge-rider,' a witch, ghost; witches and ghosts were thought to ride on hedges and the tops of houses during the night, see Glam in the Grettla; cp. Swed. 'blå-kulla;' the word is a GREEK., Hm. 156. túna-sláttr, m. = túnannir, as also the season, the 12th and following weeks of the summer. tún-svið, n. the tún-space; sem túnsvið kringlótt, a field like a round tún-enclosure, Fms. vii. 97 (v.l. nær túns-vídd, of the largeness of a tún). tún-svín, m. = túngöltr, Grág. ii. 232. tún-sækinn, part. of cattle, greedy to enter and graze in a tún. tún-völlr, m. a strip of the in-field, Kormak, Grág. ii. 257, Jb. 423. Stud. i. 83, Eb. 250; hann lét færa farminn heim á túnvöll sinn ok görði þeim tjald, Fb. i. 422. &FINGER; The ancient Scandinavians, like other old Teutonic people, had no towns; Tacitus says, 'nullas Germanorum populis urbes habitari satis notum est... colunt discreti ac diversi, ut fons, ut campus, ut nemus placuit,' Germ. ch. 16. In Norway the first town, Níðarós, was founded by the two Olaves (Olave Tryggvason and Saint Olave, 994-1030), and this town was hence par excellence called Kaupang, q.v. But the real founder of towns in Norway was king Olave the Quiet (1067-1093); as to Iceland, the words of Tacitus, 'colunt diversi ut fons, etc., placuit,' still apply; 120 years ago (in 1752), the only town or village of the country (Reykjavík) was a single isolated farm. In the old Norse law, the 'Town-law' is the new law attached as an appendix to the old 'Land-law.' túta, u, f. [cp. tota; Dan. tude = a spout], a teat-like prominence: the name of a dwarf, Fms. vi. tútna, að, [cp. A.S. totjan], to be blown up; hann tútnaði allr upp. tvau-falda, að, to double. tvau-faldr, mod. tvö-faldr, adj. twofold, Sturl. i. 85, Rb. tváru, adv., see hvárr (II. 2). -tveggi, in annarr-tveggi, hvárr-tvegga q.v. tveim-megin or tveim-eginn, adv. on both sides, Nj. 24. TVEIR, gen. tveggja, dat. tveimr or tveim, acc. tvá (mod. tvo), tvær, tvau (mod. tvö); tvau and þau make a rhyme, Skáld H.: [Goth, twai; A.S. twâ; Engl. two, twain; Germ. zwei; Dan. to; Swed. två; Lat. duo; Gr. GREEK, etc.] :-- two, passim; tveir ok tveir, two and two, Hkr. i. 125; báðir tveir, Fms. vii. 202; bæði tvau, Skáld H. 3. 7, 6. 55; tveim höndum, with both hands, Eg. 532, Fms. vii. 290; hvárr-tveggja, annarr-tveggja, q.v.; í tvau, adverb, in two, asunder, Fms. vii. 72, 193: in the saying, tveimr er tveggja hugr, two men two minds (= quot homines, tot sententiae), Fas. ii. 228; cp. tveir erut einsherjar, Hm. tvenning, f. duality, Fms. vii. 292, MS. 625. 17. tvennr and tvinnr, adj. (tviðr, Hom. 74), [Ulf. twaihnai], a distrib., two and two, twin, in pairs; tviðr skriptar-gangr, Hom. 74; tvennr burðr, twins, Stj.; til tveðra gjalda, Grág. ii. 188; guldu opt tvennar landskyldir, Ó.H. 27; heimta tvennar fulgur, Grág. i. 258, 447; eigi má tvær sakir af því göra þótt tvennum sé lýst, ii. 15; á skóginum vóru tvennar leiðir, Eg. 576; tvenna tólf-mánuðr, Grág. ii. 227; vóru tvennar hallir, aðrar yfir öðrum, Fms. vi. 147; bjóða tvenn verð, Ld. 146; gjalda konungi tvenn (gjöld) slík, Jb. 208; tvinnir flokkar engla, Sks. 142 new Ed.; skjóta tvennum örum, Clem. 37; í tvennu lagi, Hom. 74; ok er tvenn frásögn um, Sturl. i. 107; tvennar (ii Cod.) frásagnir, Bs. i. l.c.; nú ferr tvennum sögunum fram, two tales running parallel, Ó.H. 100. 2. two different things; lengi hefir mér þat í hug verit, ok hefir mér þó tvennt um sýnt, Nj. 3; þó segja menn nokkut tvennt til, Eg. 63: tvennu mun skipta, there are two chances, either ... or, Fas. ii. 515; hefir Guð fram í tvennu verk sitt, annat tveggja, eða ..., 677. 6. 3. two pairs; tvennir skór, two pairs of shoes, Skíða R. 193; tvenn pör skæða, id., 32; tvennir sokkar, tvennir vetlingar (gloves); tvennar buxur; skaltú Nói taka tvinn karlkyns ok kvennkyns, Stj. 4. indecl. tvinni or tvinni, two or two, as indecl. adj.; tvinni or tynni, indecl.; tvinni tólf-mánuðr, aðra tynni tólf-mánuðr, N.G.L. i. 344: skaltú æ taka með sama hætti tvinni ok tvinni, Stj. 57, Barl. 24. tvennum-brúni, adj. a nickname, with meeting eyebrows(?), Landn. tvinna, að, to twine, twist thread. tvinni, a, m. twine, twisted thread; tvinna-hnoða, Hkr. iii. 117. tvinnr, see tvennr. tvist, n. [Dan. tvist = discord]; in the phrase, á tvist og bast, scattered to the four winds. tvist-ligr, adj. = tvistr. tvistr, m. the two or 'deuce' in cards. tvistr, adj. [Swed. tjust; Dan. tyst = silent], dismal, sad, distressed, whence in deep silence, noiseless; varð þegar hljótt allt fólk ok tvist (Dan. lyt og tyst), Fms. vi. 374: allt kyrt ok tvist, ix. 510, v.l.; tvist ok daprt, Fas. ii. 392; mist hefik fljóðs ins tvista, Korm.; tvist hjarta, tvistar sorgir, Lex. Poët.; ú-tvistr, gleeful. tvistra or tvístra, að, to scatter; munu tvístrast sauðirnir, Post.; sauðir hjarðarinnar munu í sundr tvístrast, Matth. xxvi. 31. tvistróttr, adj. scattered, Hkr. iii. 228. tvisvar (also tysvar), adv. twice, Sks. 677, Fms. ix. 265, passim; in tvisvar verðr gamall maðrinn barn. tvisvar-sinnum = tvisvar, Hom. 118; týsvar-sinnum, Nj. tví, conj. used to express loathing (Dan. tvi), fie! Fb. iii. 303. TVÍ-, [Germ. zwei-], twice, double, in many COMPDS: tví-angaðr, adj. double-forked, Fas. iii. 385. tví-aukinn, part. twofold, H.E. i. 437. tví-baka, u, f. [Germ. zwiebach], a biscuit (mod.) tví-benda, u, f. a complicity, entanglement. tví-breiðr, adj. of double breadth, of cloth, Vm. 10, N.G.L. iii. 205, D.N. ii. 1127. tví-buri, a, m. a twin, esp. in dual, Fms. i. 4, Slurl, i. 1, Rb. 100; in the N.T. = GREEK; tvíbura-merki, the Twins or Gemini, Rb. tví-burur, f. twin sisters, Str. 15, Fas. i. 358. tví-byrðingr, m. a twofold shield, Gþl. 103. tví-byrðr, part. double-lined, B.K., D.N.: of a shield, N.G.L. ii. 42. tví-bytna, u, f. a bottomless lake or pit, in popular belief, or thought to be in hidden connection with the sea. tví-býli, n. a double household, on one farm (opp. to einbýli), Eb. 38, Vm. 83, Lv. 71. tví-böllr, m. a double ball, Skálda 177. tví-dreginn, part. double-lined, Jb. 187; klæði tvídregin, Ann. 1330. tví-drægni, f. discord, tví-drægr, adj. ambiguous, Fms. ix. 255, 324, 502. tví-dyrðr, part. double-doored, Eb. 274, Fms. vi. 121, Fs. 66, Þiðr. 143. tví-dægra, the name of a mountain desert taking two 'dægr' to cross, Ísl. ii. 345, Ann. 1242. tví-eggjaðr, part. two-edged, Stj., Sks., N.T. tví-elleptr, part. twice eleven; in the phrase, vera t., to be a twenty-two-year-old, i.e. in high vigour and spirits, Fas. i. 98. tví-eln, adj. two ells broad, Grág. i. 498, 504. tví-eyringr, m. worth or weighing two ounces, Landn. 258, Eb. 10. tví-falda, að, to fold, double, Stj. 53, Sks. 763, N.G.L. i. 23, Alg. 360. tví-faldan, f., arithm. doubling, Skálda 191, Alg. 360. tvífald-leikr, m. twofoldness, Stj. 263, Hom. (St.) tvífald-ligr, adj. of twofold kind, Sturl. i. 121, K.Á. 74. tví-faldr, adj. twofold, double, K.Á. 46, 136, Sks. 225, 405, Vm. 168, Hom. 10, passim. tví-fóðraðr, part. double-lined, Fms. vi. 422. tví-fættr, adj. two-footed, Lat. bi-pes. tví-gilda, d, to pay double, Gþl. 378, K.Á. 80. tví-gildr, adj. of double value. tví-giptr, part. twice married. tví-görr, part. double, Þiðr. 80, 81. tví-heilagt, n. adj. twice hallowed, of two holidays following one another. tví-henda, d, to hurl or wield with two hands, Edda 122, Korm. 136, Fms. x. 383, Grett. 45, 178 new Ed. tví-hendis, adv.; höggva t. = tvíhenda, D.N. tví-hljóðr, m. a diphthong, Skálda 177. tví-hólkaðr, part. mounted with a double ring, Þorf. Karl. 376. tví-húsaðr, part. double-housed, Stj. 57. tví-hætta, u, f. a dilemma; in the phrase, leggja á tvíhættu, to run a risk, Fær. 144. tví-höfðaðr, part. two-headed. Fas. iii. 574. tví-kenndr, part. with double circumlocution, in poetry, Edda 122: of double meaning, 110. tví-klifa, að, to harp twice on the same, repeat, Sks. 307. tví-klýpt, part. a bad reading for tví-kylft. tví-kostr, m. a choice between two, an alternative, Fas. ii. 68; hafa ekki ef eða tvíkost á e-u, Barl. 173; bjóða e-m tvíkosti, Mag. tví-kvángaðr, part. twice married, Bs. i. 233. tví-kveða, kvað, to repeat, Edda 133. tví-kvenni, n. bigamy, Grág. i. 367. tví-kvíslaðr, part. two-pronged, Þiðr. 178, Bær. 19. tví-kylft, part. [kylfa, the verb], stammering, of metre, a metrical term, Ht. 45. tví-lembdr, part. with two lambs, Rétt. 2. 5. tví-litaðr, mod. tví-litr, adj. parti-coloured, Stj. 306. tví-loðinn, adj. double-hairy, thick, of fur, Fbr. 145. tví-mánuðr, m. the double month, the fifth month in the summer; in the Almanack for 1872 this month begins on the 27th of August and ends on the 25th of September, which answers to the 15th of August to the 15th of September

646 TVÍMENNA -- TYTTR.

of the old style, Rb. 556; at Tvímánuði or at Tvímánaði sumars, at the time when T. sets in, Grág. i. 152, Ld. 134, Finnb. 298, Grett. 174 new Ed.; boð skyldi vera at Tvímánaði suðr at Ölvusvatni, Ísl. ii. 8, 31; leið nú fram at Tvímánaði sumars, Grett. 150; brúðkaup var í Garpsdal at Tvímánaði, Ld. 134. tví-menna, t, to ride two on one horse; nær hálfum mánaði síðar var honum (the horse) tvímennt, Bs. i. 389: in the phrase, tvímenna yfir ána, to cross a river two on one horse, an every day's occurrence in Icel.; as to Scotland in ancient times, there is a curious record in Orkn. ch. 5; a lively sketch of this is found in the Queen's 'Leaves from a Journal,' 'Fording the Poll Tarf.' tví-menning, f. riding two on one horse, Sturl. ii. 131, iii. 23. tví-menningr, m. drinking together in pairs, two and two; þar var hlutaðr t., Eg. 22; Kormakr drakk tvímenning á Steingerði, Korm. 232; hón segir þat ekki víkinga sið at drekka hjá konum tvímenning, Hkr. i. 50. tví-merkingr, m. of the value or weight of two marks, of a ring, Grág. ii. 172, 178. tví-mæli, n. a dispute, a discordant report, one saying this, another that, Nj. 68, 139, Edda 147. tví-mælis, adv. two meals a day, N.G.L. i. 422. tvímælis-lauss, adj. undisputed, Sturl. iii. 261. tví-mælt = tvímælis; eta t., K.Þ.K. 102, 106, Bs. i. 106. tví-oddaðr, part. two-pointed, Fas. ii. 386. tví-riðinn, part. double-netted or knitted, of a net or the like: as a metrical term, Edda 122. tví-ræði, n. ambiguity, Fb. iii. 427; tvíræðis-orð, id. tví-ræðr, adj. 'double-read,' ambiguous, which can be read 'both ways' Fms. ix. 324, v.l. tví-saga, adj.; verða tvísaga, to contradict oneself. tví-sagðr, part. twice-told. tí-settr, part. double, Karl. 193. tví-skafinn, a nickname, Fms. x. tví-skelfðr, part. the name of a metre, each verse-line beginning with two long syllables, Edda 129; for a specimen see the Rekstefja, which is composed in this metre, whence it is also called 'Drápan tvískelfda.' tví-skinnungr, m. a double skin or film (on a wound). tví-skipaðr, part. double-seated, in two ranks, Fms. x. 16. tví-skipta, t, to divide into two parts, Fms. i. 154, ii. 240, viii. 363: to waver, hann tvískiptisk í ætlaninni, x. 270. tví-skipti, n. a division into two parts; t. mun vera á öllu landi, Fms. v. 347: the phrase, það er ekki til tvískiptanna, it is too small to be divided. tví-skiptiligr, adj. divided, Bs. i. tví-skiptingr, m. a changeling, idiot (= skiptingr, q.v.): a nickname, Fms. x. 2. tví-skiptr, part. divided, Fms. viii. 16, Hom. (St.): uncertain, Fas. i. 42: of two colours, t. vesli, Rd. 309, Fms. ii. 71; t. brynja, Þiðr. 80. tví-skældr = tvískelfdr, metric., Fms. ii. 310. tví-slægr, adj. ambiguous; t. draumr, Fms. viii. 444; görask t. í vináttu við e-n, Sks. 357. tví-stíga, steig, to waddle. tví-stýft, n. part. a metrical term, 'double apocope' Edda 134: a mark on a sheep's ear, t. framan hægra. tví-syngja, sing, to chant double in the church, a kind of two-voiced music, a relic of the early Middle Ages, still practised in Icel., recorded in Laur. S. (Bs. i. 847). tví-sýni, n. uncertainty, doubt, Fas. iii. 207, Gísl. 86. tví-sýnn, adj. precarious, doubtful, of danger, Nj. 111, Bs. i. 814. tví-söngr, m. a two-voiced song; see tví-syngja. tví-taka, tók, to repeat, Skálda 208. tví-tala, u, f. the dual number, Stj. 13. tví-tala, adj. of twice the number, Fb. iii. 362. tví-tjaldaðr, part. hung with double tapestry, Vm. 171. tví-tján, twice-ten, twenty, Fms. x. 378. tví-tjándi, the twentieth, Mork. 109, Grett. (Ub.) 150, Petr S. 47, v.l. tví-tóla, adj. [Dan. tve-tullet], an hermaphrodite (tól II). tví-tugr, tví-togr, adj. aged twenty, Grág. i. 307, 465, ii. 108, Fms. ii. 7, vi. 90, Jb. 143, passim: measuring twenty (fathoms, ells), Grág. i. 497, ii. 337, Fms. iii. 194, passim; átta vetr um tvítugt, i.e. twenty-eight years old, Stj. 26. tvítugs-aldr, m. the age of twenty, Eg. 2, Fms. iv. 254, x. 377, Njarð. 396, passim. tvítug-sessa, u, f. a twenty-oared ship (see sessa), Eg. 28, Fms. ii. 253, iv. 322. tví-tugu, mod. tví-tugasti, the twentieth, passim. tví-tugu = tuttugu, D.N. tví-tylft, f. twice twelve; tvítylftar baugr, Grág. ii. 89. tví-tyngdr, part. double-tongued, Al. 4. tví-vegis, adv. 'two-ways' to and fro; fara t., to go back again, Ísl. ii. 327, Fms. iii. 83, vi. 119, Grág. i. 213, 436: hence in mod. usage gener. twice. tví-verknaðr, m. doing the same twice over again. tví-viðr, m. a double-pieced cross-bow, poët., Edda (Gl.), Merl. 2. 65, Þd. tví-æri, n. a period of two years, D.N. ii. 193. tví-ærr, adj. of two years, two years old, D.N.; tvíær landskyld, id. tvíl, n. [Ulf. tweifls; Germ. zweifel; Dan. tvil], doubt. tvíl-laust, n. adj. without doubt, forsooth. tvíla, að, to doubt, (mod.); as also tvílugr, adj., in ó-tvílugr, quite safe; hann er ó-tvílugr, það er ó-tvílugt; but none of these words are found in old writers. tvæ-vetla, u, f. a ewe two winters old. tvæ-vetr, adj. two winters old. tyggi, thus, not tiggi, as seen from rhymes, tyggi, glygg, hnyggr tyggi, hygg tyggja, Geisli 9, Lex. Poët.; [the word is therefore derived from tjúga (q.v.), toginn, (cp. Germ. ziehen, ge-zogen), and is akin to Germ. -zog, in her-zog, Lat. duc-s] :-- a leader, chief, but only in poetry, Lex. Poët., freq. in old and mod. ballads. TYGGJA (tyggva, Gkv. 2. 39), pres. tygg; pret. tugði; subj. tygdi; part. tuggit. A remnant of a strong inflexion is the pret. tögg, Fbr. 24; töggtu (2nd pers.), Am. 39; plur. tuggu (mandebant), Orkn. (Arnór, in a verse, MS.); part. tugginn: tyggja has since become a regular weak verb, like spyrja: [Dan. tygge; Engl. to tug at food] :-- to chew, Lat. mandere, manducare; hvat er nú, dóttir, tyggr þú nokkut? -- Tygg ek söl, segir hón, Eg. 604; tak pipar ok tygg, Pr. 475; töggtu tíðliga trúðir vel jöxlum, Am. 79; við hunang tuggin, Gkv. 2. 40; hann tögg með grimmum kulda-tönnum allar jarðir, Fbr. 24; tögg hold ok bein, Ann. 1362 (in a verse); eggin tögg af honum fætr báða, Úlf. 7. 74; úlfar tuggu hræ, Arnór; hræra sinn kjálka til at t. með, Stj. 77. tygi, n. [A.S. ga-teawa; O.H.G. ziug; Germ. zeug; Dan. töi; Engl. toy] :-- gear, harness; flestöll tygi þau er þeir höfðu átt, Fb. iii. 567; söðull með öllum tygjum, D.N. i. 321; þitt ess eðr tygi, Pr. 422; reið-tygi, saddle-harness. 2. metaph. kind; einn at þessu vánda tye (= tyge) er Robert klerkr af Broc (de funesta illa progenie), Thom. 231: mod., af sama tægi, a sample of the same piece. tygi-ligr, adj. [peril, a bad reading for rýgiligr]; t. orð, haughty words, threats, Bs. i. 653, 658 (but rýgiligr v.l. in both instances), Grett. 172 new Ed. tygill, m., pl. tuglar (like lykill, pl. luklar), a dimin.; [akin to tog; cp. Germ. zügel] :-- a string, strap, thong, esp. of the strap with which a cloak was fastened round the neck; möttull á tuglum, Fms. vii. 201; tygill er menit var fest með, Ó.H. 135; á tuglunum taflpungsins var gullbaugr, Gullþ. 20; in Lv. 41 read, ok gullbaugr (for gullband) á tyglinum. COMPDS: tugla-möttull, -feldr, m. a cloak with a strap, Fær. 263, Fms. v. 292, Sturl. ii. 154, (Bs. i. 556 spelt tugla-.) tygil-knífr, m. a knife or dirk hanging from the belt on a tygill, Fms. vi. 165, x. 149, Ísl. ii. 277. tygja, að, to harness; allir tyaðir panzerum, Fb. iii. 582; her-t., to armour; hertýjað, clad in armour, Ulf. 7. 111 ('herdti að' in the Edit.) tykta, að, whence typta, Bs. i. 805, 846: [Germ. züchtigen; Dan. tugte] :-- to chastise, H.E. i. 509. tyktan, f. chastisement, Stj. 167. tylft or tylpt, f. [tólf], a number of twelve, a 'duo-decade,' dozen, a body of twelve, Eg. 341, Nj. 150, Fms. viii. 140, Hkr. ii. 398; fernar tylftir, þrennar tylftir, of the courts, Nj. 150, 244, Grág. i. 4, 72 (twelve being a holy number): of the sea, tylft, twelve miles, Landn. 25, Rb. 482, Bs. ii. 5. tylftar-eiðr, -kviðr, -kvöð (see eiðr, kviðr, kvöð), Gþl. 121, 547, Js. 30, K.Þ.K. 168, Landn. 89. tylla, t, [tolla], to sit loosely; tylla sér niðr; tylla sér á tá, to stand on tiptoe. II. reflex. to go with a light step; mýrar lágu ílla, mátti tyllask á vetrar-brautum, the ice on the moors was unsafe, but could be tripped over, Sturl. iii. 140. tylli-sætt, f. a loose, unreal, shifty agreement, Bs. i. 519. tylli-sök, f. a light, futile charge, Glúm. 377. typpa, t, [toppr], to tip, top; ok hagliga um höfuð typpum, to tip his head, with a woman's hood, Þkv. 16: typptr, adj. tipped, laced, Js. 78; silfr-typptr, silver-tipped, of the waves, Snót 36. typpi, n. a tip (Lat. apex), Fms. vi. (in a verse), and in mod. usage. typpingr, m. [toppr], a kind of lace or edging; dúkar með typping, Vm. 52, 65, 125; typpings-dúkr, 62; typpings-ver, a case of typping, D.N. i. 590. typta, t, = tykta (q.v.), changing kt into pt; analogous is stipti from stikti, Bs. i. 805, 846, Lil. 81, (not from GREEK, as suggested in Lex. Poët.); this form is freq. in mod. usage, whereas tykta is obsolete. typtan = tyktan, Mar. typtu-meistari, a, m. a master of ceremonies, Clar.; hof-typt, court ceremonial. tyrðil-múli, a, m. a bird, the rasor-bill, alca torda L., Edda (Gl.) tyrfa, d, [torf], to cover with turf, sod. Fas. i. 134, iii. 389, Sturl. i. 155, passim. 2. [Swed. törfja], to pelt (with turf and stones?); t. e-n með grjóti ok með torfi, N.G.L. i. 82; cp. 'tyrva med stenom' in Swed. law; torfleikr, a pelting game. tyrfi and tyri, n. a resinous fir-tree used for making a fire; með tyrvi eðr öðrum eldfimum viði, Sks. 427 B; lokar-spán af tyri, Fagrsk. 109; hence týru-tré, Fagrsk. l.c.; tyr-viðr, Hkr. i. 32, iii. 61; tyrvi-tré, Fms. vi. 153; cp. tjör-viðr; all various forms of the same = tar-wood. Tyrfingr, m. the name of the enchanted sword, Hervar S.; prop. from its flaming like resinous-wood (tyrfi): a pr. name, Landn. tyrfinn, adj. resinous; tyrfit tré = tyrvi-tré, Mork. 7. Tyrkir, gen. pl. Tyrkja, m. pl. the Turks, Bret., Edda (pref.), Landn. 19: Tyrk-land, the land of the Turks, Bret.: Tyrk-neskr, adj. Turkish, Mar., Karl. tyrma, d, qs. tyrfa? (rm = rf), prop. to pelt(?), only used in metaph. phrase, þat tyrmir yfir e-n, to be overwhelmed, from ailment or evil. tyrming, f. an overwhelming illness. tyrrinn, adj. peevish, fretful, Grett. 111; ú-tyrrinn, peaceful, Gísl. (in a verse). tysti, a, m. = tosti, a frog(?'); a nickname, Sturl. iii. 298. tysvar = tvisvar, twice, Nj. 102, 109, N.G.L. i. 340, Sks. 378 B, Fms. viii. 313, O.H.L. ch. 113. tytta, t, to knead, of bread, N.G.L. i. 304; ó-tyttr, Bs. i. 244. tyttr, m. a little pin; hor-tyttr.

TYTTUGTI -- TÖÐU. 647

tyttugti, the twentieth (=tuttugti or tví-tugti), N.G.L. i. 348. tyza, a nickname, Fms. viii. týja, u, f. (sounded tía), [akin to tæfa; Dan. tæve; cp. tóa] :-- a dam, mother with her young, of a dog, cat, or the like. týja, u, f., qs. tvía, doubt; var mér tyja er vit tveir lifðum, Akv. 27. TÝJA, tæja, tjóa, and tjá, the forms of this verb vary: tæja, tæjar tæja make a rhyme, Pd. 18; pres. tœr, pret. tœði, part. neut. tœð: týja, týr, týði: tjóa, pres. tjóar, pret. tjóaði or tjóði, see below B: and lastly, tjá, pres. té, tér (mod. tjái), pret. téði, part. téðr, téð: with neg. suff. tær-a, does not, Fms. vii. (in a verse): [Ulf. taujan = GREEK; tawidon on the Golden horn; A.S. tawjan; O.H.G. zawian; Germ. thun; Dutch touwen.] B. Prop. to do, work; but here göra (q.v.) has in the Scaudin. taken the place of tæja, it is therefore only used in the sense, II. to help, assist, with dat. or absol.; at tœja Kleppjárni, Ísl. ii. 482 (Heiðarv. S.); þeir menn er tæðu máli Þorsteins, Ísl. ii. 305; þú tæðir mér, Drottinn ok huggaðir mik, 655 v. 2; tæja sjúkum ok vúluðum, 645. 93; þat góz eptir verðr skal ek töja (bestow on) guðs móður, Mar.; ef þú vilt tæja honum, Clem. 56; Guðs mildi tæði málum hans, 45; hamingjan lét enn eigi seinat sér at töja honum, Al. 139; hirð er tæði honum vel, Fms. vi. 317 (in a verse); Kristr tær hodda hristi ..., Lex. Poët.; at týjanda Guði = Deo auxiliante, Hom. 27; árnendr várir ok týiendr (töyiendr Cod.), 149; sá er öðrum vill týja til orrostu, 42; segir þat mest týja, at eigi hafi Guð nauðga þjónustu, O.H.L. 42; týja svá göfuglegri bæn, Hom. 1; opt hefir höfðingjum mikit tjóað at berjask at eins með frameggjan, Al. 5; kölluðu þeir á Jacobum, at þeir kæmi til at tjá þeim, 656 C. 2; Drottinn várr té (subj.) oss til þess, at vér megim, Hom. 9O: recipr., téisk at báðir, help one another! H.E. i. 245. 2. to avail; ok tör þat því at eins, ef hann vissi eigi, at, ... it avails only in the case that he knew not, Grág. i. 315; þat týr ekki, boots not, avails not, or týði ekki, it was of no avail, eigi tør bónda sjá bjorgkviðr, 431; ek vissa at mér myndi ekki týja at forðask þik, Eg. 165; eyfit týr þótt skyndi seinn, a saying (see eyvit); ekki týr yðr nú at tauta eðr tutla, Fms. viii. 234 (tjár, Fb. ii, l.c.); hvárki tæði (týði, Hkr. l.c.; tjáði, Fms. v, l.c.) bæn manna né féboð, Ó.H. 190; konungr var svá reiðr at henni týði ekki at biðja, Hkr. i. 100; allir löttu Sigurð jarl í at ganga ok týði ekki (tjáði, v.l.), Nj. 271; lítið týr oss at mæða líkam várn í föstum, Hom. 73; hvat mun mér týja at eggja þá menn, what need I? Fms. viii. 136 (tjá, v.l.); ok er hón sá at eigi týði at flytja þetta mál lengra, þá hætti hón, xi. 288 (v.l.); sem hann sá at ekki týði þar at standa, Str. 42; Þorvaldr lét ekki tjóa at sakask um verkit, Glúm. 374; mun mik ekki tjóa at letja, Nj. 16; eigi mundi tjóa at brjótask við forlögunum, Fs. 20; at ekki moni tjóa, Fas. i. 364; ekki mun tjóa at göra þat, Fms. ii. 194 (v.l.); eigi þykkir oss þat tjóa, Gullþ. 20; veit ek eigi hvat þat mon tjóa, Mork. 194; Baglar sá at ekki tjóaði (tjóði) eptir at halda, Fms. ix. 13 (v.l. 7); ok tjóaðí ekki fyrir-tölur hans, x. 301; hefir ek um talat ok tjóar mér eigi, Fs. 60; eggjat væri nú ef nökkut tjóaði, 4; þeir biðja at ... ok tjóar ekki, Glúm. 390; tjóði honum alls ekki, Str. 42; ekki tjóar skriptar-gangr þeim er ..., 43; en at svá búnu tjár ekki, Fas. i. 364; hvat mun þá tjá við at mæla, Glúm. 324; hvat tjár mér nú, at hafa til hans stundat, Al. 129; ekki mun tjá at saka sik um orðinn hlut, Nj. 20; and so in mod. usage, þetta tjáir ekki, this won't do; það tjáir ekki, 'tis of no use; tjár þat alls ekki, Gísl. 43. 3. peculiar usage, to grant, allow; því meiri gæsku er hann téði þeim af sinni hendi, Hom. 109. III. as an auxiliary verb; sól tér sortna, the sun does blacken, Vsp. 57 (see p. 264, foot-note 3); áðr tæði ben blæða, blood did flow, Nj. (in a verse); tjá buðlungi blæða undir, Hkv. Hjörv.; tær-a standa þarft af Þóri, Fms. vii. (in a verse); hón tær binda, Orkn. (in a verse); hann tæði velja, Rekst.; hyggja tæði, did think, Bkv. 13; tæði færa, did bring, Fms. vi. 340; Boðnar bára tér vaxa, does wax, Edda (in a verse). &FINGER; See also tjá, which is a different word. týjandi, a, m. a helper; töyendr, helpers, Hom. 149. TÝNA, d, [tjón; Scot. to tyne], to lose; þeir týndu hestunum, Nj. 21; þeir týndu þar öxi sinni, Landn. 312; týna honum. Fms. vi. 121; týna lífi sínu, Str. 86; t. þeim þremr hlutum, er ..., Fms. x. 338; þér skolut öngu fyrir týna nema lífinu, Nj. 7; with acc. a Latinism, Mar. 2. to destroy, put to death; týna sveininum, Fms. i. 113, Sks. 695; týna sjálfum sér, to destroy oneself, K.Á. 62; týndi sér þar sjálfr, Landn. 195. II. reflex. to perish; Hákon jarl týndisk í hafi, Ó.H.; Fluga týndisk í feni, Landn. 195; kom at honum anstan-veðr mikit ... ok týndusk þar, Nj. 25; par týndisk Geirhildr í Geirhildar-vatni, Landn. 29, Eg. 123, Edda 3, Fms. i. 215, passim. týning, f. destruction, Art. týni-samligr, adj. destructive, Anecd. 34. TÝR, m., gen. Týs, acc. dat. Tý; the form tívar, see tívi, may even be regarded as an irreg. plur. to tý-r; cp. Twisco, qs. Tivisco, in Tacit. Germ.; [for the identity of this word with Sansk. dyaus, dîvas = heaven, Gr. GREEK, Lat. divus, O.H.G. Ziw, see Max Müller's Lectures on Science of Language, 2nd Series, p. 425] :-- prop. the generic name of the highest divinity, which remains in compds, as Farma-týr, hanga-týr: as also in Týs-áttungr, the offspring of gods (Gr. GREEK), Ýt.: tý-framr, adj., Haustl. 1: tý-hraustr, valiant as a god: tý-spakr, godly-wise, Edda 16. II. the name of the god Týr, the one-armed god of war; see Edda passim. Týs-dagr, m. Tuesday, (Germ. Dienstag), Fms. ix. 42, N.G.L. i. 10, 343, 348, Hkr. iii. 416; spelt Týrs-dagr (Dan. Tirsdag), Fms. vii. 295, ix. 42, Rb. 572. týra, ð, to flame faintly; cp. tóra. týra, u, f. a faint light; ljós-týra, freq. in mod. usage. 2. doubtful is the passage, Ad. 8, -- týru fylgðu sökk sámleit síðra brúna. týr-eygðr, part. with peering eyes. týta, u, f. [akin to túta, tottr], in týtu-prjónn, m. a pin. tæfa, u, f. [Dan. tæve], a dam, mother, of a dog, cat. tægja, pres. tæ, pret. táði, part. táð; [akin to tog, teygja] :-- prop. to 'stretch out;' tægja ull, to pick or teaze the wool before it is spun and carded; ullar-reitur eg um kveldið táði, Hallgr. tægja, u, f. a fibre; see taug. tæja, ð, to help; see týja. tæki (i.e. tœki), n. pl. [taka], implements, outfit; sel þú mér tæki at ek mega ríta, 623. 54; tól ok t., Stj. 22; arðr ok öll tæki at þeim arðri, Karl. 471: means, eg hefi engin tæki til þess. tæki-færi, n. opportunity. tæki-ligr, adj. due, proper; t. tími, tíð, Stj. 429, Fms. ii. 142, MS. 623. 40; með-t., acceptable. TÆKR (i.e. tœkr), adj. [taka], acceptable, fair, legal, of a tender made, Gþl. 500; þau handsöl er honum þykki tæk, K.Þ.K. í 70; þá eru tæk vitni þeirra, Ó.H. (pref.) 2. fit, meet; the phrase, í tæka tíð, in due time. 3. ú-tækr, unacceptable, unfair; lag-tækr, skilful of hand. TÆLA, d, [tál], to entice, betray; t. menn með fjölkyngi, Clem. 56; t. þá með svikum, Fms. ii. 137; tæla þik, Sks. 537; tældr miklum tálum. Alm. 36; er Herodes konungr sá at hann var tældr af Austrvegs-konungum, Hom. 48. tæla, d, [tól], to manage; faðir þinn þykkisk ekki mega um þik t. hér í híbýlum sínum, Eg. 194; var hann svá í lýzku ok athæfi, at trautt þótti mega um tæla, Fms. xi. 78, 92. tæli-gröf, f. a pitfall, Sks. 42; B. TÆMA (i.e. tœma), d, [tóm], in the phrase, tæma sik til e-s, to give one's leisure to, to attend, Sks. 22, Stj. 144, Hom. 63; t. sik til at heyra Guðs orð, 656 B. 12; hann mátti eigi tæmask til frá kenningum við menn, had no leisure, no time left, Clem. 52; hugr tæmisk til hvíldar, the mind takes to rest, Hom. (St.) 2. the law phrase, e-m tæmisk arfr, an inheritance falls to one by right, Grág. i. 173, N.G.L. i. 216, Eg. 31; honum tæmdisk arfr norðr í Vatnsdal, Ísl. ii. 210; e-m tæmisk úmagi, alimentation devolves upon one, Grág. i. 290. II. [tómr], to empty (Dan. tömme, North. E. and Scot. to toom); seggrinn tæmdi svínit hálft, Skíða R. 41, passim in mod. usage. tœnaðr, m., tœnað and bœn make a rhyme, Likn. 8, Lil. 82; [tœja or týja] :-- help, assistance; biðja tænaðar, Sturl. iii. 278; fullting eðr tænað, H.E. i. 502, Fms. x. 238, Bs. i. 215, 355; án manna tænaði, Mar. tænaðar-maðr, m. a helper, Stj. 157, Bs. i. 240. tæpi-djarfr, adj. timid, Fas. ii. 297. tæpi-liga, adv. sparingly, scantily; launa e-t t., Fas. iii. 8; ganga t. fram, 437: scarcely, það er t. svá mikit, Dan. knapt. tæpiligr, adj. scant, scarce; hit tæpiligasta, Mag. 160. tæpi-tunga, u, f. a 'tip-tongue,' lisping accent; göra sér tæpitungu, to lisp, as in saying 'telpa' for 'stelpa.' tæpr, adj. scant, too short, too narrow, or the like; Kálfr gékk þá heldr tæpara, stopped more cautiously, Fb. ii. 360; ónýt er iðran tæp ... ef þú í görðum glæp girnist að liggja, Pass. 8. 25; tók hann henni tæpt í mitt lær, Fas. ii. 234; spjótin tóku tæpt til hans, the spears scarcely reached him, Sturl. ii. 251: a path in the side of a mountain is said to be tæp: það er t. þriðjungr. tæpta, t, [tæpr], to tap, touch lightly, just reach with the point; tæpti eg mínum trúar-staf á tréð sem drýpr hunang af, Pass. 32. 21; tæpta á e-u, to utter faintly. tæra, ð, [Dan. tære; Germ. zehren], to consume, spend; þú tærir út tveim höndum, Fms. xi. 423; t. penninga, Bs. i. 699: to entertain, konungr tók Sturlu vel ok tærði honum vel ok sæmiliga, Sturl. iii. 307. tæri, n. in the phrase, komast í tæri við e-n, to come to have dealings with a person. tæri-látr, adj. cleanly, nice, esp. as to eating. tæri-læti, n. cleanliness, nicety. tæri-penningr, m. pocket-money, D.N. tærr, adj. pure, limpid, of water; tært vatn, tær vatns-lind, lækr blár og tær, freq. in mod. usage, but not recorded in old writers; see tár. tæta (i.e. tœta), t, [akin to tó and tæja, or is it to be written tæta, from táta?] :-- to tear, of wool, to teaze or pick the wool; t. sundr, to tear to shreds, the word occurs in Edda (in a verse), and is freq. in mod. usage. tæta, u, f. and tætingr, m. shreds. töðu-, see taða.

648 TÖF -- UM.

töf, f., gen. tafar, [tefja], a delay, hindrance; mikil töf; vera e-m til tafar, to be a hindrance to one. tafar-laust, n. adj. without delay. töfl, f. [tafl], a tablet, a piece in a game, Fms. vi. 29, Fas. i. 285. töfr, töfra, töfrar, see taufr. töfring, f. a delay, D.N. v. 622. töggla, að, to tug; er tögglað hefir eyrendin fram, Skálda H. 7. 63; tögglast á e-u, to harp on the same thing. tögr, m. ten, = tigr, q.v. töku-, see taka. tök-vísi, f. rapacity: tök-víss, adj. rapacious, Hom. 19, MS. 645. 83. tölta, að, [A.S. tealtjan; Engl. tilt], to 'tilt,' amble; hence also tölt, n. an ambling pace; hóf-tölt, 'hoof-tilt.' tölu-, see tala. tölugr, adj. well-spoken, Fas. iii. 269. töl-vísi, f. skill in numbers, arithmetic, Edda 110, Clem. 33. töl-víss, adj. skilled in arithmetic, Clem. 33; as a nickname, Bjarni inn tölvísi, of a learned Icel. of the 12th century, Rb. TÖNG, f., gen. tangar, pl. tangir and tengr: the gen. tangu, Þd., refers to a form tanga, u, f., dat. töngu, Sturl. i. 121 (vellum), but else töng; [A.S. tanga; Engl. tongs; Germ. zange; Dan. tang; cp. tangi] :-- a smith's tongs; tangir ok tól, Vsp.; dregit á með rauðum steini hamarr ok töng, fyrir því at smiðr var faðir hans, Þiðr. 98; hamar, töng ok steðja, Edda 9; tók Geirröðr með töng járnsíu glóandi, 61; skerðu til járnsins svá at vel megi ná með tönginni, ... síðan tók Þormóðr töngina ok kipði braut örinni, Ó.H. 223; drógu tveir karlar beinit með töngu, Sturl. i. 121 (töng, Bs. i. 425, l.c.); eigi þykkjumk ek slíkar tengr séð hafa, such tiny tongs, i.e. limbs so poorly knit, Grett. 119; kalla má höndina long axla, Edda; tangar-armr, the tongs-fork, Þiðr. 96; spenni-t., klýpi-t., 'clip-tongs,' pincers: in N.G.L. i. 349 for 'töng' eða reipi, read 'taug' eða reipi. tangar-hald, n. a tongs-hold. TÖNN, f., this word (like nagl, q.v.) was originally a masc. tann or tannr, like maðr, mannr, of which gender there are remnants in pr. names, Hildi-tannr, gen. Hildi-tanns, Edda (in a verse); dat. Hildi-tanni, see hildr B; it then became fem, tönn, gen. tannar, dat. acc. tönn, gen. pl. tanna, dat. tönnum; nom. pl. tenn (as if from maðr), skakkar tenn rhymes with menn, Skíða R. 5, 9; litlar tenn, Al. 3; with article, tennrnar, Fms. xi. 139; brjóta tenn ór höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11; acc. tennar, Bs. i. 641, l. 21 (perh. an error); old poët. pl. teðr rhyming with veðr, Lex. Poët.; mod. plur. is tönnur: [a word common to all Indo-Germ. languages; Goth. tunþus; A.S. tóð; Engl. tooth, pl. teeth; O.H.G. zand; Germ. zahn; Dan. and Swed. tand; Lat. dent-is; Gr. GREEK] :-- a tooth, including the sense of tusk; teðr hans, Eluc. 49; ór tönnum, Nj. 185; með tönnum, Eg. 233: phrases, glotta um tönn, or við tönn, to grin scornfully, Edda 30, Nj. 182, Ó.H. 114; rjóða tönn á e-m, to redden one's teeth, taste blood, metaph. from a beast of prey; hefi ek nú nakkvat roðit tönn á þeim er ek tók höndum Hákon jarl, Ó.H. 32: allit., tönn ok tunga, hafa tönn og tungu á öllu, to have tooth and tongue on everything, of a quick-witted child learning to speak; tungan vefst um tönn, see tunga; tungan leikr við tanna sár, the tongue touches on the tooth-wound, a saying, Mkv.; tæja tanna, see tæja; fram-tennr, the front teeth. 2. a tusk (of the walrus), Krók. ch. 9, Bs. i. 641; biskups-staf af tönn görvan ... grafa tönn, to carve, Bs. i. 143, cp. Skíða R. 199: a thing worked in walrus-tusk, Máríu-skript með tönn ..., húslker með tönn, Vm. 22, 54; buðkr með tönn, B.K. 84: in Icel. an ivory box, scent-box, snuff-box, or the like, is called tönn. 3. metaph. the tooth or iron of a plane, hefil-tönn: poët., lagar-tönn, 'sea-tooth' = a stone; foldar tönn, 'earth-tooth,' id., Lex. Poët.: the golden teeth of Heimdal, the Lucifer of the Northern mythology, represent the rays of the dawn. 4. hildi-tönn, a dog-tooth, usually called víg-tönn; skögul-tönn or skæl-tönn, a tusk; cp. tann-. COMPDS: tanna-far, n. tooth-marks. tanna-gangr, m. a tearing with the teeth, of beasts, Fas. iii. 378. tanna-gnastran, f. a gnashing of teeth, Fms. iii. 168; so also, tanna-gnistran, f., N.T. (gnísta tönnum). tönnla, að, to attack with the teeth, backbite, quarrel; ... þér tönnlið ok upp etið hverr annan innbyrðis, Gal. v. 15; tönnlast og tyggjast, to quarrel. töpun, see tapan. törgu-, see targa. töstugr, adj. harsh. tötrug-hypja, u, f. a tattered frock, Rm., Hkv. Hjörv. tötrugr, adj. tattered, torn, Fas. i. 30, Hom. (St.) TÖTURR, m., dat. tötri, pl. tötrar; or better tötturr with tt, and so töttrar, Barl. 60, l. 5; töttrug, Hkv. 1. 43 (Bugge); hvatt and töttra make a rhyme, Fms. vii. 153; [Engl. tatters] :-- tatters, rags; margir tötrar saman vafðir, Fær. 187; vefju saumaða saman af mörgum tötrum, Fbr. 92 new Ed.; slitnum tötri, Bs. i. 381; svartr fats-töturr, 506; undan tötrum hans, því hann var ílla klaeddr, Fas. i. 230; var þar ekki í nema tötrar ok þat er öngu var nýtt, Fms. vi. 379, vii. 153 (in a verse). 2. hence mod. tetr, n. in speaking to one, poor! poor thing! so and so; tetrið, tetrið að tarna! COMPDS: tötra-baggi, a, m. a rag-bag, Fær. 186, Fms. ii. 59. töttra-bassi, a, m. a ragamuffin, Glúm. 328. U-Ú U (ú), the twentieth letter, was represented in the Runic alphabet, both on the stone in Tune and in the later Runes, by RUNE, and was called úr, Skálda 176, -- úr er af eldu járni, the Runic poem: u is sounded like eu in Fr. feu, ö in Germ. hören; ú like oo in Engl. root. In mod. Engl. the Icel. ú is represented by ou, ow, e.g. Icel. út, hús, búr, = Engl. out, bouse, bower, such words being in Early Engl. written ût, hûs, etc.; they still retain their Scandinavian pronunciation in North England. For the changes between o and u and ó and ú see the introduction to the letter 0, p. 462. As with o, so with u, the words with initial v have, in the Scandinavian languages, dropped that letter, e.g. una = wone; undr = wonder; und = wound; ull = wool; úlfr = wolf. U Ubbi, a, m. [A.S. Uffa], a pr. name and a nickname, Skjöld. S., Skíða R.; Úlfr er ubbi var kallaðr, Fms. xi. 212. Uðr, f. a pr. name, = Unnr: as masc. Uðr, a son of the Night, Edda. UGGA, pres. uggi; pret. uggði; subj. yggði; imperat. uggi; part. uggat :-- to fear, suspect, apprehend; ugga e-n, uggi eigi þú (fear thou not) Isungs-bana, Hkv. 1. 20; eigi uggi ek bræðr þína, Fas. i. 289; kann vera at þeir uggi oss, Rd. 226; ef maðr uggir. eigi andvitni mót, Gþl. 475; ugga sér e-t, to apprehend; ef hann yggði sér áljót eðr fjörrán, Grág. i. 493; þeir uggðu alls ekki at sér, to apprehend no danger, be off one's guard, Nj. 252, Fms. i. 117, Ld. 262; er þat ugganda (gerund.), it is to be feared, Fms. ii. 286, xi. 98; þeim er ugganda (hugganda Cod.), at, = 'metuendum est, ne,' Hom. 13: with infin., ugga, at viðinn mundi skorta, Fms. vii. 97. 2. impers., mik uggir, at ..., it fears me, I fear that ..., Ísl. ii. 146; hitt mik uggir hann komi eigi aptr heill, Skíða R. uggi, a, m. a fin of a rish; eyr-uggi, a fore fin; bak-uggi, a back fin; the word seems, strange to say, not to occur in old writers; cp. the following word. uggiðr or uggaðr, part. 'finned,' provided with fins; hjalt-u. (q.v.) ugg-lauss, adj. fearless, unconcerned, without apprehension, Harms. 46: neut. ugglaust, as adv. no doubt, undoubtedly, forsooth, Rekst. 6, and freq. in mod. usage. ugg-ligr, adj. [hence Engl. ugly(?)], to be feared; e-t þykkir uggligt, Fms. iii. 129, Greg. 25, Eb. (in a verse); þat þykki mér uggligt, at ek þurfa skamma hrið ráð at göra fyrir jarli þessum, Orkn. 418: in Fs. 22 read ú-glíkt. uggr, m. fear, apprehension; mér er uggr á, at ..., Fms. i. 285; hræzlu-uggr, Mar.; görðisk mönnum mikill uggr á um samþykki konunganna, Fms. vi. 221, x. 410; ala ugg of e-t, Edda (in a verse); ráða af hendi mér þenna ugg, Fms. i. 84: allit., með ugg ok ótta, Phil, ii. 12. 2. = Yggr, a name of Odin, Edda. -uggr, adj., in ör-uggr, q.v. ugg-víss, adj. = uggligr, Fær. 116. UGLA, u, f. [A.S. ule; Engl. owl; Germ. eule; Dan. ugle; Lat. &u-short;l&u-short;la]:-- an owl, Al. 169; nátt-ugla. II. metaph. a hook-formed clothes-peg is called ugla, from the resemblance to an owl's beak. 2. a part of a ship, a tally(?). ULL, f., dat. ullu; [Goth. wulla; A.S. wull; Engl. wool; O.H.G. wolla; Germ. wolle; Dan.-Swed. uld or ull; cp. Lat. vellus] :-- wool, Fms. v. 314, Fs. 44; sauða-ullar, Grág. i. 505; í ullu eða gærum, K.Þ.K. 148; fé gilt ok í ullu, Grág. i. 503; ullar-tíund, H.E. i. 395; ær ok af ullin, Sturl. i. 159; hvít, svört, mórauð, mislit ull; haust-ull: greiða, tægja, kemba, spinna ull. 2. with gen. woollen; ullar-skyrta, ullar-sokkar, ullar-peysa, etc. COMPDS: ullar-hnoðri, ullar-lagðr, m. a flock or lock of wool, Grett. 127, Edda 74. ullar-reyfi, n. a fleece, Ver. 25, Grág. ii. 401. ull-band, n. woollen yarn, Fas. iii. 240. ull-góðr or ullar-góðr, adj. of good wool or well-fleeced. ull-hvítr, adj. white as wool, Fms. x. 321. ull-höttr, m. wool-hood, a nickname, Vápn. ullir, m. a tree, = yllir, Edda (Gl.) ull-kambr (ullar-kambr), m. a wool-comb, Fas. iii. 471, Grett. 91, Blas. 44. ull-laupr, m. a wool-chest, Orkn. 28. Ullr and Ulli, m. [akin to Goth. wulþus = glory], the name of one of the gods, the step-son of Thor, Edda, Gm. 2. Ulli, a dimin. = Erlendr, Hkr. i, see Gramm. ull-serkr, m. a nickname, Fms. x. ull-strengr, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. ull-þel, n. soft wool (see þel), Pm. 61. UM, umb, of, prep. (sounded umm); umb is used in the oldest vellums (the Eluc., Greg., Miracle-book, Jb.), and occurs now and then in later vellums (e.g. Orkn. 218, Fms. x. 378, xi. 63, 64), perh. from being a transcript of an old vellum; in rhymes, umb, trumbu, Fms. viii. (in a

UM. 649

verse of A.D. 1184); for of see 'of' at p. 462, col. 2: [A.S. ymbe; Germ. um; um and yfir (q.v.) are identical.] WITH ACC. A. Around; silki-hlað um höfuð, Ld. 188; um höfuð henni, 36; hafa um sik belti, Nj. 91, 184; um herðar sér, Ld. 56; leggja linda umb kistu, leggja lindann umb enn vanheila mann, Bs. i. 337; gyrða um sik, Sks.; beta strengi um ásenda ... festa endana um steina, Nj. 115; vefjask um fótinn, Fms. iv. 335; upp um herðarnar, Eg. 580; göra garð of engi, Grág. ii. 288; lykja um akra ok eng, Eg. 529; skjóta um hann skjaldborg, Nj. 274; slá hring um e-n, 275, Eg. 88; fara í hring um skipit, Ld. 56; taka um hönd e-m, Ó.H. 176; þar var poki um útan, Ld. 188; honum vefsk tunga um höfuð, Nj. 160; vefsk tunga um tönn (see tönn) ... strjúka dúki um augu, Fms. v. 326, Fs. 114 (in a verse); sjó, er fellr um heim allan, Róm. 193: Aðils jarl féll ok mart manna um hann, Eg. 297; tjalda um skip sín, Fms. xi. 63; hafa um sik (about oneself) fjölmenni, Eg. 12, 38; selit var gört um einn ás, Ld. 280. II. about, all over, denoting the surface; manna-ferð um héraðit, Ld. 257; fylgja þeim um einn skóg, Karl. 348; hann hafði goðorð suðr um Nesin, Ísl. ii. 207; herja um Skotland, Írland, Fms. i. 23; næfrum var þakt um ræfrit, Eg. 90; dæma för úmögum um þat þing, Grág. i. 127; flýja hingað ok þangat um eyjarnar, Fms. vii. 43; um allar sveitir, all over the country, Boll. 362; kunnigt er mér um allt Ísland, Nj. 32; of allan Noreg, Fms. x. 118; um alla Svíþjóð, Ó.H. 17; um allt ríki sitt, Eg. 278; sitja um mitt landit, about the midland, Fms. i. 26; um miðjan skóginn er smáviði, Eg. 580; sjá um alla veröld, Ó.H. 202; kominn um langan veg, come a long way off, Stj. 366, Skv. 8; of lopt ok um lög, Hkv. 1. 21; fátt kom um lengra, farther off, Fb. ii. 303; hárit féll um hana alla, Landn. 151, Fas. i. 244; hárit hékk ofan um bringu, Fas. ii. 518: mikill um herðar, large about the shoulders, broad-shouldered, Nj. 200; þykkr um bóga, þeim manni er beit á of garðinn, Grág. ii. 286; skalat hann verja um bóstað hans, 222; kveðja um þann vetvang, 106; kveðja búa heiman um þann stað, i. 130, 355: liggja um strengi, Ld. 76; or liggja um akkeri, to ride at anchor, Eg. 261, 374, Fms. ii. 5, ix. 45, x. 351. 2. of proportion; margir vóru um einn, too many against one, Ld. 156; þar vóru fjórir of einn (four to one) mót Hákoni, Fms. x. 382; eigi minni liðs-munr, en sex mundi vera um Hákonar mann einn, i. 43; um einn hest vóru tveir menn, two men to each horse, vii. 295; sex menn sé um sáld, Grág. ii. 402: Hrafn var mjök einn um sitt, kept for himself, Fs. 29; malit hefi ek mitt of leiti? Gs. 16. III. off, past, beyond (cp. yfir), with verbs denoting motion; fara ... suðr um Stað, Eg. 12; norðr um Stað, Fms. vii. 7; sigla vestr um Bretland, Nj. 281; er þeir kómu fram um Bjarkey, Ó.H. 137; norðr um Jaðar, 182; austan um Foldina, Eg. 81; út um Eldey, Eb. 108; austr um búðina, Nj. 231; ríða um þá þrjá bæi, Grág. i. 432; hann hljóp um þá, ok í fjall upp, passed them by, Landn. 89; sigla svá um oss fram, Orkn. 402; leggja um skut þessu skipi, to pass by this ship, Fms. x. 346; leita langt um skamt fram, Nj. 207 (cp. Lat. quod petis hic est); vaða jörð upp um klaufir, Ld. 336; fram um stafn, Landn. 29; aptr um stafn, Fms. x. 266; honum var úhægt at höggva um bríkina, Sturl. iii. 219; ríða um tún, to pass by a place, Ísl. ii. 252; neðan um sáðlandit, Nj. 82; fara of engi manns, Grág. ii. 277; fara um góð héruð, Landn. 37; ganga upp um bryggjuna, Eg. 195; ganga um stræti, by the road, Korm. 228; róa út um sund, Eg. 385; kominn um langan veg, 410; þeim dropum er renna um þekjuna, Fms. i. 263. 2. over, across, along; sá er annan dregr um eldinn, Fms. i. 305; skyldi ganga um gólf at minnum öllum, to cross the flood, Eg. 253; but also to walk up and down the floor, 247; bera öl um eld, to bear the ale across the fire, Fms. vi. 442; slá um þvert skipit, Nj. 44; sigla vestr um haf, Fms. i. 22; ríða vestr um ár, austr um ár, Nj. 10, 99; suðr um sæ, Eg. 288; flytja e-n um haf, Nj. 128; austan um Kjöl, Ó.H.; sunnan um fjall, Fms. x. 3; suðr um fjall, Eg. 476; um þvera stofu, Fms. vi. 440; um þvera búð, Grág. i. 24; um þvert nesit, Fms. xi. 65; um öxl, round or across the shoulder, Ld. 276; um kné sér, across the knee, Eg. 304: the phrase, mér er e-ð um hönd, difficult to lay hand on, hard, not easy; and again, hægt um hönd, giving little trouble, easy to lay hand on; ykkr er þat hægst um hönd, easiest for you, Nj. 25; þegar eg vil er hægt um hönd, heima á Fróni at vera, Núm.; kastaði (the mail) um söðul sinn, across the saddle, Grett. 93 A. IV. with adverbs denoting direction, upp um, út um, niðr um, ofan um, inn um, fram um, with acc. or ellipt.; sær féll út ok inn of nökkvann, Edda 36; loginn stóð inn um ræfrit, Eg. 239; hann var kominn upp um ský, Fms. i. 137; út um bringuna, Ld. 150; hann gékk út of Miðgarð, Edda 35; ganga út um dyrr, Eg. 420; fara út um glugg, Fms. ix. 3; út um glugginn, Ld. 278; láta sér um munn fara, to pass out of the mouth, Háv. 51; ferr orð er um munn líðr, Sturl. i. 207. B. Temp. during, in the course of, cp. Engl. that spring, that summer; um messuna, Fms. x. 109; um þingit, Eg. 765; um sex ár, Stj.; um vetrinn, Eg. 168; of sumarit, Fms. x. 93; um sumarit, Nj. 4; um várit, Eg. 42; um nótt, Grág. i. 115; þat var um nótt, by night, Ld. 152; hann mátti eigi sofa um nætr, Nj. 210; sofa um nóttina, 7; vera þar um nóttina, 252; lengra enn fara megi um dag, in the course of one day, Grág. i. 89; um daginn, for the rest of the day, Ld. 42; um morna, Landn. (in a verse), Ó.H. 44; um nætr sem um daga, by night as well as day, Sks. 20 new Ed.; um allar aldir, Edda; um alla daga, all day long, Skm. 4; um alla sína daga, all his days, Hom. 114; allt um hans æfi, Eg. 268; um aldr, for ever, passim; um tíma, for a while, Mar.; um hríð, um stund, for a while, see stund, hríð; um ... sakar, a while, see sök (A. III. 2); um samt, altogether, Sks. 113 B. 2. above, beyond; standa um várþing, Grág. i. 103; um hálfan mánuð, Fms. ix. 526, v.l.; um viku, above a week. 3. at a point of time, at; hann kom at höllinni um drykkju, Nj. 269; of matmál, at meal time, Grág. i. 261; um dagmál, um náttmál, einnhvern dag um þingit, Ld. 290; eitt hvert sinn um haustið, Nj. 26; þat var of vár, Fms. x. 389; um várit urðu mikil tíðendi, 2; þeir höfðu verit á sundi um daginn, Ld. 130; opt um daga, Edda 39; um daginn, the other day: um þat, when; um þat er þrír vetr eru liðnir, Ld. 146; um þat þessir eru bættir, Eg. 426; um þat lýkr, when the end is there, in the end, Fas. ii. 361; ef ek kom eigi aptr um þat, then, at that time, Fms. ii. 58; um þat er vér erum allir at velli lagðir, Eg. 426; um sinn, once, see sinni B, p. 530; um síðir, at last, see síð (II); um leið, at the same time; hér um bil, about so and so; um allt, of allt, always; Kristinn dóin má um allt sækja, at all times, N.G.L. ii. 154; nokkrum sinnum, ok hefir mér ofallt íllt þótt, Fms. v. 205 (see ávallt, p. 47, col. 2). C. Metaph. usages, of, about, in regard to a thing, Lat. de; halda vörð á um e-t, Eg. ch. 27; annask um e-t, to attend to, Nj. 75, Glúm. 342, Kormak; gefa gaum at um e-t, to give heed to, Ó.H. 215; bera um e-t, dæma um e-t, to bear witness, judge about, Nj. 100; tala um e-t, to speak of, 40; þræta um e-t, to quarrel about; spyrja um e-t, to speer or ask about, 110; göra, yrkja um e-n, Fms. x. 378; halda njósn um e-t, Eg. 72; nefna, búa um mál, Nj. 86; um alla ráða-görð, 101; stefna e-m um e-t, Grág. i. 175, 313, Nj. 87; vera til eptir-máls um e-t, passim; frækinn um allt, in everything, 89; bera gæfu til um e-t, Eg. 76; kappsamr of allt, þeir hyggja þat lög um þat mál, Grág. i. 9; eitt ráð myndi honum um þat sýnask, Nj. 79; kunna hóf at um ágirni sína, Ó.H. 131; þat er um þat átan, er ..., N.G.L. i. 19; þau tíðendi er görzk höfðu um ferðir Egils ok stórvirki, Eg. 686; stór úfarar görask of menn þessa, Fms. xi. 151; aumligt er um e-t, Hom. 159 (Ed.); seinkaðisk of svörin, 623. 16; mikit er um fyrirburði slíka, Nj. 119; þá var hvíld á um bardagann, 248; hann telzk undan um förina, Fms. xi. 69; ruðning um kviðinn, Nj.; misfangi um mark, a mistake as to a mark, Grág.; binda um heilt, to bind up a sound limb, Ld. 206: gróa um heilt, to become sound, be healed, Fms. xi. 87, Al. 120; ganga um beina, to attend; leita e-s í um mein hennar, Eg. 565; veita tilkall um arf, Eg.; leita um sættir, grið, Nj. 92; selja laun um liðveizlu, 214: in inscriptions of chapters, um so and so, = Lat. de; um viðrtal Njáls ok Skarphéðins, um misfanga ok um mark, um bæjar bruna, Nj., Grág., Fms.; göra mikit um sik, to make a great fuss, Fb. i. 545; görði mikit um sik ok var sjálfhælinn, Grett. 133 A: vera vel um sik (of good quality) ok vinsæll, Fms. xi. 118; mey er ok vissa vænsta ok bezt um sik, 104; at hón væri í engum hlut verri um sik, Hkr. ii. 129; sviðr um sik, wise of oneself, Hm. 102; auga blátt ok snart ok vel um sik, Mag. 7; hvárr um sik, each for himself, one by one, Dipl. ii. 11; vér staðfestum þessa articulos hvern um sik ok sér hverja, 13; þykki mér þat undarligt um svá vitran mann, of a man so wise, Eg. 20; var mart vel um hann, he had many good qualities, Rb. 364; þat mátti vera um röskvan mann, Fms. vii. 227. 2. ganga um sýslur manna, to go about or upon men's business, as an overseer. Eg. 2; ganga um beina, to attend, see beini. 3. e-m er mikit (ekki) um e-t, to like, dislike; Guðrúnu var lítið um þat ... lítið ætla ek þeim um þat bræðrum, at ..., Ld. 246, 264, Fms. ii. 81; var honum ekki um Norðmenn, Hkr. i. 128; Þórði kvaðsk ekki vera um manna-setur, Ld. 42; er þér nökkut um (hast thou any objection?), at vér rannsakim þik ok hús þin, Gísl. 53; sá er mönnum væri meira um, whom people liked more, Fms, ix. 36; ef þór er mikit um ráða-hug við mik, if thou art much bent on it, xi. 4. 4. búa um eitt lyndi, to be of one mind, Jb. 396; búa um nægtir, grun, skoll, búa um heilt, see búa (A. II); búa um hvilu, to make a bed; búa um okkr, Nj. 201 (see búa B. I. 2. γ); setjask um kyrt, to settle oneself to rest, take rest, Fas. ii. 530; or sitja um kyrt. II. because of, for, Lat. ob; öfunda e-n um e-t (invidere a-i a-d), Nj. 168; reiðask um e-t, um hvat reiddusk goðin þá, Bs. i. 22; telja á e-n of e-t, to blame one for a thing, Nj. 52; berja e-n íllyrðum um slikt, 64; lágu margir á hálsi honum þat, Fms. xi. 336; týna aldri um óra sök, Skv. 3. 49; verða útlagr um e-t, to be fined for a transgression, Grág. i. 16; dæmdr fjörbaugs-maðr um spellvirki, 129; maðr vegr mann um konu, if a man slays a person for [violating] his wife, 61; um sakleysi, without cause, Nj. 106, 270, Bs. i. 19. III. beyond, above; fimm hundruð gólfa ok um (plus) fjórum togum, Gm. 24; kistan var eigi um vættar höfga, Bs. i. 712; margir fengu eigi hlaupit um röst, Karl. 351; lítið um tuttugu menn, Sturl. i. 183; hann var ekki um tvítugan, Róm. 327; hafa vetr um þrítugt, to be one beyond thirty, i.e. thirty-one, Sturl. i. 183: freq. in mod. usage, hafa tvo um þrítugt (thirty-two), átta um fertugt (forty-eight), tvo um fimtugt (fifty-two), einn um áttrætt (eighty-one); sá dagr, sem um

650 UM -- UMHVARF.

vikur fullar er í árinu, Rb. 128: at yðr verði þat ekki um afl, beyond your strength, more than one can do, Band. 21 new Ed.; um megn, id., Fms. viii. 62; þetta mál er nökkut þér um megn, vi. 18; kasta steini um megn sér, to overstrain oneself: um of, excessive; þótti mörgum þetta um of, Vígl. 18: um fram (q.v.), beyond; um alla menn fram, above all men, Ld. 20, Fms. v. 343; um alla hluti fram, above all things; um þat fram sem ykkr var lofat, Sks.: um hug; vera e-t um hug, to have no mind for, dislike; ef þér er nökkut um hug á kaupum við oss, Nj. 24. IV. turned over, in exchange; skipta um, snúa um, venda um, see skipta III and snúa A. III. V. over, across; detta, falla um e-t, to stumble over; hverr féll um annan, of heaps of slain. Eg. 24; fÉll bóandinn um hann, Nj. 96; detta um stein, þúfu, to stumble over a stone, mound; glotta um tönn, see tönn. VI. by; draugrinn hafði þokat at Þorsteini um þrjár setur, by three seats, Fb. i. 417; hefja upp of faðm saman, by a fathom, Grág. ii. 336; minka um helming, to decrease by one half; hverr um sik, each by himself, Rétt. 114. VII. about; eiga e-t um at vera, to be troubled about a thing; þeir sögðu honum hvat um var at vera, what it was about, Hrafn. 18; sem engi ótti væri um at vera, no danger, Fms. iv. 57; eiga ekki um at vera, iii. 156; or, eiga um ekki at vera, Gísl. 30; eiga vandræði, fjölskyldi um at vera, Fms. vi. 378, xi. 78; hann segir honum um hvat vera er, what was the matter? Gísl. 36; þann sagði þvílíkt er hann hafði um at vera, Krok.; var fátt um með þeim, they were on cold terms, Nj. 2; var þá ekki lítið um, there was no little fuss about it, Bárð. 174; mikit er um þá maðrinn býr, mart hefir hann að hugsa, a ditty. VIII. ellipt., til marks um, Nj. 56; þykkir honum vænkask um, Fms. xi. 135; þann mála-búnað at hann verðr sekr um, Nj. 88; ef satt skal um tala, 105; mér hefir tvennt um sýnzk, 3; menn ræddu um at vánt væri skip hans, 282; hér má ek vel svara þér um, 33; hann brá dúki um, Fms. x. 382; enda er þá djöfullinn um (about, lurking) at svíkja þann mann, Hom. 159; þannig sem atburðr hefir orðit um, as things have turned out, Fms. xi. 64; ekki er við menn um at eiga, this is no dealing with men (but with trolls or devils), Nj. 97. IX. with adverbs; í hring útan um, all round, Eg. 486; gékk um Veðrit, veered round, changed, Bs. i. 775; ríða um, to ride by, Eg. 748; sigla um, to sail by, Fms. x. 23; er konungr færi norðan ok suðr um, Eg. 53; langt um, far beyond, quite; fljótið var langt um úfært, quite impassable, Nj. 63, 144; þessi veðr eru langt um úfær, Grett. 181 new Ed.; cp. mod. það er langt um betra, by far better; kring-um, all around, see A.V. 2. um liðinn, passed by, of time; á þeirri viku er um var liðin, in the past week, Ísl. ii. 332. WITH DAT. A. Local, over, Lat. super; but almost entirely confined to poets, sitja um matborði (of Hkr. iii. 109) = sitja yfir matborði, P'ms. viii. 51; um verði, over the table, Hm. 30; sitja of (= yfir) skörðum hlut, Ó.H. 150; sá er tvá húskarla á, ok um sjálfum sér, two house-carles besides himself, Grág. (Kb.) i. 10; um alda sonum, Fm. 16; er ek hafðak veldi of héruðum þessum, Clem. 35; hár söngr of svírum, Hornklofi; nema þér syngi um höfði, Hkv. 2; sitja um sínum ver, Vsp.; er ek sat soltin um Sigurði, Gkv. 2. 11; opin-spjallr um e-u, ... þagmælskr um þjóðlygi (dat.), Ad. 1; um styrkum ættar stuðli, 12; ægis-hjálm bar ek um alda sonum, meðan ek um menjum lák, Fm. 16; gól um hánum, Vsp.; úlfr þaut um hræfi, Ó.H. (in a verse); see 'of,' prep., p. 462, col. 2, and yfir. B. Of time, by; um dögum, by day, Fms. vi. 98, ix. 48; um nóttum, by night, vii. 166; um haustum, in the autumn, Eb. 216; bæði um haustum ok várum, both in autumn and spring, Sks. 235 B; um sumrum, Fms. vi. 255; um sumrum herjuðu þeir í Noreg, Eb. 3; þakt með ísum um vetrum ok sumrum, 6o/ h winter and summer, Sks. 181 B; opt um vetnim, Eg. 4; þeir liggja úti hvert sumar, en um vetrum eru þeir heima, Fms. xi. 97. This use with dat. is obsolete in mod. prose. um, an enclytic particle, see 'of,' p. 462, col. 2. um, adv. too; see 'of,' p. 462, col. 2, and p. 463, col. 1. um-annan, f. care about a thing, a looking after it, Lv. 74. umb, see um. um-band, n. a bandage, Korm. 90, Ó.H. 219. um-bergis, adv. = umhverfis. um-beygiligr, adj. flexible, Skálda. um-boð, n. a charge, commission, administration by a delegacy; hafa u. af eigandi, Grág. ii. 374; taka u. konungs, Fms. ix. 458; fá e-m u. sitt, Eg. 590, Ó.H. 105; göra e-t at umboði e-s, Ver. 31; stjórn ok u. af hans hendi, Eg. 18, Sd. 184 (of a minor's property). 2. a stewardship; í Fljóta-umboði hundrað kúgilda, Dipl. iii. 4; esp. in mod. times, when a king's domains were divided into such 'umboð.' umboðs-maðr, m. a trusty manager, K.Á. 206, Fms. ix. 243: a commissary, konungs u., vi. 33; biskups u., H.E. ii. 49; tvá umbodsmenn (stewards) munklífisins, Fms. iii. 61: in mod. usage a manager of the king's domains. umb-ogr, m. [hugr], care, concern, Hom. (St.) um-bót, f., esp. in plur. repairs, Gþl. 416; þurfa umbóta, Bs. i. 693: a mending, bettering, Fms. iv. 262, vi. 208, Sturl. iii. 3 C, Gþl. iv. (pref., where it means an emendation), umbótar-maðr, m. one who mends matters, Sturl. iii. 3, Fms. x. 110, Bs. i. 651. um-breyting, f. a change, Fas. i. 81, freq. in mod. usage. um-brot, n. pl. a violent struggle, convulsion (brjótask um), Finnb. 342, Fbr. 173: of physical changes, Sks. 148; sá ek þar búðar-toptir margar ok umbrot mikil, I saw a great levelling, i.e. all turned upside down, Nj. 162. um-buna, að, and um-bun, f. a reward; see ömbuna. um-burðr, m., in umburðar-lyndi, n. forbearance. um-búð, f. [búa um], an apparatus, equipment, furniture, Fms. x. 373, Fas. iii. 30; þá verðr ú-heilög sú umbúð, Grág. ii. 350: a preparation, arrangement, þeir tóku strengina ok veittu þessa umbúð alla, Nj. 115; taka þeir þessa u. sem Pálnatóki gaf ráð til, Fms. xi. 66; konungr lét þá veita u. nökkura, v. 167. 2. mod., esp. in plur., wrapper, bandage, cover, Lat. involucrum. um-búnaðr, m. = umbúð, Sks. 402, 405, Fms. vii. 147, Stj. 638; veita sári umbúnað, to bandage a wound, Fas. i. 222, Eg. 35 (of a dead body); gröptr eða u. . burial, Fms. v. 94; sofa í góðum umbúnaði, i. 69; var honum veittr hægligr u. (a soft bed) ok sofnar hann brátt, Odd.; u. á skipi til varnar, Sks. 397 B; sá u., Fms. xi. 34; er þessum umbúnaði var lokit, 35; allan umbúnað þeirra Hákonar, vii. 256; sprakk út annat auga ór umbúnaðinum, out of the eye-socket, Mar.: = dyri-umbúnaðr, a doorway, Stj. 415: a case or covering, Pm. 10, see umbúð. um-búningr, m. = umbúnaðr, Rb. 378, H.E. i. 298: a bandage, Fas. i. 222: trimmings, outfittings, var henni veittr u. (she was fitted out) sem hón þurfti at hafa til at fremja seiðinn, Þorf. Karl. 376; breyta umbúningi sínum, to change one's trim, Orkn. 274. um-bylting, f. a turning upside down. um-bæta, t, to mend, D.N. iii. 419. um-bötun or um-batan, f. an amendment, Bs. i. 292. um-dráttr, m., gramm. = catachresis, Skálda. um-dyri, n. = ofdyri (q.v.), a lintel, Hom. 82. um-dæmi, n. (umb-dæmi, Fms. xi. 83, 84), an adjustment; unna e-m sæmda ok umdæmis, Fb. iii. 450. 2. a charge, business; sem nefndir eru með. svörnum eiði til þessa umdæmis (viz. to elect a king), Gþl. 75. 3. a jurisdiction, mod., cp. Landn. 334 (App.) um-dögg, f., poët., u. arins, 'hearth-dew,' i.e. smoke, Gkv. 2. 23. um-faðma, að, to embrace, mod. Dan. om-favne. um-fang, n. a struggle, Karl. 158, Fb. i. 260, Finnb. 266, Th. 76: a bustle, u. sitt ok raup, Grett. 135 A. umfangs-mikill, adj. unruly, making a great noise, Finnb. 222, Grett. 98 A; u. ok gárungr, 144 A. um-far, n. one course or round of boards in a building, Boldt 165: esp. of boards in a ship, D.N. v. 597. um-feðmings-gras, n., botan. the creeping vetch, Björn. um-ferð, f. a circuit, round, journey, Stj. 3: vagrancy, ekki linnir umferðunum um Fljótsdalinn enn, Stef. Ól.; umferðar-maðr, a journeyman, Gþl. 369; umferðar piltr, Fas. ii. 418. um-flotinn, part. surrounded by water. um-fram, umb-fram, Íb. 7, D.I. i. 476: prep. and adv., with acc. beyond, above, Fms. vi. 321; u. aðra menn, Bs. i. 36; u. alla menn, Fms. i. 81, vii. 228, Eg. 146, Band. 39 new Ed., Sks. 455. K.Á. 58. 2. besides, over and above; þat sem u. gengr, the surplus, Hb. 415. 9, Eg. 59; tólf menn ok lögsögu-maðr u., Grág. i. 4, Landn. 161, Nj. 250, Jb. 7. 3. umfram um; u. um klæðnað sinn, Grág. i. 250; vera u. of aðra menn, to excel others, Fms. x. 381; u. of eljun annarra manna, Hkr. iii. 349, v.l.; umfram of þat es áðr es sagt, D.I. l.c. 4. adverb., ríða umfram, to pass by, Nj. 261; fara u., Gþl. 262; at hvárigir gangi þar umfram, trespass beyond that, O.H. 53. um-ganga, u, f. a passing over, H.E. i. 459; umgöngu maðr, a husbandman, 515. um-gangr, m. [Dan. omgang = conversation], a circuit, a passage round, of a building, = skot, q.v.; í hennar (the churches) umgöngum eða forhúsi, H.E. i. 510, Mar., D.N. v. 722. 2. management; með umgangi ok sáttar-boðum góðra manna, Eb. 128; hlíta hans forsjá ok umgangi, Grett. 98 A; vanrækja allan umganginn (all the husbandry), Fms. xi. 423. umgangs-maðr, m., mikill u., a great husbandman, good manager of the household, Fas. ii. 347. um-gengi, n. management; með u. e-s, Ísl. ii. 38. um-gerð or um-gjörð, f. (rhymed umgerð sverði, Hallfred), a sheath, scabbard, Fms. i. 15, ii. 51, vii. 298, Ld. 204, N.G.L. ii. 255, Ísl. ii. 39. 2. = umbúnaðr, Barl. 21; u. á hjálmi, Karl. 91. um-geypnandi, part. [gaupn], the compasser of, Geisli. um-gjöf, spelt umb-gjöf, f. a gift, Clem. 45. um-gröptr, m. a digging round, searching, Krók. 51 C. um-gyrða, ð, to encircle, surround, Sks. 628 B. um-göng, n. pl. a circuit, Lex. Poët. um-hleypingr, m. a landlouper, Sturl. iii. 28, v.l. 2. of the weather, changeable, stormy weather; það er umhleypinga-samt, stormar og umhleypingar. um-horf, n. a looking round, in the phrase, hversu þar var umhorfs, how did it look, Þjal. 6. um-hugsan, f. reflexion, Fms. i. 229. um-hvarf, n. a circuit, round, N.G.L. i. 36.

UMHVERFA -- UNA. 651

um-hverfa, ð, to turn inside out. um-hverfi, n. = umfar; tvau eðr þrjú u., D.N. i. 477. um-hverfis, conj. and adv. (umb-verfis, Plac. 49, MS. 623. 39; umb-hverfis, Rb. 1812. 66, Grág. (Kb.) i. 211; um-vergis, Stj. 177, 192, 206; um-verbis, Blas. 39; um-bergis, a form prevalent in the 14th century, Bs. ii. passim, Mar., Karl. 189, Fb. ii. 309, Nj. 88, 198, v.l.) :-- all around, with acc.; u. hann, Fms. vii. 191; u. húsin, Nj. 198; u. landit, Fms. xi. 411, Nj. 88; kirkja á tjöld u. sik, Vm. 69; u. himininn, Rb. 132. 2. as adverb.; gékk mikill mann-fjölði þar u., Fms. viii. 377; þar er djúpt vatn u., Grág. ii. 131; festir skildir u., Eg. 43; þar er hraun allt u., Nj. 264; stutt hár u., Fms. viii. 29; allt u. í hring, all around, iv. 160. um-hverfum, adv. = umhverfis, Fms. viii. 322, 347, 377 (v.l.), Bjarn. 62, Orkn. 428. um-hyggja, u, f. [Dan. omhu], thoughtfulness, care; svipta þik várri umhyggju ok forsjá, Bs. i. 40; með ástsemd ok föðurligri umhyggju, Dipl. i. 2. COMPDS: umhyggju-lauss, adj. careless, Fms. vi. 204. umhyggju-lítill, adj. id., Pass. umhyggju-maðr, m. an overseer, Hom. (St.) umhyggju-samr (-semi, f.), adj. thoughtful, painstaking. umi, a, m. [akin to ymr, q.v.], a noise, rumour; uma þann er á lék, Fb. iii. 318. um-kaup, n. exchange, barter (Dan. bytte), Bs. i. 751. um-keypi, n. = umkaup, Fms. iii. 51. um-komulauss, adj. helpless. um-kringing, f. a surrounding; umkringingar mál = periphrasis, Skálda. um-kringis, adv. = umhverfis, [Dan. omkring], Symb. 58, Dipl. ii. 1, Art. 28. um-kringja, ð, to surround, Rb. 132, Sks. 198, Fms. xi. 435. um-kvæði, n. [Dan. om-kvæde = burden of a song], a term, expression, wording; þau orð ok u., sem hann má frekust hafa, Ísl. ii. 149. umla, að, to mutter, mumble; hann umlaði við, Fms. vi. 372. um-leiðing, f. a leading round, Stj. 377. um-leitan, f. a seeking for, negociation, Ó.H. 58; hafa u. við vini sína, Fms. ix. 242, 406, v.l.; sætta u., Orkn. 272; var um sættir leitað ... með u. margra manna, Valla L. 215; at þú komir mér í sætt við jarl með þeirri u. at ..., Fs. 9. um-les, n. (lesa um e-n, Hm.), Old Engl. leasing = slander. COMPDS: umles-maðr, m. a gossipper, slanderer, Hom. (St.) umles-samr, adj. backbiting (spelt umlassamr), Hom. (St.) um-lestr, m. = umles, Stj. 155, 291, Stat. 238; með öfund ok umlestri, Bs. i. 790. umli, a, m. = umi; umla-samr, 686 B. 2; read umles-samr, q.v. um-liðinn, part. past, of time; see líða. um-liðning, f. a passing by, of the time, Stj. 49. um-mál, n. = ummæli (q.v.), Sturl. iii. 295, Bjarn. 58. 2. a circumference, Stj. 564. um-merki, n. a marking out; settar stengr til ummerkja, Eg. 275: a boundary, landmark, til þeirra ummerkja, Jb. 229; Hóla, með þessum rekum ok ummerkjum, Dipl. ii. 1, Stj. 405, 440: the phrase, sjá vegs ummerki (verks of merki), Orkn. 220; vegs ummerki (verks of merki, v.l.), Nj. 28, Fb. i. 209, 260. um-merkja, t, to make a landmark, Stj. 560. um-mæli, n. pl. utterances, a declaration, Nj. 56, Bs. i. 141, Fms, vi. 7, 199, vii. 95; sakir ummæla konungs, id.; þér skulut ráða yðrum ummælum, en ek mun því ráða hvat ek tala, Ísl. ii. 167; kunnu vér þökk þinna ummaela, 392, Finnb. 358. ummsela-laust, n. adj. blameless; varð þat aldrei u., it was talked of, got an evil report, Sturl. i. 63. um-mæling, f. = ummál, a circumference, Rb. 476, Hb. 415. 18. um-mörk, n. pl. = ummerki, Bs. i. 742. um-ráð, umb-ráð, n. guidance, management; með umbráði Markúss lögsögu-manns, Íb. 16; hann hefir umbráð um ferð þeirra, Ísl. ii. 343; eptir umráði biskups, K.Á. 214; skipa manni á pall á bak sér til umráða, for consultation, Grág. i. 8; skipa tveim mönnum í Lögréttu til umráða með sér, 5; einn dag til umráða, Eg. 279: a commission, Herodes hafði ríki at umráði Rómverja, Rb. 402. um-rás, f. a round, course, circuit, Sks. 42. um-renna, rann, to pass round, Rb. 362: um-rennendr, part. a marauder, Fms. iv. 168. um-renningr, part. used as subst. a vagrant, Þórð. 43 new Ed.: a scout, marauder, Ó.H. 71, Sturl. ii. 75, Fms. viii. 329, 439. um-ræða, u, f., umb-ræða, Fms. v. 207, Nj. (Lat.) 314, v.l. :-- a discourse, talk, Nj. 112, Ld. 76, Fms. ii. 37, vi. 227; leggja í umræðu, to discuss, Orkn. 426; lýk ek hér umræðu (the discussion) raddarstafanna, Skálda. umræðu-verðr, adj. worthy of remark, Sturl. i. 101, Sks. 101. um-ræði, n. = umráð, Hom, 111, Sks. 672 B, Anecd. 74. um-ræðiligr, adj. worth mentioning, worthy of mention, Sks. 101 B. um-sát, f. (pl. umsetr, Str. 29), [sitja], an ambush, waylaying, Fær. 134, Fms. i. 181, vi. 152, viii. 427, x. 293, 348, Valla L. 226 (Cod. umsátur for umsátir, wrongly): metaph., þeir veittu opt umsátir at eyða sínum fjánd-mönnum, Fms. viii. 436. um-sátr, n., mod. = umsát. um-seta, u, f. = umsát, a siege, Ver. 43. um-sitendr, part. pl. used as subst. 'round-sitters,' neighbours; heimamenn ok umsitendr, Sturl. ii. 94. um-sjá, f. (um-sjó, Grett. 103 A), gen. umsjá, Bs. i. 131; later umsjár, Fb. ii. 200, l. 7 :-- oversight, care, provision, supervision, Þórð. 13 new Ed., Fms. vi. 104; veita e-m u., Eg. 321; heita trausti ok u., Nj. 260, Bs. i. 131; með ráðum ok umsjá e-s, Fb. ii. 123. COMPDS: umsjá-lauss, adj. unprovided for, Háv. 55. umsjá-sveinn, m. a boy under guardianship, D.N. ii. 138. um-sjón, f. = umsjá, Karl. 13, is the mod. form. um-sjór, m. the surrounding sea, the ocean, main, Pr. 409. um-skera, skar, to circumcise, (mod.) um-skipti, n. a change, turn; íllt u., Fms. ii. 119; því u., vi. 346; þá er u. orðit með þeim, Hrafn. 28: mostly in plur., skjót u., Fms. ii. 158; göra u. á e-u, Gþl. 12; dásamlig u., Magn. 532; nökkur u., Ld. 254; börðusk þeir lengi, svá at eigi urðu u., an indecisive battle, Nj. 122; þar til er u. yrði með þeim, Finnb. 332, 338. um-skiptiligr, adj. shifty, changeful, Mar., Fms. viii. 16, v.l. um-skipting, f. = umbreyting, Stj. 242. um-skorning, f. = umskurn, Geisli, Hom. (St.) um-skurðr, m. circumcision, Symb. 22, Stj. 116. um-skurn, f. = umskurðr. um-skyggja, ð, to overshadow, Hom. 31. um-skygnari, a, m. an outlooker, scout, Stj. 522. um-skygning, f. an overlooking, inspection, D.N.; umskygningar-maðr, a scout, Stj. 522, v.l. um-skýrnig, f. an explanation, H.E. i. 395. um-sléttan, f. a levelling, Stj. 142. um-sniðning, f. circumcision, Stj.: um-sníða, sneið, to circumcise, Hom. (St.) um-snúa, sneri, to turn inside out. um-snúning, f. = Gr.-Lat. metathesis, transposition, Skálda. um-sókn, f. = yfirsókn, Eg. 177, v.l. um-spillendr, part. pl. used as subst. slanderers, disparagers, Fms. ix. 282, 449, 454 (umspilla-menn, v.l.) um-stang, n. a bustle, trouble. um-stilli, n. = tilstilli, Fms. vi. 275, Fbr. 117, Al. 156. um-stillingar, f. pl. machinations, Ó.H. (in a verse). um-svif, n. pl. activity, bustle. COMPDS: umsvifs-maðr, m. an active man; u. mikill um bú sitt, Háv. 52. umsvifa-mikill, adj. active, bustling. um-sýsla and umb-sýsla, u, f. occupation, management, Ld. 26; hann hét umsýslu sinni við föður sinn, Eg. 174, Fær. 67; þeir hétu honum umbsýslo sinni, Íb. 10. COMPDS: umsýslu-maðr, m. an active man, a man of business; þú ert umsýslumaðr mikill ok hagr vel, Fms. i. 290, Eg. 4: a manager, steward, Sturl. ii. 145; umsýslumaðr um fé e-s, Grág. i. 336. umsýslu-mikill, -samr, adj. active, busy, Brandkr. 63. um-tal, n. talk, conversation; er hann heyrði u. manna, Fms. ii. 283; með umtali (gossip) vándra manna, Orkn. 162. umtals-mál, n. a thing proper for discussion, to be talked of, Grett. 133 A, 155. um-turna, að, to turn upside down, upset, Fms. xi. 435, Stj. 123. um-turnan, f. a turning upside down, upsetting, Stj. 15. um-tölur, f. pl. persuasions; með vinsæld hans ok umtölum, persuasions, Fms. i. 32; eggjan hans ok umtölur, vi. 47; við umtölur góðra manna, Nj. 267. um-vandan, um-vöndun, f. a reprimand, MS. 625. 94; veita u., Bs. i. 166; dómr eða u., 759. um-varp, n. a fence. um-venda, d, to turn about, change, Stj. 91, 179: um-vendan, f. conversion. um-vergis, see umhverfis. um-vés, n. a bustle, turmoil, Úlf. 1. 19. um-vöxtr, m. growth, circumference, Landn. 275, v.l. um-þenking, f. a thinking about, (mod.) um-önnun, see um-annan. UNA, pres. uni; pret. unði, later undi; subj. ynði; imperat. uni, Glúm. 354, Fas. i. 146, Eb. l.c.; part. unat: [a Goth. wunan is assumed from the participle unwunands = GREEK, Phil. ii. 26; the word prop. means to dwell, abide; A.S. wunian; Old Engl. to wone; Germ. wohnen] :-- to abide, dwell; börn áttu þau bjoggu ok unðu, dwelt and abode, Rm.; fiskr unir í flóði, the fish lives in water. Gm.; hér munda ek eðli una, Fsm. 2. to dwell, abide, in a Biblical sense; með Guði unir sá er unir í helgum friði, Hom. 5; una skolu vér í elsku Guðs ok náungs, ... sá er unir í ástinni í Guði unir ok Guð í honum, Hom. (St.), rendering of Lat. manet. II. but mostly, as in the Goth. word above cited, in a special sense, to dwell on, enjoy, be happy in, content with a thing, with dat.; þangat sem hann hafði áðr lengst verit ok sínu ráði bezt unat, Fms. i. 135; Gullharaldr undi þá miklu verr enn áðr, was still less at his ease, 83; gamni mær unði, enjoyed her

652 UNAÐR, -- UNDIR.

luck, Hbl.; at hóm sér né ynðit, Am. 54; hvártki sér unði, 86; una lífi, to enjoy life, Hkv. 1. 54; eigðú um aldr þat ok uni dóttir, Gkv. 2. 32; ok unandi auði stýra, ok sitjandi sælu njóta, Skv. 3. 16; ok uni allvel meðan svá er búit, Sturl. i. 206; una munda ek með þér, ef þú fengir mér konu þá er ..., Fms. i. 289; þótti Hallfreði svá mikill skaði at um Ólaf konung at hann undi öngu, iii. 24; hann unði sér engu, was restless and unhappy, Fs. 113; hann unði lítt eptir Gunnlaug, Ísl. ii. 273; uni (imperat.) nú við þat, Fas. i. 146; uni þú nú vel við, Eb. 117 new Ed.; en þu uni við svá vel sem þú vill, Glúm. 354; una vel sínu ráði, Fb. i. 116; skalt þú fara ok una vel við ráð þitt. Nj. 11; þeir undu við it versta, 251; Þórólfr unir ílla við sinn hlut, Ld. 40; uni ek því bezt við æfi mína. Fs. 21. 2. sayings; unir auga neðan á sér, Völs. R.; þar er allr sem unir, Vídal. ii. 62; sæll er hinn er unir sínu, happy is he who is content with his lot, Edda (Ht.), in a ditty by bishop Klæng; öng er sorg verri en sér öngu at una, Hm. 94. unaðr, m. and unað, n.; eilíft unað, Hom. (St.); æzta unað, Sól. 71; lítið unað, Skv. 1. 46: rarer unaðr, m., Eluc. 49, and so in mod. usage, although unan (q.v.) is more freq.: [A.S. wyn; Germ. wonne; Dan. ynde] :-- delight, happiness; friðar fagnaðar, ok unaðs, 623. 22; öllum þykkir unat í, á at heyra, Fb. i. 348; unaðr es, Eluc. 49; eilífs unaðar, 625. 188; með unaði ok inndæli, 168; slikt er æzta unað, Sól.; í Paradísar unað, Hom. (St.); unaðs-bót, skömm unaðs-bót, a short delight, Fms. xi. 329; unaðs hilmr, a sweet smell, Eluc. 54; unaðs-sýn, a happy sight, 53; unaðs-vist, a happy home, Bs. i. 146; cp. ynði. unað-samligr, adj. delightful, Greg. 30, Eluc. 45, . Sturl. i. 206 C, Fas. iii. 87, Mar. unað-samr, adj. delightful; auðræði ok unaðsamar vistir, a happy home, Bs. i. 146 (better unaðs vistir, see the foot-note). unað-semd (-semi, 655 xxvi. 1), f. a charm, delight; blómgaða með allri u., Fms. i. 137; eilíf u., Th. 6, Stj. 15; unaðsemdar vist = unaðs vist, Mar. (655 xxxii. 1). unan and unun, f. a charm, delight (Germ. wonne), freq.; this is the current mod. form. ununar-samr, adj. delightful, Fas. iii. 644. UND, f. [Goth. wunds = wounded and wundufni = GREEK; A.S. wund; Engl. wound; O.H.G. wunta; Germ. wunde] :-- a wound; undir svella, Skv. 3. 68; undir dreyrgar, 32; blóð hljóp ór undinni. Eg. 216, Sæm. 179; taka vápnit ór undinni, Gísl. 22; hann beit yðr stóra und, Fas. ii. 378; tók at láta í undum þeim er vóru fyrir brjóstinu, Róm. 232; hol-und, merg-und. This word is little used in prose, having been superseded by the word sár, a sore: in poët, circumlocutions, unda-log, und-bál, und-leygr, wound-fire, i.e. weapons; und-bára, -gjálfr, -lögr, a wound-wave, i.e. blood; und-reyr, -fleinn, -linnr, = a wound-reed, wound-snake, a sword; und-gagl, a carrion bird, Lex. Poët. unda-fífill, m., botan. hawkweed, hieracium. UND, prep., see undir. undaðr, part. wounded; geiri undaðr, Hm. 139; vápn-u., hjör-u., sword-wounded, Skv. 3. 46, Hkr. i. (in a verse). undan, prep. with dat. and adv. from under, from underneath; hann kastaði í pallinn undan sér hásætinu, he threw the cushion away from the seat he sat on, Nj. 175; hjó undan honum fótinn, cut his foot from under him, cut his leg off, 9; madr kippti fótum undan honum, svá at hann féll, Fms. ii. 149; hann hafði rétt fingrinn út undan húðinni, Nj. 208; berjask undan skildi eða buklara, Sks. 374 B; hann spratt upp undan borðinu, he sprang up from the table, Nj. 152; spratt upp u. garðinum, up from under the fence, where he had been hidden, 170; róa fram undan eyjunni, Fms. ii. 305; sjá þeir renna skip undan eyjum fram, x. 205; halda skipum undan landi, to keep with his ship from under the land, stand off land, i. 225; gaf byr undan landi, Ísl. ii. 243; þá er hann var þrévetr, gékk hann eigi u. konum, Eb. 320; hestisk Þórólfr á hann en graðungrinn gékk eigi u. at heldr, 324 (of a vicious bull). 2. without motion, of position; skerit var út undan firðinum, the skerry was out at sea just off the fjord, Háv. 49; ísar liggja langt undan landi, lie off the land, Sks. 173 B; ... skeri, þat er vika u. landi, Landn. 134; undan þríhyrningi, from (the farm) Th., Nj. 93, 103; undan Felli, from Fell, Sturl. i. 9. 3. from, away, in the sense of retreating, pursuing, shunning, escaping, flying from a thing; snúa undan, to turn away from, Nj. 95; get ek þess at þú vilir eigi renna u. þeim, id.; komask undan, to escape; ríða undan. 105; varpa sér undan, 91; ef þetta berr undan, escapes, 63: metaph., fara undan, to keep aloof, withdraw from, refuse, 99; þeir þágu þá undan, got them relieved. 163; frelsa e-n undan valdi e-s, Fms. x. 142; skilja undan, see skilja; ganga undan, to pass away, be lost, i. 23; láta jarl ráða svá miklu ríki undan yðr, 52; Styrr dró alla menn undan Þorgesti, Eb. 108; heimta fé mitt undan Hrúti, claim it from under Rut's hand, call on Rut to yield it up, Nj. 31; hve þér mundi undan, ef þú hefðir nökkut þat gört er frami væri at, Ísl. ii. 358 (a corrupt passage). 4. ahead of, before, both as prep. and adv.; ganga, fara undan e-m, to go before, ahead of, opp. to eptir; hann lætr fara undan sauðfé þat er skjarrast var, Ld. 96; hann var á undan mér alla leiðina; farðú á undan, eg skal koma á eptir, freq. in mod. usage; the ancients here mostly use fyrir, q.v. 5. lömb undan ám, a lamb under a ewe (born of it); kið undan geitum, kálfar undan kú, Grág. ii. 305: so in mod. usage, hann er u. henni Hyrnu, of the young and the dam; so also, smjör undan tuttugu kúm, tíu ám, Fb. ii. 529. undan-boð, n.; u. fjár, taking invested money out of a person's keeping, Grág. i. 197. undan-bragð, n. a device, subterfuge, Fms. i. 137, v. 286, x. 240, Lv. 65, Fs. 5, 97. undan-dráttr, m. a putting off, evasion, shirking, Fms. i. 115, ix. 251, x. 423, Eb. 114, Ó.H. 97: a shift, trick, H.E. i. 506. undan-eldi, n. a breed; gott til undaneldis. undan-fari, a, m. a precursor. undan-farinn, part. preceding. undan-ferð, f. a getting away from under, an escape, Njarð. 374, Sturl. iii. 71. undan-ferli = undandráttr, Post. (Unger) 96. undan-færi, n. = undanferð, Fas. i. 454. undan-færsla, n, f. an evasion, Fms. vii. 115: a law phrase, a pleading one's innocence, by ordeal or otherwise (færa II); skírsla eðr u., K.Á. 202, Fær. 201, Gþl. 550. undan-hald, n. a flight, Rd. 312: a running before the wind, beint u.: in the phrase, það er hægt undanhaldit. undan-hallr, adj. sloping. undan-herka, u, f. a shirk, shift, quibble, Bjarn. 16. undan-hlaup, n. a running away, Rd. 193. undan-kváma, u, f. an escape. Eg. 406, Fms. i. 136, vi. 421, ix. 387, x. 240, passim. undan-lausn, f. a releasing, redemption, Grág. ii. 221, Fas. ii. 387. undan-láss, m. the lees and dregs in a cask. undan-mæli, n. an excuse, Konr. undan-rás, f. running away, Fs. 42. undan-renning, f. skimmed milk. undan-róðr, m. a rowing away, escaping, of one pursued, Fms. ii. 181. undar-liga, adv., qs. undrliga, [undr], wonderfully, extraordinary, Eg. 133, 769, Nj. 62, Orkn. 418, Ó.H. 220. undar-ligr, adj. wonderful, extraordinary, Fms. i. 34, vi. 392, viii. 8, Eg. 47, Nj. 7, passim. 2. wonderful, marvellous, Blas. 47, Th. 10, Ld. 200, Edda i. 16. und-genginn, part. wound-printed, Nj. (in a verse), an epithet of wounds, as sword-prints. -undinn, part., from unna, in af-undinn. UNDIR, prep. with dat. and acc.; an older monosyllabic und is often used in poets, Ls. 44, Hdl. 11, Þkv. 16, Hm. 58; und valkesti, und árum, Lex. Poët.; und hánum, Haustl.: unt = und, Akv. 26 (Bugge): [Ulf. undar; A.S., Engl., and Dan. under; O.H.G. untar; Germ. unter] :-- under, underneath, below. A. With dat., undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; tréit u. honum, underneath him, 202; mána vegr und hánum, Haustl.; skipit undir þeim, Háv. 42, Ld. 78; troða undir fótum, Fms. ii. 172; bera undir hendi sér, Eg. 237, Nj. 200; sverðit brotnaði undir hjaltinu, 43; sitja undir borðum, 68; róa undir seglum, Fms. viii. 131; skip þungt undir árum, heavy to row. Eg. 354; undir túngarði, Ld. 138; u. veggnum, Háv. 49; u. haugnum, Eb. 94; u. heiðinni, Eg. 277; fjöll undir jöklum, Fb. i. 540; liggja undir nesi einu, Nj. 43; undir garðinum, Njarð. 374; und kvernum, Ls. 44: und Miðgarði, Hdl. 11; undir Þríhyrningi, Nj. 89, 114; undir Hrauni, Eb. 52; undir Felli, Nj. 16, of places seated under a fell, Landn. passim. 2. hvárt þat fé hefði undir því kvikendi alizt, of a dam, Grág. ii. 312; undir þeim var alinn Freyfaxi, she (the mare) was the dam of F., Landn. 195. II. metaph. usages; alla sem undir honum eru, Sks. 677 B; u. þeim biskupi eru ellifu hundrað kirkna, Rb. 332; búa u. e-m, Fms. i. 107; undir hendi, höndum e-m, hönd (B.I. fine); eiga undir sér, to have under one, in one's power, Fms. iv. 271, Ld. 250, Vígl. 33, Sturl. i. 20; see eiga (A. IV. 2): eiga fé undir e-m, to have money in his hands, deposited with him, Nj. 101; taka tíu hundruð u. Eiriki bónda, ten hundred in E.'s keeping, Dipl. ii. 6; tvau hundruð u. sonum herra Stepháns, i. 11; þeim manni er féit er undir, Grág. i. 184; er und einum mér öll hodd Hniflunga, Akv. 26. 2. under, depending on; svá var ávísat sem u. væri bani ykkar beggja, Am. 12; örlög vár eru eigi u. orðum þínum, Karl. 339; hans líf stendr þar u., Stj. 219; undir því væri, at ek hefða góð málalok, Nj. 47; hvárt þykkir þer u. því sem mest, 263; mikit þótti spökum mönnum undir, at ..., Ld. 38; undir þínum þokka þykkir mér mest af þínum frændum, I am most concerned for what thou thinkest, Lv. 72. 3. undir vitni e-s, 623. 15; u. handlagi e-s, Dipl. i. 11; hann á vin undir hverjum manni, he has a friend in every man, Fas. i. 290; jafnan er munr undir manns liði (= í manns liði), a man's help is something, Bs. i; þó at smátt sé und einum, though one man (more or less) makes little difference, Hallfred; um þá gripi er görsemar eru undir, things of value, Gísl. 80; lítil eru tiðendi u. förum mínum, Fms. xi. 118; fela ván sína alla u. Guði, 686 B. 2; eiga traust u. e-m, Fms. i. 261; undir trausti, skjóli, hlífð ... e-s, 623. 15; u. griðum, Grág. ii. 194; segja hvat honum er undir fréttinni, Grág. (Kb.) i. 51; mjök var undir heimboði við þik, at

UNDIRALDA -- UNDORN. 653

vér vildim, Ld. 236; hvat undir mun búa bæn þessi, Eg. 764; þat bjó mest undir ferð Áka, at ..., Fms. xi. 45; jarl spyrr hvat undir kveðju sé, Fas. iii. 567. III. ellipt. or adverbial usages; vóru þau úbrunnin undir, underneath, Nj. 208; mér þótti hann vera í rauðum hosum undir, 214; var þar undir niðri skógr, Eg. 580; meðan töður manna eru undir, whilst the hay is down, of hay mown, but not got in, Nj. 192; hart mun þykkja u. at búa, 90. 2. at þat sé eigi verr undir, enn vara, of not less value, substance, K.Þ.K. 172; ef mér þætti nökkut u. um mik, if I thought it mattered aught, Nj. 19; þykki mér mikit u., at ..., does it matter much to thee? 65; hverjum manni muni þykkja nokkut undir, at ..., Sturl. i. 176. B. With acc., under, underneath, Lat. sub, denoting motion; var settr undir hann stóll, Nj. 269; koma fótum undir sik, 202; fara undir skipit, Njarð. 376; kominn undir jarðar-menit, Ld. 60; renna u. hendr e-m, Háv. 41; þeim tók undir hendr, Ld. 38; kom u. kverk öxinni, Nj. 84; láta u. belti sér, 168; setjask u. borð, 176; heimtask út u. akkerin, Fms. ix. 44; stýra u. veðr, ... beita undir veðr, Fb. i. 540; leggja út u. Eyjar, Nj. 125; riða austr u. Eyjafjöll, 216; sigla suðr u. England, Hkr. i. 129; leggjask niðr u. hauginn, Eb. 94; ganga u. hamar-skúta nökkurn, Nj. 264; hleypa heim undir Þríhyrning, 105. 2. of time; hrökk undir miðdegi, it drew close to midday, Fas. i. 506; cp. the mod. phrase, það er komið undir dagmál, hádegi, ... náttmál, of time, close to, hard upon. II. metaph. usages; gefa hann undir vápn yður, Njarð. 354; leggja virðing konungs undir vápn mín, to let it depend on, Fms. x. 199; jarl hverr skyldi hafa und sik þrjá hersa (= undir sér), 182; Hjört þótti mér þeir hafa undir, they had him under, had him on the ground, Nj. 95; leggja undir sik, to lay under oneself, subjugate, Fms. i. 3; skattgilda undir sik. Eg. 402; ganga undir e-n, to submit to, Fms. i. 37, 156, Ld. 166; játtask undir e-t, Fms. ix. 227; taka vel ... u. e-t, Ld. 150; þjóna u. e-n, to serve under, Fms. x. 23; draga u. sik, Eg. 61; arf berr undir e-n, devolves upon, Grág. i. 179; þessa laxveiði gaf hann undir kirkjuna, he made it over to the church, Fms. i. 272; Sámsey er undir biskup, is under a bishop, xi. 230; þær eignir liggja undir þá ætt, vi. 432; leita ráðs u. e-n, xi. 80, MS. 686 B. 13; vikja máli u. e-n, Nj. 77; skírskota u. e-n, Ó.H. 86, Eg. 352, N.G.L. i. 348; bera fé u. e-n, to bribe, Ld. 114. Fms. v. 187; játa sik undir at gjalda, to engage oneself, Dipl. ii. 2; leggja e-t undir þegnskap sinn, upon one's honour, Grág. (Kb.) i. 48; þá mælti Einarr svá undir málit, interrupt it, Sturl. i. 66 C. 2. special phrases; ef kona tekr mann undir bónda sinn, if she be untrue to her husband, N.G.L. i. 351, H.E. i. 236; því fylgðu engir mann-lestir, þvíat ek tók engan mann undir Gísla, I was true to G., Gísl. 15; land styrkvara undir bú, at heyföngum, stronger in the way of household, yielding more crops, Sturl. iii. 271; bjóða fé í leigu u. sik, to offer money for a passage, Nj. 128; taka penning veginn u. blóðlát, for letting blood, Rétt. 2. 10; taka eyri u. hvert lispund, id.; líða undir lok, to come to-an end, Nj. 156. III. ellipt., sól er undir, the sun is under, Grág. i. 104; dagr er undir, Fb. iii. 384; slá u. sem mest má þessa viku, to mow as much as possible this week, so as to prepare for drying it the next, Eb. 150; standa undir með e-m, to back, Sturl. i. 20. undir-alda, u, f. an under-wave, the undertow of a wave. undir-biskup, m. a suffragan bishop, H.E. i. 406. undir-borg, f. a suburb, Stj. 342. undir-brot, u. a breaking down, subduing, subjection, Fms. iv. 84, Mar. undir-búð, f. an under-booth, cellar, D.N.: undir-bur, id., D.N. v. 283. undir-búi, a, m. under-dwellers, Fms. ii. 149. undir-byrli, a, m. an under-cupbearer, Karl. 327. undir-djúp, n. an 'underdeep,' gulf, abyss, Sks. 151, 626, Skálda 209, Stj. 288, MS. 623. 33, Gen. i. 2. undir-dráttull, adj. covetous, making unfair gain, Fms. vi. 191. undir-eldi, n. offspring, breed, of animals, Stj. 178. undir-fólk, n. subjects, Fms. i. 201, iii. 48, Magn. 472. undir-furða, u, f., in undir-furðuligr, adj. shy; see undrfurða. undir-förli, f. craft, wiliness. undir-förull, adj. dealing underhand, false, Fms. ii. 145, Fas. ii. 365. undir-gefinn, part. [Dan. under-given], subject, Fbr. 1, Mar., Stj. 23, 61. undir-gefni, f. submissiveness. undir-gjöf, f. subjection, H.E. i. 388. undir-grefill, m. an underminer (cp. Dan. underfundig), Stj. 160. undir-gröptr, m. undermining, Bs. i. 714. undir-görð, f. a cushion under a saddle, Flóv. 25, Karl. 440. undir-haka, u, f. an under-cheek, double-chin. undir-heimar, m. pl. the nether world, the realm below, Fms. iii. 178, Fas. iii. 391. 2. in Icel. undirheimar is a name given to the lower beach between a reef of rocks and the sea; fara ofan í undirheima, hann er niðri í undirheimum. undir-hlutr, m. the lower piece, lowest part, Fms, vi, 244, ix. 478, Grett. 36 new Ed. undir-húfr, m. the under-hull of a ship. undir-hús, n. the nether part of a house, Stj. 383, 590, Róm. 208. undir-hvesta, u, f. (undir-hvesti, n., v.l.), the under flesh of a whale; undirhvestu ór hálfum hval, Vm. 79, qs. þvesti, q.v.(?) undir-hyggja, u, f. 'under-thought,' cunning, wiles, Fms. i. 74, Stj. 187, Háv. 57, Al. 71. COMPDS: undirhyggju-fullr, adj. guileful, Fms, i. 219. undirhyggju-maðr, m. a guileful man, Fms. i. 20, x. 420, Fær. 17. undirhyggju-samr, adj. wily, false, Þórð. 69. undir-klefi, a, m. an under-cell, Fms. ix. 425, D.N. vi. 84. undir-klæði, n. an under-garment, Stj. undir-konungr, m. an under-king, tributary king, Eg. 282. undir-kyrtill, m. an under-kirtle, Karl. 174. undir-lag, n. 'under-laying' reservation; með þeim skilmála ok undirlagi. Dipl. v. 16. undir-land, n. a subjected territory, province, Fms. iii. 174. undir-leitr, adj. drooping the head, bashful. undir-lendi, n. nether land, low, level land. undir-lægja, u, f. the plate on which the spars rest. undir-maðr, m. an 'under-man,' a subject, Fms. iv. 155, vii. 20. undir-mál, n. pl. underhand dealings, a secret stipulation, Fms. xi. 24, Grág. i. 148; kaupmáli, ok eru eigi u. né lausa-kjör, 225, Nj. 12, Ld. 104, Ísl. ii. 207. undir-mörr, m. the kidney fat (mod. garn-mör), Vm. 119, Dipl. iii. 4. undir-oka, að, to 'under-yoke,' subject, Fms. ii. 122. undir-orpinn, part. subjected, Stj. undir-prestr, m. a subordinate priest, H.E. i. 478. undir-rót, f. the 'under-root,' origin, prime cause of a thing, Grett. 124 A, Sturl. ii. 4, Ó.T. 1, Bs. i. 796, Pass. 16. undir-seta, u, f. an 'under-sitting,' pressure, influence, Bs. i. 722. undir-skáli, a. m. = undirklefi, a cellar, Fms. ii. 149. undir-skemma, u, f. = undirskáli, Hkr. i. 17, Eg. 236, Stj. 383. undir-staða, u, f. a stand, = stétt; kross með undirstöðum, Vm. 6, 41, 51; kirkja á tvær undirstöður, 36; skrín með undirstöðum, Pm. 10; páska blað með undirstöðu, 108. 2. a groundwork; þær bækr er undirstöður heilagra ritninga, Ver. 1; skilja grundvöll ok undirstöðu á sökunum, Sks. 581. 3. the true sense, true meaning, Skálda 205, Rb. 192; varðar mest til allra orða, at undirstaðan (the substance) sé réttlig fundin, Lil. 96; cp. the senses of the Gr. GREEK. undir-staðligr, adj. = Lat. substantivus, substantialis, Skálda. undir-staðning, f. an understanding, making out, Rétt. 50. undir-stafr, m. a sub-letter, Skálda 171, see Gramm. p. 1. undir-stakkr, m. an under-jacket, D.N. iv. 564. undir-stallr, m. a stand, pedestal, Vm. 29, undir-standa, stóð, [a word borrowed from the Engl. or Low Germ.], to understand; undirstóð engi tungu þeirra, Ann. 1337; skilja eðr u. Látínu, Stj.: ek undirstend, sagði Jón (John the Fleming), Bs. i. 801, passim in mod. usage, Vídal.: to perceive, Bret. 4, Stj. 201, H.E. i. 422, Th. 76; en er þeir undirstóðu hans íhugan, Fb. ii. 667; en þó at hann undirstæði at hans ofsi væri lægðr, Edda (pref.) undir-stoð, f. a stay, support, Symb. 4. undir-stokkr, m. an under-post in a building, Hom. 94, Jón. 24. undir-stólpi, a, m. a pillar, Stj. 415. undir-stöðuligr, adj. substantive, Skálda. undir-tekt, f. a responding to; vitrleg u., Fms. iv. 83. undir-tjald, n. an under-hanging (under the refill, q.v.), B.K. 83, Boldt 166, D.N. undir-varpning, f. subjection, Karl. 138. UNDORN, in. (not n. as stated in Lex. Poët.), also spelt undurn and undarn, see the references below: [this word occurs in all ancient Teut, languages; Ulf. undaurni-mats or undurn-meat = GREEK, Luke xiv. 12; A.S. undern; Hel. undorn: O.H.G. untarn. Afterwards it was disused in writing, but in provincial dialects it still survives in all Teutonic countries, Scandinavia, Germany (Bavaria, the Rhine), England (Cumberland, Yorkshire), everywhere, except in Iceland, where, strange to say, it is unknown in speech as well as in writing; thus, Swed. undan, undarn, unden; in Norway undaaln; Bavaria untern (Schmeller); Fris. ounern; provinc. Engl. orndorns, ownder (Brocket); in all these dialects it means a middle-meal, a kind of lunch, taken either in the afternoon at three o'clock (this seems to be the prevailing sense, at least in Scandinavia), or in the forenoon at nine: even a verb has been formed, thus in Sweden sova und is to take a nap at lunch-time, at midday (Rietz); in the Rhine country ondern is said of cattle lying down at midday (Schmeller).] B. USAGE. -- In old Icel, or Norse writers the word occurs five times, thrice in poets, twice in prose; the original sense was undoubtedly a time of the day, either mid-afternoon, i.e. three o'clock P.M., or mid-forenoon, i.e. nine o'clock A.M., the sense of food being a derived one (like mál, q.v.): 1. mid-afternoon, answering to the nones of eccl. writers; morgin hétu ok miðjan dag, undorn ok aptan, they called morning and midday, 'undorn' and evening, Vsp. 6 (undurn, Hb. l.c.), where undorn is placed midway between noon and eve. 2. mid-forenoon; um morguninn at undurni, in the morning at undurn time,

654 UNDR -- UNNA.

O.H.L. 65; þá hringt er til miðs-morguns, ok hafa unninn eiðinn fyrr en hringi at undurn (dat.) at Krists-kirkju, when it rings at mid-morning time, and shall have taken the oath ere the bells at Christ's kirk ring at undurn, N.G.L. i. 308. II. a meal; hjuggu vér undurn frekum vargi, we carved a meal for the greedy wolf, i.e. we slew many in the battle, Km. 2; örn drekkr undarn, the eagle drinks undarn, Edda 101 (in a verse of about 1030 A.D.), the various readings (undranar and undjarn) shew that the transcribers did not understand the word. &FINGER; In the Icel. day-marks only nón (q.v.) is of eccl. Lat. origin; may not undorn be the old heathen term which was displaced by that word? the passage in Vsp. favours this suggestion. UNDR, n. [A.S. wundar; Engl. wonder; Germ. wunder; Dan. under]:-- a wonder; undr þetta hélzk til dags, Nj. 272; skrípi ok undr, 20; ella mun yðr henda hver undr, Fms. iii. 28; þeir segja hverju undri þeir vóru orðnir, x. 304; Fróðár-undr, the spectres of Fróðá, Þorf. Karl., Eb. ch. 52-55; en er svá var komit undrum þeim, Eb. l.c.; heyr undr mikit, heyr örlygi, Gísl. 15 (a ditty); nú bregðr undrum við, ek em nú hér kominn, en litlu áðr var ek með fóstra mínum, Fms. i. 292; brestr svá mikill, at öllum þótti undr at, Ó.H. 135; undra ár, a wonder-year, Ann. 1118; undra-maðr, a portentous person; undr at afli, Fas. ii. 328: gen. plur. emphasizing, undra-digr, -hár, -brattr ..., wondrous big, high, steep ... 2. with the notion of shame, scandal; þat var undr mikil, at hann skyldi liggja fyrir fótum þeim, Eg. 758; göra sik at undri, Fær. 262, Fms. vi. 359; görask svá at undrum, 364; mannfóli mikill ok gört þik at undri, Boll. 350; ok verða at undrum í drykkju-stofunni, Eg. 553; aldri fyrr sá ek menn svá at undri verða sem hér, Fms. viii. 234; undrum verði sá er hann hirðir, Karl. 45. undra, að, to wonder at a person or thing, with acc.; þetta undra víkingar, Fas. ii. 530; allir undra þessa manns afl, Finnb. 274; undra allir geysi-mjök hans meðferði, Th. 77; þeir undra hví eigi var upp lokit, Stj. 383; undrandi er hann var þar kominn, 359; síðan undraði engi maðr, at ..., Sks. 646 B; fólkit gékk allt út úr kirkjunni ok undraði, 116; vendu heim þaðan ok undruðu mjök, Hom. 120. 2. in mod. usage the active is mostly impers.; mig undrar, it astonishes me. II. reflex. to wonder; undrask öglis landa eik hví vér sém bleikir, Ó.H. (in a verse); fóru menn út ór hverri borg at undrask þá, Nj. 48; hann undraðisk þat, at ..., 185; hann undraðisk þat mjök, at ..., Edda 1. undran, f. (undrun), wonder, admiration, amazement, Fms. x. 240, freq. in mod. usage. undr-furða, u, f. a wonder, laughing-stock. undrfurðu-legr, adj. shy, bashful. undr-látr, adj. wondering, curious, eager for strange news; veit ek at Háleygir eru undrlátir, Fms. vii. 132; lið várt er undrlátt Háleygjanna, Mork. 178, l.c. undr-ligr, adj. wonderful, strange, Th. 10. undr-samligr, adj. wondrous, Vsp. 60, Stj. 75. undr-sjónir, f. pl. a wonder to see, a spectacle, Skm. 28. undr-skapaðr, part. of wondrous, portentous shape, Fb. iii. 418. und-varp, see unnvarp. unga, að, to bring forth young, hatch an egg, with dat.; ungað egg, a hatched egg; unga út, to lead the young out of the egg. ung-barn, n. a 'young bairn,' an infant, Bs. i. 122, Stj. 630. ung-dómr, m. young people. ung-dæmi, n. youth; í u. mínu, in my youth. ung-fé, n. young cattle, young stock, Grág. i. 414, Sturl. i. 84. ung-hryssi, n. a young colt, Landn. 194, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 18. ungi, a, m. the young of a bird (Lat. pullus), Grág. ii. 347, Fms. vi. 153; fleygir ungar, Hom. 89; álku-ungi, Fs. 180; hænu-ungi, álptar-ungi, hrafns-ungi: also barns-ungi, dimin. a little child, chicken. ung-lamb, n. a young lamb, Stj. 439. ung-ligr, ndj. youthful, Bárð. 165, Fas. ii. 357, Fms. viii. 15; u. í ásjónu, Mar.: boyish, Fms. ii. 46. ung-lingr, m. a youth; mod. from Germ. jüngling. ung-menni, n. young people, youths, Fms. i. 78, 283, Bs. i. 417, Eg. 88, Karl. 332, Stj. 54; ef ungmennit skjalar, Fms. vi. 335. ung-neyti, n. young cattle. UNGR, ung, ungt, adj., compar. yngri, superl. yngstr; for the form jungr see p. 327, col. 1: [Goth. juggs, compar. juhiza; A.S. geong; Engl. young; O.H.G. and Germ. jung; Dutch jong; but Dan.-Swed. ung; cp. Lat. juvenis.] β. an older and obsolete compar. œri or œrri, early Dan. urœ; þótta'k hæfr þá er vórum œri, Korm. (in a verse); öngr mannr œri honum, Orkn. (in a verse); œri endr bar ek mærð ór hendi, Edda (in a verse); fylkir œri þér fórat heiman, Ó.H. (in a verse): in prose, hit ellra barn má œra (madden) it œrra (the younger), Skálda 162 (Thorodd); engi œri enn áttján vetra gamall, Fms. xi. 90; þú er miklu œri maðr at aldri, 93 (yngri, v.l. of the later vellums); eigi skyldi øri djáknar enn hálf-þrítugir, Greg. 60; tungl tveim nóttum œra, Rb. 1812. 52; skal þat eigi vesa œra an fimtán nátta (spelt eora), 20; ok skal þat vesa at eora (æra) tungl, 57; enum eorum tunglum, 55; gott æ ørum mönnum, Landn. (Hb.) 45; þá telja Paktar nótt œri (ærna Ed.), Rb. 32; þó at eigi sé þú œri at vetra-tali, Þiðr. 339: the superl. ærstr occurs but a single time, hann rauð œrstr (youngest, i.e. while quite young) úlfs fót, Ó.H. (in a verse). According to Thorodd the grammarian the œ in œri was sounded as a nasal diphthong, indicating its contraction, (cp. Goth. juhiza), and distinguished from the verb œra (from órar, q.v.) with its pure diphthong. B. USAGE. -- Young; ungir ok bernskir, Fms. i. 22; þá er þér vórut yngri, Nj. 198; hinn yngra manninn, Fms. vi. 187; hann var þeirra yngstr, Nj. 269; kært görðisk með þessum yngrum mönnum, Ld. 160; tvau naut við kú ef yngri eru, Grág. i. 147; ungra manna, ii. 11; á unga aldri, in one's youth, 623. 59: sayings, ungr skal at ungum vega, Ísl. ii. 309; upp at eins er ungum vegar, the way of the young is upwards, Mkv.; ungr má en gamall skal, see skulu; lengi man þat er ungr getr, 248; þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; vera ungr í annat sinn, -- eptir þat stóð Hákon upp ok talaði, mæltu þá tveir ok tveir sín í milli, at þar væri þá kominn Haraldr inn Hárfagri, ok orðinn ungr í annat sinn, Hkr. i. 125, Gísl. 84; cp. 'Hamilcarem juvenem redditum sibi veteres milites credere,' Livy xxi. 4. 2. young, recent; ungir í Kristninni, Fms. i. 244; Ljótr mælti, ung er nú trúan, Valla L. 209; hann kvað ungt vinfengi þeirra Bjarnar, Bjarn. 56. II. Ungi or inn Ungi, as a nickname, the Younger, Junior = Lat. minor, opp. to inn Gamli; Eindriði ungi, Hákon ungi, Kolbeinn ungi, see gamall III. C. -ungr, an inflexion, see Gramm. ung-smali, a, m. young cattle, Gþl. 346. ung-viði, n. young trees, a young plantation, Stj. 74: also used metaph. of young stock collectively. UNNA, see Gramm. p. xxiii; pres. with a pret. form ann, annt, ann, pl. unnum, unnut, unnu; pret. unni; subj. ynni; part. neut. unnt and unnat; unnt, Band. (Cod. Reg.) 20, Sturl. i. 207, Ld. 94, 194, Nj. 146: unnat (as kunnat from kunna), Fb. i. 36, Str. 32, (Nj. a vellum fragment, Lat. Ed. 315, foot-note y): a weak pret. unti (Dan. undte) occurs in later vellums, Fb. iii. 469 (l. 6 from the bottom), Gísl. 129 (paper transcript), and is used in mod. speech: even a weak pres. occurs in the burden to an Icel. lullaby, sofðú, eg unni þér, sleep thou, I love thee: [A.S. and Hel. unnan; Engl. own; in Early Engl. with a pres. pret. an (Morris, Spec. 36, l. 19); Germ. g-önnen, qs. ge-unnan.] B. USAGE. -- To grant, allow, bestow, with dat. of the person, gen. of the thing (unna e-m e-s); ann ek honum ísetu í dómi, Grág. i. 17, 78; bæta munda-baugi er jamnendr unnu, the sum which the umpires allowed, Hbl.; bið þú Ólaf, at hann unni þér grundar sinnar, Ó.H. (in a verse); unna e-m gamans, Skm. 39; Hreiðmarr unni þeim einskis pennings af gullinu, Edda 73, Þiðr. 308; hann unni honum öngra bóta fyrir, Fs. 125; þá penninga sem biskup vildi unna honum, Dipl. v. 2; unna e-m sætta, Fær. 113; unna e-m sæmdar, Fms. vi. 133; unna e-m laga, to give one the benefit of the law, give one a fair trial. Eg. 473; unna e-m sannmælis, to give a fair report; þeir unnu þeim bezt ríkis er þeim vóru undir hendi, Fms. i. 7; ef þú annt honum betr konungdómsins, Sks. 761: eigi má þat vita, þar sem margir koma saman, þeir sem lítt eru vandaðir, nema nökkurir ynni sér glæps, where many who are not very honest are gathered together, some will allow themselves evil, i.e. will do some wicked thing, Fms. xi. 275: allvel ann ek þér nafns þessa, vi. 229; gaf honum ríki, þvíat hann unni honum bezt at njóta, Fb. ii. 134; unna honum ennar æztu tignar, Ó.H. 35; varð þeim þá unnt af metorða, Laxdælum, Ld. 94; nú mætti svá vera, at svá kæmi málinu Odds, at oss frændum væri þess af unnt, at Bandamenn tæki sjálfdæmi, that we might succeed in getting sjálfdæmi, Band. 20 (MS.); ek meðkennist at ek hafi unnt ok veitt velbornum manni, Birni Guðnasyni, míns herra kongsins sýslu ok umboð, Safn ii. 191; ek ann þér eigi faðmlagsins Helgu innar Fögru, Ísl. ii. 269; Guð unti (sic) honum eigi ríkisins, Fb. iii. 469; ek ann eigi þess Þorkatli frænda mínum, Nj. 223; ek ann eigi þess frændum mínum ok fóstbræðrum (I cannot bear that), at þeir hafi hingat þvílíka ferð, Eb. 332; ek ann engum manni tignar-namn(s) í þessu landi nema mér einum, O.H.L. 18. 2. the phrase, unna e-m ást, to bestow one's love on one; öll Engla fylki unnu heita ást Guði, 'paid warm love to God,' i.e. loved God, Hom. 136; (þeir) er svá heita ást unnu Guði, 135: hence II. with dat. to love, prop, ellipt., qs. unna e-m ást, to bestow one's love on a person; unna e-m hugástum, to love dearly, Fms. x. 239; maðr sá er manngi ann, Hm. 49; unna frá vísum vilja, 98; Egill unni henni lítið, Eg. 702; einn son er hann ann lítið, Hkr. i. 204; meistari þinn ann þér mikit, Bs. i. 228; hón unni honum mikit, Nj. 27; ek mun þér vel unnandi verða, 24; hón varð honum lítt unnandi, Ísl. ii. 274; Magnúss varð henni eigi unnandi, Fms. vii. 176; hvárt unni öðru með leyndri ást. Fb. ii. 134; hón þú annt at vísu, ... þú mátt unna, Str. 8; hinir sem Guði hafa unnat, Fb. i. 36; aldrei hafði hann henni meirr unnt enn þá, Sturl. i. 207; þú hefir engum manni jamnmikit unnt sem Bolla, Ld. 194; eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, a saying, Ísl. ii. 251; lengi hefi ek mikit unnt Þráni, Nj. 146; þeim var ek verst er ek unna mest, Ld. 334. 2. recipr., unnusk þau af öllu hjarta, Mar.; þau unnusk mikit systkin, Fms. iii.

UNNANDI -- UPPHAFSSTAFR. 655

107; ok unnumk vit mikit, Glúm. 326, Gísl. 44; þeir unnusk mikit fóstbræðr, Ld. 110; svá unntusk (sic) þau mikit, Gísl. 129. unnandi, part. used as subst. a lover; ek var þín unnandi, 625. 77; heims unnendr, Greg. 30; unnandi manna, Rb. 370. unnasta or unnusta, u, f. a sweetheart, Kormak, MS. 655 xvii. 20, and passim in mod. usage. 2. a mistress, Fms. i. 209, Sæm. 171, Thom. 301, Greg. 47. 3. mod. a betrothed. unnasti or unnusti, a, m. a lover, Fms. x. 255, Str. 9, 25. unningi, a, m. [from unna = to grant; early Swed. undinghja lagh, Schlyter] :-- an 'owner's fee,' a law term, of the fee granted to the finder of stolen or lost property; unningja lausn, an owner's release, i.e. owner's reward (due to the finder of a runaway slave), N.G.L. i. 227; it is wrongly spelt 'undingja' lausn, 35. UNNR, old form also uðr, Lex. Poët, passim; [A.S. yð; Lat. unda] :-- the waves, sea; svalar unnir, the cold waves, Vsp. 3, Gm. 7; hávar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; blár unnir, Sdm. 10; ormr knýr unnir, Vsp. 50; hregg-blásin, sviðköld uðr, Fms. i. 165, iii. 27 (in a verse), freq. in poets, also in mod. usage: poët., unn-blakkr, -dýr, -skíð, -vigg, = a ship; unn-röðull, -eldr, -fúrr, -glóð, -sól, = gold; unn-heimr, 'wave-home,' i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët.: in prose it is only used in unn-vörp, q.v.; unnar steinn, a sea-stone (a boulder on the beach by which the tides are noted?), Hkv. 2. 29 (an oath is sworn, at úrsvölum unnar steini); unnar hestr, a 'wave-steed,' i.e. a ship, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); unnar dagr, 'wave-day,' i.e. gold, Lex. Poët. II. one of the Nereïds or Ránar-dætr, Edda 101. 2. the name of a woman, Unnr and Uðr, Landn., Ld.; and in compds, Stein-unn (Stein-uðr), Þór-unn, Ing-unn, Sæ-unn, Ljót-unn, (again, in the man's name Auð-unn, the 'unn' is qs. 'vini,' A.S. wine): the names Unnr (Uðr) and Auðr interchange; thus is the queen Auðr djúpauðga in the Ld. called Unnr, in the Landn. Auðr. unn-svín, n. a sea-swine, = marsvín, Hkr. i. (in a verse). unn-vörp, n. pl. a swoop or drift of waves; in the phrase, falla sem unnvörp, to fall (in battle) like wave-drifts, = Lat. catervatim, Hkr. iii. 34; þar lágu menn svá þykkt sem unnvörp væri, Fms. viii. 405, vi. 68 (also spelt undvörp): in mod. usage undvörpum, id., Fas. i. 451; sauðfénaðr staðarins datt niðr unnvörpum í megrð, Bs. i. 873. UNZ, or better unnz, adv. (also spelt unst, Fms. v. 158, Fas. i. 126, Gísl. 45; undz, MS. 623. 2, Grág. i. 259, ii. 202 A); [unz is a compd from und and the relat. particle es, qv.; Goth. und = GREEK; Hel. unti; A.S. ôð; Engl. until; O.H.G. unt] :-- till that, till, until, with indic.; unz þrjár kvámu, Vsp. 8, 16; unnz sinn bíðr bana, Hm. 15; unz brunninn er, 57; unnz ór varð jötunn, Vþm. 31; unz rjúfask regin, Gm. 4 (Bugge); unz þeir fundu, Haustl.; unz himininn rifnar, Fms. vi. 196 (in a verse); unst kemr at Langa-föstu, v. 158; fór hann leið sína unz hann kom, Fb. ii. 697; unz þeir kómu til Svínafells, Nj. 208; unz konungr bannaði, Íb. 4; unz hón kom á jöfnu, Bs. i. 461; undz (hann) mon deyja, Niðrst. 2; undz öll eru brigð, Grág. ii. 202; unz leið Jól, Bs. i. 129; unst haustar, Gísl. 45; undz fimm vikur eru af sumri, Grág. i. 259; unz fé hyndisk, N.G.L. i. 23; unz sól kemr á Þingvöll, Grág. i. 17; unz reynt er eiginorð, ii. 274; unz hann fór til Danmerkr, Bs. i. 129; unst allir eru dauðir, Fas. i. 126. unzia, u, f. [for. word; Lat. uncia], an ounce, Rb. passim. UPP, adv. [Ulf. iup = GREEK; A.S. and Engl. up; Dan. op; Germ. auf; from the compounded particle upp á (= Engl. upon) comes the mod. Dan. paa, as also the provinc. Dan. 'pi, 'punder, qs. upp-á, upp-í, upp-undir] :-- up; upp ok niðr, up and down, passim; þrifa upp, to catch up; gripa upp, to pick up, Fms. xi. 124; taka upp, Nj. 55; ganga upp, to go up, ascend, Eg. 717; upp á hauginn, Fms. ii. 60; upp þangat, i. 60; upp til Fljótshlíðar, Nj. 69; upp með, up along, 74; upp ok ofan með ánni, Fms. iii. 56: of direction, sjá upp, líta upp, to look up, iv. 153; næst tungli upp frá, upwards, Rb. 110; hanga upp yfir þeim, up over one's head, Bárð. 170; skamt á land upp, Fms. i. 60; hann hefir upp líking manns, Best. 47; upp var fjöðrin breið, Eg. 285. II. with verbs; setja upp. skip, to launch, Fms. i. 62, Eg. 592; setja upp gnegg, see setja A.I. 4; skipa upp, to unload cargo, see skipa; grafa upp, to dig up, Nj. 86, 99; binda upp, to bind up, Bs. i. 194; réttask upp, to stretch oneself, Fms. v. 29; rísa upp, to rise; reisa upp, to raise up, Fms. i. 148; standa upp, to stand up; spretta upp, to spring up; vekja upp, to wake up, awaken, also to raise a ghost, x. 309; eggja upp, Nj. 69; koma upp, to come up, appear, Sturl. ii. 124; skella upp, to burst into laughter, 136; ljósta upp ópi, to lift up the war-cry, Fms. vii. 260; syngja upp, to sing up or loudly, x. 15, cp. Engl. to speak up; lesa upp, to read up, ix. 255; ráða upp, id.; segia upp, to say up, announce; telja upp, to count up, i. 21; inna upp, id., xi. 89; lúka upp, to open up, etc., see lúka; bjóða upp, to give up, yield up, Edda 32, Fms. vi. 241, Nj. 25, 76, Dipl. ii. 4, Grett. 147; gefa upp, to give up, pardon, Fms. ii. 33, x. 6; skipta upp, to share, iii. 92; gjalda upp, to pay up or out, x. 199, xi. 81; bæta upp, göra upp, smíða upp, to make up, repair, iv. 93, ix. 43, 338; búa upp hvílu, to make up a bed. Nj. 168; göra upp hvílu, id., Sturl. ii. 124; drepa upp eld, to strike fire, Fms. iv. 338; tendra upp, to light up, H.E. i. 455; bregða upp, to break up, Hkr. ii. 121, Fms. xi. 219. 2. with the notion of consuming; drekka upp, eta upp, to drink up, eat up; gefa upp, to give all up, Fms. vii. 197; brytja upp, skipta upp, to share it all out; ausa upp, Grett. 95 B; brenna upp, K.Þ.K.; eyða upp, Fms. ii. 118, xi. 236; gjalda upp, 26; beita upp, Eg. 49, 712; leggjask upp, to be deserted, Ld. 60. 3. with the notion of discovery; spyrja upp, to find out, Sturl. ii. 125; frétta e-t upp, Fdda (pref.) 4. denoting quite; kistur fullar upp bóka, quite full, 656 B. 1; fullr upp flærðar, full up, i.e. brimful of falsehood, Fms. viii. 391; cp. Dan. 'have fuldt op af noget,' to have a thing in abundance; höggva upp, to cut up, cut in pieces, ix. 381; hann þagði upp mörgum dægrum saman, iv. 167. III. of time; vetrinn er á leið upp, Fms. xi. 52; sem upp á líðr, as it advances, vi. 217; upp frá Fardögum, Dipl. ii. 10; upp frá því, ever since, Fms. xi. 334, Sks. 717, Stj. 282, K.Þ.K.; upp héðan, henceforth, Gm.; til þings upp, up to the time of the þing, Grág. i. 262. IV. with prepp,; up á, upon; upp á trú þína, upon my faith, Fms. i. 79; segja upp á trú sína, xi. 285; hafa statt upp á hjarta mitt, i. 284; upp á Ebresku, in Hebrew, Stj. 5, Am. 16; upp á fé eða umsýslu, Valla L. 202; sjá upp á, horfa upp á, Vígl. 20; abbask, slást upp á, to assail, Nj. 194, Grett. 143; fara með her upp á Dani, Fms. xi. 417; herja upp á, 11; upp á Svía-ríki, x. 50; leggja hatr upp á, Stj.; mannfalli snýr upp á Vindr, Fms. xi. 390; upp á skaða e-s, Th. 78; fýsask, stunda upp á e-t, Stj.; hugsa upp á, to yearn for, Fms. xi. 423; upp á vald ok forsjá Guðs, i. 185; heimta skuld upp á e-n, Dipl. i. 4; upp á kost e-s, upp á erfingja mína, at their expense, Ísl. i. 149 (v.l.), Dipl. iv. 8 :-- upp-í, up into; upp í Norrænu, upp í várt mál, Stj.; skipaði hann þat upp í fjórðungs gjöf síua, Dipl. v. 1; upp í jörðina, upp í skuld, 21 :-- upp-at, up to; upp-úr, upp-yfir, up above; upp-undir, upp-eptir, upp-með, up along. upp-alinn, part. brought up, reared, upp-alningr, m. a fosterling. upp-angr, m. an upheaval, elevation, Hom. (St.) upp-austr, m. a scooping; uppaustrar-maðr, a babbler, Þorst. St. 48. upp-á, prep. upon; see upp IV. upp-boð, n. an auction, sale, (mod.) upp-burðr, m. a bringing up; uppburð ok útburð, Jb. 405: metaph. a request, Hom. 129. uppburðar-lítill, adj. shy, timid, Finnb. 300. upp-dalr, m. an up-dale, inland valley, Fms. x. 185, Ó.H. 46; a local name in Fas. ii. 125. upp-dráttr, m. a pulling up; the phrase, eiga örðugt uppdráttar, to be in straits, hard pressed. 2. medic. a wasting sickness. 3. a sketch, map, (mod.) upp-drifinn, part. in high relief, of sculpture, Ann. 1329. upp-dyri, n. = ofdyri, N.G.L. i. 38, Grett. 84 new Ed. upp-eldi, n. [ala upp], a breeding, education; gott, íllt u. upp-festa, t, to suspend, Fms. vi. 273, N.G.L. i. 140. upp-festing, f. suspension, Fms. v. 318, Stj. upp-fóstr, n. a rearing, fostering, Fms. iii. 318. upp-fræðing (upp-fræðsla), f. instruction, Sks. 283. upp-fylling, f. fulfilment, (mod.) upp-fæddr, part. fed up, brought up, reared, Band. 1 (MS.) upp-fæði, n. = uppfæðsla, Fagrsk. 55, Sks. 547, Stj. 235, Fas. ii. 359. upp-fæðsla, spelt upp-fœzla, u, f. a breeding, fostering, Eg. 34, Fms. vi. 4, vii. 119, 186, Lv. 72. upp-ganga, u, f. a going up, ascending, ascent, Sks. 2; u. í borgina, Fms. x. 238; u. sólar, sunrise, Rb. 472: a going up to land, a going ashore, Eg. 229, 242; veita uppgöngu, Fms. vi. 89; bjóða uppgöngu (in a verse): a boarding a ship, Fms. vii. 235. 2. a landing-place, a pass, Fær. 162, Grett. 154 B (cp. Dan. opgang). upp-gangr, m. = uppganga, a pass or stile, Grett. 184 new Ed.: the opening of a bath, Fb. 136. 2. metaph. good luck, success, fame; var þá u. hans sem mestr, Finnb. 290, Háv. 45; u. þeirra görðisk brátt mikill, Fbr. 7; u. ok ofrkapp, Fms. vii. 22, Stj. 451, Fb. i. 400. upp-gefinn, part. exhausted. upp-gefning, f. = uppgjöf, Stj. 110: remission, H.E. i. 410. upp-gjöf, f. a giving up. El. 2: remission, u. um sakir, Ld. 44; til merkis þessar uppgjafur, H.E, i. 405: uppgjafa- in compds, = Lat. emeritus, e.g. uppgjafa-prestr. upp-greizla (i.e. -greiðsla), u, f. a payment, discharge, B.K. 95. upp-grip, n. abundance; það eru u. af heyjum. upp-gröptr, m. a digging up, Krók. upp-görð, f. a restoration, Vm. 7, Stj. 67: dissimulation. upp-haf, n. a beginning; upphaf sögu, Fms. viii. 3; u. síns máls, i. 20; u. at kvæði, Eg. 647; kvæði ... ok er þetta u., Hkr. i. 161; þat er u. á sögu þessi, Gísl. 77; í upphafi skapaði Guð himin ok jörð, Gen. i. 1; upphaf ok endir, Rev. 2. an origin, cause, beginning; þá fellr þat mál ok heitir hans u., N.G.L. i. 352; upphaf alls ófriðar, Fms. viii. 345, v.l.; the saying, sá veldr mestu er upphafinu veldr. 3. advancement, honour; fá u. af konungi, Sks. 450, 468. 4. remission, Stj. 110 (Dan. ophæve). COMPDS: upphafs-dagr, m. beginning day, Rb. 80. upphafs-maðr, m. an author, Rb. 412, Stj. 149. upphafs-mánuðr, m. the first month, Rb. 58. upphafs-stafr,

656 UPPHAFSSYND -- UPPSKIPAN.

m. an initial letter, Edda i. 598, Skálda 192. upphafs-synd, Hom. (St.) upphafs-vitni, n. a witness as to the upphaf of a thing, D.N. i. 961. upp-hafari, a, m. a founder. Mar. upp-hafligr, adj. original, Sks. 5, Fms. xi. 109, Hom. 27. upp-hafning, f. elevation, Greg. 17. upp-hald, n. a holding up, lifting. Fas. ii. 268, Stj.: of the host in the mass, Stat. 299, Pm. 101: a keeping up, preservation, veita upphald musterinu, Fms. viii. 279; um húsa u., N.G.L. i. 37, Anecd. 56; u. heilagrar trú, Stj.: maintenance. MS. 302. 170, Sks. 312 B. COMPDS: upphalds-kerti, n. a taper to be held up or borne in processions, Vm. 23, 110, Pm. 26, B.K. 80, Fms. v. 339, v.l. upphalds-maðr, m. an upholder, maintainer, Fms. i. 275, N.G.L. i. 136, Anecd. 56. upphalds-stika, u, f. = upphaldskerti, H.E. ii. 360. upp-hár, adj. high, of shoes, Háv. 24 new Ed., Nj. 184, Fms. iv. 76, vi. 440, vii. 321; stafir upphávir, v. 338. upp-hefð, f. elevation, honour. upp-hefill, m. [Germ. hebel], an upheaver, lever; orða u., Gsp. upp-hefjari, a, m. an upholder, lifter, Mar. upp-heimar, m. pl. the upper home, the heavens, Alm. upp-heldi, n. maintenance, K.Á. 102, Vm. 50, Fms. ix. 236. upp-hillingar, f. pl.; see hillingar, q.v. upp-himinn, m.; [O.H.G. uf-himil], the 'up-heavens,' ether, Vsp. upp-hlaup, n. [Dan. oplöb], a riot, Fms. iii. 177, Vígl. 19. upphlaups-maðr, m. a rioter, Grett. 97. upp-hlutr, m. the upper part of a kirtle, Fms. vii. 321; cp. upplítinn qs. upphlutinn, Eg. 602. 2. in mod. usage a waistcoat, of ladies; cp. vefjar-u., Ld. 244. upp-hvatning, f. an exhortation. upp-hæð, f. an elevation, Dropl. 23, Al. 51. 2. an amount, sum, of money. upp-högg, n. a felling, Greg. 48. uppi, adv. [Ulf. jupa; Dan. oppe], up, upon, above, cp. niðr and niðri, framm and frammi; sitja uppi, Nj. 220; jarl sat uppi, sate up, of a sick person. Fms. ix. 245; hafa uppi öxina. to lift, Nj. 19; hann grét uppi yfir honum, he wept, bent up over him. Fms. x. 174; þar stendr skip uppi, to lie ashore, Nj. 259; var uppi röst mikil á firðinum, the current rose high, Fms. xi. 145; seglit var u., the sail was up, Ld. 76; eiga vef uppi, to have a loom up, to be at work, weaving. Fms. xi. 49; borð eru uppi, x. 19, Hkr. ii. 192 (see borð); boginn má eigi einart uppi standa, cp. 'neque semper arcum tendit Apollo,' 623. 19; vera snemma uppi, to be up early, Fms. ix. 504; árla dags er uppi sá, Skíða R.: often with other prepositions, á uppi or uppi á, upon; á hjálminn uppi, Fms. xi. 133; þar u. á hellunni, Nj. 14; standa þar á uppi, 155; á heiðum uppi, Grág. ii. 352; uppi í; uppi í músina, Fms. i. 45; uppi í Meðaldal, 57; uppi með ánni, Nj. 154. II. metaph., láta e-t uppi, to come forthwith, Grág.; heiman-fylgja skal uppi vera við erfingja, is to be discharged, N.G.L. i. 49; hafa e-t uppi, to take forth, Nj. 32; hafa úróa uppi, to shew, Fms. ix. 270; skyldi uppi vera rannsökun, a ransacking was up, i.e. was to take place, Ld. 44. 2. vera uppi, to be 'all up,' at an end; vóru uppi allar örvarnar, Fms. viii. 140; var u. hverr penningr, every penny gone, vi. 299; nú munu uppi sögur þínar, it will be all up with thy stories, 355. 3. þeim er þá stóðu uppi, who were left, Hkr. i. 210; þessir vóru allir uppi (lived) á einn tíma, Ísl. ii. 209: þat man æ uppi meðan Ísland er byggt, Landn. 149, v.l. uppi-hald, n. [Germ. aufhalt], delay, (mod.) uppi-skroppa, adj. empty-handed, having nothing left. uppi-staða, u, f. the weft, Lat. stamen. uppi-vaðsla, [vaða uppi], in uppivöðslu-maðr, m. a turbulent, noisy man, Eg. 596, 710. uppivöðslu-mikill, adj. quarrelsome, troublesome. Band. 6 new Ed., Fas. ii. 325, Fms. v. 171. upp-kast, n. a sketching, drawing; þrjú blöð með u., Vm. 23, Pm. 5, 108, 137; gullsmíð, gröpt ok u., Bs. i. 843. upp-kváma, u, f. a coming up, emerging, Fms. vi. 149. upp-kveyking, f. a kindling, Mar. upp-kvöð, f. a calling up, summons. Orkn. 242. upp-lag, n. an allowance; með yðru lofi ok upplagi, H.E. i. 561; með upplagi ok samþykt húsfrú hans, Dipl. iv. 1. 2. = Germ. auflage, an edition, of books, (mod.) upp-létti, n. a holding up, ceasing, of rain, Bs. i. 334. upp-litning, f. a looking up, Greg. 60, 61, Mar. upp-lítill, adj. small at the upper end, taper-formed. Eg.; see upp-hlutr. upp-ljóstr, m. = upplost. upp-lok, n. an unlocking, opening, Hm. upp-lokning, f. an opening, delivery (lúka upp), Sks. 645, Stj. 170. upp-lost, n. (ljósta upp), a false rumour, Fms. vi. 240, vii. 310, viii. 293, K.Á. 116. upp-lostning, f. = upplost, Þorst. Siðu II. 176. upp-lykt, f. a discharge, payment, B.K. 125; u. fjár. Gþl. 154. upp-lægr, adj. elevated, Stj. 373, 380. Upp-lönd, n. pl. Uplands, inland counties: a local name of the eastern inland counties of Norway (Oplandene), Ó.H., Fms. passim: Upplendingar, m. pl. the men from the Uplands: Upplenzkr, adj., passim. upp-mjór, adj. slim, taper-formed. upp-nám, n. = Dan. oppe-börsel, a receipt of a fee or the like; vera í uppnámi, to be in receipt of a thing, N.G.L. i. 76, 77; uppnáma-maðr, a receiver of a fee, id. 2. a chess term; tefla í uppnám, to expose a piece so that it can be taken, Sturl. iii. 123; hence the phrase, vera í uppnámi, to be in imminent danger. upp-numinn, part. taken up into heaven, Mark xvi. 19, passim. upp-numning, f. [nema], eccl. a being taken up into heaven, assumption, Stj. 241 (of Enoch); u. sællar Máriæ, Mar., Greg. 13; uppnumningar dagr, the Assumption-day, Fms. vi. 353, Mar. 2. gramm. anticipation, Skálda. upp-næmr, adj.; as a law term, seizable, forfeitable, u. konungi, Gþl. 104, 537; fé uppnæmt konungi, K.Á. 94; þá er bú hans uppnæmt, N.G.L. i. 72; in the phrase, vera u. fyrir e-m, to be helpless, at one's mercy, Fs. 46, Eg. 578, Fms. ii. 151, Orkn. 104. upp-orpinn, part. = uppnæmr, Fas. iii. 226. upp-rás, f. a rising up; u. elds, an eruption, Bs. i; sólar u., sunrise, Fms. viii. 346, Stj. 68; u. dags, Mar. 2. a raid, descent (from ships), Korm. 166, Fas. ii. 196, Fms. i. 100, 166, viii. 380. 3. origin; upprás ok æfi þeirra merkismanna, Bs. i. 59, Stj. 44, Skálda 209; brunnr ok u. (source) hita, sólin, MSS. 415. 9; u. alls úfriðar, Fms. viii. 345. upp-regin, n. pl. the upper-gods, Alm.; see regin. upp-reising, f. (upp-reisning, Barl. 145), a raising up, reparation, Stj. 632. upp-reist, f. (upp-reisn, less right, N.G.L. i. 311, and in mod. usage), an uprising, in arms, Orkn. 98, Fms. v. 69, xi. 261; göra u. í móti konungi, Eg. 538, Fms. x. 410; veita u., 399; allir er honum var grunr á at uppreistar var af ván, Eg. 73; með sviklegri u., Sks. 525: mod. rebellion. 2. a rising; fá u., to rise again, Fms. vii. 237, 196; hversu mikla u. staðrinn þyrfti at hafa, ef ..., 299; eiga u. síns máls, Gþl. 15; hljóta skaða en enga u., Eg. 115. 3. the genesis, creation, in the following old COMPDS: uppreistar-drápa, u, f. a poem on the creation; skaltú bæta við Guð er þú hefir svá mjök gengit af trú þinni, vil ek nú at þu yrkir uppreistar drápu, ok bætir svá sál þína, Fms. ii. uppreistar-saga, u, f. the story of Creation, Genesis, Fms. v. 65, Vm. 6; svá sem segir í uppreistar sögu at Guð górði alla hluti í senn, Bs. i. 575, Hom. (St.) upp-reistr, part. upraised, Pass. 37. 1. upp-rennandi, part. uprising, of the sun, Hbl. upp-réttr, adj. upright, in bodily sense; með uppréttum líkam, Sks. 529; sitja u., Eg. 304, 457; standa u., to stand upright. upp-risa, u, f. a rising up, resurrection, Sks. 579, Fms. viii. 444; líkams u., Greg. 57; andar u., id.; upprisu-dagr, the day of resurrection, Rb. 80, 392, Hom. 52; upprisu tíð, tími, 52, Sks. 43: esp. the Resurrection, passim in mod. eccl. usage, N.T., Pass., Vídal.; upprisu-sálmar, hymns on the Resurrection. upp-risinn, part. risen, of Christ. upp-risning, f. = upprisa, Hom. 154. upp-runi, a, m. [renna], an 'up-running,' growth, origin, Barl. 133, Sks. 136 new Ed., passim in mod. usage. 2. the growing age, youth, Glúm. 335, Fms. xi. 8, 90, Hkr. iii. 175, Þiðr. 127, Trist. 1. uppruna-ligr (uppruna-liga, adv.), adj. original. upp-ræta, t, to uproot, Stj. 650. upp-saga, u, f. a 'saying forth,' pronouncing; u. dóma, Sks. 646 B; uppsögu-váttr, Grág. i. 124: esp. a law term, the public recital (segja upplög) of law by the Speaker, in the Icel. alþing, which was to take place partly every year, partly every third year, Grág. i. 11; sem at kveðr í uppsögu, as is said in the Speaker's recital, ii. 37; var þat uppsaga Þorgeirs, at allir menn skyldi vera skírðir á Íslandi, it was Thorgeir's 'saw' (i.e. judgment, sentence) that all men should be Christians, Bs. i. 25. upp-sala, u, f. a bringing up, vomiting (selja upp). Upp-salir, m. pl. Upsala, a famous town in Sweden, the residence of the king, and the central seat of the cultus of Odin, see Yngl. S. ch. 5 sqq., Ó.H. ch. 60; Uppsala-auðr, the treasure of U., the public exchequer of the kings of Sweden, Yngl. S. ch. 12, Ó.H. ch. 60; Uppsala-þing, 63, 64; Uppsala-lög, 60. upp-sát, f. a place where ships are launched, dockyard, Gþl. 116, Fms. ix. 368, Jb. 412, Eg. 185. upp-sátr, n. = uppsát, Gþl. 116; uppsáts-eyrir, Grág. ii. 402. upp-setning, f. = uppsát, Jb. 151. upp-sjá, f. a nickname, Fas. ii. 325. upp-skár, -ská, -skátt, adj. communicative; görask u. um e-t, Sks. 362; göra e-t uppskátt, to make known, of a secret. upp-skelldr, part.(?), mounted; uppskellt skaptið með silfri, Eg. 180. upp-skera, u, f. the 'up-shearing,' harvest, N.T. upp-skeri, a, m. a shearer, reaper(?), a nickname, Fas. i. 381. upp-skipan, f., Dan. 'skibe op,' the unloading a ship, Jb. 398.

UPPSKOT -- UXI. 65;

upp-skot, n. a delay, Róm. 279. upp-slátta, u, f. = upplost, Fms. ix. 285. upp-smíð (upp-smíði, n., Magn. 450, Bs. i. 830, Fms. xi. 438), f. a building, raising a house, Ám. n. upp-spretta, u, f. an 'up-spirt,' spring, fountain-head, Stj. 30, 75, 612; u. árinnar, Fms. iii. 183, Edda 3; út í Laxárós frá uppsprettum, Vm. 5; rennandi vötn fljóta af ymissum uppsprettum, Fms. ii. 89; u. allrar líknar, u. úfriðar, rót ok u., Al. 11, 124. COMPDS: uppsprettu-brunnr, m. a well, spring, Stj. 29. uppsprettu-vatn, u. spring-water, uppsprettu-æðr, f. a spring-vein, Stj. 89. upp-staða, u, f. a standing upright, Str. 36, Greg. 48: a standing up, rising, Bs. i. 825, Sturl. iii. 12; uppstöðu-tré, a post, Ld. 316. upp-standari, a, m. an upright post, of a bed or the like. upp-stertr, adj. [cp. Engl. upstart], see stertr, Hrafn. 18. upp-stiga, u, f. [A.S. upstig; Germ. aufsteigen], an ascent, Sks. 56; Uppstigu-dagr, Ascension-day, N.G.L. i. 422, Hom. (St.) upp-stigning, f. a rising, of the moon, Sks. 54, 55. 2. esp. in an eccl. sense, the Ascension, Greg. 16, 17, Rb. 392, N.T., Pass., Vídal., passim. uppstigningar-dagr, m. Ascension-day, K.Þ.K., Ó.H. 73, Fms. vii. 187, Vm. 76, Icel. Almanack. upp-stígari, a, m. an ascender, Stj. 348. upp-stökkr, adj. bounding, excitable. Upp-svíar, m. pl. the 'Up-Swedes,' the North Swedes, Hkr. ii. 137, Fms. xii. upp-tak, n. an income, resource, Barl. 71; hann hafði búskylft ok lítið upptak, Sturl. iii. 258. 2. plur. upptök, beginnings; hann hafði upptökin, he began the game. upp-taka, u, f. a taking up, Stj. 414: a seizure, confiscation, u. búanna, Fms. xi. 87. 2. a source = uppspretta; í keldu-sogit er gengr sunnan í lónit, fyrir sunnan upptöku, Dipl. v. 19. 3. eccl. the translation of a saint, Bs. i. 305, 829. upp-tekja, u, f. a taking to a thing; þessa upptekju, Sturl. i. 224: reception (taka e-t vel, ílla upp), Róm. 298, Bs. i. 735. upp-tekning, f. the translation of a saint, Bs. i. 186, 187, Magn. 512; undertaking, 623. 32. upp-tekt, f. = upptekja, Sturl. i. 224 C: income, revenue, Barl. 71, v.l.: a law term, a seizure, confiscation, Fms. v. 46; um upptektir, N.G.L. i. 73: a beginning, hann hafði þá u. at ..., Sturl. iii. 103. upp-tendran, f. a lighting, kindling, Mar. upp-tækiligr, adj. fit for resorting to, Fms. viii. 348, v.l. upp-tækr, adj. confiscable, forfeitable; dæma sekt fé hans ok upptækt, Grág. i. 463, Jb. 188; uppnæmr, Fms. ii. 166. upp-vakning, f. an exhortation, awakening. upp-vakningr, m. a raised spirit, Maurer's Volksagen. upp-varp, n. a throwing up, Ann. 1341 (of a volcano). 2. a source, cause, Fms. viii. 345, v.l.; u. allrar villu, Post. (Unger) 214. upp-vaxandi, part. growing up. upp-vekjari, a, m. an awakener, Mar. upp-vesandi, part.; at u. sólu, when the sun is up, N.G.L. i. 4, Hbl. 56 (where uppverandi). upp-víss, adj. coming up to light, found out, of a crime; varð aldri uppvíst, hverr þetta víg hafði vegit, Nj. 248; láta e-t uppvíst, Fms. i. 80; þá er mál uppvíst er aðili hefir spurt, Grág.; þessi skömm varð uppvis, Mar. upp-vægr, adj. (qs. upp-ægr?), furious, wrathful. upp-vöxtr, m. [Dan. opvæxt], the up-growth, the youth; efniligr í uppvexti, Eg. 147; lítill var u. hans, Fms. vii. 239; seinligr í uppvexti, iv. 89. 2. growth, tallness; mikill u. risa þeirra, Al. 68. uppvaxtar-maðr, m. a grown-up man, Grett. 92. upp-vözlumaðr, m. = uppivaðsla, Eg., Valla L. 201. uppvözlu-mikill, adj. = uppivöðslumikill, Grett. 163 new Ed. upp-þunnr, adj. thin upwards, thin-edged, Ísl. ii. 445. UPS, f., spelt ux, N.G.L. i. 368, cp. Lat. ixi for ipsi, Sueton. Octav. ch. 88; [Ulf. ubizwa = GREEK; A.S. efese; Engl. eaves; O.H.G. opusa; provinc. Germ. obsen (Schmeller); Swed. ufs; kindred is A.S. efesian; Icel. efsa] :-- the eaves, D.N. vi. 84; upsar-dropi, a dropping from the eaves (Lat. stillicidium), N.G.L. i. 345, 368; logaði upp undir upsina, Eg. 238, D.N. vi. 84; freq. in mod. usage: metaph. of a mountain, norðan meðr berginu vestan fyrir ok svá upp í upsina, D.N. i. 616, v. 957. upsi, a, m. a fish, gadus virens; upsa gall, Lækn.; a nickname, Bs. i. URÐ, f. [the origin of this word is uncertain; the ð is radical, for were it inflexive, an 'umlaut' would have taken place in the vowel (it would then be yrð, not urð), see Gramm. xxxii, col. 2, l. 10 sqq.]:-- a heap of stones, on the sea-beach, or from an earth-slip; sævar-urð, piles of broken stones on the sea-shore, Orkn. 114; at veiða otr er lá í urðinni undir höfðanum ... þeir segja at hann væri þar á urðinni, 276; grjót ok urðir, Edda 5; urð sú lá í dalnum er Sefsurð heitir, ok er þar hvárki fært mönnum né hrossum ... urðar-brot, breaking through an urð, Ó.H. 186; fætr Loka taka niðr grjótið, urðir ok viðu, Edda 45; látum liggja Ljotúlf goða, í urð ok í urð, Sd. (in a verse); draga urð at e-m, to pile stones on, Fms. vii. (in a verse), COMPDS: urðar-köttr, m. a wild cat = hreysi-köttr, a nickname, Finnb. urðar-maðr, m. a man of the urð, an outlaw; göra e-n at urðar-manni, Eg. 728. urðar-steinn, m. a nickname, Sturl. i. 144. urð-hæingr, urð-þvengr, m. the fish, the thong of the urð, i.e. a snake, Lex. Poët. URÐR, f., qs. vurðr; gen. urðar; acc. dat. would be urði, but does not occur unless it be Vsp. 20, where urð must stand either for urði, dropping the vowel, for the next word begins with h; or it is nom. = urðr, according to the A.S. and general rule (cp. Rm. 36), that verbs signifying to call, name, are followed by a nom.: plur. urðir: [A.S. wyrd; Engl. weird; Hel. wurth] :-- a weird, fate; the word is obsolete in prose; en sjá urðr sjallgætust (-gætastr, Cod. wrongly) með Svíum þótti, that weird, extraordinary accident, viz. that he slew himself, Ýt.; gengu þess á milli grimmar urðir, 'grim weirds.' a cruel fate prevented it, Skv. 3. 5; urðr öðlinga þú hefir æ verit, the evil Norn, evil angel of kings, Gkv. 1. 23. II. esp. as the name of one of the three Norns, Vsp. 19. COMPDS: Urðar-brunnr, m. the Weird's spring, the holy well where the Norns reside, Vsp., Edda; there is a curious passage in an Icel. Christian poem written shortly after the introduction of the new Faith, where Christ is represented as sitting at the well of Urðr in the south, id. (in a verse). urðar-fár, n. perdition, ill fate, Sturl. ii. (in a verse). urðar-lokur, f. pl. (also varðlokur or varðlokkur), 'weird-spells,' charms, Gg. 7. urðar-magn, n. Fate's power, Gkv. 2. 21. urðar-máni, a, m. a 'weird moon,' warlock moon, a moon-shaped appearance boding evil, Eb. 270. urðar-orð, n. weird's word, i.e. Fate, Fsm. 47. urga, u, f. [provinc. Norse urve], a strap, rope's end; ef urgur eru í fjósum, Jb. 320; þegar drengrinn vildi festa á sig mannbroddana, sagði hann, 'nú er týnd urgan mín,' ... eg spurði hann hvort þessar ólar bæði útan og innan fótar héti urgur, hann kvað já við því, Pál Vidalín in Skýr. 591. urga, að, to gnash; urga tönnum, to gnash with the teeth, Fas. i. 425; urga saman kömbum (of carding combs). urgur, f, pl. [urigr = peevish], peevishness, ill temper; það eru urgur í honum, to be in bad mood. urinn, part. [is a mod. participle (16th century, see urningr below) formed from yrja, urði, urinn, = erja, arði, arinn, cp. erja β; it can therefore have no bearing on the false reading, Gsp., Fas. i. 475] :-- rubbed, scratched; jörðin er öll upp urin, the crop bitten close off, as if shaven. urka, u, f. a nickname, Fms. x. 120. url, n. [Ital. orlo; Fr. ourlet; mod. Lat. orlum], a kind of hat or hood, Ó.H. 30, a GREEK. urmull, see örmöl. urningr, m. [yrja = erja], a rubbing; af ari eðr urningi, Skýr. 590 (Björn á Skarðsá). urra, að, to snarl, of a dog. urt, f. a herb; see jurt. urta, u, f. a female seal with litter, Skáld H. 6. 5, and in mod. usage. urt-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, whence Urthvala-fjörðr, a local name, Eb. 8 new Ed. ur-þjóð, f. = yrþjóð = verþjóð, Ad. USLI, a, m. [A.S. ysla or ysela = fire, embers; a compd form is auvisli (q.v.) qs. af-usli(?); cp. Lat. urere] :-- a conflagration, esp. in the allit. eldr ok usli, Fms. i. 201, viii. 341: a field of burning embers, xi. 35: the sense damages (see auvisli) is prob. secondary. usla-gjald or usla-bót, n. compensation for u., N.G.L. i. 246, Gþl. 387; see auvisli. UXI, a, m., older form oxi; in plur. yxn, öxn (cp. the A.S. oxa, pl. oxan; Engl. ox, oxen]; also spelt eyxn, exn, eoxn; the masc. forms 'yxn' and 'yxninir' being formed like menn, menninir from mann-r; uxar is rare and later; thus fjórir öxn, Edda i. 30, v.l. 7; öxnernir, id., v.l. 12, Cod. U; fjóra öxn, id.; but öxninn (for oxninnir), Cod. Reg. l.c.; tvá gamla arðr-yxn, Stj. 446; vexnum, Fms. x. 404; tveir yxn, Bret. 22; feita eyxn, Sks. 697 B; tvá yxn, þrjá yxn, Eg. 181, 733; marga yxn, 181; korn ok yxn, N.G.L. i. 75; yxninir, Fms. vi. 69; yxnennir, xi. 7; yxnina, Bret. 26; eyxn þrír hvítir, Fms. xi. 6; eyxn marga. Eg. 733; öxn mínir, Greg. 44; eoxkn (sic) fyrir arðri, MS. 1812. 65; öxnunum, Bret. 26; yxn þeir er Þórólfr var ekinn á ... tvá sterka yxn, ... vóru þá þrotnir yxninir ok teknir aðrir ..., þá ærðusk yxninir ok urðu þegar lausir, Eb. 6l, 62 new Ed. β. it became neuter; eyna ok yxnin með (yxnina?), Ld. 122, Fas. ii. 232; yxinin (sic), Stj. 446 (but v.l. yxnina and yxnin); yxna-flokkr and öxna-flokkr, a herd or drove of oxen, Edda i. 168. 208; yxna-kaup, Rd. 256; öxna-ok, Greg. 28; yxna réttr, an ox-stall, Sturl. ii. 203; yxna tal, Jb. 103, Gþl. 189. γ. next yxni was used as n. sing.; yxni fimm vetra gamalt, Ísl. ii. 330; þeir hafa drepit yxni mitt, Sd. 158; yxni þrevétt, Sturl. i. 72, v.l.; yxni hans lá í keldu, Landn. 120; yxnis húð, Ísl. ii. 71; yxnis hvarf, id.; yxnis-maðr, an ox-keeper, id.: [Ulf. auhfa = GREEK; A.S. oxa; Engl. ox; O.H.G. ohso; Germ. ochs; Dan. oxe.] B. An ox; uxi alsvartr, uxa-höfuð, Hým. 18, 22 (Bugge); uxa

658 Ú -- ÚDAUNAN.

gamlan, uxanum, Glúm. 348; uxana, Rd. 257; uxarnir, Dropl. 8; uxar, Dipl. iii. 4; uxa þrévetran, Sturl. i. 72; uxum, Eg. 742; uxann, Edda i. 208, but oxanum, 210, l. 1; uxna (gen.), 484; oxa-húð, Landn. 226; oxa höfuð, Edda i. 168, 169 (Cod. Reg.), but uxa, Hým. l.c.; oxans, Ísl. ii. 331; lær af oxa þrévetrum, Fms. x. 398; oxa líki, Bær. 19; uxa-báss, Sturl. ii. 43; uxa-fótr, a nickname, Fb. i; uxa-gjöf, Glúm. 390; uxa-kjöt, Stj. 91; uxa-knúta, -horn, -húð, Fms. iii. 18, 186, Fas. i. 288, ii. 337; uxa merki, Taurus, in the zodiac, Rb. 100; uxa síða, Dipl. iii. 4: oxa-stútr, m., see stútr. II. yxna-megn or öxna-megn, a nickname, Grett., Landn. 2. in local names, Öxn-ey, Landn., Eb.: Öxna-brekkur, Öxna-dalr, Öxna-lækr, Öxna-skarð, Landn., Ísl. ii: Öxna-furða, Oxford, Fms. iv. 64 (v.l.), cp. Thom. 544. Ú Ú- or ó- is the negative prefix before nouns, adjectives, and adverbs (Engl. and Germ. un-), for the spelling of which see p. 469, col. 2. The use of this particle is almost unlimited; it may e.g. be prefixed to almost every past part., in frequent instances answering to Engl. 'not;' ókominn, not come; ófarinn, not gone; úgefinn, not given; or to the part. act. as gerundive, það er óhafandi, unfit for use; ógöranda, not feasible; ódrekkandi, undrinkable; óetandi, uneatable; úsigrandi, óvinnandi, invincible; ótakandi, impregnable. 2. special usages: α. prefixed to comparatives, answering to Engl. 'less;' eigi úauðgari, not less rich; údaufligra, less dull; and so in endless instances, see the references below: esp. after a negative, eigi ósannara en, not less true than. β. often with another negative, with an intensive force; hann var aldrei úgrátandi, 'he was never unweeping,' i.e. he cried all along; aldrei ósofandi, never unsleeping, i.e. always sleeping: so also, eigi úgaman, not unpleasant, i.e. very pleasant; eigi úákafr, 'not uneager,' i.e. very eager; eigi úþessligr, not unlike that, i.e. quite of that kind; eigi úfóthvatr, not unswift, i.e. very swift indeed. γ. eiga skamt úlifað, see úlifað; at úsögðum sundr griðum, hafa úfengit þess fjár. B. COMPDS: ú-aflátliga (ú-aflátanliga), adv. incessantly, Fms. i. 231, x. 291, Sks. 628. ú-aflátsamr, adj. (-semi, f.), unintermittent, Fms. iii. 175. ú-afskiptinn, adj. not meddlesome, Lv. 73. ú-afskiptasamr, adj. id., Fms. vii. 358. ú-alandi, part. a law term, one who must not be fed, of an outlaw, Grág., Nj. passim. ú-aldar, see úöld. ú-alinn, part. unborn, Js. 73. ú-andligr, adj. unspiritual, Skálda. ú-annt, adj. not busy, not eager, Fs. 99; see annt. ú-aptrbætiliga, adv. irreparably, H.E. i. 476. ú-arfgengr, adj. not entitled to inherit, Grág. i. 228. ú-argr, adj.; this word is perh. not from ú- and argr (q.v.), but qs. of-vargr; cp. the spelling of the word in the old Norse vellum, Þiðr. l.c.; in the phrase, dýr et úarga, the worrier, the great beast of prey, the fierce animal, i.e. the lion; dýrum enum úörgum, ... úörgu dýr, Stj.; úarga dýrinu, Fas. iii. 95; óarga dýr, Rb. 102; et óarga dýr (ovarga, the vellum), Þiðr. 183; as a nickname, enn úargi, Landn. ú-athugasamr, adj. inattentive, 623. 35. ú-athygli, f. inattention, Fms. v. 195. ú-auðigr, adj. unwealthy, destitute, Hm., Grág. i. 324; bændr allir þeir er úauðgari eru (less wealthy), enn þingfarar-kaupi eigu at gegna, 133. ú-auðligr, adj. poorly, Hm. 74, Vþm. 10, Fas. iii. 603. ú-auðna, u, f. ill-luck, misfortune, Fms. viii. 286. ú-auðráðinn, part. not easily managed, Hkr. ii. 222. ú-auðsóttligr, adj. not easy to overcome, Ld. 238. ú-aukinn, part. 'uneked,' unaugmented, Gþl. 149. ú-áfenginn, adj. not intoxicating, Bs. i. 394. ú-ágangsamr, adj. not encroaching upon others, peaceful, Fs. 29. ú-ágengiligr, adj. not aggressive, Ísl. ii. 181. ú-ágjarn, adj. uncovetous, Hkr. ii. 31. ú-áhlýðinn, part. unlistening, self-willed, Orkn. 40, Fms. xi. 246. ú-ákafliga, adv. listlessly, Fms. vii. 288. ú-ákafr, adj. not eager, slovenly, Fms. vi. 312; engu úákafari, less eager, Fas. i. 503, Fms. vi. 312, Lv. 6l. ú-áleitinn, adj. unencroaching; maðr góðgjarn ok ú., Fms. ii. 248, Eg. 754 ú-áran, n. a bad season, dearth, Rb. 388, Stj. 333, Fms. xi. 7; úárani, x. 400; mikit ú. í búi, Sks. 322; ú. á fólki, 324; átta tigum vetra síðarr varð annat óáran, Landn. (App.) 323; úárans-vetr, Ver. 18; óárans-auki, increase of dearth, Bs. i. 76. ú-árenniligr, adj. not easy to run against or attack, Nj. 187, Ld. 102. ú-árligr, adj. unseasonable; görði Grím mjök úárligan, G. became very famished, Brandkr. 60. ú-árvænn, adj. an unpromising season; sumar úárvænt, Hkr. ii. 183. ú-áræðiligr, adj. unlikely, Fms. viii. 445, v.l. ú-ástfólginn, part. unbeloved; úástfólgnari, less beloved, Fas. ii. 408. ú-ástugr, adj. loveless; úástugt var með þeim hjónum, little love, coldness, Landn. 151, v.l. ú-ástúðligr, adj. loveless. ú-átan, f. a thing not to be eaten, forbidden in the eccl. law; eta úátan, 655 xii. 3, K.Þ.K. 136, 172, N.G.L. i. 342; átu menn hrafna ok melrakka, ok mörg ú. íll var etin, Landn. (App.) 323. ú-ávaxtasamr, adj. unproductive, Fms. iii. 166. ú-barðr (-barínn), part. unbeaten, Fms. i. 75; enginn verðr úbarinn biskup, a saying. ú-bastaðr, part. unbasted, unbound, D.N. ii. 560. ú-beðinn, part. unbidden, K.Þ.K. 50, (Kb.) 16; óbeðit, Hm. 146. ú-beiðull, adj. not requesting, 686 C. 2. ú-beinn, adj. not straight, crooked, Ver. 19. ú-beit, n. dislike; hafa óbeit á e-u, to have a dislike for a thing; this word is not found in old writers. ú-bergan, n. an 'unrock,' a flinty rock, Barl. 181. ú-bernskliga, adv. unchildishly, like a grown-up man, Fms. xi. 53. ú-bernskligr, adj. unchildish, manly, Fbr. ú-berr, adj. 'unbare,' hidden, Skálda 194. ú-bilgjarn, adj. wrong-headed, Skv. 3. 21, Hkr. iii. 138, Sturl. i. 104: impatient, Hákon var óbilgjarn, Fms. vi. 334, Fas. ii. 426; íllt er at eggja úbilgjarnan, a saying, Grett. 91. ú-bilt (see bilt), láta sér verða úbilt, to take no fright, Fas. i. 126. ú-birgr, adj. (not úbyrgr), unprovided, Vm. 16, Bs. i. 868, Fb. i. 431, Háv. 47, Ísl. ii. 142. ú-birktr, part. unbarked, of trees, Stj. 177. ú-birta, u, f. darkness, Fms. vii. 108. ú-bíðingr, m. an 'unbiding one,' runaway, Landn. (in a verse). ú-bítalaðr, part. [Germ.], unpaid, Vm. 26. ú-bjartr, adj. not bright, dark, Flóv. 30. ú-bjúgr, adj. not convex, Rb. 468. ú-blandinn, part. unblended, Hom. 59. ú-blauðr, adj. not blauðr (q.v.), Fm.; a pr. name, Landn. ú-blindr, adj. not blind, Fms. iv. 13 (in a verse). ú-blíða, u, f. a disfavour, Fms. v. 235, Fas. i. 531, Stj. 200, Bs. i. 714. ú-blíðliga, adv. 'unblithely,' unkindly, Stj. 212. ú-blíðligr, adj. unkind, Arons S. (MS.) ú-blíðr, adj.froward, frowning, Eg. 524, Sks. 285. ú-blóðigr, adj. unbloody, Fas. i. 425. ú-boðinn, part. unbidden, N.G.L. i. 93, Odd. 61; koma úboðit, to come unbidden, Fms. viii. 46. ú-borinn, part., see bera; þá er sem úborit sé, of a witness, Grág. i. 40: unborn, Stj. 159; in the phrase, alnir ok úbornir, born and unborn; ek mælta eitt orð úborinn (of king Völsung), Fas. i. 123; úborins erfð, N.G.L. i. 49; fé úborit, bewitched or charmed things, charms, K.Þ.K.: as a law phrase, 'unborn,' i.e. illegitimate, hón varðveitti barn drottningar úborit meðan hón var í laugu: as a nickname, Uni enn úborni, Landn.; ... Úlfrún en úborna, id. ú-bókfróðr, adj. unlettered, H.E. i. 584. ú-bóta, gen. pl. from úbætr, q.v. úbóta-maðr, m. a criminal; þjófar ... drottins-svikar, morð-vargar, brennu-vargar, þeir eru allir óbóta menn, N.G.L. i. 405; biskup á allar þar sektir til þess er maðr er ú., 350; göra e-n at úbóta manni, Nj. 59; þó þeir væri frjálsir menn þá væri þeir þó óbóta menn, Eg. 737. ú-bóta-mál, n. a case which cannot be atoned for by money, a crime, felony, Js. 134, Gþl. 118, 136, N.G.L. i. 352. úbóta-sök, f. a felony, Js. 24. úbóta-verk, n. a bootless work, i.e. a felony, crime, N.G.L. i. 350. ú-bragðligr, adj. dull-looking, Fbr. 142. ú-bráðgörr, part. late ripe, slow of growth, of a youth, Glúm. 335. ú-bráðr, adj. slow, Fms. viii. 327; úbrátt, slowly, taka e-u úbrátt, Orkn. 42. ú-bráðreiðr, adj. unimpassioned or dispassionate, Fas. iii. 90. ú-breiddr, part. unspread, Jb. 193. ú-brenndr, part. unburnt, Fms. ix. 357, x. 70. ú-breytiliga, adv. in a common manner, Fms. ii. 267. ú-breyttr, adj. unaltered, Fms. i. 296: common, ú. maðr, a common, plain, everyday man, Stj., Fms. v. 182; einn ú. bóndason, viii. 12; ekki heyrir at tala svá til úbreyttra manna, Skálda; ú. klæðnaðr, plain clothing, Mar. ú-brigðanliga, adv. invariably, Rb. 214. ú-brigðanligr, adj. unchangeable, K.Á. 2, Sks. 604. ú-brigðiliga, adv. inconvertibly, Dipl. i. 2, 3, H.E. i. 259, 528, K.Á. 52. ú-brigðiligr, adj. unchangeable, Gþl. 41, Greg. 11: irreversible, of a deed, act, testament, Dipl. v. 26. ú-brigðr, part. unchanged, Hm. 6, Bs. i. 763; en landaurum var úbrigt, Fas. iii. 194. ú-brotgjarn, adj. not brittle, Ad. ú-brotinn, part. unbroken, Fms. ii. 144, Orkn. 444. ú-bróðurliga, adv. unbrotherly, Fas. i. 500. ú-brugðinn, part. unchanged, Th. 23, Edda (Ht.) i. 606, Mar. ú-brunninn, part. unburnt, Ó.H. 229, Fms. i. 129, vii. 164, Nj. 208. ú-bryddr, part. unshod, Hm. 89. ú-bræddr, part. untarred, Krók. 53. ú-bundinn, part. unbound, Hkm., Hom. 120, Þórð. 48 new Ed. ú-búinn, part. 'un-boune,' not ready, unprepared, Hkr. i. 248: unready, unwilling, Fms. vii. 248: unadorned, Pm. 23: undone, Fas. i. 231; see búa. ú-bygð, f. an unpeopled tract, a desert (see bygð), Grág. ii. 197; til úbygða í Grænlandi, Landn. 26; hann fékk líflát á Grænalandi í óbygðum, Bs. i. 408; sjóinn ok aðrar úbygðir, Fms. xi. 225; mér tekr mjök at leiðask í úbygðum þessum, ii. 104. ú-bygðr, part. unpeopled, Grág. ii. 131, Dipl. iii. 13. ú-byggiligr, adj. uninhabitable, Sks. 1, Hkr. ii. 44. ú-byggjandi, part. uninhabitable, Sks. 197. ú-byrja, adj. barren, of a woman; þær konur er ú. eru, Stj. 89, 248; konur úbyrea, 175; kona hans var ú., MS. 623. 51: in mod. usage, as subst., Elisabeth var óbyrja, Luke i. 6; sælar eru óbyrjur, xxiii. 29; sæl nú óbyrjan barnlaus er, Pass. 31. 4. ú-bænir, f. pl. curses, imprecations, Ísl. ii. 220, v.l. ú-bæriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), intolerable, Fas. i. 79, Stj. 187. ú-bætiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), irreparable, Fms. ii. 297. ú-bætr, f. pl. a law phrase, an act that cannot be compounded by money, a felony; fellr þat til úbóta, K.Á. 144: gen. plur. úbóta- in compds, see above, ú-bættr, part. unpaid, of weregild; hón kvað betri menn liggja úbætta, Nj. 54; úbætt synd, a sin not atoned for, K.Á. 208. ú-dauðahræddr, adj. not afraid for one's life, Finnb. 260. ú-dauðleikr, m. immortality, Stj. 24, Lil. 67. ú-dauðligr, adj. undying, Stj. 24, Mar., MS. 623. 59. ú-dauðr, adj.; ú. at eins, all but dead, Ld. 242, K.Þ.K. 12. ú-daufligr, adj. not dull; þat er údaufligra, less dull, Fms. ix. 45, Ísl. ii. 178. ú-daufr, adj. not daufr, q.v. ú-daunan, n. a bad smell;

ÚDAUNN -- ÚFRIÐVÆNN. 659

allt ú., Mar.; ú. mikit, Orkn. 208, v.l. ú-daunn, m. id., Fms. iv. 28. ú-dáðir, f. pl. a misdeed, outrage (Germ. unthat); fyrir ofsa ok údáðir, Fms. i. 208; údáðum sínum ... údáðum eða íllsku, Fb. i. 548, Stj. 271: údáða-maðr, m. a malefactor, K.Á. 60, Gþl. 22, Fms. iii. 61: údáða-verk, n. a crime, Vígl. 31, K.Á. 142: Údáða-hraun, n. the Desert of Misdeeds, is the name of a desert in the north-east of Icel., near Mount Herdabreid, from the popular legend of its containing unknown valleys, peopled by útilegumenn, q.v. ú-dáinn, part. 'undead,' alive, Fas. ii. 200 (in a verse): in the name Údáins-akr = the Land of the undying, a kind of Paradise or place of bliss in the Northern mythology, see the legend of Eric the far traveller, Fb. i. 29 sqq. ú-deigliga, adv. '-unsoftly,' harshly, Gísl. 69. ú-deigr, adj. not soft, Þiðr. ú-deildr, part. 'undealt,' undivided, whole, Grág. i. 173, ii. 349. ú-dirfð, f. lack of courage, faintness, Sturl. iv. 99 (ofdirfð, Bs. i. 766). ú-dirfska, u, f. = údirfð. ú-djarfliga, adv. timidly, Fms. viii. 124, Stj. 422. ú-djarfr, adj. timid, Rd. 310, Fms. x. 317, Eg. 284. ú-drápgjarn, adj. not bloodthirsty, Fms. v. 191, Rb. 364. ú-dreginn, part. not dragged, undrawn, not measured (see draga A. II), N.G.L. i. 323. ú-drekkandi, part. undrinkable, Rb. 354. ú-drengiliga, adv. unmanfully, meanly, Ld. 234, Fms. iii. 121, vii. 71, 269, Ísl. ii. 269. ú-drengiligr, adj. unworthy of a man, Ld. 266, Fms. vi. 103. ú-drengjask, ð, to disgrace oneself, N.G.L. ii. (Hirðskrá). ú-drengr, m. a bad fellow, Grett. 155 A. ú-drenglyndr, ú-drenglyndi, f., and údrengskapr, m. meanness, Fms. vi. 121, xi. 287, Háv. 41. ú-drepinn, part. unkilled, Js. 30. ú-dreymdr, part. not dreamed, Sturl. ii. 217. ú-drjúgr, adj. falling short, Fms. ii. 69, 270, viii. 134. ú-drukkinn, part. 'undrunk' sober, Eg. 149, Fins, i. 162, xi. 112. ú-drýgindi, n. pl. the being údrjúgr. ú-duldr, part. not unaware of, knowing, Gþl. 417, Orkn. 140. ú-dvaldr, part. undelayed, Magn. 534. ú-dygð, f. faithlessness, bad faith, Grett. 131, 154 A: dishonesty, wickedness, Fms. i. 141, vi. 109; údygðar maðr, a bad fellow, ix. 261. ú-dyggiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), dishonestly, Rd. 258. ú-dyggleikr, m. = údygð, Sks. 349, 455 B. ú-dyggligr, adj. dishonest, 623. 9. ú-dyggr, adj. wicked, Fms. ii. 140, vi. 96, Magn. 484: faithless, of a bad worker. ú-dýrr, adj. not dear; land údýrra, Ld. 322; eignir údýrri, údýrrum í mót, Dipl. v. 26; údýrstr, at the lowest price, cheapest, Fms. iii. 158; inn údýrsti gripr, least valuable, Grág. i. 452; leggja údýrt. Eg. 715; kaupa údýrra, to buy at a less price, Fms. vii. 285. ú-dæði, n. an 'un-deed,' misdeed. ú-dæld, f., in údældar-maðr, m. an overbearing person, Ld. 110, Njarð. 376. ú-dæll, adj. difficult, Hm. 8: overbearing, ágjarn ok ú., Eg. 179; ú. ok ílir viðreignar, Nj. 17; úþýðr ok ú., Fms. viii. 175; inn údælasti, Njarð. 376. ú-dælleikr, m. an overbearing temper, Sturl. i. 114. ú-dæmdr, part. unsentenced, Fms. i. 80; standi údæmt mál þeirra, Js. 20; údæmdr þjófr, vii. 114. ú-dæmi, n. pl. an enormity, monstrous thing; með miklum údæmum, Nj. 114; mörg endemi þau er mundi údæmi þykkja, Bs. i. 62; vera með údæmum, unexampled, Gísl. 22: údæma-mikill, adj. portentous, MS. 4. 20: údæma-verk, n. a monstrous deed, enormity, Sturl. i. 29, Fms. xi. 347, vii. 293. ú-dæmiliga, adv. enormously, Mar. ú-dæmiligr, adj. enormous; ú. glæpr, Mar.; íll ok ú. görð, Fms. ii. 226. ú-dæsinn, adj. unwearied, Fms. vi. (in a verse). ú-dökkr, adj. not black, Edda (Ht.) ú-efanligr, adj. indubitable. ú-efni, n. a perplexity, precarious state of affairs; hér slær í allmikil ú., Nj. 246; horfir til enna mestu úefna, 164, Ísl. ii. 339; (það) for í úefni, Sturl. iii. 210; er hann sá í hvert ú. komit var, Orkn. 106. ú-eiginligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), not proper, Skálda. ú-einarðr (úeinarð-ligr, -liga), adj. insincere, Krók. 38. ú-einkynntr, part. unmarked, of sheep; ef fé er úeinkynnt, Grág. i. 415. ú-einsligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), úeinsligra, less lonely, Stj. 393. ú-einurð, f. adulation, Al. 153: insincerity, Stj. 102. ú-eira = úeirð, in úeiru-maðr, m. an unruly man, Korm. 90, Nj. 152 (v.l.), Fms. x. 420. ú-eirð, f. disquietude, tumult; kapps fullr ok úeirðar, Fms. vii. 357; úcirðir, uproar; úeirðar-maðr, an unruly man, Korm. 140, Nj. 152. ú-eirinn, adj. unruly, Fms. vii. 199; ú. í skapi, i. 155; údæll ok ú., Lv. 26: unforbearing, harðr ok ú. við ránsmenn ok víkinga, Orkn. 158. ú-eldinn, adj. not made hot in the forge, Grág. i. 501. úendaligr, adj. endless, interminable, Fms. ii. 42, Mar. ú-endiliga, adv. interminably, H.E. i. 409. ú-endiligr (ú-endanligr, Fms. i. 262, and mod.), adj. endless, Stj. ú-endr, adj. infinte, endless, 656 C. 1. ú-erfiðr, adj. not toilsome; úerfiðast, Mar. ú-eskliga(?), Fms. iv. 368. ú-étinn, part. uneaten, N.G.L. i. 349. ú-fagna, að, to be 'un-fain,' to condole; ú. yðrum úfagnaði = flere cum flentibus, Sturl. ii. 14 C. ú-fagnaðr, m. 'ungladness,' sorrow; harmr ok ú., Hom. 121: wickedness, íllska ok ú., K.Á. 227; úfagnaðar fólk, wicked folk, Stj.: a plague, hann kvað þar sjálfan úfagnaðinn inni vera, the devil himself, Grett. 135 A; ætla ek at þessi úfögnuðr sé sendr af Óðni, Fms. iii. 179; úfagnaðar kraptr, devilish power, Grett. 114 A. ú-fagr, adj. 'unfair,' not handsome, ugly; úfögr hönd, Fms. vii. 162; it úfegra, the less fine, 94; úfegri enn áðr, Lv. 78; úfagrt kvæði, Ísl. ii. 237; úfagra samsetning stafanna, Skálda. ú-fagrliga, adv. inelegantly, Skálda 188. ú-fagrligr, adj. unhandsome, Fs. 43. ú-fall, n. a mishap, Bs. i. 640. ú-fallinn, adj. unfitted, Sturl. i. 45: unbecoming. Eg. 730; kvað úfallit at deila við föður sinn, Lv. 9, Fms. ix. 240, H.E. i. 248. ú-falr, adj. not for sale; inn yngri er mér úfalr, Fms. x. 227; hann kvað þá sér eigi úfalari til dauða, Fas. ii. 483; skal ek þann velja er ek veit at þér er úfalastr, Ld. 122. ú-falsaðr, part. unfalsified, Mar.; kaup ú., Jb. 372; hallkvæmr ok ú. beini, Fms. ii. 261. ú-farinn, part. not gone; var honum þessi ferð betr farin enn úfarin, Fms. iii. 181; úfarin mundi þessi (ferð) ef ek réða, Boll. 346. ú-farnaðr, m. 'evil speed,' a misfortune, Eg. 20, Glúm. 370, Fms. ii. 242. ú-fatlaðr, part. unhindered. ú-fáguligr, adj. unpolished, Fms. ii. 163. ú-fár, adj. not few, i.e. many, Lex. Poët. ú-feginn, adj. 'unfain,' not glad, sorry, Sól.; úfegnari, less rejoicing, Bs. i. 199; því hefði hann orðit úfegnastr er þann var eigi þar, Sturl. ii. 106. ú-fegraðr, part. unadorned, Fas. ii. 471. ú-feigr, adj. not fey (see feigr), Fms. viii. 117, Bs. i. 139. ú-feilinn, adj. unfaltering. ú-felldr, part. unfelled: úfellt, unbecoming = úfallit, Orkn. 214, Sturl. ii. 145. ú-fengiligr, adj. of little value, unimportant, Fms. vi. 367. ú-fenginn, part. not gotten; fé fengit ok úfengit, Gullþ. 5, Fas. iii. 375; ef henni er úfenginn staðr, Grág. i. 146; jarl kveðsk úfengit enn hafa þess fjárins, Fms. xi. 82. ú-ferjandi, part. (gerund.), who may not be ferried, of an outlaw, Grág. i. 88, Nj. 110 (in the formula). ú-fésamr, adj. unprofitable, yielding little profit, Sturl. i. 101 C. ú-festr, part. unfastened, Grág. ii. 362. ú-fimleikr, m. unhandiness, Fas. iii. 6. ú-fimliga, adv. awkwardly, Fms. ii. 268, Ísl. ii. 198, Fas. ii. 297. ú-fimligr, adj. unhandy, Fms. ii. 271, Fas. ii. 35, Bs. i. 60. ú-fimr, adj. awkward, Fbr. 142. ú-fjöllóttr, adj. flat, not hilly, Fb. i. 431. ú-fjöt, n. pl. 'unfits,' broils, blunders; ef lögsögumaðr görir þau ú. nökkur, er meiri hlutr manna vill kalla þingsafglöpun, Grág. i. 12. ú-flattr, part. uncut up, of fish, Grág. ii. 357. ú-flekkaðr, part. 'unflecked,' immaculate, Th. 26. ú-fleygr, adj. unfledged, not able to fly, Edda. ú-fljótr, adj. 'not fleet,' slow; úfljótari, Fms. xi. 362; taka e-u úfljótt, Fbr. 119. ú-flokkr, m. a rabble, Fms. ix. 410. ú-flugumannligr, adj. not like a flugumaðr, Sturl. i. 13. ú-flýjandi, part. (gerund.), in the phrase, ú. herr, an overwhelming host, Fms. i. 199, ii. 198, vii. 189. ú-forn, adj. not old, Pm. 62. ú-forsjáliga, adv. improvidently, Stj. ú-forsjóliga, adv. improvidently, Fms. vii. 128. ú-forsjóligr, adj. improvident, Stj. 3. ú-forsynja, u, f., see úfyrirsynja. ú-forvitinn, adj. not curious, Fms. ii. 100, Fb. i. 538. ú-fólginn, part. unhidden, Hkm., N.G.L. i. 21. ú-fóthvatr, adj. unswift of foot; ekki vartú þá ú., thou wast not slow of foot, i.e. thou didst run well, Glúm. 363. ú-fótlinr, adj. not hard for the foot, Greg. 5. ú-framarr, compar. less forward; í engum stað úframarr, Fms. xi. 326; hvergi ú., 48; launa úframarr enn skyldi, Fas. i. 365, iii. 53; þótt til væri ætlat ekki ú., Glúm. 333. ú-framgjarn, adj. shy, Grett. 53. ú-frami, a, m. bashfulness; ú. ok ótti, 655 xxvii. 2. ú-framliga, adv. not forwardly, shyly; fara ú., Fas. ii. 90; hann gékk heldr ú., Fms. vi. 113; ok köguðu til hans ú., Niðrst. 5. ú-framr, adj. unforward, shy, Edda 108; ú. maðr, Fas. ii. 500; aptans bíðr úframs sök, a saying, Sighvat, Ld. 136, Fas. iii. 80; úframara, Fms. x. 83, v.l. ú-framsýni, f. improvidence, Þórð. 63. ú-framsýnn, adj. improvident. ú-fráleikr, m. slowness, Eluc. 14. ú-fráligr and ú-frár, adj. not fleet, faint, weakly; ú. ok úvanr göngu, Valla L. 216; lið klæðfátt ok útrátt, Bs. i. 442; nú er barnit svá úfrátt (faint) at eigi má presti ná, N.G.L. i. 12. ú-fregit, part. n. unasked; Knútr sagði Gunnari úfregit allt, Nj. 49, Fs. 19. ú-freistað, part. n. untried; ekki dugir úfreistað, a saying, Nj. 8, Fas. ii. 115. ú-frekliga, adv. not greedily; öngu úfrekligarr, Fms. iii. 96, vi. 123. ú-frekr, adj. not frekr; eigi úfrekara, Bs. i. 729. ú-frelsa (ú-freálsa), að, to make captive; hann fangaði oss ok úfrjálsaði, Stj. 147: to molest, attack, with dat., ú. e-m, H.E. i. 460: þau hundruð sem hann úfrelsaði honum upp á hald framarr meirr, i.e. the money, the further possession of which he opposed, Dipl. iii. 13. ú-frelsi, n. 'unfreedom,' tyranny; úfrelsi eðr ofríki, Fms. vii. 293; konungr lagði þá í ú., deprived them of their freedom, Hkr. ii. 234, Sks. 510; leysa hann af þessu ú., Fms. x. 225. ú-freskr, adj., see ófreskr. ú-friðask, að; það ú. með e-m, to become enemies, Fms. xi. 201. ú-friðliga, adv. in unpeaceful manner; láta ú., to be unruly, Grett. 149. ú-friðligr, adj. unpeaceful, unruly, Fms. ix. 351, Fs. 121. ú-friðr, m. 'un-peace,' war, state of war; úfriði, Fms. i. 29: an attack, the enemy, sögðu at ú. for at þeim, Eg. 121; hefi ek frétt at ófriðr er kominn í ana, Nj. 42; hann kallaði halt, af tjöldin, hér ferr ú.! Fms. ix. 49; er þeir urðu varir við úfrið, that the enemy was near, i. 58; úfriðar ágangr, 188; úfriðar-efni, vi. 286; úfriðar-för, -ferð, v. 292, Sturl. ii. 227; úfriðar-flokkr, a band, Fms. viii. 211, ix. 266; úfriðar-fylgjur, the 'fetches' of enemies, Þórð. 32; úfriðar herr, Fms. ii. 308; úfriðar-kvittr, 296; úfriðar-laust, peacefully, ix. 280; úfriðar-maðr, þar mætti hann úfriðarmönnum (enemies), þeim er hann vildu drepa, i. 146; hann sá at þetta vóru úfriðar menn, xi. 333; úfriðar stormr, Fas. ii. 79, Stj. 255, 278; úfriðar-vænn, Fms. ix. 290. ú-friðsamliga, adv. = úfriðliga; fara ú. herja ok ræna, Fms. xi. 122; ú. hefir mik dreymt, Njarð. 374. ú-friðsamligr, adj. unpeacefnl, warlike, disturbed, Hkr. ii. 333, Ann. 1239. ú-friðsamr, adj. unruly, Fms. viii. 266, xi. 270. ú-friðvænn, adj. unpromising for peace,

660 ÚFRITT -- ÚGÖFUGR.

Eg. 373. ú-fritt, n. adj. unpeaceful; e-m er úfritt, one's life is without rest, Landn. 295. ú-fríðleikr, m. ugliness, Sturl. i. 1. ú-fríðr, adj. ugly; hvárrki minni né úfríðari, Fær. 153: of payment in kind, opp. to cattle (see fríðr II); þar á móti bauð Bjarni úfritt virðingar-fé, Üipl. iii. 13; hundrað úfrítt, Vm. 11; hit úfríða, Grág. i. 221, H.E. i. 561. ú-frjáls, adj. unfree (cp. Swed. frelse och ufrelse); en úfrjálsa ættin, the unfree, the slaves, Fms. ii. 69. ú-frjóleikr, m. unfruitfulness, barrenness, Stj. 78, 203. ú-frjór and ú-frær, adj. barren; ófrjóvari, Stj. 6l; öngan hlut úfræan (ufrean Cod.), 20; úfreóm, 195; úfræ, Rb. 354; akr úfrær, Glúm. 340. ú-frjósamr, adj. unfertile, unproductive, Sturl. i. 101. ú-frjósemi, f. infertility. ú-fróðleikr, m. want of knowledge, Sks. 554, Fms. x. 288. ú-fróðliga, adv.; spyrja ú., to ask foolishly, Sks. 283, Edda 13. ú-fróðligr, adj. uninteresting, Sks. 519, Fms. xi. 117, Hkr. ii. 83. ú-fróðr, adj. ignorant, Kormak; ú. ok úvitr, Fms. ix. 55; ú. ok heimskr, vi. 113; eigi úfróðari, not worse informed, Sks. 503. ú-frómr, adj. dishonest, thievish. ú-frýnn, ú-frýnligr, adj. frowning; see offrýnn. ú-fræði, f. ignorance, lack of information, Hkr. iii. 96. ú-frægð, f. discredit, Stj. 430 (v.l.), H.E. i. 463. ú-frægja, að, to defame, Th. 14, Skálda 208. ú-frægr, adj. inglorious; eigi úfrægari, not less famous, Fas. i. 347. ú-frækn, adj. unwarlike, Bær. 16. ú-frændsamliga, adv. unkinsmanlike, Finnb. 304. ú-frær, adj. = úfrjór. ú-fullr, adj. not full, Pm. 22, 37. ú-fundinn, part. unfound, -undiscovered, Landn. 173, Grág. ii. 384, Jb. 329. ú-fúinn, part. unrotten, Ld. 100, Sd. 191. ú-fúss, adj. unwilling; ú. e-s, Nj. 198, Fms. vii. 272, viii. 145, xi. 375. ú-fylginn, adj. not following; Grettir var honum ú., Grett. 76. ú-fylliligr, adj. insatiable, Hom. 25. ú-fyrirlátsamr, adj. intractable, headstrong, Grett. 91, 144. ú-fyrirlátsemi, f. obstinacy, ú-fyrirleitinn, adj. intractable, reckless, Fms. iii. 206, Orkn. 290. ú-fyrirleitni, f. recklessness, Fas. i. 52. ú-fyrirsynja, u, f. a thing not to be endured;þat má þykkja mikil ú. ..., ok þykki mér þat úþolanda, Ísl. ii. 420: esp. in the adverbial phrase, úfyrirsynju, wantonly, for no purpose, Lv. 28, Ísl. ii. 141, H.E. ii. 80; þessi seta þótti úfyrirsynju, Fms. viii. 455, v.l.; úforsynju konungr, Fb. i. 28. ú-fægðr, part. uncleansed, Hom. 70. ú-fæliliga, adv. undauntedly, Fas. iii. 75. ú-fælinn, adj. undaunted, Lex. Poët., Fms. vi. 216, Sks. 382 B: mod. úfeilinn, Sturl. 1. 99 (paper MS.) ú-færa, u, f. an impassable place; ár eða úfærur, N.G.L. i. 64: impracticability, a desperate task, hlaða skip til úfæru, to overload a ship, Bs. i. 276; ek kalla þat úfæru at berjask við þá, Fms. vii. 258; þeim var ú. þangat at fara, ix. 479; vera í úfæru, to be in a critical state, 404, Hkr. ii. 279; er ú. at komask þar yfir, Edda 5; var þat en mesta ú., þvíat þegar mundi hann keyra öxina í höfuð þér, Ld. 324; þat er en mesta ú. at ..., it is sheer rashness, Orkn. 360, 474; at þeirri úfæru var komit, at þeir mundi brenna skip þeirra, Bret. 60; úfæru-vegr, an impassable road, Al. 51. ú-færð, f. impassableness, esp. from snow; lagði á snjáva ok úfærðir, Fms. ii. 97; svá miklar úfærðir at þeir fengu eigi brotið snjáinn, ix. 234; mér er leitt at rekask í úfærðum, Lv. 26. ú-færðr, part. unbrought, Ísl. ii. 329, Grág. i. 247. ú-færi = úfæra; hlaða skip til úfæris, Gþl. 427; meiða til úfæris, to disable, Sturl. iii. 68 C. ú-færiligr, adj. impracticable, not to be done, Grett. 110: impassable, Sturl. iii. 160. ú-færr, adj. impassable, Nj. 63 (v.l.), Edda 3; ú. vegr, Fms. iv. 218: impossible, at honum mundi ekki úfært, vi. 400: improper, i. 83: of a person, disabled, Ísl. ii. 247, Orkn. 264, Grág. i. 142; drekka sik úfæran, Fms. ix. 23, Hkr. ii. 108, Eg. 206, 551. ú-fölr, adj. 'unsallow,' not pale; úfölvan belg, Þorf. Karl. 424. ú-för, f. a disastrous journey, disaster; hvárigan ykkarn mun hann spara til at hljóta úförna, Fms. xi. 113: esp. in plur., úfarar, a disaster, defeat, ill-luck; er hann sér úfarar sinna manna, Fær. 74, Sks. 551, Fms. vii. 204, 212: ill-treatment, úfarir ekki góðar, Ld. 278; úfara-ár,sumar, an ill season, bad summer, Ann. 1392, Sturl. i. 123; úfara-Hrói, H. the unlucky, Fms. v. 253. ú-gagn, n. an 'ungain,' 'unprofit,' hurt, harm, Hkv. 1. 37, Hom. 151, Fms. viii. 312, Grág. ii. 57, Edda 41: úgagn-auðigr, adj. unprofitable, Stj.: úgagn-vænligr, adj. id., Fb. i. 432. ú-gaman, n. no pleasure; væri eigi ú., Grett. 134 new Ed., Fas. ii. 414. ú-gangr, m.; úgangs-maðr(= úgagns-maðr), an aggressor, N.G.L. i. 171. ú-gaumgæfi, f. inattention, Sks. 280. ú-gaumgæfr, adj. heedless, 673. 61. ú-gá, f. sloth; liggja í úgá ok í drykkju, Fms. viii. 106, 320: inattention, fáfræði ok úgá, Bs. i. 137. ú-gát, n. = úgá, thoughtlessness; göra e-ð í ógáti, það var af ógáti. ú-geðligr, adj. disagreeable, Bs. i. 537. ú-gefinn, part. not given away, Nj. 29 (unmarried): vacant, Bs. i. 778. ú-gegn, adj. unreasonable, self-willed; þegiðu, Þórir, þegn ertú ú., Fms. vi. (in a verse); örorðr ok ú., Eb. 104; ú. ok heimskr, Clem. 44: ú-gegnliga, adv. improperly; ílla ok ú., Glúm. 330. ú-gegnd, f. unreasonableness: ú-gegndarliga, adv. unreasonably. ú-geigvænligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), not dangerous, Ísl. ii. 305. ú-genginn, part. not gone, K.Á. 152. ú-gengr, adj. unfit to walk on, of ice, Bs. i. 356: unable to walk, 443. ú-getinn, part. not begotten, Gtág. ii. 170: the phrase, láta sér úgetið at e-u, to be displeased at, Ld. 164. ú-geyminn, part. heedless of, Stj. 633, Grett. 169 new Ed. ú-gildi, n. 'unvalue,' of a thing that may be destroyed or damaged with impunity or without liability to compensation; aldrei gengr fénaðr sér til úgildis, Gþl. 397. ú-gildr, adj., see gildr; í engu var hann ógildari maðr, less brave, Eb. 200: as a law term, invalid, i.e. for whom no weregild is to be paid; vera ú., Nj. 56; falla ú., to be slain with impunity, without liability to weregild, of one slain in the act or the like; falla úgilda á sjálfra sinna verkum, Eg. 502; falla ú. fyrir újafnað sinn, Háv. 57; munum vit verða at hluta með okkr eða ella mun matrinn úgildr, or else no weregild will be got, Nj. 86. ú-gipta, u, f. ill-luck, haplessness, mischief, Fs. 99, Nj. 20, Fms. ii. 6l, Sks. 26; úgiptu bragð, an ill-boding countenance, Fms. x. 232; úgiptu-ár, a hapless year, ix. 535; úgiptu-verk, id.: úgiptu-liga, adv. haplessly, Ld. 252: úgiptu-ligr, adj. of luckless appearance, Ísl. ii: úgiptu-maðr, m. a luckless person, Nj. 66: úgiptu-samliga, adv. haplessly, Ld. 154: úgiptu-samligr, adj. hapless-looking, evil-boding, Fs. 31. ú-giptr, part. not given away, unmarried, Nj. 22, Fms. x. 115, Js. 59; in mod. usage also of a man. ú-girniligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), undesirable; verra kost ok úgirnilegra hlut, Fms. x. 260. ú-gjarn, adj. unwilling, Lex. Poët. ú-gjarna, adv. unwillingly. ú-glaðr, adj. 'unglad,' cheerless, gloomy; verða ú. við e-t, Hkr. i. 243; göra sik úglaðan, Sks. 446; ef hann sá þá úglaða, Fms. vii. 103; hvárt sem at hendi kom, þá varð hann eigi glaðari ok eigi úglaðari, Hkr. iii. 97. ú-gleði, f. 'un-gladness,' sadness, melancholy, Fms. ii. 146; sjá ú. á e-m, Hrafn. 10; taka ú., Eg. 322, Fms. vii. 103, passim; úgleðis-klæði, a mourning dress, Sks. 549 B; but úgleði-kyrtill, 228 B. ú-gleðja, gladdi, to make 'unglad,' distress; þarf þik þetta eigi at ú., Fms. ii. 193; lát þik meirr þat ú., ef ..., Sks. 447 B: impers., þá úgleðr Íslending, he turned sad, Mork. 72: reflex., hann tók at úgleðjask, Fms. ii. 193; Ólafr úgladdisk er á leið vetrinn, Ld. 72, Fms. vii. 355; þeir úglöddusk er þeir sá sik í herfiligum klæðum, 623. 20; þá tekr austan-vindr at úgleðjask, Sks. 225. ú-glíkindi, n. pl. (spelt ú-líkindi), improbability, Finnb. 216, Fas. iii. 77; með miklum atburðum ok ólíkindum orðit hafa, Háv. 51, Sturl. iii. 132: a sham, dissimulation, göra e-t til úlíkinda, Sturl. i. 80; þat hafði verit gört til úlíkinda at teygja þá út, Hkr. ii. 110. ú-glíkliga, adv. (spelt ú-líkliga), improbably; taka á öngu ú., Nj. 40; er þat ú. mælt, Hkr. ii. 229; spyrja ú., Ld. 268. ú-glíkligr, adj. (spelt ú-líkligr), unlikely, Nj. 113, Eg. 107, 127, Fms. vii. 173, Bjarn. 11; eigi úglíkligt, Ísl. ii. 387; úlíkligra, Fms. vii. 161. ú-glíkr, adj. (spelt ú-líkr), unlike, Nj. 183, Fms. vi. 204, xi. 57, Edda 12, Háv. 50; nú er þat úglíkt (two different things) at hafa með sér góða drengmenn eðr einhleypingja, Ísl. ii. 325; ok er þá úglíkt (thus to be emended) hvárt þú ferr í lofi mínu eðr leynisk þú, Fs. 22. ú-glíminn, adj. not good at wrestling, Grett. 26 new Ed. ú-glöggleikr, m. lack of insight, Rb. 446. ú-glöggr, adj. not 'gleg' or clever (see glöggr); sá úglöggt í andlit honum, Grett. 123 new Ed.; vita úglöggt, Hkr. ii. 63, Ísl. ii. 321. ú-glöggþekkinn, adj. not clearly seeing, Mag. 5. ú-gnógligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), insufficient, Ld. 322. ú-gnógr (ú-nógr), adj. insufficient, not enough; úgnógr fjárhlutr, Bs. i. 265; úgnógt fé, Glúm. 350; sér únógr, Fms. vi. 368 (the vellum Hulda); úgnægra, Fms. x. 107, v.l.; únægra, Stj. (MS. 227, col. 518); únægri, Fas. ii. 489 (a vellum of the 15th century), ú-goldinn, part. unpaid, Grág. i. 399, Fms. xi. 30. ú-góðgjarn, adj. not benevolent, spiteful, Greg. 6. úgóðgjarn-liga, adv. spitefully, Greg. 5. úgóðgjarn-ligr, adj. spiteful, id. ú-góðr, adj. 'ungood,' bad, wicked; úgótt ráð, Fms. iii. 22; úgótt, Hm. 28, Ls. 31; göra sér úgótt at e-u, to be displeased at it, Ld. 134. ú-grandværi, f. unwariness, Hom. 86. ú-grand-værr, adj. unwary. ú-grátandi, part. not weeping, without tears. Lex. Poët. ú-greiddr, part. not combed, of the hair; not paid, of money, Fms. ii. 116. ú-greiðfærr, adj. difficult to pass over, Eg. 149. ú-greiði, a, m. an impediment, difficulty, Fas. ii. 518; ú. stendr af e-u, Bs. i. 736. ú-greiðr, adj. unexpeditious; ú. söngr, Hkr. iii. 270; ef þat er úgreitt, Grág. ii. 274; e-t teksk úgreitt, Hkr. ii. 41; þeim fórsk úgreitt, Fs. 52; fara úgreitt, Clem. 40; úgreiðara, Fas. ii. 518. ú-greiniligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), indistinct, Skálda. ú-grimmliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), not fiercely, Fas. iii. 77. ú-grimmr, adj. not blood-thirsty, not cruel, humane, Bs. i. 665; úgrimmari, Fms. iv. 65, Mar. ú-grunnr, adj. not shallow, deep, Lex. Poët. ú-grunsamliga, adv. decidedly; vinna ú. at e-u, Sturl. iii. 282. ú-grunsamligr, adj. decided, Nj. 185, v.l. ú-grynni, n. boundlessness; in the phrase, ú. fjár, Eg. 42, 59, 179, Fms. i. 28; ú. hers, ii. 294; ú. liðs, viii. 48 (v.l.), xi. 29; ú. manna, Hkr. iii. 354, Fas. ii. 514. ú-gylldr, part. ungilt, Fms. x. 147, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. ú-gæfa, u, f. = úgipta, Nj. 8, Sks. 338, 350: as a nickname, Landn. 148: ú-gæfufullr, adj. unlucky, Ísl. ii. 37: ú-gæfumaðr, m. a luckless fellow, Fms. vii. 227: ú-gæfusamliga, adv. lucklessly, Fms. iii. 217: ú-gæfusamligr, adj. luckless-looking, Nj. 132, 181. ú-gæfr, adj. luckless; var þat mælt at mönnum yrði úgæfra veiði-fang ef úsáttir yrði, Ld. 38: unruly, húskarl ú. ok vinnu-lítill, Grett. 101 new Ed. ú-gæfungr, m. a luckless fellow. ú-gætiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), heedlessly; fara ú., Grág. ii. 336; mæla ú., Fms. vi. 283. ú-gætinn, adj. heedless, Fms. viii. 292. ú-gætni, f. heedlessness. ú-göfugleikr, m. lack of nobleness, Greg. 64. ú-göfugr, adj. not of noble extraction, common; úgöfgum, Fas. ii. 466; göfgan ok

ÚGÖRANDI -- ÚHÆGJA. 661

úgöfgan, Mar.; úgöfgari, less noble, lower; sá er úgöfgari, er öðrum fóstrar barn, Fms. vi. 5. ú-görandi, part. (gerund.), that cannot be done, Fms. viii. 155, xi. 259; nú er þat úgöranda, Lv. 49, Hkr. i. 153; beiða þess er oss er eigi úgöranda, Fms. i. 34. ú-görla, adv. not exactly; vita, sjá ú., Hm. 133, Fms. vii. 166, Fær. 268, Nj. 203, Eg. 373, Ísl. ii. 243: not quite, Grág. i. 6. ú-görr, part. undone, unaccomplished. Njarð. 370; úmælt eða úgört, Fms. i. 207, Ver. 42, Grág. i. 494; úgörvar syndir, Greg. 42; úgör lögbrot, Sks. 510 B. ú-görr, adv. compar. less clearly; vita ú., 656 C. 19, Fær. 154; kunna sik úgörr, Fms. iv. 209. ú-görviligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), in a wretched condition, Ld. 120. ú-hagfelldr, adj. inconvenient, Eg. 738, v.l. ú-hagliga, adv. inconveniently, Sturl. iii. 9. ú-hagligr (mod. ó-haganlegr), adj. inconvenient, Fms. viii. 162, 404, v.l. ú-hagnaðr, m. an inconvenience, Sks. 352. ú-hagr, m. a disadvantage, Gpl. 343. ú-hagr, adj. unhandy, unskilled, Stj. 158. ú-hagstæðr, adj. unfavourable, of wind and weather; ú. vindr, Ld. 74; hvöss veðr ok úhagstæð, Eg. 203. ú-hagvirkr, adj. unskilled as a worker, Nj. 19. ú-haldkvæmr (-kœmr), adj. disadvantageous, Fms. viii. 92; minni ok úhaldkvæmri veizlur, Fms. iii. 17. ú-hallr, adj. not slant, Fms. x. 213. ú-haltr, adj. not halt or lame, Nj. 244, Fms. v. 206. ú-hamingja, u, f. bad luck, Fms. x. 338: a disaster, Bs. i. 78, Fms. i. 76, passim; see hamingja: úhamingju-samligr, adj. unlucky-looking, evil-looking, Orkn. 234; dökkt ok ú. yfirbragð, Fms. i. 97; ú. í svip, Fas. ii. 477. ú-handlatr, adj. not slow of hand, Nj. 55. ú-happ, n. a mishap, ill-luck; gættú, at þér verði eigi at úhappi, Landn. 146; ærit er úhappit, Fms. i. 182; firra e-n úhappi, vii. 161; hverr er sá at eigi spari þat ú. við sik, ix. 270; með óhöppum hefir hafizk ok svá mun slitna, Lv. 11; kvað hann eigi skyldu fleiri úhöpp vinna, Fær. 243; hefir þat mest úhapp verit unnit, Edda 37; sá úhappa dvergr, that wicked dwarf, Fas. iii. 344: úhappalaust, adj. without a mishap occurring; skilja ú., Lv. 53; láta ú., Fs. 156; þess get ek at ekki sé úhappa-laust hér (without some fatalities), ef Íslenzkr maðr skal hér vera, Glúm. 327: úhappa-maðr, m. a miscreant, Fs. 39, Ld. 42: úhappa-verk, n. a misdeed, Háv. 52. ú-harðfærliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), not hardly, on easy terms; tala ú. til e-s, Ld. 132. ú-harðmannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), not hardy, Fas. ii. 477. ú-harðnaðr, part. unhardened, Grett. 91. ú-harðr, adj. not hard, Stj. ú-harðskeyttr, adj. a weak archer, Fas. ii. 339. ú-háskasamr, adj. not dangerous, Fms. v. 275. ú-háttr, m. a bad habit, Bs. i. 165; rán ok áverkar ok allskyns óhættir, bad manners, 142. ú-hefndr, part. unavenged, Bs. i. 533, Nj. 256. ú-hegndr, part. unpunished, Hkr. ii. 89, Fas. i. 225. ú-heilagr, adj. unholy, Barl. i. 210: profaned, þá var völlrinn u. af heiptar-blóði, Landn. 98 (cp. heilagr I. 2); Björn varð úheilagr af frumhlaupinu við Helga, Eb. 106; ok verðr ú. sá er þrælinn vegr fyrir dróttninum, Grág. (Kb.) i. 190; ú. verðr fjörbaugs-maðr, ef ..., Grág. i. 89; hann falli ú. fyrir Glúmi ef hann er lengr þar, Nj. 23; Kjalleklingar kölluðu alla þá hafa fallit úhelga, ... er þeir höfðu fyrr með þann hug at þeim farit at berjask, Eb. 24; úheilög sár, Grág. ii. 137. ú-heilendi, n. debility, ill-health, esp. of chronic organic diseases, Grág. (Kb.) i. 144. ú-heill, adj. 'unhale,' insincere, Fms. vi. 103, Sturl. iii. 281. ú-heill, f. a mishap; úheillir þessa heims, Sól. 62; úheilla-tré, a fatal, cursed tree, Grett. 178 new Kd. ú-heilsaðr, part. ungreeted, Th. 77. ú-heilsamr, adj. unwholesome, Barl. ú-heimila, að; ú. sér jörð, to lose a title, Js. 91. ú-heimild, f. a bad title. ú-heimill, adj. unlawful (see heimoll); ala börn með úheimilum manni, Grág. (Kb.) i. 249; úheimil jörð, Jb. 207; selja úheimult, Gþl. 491; hafa úheimilan, Krók. 38. ú-heimskr, adj. not foolish, i.e. clever, intelligent; hann var ú. maðr, Fms. vi. 391, Fas. i. 78. ú-heimtr, part. not got back, Grág. ú-helga, að, to proclaim a person to be úheilagr; ek úhelgaða Otkel fyrir búum, Nj. 87. ú-helgi, f. the state of being úheilagr; stefna e-m til ú., Nj. 99; sá er veginn var hafði mælt sér til ú., Fs. 74; vinna til ú. sér, 122; verka, göra til óhelgi sér, Grág. (Kb.) i. 182, 190, passim; Snorri (bjó) drepit til úhelgi við Bjórn, Eb. 106; en sé til úhelgi einim vegna búit, Kb. i. 182; úhelgis vörn, 194. ú-hentugr, adj. unbecoming, unfit. ú-heppiliga, adv. unluckily, Fms. vii. 69, xi. 294: sadly, Hkr. ii. 373. ú-heppiligr, adj. unlucky, Fms. xi. 259. ú-heppni, f. mishap, mischance, Bs. i. 743. ú-herjaðr, part. unharried, Hkr. iii. 67. ú-hermannliga, adv. unlike a warrior, Hkr. i. 235. ú-hermannligr, adj. un-martial, unworthy of a warrior, Fms. viii. 436; eigi úhermannligri, ii. 173. ú-herskár, adj. not harried by war, of a country; var úherskátt í Svíþjóð, Fas. i. 255: of a person, not martial, ú. ok sat í kyrrsæti, Orkn. 184; úgrimmari ok úherskári, Fms. iv. 65. ú-heyrðr, part. unheard-of, Mar. ú-heyri, n., in úheyris-verk, n. an unheard-of deed, a crime, Gþl. 197, v.l. ú-heyriliga, adv. in an unheard-of way, cruelly, wickedly, Fms. i. 189. ú-heyriligr, adj. unheard-of, wicked, only in a bad sense; ú. újöfnuðr, Háv. 45; ú. skömm, Finnb. 314; ú. bragð, 212. ú-heyrni, compar. more unheard(?), Bs. i. 784. ú-hlífinn, adj. not sparing oneself, Fs. 71; ú. í mannraunum, Fms. vi. 60. ú-hljóð, n. shoutings; óp ok óhljóð, Nj. 15; spyrr hann hvat valdi úhljóði þessu, Fms. iii. 95: a ringing in the ear, Pr. 474: úhljóðs-eyru, n. pl. the valves of the heart (see óbljóð); old form úhljóðans-eyra, a deaf ear; færa óljóðans-eyru við Guðs embætti, to turn a deaf ear to it, Hom. 34. ú-hljóðr, m., poët, the never-silent, i.e. the wind, Lex. Poët. ú-hlutdeilinn, adj. unmeddlesome, Eb. 42, Band. 32 new Ed., Fms. iii. 226. ú-hlutr (ú-hluti), m. an 'evil share,' harm, hurt; ef menn verða særðir eðr fá einhvern annan úhlut, Gþl. 19; rennr sá í kirkju-garð er úhlut fær, N.G.L. i. 152; þeir er hón skírskotaði undir óhluta sínum, 157, 167. ú-hlutsamr, adj. (-semi, f.). unmeddling, neutral, Fms. vii. 143. ú-hlutvandr, adj. not nice as to one's proper share, dishonest; marglyndr, kvensamr, ú. um þat efni, Fms. iii. 83; at ek mynda vera óhlut-vandari enn Guðmundr ok mynda ek vilja fylgja röngu máli, Nj. 184. úhlut-vendi, f. dishonesty, Gþl. 201. ú-hlýðinn, adj. disobedient, Stj. 624, Mar., Hkr. ii. 85, passim. ú-hlýðni, f. disobedience, Hom. 86, K.Á. 116, Stj. ú-hneistr = úneistr, part. undisgraced, Eb. 256. ú-hneppiliga, adv. not scantily; ú. at þriðjungi, fully the third part, Ld. 106. ú-hneppr, adj. not scant, large, Edda (in a verse). ú-hnöggr, adj. 'unniggardly,' i.e. liberal, Hkr. iii. 188. ú-hollr, adj. unwholesome. ú-hollusta, u, f. unwholesomeness. ú-hóf, n. excess; ú. ok ranglæti, Sks. 609; ofrkapp ok ú., Gþl. 199; mod. esp. in meat and drink: sayings, skömm er úhófs æfi, Hrafn. 22; fá eru úhóf lengi, Sturl. ii. 199: immensity, úhóf kvikfjár, Lv. 46: úhóf-samliga, adv. immoderately. Str. 5: úhóf-samligr, adj. immoderate, Str. 8: úhóf-samr, adj. intemperate, Str. 82: úhóf-semd (mod. óhófsemi), f. excess, Str. 25. ú-hógliga, adv. inconveniently, Sturl. iii. 9 C. ú-hógligr, adj. uneasy, difficult, Glúm. 345. ú-hógvikinn, adj. not easy to manage, sturdy, Fms. iv. 301. ú-hrakiðr (ú-hrakinn, ú-hraktr), part. unharmed, Orkn. 424. ú-hrakligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), 'unwretched,' not shabby; ú. at klæðum, Sturl. i. 10; lét hann úhrakligan í brott fara, Bs. i. 416. ú-hrapaðliga, adv. unhurriedly, leisurely; kyssir Steingerði kossa tvá heldr ú., Korm. 224; mæla lítilátliga ok ú., Clem. 33. ú-hraustligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), weak, Háv. 46. ú-kraustr, adj. weak, of a woman with child; þá er hón var úhraust, Bret. 18, Nj. 59; úhraustar konur, Stj. 624. ú-hreinandi, f.(?), = úhreinindi; ef maðr berr ú. í mat manna, N.G.L. i. 421; ef ú. fellr í mat eðr mungát, 144. ú-hreinindi, n., mostly in pl. uncleanliness, Greg. 22, Stj. 272, Fas. ii. 397; önnur ú., H.E. i. 482; en iðri ú., Hom. 53. ú-hreinliga, adv. uncleanly, Rd. 274; sópa ú. um hirzlur búanda, Fms. viii. 235. ú-hreinligr, adj. unclean. ú-hreinlífi, n. an unclean life, fornication, H.E. i. 250. ú-hreinn, adj. unclean; úhreinn andi, Fms. v. 172; í þeim stað má ekki vera úhreint, Edda 15: unchaste, Al. 56, Bs. i, Grett. 202 new Ed.; eccl., Stj.; úhreinstu kvikvenda, Fms. x. 374, passim: of a course at sea, not clear of shoals, úhreint ok skerjótt, ii. 16; óhrein leið, an 'unclean,' dangerous sea-passage; þeim sýndisk úhreint fyrir þar sem Birkibeinar stóðu á landi uppi, viii. 50; þeir sögðu at úhreint var í ósinum, infested by a monster, iv. 56; þykkir þar jafnan úhreint (haunted) síðan er menn sigla í nánd, Háv. 41. ú-hreinsa, u, f. uncleanliness, Greg. 61. ú-hreinsi, f. id., Hom. 38. ú-hreinsan, n. = úhreinindi, Eluc. 25. ú-hreystiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unmanly, not valiant, Fær. 132. ú-hreystimannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), id., Fms. ii. 120. ú-hroðinn, part. uncleared, of ships in battle, Fms. vii. 290. ú-hróðigr, adj. inglorious. Skv. 3. 45. ú-hryggr, adj. unconcerned, Stor., Kormak. ú-hræddr, adj. fearless, unfearing, Nj. 217, 255, Hkr. ii. 102. ú-hræðiliga, adv. fearlessly. Fms. iv. 27. ú-hræðinn, adj. dauntless, 655 iii. 3. ú-hræriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), immovable, Skálda. ú-hræsi, n. a filthy thing, MS. 623, Fas. ii. 263, Ísl. ii. 420; see óhræsi. ú-hrörnaðr, part. unwithered, undecayed; úhrörnuð blóm, Eluc. 44. ú-hugnaðr, m. discomfort, Sks. 352 B. ú-hugr, m. gloom, despair; en er af honum leið úhugrinn, a fit of gloom, Fms. vi. 234; meðan sá ú. (a fit of madness) var á þeim, Fas. iii. 115; sló á þær úhug miklum ok gráti, Grett. 43 new Ed. ú-huldr (ú-huliðr, ú-hulinn), part. uncovered; úhuldu, Sks. 290; úhulit, Eb. 218; fé hult ok úhult, N.G.L. i. 256; from the neut. úhult comes the mod. ó-hultr, adj. safe. ú-hvatr, adj. unvaliant, Fm. 31. ú-hverfráðliga, adv. unwaveringly, 677. 8. ú-hygginn, adj. imprudent, Grág. (Kb.) i. 169. ú-hýrliga, adv. with unfriendly look, frowningly, Fas. iii. 496. ú-hýrligr, adj. frowning, Fms. iii. 191, x. 35. ú-hýrr, adj. unfriendly-looking, frowning, Fbr, 12. ú-hæfa, u, f. an enormity (Lat. nefas), Lv. 49, Fms. i. 41; at þeir Hákon deildi enga úhæfu, 122; úsæmd ok ú., 126; slíkar úhæfur, Gþl. 441; til mikillar úhæfu, 623. 15; hann bað hann selja fram Gretti ok hafa sik eigi í úhæfu, Grett. 59 A; úhæfuhlutr, an enormity, Sturl. i. 69 C; úhæfu-verk, a wicked deed, Gþl. 197. ú-hæfiliga, adv. nefariously, Fms. v. 102. ú-hæfr, adj. unfitting, Clem. 127: wicked, nefarious, Sturl. i. 66. ú-hægð, f. uneasiness, Fms. x. 396. ú-hægiliga, adv. uncomfortably, Fas. iii. ú-hægindi, n. pl. uneasiness, difficulty, Grág. i. 371: pain, ill-health, Fms. x. 418 (sing.); stór ú. af verkjum, Bs. i. 69; mín ú., 70; einskis meins kenna né úhægenda, 655 xxvii. 10. ú-hægja, ð, to make uneasy, uncomfortable; þýngja ok ú. fyrir e-m, Hkr. iii. 259: reflex., henni úhægðisk fjárhagrinn, Sd. 176: of pain, tók at úhægjask með verkjum miklum

662 ÚHÆGLIGR -- ÚLOGAÐR.

sótt hans, Bs. i. 144. ú-hægligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), painful; sár ú., Sturl. i. 150 C. ú-hægr, adj. hard, difficult; var úhægt at koma orðum við hann, Eg. 227; úhægra, Fms. iii. 161, vi. 210; hægst ... úhægast (sic), Sturl. ii. 134 C: painful, of illness, sótt ströng ok úhæg, Bs. i. 69; honum var svá úhægt, he felt so uneasy, Nj. 214. ú-hættligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), not dangerous, Sturl. i. 150. ú-hættr, adj.; eigi óhætt, not without danger, Bs. i. 78; þegar skipum var úhætt at halda á millum landa, Ld. 84; e-m er úhætt, out of danger, Grág.; er þeim litlu óhættara, Fms. vii. 262; görisk úhætt með þeim Áka ok konungi, safe, xi. 45; láta úhætt við e-n, not to plan against one, i. 13; úhættr skuldu-nautr, a safe customer, Grág. ii. 216; þeir er óhættir sé at borga fyrir öll kirkna-fé, Bs. i. 770. ú-hæverska, u, f. discourtesy, Sks. 276. ú-hæverskr, adj. unmannerly, Sks. 279. ú-höfðingliga, adv. unworthily of a great man; úhöfðingliga mælt, Fas. iii. 306. ú-höfðingligr, adj. unworthy of a great man, undignified, Orkn. 234. ú-högginn, part. unhewn, Fas. ii. 481. ú-ifanligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), later óefanligr, undoubting, Hom. 15, Fms. xi. 309. ú-íllt, n. adj.; in N.G.L. i. 42, 'úillt ok úspillt,' read 'úvillt,' cp. Sdm. 19. ú-ítarligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), humble, slight, Hom. 131, Greg. 24, 43. ú-jafn, adj. uneven, unequal, unlike, untrusting; újöfn mála-efni, Eg. 719; tveir kostir újafnir, Fms. ii. 31; újafn gangr himin-tungla, Edda (pref.); újafnt, unequally, unfairly, Hbl. 25; skipta újafnt, Fms. vii. 269; skipta þær geysi-újafnt, Edda 11; hann kvað sér til újafns ganga er hann kom í vandann, i.e. that he found no match to fight, Fms. v. 186: odd, of numbers, Alg. 356. ú-jafnask, að, to become unequal, Edda (pref.) ú-jafnaðr or ú-jöfnuðr, m. injustice, unfairness, tyranny; hvárt man Gunnari hefnask þessi ú., Nj. 38, Fms. ii. 152; újöfnuð ok rangindi, Nj. 251; þola újöfnuð, Háv. 45, passim: újafnaðar-fullr, adj. full of injustice, Fas. ii. 404: újafnaðar-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Nj. 86, Hrafn. 4. ú-jafngjarn, adj. unfair, Fas. i. 56, Sks. 271. ú-jafnliga, adv. unevenly, Fas. ii. 414. ú-jafnligr, adj. uneven, unequal, unfair, Nj. 77; újafnlig orrosta, þviat margir vóru um einn, Fms. xi. 334. ú-jafnskipaðr, part. unevenly manned, Fms. vii. 288. ú-járnaðr, part. unshod, Sturl. ii. 183; ójárnuð kista, a chest 'unironed,' unlocked, Pm. 137. ú-jöfnuðr, see újafnaðr. ú-kannaðr, part. = úmerktr, of cattle, H.E. i. 519. ú-kappsamliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), not zealously, slovenly, Fms. ii. 135. ú-kassaðr, part. uncased, Vm. 103. ú-kátr, adj. gloomy, dismal, Eg. 44, Fms. vii. 159, Ó.H. 52. ú-kembdr, part. unkempt, Hkr. i. 99. ú-kenndr, part. unknown: a poët, technical term, úkennd heiti, plain poetical words, opp. to kenndr, see kenna (A. V. 2), Edda i. 464. ú-kenniligr, adj. unrecognisable, Fms. ii. 59. ú-kerskr, adj. = úhraustr, Grág. ú-keypis, adv. gratuitously, Eg. 116, Symb. 27, Fms. viii. 352. ú-keyptr, part. unbought, Eb. 292; er þessu var úkeypt, that no bargain was made, Finnb. 298. ú-kjörligr, adj. 'unchoicely,' wretched; ú. kostr, Fms. xi. 143; þótti honum sá hlutr úkjörligastr, the worst choice of all three, Edda (pref.) ú-klárr, adj. impure, Sks. 135. ú-klaksárr, adj. not sensitive, thick-skinned, Gullþ. 48. ú-klúsaðr, part. unhampered, Fær. 265. ú-klæddr, part. unclad, Fas. i. 245. ú-klökkvandi, part. unmoved; sá einn hlutr er hann mátti aldri ú. um tala, without tears, Nj. 171. ú-knáleikr, m. lack of pith, Fms. vi. 203. ú-knáligr, adj. pithless, infirm, Finnb. 350; it úknáligra liðit, Sturl. iii. 175. ú-knár, adj. 'unstrong,' weak, infirm; þá varð hann svá úknár, at hann gat eigi valdit klumbu þeirri, Sd. 147; yngri ok úknári, Korm. 108; sá komsk heill ór skriðunni er óknástr var, Bs. i. 640; vötn óœð óknóm mönnum, þótt rosknir væri, 349. ú-knyttir, m. pl. bad tricks; liggja á úknyttum, Js. 25; þeir menn er at slíkum óknyttum verða kenndir at hlaupa brott með eignum konum manna, N.G.L. ii. 51. ú-kominn, part. not come, Grág. (Kb.) i. 125, H.E. i. 246, Hom. 43: future, Fms. ii. 201; liðit eða úkomit, Hkr. ii. 290. ú-konungliga, adv. unkingly, Fas. iii. 456. ú-konungligr, adj. unkingly, Fms. viii. 158, v.l. ú-kostaðr, part. untried, Hom. 158: undamaged, see kosta (II. 1). ú-kostigr, adj. = úkjörligr, Fs. 128. ú-kostr, m. a fault; vera at verri fyrir úkostum, Grág.; sakir annarra úkosta, id.: úkosta-lauss, adj. faultless, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); see kostr (IV. 4). ú-kólnir, m. the 'uncold,' a mythical local name, Vsp. ú-krismaðr, part. unanointed, 655 i. 1. ú-kristiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unchristian-like, Hkr. iii. 291. ú-kristinn, adj. unchristian, Fms. ii. 294. ú-kræsiligr, adj. undainty, filthy, Hrafn. 8. ú-kröptugr, adj. lacking strength, weakly, Sturl. i. 189. ú-kröptuligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), weak, feeble, Sturl. i. 189 C. ú-kulsamr, adj., Grett. 144, and ú-kulvíss, adj. insensitive to cold, 160. ú-kunnandi, f. ignorance; sakir úvizku ok ú., Fms. x. 317. ú-kunnigr, adj. unacquainted, Sks. 556; bregðask ú. við e-t, Rd. 235. ú-kunnliga, adv. like a stranger; ekki ríða þeir ú. at, Fms. ii. 247. ú-kunnr, adj. unknown; ú. e-m, Nj. 3, Sks. 19, Ld. 184: of places, unknown, strange, sækja úkunna staði, Fms. vii. 199; úkunnra landa, Sks. 241; úkunnir siðir, 596. ú-kurteisi, f. discourtesy, N.G.L. ii. ú-kurteisliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), uncourteously, Flóv. 22. ú-kvaldr, part. untormented, Bs. i. (in a verse). ú-kvantaðr, part. unmolested, Bs. i. 806. ú-kvángaðr, part. unmarried, Nj. 39 (of a man), passim, ú-kveðinn, part. unrecited, of a poem, Fms. vi. 391. ú-kvenligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), 'unqueanly,' unwomanlike. ú-kvikr, adj. 'unquick,' inanimate, Lex. Poët. ú-kvíðinn, adj. unconcerned, Fms. xi. 388; kátr ok ú., Eb. 88. ú-kvæði, ú-kvæða, adj. speechless from wonder; hann gékk í braut ú., 656 A. 2. 17; verða ú. við e-t, Al. 108; úkvæða ok ótta-fullir, 655 xiii, 656 C. 36, Clem. 58, Fas. iii. 282, Grett. 194 A. new Ed., Fms. xi. 224. ú-kvæði, n., in úkvæðis-mál, n. offensive language; ef maðr mælir ú. við karl eðr konu, Gþl. 194; úkvæðis-orð, id., Js. 44. ú-kvændr, part. = úkvángaðr, Þorf. Karl. 436, Fms. ii. 92. ú-kynjan, n. a monster, Ls. 56. ú-kynligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), not strange, Sks. 256, Fas. i. 265. ú-kynni, n. uncouthness, bad manners, Hm., Eg. (in a verse); hafna sínum úkynnum, id., Fms. v. 218, Sks. 595: wonders = kynstr, valda slíkum úkynnum, Fms. iv. 380. ú-kyrr, adj. unquiet, moving; úkyrt haf, Sks. 630 B; varrar jarls vóru úkyrrar, quivered, Fms. viii. 98. ú-kyrra, að, to stir; ú. hug, Hom. 22: reflex. to be stirred, excited, Fbr. 100 new Ed., Sks. 221. ú-kyrrleikr, m. a commotion, disturbance, of the sea, Sks. 27, Fms. xi. 10, 13. ú-kyssiligr, adj. unkissable, bad to kiss, Fas. ii. 149. ú-kænn, adj. unwise, 655 xviii. 2. ú-kænska, u, f. lack of skill or knowledge, Bs. i. 148, Skálda 169 (Thorodd). ú-kæti, f. joylessness, Lv. 97, Fas. iii. 433. ú-lag, n. a disorder; það er allt í ólagi: naut. (see lag A. I. 5), Fas. ii. 435. ú-lagat, n. part. unmixed, of beverage, Hm. 65. ú-lagðr, part. unlaid, not placed, N.G.L. i. 29. ú-lamiðr, part. unthrashed, Glúm. 342. ú-land, n. an 'unland,' i.e. foreign land, Nj. 10, v.l., but see aulandi (p. 34, col. 2). ú-latliga, adv. 'unlazily,' quickly, Al. 33, Stj. 326. ú-latr, adj. not lazy, willing, Bs. i. 171. ú-launaðr, part. unrewarded, N.G.L. i. 40. ú-launkárr, adj. indiscreet, unreserved; var hón jafnan ú. at tíðendum, Bs. i. 621. ú-lauss, adj. unloose, i.e. fixed, Haustl. ú-lágr, adj. not low, i.e. high, Haustl. ú-látr, adj. unmannered, disorderly; hón var ólát í æsku, ok ávallt því údælli sem hón var ellri, Odd. 107 new Ed.; hann var ólátr mjök (Ed. ólatr) ... ok þótti auðsætt at honum mundi í kyn kippa um ódælleik, Bs. i. 416; knáir menn ok úlátir, Grett. 50 new Ed.; cp. úlæti. ú-léðr, part. indent, Gþl. 403. ú-leiddr, part. unled; ú. í ætt, not adopted, N.G.L. i. 48. ú-leiðigjarn, adj. not irksome, Stj. 246: not easy to be led. ú-leiðinga-samr, adj. not easily led, headstrong, Sturl. ii. 6., ú-leiðr, adj. not loath, Skm. 19, Eb. 256; Dönum skal eigi úleiðara at ..., Fms. ii. 302, x. 346. ú-leigis, adv. without rent, Grág. i. 200; flytja alla menn ú., Vm. 15. ú-lendr, adj. outlandish, Hom. 38. ú-lestr, n. an 'unreading,' i.e. a bungling way of reading; hence the phrase, fara að ólestri, to go all wrong. ú-lestr, part. unbroken, undamaged, Jm. 11. ú-léttr, adj. heavy; úlétt kona, a woman heavy with child, Grág. i. 318, MS. 655, and so in mod. usage. ú-leyfðr, part. unallowed, Ld. 102; hafa e-t úleyft, Gþl. 367: forbidden, Mar. ú-leyfi, n. an 'unleave;' in the phrase, í (at) úleyfi e-s, without one's leave, Grág. ii. 215, Eg. 156, Fms. x. 313, Bs. i. 63: úleyfi-liga, adv. without leave, K.Á. 164: úleyfi-ligr, adj. unallowed, forbidden, Stj. 142. ú-leyndr, part. unhidden, Sks. 608, Ó.H. 151. ú-leyniligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unhidden, Sks. 606. ú-leysiligr, adj. indissoluble, Stj. 465. ú-leystr, part. unreleased, unabsolved, K.Á. 220, Bs. i. 709 (of a ban). ú-lið, n. 'unhelp,' harm; nú mun ek veita bræðrum mínum eigi úlið, Lv. 77; bað þá eigi veita sér úlið í sinni tilkvámu, Finnb. 354; göra e-m e-t til úliðs, Fms. vii. 30; vera má at þér verði at því úlið, vi. 210, Sks. 505. ú-liðinn, part. not past; hlutir liðnir ok úliðnir, 656 C. 40. ú-liðliga, adv. unhandily, awkwardly, Fas. ii. 264; nú ferr ú., Lv. 78. ú-liðligr, adj. clumsy, Boll. 354. ú-liðmannliga, adv. awkwardly, Bs. i. 722. ú-lifat, n. part., in the phrase, eiga (hafa) skamt úlifat, to have a short time left to live, Nj. 82, Fms. v. 201, Al. 42. ú-lifðr, part. unliving, deceased, Hkv. 2. 42. ú-lífhræddr, adj. not afraid for one's life, Fbr. 89. ú-lífi, n., in særa or sárr til úlífis, wounded to death, Eg. 190, Nj. 131, Rd. 288: úlífis-maðr, m. a person deserving of death, a criminal, Fbr. 46 new Ed., Ld. 142, Fms. v. 264, xi. 241: úlífis-sök, f., -verk, n. a case or deed worthy of death, Fms. xi. 241, Grett. 191 new Ed. ú-lífligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), inanimate, Skálda. ú-líkamligr, adj. not bodily, Hom. 146, Greg. 19. ú-líkan, n., medic, proud flesh; grær um ú., Korm. 94; svíða úlíkan á sári, N.G.L. i. 67; vágr ok ú., Hom. 70; úlíkans blóð ok vágr, id. ú-líkligr, ú-líkr, adj. unlike; see úglíkr. ú-lítill, adj. not small, i.e. very great; þetta er ú. herr, no small host, Fas. i. 99. ú-ljóss, adj. unlight, dark, Alm. ú-ljúfan, n. = úlyfjan(?), Hbl. 41 (see Bugge's foot-note). ú-ljúfr, adj. ' unlief,' H.E. i. 421. ú-ljúgfróðr, adj. unlying, accurate as an authority; hón (Þuríðr) var margspök ok óljúgfróð, she was wise and full of true information, Íb. 4. ú-ljúgheitr, adj. 'unlying in threats' making no empty threats; hann vissi at Norðlingar vóru honum óljúgheitir, Sturl. ii. 65. ú-lof, n. = úleyfi; í úlofi e-s, Grág. i. 11, ii. 215, Landn. 189. ú-lofaðr, part. unallowed, Fms. ix. 446; úlofat, without leave, Grág. i. 3: forbidden, Mar. ú-loginn, part. 'unlied' true, Sks. 78; í úloginni ást, in true love, Hom. 71. ú-lokaðr, part. unlocked, without a lid, Dipl. iii. 4, B.K. 84. ú-lokinn, part. unshut, Fms. iii. 98: unpaid, úloknar skyldir, unpaid debts, Gþl. 276: unperformed, 623. 39. ú-lógaðr, part. not disposed of, K.Þ.K.

ÚLUKKA -- URAÐAN. 663

(Kb.) 16, Fms. viii. 252, v.l. ú-lukka, u, f. ill-luck (Dan. ulykke); spelt ú-lykka, Fms. v. 225; úlukku-kerling, a wicked old woman, Grett. 155 new Ed.: úlukku-liga, adv. unluckily, Bs. i. (Laur. S. MS. to Bs. i. 812); see the remarks on lukka. ú-luktr, part. not paid, Vm. 20. ú-lund, f. ill temper, spleen, Edda 110: úlundar-maðr, Finnb. 210. ú-lyfjan, n. [see lyf], a poison, Fms. iii. 190; eitr ok ú., Hom. 16; úlyfjans drykkr, 655 xxx. 4, passim; in Hbl. 41. Cod. R. oluban, Cod. A. oliyfan, it seems to be a corruption for ólyfjan, bjóða e-m ólyfjan, in poison, vex, annoy a person. ú-lyginn, adj. unlying, truthful; Hallr er bæði var minnigr ok ú., Íb. 15; forspár ok ú., Nj. 146: the saying, raunin er úlygnust, 656 A. i. 25. ú-lyndi, n. = úlund, Háv. 45. ú-lyst, f. a bad appetite. ú-lystugr, adj. unwilling, Skálda (in a verse). ú-lýstr, part. unproclaimed, Grág. ii. 36. ú-lærðr, part. unlearned: eccl. lay, Íb. 14, K.Þ.K., Bs. passim. ú-læstr, part. unlocked, Ísl. ii. 409, Vm. 10, Dipl. iii. 4. ú-læti, n. pl. [see úlátr], ill-manners, disorders, riot; ú. mikil, Fas. iii. 616: pranks of a child are called ólæli. ú-lög, n. pl. 'unlaw,' injustice, lawlessness, Nj. 106; beita e-n úlögum, Sks. 22; dæma úlög, Grág. (Kb.) i. 77; ganga undir ú., Hkr. i. 260; at úlögum, in a lawless manner, Fms. xi. 42, Band. 21 new Ed. ú-lögliga, adv. illegally, Fms. vii. 173. ú-lögligr, adj. lawless, Dipl. i. 7. ú-magi, a, m., q.v. ú-mak, n. = úmaki, Fms. vii. 24; mikit úmak, 101, v.l. ú-maki, a, m. [Dan. umage], 'unease,' trouble; veita yfirgang ok úmaka, Fms. ii. 183, vii. 224, Edda 7, Stj. 491. ú-makindi, n. = úmaki, Fms. vii. 101. ú-makliga, adv. undeservedly, unworthily, Fms. ii. 186, Ld. 232, Fs. 35, 63, Nj. 166, v.l. ú-makligr, adj. unworthy, undeserving, Nj. 200, Fas. i. 404, Hom. 50, Fms. i. 221, iii. 25, vi. 398. ú-mannan, n. a person fit for nothing, Sturl. iii. 240, Fas. iii. 76. ú-mannliga, adv. in unmanly wise, shabbily, Magn. 530; ílla ok ú., Fms. i. 285, iii. 166, Nj. 166. ú-mannligr, adj. unmanly, inhuman, Fms. ii. 226, Magn. 494; íllr ok ú., Ld. 336. ú-markaðr, part. unmarked, Gþl. 288, 526. ú-máli and ú-mála, adj. [Dan. umælende], void of speech; fáir vita ómála mein, a saying; úmáli eða úviti, speechless or witless, Grág. i. 9; kona þessi er úmúla, Ld. 30; öll óvitar, sum ómála, Hom. 50; ef maðr verðr úmáli af áverkum, Grág. ii. 27; dauðr eðr úmála, id.: as a nickname, Sd. 176. ú-máligr, adj. 'unspeaking,' silent, Fms. xi. 223; maðr ú., Hkr. iii. 252, v.l.: as a nickname, in úmálgi, the mute, Landn. 279, Orkn. ch. 56. ú-mátaliga, adv. (ú-matuliga, v.l.), immoderately, Stj. 383. ú-mátis, adv. exceedingly, Stj. 75 (ú-máttis, v.l.) ú-mattigr, adj. (Germ, ohn- mächtig), without strength, weak, infirm, Eg. 125; úmáttkan, Eluc. 34; úmátkari, Eg. 125, Rb. 348. ú-máttis = úmátis, Stj. 75, 269, 275. ú-máttr, m. 'unmight,' faintness, Korm. 236, Eluc. 66. ú-máttuliga, adv. [máti], immensely, Stj. 383: [máttr], faintly, slightly; koma ú. við hurðina, to touch the door slightly. Fas. i. 30. ú-máttuligr, adj. faint, Ó.H. 144: impossible, Fms. ii. 199, iii. 223, Stj. 100, 119, 254. ú-mátuligr, adj. impossible, Bs. i. 720. ú-megð, f., q.v. ú-megin, n. 'unmight,' a swoon, Fbr. 79 new Ed., Fas. iii. 433, Bs. i. 882. ú-meginn, adj. impotent, Bs. i. 41. ú-megn, n. = úmegin. Bs. i. 199. ú-megna, ð, to swoon: impers., hann (acc.) úmegnir brátt. Al. 197. ú-meiddr, part. unmaimed, Orkn. 286, Fms. ii. 160, xi. 54. ú-meinn, adj. harmless, 677. 2. ú-meinsamr, adj. id., 625. 91. ú-meinsemi, f. harmlessness, Skálda (in a verse). ú-mennska, u, f. unmanliness, sloth, Grág. i. 301 A: inhumanity. Fms. ii. 225, Stj. 272. ú-merkiliga, adv. insignificantly, Fas. i. 363: foolishly, ú. sagt, Bs. i. 60; er þat hætt við orði at ú. þykki verða, Band. 12 new Ed. ú-merkiligr, adj. imperceptible, Skálda: unworthy of notice, silly, foolish, Orkn. 412, Band. 38 new Ed., Ld. 82, Fms. ix. 440; ú. draumr, Landn. 192, Orkn. 366, Ísl. ii. 196; verða frásagnir úmerkilegar, Ó.H. (pref.); menn úkunnir ok úmerkiligir, 655 xiii. B. 1. ú-merkr, adj. insignificant, silly, of persons, Fms. ii. 268, Ld. 232: of things, not to be relied on, Al. 71. ú-merktr, part. unmarked, of the ears of sheep, Grág. i. 415, K.Þ.K. ú-meskinn, adj. 'unmerry.' drooping, Ld. 148. ú-metnaðr, m. disdain, 677. 7: úmetnaðar-samliga, adv. unpretentiously, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) ú-mettr, part. unsatiated, Fas. i. 245. ú-mildi, f. uncharitableness, Greg. 24. ú-mildleikr, m. inclemency, severity, Stj. 125. ú-mildliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), ungracefully, Hom. 10, Stj. 241. ú-mildr, adj. 'unmild,' ungracious, unrighteous; stórlátr við úmilda, Fas. i. 43; réttvíss sem ú., Stj. 120, Eluc. 37: the phrase, komast í ómildar hendr, to come into cruel hands, to be ill-used :-- illiberal, ú., auðigr, Greg. 24. ú-minnask, t, dep.; ú. e-s, to be unmindful of, Fms. vii. 188. ú-minni, n. unmindfulness, oblivion; sakir úminnis ok vangeymslu, Dipl. v. 26: with the notion of a spell, gleymska ok ú. (caused by a potion), Stj. 84; íllska ok ú., Fas. i. 401; elli ok ú., Fms. iii. 95: úminnis-höfgi, a, m. a lethargic sleep, Al. 72: úminnis-veig, f. a potion of oblivion, Sæm. 162; úminnis hegri, Hm. 12. ú-minnigr, adj. unmindful, forgetful, Fms. v. 230, Stj. 246. ú-mislyndr, adj. even-tempered, Mar. ú-missandi, part. what cannot be done without. ú-missifengr, adj. not losing one's mark. ú-missiliga (ú-missila, Kormak), adv. unsparingly, Grett. 43 A. new Ed. ú-mjór, adj. not slim, Geisli 2. ú-mjúkliga, adv. unsoftly, Hkr. ii. 75: stiffly, úfróðliga ok ú., Fas. iii. 237, v.l. ú-mjúkligr, adj. inflexible, stiff, Fms. ii. 60. ú-mjúkr, adj. 'unsoft,' harsh; ú. í orðum, Fms. vi. 324; stygglyndr, ú., ok kappgjarn, 250; stórr ok ú., haughty and rude, Eb. 114; úmjúkara, less smooth, Hkr. i. ú-móðr, adj. not weary, fresh, Fms. ii. 315, xi. 273. ú-mótaðr, part. unstamped, uncoined, Rb. 78. ú-mund, adj. f. = úmyndr; dóttir úmund, a daughter yet a minor; faðir ok móðir skal ráða giptingum dætra sinna ... en enga heimanfylgju má arfi giptingar-manns rjúfa nema úmund (um und Ed.) sé, N.G.L. i. 230 (cp. Js. 59, Jb. 116). ú-mykjaðr, part. unmucked, Gþl. 342. ú-myldr, part. uncovered with earth (mould); lágu líkamir þeirra ómyldir, 623. 58; þeir köstuðu líkama Stephani úmyldum fyrir dýr ok fugla, Post. (Unger) 35. ú-mynd, f. a shapeless thing, bungle; það er mesta ómynd! ú-myndiligr, adj. shapeless, Krók. 48. ú-myndr, adj. [Germ. unmündig], not of age, a minor, a GREEK., as an epithet of a marriageable damsel, Fms. vi. (in a verse). ú-mæddr, part. unwearied, Hom. 1. ú-mældr, part. unmeasured, Fms. iii. 18: unbounded, Mar. ú-mæltr, part. unspoken, Fms. i. 207, Ísl. ii. 207. ú-mætr, adj. worthless, void; göra úmæt orð e-s, Eg. 345; enda eru úmæt orð þeirra, Grág. i. 78; dæma sök úmæta, Kb. i. 75; kalla þeir oss úmæta í kviðinum, Lv. 40. ú-mætta, t, to lose strength, impers. to faint away; ok er á leið daginn úmætti konung, the king fainted away from loss of blood, Hkr. i. 160. ú-möguligr, adj. impossible, Stj., Edda (pref.), freq. in mod. usage; cp. Dan. umuelig. ú-nafnligr, adj. ill-sounding, of a name, Fms. vi. 390. ú-nauðigr, adj. uncompelled, not compulsory, Ld. 172; eigi únauðgari, not less unwilling, Glúm. 348. ú-náða, að, to trouble, disturb, Fms. ii. 38, H.E. i. 437, ii. 119, Stj. 65. ú-náðir, f. pl. troubles, disturbance; fyrir únáðum hennar, Grett. 141 new Ed.; göra e-m únáðir, Fms. ix. 277; görit engan hernað eða únáðir, i. 102; hernaði eða únáðum, vi. 332, v.l.; mein ok únáðir, iv. 79; hafa únáðir af e-m, Grett. 158 new Ed. ú-náðuligr, adj. troublesome, vexatious, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) ú-nákvæmr, adj. inaccurate. ú-náttúrligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unnatural; ú. svefn, Fær. 238. ú-nefndr, part. unnamed, Grág. ii. 171. ú-neiss, adj. unshamed, i.e. honourable, valiant, Hkv. 1. 18, 23, Akv. 12. ú-neytr, adj. useless, incapable, MS. 4. 28. ú-neyttr, part. unused, not made use of, Grág. i. 155, N.G.L. i. 244. ú-notaðr = úneyttr, Pm. 86. ú-notinn, part. unused, Grág. i. 500, 504. ú-nógr, see úgnógr. ú-numinn, part. not taken in, unenclosed, of land, Landn. 284; in Gísl. 8, l. 17, 'onumin' read 'numin,' cp. Safn i. 363. ú-nytja, u, f. waste; til slíkrar únytju, H.E. i. 244; in the phrase, fara at únytju, to be wasted, Grett. 80 new Ed. ú-nytjungr, m. a good-for-nothing fellow, Lv. 28, Rd. 307. ú-nytsamliga, adv. uselessly, Greg. 27. ú-nytsamligr, adj. useless, Hom. 135, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) ú-nytsamr, adj. useless, Sks. 352. ú-nýta, t, to make useless, spoil, destroy, Fms, i. 264, Hkr. i. 269, Eg. 507, Fs. 143, N.G.L. i. 342; eyða ok ú., Fms. i. 279: in law, to quash, Fs. 125, Eb. 103 new Ed.; ek únýti lögruðning Eyjólfs, Nj. 235; þat megi eigi ú., 33: impers., únýtti höndina, Gullþ. 15: reflex., Fms. vi. 214, Eg. 506: to be quashed, of a suit, Landn. 181, Fs., Eb. 19 new Ed. ú-nýtr, adj. useless, spoiled, Eg. 507, Ld. 220; slitin til únýts, Fms. i. 173; höggva til únýts, Korm. 88; brotin til únýts, Fms. x. 360; hence the mod. til ónýtis, for no purpose; lýsa únýtu. to defy, disregard, Ld. 296: of persons, Fms. ii. 69; málum várum sé komit í únýtt efni, Nj. 164: únýt atferð, worthless, Stj. 386: umæt únýt orð, Grág. (Kb.) i. 82; Hrútr sagði únýtt (quashed) málit, Nj. 36; þá látu vér þat nú únýtt, this is worthless, Edda (Ht.) 124. ú-næfr, adj. unskilled, MS. 410. ú-næfrleikr, m. the being únæfr, MS. 4. 9. ú-nægr = únógr. ú-næmr, adj. slow of learning, Skálda (ii. 96): mod. of children, hann er ósköp ónæmr. ú-ofinn, part. unwoven, Js. 78. ú-orð, n. bad language, Boll. 356, Bs. i. 7; an evil report. ú-orðan, n. an evil report, Hom. 115. ú-orðasamr, adj. chary of words, reserved, Fms. xi. 78. ú-orðinn, part. 'unhappened,' future. ú-orðsæll, adj. in bad repute, Rd. 239. ú-píndr, part. untormented, Mar. ú-píniligr, adj. not liable to pain, Eluc. 35. ú-plantaðr, part. implanted, Stj. 256. ú-prófaðr, part. unproven, Bs. i. 775, K.Á. 134. ú-prúðliga, adv. ungallantly, Grett. 187 new Ed. ú-prúðr, adj. inelegant, 656 C. 42, Hom. 98. ú-prýddr, part. unadorned, Greg. 44. ú-prýði, f. inelegancy, clownishness; ek læt þessa ú. mér hlýða, Fms. vii. (in a verse); óprýði = ofprýði, too much pride, Hom. 33. ú-prýðiliga, adv. inelegantly. ú-ragliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), not cowardly, Fms, xi. 86. ú-ragr, adj. not ragr (q.v.), Fms. xi. 94, Fas. iii. 62. ú-ramligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), eigi úramligri, not less strong, Edda 36. ú-ramr, adj. 'unstrong' weakly, N.G.L. i. 131; see ramr. ú-rannsakaðr, part. unransacked, N.G.L. ii. ú-raskaðr, part. undisturbed, Sks. 568 B. ú-ráð, n. an 'unread,' bad counsel, an ill-advised step; hann kvað þat vera it mesta óráð, Nj. 107: an evil design, jarl hafði leynt hann þessu úráði, Orkn. 166; Sveinn játaði at fylgja þessu úráði, Ó.H.; þat varð ú. þeirra bræðra at þeir drápu föður sinn til gullsins, Edda 73, Al. 124: úráða-kona, u. f. an unready woman, Barl.: úráða-mannliga, adv. improperly, Þorst. Síðu H. 6: úráða-mikill, adj. base (read úreiðu-mikill), Sturl. i. 61 C. ú-ráðan, f. = úráð, Róm,

664 ÚRAÐANDI -- ÚSKIKKTR.

345. ú-ráðandi, part., in the law phrase, ú. öllum bjargráðum, Nj. 110, 230. ú-ráðhollr, adj. self-willed; heimskr ok ú., Nj. 68. ú-ráðinn, part. unsettled, Ísl. ii. 214, Ld. 164, Hrafn. 17, Lv. 104 (not having made one's mind up): uncertain, Rb. 2, 4; hrapa í úráðit veðr, Str. 67. ú-ráðleitinn, adj. making no experiments, Bs. i. 438. ú-ráðliga, adv. unadvisedly, Bret. 16, Grett. 162 A. ú-ráðligr, adj. unadvisable, inexpedient, Fs. 66, Ld. 174, Nj. 4, Orkn. 108. ú-ráðvandr, adj. dishonest, Fs. 51, Sks. 436, Hom. 53, Barl. 91. ú-ráðvendi, f. dishonesty, wickedness, N.G.L. i. 444, Bs. i. 75, Sks. 340. ú-ráðþægr, adj. not taking advice, self-willed, Korm. 82. ú-refjusamr, adj. untrickish, Eg. 754. ú-refsingasamr, adj. remiss in punishing, Fms. viii. 299. ú-reiða, u, f. unreadiness: as a nickname, the unready, Sturl., Ann. 1243, 1250: úreiðu-maðr, m. an unready man, Sturl. i. 61, Nj. 152. ú-reiddr, part. undischarged, Js. 100. ú-reiðr, part. 'unrideable,' impassable on horseback, Bs. i. 138. ú-reiðr, adj. (qs. un-vreiðr), not wroth, calm; leit síðan á sakar ú., Fms. i. 15; líta úreiðum augum, with friendly eye, Sdm. 3. ú-reiðuligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), calm, without anger, Nj. 83. ú-reiknaðr, part. not reckoned, Vm. 12, Dipt. v. 18. ú-rekinn, part. not drifted. ú-rekki, f. lack of valour, Hom. (St.) ú-rengdr, part. undressed(?), of flax or linen; in the phrase, úrent lín (spelt variously, órent, Ó.H. 227, Fms. v. 101; œrengt, x. 398; orængt, O.H.L. 60); lét konungr taka lín órent ok vefja saman í brúðu, Fms. xi. 309, v.l. ('úhreint' of the text is false). ú-réttindi, n. pl. injustice. ú-réttliga, adv. unrightly, N.G.L. ú-réttligr, adj. unjust, lawless, Sturl. ii. 237, H.E. i. 435. ú-réttr, adj. unright, Ad. 13: incorrect, Pm. 86. ú-réttvísi, f. unrighteousness. ú-réttvísliga, adv. unjustly, Th. 77. úí-réttvíss, adj. unjust, unrighteous, Boll. 350, Hom. 159. ú-reykblindr, adj. not reek-blind, Fas. i. 94. ú-reyndr, part. untried, Nj. 66; at úreyndu, Ld. 76, Fms. i. 142. ú-ristinn, i.e. úræstinn, uncleansed; see ræsta. ú-ritaðr, part. = úritinn, Hkr. iii. 96. ú-ritanligr, adj. unwriteahle, Skálda. ú-ritinn, part. unwritten, Fms. vi. 265. ú-rífliga, adv. unfavourably; mér er ú. af því sagt, I hear unfavourably of it, Vápn. 29. ú-rifligr, adj. scanty, Ld. 146, Band. 36 new Ed.: bad, unfavourable, ú. ferð, ú. sendiferð, a shabby message, Nj. 122, Eg. 541, Fs. 97; úrífligir skulda-staðir, Fær. 233. ú-ríkborinn, part. of low birth, Fms. vi. 93. ú-ríkmannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), humbly, Fms. xi. 237, Fas. ii. 239. ú-ríkr, adj. unmighty, humble, Fms. i. 33, xi. 250, Sks. 353; sér úríkri menn, Mar.: mod. not wealthy. ú-rotinn, part. unrotten, Grág. i. 502. ú-ró, f. unrest, restlessness (Germ. unruhe), stir, disturbance, trouble, Str. 7; óróar gríma, Stor. 18; stendr ærin úró af þér, Eg. 157; úró ok styrjöld, Fms. v. 342; göra úró, ix. 488; eptir slíka úró, Sks. 350; úróar axlir, an unresting axle, Sks.; úróar eldr, Str. 8: úróar-maðr, m. a peace-disturber, Str. 67, Fagrsk. ú-róask, að, to become unruly, Fms. ix. 482, v.l.; tók hugr hans at ú., x. 410. ú-rói, a, m. = úró, Fms, ix. 4, Orkn. 424, Sks. 338 B, Bs. i. 763; úróa-seggr, an unruly man; úróa-skap, an unruly mind, 655 xi. 3. ú-róliga, adv. in unruly fashion, restlessly, Fms. ix. 45, v.l. ú-róligr, adj. restless, unruly. ú-rór (ró, rótt), adj. restless, uneasy; hestrinn görðisk órór, Sturl. i. 25; e-m er rótt, to feel restless. ú-ruddr, part. 'unrid,' uncleared, Fas. iii. 182. ú-rúm, n. an 'un-room,' a taking up room, Greg. 48; þat er ú. at e-m, id. ú-rúmligr, adj. not roomy. ú-rúmr, adj. close, tight. ú-rýr, adj. not small, big. ú-rýrliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), unscantily, largely, Fbr. 28. ú-rækiliga, adv. negligently, Fms. ii. 279, Anecd. 36. ú-rækiligr, adj. badly kept, = úræstilig, Sturl. ii. 109 C. ú-rækinn, adj. 'untrained,' savage; ú. úlfr, Kormak: negligent, Greg. 23, Th. 14. ú-rækja, ð, to neglect, Hkr. ii. 44, Fms. ii. 140, xi. 237, Grág. i. 226: reflex., id., 371. ú-rækja, u, f. a nickname and a pr. name, Landn., Sturl.; cp. Ósvífr, Óþveginn, Óþyrmir: part. ú-ræktr, neglected, 655 xiv. B. 1. ú-rækt (ú-rækð), f. neglect, negligence, Grág. ii. 337, Fms. xi. 13, Skálda 162, Clem. 25; ú. boðorða þinna, Sks. 606; úrækðar myrkvi, -svefn, Fbr. 72, Hom. 37; úræktar þokki, dislike, Fbr. 38 new Ed.: bad cultivation, of an estate, það liggr í órækt. ú-ræktaðr, part. uncultivated. ú-ræntr, part. unrobbed, Nj. 208; of a person, Gþl. 546. ú-ræst, f. [ræsta], filth, nastiness, Fms. ii. 160. ú-ræstiligr, adj. uncleansed, filthy, Sturl. ii. 109. ú-röskr, adj. slovenly; eigi úröskvari enn ..., Ísl. ii. 243. ú-sagðr, part, unsaid, Grág. i. 80, 140; at úsögðum sundr griðum, Fms. ix. 508. ú-sakaðr, part. unhurt; heill ok ú., Eg. 458, Sturl. i. 107, Ó.H. 229. ú-sakgæfr, adj. inoffensive, clement, Orkn. 254. ú-sakvarr, adj. incautious in giving offence, Bjarn. 51; see sakvarr. ú-saltr, adj. unsalted, fresh, Stj. 93, Fms. v. 196. ú-sambæriligr, adj. discordant, Stj. 80. ú-sambærr, adj. different, N.G.L. i. 165. ú-saminn, part. unsettled, uncomposed, Stj. 7, 256. ú-samlyndi, f. discord. ú-samr, adj. unwilling; see samr (B. II); Norse usams = disagreeing. ú-samverðiligr, adj. incomparable, Post. ú-samþykki, f. disagreement, Fas. i. 35, Orkn. 134. ú-samþykkr, adj. disagreeing. ú-samþykkt, f. disagreement, 655 vii. 2. ú-sanna, að, to refute, prove untrue, Ld. 90, Sks. 722; en ekki er at gleyma eðr ú. (scorn or disregard) svá þessar sögur, Edda (pref.) 154; úsanna mál, to refute a case, Edda i. 116 (foot-note 17): reflex. to prove false, MS. 4. 31. ú-sannindi, n. pl. untruth. ú-sannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unjust, unfair, Fms. ii. 4, vi. 54, Bret. 50, Eg. 742, Orkn. 96, Sturl. iii. 18, v.l. ú-sannr, adj. untrue; úsatt, Fms. vi. 163, vii. 242, xi. 260; úsaðra (gen. pl.), Skv. 2. 4: as a law phrase, Lat. insons = not guilty; úsannr at e-u; attú, Þórólfr, mundir ú. at vera, Eg. 55; telr hann sik úsannan at þessi sök, Fms. vii. 133; sögðu Sigmund úsannan vera at því, Fær. 201; ú. at áverkum, Grág. ii. 90; Þórir lézk hvárki vita þá sanna né úsanna at þessu, Fms. iii. 146. ú-sannsær, adj. unfair, Fms. ii. 35. ú-saurgaðr, part. undefiled, Stj., Hom. 40. ú-sáinn, part. unsown, Vsp. 61, Gþl. 285, Edda 44. ú-sárr, adj. not sore, not smarting; eigi úsárari, Hrafn. 15: unwounded, Eg. 33, Fms. ii. 325, Hkr. i. 165. ú-sátt, f. disagreement; hann kvað þar eigi úsátt á hafa gengit at lögum, Eb. 166; þeir vildu eigi fyrr sættask enn Kári sagði á ósátt sína, his displeasure, Nj. 256, Grág. i. 200; segja á ósáttir, id., 222; at ósátt e-s, without one's consent; at ósátt frænda sinna, 645. no; ok er þat at ósátt hans, Grág. i. 143; at ósátt minni, Alm. 6. ú-sáttan, n. = úsátt, Fms. xi. 43. ú-sáttr, adj. disagreeing, Fms. i. 6: unreconciled, Nj. 80. ú-seðjanligr, adj. insatiable, Clar. ú-sekja, u, f. in the phrase, at úsekju, with impunity, Fms. vii. 240, Grág. i. 420. Js. 26, passim. ú-sekr, adj. not guilty, Gþl. 536; úsekir hvárr um sik, Dipl. v. 26. ú-séligr, adj. unsightly, Fms. vi. 330, Fas. ii. 453. ú-sendiligr, adj. not fit to be sent, Bs. i. 73. ú-sénn, part. (mod. óséðr), unseen; kaupa úsénan grip, Gþl. 505, Nj. 184; ósén (ósénan, acc.), Bs. i. 130; úséna menn, Ld. 132. ú-sent, n. part. unsent, undespatched, Hm. 146. ú-settligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), immoderate, H.E. i. 505. ú-settr, adj. unsettled; svá at úsett sé málunum, Fb. iii. 452. ú-siðblendi, f. unsociability. ú-siðblendinn, adj. unsociable, Glúm. 336. ú-siðlátr, adj. unmannered, barbarous, Magn. 448. ú-siðligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), ill-mannered, Barl. 37, Fs. 14. ú-siðr, m. 'unmanner,' barbarity, Grett. 97 A: pl. immorality, Magn. 448, Stj. 429: úsiða-maðr, m. an evil-doer, Fms. iv. 111. v. 240, Magn. 448. ú-siðsamligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), indecent, H.E. i. 477. ú-siðsamr, adj. ill-mannered, ill-bred. ú-siðsemi, f. indecency, 645. 77, Mar. ú-siðugr, adj. ill-mannered, wicked, barbarous; þjóð drápgjörn ok úsiðug, Sks. 89, Stj. 429; ú. um kvennafar, Fms. i. 187. ú-siðvandr, adj. disorderly, Sturl. ii. 4. ú-siglandi, part. not fit for sailing, of weather, Ó.H. 138. ú-sigr, m. a defeat, Ó.H. 29; hafa úsigr, Fms. vii. 265; fara ú., i. 199, Eg. 287; fá ú., Landn. 105. ú-sigraðr, part. [Lat. invictus], unconquered, Stj. ú-sigrandi, part. invincible. ú-sigranligr, adj. id., Fas. ii. 298, Fms. iii. 168. ú-sigrsamr, adj. not victorious, 623. 31. ú-sigrsæll, adj. defeated, Fms. vi. 265. ú-sigrvænligr, adj. with little hope of victory, Orkn. 360. ú-sinniligr, adj. unsightly (unfit as a companion), Fms. vi. 203, Fas. ii. 327. ú-sitjandi, part. unbearable (sitja III. 3), Korm. 192. ú-sjaldan, adv. not seldom, Vsp. ú-sjálfráðr, adj. 'un-selfruled,' constrained, Hkr. ii. 212; allt þat er henni var úsjálfrátt, what was her own making, Nj. 268 (see sjálfráði II. 2); þetta allt var honum úsjálfrátt, Fms. ii. 46; það er mér ósjálfrátt, I cannot do for it, cannot help it. ú-sjúkr, adj. unsick, Fms. xi. 347; heill ok ú., Grett. 154 A; úsjúkari, Bs. i. 193. ú-sjötlað, n. part. unsettled(?), Grett. (in a verse). ú-skaddr, part. unscathed, untouched, = Lat. integer; úskatt, Fb. i. 548; at úskaddum geislum hennar, Sks. 63. ú-skaðliga, adv. unscathingly, H.E. i. 503. ú-skaðligr, adj. harmless. ú-skakkr, adj. not awry, N.G.L. i. 242. ú-skap, n. a fatality; see skap. ú-skapaðr, part. unshapen, Stj. 538. ú-skapbráðr, adj. calm-minded, well-tempered, Sturl. iii. 126. ú-skapfelldr, part. disagreeable to one's mind, unpleasant. Njarð. 366; eigi eru þau mér at úskapfelldri, Sturl. i. 171 C; e-m er e-t úskapfellt, Korm. 192. ú-skapfelliga, adv. disagreeably, Fas. ii. 335. ú-skapfelligr, adj. not in one's mind, Sturl. i. 171. ú-skapglíkr, adj. unlike in temper, Fms. ii. 145. ú-skapgæfr, adj. not gentle, moody, Fms. vi. 109. ú-skaphægr, adj. = úskapgæfr, Fms. vi. 109, v.l. ú-skapléttr, adj. not light-minded, care-worn; e-m er úskaplétt, to be in a bad humour, Fas. i. 372. ú-skapliga, adv. against nature's order, enormously, Fas. i. 15, Ld. 118: immoderately. ú-skapligr, adj. against nature's order, monstrous, horrible; þat er úskapligt, Ísl. ii. (in a verse), Fms. xi. 121; ú. úburðr, a monster birth, Fms. viii. 8, v.l.; verst verk ok úskapligast, Fas. iii. 36. ú-skaplíkr, adj. = úskapglíkr, Nj. 112, 227, Korm. 80. ú-skapstórr, adj. not proud-tempered; úskapstærri, less proud, Fms, iv. 226. ú-skaptíðr, adj. not to one's mind; þann átrúnað sem oss er ú., Ísl. ii. 391. ú-skapværr, adj. restless of temper, Sturl. i. 87 C. ú-skapþekkr, adj. unpleasant, Korm. 32. ú-skeifligr, adj. not awry, Grett. 120 A. ú-skeinisamr, adj. not hurtful; verða eigi ú., to be not a little hurtful, Nj. 262. ú-skeinuhættr, adj. id., Nj. 262, v.l. ú-skelfdr, part. unshaken, undaunted, Magn. 470. ú-skelfr, adj. untrembling, Fbr. 88: fearless, Al. 28, Fms. x. 213. ú-skemdr, part. uninjured, Bs. i. 286. ú-skepna, u, f. = úsköp, evil fate, Orkn. (in a verse). ú-skerðr, part. unscored, whole, entire, Grág. ii. 363, Nj. 256, Fms. i. 85, Rb. 458. ú-skeyn (óskeyn),(?), a nickname, Fms, vii. 271. ú-skikktr, part. without a mantle; feldr ú., stuff

ÚSKIL -- ÚSYNN. 665

not cut into a cloak, N.G.L. i. 75. ú-skil, n. pl. unfair dealings, improper treatment; valda óskilum við nóng sinn, Hom. 44; vera kenndr við úskil, Gþl. 482; göra skil, ... göra úskil, Grág. i. 216; svara óskilum, ii. 24; göra óskil um e-t, i. 382; merkja fé at óskilum, ii. 309, Fms. vi. 62; bjóða e-m ú., Grág. i. 11. ú-skilaðr, part. unsettled, Hom. 84. úskila-maðr, m. an unready man, Sturl. ii. 136. ú-skilfenginn, part. illegitimate, natural, Jb. 137. ú-skilgetinn, part. not born in wedlock, Landn. 131. ú-skilinn, part. not set apart, not reserved; nú er sá einn hlutr eptir er úskilat er, not disposed of, Band. 8 new Ed. ú-skiljanligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unintelligible, Rb. 470, Magn. 448. ú-skilmerkiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), indistinct. ú-skilrekki, f. improbity, Stj. 196, v.l. (ú-skilríki, v.l.) ú-skilríkiliga, adv. unfairly; hvárt hefir þú tekit vinnu-mann minn? ok er slíkt ú. gört, Grett. 120 A. ú-skilsamliga, adv. disorderly, Sd. 156. ú-skiptiligr, adj. indivisible, Skálda, Sks. 604, Fas. iii. 663. ú-skiptr, part. undivided, H.E. ii. 127, Fms. vi. 148, Grág. i. 291, Ld. 70. ú-skírborinn, part. not 'pure born,' not born in wedlock, Grág. i. 306. ú-skírðr, part. unbaptized, Hom. 53, Íb. 12, K.Á., Mar.; óskírð enni, Fms. vi. (in a verse, of the heathen Wends). ú-skírr, adj. unclean, impure, Rb. 352; úskírt silfr, Fms. v. 346; skír veðr eða úskír, Stj. úskírt mál, indistinct, Sturl. ii. 222; saurgir ok úskírir. defiled, 655 i. 1. ú-skjalfandi, part. not trembling, 656 B. 3. ú-skjóti, a, m. an 'un-speeding,' impediment: as a law term, an affront; veita e-m úskjóta, N.G.L. i. 161, Sd. (in a verse); cp. úskundi. ú-skoðanligr, adj. not to be beheld, Magn. ú-skopnir, m. the unshapen, a mythol. local name, Fm. 15. ú-skoraðr, part. unchallenged, without reservation; hann skyldi einn göra um mál þessi svá sem hann vill, óskorat, Eg. 733; kómu mál öll óskoruð undir Ólaf, Ld. 228; hafa gefizk tvau kúgildi ok tvau hundruð úskoruð, two entire hundreds, Vm. 79. ú-skorinn, part. uncut, Hkr. i. 99, Edda 41, Grág. ii. 363; of clothes, i. 504. ú-skrapaðr, part. unscratched; bréf með hanganda innsigli heilt ok úskrapat, Dipl. ii. 5. ú-skrámligr, adj. = öskranligr, Th. 19. ú-skriptaðr, part. unshriven, H.E. i. 482. ú-skriptborinn, part. unconfessed, H.E. i. 519. ú-skuggasamligr, adj. without a shadow or suspicion, Fbr. 138. ú-skuld, f. an unlawful debt(?), Jb. 404 A. ú-skuldvarr, adj. incautious in incurring debts, Njarð. 366. ú-skundi, a, m. an 'un-speeding,' affront; göra e-m úskunda, Fs. 28. ú-skúaðr, part. unshod, Fms. v. 196. ú-skúrsamr, adj. not showery, Rb. 104. ú-skygn, adj. dim-sighted, Fs. 88, Sturl. i. 178: not having second sight, see skygn. ú-skygna, d, to make dim, darken, Stj. 142: reflex. to grow dim, augu úskygnask, Anecd. 6, Stj. 431; eldisk ok óskygndisk, 655 vii. 2. ú-skygnleiki, a, m. dim-sightedness, Hrafn. 16. ú-skyldigr, adj. not due, K.Á. 220. ú-skyldr, adj. (see skyldr), Fms. iii. 179, vi. 361, Nj. 199; þat var þér úskylt, uncalled for, Fms. vi. 369, Fs. 72; væri honum eigi úskyldra, Fms. vi. 367; kallar sik eigi úskyldara, Eb. 111 new Ed.; úskyldan mann, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 40, Hom. 62, Grág. i. 196. ú-skylduligr, adj. = úskyldigr, H.E. i. 464. ú-skynsamliga, adv. unreasonably, Sturl. iii. 261. ú-skynsamligr, adj. irrational, foolish, Hom. 127, Fms. x. 374. ú-skynsamr, adj. irrational, K.Á. 202. ú-skynsemd and ú-skynsemi, f. unreason, Fms. ii. 144, Post. 645. 77, Mar. passim. ú-skyti, a, m. and ú-skytja, u, f. a bad marksman; eigi veit hvar úskytja or geigar, Fms. vii. 262, Fas. ii. 358, v.l. (úskytju, Hkr. iii. 388, l.c.) ú-skýrligr, adj. 'unclever,' stupid, 673. 55. ú-skýrr, adj. id.; af úskýrra manna áliti, Greg. 71. ú-skærleikr, m. a want of transparency, Stj. 10. ú-skærr, adj. untransparent, not clear. ú-sköruligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), feeble, slack, Ld. 44; see sköruligr. ú-slakr, adj. not slack. ú-sleginn, part. unmown, Grett. 107 A, Grág. ii. 335. ú-sleituliga, adv.; drekka ú., to drink without heel-taps, Eg. 551. ú-slétta, u, f. unevenness, Eg. (in a verse), Bs. i. 200. ú-sléttr, adj. uneven, Krók. 42: unlevel (ground), Fms. v. 213; cp. segja sínar farar eigi sléttar, Orkn. 68. ú-slitinn, part. untorn; þá vóru þing óslitin, unbroken up, Grág. i. 16: not worn. ú-slitnaðr, part. untorn, 656 C. 5. ú-sljór, -slær, -sljár, adj. not blunt; sýna sik úslæra enn fyrr, Ld. 212. ú-slóttigr, adj. not wily, Hom. 148. ú-slyngr, adj. unskilled, Sturl. i. 11. ú-slysinn, adj. not slysinn, q.v. ú-slyttinn, adj. unsluggish, Lex. Poët. ú-slægja, u, f. the unmown part; see slægja. ú-slægr, adj. not sly, not cunning, Nj. 102. ú-slæliga, adv. not slowly, sharply; höggva ú., Fms. xi. 277. ú-slökvandi, part. unslakeable; ú. eldr, Stj. ú-slökviligr, adj. inextinguishable, Sks. 160, MS. 4. 10. ú-smáborinn, part. of no small extraction, Hkr. i. (in a verse). ú-smáligr, adj. not small, Ísl. ii. 405 (Dan. smaalig). ú-smár, adj. not small, i.e. great; Snorri var úsmár í öllum sáttmálum, not very nice, making no difficulties, Eb. 286; e-m fellr e-t úsmátt, a thing has no difficulties to one, Sturl. iii. 281; úsmár bætr, Og. 19. ú-smeltr, part. not enamelled, Pm. 105. ú-smiðligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unworkmanlike, Krók. 43. ú-smíðaðr, part. unwrought, Gþl. 491; smíðat ok úsmíðat silfr, Fms. ix. 470. ú-smurðr, part. unanointed, Stj. 237. ú-snarr, adj. not quick, slow; þú ert ykkar eigi úsnarari, Vápn. 19. ú-sniðinn, part. unlopped. ú-snilld and ú-snilli, f. lack of eloquence, unskill; úsnilld sinni, Sks. 316; úsnilli sinni, Th. 76. ú-snjallr, adj. (see snjallr), unwise, unskilled, Hm. 15, 47, Valla L. 204; ú. at máli, unskilled in speech, Sks. 315; hit úsnjallasta ráð, Fms. iv. 161, vii. 265. ú-snotr, adj. unwise, Hm. passim (see snotr), Sks. 449 B. ú-snotrmannligr, adj. improper, Odd. 12. ú-snöfrmannligr, adj. dull, faint; lítið tilráð ok ósnöfurmannligt, Ísl. ii. 357. ú-soltinn, part. not hungry, Al. 18, Fas. iii. 81. ú-sorg, f. 'unsorrow,' poët. the night, Edda. (Gl.) ú-sóknar-dagr, m. = úsýkn dagr, Lat. dies festus, K.Á. 184. ú-sómi, a, m. a dishonour, disgrace, Band. 34 new Ed., Fms. i. 209, vii. 220, Hom. 152, Stj. 384. ú-sóttnæmr, adj. not apt to take ill; hefi ek verit ú. maðr, Ld. 102: of a place, healthy, Sks. 96, v.l. ú-spakliga, adv. tumultuously; fara ú., Hkr. ii. 373, Fms. ix. 394, Orkn. 424, Fas. iii. 534. ú-spakligr, adj. unwise, foolish, 677. 5: unruly, turbulent, Sturl. ii. 8, Al. 13. ú-spakr, adj. unwise, as also restless, unruly (see spakr), Vígl. 20, Sks. 31, Fms. ix. 394; fé óspakt, running astray, Krók. 42 (of cattle): a nickname and pr. name, Óspakr, Landn. passim. ú-sparðr, part. unspared, Ld. 112; létu þeir úspart við þá, Eb. 308. ú-sparliga, adv. unsparingly, Sturl. i. 67, Orkn. 424, v.l. ú-sparr, adj. unsparing, Lv. 78, Háv. 44; e-m er úspart um e-t, Ld. 138; höggva óspart, Fms. xi. 91. ú-spáligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unprophetic, Fbr. 95. ú-speki, f. = úspekt, Hom. 34. ú-spekt, f. turbulence, uproar; menn kunnugir at úspekt, Lv. 110; göra úsptkt, Fms. ix. 394; hann hefir marga úspekt gört í Noregi, Fær. 88; rán ok úspekt, Fms. xi. 236; bændr munu launa þér ú. þína, v. 90; var opt talat um úspektir Sigurðar-manna, vii. 293; marga aðra úspekt siðaði hann, Fas. iii. 163; úspekðar-bragð, Fs. 57; úspektar-ferð, a raid, Njarð. 376; úspektar-maðr, an unruly person, Sturl. i. 92 C. ú-spell, f., Fas. iii. 163 (a false reading for úspekt). ú-spellaðr, part. unspoiled, unviolated, Gþl. 227, Bær. 15. ú-spilltr, part. inviolate, Sdm. 19; sá er vegr á úspilltar trygðir, Js. 65; ú. varningr, Sks. 20, Rd. 233: uninjured, Hkr. i. 119; úspillt mær, immaculate, Bret. 58, Vígl. 33; taka til úspilltra mála, to fight out in earnest, Nj. 220. ú-spunninn, part. unspun, Rd. 233. ú-spurðr, part. unasked; at þeim úspurðum, without asking them, H.E. i. 458; láta úspurt, to leave unasked, Sks. 5. ú-spurull, adj. 'unasking,' not curious; fálátr ok ú., Fas. iii. 219; fáfróðir ok úspurulir, Sks. 320. ú-staðfastr, adj. unsteadfast, Stj. 27. ú-staðfesta, u, f. unsteadfastness, Fas. ii. 124. ú-staðfesti, f. id., Hom. 124. ú-staðigr, adj. unsteady. ú-starfsamr, adj. idle, remiss in work, Ísl. ii. 113. ú-stefliga, adv. disorderly, H.E. i. 476. ú-sterkligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), not strong, Edda 33. ú-sterkr, adj. not strong, feeble, Hkr. ii. 350; eigi ústerkari, Grág. ii. 361; hann var ústerkari, Eg. 188, Korm. 248. ú-stilling, f. vehemence; með ákafa ok ú., Fms. vii. 293, Hom. 24, 25, passim. ú-stilltr, adj. intemperate; ústillt gleði, Greg. 25, Hom. 24, 25: romping, þú ert svo ústilltr. ú-stirfinn, adj. undaunted, Lat. impiger, poët, epithet of a king, Hkr. i. (in a verse). ú-stjórnliga, adv. immoderately. ú-stjórnligr, adj. immoderate. ú-stund, f. disregard; leggja ú. á e-t, Fas. i. 22. ú-styrkð, f. infirmity; várar ústyrkðir, 623. 19; líkams ústyrkt, Stj. 145; mannlig ú., H.E. i. 477. ú-styrkjast, ð, to grow infirm, Fms. iii. 177. ú-styrkleiki, a, m. and ú-styrkleikr, m. infirmity, Stj. 61, Fms. iii. 51. ú-styrkr = ústerkr, Bret. 72. Hom. 135, Magn. 448, Sks. 543. ú-stýrilátr, adj. 'unyielding to the rudder,' ungovernable, Fas. iii. 382, Grett. 92 A. ú-stöðugr, adj. unsteady, unsettled, Al. 12, 15, 55. ú-stöðuligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unstable, unsettled, Al. 101. ú-sundrgreiniliga, adv. without distinction, Skálda. ú-sundrskilligr, adj. inseparable, 623. 59, Eluc. 3. ú-sundrskiptiligr, adj. indivisible, Stj. 4. ú-súrr, adj. not sour, Bs. i. 743. ú-sváss, adj. (see sváss); úsvást veðr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 216, Bs. i. 199, 339, Sturl. i. 12. ú-svefnugr, adj. not sleepy; árvakr ok ú., Lv. 43. ú-svifr, ú-svifinn, ú-svifrandi, qq. v. ú-svifrungr, m. an enemy, Edda. ii. 497: = úsvifrandi. ú-svikull, adj. guileless, Lex. Poët, ú-svinna, u, f. indiscretion. ú-svinnliga, adv. unwisely. ú-svinnr, adj. unwise, Hm. 2O, 22, 162; in the saying, eptir koma úsvinnum ráð í hug, unwise is afterwise, Fas. i. 94, Vápn. 17: indiscreet, Hafr þóttisk úsvinnr orðinn, Grett. 147 A, Fas. i. 319; úsvinni (less discreet) lízk mér þín fjár-varðveizla enn mín, Fs. 130. ú-svipligr, adj. ill-looking, Grett. 117 A, Fas. iii. 255. ú-svipt, see ósvift, p. 473, col. 2; to the references add Háv. 28 new Ed. ú-syndigr, adj. unsinful, Greg. 33. ú-syndr, adj. not swimming, Edda 47. ú-syngjandi, part. not fit to sing; nú hrörnar kirkja svá at úsyngjanda er í, so as to be unfit for service, K.Þ.K. 54. ú-synju, gen. as adv. without provocation, unprovoked, without justification; ef maðr bindr frjálsan mann úsynju, Js. 43; at úsynju, Gþl. 179; þessi seta þykkir úsynju, Fms. viii. 435, Orkn. 254; var þat mjök úsynju er þér kölluðut til ríkis í Noregi, Ó.H. 58; at Áslákr hafi frændvíg upp hafit ok mjök ósynju, 184; ósynju tókt þú höndum á þeim, MS. 4. 17; úsynjum (in vain) væri hón svá fríð, ef ..., Str. 25; vér villtumk úsynju frá eilífum fagnaði, Anal. 238; ok var úsynju nokkurn tíma tekið við Hrolleifi, Fs. 36. úú-sýniliga, adv. invisibly, Fms. x. 330. ú-sýniligr, adj. invisible, Sks. 155, 528, Fms. i. 139: unlikely, Bjarn. 44: unsightly, ugly, Ld. 274, Fas. ii. 327. ú-sýnn, adj. 'unseeing', blind;

666 ÚSÆBRATTR -- ÚVINULIGR.

úsyndir hvelpar: uncertain, ú. sæmdarauki, Korm. 150; ú. friðr, Hkr. ii. 121; úsýnt var hvárir sigrask mundi, Fms. xi. 372; at úsýnt væri um heilsuna, Lv. 39; mér þykkir úsýnt, at ..., Ld. 224; úsýnar hefndir, Fms. xi. 47. ú-sæbrattr, adj. not steep towards the sea (see sær B), Fb. i. 539. ú-sækiligr, adj. impregnable, Str. 11. ú-sæla, u, f. unhappiness. ú-sæll, adj. (cp. Dan. ussel), wretched; úsæll ok aumr, Hom. 151. ú-sælligr, adj. joyless, ill-favoured, Fms. vi. 303, vii. 162. ú-sæma, ð, to dishonour, Clem. 44; úsæmandi, improper, Fms. vii. 8. ú-sæmd, f. disgrace, dishonour, Fs. 60, Sks. 279, 457, Edda 33, Fms. x. 388: impropriety, Ld. 214; úsæmdar hlutr, contumely, Glúm. 352; úsæmdar orð, unseemly language, Fms. ii. 248. ú-sæmiliga, adv. dishonourably, unbecomingly, Nj. 82, Þórð. 23 new Ed., Fms. iii. 87. ú-sæmiligr, adj. unseemly, Fms. v. 307, vii. 186, Eg. 21: unworthy of, ú. e-s, Sturl. i. 45. ú-sæmr, adj. unbecoming, unseemly; úsœmar ... úsœmstar, Hom. 73; þat er úsæmt, 677. 1. ú-særr, adj. not to be taken, of an oath; bera úsær vitni, Sks. 341; eiðar úsærir, Sks. 358; at úsært var, Gþl. 550: the saying, lítið skyldi í eiði úsært, Grett. 161, see eiðr. ú-sætiligr, adj. intolerable, Sturl. iii. 18. ú-sætt, f. = úsátt, Fms. vi. 27; goðin höfðu úsætt við þat fólk er Vanir heita, Edda 47. ú-sættask, t, to become an enemy, Sks. 227. ú-sætti, n. = lísætt, 655 xxi. 3, Fms. viii. 153; styrjöld ok ú., x. 268; sagði at þat mondi at því úsætti verða, Íb. 12. ú-söðlaðr, part. unsaddled, N.G.L. i. 45. ú-söngvinn, part. 'unchanting,' who make few prayers, Grett. 111 A; see söngvinn. ú-tal, n. (Germ. unzahl), a countless number; svá mörg hundruð at útal var, Bret. 58; ótal þjóðar (gen.), a countless host of people, 656 C. 26; útal jarteina, 40; með ótali engla, Post. (Unger): later used as adj. or adv., útal marga, Fms. iii. 178: in mod. usage, ótal skip, ótal eyjar, always indecl. ú-tala, u, f. = útal; ótölu liðs, Hkr. iii. 201, v.l. ú-talhlýðinn, part. unheeding advice, hard to persuade, Fms. x. 177. ú-taliðr (ú-taldr, ú-talinn), part. untold, uncounted; at útölðum konum, not counting the women, 623. 25; útalit allr verka-lýðr, Fas. iii. 20; útalit þat er til stafna vissi, Fms. x. 319; kyn útöld, Sks. 132; útaldar skrár, Dipl. v. 18; útalt ok údæmt, Gþl. 474. ú-talligr, adj. untold, countless, Fms. xi. 381, Magn. 450, Stj. 389, Hkr. ii. 393. ú-tamdr, untamed; see temja. ú-tála, adv. [tál], unfeignedly, Lex. Poët. ú-teitr, adj. not gladsome, Hým. ú-tekinn, part. not taken, unleased; ú. jörð, a freehold, Gþl. 313, Sturl. iii. 57; see taka B. III. 1. ú-telgdr, part. uncarved, Grág. ii. 359, Stj. ú-tempraðr, part. untempered, Stj. 256. ú-teygiligr, adj. untempting; veðr ú., uninviting, Bs. 1. 442. ú-tiginn, adj. not tiginn (q.v.), being a commoner, Edda 104, Fms. i. 16, ii. 298, vi. 250, Eg. 351, Ld. 189, Nj. 83, Hkr. i. 262. ú-tilheyriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), improper, Stj. 34. ú-tili, a, m. a mischance, Eg. 175, Hkr. ii. 288. ú-tillátsamr, adj. (-semi, f.), unyielding, Grett. 100 A, Sturl. iii. 99. ú-tilleitinn, adj. inoffensive, Eg. 512, Grett. 120 A. ú-tiltækiligr, adj. inexpedient, Grett. ú-tíð, f. an 'un-time,' wrong season; eta kjöt á útiðum, N.G.L. i. 11, 348; konur skal taka á tíðum en eigi á útíðum, 16. ú-tíðr, adj. rare, infrequent, Fær. 195, Fms. viii. 353, v.l.; útítt, Fær. 195, Landn. 261 (v.l.), Hdl. 4. ú-tími, a, m. an evil time, mishap, affliction; útímar ok úgæfur, Sks. 353; at sjá ú. hverfi af þér, Fs. 59; á engum mánaði missti hennar sá ú., Hom. 122; útíma-dagr, an evil day, Fas. i. 193: out of time, koma í ótima, to come too late. ú-tíndr, part. unpicked up, Jb. 294. ú-tírligr, adj. inglorious, mean, wretched (mod. ótérligr = dirty); þá kom at gangandi maðr ó., sá hafði kross á herðum, 623. 9. ú-torvelligr, adj. not difficult, 655 xviii. 2. ú-tónaðr, part. not noted for singing, Ám. 77. ú-trauðr, adj. not repugnant, willing, Sturl. i. 132: not doubtful, Fas. ii. 68: neut. útrautt, quite, Fbr. 19. ú-traustr, adj. untrusty, insincere, weak, Fms. vi. 312, 406; ú. íss, unsafe ice, vii. 273 (v.l.), Rd. 277, Orkn. 348; var útraust, at hann svipaði honum eigi stundum, Sturl. iii. 125. ú-tregr, adj. unrepugnant, Bjarn. 56, Sd. 167. ú-trú, f. unbelief, faithlessness, 623. 26, 27, Fms. x. 301, 317: gen. útrú, Magn. 534, Sturl. i. 210; útrú-dauði, 656 C. 2; útrú-maðr, an infidel, Hom. 49. ú-trúaðr, part. unbelieving. Greg. 17, MS. 623. 26. ú-trúanligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), incredible, 623. 67, Fms. i. 142. ú-trúleikr (-leiki), m. unfaithfulness, Fms. i. 50, ix. 428, Hkr. ii. 87, Eg. 64, Sks. 457. ú-trúliga, adv. unfaithfully. Fms. i. 289; tala ú., to talk threateningly, Eb. 320: incredibly. ú-trúligr, adj. incredible, Fms. x. 307, Edda 2; not to be depended on, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 249, Lv. 62; veðr ú., Vápn. 11. ú-trúlyndr, m. (-lyndi, f.), faithless, Stj. 243. ú-trúnaðr, m. faithlessness, Fms. ix. 390, xi. 303, Hkr. i. 168. ú-trúr, adj. faithless, Orkn. 10, Fms. i. 219, xi. 201, 252, Hom. 78, Eg. 402: unbelieving. Post. 645. 68. ú-trygð, f. faithlessness, falseness, Fms. viii. 314, Gísl. 148, Bs. i. 665. ú-tryggiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), not to be trusted, Nj. 102, v.l. ú-tryggleikr, m. = útrygð, Sks. 547. ú-tryggr, adj. faithless, untrustworthy, Hkr. ii. 87, Eg. 51, 269, Fms. ix. 52, 417, Hom. 109. ú-tröllsligr, adj. unlike a troll (q.v.), Mag. ú-tvistr, adj. not dismal, gladsome, Edda (Ht.) ú-tyrrinn, adj. not irritable, Gísl. (in a verse). ú-tæpiliga, adv. unsparingly, Fms. ii. 82; ganga ú. at, Fas. iii. 98; kenna ú., to feel it unmistakably, smart sorely, Fær. 126. ú-tæpr, adj. not scant, ample, Fas. i. 58; þrýsta útæpt, Fms. iii. 130. ú-töluligr, adj. countless, Barl. 22, Gþl. 42, Magn. 410. ú-umbræðiligr, adj. (-liga, adv., Th. 23), unspeakable, Fms. i. 263, x. 356, Magn. 448, Fas. i. 200. ú-umræðiligr, adj. unspeakable, Barl. 22, 161. ú-umskiptiligr, adj. unchangeable, Barl. 113. ú-unaðsamr, adj. discontented, 655 xvi. 1. ú-unna, ann, to grudge; er hann úyndi manni himin, Hom. 20. ú-unninn, part. 'unwon,' unperformed, Nj. 266: uncultivated, teigr lá ú., Landn. 241, v.l.; at úunninni jörðu, untilled field, Gþl. 285. ú-valdr, part. innocent; snúa sök á úvalða menn, Nj. 136; vera e-s ú., not guilty of, sackless, Fms. ix. 292, xi. 380. ú-vandaðr, part. common, vile; ú. fé, Band. 36 new Ed.; kvaðsk þat þykkja úvandað, Orkn. 420 new Ed. úvand-blætr, adj. [blóta], easily propitiated, easily appeased or satisfied, metaphor from a sacrificial feast (blót), a GREEK., Bs. i. 394 (úvandlátr, 108, l.c.; a later vellum). úvand-fenginn, part. not hard to get (ironic.), Fms. xi. 150. úvand-görr, part. requiring little pains, Fms. vi. 390, v.l. ú-vandi, a, m. an evil habit, Fms. i. 281, ii. 226: naughtiness of a child. úvand-launaðr, part. easy to repay, needing small reward, Bjarn. 53. úvand-leikit, n. part. little to be regarded, Hrafn. 21. ú-vandliga, adv. carelessly, Fær. 217, Orkn. 368: not quite, féll þar ú. út sjórinn, Ld. 76. ú-vandr, adj. not difficult, plain, Nj. 139, Fms. i. 125, iii. 95, Lv. 26: caring little for, at þú munir úvandari (less particular) at várum hlut, Orkn. 240; þat mun þér nú úvant gört, Fms. vi. 390; um þær skuldir er úvant, iv. 346; hversu úvant hann lét göra við sik, how little pretensions he made, Bs. i. 131. ú-vani, a, m. a bad habit, Fms. iii. 70, Stj. 36. ú-varandi, part. unaware, Hom. 115, Barl. 61. ú-varit, n. part. (verja), not spent, Jb. ú-varliga, adv. unwarily, Nj. 8, Fms. iii. 15, vii. 73, Grág. ii. 119. ú-varligr, adj. unwary, Hrafn. 1, Fms. ii. 34. ú-varmæltr, part. unwary in speech, Hkr. ii. 234. ú-varr, adj. unaware, unwary, Fms. iv. 125, x. 414, xi. 161; koma á úvart, to take one by surprise, i. 196, vi. 8, vii. 213, ix. 478, xi. 290, Barl. 6l, Nj. 9; at úvörum, unexpectedly, 95. ú-vaskr, adj. not stout, cowardly, Nj. 85, Fms. x. 326. ú-vánt, adj. n. (ván) = úvant, unlikely; ok er ú. um at þroski minn verði annarsstaðar meiri en hér, Orkn. 14; láta eigi úvánt yfir sér, to bear oneself proudly, Finnb. 300. ú-veðr, n. (Germ ungewitter), bad weather, a storm, Fms. xi. 384. ú-veðran, f. = úveðr, Fas. ii. 412. ú-veðrátta, u, f. bad weather, Lv. 73. ú-vegligr, adj. undistinguished, unhonoured, Hkr. i. 48, Fms. vi. 439, Fas. i. 363. ú-vegr, m. a dishonour, H.E. i. 242, Eluc.: úvegs-lauss, adj. blameless, K.Þ.K. ú-veitull, adj. unspending, close, Bs. i. ú-vendiliga, adv. disorderly, Grett. 114 A. ú-vendismaðr, m. a discreditable person, Rd. 260. ú-venja, u, f. = úvani, K.Á. 194, H.E. ii. 69, Jb. 175, 186; úvenjur ok siðleysur, Fms. xi. 296, Hkr. ii. 65. ú-verðr, adj. unworthy, Niðrst. 10: undeserving, Bær. 14: guiltless, láta úverða menn gjalda, Nj. 135. ú-verðugr, adj. unworthy, Gþl. 62: undeserving of, Fms. ii. 182, vii. 158, Bs. i. 873. ú-verk, n. a wicked deed, Hrafn., Orkn. 174. ú-verkan, n. = úverk, Grett. 121 A, Bs. i. 529, Orkn. 280 (where fem.) ú-verknaðr, m. = úverkan, Grett. 121. ú-vesall, adj. not wretched; engum úveslum, none but a wretched one, Band. 36 new Ed. ú-viðan, n. 'unwood,' i.e. thorns or shrubs; þyrni eða úviðani, Post. (Unger) 23, v.l. ú-viðbúinn, part. unprepared, Fas. i. 454. ú-viðkvæmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv., Gþl. 276), or ú-viðkœmiligr, unbecoming, Fær. 132, Fms. i. 244, v. 168, vi. 5, Gþl. 167. ú-vild, f. lack of good-will, enmity. ú-vili, a, m.; at úvilja e-s, against one's good-will, Grág. i. 191, Js. 49, H.E. i. 182: úvilja-verk, n. an involuntary deed, Vápn. 49 (P). ú-viljaðr, part. unwilling, Fas. iii. 127. ú-viljandi, part. unwilling, unintentional, Stj. 617; eg gerði það óviljandi. ú-viljanligr, adj. unwilling, Bs. i. 702. ú-viljugr, adj. id., Stj. 69. ú-villtr, part. unfalsified, Hm.; fjöldi úviltra biskupa, orthodox bishops, Anecd. 98. ú-vinátta, u, f. unfriendliness, enmity, Fms. v. 24, Orkn. 386. ú-vinfengi, n. unfriendliness, Valla L. 224. ú-vingan, f. unfriendliness, bad feeling, Lv. 40, Fas. iii. 150. ú-vingask, að. dep. to shew enmity towards a person; úvingask við e-n, Fms. v. 69, vi. 112, xi. 229. ú-vingjarnliga, adv. unfriendly, Fær. 182, Fms. i. 166, Ísl. ii. 197. ú-vingjarnligr, adj. unfriendly, hostile, Fms. ii. 41, ix. 52, Sks. 524. ú-vinliga, adv. unfriendly, Lv. 74. ú-vinnandi, part. invincible; and ú-vinnanligr, adj. id., Fas. iii. 239. ú-vinr (ó-vinr), m. an 'unfriend,' foe, enemy, Fms. i. 50, 219, ii. 192, Eg. 336, Sks. 110, Al. 56; eta skal úvina-mat ok öngu launa, Nj. 220 (v.l. paper MS.); vér hyggjum at lygi hafi verit ok úvina-mál, Glúm. 373; hón kvað þar fara úvina fylgjur, Sturl. iii. 54 (see fylgja); gör þú eigi þann úvina-fagnað, at þú rjúfir sætt þína, Nj. 112; vér köllum slíka vist úvina-fagnað, of a bad fare, Bjarn. 53. ú-vinsamligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unfriendly. ú-vinskapr, m. = úvinátta. ú-vinsæla, ð, to make oneself disliked; Eirikr konungr nvinsældisk æ því meirr, sem ..., Fms. iv. 16; hann kvaðsk eigi nenna at ú. sik svá, Vápn. 18. ú-vinsæld, f. unpopularity, disfavour, Fms. i. 21, x. 387, Eb. 116, Orkn. 254. ú-vinsæll, adj. unpopular, disliked, Nj. 38, Fs. 28, 76; úvinsælt verk, Fms. vii. 183, 247. ú-vinuligr, adj. unfriendly, Skálda 191.

ÚVINVEITTLIGA -- ÚÞVERASAMR. 667

ú-vinveittliga, adv. unkindly, Landn. 217, v.l. ú-vinveittr, adj. of persons, hostile, Nj. 32, Ld. 86, 336: of things, unpleasant, Fs. 34, Bs. i. 340. ú-virða, ð, to disregard, slight, Fms. vi. 280, x. 421. ú-virðanligr, adj. inestimable, Th. 18. ú-virðiliga and ú-virðuliga (Fs. 90, Fms. ii. 10), adv. scornfully, Nj. 89, Fms. vii. 21. ú-virðiligr and ú-virðuligr, adj. scornful, contemptible, Nj. 77, Fms. vi. 357, Hkr. ii. 102, Ísl. ii. 371; hvíla eigi úvirðuligri, not less splendid, Mag. 1. ú-virðing, f. a disgrace, Nj. 227, Fms. vii. 112, Landn. 146; göra ú. til e-s, to scorn, Ó.H. 115. ú-virðr, adj. unvalued; fé úvirt, Grág. i. 200; ú. eyrir, Js. 62. ú-virkr, adj. out of work, idle, Bs. i. 719. ú-viss, adj. uncertain, Rb. 2. ú-vissa, u, f. an uncertainty; see úvísa. ú-vissligr, adj. unsettled, Stj. 27. ú-vistiligr, adj. unendurable to live in, Grett. 114 A. ú-vit, n. a swoon, insensibility, Bs. i. 818; liggja í úviti, Nj. 89; hann mælti í úvitinu, Fms. vii. 203, Pr. 472: foolishness, ignorance, H.E. i. 462. ú-vita, adj. senseless, insane; fólk ært ok úvita af hræðslu, Stj. 642; at hón sé furðu-djörf ok úvita, Fms. i. 3. ú-vitaud, f. ignorance, K.Á. 228. ú-vitandi, part. without knowing, unconscious; ú. e-s, Fms. i. 264, x. 260; at e-m úvitanda, without one's knowledge, 227; konungr var ú. at ..., vii. 207; þú görðir þat ú., unintentionally, Eg. 736. ú-viti, a, m. [A.S. unwita], an idiot, witless person; ef lögsögumaðr verðr ómáli eðr óviti, Grág. i. 9; úgæfumaðr var ek, er ek ól þinn úvita, Krók. 39: of an infant, hann var barn ok úviti, Hkr. ii. 268; þau (the infant) vóru öll úvitar, en sum úmála, Hom. 50. ú-vitr, adj. 'witless,' void of understanding; úvitrum kykvendum, brute beasts, 673. 47: unwise, foolish, úfróðr ok ú., Fms. vi. 220, ix. 55, Nj. 15, Eg. 718. ú-vitra, u, f. un-wisdom, 677. 67, MS. 655 ix. B. 2. ú-vitrleikr, m. foolishness, Stj. 22. ú-vitrliga, adv. unwisely, Korm. 178, Fms. ii. 64. ú-vitrligr, adj. unwise, foolish, of things, Nj. 78, Fms. i. 139, Ó.H. 123. ú-vitsamlegr, adj. foolish, Rd. 260. ú-vituliga, adv. foolishly, Niðrst. 7. ú-vizka, u, f. unwisdom, foolishness, Nj. 135, Fms. vi. 209, Stj. 315, Sks. 440, Gþl. 44. ú-vizkr, adj. foolish, silly, Ó.H. 123. ú-víða, adv. 'unwidely,' in but few places, Fb. i. 541. ú-víðr, adj. 'unwide,' narrow in circumference, Eg. 744, Jb. 193. ú-vígðr, part. unconsecrated, Nj. 162, Vm. 19, K.Á. 28, Sks. 726, Stj. 315. ú-vígliga, adv. in a state unfit for war, Fms. vii. 258. ú-vígligr, adj. unmartial, Sturl. iii. 84 C, Al. 33. ú-vígr, adj. unable to fight, disabled (hors de combat), Korm. 220, Fms. v. 90, Landn. 80, v.l.: úvígr herr (cp. ofvægr herr, Ó.H. 242, older form), an overwhelming, irresistible army; draga saman her úvígjan, Fms. i. 24, 122; eptir sólar setr kom sunnan at borginni Haraldr konungr Guðinason með úvígjan her, vi. 411; með her úvígan, Hkr. iii. 405. ú-víkjanligr, adj. unshakeable, Th. 13. ú-vísa and ú-vissa, u, f. a doubtful bearing, hostility; sýna sik í úvísu, Vígl. 33; sýnit önga úvísu meðan þit erut á skipinu, Fbr. 132; ef hann görir nökkura úvissu af sér, Grett. 110 A; enn þú, Bergr, hefir mjök dregizk til úvissu við oss bræðr, Fs. 57: úvísa-eldi, n. the maintenance of a stranger, Grág. i. 143: úvísa-vargr, m. a law phrase, an outlaw not known to be such; the law forbade the sheltering an outlaw, under penalty, unless the host proved that, at the moment, the stranger was an óvísavargr to him, or that he had acted under compulsion, N.G.L. i. 71, 72, 170, 178; nema þeim sé ú. er hýsti, Gþl. 144: metaph., var þeim þetta inn mesti ú., of the sudden appearance of an enemy, Hkr. iii. 63. ú-vísligr, adj. unwise, foolish, Fms. viii. 196 (v.l.), MS. 636 C. 20. ú-víss, adj. uncertain. Hm. 1, Sks. 250, Fms. i. 76, ii. 146, vi. 38, D.N. i. 70: unwise, foolish, = úvitr, MS. 656 C. 30, Post. 645. 98. ú-víttr, part. unfined; þá skal hann ú. vera, N.G.L. i. 11. ú-vorðinn, part. not having happened, future; segja fyrir úvorðna hluti, Fms. i. 76; orðna hluti ok úorðna, MS. 623. 13; spámann, hann segir mér fyrir marga úvorðna hluti, Bs. i. 39. ú-vægi, f. an overbearing temper, Fas. i. 55. ú-vægiliga, adv. ungently. violently, Eg. 712, Fms. x. 331. ú-vægiligr, adj. not to be weighed; ú. gull, Stj. 571. ú-væginn, adj. unyielding, headstrong, Fms. ii. 33, Ísl. ii. 203, Nj. 16; ólmr ok ú., MS. 655 xiii. A. 2. ú-vægr, adj. (also of-vægr), headstrong; grimmr ok ú., Fas. i. 55. ú-væll, adj. guileless, Ld. 30. ú-væni, n. a maim or bodily hurt; veita e-m ú., N.G.L. i. 74; sá er fyrir ú. varð, Js. 36, N.G.L. i. 69: úvænis-högg, n. a maiming blow(?), Grág. ii. 154. ú-vænkask, að, dep. to grow worse, of one's chance or success; þykkir jarli ú. sitt mál, Fms. xi. 134. ú-vænliga, adv. with small chance of success, Fs. 10; horfa ú., to look hopeless, Nj. 187, Fms. iv. 156. ú-vænligr, adj. leaving little hope of success, Rd. 278; ú. mál, Eg. 336. ú-vænn (ú-vánt, Orkn. 14), adj. hopeless, with little chance of success; úvæn ætlan, Fms. vii. 30; úvænt ráö, xi. 21; úvænt efni, Nj. 164, v.l.; Egill segir at þat var úvænt (little chance) at hann mundi þá yrkja mega, Eg. 606; þótti honum sér úvænt til undan kvámu, 406: not to be expected, not likely, þykki mér úvænna, at hann komi skjótt á minn fund, Fms. ii. 113. xi. 94: úvænst, most unlikely, Gísl. 62: of persons, vér erum til þess eigi úvænni, en þeir menn er þat hefir hendt, Fms. viii. 286: neut., úvænt, e-t horfir úvænt, looks hopeless, Eg. 340; horfa úvænna, Fms. v. 250. ú-væra and ú-værð, f. restlessness, ú-væri, f. uneasiness, itch; úværi hleypr um allan búkinn, Fb. i. 212: úværu-teigr, m. a 'strip of disturbance,' a close of land overrun by strange cattle; ef maðr á beiti-teigu í annars manns landi, þá er fimm aura sé verðir eða minna fjár, ok heitir sá ú., Grág. ii. 227. ú-værr, adj. restless, fierce; grimmir ok úværir um allt, Fms. iv. 22: uncomfortable, göra e-m úvært, Ld. 140; er úvært at búa þar sem lágt liggr, Fms. vi. 136; úvært er mér, I feel uneasy, Grett. 100 new Ed. ú-vættr, f. an 'unwight,' evil spirit, ogress, monster (Germ. unbold), Fms. v. 164; allar úvættir hræðask hann (Thor), Edda; trolla gangr ok úvætta, Fms. ii. 185: in later MSS. used masc., but less correctly, Fas. ii. 111; þessum úvætti, i. 60; þessir úvættir, Fms. xi. 279. ú-yfirfæriligr, adj. impassable, Ld. 46. ú-yfirstigligr (-stíganlegr, Stj. 377), adj. insurmountable, 623. 11, Fas. iii. 665. ú-ymisliga, adv. invariably, 677. 8. ú-yndi, n. a feeling restless, irksomeness, feeling unhappy in a place; segja sumir at hón hafi tortýnt sér af ú., Sd. 191; hefir vætr meirr til úyndis hagat enn þá, Bs. i. 79; ú. reikanar, 655 xxvi: úyndis-órræði, n. pl. a dire expedient, a last emergency; hörð verða úyndis-órræðin, Fas. iii. 522; ef gerði það í óyndis-úrræðum, or, það eru óyndis-úrræði = 'malum necessarium.' ú-þakklátr, adj. ungrateful, Sturl. i. 149. ú-þakklæti, n. unthankfulness, ingratitude. ú-þakknæmr, adj. unthankful, Al. 36. ú-þarfi, adj. needless, wanton, Fs. 46: as subst. needlessness, wantonness; það er óþarfi, 'tis not wanted! það er óþarfi fyrir þig, it was a wanton deed. ú-þarfliga, adv. needlessly, uncomfortably; búa e-m ú., to make it uncomfortable to one, Fms. v. 86. ú-þarfligr, adj. uncomfortable, Fms. viii. 404, v.l. ú-þarfr, adj. unsuitable, useless, Fms. vii. 123, Fs. 48: doing harm, Ó.H. 209, Fms. vi. 129, 276, Nj. 58; tíðindi mikil ok úþörf, bad news, Finnb. 316. ú-þefjan, n. an 'unsmell,' stench, Fms. x. 379. ú-þefr, m. a stench, foul smell, Fb. i. 259, Pr. 472, Stj. 91. ú-þekkiligr, adj. repulsive (Dan. utækkelig), Ld. 214: disagreeable, Lv. 75, Fas. ii. 453: unrecognisable, mod. ú-þekkr, adj. disagreeable, 655 xiii; flestum mönnum ú., Lv. 45; mér er úþekkt, at honum sé þannig fagnat, Bs. i. 537: unmanageable, unruly, e.g. of a horse, (mod.) ú-þekt, f. a dislike, Fms. xi. 329: a disgusting thing, an offensive smell, sight, or taste, Stj. 612, Bs. i. 316, Fms. iv. 57; unruliness, mod.: úþektar-för, f. a hateful journey, Sturl. i. 15: úþektar-ligr, adj. offensive, disgusting, Fas. ii. 150, v.l.: úþektar-svipr, m. a slight, offence; sýna e-m ú., Fb. iii. 449. ú-þerrir, m. wet weather: úþerri-samr, adj. wet; sumar ú., Eb. 260. ú-þessligr, adj. not like that, quite unlike; eigi úþessligr, Fms. vi. 376, Karl. 492. ú-þingfærr, adj. unable to go to the þing, Íb. 17. ú-þínsligr, adj. 'unthine-like,' unworthy of thee, Ísl. ii. 198. ú-þjáll and ú-þjálgr, adj. hard, stubborn, unmanageable. ú-þjóð, f. [cp. Dan. utyske = Germ. unhold], evil people, rabble, devils, Vellekla, Fas. ii. 396: úþjóða-lýðr, m. a rabble. ú-þjófligr, adj. not likely to be a thief, Fms. v. 330. ú-þokka, að, to disparage; ú. fyrir e-m, Fms. vi. 6; úþokkask við e-n, to hate, dislike a person, Fms. ii. 145, Sturl. iii. 12. ú-þokkaðr, adj. disliked, abhorred, Fms. i. 12, vi. 282, vii. 251, 303; mér er úþokkat til þeirrra, I loathe them, i. 302, Gísl. 5; frændum Odds var allt óþokkat til hans, Bs. i. 710. ú-þokki, a, m. a disgust, dislike, disfavour, Fms. x. 27; fá úþokka e-s, Js. 46; öfund ok ú., Rb. 390, Vápn. 13, Fs. 140; at þokka eðr úþokka, favour or disfavour, Hom. 135; láta vaxa úþokka við e-n, Nj. 107, Korm. 198; offensiveness = úþekt, Bs. i. 34O; of a person, a miser, (mod.): úþokka-dæl, f. a filthy hollow, Sd. 191: úþokka-ferð, f.; fara ú., to make an unpleasant journey, Háv. 39: úþokka-gripr, m. a nasty thing. Fas. i. 56: úþokka-ligr, adj. nasty, Fas. ii. 453; dirty, nasty, Hrafn. 8: úþokka-svipr, m. a frowning mein, cross countenance, Fs. 31: úþokkasæll, adj. hated, Eg. 484, Fms. vi. 6, Ísl. ii. 125, Fs. 28, 67, Eb. 290: úþokka-vísa, u, f. an obscene ditty, Fms. iii. 23. ú-þolandi, part. intolerable, Grett. 94, Orkn. 420 new Ed. ú-þolanligr, adj. id., Bs. i. 746. ú-þoli, a, m. restlessness: the name of a magical Rune, Skm. ú-þolinmóðr, adj. impatient, Hom. 73, passim. ú-þolinmæði, f. impatience, Hom. 73. ú-þolinn, adj. unenduring, Fms. v. 344. ú-þorstlátr, adj. not causing thirst, slaking thirst, Landn. 34. ú-þrifinn, adj. unthrifty, sluggish, Grett. 144 A; ú. ok eljanlauss, ú. ok dáðlauss, Al. 100, 106, Stj. 212: mod. dirty, sluttish. ú-þrifnaðr, m. slothfulness, sluggishness, Fær. 193, Fas. iii. 30, Stj. 97. ú-þrjótandi, part. inexhaustible, Th. 5. ú-þrjótanligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), never ceasing, Sks. 523, 632. ú-þrjózkr, adj. not refractory, Fms. v. 316. ú-þroskligr, adj. not strong, weakly, Finnb. 218. ú-þrotanliga, adv. incessantly, Mar. ú-þrotinn, part. never ceasing, Fbr., Sks. 604. ú-þrotligr, adj. never ceasing, never failing, Sks. 523, 604 B, 633, Fbr. 24. ú-þrotnandi, ú-þrotnanligr, = úþrot-ligr, Eluc. 55, Mar., Dipl. ii. 14, Sks. 604. ú-þróttligr, adj. not stout, feeble, Hkr. i. 46. ú-þrútinn, part. not swoln, Nj. 209. ú-þrælsligr, adj. not like a thrall; ú. augu, Fas. i. 22. ú-þurft, f. a scathe, harm, Ísl. ii. (in a verse), Fms. iii. 53, Landn. 148, Eg. 738: úþurftar-maðr, m. an ill-doer, offender, Sks. 335. ú-þveginn, part. unwashed, Dipl. v. 18, Landn. 97 (Eb. 10): as a nickname, Nj. 7, Landn. 232. ú-þveri, a, m. a scab, skin disease; sló út um hörund hans ryfi ok úþvera, Bs. i. 181: úþvera-samr, adj. scabbed, Bs. i. 182 (Fb. i.

668 ÚÞVERRALEGR -- ÚMAGI.

for úveri read ú-þveri); mod. úþverri means filth, dirt: úþverra-legr, adj. filthy, ú-þykkja, u, f. = úþykt, Fms. iv. 109, Sturl. iii. 272; dislike, ill-will, Skálda, Stj. 520. ú-þykkr, adj. not thick, Sks. 429. ú-þykkt, f. discord, Nj. 169, Sturl. i. 79 C; dislike, Lv. 79, Fas. iii. 67. ú-þyrmiliga, adv. roughly, cruelly, harshly, Rd. 257, Fas. i. 461, Hom. 155. ú-þyrmiligr, adj. unmerciful, harsh, Fs. 31. ú-þyrmir, m. a merciless man; þú úþyrmir ok vægðarlauss stormr, Bær. 5: a pr. name, Landn. ú-þyrmsamliga, adv. in an unmerciful manner, Grett. 154. ú-þyrstr, adj. not thirsty, Nj. 43, v.l. ú-þýðligr, adj. harsh, cross-tempered, Fbr. 77. ú-þýðr, adj. unfriendly, rough, Hkr. i. 28; ú. ok údæll, Fms. vii. 175; grimmr, ú. ok fálátr, i. 9. ú-þægð, f. crossness, restiveness. ú-þægiligr, adj. disagreeable, Sturl. iii. 260. ú-þægja, ð, to trouble, vex. Fas. iii. 196. ú-þægr, adj. unacceptable; úþæg bæn, Greg. 53: unruly, hann er óþægr. ú-þökk, f. an 'unthank,' reproach, censure, Ísl. ii. 383, Hkr. ii. 305, Fms. ix. 432. ú-þörf, f. = úþurft; e-m til úþarfar, Landn. 148 (v.l.), Hom. 159. ú-œðr, adj. [vaða], not passable on foot, of a stream; vötn óœð óknóm mönnum, Bs. i. 349. ú-æðri, compar. lower in rank; úæðri bekkr, Nj. 34, Eg. 547, Fms. iv. 439, x. 70; enn úæðri kraptr, 677. 5. ú-æfi, f. an evil age, Sks. 348. ú-œll, adj. [ala, ól], a law term; skógar-maðr úæll, an outlaw that must not be fed, Grág. i. 88, passim, Nj. 110. ú-æpandi, part. uncrying, Fms. ii. 186. ú-ærr, adj. not mad, Grág. (Kb.) i. 167. ú-æti, n. an uneatable thing, not fit for human food, Fms. x. 249, Ver. 45. ú-ætr, adj. unfit to be eaten, Ver. 8, K.Þ.K. 134. ú-öld, f. a bad season, famine, Ann. 975, Lv. 17: an unruly time, riot, uproar, in úaldar-flokkr, m. a band of rovers, Eb. 312, Fms. xi. 242, Hkr. ii. 357: úaldar-maðr, m. a rover, villain, Sturl. i. 61: úaldar-vetr, m. a famine-winter, Landn. (App.) 323. ú-ölmusu-gjarn, adj. uncharitable, Fms. ii. 118. ú-ört, n. adj. not profusedly, hesitatingly, Skv. 3. 60. ÚA, pres. úir, pret. úði, to swarm; hvert vatn úði af fiskum, Eg. 134 (Cod. Wolph.): in mod. usage, úði, það úir og grúir. úð, f., qs. hugð, contracted [A.S. hyde], the mind, but only existing in compds, harð-úð, íll-úð, létt-úð, úlf-úð, var-úð, etc., qs. harð-hugð, etc. úði, a, m. [a corruption for úr, q.v., changing r into ð, as in freðinn from frerinn], a drizzling rain, freq. in mod. usage. -úðigr, adj. minded; harð-úðigr, létt-úðigr, íll-úðigr, etc. úfat, n. part. roughened, edged; only in the phrase, það er svó úfað, eg veit hvernig það er úfað, I know all its rough edges, all its difficulties, of matters troublesome or of fishing in troubled waters. ÚFR, m. a roughness, rough edge, e.g. on a board being shaped by an adze, also of ruffled hair, as when stroked backwards; hann sá járnloku eina, þar hafði komit högg í mikit ok reis á röndinni úfr hvass, Fas. iii. 380. 2. metaph. roughness, hostility; risu þegar miklir úfar á með þeim, Sturl. iii. 178; ok get ek at stórir úfar rísi á með oss, Fb. iii. 450; settu Gíslungar nokkut úfa (acc. pl.) við honum, Ísl. ii. 314: the metaphor taken from a wild beast bristling its hair. II. the uvula, mid. H.G. uwe; fékk hann sár lækni at skera sér úf, ... ok skar meira af úf jarlsins enn hann hafði ætlat, Fms. iii. 31, 32, and freq. in mod. usage. úfr, adj. ruffled, rough; svá úfr ok þrjótr, at allir þurfi til at ganga, N.G.L. i. 335; úvar 'ro dísir, the fairies are wrath, Gm. 53. úfr, m. a bird, perhaps the widgeon or whewer; sá hann einn úf í limum eins nálægs trés, Post. (Unger) 69, elsewhere the word occurs only in Edda (Gl.), and perhaps in the compd vallófr, q.v. úla, að, to howl(?), a doubtful GREEK; ef maðr skerr hár af höfði manns eða úlar (whistles?) honum nökkut til háðungar, Grett. ii. 131 A; see ýla. úlbúð, f., see úlfúð. úldinn, adj. decomposed, putrid. úldna, að, [ulna, Ivar Aasen], to rot; rotna ok úldna, Stj. 268-273, passim in mod. usage. úlfaldi, a, m. [Ulf. ulbandus = GREEK; A.S. olfend; Hel. olvunt; O.H.G. olpente; from the Gr. GREEK, although in an altered sense] :-- a camel, Stj., Greg. passim; the word occurs as the nickname of a man early in the 11th century, Fms. vi. (Brynjólfr úlfaldi); it is still in full use in Icel., hægra er úlfaldanum at ganga í gegnum nálar-augað enn ríkum manni at komast í Guðs ríki, Luke xviii. 25; hann tók tíu úlfalda ... af síns herra úlföldum ... hún segir drekk þá, eg vil og gefa þínum úlföldum að drekka, Gen. xxiv. The word 'camel' has never been adopted in the Icel. úlf-garðr, m. a wolf-pit, Gþl. 457, v.l. úlf-gi = úlf-gi; úlfr (q.v.), with a neg. suffix, Ls. 39. úlf-grár, adj. wolf-grey, Fær. 48; úlfgrátt hár, Eg. 305, cp. Ad. 7. úlf-hamr, m. a wolf's skin, referring to the superstition of men turning into a wolf's shape, Fas. i. 130; cp. hamr: also a nickname, Hervar S. úlf-hanzki, a, m. a glove of wolf-skin, used by a sorceress, Fas. i. 50. úlf-héðinn, m. a wolf's skin: a pr. name, Úlf-héðinn, Landn.: also as an appellative of berserkers wearing wolf-skins, Hornklofi, -- at 'berserkja' reiðu vil ek spyrja ... ? -- answer, 'úlfhéðnar' heita, cp. þeir berserkir er úlfhéðnar vóru kallaðir, Fs. 17. úlf-hugaðr, adj. 'wolf-mooded,' fiery, Skv. 2. 11. úlf-hugr, m. a wolf's mind, = úlfúð; ú. sá er þér þótti dyrit hafa á okkr, Fas. ii. 172. úlf-hvelpr, m. a wolf's cub, Fas. i. 181. úlf-íði, n. a wolf's lair (cp. bjarnar-híði), Hkv. 1. 16. úlf-liðr, m. the wolf's joint, i.e. the wrist, see the story of Ty and the Wolf Fenrir, Edda 20, -- 'then bit he (the wolf) the hand off, whence it is now called wolf's joint (the wrist):' the word is often spelt as above, e.g. Gullþ. 59, Fms. i. 166, Nj. 84, 262 (Cod. 468 in both instances gives 'aulflið'). This etymology, although old, is quite erroneous, for the word is derived from oln- or öln-, see alin (p. 13, col. 2); the true form being öln-liðr, q.v. ÚLFR, m., úlf-gi, Ls. 39; [Ulf. wulfs; A.S. and Hel. wulf; Engl.-Germ. wolf; North. E. Ulf-, in pr. names, Ulpha, Ulverston; Dan.-Swed. ulv; cp. Lat. lupus and vulpes; Gr. GREEK] :-- a wolf, Grág. ii. 122; lýsa þar vígi, ... kallask hvárki úlfr né björn nema svá heiti hann, N.G.L. i. 6l; úlfa þytr mér þótti íllr vera hjá söngvi svana, Edda (in a verse); úlfa hús, wolf-pits, Gþl. 457: freq. in poets, where 'to feed the wolf,' 'cheer the wolf' are standing phrases, see Lex. Poët.: a warrior is hence called úlf-brynnandi, -gæðandi, -grennir, -nestir, -seðjandi, -teitir, i.e. the refresher, cheerer, ... gladdener of the wolf; úlf-vín, wolf's wine, i.e. blood, Lex. Poët. 2. sayings, fæðisk úlfr í skógi, the wolf is born in the wood, Mkv.; etask af úlfs munni, and úlfar eta annars eyrindi, see eta (2. δ); eigi hygg ek okkr vera úlfa dæmi, at vér mynim sjálfir um sakask, Hðm. 30; fangs er ván at frekum úlfi, see fang (III. 4); auðþekktr er úlfr í röð; þar er mér úlfs ván er ek eyru sé'k, I know the wolf when I see the ears, Fm. 35, Finnb. 244; hafa úlf undir bægi, evidently from the fable of the wolf in sheep's clothes; sem úlfr í sauða dyn, Sd. 164; ala e-m úlfa, to breed wolves to one, brood over evil; spyr ek þat frá, at Danir muni enn ala oss úlfa, Fms. viii. 303, Kormak; sýna úlfs ham, to appear to a person in a wolf's skin, i.e. savagely; eigi heldr þykkisk eg honum eðr öðrum fátækum prestum þann úlfs ham sýnt hafa, at þeir megi eigi mér opinbera neyð sína, H.E. iii. 438 (in a letter of bishop Gudbrand); hafa úlfs hug við e-n, má vera at Guðrúnu þykki hann úlfs hug við okkr hafa, Fas. i. 211; skala úlf ala ungan lengi, Skv. 3. 12; annas barn er sem úlf at frjá, Mkv.; úlfr er í ungum syni, Sdm. 35: for legends of were-wolves cp. Völs. S. ch. 8. 3. úlfa þytr, howling; þær báðu honum ílls á móti, var inn mesti úlfa þytr (wailing) til þeirra at heyra, Grett. 98; finnr Sigmundr menn ok lét úlfs röddu, Fas. i. 131; úlfum líkir þykkja allir þeir sem eiga hverfan hug, Sól. 31. II. in poets, wolves are the 'steeds' on which witches ride through the air during the night, Edda. At nightfall wizards were supposed to change their shape, hence the nickname kveld-úlfr, evening wolf, of a were-wolf; in Icel. the fretful mood caused by sleepiness in the evening is called kveld-úlfr; thus the ditty, Kveldúlfr er kominn hér | kunnigr innan gátta | sólin líðr sýnisk mér | senn er mál að hátta, Icel. Almanack 1870; or, Kveldúlfr er kominn í kerlinguna mína, the evening wolf has entered my child, a lullaby, Sveinb. Egilsson's Poems, cp. en dag hvern er at kveldi kom, þá görðisk hann styggr, svá at fáir menn máttu orðum við hann koma; hann var kveld-svæfr, þat var mál manna at hann væri mjök hamramr, hann var kallaðr Kveldúlfr, Eg. ch. 1. In the mythology there is the wolf Fenrir, Edda; whence Úlfs-bági, the 'Wolf's foe' = Odin, Stor.; Úlfs-faðir, the Wolf's father = Loki, Ls.: mock suns were imagined to be wolves persecuting the sun, Gm. 37; hence in popular Icel., úlfa-kreppa, u, f. 'wolf-strait,' when the sun is surrounded by four mock suns (sól í úlfa kreppu), Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 658. III. freq. in pr. names, Úlfr, Úlfarr, Úlf-hamr, Úlf-héðinn, Úlf-ljótr, Úlf-kell; women, Úlf-hildr, Úlf-eiðr, Úlf-rún; esp. as the latter part in men's names, being then sounded (and often spelt) -ólfr, Ás-ólfr, Auð-ólfr, Bót-ólfr, Brynj-ólfr, Björg-ólfr, Eyj-ólfr, Grim-ólfr, Ing-ólfr, Ís-ólfr, Herj-ólfr, Þór-ólfr, Þjóð-ólfr, Stein-ólfr, Rún-ólfr, Ljót-ólfr, Örn-ólfr, Móð-úlfr, etc.: contracted are, Snjólfr = Snæ-úlfr, Hrólfr = Hróð-úlfr, Sjólfr = Sæ-úlfr, Bjólfr = Bý-úlfr = A.S. Beowulf (Bee-wolf, i.e. honey-thief, a name of the bear, from popular tales, in which the bear, being fond of honey, is made to rob hives; the name has of late been thus explained by Mr. Sweet). úlfúð, f., in Icel. now sounded úlbúð, and so spelt, Stj., Sturl., Eg. l.c., 'wolf's mood,' savageness; enn er Halli fann þat sló hann á sik úlfúð ok íllsku, Eb. 114; hann er fullr upp úlfúðar (úlbúðar, v.l.), Eg. 114; tóku menn þegar at reisa úlfúð í móti, Fms. v. 102; sakir þeirrar úlbúðar er faðir hans hafði á Davíð, Stj. 473; þó var úlbúð ærin í ambhöfða brjósti, Sturl. i. 35 (in a verse). úlf-viðr, m. [Norse ulv-ved], privet, Lat. viburnum, Edda (Gl.) úlpa, u, f., see ólpa. ú-magi, a, m. [mega], a helpless one, who cannot maintain himself, a law term, relating to the duty of maintenance; it included children, aged people, men disabled by sickness, paupers, etc.; maðr hverr til þess hann er fimtán vetra, þá er hann ómagi, N.G.L. i. 168; sinn ómaga á hverr fram at færa, Grág. i. 232; óðr maðr er ú. arfa síns, Js. 26; ef

ÚMEGÐ -- ÚTAN. 669

þræll verðr ú. af bardögum, Grág. ii. 155: the saying, úmæt eru ómaga orð. Gísl. 5; sveitar-ómagi, a pauper, a charity-boy or girl; úmaga aldr, meðan (the children) þau eru á ómaga aldri, Grág. i. 240; vera af ómaga aldri, to be grown up, Dipl. v. 3; ómaga bálkr, a section in the law, Grág. i. 230 sqq.; ómaga eyrir, the money of a minor, 176; ómaga bú, ómaga lýsing, Grág. (Kb.); ómaga skipti, ómaga sök, Grág. i. 264; ómaga tíund, K.Þ.K. 156; ómaga verk, Jb. 255; ómaga vist, Dipl. v. 5. COMPDS: ómaga-lauss, adj. having no ómagi to sustain, Grág. ómaga-maðr, m. a person who has many ómagar to sustain, Grág. ómaga-mót, n. a law term, of the case in which a person maintains an ómagi until he becomes destitute himself, Grág. i. 289. ú-megð, f. the state of being úmagi, but also as collect. term = úmagi, of the people themselves; börn í úmegð, Js. 60; meðan erfingjar vóru í ú., whilst the heirs were in infancy, Fs. 65; enda sé dóttir þeirra í ú., Grág. i. 172; þóttisk hón svá helzt mega forðask ú. sína, Rb. 237; fyrir ómegðar sakir, K.Þ.K. 116; eitt haust er fundr fjölmennr at Skörðum, at tala um hreppa-skil ok ómegðir manna, Lv. 17; þeir skiptu ok ómegð, þat vóru börn tvau, Gísl. 17; hann lét eptir ú. aðra, Fs. 140; ok þat var þá siðvandi nökkurr er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vóru en stóð ú. mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó ílla gört ávallt, Ísl. ii. 198; ómegðar-bú, K.Þ.K. 90; ómegðar-maðr = ómagamaðr, Eb. 164. ÚR, n. [cp. Swed. ur-væta, ur-väder], a drizzling rain; úr eða dögg, Stj. 531; úri þafðr, of the sea-serpent, Bragi; var þoka yfir héraðinu, vindr af hafi ok úr við (úr-viðri?), Ísl. ii. 308; er þá létt af allri sunnanþokunni ok úrinu, Hrafn. 8; þá héldi yfir þannig úr þat er af stóð eitrinu, Edda i. 42 (Cod. Worm.; oc þat = or þat = úr þat, Ub. l.c.): a remnant is in the mod. phrase, það er 'úr' honum, it rains; cp. also úr-koma and úði. ÚR, prep., see ór, pp. 472, 473: in COMPDS, úr-eldast, ð, to become obsolete, úr-hættis, adv. out of season, too late; það er ekki ú. enn. úr-kast, n. offal, úr-kula, in úrkula-vonar, see örkola. úr-kynja, adj. degenerate. r-lausn, f. a small gratuity; göra e-m ú., to make one a small concession. úr-ræði, n. an expedient. úr-skurða, að, to decide. úr-skurðr, m. a decision. úr-slit, n. a final end. úr-tíningr, m. pickings. úr-tölur, f. pl. dissuasions. úr-val, n. a picked thing. úr-vinda, see órvinda. úr-þvætti, n. a wash. úr-ætta, adj. degenerate. úr-drifinn, part. foam-besprent, of a ship, Edda (in a verse). úr-felli, n. = úrkoma. úrig-hlýra, adj. wet-cheeked, weeping, Gh. 5. úrigr, adj. [úr], wet; úrgan stafn, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; úrgu barði, Orkn. (in a verse); úrga strönd, Fms. xi. 307 (in a verse); úrgar brautir (cp. Homer's GREEK), Rm. 36; úrig fjöll, Skm. 10, Hðm, 11; úrgum hjörvi, Ad. 4. II. qs. örigr, and quite a different word, ill-tempered, vicious; hann görðisk úrigr viðr-eignar, Ld. 54; graðfé varð úrigt ok görði mikit um sik, Fb. i. 545; stafkarl svá íllr ok úrigr at ekki láti úgjort, 211. úrig-toppi, a, m. dewy-mane, poët, epithet of a horse, Nj. (in a verse). úr-íllr, adj. [úrigr and íllr], fretful, esp. from want of sleep; hann er ú. af svefni. úr-koma, u, f. rain, freq. in mod. popular usage, esp. of a mild rain. ÚRR, m., gen. úrar, [Germ. ur-ochs; Lat. urus], the urus or ur-ox; úrar-horn, an ur-ox horn, Fas. iii. 616: as a nickname, Ó.H. úr-ván, f. a poët, name of the clouds, Alm. úr-væta, u, f. = úrkoma, Fb. ii. 222. ú-skap, n. 'unshape,' shapelessness, deformity; með úskapi, þér hafit málit meirr til búit með úskapi enn eigi sé spjöllin á, Glúm. 347: spleen, madness, æði ok úskap, Hom. 113; hugr heitir úskap, Edda 110. úskaps-maðr, m. an ill-disposed person, Sturl. ii. 149. II. in plur., úsköp, evil spells, imprecations: the saying, hlæja skyldi at ósköpunum en ekki fyrir þeim verða, see skap (B); ganga þó ríkt úsköpin er sonr verðr föður sínum at dauða, Al. 129; þeir menn er fyrir úsköpum verða, þá valda því íllar nornir, Edda 11; kvað íllar vættir því snemma stýrt hafa eðr úsköp, Korm. 240; at fyrir-koma þeim úsköpum er Þorveig hefði á lagt ykkr Steingerði, 208; úskapa verk, Fas. iii. 406: in mod. usage, ósköp and óskapa = immensely, awfully; ósköp fallegt, an enormity; það er ósköp að vita til þess! úr-svalr, adj. wet-cold, Hkv. 2. 42; úrsvalar unnir, 2. 11; úrsvöl Gýmis völva, Edda (in a verse); úrsvölum munni, Grett. (in a verse), of the eddying stream. úr-þveginn, part. wave-washed, Hallfred. ú-svifinn, adj. coarse, impudent (prop. 'unclean?'), Fb. i. 216: ú-svífni, f. impudence. ú-svifr (not úsvífr), adj. (the r is radical); [the latter part, which only exists in this and the following compds, answers to A.S. syfer, O.H.G. subar, Germ. sauber, Engl. sober, Lat. sobrius, meaning clean; úsvifr = A.S. unsyfre] :-- prop. unsober, unclean, but only used in a metaphorical sense. 2. 'unwashed,' coarse, overbearing; Austmenn vóru heldr úsvifir, Sturl. ii. 233; úsvifir ok íllorðir, Fms. iii. 143; hann var úsvifr við sér minni menn, Eb. 42; ú. ok harðgörr, Fas, ii. 470: Ósvifr and Úsyfr (not Ósvífr, for vi changes into y, not ví), Landn., Ld., Sturl. (Ósvifr the Wise). ú-svifrandi, part. polluting, a GREEK in Haustl. as an epithet of the giant Thiazzi in an eagle's shape; ú. Ása, the defiler of the gods(?). ÚT, adv., compar. útarr, superl. útarst, and later form yzt; [Ulf. and A.S. ût; Engl. out; Scot. b-ut; O.H.G. ûz; Germ. aus, qs. auz; Dan. ud] :-- out, towards the outer side (of a door, outskirt, circumference), opp. to inn, q.v.; út eptir ánni, Eg. 81; út ok inn með hverjum firði, 48; út með sjó, 746; út eptir firði, 87; inn til Leirulækjar, ok út til Straumfjarðar, 140; út eða inn, Nj. 104; kalla mann út, out of doors, 17; sjá út, to look out, Ld. 148; út þær dyrr, Sturl. i. 178; út ór, out of, out from, Nj. 182; út munninn, out of the mouth, Fms. vi. 351; snúa út, to turn out, Mar.; út þar, out there, Eg. 394; þangat út, out there, Fms. x. 400; stíga á skip út, Ld. 158; bera fé á út, on board, Eg. 98; garðr var í túninu meirr út (farther out) á völlinn, Háv. 53: of time, út Jól, 'Yule out,' all through Yule, Pm. 104; vetrinn út, sumarit út, throughout the winter, summer; láta út, to stand out to sea, Band. 39. 2. as a naut. phrase 'út' often means going out to Iceland from Norway (cp. útan); far þú til islands út, Eg. 475; koma út hingat, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 211; and simply, koma út, Nj. 4, Ld. 230, Eg. 339, passim (út-kváma); eigu þau börn arf at taka út hingat, out here, i.e. here in Iceland, Grág. i. 181: = úti, út á Íslandi, Ld. 254: then of other far countries, fara út til Jórsala, Fms. vii. 199; þeir menn er farit höfðu út með Skopta (i.e. to Palestine), 74: also of going to Rome, ix. 412: út (= úti), á Serklandi, Hom. 130; út í París, Fms. x. 58. 3. with verbs; brenna út, to burn out, Bárð. 180; út-brunninn, out-burnt: lúka út, to lay out, Dipl. ii. 12; bjóða út liði, to levy (út-boð); taka út, to take out (money), iv. 7; leika vel, ílla út, to treat well, ill, Fas. i. 90; dauðr út af, dead out and out, 65. II. compar. farther out; finna hval útarr, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 130; sitja útarr, of a fisherman, Edda 35; ganga útar eptir húsi, from outside inwards, Ld. 16, 200, Fms. vi. 102; sat hann útar frá Höskuldi, towards the door, Nj. 50; þar útar frá, Eg. 206, 547. III. superl. utmost; þar eru netlög útarst, Grág.; þaðan frá sem fyrvir útarst, ii. 380; yzt í annan arminn, Fms. vi. 315; hann hafði yzt loðkápu, he wore it outermost, i. 149. út-altari, a, m. the low altar, Vm. 58, Dipl. v. 18. útan, [Ulf. ûtana = GREEK], from without, from outside; gengu þeir útan brygginna, they went up by the pier (from the sea), Fms. ii. 281; ok er þeir sóttu út á fjörðinn, þá réru útan í móti þeim Rögnvaldr, then R. rowed towards them, coming from the outward, Eg. 386; skjóta útan báti, to put out a boat, Nj. 272; fyrir útan (with acc.), outside of a thing, opp. to fyrir innan, 271; útan at Hafslæk, Eg. 711; Strandmaðr útan, a man from the Out-Strand, Sturl. ii. 205; útan ór Þrándheimi, Fms. i. 36. 2. útan denoted the coming from without, of a voyage from Iceland to Norway, for to the Norse traders Iceland was an outlying country; also of a journey from Greenland to Iceland, Grág. i. 211; but the Icelanders also soon came to use it of going out of their own land; ferja e-n útan, fara útan, to go abroad, i.e. from Iceland, passim; fara útan, to go abroad, Grág. i. 99, 181, Nj. 94, Eg. 196, Ld. 230; spurði Þórarinn Glúm hvárt hann ætlaði útan sem hann var vanr, Th. asked G. if he intended to go abroad as he was wont, Nj. 22; meðan hann væri útan, whilst he was abroad, 4; þá var Valgarðr útan, faðir hans, 72, Ld. 254, passim (cp. út): then of other far countries, koma útan af Jórsalaheimi, Fms. vii. 74; útan af Africa, Ver. 51. II. without motion, outside; útan á síðuna, Hkr. i. 239; útan ok sunnan undir eldhúsinu stóð dyngja, outside, towards the south, Gísl. 15; hón séri því um gammann bæði útan ok innan, both outside and inside, Fms. i. 9; jamt útan sem innan, Grág. i. 392, Greg. 19; þar útan um liggr inn djúpi sjár, Edda; lagðir í kring útan um, Eg. 486; jörðin er kringlótt útan, Edda; poki um útan, with a poke about it outside, wrapped in a poke, Ld. 188; skáli súðþaktr útan, Nj. 114. III. conj. except, besides (Dan. uden); verðr fátt um kveðjur, útan þeir leggja skip saman, except that they ..., Fms. x. 205; eigi skal hann, útan (but) keypti, Gþl. 538; útan heldr, but rather, Stj. 10; útan eigi, 15; engi, útan synir Tosta, Hkr. iii. 170; engi hlutr útan sá einn, Fms. ii. 38: of whole sentences, útan þat skildi, at ..., with that exception that, i. 21; fríðr at yfirlitum, útan eygðr var hann mjök, fine-looking, but that he had goggle eyes, Fas. iii. 298; fjögur ásauðarkúgildi, útan hann leysti þá þegar eitt í kosti, Dipl. v. 7; unless, kveðsk eigi við þeim vanbúinn, útan þeir sviki hann, Korm. 202, Fms. vi. 70. 2. without, with acc.; Scot. but, as in the motto of the Macphersons, 'touch not the cat but the glove;' útan alla prýði, Stj. 10; útan starf ok erviði, 38; útan frænda ráð, Hkr. i. 232; útan leyfi konungs, Gþl. 115; útan konungs rétt ok aðildar-manna, Orkn. 212; útan aðrar lögligar pínur, H.E. i. 478: gen., útan sætta, Nj. 250, 255; útan allrar saurganar, K.Á. 104; útan orlofs, Jb. 285. 3. outside of; útan kirkjugarðs, N.G.L. i. 352; útan Paradísar, K.Á. 104; útan arkarinnar, Stj.; útan borðs, héraðs, brautar, see B. 4. fyrir útan, outside, off, beyond, with acc.; fyrir útan boðan, Nj. 124; fyrir útan Mön, 271; fyrir útan Þjórsá, Landn. 299, Fms. x. 114; fyrir útan haf, Ver. 39; bar vápna-burð fyrir útan þat skip, Fms. vii. 232; fyrir útan rekkju hennar, Grág. i. 371; vera fyrir útan bardaga, Fms. vi. 137; fyrir útan silfr, gull, except, Grág.

670 ÚTANBORÐS -- ÚTHELLING.

i. 397; Sks. 258, Fms. xi. 394, x. 403; fyrir útan leyfi, Sks. 548; fyrir útan allar flærðir, 358; fyrir smala-för útan, except, Grág. i. 147; fyrir þat útan, 139; þar fyrir útan (Dan. desforuden), Fms. iii. 44: as adverb, svá at af gengu nafarnar fyrir útan, Eb. 118; þá menn er land eigu fyrir útan, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 80. B. In COMPDS, prefixed to gen.: útan-borðs, [Dan. udenbords], overboard, Sturl. i. 118, Fms. vii. 202, v.l. útan-borgar, out of town, Mar., Blas. 50, Fms. xi. 160. útan-bókar, without book; kunna, læra ú., by rote. útan-brautar, out of the way, left in the cold, Bs. i. 728, MS. 625. 189. útan-bæjar, outside the town, Arons S. (Bs. i. 517). útan-fjarðar, outside the firth, Vm. 165, N.G.L. i. 174. útan-fjórðungs, outside the quarter, Grág. i. 165: útanfjórðungs-maðr, m. a person living outside the quarter, Grág. i. 96. útan-fótar (opp. to innan-fótar), on the outside of the foot (leg), Nj. 97, Fas. iii. 357. útan-garða, outside the yard (house), Grág. ii. 222, 233, Fsm. 1. útan-garðs, outside the fence, Grág. i. 82, 448, ii. 263, N.G.L. i. 42: outside the farm, Ám. 6, 26. útan-gátta, out-of-doors, Stj. 436. útan-hafnarfat, an outer cloth. útan.-hafs, beyond the sea, Stj. 93. útan-héraðs, outside the district, Js. 92: útanhéraðs-maðr (-strákr), m. a man not belonging to the county, Ld. 228, 272, Bs. i. 627. útan-hrepps, outside the Rape, Grág. i. 293, 447: útanhrepps-maðr, m. an outsitter, Grág. i. 448, K.Þ.K. útan-lands and útan-lendis, abroad, Eg. 185, 195, 691, Hkr. ii. 114, Fms. iii. 118, vi. 233, vii. 121: útanlands-maðr, m. a foreigner, Grág. i. 224, ii. 405: útanlands-siðir, m. pl. outlandish, foreign manners, Fms. vii. 171. útan-lærs, outside the thigh, Eg. 298. útan-sóknar, out of the parish, N.G.L.: útansóknar-maðr, m. a man not of the parish, H.E. i. 483. útan-stafs, outside the border; eignir þær er ú. eru kallaðar ok í almenningum eru, N.G.L. i. 125. útan-steins, outside the stone, Fas. i. 514. útan-sveitar, out of the sveit: útansveitar-maðr, m. an alien to the sveit, Fs. útan-þinga, outside the parish, Pm. 47. útan-þings, outside the þing (the place), N.G.L. i. 63: útanþings-maðr, m. a man of another district, Grág. i. 85. útan-ferð, f. a journey abroad, Nj. 41, 281, Ísl. ii. 214, Ann. 1290, Bs. i. 510, Grett. 100 new Ed.; útanferða-laust, Sturl. iii. 264. útan-för, f. = útanferð, Clem. 48, Bs. i. 503, 506. útan-stefning, f. a summons abroad, from the king of Norway to a person in Icel., Bs. i. 503, D.I. i. 635. útan-verðr, adj. outward, outside; í útanverðri höfn, Fms. iv. 302; í útanverðum kirkjugarði, Eg. 770; í útanvert Digranes, 193; réttsýni upp í Hraukbæjar-grafir útanverðar, Dipl. v. 19; til kórs útanverðs, Symb. 57. út-arfi, a, m. an 'out-heir,' distant heir, not in the direct line, K.Á. 54, Gþl. 226. útarla = útarliga, Fms. viii. 71, K.Þ.K. 40. útar-liga, adv. 'outerly,' far out; sitja, setjask ú., i.e. near the entrance, Fms, ii. 3, Nj. 32; ef ek sit svá lengi ok ú. sem ek em vanr, Edda 35 (of a fisher); útarliga í eyjum, in outlying islands, K.Á. 70; búa ú., N.G.L. i. 14. út-armr, m. the outer branch, Rb. 440. útarr, compar. farther out, outer; superl. útarst, outmost; sitja hit næsta útar frá, Nj. 50; hætt var at sitja útarr, farther out seawards, Edda 35; útar frá kórinum, Fms. vii. 278; útarr fyrir annars landi, Grág. ii. 380; færa skip útarr, Hým. 20; útar meirr, 'outermore,'farther out, Fms. vii. 260: superl., útast við ströndina, viii. 216; þar eru netlög útarst í sæ, Grág. ii. 538; þaðan ór fjöru sem fyrvir útarst, 380. út-ása, að, to tack out, as a naut. term: hence metaph., útása sig, to make one's preparations. út-beit, f. an 'out-bait,' grazing, opp. to stall-feeding; góð ú., Eg. 710; ek þarf bæði hey ok ú., Fms. vi. 103. út-beizla, u, f. sequestration, execution, for fines; sækja e-n út með útbeizlu, N.G.L. i. 249. út-bita, að; ú. augunum, to turn the eyes in the head, so that the white alone is seen, Fb. i. 566. út-boð, n., mostly in pl. 'out-biddings,' a calling out, levy, conscription, of ships and men, Sks. 27; hafa leigu-laust ok útboða., free from levy, Gþl. 432; synja honum leiðangrs né útboða, 76; hann var opt á sumrum í hernaði ok hafði útboð mikil í landi, ... þat var eitt var at jarl hafði útboð mikit sem hann var vanr, Orkn. 40; í því biskups-ríki eru ellifu tigir skipa konungi til útboðs, Fms. xi. 229; ek vil at þú farir sendiferð mína norðr á Hálogaland ok hafir þar útboð, bjóðir út almenning at liði ok at skipum, ... þá átti hann þing en sendi menn sína frá sér at krefja útboðsins, Ó.H. 147; útboða-bréf, a writ of conscription, Fms. ix. 297, x. 64; útboða framlag, Sks. 27 B. út-borði, a, m. the outboard, seaward side; in the phrase, á útborða, Eg. 74, 195, 354, Fms. viii. 138, 417, v.l. út-borg, f. an 'out-borough,' outworks, Fms. ix. 41, x. 153, v.l. út-brot, n. an eruption. út-brotning, f. an outbreak, Greg. 22. út-burðr, m. a bearing out; skipleigu, uppburð ok útburð, unloading and freighting, of ships and cargo; útburðar eldr, a fire cast out, Gþl. 377. 2. esp. the exposing of infants (see bera A. III. 2); barna útburðr, Íb. 12: in popular superstition, the spirit of an exposed infant, which is heard in desert places to emit a shrill, piteous cry, hence the Icel. phrase, 'to cry like an útburðr;' in the earlier eccl. law, útburðr means the spirit of an infant that died unchristened; börn er eigi fengu skírn skyldi grafa útan við kirkju-garð, en áðr vóru þau grafin fjarri vígðum stoðum sem sekir menn, ok kölluðu fáfróðir menn þá útburði, Bs. i. 687. útburðar-væl, n. a piteous wailing heard in desolate places, of evil foreboding, cp. Maurer's Volks. 59, and Ísl. Þjóðs. i. út-búð, f. an outlying shed, D.N. ii. 784. út-búinn, part. fitted out, Fms. vi. 445. út-búningr, m. outfittings. út-byrðis, adv. overboard, Eg. 123, Nj. 125, Fms. ii. 17, vi. 16, xi. 129, Landn. 44, v.l. út-býta, t, to give alms, N.T. út-bænhús, n. an outlying chapel, Pm. 99. út-dalr, m. an outlying valley, opp. to fjalldalr, Valla L. 206. út-dyrr, n. pl. = útidyrr, Fms. v. 338. út-eng, f. an outlying field, D.N. út-erfð, f. an inheritance to the útarfar, Gþl. 458. út-ey, f. an outlying island, 655 xiii. B. 4, Fms. i. 5, K.Þ.K. 32. út-eygr, adj. 'out-eyed,' goggle-eyed, Sd. 147, Bárð. 165. út-eyrr, f. an outer-bank, Fms. viii. 316, v.l. út-fall, n. the 'out-fall,' ebbing tide, low water, opp. to at-fall, Eg. 362, 600, Ld. 56, Orkn. 428, v.l. út-ferð, f. an 'out-journey,' journey to a remote, outlying place, e.g. to Palestine, Fms. vii. 75, 160, xi. 351; útferðar saga, the story of a journey to the Holy Land, vi. 355; útferðar skip, a ship for a voyage to the Holy Land, Orkn. 260 old Ed.: = eccl. exodus, Stj. 236, 246: of a journey to Iceland (fara út), útferðar-leyfi, the king's leave to return to Iceland from Norway, Sturl. iii. 307; heldr mik þá ekki til útferðar, Nj. 112; þeirra manna er ú. eigu, Jb. 156. út-firðir, m. pl. the outer fjords; útfjarða-maðr, Sturl. ii. 149. út-firi, f. ebbing; þar er ú. mikil, Eg. 528. út-fættr, adj. 'out-footed,' bandy-legged, = Lat. varus, Fbr. út-för, f. = útferð; hann sviku Blaku-menn í útfaru, Baut.; út-farar skip, an outward-bound ship, esp. for Palestine, Fms. x. 120, Orkn. 322, 334; útfarar drápa, a poem on a voyage to Palestine, Fms. viii. 207; útfarar-saga, vi. 355: a journey to Iceland, Grág. ii. 408; skal konungr ráða útförum várum, Gþl. 76. 2. as a law phrase, a levy for service out of the kingdom; útfara-bálkr, Gþl.; Íslendingar eru skyldir útfarar með Noregs konungi, Grág. ii. 408; útfara leiðangr, H.E. i. 414. 3. a burial; var hennar útför gör sæmilig eptir fornum sið, Fas. i. 463, Þórð. 59, Pass. 49. 19; útfarar-minning, a memorial. út-ganga, u, f. a going out (from a house), Lat. exitus, Sks. 49, Eg. 89, Nj. 200, Fms. ii. 2, ix. 55, Stj. 60: a passage, Fas. i. 14, Eg. 91. II. a quittance, clearing, payment, discharge; stefna til gjalda ok útgöngu, Grág. i. 184; stefna til útgöngu um féit, 183. útgöngu-sálmr, m., -vers, n. the dismissal hymn or verse. út-gangr, m. = útganga, Eg. 91. út-garðar, m. pl. the outer building; færa e-n við útgarða, to throw to the wall, Glúm. 344; þann mann er um útgarða færði (who cast out) alla frændr sína, Gísl. 84. 2. mythol. the 'out-yard,' abode of the giant Útgarða-Loki, Edda. út-gjald, n. pl. a payment, discharge, Fms. ii. 114: an outlay, fine, viii. 127, Bs. i. 751. út-gjöf (mod. út-gipt, Dan. udgivt), f. an expense, MS. 4. 11. út-greizla, u, f. a discharge, Nj. 15, Bs. i. 713. út-grunn (út-grynni, Fas. i. 351), n. 'out-grounds,' shallowness of shore, Bs. i. 530. út-grunnr, adj. shoaling gradually from the shore; þar er útgrunnt, Fms. viii. 317, xi. 241, Gþl. 460. út-görð, f. an outfitting, of a war expedition, esp. in the old writers used of the force or ships kept at sea for defence of the coast; hafa útgörðir fyrir landi, Orkn. 64; Eyvindr fór þá í vestrvíking ok hafði útgörðir fyrir Írlandi, Landn. 205; þeim mönnum er hér eru í útgörðum með oss, N.G.L. i. 227; göra útgörðir, to serve in the defence, Grág. ii. 409; útgörðar-bólkr, the section of law treating of the levy, N.G.L. i. 96; skyldir ok útgörðir, Fms. vi. 339; hann var í útgörðum ok herferðum Pharaonis, Stj. 198. 2. in mod. Icel. usage, útgerð is a fisherman's stores of food whilst in fishing-places. út-haf, n. the out-sea, the main, Al. 113, Rb. 440, Symb. 14, Stj. 64, 74, 82. út-hafi, a, m. the outlying pasture, Gþl. 368. út-hálfa, u, f. the outskirts, Stj. 82 (v.l.), 461, Al. 83. út-heimta, u, f. a craving for payment, Fas. iii. 194, Fb. iii. 316. útheimtu-maðr, m. a collector, H.E. i. 511. út-heimting, f. = útheimta, D.N. vi. 238. út-helling, f. an outpouring, shedding, Skálda, Orkn. 170, Karl. 179, Bs. i. 847.

ÚTHEY -- ÚTMANUÐIR. 671

út-hey, n. the 'out-hay,' i.e. hay of the unmanured out-fields, opp. to taða (q.v.), Dipl. v. 18. úthérað-maðr = útanshéraðs-maðr, N.G.L. i. 88. út-hlaða, u, f. an outlying barn, Fms. ix. 234. út-hlaup, n. a raid, sally, excursion, Eg. 98, Fms. vi. 363 (in a verse); úthlaups-skip, a pirare ship, Grág. ii. 140. úthlaups-maðr, m. a raider, pirate, Ld. 82, Fs. 3, Grett. 40 new Ed. út-hluta, að, to share out. út-horn, n. an outskirt, out-corner; gæta e-s í úthorn, Bs. i. 91. út-hurð, f. the outer-door, N.G.L. i. 38. út-hús, n. an out-house, K.Á. 70, Jb. 424. út-hverfa, ð, to turn inside out. út-hverfa, u, f. the outside, of a garment. út-hverfis, adv. outside; sjá ú., to look out, Sturl. i. 117 C. út-hverfr, adj. turned inside out, Fas. iii. 317. út-hýsa, t, with dat. to 'out-house,' deny shelter to a stranger, Eb. 68, Fms. ii. 225. út-hýsi, n. an outlying house, Grág. ii. 333, Glúm. 382, Jb. 424. út-höfn, f. the carrying out (to Iceland); taka dánarfé til úthafnar, Grág. i. 209, ii. 409; úthafnar-maðr, i. 275. úti, adv. [Goth. ûta; Dan. ude], out, out-of-doors, of place, not of motion; úti eða inni, out-of-doors or in-doors, Eg. 407; hann gékk úti, 754; úti hjá Rangæingabúð, Nj. 3; Gunnarr var úti at Hlíðarenda, 83: úti fyrir dyrum, Orkn. 218; svá sjúkr at hann má eigi úti vera, Grág. i. 9; Ásley frændi hans var þar úti fyrir, there out-of-doors, Fms. xi. 368; liggja úti, to lie in the open air, houseless, esp. of deserts; þeir liggja úti tíu dægr, Gísl. 57; byrgja úti, to shut out, Fms. ix. 281. 2. verða úti, to be lost, perish, in a snow-storm or in a desert; þeir urðu úti á Bláskóga-heiði, Sturl. i. 97. 3. out at sea; vera úti á herskipum, Eg. 16: þeir vóru úti þrjár vikur, they were out on a three weeks' voyage, Nj. 4; láta í haf ok eru úti aukit hundrat dægra, Gísl. 8; drekka Jól úti, to drink the Yule out at sea, Hornklofi; hafa her úti, to have a fleet out; Vindr höfðu úti her mikinn, Fms. vii. 188; sat hann um sumrum í Þrándheimi ok hafði her úti, i. 63; hann hefir úti ótal skipa, Fas. ii. (in a verse). 4. at an end = Dan. ude, cp. Engl. out and out; nú er úti sá tími, Fms. vi. 304; en sem veizlan var úti, Vígl. 33; er úti vóru Jólin, Band. 37; er úti var bardaginn, Grett. 138; nú er úti (done) at segja um Vitalin, Karl. 204; ok er hón hafði úti söguna, Grett. 48 new Ed.; sem hann hefði úti (finished) sekt sína, 173. úti-búr, n. an out-house, store-house, Nj. 74, 168, Fms. vi. 106, vii. 214, Þorf. Karl. 404 (Ed. -bú). úti-dyrr, n. pl. the outer door, Njarð. 376, Grett. 44, 83, 90, 102, 151 new Ed., Sturl. iii. 145. úti-fé, n. cattle that graze outside in the winter, Ísl. ii. 155. úti-fugl, m. wild-fowl, opp. to alifugl, Fms. ix. 265, Str. 75. úti-fylgsni, n. an out-of-doors hiding-place, Jb. 424. úti-gangr, m. 'out-grazing,' grazing out in the winter, Grett. 91 A. útigangs-jörð, f.; góð ú., an estate with a good winter-grazing, Grett. 125 A. úti-hjallr, m. an outlying shed, A.A. 275. úti-hurð, f. the hurdle for the outer door, Ísl. ii. 182, Js. 93, Eb. 182. úti-hús, n. an out-house, Sturl. i. 58, 143. úti-klukka, u, f. an out-bell, opp. to a church-bell, Vm. 64, Bs. i. 456. úti-lega, u, f. an 'outlying' in the desert, of robbers or highwaymen; fyrir þjófsku eða útilegu, N.G.L. i. 182: of piracy at sea, Eirikr blóðöx var í útilegu ok í hernaði ..., féll Eirikr í Spaníalandi í útilegu, Fms. x. 385; afla sér gengis í Vindlandi af sínum vinum er honum höfðu í útilegu hollir vinir verit, 394. COMPDS: útilegu-maðr, m. an outlier, a highwayman, Fms. vii. 16, Ld. 154; ú. ok íllvirki, Fms. i. 226, Mar.; víkingar ok útilegumenn, Fms. vii. 16, x. 413. In Icel. popular legends, the inland deserts of the island are represented as having hidden valleys, peopled by an older race of men, indeed, a kind of outlaws, called útilegu-menn. The tales referring to them have a special name, útilegumanna-sögur, f. pl., see Maurer's Volksagen 240, and Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 160 sqq. The first traces of these legends, so peculiar to Icel., are those of the hidden valley Thorisdale, recorded in Grettla, peopled by a race half men half giants. útilegu-víkingr, m. a pirate, Fb. i. 69, Fagrsk. ch. 37. útilegu-þjófr, m. a highwayman, Sturl. i. 6l. úti-seta, u, f. a sitting out, in the open air, esp. of wizards sitting out at night for the sake of sorcery or prophesying; útiseta ok vekja troll upp, N.G.L. i. 19; spáfarar ok útisetur, Gþl. 137; efla útisetu ok leita spádóms, Skíða R. 56; morð, fordæðu-skapi, ok spáfarar ok útisetu, at vekja troll upp ok fremja heiðni með því, 182; cp. sitja úti (see sitja l. 1). úti-skemma, u, f. an outlying, detached house, Hkr. i. 116, Fas. i. 30. úti-staða, u, f., eccl. a standing outside a church, as penance, H.E. i. 521, D.N. iv. 187. úti-verk, n. out-of-door work, in a field. úti-vist, f. a being out at sea, a voyage; hafa langa ú., a long voyage, Nj. 124; ekki langa ú., Ld. 50. út-jörð, f. an outlying estate, Pm. 3; as opp. to óðal, Gþl. 233. út-kastali, a, m. an outwork, Fms. ix. 425, v.l. út-kirkja, u, f. an outlying church, Vm. 38. út-kljá, að, to wind up, finish; see kljá. út-kváma (mod. út-koma), u, f. a coming out, Fms. ix. 520: an outbreak, MS. 4. 5. 2. the arrival in Iceland (koma út), Nj. 40, Ann. 1288, Bs. i. 507, passim. út-kvæmt, n. adj., in eiga útkvæmt, to be permitted to return to Iceland, Nj. 251, Ísl. ii. 386. út-laga, adj. [lög], outlawed, banished; útlaga þræll, Stj. 482; fara útlaga af eignum sínum, Fms. x. 32; skyldi þeir allir útlaga, viii. 280; taka eignir eptir útlaga mann, Js. 20; margir ríkis-menn af Noregi flýðu útlaga fyrir Haraldi, Hkr. i. 96; þat var mikill mannfjöldi er fór útlaga ór Sviþjóð, 56. út-lagask, dep. to be fined; enda ú. hann um, Grág. i. 234; ú. þrem mörkum, i. 216 (Kb.) út-lagðr, adj. outlawed, banished, Fms. x. 219, 252, Al. 96. út-lagi, a, m. an outlaw, Bs. i. 719; hann er útlagi Dana konungs, Nj. 8; víkingum ok útlögum konungs, Eg. 344, v.l.; er þeir héldu útlaga hans, Fms. vi. 100; hann görði Hrólf útlaga of allan Noreg, Hkr. i. 100; hón var útlagi af Noregi, Eg. 344; hann görði Egil útlaga fyrir endilangan Noreg, 368; hann lét dæma Kol útlaga, Nj. 122; göra útlaga verk, to commit an outlaw's deed, K.Á. 144. út-lagr, adj. 1. esp. in Norse law, outlawed, banished; útlagr of þýfsku, N.G.L. i. 85; erfingi útlags manns, 180; skyldi þeir allir útlagir, Fms. viii. 280; útlagir ok friðlausir, vii. 334; útlagir frá Guði, Hom. 37. 2. esp. in Icel. law, having to 'lay out,' fined; verða útlagr um e-t, Grág. passim: útlagr er sá um þat er synjar, id.; þá eru búðirnar útlagar (forfeited) við þann er landit á, Kb. i. 112; verðr hann útlagr ok ór goðorði sínu, 49: the amount in dat., útlagr þrem ... mörkum, Grág. passim; útlagr eyrir, N.G.L. i. 180. út-lausn, f. a redemption, from captivity, Fms. i. 258: a ransom, bjóða Helju ú., Edda 37: a ransom or fine, Fms. vii. 4 (v.l.), xi. 282. út-láss, m. a lock outside; ú. fyrir kirkjunni, Pm. 16. út-lát, n. pl. outlays, Fas. iii. 194, Th. 1: esp. fines (láta úti). 2. sing. a putting out to sea; í útláti fengu þeir veðr hvasst, Korm. 178; Englands-far albúit til útláts, Ísl. ii. 221. út-legð, f., in Norse law, banishment, exile = Lat. exilium; vera í ú., Fms. i. 78, 222, Hkr. i. 192; útlegð ok erlending, Stj. 223; útlegðar dagar, id.: outlawry, ef landbúi er í útlegð, Gþl. 340; stefna honum fyrir ú. ok brennu, 379; útlegðar-eiðr, N.G.L. i. 161; útlegðar-eyrir, a fine, Gþl. 161; útlegðar-fé, N.G.L. i. 162; útlegðar land, Stj. 265; útlegðar-maðr, an exile, N.G.L. i. 123; útlegðar-mál, -pína, -tími, 161, H.E. i. 409, Stj.; útlegðar-verk, Gþl. 474, Grett. 149 A. 2. esp. in Icel. law, a fine; þriggja marka útlegð, Grág. (Kb.) i. 45; útlegðir ok öll álög, ii. 148; útlegðir þessar allar, ii. 270 A; útlegðar sök, a finable case, i. 103, 338. út-legging, f. an 'out-laying,' translation. út-leggja, lagði, to translate (mod.) út-legjask, lagðisk, [útlagr 1], to be fined; útleggsk hann um fram, Grág. i. 248; ok verðr hann útlagr þrem mörkum ok gjaldi fúlgu, ... en eigi útleggsk hann, ef hann getr þann kvið, at ..., 259. út-leið, f. the outer course, at sea, esp. along the shore of Norway, Eg. 78, Fms. i. 60, vii. 212, Ó.H. 75; opp. to innleið, q.v. út-leiðis, adv. standing on the outer course; snúa ú., Fms. viii. 186. út-leizla, u, f. a 'leading out guests,' i.e. a taking leave of them after a banquet; var veizlan hin vegsamligsta, ok útleizlan hin sköruligsta, Eg. 44: a burial, virðulig ú., Fms. ix. 245; jarðaðr með ágætri útleizlu, iii. 172. út-lenda, u, f. the outlying estates, Fms. ii. 90; opp. to heimaland. út-lendask, d, dep. to settle abroad, Stj. 623. út-lendingr, m. a foreigner. út-lendis, adv. abroad, Fms. iii. 103, Ísl. ii. 118. útlendis-maðr, m. a foreigner, Fms. x. 107. út-lendr, adj. outlandish, foreign, Hkr. i. 147, Eg. 523, Fms. i. 76, vii. 219, Grág. i. 188, passim; opp. to innlendr. út-lenzkr, adj. outlandish, Grág. ii. 72, Gþl. 87, Eg. 264, N.G.L. 1. 421. út-limir, m. pl. the out-limbs (hands, feet); útlima-smár, having small hands and feet, Ísl. ii. 34: útlima-grannr, etc. út-lit, n. an out-look. út-lægja, ð, to banish, Sturl. ii. 64 C; þér útlægit mik eðr rekit frá yðr, Fms. ii. 119: pass., Stj. 112, Rb. 362. út-lægr, adj. outlawed, banished, Js. 20, K.Á. 190, 194; fara ú., Fms. vii. 240; ú. af Svíþjóð, x. 32; ú. í Noregi, Eg. 160; útlægan, Fms. vi. 33; útlægjan, 35; göra útlæga, vii. 252; björn ok úlfr skal hvervetna útlægr vera, N.G.L. i. 45. 2. strange; útlægum ok annarligum guðum, Stj. 3. útlægr eyrir = útlagr eyrir, N.G.L. i. 145. út-lönd, n. pl. the outlying fields; í heimalandi ok útlöndum, Vm. 127. 2. foreign countries; stórvirki er þér hafit unnit í útlöndum, Hkr. iii. 267; sem títt var í útlöndum, Ld. 330, Rb. 400, passim. 3. outlying provinces; þá bygðusk útlönd, Færeyjar ok Ísland, Hkr. i. 96. út-mánuðir, m. pl. the 'out-months,' the last three months of the winter; see múnuðr.

672 ÚTMERKI -- V.

út-merki, n. a locality; ok kveða ú rétt ok útmerki, and name the dock and the place, of a summons for launching a ship, Grág. ii. 400. út-messa, u, f. service in the afternoon, opp. to high mass, Fms. x. 163. út-mokstr, m. a shovelling out, Bs. i. 315. út-nes, n. an outlying ness, Fms. x. 185; til ílls fóru vér um góð héruð, er vér skulum byggja útnes þetta, Landn. 37. út-norðan, adv. from the north-west. út-norðr, n. 'out-north,' north-west, K.Þ.K. (Kb.) 36, Hb. 415. 12, Rb. 92, Sd. 156, Fs. 143, passim; opp. to landnorðr. út-nyrðingr, m. a north-west wind, Ld. 42, Lv. 99, Sks. 40; út-nyrðingi steinóðum, 656 C. 21. út-rás, f. an outlet, Barl. 64. út-reið, f. a riding out, an expedition, El. 2: the phrase, fá ílla útreið, to meet with ill-treatment. út-róðr, m. an outrowing, rowing out to sea, of fishermen; ef menn fá veðráttu til útróðrar, K.Á. 176, Dipl. iv. 15, freq. in mod. usage; hann lét þaðan sækja útróðra, Eg. 135, Fs. 174; þeir höfðu veiðar af megin-landinu, eggver ok útróðra af sjónum, Þorf. Karl. 416. útróðrar-maðr, m. an outpost fisherman who lies at a distant fishing-place during the fishing season, Fs. 143, Gpl. 425. út-rýma, d, to turn out. út-ræði, n. = útróðr, K.Þ.K. 84. út-ræna, u, f. a breeze from seawards, an onshore wind. út-röst, f. [Ivar Aasen ut-rast], the outer march or boundary; báðar jarðirnar eru jamstórar til alla útrastar ok útbúða, D.N. ii. 784, v. 435; þá er jarla bági vildi byggja útröst, when the king wished to remove to the ú., Ht. (Edda 55); opp. to heimröst. út-saumr, m. an 'out-seam,' embroidery, brocade. út-selr, m. a kind of seal, Vm. 165. út-sending, f. exclusion, Hom. 139. út-setning, f. excommunication, H.E. i. 414, B.K. 107. út-sigling, f. a sailing out to Iceland, Nj. 9, 47, passim; see út. út-sjár (út-sjór, út-sær), m. the outer sea, ocean, Hkr. i. 5, Stj. 74. út-skagi, a, m. = útnes, Fms. xi, 252, Stj. 377, 406, Bs. i. 724. út-skeifr, adj. 'out-footed,' bandy-legged, Lat. varus, Fms. x. 151, v.l. út-sker, n. an 'out-skerry,' distant skerry, Grág. ii. 131, Edda (Ht.) 131, Hkr. i. 98; ú. verða af bárum þvegin, Mkv. út-skript, f. a transcript, D.N. i. 164, ii. 205: inscription, Pass. 35. 1. út-skúfa, að, to repudiate. út-skyld, f. a tax, D.N. iii. 132. út-skýra, ð, to explain, H.E. i. 501. út-skýring, f. a commentary. út-skækill, m. an outskirt. út-slátta, u, f. exposure, = útburðr, N.G.L. i. 131. út-sog, n. the receding of the surf, Sturl. i. 120 C. út-sótt, f. a breaking-out on the skin, eruption, Stj. 141, 436. út-stafr, m. a post outside a wall, Fms. v. 338. út-strönd, f. the outer strand, Fms. vi. 148, Stj. 70. út-suðr, n. the south-west, Fms. i. 131, x. 272, Rb. 97, 476, Sks. 174; útsuðrs-ætt, K.Á. 152, K.Þ.K. 92, MS. 4. 11. út-sunnan, adv. from the south-west, Eg. 195, v.l. út-synningr, m. a south-westerly gale, Sks. 40, Eg. 195, 600, Ld. 56; útsynnings byrr, -stormr, Fb. i. 431, Bs. i. 282. út-taka, u, f. = úttekt, D.N. ii. 263. út-tekt, f. a valuation, of an estate, when passing from one tenant to another. út-valinn, part. elected. út-valning, f. an election. út-vé, n. = útröst, útgarðr, Þd. (see vé). út-vega, að, to procure, Fas. iii. 417. út-veggr, m. an outer wall, Fms. ix. 41. út-vegr, m. a way out, device, expedient; atdrættir ok útvegar, Fms. xi. 423; eiga öngan útveg, útveg til undan-kvámu, i. 136, vii. 261, ix. 478; leita allra útvega, vii. 140; at ek göra fyrir þín orð nökkurn útveg þann er þér líkar, Finnb. 272; segir hann konungi allan útveg þann sem á var, state of affairs, id.; þegar Einarr hafði innt ok mælt allan þenna útveg, Fms. iv. 283. 2. = útröst, D.N. passim. út-ver, n. an outlying place, for fishing, taking eggs, or the like, Eg. 369, Hkr. i. 185, Fms. iv. 330, D.N. ii. 233; í útverjum, Ld. 38. út-vinna, u, f. service at sea; róðr ok reiði ok allar útvinnur þær er konungr á at hafa, Fms. viii. 173; þeir héldu leiðöngrum fyrir hánum ok oðrum útvinnum, ix. 247, v.l. út-vígi, n. an out-work, Karl. 324. út-vík, f. an outlying creek, Fms. ix. út-vörðr, m. an out-post, Hkr. i. 244, Fms. viii. 90. út-þanning, f. [þenja], out-stretching, Skálda. Út-Þrœndir, m. pl. the Outer-Thronds, opp. to Inn-Þrændir, Fms. Út-Þrœnzkr, adj., N.G.L. i. 173. út-þýðing, f. a commentary, interpretation, Hkr. iii. 255. ú-vægr, adj., qs. of-ægr, furious; þeir hlaupa í mót honum úvægir ok berjask, Ísl. ii. (Heiðarv. S.) 367. V V (vaff), the twenty-second letter of the alphabet, was by the ancients called vend, q.v. = A.S. wen, whence Icel. vindandi, q.v.; like u, it is represented by RUNE in the Runes; in old vellums by RUNE, a form borrowed from the A.S.; later by v or u, according to the Latin usage. The Icel. v answers etymologically to Engl. and Germ. w (not v), but the form w is little used, though not quite unknown in Icel. vellums. B. PRONUNCIATION, CHANGES. -- The v is now sounded in Icel. as in English, by a slight touch of the lip and teeth (not like the South German, with both lips). It is said (Rietz) that a w or double v is still sounded in a remote Swedish county (Dalarne), and the opinion of English phonetic philologists is that the English w represents the old Teutonic value of that letter, which has since been lost all over the Continent, as well as in Iceland. The Icelandic formation of words goes far to prove that the old Scandinavian v was a semi-vowel, and not a full consonant as it is now: 1. traces are found of v alliterating with a vowel; on an old Runic stone (of the 10th century?) in the island Öland (off the coast of Schonen) we read -- Vandils jörmungrundar, ur-grandari (v, i, and u making the three staves). In verses which have passed through Icelandic oral tradition, alliteration like this could hardly have survived, except in a very few cases (there are, however, some such, svaf vætr Freyja átta nóttum, Þkv. 28; Óðinn á jarla þá er í val falla, Hbl. 24; ónu verr, Ls. 36, cp. Hm. 22); but on the Runic stone, the words still remain as they were first engraved. 2. the frequent 'vocalisations' involving the loss of v, which is indeed the most mutable of all letters: α. ve, vi change into y, vá into ó: a v cannot be sounded before a u-vowel, viz. before o, ó, u, ú, y, ý, œ, ø; countless instances of this are to be found under the heads of v-, dv-, hv-, kv-, sv-, tv-, þv-; cp. as specimens the tenses of verbs, vaða, valda, vaxa, vefa, sofa, koma, vinna, vinda, svimma, svella, vella, velta, verpa, verða, hverfa, svelta, svella, sverfa, þverra, svelgja, þvá, sverja; and also hváll and hóll, hvat and hót, ván and ón, váru and óru, kvef and kóf kaf kœfa, svartr and sorti surtr syrta, verk and yrkja orka. β. more rarely, before other vowels, as, þeita for þveita, silungr for svilungr, hika for hvika, skak for skvak, þi and því. γ v and j interchange, as in hjól for hvel, sjót for sveit, skjal for skval, jurt for vurt, jartegn for vartegn, hvern for hjarni; in verbal inflexions, -va into -ja, as byggva into byggja, syngva into syngja. δ. in a few words the v has been saved by a change in the following vowel, as in verk, cp. A.S. weorc, virkr for vyrkr; virgull (a halter, Goth. wurgils), væðr and œðr, Svænskr Sœnskr. ε. for the loss of v before a u-vowel see the introduction to the letters Ó, U, Y, Æ, Ö; so in parts of England and in Scotland at the present day men say ool for wool. ζ. in a few other words initial v is dropped when in compds, vegr in Nor-egr, einn-ig, hinn-ig, þann-ig, hvern-ig; vangr in kaup-angr, Harð-angr; völlr in þreskj-öldr; valdr in Arn-aldr, Har-aldr; verðr in dög-urðr; vindr in Ön-undr; vin in Björg-yn; vé or veig in Þyri, qs. Þór-vé, and in Dan. Odens-e. η. again u has changed into v in várr qs. úrr, órr, A.S. ûre, Engl. our, and in vesall qs. usall (see várr and vesall). II. changes of later date, in the 14th and 15th centuries, or somewhat earlier, -- old Icel. vá was turned into vó, and at last into vo; svá, svó, svo; vár, vór, vor; tvá, tvó, tvo; ván, vón, von; vápn, vópn, vopn; vátr, vótr, votr; váði, vóði, voði; kváma, kvóma, koma: the old vá is proved by rhymes, as vátr and gráta, svá and á; that this vá did not change immediately into the present vo, but passed through an intermediate vo, is shewn by rhymes in poems of the 14th and 15th centuries; e.g. vórr and Þórr, Skíða R. 47, 70, 119, 181; stór, vór, 69; vóðinn, Óðinn, 109; vótt (testem), vórt, 122; góma, kvóma, Völs. R. 199; vórr, stórr, 212; stórr, hvórr, 248: the vó still remains in vóru (erant), although short o in voru is rapidly displacing the old long vowel. This later change of vá into vó, compared with the old dropping of the v whenever it came in contact with a u or o, shews that at the time when it took place (the 14th century), v cannot any longer have had the same sound as it had five or six centuries before, when the great and systematic vocalisation of it took place. In mod. Icel. v has even reappeared in a few, especially verbal, forms (where people are still conscious of the lost v), so that Icel. now say hvurfu, hvorfinn, hvyrfi (from hverfa); so also, but esp. in later vellums, less in speech, the forms vurðu, vorðinn, vultu, vundu, vorpið, etc., from verða, velta, vinda, verpa; cp. also the mod. sound of the word Guð: again, in words like ull, úlfr, orð, una, etc., a restoration was impossible, all remembrance of the v having been lost for a thousand years: but phonetically, since v became a labial consonant, an Icelander might and could say vull, vúlfr, vorka, vorð, etc., just as well as von, vor, votr. III. for the dropping of v before r (and l) see the introduction to the letter R (as in rangr = Engl. wrong): it is doubtful whether Icel. vág-rek (= a wreck, flotsom) bears any relation to vágr (a wave): the v may here have been saved by means of a false etymology, vagrek for vrak. 2. in a few cases an aspirate (h) has been substituted for an original w, e.g, Icel. hreiðr (a nest), cp.

VAÐ -- VAGAR. 673

Engl. wreath, Goth. wriþus; Icel. hrista, akin to Engl. wrist. Dan. vriste; Icel. hrekja, akin to A.S. wrecan, Engl. wreck; Icel. hrína, akin to Dan. wrinske; and perhaps a few more words. 3. in still fewer instances the r has fallen out, the w or v remaining; these words are veita (to trench), veiting (a trench, drainage), for vreita, vreiting (akin to wríta); veina (II) = vreina; and lastly, vá for vrá (a cabin). IV. an interchange of v and f occurs in a few instances, e.g. ái-fangi, áfangi, qs. ái-vangr; in var-nagli and far-nagli; in varinn and farinn, see fara A. VI. β; in válgr and fjálgr. 2. in inflexive syllables, like örfar, snjófar, bölfi (ör, snjór, böl), and the like, the change of v into f is etymologically erroneous, but phonetically indifferent, final or medial f being one in sound with v. V. for the v or u as the cause of a vowel change, see Gramm. p. xxix. 2. it is dropped in inflexions in many words, such as in mörr, böð, stöð, dögg, högg, böl, öl, söl, fjör, smjör, mjöl, kjöt, hey, sær, snær, fræ, bygg, lyng; adj. hár, mjór, þjökkr, dökkr, röskr, glöggr, etc. &FINGER; Many of the preceding phenomena (esp. in I. and III) could not possibly be accounted for, unless we assumed that, at some early time, when those changes took place, the v was sounded, not as a consonant, but as a kind of oo sound, half consonant, half vowel; if so, no sound could answer more nearly to it than the mod. Engl. w; the change may have taken place at a very early date, prob. before the settlement of Icel. Norse words in the Shetland and Orkney dialects point to v not w, e.g. voe = Icel. vágr. VAÐ, n., pl. vóð; [A.S. wæd; Swed.-Dan. vad, vade-sted; cp. Lat. vadum; vað is derived from the verb vaða, and is not borrowed from the Latin noun] :-- a wading-place, ford, across a river or creek; á árbakkanum við vaðit, Fms. xi. 255; þar vissi hann vað eitt ok reið þar til, 354; rekr hann ofan á vaðit, ok heitir þar síðan Þorgeirs-vað, Nj. 108; öll vöð á ánni, Stj. 394, Grett. 140; háska-vað, Art. 66; þar var þá vað á ánni, en nú er ekki. Glúm. 352; halda vörð á vöðum öllum, Dropl. 30: phrases, hafa vaðit fyrir neðan sig, to act warily; fara á hunda-vaði yfir e-t, 'to pass by a dog's ford over a thing,' i.e. to slur it over, do it hurriedly and badly, II. the word is very freq. in Icel., also in local names, '-ford,' Germ. -furth, being an unknown form; Vimrar-vað, Edda; Holta-vað, Nj.; Nauta-vað, Eyja-vað, Ísl. ii. 179. VAÐA, pres. veð; pret. óð, ótt (óðst), óð, pl. óðu; subj. œði and væði; imperat. vað, vaddu; part. vaðinn: [A.S. wadan; Engl. wade; Germ. waten; Dan. vade] :-- to wade, go through shallow water, Gm. 21, 29, Hkv. Hjörv. 5; vaða þunga stramna, Vsp. 45; hann gengr götu til lækjarins, en veðr síðan lækinn, Gísl. 28; þar má vel vaða út í hólmann, Fms. i. 71; þeir óðu út á mót margir, viii. 161; þeir óðu til lands, 317; en Þórr óð til lands, Edda 36; ok óð á sæinn út, Hkr. i. 229; hón óð út á vaðlana, Lv. 68, 69; vér höfum vaðnar leirur, Orkn. (in a verse); vaða mjöll, to wade through snow, Sighvat; var mjöllin svá djúp, at hrossin fengu eigi vaðit, Fb. ii. 111; Þórr gengr til dómsins ok veðr ár þær, Edda 10; vaxattú nú Vimr, alls mik vaða tiðir, 60: also of fire, smoke, wind, vaða loganda eld, Fms. i. 265, Nj. 162; var því líkast sem þeir væði reyk, Fms. iii. 176; sem hann væði vind, vi. 419; sem hann œði vind, Mork. l.c.; þeir óðu jörðina at knjám, Fas. i. 424: the phrase, tungl veðr í skýjum, the moon wades in clouds. II. metaph. to go through the thick of a thing, rush, storm; Kolskeggr óð at honum, rushed at him, Nj. 97; vaða fram, to rush forth, in battle, Al. 5; þars þú at vigi veðr, Skv. 2. 24; vaðit hefir þú at vígi. Am. 90; hann lætr vaða stein til eins þeirra (he lets fly a stone at him) svá at sá liggr í svíma, Fs. 36; þá óð annat útan í mót, Fms. viii. 191; þar er vé vaða, Darr. 6 (of the standard in battle); Ebresk orð vaða opt í Látinunni, Hebrew words often get into the Latin, Skálda (Thorodd); sýnisk mér sem hér vaði allt saman (be all mixed together) kálfar ok úlfar, Fms. viii. 243; hón lét skíran málm vaða, threw gold broadcast, Akv. 39; láta gullskálir á flet vaða, 10. 2. vaða uppi, to 'wade up,' appear above water; óðu limarnar uppi en rætrnar í sjónum, of a tree, Fms. vii. 163: vaða uppi is used of sharks or dog-fish coming to the surface; hence to be violent, þenna tíma óð herra Ásgrímr mjök uppi, Bs. i. 722, 730. vað-berg, n., see varðberg. vað-beygja, u, f. a score in the thole for the fishing-line. vað-bjúgr, adj., vað-boginn, part. (Mork. l.c.), falling slack like a fishing-line: in the phrase, fara v. fyrir e-m, to give in, Fb. iii. 383. vað-dráttr, m. a pulling the fishing-line. Vað-gelmir, . m. the name of a river, Lex. Poët. vað-horn, n. [vaðr], the horn on a fishing-line; in the phrase, hann þykkisk nú vel hafa til stillt ok komið upp í vaðhorni við Sigurð, he thought that S. bad been made to gulp the hook up to the horn, metaph. from a fish gulping the hook, Fb. i. 182 (Fms. xi. 113). vaði, a, m. a wader; in mar-vaði, q.v. II. a pr. name, Gullþ. vaðill and vöðull, m. [Shetl. vaadle; Dan. veile], a shallow water, esp. places where fiords or straits can be passed on horseback; hón óð út á vaðlana, Lv. 68; var flæðr sævar ok ekki reitl yfir vaðla, Sturl. iii. 46; ríða til vaðlanna (vöðlanna Cod.), id.; ok er hann reið at vaðlinum, Gullþ. 26; við vás ok vaðla (wading) spillisk mjök meinit, Bs. i. 386. 2. metaph. gabbling talk; hvaða vaðall er á þér(?). II. a local name, Vöðlar, Vöðla-þing, in the north of Iceland, Rb. 292, Ann. 1125; Hása-vaðill, cp. Veile in Denmark. vaðil-sund, n. a shallow sound, fig. 362. vaðinn, part., prop. gone, done with, cp. genginn (ganga C. X): destitute, poor, vaðin at vilja, joy-bereft, Akv. 29, Hm. 4, Skv. 3. 55. vað-krumla, u, f. a crooked hand from the fishing-line, Björn. vaðla or vöðla, u, f. a flock of water-beasts (seals); hence vöðlu-selr, Sks. 177, v.l., mod. vöðu-selr, a kind of seal, = opnuselr; also in Icel. called vaða, u, f., from swimming in flocks. vað-mál, n. (sounded vammal, N.G.L. i. 362), no doubt qs. váðmál, measured stuff, standard cloth, from váð, stuff, and mál, a measure; in the old Scandinavian communities the vaðmál was the standard of all value and payment before coined gold or silver came into use, see the remarks s.v. alin; [Scot, wadmaal; Orkney and Dan. vadmel] :-- a plain woollen stuff, woven in hand-looms; in mod. Icel. the home-spun vaðmál is distinguished from the foreign stuffs, called klæði (vaðmáls-treyja, klæðis-treyja); sæmri muu ei sínum ver, silki-klæddr sprakki, en meyja hrein og hýrlynd er, hulin vaðmáls stakki, Eggert; góð vaðmáls klæði, Fms. vi. 208; skera til klæða vaðmál, id.; stíka vaðmál í sundr, Ölk. 36; lét Þyri tjalda höllina grám vaðmálum, Fms. i. 118; tjalda með gráu vaðmáli, Grett. 132 new Ed.: Færeyskt vaðmál, D.N. ii. 559; rekkju-vaðmál, wadmal for bedclothes, Dropl. 20; vaðmál til seglbóta, Sks. 30; varning Íslenzkan í vaðmálum ok í ullu. Fms. x. 294; þat fé skal vera í vaðmálum eða í vararfeldum ..., Grág.; sex alnir vaðmáls gilds, Kb. ii. 192; hafnar-vaðmál, plain common wadmal; hafnar vaðmál ný ok ónotin, Grág. i. 504; Rútr gaf henni hundrað álna hafnar vaðmála, Nj. 7; pakka vaðmál, H.E. i. 574, cp. Bs. i. 842 (spýtingana ok 'pakkana'): as a standard, alin vaðmáls, mörk vaðmáls, Fb. iii. 343; vaðmála skuld, a debt paid in wadmal, Dipl. iii. 13: vaðmáls-klæði, -möttull, -sloppr, Fms. vi. 208, Þorf. Karl. 384, Bs. i. 674. VAÐR, m., pl. vaðir, a fishing-line; heimta upp vaði sína, K.Þ.K. 90; Véorr við vélar vað görði sér ... egndi á öngli, Hým. 21; vaðr vilgi slakr, Bragi; Þórr greiddi til vað heldr sterkjan, eigi var öngullinn minni, Edda 36; draga fisk annan fyrir öngul hinn þriðja fyrir vað, Fbr. 189; vaðr sá enn sterki, Niðrst. 3; hann tók vað af þíli ok öll veiðar-færi, Band. 1; grefr járnit hans kjapt ... fiski-maðrinn kippir at sér vaðinum, Bs. ii. 79. II. a line for measuring; at vaðr sé dreginn yfir þveran akrinn, Fms. xi. 441. vaðar-hald, n. the management of a fishing-line. -vaðsla, u, f., in uppi-vaðsla, q.v. vað-steinar, m. pl. the stones (leads) on a fishing-line; hence Vaðsteina-berg, a local name, Gísl. VAF, n. [vefja], a wrapping, winding round, in sí-vaf (see sí); var tekinn knífr ok vafðr ... Þorsteinn stakk í augun knífinum upp at vafinu, Sturl. ii. 181: the phrase, vera mikill í vöfum, to be bulky and heavy. 2. in Icel. the piece of skin wound round a quill for infants to suck is called vaf. II. [vefa] = fyrir-vaf, the weft. vafi, a, m. a doubt, uncertainty; ef í nökkurn vafa slægi, Sturl. i. 176; vanda þenna ok vafa, Norske Saml. v. 151; vera í vafa um e-t, to waver. COMPDS: vafa-gepill, m. a stray animal without a master. vafa-lauss, adj. undoubting. vafa-samr, adj. doubtful. vafin-leysa, u, f. = vafurleysa. vafin-skepta, u, f. an axe with an iron-bound handle; öx v., Nj. 19. vafka, að, mod. vakka, = vafra, Róm. 270. vafl, n. a wavering, hesitation; víl ok vafl, Bb. 3. 90. vafla, að, = vafra, Konr. vafla, u, f., esp. in pl. vöflur, a wavering; það kómu vöflur á hann, he became confused, from guiltiness. vaflan, f., in vaflanar-för, vagrancy: fara vaflanarförum, Grág. i. 163, 294, ii. 482. vafningr, m. [vefja], a twist: metaph. an entanglement, Nj. 164. vafra, að, to hover about; skrínisl þau er vafra í höfum, Sks. 74, Fas. ii. (in a verse). vafr-leysa. u, f. nonsense; gettú eigi vafurleysu þeirrar er einskis er verð, Band. 29 new Ed. vafr-logi, a, m. a 'waver-lowe,' flickering flame, a mythical word; an enchanted princess or an enchanted land is surrounded by a 'waver-lowe,' Edda (of Brynhild), Skm. 8 (of Skirnir and the giantess Gerda), Fsm. 32 (of Menglöd). In mod. Icel. legends, a kind of ignis fatuus, said to flicker over hidden treasures, is called either málmlogi or vafrlogi, Maurer's Volks., Ísl. Þjóðs. vafr-uði, a, m. = vafrlogi, Þd. vaf-spjörr, f. a strip or band of cloth wound round the leg instead of stockings, Gullþ. Vaf-þrúðnir, m. the mighty in riddles, the name of a giant, a kind of Northern sphinx, wise in riddles, Vþm. vaga, að, to wag, waddle; þú vagar einsog kálffull kýr sem komin er að burði, Jón Þorl.; vaga um haula, Hallgr. (see haull); græðast kýrnar þá setzt er að, hjört-kælar nær til vatnsins vaga, Bb. 2. 41. vagar or vagir, f. pl. (from vög, f.), also vögur, pl. (from vaga, u, f.); pl. vegr, Fms. viii. 430: [vega; cp. vagn] :-- a kind of bier or hand-barrow,

674 VAGABORUR -- VAL.

the sing. being never used; tóku þau líkit ok lögðu í vagarnar, ok óku ..., Nj. 153; Björn var úti á túnvelli ok smíðaði vögur (v.l. vagr, i.e. vagar), Eb. 90 new Ed.; tóku þeir hest ok lögðu á vögur, Bs. i. 335 (here the vagar seem to have been carried on horseback, as coffins are at the present day in Icel.) 2. a level; þeir höfðu til vegr ok vágu fram af berginu, Fms. viii. 430; vagir (vagir?) eða slöngur, i. 127. COMPDS: vaga-borur, f. pl., Eb. l.c. vaga-drumbr, vaga-nef, vaga-pungr, m. a nickname, Landn., Fms. viii. vaga-skalm, f. = meiðr (q.v.), a nickname. vagga, u, f. [Dan. vugge], a cradle; fellr vaggan undir sveininum, Ld. 108; Guðríðr sat í dyrum inni með vöggu Snorra sonar síns, Fb. i. 545; börn í vöggu, Rb. 344; börn er þá lágu í vöggu, Fms. xi. 381, Am. 17, Str. 18. COMPOS: vöggu-barn, n. an infant in a cradle. vöggu-bragr, m., -kvæði, -ljóð, n. pl. cradle-songs, lullabies. vöggu-mein, n. a 'cradle-ailment,' metaph. of an old inveterate ailment; það er gamalt v. vaggaldi, a, m. a waddler, a nickname, Landn. VAGL, m. [Ivar Aasen vagl; Swed. vagel = a roost] :-- a beam, esp. an upper cross-beam, roost; hann hljóp í þvertré á húsinu ok síðan á vaglinn ok af vaglinum ok út í glugginn, Fms. x. 290. II. [cp. Engl. wall-eye], a beam in the eye (a disease); vagl á auga, Ísl. Þjóðs.; at þeim vaglinum sem er í þínu auga gætir þú ekki -- þú hræsnari, drag fyrst út vaglinn úr þínu auga, Luke vi. in the edit, of 1540. III. a local name, Vaglar, Lv. vagl-eygr, adj. wall-eyed, Thom. 355; cp. valdeygr. VAGN, m. [from vega; A.S. wægn; Engl. wagon, wain; Dan. vogn; Germ. wagen] :-- prop. a vehicle, such as a hand-barrow, sledge, but also a chariot, carriage, as used in foreign countries, for the ancient Scandinavians hardly knew such, yet hvel-vagn, q.v.; með sleða, vagn eða vagir, Grág. ii. 295; hón bjó sér vagn ok beitti hest fyrir (called sledge below), Fms. x. 373; tóku þau líkit ok lögðu í vagninn, Nj. 153 (v.l. vagarnar, vagirnar); hann hafði tvá hreina ok vagn, Fas. ii. 118; vigg at söðla vagn at beita, Gkv. 2. 18; hafið í vagna, 34; freista ef þeir mætti koma vögnum yfir urðina, Ó.H. 187; er hón sett í einn virðilegan vagn, Fms. xi. 25; skyldi þau Freyr ok kona hans sitja í vagni ... fylgja vagninum ok leiða eykinn, ii. 75: a chariot, vi. 146, Stj. (referring to foreign countries): the saying, gott er heilum vagni heim at aka = all is well that ends well, Eg. 182, Ó.H. 166: poët., kjalar vagn, a 'keel wain,' i.e. a ship, Lex. Poët: 2. astron. the Wain or Charles' wain, Ursa Major, Magn. 470; birnur, vagn, kvenna-vagn, Rb. 1812. 16; in the heathen time called Óðins vagn: Odin is called vagna verr by the poets, Alm. 3; vagna runni, Stor. 21; vagna grimnir, Fms. xi. (in a verse), -- prob. from the constellation, unless it refer to the legend mentioned in Gm. 49 (er ek kjálka dró): the heaven is vagns-höll, vagn-ræfr, vagn-braut, the hall, roof, road of the Wain, Geisli, Edda i. 316. II. Vagn, a pr. name, Fms. xi, Jómsv. S. COMPDS: vagna-borg, f. a fence of chariots, Fms. v. 137. vagna-hvel. (-hjól), n. a wagon-wheel, Al. 140, Stj. vagna-lið, n. a host of chariots, Stj. 495, 604. vagna-meistari, a, m. a master of a chariot, Stj. 604. vagn-hestr, m. a chariot-horse, Stj. 560. vagn-hlass, n. a wagon-load, Hom. (St.) vagn-karl, m. a wagoner, Fms. vi. 422. vagn-sleði, a, m. a sledge-wain, Fas. ii. 162. vagn-slóð, f. a wagon-track, Fas. ii. (in a verse). vagna, u, f., also vögn (q.v.), a dolphin or porpoise, Edda (Gl.), Fas. iii. 507: poët. vögnu-láð = the sea, Lex. Poët. vagn-hvalr, m. = vagna, Sks. 121. vagn-högg, n. whale-blubber; hval-flystri þat er vér köllum vagnhögg, Rétt. 10. 11. VAKA, pres. vaki; pret. vakði, vakti; subj. vekði; imperat. vaki, mod. vak, vaktú; part. vakat; thus having lost the strong inflexion which it has in Goth. as well as in Engl.: [Ulf. wakan, pret. wôk; A.S. wakjan; Engl. wake, pret. woke; Germ. wachen; Dan. vaage; Lat. vig-ilare] :-- to be awake; hann hefir vakat í alla nótt, Nj. 55; attú vakir í alla nótt, Eg. 418; þrælarnir vöktu, Fms. i. 111; vaki ek ávallt, Vkv.; hann hugðisk vesa at Lögbergi ok vaka, enn hann hugði alla menn aðra sofa, Íb. 7; ok einn morgin er þeir vöktu báðir, Fms. ii. 197; ætlar hann at ek skyla þar vaka yfir ok yrkja um skjöld hans, Eg. 699; Ásgrímr vaknaði eina nótt ok heyrði at Kári vakti, Nj. 210; þar hefir ek vakat ok hugsat um nótt ok dag, Fms. i. 84; vaki þú Angantýr, Fas. i. (in a verse); vaki mær meyja, vaki mín vina, Hdl. 1; vaki þú Fróði, Gs. 17; vaki þú Helgi! fullsofit er, Dropl. 30; vaki menn í skálanum! Gísl. 29; the mod. imperat. is vak, as in the verse, -- Vak þú minn Jesú, vak í mér! vaka láttú mig eins í þér, Pass. 4, the last verse of the hymn; vakði hann löngum, Ó.H. 207; ósviðr maðr vakir um allar nætr, Hm. 22; vekða ek Einherja, Em.; Litlu síðarr vaknaði Þórhallr ok spurði hvárt Þiðrandi vekti, Fms. ii. 195: with prep., vaka yfir e-u, to watch, i. 9, iv. 299, Eg. 375: the phrase, láta e-t í veðri vaka, to make believe, pretend. 2. vakna, Sturl. iii. 186 C. 3. part. vakandi; ván er vakandi (i.e. vakanda manns) draumr, hope is a waking dream. II. to come to the surface, of fish; fiskar vaka þar í öllum ám, Snót, passim in mod. usage. vaka, u, f., pl. vökur, gen. pl. vakna, Fms. ix. 29, 218: the being awake, waking, í vöku og svefni, awake and asleep; haldi hverr vöku sinni er má, to keep oneself awake, Ld. 152; halda vöku fyrir e-m, to keep a person awake; í föstum ok vökum, 623. 18; halda vöku yfir hjörð sinni, Hom. 37; hafa vökur miklar ok áhyggjur, sleepless nights, Fms. x. 146; and-vaka, sleeplessness. 2. in Icel. during the winter, the evening (when one works by lamp-light) is called vaka [Engl. wake]; kveði vöku einni á (during one evening) aðrir kvæðin betr, a ditty; kvöld-vaka, an evening; næstu vikuna fyrir Jólin eru vökur hafðar lengstar á Íslandi ok vakan miðuð við sjö-stjörnuna til sveita, er svo vakað þangað til stjarnan er komin í nónstað eða miðaptan, Ísl. ii. 568: even evening entertainments are called vaka, wakes, hence viki-vakar, q.v. 3. a vigil, eve of a saint's day, eccl.; skyldu þeir fara til hins heilaga Ólafs konungs til vöku, Fms. vii. 309; Jóns-vaka, St. Johns-wake, St. John's Eve, Norse Jons-ok. COMPDS: vakna-búð, n. the house near the church where the lykewakes were held, D.N. vi. 84. vakna-skeið, n. the vigil-time, the time about St. John's-day (the end of June), Fms. ix. 29, 218, viii. 248. vöku-lið, n. watching people, scouts, Fms. vii. 310. vöku-maðr, m. a watchman, Fms. iv. 299, Fas. i. 405. vöku-nótt, f. a vigil, eve, Bær. 17. vöku-skarfr, m., prop. a kind of gull, the kittywake(?), only used metaph. a person wide awake; hann er mesti vöku-skarfr! II. = vök, an opening in ice, Sturl. ii. 248; brunn-vaka, q.v. vakinn, part., qs. vakandi: in the phrase, vakinn og sofinn, waking and sleeping, i.e. by night and day. vakka, að, = vafka, to stray, hover about; láta vakka við skipin, Fms. viii. 289, Fas. ii. 88. vakka, u, f., prob. an error either from veski or kakki, qq.v. (vatn-kakki); hunang í tunnum eðr vökkum, N.G.L. ii. 254. vakna, að, to awake, i.e. to pass from sleep to waking (opp. to sofna); hugðisk hann sofna, en hann hugði þá alla menn aðra vakna, Íb. 7; vaknaði hann, Fms. ix. 24, Ó.H. 208; vakna við e-t, to be awaked by a thing, Fms. xi. 117; vöknuðu þeir við. Eg. 80; menn vöknuðu við, er hann gékk út, Nj. 28; nú skulu vér vakna snemma í morgin, Fas. ii. 542. 2. metaph., vakna við e-t, to wake as to a thing, to recognise, recollect; þá, vaknaði konungr við ætt þeirra, Fms. v. 348; vaknar konungr þegar við Ólaf fyrir sakir fræmla hans, Ld. 72; ef maðr görir sér mark ok vaknar eigi við á várþingi, Grág. ii. 304; féll þá lið mart áðr þeir bændr vöknuðu við, Fms. v. 77. vakna-, gen. pl., see vaka. vaknan, f. an awakening, Skálda 211. vakr, adj. vökr, vakrt, the r being radical; [Dan. vakker; Swed. vacker = handsome; Germ. wacker] :-- wakeful, watchful, alert; ven þú þik æ sem vakrastan, Sks. 24; vakrir gegn allri freistni, Hom. 58; vakr í bænahaldi, Barl. 156; veri þér vakrir (vakkrir Cod.) ok minnisk kenninga þeirra, er ..., 655 xiv. B. 2; vakrir í Guðs hræzlu, Greg. 35; inn vakri freistari, Stj. 144; ár-vakr, q.v. 2. alert, nimble; báðu menn vera vakra ok skjóta, Ó.H. 215; hann var hverjum manni kátari ok léttari ok vakrari, Fms. x. 152. II. in mod. usage, vakr is used of an ambling palfrey, a horse which moves the legs on each side together (like a camel), such horses being much valued in Icel.; Hér er fækkað hófa ljóni, heiminn kvaddi vakri Skjóni, a ditty by Jón Þorl.; ríða vökrum hesti, opp. to harð-gengr; bráð-vakr, skeið-vakr, fleygi-vakr, all epithets of such a horse; cp. vekrð. vakr, m. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.), Róm. 383. vakr-liga, adv. watchfully, Mar.: on the alert, Fms. iii. 189, Sks. 43. vakr-ligr, adj. watchful, Th. 13: lively, Fms. x. 418. vakr-lyndr, adj. frisky, Bret. 175. vakt, n. a watch, (mod.) vakta, að, [as the form shews, a word of Germ. origin, as is Dan. vogte] :-- to watch, Al. 171, Stj. 151, Karl. 60, Clar., Fas. iii, and in mod. usage, but not in the old classical Sagas. vaktan, f. a care, charge, H.E. i. 513, Rétt. 56. VAL, n., pl. völ, [Dan. valg, val; Germ. wahl; North. E. wale; see velja] :-- a choice; hann spurði hverjar sögur í vali væri, he asked what stories there were to choose among, Sturl. iii. 281; ganga í valið, to pick out the best; engi vóru völ á því, there was no chance of that, Glúm. 371: mod., eiga völ á e-u, það er' ekki völ á, góðu. val, adv. = vel, according to the spelling of some vellums, e.g. Bs. i. 89 sqq. (Cod. Holm. No. 5), Stj., Barl.; but not so in good standard Icel. spelling. val-, [A.S. wealh-], Welsh, foreign, in several compds, see below. II. in pr. names, Val-brandr, Val-garðr, Val-gautr, Val-þjófr; Val-þýflingar, m. pl. the descendants of Waltheof, Landn.: and of women, Val-dís, Val-gerðr, Landn.: it is strange that none of these names seem to appear on the old Runic monuments of Sweden and Denmark; they are therefore scarcely to be derived from valr (the slain), but from A.S. wealh = Welsh, foreign; in England such names were frequent; in Icel. they first appear in families connected with the British Isles; Valþjófr in the Landnáma is evidently borrowed from the English. In Sweden a Valgautr appears in the 11th century, Ó.H.

675 VALA -- VALNESKR.

vala, u, f. the rolling knuckle-bone, Lat. talus, Gr. GREEK; in Icel. these bones are dried and used for winding clews of yarn (þráðar-vala); in the old heathen times they seem to have been used for fortune-telling, whence the compds, völu-brjótr, m. a knuckle-breaker, a nickname, Sd.: völu-spakr, adj. 'knuckle-wise' prophetic(?), Edda (in a verse): völu-mæltr, adj. talking thick, as if with a knuckle-bone rolling in one's mouth: hvel-vala, a rolling pebble, Þd. (poët.) II. the name of a dog; vappaðu með mér, vala ... keyrðu féð í hala, a ditty. val-áttungr, m. a chosen eighth part; kirkja á valáttung ... valséttung í hvölum, Vm. 102. val-bassi, a, m. the 'Welsh' bear, i.e. wild bear, Edda (Gl.) val-baugar, m. pl. 'Welsh' rings, i.e. foreign gold, Akv. val-björk, f. [Dan. valbirk], a kind of birch. val-blístra, u, f. = Dan. skalmej, Björn. val-blóð, n. blood, gore, Lex. Poët. val-bráð, f. venison, cp. Germ. wildpret; in melta knáttú móðugr manna valbráðir, Akv. 36. 2. (mod. val-brá), a livid spot on the skin, a 'port-wine mark,' medic. Lat. macula, Bs. i. 423 (see foot-note 10, so also vellums of Sturl. l.c.): freq. in mod. usage, e.g. hann hafði valbrá á hægri kinn: in Bs. i. l.c. as the nickname of a person so marked; this mythol. term reminds one of Hel, the northern Hecate, who is represented as black on one side, see Edda. val-bygg, n. 'Welsh,' i.e. foreign barley, Edda (Gl.), Hkv. 2. 2. val-böst, f. a part of a sword, it is not exactly known which, perh. = friðbönd (q.v.), Edda; á valböstu (acc. pl.) verpr naðr hala, Hkv. Hjörv. 9: dat. valböstum, Sdm.: gen. valbasta, Geisli. VALD, n., pl. völd, [Germ. ge-walt; Dan. vold; cp. valda] :-- power, might, authority; eiga vald á e-u, Sks. 160; hafa vald til e-s, Fms. x. 337; vald ok lög, vald ok dóm, Bs. i. 741, 742; ef ek á svá mikit vald á þúr, Nj. 10; gefask á vald e-s, to submit to one, Fms. xi. 392; ganga til valds, Bs. i. 764; valds-dagar, 280; Guð er öll hefir völdin, id.; vald ok skipan, 694; leggja á e-s vald, Fb. ii. 179: með valdi, by force, Fms. xi. 392, Eg. 41; yfir-vald, authority. 2. power, dominion; vald landsins, Fms. i. 23; kirkju-vald, Bs. i. 789, Ó.H. 47; þá skal valds-maðr reiða ór sínu valdi, Js. 4. II. plur. the cause or making of a thing, mostly in a bad sense, Fms. vi. 350; kenni ek þér völd um þat, I charge it on thee, thou hast done it, Fær. 255; kenna sér völd um þat harðrétti, Rd. 249; af mínum völdum, by my making, Fms. ii. 188; af hans völdum, Grág. i. 94; ok göra hann sannan at völdunum, bring it home to him, 95; skaða þann er orðinn er af völdum konu þinnar, Nj. 76; af manna-völdum, by human hands, see p. 408, col. 1. III. in chess, a guard; hróks-vald, peðs-vald. valds-maðr, m. a mighty man, in plur. the great, Fms. iv. 209, vii. 315, Js. 4; höfðingja ok valdsmenn, Fms. vii. 164; valdsmaðr (a ruler) yfir þessu ríki, xi. 232; veraldligir valdsmenn, the great of this world, K.Á. 220. VALDA, pres. veld, pl. völdum, valdit, valda: pret. olli, ollir, olli; olli ofrausn stillis, in a verse of A.D. 1066, as also by Ari, Íb. 7: in alliteration as a vowel, einn þú því ollir, ekki ..., Am. 80; a pret. voldi or oldi also occurs, for references see B: subj. ylli, also voldi, vildi, see B; imperat. vald: with neg. suff. vald-at-tu, cause thou not, Gísl. (in a verse); veldr-at, Nj. 61: part. valdit: a mod. verb has been formed from the pret. olli, -- olla, olli, ollat, olla being used of to cause, valda to be able: [Ulf. waldan, ga-waldan = to rule; A.S. wealdan; Engl. wield; O.H.G. waltan; Germ. walten; Dan. vold; cp. Lat. valere.] B. To wield, with dat.; ef ek em svá ústerkr, at ek má eigi valda sverðinu, if I be so weak that I cannot wield the sword, Ó.H. 209; þær byrðar er vér megum eigi valda, Greg. 65; meðan ek má vápnum valda, Ld. 170; hvern þann mann er vápnum mátti valda, Stj. 611. 2. to rule; en þar Heimdal kveða valda véum, where Heimdal reigns, resides, Gm. 13 (cp. Ulf. garda waldands = GREEK). II. to cause, with dat. or absol.; ok þat olli, Íb. 7; vér því völdum er þú velli hélt, Hkm. 12; ekki veldr því, Stor. 2; Þorvaldr veldr því, Nj. 18; þessu mun Svanr valda, 21; hvat þat valdit mundu hafa, at ..., 75; spurði hvat vyldi úgleði hans, Fms. vii. 106 (olli, v.l.); þeir hinir sömu er því voldu, ix. 280; eigi vissu menn hvat því voldi, 282; spurði hvat úgleði hans ylli, Eg. 322; spurði hverr því olli, Ísl. ii. 160; olli þat því, at ..., Eg. 400; hón frétti hvat voldi hans úgleði, Art. 5; þat voldi því, at ..., Stj. 91; því voldi breiskleikr, 548, Post. (Unger) 21; spurði hverr því volli, Sturl. ii. 60; sá er úskilum volli, Hom. 45; at þeir hefði mestu um valdit, Hkr. ii. 395; þau ullu (i.e. ollu) lífláti hans, Rb. 414; þeir vissu hverir valdit (ollat Ed. from a paper MS.) höfðu, Lv. 8; þat oldi úgagni því er vér fengum, Blanda (vellum); ok voldi þat því mest, at ..., Fms. viii. 197, 292; þat voldi at íss var í stallinum, ix. 386 (volli and olli, v.l.): sayings, sjaldan veldr einn ef tveir deila, 508; eigi veldr sá er varar annan (veldrat sá er varir, Nj.), Hrafn. 6; sá veldr mestu er upphafinu veldr; sá skal hýðing valda (execute) er heimskastr er á þingi, N.G.L. i. 349. III. part. valdandi, a wielder, ruler; Dróttinn sá er alls er valdandi, Hom. 100; hvárki vitandi né valdandi þessa verks, Fms, ix. 42; alls-valdandi, yfir-valdandi; [cp. A.S. Bret-walda.] valdari (spelt valderi, Pd.), a, m. a wielder, keeper, Lex. Poët. vald-borg, f. a stronghold, Stj. 284. vald-eygðr, adj. wall-eyed, of a horse, N.G.L. i. 75: qs. vagl-eygr, q.v. valdi, a, m. a wielder, keeper; kjóla valdi, a 'keel-wielder,' skipper, Hým.; ein-valdi, fólk-valdi, a ruler, Lex. Poët.: as a pr. name, Sig-valdi, Á-valdi, Öl-valdi, Landn., etc. valdr, m. = valdi, Lex. Poët, passim; but in prose only in the compd all-valdr; besides many poët, compds, her-valdr, ógn-valdr, see Lex. Poët. 2. in the latter part of pr. names, Þór-valdr, Ás-valdr, Rögn-valdr, dropping the v in Har-aldr, Ingj-aldr, Arn-aldr, Landn. val-dreyri, a, m. the blood of the slain; and val-dreyrigr, gory, bloody, Gs. 17. val-dýr, n. a carrion-beast, esp. a wolf, Vsp. 55. val-dögg, f. the 'dew of the slain,' blood, Hkv. 2. 42 (poët.) val-fall, n. the fall of the slain, Fms. vi. 67, Fas. i. 385, Bær. 13. val-frekr, adj. greedy for carrion: a nickname, Sturl. val-föðr, m. the father of the slain, i.e. Odin, Vsp. 1, Edda. val-galdr, m. charms, a kind of necromancy ascribed to Odin; nam hann vittugri v. kveða, unz nauðig reis, nás-orð um kvað, Vtkv. 2, (a GREEK.) val-gammr, m. the carrion-bird, vulture, Arnór. val-gjarn, adj. = valfrekr, of the wolf, Hkv. 1. 13. val-glaumr, m. the swarm of the slain in Walhalla, Gm. 21. val-grind, f. the grating of the gates of Walhalla, Gm. 22. val-göltr, m., poët, a helmet, Lex. Poët. val-hnot, f. a 'Welsh nut,' i.e. a walnut (Germ. welsches nuss), Fms. vii. 98, 225, Fas. iii. 226. val-hverfa, að, to roll the eyes in the head, like the hawk (valr); valhverfa augunum. Val-höll, f. the Hall of the Slain, Walhalla, see Edda, Gm., Hdl., Em., Hkm., Skíða R., Nj. 132, Hkr. i. 161, Fas. i. 424. II. a foreign hall, of king Atli, Akv. 2. 14. 2. the name of one of the booths in the Icel. Althing, Sturl. ii. 126; see búð. Vali, a, m. the name of one of the gods, Edda: a pr. name, Korm. valin-kunnr, adj. respectable; v. maðr, N.G.L. i. 43, Gþl. 273, Grett. 162. Valir, m. pl. [A.S. Walas or Wealas; mid. Lat. Wallus], the 'Welsh,' esp. the Celtic people in France, Frakkar, Flæmingjar, Valir (Franks, Flemings, Walloons), Symb. 18; Völum Kjarr, Cear ruled the 'Welsh,' Fas. i. (in a verse); Valir ok Bretar, Art.; allir Valirnir undruðusk, the 'Welsh,' i.e. French, Karl. 35. II. spec. usages; Vala málmr, 'Welsh' ore, i.e. gold, Hdl. 8, Fas. iii. 31 (in a verse); Vala ript, a texture of the 'Welsh,' i.e. foreign, costly texture, Skv. 3. 63; Vala mengi, a host of 'Welsh,' id. val-keri, a, m. the prober of the slain, i.e. a sword, Lex. Poët. val-kjósandi, a, m. the chooser of the slain, Kormak. val-klif, n. the hawk's cliff, i.e. the hand, Lex. Poët. val-koka, að, = valhverfa, q.v.; valkoka augum. Val-kyrja, u, f. the chooser of the slain (kjósa val), the Valkyriur were a troop of northern goddesses, for whom see Edda 22, Gm., Em.; for the Valkyriur as guardian angels and tutors of the heroes, like Athene in the Odyssey, see Hkv., Vkv., Sdm. val-köstr, m. a heap, pile of slain, Fms. ix. 31. valla, adv. = varla. Val-land, m. the land of the 'Welsh' or foreigners, esp. in the Sagas relating to France, Vilhjálmr ... hann vann þat ríki í Vallandi er síðan var kallat Norðmandi, Fagrsk. 142, Ó.H. passim. vallar-, see völlr. vallari, a, m. [from mid. Lat. wallus; cp. Germ. wallfahrten], prop. a pilgrim, traveller in a foreign land, hence a destitute person, tramp; eyða landit með mörgum stafkarlum ok öðrum vallarum, N.G.L. iii. 29; sem einn v., en nú er hann svá stollz ok svá ríkr, at ..., Þiðr. 299; capra er skygn, svá at hón kennir hvárt eru vallarar eðr veiðimenn, sem einn v. ok forflóttamaðr ..., Bret. 53; hann (Cain) raksk víða veraldar svá sem vallari, Stj. 43, 94, 113. vall-gangr, m. (spelt vald-gangr, Mart. 118), [völlr], 'field-going,' excrements, Stj. 436, Bs. i. 382, Bárð. 166. vall-gróinn, part. turf-grown, grown with turf; bakkar vallgrónir, Al. 28; toptir vallgrónar, Fas. ii. 299; hón kvað þat nú vallgróit, Fms. vi. 105; er þar nokkur dæld ok vallgróit, x. 319. vall-humall, m., botan. the milfoil or yarrow, Hjalt. vall-lendi, n. the flat land, turf. vall-ófr (vallokr?), m. a bird, perh. the willock, a GREEK, Edda (Gl.) vall-prúðr, adj. proud of gait, Sks. vall-roð, n. a reddening of the battle-field, slaughter, Merl. Vall-verjar, m. pl. the men from Völlr, Landn. valmar, in Gs. 19, is an obscure, prob. corrupt word, or = varmar(?). val-menni, n. a chosen man, a good man; hann er mesta valmenni. Val-mær, f. = Valkyrja, Edda i. 420. Val-neskr, adj. = Valskr, Gkv. 2. 34.

676 VALR -- VANSKÖRUNGR.

VALR, m. [A.S. wæl or walre], the slain; allan þann val, sem fellr á þeim á velli, gef ek Oðni, Fas. i. 380; konungr lét skip upp setja ok bera á valinn, and bear the dead on board, Hkr. i. 152; þær (the Valkyriur), ríða jafnan at kjósa val, ok ráða vígum, Edda 22. cp. Vþm. 46; kanna valinn, to search the field after a battle, Eg. 123, Fms. i. 182, Nj. 45; ræna val, Ó.H. 184; val þann allan er þar hafði fallit, id.; braut ór valnum, 220; sneru þar til er valrinn lá, 219. valr, m., pl. valir, [prob. an abbreviation for val-haukr = a carrion-hawk] :-- a hawk; veiða vali, Grág. ii. 346, Gþl. 51; vals hamr, the skin of a valr, Edda, passim. valr, adj. [A.s. ana-wealg = ávalr], round, oval; en vínferill valr rifnaði, Hým. 31; in á-valr, see völr, a round stick. val-rauðr, adj. blood-red, crimson; serki valrauða, Akv. val-rauf, n. = valrof, [O.H.G. wala-raupa; A.S. weal-reáf] , spoils, prop. the robbing the slain, cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. spolia, Bragi (in the verse Hkr. i. begin.) val-rof, n. = valrauf, [Dan. val-rov], a law term, the plundering the slain on the battle-field, N.G.L. i. 66. val-rúgr, m. = valbygg, Þd. val-rúnar, f. pl. [A.S. wælrûn], 'Welsh' Runes, i.e. riddles, obscure language, Hkv. 2. 10 (a GREEK.) val-serkr, m. a 'Welsh' sark, i.e. a coat of mail, Vellekla. val-séttungr, m., see valáttungr, Vm. 102. Valska, u, f. the 'Welsh' tongue, esp. the French language; nem þú allar tungur en allra helzt Látínu ok Völsku, Sks.; þá skiptusk tungur í Englandi er Vilhjálmr bastarðr vann England, gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska er hann var þaðan ættaðr, Ísl. ii. 222; hann mælti á Völsku, Orkn. 348. 2. = völsk mús, a rat. val-skikkja, u, f. a 'Welsh' cloak(?), Fms. vii. 321. Valskr, adj. [A.S. Wealisc; Germ. Welsch], 'Welsh,' foreign, esp. French, Fagrsk. 143; Valskt mál, Völsk tunga, the 'Welsh' tongue Str. 1, Flóv.; Völsk mila, Fas. iii. 140; Valskar mýss, 'Welsh' (foreign) mice, i.e. rats, Fms. xi. 279: of weapons, Valskir hjálmar, Sighvat, Ó.H. 39. val-slöngva, u, f. [cp. ballista], a 'war-sling,' catapult, Fms. vii. 183, 186, viii. 177, Sks. 410, K.Á. 222, Þorf. Karl. 426. val-stefna, u, f. a war-meeting, battle, Hkv. val-strendr, adj. oval, half round. val-tafn, n. an offering of slain, the slain being an offering to Odin, Kormak, Lex. Poët. Val-tamr, m. one of the names of Odin, Vtkv. val-teinn, m. a chosen chip, for soothsaying, Ýt. val-tívi, a, m. the god of the slain, Vsp. (of Surt the giant); val-tívar, the gods, Hkv. 1, Vsp.; see tívi. VALTR, völt, valt, adj [A.S. wæltan], reeling, easily upset; hégómlig ok völt dyrð, Al. 130; völt hamingja, 133; valtir verða oss þessa heims höfðingjar, Sturl. ii. 153; veröld völt og flá, Pass.; fall-valtr, ú-valtr, stable. Val-týr, m. the lord of the slain = Odin, Lex. Poët. val-veiðr, f. hawking, Bs. i. 120, H.E. ii. 45. valz-ligr, adj. proud, Fbr. 86 new Ed. vambar-, see vömb. vamb-mikill, adj. big-bellied, of a cow. VAMM, n. = vömm, [Ulf. wamm = a spot, un-wamms = GREEK; A.S. wamm; cp. vámr] :-- a blemish; útan váða ok vamm, N.G.L. i. 67; leita e-m vamms, harm, Og. 6; vammi firðr, without blemish, Stor. 23: plur. vömmin, Ls. 52; vamma vanr, Hm. 21; vamm þat er væri, Skv. 3. 5; svá lastvarr at hann vildi ekki vamm vita á sik, Stj. 547: in mod. usage, hann vill ekki vamm sitt vita, of a conscientious thoroughly honest person; enda mun þat eigi til vamms vera lagt, Karl. 375; fár er vamma vanr, a saving, Mirm., cp. Hm. 22; see vömm. COMPDS: vamma-fullr, adj. full of blemishes, Sdm. vamma-lauss, adj. unblemished. Sól., Ls. vamm-haltr, adj. dead-lame, of a horse, Gþl. 504. vamm-helti, f. lameness, N.G.L. vamm-lauss, adj. spotless, Hsm. VAN-, a particle prefixed to nouns and adverbs, [cp. vanr; Goth. and A.S. wan-, deficient; O.H.G. wana-] :-- lacking, wanting: only used as a compd except in the phrase, of og van, or það er of sem van, now too much, now too little. B. In COMPDS van- is freq. as a prefixed particle, mostly denoting lacking, slowly, short, not sufficient, under-, but also simply as a negative, much like Gr. GREEK: van-afla, -afli, adj. weak, waning in strength, Al. 5. Fms. vi. 107, Sks. 590. van-alinn, part. under-fed, Grág. i. 455. van-brúka. ð, to misuse; mod. van-brúkun, f. a misuse. van-burða, adj. born prematurely; v. eldi. 656 B. 7. van-búinn, part. unprepared, Korm. 202, Ld. 324, Fms. vi. 214, vii. 127, viii. 288. van-drengr, m. a bad man, Fs. 166. van-dæmt, part. under-judging, i.e. too leniently: hafa v. eða ofdæmt, Grág. (pref.) van-efni, n. pl. lack of means, Grág. i. 257, Band. 31 new Ed., Fms. viii. 23. van-erð, f.(?). inferiority, N.G.L. i. 212. van-farinn, part. in a strait, Fas. i. 518 (see also the verse); vér erum vanfarnir hjá honum, we are much short of him, Orkn. 332. van-ferli, n. things going wrong, Fms. x. 131. van-festr, part. badly fastened, MS. 4. 8. van-fylgt, n. part.; hafa v. e-m, to back one slowly, Bs. i. 739. van-færi, n. disability, Stj. 1. van-færr, adj. disabled, infirm, Fms. ii. 146, x. 354, xi. 325, Fas. i. 532, Bs. i. 393; vanærr ok ílla heill, Hom. 122. van-gá, f. lack of care. van-gefinn, see vargefinn. van-gerðing, f. a defective fencing, Gpl. 382. van-geymsla, u, f. = vangá, Ld. 128, Jb. 42, Dipl. v. 26. van-geymt, n. part.; hafa v. e-s, to neglect, H.E. ii. 110. van-giptr, part. married beneath one, Nj. 17, v.l. van-goldit, part. n. underpaid, Ó.H. 87. van-gætt, n. part. = vangeymt, Gþl. 463. van-gæzla, u, f. = vangeymsla, Grág. ii. 341, Fms. viii. 364. van-görr, part. defective, imperfect, imperfectly done, half done, Fms. vi. 13, x. 318, Bs. i. 59; ung Kristni ok mjök vangör, Fbr. 7; mér sýndisk vangört, faulty, Fms. x. 320. van-haft, n. part.; hafa v., not to get one's due, Grág. i. 265. van-haga, að; impers., mig vanhagar um e-t, to miss a thing, want. van-hagr, m. dismay, disadvantage, Grág. ii. 49, Fms. xi. 245, Fær. 7: misconduct, Bs. i. 687. van-hald, n. a damage, loss; bíða vanhald af e-m, Fms. x. 421: in plur. ill-luck, thriftlessness, Band. 37 new Ed. van-haldinn, part. getting less than one's due, wronged, H.E. ii. 126; ef þú þykkisk v., Ld. 108, Slurl. i. 77 C, Fas. ii. 297. van-hefnt, n. part. (better var-hefnt), Nj. 280, v.l. van-heiðr, m. dishonour, H.E. i. 562, Fas. ii. 289. van-heila, u, f. = vanheilsa, Bs. i. 353. van-heilagr, adj. profane. van-heilindi, n. failing health, illness, Fms. vii. 208, viii. 280, H.E. i. 12. van-heill, adj. [A.S. wanhâl], not hale, disabled, ill, Grág. i. 50, Fms. x. 420; e-m verðr vanheilt, to be taken ill, Grág. i. 277: = pregnant, Bret. 10. van-heilligr, adj. ill, wretched, Fms. vii. 30. van-heilsa, u, f. failing health, illness, Bs. i. 83, 84, 353 (v.l.), Grág. i. 226, Fms. vii. 157, passim. van-helga, að, to profane. van-helti, f., better vammhelti, q.v., Jb. 366 A. van-henta, t, to stand in need of, to want; hann kvað sér v. annat, he said it was not that he wanted, Ld. 212. van-hentr, adj.; e-m er e-t vanhent, it suits one not well, Fms. x. 260. van-herðr, part. not pushed up to one's mettle, Fas. iii. 487. van-hirða, t; v. um e-t, to neglect. van-hirðing, f. = vangeymsla. van-hirzla, u, f. = vanhirðing, Sks. 446. van-hluta, adj. unfairly dealt with; verða v., to be worsted, Bjarn. 56, Ísl. ii. 255, Grág. i. 157, ii. 92, Fms. i. 306; rétta þeirra hlut er áðr eru v., Eb. 156. van-hlutr, m. an unfair share, Sturl. i. 47 C. van-hugaðr, n. part. [? A.S. vanhygig]; e-t er v. í máli, it was not well considered, Lv. 30. van-hyggja, u, f. a lack of forethought, Ld. 152; bæta fyrir vanhyggju mína, Valla L. 209. van-kunnandi, part. wanting in knowledge, ignorant, ill-informed, Gþl. van-kunnigr, adj. ignorant. van-kunnindi, f. ignorance, Gþl. (pref.) van-kunnusta (mod. van-kunnátta), u, f. want of knowledge, ignorance, H.E. i. 479. van-leitað, n. part.; e-s er v., examined imperfectly, Bs. i. 329. van-lofaðr, part. under-praised, Fms. vi. 196. van-lokinn, part. half paid, of debt; vanloknar skuldir, Grág. i. 93. van-luktr, part. half finished; ganga frá mörgu vanluktu, Sturl. iii. 279. van-lykta, að, to leave unfinished, H.E. i. 409. van-lyktir, f. pl.; með vanlyktum, unfinished, half done, Fms. vi. 13; ok var at vanlykðum nökkut, er hón þó höfuð hans, Ísl. ii. 333; hvárigar vanlykðir (faults) er þær koma á goðans hendi, Grág. i. 94. van-mátta, adj. weak, sick, sore; í tána þá er v. var, a sore toe, Hrafn. 15. van-máttigr, adj. failing in strength, weak, impotent, Fms. v. 163. van-máttr, m. failing strength, illness, Eg. 565, Vápn. 17, Fms. ii. 12, Bs. i. 84. van-megin, n. weakness, Fms. vii. 156: a swoon, fainting, sló yfir mik hræzlu ok vanmegni, 108. van-meginn (van-megn, Stj. 20), adj. weak, feeble, Fms. i. 305, Stj. 20, v.l.; v. af megri, Fb. iii. 447; höndina þá má vanmegnu, an infirm hand, Sturl. i. 189. van-megna, adj. = vanmeginn. van-megna, að, to weaken; v. sterkjan hug, Al. 6: reflex., vanmegnast, to faint, sink down, Vídal. passim. van-menni, n. (van-menna, u, f., Lv. 30; vanmennur þær, Fms. xi. 257), a worthless person, Gísl. 149, Vápn. 15, Fms. iii. 149. van-meta, adj. in a weak, bad condition; var fótrinn v., of a sick leg. Bs. i. 344; vanmeta skepna, an ill-favoured creature. van-metnaðr, m. a disgrace, Grett. 160 A. van-mettr, part. hungry, Sól. 3. van-mælt, n. part.; eiga e-t vanmælt, if thou hast anything unsaid, anything to say, Bs. i. 668; hvárt mér verðr ofmælt eðr vanmælt, Nj. 232. van-mætti, n. an infirmity. van-refsaðr, part. not duly punished, Sturl. ii. 10. van-refst, n. part. = refsað; ef v. er af dómarans hendi, Gþl. 172. van-rekstr, m. = vanréttr, Fms. xi. 253, v.l. van-rétti, n. loss of right, Ls. 40; þola v., Ó.H. 238: a defeat, Ísl. ii. 367. van-réttr, m. = vanrétti, Fms. xi. 253. van-rækiliga, adv. carelessly, slovenly, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) van-rækja, t, to disregard, Stj. 157, Fms. xi. 423, K.Á. 72: reflex., vanrækjask e-n, Fms. viii. 252. van-rækt, f. lack of care, Gþl. 332, H.E. i. 251, Dipl. ii. 14. van-rætt, n. part. not fully discussed; v. er um e-t, Sks. 271 B. van-samit, part. unsettled, Stj. van-semd, f. a disgrace, offence, Bjarn. 67. van-signaðr, part. cursed, Stj., MS. 655 xx. 3. van-skörungr, m. = vandrengr, Fs. 4, Eg. 730.

VANSPURT -- VANDLÆTI. 677

van-spurt, n. part. left unasked, Sks. 52, 191. van-stilli, n. lack of moderation, intemperance, Al. 45, 71; gefa svá kappsamliga mat, er á þessu mikit vanstilli, no measure, Ísl. ii. 337, Fms. vii. 162 (of a fit of insanity); v. lopts, Al. 55; þurfa menn ekki hér at lýsa v. (men need not shew ill temper) fyrir þessa sök, Stud. i. 101 C. van-stilling, f. = vanstilli. Hom. 25. van-stilltr, part. wanting in tempcr, rash, Fms. i. 207, x. 264; marglyndr, vandlyndr ok v., wanting in temper, 420; v. í orðum, vi. 324: excessive, Stj. 142. van-svarat, n. part. insufficiently answered, of a question; hafa v., H.E. ii. 93; vanspurt eða v., Sks. 270. van-svefta, adj. having too little sleep. van-sæmd, f. dishonour, contumely, Fms. ii. 291, vi. 109. van-sætti, n. discord, Sturl. i. 101, v.l. van-sök, f. a fault, offence, Magn. 524. van-talað, n. part. = vanmælt; er enn mart vantalað, Lv. 20; á ek við hvárigan ykkarn vantalað, I want to speak to neither of you, Fms. v. 327. van-talit (van-talt), n. part. not full accounted for, short in the tally, Glúm. 385; oftalt, vantalt, Gþl. 478. van-tekit, n. part. pulled insufficiently, Eb. 242. van-traust, n. a lack of trust. van-trú, f. unbelief [Dan. vantro]; villa ok v., K.Á. 218, H.E. i. 390, Vídal. van-trúaðr, part. unbelieving, N.T., Vídal. van-trúnaðr, m. distrust, Fms. i. x. 398. van-unninn, part. unfinished; vanunnin verk, Grág. i. 157; lítið vas eptir vanunnit (undone) í víngarðinum, Greg. 57. van-virða, t, to disregard, dishonour, put to shame, Ísl. ii. 238; affæra ok v., Bs. i. (Laur. S.): part. vanvirðr, Fms. ii. 67, Fs. 183; vanvirt, Fms. v. 326. van-virða, u, f. a disgrace, Fs. 60, 159, Eb. 128. van-virðing, f. = vanvirða, Fms. ix. 278, 289, Gþl. 157, 181. vanvirðu-lauss, adj. not disgracing, Grett. 118. van-virkja, u, f. a defect, fault, Stj. 158, Ísl. ii. 201, v.l. van-vit, n. [Dan. van-vid = insanity], want of thought, Nj. 135, v.l. van-vita, adj. insane, N.G.L. i. 213, Js. 79. van-vitað, n. part. not quite known; enn er v. nökkut um sættina, Bjarn. 56. van-vizka, u. f. foolishness, Al. 115. van-þakkað, n. part. not duly thanked; eiga e-m e-t v. van-þakklátr, adj. ungrateful. van-þakklæti, n. ingratitude. van-þekking, f. lack of knowledge. van-þyrmsla, u, f. violation; v. hátiða, Hom. 146. van-þökk, f. unthankfulness. vana, að, to make to wane, diminish; orðum aukit eðr vanat, Sks. 439 B. 2. to disable, spoil, destroy; þar sem röng mæli-keröld finnask, vani svá at ekki sé til þess hæft síðan, Gþl. 526. II. reflex. vanask, to wane, fail, Gm. 25. 2. vanaðr, disabled, sick; blinda, mállausa, vanaða, Matth. xv. 30. -vana and -vani, adj. indecl. wanting: in compds, but only in prose, and-vana, still-born, lifeless; and several poët, compds, fjör-vana, stríð-vana. van-breyttr, part. = vand-breytt, to be risked; hón kvað vannbreytt um, Fs. 141; er mér vannbreytt um þat, Sturl. i. 10. VANDA, að, to make elaborately, take care and pains in a work or a choice, to pick out the best, choose; vanda til ferðar bæði menn ok skip, Nj. 122; búa ferð sína ok vanda menn til, Orkn. 108; þat var siðr um ríkra manna börn, at vanda mjök menn til at ausa vatni ok gefa nöfn, Fms. i. 14; þurfti þann stað at vanda, at hann væri sléttr, Eg. 275; vóru menn vandaðir til at varðveita hofin at vitrleik ok réttlæti, Landn. (Append.) 334; svá skal sannaðar-menn vanda at frændsemi við aðilja, at ..., Grág. i. 30, 75, ii. 245; vanda skal búa í þingkvöð, at fjár-eign, i. 142; svá skal vanda sögu sem um erlendis víg, i.e. the procedure is the same as, 183; svá skal vanda tíð at eiðfæra ómaga, sem til þess at eiga hreppa-dóm, the same season is to be appointed for it as for h., 245. 2. to work elaborately; þann bæ lét hann mjök vanda, Eb. 26; hón görði honum klæði öll þau er mest skyldi vanda, Fs. 61; láta göra skip ok vanda sem mest, 322; göra drykkju-skála ok vanda sem mest, Fms. i. 290; þú skalt vanda sem mest bæði hátt ok orðfæri ok einna mest kenningar, Fb. i. 215: vandaðr, choice, elaborate; stofu nýja ok vandaða, Eg. 49; skip vandat at öllu sem mest, 68; skip vandat forkunnar-mjök at smíð. Orkn. 332; mikit lið ok frítt ok mjök vandaðan skipabúnað, Fms. x. 36; var vandaðr mjök róðr á drekanum, vi. 309; stöpul vandaðan, Bs. i. 132; vandaðar krásir, choice, Fms. iv. 160; umgörð vandaða, Fs. 97. 3. vanda sig, vanda ráð sitt, to be honest, lead a righteous life, passim; lítt vandaðr, not very honest, Fms, xi. 275; ú-vandaðr, plain, common, dishonest. II. [vanda = to carp at, find fault, Ivar Aasen], to object, make difficulties: 1. only in the negative phrase, vanda ekki, not to mind; hann sagði dóttur sinni, at hann mundi eigi vanda at gipta honum dóttur sína, Stj. 206; vanda eigi, to mind not, care not; vanda ek eigi (I mind not) þótt sá sé drepinn, 181; vanda ekki (care not) hvárt luklar finnask, Al. 44; vandar eigi þótt þykkt so skipat, 41. 2. to find fault, be fastidious; hvárt sem þær vanda eðr gefa ósæmilig orö, D.N. ii. 16; þá eigu hásetar eigi at vanda þá hlezlu fyrir styrimanni ok fari við svá búit, N.G.L. ii. 275: and thus freq. in mod. speech of Norway, 'vanda maten' (cp. Icel. mat-vandr); in Icel. it remains in the phrase, vanda um e-t, to complain of, Eg. 142, 711, Landn. 141, Orkn. 90, Fs. 137, Eb. 144, Gullþ. 26, Dropl. 15. III. reflex. to become difficult, precarious; nú vandask málit, Nj. 4; vandask ráða-görðin, Fms. vii. 183. vandar-, see vöndr, a wand. vand-bálkr, m. [vöndr], a wall of wands or wicker, a wattled partition, Orkn. 430, O.H.L. 72 (Fbr. 209). vand-blætr, adj., see úvandblætr, p. 666, col. 2. vand-dreginn, part. drawn over with a strickle, of a bushel or measure of grain, N.G.L. ii. 166. vandendi, n. pl. difficulties, 677. 9; vandenda mál. Sks. 516, 620 B, Anecd. 4. vand-fenginn, part. (also spelt vannfenginn), difficult to get, or requiring careful thought to choose; þykkir oss vandfengit manns í stað þinn, Ld. 32; eru yðr vannfengnir hér menn yfir til forráða, Eg. 50, v.l.; vannfenginn mun mér sessu-nautr ef vit skiljum, Ó.H. 52. vand-físinn, adj. (-físni. f.), fastidious. vand-færr, adj. difficult to pass, of a road, Fms. ii. 8l, Sighvat (Fb. ii). vand-gæfr- adj., honum var vanngæft um fæðsluna, Sturl. i. 20. vand-gætt (vann-g.), part. n., in the phrase, e-m verðr vanngætt til e-s, difficult to keep or manage, Fs. 93, Grett. 205 new Ed.; verðr mér vanngætt til skaps konungs, Ó.H. 114; vanngættra, 237. vand-hæfi, n. [hófj, difficulty, difficult management, Fbr. 53, Korm. 81, Lv. 19 (vandæfi). vand-hæfr, adj. difficult to manage, Grág. i. 137, Glúm. 358. vandi, a, m. a difficulty, difficult task; lízk mér þat mikill vandi, Korm. 150, Nj. 177; þó nökkurr vandi liggi á, Fms. vi. 10; hafa bæði vit ok vanda at vera höfðingi, xi. 217: sayings, þat er vandi vel boðnu að neita (a good offer is not to be refused); vandi fylgir vegsemd hverri, cp. noblesse oblige. II. obligation, duty, esp. of relationship; thus in the phrase, e-m er vandi á við e-n, þótt þér sé vandi á við Helga, Ld. 264; er þér miklu meiri vandi á við Eirik konung en Egil, Eg. 423; þat er mér ókunnara hverr vandi mér er á við hann, Fms. i. 297; sveiktú þann er þér var meiri vandi á enn við mik, vi. 17; fyrir vanda sakir ok tengda, xi. 11; binda sér vanda við e-n, to enter into an obligation, Gísl. 11. COMPDS: vanda-bundinn, part. duty-bound, obliged, from duty, relationship, affinity; vera e-m vandabundinn, Fms. iii. 15, Stj. 474. vanda-hlutr, m. a difficult thing, Fms. vi. 166. vanda-lauss, adj. standing under no obligation or in no relation to another, a stranger, Fms. i. 189, Fær. 134: mod. vandalausir as opp. to skyldir: neut., e-m er vandalaust við e-n, to be quite free, neutral as to a person, Orkn. 214, Fms. vi. 107: easy, vii. 141. vanda-lítill, adj. easy, Fb. ii:. 367. vanda-maðr, m. a relation, friend, or the like, Stj. 424, Ld. 72, Orkn. 452. vanda-mál, n. a difficult, complicated case; mikit vandamál, Nj. 31, 71; hafa v. at tala, Eb. 132; hugsa þetta vandamál, Fms. i. 84: er konungr sat yfir vanda-málum, held council, vii. 106. vanda-mikill, adj. difficult, Fb. iii. 381. vanda-ráð, n. = vandamál, Fms. x. 273. vanda-samligr, adj. difficult, Stj. 5. vanda-samr, adj. difficult, complicated. vandi, a, m., qs. vanði (vanþi, Ó.H.); [from vanr, and different to the preceding word] :-- a custom, habit, want. Eg. 41, 70; dró til vanda með þeim, Nj. 12; leggja í vanda, Glúm. 324; at vanda, as usual, Nj. 3, 103, Eg. 125, 491; ú-vandi, unmanners, whimsies, wayward manners. vanda-tíðir, f. pl. customary feasts, Bs. i. 164. Vandill, m. a pr. name, Fær., Nj.; the Runic stone, see p. 672, col. 2. vand-kvæði, n. pl. (speit vann-k.), perplexity; þetta v., Fms. iv. 199; vandkvæði vár, ii. 12; hitta, koma í vandkvæði, vi. 107, vii. 33; sitja í miklu v., Ó.H. 195 (vannqueði). Lv. 50; mesta v., Fms. viii. 146. vand-launaðr, part. difficult to reward as is due, Njarð. 378, Fms. vi. 382 (vann-l.), Nj. 181, v.l. vand-laupr, m. a basket of wands (osier-twigs), Stj. 247, 442, Greg. 6l, Post. 645. 86 (vannlaupr). vand-látr, adj. fastidious, difficult to please, Fms. vi. 386, passim in mod. usage; mostly in a good sense, one who wants things to be well done, ó-vandlátr. vand-liga (vannliga), adv. carefully; gæta e-s v., to watch closely, Ó.H. 73; byrgja hauginn v., Fas. i. 387; læsa v., Eg. 239; spyrja v. frá e-n, 106; hvggja v. at e-n, 172, Nj. 6, MS. 623. 39, Sks. 19, Fms. vi. 216; hugsa vandliga, 400. 2. completely; svá at v. var öll húð af honum, Fms. vii. 227; brenna svá v. byggð alla, at ..., v. 54 (vendiliga, Ó.H. v.l); v. saklauss, quite sackless, Fms. xi. 329; svá féll v. líð Erlings, at engi maðr stóð uppi, Ó.H. 183; gjalda v. út, Ld. 60; vilju vér at þessir eiðar falli niðr v., altogether, Gþl. 199. vandligr, adj. difficult, Orkn. (in a verse). vand-lífr, adj. living strictly; miklu er oss nú vandlífra enn í hverri tíð annari, 655 xi. 3. vand-lota, u, f. jealousy; hvárr vakti yfir öðrum fyrir vandlotu sakir, Fms. i. 9. vand-lyndi, n. a difficult temper, Mar. vand-lyndr, adj. difficult of temper, Fms. x. 420. Sturl. iii. 123. vand-læta, t, to be zealous; vandlæta ok afbrýða, Stj. 94; freq. in eccl. sense, Vídal. vand-læti, n. zeal, Stj. 256, 321, 629, Magn. 474; af Guðligu vandlæti. Stj. 384, passim in eccl. usage. N.T., Vídal.

678 VANDLÆTING -- VANYFLI.

vand-læting, f. zeal. vandlætinga-samr = vandlátr. vand-mæli, n. a difficult question, Ó.H. 85, Fms. i. 32. VANDR, vönd, vant, adj. difficult, requiring pains and care; nafn mitt er ekki vant, Fær. 208; er hverjum manni vandara at búa sik í konungs herbergi enn annars staðar, Fms. vi. 208; sýndisk henni vant at neita þessu boði, it was a risk to refuse such an offer, ii. 133, cp. vant; vant þykkir oss með slíku at fara, a delicate thing, Nj. 75; er hér ok vönd vistin, 61; vera vant við kominn, to be in a perplexity, Ld. 158; þeir sögðu vant at vera í stórum samdrykkjum, Lv. 24; bæði er, at ek trúi þér vel, enda er þér þá vant um, Fær. 92; vant er at vita hverir mér eru trúir, ef feðrnir bregðask, Fms. ii. 11: a saying, vant er við vándum at sjá (play on the words 'vándr' and 'vandr'), Hrafn. 23; vant er ór vöndu at ráda; vant er vel boðnu at neita. 2. choice, picked, = vandaðr; háttr fegrstr ok vandastr, Edda (Ht.) 132; var vandr mjök róðr á drekanum, Fms. vi. 309, v.l. 3. zealous; hón var allra kvenna vöndust bæði fyrir sína hönd ok annarra, Bs. i. 129; ráð-v. (q.v.), ú-vandr. vand-rataðr, part. difficult to find, of a road. vand-raun, f.(?); nú mun ek eigi kaupa at þér vandraun né frelsi, Lv. 50 (somewhat corrupt). Vand-ráðr, m. a pr. name, Landn., Bárð. vand-ræðask, d, dep. to grumble over a thing, Bs. i. 289, 396. vand-ræði, n. difficulty, trouble, Eg. 7, 161, Sturl. iii. 195 C; hann leysti hvers manns vandræði, Nj. 30; v. görðusk þeirra á meðal, Grág. ii. 167; etja vandræðum við e-n, Eg. 458. 2. gen. as adj.; vandræða félag, troublesome fellowship, Ld. 266; vandræða gripr, a troublesome thing, Fms. ii. 56; vandræða-skáld, the troublesome poet, the nickname of Hallfred, Fs.; vandraeða mágr, Sturl. iii. 76; vandræða kostr, a dire choice, Fms. xi. 31. COMPDS: vandræða-laust, adj. without troubles, Fms. ix. 425; skildu þeir allir vandræðalaust, they parted without a quarrel, Sturl. ii. 236. vandræða-líkligr, adj. likely to cause trouble, Fs. 90. vandræða-maðr, m. a troublesome person, Fms. ii. 115, vi. 114, xi. 61, 78, Sturl. i. 9. vandræða-samr, adj. troublesome, Bs. i. 546. vand-sénn, part. difficult to see; þó er vandsén bótin, Fms. ii. 146; verða oss vandsén ráð þeirra, Finnb. 338; þat er mér vandsét, Glúm. 354: er mér þetta vandsét mál, Lv. 75; eru mér nú vandsénir skógarmenn, Grett. 130 A; vandsénir eru margir, dangerous, 142 A; vandsét er við honum, Fms. ii. 254. vand-settr, part. difficult to place; eru yðr vandsettir hér menn yfir til forráða, difficult whom to place there, Eg. 50. vand-skafa, skóf, to draw a strickle over a bushel, Gþl. 526, 524, v.l. vand-skafi, a, m. a strickle, Gþl. 524. vand-skipaðr, part. difficult to man; v. mun þér stafninn, Fms. vi. 243. vand-stilltr (vann-st.), part. difficult of temper, Grett. 125 A. vand-styggr, adj. 'wand-shy,' flinching from the stick, of a horse, Akv. vand-tekit, part. n. difficult to receive; þat er v. við e-m, it is not safe to receive him, Grett. 130 A. vand-veittr, part. difficult to give, Þjal. vand-virki, f. = vandverkt, Eluc. 22. vand-virkliga, adv. painstakingly, carefully; skoða, varðveita v., Stj. 17, 99, H.E. i. 515. vand-virkr, adj. painstaking. vand-virkt (mod. vandvirkni), f. good workmanship, Stj. 102, Fas. iii. 281: carefulness, painstaking, Sturl. i. 211, Alg. 370. vand-værr, adj. fastidious, Sks. 658, v.l. vand-yrkliga, adv. = vandvirkliga, 655 xi. 3. vangi, a, m., akin to vangr; [Ulf. waggari = GREEK; A.S., Old and North-west. E. wang; Germ. wange; O.H.G. wanga] :-- the cheek; vangi is the whole side of the head, kinn the cheek; bleikt var hár bjartir vangar, Rm. 31; hann setti hnefann útan við vangann, Fms. ii. 330; hann leggr til hans í vangann ok út um annan, Al. 37; setr pústr undir hans vanga, Karl. 65; útan á kinnar vanga, Skíða R. 136; af mínum vanga, Kormak; Auðunn var högginn á vangann ok kinnina, Sturl. ii. 179; vanga högg, Fas. i. 60, freq. in mod. usage: ölr vanga, poët. = the hair (or beards?), Skálda (in a verse); vanga búnaðr, Stj. 396; vanga gull, 106, 136. vanga-filla, u, f. the cheek-flesh, Fb. i. 530, Fas. ii. 256, iii. 392. VANGR, m. [Ulf. waggs = GREEK; A.S. wang; Hel. wang; early Dan. vang, as in the ballad, Danmark deiligst 'vang' og 'vænge' lukt með bölgen blaa] :-- a garden, green home-field, Edda (Gl.): in the allit. vé ok vangr, house and home; frá mínum vénm ok vöngum, from my hearth and home, Ls. 52; þar var arnar-flaug of vangi, Edda (in a verse); hún-vangr, 'ship-field,' i.e. the sea, Eb. (in a verse). II. in prose this word is obsolete except in compds, in which (as in vegr) the v is often dropped (-angr); ái-vangr, vet-vangr, kaup-angr, qq. v.: in a great number of local names, þrúð-vangr, Aur-vangr, Ævangr: in names of fiords in Norway, Staf-angr, Harð-angr, Kaup-angr. In several mod. Scandin. local names 'vangr' remains in the inflexion -ing, -inge; it is often impossible to say whether the termination is from engi or vangr. In poët, compds, himin-vangr, sól-vangr, hlæ-v., the heaven: the sea is called svan-vangr, the swan-field; ál-v., fley-v., the ship-field, etc. = the sea; all-vangr, the 'all-men's field,' a place of assembly (= almanna-vangr), Ísl. ii. (in a verse); geð-vangr, 'mind's-field,' the mind's abode, i.e. the breast; baug-v., fólk-v., hjör-v., geir-v., the shield-field, sword-field, i.e. the shield; orm-v., 'snake-field,' i.e. gold, Lex. Poët.; Þrúð-vangr, the abode of Thor, Gm., Edda. vang-roð, n. a reddening of the field, a bloody fray, Kormak. vani, a, m. a custom, usage; eptir vana, Fms. i. 76; forn lög ok vani, viii. 277, v.l.; háttr ok vani, Stj. 1; eiga vana til e-s, to use, Þorf. Karl. i. 404; lands-v., the custom of the land; ú-vani, a bad habit; á-vani, an inveterate habit. COMPDS: vana-liga, adv. usually. vana-ligr, adj. usual, Stj. 141. vana-sótt, f. a chronic, habitual illness; v. kvenna, menstruation, Stj. 118, 181. Vaningi, a, m. [Vanr or Vanir = the gods of that name], name of the god Frey, Skm. vanka, að, (qs. vakka or vafka?), to rove, stroll about as if disturbed in mind: part. vankaðr, of a sheep with the turning disease; also in scorn of a person, þú ert vankaðr. II. [A.S. wincian; Engl. wink], to wink; kómu þar inn menn ok vönkuðu til Sveins konungs, Fms. xi. 366, v.l. vanki, a, m. the turning disease. vann-, in vann-liga = vandliga, vann-laupr = vandlaupr, vann-stilltr = vandstiiltr, etc.; see vand-. vanning, f. [venja], exercise, training, Sks. 351, v.l. VANR, vön, vant, adj., compar. vanari, superl, vanastr, wont, accustomed; vanr e-u, used to a thing; varg-ljóðum vanr, Hkv.; vígi vanr, Stor. 23; tungan er málinu vön, Skálda (Thorodd); vanr góðu brauði, Sks. 321: with infin., hann hafði jafnan vanr verit at matask í litlu húsi, Fms. i. 35; hversu mikill skattr er vanr at koma af Finnmörk, Eg. 70; ganga til sætis þess er hann var vanr at sitja, Ó.H. 66; vanan skatt, the wonted tax, Bs. i. 757; er hann var vanr at hafa, Sks. 228 B. 2. neut., ekki fékk ek minna til bús enn vant var, Nj. 18: impers., er þessa vant? -- opt berr svá at, is this wont to happen? -- it often betides, Fms. ii. 9; ú-vanr, unwonted. VANR, adj. [Ulf. wans; A.S. wana; cp. Lat. vanus; cp. also the prefix particle van-] :-- lacking, wanting; vamma vanr, Hm. 22; ljóða þessa muntú lengr vanr vera, 163; andspillis vanr, Skm. 12; handar em ek vanr, Ls. 39; vön vers ok barna, Gkv. 1. 23; vön geng ek vilja, joy-bereft, Skv. 3. 9; blóðs vanr, Höfuðl. 11; vanr slíkra drengja, Hallfred; landa vanr, a lackland, Bragi. 2. neut. vant, with gen.; var þeim vettugis vant, Vsp.; mikils er á mann hveru vant, er mannvits er, Hðm. 26; fás er fróðum vant, Hm.; orðs vant, wanting one word, Hðm. 9; era mér gulls vant, Skm. 22; vara gamans vant, no lack of good cheer, Fms. vii. (in a verse); eitt sinn var vant kýr í Þykkvabæ, a cow was wanting, Ld. 156; var Glúmi vant margra geldinga, Nj. 26; varð honum vant kvígna tveggja, Glúm. 340; konungi þótti orðs vant er annat var talat, the king wanted a word when one was uttered, i.e. he was all ear, listened eagerly, Fms. ii. 139; lét honum engra hluta vant, x. 226; era hlunns vant, kvað refr, vii. 19; sjaldan er engri vant, a saying, Al. 166; muna vant, or muna á-vant, sjá, munr, a moment, p. 438; hann keyrði hann niðr, eigi úþyrmiliga, svá at honum var lítils vant, so that he did not want more, i.e. killed him on the spot, Bjarn. 41. &FINGER; Two words, of the same form, but diametrically opposite in sense, cannot well stand side by side, and so we find that while the old poets make little use of vanr (adsuetus), on the other hand, in prose and mod. usage vanr (orbus) has become obsolete, except in the neut. vant, in van- as a prefix, and in compds such as and-vanr, and-vana. Vanr, m. [cp. Vaïnomoïnen, the son of Ukko, in the Finnish poem Kalevala] :-- one of the gods, Vanir, used in sing. of Njörd; kalla Vanaguð Vana nið eðr Van, Edda i. 260; nama goðbrúðr una Vani (dat.), Skálda. II. usually in pl. Vanir, in northern mythology the gods who waged war with the Asir, but were afterwards combined and made one with them; this is recorded in Vsp. 28, 30, Yngl. S. ch. 4, Edda 47 (the legend of Kvasir), also in the myth of Hænir, 15, Vþm. 39; the gods Frey, Freyja, Njörd, and Hænir belonged to the tribe of Wanir; með vísum Vönum, id. COMPDS: Vana-dís, f., name of the goddess Freyja, Edda i. 114. Vana-guð or Vana-niðr, n. a name of Frey, Edda 55; a name of Njörd, id. Vana-heimar, m. pl. the abode of the Vanir, Edda 15 (sing.), Vþm. 39 (í Vana heimi). vansa, að, to do too little; ofsa eðr vansa, N.G.L. i. 184. vansi, a, m. lack, want; vansi matar ok klæða, Barl. 82; skort eða vansa, 70; v. trúar, Sks. 2. metaph. shame, disgrace; verða særðr, fá vansa, to be harmed, injured, Jb. 19; þeir fengu öngar bætr fyrir vansa sína, Nj. 251; ef þú ofsar þik eigi þér til vansa, Hrafn. 29; heims vandi ok vansi, Greg. 30. vanta, að, [vanr], to want, lack: impers. with acc. of person and thing, e-n (acc.) vantar e-t (acc.), engan penning vantaði á, Nj. 190; vantaði þá eigi hesta né aðra hluti. Fms. iii. 77; mundi vanta þrjú hundruð, x. 64; vantaði tvá hesta, Grett. 111 A; at hann skyldi heldr vanta fé enn aðra menn, Band. 4. van-ýfli, n. pl. [the latter part of this compd has preserved the uncon-

VANYFLASOTT -- VARÐLOKKUR. 679

tracted form, answering to Goth. ubils = íllr, q.v.; cp. Engl. evil and contr. ill] :-- chronic ailments; þessi vanýrli skaltú hafa á þínum hag, Sks. 360 B. vanyfla-sótt, f. habitual illness = vanasótt; kom v. hans at honum, Sks. 706 B (of king Saul's insanity). vappa, að, [an assimilated form, akin to vafra], to waddle, Eg. (in a verse); vappaðu með mér, vala, a ditty. var, n. [cp. vörr = a lip], the raised edge of a shovel. var, n. = vágr, the rheum running from the eye, Björn. VAR-, a prefixed particle; as to its root, var- is prob. akin to compar. verri, verstr, Goth. wariza :-- scarcely, scantily; see below. VARA, að, [varr], to warn; vara sik, to be on one's guard, beware, Fms. viii. 288; vara þú þik svá. Hkr. i. 253; v. e-n við e-u, to bid one beware of a thing; íll dæmi vari oss við syndum, Hom. 97; Hrafn hafði varat hann við úfriðinum, Sturl. iii. 186 (úfriðinn Cod.); þú hefir þat ráð upp tekit er ek varaða þik mest við, Eg. 82; varaða ek ykkr bæði við at þit skyldit, Sks. 544; vil ek vara yðr við, at þér flytið hann eigi, Fms. passim. II. reflex. to beware of, be on one's guard against, shun; þeir hjala mart ok varask hvárgi annan, Sturl. i. 27; varask þú þat (beware) at eigi hittir þú hóf fyrir þer, Eg. 21: eigi má varask nema viti, a saying, D.N. iii. 751; varaðisk Ingólfr hann þó, Fs. 64; varaðisk Gunnarr þat ekki, Nj. 63; þeir vissu sér engis ótta vánir ok vöruðusk ekki, Eg. 74; svá at aðrir varisk af þínum úförum, Sks. 744; hvat ek skal varask, Fms. i. 261; hann skyldi varask at göra Ólaf eigi of stóran, Hkr. i. 212; varask við. Blas. 46; varisk ok við at byggja dautt fé á leigu, K.Á.; þat skaltú varask (beware, take care) um allan varning er þú setr at hann sé óspiltr, Sks. 19. VARA, pres. vari, pret. varði, part. varat; [Engl. ware, a-ware; cp. varða] :-- to be aware of, ween, expect, have a forboding of: impers., þess varir mik, at þú mælir feigum munni, Nj. 9; mik varði eigi þessa áburðar, Fms. ii. 57; eigi varði mik þess af yðr, xi. 54; mundi mik annars vara af yðr, Eg. 426; mundi mik af þér alls annars vara, enn at þú mundir oss stuld kenna, Ld. 206; sem mik varir, as I ween, Rb. 196; þeir kómu jafnan fram sem engi mann varði, where no one expected. Fms. viii. 432; fyrr enn hann (acc.) varði, x. 413; þá er hann varði minnst, Eg. 296; skjótar enn þá varði, Korm. 40; þá er minnst varir, when one least expects it, Fms. i. 104; verðr það opt þá varir minnst vofeifleg hætta búin finnst, Pass. 5. 2: the saying, verðr þat er varir ok svá þat er ekki varir, Grett. 91 A. II. to endure, last,(mod.) VARA, u, f., pl. vörur, [Dan. vare; Engl. wares], wares; in Norway chiefly of fur, in Icel. of wadmal; vara í sekkum ok allskyns varningr, Fs. 5; vöru-hlaði, id.; flytja vöru til skips, Nj. 4; bera upp vöruna, Eg. 54; ljós vara, light ware, i.e. ermine, opp. to grá-vara, grey fur, 69; skinna-vara, skins, fur, id.; virðingar-fé eða vara, Vm. 140: sex hundruð virt til vöru, Rd. 259; kýr, korn, smjör ok vöru, Gþl. 305; annat-hvárt haust skal greiða gelding tvævetran, en annat-hvárt halfa mörk vöru, Vm. 167; hann fær honum vöru ok silfr nokkut, Gísl. 44 (vaðmál, 129, v.l.); þrjátigi pakka vöru, Bs. i. 912 (vaðmáls, 872, l.c.); vöru hundrað, a hundred (value) in wares, i.e. wadmal, Vm. 83. COMPDS: vöru-gildr, adj. being a legal tender, marketable, Vm. 152. vöru-klæði (-lérept), n. a common cloth, D.N. vöru-sekkr, m. a pack of wadmal, Ísl. ii. 204. vöru-smíði, n. work in wood or metals; flatsmíði ok v., Grág, i. 504. vöru-váð, f. marketable cloth, common wadmal; vöruváðar kufl, kyrtill, stakkr, Ísl. ii. 80, Nj. 32 (v.l.), Fas. ii. 343. vöru-virðr, part. = vörugildr; sex hundruð vöruvirðs fjár, Landn. (Ann.) 330; í vöruvirðum eyri, Vm. 7; þrettán hundruð vöruvirð, 71; tvau hundruð í hafna-váðum vöruvirðum, Dipl. iii. 6; í vöruvirðu gózi, v. 3; tvau hundruð í hafnar-váðum, tvau hundruð vöru eða vöruvirt, 7. vara-, see vörr. varan and vörun, f. a warning, Nj. 260, Sturl. ii. 241. 2. a being ware of, shunning, Hom. 13. varanligr, adj. endurable. varar-feldr, m. [in this and the following compds varar may be derived either from vara or better from vör (q.v.), denoting goods as they were sold in harbour] :-- cloaks marketable in the trade, Grág. i. 500; hafskip kom af Íslandi, þat var hlaðit af vararfeldum, Hkr. i. 176, Nj. 7, Korm. 158. varar-skinn, n. skin current in trade; vararskinns-ólpa, Lv. 93. varar-váð, f. = vöruváð, Gullþ. 14. var-belgr, m. a nickname, of a party of rebels in Norway, Fms. viii, ix. var-boðit, part. under-rated, under-bidden, Fms. i. 247, Fbr. 59. var-búinn, part. unprepared, Nj. 142. VARÐA, að, [Ulf. in fra-wardian; A.S. wardian; Engl. ward, warrant; Germ. warten; Fr. guarder, etc.; cp. vara] :-- to warrant, guarantee, answer for; esp. as a law term, björn ok úlfr, þeirra verk skal engi maðr varða, N.G.L. i. 45; varðar hann þat alls ekki nema við Guð, ... varða orð ok verk fyrir e-n, Grág. (Kb.) i. 139; handsala-menn þá er varða vildi, at ..., Sturl. iii. 43; ek vil at Flosi einn varði við mik, I shall be my sole surety, Nj. 256; vill hann sjálfr varða (bail) fyrir honum, Þiðr. 75; ef maðr kaupir man at manni, þá skal sa varða, er sölumaðr er, við stinga ok við stjarfa, N.G.L. i. 29; skal bóndi hverr einum húsum varða, at eigi falli krossar, 11; bú hans varðar taki, is bailable, 47; varða taki fyrir e-n, to be bail for a person, 48; varði lóð þar til lokit er, Gþl. 331: ok varða við hey sínu við hey hans. Grág. (Kb.) ii. 96 (Jb. 243); ok skal varða við engi því, Kb. ii. 94: ok svá skulu þeir við varða, Jb. 277; einyrkjar skulu varða fjögur þing. Gþl. 438; skal hann varða þeim af þessum eignum fulla lögskyld, D.N. iii. 88; sá vita-vörðr skal varða þrjár ... örtugar, N.G.L. ii. 37; þess viðar er hann hafði áðr varðat fyrir sína hönd, secured, bought, Rd. 253. 2. metaph. to be of importance; ef þér þykkir varða um mína vináttu, Fms. ii. 119; lézk hann skyldr at segja þér þat er þik varðar, Glúm.; þá hluti er þeim þætti sik varða, Eb. 112; v. mikla, litlu, önga, to matter much, little, naught: um þá hluti er mér þykkir mestu varða, Fms. ii. 120, v. 102: varðar engu um vára aptrkvámu, vi. 13; varðar mest til allra orða, at ..., Lil.: with a double dat., e-m varðar e-u, miklu varðar þeim, at þeir sé, Gþl. ix: acc., hvat mun v. þótt vér heyrim, what will it matter? i.e. why not hear it? Fms, vii, 60, vi. 95: hvat mun v. (þótt ek eta)? Eg. 604: acc. of the person, þat varðar þik engu, 'tis no business of thine; þeir spurðu hví hann var þar kominn, hann kvað þá engu þat varða, Þorf. Karl. 414: so in mod. usage, þig varðar ekki um það, 'tis no business of thine! II. to guard, defend; varða sjálfs þíns land, Lv.; v. e-m e-t, to ward a thing off from a person, i.e. In warn one off from a thing ( = Lat. arcere); varða mér bátinn, to forbid me the boat, by force, Fms. vii. 32; v. mér skarðit, Ölk. 37: v. fé váru at komask yfir ána, Krók. 38; v. þeim öll vöð ok vatns-föll á ánni, Stj. 394; hann kvaðsk mundu varða, at eigi kæmisk hann þar útan, Rd. 244: to guard,, þá vegu er hann varðaði, Sól. 1; er þú á haugi sitr ok varðar alla vega, Skm. 11. Fsm.: of boundaries, himinn varðar fyrir ofan, en hafit Rauda fyrir útan, Ísl. ii. 489; þaðan ræðr á ... þaðan varðar lækr er, fellr, D.I. 577. III. as a law term, denoting the fine, punishment, and liability legally incurred, absol. or with dat. of the person (Gr. GREEK), to be liable to, finable, punishable; þeim varðar elði þeirra, Grág. (Kb.) i. 108; varðar þeim þat ekki við lög. they incur no penalty by the law ..., 44, passim: the penalty (amount) in acc., slíkt (acc.) varða bjargir hins, ii. 25; ljúgvitni varðar skóggang, varða N.M. marka sekð, to be finable so many marks: þá varðar ekki þótt gögnum sé haldit, Kb. i. 143; eigi varðar haga-beit, ii. 107; varðaði eigi um bjargir hans, Sturl. i. 92 C; hvat konu varðaði, ef ..., Ld. 136, Grág. in countless instances; skóggangr (nom.) varðar, ef ..., Grág. ii. 89 (is prob. an error for acc.); skyldi varða fjörbaugs-garði (better garð, acc.) et váttum kæmi við, Bs. i. 25 varða, u, f. [Germ. warte], a beacon; hann bað þá göra þar vörðu til minnis, Orkn. 208. 2. a pile of stones or wood to 'warn' a wayfarer; in Icel. varða is the popular name of stone cairns erected on high points on mountains and waste places, to 'warn' the wayfarer as to the course of the way. (in the Tyrolese Alps they are called 'daube' = Icel. þúfa, q.v.); hann reisti þar vörðu hjá dysinni, Hrafn. 9; varða á hálsinum fyrir sunnan Stiga-bæli. Dipl. v. 19; hæðir þær er heita Hallbjarnar-vörður ... því eru þrjár vörður á þeirri hæðinni en fimm á hinni, Landn. 153; haug eða stóra vörðu, Stj. 182; náttmála-varða, Þórð. 58 (see náttmál); dagmála-varða, of piles of stones by which the 'day-marks' are fixed: freq. in local names, Vörðu-fell, Holtavörðu-heiðr, Landn., map of Icel. varðaðr, m. a ward, keeper. Lex. Poët. varðan, f. security, K.Á. 208. varð-berg (mod. vaðberg). n. a 'watch-rock,' outlook; in the phrase, vera á varðbergi (mod. vera á vaðbergi) to be on the look-out; váru opnar dyrnar ok engir menn á varðbergi, Mar. (655 xxxi. A. 2). varð-hald, n. a holding ward, keeping watch and ward; vera á varð-haldi. Nj. 264; varðhalds ok varhygðar, Jb. 407: plur., hafa fjölmennt ok varðhöld mikil, to keep good watch and ward, Orkn. 300; hafa á sér styrk varðhöld nótt ok dag, Fms. ii. 31. Eg. 46, Ld. 170; tvenn varð-höld, 656 C. 11. 2. custody: hafa e-n í varðhaldi, Fms. i. 306, ii. 17. COMPDS: varðhalds-engill, m. a guardian angel, Fas. iii. 671. varðhalds-laust, adj. n. without custody, 623. 15. varðhalds-maðr, m. a watchman, Stj. 188, Fb. i. 283. varð-helgi, f. a sanctuary, asylum. Fms. i. 80, v.l. ( = griða-staðr). varð-hundr, m. a watch-dog, Sturl. ii. 67 C. varð-hús, n. a watcb-house, Gþl. 86. varði, a, m. = varða: þeir hlóðu þar varða er blótið hafði verit, Landn. 28 (Hb.); var varði stórr fyrir ofan tjaldit, Dropl. 33; reisa hávan varða, Orkn. 208 (in the verse, the prose uses the fem.) 2. in mod. usage varði means a monument, memorial, or minnis-varði. varð-karl, m. a watch-carle, warder, Clem. 136. varð-klokka, u, f. a watch-bell, Fms. ix. 369. v.l. varð-lokkur, f. pl. [Scot. warlock], 'ward-songs,' 'guardian songs,' charms (or better, 'weird-songs.' cp. the other form, urðar lokkur); hvárki em ek fjölkunnig né visinda-kona, en þó kenndi Halldis fóstra mín mér á Íslandi þat kvæði, er hón kalladi varðlokkur, Þorf. Karl.

680 VARÐMAÐR -- VARNAÐR.

378; from this word comes the Scot. 'warlock,' though it has changed its sense to that of the wizard himself. varð-maðr, m. a watch-man, warder, Fms. i. 41, ix. 217, Eg. 88, 121, 284, Grág., Stj., passim. -varðr, m., in pr. names, Há-v., Hjör-v., Sig-v., Þor-v. varð-rún, f., poët. a giantess, an enchantress, Hallfred. varð-veita, t, prop. two words, varð (acc.) veita, i.e. veita vörð, to give 'ward' to, hold, keep, preserve; hence in the oldest writers the word is used with dat. (as the verb veita), varðveita fénu, Gþl. 227; v. börnum þeirra ok fé, 258; geyma þeim ok v., Stj. 99; v. þessum steini, Fms. viii. 8; v. öllum fjár-hlutum hennar, Gþl. 227. II. with acc. to keep, defend; skal ek v. þik, Nj. 53; v. þær, Blas. 45 (vellum of the 12th century); v. ríkit, Eg. 119; hann var varðveittr, Fms. x. 369; Guð varðveiti þig, God ward thee! (a mod. phrase): to keep in one's possession, þú munt hafa at v. eina kistu, Eg. 395, Nj. 5, 76, Ld. 70: to keep, ef maðr tekr grið ok varðveitir þat ekki, if a man takes up an abode and does not keep it, Grág. i. 150; v. sik við e-u, Hom. 13: to observe, freq. in mod. usage, v. Guðs boðorð, and the like. III. part. pl. varðveit-endr, warders, watchmen. 623. 35. varð-veiting, f. a keeping, observance, Sks. 770. varð-veizla, u, f. a keeping, custody; dæma e-m varðveizlu fjár, Grág. i. 84; til framfærslu ok varðveizlu, 62; fá e-m fé til varðveizlu, Nj. 111; varðveiziu-handsal, Sturl. ii. 202. COMPDS: varðveizlu-lauss, adj. watchless, Grág. i. 278: unguarded, Hkr. iii. 287. varðveizlu-maðr, m. a warder, keeper, Grág. i. 420, K.Á. 190. varð-víti, n. a 'ward-fine,' fine for neglect on watch; sekr um varðvíti við konung, Gþl. 86. var-farinn, adj. = varfærr. var-fleygr, part. faltering in flight, Stor. var-færr, adj. cautious, wary, Eg. 63. var-færni, f. wariness. varga, að, to soil; better verga, q.v. varg-dropi, a, m. a 'wolf-dropping,' wolf's cub: as a law phrase, the son of an outlaw (of a vargr), Grág. i. 178, Sdm. 35. var-gefin, t. part. 'under-married,' of a misalliance; hón þóttisk vargefin, Nj. 17, MS. 625. 94, Skv. i. 45. var-gipt, f. part. = vargefin. var-goldinn, part. underpaid, Ó.H. 149: of insufficient revenge, Sturl. ii. 224. varg-hamr, m. a wolf's skin; taka á sig vargham, 'to wear a wolf's skin,' i.e. to be wolfish and wild, Clar. varg-ljóð, n. pl. wolf-songs, wolf-howling. Hkv. 1. 40. VARGR, m. [A.S. wearg; Hel. warag; the root-word is preserved in Germ. er-würgen, whence virgull, q.v., and Engl. worry; vargr and úlfr are said to be from the same root] :-- a wolf; berr björn, bítr vargr, N.G.L. i. 341; riða á vargi, Hkv. Hjörv.; trollkona sat á vargi, Fms. vi. 403; marga varga, Nj. 95; vaða vargar með úlfum, a saying, Fas. i. 11; sem menn viðast varga reka (prop. allit. varga vreka), as wide as wolves are hunted, Grág.: sem vargr í sauða-dun, Sd. 164: poët, of any beast of prey, varga vinr, Hkv. 1. 6 (of ravens); hann barg fjörvi varga, Vellekla: the saying, sjaldan vægir vargrinn, the wolf spares not; vargarnir etask þar til er at halanum kemr, Band.; vargs-hamr, -hár, -hold, a wolf's skin, hair, flesh, Str. 32, Fas. i. 199, Fms. i. 273; vargs-líki, -rödd, Edda 8, Fas. i. 130; varga flokkr, a flock of wolves, iii. 77; varga matr, i. 139; varga-þytr, a howling of wolves, 205: varga leifar, a 'wolf's homestead'(see leif), i.e. the wood, the wilderness, Gkv. 2. 11: in Icel. vargr is used of the fox. II. a law phrase, metaph. an outlaw, who is to be hunted down as a wolf, esp. used of one who commits a crime in a holy place, and is thereon declared accursed; hann hafði vegit í véum ok var hann vargr orðinn, Eg. 259; vargr í véum, a wolf in the sanctuary, Fms. xi. 40 (goð-vargr): also of a truce-breaker, hann skal svá víða v. heita sem veröld er bygð, Grág. (cp. grið-vargr); armr er vára vargr, Sdm.; eyða vörgum, to destroy miscreants, Fms. xi. (in a verse); úvísa-vargr, see p. 667. 2. in mod. usage, a violent, ill-tempered person; hón er mesti vargr, a fury of a woman; geð-vargr, skap-vargr, a fury: poët. compds, varg-fæðandi, -fæðir, -hollr, -nistir, -teitir, a feeder, ... cheerer of the wolf, i.e. a warrior, Lex. Poët. varg-skinn, n. a wolf-skin; in vargskinns-ólpa, -stakkr, a cloak of wolf-skin, Fms. x. 201, O.H.L. 69. varg-stakkr, m. a cloak of wolf-skin, Bret. 32 (as worn by the old berserkers); þeir höfðu vargstakka fyrir brynjur, Fs. 17; cp. Úlf-héðinn. varg-tré, n. the worrying tree, the gallows, Hðm. 18. varg-úlfr, m. a 'worrying-wolf,' were-wolf; bisclaret í Bretzku máli en Nordmandingar -kallaðu hann vargúlf, Str. 30; v. var eitt kvikindi meðan hann býr í vargsham, id. This word, which occurs nowhere but in the above passage, is perhaps only coined by the translator from the French loup-garou qs. gar-ulf; ver-úlfr would have been the right word, but that word is unknown to the Icel. or old Norse, the superstition being expressed by eigi ein-hamr, ham-farir, hamast (qq.v.), or the like. varg-ynja, u, f. [A.S. wyrgen, Beowulf], a she-wolf, Lat. lupa, Róm. 381, Hbl. 39, passim. varg-öld, f. an age of wolves (i.e. of wars and worry), Vsp. var-haldinn, part. being unfairly treated; vanhaldinn, Sturl. i. 77, var-hendr, adj. [hönd], outstanding, of a score or quarrel against one; in the phrase, eiga varhent við e-n. var-hluta, adj.; verða varhluta fyrir e-m, to get an unfair share, be wronged, Ísl. ii. 255, Fbr. 8. var-hugi, a, m. a precaution; in the phrase, gjalda varhuga við e-u, to beware of, Sighvat, Fms. ii. 166, iv. 172, viii. 341, Al. 154. var-hygð and var-ygð, f. wariness, watchfulness, Jb. 407; gæta e-s með varhygð, Fms. ix. 279, v.l.; heldr hugleysi enn varhygd, ii. 68 (v.l. varygð); sögðu at varygð gengi til, viii. 409; gjalda varygð við e-u, vi. 42; til varygðar, Fbr. 101. varhygðar-samr, adj. wary, cautious. vari, a, m. wariness, caution, Fas. iii. 268; bjóða e-m vara á e-u, to bid one beware of, Grett. 148 A; betri er fyrri varinn, fore-thought is better than after-thought, Fs. 65 (see the foot-note). II. til vara ..., Bs. i. 735; til vonar og vara, and til vara (as adv.), for sake of precaution, in case that ...; and-vari, q.v. 2. as prefixed to compds, vara- is = Engl. vice-; vara-skeifa, vara-forseti, vara-frumvarp, etc. (mod.) varinn, part. = farinn, see fara (A. VI. 2. β); it occurs in the latest vellums of the 15th century, Fb. iii. 240, Fas. i. 121, ii. 83; freq. in paper transcripts; cp. Lv. 80, Ld. 266, v.l. var-kárr, adj. cautious, wary, var-kárni, f. wariness. varla (valla), adv. hardly, scarcely; varla samir mér þat, Nj. 133; kunna varla, Grág. i. 28; varla mannhæð, Sturl. i. 118; gat valla vakit þá, Fms. i. 9; gat varla gengit, Njarð. 380, passim. var-launaðr, part. insufficiently rewarded; eiga e-m varlaunat, to be in debt to one, Grett. 153 A, Nj. 181. var-leika, adj.; verða v., to be worsted in a game, Grett. 107. var-leiki, a, m. wariness, Fb. i. 301. var-leitað, part. n. insufficiently searched; hafa v. e-s, Eb. 94. varliga, adv. insufficiently; vera v. haldinn, Gþl. 259. 2. scarcely, hardly; vannsk honum v. lengdin til, Edda 34. 3. warily; fara varliga, Ld. 242, Nj. 42; mæla v., Hkr. ii. 184; tala v., Lv. 46; búask um sem varligast, Fas. ii. 520. Mod. usage distinguishes between varla, hardly, and varliga, warily. varligr, adj. requiring wariness, safe, of a thing; það væri varligra, it would be safer, Fms. ii. 64; þat þótti varligra at ..., x. 79; má þat kalla eigi varligt, vi. 7; þat mun mér ekki varligt, vii. 114, Ísl. ii. 223, v.l. varmi, a, m. heat; older form, vermi, q.v. VARMR, vörm, varmt, adj.; [A.S. wearm; Engl. and Germ. warm; Dan. varm] :-- warm; varmar bráðir, Hkv. 2. 41; varma dingju, Hornklofi; varmr beðr, Lex. Poët.; með vörmu vatni, Stj. 237; görði varmt vatnið, 623. 34; tak kött ok drep ok stikk hendi í hann er hann er v., Pr. 470; var honum varmt mjök, he was very warm, Nj. 95; svá at af klæða-yl mátti hann eigi heitr verða eðr varmr, Stj. 548. Warm is used of blood-heat, and is distinguished from heitr, in mod. usage it is not much used, being replaced by 'volgr' (see válgr). II. in local names, of warm baths, Varmi-lækr, Varm-á, Varmi-dalr, Landn. varma-hús, n. a warmed room, Bs. i. 207. var-mæltr, part. cautious in one's language. VARNA, að, [A.S. wearnian; Engl. warn], to warn off; v. e-m e-s (= varða e-m e-t), to warn a person off from a thing, deny him a thing; varna e-m liðveizlu, Korm. 206; varna þeim kaups, 218; v. þér réttinda, to deny thee justice, Fms. i. 82; vár honum þess varnat, vii. 261; v. Birni konungsdóms, v. 246; varna henni máls, Nj. 48, Band. 23 new Ed.; varna e-m bóta, Ísl. ii. 327; skal þér eigi þessa varna, Ld. 250; varna honum gjaldsins, Rd. 234; konungr varnaði þess eigi með öllu, Eg. 106; ek vii allra bóta v. um sonu þína, Korm. 48; ef hann varnar gjalds (if he refuses to pay), verðr hann útlagr, Grág. ii. 281; ef menn varna þess at ganga þar í dóm, 322; hvat ek gaf eða hvers ek varnaði, Fms. vi. 220: with dat. less right, v. e-m lögligri atvinnu, Fb. i. 437: ellipt., ok honum er varnat (viz. þess), Grág. i. 405; hinum varðar útlegð ef þeir varna, 439; hann beiddi heima-mönnum griða, ok varnaði Egils, kvað hann eigi heima vera, and denied Egil, saying he was not at home, Sturl. iii. 173. 2. varna við e-u, to abstain from; varnaðit við tárum, could not forbear weeping, Gh. 29; við hverju skal hann varna, Stj. 410: varna við kjötvi, to abstain from flesh, K.Þ.K. 124; í þeim dæmum megu allir sjá hvat þeir skolu göra eðr við hví varna, Eluc. 42; maðr á at varna við (beware) at hann göri aldregi síðan slíkar syndir, Hom. 159. varnaðr, m. safeguard, protection, keeping; taka mál þeirra á sinn varnað, Fms. x. 24; ek hefi þá menn á mínum varnaði (in my keeping) er yðr megu svá styrkja, at ..., 655 xiii. B. 2; Guð er vörn ok v. saklausra ok meinlausra, Str. 29; varnaðar-skjöldr, a shield of defence, MS. 4. 12. II. wariness, caution; láta sér annars víti at varnaði verða, Nj. 23, Barl. 51; vil ek þar mikinn varnað á bjóða, bid you strictly beware, Fms. xi. 94, Hrafn. 6, Akv. 8; er þó einna mest v. á at þit

VARNAÐARÁR -- VATN. 681

gangit aldri á þann skóg, Fms. ii. 100; margir hlutir vóru þar til varnaðar mæltir, forbidden, Fagrsk. 58. COMPDS: varnaðar-ár, n. a term in the Icel. calendar, a year to beware of, an irregular year, = rímspillir, Rb. 508. varnaðar-bréf, n. = Dan. leide-brev, a letter of protection, safe-conduct, H.E. i. 432, ii. 91 (N.G.L. iii. 27). varnaðar-maðr, m. a warder, guardian (Germ. vormund), Eb. 156, Fms. x. 293: a trustee, delegate, höfðingjar eða varnaðar-menn þeirra, iv. 284. varnaðr, m. [vara, f.], wares, goods; Egill lét upp setja skip sín ok færa varnað (cargo) til staðar, Eg. 535; hann mætir Austmanninum Erni er hann gékk at varnaði sínum, Ísl. ii. 149; reiða ok annan varnað, Ó.H. 170: goods, fjárhluti, hús ok híbýli ok allan sinn varnað, Sks. 159, 454 B, H.E. i. 432, Fms. vi. 301, ix. 398; ek hefi sett hann yfir varnað minn, Ó.H. 112; hertoginn hafði sent frú Ragnilldi ok frú Ragnfríði margan annan varnað sinn, Fms. ix. 486; konungr gaf frið öllum mönnum ok allra manna varnaði, Hkr. iii. 210; erkibiskups-stólinn ok allan hans varnað, N.G.L. i. 446. var-nagli, a, m., better varr-nagli, with a double r, [for it does not come from vara, to beware, the pun in Fas. i. 15 being a poetical conceit; the word is rather derived from varra or vörr, q.v.] :-- the bung for the hole in a boat's bottom; chiefly in the metaph. phrase, slá varnagla við e-u, to take precaution against a future leakage, a future emergency. varnan, f. a warning, caution; ok er þat boðit til varnanar at kasta hein of þvert gólf, Edda 59; ok er þat fyrir því varnanar vert af ..., to beware of, 41; um guðsifja varnan, N.G.L. i. 150. varnar-, see vörn. varningr, m. = vanaðr, wares, Eg. 159, 467 (of a cargo); vil ek at þú takir mjöl ok við ok slíkt annat sem þér líkar af varningi, Nj. 4; varnings skipti, Krók. 60 C; kaupmanna v., a merchant's wares, Fb. ii. 274; reiða ok annan varning, Fms. iv. 372 (varnað, Ó.H., l.c.); hann fékk sér varning frá skipi, Fs. 63; kistu er í er varningr, Fms. vi. 272; v. í mjöl ok í malt, D.N.; stykki varnings, D.N. ii. 468; Hjaltlenzkr v., Munk. 33. varnings-tíund, f. a kind of tithe or duty. Lange's Norske Klost. Hist. 378 (foot-note n). varn-kynna = várkynna, Norske Saml. v. 119. varn-kynd = várkynd, Norske Saml. v. 123, 141. var-orðr, adj. wary in one's words, Lv. 51. varp, n. a casting, throwing; munn-varp, á-varp (qq.v.), and-varp, a sigh. II. in a spec. sense, a cast, of a net; hafi sá varp er fyrst renndi, Gþl. 426; á sá sild alla er varp á, id. 2. a 'casting' or laying of eggs; egg-varp = egg-ver, freq. in Icel., esp. of eider-ducks; varpið hefir aukizt, tóa komin í varpið: æðar-varp, eider-ducks' eggs; kríu-varp. 3. the warping of a thing; skó-varp (q.v.), the stitched edge of a shoe; unn-varp, unn-vörpum, q.v. VARPA, að, [Engl. warp; see verpa], to throw, cast, with dat.; varpa frá sér sverðinu, Finnb. 316, v.l.; varpaði honum til helvítis, Barl. 135; hann varpar sér undan, Nj. 91; Grettir varpaði sér um völlinn, Grett. 95 new Ed.; varpaða ek mér upp ór söðlinum, Pr. 414; varpa frá sér kyrtlinum, Fms. iii. 101; hann varpaði (hurled off) veslinu ok mælti, vii. 20; hann varpaði nókkut svá hettinum, threw the hood aside, tossing, his head, id.; varpa öndinni, to draw a deep breath, sigh, Fb. ii. 426; ofn er ór sér varpaði óhæfiligum hita, Barl. 162; jarð-varpa, a law phrase, to throw to the earth: koll-varpa, á-varpa, qq.v. varpa, u, f. a cast, net, Boldt 79, 104, D.N. passim. 2. as a law term, a 'dropping,' outcast; enginn skal þat við annan mæla, at hann sé hórbarn eða varpa, N.G.L. i. 311. varpaðr, m. a thrower, Lex. Poët.: in compds, auð-v., etc. -varpi, a, m. an edge, outskirt; in hlað-varpi, q.v. varp-net, n. a casting-net, D.N. i. 594. varp-skúfla, n, f. a shovel, N.T. varp-tími, a, m. the egg season (May). VARR, vör, vart, adj.; [Goth. wars; A.S. wear; Engl. ware; Germ. wahr; Dan. var, etc.] :-- ware, aware; verða varr við e-t, to be aware, of, learn, hear, Fms. i. 27, Eg. 58; hlaupa í hús inn ok verða ekki við menn varir, 230; þeir verða við þat varir, at ..., Lv. 7; áðr Rútr varð varr við, Nj. 8; varð hann varr af túlki hvat þeir töluðu, Al. 104; er þeir urðu þessa varir, Fms. iv. 309; göra e-n varan við, to warn a person, Fær. 248; göra vart við e-t, to make a thing noticed, Ísl. ii. 329; göra vart við sik, to shew oneself (= segja til sín), Eg. 79. 2. wary, cautious; varastr við víg, Ls. 13; enn vari gestr, Hm. 7; varan bið ek þik vera ok eigi of-varan (ó-varan?), vertú við öl varastr, 132; verðr engi til fulls varr, nema ..., Sks. 23; verum varir við höfuð-syndir, Hom. 33; vóru þeir varari um langar farir en áðr, Sturl. i. 81 C: vera varr um sik, to be on one's guard, Ld. 268, Nj. 92, 106, 109. varra, u, f. = vörr, water, esp. the wake of a ship, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: varr-bál, n. 'sea-flame,' i.e. gold. varr-skíð, n. = a ship, Lex. Poët., Fær. 171. var-reka, u, f. a shovel with var, q.v. varri, a, m. (not vari), the lymph or watery substance of the blood; ef blóð lifrinn skersk ... vatn er menn kalla varra ... ef varri er mestr hluti í blóði manns, Hb. (MS.) varr-sími, a, m. a streak of water, the wake of a ship; stóð topt eptir í varrsímanum, Fms. ii. 178; varrsíma bar fjarri, Edda (Ht.) varr-skógr, m. knotty wood(?), cp. A.S. wearr, B.K. 55, or qs. vár-skógr = wood-cutting in the spring(?). varr-súgr, m. [vörr], the track in the wake of a ship, Björn. var-skinnsólpa = vararskinnsólpa. vart, adv. [see varr], scantily; vart búnar, Am. 26: lítils vart tuttugu vetr, little short of twenty winters, Clem. 26: scarcely = varla, vart tvá mánaði, Þorf. Karl. 430; vari tvau hundruð, Fms. viii. 426; vart hálfan mánuð, Al. 122. VARTA, u, f. gen. pl. vartna, Mar.; [A.S. weart; Engl. wart; Germ. warze; Dan. vort] :-- a wart on the body, Mar.; þat tekr af vörtur, Pr. 473; hafa vörtu á kinninni, ef maðr hefir vörtu svo hvorki hyli hár né klæði né maðr sjái hana sjálfr, það er auðs-merki, a wart that one cannot see oneself is a mark of wealth or good luck, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 555; geir-varta, q.v. varta, u, f., perh. the gunwale of a ship, Edda (Gl.); bera rönd á úrga vörtu, Orkn. (in a verse); cp. vartari. vartan, f. the threads holding together the woof in a loom, Björn. vartari, a, m. a thong, strap, Edda 71. 2. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.); holt-v., a 'holt-fish,' i.e. a snake, Landn. (in a verse). var-úð, f., qs. var-húð, var-ygð, = var-hygð, Glúm. 368; með v., Róm. 267; til varúðar, Eg. 371; gjalda varúð við e-u, to beware of, Hkr. i. 50; varúðar bending, flótti, Fms. i. 10, Mar.; varúðar mál, warning words, Sturl. iii. 183 C. varúðar-maðr, m. a man to be on one's guard against. var-úðigr, adj. wary, Lv. 80; kyrrlátir ok varúðgir, Fb. iii. 447. varúð-liga, adv. warily, Bs. i. 133. varzla, qs. varðsla, u, f. a watch; síðan þeim var v. vituð, Fsm. 2. a warranty; vera í vörzlu fyrir e-u, to be one's security, Gþl. 424; setja sik í borgan ok vörzlu, H.E. i. 525; ganga í vörzlu fyrir e-n um kaup, Ísl. ii. 135, Þiðr. 75, D.N. iii. 56; Rafn jáði biskupi at fullar vörzlur skyldi gefask fyrir öll fé kirkna, Bs. i. 740; með fullum vörzlum, Gþl. 259. 3. a forbidding, ban; lyrittar varzla, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 15. vörzlu-maðr, m. a warranter, N.G.L. i. 347, Gþl. 389, Bs. i. 771, Str. 72. vas, n. = vés, q.v. vasaðr or vásaðr, m. the wet and sleety, the name of Winter's grandfather, Edda. vasask, að, to bustle, meddle; þetta mál kemr ekki til þín, nema þú vilir vasask í með þeim, Nj. 227; ek vil ekki vasask í slíku, Ísl. ii. 139. vasi, a, m. a nickname, Dipl. v. 5. 2. a pocket, freq. in mod. usage, but prob. from some foreign root; vestis-vasi, buxna-vasi, treyju-vasi; vasa-klútr, a pocket-kerchief; vasa-knifr, a pocket-knife, etc. VASI, a, m. [from Swed. vase = a sheaf?], only remaining in the compd vasi-kanpr, m. a 'sheaf-beard.' i.e. a rustic, farmer (cp. breiðskeggr); hversu sem vasikanpinum þótti, however the rustics might like it, Fms. viii. 59, v.l.; ér húsbændr, vasikanparnir! 234, v.l. VASKA, að, [A.S. wascan; Engl. wash; Germ. waschen; Dan. vaske] :-- to wash, but rare or at least hardly used in Icel., having been superseded by þvá, q.v.; in Dan. and Swed. it is freq.; in the Sagas only of washing the head with a kind of soap, see lauðr; vaska sér, to wash one's head, Vígl. 30 (cp. the verse l.c.); vaska honum betr, Ísl. ii. 334, Bjarn. 68; þveginn ok vaskaðr, Sks. 362; vaskaði dasi, er ek dró þessa ár at borði, the laggard had his head washed, i.e. sat snug at home, whilst I pulled this oar, Fs. (in a verse); in all these instances of the head: metaph., vaska e-n í orðum, to wash one in words, MS. 4, 6. 2. to wash, as a naut. term of the waves; brim vaskar, Edda (in a verse), so too in Dan. det vasker over. vask-leikr (-leiki), m. bravery, valour; vaskleikr ok karlmennska, Fms. xi. 80, Fas. ii. 404, Str. 3, Bs. i. 526, Art. 11. vask-liga, adv. valiantly; skipa liði vóru sem vaskligast, Fms. vii. 131; jafn-vaskliga sem þú, 127; vaskliga fórtú enn, Valla L. 220; hljóp á bak vaskliga, Flóv. 30. vask-ligr, adj. valiant; vaskligr maðr, Nj. 118, Eg. 568; inn vaskligi riddari, Ld. 78; maðr mikill ok styrkr, v. sýnum, Fms. vii. 238; allra manna vaskligastr, 199, 327; vænn ok inn vaskligsti, xi. 152, Njarð. 368; enir vaskligstu menn, Fas. ii. 509. VASKR, vösk, vaskt, adj.; [origin uncertain, prob. from verr = a man] :-- manly, valiant; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér (of Gunnar), Nj. 49; margir verða vaskir í einangrinum, þó at lítt sé vaskir á milli, Eb. 60; Þórarinn mun vera enn vaskasti maðr, en slys mun þat þykkja er hann hjó hönd af konu sinni, id.; vaskr í vápnum, Str. 1; með enum vöskustum, Al. 136; þú ert enn vaskasti maðr, en Hákon er enn versti maðr, Fb. i. 142; Davíð var manna vaskastr til vápna, Sks. 686; hvat ek veit, segir Gunnarr, hvárt ek mun því úvaskari maðr enn aðrir menn sem mér þykkir meira fyrir enn öðrum mönnum at vega menn, Nj. 85. vasla or vazla, að, to wade in water. vastr or vast, n. a botch; öllum þykir þetta vast, Skáld H. (fine). vastra, að, to make a botch, prob. qs. vafstr, q.v. VATN, n., pl. vötn; vant occurs in N.G.L. i. 363: the gen. sing. is, agreeably with the pronunciation, in old vellums invariably spelt vatz or

682 VATNSAGI -- VAXLJOS.

vaz, vazt, Clem. 148, l. 32; the mod. sound is vass; in the Editions, however, the etymological form vatns has mostly been restored; all the South Teut. languages use a form with an r. The form vatr only occurs in two instances, perhaps used only for the rhyme's sake, in hvatr vátri, a poem of the beginning of the 12th century; and hélt und vatr enn vitri, Sighvat; but vatn vitni in another verse cf the same poet: [A.S. wæter; Engl. and Dutch water; Hel. watar; O.H.G. wazar; Germ. wasser; cp. Gr. GREEK; Lat. udus: on the other hand, Icel. vatn; Swed. vatten; Dan. vand, qs. vadn.] A. Water, fresh water; jörð, vatn, lopt, eldr, Eluc. 19; spratt þar vatn upp, Edda (pref.); blóð ok vatn, Rb. 334; grafa til vatz, Edda (pref.); taka vatn upp at sínum hluta, Vm. 168; þá er vötnin vóru sköpuð, 655. 1; drepa í vatn eða hella á vatni, K.Þ.K.; ef vatn er svá mikit at þar má barn í hylja, N.G.L. i. 363. 2. phrases; ausa vatni, to besprinkle infants with water, see ausa I. 2. β; to which add, þar stendr þú, Özorr, kvað Helgi, ok mun ek ekki við þér sjá, þvíat þú jóst mik vatni, Dropl. 25; mærin var vatni ausin ok þetta nafn gefit, Nj. 25: ganga til vatns, to go to the water, to go to the 'trapiza,' q.v., of washing before meals, Ld. 296: þá er sól gengr at vatni. when the sun goes into the water, sets in the sea, K.Þ.K. 96; sér ekki högg á vatni, a blow in the water is not seen, of a useless effort: á vatni, afloat, Fas. ii. 532; svá skjótt, at ekki tók á vatni, Fms. vii. 344. 3. of tears; halda ekki vatni, could not forbear weeping, Fms. vi. 236 (in a verse), viii. 232. II. a lake; [cp. North. E. Derwent-water, etc.]; uppí vatnið Væni, Fms. vi. 333; lét flytja sik út í vatn eitt, ok leyndisk þar í hólma nökkurum, i. 66; er í norðanverðum flóanum vatn þat er nes liggr í, Ísl. ii. 345; til vatz þess er Á en Helga fellr ór, Ó.H. 163; sjór eða vatn, a sea or lake, Edda. III. streams, waters, esp. in plur. of large streams; hnigu heilög vötn af Himin-fjöllum, Hkv. 1. 1; þaðan eigu vötn öll vega, Gm.; þar er djúpt vatn (deep water) er umhverfis, Grág. ii. 131; geysask vötn at þeim með forsfalli ... vötnin flutu um völluna alla, Ó.H. 164; brúar um ár eða vötn, Grág. i. 149; vötn þau er ór jöklum höfðu fallit, Eg. 133; fjörðr sá er flóir allr af vötnum, Fs. 26; en nú falla vötn öll til Dýrafjarðar, Gísl. 20; fóru þar til er vötn hnigu til vestr-ættar af fjöllum, Orkn. 4. IV. in local names, Vatn, Vatna-hverfi, Vatns-lausa, Vatns-á, Vatns-dalr, Vatns-endi, Vatns-fell, Vatns-fjörðr, Vatns-nes, Vatns-horn, Vatns-skarð, etc., Landn.; Vatns-dælir, Vatns-firðingar, the men from Vatnsfjörðr, Vatnsdalr, id., Sturl.: of lakes, Gríms-vötn, Fiski-vötn, Elliða-vatn, Mý-vatn, Ólvus-vatn, Landn., map of Icel.; more seldom of rivers, as Héraðsvötn in north of Icel.: Vatns-dælskr, adj. from Vatnsdalr, Finnb. 334, Ísl. ii. 335; Vatnsfirðinga-kyn, -búð, Nj. 248, Ld. 120 (see búð). B. COMPDS, with gen. vatna-, vatns-, in vellums vatz-, vaz-: vatns-agi, a, m. dampness. vatns-bakki, a, m. a bank, shore of a water or lake, Grág. ii. 355, Jb. 315, Fms. viii. 32, Fas. i. 360. vatns-beri, a, m. the water-bearer, Aquarius in the zodiac, Rb. vatns-blandaðr, part. mixed with water. vatns-bolli, a, m. a water-jug, Am. 35. vatns-borinn, part. mixed with water. vatns-botn, m. the foot of a lake, Hrafn, 11, Fms. ix. 367. vatns-ból, n. a watering-place, well, where drinking-water is drawn. vatns-bóla, u, f. a water-bubble, vatns-bragð, n. a taste of water. vatns-burðr, m. carrying water, Bs. i. vatns-dauði, a, m. water-death, death by drowning in fresh water. vatna-djúp, n. a water-deep, abyss, Skálda 209. vatns-dropi, a, m. a drop of water, Stj. 154. vatns-drykkr, m. a drink of water, Stj. 150, 581, Edda 24. vatns-dæld, f. a watery hollow. vatns-endi, a, m. the end of a lake, Fms. ix. 406. vatns-fall, n. a stream, river; lítið vatnsfall, a small river, Eg. 134, v.l.: of rain, vindr ok vatnsfall, Art. 85. vatns-farvegr, m. a 'water's fairway,' the bed of a river, Grág. ii. 291. vatns-fata, u, f. a water-pail, Fb. i. 258, O.H.L. ch. 96. vatna-flaumr, m. [Norse vand-flom], a water-flood, swell of water, D.N. vi. 148. vatns-flóð, n. water-flood. vatna-gangr, m. a flood, Stj. 59, Grág. i. 219, Landn. 251: a fall of rain, = vatnfall, veðrátta ok v., Grett. 24 new Ed. vatns-heldr, adj. water-tight. vatns-hestr, m. = nykr, q.v., Landn. 93, v.l.; but vatna-hestr, m. a good horse to cross rivers. vatna-hlaup, n. floods, a rushing forth of waters, Landn. 250. vatns-horn, n. a water-horn, a vessel for holy water in church, Pm. 6: the end or angle of a lake, and as a local name, Ld., Landn. vatns-hríð, f. a storm, Ann. 1336 C. vatns-íss, m. ice on a lake, Stj. 510, Fms. viii. 398, ix. 367. vatns-kanna, u, f. a water-can, Vm. 86. vatns-karl, m. a water-can shaped like a man; vatnskarl til vígðs vatns, Vm. 21; vatnskarl ok munnlaug, Fb. i. 359, D.N. iv. 457. vatns-ker, n. a water-jug, Stj. vatns-kerald, n. = vatnsker, Fms. i. 127, Vm. 21, Jb. 409, vatns-ketill, m. a water-kettle, Vm. 21, 114, B.K. 83. vatns-kottr, m. a water-insect, in foul pools. vatns-lauss, adj. waterless, without water, Barl. 196. vatns-leysi, n. lack of water. vatns-litr, m. water-colour, Rb. 336. vatns-megin, n. fulness of water. vatns-mikill, adj. swelling with water, of a river. vatns-minni, n. the inlet of a lake, Fms. ix. 394. vatns-munnlaug, f. a water hand-basin, Pm. 60. vatns-ósa, adj. soaked with water. vatns-óss, m. the mouth of a lake connected with the sea, Landn. 207. vatns-rás, f. a trench, water-course, Bs. i. 148, Stj. 593. vatns-sár, m. a font, Vm. 110, N.G.L. i. 327. vatns-skál, f. a water-jug, D.N. vatns-skírn, f. baptism in water, Barl. 116, 144 (vatnz-skírn). vatns-skortr, m. lack of water, Barl. 196. vatns-sótt, f water-sickness, dropsy, medic., Post. vatns-steinn, m. a font of stone, Vm. 110. vatns-strönd, f. the bank of a lake, Fms. viii. 32, MS. 623. 33, Vkv. (prose, vaz-strouds). vatns-stökkull, m. a watering-pot, a vessel or brush for sprinkling water, Bs. i. 464. vatns-tjörn, f. a 'water-tarn,' pool, Sks. 682. vatna-tunna, u, f. a water-tub. vatns-uppspretta, u, f. a jet of water, Stj. 646. vatns-veita, u, f. a drain, trench, aqueduct, Grág. ii. 289. vatns-veiting, f. a draining. vatns-vetr, m. a winter of floods, Ann. 1191 C. vatns-vígsla, u, f. consecration of water, Bs. i. 97. vatns-vík, f. a creek in a lake, Fms. viii. 67. vatna-vöxtr, m. 'water-growth,' a flood, Bs. i. 138, Grett. 133 A, D.N. ii. 35, passim. vatna-þytr, m. the thud, sound of falling waters, Skálda. vatns-æðr, f. a vein of water, Stj. 29, 205. C. REAL COMPDS, with the root word vatn- prefixed: vatn-bátr, m. a lake-boat, Jb. 410 B. vatn-beri, a, m. = vatnsberi, Rb. (1812) 65, 66. vatn-dauðr, adj. drowned in fresh water, Grág. i. 223. vatn-dragari, a, m. a drawer of water, Stj. 358. vatn-dragi, a, m. id., Fas. iii. 21 (in a verse). vatn-dýr, n. water-animals, Al. 167. vatn-fall, n. a waterfall, stream; vatnföll deilir: a torrent, stream, í bráða-þeyjum var þar vatnfall mikit, a great torrent, Eg. 766; lítið v., 134; var v. þat fullt af fiskum, Fms. i. 253; svá mikit v. sem áin Níð er, v. 182; deilir norðr vatnföllum til héraða, Ísl. ii. 345; er vatnföll deila til sjóvar, Eg. 131, Grág. i. 440; með öllum vatnföllum, Nj. 265: of rain, fyrir vatnfalli ok regni, Gullþ. 8; vatnfall fylgði hér svá mikit ór lopti, torrents of rain, Gísl. 105, Fms. x. 250. vatn-fátt, n. adj. short of water, Landn. 34, Fms. ix. 45. vatn-fiskr, m. a fresh-water fish, Fs. 165. vatn-gangr, m. a swelling of water, Vápn. 24. vatn-horn, n. a water-horn, as church inventory, Vm. 110. vatn-kakki, a, m. = trapiza, q.v.; gékk hann til vatnkakka ok þó sér, Korm. 24. vatn-karl, m. a jug, Stj. 153, D.I. i. 597, Dipl. v. 18; vatnkarlar fjórir, könnur sextán, iii. 4, Rb. (of the zodiacal Aquarius). vatn-kálfr, m. dropsy; þá sótt er heitir idropicus, þat köllu vér vatnkálf, Hom. 25, 150; hann er góðr við vatnkálfi, Hb. 544. 39. vatn-ker, vatn-kerald, vatn-ketill, n. a water-jug ..., Grág. ii. 397, Stj. 311, Nj. 134, Ísl. ii. 410, Fms. xi. 34, Ám. 29, Vm. 35. vatn-lauss, adj. = vatnslauss, Al. 172, Stj. 194. vatn-legill, m. a water-jug, Stj. 128. vatn-leysi, n. lack of water, Al. 173. vatn-ormr, m. a water-serpent, Al. 168; Hercules sigraði v. (the Hydra), MS. 732. 17: a pr. name, Mork. vatn-rás, f. = vatnsrás, Stj. 58, 642. Ísl. ii. 92. vatn-skjóla, u, f. a water-skeel, pail, D.I. i. 225. vatn-staðr, m. a water-place, 655 xxviii. 2. vatn-torf, n. soaked turf, Ísl. ii. 412. vatn-trumba, u, f. a water-pipe, Hom. 131. vatn-veita, u, f. =vatnsveita, a drain, water-trench, Grág. ii. 289, Stj. 498. vatn-viðri, n. = vátviðri, Bs. i. 245. vatn-vígsla, u, f. the consecrating streams and wells, of bishop Gudmund, Bs. i. vatn-ærinn, adj. plentiful as water, abundant; vatnærin hef ek vitni, Sighvat. vatna, að, to water; er allri hennar hjörð var vatnað, Stj. 171; vatna hestum sínum, Sturl. iii. 24. 2. metaph. phrases; vatna músum, to 'water mice,' weep, have tears in the eyes (see auga); vatna lömbum, to 'water lambs,' to lie down and drink from a running stream; láta vatna undir e-t, to lift (a heavy thing) just from the ground so that water can flow underneath. 3. the naut. phrase, svá suðr með landi, at sær var í miðjum hlíðum en stundum vatnaði land (acc.), Ó.H. 149; þeir sigldu þrjá daga til þess er landit var vatnað, Fb. i. 431; eyin er nær vötnuð, Fms. vi. 379; þá drægi svá skjótt undan at náliga vatnaði seglin, Fb. ii. 15. 4. eccl. = vatnfasta; heitr hón at vatna æfinliga fyrir dag Guðmundar biskups, ok gefa málsverð, Bs. i. 619; v. fyrir báðar Þorlaks-messur, Sturl. ii. 252, H.E. ii. 188; fyrr en lærir at leggja af blót ok Laugar-nætr at vatna, Skíða R. 202. vatnan, f. a watering, = vatnfasta; vötnunar nótt, H.E. ii. 188. vatn-fasta, að, to fast on water, K.Á. 78. vatn-fasta, u, f. a 'water-fast,' H.E. i. 521, K.Þ.K.; vatnföstu-dagr, -nátt, K.Á. 78, 190. vatta, að, [vega], to lift; er þú vattar streng, Lv. 100; hence the mod. járn-hatta, qs. járn-vatta, to lift (a heavy thing) above one's head, holding it with straight arms, eg járn-hattaði hann. vattar-, see vöttr, a gauntlet. vatz-, the common spelling of vellums for vatns-, see vatn B. VAX, n. [A.S. weax; Engl. wax; Germ. wachs; Dan. vox] :-- wax; bráðna sem vax við eld, Rb. 356; steypa heitu vaxi í andlit sér, Fms. vii. 30; líkneski ór vaxi á innsigli, Eluc. 18; tvær merkr vax (gen.) fyrir eyri, Grág. i. 213, 504, Fms. vi. 153; vilju vér þakka öllum þeim mönnum er hingat hafa flutt lérept, lín, vax eðr katla, viii. 250. COMPDS: vax-blys, n. a wax-torch, Bs. i. 804. vax-kerti, m. a wax-candle, Fms. v. 339; vaxkerta-ljós, Bs. i. 38. vax-ljós, n. a

683 VAXSPJALD -- VÁFALLR.

wax-light, taper, Fb. ii. 390, K.Þ.K. 52. vax-spjald, n. a wax-tablet, for writing, Lat. cera, Bs. i. 848; fá mér nú vaxspjöld mín, give me my wax-tablets! (of Sturla the historian), Sturl. iii. 307; lét Þorgils rita á vaxspjaldi ok sendi konungi, 131. vax-tollr, m. a tithe in wax, payable to a church; af þrem bæjum hálfan v., Vm. 35: = the mod. ljóstollr. vax-verð, n. the price of wax, D.N. iv. 77. VAXA, pres. vex, pl. vöxum; pret. óx, pl. óxu, mod. uxu; subj. eyxi or yxi, which is the mod. form; imperat. vax; part. vaxinn: with the v, vóx, vóxu, vyxi: with suff. neg. vax-at-tu, wax thou not, Edda (in a verse): [Ulf. wahsian, wobs, = GREEK; A.S. weaxan; Hel. and O.H.G. wahsan; Engl. wax; Germ. wachsen; Dutch wassen; Dan. voxe; Swed. wäxa; cp. Gr. GREEK; Lat. augere; and Icel. auka, q.v.] B. To wax, grow, of grass, plants, trees, wool, as also of men, animals; munu ósánir akrar vaxa, Vsp. 61; vegr vex hrísi ok há grasi, Hm. 120, Gm. 17; stóð um vaxinn mistil-teinn, Vsp. 36; þar sem þessi tré uxu, Al. 173; hann heyrir þat er gras vex á jörðu eða ull á sauðum, Edda 17; þar eru eyru sæmst er óxu, see eyra; þá nam at vaxa álmr ítrborinn, Hkv. 1. 9; vex viðar-teinungr einn fyrir austan Valhöll, Edda 37; í syni mínum var-at ílls þegns efni vaxit, Stor. 11; hann nam at vaxa ok vel dafna, ... upp óx þar jarl á fletjum, Rm. 8, 19, 32; lékum leik margan ok í lundi óxum, Am. 68; þá nam ek vaxa ok vel hafask, Hm. 142; þá er hann óx upp, Eg. 702; óx (vóx Ed.) Óláfr þar upp, Fms. i. 96; hann var þá vaxinn mjök, 466; syni fulltíða ... dóttur ef hón er vaxin, Gþl. 432; enn vaxni maðr, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 91; hvernig óxu ættir saman þaðan, Edda 4. II. to wax, increase; óx svá mjök ríki Sverris konungs, Fms. viii. 105; honum vóx alldr, iv. 32; hann óx dag frá degi í góðum verkum, 686 B. 4; vóx hann ok þróaðisk, Fms. x. 230; at Guðs réttr ætti jafnan at vaxa en hvergi þverra, 271; óxu auðæfi þín, Hom. 151; vex minni manns, Rb. 352; Eiríks úvinsæld vóx því meirr, Fms. i. 22; þá tók enn at vaxa kláðinn, ii. 188; veðrit óx svá at hríð mikla görði, Nj. 267; vindrinn tók at vaxa, Fms. x. 136; vaxattu nú Vimr, of the river, Edda (in a verse); sol vex, Sks. 57; á vaxanda vári, 12 new Ed.; dagar vóxu, Lil. 10; þá vox orð af orði, Fms. vii. 269; hvars hatr vex, Hm.; þeir sá at vit hans óx ok eljun, Fms. ix. 244, v.l.; vaxanda vági, a waxing wave, Hm.; vaxandi tungl, a waxing moon. 2. of fame, report; þótti Þórgeirr mjök hafa vaxit ok framit sik, Nj. 254; þykkjumk ek ekki af því vaxa þótt ek bíða heima þræla Haralds, Ld. 4; þótti hann mikit hafa vaxit af þessu verki, 150; Sigurðr konungr þótti vaxa mikit af þessi veizlu, Fms. iv. 83; lízt mér sem vant muni svá málinu at fylgja at öruggt sé at vit vaxim af, Glúm. 346; hvar viti ér þann konung er meirr hafi vaxit á einum morni, O.H.L.; mun þar vaxa sæmd þín við, Nj. 47; sem minnkaðisk vár sæmd heldr enn yxi, Fms. x. 7; vex hverr af gengi, a saying, Sighvat. 3. in the phrase, e-m vex e-t í augu; ... at minnr vaxi fyrir augum at ráða stórt, Fms. vi. 399; minnr myndi Þjóstólfi í augu vaxa, at drepa Atla, Nj. 58; at slíkir láti sér eigi allt í augu vaxa, Fms. xi. 96; lát þér þat ekki í augu vaxa, Nj. 13. III. part. vaxinn, grown, of land; hólmi reyri vaxinn, Fms. i. 71; dalr viði vaxinn, viii. 110; land skógi vaxit, Fb. i. 431; í þann tíð vas Ísland viði vaxit miðli fjalls ok fjöru, Íb. 4; þar skal engi dómr vera er engi er vaxit, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 86. 2. grown, shapen; fígura vaxin sem spjót, Ann. 560; Noregr er vaxinn með þrem oddum, Fms. x. 272; hagl svá vaxit sem frauka rigndi, Al. 169; gull-ker vaxin á þá mynd sem, Stj. 437; svá vaxinn hringr sem, Mar.; at svá vöxnu máli, Fms. vii. 141, xi. 37 (mála-vöxtr), Anecd. 70; svá er við vaxit, matters stand so, Fms. vi. 234; nú veit ek ef svá væri útanlands við vaxit, at ..., x. 244, Nj. 186; eigi er svá við vaxit, that is not the case, Fms. vi. 234, Nj. 180, v.l.; svá er til vaxit, id., Hom. (St.); maðr vel vaxinn, well-grown, handsome, Fms. vii. 102; harð-vaxinn, fagr-vaxinn, þykk-vaxinn, há-vaxinn, ítr-vaxinn. -vaxta, see in gjaf-vaxta. vaxtar-, gen., see vöxtr, growth. vaxt-samr, adj. fruitful, Al. 41. VAZTIR, f. pl., i.e. vatztir, not vastir, for vazta rhymes with baztan, Edda; in sing, vözt, Edda (Gl.) i. 574: [from vatr = vatn] :-- a fishing-bank, = mið; á þær vaztir (thus Cod. Reg., vastir Worm.) er hann var vanr at sitja, Edda i. 168; sitja á vöztum ok hafa vað fyrir borði, N.G.L. i. 65; finna hval á vöztum, 60; þenna dag var Ingjaldr róinn á vastir (late vellum), Gísl. 48; vazta (gen. pl.) undirkúla, Edda i. 350 (cp. the verse); hrein-vaztir, poët, the reindeer's abode, mountain, Skálda (in a verse). VÁ (vó, vo), f. n., gen. vár, 655 i. 2; [A.S. wâ;; Engl. woe :-- woe, calamity, danger; þat er lítil vá, 'tis no great harm, Hkv. a. 3, Hkr. i. 114 (in a verse); þú vaktir vá mikla, thou workest mickle woe, Am. 77; vá víkinga, the woe of vikings, Fms. xi. (in a verse); in prose only used in phrases or sayings, ok sofi yðr þó eigi öll vá héraðs-mönnum, Eb. 160: e-m bregðr vá fyrir grön, a woe passes by one's beard, to suffer a shock or a sudden fright; brá þeim vá fyrir grön er þeir sá Birkibeina, Fms. viii. 350, v.l.; þá er oðrum vá fyrir dyrum er óðrum er inn komin, woe is it at one's own door when it had entered the neighbour's house, = Lat. tua res agitur..., Grett. 113 A; allit., vá ok vesöld, woe and misery, Stj. 40. Barl. 36, 61, 125; getnir til vár ok vesaldar, 655 i. 2;, see vár-kunn, vár-kynna. II. in some of the compds (see below), vá- may be a contraction of var- or van-, as in vá-ljúgr, vá-sjaldan, vá-lítill, vú-skeyttr. vá, f. = vrá, a cabin, nook, Hm. 25, Skv. 3. 29, Eb. 73 new Ed. vá, ð, to blame; with gen., ókynnis þess vár (pres.) þik engi maðr, at þú gangir snemma at sofa, Hm. (a GREEK unless Ls. 52 be a parallel passage). vá-beiða, u, f., found in but two instances, and possibly only a corruption of vádáði, [cp. A.S. weâ-dæð], an evil-boding monster; görit svá vel, skerit vábeiðu þessa (v.l. troll þetta), Eb. 116 new Ed., where it is spelt with y, but wrongly, as is seen from the parallel passage in a vellum of Eg. (in a verse), where the word also occurs. vá-brestr, m. a 'woe-crash,' a sudden crash or sound in the earth or in the air, thought to bode strange and evil tidings, Fbr. 147; cp. Glúm, ch. 21, Ann. 1238. vá-böl, n. an affliction; í sóttum eðr öðrum vábölum, 655 xi. 1; af ymsum vábölum sem verða kann, dýrbiti eðr öðru, Ó.T. 26. VÁÐ, vóð, voð, f.; [A.S. wæd; remains in Engl. widow's weeds] :-- a piece of stuff, cloth, as it leaves the loom; sat þar kona sveigði rokk, breiddi faðm bjó til váðar, Rm. 16; segl hvítt sem snjór af Háleyskum váðum, Fagrsk. ch. 102; ef segl er eigi fengit, skal gjalda sex aura ... en ef einnar váðar missir (i.e. one breadth of the sail is missing, if it be short by one váð), þá er maðr sekr sex aurum, N.G.L. i. 199; cp. hafnar-váð, a common cloth; álna hafnar-váðar, Vm. 103; þetta á kirkja í lausa gózi, kýr sex ok sex hundruð í hafnar-váðum, Pm. 57; þrjá-tigi hundruð vöru ok hafnar-váða, Dipl. ii. 6, iii. 8; gefa úmaganum tólf álnir hafnar váðar á hverjum misserum til klæða sér, Vm. 117, D.N. ii. 225, iii. 451, Munk. 66; also called hafnar vaðmál, D.N. i. 134, Grág.; vöru-váð and sölu-váð, a common cloth in trade, see vara, sala. II. metaph. a fishing-net is called váð; veiða, draga váð at hváru landi, Grág. ii. 349 (Jb. 305); as also in mod. usage; this may be the 'wad' in the Scottish ballad cited s.v. aflausn; in the Icel. reference, Fbr. 154, 'vað' may be = váð: in poets also of the sail, greiða náir glygg váð ... hríð féll í bug váða ... váð blés, Lex. Poët.; cp. váð-hæfr. III. a 'weed,' cloth, cut and sewn; váðir mínar gaf ek tveimr trémönnum, Hm. 48; kven-váðir, a woman's weeds, Þkv.; matar ok váða er manni þörf, Hm. 3: allit., vápn eða váðir, Grág. ii. 8; vápnum ok váðum skolu vinir gleðjask, Hm. 40: poët., Högna váð, Héðins váð, váðir Váfaðar, the weed of H., etc., i.e. armour, the coat of mail, Lex. Poët.; her-váðir, id.; heiðingja váðir, 'wolf's weed,' i.e. wolf's hair, Akv. 8; hvíta-váðir, see hvítr. B. COMPDS: váð-áss, m. a pole to hang clothes on, Hrafn. 20. váð-beðr, m. a case of cloth; skinnbeðir, hægindi váðbeðr, Dipl. iii. 4. váð-feldr, part. soft, of raiment. váða-gangr, m. the casting a net, D.N. iii. 1108. váð-hæfr, adj. fit for sail; váðhæft-veðr, a favourable wind; hvessti svá at varla var váðhæft á konungs skipi, Fms. ix. 387. váð-ker, n. a tub in which clothes are stamped or trodden, Fas. ii. 34. váð-mál, see vaðmál. váð-meiðr, m. = váðáss, Glúm. 390, Rd. 296. váðar-varp, n. the casting a net, D.N. v. 971. váð-verk, n. cloth-making, Eb. 258. váð-virkja, t, to wind up, end, finish, metaph. from the loom, Krók. 63. VÁÐI, a, m. (vóði, voði), [prop. derivative from vá; Dan. vaade] :-- a danger, peril, of extreme sudden danger; stýra til váða, Ó.H. 136, Fms. vii. 145; mér þykkir við váða búit, ef vér verðum rangsáttir, Ó.H. 92; heldr við váða, 168, Fms. ii. 116; þat var við váða sjálvan, vii. 64. 2. a dangerous object; vápn eðr annarr váði, Grág. ii. 117, Sks. 299; orms váði, poët. 'snake-bale,' i.e. the winter, Edda (Ht.); vitnis váði, the Wolf's foe, i.e. Odin, (in a verse); lindar váði, 'lime-scathe,' i.e. fire, Fm. 43. COMPDS: váða-blót, n. a pernicious sacrifice, 645. 75. váða-eldr, m. an accidental fire, Gþl. 377, Jb. 255. váða-hark, n. a terrible noise, Bárð. 175, váða-kuldi, a, m. perilous cold, of mortification from cold, Bs. i. 444. váða-laust, adj. n. without danger, H.E. i. 242. váða-ligr, adj. scatheful, perilous, Stj. 77, 212. váða-samligr, adj. perilous, pernicious, Fms. ii. 240. váð-veifliga = váveifliga, Bjarn. 48. váða-verk, n. a law term, an accidental deed, of an unintentional harm inflicted, Ölk. 36; engi skolu váðaverk vera, Grág. ii. 64; a chapter on váðaverk, N.G.L. ii. 59. váð-vænligr, adj. perilous, Fms. x. 274, Sks. 47. váð-vænn, adj. fraught with peril, Fms. ix. 263, v.l.; var váðvænt at upp mundi reka, Bs. i. 320; strauma váð-væna, dangerous currents, Orkn. 406. VÁFA, váfi, váfði; ófir = váfir, Pd. 3; (later vófa, mod. vofa) :-- to swing, vibrate to and fro; belgr váfir, Hm. 135; ef ek sé á tré uppi váfa virgil-ná, 158; ván mín váfir, my hope wavers, Fms. vii. 115 (in a verse); sá váfði milli himins ok jarðar, Post.: still used in the phrase, e-t vofir yfir, is imminent, of danger; cp. þó man ek yðr þat er yfir ófir, þegjum nú, segja, then I will tell thee what is impending, though now I am silent, Pd. 3. váfa, u, f. a ghost, spectre, shade, Grett. 112 A; very freq. in mod. usage, but sounded vofa, Ísl. Þjóðs. vá-fallr, adj. making a dangerous fall, tottering. Eg. (in a verse).

684 VÁFOLALD -- VÁN.

vá-folald, n. and vá-foli, a, m. a vicious horse, Nj. 168. váfuðr, m. the waverer, one of the names of Odin, Gm., Edda; örváfaðr, Lex. Poët. váfur, f. pl. a wavering, tottering gait, Eg. (in a verse); elli-váfur, see elli. VÁG, f. pl. (vóg, vog), [Germ. wage], scales, a balance; einar vágir skulu ganga uni land allt, Jb. 376; pundara né aðrar vágir, Gþl. 526; hann biðr Gilla taka vágina, Ld. 30; skipta með vágum, Fms. vi. 183; réttri vág, Al. 46; vág ok mæling, Stj. 23. 2. a weight; vág mína af gulli, Flóv. 33; skálir jafna tvær vágir, 732. 18. vága, að, spelt vóga or voga; [Germ. wagen; Dan. vove] :-- to dare, venture; þann þótti mikit voga, Bs. i. 868 (Laur. S.); þó skal nú nokkut til voga, Grett. 157 new Ed.; þó skal nú þar til voga, 143 A; menn hafa opt vogat við slíkan liðsmun, 72; at þú vogir at berjast við þá, Fas. i. 450 (paper MS.); the word is freq. in mod. usage, but hardly older than the 15th century. vágan or vogan, f. hazard, risk. vá-gestr, m. a 'woe-stranger,' terrible stranger, appearing all of a sudden like a wolf among sheep, Grett. 133 A, Fms. vii. 110, v.l. vág-gríss (sounded voggrís), m. a small pimple. vá-glati, a, m. destruction, harm; hvat sem e-m verðr at váglata ( = váða), Grág. i. 431. vág-meri, f. a 'wave-mare,' a kind of flounder. VÁGR, m. [Ulf. wegs = GREEK, pl. wegos = GREEK: A.S. wæg; Engl. wave; Dan. vove; Germ. wogen; the root word is vega, to stir] :-- a wave, sea; but in this sense obsolete except in poetry; vind ek kyrri vági á, Hm. 155, Alm. 25; vágr vindlauss, a windless wave, Ýt.; þau á vági vindr of lék, Gkv. 1. 6; róa á vág, Hým. 17; vágs róði, Stor.; vágs hyrr, 'wave-flame' i.e. gold, Bragi: in prose the allit. vindr eða vágr, N.G.L. i. 34. COMPDS: vág-garðr, m. a dyke, D.I. i. 512. vág-marr, m. a wave-steed, ship, poët., Skv. 2. 16. vág-þeystr, part. wave-sprayed. vág-þrýstr, part. 'wave-pinched,' of the planks of a ship, Lex. Poët. B. [This may be a different word, connected with varra, vörr, = a lip] :-- a creek, bay, Hbl. i, 12; þeir lendu í váginn, Landn. 97; lögðu í inn ytra váginn, Fms. ix. 21; þeir liggja á vági þeim er Hjörunga-vágr heitir, xi. 122; í skerin ganga vágar, Fas. ii. 533; very freq. in Icel. II. also in pr. names, Vágr, Vágar, a fishing-place in northern Norway, whence Vága-floti, Fms. iv. 277: Vága-stefna, a fair at Vágar. Fms. iv. 277. COMPDS: vágs-botn, m. the bottom or bight of a bay, Fms. vii. 184, viii. 126. Vágs-brú, f. Bay-bridge, a local name, Fms. ix. vágr, m. [no doubt different from the preceding word, prob. qs. vargr, absorbing var into vá: O.H.G. warag; mod. H.G. ware, wærch, Schmeller; Dan. voer] :-- matter, from a sore; vella vági ok hryfi, Stj. 344; freyddi ór upp blóð ok vágr, Ísl. ii. 218; vágs litr, 677. 22. COMPDS: vág-fall, n. the running of matter, from a sore, Nj. 244, Bs. i. 319. vág-nagli, a, m. the core in a boil. vág-rek, n. [the vág- may be but a popular attempt at etymology or a misapprehension of an older form vrek or vrak, cp. 'quae cognominantur lingua Danica wrech,' Thork. Dipl. i. 3; 'wrek quoque quod specialiter nobis in toto regno retinuimus,' 97; vágrek and reki (q.v.) would then be two forms of the same word, onlv that in the Icel. law the former word is used in a more special sense] :-- in law phrase, a 'wave-wreck,' flotsom; þat heitir v. er kemr á land, manns-lík eða vara, eða fé, eða skipviðr, Grág. ii. 387; heita láta þeir v. er minnr er fjarat frá skutstafni, Ld. 76; skip braut ... í Danmörk, Danir tóku upp fé allt ok kölluðu vágrek, Fms. i. 153; of hvalreka ok vágrek, Grág. ii. 212, 359, 389, Post. (Unger) 155. vág-skorinn, part. seamed with bays, of a coast, Eg. 117, Hkr. i. 5. vákr, adj. [A.S. wâc; early Dan. vaak; cp. veykr], weak = veykr; íss mjök vakr, Fb. i. 235, Hb., MSS. vákr, m. [Ivar Aasen vaak], a weakling, Edda i. 532. vála, að, mod. vola, to wail, Barl. 20; veinandi ok válandi, Hom. 144. VÁLAÐ, n., mod. volæði, [prob. contr. = A.S. wædl = ambitus, and hence begging, poverty] :-- woe, misery, destitution; taka barn af válaði, Ísl. ii. 326; þann svein hafði Eyvindr tekit af válaði, Hrafn. 25, Bs. i. 299; látum eigi hug várn styggjask við válað þeirra, Greg. 46; ok væri honum úkunnara válaðr hans, 24; ganga á válað, to go begging, Mag. 150; kennda ek þat váloðum, at þeir fagnaði válaði sínu, Post. 209. válaðr, part. wretched; einn v. maðr hét Lazarus, Greg. 22, 46; þá komsk við inn válaði, Fms. vi. 234, viii. 251; slíkt er válaðs vera, Hm. válan, f. a wailing. vá-laust, n. adj. undoubted, certain, Geisli, Sighvat. válgna, að, i.e. volgna, to become warm, Fas. i. 84, passim in mod. usage. VÁLGR, adj., or better valgr, sounded volgr; [this word, so freq. in mod. usage, is not found in old writers (Fas. i. 84 is a paper MS.); they always use fjálgr (q.v.), identical in sense, but unknown in mod. Icel.; the mod. form, glóð-volgr, ember-hot, exactly answers to glóð-fjálgr' of the Ýt.; in-fjálgr, Hkv., must be a false reading for ú-fjálgr = ofjelg, a word frequent in the mod. Norwegian dialects, meaning 'un-warm,' i.e. cold, chilly, dismal, see Ivar Aasen; in A.S. wealg occurs in a single instance, viz. in Gregory's Pastorale of King Alfred, edited by Mr. Sweet] :-- warm, luke-warm; en með því þú ert volgr, og hvorki kaldr né heitr, mun ek út-skirpa þér af mínum munni, Rev. iii. 16; it is in rendering this very passage that king Alfred (l.c.) uses wealgh, so there can be no doubt as to the identity of the A.S. and Icel. word: passim in mod. usage, volg mjólk, volgt blóð, glóð-volgr, spen-volgr; spenvolg mjólk, milk warm from the cow. vá-ligr, adj. woful, awful, terrible; kona váliga, Am. 52; snák váligrar brákar, Fms. vi. 362: wicked, in the phrase, spyrja er bezt til váligra þegna, wicked men are best to hear of, not to see, i.e. the farther off the better, Njarð. 370. II. = [Dan. vælig = mighty], mighty; váligt virki, Fms. vii. (in a verse); válig mærðar-efni, mighty, grand subjects for one's song. Ad. vá-lítið, n. adj. harmless, doing small harm, Ls. 33, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse). 2. very little, quite small, opp. to 'langt,' Og. vá-ljúgr, m. = vánljúgr, a disappointment; nú er er mér orðinn v. at þeim átrúnaði, Fms. ii. 151: of a person, 'hope-belying,' disappointing hope. Ad. válk, volk, n. a 'walking' tossing to and fro, esp. on sea; hitta í storma eðr válk, Jb. 390; at eigi létti váru válki fyrr enn þat er útbyrðis, Fas. ii. 516; hann þolði í þessu válki hungr ok kulda, Fms. viii. 18; vás ok válk, Stj. 514: metaph. worry, válk ok vandræði, Al. 105: válka ok vandræða, N.G.L. i. 445, MS. 4. 13; háskum ok válkum, Sks. 634: sjó-válk, sea-tossing; hand-válk, crumpling between the hands. VÁLKA (volka), að, [A.S. wealcan; Engl. walk; Germ. walken] :-- prop. to roll or stamp, but usually metaph.; Guð bölvi þér, at þú válkar mik svá lengi, MS. 4. 18; eigi hæfir gömlum karli at válka svá væna mey, Fas. iii. 62. 2. metaph., váika sik, to hesitate, Str. 37; v. e-n í ástar bandinu, 55; hví þú válkar slíkt fyrir þér, hvert ráð þú skalt taka, Fas. iii. 48; válkaðu þeir mjök lengi ráðin fyrir sér, Ó.H. 169; válkaði hann þat í hugnum ok vissi eigi hvat hann skyldi upp taka, 195. II. reflex. to roll oneself, to wallow; þeir höfðu válkask í roðru ok blóði, they had been wallowing in gore and blood, Gísl. 67; veitask ok válkask í leirinu, Stj. 72; válkask í sauri, Hom. (St.): metaph., engi vandi, er herra hans þurfti í at válkask, Str. 24; þat er þú hefir lengi í válkask, 32. III. part., fljótt er þat er skjótt er, 'válkat' þat er 'seint,' Edda (Ht.) 126. vá-lyndi, f. shiftiness, fickleness. vá-lyndr, adj. shifty; válynd veðr, Vsp., cp. Sól. 3. válæði or volæði, n. misery, = válaðr, q.v. váma, u, f. [cp. Dan. væmme = to loath, væmmilig = loathful], a qualm, ailment; þá hóf af mér allar vámur, Sturl. ii. 54. vámr, m., vómr rhymes with dómi, Ísl. ii. 50 (in a verse): a loathsome person, a word of abuse, Edda i. 532; vöndr hrökk, vámr lá bundinn, Fms. vii. 356 (in a verse). VÁN (vón, von), f., old nom. v&aolig-acute;n with umlaut, Skálda (Thorodd); old dat. vánu, with compar., see below; ónu, Ls. 36; tungan er málinu v&aolig;n en at tönnunum er bitsins v&aolig-acute;n, Thorodd: vón, spónum make a rhyme, Gísl.; ón, Am. 67, Hom. 60: dat. ónu, Ls. 36: [Ulf. wêns = GREEK; A.S. wên, cp. Engl. ween; Germ. wahn; the Dan. haab, Swed. hopp are mod. and borrowed from the Germ.] :-- a hope, expectation; er mikil ván, at ..., Fms. xi. 13; mér er ván, at ..., I expect, apprehend, that ..., Eg. 353; sem hann hafði áðr sagt á ván um, given to understand, Fms. xi. 87; eiga ván til e-s, 623. 17; allar þjóðir munu hafa ón mikla (a high hope) til namns hans, Hom. 60; slíks var ván, Nj. 5; engi ván er til þess, Eg. 157: sem ván var at, as was to be expected. Glúm. 337; vita sér engis ótta vánir, to apprehend no danger, Fms. xi. 46, Orkn. 414, Eg. 74; konungs var þangat ván, the king was expected, Fms. x. 323; þar var ván féfangs mikils, Eg. 265; ván er borin, past hope, Ld. 258; ván er þrotin, Eg. 719; ván rekin, id., Ld. 216; e-t stendr til vánar, bids fair, Eg. 173; e-t er at vánum, it is what could be expected, Nj. 255; but, eptir vonum, as good as could be expected, very good indeed; eiga e-t í vuniim, to have a thing expected; eiga barn í vánum, Grág. 2. spec. usages; ef hann görir aðrar vánir yfir land annars manns, Gþl. 449; þá er allar vánir vóru rannsakaðar, all places where it could be expected to be found, Fms. v. 216; cp. leita af sér vonina, to seek until one is satisfied it cannot be found. 3. dat. vánu, with compar.; vánu bráðara, sooner than expected, i.e. quickly, at once, Fms. ix. 408, xi. 112; vánu skjótara, x. 408; ónu verr, worse than might be expected, quite bad, bad indeed, Ls. 36; yrkja kann ek vánu verr, Mkv.; vánu betr, well indeed; vita e-t vánu nær, to know quite, Sks. 183 B. II. eccl. hope, N.T., Pass., Vídal. passim. III. in a few instances, esp. in a few compds (vánar-völr, see below), ván seems to denote despair, cp. also the name of the myth. river Ván, despair, agony: Ván and Víl were the rivers produced by the slaver from the mouth of the fettered wolf Fenrir, who is hence called Vánar-gandr, the

VÁNARLAUSS -- VÁRFERLI 685

monster of the water W., Edda. COMPDS: vánar-lauss, adj. hopeless, Fas. iii. 73. vánar-maðr, m. a man who has a hope of being saved, Bs. i. 113, Mar.: an alms-man, beggar, = úmagi (q.v.), N.G.L. i. 211; ef maðr færir þá konu af landi er vánar maðr manns er, 212. vánar-völr, m. a beggar's staff; bera vánarvöl, Hm. 77; ganga með vánarvöl, to walk with a beggar's staff, be brought to beggary, N.G.L. ii. 71: mod. also, fara á vonarvöl. vána (vona), að, to hope; vána fulltings, Fms. vi. 165; ek vána at góð verði þessi ferð, 123; hann kvaðsk vána, at hón næði lífi at halda, Fas. i. 430. ván-biðill, m. a wooer waiting for an answer; in the phrase, ek vil eigi vera vánbiðill þessa ráðs, I will not long stand hat in hand, Eb. 130, Ld. 192, Ísl. ii. 159. VÁNDR, mod. vondr, adj., without compar. or superl.; [Dan.-Swed. ond] :-- bad; of a thing, vánd klæði, Fs. 150, Fms. i. 70; vánda leppa, ii. 161; ór húsi litlu ok vándu, Hkr. ii. 380; psaltari vándr, Vm. 13; v. íss, rotten ice, Fms. vii. 273; vánt vatn, bad water, Karl. 62; vánt veðr, bad weather, Fb. iii. 240. 2. in a moral sense, wicked, bad; vándr maðr, Fms. vii. 117, Bs. i. 163; v. hefi ek verit, en aldri hefi ek þjófr verit, Nj. 74; íllum ok vándum, Blas. 46; vánd verk, N.G.L. ii. passim. vándska or vánzka, mod. vonzka, u, f. wickedness, Rétt. 18, D.N. iv. 66: in mod. usage, esp. of fury, ire, anger, hann réði sér ekki fyrir vonzku; vonzku-veðr, a furious, bad gale. vánd-skapr, m. wickedness, Stj. 363, 588, Fms. i. 207; v. ok íllmennska, Mar. vánds-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.; ílla ok vándsliga, Stj. 47), bad, wicked, Stj. 24. ván-foli, a, m. = váfoli (q.v.), Nj. 168. ván-góðr, adj. of good hope. ván-leysi, n. hopelessness, Fms. ii. 48. ván-ligr, adj. likely, to be expected, Fms. vi. 301, Hkr. iii. 60 (v.l.), Odd. 8. ván-lygi, f. [cp. váljúgr], frustration of hope, disappointment; varða vánlygi er vér reyndum, it was not an exaggeration, i.e. it proved but too true, Am. 91; cp. ok gafsk ván at lygi, Fms. x. 389. VÁPN (vópn, vopn), n., old plur. v&aolig-acute;pn or vópn; [Ulf. wêpna = GREEK; A.S. wæpen; Scot. wappen (in wappenshaw); Engl. weapon; O.H.G. wafan; Germ. waffen; Dan. vaaben; Swed. vapen] :-- a weapon; þau eru vópn til þess talið, öx ok sverð, spjót, ok sviður ok bryntroll, K.Þ.K. 170; skotvagn er ok gott vápn, ... tálgrafir eru góð vápn, Sks. 421, 425; vápnum ok herklæðum, Eg. 48; bera vápn, to bear weapons, Js. 6; leggja niðr vápn útanþings, N.G.L. i. 63; mun ek þér eigi vápnum verjask, Fms. ii. 257; ef hirð-drengr slær mann á vápn, missi hönd sina, N.G.L. ii. (Hirðskrá); um vápna ábyrgð, Grág. ii. 95; þau vápn vóru þá tíð, Eg. 189; it bezta vápn, 286; sverð allra vápna bezt, 746; sverð, it bitrasta vápn, Fms. ii. 255; vápn ... hornbogi eðr lásbogi, Sks. 408; taka vápn sín af veggjum, Eg. 560; þeir fundu hesta sína ok vápn, Nj. 21, Sturl. ii. 69; sverð ok spjót ok braut þau af skapti ... en vápnin (i.e. the steel part of the weapon) vafði hann í yfirhöfn sinni, Eg. 218. COMPDS: vápna-afli, a, m. stores of arms, Sturl. ii. 203, Nj. 122. vápna-bit, n. a 'weapon-bite,' a wound, Fas. ii. 471. vápna-brak, n. a din of arms, Ó.H. 69, Fms. i. 136. vápna-burðr, m. a bearing weapons; lagðr v. á alþingi á Íslandi, Ann. 1154: þá var svá lítill v., at ein var stálhúfa á alþingi, Landn. 230 (App.); tekinn af v. í kaupstöðum í Noregi, Ann. 1152; í þenna tíma vóru sverð útið hér á landi til vápna-burðar, Fbr. 13: a fray, shower of weapons in battle, Hkr. i. 237; bar fyrir útan þat skip vápnaburð heiðingja, their missiles fell outside the ship, they missed it, Fms. vii. 232, Orkn. 360. vápna-búnaðr, m. an equipment of arms, armour, Nj. 104, Ld. 52, Gþl. 100. vápna-dómr, m. a weapon-ordeal, poët. vápna-fall, n. a law term, a failing or absence from a 'weapon-show' or muster (vápnaþing), Gþl. 107. vápna-ganga, u, f. a meeting at a vápna-þing, Rétt. 112. vápna-gangr, m. a clash of weapons, also a shower of missiles, Fms. xi. 117. vápna-glamr (Fas. i. 461) and -gnýr, m. a clash of weapons, Fas. i. 506. vápna-kista, u, f. an arms-chest, Sturl. ii. 107 C. vápna-laust, n. adj. weaponless, unarmed. Mar. vápna-samkváma = vápnaþing, Sks. 384. vápna-skipti, n. an exchange of weapons, Gísl. 5: a passage of arms, exchange of blows, Nj. 201 (where plur.), 261. vápna-staðr, m. a 'weapon-spot,' bare place (where one may be wounded); sjá beran v. á e-m, Nj. 9: weapon-marks, wounds, er þeir hafa sén sár ok vápnastaði, N.G.L. i. 306. vápna-stefna, u, f. = vápnaþing, Fms. vii. 48. vápna-tak, q.v. vápna-tollr, m. a kind of toll, N.G.L. iii. 80. vápna-viðskipti = vápnaskipti, Fas. i. 107, Js. 24. vápna-viti, n. a fine for not appearing at a vápnaþing, Gþl. 109. vápnaþing, n. [Scot. wappenshaw, Old Mortality], a 'weapon show,' muster, a meeting where all the franklins had to appear and produce for inspection the arms which every man was lawfully bound to have, Gþl. 106; um morguninn átti konungr v., ok kannaði lið sitt, Fms. ix. 478; hafi hann atgeirinn til Valhallar ok beri þar fram á vápna-þingi, Nj. 119. B. PROPER COMPDS: vápn-bautinn, part. weapon-smitten, Lex. Poët. vápn-berr, adj. exposed to weapons, Lex. Poët. vápn-bitinn, part. 'weapon-bitten,' dead by the sword, Hkr. i. 14, Ld. 190, Grett. 159 new Ed. vápn-bærr = vápnhæfr, Þiðr. 78, v.l. vápn-dauðr, adj. 'weapon-dead,' Skv. 1. 34, Stj. 500, Grág. i. 223. vápn-djarfr, adj. gallant, Hkr. ii. 366, Fms. vii. 254, Stj. 289. vápn-dögg, f. 'weapon-dew,' blood, Lex. Poët. vápn-fimi, f. skill in arms, Ísl. ii. 117, Al. 4, 8, Þórð. 38 new Ed. vápn-fimr, adj. dexterous in arms, N.G.L. ii. 421, Finnb. 328. vápn-færr, adj. skilled in arms, Nj. 221, Bs. i. 525: of a weapon, Fms. v. 337. vápn-föt, n. pl. armour, Fas. i. 239. vápn-grjót, n. 'weapon-stones,' as slings, catapults, Sks. 398 B. vápn-göfigr, adj. glorious in arms, epithet of Odin, Gm. vápn-hanzki, a, m. a war-glove, Ann. 1394. vápn-hestr, m. a war-horse, Karl., Str. vápn-hríð, f. 'weapon-storm,' Lex. Poët. vápn-hæfr, adj. fit, manageable as a weapon, Sd. 146, Fas. i. 240. vápn-lauðr, n. 'weapon-foam,' blood, Lex. Poët. vápn-lauss, adj. weaponless, unarmed, Eg. 110, Fms. vii. 55. vápn-rakkr, adj. bold, N.G.L. ii. 421. vápn-rokkr, m. a buff-coat, Þiðr. 9. vápn-slægr = vápnfimr, Karl. 107. vápn-steinn, m. = vápngrjót, Hkr. iii. 293, Sks. 380. vápn-sækja, sótti, to attack, Art. 21, 26. vápn-söngr, m. the 'weapon-song,' clash of arms, Gkv., Akv. vápn-treyja, u, f. a war-jacket, a buff-coat, N.G.L. ii. 427. vápn-undaðr, part. weapon-wounded. Lex. Poët. vápn-vana, adj. = vápnlauss, Karl. 349. vápn-þrima, u, f. the weapon-clash, battle, Lex. Poët. vápna (vopna), að, to furnish with arms, Al. 66; vápnit yðr, Fms. ix. 217; vápna sik, to arm oneself, Fas. i. 41, Bær. 11. II. reflex. to take one's arms, Nj. 231, Fms. viii. 85, passim. 2. vápnaðr, armed, Eg. 77, 564, Nj. 69, Al. passim. vápna-tak, n. [A.S. wæpen-getæc; Engl. wapentake], a weapon-grasping, a law phrase; in their assemblies the ancients used to express their consent bv waving or brandishing their weapons, 'si placuit [sententia] frameas concutiunt, honoratissimum assensus genus est armis laudare,' Tacit. Germ. ch. 11; 'more Dacorum tela mutuae voluntatis pacto una concusserunt,' Dudo De Moribus et Actis Normannorum, iii. 96; 'collisione armorum et contactu,' Andreas Suneson (Lex Scan.); var Sverri gefit konungs-nafn á þessu átta-fylkna-þingi ok dæmt með vápna-taki. Fms. viii. 41; æptu allir upp með vápna-taki, at þeir skyldi allir vera útlægir, Hkr. iii. 325, v.l. 2. metaph. a vote or decree, resolution passed at a public assembly; veita göra vápnatak, eiga v. at e-u; skulu þingmenn honum jörð dæma ok veita honum v. til þess, at hann knegi verja jörð sína með lögum ok dómi, N.G.L. i. 89; þá eigu býjar-menn at leggja dóm á ok veita v. at, Grág. ii. 409 (referring to Norway); beiddi þess alla er á vóru þinginu, liðsmenn, bændr ok bæjarmenn, at þeir skyldi göra v. at því, at dæma með lögum ..., Fms. vii. 293; áttu þeir handfesti ok v. at þessu heiti er konungr mælti fyrir, viii. 55; var þá gört lögtekit, ok átt v. at, at Sveinn konungr skyldi kjósa þann af sonum sínum sem hann vildi til konungs eptir sik í Danmörk, xi. 213; njóti sá vátta sinna ok æsti bændr vápnataks, N.G.L. i. 250; þá eigu þingmenn honum með vápnataki jörð at skeyta, 96; ef maðr rýfr þann dóm er dæmdr er á alþingi, ok v. er at átt innan Lögréttu ok útan, Js. 7, N.G.L. ii. 190; ok vér saman settum ok samþyktum ok lýst vár þá í Túnsbergi fyrir almúganum ok v. á tekit (resolved) at fyrir lög skyldi dæma ..., iii. 206. II. in the Icel. parliament (alþingi) the word assumed a peculiar sense, for in the Grág. 'vápnatak' means the breaking up of the session, when the men resumed their weapons, which had been laid aside during the session (see vápnaburðr, vápn A); þat skal vera fjórtán nóttum eptir vápnatak, en þat heitir v. er alþýða ríðr af alþingi, Hrafn. 19, referring to the middle of the 10th century, where however it may be an anachronism; but in the Grágás and in Icel. of the 12th and 13th centuries it was a standing term, see Grág. passim; eptir vápnatak, i. 80; fjórtán nóttum eptir vápnatak, 123, 194, ii. 178. III. in that part of England which formed the ancient Denelagu, 'wæpentak' or 'wapentagia' came to mean a subdivision, answering to 'hundred' in the Saxon shires. Although altered in sense, this word was no doubt imported from the Danish, for in Leges Edvardi Confessoris, ch. 30, the words 'sub lege Anglorum' and 'lingua Anglica' are simply an error of a scribe for Danorum, Danica, for 'taka' is not A.S., but Norse, see Konrad Maurer, Germania xiv. 317 sqq. vápni, a, m. a nickname, Landn.; whence local names, Vápnafjörðr, Vápnfirðingar, m. pl. the men from W., id.; Vápnfirðinga Saga, Fms. ii. 239. Vápnlingar or Væpnlingar, m. pl. descendants of Vápni, Landn. 254. VÁR, n., mod. vor; [Lat. v&e-long;r; Dan.-Swed. vaar, vår: in mod. Danish this old word has been displaced by for-aar Germ. früh-jahr; although vaar is still used in special and poetical phrases] :-- the spring; vetr, sumar, vár ok haust, Edda; hit næsta vár, ... um várit, Fms. vi. 90; allt til várs, Nj. 11; í vár, last spring, Eg. 235; í vári, Eb. (in a verse), passim in old and mod. usage. B. COMPDS: vár-bók, f. a mass-book for the spring, Ám. 5. vár-dagar, m. pl. spring days, Boll. 354, Fms. iii. 91. vár-ferli,

686 VÁRFOÐR -- VÁTTR,

a, m. a spring-traveller, Boldt 136. vár-fóðr, n. spring-feed, for cattle, N.G.L. i. 38. vár-fæddr, part. born in the spring, D.N. vár-gróði, a, m. a spring-crop. vár-hluti, a, m. the part of a mass-book for the spring, Vm. 80, 122. vár-lag, n. the price (in cattle) when paid in the spring, opp. to haustlag. vár-langr, adj. spring-long: in várlangan dag, Landn. 264 (v.l.), Ísl. ii. 381. vár-leiðangr, m. the spring-levy, D.N. ii. 390. vár-ligr, adj. belonging to thspring, vernal, Al. 95. vár-orka, u, f. = várönn, Gþl. 410. vár-skógr, m. a wood in spring, B.K. 55; see varrskógr. vár-tíð, f. spring-tide, the spring, Eluc. 30. vár-tími, a, m. spring-time, Stj. 14, 228. vár-tíund, f. a tithe payable in the spring, K.Þ.K. 144. vár-veðrátta, u, f. spring-weather. vár-vinna, u, f. spring-work, N.G.L. ii. vár-víking, f. a freebooting expedition in the spring, Orkn. 462. vár-yrkja, t, to do the spring-work in a household, Grág. ii. 332. vár-þing, n. a spring-parliament, one of the quarter assizes held in Icel., see Íb. ch. 5, Grág. (Kb.), Þ.Þ. ch. 56-59; várþing, alþingi, leið, Grág. i. 4, 103, Ld. 50, Dropl. 5, 8, 13, Nj. 251, passim. vár-önn, f. spring-work, Grág. ii. 261. vára, að, (óra, Orkn. in a verse), to become spring: impers., þá er váraði, Fms. i. 22, Nj. 11; en er várar, Ld. 176; er vára tók, Eg. 156; váraði svá seint at jörð var lítt ígróðra at fardögum, Bs. i. 172; þér berit aptr er órar orð þau, Orkn. l.c., and passim. 2. reflex., Nj. 9. VÁRAR, f., only in pl. [A.S. wær; O.H.G. wâre = foedus; cp. the adjectives, A.S. wær, O.H.G. wâr, Germ. wahr, Lat. verus] :-- a pledge, troth, plight; the word is obsolete, and only occurs in the following references, -- Helgi ok Sváfa veittusk várar, ok unnusk furðumikit, Helgi and Swáfa plighted their faith to one another, and loved each other much, Sæm.: einka-mál er veita sín á milli konur ok karlar, því heita þau mál várar, Edda 19; leggit Mjölni í meyjar-kné, vígit okkr saman várar-hendi, join us with a wedding-hand, Þkv.; þat ræð ek þér at þú trúir aldri várum vargdropa, Sdm.; hann lagði sitt mál í kné honum ok seldi várar, Fms. ix. 432 (in a verse). 2. the sing. only occurs in Vár, the name of one of the goddesses, Edda (cp. væringi); no doubt from várar. vára-vargr, m. a truce-breaker, Sdm. vár-kunn, f. the 'vár' is probably gen. sing. fem. from vá (woe), governed by the following 'kynna;' vár-kunna, qs. kunna vár, to feel woe, feel compassion for, cp. the verb vá, Hm. 74: what is to be excused, er þat mikil várkunn, frændi, at þik fýsi at kanna annarra manna siðu, Fms. ii. 24; þó heldr þik várkunn til at leita á, Nj. 21; er ok v. aá at slíkir hlutir liggi í miklu rúmi þeim er nökkurir eru kappsmenn, Ó.H. 33; nú er þat várkunn at hann vili ekki við oss jafnask, Orkn. 332. 2. compassion, pity; satt réttlæti hefir várkunn í sér (rendering of Lat. compassio) en logit réttlæti reiði, Greg. 33: eigi líkar Guði várkunnin ein saman, 19; várkunnar hugr, a compassionate mind, 25. COMPDS: várkunnar-lauss, adj. unmerciful: inexcusable, hitt er várkunnarlaust, at þú bregðir oss brigzlum, Nj. 227. várkunn-leysi, n. mercilessness, Al. 95. várkunnar-verk, n. an excusable deed, Fms. vi. 111. vár-kunna, kunni, to excuse, Fms. ii. 296, v.l. várkunnigr, adj. merciful, forbearing, Stj. 2, 172, Karl. 489; forsjáll, vitr ok v., 655 xx. 3; vera v. e-m, compassionate, Stj. 217. várkunn-látr, adj. = várkunnigr; vera sér v. um e-t, to excuse oneself, Fas. ii. 344: compassionate, Hom. 95, 130, (St.) 4. várkunn-liga, adv.; varðveita v., Fas. iii. 131, v.l. várkunn-ligr, adj. excusable, Fms. x. 343. várkunn-læti, n. forbearance, Hom. 6, 95. várkunn-samr (-semi, f.), adj. forbearing. vár-kynna, ð, mod. vorkenna, qs. kunna vár, see várkunn above :-- to excuse; v. e-m, Greg. 72; vil ek yðr v. at þér þykkisk alls til lengi hafa heiman verit, Fms. ii. 296; munu vér eigi várkynna öðrum þó at hér skatyrðisk, Ísl. ii. 384. 2. to pity; várkynndi hann fátækt (dat.) hans, 655 iii. 4; várkynna synðgum, Greg. 45; líkna ok várkynna, 623. 23; þér várkynndut oss eigi, pitied us not, Fas. ii. 76. vár-kynnd, f. = várkunn, compassion, mercy; fyrir útan alla v., Sks. 537 B; várkynndar góðvili, Fms. ii. 296, O.H.L. 82; með v., B.K. 107. VÁRR, vár, várt, mod. vor, a possess. pron. This word has undergone several changes, starting from an original form uns, Goth. unsar, which was contracted into ús, cp. órir, p. 469; next the s changed into r (as in vera, heyra, eyra, járn), thus it became ûrr or ór-r, cp. A.S. ûre, Engl. our; lastly, the initial vowel was turned into the cognate consonant v, prob. from being confounded with the personal pronoun vér. The old poets seem only to know the vowel form, as is always seen in alliteration, Vþm. 4, 7, Hým. 33, Hkv. Hjörv. 23; and so in rhymes, stórr, órar, Kormak. Thorodd cites this form, órar eru ú-rækðir órar; and the earliest vellums use it throughout. About A.D. 1200 várr begins to appear, an innovation prob. imported from abroad; thus in Clem. S. (Arna-Magn. 645), p. 147, 'ór,' 'órum,' six times (ll. 1, 4, 9, 12, 13, 28), but 'várra,' 'vár,' twice (ll. 6, 25); in a few poems of the 12th century, preserved in late vellums, the spelling is 'vórr,' whereas the alliteration and rhyme demand ó, e.g. Líkn. 24, Harms. 53, 54, 58; in Ls. 52 'vömmin vár' is an exception and otherwise corrupt, for ' vár' could not have existed at the time when that poem was composed. In this way the modern várr arose, being quite peculiar to the Scandinavian: [Dan. vor, Swed. vår; whereas Goth. unsar, Germ. unser, answer to the obsolete Icel. ossir; and A.S. ûre, Engl. our, answer to early Icel. órr] :-- our. B. USAGES. -- Our; várt höfuð, Fms. x. 7; várs herra, Stj.; várrar, id.; með vórum afla, Hkr. ii. 92; várra glæpa, Stj. 2. neut. as subst.; [cp. Engl. ours]; láta slíka sitja yfir váru, Ísl. ii. 224. 3. with another pron.; várr skal hverr eina konu eiga, N.G.L. i. 20; várr skal engi blandask við búfé, each of us, 18; skipi hvert várt stýrði, Am. 96; einn várn, one of us, Fms. vi. 165; hverjum várum, each of us Ó.H. 61; kvað hvern várn skyldu falla þveran of annan, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse); sjám hverr várr (who of us) fái fyrst búnar snekkjur. Fas. i. 350 (in a verse); engum várum, none of us, Glúm. 332; fundir várir Hákonar, our meetings, i.e. of H. and myself, Fms. vii. 256. VÁS, n. wetness, toil, fatigue, from storm, sea, frost, bad weather, or the like; þola vás ok erviði, Fms. i. 222; fékk hann mikit vás ok erviði, viii. 18; þverr kraptrinn mikit í vásinu ok hernaðinum, Orkn. 464; Eiríkr kveðsk minna mega við vási (uosi Cod.) öllu, enn var, Fb. i. 538; í þeirri ferð fengu þeir mikit vás af íllviðri, frosti ok snjávum, Fms. ix. 233; höfu vér nú móðir verit af hungri ok kulda ok miklu vási, Post. 645. 100; þér erut menn móðir af vási, Eg. 204. COMPDS: vás-búð (mod. vosbúð), f. toil, fatigue from vás; fleiri v. hafði hann en vér höfum, Fms. ix. 369; var þar hörð vásbúð, þvíat öll hlaðan draup, 234; hafa haft marga v., id.; geta vásbúð, Eb. (in a verse). vás-ferð and vás-för, f. a wet journey, Fms. vii. (in a verse), Fagrsk. vás-klæði, n. rain-clothes, Fms. i. 149, Grett. 98 A, Mar. vás-kufl, m. a rain-cloak, Nj. 32, Ld. 268. vás-kyrtill, n. a rain-cloak, D.N. iv. 468. vás-samr, adj. wet and toilsome; austr v. eða erviðr, Grett. 95 A; vássamt embætti, Stj. 368. vás-tabarðr, m. a rain-tabard, D.N. vás-verk, n. wet work, Eb. 256. vá-sjaldan, adv. very seldom, rare indeed, Sks. 318 B. vá-skapaðr, m. a 'woe-shaper,' woe-maker, the terrible, Hým. vá-skeyttr, part., qs. var-skeyttr, van-skeyttr, a law phrase, unconveyable, untransferable: hence fickle, shifty, váskeytt er annars vinátta, a saying, Gþl. 61; þar er eigi váskeyttr vili sá er ymsu vindr fram, 677. 8. vá-stigr, m. a woful path, Hðm. 18. váta-drífa, u, f. a fall of sleet, Hkr. iii. 425. váta-reykr, m. a wet reek, Krók. 58 C. vát-eygr, adj. wet-eyed. vát-færr, adj. wet to pass, of a road, Grett. 161. vátka, u, f. wetness, moisture, Rb. 442. vát-lendi, n. a wet soil, Stj. 59, 201. vátna or votna, að, to become wet; cp. vökna. VÁTR, vát, vátt, mod. votr; [A.S. wæt; Engl. wet; Dan. vaad] :-- wet; þeir vóru vátir mjök, Eg. 203; hann var ekki vátr stórs of ökla upp, Bs. i. 349; þeir vóru allir vátir, Eb. 276; allr al-v., Fær. 184; regn hafði verit, ok höfðu menn orðit vátir, Nj. 15; hendinni vátri, Ó.H. 224; með váta brá, ... vátar kiðr, wet cheeks from weeping, Lex. Poët.; sumar vátt, a wet summer, Rb. 572; vátt veðr, Fb. ii. 308; þar var allt vótt, 367; (vátt, Ó.H. l.c.); hví er vátt? Fs. 38; hafa innan-vátt, 'in-wet,' shipping of seas, a naut. term, Háv. 42 new Ed., Fær. 256. vát-samr, adj. wet. vátta, að, mod. votta, to witness, affirm; with dat., hón váttaði því, at hón ætlaði honum alla sína eigu, Fms. i. 248; hann váttaði því, at hann væri framarr at sér enn aðrir menn, Mar.; Haraldr lét fram vitni þau er hann váttaði fyrir, at Játvarðr konungr gaf honum konungdóm ok ríki sitt, Fms. vi. 396; sem enn váttar í dag, Gþl. 46; svá sem váttar víða í sögum, Hkr. iii. 99; svá miklar tuptir sem nú vátta próvendu-hús hans, D.N. iii. 90. vátt-bera, bar, to testify, N.G.L. i. 306. vátt-bærr, adj. admissible as a witness, Grág. i. 332, Jb. 296. vátt-dagr, m. witness-day = Thursday, Magn. 540. vátt-lauss, adj. unwitnessed; váttlaus kaup, Grág. ii. 406; selja fé á leigu váttlaust, i. 398. vátt-nefna, u, f. a law phrase, a calling witnesses, Nj. 14, Grág. ii. 48, Eg. 732, Hrafn. 18. vátt-næmdr, part. attested by witnesses, Fms. ii. 237. vátt-orð, n. evidence, testimony; þeirra þriggja váttorða er í dóminn áttu at koma, Nj. 36; hann flutti fram vitni sín ok v., Fms. vii. 142; reifa váttorð, Nj. 243; kveðja váttorða allra, er sök eigu at fylgja, Grág. i. 34; váttorða-kvöð, summons to give evidence, ii. 124. VÁTTR, m., mod. vottr, pl. vættir, D.N. i. 7; [cp. vitni; the etymology of this word is not altogether established, but it is highly probable that it, like vitni (q.v.). is derived from vita and is related to Goth. weit-wodei = GREEK; if so, á would stand for Goth. ei, and the '-orð' in váttorð would not be qs. 'word,' but would answer to the Goth. 'wodei,' with an inserted r] :-- a witness; hafa vátta við, Nj. 3; lét hann ganga fram vitni sín ok vátta, Fms. vii. 141; njóta vátta sinna, N.G.L. i. 55, passim:

VÁTTANEFNA -- VEÐR. 687

eccl., Guðs-váttr, God's witness, a martyr, saint, Blas. 43; Krists váttr, 49; píslar-váttr (q.v.), id. COMPDS: vátta-nefna, u, f. = váttnefna, Eb. 226. vátta-saga, u, f. a declaration, Gþl. 255, Eb. 166. vátt-vísi, f. a declaration, Fms. ii. 270. vát-viðri, n. wet weather, Bs. i, Fbr. 147, Fas. ii. 378. vátviðra-samr, adj., Sturl. ii. 89 C. vá-veifi, n. 'woe-waving' fearful suddenness, as in the waving of a hand, always used of a visitation or calamity; at eigi dæi þeir með svá miklu v., Stj. 330; ek mun vega þá með skjótu v., 329. vá-veifis, adv. all of a sudden; næsta váveifis skein þar ljós fagrt, Mart. 102. váveifliga, adv. (mod. voveifliga), suddenly; bersk þat at váveifliga, at þeir vöknuðu við þat at skálinn logaði yfir þeim, Fms. x. 290; tíðindi koma v. til eyrna e-m, Bs. i. 139; flugu hjá þeim fuglar margir váveifliga, Fms. i. 273; koma v. at e-m, kom konungr at honum v., x. 315, Ó.H. 98, Edda (pref.): freq. in mod. usage, but with the notion of evil, danger. váveifligr, adj. sudden; at sízt brygði við váfeifliga hluti, Fms. vi. 250; v. vatna-vöxtr, Stj. 87; v. sótt, sudden illness, Hom. (St.); verðr það opt þá varir minnst, | voveiflig hætta búin finnst, Pass. 5. 2. VÉ, n. [a form vés would answer to Ulf. weihs or wehs, n. = GREEK; Hel. uuih = templum; the identity of this word with the Lat. vicus and Gr. GREEK is indubitable, the abbreviation being analogous to fé and pecu; whereas Goth. weihs = holy is prop. a different root word, see vígja; for the double sense of Lat. aedes and templum does not depend on the etymology, but is analogous to what has taken place in the word hof, q.v.] A. A mansion, house, Lat. aedes, this is the original sense, then a sanctuary, temple, cp. hof; til vés heilags, to the holy mansion, Hdl. 1; alda vé, the home of men, i.e. the earth, Hm. 107; Út-vé, Üt-garðr, the outer-mansion, of the outskirt of the earth, where the giants live, Þd.; ginnunga vé, the mansion of the gods, the heavens, Haustl. 15; byggja vé goða, to dwell in the homes of the gods, Vþm. 51; hapta vé, the places of gods = holy places, Vellekla; vé mána, the moon's mansion, i.e. the heavens, Edda i. 330 (in a verse); valda véum, to rule house, dwell, reside, Gm. 13; svá mikils virðu goðin vé sín ok griða-staði, at eigi vildu þau saurga þá með blóði úlfsins, Edda 20; öll Vandils-vé, the land of V., Hkv. 2. 33: allit., vé ok vangr, frá mínum véum ok vöngum skolu þér æ jafnan köld ráð koma (sec vangr), Ls. 51. II. a temple; öll vé banda, all the temples of the gods, and hapta vé, id., Vellekla; granda véum, to violate the temples, Hkr. i. (in a verse); vés valdr, the lord of the vé, i.e. lord of the county, or = temple-lord(?), an epithet applied to the Earl Sigurd, Kormak. 2. the law phrase, vega víg í véum, to slay a man in a sanctuary (a temple, an assembly, or the like); hann vá víg í véum ok varð útlægr, Landn. 80; Özurr vá víg í véum á Upplöndum, þá er hann váf í brúðför með Sigurði hrisa, fyrir þat varð hann landflótti til Íslands, 304; Erpr lútandi vá víg í véum ok var ætlaðr til dráps, Skáldatal 252; vargr í véum (see vargr), Fms. xi. 40; Eyvindr hafði vegit í véum ok var hann vargr orðinn, Eg. 259: also in the obscure passage, Grág., Þ.Þ. ch. 24, 'um vés úti,' perh. 'um vés útan,' = outside the court, absent from court, of a judge prevented through sickness from being in his place in court, Grág. (Kb.) i. 76, l. 3. B. Vé, in local names, Vé-björg = Vi-borg in Denmark, Fms.; Vis-torf, Thork. Dipl.: Véar, f. pl. (like Torgar, Nesjar), Munch's Norg. Beskriv.: Vé-ey, an island in Romsdal in Norway, Edda ii. 492; Óðins-vé = Odense in Funen in Denmark, Fms. xi. (never in Icel. local names): freq. in mod. Dan. and Swed. local names, Vi-um, Vi-bæí, Vi-lund, Vis-by. II. in names of persons, either from vé = aedes or from vé = Goth. weihs = holy, thus, e.g. Vé-laug may be = Heim-laug, which name also occurs: Vé-geirr (hann var kallaðr Végeirr því at hann var blótmaðr mikill), Landn. 149: Vé-gestr, Vé-dís, Vé-mundr (all these names in the same family), Landn.; as also, Vé-garðr, Vé-kell, Vé-brandr, Vé-freyðr, Vé-laug, Vé-leifr, Vé-ný, id.: or as in Véþ-ormr, Véþ-orn; cp. Widu-ric, Widu-kind, Wodu-rid, and other similar old Teut. pr. names. vé, n. pl., different from the preceding word; [the Lat. vexillum is a dimin. derivative from root of veho; the root word is vigan = to carry high, Lat. veho] :-- a standard, remains only in poetry; gyld vé, golden standards, Fms. i. 175 (in a verse); veðr-blásin vé, vii. 345 (in a verse); fram óðu vé, vi. 409 (in a verse); þar er vé vaða, Darr. 6; gullsett vé gnæfa, vé geysa, glymja, skjálfa, blása, ríða, all poët, phrases of the standard carried high in battle, see Lex. Poët.; reisa vé, to hoist the vé, Fms. viii. (in a verse); hildar vé, the 'war-standard,' i.e. a shield, Haustl. 1, (for shields were used as such, see remarks s.v. skjöldr.) Vé qs. véi, a, m. [Goth. weiha = GREEK, John xviii. 13], prop. a priest = goði (q.v.), remains as a pr. name, Véi, brother of Odin, Yngl. S.; acc. Véa, Ls. vé, interj. [Goth. vai; Germ. wehe; Lat. vae; cp. vá], woe, misery; eymd eðr vé, Stj. 39. véar, m. pl., is in Lex. Poët, entered among the names of gods, but scarcely rightly so, for the Hým. 39 is corrupt; 'véar skulu' probably is 'Véorr skyli' ... drekka eitt öldr, may W. (i.e. Thor) enjoy a banquet with Egir! so also in the verse of Kristni S. ch. 8, véa is gen. pl. from vé = aedes; perh. tanna vé = aedes dentium = the mouth(?). vé-brandr, m. [from vé = vexillum(?)], a standard, oriflamme(?), a GREEK rendering of Lat. excutiens Bellona 'faces,' Al. 41. vé-braut, n. a doubtful GREEK, the home-stead or the premises of a house, the place cleared to build a house on = ruð (q.v.), Hornklofi (Hkr. i. in a verse). vé-bönd, n. pl., prop. 'mansion-bonds,' i.e. the boundaries or precincts of a dwelling, but used only in a special sense, viz. the ropes fastened to stakes by which a parliamentary assembly or court was surrounded; þar er dómrinn var settr var völlr sléttr ok settar niðr hesli-stengr í völlinn í hring, en lögð um útan snæri umhverfis, vóru þat köllut vébönd (cp. Engl. bar), Eg. 340; þeir skáru í sundr véböndin en brutu niðr stengr, 350; Snorri lögmaðr lét skera vébönd í Lögréttu á Alþingi í sundr, Ann. 1329; lögmaðr skal láta göra vébönd í Gula á þingstað réttum, svá víð at þeir hafi rúm fyrir innan er í Lögréttu skolu vera, Gþl. 13; var þat minn fullr dómr með allri Lögréttunnar samþykt, 'wtan we banda ok innan,' D.N. ii. 662 (A.D. 1421); aff al lagrettith innan vebondith ok uthen, i. 1030 (A.D. 1511); allra lögréttu-manna innan vébanda ok útan, ii. 285 (A.D. 1347). VEÐ, n., dat. pl. veðjum; [Ulf. wadi = GREEK; A.S. wed; Old Engl. (Chaucer) wedde; Scot. wad-set = a mortgage; Germ. wette; Lat. vas vad-is, vadi-monium] :-- a pledge, surety; vörzlu-mann þann er veðjum sé jamgóðr, N.G.L. i. 347; leggja veð fyrir grip, ii. 161; þat veð sem þeir eru á sáttir, Grág. ii. 234; Sighvatr handsalaði honum Sauðafell í veð, Bs. i. 507; hann bauð þar at veði alla eigu sína, Fms. ix. 47, viii. 303; í hönd skal leigu gjalda, eða setja veð hálfu betra, Vm. 16; selja e-m veð, Js. 125, N.G.L. ii. 162; þeir buðu at leggja sik í veð, Nj. 163; leggi einn-hverr hönd sína í munn mér at veði, Edda 20; hann lét eptir fé mikit at veði, Fb. iii. 400; eiga veð í grip, N.G.L. i. 51, Þiðr. 68; hafa e-t í veði, or vera í veði, to have at stake; hafa nú í veði fé þitt ok fjör, Fms. iv. 321; eigi vil ek hafa sæmd mína í veði móts við íllgirni hans, Grett. 95 A; líf mitt er í veði, Fas. i. 30. veð-bróðir, m. = eiðbróðir, a plighted brother, confederate, Karl. 435, 453. veð-fals, n,, veð-flærð, f., and veð-fox, n. a fraud in a veð; nú selr maðr tveim mönnum eitt veð, þá á sá veð er fyrri tók, en hinum er veðfals, Js. 125 (Gþl. 511, l.c., veðfox). veð-fé, n. a bet, wager; dæmðu þeir at dvergrinn ætti veðféit, Edda 70; eigi munt þú hljóta veðféit, Fms. vii. 203; á ek nú veðféit ... ef mér bærisk veðféit, Ó.H. 75. veð-festa, u, f. a pledge, D.N. ii. 206. veð-hlaup, n. [Dan. væddelöb], running a race, (mod.) veðja, að, [Ulf. ga-wadion = GREEK; A.S. weddian; Scot. wad; Germ. wetten; Dan. vædde] :-- to lay a wager, bet; with dat., veðja um e-t, or absol., veðja höfði um getspeki, Vþm. 19; veðjar Loki höfði sínu við þann dverg, Edda 69; ek vil veðja um við þik, at ek mun finna ..., Ó.H. 75, Fms. vi. 369; skal víst veðja hér um, Fas. i. 318; viltú veðja við oss, at ..., 317; ef menn veðja, hafi at alls engu, Gþl. 522; veðit eigi optarr við úkunna menn, Fas. i. 319; þeir reiddusk ok veðjuðu, Korm. 142. II. a Norse law term, [Swed. vädja], to appeal; þá skolu þingmenn skjóta dómi þeirra veðjuðum á fylkis-þing, N.G.L. i. 88; verða þar aðrir veðjaðir (= for-veðjaðir ?) ok af sínu máli, id. veðjaðr = veðjan, an appeal; in veðjaðar-dómr, N.G.L. i. 239. veðjan, f. (acc. with the art. veðjunna, Edda 70), a wagering, betting; eptir þessa veðjan ok kappmæli, Fms. ii. 276, Hkr. iii. 281, Fas. i. 318, ii. 546 (veðjun); veðjanar-fé, a wager = veðfé, Fas. i. 319. 2. an appeal; bjóða veðjan, N.G.L. i. 220; veðjanar dómr, a court of appeal, id. veð-leggja, lagði, to lay a wager, N.G.L. i. 347. veð-máli, a, m. a pledge, mortgage; skal sá þeirra hafa veðmála sinn, er hann hefir at lögum at farit, Grág. i. 126; um lands-virðingar ok um veðmála, id.; dæma konu sitt fé, ef hón átti, eða veðmála ef vóru, ok hverjum sína aura fulla, 84; þá er at lögum farit, ef sýnt er váttum veðmáli, 126. veð-mæla, t, to pledge, mortgage, Grág. i. 126; fé veðmælt at lögum, 413; sá er fé sitt lét veðmæla, 127; þó at hann hafi meira veðmælt, id. VEÐR, n. [A.S. and Old Engl. weder; Engl. weather; Germ. wetter; Dan. væder, sounded væ-acute;r-et] :-- the weather; kalt, vindlítið veðr, gott veðr, kyrt veðr, Fbr. 256; spurði hvat veðrs væri, id.; í hverju veðri, K.Þ.K.; veðr ræðr akri, Hm., Fms. ix. 353: the air, ná upp ór veðrum, out of the upper air, Edda (pref.); eldr, veðr, jörð, 625. 178, 2. a wind; stormr veðrs, Fms. i. 101; bera klæði í veðr, Eb. 264: wind, a gale, hvasst veðr, a gale, Eg. 196; tók at lægja veðrit, Nj. 124; veðrit óx, 267; reka fyrir veðri ok straumi, Grág. ii. 384; sær eða vötn eða veðr, 275; stór veðr, great gales, Eg. 160; at veðr tvau verði senn í lopti, Fas. ii. 515, passim. 3. naut. phrases; stýra á veðr e-m, Fms. ii. 305; beita undir veðr, Fb. i. 540; reru í kring um Bagla ok á veðr þeim, Fms. viii. 335; á veðr eldinum, 283; sigla á veðr e-m, to get to windward of one, to take the wind out of his sail, Band. 39 new Ed.; veifa ræði veðrs annars til, Hým. 25; láta í veðri vaka, to 'see which way the wind blows'(?), metaph. to make believe, pretend, see vaka. 4. phrases; hafa

688 VEÐRABATI -- VEGA.

veðr af e-u, to get the wind of one, scent him, metaphor from hunting; bersi hafði veðr af manninum, the bear had wind of him, Grett. 101 A; ek hafða veðrit af þeim sem kallaði, Fas. i. 14; komask við veðri, to be scented, rumoured abroad, Fms. vii. 165, Ísl. ii. 482, Rd. 252; Hjalti lét koma veðr á þau (threw out hints to them) um ræður þær er haun hafði upp-hafit, Ó.H. 59; staðar-menn mæltu mjök á veðr um, hinted broadly, Orkn. 342. B. COMPDS: veðra-bati, a, m. a bettering of the weather, Rd. 248. veðra-bálkr, m., Eg. 202. veðra-brigði, n. a change of weather. veðr-belgr, m. a weather-bag, Fas. ii. 412. veðr-blaka, u, f. a weather-fan, Sks. 234. veðr-borð, n. the 'wind-board,' weatber-side. veðr-dagr, m., in the phrase, einn góðan veðrdag, one fine day, once on a time, Ld. 40, Nj. 122, Fs. 144, Gullþ. 64. veðr-eygr, part. = veðrglöggr(?), Vkv. veðr-fall, n. the set of the wind, direction, = veðrstaða, Band. 40 new Ed., Thom. 314; at því sem vér höfum veðrföll haft, Nj. 124. veðr-fastr, adj. weather-bound, Grág. i. 454, Eg. 482. veðr-fölnir, n. a mythical name, of a hawk, Edda. veðr-glöggr, adj. 'weather-gleg,' sharp in predicting weather. veðr-gnýr, m. a gust of wind, Sturl. ii. 107 C. veðr-góðr, adj. with a mild climate; land veðrgott, Sks. 200. veðr-harðr, adj. hard, of weather; haust veðrhart, Eb. 54. veðr-himin, m. the atmosphere, 677. 16. veðra-hjálmr, m. 'weather-helmet' = the sky, Edda. veðra-höll, f. 'weather-hall' i.e. the heavens, Edda. veðr-kænn, adj. = veðrglöggr, Sks. 222. veðr-lítill, adj. calm, light, of wind, Fbr. 25, Orkn. 332. veðr-sjúkr, adj. 'weaiher-sick,' anxious, Fbr. 24. veðr-spár, adj. 'weather-spaeing,' weather-wise, Landn. 231. veðr-staða, u, f. the 'standing,' direction of the wind, Bs. i. 388, Fms. ii. 110. veðr-sæll, adj. blessed with good weather, Fbr. 23. veðr-tekinn, part. weather-beaten. veðr-vandr, adj. nice as to weather, Bjarn. 54. veðr-viti, a, m. a vane, Ó.H. 170, Fms. x. 78, ix. 301, Orkn. 332, Edda (in a verse). VEÐR, m., gen. veðrar, but veðrs, Stj. 133; [A.S. weder; Engl. wether; Germ. widder; Dan.-Swed. væder, väder] :-- a wether; the word is obsolete in Icel. except in poetry (cp. hrútr), Edda (Gl.); þeir glöddusk sem veðrar, Stj. 177; ins hornótta veðrs, 133; veðr, N.G.L. i. 212; veðra-fjörðr, or corrupt, Viðris-fjörðr, in a pun = Hrúta-fjörðr, Grett. (in a verse). 2. a battering-ram. Sks. 411. II. as a nickname, Landn. COMPDS: veðrar-horn, n. a wether's horn; hvat mælir hyrningr sjá, er staf hefir í hendi ok uppi á sem veðrarhorn sé bjúgt, of a bishop's crozier, Ó.H. 108; fiski-stöng ok veðrar (horn) upp af, a fishing-rod with a wether's horn (or crooked like a wether's horn) at the top, Gísl. 21. veðrar-lamb, n. a wether-lamb, Stj. 279. veðrátta, u, f. the weather, conditions of weather, temperature, Fs. 52, Sks. 322, Nj. 267, K.Á. 176, Fms. ii. 29, Orkn. 394; köld v., Bs. i. 171; veðráttu-far, Rb. 100. veðr-hyrndr, part. wether-horned. veðr-leikr, m. = veðrátta, Fbr. 33. veð-setja, setti, [Scot. wadset], to pawn, mortgage, Fas. i. 317, Stj. 601; veðsetja jarðir sínar, Fms. xi. 293, Eg. 77; v. sik í þetta mál, to pledge oneself to this case, Fms. iv. 77; v. sik ok fé sitt, to hazard, stake, Ld. 42, Fms. vii. 34; eigi vil ek v. virðing mína við íllgirni þína, Eb. 160. VEFA, pres. vef; pret. vaf, vaft, vaf, pl. ófum, ófut, ófu (vófu, Fas. ii. in a verse); subj. œfi, mod. væfi; imperat. vef; part. ofinn: with suff. vaf-k, Fms. xi: [A.S. wefan; Engl. weave; Germ. weben; Dan. væve; Gr. GREEK] :-- to weave; var ek at ok vafk, ok var lítit á ofit, Fms. xi. 49; ek vil senda þik inn á bæi með vept er hafa skal í vef þann er þar er ofinn, Fbr. 31 new Ed.; vófu Valskar brúðir, Fas. ii. (in a verse); gengr hildr vefa, Darr. 3; vef þann er þar er ofinn, Fbr. 58; ef vefr stendr uppi, þá á sonr þat sem ofit er, en dóttir þat sem ú-ofit er, Js. 78; ofinn orma-hryggjum, Edda 43; teygðu ok ófu, they stretched and wove, of the wind playing on the waves, Edda (in a verse), passim. 2. to brocade; átta aurum gulls var ofit í motrinn, Ld. 200; bækr ofnar völundum, Hðm. 6. vé-fang, n. [from vé-, a prefixed negative particle answering to Goth. waia- = ill, in waia-mêrjan, to 'ill-praise' = GREEK, and waja-merei = blasphemy; this waia- is not to be confounded with the interjection wai = vei, but is related to vá- = woe, evil, cp. Goth. wai-dedja = an evil-doer; vé-fang therefore stands for vá-fang, prop. meaning 'misfetching,' miscarriage, but is only used in a specific sense as a law term] :-- division or disagreement in court. In the old Icel. courts of law the whole court was composed of thirty-six members, the quorum being six; and in case of disagreement the court was held to be divided if the minority could muster at least six votes; in this case, each side delivered a separate judgment, which was called véfang and véfengja, whereby the suit was stopped or quashed, the one judgment neutralising the other; in the earliest Saga times if a case thus broke down, it could only be taken up again by an appeal to wager of battle (hólmganga), but after the introduction of the fifth court (the court of appeal), it was brought before that court. The véfang is described in an especial chapter of Þ.Þ. (Kb.), ... um véföng, ... skolut þeir færi til véfangs ganga en sex, ... ok skolu þeir sitja allir saman er saman eru at véfangi, ... bera til véfangs, ... ok kveða á þat með hvárum hann mun vera at véfangi, ... mæla véfangs-málum ... síðan skolu þeir vinna véfangs-eiô er saman eru at vefangi ... ok kveða á hvat hann berr til véfangs ok kveða á af því hann berr þat til véfangs, ... þeir skolu gjalda samkvæði sitt á er at véfangi vóru með honum, ... þat berum vér til véfangs ok þann dóm dæmum vér, at ..., Grág. l.c.; þær sakir skulu koma í fimtar-dóm, ljúgkviðir ..., enda véföng þau er hér verða, Kb. i. 78; hér skolu ok í koma véfangs-mál öll þau er menn véfengja í fjórðungs-dómi, ok skal þeim stefna til fimtar-dóms, Nj. 150. A véfang in passing laws in the Lögrétta is mentioned, ef þeir eru jam-margir Lögréttu-menn hvárir-tveggju er sitt kalla lög hvárir vera ... ok skolu hvárir-tveggju vinna véfangs-eið at sínu máli, Kb. i. 214; cp. Konrad Maurer in his Beiträge. vefari, a, m. a weaver. vé-fengja, d, to deliver a véfang, q.v.; ef þær sakir eru nökkurar er þeir verða eigi ásáttir á dóm sinn, ok skolu þeir þá véfengja, ... segi ek þat Guði, at ek mun þat v. er ek hygg lög vera, ... nema þar (viz. in the quarter-court) verði enn véfengit (a remnant of a strong inflexion), þá skal lúkask í fimtar-dómi, Grág. ii. 324; þeir eigu at væfengja er þrír eru hvárir-tveggju, ok fara svá at véfangi sem at fjórðungs-dómi, 274; véfengja mál, þeir munu ætla at v. brennu-málit ok láta eigi dæma mega, Nj. 240, cp. 150. 2. in mod. usage to impugn, doubt a statement; viltú v. það sem eg segi? eg vil ekki v. það; or also, eg véfengi þig ekki, I impugn not thy veracity. vef-gefn, f. the fairy of the loom, poët, a woman. Lex. Poët. vefgin, n. a false reading for veigaðr (q.v.), N.G.L. i. 211. VEFJA, pres. vef; pret. vafði; subj. vefði; part. vafíðr, vafðr, and vafinn; [Ulf. bi-waibjan = GREEK] :-- to wrap, fold; vefja dúki at höfði e-m, Nj. 200; vafðr, Bs. i. 367; þá var vafiðr fótrinn, Ísl. ii. 247; of vafit spjörrum í skúa niðr, and the legs bound with ribbons down to the shoes, Ld. 136; barnið var vafit í dúki, Fms. i. 112; barn vaft í reifum, Hom. 36; og vafði hann í reifum, ... þér munuð finna barnið reifum vafið, Luke ii. 7, 12; vefja saman, Barl. 37; vápnin vafði hann í yfirhöfn sinni, Eg.; hann tók váðmál ok vafði at sér, Dropl. 20; margir tötrar saman vafðir, in a bundle, Fær. 187; tók geitskinn ok vafði um höfuð sér, Nj. 20. II. to wind, i.e. to entangle, embroil; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þer, Eg. 349; vefjum svá lið þeirra í flokki várum, Fms. vii. 131; vafðr af þungum glæpum, Mar.; vafiðr í villu Aríus, Ann. 492; hafa vafit sik miklu vandræði, embroiled himself, Sturl. i. 65 C; brátt ætla ek at þú fáir vafit fyrir mér, Fms. ii. 156; vefja mál, to embroil a case, Nj. 150. III. reflex. to be wrapped; at eigi vefðisk hár um höfuð honum, Landn. 146; vefjask um fætr e-m, Fs. 33; e-m vefsk tunga um tönn, see tunga. 2. to saunter, straggle; þau (the horses) höfðu vafizk í einu lækjar-fari, Korm. 182; margr er vafizk hafði í flokkinum, Fms. ix. 36, v.l.; þeir fóru á Harrastaði ok vöfðusk þar, and sauntered there, Sturl. ii. 120 C. 3. to be entangled; vefjask í áhyggjum, 625. 80; ek tek þat til er hánum skyldi svá mjök vefjask, Fms. vii. 277; þrályndi er hann hafði lengi í vafzk, Barl. 125; hann hafði langa stund vafzk í þessum vesaldar-veg, 197. vefnaðr, m. a woven stuff; dýrum vefnaði, Fms. ii. 69: freq. in mod. usage, glit-vefnaðr, q.v. vef-nisting, f. a woven texture, poët, the sails, Hkv. 1. 26. vefr, m. gen. vefjar; pl. vefir, gen. vefja; acc. pl. vefi, Rb. 358: [A.S., Engl., and Germ. web; Dan. væv] :-- a web in the loom; ef vefr stendr uppi, N.G.L. i. 211, Js. 78; þar vóru konur ok höfðu færðan upp vef ... rifu þær ofan vefinn ok í sundr, Nj. 277, 279, Fbr. 58; ek þóttumk uppi eiga vef, en þat var lín-vefr, hann var grár at lit, mér þótti kljáðr vera vefrinn ... féll af einn kléinn af miðjum vefnum, Fms. xi. 49; en er vefr hennar féll, þá var vaðmálit fjórum álnum lengra en hón átti ván á, Bs. i. 367; einarðr vefr, Stj. 416: phrases, hafa uppi vef, slá vef, verpa vef (Darr.), kljá vef. The chief passages referring to the ancient weaving, are the Nj. l.c. with the poem Darraðar-ljóð, and the Jómsv. S. (Fms. xi. 49): the old upright loom is sketched in Olavii Reise-bog, and in Worsaae, No. 558; in Icel. it was (about A.D. 1780) displaced by the horizontal hand-loom (since called in Icel. the 'Danish loom'), which is now in use; the appendages to an old loom were the vefjar-hræll, -hleinar, -ló, -skeið, -rifr, -vinda, see Björn. 2. any textile stuff; dýrir vefir, Al. 85: esp. of brocade, altaris-klæði annat með sæi annat með 'vef,' Vm. 116; fjarg-vefr, guð-vefr, sigr-vefr, qq.v. COMPDS: vefjar-hökull, -kápa, -möttull, -skikkja, -upphlutr, m. a costly woven cope, mantle ..., Vm. 68, 126, Nj. 24, Ld. 244, 328, Js. 78. vefjar-stofa, u, f. a weaving-room, Nj. 209. vef-sköpt, n. pl. the foot-piece in a loom, Björn. vef-staðr, m. a 'weaving-stead,' a loom, Vm. 177, freq. in mod. usage; also vef-stóll, m. vef-stofa, u, f. a weaving-room, D.N. vi. 84. veftr, m. a woof; ek sendi hann inn í hús með veft, Fbr. 63; vept, 31 new Ed. VEGA, pres. veg; pret. vá, vátt, vá (later vó); subj. vægi; part. veginn; with neg. suff. vegr-a, Hm. 10. In N.G.L. it is often spelt with i, viga, vigr, viginn: [Goth. wigan is supposed from ga-wigan

VEGANDI -- VEGR. 689

= GREEK, Luke vi. 38; O.H.G. wegan; Germ. wägen; cp. Lat. vehere; Goth. and A.S. wagjan, and Engl. wag and weigh, in the phrase 'to weigh anchor,' are derivatives] :-- prop. to move, carry, lift, as by a lever; hann vegr heyit upp á herðar sér, Fb. i. 523; vágu þeir upp með (forkinum) bálit, Fms. vi. 405; hann vegr hann upp (á atgeirinum), Nj. 84; þeir höfðu til vegr (i.e. vögur) ok vágu skútuna fram af berginu, Fms. viii. 430; þerra hey sín en eigi á brott at vega eðr færa, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 107; öngullinn vá í góminn, Edda 36; en er lokit var at sjóða vá Narfi upp mörbjúga, Korm. 34: vega á bál, to lift on the bale fire, Vtkv.; vágum ór skógi þanns vildum syknan, Am. 97; var ek þrimr verum vegin at húsi, Gh. 10; vegnest verra vegra hann velli at, Hm. 10. II. to weigh; vega þeir haglkomin ... ok vágu þeir í skálum, Fms. xi. 143; vá Halli sér þá þrjár merkr, vi. 372; þat er vegit sem reitt er, Sd. 155; eyrir veginn, Grág.; sex merkr vegnar, Orkn.; þrjá penninga silfrs vegna, Hkr. i. 185; mörk vegin brends silfrs, and so passim; virðr ok veginn, Grág. ii. 369; hann lét vega allan borðbúnað sinn, Fms. x. 147: metaph., skal yðr engi vera traustari vin, þótt þér vegið þat lítið, though ye find it light, ix. 297, passim. III. neut. to weigh, be of weight; sjám hvat vegi sjóðr sá, Ld. 30; hvert haglkorn vá eyri, Fms. i. 175; vega hálfa mörk, ii. 80; er sagt at eyri vægi hvert haglkorn, xi. 142; þótt þat vegi meirr enn hálfa vætt, Grág. (Kb.) i. 24, Bs. i. 874: metaph., skal ek allan hug á leggja ef þat vegr nökkut, Ó.H. 53; nema yðr þykki minna vega mín reiði, Fms. vii. 141; mér vegr þat lítið, Mag. 11. IV. reflex., í öllu sem vegask má með stórum vágum ok smám, K.Á. 204, freq. 2. to yield in weight; það vegst vel, or það hefir vegist so and so, it has been of such and such weight. B. [The Goth. has here a separate strong verb, but in the Icel. both verbs have been amalgamated into one; Ulf. weigan, waih, wigun, = GREEK; A.S. wigan; cp. víg]. to fence, fight with a weapon; tók sverðit ok atgeirinn ok vegr með báðum höndum, Nj. 96; hana vá svá skjótt með sverði, at þrjú þóttu á lopti at sjá, 29; eiga þeir at vega upp yfir höfuð sér, Fms. x. 360; vega með vápnum, to report to arms, Nj. 139; vega at e-m, to fight against; Þjálfi vá at Mökkur-kálfa ok féll hann, Edda 58. 2. to attack with a weapon, Nj. 63, Grág. ii. 156; hann vaknaði fyrst er menn vágn at honum, Fms. vii. 333; ungr skal at ungum vega, Ísl. ii. 309; vega at flugdreka, Nj. 183. II. to fight; vega sigr, to gain the day, Fms. viii. 133, Bret. 66; með vápnum má sigr vega, Al. 83; hamingju at vega sigr a sínum úvinum. Fms. i. 218; ást Guðs vá sigr á (overcame) líkams píslum ok hræzlu, Greg. 21; vega til landa, to win land weapon in hand, Korm.; slíkt sem vér höfum til vegit, gained, Fms. viii. 92. 2. with dat. to forfeit, = fyrir vega, vega landi ok lausum eyri, Hkr. ii. 384; ef hann félli á hólmi þá hefði hann vegit allri eigu sinni, Eg. 495. III. to smite, slay, slaughter; ef maðr vegr mann, ok varðar þat skóggang, Grág. (Kb.) i. 145; vega á veittar trygðir, Ísl. ii. 491; vega víg, ek hefi vegit víg eitt, Nj. 128, passim; vega í enn sama knérunn, 85; víg þá er þat er vegit, Grág. ii. 89; vegin sök. = víg sök, 20, 41; vega mann or menn, passim; í Hólmgarði var svá mikil friðhelgi, at drepa skyldi hvern er mann údæmdan vá, Fms. i. 80; Kolskeggr vá drúgum menn, ... vegr Gunnarr drjúgum menn, Nj. 96, 108; Þorsteinn vá hann þar, Eg. 713; ek vá hann, Nj. 28; þú sitr hjá, en nú er veginn Egill húsbóndi þinn, 97; ef hann er með vápum veginn, 146; hræðisk eigi þá sem líkamann vega, Blas. 48 (Mark x. 28); þú skalt ekki mann vega, the Sixth Commandment. IV. reflex., ok þat sverð er sjálft vegizk, a sword that fences of itself, Skm. 8, 9; þat [sverðit] vásk sjálft, Edda; vásk meirr á hlut Grikkja. the battle went against the Greeks, they lost the more men, Bret. 74; þá verðr um rætt at mjök hefði á vegizk þeirra lið Sunnan-manna, Ísl. ii. 389 (á-víga); at þegar hafi vegizk á þinn her, Stj. 531. 2. recipr., vegask or vegask at, to fight, slay one another; nú vegask menn at, N.G.L. i. 64; ef þrælar manna vegask, Grág. (Kb.) i. 191; þá vágusk skógar-menn sjálfir, Landn. 323 (App.); miklu eru þrælar atgörða-meiri enn fyrr hafa verit, þeir flugusk þá á, en nú vilja þeir vegask, Nj. 56; nú eru konur þær sjau, er maðr má vegask um sektalaust við konuug, N.G.L. i. 169. vegandi, part. a slayer; vegandi Hrungnis, Edda 53; ef vegandi beiðir sér griða, Grág. ii. 20; kjósa e-n til veganda at vígi, Nj. 100; hlaupa til dyra svá at vegandinn megi eigi út komask ... er eigi verðr við vegandann vart, Gísl. 30; veganda björg, Grág. ii. 80. veg-bjartr, adj. 'way-bright,' clear enough for one to find the way, Lex. Poët. veg-búinn, part. 'way-boune,' ready for a journey, D.N. iv. 363. veg-farandi, a, m. part. a wayfarer; v. menn, H.E. i. 483, Ann. 1345, Matth. xxvii. 7. veg-ferill, a, m. a wayfarer, traveller, Gþl. 415. II. a track, road, Gþl. 448. veg-girni, f. ambition, vanity, Hom. 17, 26, Al. 145. veggjaðr, part. walled, Stj. 640, Str. 78. 2. a metrical term, veggjat, 'wedged' into the verse, of an intercalated word, Edda (Ht.) veg-gjarn, m. vain-glorious. VEGGR, m., gen. veggjar, pl. veggir, [Ulf. waddjus = GREEK; A.S. wæcg; Engl. wedge; Dan. væg] :-- a wall; hlaða vegg, Jb. 212; liggja úti á vegginum, Nj. 115, very freq. in mod. usage; nálægr veggr hitnar þá er inn næsti brennr, Bs. i. 744 (rendering of Lat. 'tune tua res agitur, paries quum proximus ardet'); lágr veggr, Sturl. iii. 70: torf-veggr, veggja-hlözla, wall-building, Rd. 267; innan veggjar, within walls, indoors (cp. innanstokks), D.I. i. 179; var lágr veggr undir sólina, Sturl. iii. 70 (sól A. 2). 2. a wedge; tann-veggr, bein-veggr (qq.v.), a wedge of bone, walrus-tusk. COMPDS: vegg-berg, n. a 'wedge-rock,' boulder, Vsp. vegg-hamarr, m. a wedge-hammer, beetle, mallet, a nickname, Njarð. veggja-hvalr = vögnhvalr(?), Dipl. iii. 4. vegg-lagr, m. wall-layer, a nickname, Fbr. veggja-lús, f. [Dan. væggelus], a bog, N.G.L. ii. 427. vegg-sleginn, part. wedge-formed; öx v., Hkr. iii. 16. vegg-þili, n. 'wall-deals,' wainscoting, Eb. 268, Edda 45, Hom. 95. veg-hringr, m. a circumference, Sks. 630. veg-látr, adj. stately, high-minded. Fms. vi. 431, vii. 102, 321. veg-liga, adv. nobly, magnificently; v. búinn, Fær. 102: bu sik v., Fms. i. 145; halda e-n v., 81. veg-ligr, adj. grand, magnificent, Fms. i. 261; veglig hibýli, Ld. 196; maðr bjartr ok v., Fms. i. 254; vegligt sæti, vi. 439. veg-ljóss, adj. 'way-bright,' clear enough for one to find the way. veg-lyndi, n. generosity, Ld. 10, Landn. 110. veg-lyndr, adj. generous, high-minded, O.H.L. veg-mannliga, adv. magnificently, Karl. 529. veg-mennska, u, f. noble manners, generosity, Fb. i. 265. veg-mikill, adj. famous, Lex. Poët. veg-mildr, adj. glorious, Rekst. vegna, see vegr B. vegna, að, to proceed; vel hefir þat vegnat, Nj. 38; at þeim hefði ílla vegnat, done badly, had bad luck, Fs. 33; eigi er sýnt hve vegnar svá búit, Rd. 220; hversu honum hafi vegnat ok Hrafni, how it went on between him and R., Fs. 113; vera má at þér vegni eigi annat betr, another thing will be no better for thee, Ísl. ii. 246: eigi má kona svá vegna (to treat) bónda sínum, sem bóndi konu sinni, H.E. i. 247. veg-nest, n. provisions for a journey. Lat. viaticum, Hm. 11. VEGR, m., gen. vegar; but vegs, Eg. 295, Bret. 262; vegsins, Hbl. 56; dat. vegi and veg; with the article veginum, Eg. 544; but veg, Fms. i. 9: pl. vegir and vegar, Eg. 544; acc. vega and vegu, the former is the better form, for the root is 'vig,' not 'vigu;' vega is also used in old adverbial phrases, as alla vega, marga vega: [Ulf. wigs = GREEK; A.S., O.H.G. and Germ. weg; Engl. way; Dan. vej; Swed. väg; Lat. via; the root word is vega, q.v.] :-- a way, road; vegir er renna til bæja, Gþl. 413; vegir allir, Eg. 543; þröngastir vegir, Fms. ix. 366, passim. 2. metaph. phrases; fara vel til vegar, to be well on ones way, go on, Fms. ix. 283; ganga til vegar, to be in the way towards, to come to an issue, vii. 136, Boll. 355; komask til vegar, Háv. 51; einum verðr e-ð að vegi, to find one's way out; koma e-u til vegar, to put one in the way, Ld. 320; göra veg á við e-n, to travel with one, come to an understanding; göra endiligan veg á máli, to bring it to an issue, Bs. i. 905; var þat endiligr vegr hér á, Dipl. ii. 11; venda sínum vegi, to wend one's way, Fms. xi. 425; verða á veg e-s, i. 9; ríða í veg með e-m, on the way, iii. 110; um langan veg, a long way off, Eg. 410, Hom. 7, Edda 30; um farinn veg, á förnum vegi, see fara (A. VI. 2). II. special, partly adverbial, phrases; víða vega, far and wide, 655 ix. C. 1; miðja vega, midway, Gísl. 5; annan veg, another way, Grág. (Kb.) i. 153; á hvárn tveggja veg, both ways; á hægra veg. on the right hand, Fms. x. 16; á vinstra veg. Mar.; tvá vega, both ways, Fms. x. 14; á alla vega, to all sides, Grág. (Kb.) i. 148; á alla vega frá, 119; flýði sins vegar hvár, Fms. vii. 250, Ver. 11; sinn veg hverr, Landn. 36; flýja víðs vegar, to fly scattered about, Eg. 530, Fms. vi. 87; á verra veg, to the worse, i. 270; á alla vega, in every way, manner, respect. Ld. 222, Fms. xi. 76; á marga vega, Skálda ii. 148; á þrá vega, Hom. 157; fjóra vega, on four sides, D.N. iv. 506. 2. engi veg, in no way, Blas. 43; hverngi veg, howsoever Grág. (Kb.) i. 75; annan veg, otherwise, Fms. vii. 263; einn veg, one way, in the same way, Grág. i. 490; er eigi einn veg farit úgæfu okkarri, Nj. 183; engan veg, in nowise, Fas. ii. 150: gen., eins vegar, on one side, Art.; annars vegar, Fms. viii. 228; hins vegar, on the farther side; síns vegar hverr, one on each side, Pr. 71, Fbr. 67 new Ed.; til vinstra vegsins, Hbl. 56; skógrinn var til hægra vegs, Eg. 295. III. a region, county; in local names, Austr-vegir, Suðr-vegir, Nór-egr. IV. peculiar forms are megin (acc. sing.) and megum (dat. pl., see p. 421, col. 2), dropping the initial v and prefixing the m from a preceding dative, the true forms being -egum, -eginn, as in báðum-egum, öllum-eginn, sínum-eginn, hinum-egum, þeim-egin, tveim-egum, whence báðu-megin ... tveim-megin; the v remains in tveim vegum, Gþl. 418; nörðrum veginn, B.K. 32, 97; nörðra veginn, 97; tveim veginn, Sks. 414 B. 2. suffixed to pronouns, einn, hinn, hvern, þann, sinn, in the forms -ig, -og, -ug; einn-ig, also; hinn-ig or hinn-og, the other way; hvern-ig, hvern-og, how; þann-ig, þann-og, thither; sinns-egin, sinn-og, (see these words, as also hinn B, p. 264; sinn B, p. 529; so also in Nór-egr, q.v.) B. vegna, a gen. pl.(?); þær heiðar er vatnsföll deilir af tveggja

690 VEGABOT -- VEILL.

vegna, on both sides, Grág. i. 440; stukku menn frá tveggja vegna, Eg. 289; senda fjögurra vegna, Fms. i. 209. II. á vegna e-s, on one's behalf; this is only found in later vellums, and is said to be derived from the Germ. von wegen (Grimm's Gramm. iii. 266); which etymology is strongly supported by the fact, that af vegna or á vegna (= Germ. von wegen) is the oldest form; af hins fátæka vegna, Stj. 151; af staðarins vegna, Vm. 55; kom á stefnu fyrir oss Sira Einarr ráðsmaðr af vegna Hóla-kirkju, Dipl. ii. 18; á vegna (= af vegna) Árna, Vm. 131. 2. then, dropping the particle, simply vegna; vegna e-s, on one's account or behalf, on the part of; jarls vegna, Fms. x. 113, v.l.; staðarins vegna, Dipl. iii. 9, v. 9; minna vegna, on my behalf, Fms. iii. 154 (a late vellum); várra vegna, H.E. i. 436; sem Halldórr hafði áðr fram leitt sinna vegna, Dipl. ii. 5; Loðinn gaf upp sinna vegna, Fms. x. 99. 3. lastly, in mod. usage it has become a regular prep. with gen., having displaced the old fyrir ... sakir; but in this sense it is hardly found in vellums; but in inaccurate paper transcripts it is often substituted for the 'sakir' of the vellum; cp. Vd. old Ed. 100 and Fs. ch. 24 fine; alls vegna, Þórð. 63 old Ed.; but fyrir alls sakir, new Ed. 13, l.c. C. COMPDS: vega-bót, f. way-mending, Gþl. 409. vegar-fall, n. a failure of a way, Gþl. 416; cp. messufall. vegar-ganga, u, f. a going from the way, wandering, Barl. 119. vega-lauss, adj. out of the way, lost in the woods. vega-leysi, n. 'waylessness,' want of roads, Barl. 104. vega-mót, n. pl. a joining of roads, Stj. 71: the saying, víða liggja vegamót, there are many cross ways (meetings) in the world. vega-rán, n. a highway-robbery, Gþl. 409. vega-skil, n., Dan. vej-skjel, D.N. i. 616. vegs-ummerki, n., see verk. VEGR, m., gen. vegs, glory, honour; er yðr þat vegr mikill, Eg. 410; þótti þeim miklu minni vegr at þessum, 67; leita e-m vegs, Nj. 78; með miklum veg, ok þó eigi allir með jöfnum veg, Fms. x. 170; skína með mikilli birti ok veg, i. 77; rekinn frá öllum veg, es fyrr vas prýddr öllum veg, Eluc. 13; þeim sé vegr ok veldi, lof ok dýrð, 623. 57: so in the phrase, hafa veg ok vanda af e-u, to have both the honour and the responsibility of a thing. COMPDS: vegs-boð, n. an honorary offer, Greg. 28. vegs-kona, u, f. a great, noble lady; Auðr var v. mikil, Landn. 117. vegs-lauss, adj. inglorious. vegs-munir, m. pl. honours, credit, fame, Fær. 212. vegr-eygr, adj., better veðr-eygr, Vkv. veg-sama, að, to honour, glorify, Fms. i. 97, x. 363, Magn. 504, very freq. in mod. eccl. usage, N.T., Vídal. veg-samliga, adv. honourably, gloriously; taka v. við e-m, Eg. 28; verða við e-u vel ok v., Fms. xi. 114; setja e-n v., Hkr. iii. 9. veg-samligr, adj. glorious; v. veizla, Fms. xi. 104, Eg. 44; v. viðtökur, Fas. ii. 507; vegsamlig skilning, 656 C. 33. veg-semd, f. honour, glory, Eg. 20, Hkr. iii. 79; stýra ríki sínu með v. ok sóma, Fms. xi. 18; v. heimsins, 655 iii. 4, N.T., Pass., Vídal. veg-skarð, n. a blemish in one's honour, Nj. 118. veg-tjón, n. a discredit, 655 xxxi. 3. veg-tylla, u, f. a bit of honour. Band. 33 new Ed., Karl. 549. veg-víss, adj. [cp. Germ. wegweiser], 'way-wise', acquainted with the road, Fms. viii. 52: in mod. usage, good at finding one's way. veg-þurðr, m. = vegskarð, Sks. 775 B. VEI, interj., veis when followed by sé, cp. Engl. yea and yes; [Ulf. wai = GREEK; Germ. wehe; Dan. væ; Lat. vae; Gr. GREEK] :-- woe, with dat. woe is me! vei oss vesölum, Stj.; vei þér vesöl önd, 655 xix. 1; veis sé mér! ... veis sé mér veslum, MS. 4. 10; vei verði váru vanmegni, Fms. ii. 186; vei verði hánum, x. 330. veiða, d, to catch, hunt; veiða fimm orra, Ó.H. 79; veiða íkorna, 85; veiða rauðdýri, Orkn. 448; veiða sel ok fiska, Hkr. ii. 245; veiða fugla ok fiska, Grág. ii. 345; at han hefði veitt í einu höggi otr ok lax, Edda 72; veiða laxa, Nj. 69; veiða dýr á mörkinni, Fas. iii. 4. 2. metaph., þótti þeim nú mundi lítið fyrir at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; ok fáit ér hann eigi veiddan, 102; ok mun þá þar mega veiða í er stundir líða, they will be caught by that, 207; látum þá eigi veiða oss inni, Fms. ix. 217; veiða þenna níðing í snöru, i. 206; veiða e-n í orðum, N.T.; veiða e-t upp ór e-m, to fish it out of one. II. reflex., hversu veiðisk, how goes it with the catch? þeim veiddist vel, they got a good catch, freq. in mod. usage. veiðinn, adj. expert in fishing or catching, Sturl. i. 8. VEIÐR, f. (mod. veiði), dat. and acc. veiði, pl. veiðar; a gen. veiði, veiði sinnar, Sks. 126 A, Str. 24, but esp. in compds, see below: [A.S. wâde; O.H.G. waida; Germ. weide = a pasture] :-- a catch, hunting, fishing, Ó.H. 79, 85; öll veiðr fugla ok fiska, K.Þ.K. 172; at sú veiðr hafi þar jafnan síðan til legit, Fms. i. 272; fara á veiðar, to go a hunting. Fas. ii. 263, Str. 28; veiðrin (the fish) hvarf þegar, Fms. i. 253 C, Ó.H. 78; fyrir útan netlög á hverr maðr veiði sína, en þat er veiðr er menn færa á skipi til lands, en flutning ella, Grág. ii. 360: metaph., vel væri at þá veiði bæri eigi undan, Nj. 69; þeir menn er veiðr mundi í vera, Eg. 121; í honum er þó veiðrin meiri, Nj. 155, 264. B. COMPDS: veiði-bjalla, u, f. a 'fish-bell,' a popular name in southern Icel. for the sea-gull, for by its cries it marks the shoals of fish for the fishermen. veiði-bráðr, adj. eager, too eager, and so losing the game; heldr v., Fms. viii. 176; hann bað menn sína vera eigi veiðibráða, ix. 491. veiði-brella, u, f. a trap, hunting device. veiði, búð, f. a hunting shed, Gþl. 454. veiði-dýr, n. deer, game, Stj. 560. veiðar-efni, n. a chance of a good catch, Grett. 99 A. veiði-fang, n. a catch, Ld. 38, Hkr. ii. 246. veiði-fangi, a, m. = veiðifang; allr veiðifangi, Fas. ii. 144. veiði-far, n. hunting or fishing, Sturl. ii. 195. veiði-ferð and veiði-för, f. a fishing or hunting expedition, Gísl. 73, 160, Þorf. Karl. 372. veiði-færi = veiðarfæri, Post. (Unger) 19. veiðar-færi, n. pl. id., Band. (MS.), Orkn. 262, Fbr. 143, Fms. iv. 89. veiði-gögn, n. pl. fishing gear, Gþl. 421, Ám. 91. veiði-hjörtr, m. a hart or stag for hunting, Stj. veiði-hundr, m. a hound, Fas. iii. 4, Barl. 137, N.G.L. i. veiði-kona, u, f. a huntress, Barl. veiði-konungr, m. hunting king, a nickname of king Gudröd the Hunter, Yngl. S. veiði-maðr, m. a sportsman (of a hunter, fowler, fisher), Eg. 14, Fms. x. 88, Ó.H. 85, MS. 623. 36, Þorf. Karl. 408, Sks. 127. veiði-matr, m. meat from game or fishing, Hým. 16, Karl. 482. veiði-mörk, f. a hunting forest, Str. 28, 48. veiði-skapr, m. a catch in hunting or fishing, Grett. 106 A; róa at veiðiskap, fishing, Nj. 25: game, Stj. 167; munum vér eigi þurfa veiðiskap at kaupa, to buy fish, Sturl. i. 12. veiði-spell, n. a spoiling the catch; göra v., Gþl. 428. veiði-staða, u, f. = veiðistöð, Landn. 280, Karl. 378, and in mod. usage. veiði-staðr, m. a fishing-place, Gþl. 362. veiði-stigr, m. id., Gþl. 448. veiði-strönd, f. = veiðistöð, Art. 35. veiði-stöð, f. a fishing-place, Grág. ii. 347, Eg. 135, Landn. 50, 290; í þá veiðistöð kem ek aldregi á gamals-aldri, Ld. 4. veiðar-tæki, n. = veiðarfæri, Stj. 71. veiði-vatn, n. a fishing lake, N.G.L. i. 41. veiði-ván, f. the expectation of a catch, Gþl. 456. veiði-vélar, f. pl. hunting-gear, traps, or the like, Gþl. 419, 456, Barl. 137, Post. (Unger) 19. veif, f., pl. veifar, anything flapping or waving; sels veifar, a seal's fins, N.G.L. i. 340. VEIFA, ð, (mod. að), part. veifat, Fms. vii. 154 (in a verse); [A.S. wâfjan; Engl. wave] :-- to wave, vibrate; veifði hann slæðunum, Nj. 190; veifa svipu yfir höfuð sér, Lv. 30; veifa höfðinu, Þiðr. 235; Ormr veifði honum um sik sem hreyti-speldi, Fb. i. 532; í því veifði hann sverðinu at Grími, Dropl. 36; veifði hann ræði, he pulled the oar, Hým. 25; veifa vængjum, to wave with the wings, Fas. ii. 137 (in a verse); veifa e-m sem barni, Fms. vii. 32; þeim var veift sólar-sinnis, Þorf. Karl. 422; veifði hann Mjöllni fram, Hým. 36; veifa héðni um höfuð e-m, of an enchantress, Eb. 92, cp. Ísl. ii. 76; hón veifði kofra sínum, Vígl. 63 new Ed. In the fishing-places in the south of Icel. (Skaptafells sýsla) a man stands on the shore waving a flag to tell the fishermen if it is safe to land or not; this is called 'veifa,' or 'veifa frá,' to wave off, i.e. to signal them not to try (Mr. Jón Guðmundsson). 2. metaph., til þess kenndu vér þér þetta vers; at þú veifðir því þá er þér líkaði, Mar. II. reflex., veifask um lausum hala, to 'wag a loose tail', be free to do as one pleases, Sturl. iii. 30 (see hali 2). veifan, f. waving; in the compd veifanar-orð, n. a 'wafting word,' rumour, Hallfred. veifi-skati, a, m. a spendthrift; but only in the phrase, engi v., no spender, rather close-handed, Ld. 26, Ölk. 34. VEIG, f., pl. veigar, [A.S. wæge; Hel. wêgi], a kind of strong beverage, drink; öl heitir með mönnum ... kalla veig Vanir, Alm. 35; dýrar veigar, Hdl. 49, Hkv. 2. 44; skírar veigar, Vtkv. 7; fagrar veigar, Fas. i. 494 (in a verse); kná-at sú veig vanask, Gm. 25; Fjölnis veig, the drink of F., i.e. poetry, Kormak; Dvalins veig, id.; bjór-veig, a draught of beer, Hým. 8. 2. metaph. pith, strength, gist; in the popular phrase, það er engin veig í honum (mod. veigr); spyrr Oddr hvar hann vísi honum til þess víkings er nokkur veig sé í, Fas. ii. 522; fór þat lið aptr er honum þótti minni veig í, Fms. iv. 350, v.l. (fylgð, Ó.H. 159, l.c.) II. in pr. names of women, Gull-veig (Vsp.), Þór-veig, Sól-veig, Álm-veig (Hdl.), Mjað-veig (Maurer's Volks.) veigaðr, adj. brocaded(?); veigað handklæði, Vm. 15; dúkr v., 70, 123, Ám. 6, 71; typt klæði ok væiguð, N.G.L. i. 282 (vefgin, 211). veiki, f. illness. veikindi, n. pl. sickness, illness. veikjask, t, to grow ill. veik-leikr (spelt veyk-leikr, Fms. ii. 48), m. weakness, infirmity, Magn. 504, Barl. 196, freq. in mod. usage. veik-ligr, adj. weakly; mér lízk siðr þeirra veykligr, Ld. 170 (so also Fms. ii. 30, l.c.; but veikligr, Fb. i. 312, l.c.) VEIKR, adj., also veykr, see also vákr; the ei is the usual and the mod. form: [A.S. wâc; Engl. weak; Dan. væg; cp. Germ. schwach] :-- weak; hornbogi veykr, Sks. 408 B; veikr stólpi, Bs. i. 724; veykr sproti, Stj. 641; lítil-magni ok veikr, Barl. 100; engi er svá veikr at aflit skorti, ef ..., 119; of-veikr, of-veikr allvallds bogi! Fms. ii. 331 (of-veykr, Fb. l.c.) 2. weakly, sick; þótt hón verði veyk, Mar.; veyka sál, id.: freq. in mod. usage, sótt-veikr, fár-veikr, dauð-veikr. veilindi, n. a disease, ailment; hvatki veilindi sem maðr hefir, Grág. i. 45, ii. 45; synda-v., Hom. (St.) VEILL, adj. ailing, diseased; veill á fótum, gouty, Fms. vii. 229;

VEIMILTYTA -- VEKJA. 691

höndina ina veilu, an ailing hand, Bs. i. 462; líkþráir ok veilir, Hom. 87. 2. metaph., í lyndi veill, guileful, Þryml. 22; inn veili Parcival, Art. 32. II. Veili, a nickname, Bs. i. 14. veimil-týta, u, f. [cp. Dan. vimmel-skaft = the handle of an auger], prop. a 'wimble-stick,' i.e. a crooked stick; but only used, 2. metaph. a crooked, weakly, thin thing or person; hann er mesta veimiltýta. vein, n. a wailing. VEINA, að, [Germ. weinen], to wail, Greg. 51, Fms. v. 122; þeir veinöðu ok mæltu, vei oss vesölum ! Stj,; veinaði sér sú sál, Hom. 155, Karl. 293; veina sik ílla, D.N. iv. 90. II. [perh. a different word, qs. vreina; see reini; Engl. whinny], to whinny, neigh, of a mare; þú bræktir sem geit blæsma ok veinar sem metr, Fb. ii. 364. veinan, f. a wailing, Ísl. ii. 133; veinun ok gaulun, Fms. v. 90; væl ok veinan, Orkn. 78; æ, þat er veinon kallað, Skálda 171. veipa, u, f. [Ulf. waips and wipja = GREEK], a kind of wimple or woman's hood, Edda ii. 494. veis, interj., qs. vei sé, see vei. VEISA, u, f. a pool, pond of stagnant water, cesspool; þá reið hann í eina hverja veisu, Fb, i. 354; stóðu Birkibeinar í veisu nökkurri, Fms, ix. 517, v.l.; fyrir ofan veisuna, viii. 191; var veisa ein yfir at fara, Grett. 161 A; veisu-galti, a cesspool-bog, a nickname, Þórð., freq. in mod. Icel. II. the name of a farm, Lv. 80; Veisan is the name of a tarn at Lister in Norway, Fritzner s.v. Veisu-menn, m. pl. the men from Veisa, Lv. 82. veit, f., pl. veitr, qs. vreit, a trench, = veita, D.N. iv. 198. 2. a narrow lane in a town, N.G.L. ii. 243, Munk. 83. VEITA, t, [Dan. yde], to grant, give; veita far, to give a man a passage, Grág. ii. 268; veita e-m lið, to give one help, assist (lið-veizla), Fms. xi. 27, 121; veita hjálp, aðstoð, huggun, to give help, comfort; veita grið, trygðir, várar, etc., passim; veita manni fyrir Guðs sakir, to give alms, Gþl. 274; konungr veitti honum skatta alla, condoned, remitted, Fms. i. 120: absol. to help, assist, þeir veittu Giziri hvíta at hverju máli, Nj. 86; veita frændum þínum ok mágum, 226; hann veitti þeim Ingólfi (in a battle), Landn. 32. 2. veita veizlu, to give a feast, Nj. 6, Fb. ii. 177, 301; veita brúðkaup e-s, to hold a wedding; veitti hann brúðkaup þeirra um vetrinn þar at Helga-felli, Eb. 142, Fms. x. 47; veita útferð e-s, to hold an 'arvel,' funeral feast. Fas. i. 387; konungr veitti Jól í Björgyn, Fms.; veita Jól sín, Fb. iii. 274: also absol. to give a feast or entertainment, konungr veitti sveitungum sínum, Fms. ix. 340; veita stórmannliga, Eg. 62; konungr skyldi veita í þeim tveim tréhöllum ... lét konungr þar veita í, Fms. x. 13. 3. to give a grant, grant a fief; Sveinn veitti Eireki Raum-ríki, Fms. iii. 15. 4. to grant a request, allow, permit; þat munu vér nú veita þér, Ld. 218; veita e-m eina bæn, Fms. i. 12; eigi mun ek þat veita ykkr, Eg. 95; konungr kvaðsk veita mundu, 86; veitti hann þeim at vígja Jón, Fms. vii. 240. 5. of a performance; veita e-m þjónustu, Eg. 112; veita e-m nábjargir (q.v.), Nj. 154; veita tíðir, to perform the service, 195; veita sér afskipti, to take part in, Grág. ii. 241; veita e-u áhald, to lay hold on, Fms. x. 393; veita umbúð, to manage, Nj. 115; veita formála (= mæla fyrir), Eg. 389; veita órskurð, to give a decision, 281; veita tilkall, to claim, Grett. 88; veita þögn, to be silent, Fms. x. 401; veita e-m atför, heimferð, to make an expedition against one, i. 54, Eg. 73; veita atsókn, to attack, Nj. 124; veita áverka, to inflict a wound, 98; veita áþján, to tyrannise, Eg. 47; veita e-m vegskarð, Nj. 118. II. spec. usages; e-t veitir so and so, a thing turns, proves (hard, easy); veitti þat flestum þungt, it proved hard, difficult, Eg 754; keisaranum veitti þungt, the emperor had the luck against him, Fms. i. 121; e-t veitir ervitt, Nj. 171; ok hefir oss ervitt veitt, it has been hard work indeed, 117; ervitt hafa draumar veitt, dreams have been hard, Ld. 270; þeir börðusk, veitti Geirmundi betr, G. carried the day, Landn. 125: the phrase, honum veitir ekki af, he has nothing to spare. 2. to happen; þat verðr ok veitir optliga, it often happens and comes to pass, Stj. 38; veitir þat jafnan, at þeir fá ..., Js. 53; nú kann veita þat stundum, at bændr fá eigi vinnu-menn, Jb. 373; því veitir þat allopt, at þeir fá fyrst mann-skaðann, Gþl. 169; ef honum veitir þat optarr, N.G.L. i. 11. III. recipr. to give, grant to one another; þeir veittusk at öllum málum, backed one another, Lv. 36; vit Egill munum nú veitask at, Eg. 425. IV. pass., a Latinism, to be given, 623. 20, H.E. i. 514; yðr skal fyrr veitast öll þjónusta, Fms. vi. 48, 94, xi. 309. VEITA, t, qs. vreita, probably different from the preceding word, [see the following] :-- to make a trench, make an aqueduct, lead water, with acc. and dat.; hann veitti sjáinn í gögnum háva hálsa, Al. 93; veita vatn, göra stíflur, grafa engi sitt, veita svá vatn á engit, Grág. ii. 281; grafa mikit díkit ok veita vatni í á eptir, Fb. ii. 124; veita vötnum, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 97; but a few lines below, ok skal eigi þá (acc.) veita, ef menn veita merki-vötn; so also, Grímr veitti honum (the brook) á eng sína ok gróf land Ljóts, Landn. 145; hann veitti vatnið (þau vötn veitti hann, v.l.) með fjölkyngi austr fyrir Sólheima ... síðan veitti hvárr þeirra vötnin frá sér, 250, 251, freq. in mod. usage, but then always with dat. II. reflex., in the following passages the word may be vita ..., q.v.; einn stjörnu-veg, hverr upp ríss af sjó Frisiæ, ok veittist (trends) meðal Teuthoniam ok Galliam, Karl. 129; ok hefir hann (acc.) undan veitt, turned him to flight(?), Bret. 66; veitir vatn til sjóvar, rivers trend towards the sea, Grág. veita, u, f., qs. vreita, dropping the r, [akin to reitr, rít, q.v., the root word; A.S. wrîtan = to trench; this is borne out by the mod. Norwegian forms as stated by Ivar Aasen, veit in Sogn, but vreite in Thelemarken; reite near Mandal] :-- a trench, ditch; of vatn-veitur, of water-trenches, aqueducts, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 97; eigi skal hann annarra lönd meiða í veitunni, ... of veitu-garða, trench-ditches, Grág. ii. 281; eigi á maðr at göra veitur í landi sínu svá at hann spilli landi eða engi manns þess er fyrir neðan býr, 282. veitall, adj. giving freely, open-handed; veitall af penningum, Fas. i. 443; ó-veitull af e-u, Bs. i. 415. veitandi, part. a giver, Edda i. 456. 2. a helper; veitendr, Fms. vi. 34; veitendr at máli þínu, Háv. 44. veitari, a, m. a giver, donor, H.E. i. 499, Stj. 23. veiti-engi (qs. vreiti-engi), n. a trenched meadow, Háv. 35 new Ed. veiting, f. a grant, gift, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) 2. in mod. usage an appointment to a living, brauða-v., etc. veiting (qs. vreiting), f. a trenching, leading of water; vatns-veitingar. veizla, u, f. [veita], a grant, gift, allowance; veizla eilífrar sælu, ... hafa e-t at veizlu Guðs, Hom. (St.); veizla ölmusu-görða, Hom.; gefa stórar gjafir ok veizlur, Stj. 64. 2. help, assistance, backing, Hom. 140; varðar honum ekki sú veizla, Grág. ii. 13; kynlig v. ok at íllu mun verða, Lv. 7; til heilla sátta ok hollrar veizlu, Grág. ii. 21; öll miskunn ok v., 623. 21; ek sé mik nái fátt mega göra þat er veizlu munr sé í, Fas. ii. 437 (lið-veizla). 3. an entertainment; veita göngu-mönnum engar veizlur nema til skúa aða fata, Grág. i. 454: a treat, feast, banquet, Ó.h. 112; góð veizla, Nj. 6; virðulig veizla, Ld. 186; skörulig veizla, Eg. 44: of a wedding feast, 30 (mod., brúðkaups-veizla), very freq. in mod. usage. II. as a law term, the reception or entertainment to be given to the Norse king, or to the king's 'landed-men,' or his stewards, for in olden times the king used to go on a regular circuit through his kingdom, taking each county in turn; his retinue, the places of entertainment, and the time of his staying at each place, being regulated by law; this was called 'veizla' or fara at veizlum, taka veizlu; as also, búa veizlu móti konungi; hann lét bjóða upp veizlur þar sem konungs-bú vóru, Ó.H. 35; Óláfr konungr fór útan um Hringa-ríki at veizlum, en er veizlur endusk eigi fyrir fjölmennis sakar, þá lét hann þar bændr til leggja at auka veizlurnar, 61, cp. 59, 111, 173; taka veizlur, Fagrsk. ch. 11, see also Har. S. harðr. ch. 110 (Fms. vi), ch. 23, 92, Eg. ch. 11, 18, Hem. þ., Ólafs S. Kyrra ch. 4 (Fms. vi. 442), and passim in the Fms. 2. a royal grant, revenue; fékk konungr honum veizlur miklar, Eg. 27; hann hafði af konungi veizlur allar, þvílíkar sem Brynjólfr hafði haft, 31; Hrærekr ok Guðlaugr höfðu veizlur stórar um Sogn ok um Hörða-land, Fms. i. 6; en með því at hann hafði eigi miklar veizlur þá varð honum féfátt, viii. 272; þér munut ráða veizlum yðrum, xi. 237; hann hafði áðr alla (sýslu á Hálogalandi) suma at veizlu suma at léni, partly as a grant, partly as a fief, Ó.H. 123; en veizlur konungs hafði hann miklu minni enn fyrr, 111; húskarlar konuugs er hafa fé af konungi í veizlur, sumir tólf aura, sumir tvær merkr, Sks. 261; tólf marka veizlur, Fms. vi. 266. B. COMPDS: veizlu-búnaðr, m. preparation for a feast, Fms. vi. 146. veizlu-dagr, m. a banquet-day, Bs. i. 791, Sturl. ii. 58, Stj. 199. veizlu-fall, n. the failure of a feast, Fms. vi. 95. veizlu-fé, n. a fee, money paid in lieu of veizla (II), Fagrsk. ch. 11. veizlu-gjald, n. = veizlufé, Fms. x. 184; hann (the king) tók veizlugjöld norðan ór Dölum ok víða um Heiðmörk, Ó.H. 63. veizlu-gjöf, f. a grant, D.N. ii. 25. veizlu-görð, f. a feast-giving, Fs. 13. veizlu-höll, f. a banqueting hall, Fms. x. 154. veizlu-jörð, f. land held as a grant, N.G.L. i. 47; ef maðr selr v. sína þá verðr hann þjófr at, 85. veizlu-kirkja, u, f. a church, the patron or rector of which had to entertain the bishop at his visitations, D.N. iii. 39. veizlu-maðr, m., in Norway, an endowed man, holding grants from the king, Gþl. 108; lendir menn ok veizlumenn allir, N.G.L. ii, Hirðskrá ch. 36: but in Icel. it means a pauper living upon charity, hér á at vera v. kvengildr, Pm. 121, Ám. 14. veizlu-skali, a, m. = veizluhöll, Hkr. i. 90. veizlu-skylda, u, f. the duty of entertaining (see veizla II), D.N. iii. 10. veizlu-spjöll, n. pl. the spoiling of a feast; göra v., Fas. i. 445 (of a peace disturber). veizlu-stofa, u, f. = veizluhöll, Fms. vi. 440, vii. 317. veizlu-sveinn, m. a charity boy (= mod. niðr-seta), Nj. 15. veizlu-taka, u, f. the receiving a veizla (II), Fagrsk. ch. 32. veizlu-upphald, n. a maintenance, H.E. i. 258. VEKJA, vek, poët. vakði, later vakti; subj. vekði (vekti); part. vakiðr, Post. 236, l. 8, vaktr, vakinn: with neg. suff. vekk-at ek, I wake (you) not, Bm. 1: [Goth. wakjan; A.S. weccean; Engl. waken; Germ. wecken; Dan. vække] :-- to waken, rouse from sleep; hón gat varla vakit þá, Fms. i. 9; vöktu konurnar hann, ix. 24; var hann vakinn, Ld. 214; þorði engi at vekja hann, Ó.H. 72, 122; konungi þótti heldr snemt at v. herinn, ... þá vaknaði liðit, 207; þá vakði Finnr konung, 210; hann bannar þat hverjum manni, at hann se vaktr, Fms. iv. 274; Jesús Kristr vekr þik,

692 VEKKA -- VELJA.

rís þú upp, 623. 14. 2. vekja upp, þeir vöktu þá upp konung, Eg. 282; hann vakði upp alla heima-menn sína, Nj. 35: metaph., hann vakti upp tvá boða mikla, Fms. x. 324 (of a wizard): to raise a ghost, vekja troll upp, N.G.L. i. 19 (see troll); v. upp draug, Ísl. Þjóðs. (uppvakningr). II. metaph. to stir, rouse; gör þú eigi þat, son minn, at þú vekir þá er þeir hafa áðr frá horfit, Nj. 115; ek vakða opt reiði þina, 623. 27; ilmr þinn vakði fýsn mína, 28; þá tók ek at vekja kláða á fæti honum, Fms. x. 331. 2. to cause, begin; vekja víg, N.G.L. ii. 54; sigr-vænlig heill, er konungr hefir svá röskliga vakit víg fyrstr manna, Al. 37; hverr mun þá víg vekja nema þú ok þínir menn, Stj. 597; hann samnaði her miklum ok vakði styrjöld, 623. 25; eigi vil ek vekja láta ór mínum flokki orða-lag né áhlaup, Sturl. i. 157 C. 3. to start a question, hint at a thing, of a request; Egill vakði þat mál (started it) við Þórólf, Eg. 194; hann vekr þetta mál við konung, Fms. vi. 54; ok vökðu bónorðit, Nj. 17; v. til um e-t, Hárekr vekr til mjök opt við konunginn um stafnbúann, Fbr. 119; Sigtryggr konungr vakði þá til um eyrendi sitt við Sigurð jarl, Nj. 271; vekja þeir þá til við Gizur um bónorðit, id.; þá vakði Njáll til um bónorðit, 40; hann vakti til ok spurði, Fms. vii. 106; vekr Hákon jarl (til) við Eirik konung, at hann fái honum ..., x. 220. B. [Perhaps a different word, akin to vekka, vekvi, q.v.; cp. also vök = a hole in the ice; the pres. vækkir, N.G.L. i. 352, favours this derivation] :-- to make to flow; vekja sér blóð, to make one's blood flow, open a vein, let blood; þeir vöktu sér blóð í lófum, Fas. ii. 445; Eystein setti dreyrrauðan svá at honum mátti nær einum fingri dreyra vekja, Fms. vii. 145; nú vekja þeir sér blóð ok láta renna saman dreyra sinn, Gísl. 11; (vökva þeir sér blóð, 93, l.c.); en ef blóð vekkir með öfund í kirkju-garði, þá skal sá láta vigja kirkjugarð með sínu fé er blóð vakti, N.G.L. i. 387, 388; ef menn berjask í kirkjugarði ... sá er blóð vekkir (vækkir), ... sá skal víging kaupa er blóð vakti, 352. vekka, u, f. = vökvi, a fluid, moisture, Hom. 68; kviðr tekr við vekku sem sær við vötnum, Eluc. 61. veklingr, m. a weakling, in a dubious passage, vinr Veðorms veklinga tøs, a friend of W., the helper of the weak, Ad. vekra, ð, [vakr], to freshen up, rouse; þetta er nú vekrir hug margra góðra manna, O.H.L. 86; vekra sporið, to quicken the pace. vekrð, f. an ambling pace, from vakr, q.v., of a horse. vekt, f. [for. word, as shewn by the kt; vætt, q.v., is the genuine Norse form; Germ. ge-wicht; Dan. vægt], weight, N.G.L. ii. 482. vekta, t, to weigh against; svo mikit sem vektir e-u, D.N. v. 342. vekvi = vökvi, q.v. VEL, adv. (compar. betr, superl. bezt, see betr, p. 6l), in some, esp. Norse, vellums spelt val, Stj.; val stilltr, Bs. i. 90; lifa val, 91; jamval, 92; lærðr val, 94, etc.; val búin, Fms. ii. 187: [Ulf. waila = GREEK; A.S. wel, etc.] :-- well; eygðr vel, Nj. 39; hærðr vel, id.; stilltr vel, 30; vel stilltr, vel auðigr, hár vel litt, vel vígr, 38; hringr góðr ok vel görr, 225; vel smíðaðr, Orkn. 310; vel í vexti, well-grown, well-shapen, Eg. 305; hár mikit ok fór vel, Nj.; vel at sér, fine, Korm. 142 (see 'at,' C. IV. 5, p. 27, col. 2); vel borinn, well-born, of good family, Fms. xi. 80; harðla vel, well indeed, Finnb. 270; vera vel til e-s, to be kind to, Nj. 73; verða vel ásáttir, Grág. (Kb.) i. 83; þakka e-t vel, to give good thanks, thank very much, Ísl. ii. 231; heilsaði hann honum vel, to greet well, Eg. 408; þótt hans væri eigi vel leitað, Fms. v. 252; líka vel, to like well, Eg. 7; hversu vel mér sýnisk þeirra athæfi, how well I like it, Fms. x. 296; mér gefr vel at skilja, I understand quite well, i. 141; taka vel við e-m, to receive well, xi. 11; gör svá vel, 'do so well,' please to do; görðu svá vel, at þú halt sætt þessa, Nj. 111; görit nú svá vel, þiggit mitt heilræði, Fms. vii. 157; görit svá vel, látið oss eigi ..., Al. 106, 120; þá er vel, ef ..., it is well done, if ..., N.G.L. i. 18. II. intensive; vel flestir, the most part, Bs. i. 685; vita vel mart, very many things, Hom. 53: with a notion of overdone, vel mikill, Eg.; vel full-mikill, rather great, Hým. 16; hundrað manna eða vel svá, a hundred, or full that, Eg. 319; í mánaði eru vikur vel svá fjórar, Rb. 6; vel tuttugu menn, twenty and upwards, Ld. 320; vel tvau hundruð skipa, vel þrjú hundruð, Fms. vii. 151, ix. 313; vel tuttugu vættir, Dipl. v. 18. 2. rather; handöx vel mikil, rather big, Eg. 769; hafr einn vel góðr, Hkr. i. 192; vel vegnar fimm merkr, largely measured, Fms. vii. 146. III. as interjection, já, já, vel, vel! Bs. i. 421; vel ek! well I! Vkv. 27. VÉL and véli, n. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. ad-&u-long;l-ari, Bugge], the tail of a bird; kom sverðit á vélit, Fas. i. 488, freq. in mod. usage. VÉL and væl, f., both forms are used in vellums, but are difficult to distinguish, e and ? UNCERTAIN (e, æ) being often written alike; él vélum rhyme in a verse of Hallfred :-- an artifice, craft, device; við vélar, with artifice, contrivance, Hým. 21; með list eðr vél, Sks. 82; með list ok væl, Edda i. 110; hann hafði vælar til allra hluta, 104; görva vélar til e-s, Hým. 6; hann vissi sér engrar vælar ván, Fms. ii. 202, v.l.; gefa svá sigr sem Óðinn gaf með vjælum (sic) en engu valdi, 154: hverja væl sem Þórir görir honum, i. 189; þeir skyldu freista nokkvorra væla, Edda i. 220. 2. an engine, machine; göra vél, Vkv. 20; væl til at taka fiska með, an engine to catch fish, i.e. a net, Edda i. 182; þeirri vél er menn kalla veðr. the engine that is called a battering-ram, Sks. 89 new Ed.; til þessar vélar, 88; víg-vél. II. a wile, device, trick; draga vél at e-m, Skv. 1. 33, Nj. 17; beita e-n vélum, 40; allar þær velar, UNCERTAIN Og. 18; Kristr görir eigi vél, ok eigi verðr hann véltr er á hann trúir, Blas. 46; hefir hann á hverjum manni vélar lengi haft, Lv. 44; ef maðr feldr sér til vélar við konu eða ferr í kvenklæði, ok varðar þat fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. i. 338. 2. plur. frauds, tricks; fullr lygi ok væla, 656 C. 14; skaltú neita Djöfli ok öllum hans verkum ok vælum, Fms. i. 300; Djöfulsins vælum, Post. (Uuger) 92. COMPDS: véla-boð, n. a fraudulent offer, cheating, N.G.L. i. 95. véla-kaup, n. a fraudulent bargain, job, Gþl. 254. véla-lauss, adj. guileless, Nj. 24. véla-sókn, f. a fraudulent prosecution, Gþl. 489. véla-verk, n. a bad trick, N.G.L. i. 94. véla and væla, t, to defraud, trick; íllt er vin véla, Am. 90; véla hann í nökkvi, Grág. ii. 22; ok vill hann svá véla hinn, ... ok á sá sök er hann vildi véla, i. 362; nú eru vit vælt, Eg. 605; ef goð yður mætti eigi vélt verða, Blas. 46; eigi verðr hann véltr, id.; segir þik vældan af villu þeirri, es þú göfgar Christum, Clem. 147; konur véltar með brögðum ok legorðum, Sks. 77 new Ed.; væla frá honum sverðit, to get the sword from him (by cheating), Fms. v. 111. II. væla um e-t, to deal, manage (cp. tæla); sá hlutr er um at væla, Lv. 15; víg Þorkels ok um hvat væla var, Gísl. 57; er þat grunr at þér eigit þar um konungborinn mann at væla sem Norðbrikt er, Fms. vi. 144; dýr grimm eða torveldlig um at véla, Sks. 20 new Ed.; hefða ek einn saman vélt um mitt ráð, 507 B; eða þurfir þú um þín vanda-mál at væla, Bær. 81; ok vældu þar um margir, 14; skal sá bóndi sem þar býr á næstum eignum væla um lík, K.Á. 66; fékk hón ráð til at véla um hann, Bær. 14; þótt ek véla um mína kosti, Eg. 66, Fms. viii. 339 (v.l.), 440; at hvárir vældi um sína kosti, 339; væla heima um sína kosti, Sks. 266. III. recipr., skyldi þeir vælask um báðir samt, have to deal with one another, Sturl. ii. 143. 2. part., vælandi goðanna (of Loki), Edda i. 268. vélan or vælan, f. a wailing, Fb. ii. 408. vel-borinn, part. well-born, noble, Am. 21, H.E. ii. 74. vel-burðigr, adj. = velborinn, Mar. VELDI, n. [ = vald, q.v.; Dan. vælde], power; veldi er þat en eigi fé, K.Þ.K. 142; með miklu veldi, Fms. x. 11; hafa veldi yfir e-u, Blas. 48; veldi ríkis míns, 623. 59; gefit mér at móti veldi svá mikit, 656 C. 12; veldi stafs, value, Skákla. 2. an empire; tekið alla konunga af nafni ok veldi, Eg. 268; Grikkja konungs veldi, A.A. 286; biskups-veldi, í annars konungs veldi, Grág. i. 180; Dana-veldi = Denmark; Noregs-veldi = Norway; Skota-veldi = Scotland, Orkn. (in a verse); Svía-veldi = Sweden. COMPDS: veldis-engill, m. an archangel, Hom. 133, Greg. 35. veldis-hringr, m. the ring or halo round the head of a saint, Mar., Fms. v. 340. veldis-sproti, a, m. a sceptre. veldis-stóll = veldissæti. veldis-sæti, n. a throne, Stj. veldis-vöndr, m. a sceptre, Stj. 395. vel-farandi, part., drekka velfaranda, to drink a farewell cup, Fms. iii. 191. vel-ferð, f. well-doing, Fb. i. 434: v. til lífs ok sálu, Bs. i. 790. vel-ferðugr, adj. well-behaving, righteous, Stj. 141, Bs. i. 264. vél-fimi, f. = vélfinni, Fas. iii. 90. vél-finni, f. an artifice, Stj. 177, 178, Fms. xi. 74 (Ed. vélfimni). vel-för, f., in velfarar-minni = velfarandi, Eg. 213. velfara-öl, n. a parting banquet, D.N. iii. 954. velgja, u, f. lukewarmness. 2. medic, nausea; það er, velgja í mér. velgja, ð, [válgr], to warm; velgja mjolk, to warm milk; ætla ek at hann (the porridge) sé full-velgdr, Fas. iii. 389; v. upp, to warm up. vel-görð, f. a well-doing, benefit. vel-görningr, m. = velgörð, Nj. 123, Fær. 63, Stj. 151. véli, n. = vél, a bird's tail, see vél. véli-fjöðr, f. a tail-feather, Fms. viii. 10. vélindi, n., mod. vælindi, the gullet, Skálda 169, and in mod. usage. vélendis-gangr, m. belching, a disease, Sturl. i. 20. vélindi, n. pl. [vél], tricks, Fas. iii. 391. vélinn, adj. wily, 656 B. 2: vælinn, adj. id., Anecd. 88. VELJA, pres. vel; pret. valði, valdi; subj. velði; part. valiðr, valdr, valinn; [Ulf. waljan = GREEK; O.H.G. weljan; Germ. wählen; Dan. vælge; Swed. välja; Old Engl. wale; cp. val-] :-- to choose, elect, pick out; at ér velit þat er yðr gegnir, 623. 30; ok er gott um at velja, Nj. 3; velja um tvá kosti, Gísl. 16; konungr valði mjök menn með sér í hirð at afli ok hreysti, Fms. i. 43; þeir feðgar völðu mjök menn at afli til fylgðar við sik, Eg. 84; þeir bræðr völðu sér lið, 119; þeir höfðu valið lið, picked troops, Nj. 24; valiðs meistara, Post. (Unger) 108; velja við til, Grág. ii. 356; ef eigi er rjóðrum högginn skógrinn ok er valiðr, 294; valiðr til e-s, Fs. 71; rita tal allra valdra manna, Hom. 36. 2. to pick out, Lat. promere; kuml konunga ór kerum valði, Gh. 7; hverr vildi mér hnossir v., Gkv. 2. 20; valði Sigríðr vinum sínum gjafar, S. made gifts to her friends, Ó.H. 124; velr hón honum mörg hæðilig orð, Ld. 48; v. mönnum neisulig orð, Ísl. ii. 384; v. e-m hörð orð, Fb. ii. 376. II. reflex., þeir sjau völðusk til, ok gengu, came forward, picked themselves out, Fms.

VELJUNGR -- VENJA. 693

viii. 117; völdusk margir göfgir menn til þessar ferðar, Orkn. 322. 2. pass. to be chosen, H.E. i. 478. veljungr or vælungr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 187. VELKJA, t, [válka], to toss about; þeir velktu Tuma lengi, görði honum þá kalt mjök, Sturl. ii. 66 C. 2. as a naut. term, to be sea-tossed; Þorgeir ok hans félaga velkir í hafi lengi, Fb. ii. 108: impers., velkti þá lengi í hafi, Eg. 159; velkti þá úti allt sumarit, Landn. 226. II. metaph. to waver, hesitate; hann sér at eigi mun duga at velkja ráðit, Bs. i. 623; ertú mjök hugsjúkr um ráða-ætlan þína er þú velkir þat fyrir þér, Ó.H. 196; hann velti (i.e. velkti) lengi í huga sér hvernig hún yrði best til reidd, Jón Þorl. (the mod. phrase being, velta e-u fyrir sér = to revolve in one's mind, waver; but this 'velta' is merely a corruption of the older 'velkja'). III. reflex. to be tossed; ok er þeir velkðusk þar lengi svá haldnir, Fms. x. 29; teksk af byrr allr ok velkjask þau úti lengi, Fs. 142. vél-klókr, adj. wily, Stj. 223. vel-kominn, part. welcome, esp. in greeting, Nj. 140; vera v., Fms, vii. 154; at hann skyldi Guði v. ok svá honum, ix. 373; konungr bað hann v., i. 16. vell, n. [vella], gold, prop. molten, i.e. native, gold, or = Germ. 'ge-diegenes gold,' (perh. the word comes from the superstition as to serpents brooding and hatching gold, cp. fóru þeir til bælis drekans, ok sá þeir þar mikit gull, ok 'heitt sem nýrunnit í afli,' Ingv. 24.) The word is only used in poets, and in the compds, vell-auðigr, vell-ríkr, q.v.: poët, compds, vell-bjóðr, -broti, -meiðir, -rýrir, -stærir, -vönuðr, all epithets of a princely man. VELLA, pres. vell; pret. vall; pl. ullu; subj. ylli; part. ollinn; [A.S. weallan; Engl. to well] :-- to well over, boil, be at boiling heat; vellanda bik, Fms. vii. 232; rigndi blóði vellanda, Nj. 272; vellanda vatn, Bs. i. 40, Sks. 424; vellanda viðsmjör, 623. 12; vax heitt ok vellanda blý, molten lead, Hom. 100; vellanda gulli, molten gold, 625. 38; tók stálit at vella, Karl. 18; vellr nú ór járni allt þat er deigt er, Þiðr. 79; vellanda katli, Hm. 84; hafit vellr ok geisar, Rb. 444; keldur er æ ok æ vella ákafliga, Sks. 146; sé nú hve sá hverr velli, Gkv. 3. 9; hver vellanda, 6; það vellr og sýðr, of a boiling kettle; brunnr vellr af hita, Al. 51; vellandi reiði, Art. II. metaph. to well up, swarm, esp. of vermin, maggots, or the like; vella möðkum, to swarm with worms; hann vall möðkum, Fms. xi. 280; þat vellr möðkum allt, Hom. (St.); Herodes vall möðkum í hel, Ver. 40; ullu út ór (swarmed out) ormar ok eyðlur, Hkr. i. 103 (Fms. x. 380); vella vági, to run with matter, Greg. 75, Stj. 617 (of Naaman). III. to cry, scream, of a curlew; spói vall í túni; also of the horse-cuckoo. vella, d, causal to the preceding, to make to well up or boil; vella mat, Fbr. 51 new Ed.; vella lauk ok grös, Fb. ii. 365; ok vellt þat saman, Ó.H. 223; velld tjara, Sks. 90 new Ed.; hann velldi þau sverð sjau vetr í afli, Karl. 40; velldr í viðsmjörvi, 623. 13. vella, u, f. boiling beat, ebullition, MS. 732. 1, Fbr. 97, Nj. 247; af vellu sólar-hita, Rb. 478; ok er hann var í vellu þessi, 655 v. 2. vellu-ketill, m. a boiler, 656 C. 40. vellan-fasti, a, m., poët. a fire, cooking fire, boiling heat, Edda (Gl.) vellan-katla, u, f. the name of a boiling well near the lake Thing-walla, Kristni S. ch. 11 (now prob. sunk beneath the level of the lake). vell-auðigr, adj. rich in gold, prop. 'swelling rich;' maðr v., Eg. 251, Nj. 72, Sturl. i. 160 A, Orkn. 176: mod. very wealthy, hann er v., he is immensely rich. vél-lauss, adj. guileless; at véllausu, without fraud, Grág. i. 73; véllaust, id., 20, 137, Hom. 104. vell-ekla, u, f. lack of gold, the name of a poem, Eg. 694, Hkr. i. vellingr, m. pottage, Stj. 160, 165. vellir, m. a seether, boiler; in eld-vellir = smoke, Hornklofi; lög-vellir = a cauldron, Hým.; reyk-vellir, 'reek-weller' = fire, Lex. Poët. vell-ríkr, adj. = vellauðigr. vel-lyndr, adj. well-minded, O.H.L. ch. 30. vel-megan, f. well-doing, wealth; freq. in mod. usage. vel-menning, f. the being well brought up; cp. manna, Fb. iii. 367. vél-prettr, m. a trick, wile, Barl. 156. vél-ráðr, adj. wily, Hkr. ii. 230 (væl-ráðr, Fms. iv. 310, l.c.) vél-ræði, n. (vælræði, Fms. i. 189: veilræði, Sks. 544 B; veilræðum, Fms. i. 57) :-- a device, contrivance, trick; til allra vélráða, Fms. ii. 91; vélráðum, Eg. 49, v.l.; fremja þetta vélræði, Hkr. iii. 324; setja vélræði fyrir e-n, Fms. vii. 154. vél-samr, adj. wily, Róm. 273. vel-setning, f. well-doing, a good position, Fms. x. 178. vel-skapr, m. well-being, Fms. viii. 281, v.l. vél-sparr, adj. 'wile-sparing,' guileless, Haustl. vél-spá, adj. f. (thus, rather than vel-spá = well-spaeing), 'guile-spaeing,' Vsp. 25, where it is an epithet of a Sibyl (völva), referring to the ambiguous, deceptive character of her words, as of the witches in Macbeth. vél-stuttr, adj. short-tailed, of a bird, Fas. i. 488. VELTA, velt, pret. valt, pl. ultu; subj. ylti; part. oltinn, or vultu, voltinn; [Ulf. valtjan; cp. A.S. walwjan = GREEK; Lat. volvere, volutare; Engl. wallow] :-- to roll, roll over; ultu þeir ofan fyrir brekkuna, Landn. 179; þat (the wheel) kann opt velta undan, Fms. i. 104; veltanda vatn, Akv.; þóttú yltir aptr fyrir bylgjunni, Hom.; ek hefi látið velta slíka sem þú ert, Eg. 338; sneri höllinni sem mylna ylti, Karl. 472; þó gékk hann heldr en valt, Sturl. iii. 158; tunnan valt og úr henni allt, ofan í djúpa keldu, in a ditty; dagarnir sex at vísu vultu, Lil.; er þú ert oltinn í svá mikla heimsku, Post. 645. 68, 83; í hverja synd ok vesöld þú ert voltinn, Stj. 36; þó at hann velti í mikla vesöld, Al. 95. 2. metaph. to turn out; mun velta til vandans, Lv. 45; ok valt til vanda, at bændr flýðu, it went as usual, that they fled, Fms. viii. 408; veltr þangat sem vera vill um flesta hluti, Ísl. ii. 201; ef svá veltr til, at ..., Mar.; skipan er voltin eigi sem hann hugði, Fms. xi. 436; vultu allir dómar til stríðrar refsingar, Sks. 581. velta, t, a causal to the preceding; in Runic inscriptions it is spelt 'elta' or 'ailta,' Rafn 188, 194 (see rati); [Ulf. valtjan = GREEK; A.S. wæltan; Germ. wälzen; Dan. vælte; see valtr] :-- to roll, set rolling, a stone or the like, with dat.; velta búkum frá fótum jarli, Fb. i. 495; velta grjóti, Gs. 12; velta torfi, Grág. ii. 266; v. steini, N.G.L. ii. 122; steininum hafði velt verið af gröfinni, Luke xxiv. 2; þeir veltu honum, Eb. 115 new Ed.: impers., því næst velti (því), then she capsized, Fms. ix. 320. II. reflex. to turn oneself, rotate; sól veltisk um átta ættir, Sks.; hann veltisk inn yfir þresköldinn, Fb. ii. 382; hestrinn veltisk um tólf sinnum, the horse rolled itself over, Hrafn. 6; sumir hestar höfðu velzt, Grett. 29 new Ed. 2. the phrase, veltask ór konungdómi, jarldómi, to roll oneself from kingdom to earldom, to descend from a higher to a lower estate, e.g. from king to earl, or from earl to thane, Fms. i. 195, Eg. 7; Hallaðr, sá veltisk ór jarldómi í Orkneyjum, Landn. 260; veltisk hann þá ór jarldómi ok tók hölds rétt, Hkr. i. 104; the phrase is borrowed from the symbolic act, for which see Har. S. Hárf. ch. 8. velta, u, f. the state of being valtr. 2. in the phrase, hafa mikið í veltunni, to have much in circulation, rolling, of money. velti-, in compds, velti-flaug, f. rotation; velti-reið, f. of a ship, Lex. Poët.: in prose, velti-ár, n. of an extra good year. veltiligr, adj. rolling, voluble, Lil. velting, f. rotation, Stj. 15. veltir, m. (Lat. volutor), one who makes to revolve. Lex. Poët. vel-vild, f. kindness, good-will (also vel-vili, a, m.), Ísl. ii. 441, passim in mod. usage. vend, n. [A.S. wen], name of the letter v, see introduction to this letter; ok er v þá vend kallað í Norrænu máli, Skálda (Edda ii. 400; 'und,' 365). VENDA, d, pret. venduðu, Edda i. 20 (pref.); [Ulf. ga-wandian = GREEK; A.S. wentan; Engl. wend; Germ. wenden; Dan. vende] :-- to wend, turn, with dat.; vendi Sigurðr aptr herinum, Fms. viii. 152; venda sínum vegi, to wend one's way, xi. 425; venda til hans allri hollustu, Mar.; venda góðvilja til e-s, Dipl. i. 2; venda ást ok vináttu, Sks. 741: with acc., venda bak móti e-m, Bret. 54; venda sína vináttu til e-s, Fms. ix. 51, v.l.; venda e-t til sín, Sks. 443 B. 2. to turn, change; Guð vendi því ok sneri til góðs, Stj. 239; um snúa ok venda, N.G.L. i. 349. II. absol., venda aptr, to return, Hkr. i. 76; vendu þeir þá norðr aptr, Fms. vii. 301; jarl vendir nú aptr til Sjólanda með þetta fé, xi. 83; vendi hann aptr sömu leið, 359; vildi Agamemnon þá aptr venda með sínu liði til Gríklands, Bret. 84: fóru þaðan um nótt, vendu þá á þat fell er kallat er Vatnsfell, Fms. viii. 36; venda til hefnda við e-n, Ld. 244. III. reflex., vendask um, Mar., MS. 671. 22. vendi-liga, adv. [vandr], carefully; spyrja v. at e-u, Fms. i. 68; segja vendiliga frá tíðindum, tell minutely, Eg. 124; sjá v., Ld. 54: quite, entirely, svá var v. upp gengit allt lausa-fé hans, Hkr. i. 186; stefndi til sín öllum bygðar-mönnum ok þeim öllum vendiligast (principally those who) er first bygðu, Ó.H. 59. vendiligr, adj. careful, H.E. i. 410. Vendill (also Vandill), m. a pr. name, Rafn 178, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. 2. Vandil, a local name, the northern part of Jutland in Denmark; á Vendli, Ýt. (whence prob. came the famous Vandals who conquered and sacked Rome, and who have left their name in Andal-usia in Spain); Vandils jörmungrund, the great land of Vandil = Jutland(?), on a Runic stone: Vendil-skagi, the Skaw or Skagerack, Knytl. S. COMPDS: Vandils-byggi, m. a man from the county Vendill. Vendil-kráka, u, f. a nickname, Yngl. S. vendr, adj. = venzlaðr, N.G.L. i. 30. 2. vendr, part. wont, accustomed; v. á afrek, Skíða R. 19; ofstopa vendr, Landn. (in a verse). vend-ræði, n. = vandræði, Bs. i. 341. vend-værr, adj. difficult to appease, Mork. 72. vengi, n. = vangr, [like Dan. vænge and vang], the ground; ok vatt (á) vengi, and threw it on the ground, Gkv. 1. 13. 2. the sea; vengis blakkr, hjörtr, the steed, the hart of the sea = a ship. Lex. Poët. VENJA, pres. ven; pret. vanði, later vandi; subj. venði; part. vandr, vaninn: [Dan. vænne; see vani] :-- to accustom; venja e-n e-u or við e-t; venja hann við íþróttir ok hæversku, Fms. i. 78; gestrisni vanði hann sik, he practised hospitality, 655 v. B. 2; vandi Dofri hann við

694 VENJA -- VERA.

iþróttir, ættvísi ok vígfimi, taught him, trained him in, Bárð. 164. 2. in phrases, kostgæfði hann af þeim at venja öll úkynni, to unteach them all bad manners, Bs. i. 687; hann venr kvámur sínar til Ormhildar, Nj. 107; venja leiðir sínar til e-s staðar, to haunt a place, Fb. i. 303; síðan venr hann fé sitt í akra hennar, Fms. vii. 357: to train, tame, bjarndýri vel vanið, vi. 298, Fagrsk. ch. 21: to educate, engi börn vóru svá vel vanin, sem þeirra börn, Bs. i. 129; barn var ek ok ílla vanit, Karl. 197. II. reflex. to be wont, accustomed to do a thing; vanðisk fjósa-kona ein at þerra fætr sína á þúfu þeirri, er ..., Landn. 51, v.l.; síðan vanðisk Einarr optliga at ganga til tals vid Egil, Eg. 686; á hverri ártíð hans venjask menn at göra þá minning hans, Blas. 51; vöndusk margir at fara til hans, Hkr. iii. 249. 2. with dat.; vanðisk hann því þegar á unga aldri at ræna ok at drepa menn, Ó.H. 212; at þat venisk vápnfimi, to be trained in arms, Al. 4; nú mun ek verða at venjask hestinum um hríð, Fms. ix. 56: venjask af e-u, sem hugr várr vensk meirr af himneskum sætleik, Greg. 28; Daríus hafði af vanizk styrjöld ok úfriði, Al. 17. venja, u, f. = vani, a custom, habit, MS. 4. 7, 10; gjörn er hönd á venju, a saying (see hönd); at venju, as usual, Ver. 24; varga venja, Hom. 38. COMPDS: venju-bragð, n. a habit, Bs. i. 781. venju-liga, adv. usually, Str. 68. venju-ligr, adj. usual, Mar., Bs. i. 822; venju-ligra, more usual, Fs. 52. venzl, n. pl. [vandi], relationship (ties of blood or affinity); fyrir venzla sakir, Nj. 79; er hann þó í venzlum við oss bundinn, Boll. 354; fyrir frændsemis sökum ok margra annarra venzla, Orkn. 452; at ek sé þar í meirum venzlum enn aðrir menn, Lv. 78; at hann mundi allítils virða við Sverri venzl né vígslur, Fms. viii. 266; ek vil biðja hennar mér til eigin-konu, ok staðfesta svá við yðr venzl með vináttu, Fas. iii. 59; þeim mönnum er minni venzl mundi á, Ó.T. 7. COMPDS: venzla-lauss, adj. bound by no ties, a stranger; úskyldar konur ok venzla-lausar, Stj. 179, Fb. ii. 415; síðan venzlalausir menn eru í mót, Orkn. 104, = vandalauss. venzla-maðr, m. a person bound by ties, a kinsman, relation; vinir ok venzlamenn, Bs. i. 21; yðr venzlamönnum Þóris, Gullþ. 20; Kolbeini ok hans venzlamönnum, Sturl. ii. 1, Bs. i. 489, 494. venzlaðr, part. related. véorr, véoðr, contr. veiðr (Haustl.), only used as a name of Thor, Hým., Vsp., Edda (Gl.), meaning either the holy, a priest (= Goth. weiha), or from vé, n., referring to Thor 'as the defender of hearth and home'. veptr, f. [vefa], the woof, Fbr. 31, 33 new Ed. VER, n. a case; undir úlfalda verjum, Stj. 181; beðr með þýðeskt ver, D.N. iv. 218; verit var af pelli, Karl. 495; kodda-ver, a pillow-case; sængr-ver, a bed-case. VER, n. [akin to vörr; A.S. wær; cp. Engl. weir, usually sounded ware about Oxford still] :-- the sea, only used in poets; vestr fór ek of ver, of a journey to England, Höfuðl. 1; fyrir vestan ver (prose, fyrir vestan haf), beyond the 'western weir,' i.e. in the British Isles, Hkv. 2. 7; fyrir handan ver, Gkv. 2. 7; fyrir austan ver, east of the sea, i.e. in Norway, Edda (Ht.); um ver, across the sea, Fms. vii. 329 (in a verse): in poët. compds, ver-bál, ver-glóð, 'sea-fire,' i.e. gold; ver-fákr, a sea-steed, i.e. a ship. II. a fishing-place, station, for fishing, taking eggs, catching seals, herrings: farmers in Icel. at certain seasons of the year (spring, winter, and autumn) send some of their labourers to out-lying fishing-places (called göra mann út and út-görð); here people meet for fishing from all parts of the island; these fishing-places are called 'ver;' maðr hét Glúmr, hann var til vers, he was in a fishing-place, Korm. 142; þar sem menn rjúfa skipan í veri, Jb. 440; they are called ver-menn, m. pl. fishermen; and ver-tíð, f. the fishing season; vor-vertíð, haust-vertíð, vetrar-vertíð, see Icel. Almanack: the phrases, fara í verið, vera í veri; so also the compds, egg-ver, síld-ver, sel-ver, álpta-ver, fisk-ver, the taking eggs, catching herrings, seals, swans, fish, as also of the places where these things are caught; út-ver, an outlying ver: in local names, Álpta-ver, in southern Icel. vér, pers. pron., [Goth. weis; A.S. we; O.H.G. wir; Dan. vi] :-- we, passim; see also the forms vær and mér. ver, m. a husband; see verr. VERA, older form vesa, the verb substantive; pres. em, ert, er, pl. erum, eruð, eru: pret. var, vart (mod. varst), var, pl. váru or vóru; a obsolete óru occurs, Sæm. (once), Orkn. 426. l. 11, Nj. 81, Thom. 28, 90, 102, 116, 150, 196, Ísl. ii. 482: pres. subj. sé, sér (Vþm. 4, 7), sé; the older form is sjá, en ek sjá, Clem. 138. l. 14; at ek sjá, ... ok sé mér eigi reiðr, 145, Fms. viii. 299, x. 384, xi. 124, Eg. 127; for the forms sják, sjákk, see below: the mod. forms are sé, sért, sér (eg sé, þú sért; sert and ert make a rhyme in Pass. 34. 5): imperat. ver, vertú; see Gramm. p. xxiii: there also occurs a subj. pres. verir, veri, Sdm. 22, Ls. 54; þatz án veri, Am. 36; skósmiðr þú verir, Hm. 126, but rarely. A. CHANGES AND FORMS. -- Vera is an anomalous verb, which has undergone several changes: I. by changing s to r; of the older form there occur, the infin. vesa, pres. es, pret. vas, vast (vastu), vas; pres. subj. vesi; imperat. ves, MS. 623. 25. l. 14, 645. 6l. l. 33, 677. 40. l. 38; vestu, 623. 25, Post. (Unger) 129. l. 27, 229. l. 12; vesum, Hom. (Arna-Magn. 237) p. 214. l. 8; pres. indic. 2nd pers. est, Glúm. 372; 3rd pers. es: but no traces remain of the older form in pret. plur. indic. and subj. (váru væri, never vásu væsi). Rhymes in poets and the spelling of the oldest extant poems shew that the s form alone existed in Icel. down to about the end of the 12th century, the time of Snorri Sturluson, when the modern forms crept in probably from Norway, for there the change seems to have taken place a century or so earlier; the old Norse vellums (written in Norway or by Norsemen) are distinguished from the Icel. by their constant use of the r: the phrase 'at upp vesandi sólu', in N.G.L. i. 4, being the only instance of the s form in all the Norse vellums. The earliest instances extant of a rhyme to the r form are, the Ht. of Rögnvald, earl of the Orkneys; he was a native of Norway, born about A.D. 1100, and the poem was composed about A.D. 1145; another instance is 'vara, fara' in Fms. vii. 185, in a poem about A.D. 1140, written by an Icelander who had lived in Norway the greater part of his life, the rhyme is therefore a Norwegianism. The first instance in an Icel. poem is in the Ht. of Snorri, A.D. 1222. Instances from poets, Hallfred, Sighvat, Arnórr, and coeval poets; vesa, vísi; sás með Sygna ræsi; þági vas sem þessum; vask til Róms í háska; vastu, kosta; vas fyrir Mikkjals-messu; nú es um verk þau er vísi; bráskat þat dægr háski: from A.D. 1100-1150, Geisli, Pd., etc., svás, ræsir; esat, risnu; vasa, tysvar; vestu. freistni; vestu, traustla: on the other hand, in the poem of earl Rögvald, vera, skera; gera, vera; var, skar (twice): from later Icel. poems it is sufficient to note, erðu, fyrðum; ertú, hjarta; verðú, forðast, Leiðarv. etc. This may sometimes serve as a test, e.g. var ek nær viðr-eign þeirra, Grett., and skap-kers saman vera, Gísl., are impossible in the mouth of poets of the early Saga time; the verses of both these Sagas are a later composition. 2. as to the spelling of the MSS., -- the oldest (the Arna-Magn. 677, the Eluc. 674, the Íb. etc.) use the s throughout: vellums of the next period, about A.D. 1200 (e.g. Arna-Magn. 623 and 645), use the later form sparingly, even the second hand in the Reykholts máldagi gives 'es,' not 'er.' Again, in the vellums of the middle of the 13th century, such as the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm., the Grág., and the Mork., the mod. spelling has entirely got the better of the old, and an 'es' only creeps in, as if unawares, from an older copy. Of the poetical literature, the Pd. alone has been preserved in a copy old enough to retain the s; all the rest have the modernised spelling, even in the rhymed syllables quoted above; such too is the case with the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm. Edda; but had that vellum been but fifty or sixty years older, the forms vesa, es, vas, etc. would now be the established spelling in Editions of these poems. 3. on Danish and Swedish Runic stones, the 3rd pers. pret. sing. is a word of frequent occurrence; the best Danish monuments have vas, e.g. ias vas farinn vestr, Thorsen 93 and 101 (on a stone of the reign of Sweyn, died A.D. 1014). In Sweden the great majority present the later form: the so-called Ingvar stones are chronologically certain, being of the middle of the 11th century (Ingvar died A.D. 1039); there we read, 'vas' (twice), 'varinn' (once), 'var' (thrice, being twice spelt with RUNE, once with RUNE): this shews that about this time in Sweden the later or more modern form had begun to be used, but that the old was still remembered. II. suffixed personal pronoun or suffixed negation; em'k (tautologically ek em'k = I-am-I), emk, Ad. 1, Vþm. 8, Fms. xi. 91; ek emk, Mork. 89. l. 13, 104. l. 23, Clem. 136. l. 20, 138. l. 13; vask, I was, 133. l. 25, Mork. 89. l. 16; vark, Post. 225, v.l. 15; ek vark, Ls. 35; vestu, be thou, Clem. 129. l. 27; es þú, art thou, l. 30, 130. l. 11; sjá'k (may I be), ek sják, Mork. 134; at sják, 189. l. 29; ek sják, Hbl. 9, Hkv. 1. 20; at ek gjarn sják, Stor.; with double kk, þó at ek sjákk, Mork. 89. 2. a medial form, erumk, erumz, or apocopated erum, Stor. 1, Ad. 16, Hkv. 1. 25, Korm. ch. 5. 2, Ls. 35, Bragi (see senna); leið erum-k fjöll, Edda (in a verse); várumk, were to me, Am. 78. 3. suff. neg. eru-mk-a, it is not to me, Stor. 17, Eg. (in a verse); emkat-ek, am I not I, i.e. I am not, Hbl. 34, Skm. 18, Ó.H. 192 (in a verse): er-at, es-at, or er-a, es-a, is not, passim; eru-ð, are not, Skv. 1. 42; ert-attu, thou art not, Vtkv.; vart-attu, thou wast not, Gs., Eg. (in a verse); veri-a, be not, Mork. 37. l. 8. 4. sá's = sá es, that is, Hallfred (Fs. 95); svá's = svá es, so is, Fms. vii. (in a verse). III. the plur. eru when suffixed to words ending in r drops the initial e, and is suffixed; this spelling, which agrees with mod. Icel. pronunciation, was afterwards disused; þeir-ro, they are, Gm. 34; margir-ro, many are, Hkv. 2. 11; Æsir-ro, the Ases are, Vsp. 49; skildir-ro, shields are, 44; torogætir-ro, rare are, Korm. (in a verse); hverjar-ro, which are, Vþm. 48; langir-ro, long are, Gg.; tveir-ro, þrír-ro, fjórir-ro, two, three, four are, Edda 108; báðir-ro, both are, Mork. 169; hér-ro, here are, 234; þér-ro, ye are, MS. 686 B. 1; hryggvir-ro, id.; hver-ro, who are, Mork. 96; úvar-ro, wroth are, Gm. 53; værrom, vérrom, we are, Edda i. 526, Fms. x. 421; hverrtu [cp. North. E. wh'art'ou, lad] (hverrtú karl, who art thou, carle?), Frissb. 256. l. 8; ir-rot, ye are, Ó.H. 151. IV. the pres. 1st pers. em [Engl. am] has changed into er (eg er, þú ert, hann er), making the 1st and 3rd pers. uniform; this new form appears in vellums about the end of the 13th century, but the word being usually abbreviated

VERA -- VERÐA. 695

(e UNCERTAIN = em, e UNCERTAIN = er), it is often hard to distinguish. In the Icel. N.T. and in hymns the old 'em' still remains in solemn language, em eg, Matth. xxvii. 24; eigi em eg, John xviii. 17; eg em hann, 5, 8, xi. 25, xv. 1, 5, Matth. xiv. 27; em eg eigi postuli, em eg eigi frjáls, 1 Cor. ix. 1; em eg orðinn, 20, 22, and passim. B. USAGE. -- To be: I. to be, exist; þær sakir skal fyrst dæma, ef þær eru, if such there are, Grág. (Kb.) i. 73; eigi vóru hans jafningjar, Eg. 1; Rachel grét sonu sína, ... þvi at þeir eru eigi, Hom. 49; þeir menn vóru, er þess gátu, there were men who, Nj. 90. 2. to be, happen; þat var, at hón for brott, Nj. 51; él eitt mun vera, 198; þess sem vera vill, that which is to be, 186; ok er (is) Vagn þá fimtán vetra gamall, er þetta er, when this came to pass, Fms. xi. 97; at þessi orrosta hafi verit á öðrum degi viku, iii. 11; í þann tið var úfriðr Kristnum mönnum, Ver. 43; hvat er henni, what is the matter with her? Fms. ii. 290; hvat er þér, Atli? er þér hryggt í hug, Gkv. 3. 3. to last; meðan þingit væri, Nj. 12; hirðit eigi at óttask píslir þeirra -- þvíat stund eina eru, 623. 32; meðan líf hans var, Bret. 100; þykkir eigi vera mega svá búit, Fms. xi. 62: to remain, leave alone, láttu það vera, let that be, Flóv. 4. to be, dwell, stay, sojourn; vask til Róms, I was at Rome, Sighvat; hann bað hana vera í búð sinni, Nj. 12; Gunnarr var á Höskuld-stöðum um nótt, passed a night there, 34, N.G.L. i. 347: so the phrase, biðja að lofa sér að vera, to ask for night-quarters, of a stranger or traveller; lofa honum að vera, to take a stranger in; honum var boðit at vera, Vápn. 23; hefi ek hér verit síðan, Nj. 45; Hallkell var þar með Otkatli, 73; þeir vildu eigi vesa hér við heiðna menn, Íb. 4; vera samvistum við e-n, Grág. ii. 80; vera við e-t, to be present at, Hom. 129: vera at, to be present; vark at þar, Glúm.: vera brottu, to be away, absent, Nj. 113; meðan ek em í brautu, 52: sagðisk eigi vita hvar þau væri, were to be found, Dipl. ii. 20; hvar ertu? slá ein var um þvert skipit, Nj. 44; hygg ek at þar hafi verit Bolli, Ld. 274; er þér hér nú minja-griprinn, Nj. 203: as with the notion of 'towards' a place, an irregular construction, vartú á land upp, Fas. ii. 174; meðan þeir vóru til Danmerkr, Fms. x. 104; Ribbungar höfðu ekki verit út í landit, ix. 359; verit eigi til orrostu, vii. 263, v.l.; vera á fund hans, Eg. 26. 5. with prepp.; vera at, to be busy at (see 'at' A. II, p. 26, col. 2): vera fyrir, to lead (see fyrir): vera til, to exist (see til IV); eiga fjölskyldi, vandræði, um at vera, to be in straits (see um C. VII); e-m er mikit, lítið, ekki um e-t (see um C. I. 3); vera við (see við B. VIII). II. with a predicate: 1. with a noun, to be so and so; vera bróðir, systir, faðir, sonr, dóttir ... e-s, vera konungr, jarl, biskup ..., passim; hvers son ertú? -- Ek emk Kattarson, Mork. 104; ek skal þer Mörðr vera, Nj. 15: followed by a gen. ellípt., er þat ekki karla, that is not men's (affair), 75; er þat ekki margra, 'that is not for many,' few are equal to that (cp. Lat. 'non cuivis homini,' etc.), 48. 2. with adjectives, to be so and so, of a state or condition; vera kunnigr, Fms. x. 370; vera glaðr, sæll, hryggr, dauðr, lifandi, ... ungr, gamall, to be glad ..., young, old, passim; þó at ek sjákk ótignari, Mork. 89; nema ek dauðr sják, Hbl. 9; þótt ek sják einn, Mork. 134; vera kominn, to be come: so too with adverbs, vera vel, ílla ... til e-s, er við e-n, to be, behave well, ill ... to one, passim; or also, þat er ílla, it is sad, Nj. 70, 71; ílla er þá, fyrr væri ílla, 75, 260; drengr góðr, þar sem vel skyldi vera, when it was to be, i.e. when she wished, 147; vera spakliga í heraði, to behave gently, Sturl. iii. 143; at þú frændr þína vammalaust verir, to behave blamelessly, Sdm. 22; orð kvað hann þats án veri, words which he had better not have said, Am. 36. 3. impers., e-t er skylt, it is incumbent, Grág.; e-m er varmt, heitt, kalt, one is warm, cold, Nj. 95; er auðit, q.v. 4. with participles, in a passive sense; vera kallaðr, vera sagðr, tekinn, elskaðr, etc., to be called, said, taken, loved. 5. with infin.; hlymr var at heyra, was to hear, i.e. to be heard, Am.; þar var at sjá, there was to be seen, passim. 6. ellipt., dropping a noun or the like, denoting futurity, necessity, a thing at hand, about to happen, or to be done; ok er hér at þiggja, Hrafn, þann greiða sem þú vill, and it is now for thee, Rafn, to partake of what food thou wilt, Ísl. ii. 262; nú er þeim út at ganga öllum, er leyft er, now it is for them to go out, Nj. 200; nú er at verja sik, 83; er nú eigi Kára at varask, now there is no need to beware of K., 259; nú er at segja frá, now is to be told, 75, 259; er nú ekki fyrr frá at segja en þeir koma ..., 21; er ekki um hans ferðir at tala fyrr en ..., 215. III. irregular usages: 1. ellipse of the infin. vera; ek skal þér Hrútr, I will [be] Hrútr to thee, Nj. 15; Gunnarr segir sér þat alvöru, G. says it [is to be] his earnestness, 49; vil ek þá lauss máls þessa, 76; bað hann alla metta at miðri nótt, he begged all eating [to be over] at midnight, Fms. ix. 353; þá þótti hverjum gott þar sem sat, Nj. 50; at skamt skyli okkar í meðal, 114; mun þín skömm lengi uppi, mun hans vörn uppi meðan landit er bygt, 116, 117: or also 'var,' 'er' may be understood, hann hafði hjálm á höfði, og gyrðr sverði, 70; sá ek glöggt hvat títt var, -- barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju, a bairn in age, and to have slain such a champion! Glúm. 382: the dropping of the infin. vera is esp. freq. after the reflex. forms kveðsk, segjask, látask, þykkjask, virðask, sýnask when followed by a part. pret. or by an adjective, as also after the verbs munu, skulu, -- thus, hann sagðisk kominn, he said he was come; hann lezt búinn, he made as if he was ready; hann þóttisk staddr, he thought that he was ...; skal þat á þínu umdæmi, Fms. xi. 89; þess eins er mér þykkir betr, ... til hvers þykkjast þessir menn færir, Hrafn. 17; mun þat harðla lítið, 21; at fátt muni manna á fótum, 20; þú virðisk okkr vaskr maðr, 23; þessi hestr sýnisk mér eigi betri en aðrir, id. 2. an irregularity, occurring now and then, is the use of the sing. 'er' for plur. eru; mannföll þessi er sögð, Gullþ. 71; nú er fram komin sóknar-gögn, Nj. 242. IV. recipr., erusk, vórusk; viðr-gefendr ok endr-gefendr erosk lengst vinir, Hm. 40; þeir er í nánd erusk, those who are neighbours, 655 xxi. 3; þótt þau sésk eigi hjóna, though they be not man and wife, K.Þ.K. 158; ok városk góðir vinir, were good friends, Fms. xi. 39, 89; ok várusk þeir fóstbræðr, 55. V. as to the poët, medial form, erumk, várumk (see ek C), the following instances are from the poems of Egil: grimmt várumk hlið, the breach was cruel to me, Stor.; erumk-a leitt, it is not to me, Eg. (in a verse); erumka þokkt þjóða sinni, see sinni II; mærðar-efni erumk auð-skæf, Ad.; mjök erum(k) tregt tungu at hræra, it is hard for me to move the tongue, Stor. 1; (hence one might correct the end verse of that poem into nú 'erumk' torvelt, for the modernised nú 'er mér' torvelt); blautr erumk bergi-fótar borr, Eg. (at the end); to which add, þat erumk sennt, it is told us, Bragi; lyst várumk þess, I had a longing to, Am. 74; ván erumk, 'a hope is to me,' I hope, Fagrsk. 122; the phrase, títt erumk, 'tis ready to me, Eb. (in a verse). VI. part., allir menn verandi ok eptir komandi, Dipl. i. 3; æ-verandi, everlasting, Hom. 107; hjá-verandi, being present, Vm. 47; nær-verandis, present; engi nær-verandis maðr, öllum lýð nær-verandis, Th. 77; klerkar ok nær-verandi leikmenn, Mar.; at upp-vesandi sólu, at sunrise, N.G.L. i. 4; verandi eigi úminnigr, being not unmindful, Fms. v. 230. vera, u, f. 1. = væra, a shelter; at þeir hefði né eina veru (comfort) af eldinum, Eb. 100 new Ed. (v.l. 9): a mansion, í míns föðurs húsi eru margar verur, John xiv. 2: in the allit. phrases, eigi vist né veru, Fb. iii. 457; hvárki vist né veru, Grett. 142 new Ed.; vist né væri, Fb. iii. 52; ef hann á sér í vá veru, Hm. 25. 2. [vera = to be], a dwelling; seg mér í hverjum staðum þín vera er, Barl. 79; skaut í hug honum vesöld sinnar veru, 196. veraldar-, see veröld. verald-ligr, adj. worldly, secular, Fms. vii. 88, Anecd. 38, K.Á. 50, 220. Edda (pref.), Gþl. (pref. viii), N.T., Vídal., passim in eccl. usage. veran, f. being, essence, an eccl. word; ein veran of eitt líf, Stj. 19; af Guðligri veran, 31. ver-bergi, n. an abode of men = herbergi (q.v.), Stor. (a GREEK.) ver-bróðir, m. a husband's brother, brother-in-law, D.N. v. 388. VERÐ, n. [Ulf. wairþs = GREEK; A.S. weorð; Engl. worth; Germ. werth; Dan.-Swed. værd, värd] :-- worth, price; taka hey ok mat ok leggja verð í staðinn, Nj. 73, Ísl. ii. 140; þrenn verð, Ld. 30, Hkr. iii. 408; bjóða tvenn verð, Ld. 146; gjalda verðit í gulli, Fms. vi. 248; selja við verði, v. 221, Fs. 151; halda til verðs, to put out for sale, Ó.H. 139; marka verð á e-u, to fix the price, Grág.; leggja verð á bókina, to tax, Bs. i. 248 (cp. leggja lag á varning, Ísl. ii. 126). verða, u, f. the 'ward,' the bulwarks of a ship which ward off the waves; hrími stokkin verða hrökk, Arnór, (also called varta.) VERÐA, pres. verð, verðr, verð; pret. varð, vart (mod. varðst), varð; pl. urðu; subj. yrði: imperat. verð; part. orðinn; pl. orðnir, spelt phonetically ornir, Niðrst. 6: in later vellums occur freq. the forms vurðu, vyrði, vorðinn, see Introd.; but the old poets use it for alliteration as if it began with a vowel: with neg. suff. verðr-at, Fm. 6; varð-at, Vþm. 38; urðu-a it, Gh. 3; urðu-t. Lex. Poët.: [Ulf. wairþan = GREEK; A.S. weorðan; Old Engl. worth, as in the phrase 'woe worth the day!' Germ. werden; Dan. vorde; Swed. varda.] A. To become, happen, come to pass; sá atburðr varð, at ..., Ó.H. 196; varð hitt at lyktum, at ..., 191; ef svá verðr, at ..., Al. 20; ef svá verðr (if it so happen), at ek deyja, Eg. 34; fundr þeirra varð á Rogalandi, 32; mörg dæmi hafa orðit í forneskju, Ó.H. 73; varð þar hin snarpasta orrosta. Eg. 297; at því sem nú er orðit, Blas. 46; þá varð (arose) hlátr mikill, id.; varð óp mikit, Nj.; þat varð um síðir, and so they did at last, 240; er þetta allvel orðit, well done, well happened, 187; þau tíðendi eru hér vorðin, Fms. iv. 309 (orðin, Ó.H. 139, l.c.); þat varð ekki, but it came not to pass, Nj. 2. adding dat. to happen, to befall one; þat varð mér, it befell me, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); varð þeim af in mesta deila, Nj. 189; Eyjólfi varð orðfall, speechlessness befell E., he faltered, 225; þat varð Skarphéðni at stökk í sundr skóþvengr hans, 145; urðu þeim þegar in sömu undr, 21. 3. to blunder, make a slip; þat varð þinni konu, at hón átti mög við mér, Ls. 40; sjaldan verðr viti vörum, Hm. 6; þat verðr mörgum manni at um myrkvan staf villisk, Eg. (in a verse); skalat honum þat verða optarr enn um sinn ... ef eigi verðr þeim optarr enn um sinn, Grág. (Kb.) i. 55; e-m verðr Þorf e-s, to come in need of, Hm. 149; ef þeim verðr nökkut er honum hefir fylgt, if anything should befall them, Hom. 65; annat man þér verða (another fate, death, will be thine), enn þú sprongir, Sturl. iii. 225; cp. verða úti, to perish in a storm from cold, Fms. vii. 122; sumir urðu úti, Bs. i. 71; verða til, to perish. 4.

696 VERÐA -- VERÐLEIKR.

to happen to be, to occur, or the like; í læk þann er þar verðr, in the brook that happens to be there, Eg. 163; holt þat er þar verðr, 746; varð þá enn brátt á er þvers varð fyrir þeim, þá kölluðu þeir þverá, 132; varð fyrir þeim fjörðr, they came on a fiord, 130; verða á leið e-s, to be in one's path, happen to one, Ó.H. 181; taka þat sem á leið hans verðr, Grág. ii. 346; verða á fætr, to fall on one's, feet, Fb. iii. 301; verða ek á fitjum, Vkv. 27; þeim þótti honum seint heim verða, Fbr. 8 new Ed.: verða brottu, to leave, absent oneself; þeir sá þann sinn kost líkastan at verða á brottu, Fms. vii. 204; verð í brottu í stað, begone, Fs. 64: verða úti, id., Nj. 16. II. followed by a noun, adjective, participle, adverb, as predicate; þá verðr þat þinn bani, Nj. 94; hann varð tveggja manna bani, he became the bane of, i.e. slew, two men, 97; hann mun verða engi jafnaðar-maðr, Ld. 24; ef hann vyrði konungr, Fms. i. 20; verða biskup, prestr ..., Bs. i. passim; ok verðr eigi gjöf, ef ..., it becomes not a gift, if ..., Grág. (Kb.) i. 130; verða þær málalyktir, at ..., the end was that ..., Nj. 88: verða alls hálft annat hundrat, the whole amount becomes, Rb. 88; honum varð vísa á munni, Fms. xi. 144; varð henni þá ljóð á munni, Fb. i. 525; þat varð henni á munni er hón sá þetta, Sd. 139: hví henni yrði þat at munni, Fms. xi. 149; þá er í meðal verðr, when there is an interval, leisure, Skálda (Thorodd): cp. the mod. phrase, þegar í milli veiðr fyrir honum, of the empty hour; varð Skarpheðinn þar í millum ok gaflhlaðsins, S. was jammed in between, Nj. 203; prob. ellipt. = verða fastr. 2. with adjectives, to become so and so: α. verða glaðr, feginn, hryggr, to become glad, fain, sad, Fms. i. 21, viii. 19, passim; verða langlífr, to be long-lived, Bs. i. 640; verða gamall, to become old, Nj. 85; verða sjúkr, veykr, to become sick; verða sjónlauss, blindr, to become blind, Eg. 759; verða ungr í annat sinn, Fms. i. 20; verða varr, to become aware (see varr); verða víss, Nj. 268; verða sekr, to become outlawed; verða vátr, to become wet, 15; verða missáttr við e-n, Landn. 150 (and so in endless instances): in the phrase, verða dauðr, to die; dauðr varð inn Húnski, Am. 98; áðr Haraldr inn Hárfagri yrði dauðr, Íb. 6; síðan Njáll var(ð) dauðr, Nj. 238, and a few more instances, very freq. on Runic stones, but now obsolete. β. with participles; verða búinn, to be ready, Fms. vii. 121; verða þeir ekki fundnir, they could not be found, Gísl. 56; verða staddr við e-t, to be present, Eg. 744; in mod. usage with a notion of futurity, e.g. eg verð búinn á morgun, I shall be ready to-morrow; eg verð farinn um það. I shall be gone then: with neut, part., járn er nýtekit verðr ór afli, just taken out of the furnace, Sks. 209 B; varð ekki eptir honum gengit, he was not pursued, Nj. 270; þeim varð litið til hafs, they happened to look, 125; honum varð litið upp til hlíðarinnar, 112; blóð varð eigi stöðvat, the blood could not be stopped, Fms. i. 46, Nj. 210. γ. phrases, e-m verðr bilt, to be amazed, Edda 29, Korm. 40, Nj. 169; verða felmt, 105; verða íllt við, hverft við, id.; Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. lost his head, was paralysed, as if stunned, Sturl. iii. 285. 3. with adverbs or adverbial phrases; ef þat bíðr at verða vet, Hm.; ma þetta verða vel þótt hitt yrði ílla, Nj.; verða verr enn til er stýrt, Róm. 321; hann varð vel við skaða sinn, bore it well, like a man, Eg. 76, Nj. 75; faðir hans varð ílla við þetta (disliked it), ok kvað hann taka stein um megn sér, Fær. 58; jarl varð ílla við þetta, was much vexed by it, Fms. ix. 341; varð hann údrengiliga við sitt líflát, Ld. 234; hvernig varð hann við þá er þér rudduð skipið, Ó.H. 116; hversu Gunnarr varð við, how G. bore it, Nj. 82; verra verðr mér við, enn ek ætla at gott muni af leiða, 109; mér hefir orðit vel við þik í vetr, I have been pleased with thee this winter, Fms. vii. 112; eigi vildi ek svá við verða blóðlátið, fiskbleikr sem þú ert -- Ek ætla, segir hinn, at þá myndir verr við verða ok ódrengiligar, 269; þar varð ílla með þeim, things went ill with them, they became enemies, Nj. 39: to behave, varð engum jafnvel til mín sem þessum, Fms. vii. 158; hann lætr sér verða á alla vega sem bezt til Áka, xi. 76; hann lét henni hafa orðit stórmannliga, Hkr. iii. 372. III. with prepp., verða af; hvat er orðit af e-u, what is come of it? where is it? of a thing lost; segðu mér þat, hvat varð af húnum mínum, Vkv. 30; hvat af motrinum er orðit, Ld. 208; nú hverfr Óspakr á brott svá at eigi vitu menn hvat af honum verðr, Band. 5; varð ekki af atlögu búanda, Ó.H. 184; ekki mun af sættum verða, Fb. i. 126: to come to pass, varð ekki af eptir-för, it came to naught; varð því ekki af ferðinni, Ísl. ii. 247; Símon kvað þá ekki mundu af því verða, S. said that could not be, Fms. vii. 250; ok verðr þetta af, at hann tekr við sveinunum, the end was that at last he took the boys, Fær. 36; eigi mun þér þann veg af verða, Karl. 197 :-- verða at e-u, to come to; hvat þér mun verða at bana, what will be the cause of thy death, Nj. 85; verða at flugu, Fas. i. 353 (see 'at' C. I. α); verða at undri, skömm, honum varð ekki at því kaupi, the bargain came to naught for him, Al. 7; cp. the mod. honum varð ekki að því, it failed for him :-- e-m verðr á (cp. á-virðing), to make a blunder, mistake; kölluðu þat mjök hafa vorðit á fyrir föður sínum, at hann tók hann til sín, Fs. 35; þótti þér ekki á verða fyrir honum er hann náði eigi fénu, Nj. 33; Þorkell settisk þá niðr, ok hafði hvárki orðit á fyrir honum áðr né síðan, 185; aldri varð á um höfðingskap hans, 33 :-- verða eptir, to be left, Rb. 126, Stj. 124, 595; honum varð þar eptir geit ok hafr, Hrafn. 1 :-- verða fyrir e-u, to be hit, be the object of; fyrir víginu hefir orðit Svartr, S. is the person killed, Nj. 53; verða fyrir öfund, görningum, to be the victim of, Lex. Poët.: e-m verðr lítið fyrir e-u, it costs one small effort (see fyrir) :-- verða til e-s, to come forth to do a thing, volunteer, or the like; en sá er nefndr Hermóðr er til þeirrar farar varð, Edda 37; til þess hefir engi orðit fyrr en þú, at skora mér á hólm, Ísl. ii. 225; en engi varð til þess, no one volunteered, Nj. 86; einn maðr varð til at spyrja, 82; þá verðr til ok svarar máli konungs sá maðr, er ..., Odd. 12; hverr sem til verðr um síðir at koma þeim á réttan veg, Fb. i. 273: fengu þeir ekki samit, því at þeim varð mart til, many things happened, i.e. so as to bring discord, Sturl. ii. 17 C; mundi okkr Einari eigi annat smátt til orðit, Hrafn. 9; eigi varð verri maðr til, there was no worse man, Stj. 482 :-- verða við, to respond to; bið ek þik at þú verðir við mér þó at engi sé verðleiki til, Barl. 59; at hann beiddi Snorra ásjá, en ef hann yrði eigi við bað hann Gretti fara vestr, Grett. 112 new Ed.; verða við bæn e-s, to grant one's request, passim. IV. with infin., denoting necessity, one must, needs, one is forced, obliged to do; þat verðr hverr at vinna er ætlað er, Nj. 10; varð ek þá at selja Hrafni sjálfdæmi, Ísl. ii. 245; eða yrði þeir út at hafa þann ómaga, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 21; þat munu þér þá reyna verða, you must try, Fbr. 23 new Ed.; þar er bera verðr til grjót, where stones have to be carried, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 90; lágu hestarnir í kafi svá at draga varð upp, Eg. 546; en vita verð ek (I must know) hvar til þetta heyrir, Fms. ii. 146; munu þér því verða annars-staðar á leita, Nj. 223; at hann man verða sækja á ókunn lönd, Fms. viii. 19; ok verðr af því líða yfir þat, it must be passed by, Post.; maðr verðr eptir mann lifa, a saying, Fas. ii. 552; verð ek nú flýja, Ó.H. 188; urðu þeir at taka við Kristni, 105; vér höfum orðit til at hætta lífi ok sálu, hefir margr saklauss orðit at láta, sumir féit ok sumir fjörit, 31, 32; vér munum verða lifa við öðrum veiði-mat, Hým. 16; verða at skiljask við e-n, Skv. 1. 24: the same verb twice, þá varð ek verða hapta, then came I to become a prisoner, Gkv. 1. 9; eg verð að verða eptir, I must stay behind. B. Peculiar isolated phrases, in some of which 'verða' is probably a different word, viz. = varða (q.v.), having been confounded with verða; thus, verða, verðr (= varða, varðar), to be liable, are frequent occurrences as a law phrase in the Grág.; svá fremi verðr beitin, ii. 226; þeim manni verðr fjörbaugs-garðr, er ..., 212. 2. the phrase, eigi verðr (= varðar) einn eiðr alla, see eiðr; also ymsar verðr sá er margar ferr, in many warfares there will be some defeats, Eg. 182. 3. to forfeit, lose, prop. of paying a fine or penalty; heit ek á þann félaga er mik lætr eigi slíkt verða, Vápn. 11; æti þik ormar, yrða ek þik, kykvan, that snakes ate thee alive, and that I lost thee, Am. 22; fullhuginu sá er varð dróttinn, the brave man bereft of his master, Sighvat (Ó.H. 236); ek hefi orðinn þann guðföður, er ..., I have lost a godfather who ..., Hallfred (Js. 210); hér skaltú lífit verða, here shall thou forfeit life, i.e. die, Sturl. iii. (in a verse). 4. the law phrase, verða síns, to suffer a loss; leiglendingr bæti honum allt þat er hann verðr síns fyrir lands-drottni (i.e. verðr missa), whatever he has to lose, whatever damage, Gþl. 362; þræll skal ekki verða síns um, N.G.L. i. 85; allt þat er hann verðr síns í, þá skal hinn bæta honum, Jb. 207 A; hann kvað þá ekki skyldu síns í verða (varða Ed.) um þetta mál, they should lose nothing, Rd. 253: vildi hann (viz. Herode) eigi verða heit sitt (= fyrir verða?), he would not forfeit, break his vow, Hom. 106. C. Reflex.; at þær ræður skyldi eigi með tjónum verðask, to be lost, forgotten, Sks. 561 B. 2. recipr.; bræðr munu berjask ok at bönum verðask, Vsp. (Hb.); þá er bræðr tveir at bönum urðusk, Ýt. 11. 3. part.; eptir orðna þrimu geira, Ód.; hluti orðna ok úorðna, past and future, MS. 623. 13; kvenna fegrst ok bezt at sér orðin, Nj. 268; þeir vóru svó vorðnir sik (so shapen, Germ. beschaffen), at þeir höfðu ..., Stj. 7; þeir eru svá vorðnir sik, at þeir hafa eitt auga í miðju enninu, 68. Verðandi, f. the 'Being,' the Weird, the name of one of the Norns, Vsp. verð-aurar, m. pl. a medium of payment; gjalda fénað verðaurum, N.G.L. ii. 127, D.N. i. 89; selja ok kaupa verðaurum, Sks. 468; leysa óðal með verðaurum, Gþl. 290; þeim þræli skal hann frelsi gefa er hann hefir fulla verðaura fyrir fundit, Grág. i. 358; taka verðaura af e-m, 272. verð-gangr, m., proncd. and spelt ver-gangr, [verðr], a going begging one's food; stefna e-m um vergang, Ld. 350; sá maðr er á verðgangi er alinn, Grág. i. 178, 225. verð-geta, u, f. an entertainment, fare, Fbr. 37, Glúm. 354. verð-gjöf, f. a giving a meal, K.Þ.K. 88. verð-hald, n. = varðhald, Karl. 378. verðing, f. a taxing; leggja sæmd sína í verðing við e-t (= veð), Lv. 7, v.l. verð-kaup, n., but verk-kaup (q.v.) better, a reward, Sd. 170; hafa at verðkaupi, Ísl. ii. 199, v.l. verð-keyptr, part. purchased, Fms. i. 281. verð-lag, n. a price, tax; leggja verðlag á e-t. verð-laun, n. pl. a reward, H.E. i. 484. verð-launa, að, to reward, Am. 30. verð-lauss, adj. valueless, Ám. 28, N.G.L. i. 89, Stj. 155. verð-leikr (-leiki), m. merit, desert, Hom. 37, Stj. 157; eptir sínum verðleika, Gþl. 40: esp. in plur., með verðleikum, Barl. 18; eptir verð-

VERÐLIGR -- VERKSOFMERKI. 697

leikum, after ones deserts, Fms. xi. 124; hafa verðleika til e-s, to deserve, v. 55 (verðleik, Ó.H. 205, l.c.); at Bárðr hefði verðleika til þess er hann var drepinn, Eg. 226; er af sínum verðleikum þágu af Guði, Barl. 64; með bæn ok verðleikum ins helga Nonni, 89; fyrir verðleika þeirra sinna dýrðlinga. Fms. i. 232; verðleikum betr, Gullþ. 48; eptir engum verðleikum, Anal. 236. verð-ligr, adj. valuable, Barl. 121, Bs. i. 99. verð-lykning, f. a discharge, payment of the price, Jb. 222, Gþl. 290. VERÐR, m., gen. verðar; older form virðr, Grág. ii. 92, Hm. 31: [cp. Ulf. wairdus = GREEK; Germ. wirth; the word remains in Dan. nadver, Swed. natt-värd, = the Lord's Supper] :-- a meal, prop. a portion of food, Hým. 16; fá árliga verðar, Hm. 32; sá er um verði (during a meal) glissir, 30; enn vari gestr er til verðar kemr, 4, 7; hrósa árligum verðinum, Hbl. 4; hverr bóandi er skyldr at gefa þriggja nátta verð hjóna sinna, K.Þ.K.; gefa einn karlmanns-verð fátækum manni, Dipl. ii. 14; þann inn helga verð, the holy meal, 625. 196; ef deildr er verðrinn, Bjarn. 27; ef hann er vís-vitandi at verði eðr at virði við hann, Grág. ii. 92; en at virði vrekask, Hm. 31; nátt-verðr, dag-verðr (dögurðr), máls-verðr, búðar-vörðr (qs. búðar-verðr); úlfs verðr, hrafns verðr, wolf's, raven's meal, i.e. prey, Lex. Poët.; sleipnis verðr, 'horse's meal,' i.e. hay, Ýt.; verð-gjafi hrafns, or verð-bjóðr, the raven's meal-giver, i.e. a warrior, Lex. Poët. VERÐR, adj. [Ulf. wairþs = GREEK; A.S. weorð; Engl. worth; Germ. werth; Dan. værd] :-- worth, with gen., Grág. i. 362; meira þykki mér verð vinátta þín, Nj. 74; hitt þykki mér meira vert, er hann tók Dyflinnar-ferð á sik, Fms. vi. 98; smá-sveini, sem yðr mun þvkkja lítils verðr hjá yðr, vii. 158; mikils verðr, much worth, Ld. 18; svá þótti honum mikils um vert, he took it so much to heart, Orkn. 286; mikils verðr, lítils verðr, einskis verðr, etc., passim; ú-verðr, unworthy. 2. worthy; þá þykkja þeir Guði ljúfir ok verðir. loved of God, and worthy, Hom. 159: deserving, þú værir þess verðust kvenna, Skv. 3. 32; ek em ekki at þér gjafa verðr, Bjarn. 55; launa þér sem þú ert verðr, Eg. 239; minni verða launin en vert væri, Nj. 10; sem vert er, Fms. i. 85; þess væri vert, at ..., it would be right, Nj. 73; verðr til e-s, worthy of, Stj. 496. -VERÐR, adj. [Ulf. -wairþs, only in compds; A.S. -weard; Engl. -wards; Germ. -wartz, -wartig; Lat. vertere, versus] :-- -wards, only in compds; austan-verðr, eastwards; norðan-verðr, sunnan-v., vestan-v., framan-v., innan-v., útan-v., ofan-v., önd-v., qq.v., etc. verð-skapr, m. esteem, Bs. i. 879. verð-skulda, að, (or older form verð-skylda, H.E. i. 498), to deserve, Fms. xi. 445, passim in mod., esp. eccl. usage. verð-skuldan (verð-skyldan, Stj. 83), f. merit, Fms. xi. 445 (v.l.), Pass. 24. 10, Vídal. verðugr, adj. worthy, with gen., K.Á. 49. 2. deserved; sem verðugt var, Bs. i, Fms. ix. 435, passim; mostly used in later writings, never in old poems, 'verðr' being the old word. In Hdl. 2 read 'verðungu' for 'verðugr.' verðu-liga, adv. deservedly, Stj. 43, 213, Barl. 115. verðu-ligr, adj. deserved, Barl. 148. verðung, f. [from verð = pretium], a king's body-guard, 'king's men,' a body in the king's pay, = hirð, q.v.; the word is only used in poets, Edda (Gl.), Hkv. 1. 9, Helr, 11, Skv. 3. 41, Hallfred, Sighvat, passim, see Lex. Poët. Ver-dælir, m. pl. the men from the Norse county Vera-dalr, Fms. ver-faðir, m. a husband's father, father-in-law, D.N. v. 446. ver-fang, n. the taking a husband, marrying. Helr. 13, Róm. 195. ver-fákr, m. a sea-steed, i.e. a ship, Lex. Poët.: in prose ironic., but misapplied in Fbr. 156; the word is only poët. verga, að, [A.S. wæreg], to soil; ek hafða hreinan serk, en hennar var vergaðr, Trist. 11; hleypti þrællinn hjá Þórarni, svá klæði hans verguðusk (vörguðust Ed. less correct), Lv. 112. ver-gjörn, f. adj. libidinous, of a woman, Ls. 17, 26, Fms. xi. 21. vergr, adj. soiled, dirty; teðja vel garða, vinna it vergasta, to do thdirtiest work, Akm. 59. verja, u, f. [verja = to wear], an outer garment, an outer frock; í síðri verju, Fbr. 156; annat verja en annat hit, Sd. 157; úlfalda verjur (but see vera), Stj. 181. VERJA, pres. ver, pl. verjum; pret. varði; subj. verði; part. variðr, varðr, varinn: [Ulf. warian = GREEK; A.S. werjan; Chaucer werye, were; Germ. wehren; Dan. værge] :-- to defend; verja sik ... hvárt þú verr þik lengr eðr skemr, ... verja sik vel ok fræknliga, Nj. 116; verja sik eðr gefask upp, 124; verja sik eðr Helga, 136; verja hendr sínar, 47, 84 (hönd III. 2); verja land fyrir e-m, Fms. i. 23; at jarl verði landit fyrir víkingum, 192. 2. in law; verja mál, to defend, opp. to sækja; var málit hvárki sótt né varit þaðan af, Nj. 37; ek skal svá mál þetta verja sem ek veit réttast ..., 239; vera variðr, varðr sök, enda er hann varðr sökinni, Grág. i. 56; ok er hann variðr sökinni, ii. 36: the law phrase, verja e-t lyriti, to set a veto on, forbid, Grág. passim (see lyritr): also 'verja' absol., 'lyriti' being understood, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 81, Nj. 87, 240. 3. verja e-t, or verja e-m e-t, to guard a place, hold it against a comer; Egill varði dyrrnar, held the door, Eg. 239; af vörn drengiligri er Ormrinn var variðr, Fms. x. 364; verja þeim bæinn, viii. 72; þeir ætluðu at verja konungi land, i. 306; at vísu ætla ek at verja þér ríki mitt, ix. 424; úvinir þeirra ætluðu at verja þeim vígi þingvöllinn, ii. 234; ok beiddi at þeir verði honum eigi vígi land sitt, vii. 180; fylkja þar liði mínu ok verja þeim vígit, Nj. 228; eða ætlar þú at verja mér skarðit, Ölk. 37; at hann skyldi eigi verja Rögnvaldi jarli þann hlut ríkis er hann átti, Orkn. 394. II. reflex. to defend oneself; þeir vörðusk með drengskap, Fms. i. 104; hann varðisk vel, Nj. 122; svá varðisk hann vel, ... varðisk hann þá með annarri hendi, 64; tók hann þá einn þeirra ok varðisk með, Fms. vi. 110; mun ek þér eigi vápuum verjask, ii. 257; hann varð upp at standa ok verjask þeim, xi. 279; mætti hann finn-gálkni ok varðisk því lengi, defended himself against it, braved, fought it a long time, Nj. 183; eitt lopt þat er þeim þótti sem lengst mundi verjask mega, Fms. xi. 117; þá versk hann sökinni, Grág. (Kb.) i. 43. B. Though similar in inflexion this word is etymologically distinct from the preceding, having had a radical s, which has since been changed into r; this is seen from the Goth.: [Ulf. wasjan = GREEK; A.S. werjan; Engl. wear (clothes); akin are Lat. vestis, Gr. GREEK; perh. also the Icel. váð, cp. Hel. wadi = Lat. vestis and wadjan = vestire, a contracting of vast- or vasd- into vâd- instead of assimilating into dd: in vesl, a cloak, the s has been preserved] :-- to clothe, wrap, enclose; verja e-n armi, to embrace, fold in one's arms, Hm. 164, Hkv. Hjörv. 42; verja e-n faðmi ljósum, ... varði hvítan háls Völundar, Vkv. 2; hann varði mey varmri blæju, Og. 7; ok léttliga líni verðit, Gkv. 3. 2 (both the latter phrases refer to a wedding); vexa vel blæju at verja þitt líki, to shroud thy body, Am. 101. 2. to mount, of metalwork; skutla silfri varða, Rm. 29; af gulli vörðu altari, a gold-adorned altar, Geisli; sverð varið gulli, Hkv. Hjörv. 8. 3. part. fagr-variðr, fair-dressed, Vkv. 37; brúðr baug-varið, a ring-wearing bride, Hkv. 2. 33; grætr þú, gull-varið, thou gold wearer, clad in gold, 43; málmr hring-variðr, gold-enamelled metal, Skv. 3. 64; dreki járni varðr, iron-mounted; jarn-varðr yllir, Darr.; örkin var gulli varið útan, Ver. 22. 4. verja sverði, to wield the sword, Hðm. 8. II. metaph. to invest money, lay out; varði Ingólfr fé þeirra til Íslands-ferðar, Landn. 32; selr jarðir sínar ok verr fénu til útan-ferðar, Ld. 158; hann hafði varit þar til fé miklu, Eg. 79; verja varningi, Barl. 68; verja aurum sínum í gimsteina, 623. 19; hann verr sumt í gripi, O.H.L. ch. 56; verja fé sínu í lausa-eyri, Eg. 139; hann er sjálfs síns líf ok líkam (lífi ok líkama) varði, Magn. 468; fimtán hundruð varið í Norrænan eyri, Lv. 25; þeir vörðu varningi sínum í trausti Arinbjarnar, Eg. 465; fengu þeir fullendi fjár, allir þeir er nakkvat höfðu at verja, Fas. ii. 513; var enn tírætt hundrað úvart, not used up, D.N. ii. 154; þeir menn er vart hafa til Grænlands, who have invested money in coasting Greenland, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 197; nú leggja menn félag sitt ok verja ór einum sjóð, Jb. 406; vænti ek at ek hafa því vel varit, that I have made a good bargain, Ld. 284; veit ek at því mun öllu bezt varit er ek hefi gört til þakka yðvarra, Eg. 63; þykkir honum því ílla varit, er ..., Fms. xi. 58. 2. to exert oneself; en með því at hann varði sér mjök til, þá spruttu honum fætr á jakanum, but as he strained himself much, his feet slipped on the ice, Eb. 238. III. reflex., hann tók mikit kaup ... honum varðisk þat svú, at hann hafði mat ok klæði, ok ekki um þat fram, Sturl. i. 146 C; hversu versk fénu, how does the money increase? Fms. vi. 238. 2. part. varit; áttú svá til varit of menn, at ..., than art so provided with men, that ..., Nj. 55; þú átt til þess varit, that is thy nature, Ölk. 35 C; örorðr muntú, áttú ok lítt til þess varit, Fms. iv. 257; son Melkorku var sköruligr, enda átti hann til þess varit, Ld. 82; fullvel ætta ek til þess varit, Mkv., see fara A. VI. 2. β: the participles of the two verbs fara and verja having here been confused with one another. verjandi, part. a defender, in law, Grág. passim. VERK, n. [Ulf. ga-waurki = GREEK, and waurstu = GREEK; A.S. weorc; Engl. work; cp. orka and yrkja, for-urtir, for-átta, qq.v.; Gr. GREEK, qs. GREEK is from the same root] :-- work, business; vera á verki, to be at work, Eg. 744; verks í gjarn, Fb. i. 521, passim. 2. a piece of work; var þat meira verk en hón hugði, Bs. i. 611; verk hefi ek hugat þér, Nj. 12; skipta verkum með húskörlum, Ld. 98; hálfs mánaðar verk, Dipl. v. 5; þriggja vikna verk, iv. 9; verk húskarla, Nj. 107, Eluc. 7: of literary work, composition (= verki), Skálda (pref.) 3. a deed, work, esp. in pl.; eptir verk þessi, Nj. 85; slík verk hafa verst verit unnin, 184; bann-settum verkum, K.Á. 226; verk þykkja þín verri miklu, Hým. COMPDS: I. gen. sing.: verka-efni, n. pl. = verkefni, Fbr. 19, v.l. verka-fall, n. a failure in doing one's work, Gþl. 398. verka-kaup, n. wages, = verkkaup, Grág. i. 148, Fms. i. 215, viii. 200. verka-kona, u, f. a workwoman, servant, Sd. 182, Fms. vii. 233. verka-laun, n. pl. a reward, Sd. 179. verka-lýðr, m. pl. workpeople, Hkr. i. 141. verka-maðr, m. a workman, labourer, Gþl. 512. verka-nauð, n. a heavy task, Stj. 247. verka-tjón, n. a loss in work, Gþl. 514. II. sing.: verks-færi, n. implements, = verkfæri, Ísl. ii. 329. verks-háttr, m. work-management, plan, Eb. 150. verks-of-merki, verks-um-merki, n. pl. (mod.

698 VERKSVIT -- VERR.

sounded vegs-um-merki), traces of work, esp. in a bad sense, of marks of a devastation, slaughter, or the like; in the phrase, sjá v.; spelt vegs-um-merki, Fb. i. 209, ii. 159, Nj. 28, Fms. iv. 303, Sturl. i. 43 (Cod. C. vegs-of-merki); but verks-of-merki, Nj. 28 (Cod. B = Kalfalækjar-bók), which is no doubt the true form. verks-vit, n. cleverness in work; hann hefir gott verksvit; hafa ekki verksvit. B. REAL COMPDS: verk-dagr, m. a work-day, Rb. (1812) 48, Fb. ii. 334 (in a verse). verk-efni, n. pl. work to be done, a task, Bjarn. 43. verk-fákr = verkhestr, Fbr. verk-færi, n. an implement, tool, esp. of household or farming implements, Vm. 72, Rd. 274; laust hann örninn með verkfærinu er hann hafði í hendi, Bs. i. 350, passim in mod. usage; búsgögn ok verkfæri, Jb. 166. verk-færr, adj. able to work, Eb. 256, Bs. i. 336. verk-hestr, m. a cart-horse (mod. púls-hestr), Vm. 18, Landn. 84. verk-hús, n., in verkhús-bryti, a steward, foreman of work, N.G.L. i. 162. verk-kaup, n. wages, Fms. ii. 42, Ísl. ii. 199, Greg. 4, Stj. 177; the mod. but less correct form mostly verðkaup, e.g. Luke vi. 35; yðar verðkaup er mikit á himni, 23. verk-kona, u, f. a workwoman, maid-servant, Bjarn. 29. verk-laginn, part. skilled, expert in work. verk-lagni, f. skill in work. verk-laun, n. pl. wages, N.G.L. i. 73. verk-leiga, u, f. wages, Jb. verk-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), working, Sks. 627, v.l. verk-lund, f. a mind for work; in lítill verklundar-maðr, Grett. 129 A. verk-maðr, m. a workman, labourer, servant (= vinnumaðr), Fms. ii. 230, vii. 217, Ísl. ii. 329, Landn. 162, Nj. 55, Hkr. ii. 356, Edda 48; hón var verkmaðr mikill, a good worker, Lv. 74; verkmanna dyrr, the servants' door, Fs. 72. verk-nauð, f. = verkanauð, Stj. verk-reki, a, m. one who does another's work, Thom. 450. verk-smíð, f. craft, work, in timber or metals, Ísl. ii. 321 (verksmíð mikinn is undoubtedly an error for mikla); engi var hann verksmíðar-maðr, no craftsman, Band. 3 new Ed. verk-stjóri, a, m. a 'work-steerer,' overseer, Nj. 52, Stj. 255, Fb. ii. 206. verk-stjórn, f. supervision, overseeing, of a work, Bs. i. 711, Eg. 93. verk-viðr, m. 'work-timber,' Gþl. 346. verk-þjófr, m. a 'work-thief,' a trifle that makes one lose much time. verk-þræll, m. a 'work-thrall,' slave, Hkr. i. 25, Fbr. 83 new Ed. verk-önn, f. business, Hom. (St.) verka, að, to work, esp. as a law term; verka til e-s, to work towards, deserve, Hom. 89, 117; þess manns er áðr hefir til úhelgi sér verkat, to make oneself by one's deeds, Grág. ii. 10, Orkn. 216; til þessa hefir þú þér verkat, Bs. i. 452. 2. verka fisk, to dress fish, i.e. split it up, dry and prepare it, a fisherman's term, and hence to cleanse a thing. II. reflex., verkask til e-s, H.E. i. 238. verk-bitinn, part. 'wark-bitten,' dead from sickness, Ýt. verki, a, m. a work, esp. composition, verse-making; fornskálda verka, Edda i. 612; smá hana með úfögrum verka, with a libel, Fms. ii. 248; enda varðar þeim er nemr þann verka, Grág. ii. 148; greypan verka, Fas. ii. (in a verse); Þorkell bað hann hætta verkanum, Fb. i. 500. verkja and virkja, t, to feel 'wark,' i.e. pain: impers., eigi er sá heill er í augun verkir, a saying, Fbr. 75; virkir (sic) mik í höfuðit, Stj. 614; er hón víndrukkin eða virkir hana í höfuð, Karl. 56; sárit virkti hann mjök, Str. 5. verk-lauss, adj. painless, Fms. ii. 188, viii. 444, Hkr. i. 35, Bs. 1. 462. verknaðr, m. a work, business, Eg. 714; taka upp verknað, to take to some work, Ld. 34; ek hefi haft um-önnun ok verknað hér, Lv. 74; Halla í verknaði (a woman's handiwork) ok bókfræði, Bs. i. 138; ú-verknaðr, q.v. verk-óði, adj. mad with pain, Gísl. 133; var hón síðan verkóða nótt alla, Bs. i. 340; en er hann vaknaði þá var hann verkóði, 329. VERKR, m., gen. verkjar, pl. verkir, [A.S. wærc; North. E. wark, in head-wark, belly-wark, etc.; Dan. værk] :-- a 'wark,' pain; ala börn við sárleik ok verki, Ver. 5; una sér hvergi fyrir verkjum, Bjarn. (in a verse); var verkrinn at ákafari í augunum, ... eptir þat tók ór verk allan ór augum hans, Bs. i. 336; hafði fár-verki, 339; vaknaði við þat at hón hafði æði-verk í augum ... tók þá verk ór augum henni, 340; lýstr í sárit verkjum, Fms. viii. 339; ok kemr verkr á hendr henni, if she is taken ill, N.G.L. i. 358; augna-verkr, fóta-v., hand-v., iðra-v., sjó-v., bein-v., höfuð-v., bak-v., lenda-v., hlustar-v., fár-v., æði-v., of-verkr, etc. ver-laus, f. adj. I. [verr, m.], without a husband, Mar. 1061, Skv. 3. II. [ver, n.], without a case; dúnbeðr verlauss, D.N. iv. 457. ver-liðar, m. pl. men; vinr verliða. friend of men, i.e. Thor, Hým. VERMA, d, [varmr], to warm, heat; sólina til at birta ok verma veröldina, Fb. i. 438; sól skal lýsa allan heim ok verma, Sks. 10 new Ed.; sól vermir döggina, Fms. v. 344; vermði hón vatn til at fægja sár, Ó.H. 222; liggja nær honum ok verma hann, Sks. 758. 1 Kings i. 4; Egill fór til elds at verma sik, Eg. 759, 762; konungr kom til eldanna ok vermðu menn sik þar um hríð, Fms. ix. 353. ver-maðr, m. (see ver, the sea), Bs. ii. 325; vermanna-stöð, a fishing-place, Landn. 55, v.l. Vermar, m. pl. the men from Verma-land in Sweden, Fms.: Vermskr, adj. from the (Swedish) county Vermaland, Eg 582: Verma, u, f. the name of a Norse river, Fb. i. 23. vermi, a, m. warmth; án verma eðr yl, Sks. 210 E; leita sér verma Nj. 267; hafa verma af eldinum, Eb. 100 new Ed., v.l. 9; hann skyldi eigi kala eptir þann verma er hann hafði fengit af reiðinni, Art. 15; at hann mætti fá verma af hennar heitu hörundi, Stj. 548; vermis-steinn, a 'warming stone,' kept to warm milk and the like, see Lv. ch. 21 (cp. höfðu hvárki á því kveldi ljós né steina, Eb. ch. 54). vermi-kveisa, u, f. a colic. vermir, m. = vermi; það er skamm-góðr vermir, that is but a brief warmth, i.e. that will not last long, said of a temporary contrivance. vermsl, n. [vesl, Ivar Aasen], a spring that never freezes; at hón hafi lagizk af vermslum nökkurum at drekka, Fms. vi. 350: hence the mod. Icel. kalda-vesla, qs. kalda-vermsl, 'cold-warm,' of wells that do not freeze all the winter, although icy-cold. verna, að, to protect, defend, Stj. 3, 178. vernd, f. [cp. verja, vörn; Swed. värnd], defence, protection, keeping, Fms. vi. 146, 260; til varðveizlu ok verndar, ii. 141; vernd ok hlíf, 184; ef einn maðr röskr er til verndar, Grett. 133 A: an excuse, veita e-u vernd, to excuse, Fms. v. 55; standa þar til verndar í móti, to make excuses, D.N. i. 157: as a law phrase = vörn, Band. 22 new Ed., Flóv. 22. 2. = verndan; eiga vernd á e-u, to have a title, right to, Fms. v. 55. COMPDS: verndar-bréf, n. a safe conduct, H.E. i. 386, Dipl. ii. 15. verndar-lauss, adj. defenceless, H.E. i. 237. verndar-maðr, m. a protector, Bs. i. 699, Barl. 144, H.E. i. 500. verndar-stofa, u, f. a licensed ale-house, Hkr. iii. 180. vernda, að, [cp. Dan. værne om noget], to protect, Fms. vi. 70, Stj. 68, H.E. i. 509, passim in mod. usage. verndan, f. an excuse, subterfuge, Stat. 245. verndari, a, m. a protector, defender, Mar., Magn. 504. VERPA, pres. verp; pret. varp, pl. urpu; subj. yrpi; part. orpinn; vurpu, vyrpi, vorpinn: a medial form verpumk, Vþm. 7: [Ulf. wairpan = GREEK; A.S. weorpan; Engl. warp; O.H.G. werfan; Germ. werfen] :-- to throw, with dat.; hvígi er hann skýtr eða verpr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 144; varp af sér klæðum, Fms. vi. 226, vii. 167; hann varp af sér skildinum, Nj. 95; hann verpr sér í söðulinn, 83; hestrinn féll ok varp honum af baki, threw him off, Fms. x. 408; þeir urpu sér jafnan meðal viðanna, Nj. 126; Gísli varp honum á lopt annarri hendi, Fms. vii. 32; mun þér orpit í þann eldinn, 37: absol., ef maðr höggr til manns eða verpr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 144: verpa mæðiliga öndinni (and-varp), to draw a deep sigh, Nj. 272; verpa braut, to throw away, Rb. 126, Mar., Th. 78; verpa til, to add to, Rb. 124; verpa e-u af sér, to throw off, 623. 36. 2. impers. to be thrown; nú verpr tré eða hval á gras upp, Grág. ii. 354; þar varp út údaun miklum, a great stench oozed out, Ísl. ii. 46. 3. phrases; verpa orðum á e-n, to address, Fas. ii. 514; þessi varp orðum á konung, Fms. x. 35; at margir verpi þar góðum orðum á mik, Nj. 179: verpa á e-t, to guess at, calculate (á-varp); var vorpit á þat, at lið Þórðar mundi vera á áttunda hundraði, Sturl. iii. 41, 42, 211; verpa menn svá á, at látizk hafi níu menn, Bs. i; þeir urpu á tvær merkr, Sturl. i. 26, iii. 203. 4. to lay eggs; verpa eggjum, Stj. 77; foglinn varp nær eingi, Bs. i. 350; vali alla þá er í bergum verpa, Gþl. 429; freq. in mod. usage of all kinds of birds. II. to fence, guard; hinn skal verpa um garði, Gþl. 453; ok urpu Danir Norðmenn inni, shut them in, Fb. iii. 359: to cast up a cairn or the like, verpa haug eptir fornum sið, Gísl. 31; þeir urpu haug eptir Gunnar, Nj. 118; ok vurpu yfir harla mikinn haug af grjóti, Stj. 366; ok var haugr orpinn eptir hann, Fms. xi. 17; síðan lét hann verpa aptr (shut) hauginn, x. 186: verpa vef, to warp a weft; sá er orpinn vefr ýta þörmum, Darr. 2: cp. also hlaðvarpi = the fence round a house: sandi orpinn, wrapped in sand, Sól. 49; allt var sandi vorpit, Bs. i. 308; tré í flæðar-máli sandi orpin, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 124. 2. bent, [cp. Engl. warped, of wood-work]; aldri orpinn, 'warped with eld,' i.e. bent with age, Fas. i. 143, Fms. xi. 21, Stj. 374: vera e-m undir orpinn, subject, prop. = Lat. obrutus, Sks. 547 B, Stj. 376: vera eigi upp orpinn fyrir e-m, quite overwhelmed, Fas. iii. 226, Eg. 578, Ld. 144. III. reflex., urpusk flestir vel við orðsending Dana-konungs, to turn a favourable ear to, yield to the call, Fms. vii. 309; cp. bak-verpask við e-n. 2. middle voice; hvat er þat manna er verpumk orði á, who is it that casts words on me? i.e. speaks to me, Vm. 7. verpa, t, to edge; verpa skó, to edge or border a shoe (skó-varp). 2. reflex. to warp, shrink, from heat; þilið verpist af hita, and the like. verpill, m. [Germ. würfel], a die, Grág. ii. 198; verpils tala, a cubic number, Alg. 368; verpils vöxtr, a cubic form, 358; verpla-kast, a cast of dice, Grág. ii. 158. 2. a barrel, cask; drykkr í verplum, Eg. 196, Fms. vi. 263, ix. 355, x. 233, xi. 34. VERR, m. [Ulf. wair = GREEK; A.S., Hel., and O.H.G. wer = a man; Lat. vir; the derivation from verja suggested in Edda 107 is fanciful]:-- a man: 1. sing. a husband; Sifjar verr = Thor, Hým. 3, 15, Þkv. 24, Grett. (in a verse); þótt varðir fái sér vers, Ls. 33; þar sitr Sigyn um sínum ver (dat.), Vsp. 39; vildi hón ver sínum vinna ofr-hefndir, Am. 72; hvern myndir þú kjósa þér at ver? Kormak; sof hjá ver þínum, id.; vön vers, Skv. 3. 9; leiða annarrar ver, 40; ganga með veri, to marry, Gkv. 2. 27; vörðr né verr, [nor] ward nor husband, 3. 3; verr

VERR -- VESL. 699

spákonu, the husband of a wise woman, Kormak; lirla veri sínum, to sing lullaby for her husband, Fms. vi. 251 (in a verse); vör ok gröm at veri, jealousy for her husband, Ls. 54; frum-ver, one's wedded husband, Skv. 3. 59: in prose used in law phrases or sayings, svá er mörg við ver sinn vær at varla sér hón af honum nær, Skálda (Thórodd); til er hón kemr í vers hvílu, Grág. ii. 183; verr hennar, 89. 2. in plur. verar, men; þar er vágu verar, Ls. 46; firðar ok fírar ok verar heita landvarnar-menn, Edda 107; sleit vargr vera, Vsp.; vápn-dauða vera, Gm. 8, Sdm. 33; þú ert æ vísastr vera, Vþm. 55; vera týr, the lord of men, i.e. Odin, Gm. 3; verr peim vera enginn, none of men can ward them off, Gsp.; megut þeim varða verar, id. 3. in compds; ver-bróðir, ver-faðir, ver-fang, ver-gjarn, ver-lauss, ver-liðar, ver-öld, ver-sæll, ver-úlfr, ver-þjóð, qq.v., of which only veröld is a prose word, all the rest being poetical and obsolete. 4. plur. verjar; skip-verjar, shipmen; suffixed to pr. names of people, mostly of counties or small tribes, Man-verjar, the Manx-men, Fms. vii. (in a verse); Hvin-verjar, Odda-verjar, Gaul-verjar, Dal-verjar, Skarð-verjar, Sturl., Landn.; Vík-verjar, the men of the county Wík in Norway: Róm-verjar, the Romans: in mod. usage, Spán-verjar, the Spanish; Þjóð-verjar, the Germans: this was a freq. usage in old Teut. names, in Lat. rendered by -varii; it remains in the Engl. Cant-er-bury (A.S. Cant-wara) = the burgh of the men of Kent. II. in the inflex. -eri or -ari, see Gramm. p. xxxii, col. i. III. in pr. names, Ver-mundr, Rand-verr. VERR, compar. worse, and verst, superl. worst, answering to ílla; [Ulf. wairs; A.S. wyrs: Engl. worse; Scot. waur; Swed. värr]: líka verst við e-n, Landn. 287; þykki mér þat verst, Eb. 170; hann var einna verst til Gunnars, Nj. 38; þeir hafa verr (behave worse) er trygðum slitu, Mkv.; verr en ílla, worse than bad, i.e. exceedingly bad, Sturl. iii. 31; vánu verr, worse than expected, see ván. verr-feðrungr, m. a person worse than his father, Lv. 78; Leifr strengði þess heit, at vera eigi v., Fs. 121. verri, compar., and superl. verstr; [Ulf. wairiza = GREEK] :-- worse, worst; ok heiti drengr at verri, N.G.L. i. 231, Nj. 68; ekki at verra dreng, Ld. 42; hafa verra af e-u, to have the worse of it; sjaldan vægir inn verri, Stj. 544; at versta kosti, at the worst, at least, N.G.L. i. 101; ef sá er inn bazti, þá er íllr inn versti, if this be the best, then the worst is bad indeed, a saying, Sighvat., and passim: cp. íllr. vers, n. [Lat. versus], a verse; ástráð Catonis, þat er hann réð syni sínum í versum, Skálda (Thorodd) 164; klausur eða vers, 174: of Latin composition, les fyrir oss þat er þú hefir diktað -- Hann las þar af vers er hann hafði gört til Frú Abbadísar á Stað -- Legg af héðan af versagörð, sagði erki-biskup, ok studera heldr í kirkjunnar lögum, Bs. i. 799, 800; kenna sönglist ok versgörð, 239; höfuð-staf þésins rit ek hvergi nema í vers-upphafi, Skálda 168. In mod. usage 'vers' is said of the 'verses' of hymns, but else 'vísa' or 'erindi' (eyrendi), Máriu-vers = Ave Maria, Bs. i. 352. COMPDS: versa-bók, f. a book in verse, poems; þar er Cato með glósa, item níu versabækr aðrar, Vm. 61; versabók þá er heitir Ovidius, Bs. i. 238. versa-graðall, m. a gradual, in a church, Dipl. v. 18. versa-görð, f. verse-making, Latin composition, Skálda; versagörð ok bóka-list, Bs. i. 127. versa, að, to put into verse (Latin), opp. to dikta, of prose composition; framr í klerkdómi at dikta ok versa, Bs. i. 794; Galterus sá er versat hefir sögu þessa, Al. 30 (of the Alexandreis); bæði diktaði hann vel ok versaði, Bs. i. 239. -verskr, adj. [verr, m., 2], in Róm-verskr, Vík-v., Hvin-v., qq.v. versna (sounded and often spelt vesna), að, to 'worsen,' get worse; batna né versna, Grág. i. 206; at henni þykki versna at kyssa þik, Ísl. ii. 369, xi. 139; nú versnar mjök frásögnin, Ld. 274; þá er versnaði með þeim, Rd. 307; er vesnar af annarra orðum, Hom. 53; versnaði hlutr Ulfars, Eb. 154. ver-sæl, adj. f. happy in one's husband, Skv. 3. 54. ver-tíð, f. (see ver = sea), a fishing-season, A.A. 278; vor-vertíð, haust-v., vetrar-v., see Icel. Almanack, 1872, 12th May, 29th Sept., 3rd Feb. (respect.); um vorið viku fyrir vertíðar lok, Bs. ii. 256. ver-vist, f. the right of sending a man into a fishing-place; kirkjan á ok vervist á Sleitu-nausti, Vm. 157. verzla, að, [verð], to trade, freq. in mod. usage. verzlan, f. trade, passim in mod. usage, but hardly used in old writers. ver-þjóð, f. mankind, men, Ls. 24, Darr. 1. veröld, f., gen. veraldar, dat. veröld and veröldu; [from verr = a man, and öld, q.v.; A.S. weorold; Engl. world; Hel. werold; Germ. welt; Swed. wärld; Dan. verden qs. verlden, with the suffixed article] :-- the world, esp. in eccl. sense; til enda veraldar, Rb. 134; víða um veröldina, Fms. xi. 97; í veröldinni, Edda (pref.), K.Á. 132, Sks. 447 B; um veraldir veralda, rendering of per secula seculorum, Sks. 617 B, Niðrst. 8; of allar aldir veralda, sá er ríkir í veröld veralda, Hom. 112, 125; um eptir-komandi veraldir, for ages to come, Stj.: very freq. in mod. eccl. language, as in the Bible, Pass., Vídal.; veraldar auðæfi, ágirni, glys, girnd, worldly riches, desires, Greg. 30, Hom. 14, Fms. v. 217; veraldar válað, veraldar virðing, Greg. 27, Fms. v. 219; veraldar friðr, a world-peace, universal peace, Fagrsk. ch. 128; veraldar glys, góðs, lán, lifnaðr, spekt, starf, sæla, tign, worldly toys, treasures, grants, life, wisdom, business, bliss, glory, Hom. 27, 108, Bs. i. 862, Clem. 23, Sks. 615, MS. 625. 165, Fær. 145, Stj. passim; veraldar ljós, the light of this world, Stj.; veraldar lög, the civil law, H.E. i. 506; veraldar bygð, the world = GREEK, Stj. 464, 643, Rb. 394; veraldar kvikendi, Stj.; veraldar fölk, Magn. 466; veraldar höfðingi, the great ones of the world, K.Á. 46; veraldar maðr, a man of this world, a secular person, layman, Bs. i. 862, H.E., Stj., passim; veraldar-prestr and veraldar klerkr, a secular clerk, a parson, Bs. i. 840, H.E. i. 502, Karl. 275; veraldar ráð, secular authority, 868; veraldar metnaðr, -ríki, worldly rank and power, Greg. 77, Ver. 40, Anecd. 38, Fms. v. 343; veraldar sigr, x. 395; veraldar ríkr, mighty, Mar.; veraldar sjór, the 'world-sea,' the ocean, Stj. 1; veraldar vist, the existence of the world, MS. 1812. 48; veraldar-vitringr, a philosopher (= heimspekingr, q.v.); Phytagoras veraldar vitringr, Stj. 98, 271. vés, n. toil, turmoil, bustle. VESA, vas, vesi, vestu, vask; see vera, to be. vésa, að, [vás], to bustle. vesalingr, m. = veslingr, Hom. 31, Háv. 53, MS. 656 C. 24; hefn þú nú, Dróttinn, eigi má vesalingr minn, Bs. i. 533. VESALL, adj., fem. vesul or vesöl, neut. vesalt. The forms vary, being contracted or uncontracted, veslir, etc., as well as vesalir, etc., whence lastly, vesælir, etc.: α. contr. veslir, veslar, veslum, Al. 57, Th. 6; vesla (acc. pl.), Hom. 109; veslu (gen. fem.), Post. (Unger) 108; veslir, Ó.H. 151, Sks. 681; vesla (gen.), Fms. viii. 242 (vesæla, v.l. of a later vellum); selum ok veslum. β. uncontr. vesala = vesla, Fms. ii. 46; vesala, Post. (Unger) 18 (vesæla, v.l.); vesalir, Al. 96, l. 18; this regular declension is still in full use in Icel. speech, only not contracted, e.g. vesall, vesalingr, vesalir (not veslir); vesæla, Fas. i. 49 (paper MS.): so also in the compar. either vesalli, Greg. 37, Sd. 188; vesalla, 656 C. 34; vesalstr, Kormak, Bjarn. (in a verse); but veslari, Barl. 23 (vesalli, v.l.) Ves is the root, -all the inflexive syllable; the form vesæll is a later form, from a false etymology, as if from vé- privative, and sæll, happy. The origin of vesall is dubious, the radical s is against a derivation from the compar. verri, Goth. wairiza; and the short vowel is against deriving it from vás, vés, q.v. The true etymology, we believe, is that vesall stands for 'usall,' being derived from the prep. ur, or-, in its ancient form us; Goth. us-; Icel. ur-, ör-; this etymology is confirmed by form and sense alike; the old phrases, alls vesall (omnium expers), vesall eigu (proprii expers), were originally alliterative phrases; in Hm. 22, 69, vesall is made to alliterate with a vowel (vesall maðr ok ílla skapi ... erat maðr alls vesall þótt hann sé ílla heill); usall is actually found written in Nj. (Lat.) 264, v.l.; the change of us into ves may be illustrated by the case of várr (q.v.); it is the opposite to that vocalisation of v which so frequently takes place. As to sense, vesall originally meant bereft, destitute of, = Lat. expers; and is followed by a genitive: [the Dan. form is usel, less right ussel.] B. Usages: I. with gen. bereft of; mæl þú alls vesall, Nj. 124, v.l.; ok em ek vesall eigu, bereft of my own, Háv. 42 new Ed.; mæl þú alls usall, Nj. (Lat.) 264, v.l. (but allz vesall the other vellums): wretched in respect to, vesall þóttisk þóttisk hann sinnar úgæfu, Hom. 121; vesall vígs, Am. 58; vesall ertú halds, Dropl. 30; vesöl eru vér konungs, Fms. vi. 322. II. poor, destitute, wretched; þú vesall, Ls. 40, 42; mér vesalli, Stj. 523; bað hana aldri þrífask svá vesul sem hón var, Nj. 194; vesöl vættr, Hom. 150; veslir menn, poor wretches, Ó.H., l.c.; veslir menn ok vitlausir, Barl. 25; aumhjartaðr við alla vesla menn, Hom. 109; þat er veslum til vilnaðar, Al. 57; sú önd er enn vesalli, Greg. 37; þykki mér því betr sem þú görir hana vesalli, Sd. 188; sú önd er vesöl, ... enn vesalli (still more wretched), er ..., Greg. 37; vei verði mér veslum, Th. 6; sælum ok veslum, Ó.H. 126, Mork. 216; vesælum, Fms. vii. 220, l.c.; sá veit ekki sér vesalla, 656 C. 34, and passim, see A above. III. as a nickname; inn vesæli (= vesli), Fms. vi. 16, 17. vesal-látr, adj. shabby, Fas. iii. 122. vesal-liga, adv. miserably; láta v., Lv. 58; deyja v., Clem. 39. vesal-ligr, adj. wretched-looking, Finnb. 280, Háv. 40 new Ed.; lítill vexti ok vesalligr, Fb. i. 540; sakir vesalligra synda, Stj. 51. vesal-mannligr, adj. wretched, of a person, Háv. 53; vesalmannligt verk, Grett. 91 A. vesal-menni, n. a miserable person, Boll. 352, Fas. ii. 247, Grett. vesal-mennska, u, f. penury, shabbiness, Grett. 155 A. vesask, að, to murmur; göra einn vesaðan, to make unhappy, Fas. i. 502; Austmenn vesuðusk ílla (the Easterlings were wretched and uncomfortable) er þeirra þyrfti at bíða ef byrr kæmi á, Þorst. hv. 40. veski or vezki, n. [Dan. vædske, qs. vað-skinn(?)], a bag, knapsack; klyfjar á ok ostar í veskjum, Lv. 58; freq. in mod. usage, of a pouch; bréfa-veski, a letter-bag. vé-sköp, n. pl. holy ordinances, Vsp. 64. VESL, n. [from verja = Goth. wasjan; cp. Lat. vestis], a kind of cloak; vesl blátt yfir sér, Fms. vii. 2O (vetzl Cod. A); vesl gott eðr slagning, Fms. i. 78; hann hafði vesl yfir sér tvískipt, svart ok hvítt, Rd. 309 (Glúm. 361); vesl hafði einn yfir sér ok slæður, Fs. 51.

700 VESLA -- VETRARDAGR.

vesla, u, f. a well that never freezes; see vermsl. veslaðr, part. wretched, Nj. 124, v.l. veslask, að, to grow wretched, poor; segja at staðr þeirra mun ekki veslask við, þótt ..., Þiðr. 41; veslast upp, to pine away. veslingr, m. (veslingi, a, m., Art. 43). [Dan. usling, used in a bad sense] :-- a poor, puny person; hvat myndi veslingr þessi (this wretch) varða mér bátinn, Fms. vii. 32; sveinar tveir, veslingar, Fær. 42; Guðs veslingr, Mar.; mostly in a compassionate or charitable sense, like Engl. poor. 2. prefixing the gen. veslings-; veslings-barnið, poor child! veslings-konan, poor woman; veslings-maðrinn, poor man! Grett. 79 new Ed. veslugr, adj. poor, wretched, Nj. 194, v.l.; aum kona ok veslug, Stj. 428; fátækan ok veslugan, 212, Fas. iii. 525. vesning, f. [cp. Germ. wesen], a being, essence, MS. 677. 3, 10, Hom. (St.); hverjar greinir hans vesningar eru, id. vessi, a, m. [perh. akin to vatn or to varri; Dan. vædske], a watery humour, of the body, freq. in mod. usage. vessa-mikill and vessa-ríkr, adj. humorous, of the body. vé-stallr, m. the 'temple-stall,' i.e. the altar; vörðr véstalls, a priest and king, Ýt. vestan, adv. from the west; vestr eða vestan, Ld. 126; vestan ór Fjörðum, Nj. 14, passim: the phrase, vestan um haf, 'from west over the sea,' i.e. from the Western Islands, a special phrase for the British Isles across the North Sea, Fms. i. 26: or simply vestan, at hann var vestan kominn, viz. from Britain, Eg. 74; even used of a voyage from thence to Iceland, Ráðólfr ok Jólfgeir bræðr kómu vestan um haf til Íslands, Landn. 298. 2. of position without motion; fyrir vestan (with acc.), on the western side of; fyrir vestan vötnin, Nj. 196; fyrir vestan Heinabergs-sand Sóta nes, 158, Fms. i. 60, Landn. 194, passim; út um Álptafjörð fyrir vestan, in the west, Nj. 215. COMPDS: vestan-bæjar, f. west of the houses. vestan-ferð, f. a journey from the west, Fms. viii. 15 (from Faroe to Norway). vestan-fjarðar, west of the firth. vestan-lands, in the west. vestan-maðr, m. a man from the west, Sturl. ii. 204, iii. 86, Ísl. ii. 170, Gullþ. 45. vestan-veðr, n. a west wind, Eb. 234, Rb. 440. vestan-verðr, adj. westwards, western, Stj. 75, Eg. 135, Þorst. Síðu H. 7. vestan-vindr, m. a west wind, Sks. 39, Stj. 69. vestari, compar., as also vestri, more westerly; superl. vestastr, most westerly; vestri úbygð, Landn. 105; til vestri bygðar, 107; ena vestri leið, Nj. 281; um vestra stræti, Fms. ix. 22; eptir Rangá enni vestarri, ii. 208; inn vestasti farvegr, Pm. 42; liggja þessi lönd vestust, Fms. ix. 412; fór hann til vestasta Ásólfs-skála, Landn. 53. vestarliga, adv. westerly, Fb. i. 541, Bárð. 6 new Ed. Vest-firðingar, m. pl. the men from Vest-firðir, the West-fiords (in Icel.), Landn., Sturl.; vestfírðinga-fjórðungr, the West Quarter, Landn. 167. vest-firðis, adv. in the west of a fiord, Landn. 352. vest-firzka, u, f. a custom in the west (of Icel.), Sturl. ii. 167: an idiom, language of Western Iceland. vest-firzkr, adj. from the Vestfirðir, Sturl. i. 26. Vest-fyldir, m. pl. men from the Norse county Vest-fold, Fms. xii. vesti, n. [from the Engl. through Dan.], a waistcoat (mod.) Vest-maðr, m. a man from the West, GREEK one from the British Isles, esp. the Irish, Landn. 36, whence Vestmanna-eyjar, the Isles of the Westmen, i.e. of the Irish who were slain there, see Landn.; Hildir ok Hallgeirr vóru Vestmenn, Landn. 344. Vest-myst and Vest-musteri, n. Westminster (the Abbey), Játv. S. vestna = versna, Barl. 24 (according to pronunciation). VESTR, n., gen. vestrs, [A.S., Engl., and Germ. west; Dan. vester] :-- the west; sól í vestri, K.Þ.K., Landn. 276; til vestrs, Sks. 179; í vestri miðju, Rb. 92; í vestr, towards west. II. as adv. to the westward; ríða vestr eða vestan, Ld. 126; vestr til Breiðafjarðar, Nj. 1: of western Icel., þykki þér eigi gott vestr þar, 11; vestr, in the west, Bs. i. 4, 31. 2. westwards, towards the British Isles, a standing phrase (cp. the use of Hesperia in Lat.); sigla vestr um haf, to sail westwards over the sea, Fms. i. 22, Orkn. 144; sækja vestr til Eyja, west to the Orkneys (Shetland), Orkn. 136; vestr fór ek of ver, I journeyed westward over the sea, Höfuðl. 1; in which last passage it is even used of a voyage from Iceland to England; til ríkja þeirra er liggja vestr þar, Orkn. 144. vestr-álfa, u, f. = vestrhálfa. vestr-för and vestr-ferð, f. a journey to the west, Sturl. ii. 144 C. 2. esp. a journey to the British Isles, Orkn. 142, 240, Fms. iv. 219, passim. Vestrfarar-vísur, f. pl. a name of a poem by Sighvat, verses on a journey to England and Normandy, Ó.H. Vestr-Gautar, m. pl. the Western Goths, in Sweden, Ó.H. Vestra-Gautland, n. West Gothland, Orkn. 136. vestr-hálfa and -álfa, u, f. the western region, Stj. 68: of the ancient Neustria, Fms. x. 235: of Western Africa, Al. 157, 158; ætlaði hann Cham vestrhálfu, Edda (pref.); þaðan (from Spain) fór hann í vestrálfu heimsins, Bret. 30. 2. mod. of America. vestr-hérað, n. a western county (of western Iceland), Sturl. iii. 19 (cp. héruðin vestr, Skíða R. 31). Vestri, a, m. one of the dwarfs; see Norðri, Edda. Vestr-lönd, n. pl. the Western lands, of the British Isles, Grág. ii. 141, Ld. 82, Magn. 514: of Western Africa, 656 C. 24. 2. sing., Vestrland, Western Iceland. vestr-sveitir, f. pl. the western counties of Iceland, Skíða R. 16, Grett. 140 A, Bs. i. 912. vestr-vegir, m. pl. the 'western ways' the West, of the British Isles, Baut. 962; opp. to Austr-vegr, Suðr-vegr, Norðr-vegr, qq.v. Vestr-Vindr, m. pl. the Western-Wends, Fms. xi. 398. vestr-víking, f. a freebooting expedition to the West, i.e. to the British Isles (Normandy, etc.), Fms. i. 8, Eg. 513, Orkn., Korm. 2. Landn. 32, 108, 121, 133, 140, 174, 204, 205, 314; see víking. vestrænn, adj. westerly; v. vindr, Fms. ix. 135, Merl. 2. 44. vestr-ætt, f. the western quarter, of the heavens; líta í v., Nj. 194; stefna í v., Fb. i. 539; fljúga ór v., Ísl. ii. 196. Vest-Saxar, m. pl. the West-Saxons, Fms. i. 110, v.l. vesæla = vesla, to make wretched, Fms. vii. 186. vesæll = vesall, q.v. vesöld, f. (vesæld is never found), gen. vesaldar, [vesall], misery, Fas. iii. 129, MS. 677. 8, Hkr. iii. 288, Stj. 50; válaðs ok vesaldar, Clem. 135; víls ok vesaldar, Fms. iii. 95; eymdir ok vesaldir, Stj. 45: passim in old and mod. usage, vesaldar-maðr, a destitute person, Grett. 112 A. vetlingr, m. a dimin. from vöttr, a glove, gauntlet, Fms. iii. 176, the common word in Icel.; band-vettlingar, prjóna-v., sjó-vetlingr, sea-gloves, used by fishermen. vetna, prob. a gen. pl. from vetta = vettr or vættr, a weight (cp. the Lat. -cunque; Gr. GREEK; Engl. -ever); chiefly used in hvat-vetna, whatever, or hvar-vetna, wherever, everywhere; it hardly occurs except in composition, for Alm. 9 is inserted from paper MSS.; see vættr B. VETR, m., gen. vetrar, dat. vetri; pl., nom. and acc. vetr, gen. vetra, dat. vetrum: it was an assimilated form anciently written vettr or vittr, qs. vintr; vitrar or vittrar (gen.), Post. (Unger) 233; vettr is freq., esp. in N.G.L.; double consonants are in vellums difficult to distinguish from single, and so tt may well have been the current form, although the Edd. give the mod. form (vetr): in poets we find, mitt sextigu vittra, Glúm, (in a verse): vintr occurs in Icel. ballads of the 15th century, see Þryml., Völs. R., Skáld H.R., but here it is merely an imitation of Danish originals, for the word in Icel. always took the assimilated form: [Ulf. wintrus = GREEK and GREEK; A.S., Engl., and Germ. winter; Dan.-Swed. vinter, for the assimilation of nt into tt did not prevail in the south of Scandinavia, see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1.] A. A winter; winter, like summer (see sumar), is a calendary period, containing 180 days, or six months of thirty days; the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. In the Gregorian style, for 1872 and 1873, vetrar-dagr fyrsti, the first winter day = Saturday, the 26th of Oct.; miðr vetr, mid-winter, the 24th of Jan.; síðasti vetrar dagr, the last winter day = Wednesday, the 23rd of April; Laugardagr skal fyrstr vera í vetri, en þaðan skal vera sex mánuðr þrjátigi nátta til sumars, K.Þ.K. 166; vetr kemr laugardaginn er næstr er fyrir Lúkas-messu, en hana sjálfa ef hlaupár ferr eptir, Rb. 490; Drottins-dagr inn fyrsti í vetri skal vera inn þriði frá messu-degi Cosmi ok Damiani, Rb. 434: as a general term, í vetr, this winter, Nj. 4; hafa blót hvern vetr, Ó.H.; Miðr vetr, Mid-winter, see above; miðs vetrar skeið, mid-winter time, Fb. i. 204; miðs vetrar blót, a sacrificial feast at mid-winter, see miðr B; á vetri, or í vetri, see prepp. á and í; mikill vetr, a cold winter, Bs. i. 873; harðr, kaldr, Kominn er kaldr vetr, initial words of a hymn. II. = a year; as in A.S. days were reckoned by nights (see nótt), so years were counted by winters; in Ulfilas (Matt. ix. 20, Luke ii. 42, viii. 42) GREEK is rendered by wintrus; and so at present in Icel., a person is so many 'winters' old; tólf vetra gamall, K.Þ.K. 134; sextán vetra gamall, Grág. i. 197; and ellipt. leaving out gamall, tólf vetra, Fms. i. 8; tíu vetrum síðarr, 61; sex tigi vetra konungr, Eg. 367; sjau vetr ena ársömu, Ver. 17 (of king Pharaoh's dream); þeirra var vetrar-munr, difference in age of one year, Dropl. 7; for more references, see tigr B. III. mythol., Vetr, a giant, the son of Vindsvalr or Vindlóni, Vþm., Edda i. 82. COMPDS: vetrar-blót, n. a winter-sacrifice; in miðs vetrar-blót, Ó.H. vetrar-bók, f. a winter-book, missal for the winter, Pm. 101. vetrar-braut, n. a winter-road, in winter time, Sturl. iii. 140, Dipl. ii. 5: cp. Dan. saying, 'vise en vinter-vejen,' to shew one the winter-way, i.e. leave one in the cold. 2. astron. the milky way, in Icel. called vetrar-braut, undoubtedly from old heathen times, although the word happens not to occur in old writers; Icel. weather-prophets use in the autumn to forecast the course of the winter, by the appearance of the milky-way; this is evidently a very old custom, whence probably the name, for in old times fortune-telling used to take place at the great autumnal feasts and sacrifices, see the references s.v. völva. vetrar-dagr, m. a winter day, N.G.L. i. 348; á vetrardag, in the winter, Fms. viii. 50, Bs. i. 324, v.l.; fyrsti vetrardagr,

VETRARFAR -- VIÐ. 701

D.N. vi. 143, Icel. Almanack. vetrar-far, n. the course of winter; sagði hón (the Sibyl) mönnum forlög sín ok vetrar-far ok aðra hluti, Fas. ii. 506; blótuðu þeir þá til friðar ok vetrarfars góðs, Fms. iv. 235. vetrar-höll, f. the winter hall, D.N. ii. 409. vetrar-langt, n. adj. the winter long, Fms. vii. 25. vetrar-megn, n. the depth of winter;þá var vetrarmegn ok treystisk hann eigi á haf at halda, Eb. 6. vetrar-messa, u, f. 'winter-mass' = Oct. 14, D.N. vetrar-myki, f. winter-muck, manure, Gþl. 342. vetrar-nauð, f. 'winter-need,' a severe winter, Ísl. ii. 155, Lv. 206. vetrar-nótt, f. a winter's night; þar skaltú sofa í ina fyrstu v., Fms. xi. 4. vetrar-ríki, n. = vetrarnauð, a severe winter, Eb. 290, Fbr. 41, v.l. vetrar-rúgr, m. winter rye, Gþl. 343. vetra-stefna, u, f. a winter term; nú vill hann til vetrar-stefnu jörð selja, fimmtán vetr, N.G.L. i. 92. vetra-tal, n. a number of winters, Rb. 508: years, fyrr rosknir at afli en vetra tali, Fms. i. 30, x. 230, 419. vetrar-tíð, f. winter-tide, Bb. 3. 34. vetrar-tími, a, m. winter-time, Stj. 69, 97, Bs. i. 324. vetrar-tungl, n. the winter moon, the moon when winter sets in, Icel. Almanack (Nov. 1, 1872). B. REAL COMPDS: vetr-beit, f. 'winter-bite,' winter pasture, Vm. 18. vetr-björg, f. winter-provender, Sturl. i. 173 C. vetr-gamall, adj. a winter old, i.e. a year old, Fms. i. 185, Grág. i. 236, Ld. 108: of sheep, Grág. i. 503. vetr-gata, u, f. a winter-road, Eg. 742 A. vetr-gemlingr, m. a 'winter-gimmel,' sheep a winter old, Grág. ii. 247. vetr-gestr, m. a winter-guest, Eg. 167, Ísl, ii. 391. vetr-grið, n. a winter-stay; hafa eitt v. báðir, Eg. 252; bjóða e-m v., id. vetr-hagi, a, m. a winter-pasture, Grág. ii. 325, Jb. 298. vetr-hluti, a, m. the winter part, Vm. 52. vetr-hringr, m. = vetrarbraut, the 'winter-ring' the milky-way, Pr. 478. vetr-hús, n. pl. winter-houses; at vetrhúsum eðr í seli, Ld. 138, Fs. 105: opp. to setr, Gþl. 438. vetr-liði, a, m. one wbo has past a winter, esp. a 'winter-old' bear, Edda i. 590, Grett.: also freq. as a pr. name, Landn. (mod. Norse Vetle); cp. Sumar-liði. vetr-ligr, adj. wintry, Sks. 39, Róm. 259. vetr-lægr, adj. lying up in harbour for the winter (Fr.) vetr-messa, u, f. the 14th of Oct. = vetrarmessa, Pm. 90. vetr-nætr, f. pl. the winter nights, the three days which begin the winter season, (in Icel. Almanack, 1872, the 24th till the 26th of October are the 'vetrnætr'): gener. the season when winter begins, fyrir vetrnætr, eptir vetrnætr, at vetrnöttum, etc., Grág. ii. 216, 220; for the feasts and sacrifices at that time (called vetrnátta blót), see Fms. i. 35, ii. 34, Gísl. 18, Eb. ch. 37; vetrnátta-helgr, the first Sunday in the winter-season, Sturl. iii. 167; vetrnátta skeið, the season when winter sets in; um vetrnátta skeið, Ld. 186, Gísl. 96. Fms. iii. 24, xi. 108 (cp. sumar-nætr). vetr-rúgr, m. winter-rye, Gþl. 343 A. vetr-seta, u, f. winter-quarters, Landn. 228, 310, Fms. ii. 29, Orkn. 112. vetr-seti, a, m. a 'winter-sitter' guest, D.N. i. 122. vetr-taka, u, f., in vetrtöku-maðr = vetrgestr, Grett. 100: vetrtaks-maðr, id., Rd. 286, Fbr. 89. vetr-vist, f. a winter-abode, winter quarters, Eg. 470, Landn. 218 (v.l.), Grág. i. 156, 158, Ó.H. 42. vetra, að, to become winter; líðr fram haustinu, tekr at vetra, the winter began to set in, it became wintry, Fms. viii. 435 (v.l.), Finnb. 310; rak á hríðir ek vetraði, Orkn. 190. vetrungr, m. an animal one winter old, yearling, esp. a calf, Edda i. 486; vetrungs eldi, Ám. 110. vett, vettna, = see vættr. vett-fangr or vett-vangr, see vættvangr. vettir, m. [vöttr], a nickname, Fms. ix. 56. vettki, see vætr, vættki. vett-rim, see vættrim, Korm. 88. vettugi, see vættugi. vett-vangr, see vættvangr. vetving = vættvangr(?); ok var herranum at komit at hann möndi tekinn verða, ok dvalði hann dauða í vetvingum, he was on the point of being taken, but escaped death for the present, Mart. 123. vexa, t, I. [vax], to wax, to smear with wax; vexa vel blæju, Am. 101; vexa kyrtil sinn, Fms. xi. 420; vextr dúkr. II. [vaxa], to wax, grow; impers., en brim vexti, Fms. vi. (in a verse). veykr, adj. weak, and veykja, u, f. to weaken; see veikr, veikja. VIÐ, f., gen. sing. viðjar, pl. viðjar, [Dan. vidje; Engl. withy; akin is víðir, q.v.] :-- a withy or with; síðan var viðin (a withy halter) dregin á hals honum, Fms. vii. 13 (see v.l.); þarmarnir urðu at viðu (sic) sterkri, Fas. iii. 34; ef röng eða viðjar slitna, Jb. 398; var enginn saumr í, en viðjar fyrir kné, of a boat, Fms. vii. 216; höggva tré til viðja, K.Þ.K. 88; viðjar af gulli ok silfri, on a dog, Hkr. i. 136, Fas. iii. 45; tún-svín þat er hringr, knappr eða við sé í rana, Grág. ii. 232; stjórn-við, the 'rudder-withy,' the strap in which the paddle-like rudder moved, like the GREEK in Act. Apost. xxvii. 40. VIÐ, pron. pers. dual (= vit), we two (see ek C); this spelling, which is also that of the oldest vellums, answers to the mod. pronunciation, passim: in mod. usage it has quite taken the place of the old plur. vér. VIÐ, prep., also used ellipt. without its case, or simply as an adverb; við is a curtailed form of viðr, which latter form remains in a few compds, even in mod. usage, thus, viðr-eign, viðr-kenna, viðr-nefni, viðr-lífi, viðr-væri; when found singly, við is the common form in Icel.; but as in MSS. it is commonly abbreviated, v. UNCERTAIN the two forms are hardly distinguishable; við, however, is received as the usual form, viðr being more freq. in Norse vellums, and in some later Icel. vellums imitating the Norse spelling: [Goth. wiþra = GREEK; A.S. wider; cp. Scot. wither-shins; O.H.G. widar; Germ. wieder; but Engl. with; Dan. ved; Swed. wäd] :-- against, towards, etc. WITH DAT. A. Against, denoting a leaning or resting on, striking against, or the like; hann hjó hann upp við garðinum, smote him standing against the wall, Nj. 120; stinga höndum við berginu, Symb. 59; ganga við brekkunni, up-hill, against the hill, cp. Lat. adversus montem, Valla L. 212; skjóta við honum skildinum, Fms. i. 44; ljósta skildi við kesjunni, Eg. 378; hann spyrndi við svá fast ... spyrna við grunni, Edda 36; kasta sér niðr við vellinum, Nj. 58; leggja e-n við velli, Boll. 344; slá honum niðr við steininum, dashed his head against the stone, Finnb. 292; hann drap hann við borðinu, Korm. 236; hjó af honum höfuð við stokkinum, Fas. ii. 285; ok lagði (þá) við stokki, Am. 73; hús liggja við velli, lie down in ruins, Fms. iii. 144; er hinn efri kjöptr við himni enn hinn neðri við jörðu, the upper jaw touching the heaven, the lower the earth, Edda 41; skera af sér strenginn við öxinni, rubbing it against the axe, Nj. 136; vóru segl hans at sjá við hafi, the sails were seen out at sea, far in the offing, Fas. ii. 403. II. against, towards, of direction; gapa við tunglinu, Fas. iii. 622; horfa við e-m, to look towards, face, Eg. 293; horfa baki við e-m, Hkr. iii. 384; líta við e-m, Nj. 132, Fms. i. 125, vii. 314; horfa vid landi, A.A. 24; snúa baki við e-m, Fas. i. 296; snúask við e-m, Hkr. ii. 120. III. along with, with, denoting company; hann hafði við sér harpara einn, Str. 57; hann hafði marga smiðu við sér, Fms. ix. 377; fór Margaðr ok Guthormr við honum, Hkr. iii. 113; at Ástríðr mundi vera við feðr sínum, i. 188; er hér ok Sigurðr við jarli, Fms. ix. 327; hann var þar upp fæddr við henni, x. 421; bjóðum vér þér við Hákoni þangat, ix. 252; ferr heim við sínum mönnum, Rd. 312; fór hann við liði sínu, Hkr. iii. 44; við hundrað skipum, Fas. i. 461; gengr síðan í sæti sín við oðrum mönnum, Fms. x. 17; bað biskup ríða við sér (= með sér), 6. 2. with, of an instrument; jarl hljóp upp við sverði, Fms. ix. 340; sjau menn við vápnum, viii. 14; gengu tveir menn við merkjum, x. 15: the phrase, eiga, ala, geta barn við kouu, Grág., Fms. i. 113, iii. 110, Ld. 102, Eg. 31; merrin fékk við þeim hesti, Landn. 195. 3. spec. usages; við góðum vinskap, Boll. 362; halda vináttu við föstum trúnaði, Fms. ix. 375; at þær sagnir muni vera við sannindum, true, viii. 6; at berjask við honum eðr við honum lífit láta, ix. 332; fara við herskildi ... eyða land við eldi, x. 134; ausa e-t við moldu, Hkr. i. 220; skipuðu mörgum hlutum við (with, among) sínum mönnum, Fms. x. 91; gengu síðan í sæti sín við öðrum mönnum, among other men, 17; skreiðask fram við (= með) landinu, viii. 437. 4. = ok, with, together with; Þórr við Grimni = Th. and G., Hallfred; höfuð við hjarta, head and heart, Kormak. B. METAPH. USAGES: I. denoting barter, exchange, against, for (like Gr. GREEK); gefa gull við grjóti, Fas. iii. 45; selja við verði, Fms. i. 80; seldu mik við hleifi, Hm.; við litlu verði, Eg. 100; við fémútu, Nj. 215; meta e-t við silfri, Fms. x. 5; gefa margra manna líf við yðvarri þrályndi, iv. 194. 2. denoting remedy, against; beiti við bit-sóttum en við bölvi rúnar, Hm. 140; hjálpa e-m við e-u, to help against, passim. II. against, denoting contest, warding off, withstanding; hafa afla við e-m, Lv. 43; hafa liðs-afla, liðs-kost við e-m, Ld. 372, Hkr. i. 272: ellipt., hafa (viz. afi) við e-m, to be one's match, Lv. 109; þótti sem engi mundi hafa við þeim í vígi, Nj. 89; eg hefi ekki við þér, I cannot lift with (i.e. am no match for) thee; ábyrgjask e-t við e-u, Grág. ii. 216, 364; forða e-m við háska, Edda i. 116; halda þá við ágangi Hákonar, Fms. i. 224; varðveita e-n við e-u, Grág.; ekki hélzk við þeim, Eg. 125; rísa við e-m, Sturl. ii. 119; vera búinn, van-búinn við e-m, Ld. 324; sat hann þar við áhlaupum Dana, Fms. i. 28; vinna við sköpum, Fas. i. 199; sporna við e-u, göra við e-u, see göra, sporna; ef þat nemr við förinni, Ld. 70 (see nema A.I. 7, 8); mæla við e-u, Hkr. ii. 198; tölðu allir við förinni, Greg. 28; setja hug sinn við e-u, Fms. x. 232; kveða nei við e-u, Sturl. i. 27; drepa hendi við e-u, Hkr. ii. 164; reiðask við e-u, Nj. 182; e-m ríss hugr við e-u, Fas. i. 30; mér býðr við e-u, to loathe; sjá við e-u, to shun; varna við e-u, to beware of; vera hætt við e-u, in danger of, Ísl. ii. 262; ú-hætt við e-u, safe, Landn. 319. III. with verbs;liggja við e-u, to lie on the verge of; honum lá við falli, Fas. iii. 261; búið við skipbroti, Ísl. ii. 245; honum var við andhlaupi, Eg. 553; sjá, horfa, líta ... við e-u, to look towards; taka við e-u, to receive; búask við e-u, to prepare for, expect, Ld. 106; verða vel, ílla, við e-u, to behave well, ill, on some occasion; komask við veðri, see veðr. IV. ellipt. usages; þeir snerusk þá við, turned round, facing, Nj. 245; hón drap við hendi, Lv. 38; hann laust við atgeirinum, Nj. 84.; hann stakk við forkinum, Eg. 220; hann stakk við fótum, stopped, Finnb. 300; hrífa við, to catch hold, Bs. i. 197, 423, Gísl. 125; búask við, to make oneself ready; göra við, to resist; rísa við, to withstand, Fs.; at ek bjóða við tvenn verð, Ld. 146; hvatz hinn fiðr við, whatsoever he may object, Nj. 99; taka við, to begin where another stops; þú skalt gefa mér við (in return) verjuna, Fbr.

702 VIÐ -- VIÐA.

WITH ACC. A. By, at, close to: I. denoting proximity; skjöldr við skjöld, shield to shield, in a row, Nj. 125; skip við skip, Ó.H. (in a verse); samnask hlutr við hlut, Rb. 108; hálsinn við herðarnar, Ld. 40; sníða skeggið við hökuna, Eg. 564; við bryggju-sporðinn, Fms. i. 14; grafa barn við kirkju-garð út, K.Þ.K.; uppi við fjallit, Eg. 137; við Sandhóla-ferju, Nj. 29; við vaðit, 83; við veginn, by the way-side, Fb. ii. 330; hér við ána, by the river, Ld. 46; búa við Þjórsá, Nj. 93; liggja við land, Fms. i. 14; við Ísland, Grág.; binda stein við hálsinn, Ld. 154; draga segl við hún, hoist sail to the top, Hkr. ii. 6; reka spora við eyra e-m, Nj. 82; festa e-n við meið, tré, to fasten to a pole, a tree, Glúm. 391; nísta við gólfit, to pin it to the floor (see nista); binda við fót e-s, to bind up a broken leg, Bárð. 167; dró upp flóka við austr, in the east, Vígl. 22. 2. temporal, towards, at; við vetr sjálfan, Fms. ii. 97; Krók. 51 C; við sólar-setr, Fas. i. 514; við sól, with the sun, at sunrise. Eg. 717; við aptan, towards evening, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 143; við þat sjálft, at that moment, Fms. xi. 432; bregða í kross við hvert orð, at every word, K.Þ.K.; vera við aldr, to be stricken in years, Eb. 18, Ísl. ii. 192, Fms. ii. 81; ef barn er við dauða, on the point to die, N.G.L. i. 345; við sjálft, on the verge of (see sjálfr); við váða sjálfan, búið við geig, on the verge of, Eg. 158; Grettir var við svefn, just asleep, Grett. 127. 3. phrases, við svá búit, after all done, often with the notion of 'in vain, nothing having been done' (búa B. II. δ); fóru við þat heim, Fms. i. 54, ix. 469, Nj. 127; skildu við þetta, 260, Ísl. ii. 217. II. at, to; Hrútr er við skip, Nj. 4; Hrútr var við búð, 79; vera heima við bú sitt, 215; hanga upp við siglu-rá, Fas. iii. 659; bundinn við staf, Eg. 232; fastr við altara, fastened to the altar, Vm. 110; styðja sik vid e-t, to lean on, Fms. ix. 512; sitja upp við hægindit, leaning on it, Ld. 16; sitja upp við vegginn, Nj. 153; ganga við staf, 219; ganga við tréfót, Eb. 66; styðjask við höndina, Fas. i. 228; rísa upp við olboga, Þórð. 15; sitja við stýri, at the rudder, Eg. 385; hafa barn við brjóst, to have a bairn at breast, N.G.L. i. 340; leggja, bæta, auka, við e-t, to add to; blanda við e-t, to mix with; vera við e-t, to be present at, Ld. 92, Eg. 540; sitja við drykk, mat, to sit at drink, meat, Eg. 303, 420. III. denoting association, together with; vera samþingi, samfjórðungs við e-n, Grág. ii. 237; vera saman við e-n, vera samvista við e-n, eiga samneyti við, vera sammæðr við e-n, passim; vera utan-fjórðungs við víg, Grág. ii. 89; vera við e-t riðinn; þeir vildu eigi vera hér við heiðna menn, Íb. 4; búa við e-n, Gísl. 17. 2. direction; í sýn við bæinn, Fas. ii. 507; í örskots-helgi við garðinn, Grág.; standa í höggfæri við e-n, Nj. 97; við þat lík at lifa, Hm. IV. denoting company, with; bauð þeim heim við alla sína menn, Vígl. 27; riðu við sextigi manna, Nj. 10, 213, Ld. 164; gékk á land við einn svein, Fms. ix. 502; sækja land við útlendan her, Hkr. i. 198; við fá, marga ... menn, Fas. i. 35; the phrase, við annan, þriðja fjórða ... mann (see annarr I. 1); þú ert hér kominn við svá mikit fé, Ld. 112; sækja mál við níu búa, Grág.; við váttorð, Kb. i. 103; leyfa e-t við vitni, Ld. 104; bjóða e-t við váttorð, in the presence of, by witnesses, Nj. 243. B. METAPH. USAGES: I. towards a person or thing, respecting, regarding; hryðja við aðilja, Grág. (Kb.) i. 127; missa fjár síns við þjóf, Grág.; skilja við e-n, to part with (see skilja); til metnaðar við sik, Edda i. 20; til huggunar við sik, Ld. 228; til þjónustu við e-n, Eg. 28; til gæzlu við e-n, for keeping, watching one, Ld. 152; ganga, koma, fara til fundar, til móts ... við e-n, 62, 90, Nj. 4, Eg. 101; mildr, blíðr, léttr, kátr, ástúðigr, góðr, harðr, grimmr, reiðr, harðráðr, stríðr, ... við menn, mild ... towards, Nj. 2, 47, 48; víkjast undan við e-n, Ld. 42; fyrir kapps sakir við e-n, til liðveizlu, hjálpar ... við e-n, Eg. 44, Nj. 75; sýna vinskap, halda vinskap við e-n, Ld. 150; leggja ást við e-n, 34; líka vel, ílla við e-n, Nj. 53; eiga eyrindi við e-n, Eg. 260; eiga orð við e-n, 255; hafa lög við e-n, Nj. 106; tala, mæla, ræða, segja, spjalla við e-n, to talk, speak ... with a person, passim; skipta, eiga, ... við e-n, to deal... with; berjask, deila við e-n, to fight with, against; göra e-t við e-n, so to act with, Greg. 43; reyna e-t við e-n, to contend with one, Nj. 46, 94, Edda i. 106; hafa misgört við e-n, Fms. viii. 103; láta vaxa óþokka við e-n, Nj. 107; tilför við Gunuar, 101; mála-tilbúnaðr við e-n, 100; sekr við e-n, útlagr við goða, Grág. 2. hræddr við e-n, afraid of one; verða varr við e-t, to perceive; vanr við e-t, used to a thing; hann var svá vanr við vini sína, Fms. viii. 220; fella sik við e-t, kunna við e-t, to apply oneself to, to like. II. of cause, by, at; falla við högg, to fall by a stroke, Nj. 163; hrata við lagit, Eg. 379; vakna við e-t, Fas. ii. 116; vakna við draum; verða glaðr, reiðr, hryggr, úkátr ... við e-t, to become glad, wroth ... at, Íb. 10, Eg. 102, 321, passim; bregða sér við e-t, Ld. 190: by, við minn atbeina, Fms. vi. 66; við samþykki e-s, Eg. 165; við ráð e-s, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 30; gört þat við einræði þitt, Ld. 188; et þat at vánum við skaplyndi Þorgeirs, Nj. 255; hlaða seglum við mikinn háska, with great danger, Korm. 168; sigla við stjörnu-ljós, to sail by star-light, Fms. i. 24; lesa við ljós, to read with a light; búa sik við skart, to dress fine. III. as compared with, set off against; sex sær við kú, Grág. i. 502-504; selja, virðing sína við íllgirni þínaa, Eb. 160; þrjóta mun mik íllsku við þik. Hkr. i. 322; mik skortir við hann, Nj. 90; hafa afta við e-n, Eg. 187; eigi minna virðr enn við konunginn, i.e. of equal worth with the king, Fms. xi. 45; er þetta við mikla fémuni, Hrafn. 19; fjórðungi skerð við goðorð önnur, Grág. (Kb.) i. 211; Skotland er þriðjungr ríkis við England, Nj. 266; þriðjung við liðsmenn, Eg. 57; at þriðjungi við ykkr, Ld. 102; helming við hann, Fms. i. 22; gaf þeim hálfar tekjur við sik, 7. IV. við þann kost, on that condition, Grág. (Kb.) i. 233: of medicine, for, við svefnleysi, við orms-bit, við offeitan kvið ..., Lækn.: in mod. usage dat., and so in Hm. 138. V. denoting fitness, proportion; göra klæði við vöxt e-s, Eg. 516; við þeirra hæfi, 109; er þat ekki við þitt æði, Ld. 298; vera við alþýðu-skap, Fs. 63; við sik, in proportion, B.K. 8; neyta skógar við sik sem þarf, Grág. ii. 292; þat er hann má eigi sjálfr við sik njóta, himself alone, 623. 21; hann var skapaðr allr við sik, well shaped, symmetrical, Fas. i. 173; fagrt ok allt vel við sik, Fms. x. 321; veðrit vesnaði en nátt-myrkr á við sik. Bjarn. 52; vita hvat við sik væri, to know what was the matter, Fms. xi. 11, Fas. ii. 516; leggja mál við tré, Ld. 316; draga kvarða við lérept, vaðmál, Grág. i. 497, 498. VI. with, by, denoting means; tendra eld við fjallrapa, to light fire with, Bs. i. 7; við þessar fortölur, Ld. 204; kom svá við umtölur góðra manna, Nj. 267; við áskoran þína, 258; mýkjask við e-t, Fms. v. 239; húð skorpnuð við eld, Nj. 208. VII. with verbs; lifa við skömm, meizlur, harm, lifa við slíka harma, to live with or in shame, sorrow, Nj. 92, Hkr. ii. 107, Eg. 604, Ld. 332; leika við e-n, Nj. 2; kaupa við e-n, Grág.; binda við e-t, to bind, fasten to; sætta, rægja, friða e-n við e-n, Eg. 226, Grág. ii. 99; tala, ... við e-n, to speak, deal ... with, Nj. 2, 197, Ld. 22 (see I); hefja upp bónorð við e-n, Eg. 38; leita eptir við e-n, leita ráða við e-n, eiga hlut at við e-n, Nj. 75, 101, 213, Eg. 174; fæða, lifa, fæðask, ala, búa, bjargast, við e-t, to feed, live, subsist ... on, Edda i. 46, Fms. i. 226, v. 219, Nj. 236, passim; vera við e-t, to be present at, and metaph. to enjoy, Hom. 87, Edda (pref.); nema lyfsteinn sé við riðinn, Ld. 250; hann brá upp við fætinum (viz. við lagit), Nj. 264; binda við e-t, to bind to, Fms. ix. 358; at þeim heimilum ok í örskotshelgi við (viz. þau) á alla vega, Grág. (Kb.) i. 88; þar við, hér við, at engi mundi þar þora við at etja, Nj. 89. 2. hagr við e-t, skilful at; kunna vel við e-t, id.; skjarr við skot, Ls.; temja, venja, ... við e-t; drekka við sleitur (see sleita); kveða við raust, Sturl. iii. 317, Eg. 554; syngja vid tón, Sturl. iii. 210; búa sik við skart, skikkja búin við gull, Fms. x. 199; skyrta saumuð við gull, embroidered with, Fas. ii. 529; glóa við gull, to glow or gleam with gold, Lex. Poët. VIII. elliptical or ad- verbial usages; bregða við, to start; hann þagði við, remained silent, Nj. 2; verða bilt, felmt við, Ísl. ii. 274, Nj. 105; fá við þrjú skip, to add three ships, Fms. xi. 73; jók nú miklu við, it waxed much, Ld. 54; kveða við, gella við, to scream, yell; þurfa við, to need, Nj. 74; njóta e-s við, to enjoy, 85; komask við, to be touched; leita við, to try; bera við, to happen (see bera); koma við, to touch; standa, bíða við, to stop a bit; nema við, to hinder, cause a hindrance; kunna við, to like; koma e-u við, to bring a thing about, 101; ef ek viðr um kæmumk, if I could manage it, Hbl.; bjarga e-u við, hjálpa við, to help, put right; reisa við, rétta við, to raise up again, put right; kannask við, to recognise; vera við staddr, to be present, = við e-t staddr. IX. in recipr. phrases, talask við, eigask við, fásk við, etc., to speak ... to one another, where the object is suffixed to the preceding verb. X. with an adverb or particle, of direction; upp á við, niðr á við, upwards, downwards; vestr á við, Fas. ii. 244; móts við, towards; á við, equivalent to (það er á við tvær merkr); austan við, vestan við, sunnan við, fram við, inn við, etc., followed by an accusative. VIÐA, að, to furnish wood; þú skalt viða heim öllum sumar-viði, Hrafn. 6; viða í skógi, Landn. 214, v.l.; viða heim til eldi-branda, Fms. ii. 82. 2. to pile up wood; hafi sá björn er veiddi nema inni sá viðaðr, þá hafi sá er inni viðaði, N.G.L. i. 242 (cp. Orkn. 112, ok hlóðu köst fyrir dyrum); þeir viðuðu fyrir dyrr (dyrr öll, Sturl. l.c.) allar ok lögðu eld í þekjuna, Bs. i. 672. B. Metaph. to cut down, fell, destroy; unz fótverkr vígmiðlung of viða skyldi, Ýt. 26; er sikling vágr vindlauss um viða skyldi, 1: at Aðils fjörvi vitta vettr um viða skyldi, 16. This sense of the word is poët., peculiar to the poem Ýt., for Bkv. 11 is somewhat corrupt: viða cannot stand for 'vinna,' for nn changes into ð only before an r. VIÐA, u, f. a mast with its step and other supports(?); allt þat reiði er því skipi fylgir, bæði viðu, vatnker ok akkeri, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 168; hann braut skip sitt en meiddisk sjálfr í viðum, Landn. 272; hann lét ofan leggja seglit ok svá viðu ... þá lét hann reisa viðuna ok draga seglit, Ó.H. 170; þá reistu þeir viðu ok settu upp segl sín, 165 (viðor, Fms. iv. 362, v.l.); reisa viður (viðurnar, viðuna, v.l.) ok draga upp seglin, Fms. viii. 146: reisit viðurnar dragit síðan seglin, vii. 310. 2. renna at viðum, to let her run under bare poles, of a ship; lögðu segl sín ok létu skipin renna at viðum at Eyrum, they took in sail and let her run under bare poles to E., Fms. viii. 161; létu renna skipin á viðum inn í höfnina er hlaðit var seglunum, x. 245; renndu skipin at viðum fyrir vindi, viii. 335; en skipin renndu at viðum fram þá renndi hvárt á

VIÐA -- VIÐR. 703

árar annars ok braut í sundr, 288. II. a high deck or bridge raised as a shelter, amidships, on ships of war; þá er maðr stóð upp á viðunum, þá náðu þeir upp á þilfarit, Fms. ix. 33; þenna umbúnað þarf á skipi at hafa til varnar, víggyrðla vel ok vígása rammliga, leggja hátt viðu ok göra undir viðti fjögur hlið ... en gera með bryggjum útan tvá vega slétt stræti til ástigs hjá viðum, Sks. 86 new Ed.; a mitt skipit fyrir aptan siglu undir viðurnar (viðuna, v.l.), Fms. viii. 388; féll Áskell ofan af viðunni, id. (af viðunum, v.l.); var hann upp kominn á viðuna hjá siglunni, id.; stóð konungr upp á viðuna, 381: Sverrir konungr hljóp upp á viðuna, 139; þeir urpu sér jafnan meðal viðanna, Nj. 126; eigi vóru viðurnar upp reistar á konungs skipum, en þat sá, Baglar ok ætluðu at kaupskip væri, Fms. viii. 417 (thus, viðurnir uppreistir Cod. F; viðurnar lagðar Ed., but erroneously). 2. of a bulwark on land; hleypr hann þegar út yfir viðuna, Sturl. ii. 251. viða, u, f. a skein of yarn = vinda. viðan or viðun, f. a 'wooding,' cutting and fetching wood, Ám. 22. Viðarr, m. a pr. name. Landn. ; the name of the god, Vsp., Edda. við-band, n. a withy-strap, K.Þ.K. 88, Grág. ii. 295. við-bára, u, f. an objection, pretext. við-beina, n. (mod. viðbein), vin-bein, Bs. i. 367 (recent MSS.):-- the collar-bone; maðr braut viðbeina sitt, Bs. i. 119; hjó í sundr við-beinat, 648; viðbeinit, in Nj. 27 and Finnb. 330, is prob. only an erroneous reading of an abbreviation, for a t above the line represents -at as well as -it. við-bit, n. whatever is eaten with bread, esp. butter (cp. Gr. GREEK), Skíða R. 41. við-bitull, m. a withy bit, of a bridle, O.H.L. 6. við-bjóðandi and viðr-bjóðandi, part. a bidder, at a sale, Grág. ii. 240 (twice). við-bjóðr, m. disgust, Fms. ii. 22, Þórð. 17: viðbjóðslegr, adj. (-liga, adv.), disgusting. við-björn, m. a wood-bear, black bear, Bm., Grág. ii. 121, Glúm. 329, Fær. 48. við-bland, n. an admixture; taka v. af e-u, Skálda (Thorodd). við-blindi, a, m. wood-blind, name of a giant, Edda. við-borði, a, m. [from viða (II); the spelling viðrborði, Al. 128, is therefore wrong] :-- the broadside turned towards the enemy; in metaph. phrases, vera á viðborða, to be broadside on, in an exposed position, Fms. vii. 292; hann sparði ekki Grikki til at þeir hefði sik á viðborða, i.e. he used them as a forlorn hope, vi. 137; er því trúat at ek hafa látið hann vera á viðborða, Al. 128. við-bragð, n. a quick movement, start; skjótligr í viðbragði, on the alert, Fms. vii. 175; seinligr í viðbragði, slow, Grett. 90 A; hermannligr í viðbragði öllu, Ísl. ii. 203, v.l.; hann bregðr nú engum viðbrögðum, made no starts, no movements, stirred not, Ld. 156: a pull, hratt fram í fyrsta viðbragði, Edda 38. 2. a look, coimtenance, appearance; líkir á vöxt ok viðbragð, Fms. vi. 12; undir því viðbragði (under the pretext) sem úskylda konu, Stj. 252; reiðuligr í viðrbragði, Mar.; með reiðu viðrbragði, id. við-brekkt, n. adj. steep; þar var viðbrekkt mjök, Orkn. 450 (of a narrow hollow with steep walls on both sides). við-bruni, a, m. a being burnt. við-burðr, m. an event, accident. við-búinn, part. ready. við-búnaðr, m. a preparation, Fms. vii. 87, 256, xi. 339, Ísl. ii. 132, Bs. i. 137; viðrbúnaðr, Bret. 50, Fms. i. 121, iii. 223, ix. 19, xi. 244 (cp. búa ...). við-búningr, m. = viðbúnaðr, Nj. 44, Ld. 78, Fms. iv. 119, 378; viðr-búningr, Fms. v. 248, Sturl. i. 33, v.l. við-bætir, m. an appendix. við-dráttr, m., prop. a carrying wood, metaph. a providing of stores, Grönl. Hist. Mind. i. 566, v.l. við-fall, n. the lowering the tree (the mast = viðr), Fas. ii. 515. 2. metaph., ná öngu viðfalli, to come to no conclusion, Bs. i. 911; væntir mik at eigi fái þeir viðfall þaðan af, Karl. 233. við-fang, n. 'wood-stores,' whence gener. stores; mundi eigi út leitað viðfanga ef gnógt væri inni, Nj. 115; en er þat þrýtr þá mun íllt til viðfanga, Fms. viii. 349. viðfanga-laust, n. adj. without provisions, Fms. ii. 118. II. [við prep.] dealing with; verri (vestr, harðr) viðfangs, Finnb. 292, Nj. 32, Fms. vii. 20. við-fellinn (mod. viðfeldinn, agreeable), adj. pliant, pleasant; vera v. við e-n, Bjarn. 4; liðugr ok v., Fb. ii. 135. Við-finnr, m. a pr. name, Edda. Við-fjörðr, m. a local name: Við-firðingar, m. pl. men from Withford, Landn. við-flaki, a, m. (better vígflaki, q.v.), Sturl. ii. 54, v.l. við-för, f. treatment, Barl. 104, Al. 57; hafa verri viðfarar, Fms. ii. 163; íllar viðfarir, x. 124. við-ganga, u, f. access, admission; veita e-u viðgöngu, to admit, acknowledge, Jb. 173. 2. confession; v. synda, confession of sins, Greg. 22; eptir bréfi ok viðrgöngu sira Bjarna, B.K. 79, Sturl. iii. 293. við-gangr, m. growth; vöxt ok viðgang. við-gjald, n. = gagngjald, Grág. i. 174. við-görð, f. a reparation, taking precautions against; veðr var hvasst ok viðgörðar-mikit, a strong gale requiring great efforts, Fms. ii. 194. við-görningr, m. a treatment, Fas. iii. 312, Sturl. i. 10. við-hald, n. preservation. við-hjálp and viðr-hjálp (viðr-hjálpan, Art. 125), f. a help, support, Th. 22, Mar., Stj. 18, 19. við-höfn, f. pomp, show, viðhafnar-laust, n. plainness. við-högg, n. a wood-cutting, Vm. 134. viði-hæll (or víði-hæll), m. a withy, willow-twig; hrökkva sem v., Fms. iv. 250. viðja, u, f. = við, a withy; ef viðja slitnar, N.G.L. ii. 281 (við, v.l.) við-kenning, f. as metrical term, an additional 'kenning,' Edda i. 534; but viðr-kenning = a confession. við-koma, u, f. = viðkváma, a touch, Þiðr. 6. við-komandi, part. coming; verandi ok v., D.N. i. 51. við-kunnanligr, adj. agreeable. við-kváma, mod. við-koma, u, f. contact, touch, Fas. ii. 150. 2. the young stock, which is to replace the old stock, esp. of animals. við-kveð, n. a scream, yell, shriek, Fms. iv. 58, viii. 354; við-kvöð (n. pl.), Fb. ii. 27. við-kvæði, n. the burden of a poem, a refrain, chorus. við-kvæmr, adj. sensitive: við-kvæmni, f. touchiness, sensitiveness. við-köstr, m. a pile of wood, Fms. i. 291, ii. 195. við-lagning and viðr-lagning, f. an addition = viðlag, Stj., Skálda: addition, in arithmetic, Alg.: in the calendar = sumarauki, Rb. 564, 568; viðrlagslaust, 542. við-látinn, part. ready to do a thing; vera v. at greiða, ready to pay, Fær. 125; eg er ekki viðlátinn, I have no time; nú er svá við látið, at ..., now things stand so that ..., Orkn. 118. við-leggjanligr, adj. adjective, Skálda. við-leggr, m. wooden-leg, a nickname, Eb. við-leitinn, adj. trying one's best; vera v. um e-t, Fms. iii. 113. við-leitni, f. a trying to do one's best, an attempt, Fms. ii. 271. við-líka, adv. in a similar manner. við-líkr, adj. 'such like,' similar; grjóns eðr annars viðlíks ávaxtar, Gþl. 524, freq. in mod. usage. við-lægt, n. adj. on the verge of; var þá viðlægt at þeir mundi berjask, Fms. ii. 235; viðrlægt, Stj. 394. við-lögur, f. pl. = viðrlög, fined; mannhelgr mikil ok miklar viðlögur við manns aftak, Fms. x. 391, Jb. 56 (sing.): mod. phrase, í viðlögum, in an emergency, stress. II. mod. also betting, staking money, kast um viðlögur, Sks. 26. við-mót, n. manners; blíðr, góðr í viðmóti. við-móta, adj. indecl. like; það viðmóta hátt, of the same height. við-mæli and viðr-mæli, n. conversation; blíðr viðmælis, Þórð. 3; góðr viðmælis, Hkr. ii. 143; veita e-m v., to grant an interview to one, Stj. 536; með bróðurligu viðmæli, Hom. 26; viðrmælis er hverr verðr, a law phrase, every man is entitled to a hearing, = 'audiatur et altera pars,' Gþl. 30: a parley, colloquy, öngir heyrðu þeirra viðrmæli (= samtal), Nj. 13, Eluc. 2: an agreement, þóttusk honum eigi haldizk hafa viðmæli þeirra, Sturl. iii. 197. við-mæltr, part. a metrical term, an apostrophe; hér er annarr fjórðungr mæltr til annarrar personu, ok köllu vér þat viðmælt, Skálda. við-na = við (see -na), Fms. iii. 73. við-nám and viðr-nám, n. resistance, an obstacle; ekki varð v., no resistance, Sturl. i. 129 C; farit víða um heim ok fengit hvergi viðnám, Fas. ii. 210; veita viðrnám, i. 105; var þar hart viðrnám, Orkn. 354; látum Völsunga viðrnám fá, Hkv. 1. 52 (Bugge). viðr, see við. VIÐR, m., gen. viða, dat. viði, pl. viðir, viðu (mod. viði): [Dan. ved; Swed. väd; A.S. wudu; Engl. wood] :-- a tree; undir skugga eins viðar, MS. 4. 21; hrútr fastr á meðal viða, 655 vii. 2 (Gen. xxii. 13); grös ok viðu, Rb. 78: trees, collect., tekr viðr at blómgask, Fas. ii. 95; viðr vex, Grág. ii. 299; viði vaxinn, Íb. 4; igðurnar sátu í viðnum, Edda 74. 2. a wood, forest; villask á viðum úti, Clem. 59, N.G.L. i. 46; renna sem vargr til viðar, Sól.; er sól rann á viðu, Hkr. iii. 227 (or renna til viðar); sól gengr til viðar, Al. 51; sól rýðr á viðu á morgin, Trist. 3; til varna viðar, 'to the wood-shelter,' i.e. till sunset, Gm. 39; grjótið, urðr ok viðu, Edda; ganga til híðs fyrir ofan viðu (above the woodland) ok hleypa út birni, N.G.L. i. 46. 3. felled trees, wood; brúar ok lagðir yfir viðir, Eg. 529; rjáfrit, viðirnir ok þekjan, Grett. 85 new Ed.; stór-viðir, máttar-viðir: timber, svá mikinn við at þat má eigi eitt skip bera, Fs. 27; gjalda í vaxi eða viði, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 210; mjöl ok við, Nj. 4; viðar kaup, purchase of timber, Rd. 253; við ok næfrar, Fms. ix. 44; undir viði annars ... neyta viðarins, ... vöxtr viðar, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 111. II. compds; viðar-bulungr, -byrðr, -fang, -farmr, -flutningr, -hlass, a pile, armful ... of wood, Stj. 132, 592, Rd. 306, Fbr. 209, Landn. 177, Grág. ii. 357, Eg. 565, K. Á. 176, Fms. viii. 174; viðar-verð, Grág. i. 195; viðar-mark, a mark on

704 VIÐRA -- VIÐVINDILL.

trees, ii. 353; viðar-rif, the right of picking fagots, Sturl. i. 195; viðar-föng, wood-stores, Bs. i. 81; viðar-högg or -högst, wood-cutting, right of wood-cutting (Dan. skov-hugst), Fms. ii. 84, Eg. 743, Grág. ii. 295; viðar-höggstir, id., Gþl. 77, D.N. ii. 202; viðar-val, picked wood, Fs. 27, Ld. 212; viðar-taka, wood-pilfering, Grág. ii. 356, D.N.; viðar-tálga, wood-cutting, Stj. 561; viðar-verk, wood-work, Sturl. i. 194; viðar-köstr, a pile of wood, Fb. i. 420; viðar-flaki, a hurdle of wood, Þjal.; viðar-lauf, wood-leaves, Al. 166; viðar-holt, a wooded holt, copsewood, piece of brushwood; at kirkjan ætti þrjú viðarholt, Dipl. ii. 20; viðar-heiti, names of trees, Edda; viðar-rætr, the roots of a tree; undir viðar-rótum, undir viðarrætr, Skm. 35, Fms. i. 113, x. 218, 219, Landn. 243; viðar-teigr, a strip of wood, Vm. 150; viðar-vöxtr, a young plantation, brushwood, Grág. ii. 300; viðar-runnr, a grove, Stj. 258; viðar-teinungr, a wand, Edda 37; viðar-taug or -tág, a withy twig, Hkr. ii. 11; viðar-öx, -ex, a wood-axe, Fms. ii. 100, Nj. 168, Rd. 306, Ld. 280. viðra, að, to be such and such, of the state of the weather; ok viðraði þat löngum um sumarit, Eb. 259; fjöld um viðrir á fimm dögum en meirr á mánuði, Hm. 2. to snuffle, scent; hón viðraði í allar ættir, Fas. ii. 417, Gísl. 33; hann (the ox) viðraði mjök, Ísl. ii. 89; um daginn viðruðu þeir út (aired themselves] um skógar-runna karls, Fas. i. 4. viðr-auki, a, m. an augmentation, addition, Hom. (St.): an appendix. viðr-átta, u, f. dealings with, = viðskipti, D.N. i. 349. viðr-eign, f. intercourse, management; úrigr, íllr, harðr viðreignar, ill to manage, Ld. 54, Nj. 18, Þiðr. 171, Stj. 380: an encounter, Fær. 88, Fms. viii. 158. við-reisn, f. a restoration, rising again; hann á engrar viðreisnar von. við-reki, a, m. a drift of wood, Grág. ii. 359, D.I. i. 476. viðr-eldi, n. a stock of food or provisions; göra tíund af ávexti öllum ok viðreldi, fiski ok öllum réttum föngum, N.G.L. i. 6; viðreldis-tíund, a tithe of the stock, 137; en ostar standi fyrir viðreldi, ii. 355. við-rétta, u, f. = viðrétting, Fs. 18, Mar., Orkn. 76. við-rétting, f. a rising again, redress, restoration. viðr-hending, f., a metric. term, the 'sub-rhyme' 'after-rhyme' the latter rhyme-syllable in a verse-line is so called, Edda (Ht.); thus, in fastorðr skyli fyrða, 'orðr' is the fore-rhyme, 'fyrða' the after-rhyme. viðr-hjal, n. conversation, Fms. xi. 52. -viðri, n. [veðr], weather; in compds, haf-v., land-v., hvass-v., etc. við-riðinn, part. connected with; vera v. við e-t. viðrini, n. [an obscene word, not recorded in old writers, but etymologically remarkable, not being related to the prep. við, but akin to A.S. wræne = libidinosus; the preservation of the initial v by turning it into 'við' is similar to vágrek, q.v.] :-- an impotent person, viðrinis-legr, adj. impotent, and metaph. false, spurious. Viðrir, m. one of the names of Odin, Edda, Lex. Poët. viðr-kenna, d, to confess, (mod.) viðr-kenning, f. = viðrkomning, Bs. i. 70, 304, Magn. 480: mod. a confession, acknowledgment. viðr-komning, f. compunction (= eccl. Lat. compunctio], Stj. 380, Bs. i. 116, 387, Hom. 9, MS. 165. 164. viðr-kvæmiliga, adv. becomingly, Stj. 25. viðr-kvæmiligr (-kæmilegr), adj. becoming, Barl. 57, Stj. 57, Fms. vi. 54, Sks. 3 new Ed., Th. 11, Js. 51, Fær. 113. viðr-lifnaðr, m. sustenance, Fms. i. 126, K.Á. 174. viðr-lit, n. a looking towards, facing; augu heita ok lit eða viðrlit (an etymologising form for an older form vlit?), Edda i. 538. viðrlita-mikill, adj. big to behold, dangerous, Fas. iii. 387: the mod., það er viðrlita-mikið (sounded viðr-hluta-mikið), it is running too great a risk, it is not safe to do. viðr-lífi, n. = viðrlifnaðr, Sks. 106 new Ed., B.K., freq. in mod. usage. viðr-lífi, n. maintenance, Sks. 499; til viðrlífis mönnum, Sturl. iii. 19: spelt viðlíti, Ver. 10 (= behaviour). viðr-líking, f. a comparison, imitation, Stj. 55. viðr-líkjask, t, to imitate, with dat., Stj. 7, 36. viðr-líkr, adj. = viðlíkr, similar, Bs. ii. 98, H.E. i. 520, Dipl. v. 10. viðr-lög, n. pl. a fine, penalty; eru slík viðrlög ef frá er brugðit, Grág. i. 223; of lög tíund eru sömu viðrlög, 380; konungr hafði viðrlög mikil ef vitar væri rangt upp bornir, Hkr. i. 147. viðr-mæli, n. a conversation, talking together, Nj. 89 (Lat. Ed.), Fb. i. 315; eptir viðrmæli þessi, Clem. 147. viðr-nám, n. resistance, Stj. 406, Al. 11; see viðnám. viðr-nefni, n. a surname, soubriquet, Finnb. 338, Fs. ii. 51. viðr-orð, n. rendering of Lat. ad-verbium, an adverb, Skálda. við-ræða, u, f. a speaking with, conversation; til fundar ok viðræðu við e-n, Sks. 284: a discourse, Nj. 194, Fms. xi. 4, Str. 10, 62, passim. viðr-stygð, f. an abomination. viðr-sýn and viðr-sýnd, f. = viðsjón, Sks. 9, 107 new Ed., Fms. vi. 134, Stj. 5. viðr-taka, u, f.; góðr viðrtakna, obliging, charitable, Bs. i. 654. viðr-tækiligr, adj. susceptible, Stj. viðr-vist, f. presence, Gþl. 495; blíðu ok góðar viðrvistir, affability, Fms. ix. 535. 2. sustenance, maintenance; öll önnur skepna var sköpuð manninum til viðrvistar, Sks. 536, K.Á. 174; Sverrir hafði eigi annat til viðrvistar liði sínu, Fms. viii. 159. v.l. viðrvistar-maðr, m. a person present, N.G.L. i. 310. viðr-væri, n. sustenance, = viðrvist; nægð mönnum til viðrværis, Stj. 89; viðrværis kostr, fare, Mar,, freq. in mod. usage: viðværi, Bs. 862; O.H.L. ch. 78. við-sjá, f. a shunning, being ware of; vóru viðsjár miklar ok varðhöld með flokkum, Sturl. i. 104; vóru þá dylgjur ok viðsjár með þeim, Eb. 214; gjalda viðsjá, to beware, be on one's guard, Fms. vii. 263; at hann styrki til viðsjó synda, Hom. 130; veita viðsjá við e-u. Fms. viii. 18, Stj. 410; var Lambkárr at viðsjá görr (shunned) um bréfa-görðir allar, Bs. i. 475; hann görði at viðsjám at finna hann, shunned him deliberately, 143. COMPDS: viðsjár-maðr, m. a person to be on one's guard against, to be shunned, Sturl. iii. 145, Lv. 49. viðsjár-verðr, adj. that which is to be shunned, guarded against, Nj. 156. við-sjáll, adj. cautious, wary, Grett. 198 new Ed.: = viðsjár-verðr, það er viðsjált, 'tis not safe. við-sjón and viðr-sjón, f. a warning, a thing to be shunned; öðrum til viðsjónar, H.E. i. 436; viðrsjónar, 418, D.N. ii. 108; hataðr ok hafðr at viðrsjón, hated and shunned, Barl. 60. við-skipti and viðr-skipti, n. pl. dealings, intercourse; íllr, hægr, góðr, ... viðskiptis, ill, easy, good, ... to deal with, Fms. vii. 193. xi. 8, 91, Band. 11. 2. plur. intercourse; þeirra viðskipti, Bs. i. 521; segir honum frá ferðum sínum ok viðskiptum þeirra Ásgríms, Nj. 221; urðn eigi löng vár viðskipti, Eg. 40; sáttir at öllum viðskiptum, Grág. ii. 179; at þú mundir eigi sigrask í okkrum viðrskiptum, Ó.H. 217; viðrskipti, Fms. viii. 136, 155. við-skot, n. pl. an elbowing, pushing against; in viðskota-íllr, elbowing, malignant; tyrrinn ok viðskota-íllr, Grett. 111 A. við-slag or viðr-slag, n. a 'gain-blow,' the parrying a blow, in fencing; nema hæfileg högg ok viðrslög, Sks. 84 new Ed. við-smjör, n. 'wood-smear,' oil; smyrva með viðsmjörvi, Niðrst. 1: smurðr helgu viðsmjöri, of extreme unction, Bs. i. 144; hann steypti þessu inu helga viðsmjörvi yfir höfuð honum, Stj. 443; eigi smurðir þú höfuð mitt viðsmjörvi, Greg. 47; viðsmjöri, 623. 13; grýtur fullar af viðsmjöri, Fms. vii. 232; viðsmjörs-horn, ker, ketill, a horn, box, casket of ointment, Stj. 460, 625, MS. 656 C. 40; viðsmjörs ljós, an oil-light, Stj. 306; viðsmjörs kvistr, an olive branch, Ver. 9. COMPDS: viðsmjörs-tré, n. an olive tree, Stj. 304, 399, 403, Rom. xi. 24, Rev. xi. 4. viðsmjörs-viðr, m. = viðsmjörstré, N.T., Rom. xi. 17. viðsmjörsviðar-fjall, n. the Mount of olives, Acts i. 12 (elsewhere called Olíufjall, Pass.) við-spellan, f. a conversation, 655 xxviii. 3. við-spyrna, u, f. a thing to rest the feet against. við-staða or viðr-staða, u, f. a withstanding, resistance; fékk hann enga viðstöðu, Eg. 34, 270, Fms. i. 28; þeir höfðu eigi viðstöðu ok flýðu, viii. 401; varð engi viðrstaða, Hkr. i. 67. viðstöðu-laust, n. adj. without a stop, instantly. við-standa, stóð, to withstand, Stj. 69. við-sæmandi, part. beseeming, Korm. 76. við-sæming, f. seemliness, decorum, Fms. i. 261; göra einn at viðsæmingar manni, to put up with, Orkn. 454. við-taka or viðr-taka, u, f. a reception, receipt, receiving; fé heimt at viðtökum eðr handsölum, Grág. i. 84; frændr skolu skipta viðtökunni með sér, ii. 181; synja viðrtöku, Gþl. 147; beiða sér viðtöku, Fms. i. 110; hann fékk þar enga viðtöku, he was rejected, vii. 207; veita konungi viðrtöku, Hkr. ii. 40; beiddi sér viðtöku af landsmönnum, 262, Orkn. 384; til varðveizlu ok viðtöku, Grág. i. 245; handsala faðerni at barni ok viðtöku, 361; biðja e-m viðtöku, Sks. 336, Ld. 232; þar verðr rúmfátt til viðrtöku, Al. 79; hann hlaut mikla tign ok viðrtöku, Fms. x. 417. 2. plur., esp. hospitality; vera góðr viðtakna, to be a good host, Ld. 268, Al. 79; þakka, fá góðar viðtökur, Fms. i. 20, vii. 247, Eg. 15, 75, 81, 172, Ld. 34, Nj. 4. 3. resistance; var þar lítil viðtaka, Orkn. 296; viðrtaka, 292, Fms. i. 60: varð þar all-hörð viðrtaka, 178; varð engin viðrtakan í bænum, viii. 333; líkligt at þar mundi vera v. er bæjarmenn væri. Eg. 241; hann hafði enga viðtöku. Fms. i. 258; hann sá engi sín efni til viðtöku móti Hákoni, 22, v.l. viðtöku-maðr, m. a receiver, Grág. i. 394; v. arfs, Jb. 153. við-takandi, part. a receiver, Grág. i. 245. við-tal, n. (viðr-talan, Fms. x. 392), a conversation, parley; viðtal konungs ok bónda, Fms. i. 32; eptir viðtal þeirra föður hans, Fas. i. 50: lauk svá þeirra viðtali, Fms. viii. 324; hón hafði heyrt viðrtal þeirra, Nj. 60. við-tekja, u, f. a reception, Hkr. i. 134, Fms. iii. 71. við-tekt, f. = viðtaka; hafa góðar viðtektir, Fbr. 73. við-útan, adv. [Engl. without], without, outside of, in a nickname. Fas. iii. við-varnan, f. abstinence from, Hom. 14. við-vik, n. a stirring; lítið viðvik, a small act. við-vindill, m. [Dan. vedbende], 'wood-windle' ivy, Edda (Gl.) ii. 483, Str. 66, Pr. 431.

VIÐVÆNINGR -- VILDR. 705

við-væningr, m. a tiro, beginner, viðvænings-legr, adj. bungling. viðvænings-skapr, m. a bungling. við-vörun and við-varan, f. a warning, Nj. 166, 254, Fas. i. 491. VIGG, n. [A.S. wicg; akin to vega = to carry; cp. Lat. vehic-ulum] :-- a horse, steed, Edda (Gl.); vigg at söðla, vagn at beita, Gkv. 2. 18: freq. in poët. phrases for a ship, sund-vigg, the horse of the sea, sea-steed; öldu vigg, unn-vigg, haf-vigg, sund-vigg, borð-vigg, hlunn-vigg, hlýr-vigg, súð-vigg, stafn-vigg, segl-vigg, = the wave-steed, ... sail-steed; veggjar vigg = a house, Lex. Poët.: as also in compds, vigg-baldr, -beitir, -finnandi, viggj-álfr, vigg-rennandi, -ríðandi, -runnr, -þollr, = a sailor, mariner, farer on the sea-steed, Lex. Poët. II. Vigg, an island in Norway: viggjar-skalli, a nickname, Fms. vii. viggi, a, m. a bull(?). Edda (Gl.) viggr, m. = vigg, a steed, Lex. Poët. vigilia, u, f. [Lat.], a vigil; vigiliu-dagr. Vm. 24. VIGR, f., pl. vigrar, [the short vowel and the radical r are against deriving vigr from víg] :-- a spear, Edda (Gl.); flugbeittra vigra, Hornklofi; vigrar rjóða, to redden the spears (vigrat Cod.), id.; vel hefir vigr of skepta, Kormak; vigrar seiðr, a spear-charm, spear-song, i.e. battle, Sturl. (in a verse); vigra dunur, dynr, él, = the din, song, shower of spears, Lex. Poët. passim. II. Vigr, a local name of an island (in shape like a spear's head) in north-western Icel.; í Vigr (acc.), Bs. i. 651; í eynni Vigr (dat.), 652: in the Orkneys, the mod. Veir; in the Orkn. S. Fb. ii. l. 9 from the bottom, einn 'ungr' read 'í Vigr' (i.e. Veir, the island where Kolbein Hrúga lived, after whom is named 'the Castle of Cuppi Row'). vik, n. a stirring, moving; handar-vik, a hand-waving; við-vik, at-vik, an accident. II. [cp. vík], the corners in the hair above the temples (vik-óttr); munn-vik, the corners of the month. VIKA, u, f., gen. pl. vikna, pl. vikur: [this can hardly be a genuine Teutonic word, but rather is adopted from Lat. vice, otherwise the k could not have remained unchanged; thus Lat. vicus is Icel. vé, Goth. weihs: Ulf. only uses the word in a single instance, viz. to translate GREEK by in wikon kunjis seinis in Luke i. 8, where the Latin text 'in vice sua' perhaps suggested the word to the translator; A.S. and Hel. wica; Engl. week; O.H.G. wecha; Germ. woche; Dan. uge; Swed. wecha; in Norse dialects vika, veka, vuku, uku, and in compds -oke, Jóns-oke, Ivar Aasen.] B. USAGES. -- A week, passim: used in a peculiar manner, as marking the remaining weeks of the summer; líðr á sumarit til átta vikna, viz. till eight weeks remained before winter, Nj. 93; var Rútr heima til sex vikna, 10; vá Böðvarr Kolbein Drottins-daginn at fjórum vikum, Ann. 1376. The ancient Scandinavians and Teutons in heathen times seem to have counted the year by pentads, called fimt, as has already been remarked s.v. fimt (p. 153), to which may be added the authority of the late Prof. Schlegel of Copenhagen in a notice of 1825, mentioned in Lex. Mythol. p. 753. The time when the Scandinavians changed their system is quite unknown; it would seem that in Icel. 'weeks' were already in use in the middle of the 10th century, could we but trust the record in Íb. ch. 4 as authentic in its details. II. spec. usages in the calendar; Helga vika, the Holy-week (i.e. after Whitsun), Thom. 22, Dipl. iii. 10, D.I. i. 594; Efsta-vika, the last week of Lent, i.e. Passion-week, Orkn. 386, D.I. i. 594; Páska-vika, Easter-week; Sælu-vika, Ember-week, passim, see Icel. Almanack; as also Auka-vika or Lagningar-vika, the additional week, intercalary week, = sumar-auki, see p. 604; fyrsta Sumar-vika, síðasta vika sumars, síðasta vika vetrar. COMPDS: viku-dagr, m. a week-day, Hom. (St.) viku-frestr, n. a week's notice, Grág. ii. 405, Fms. v. 50. viku-för, f. a week's journey, of distance, Symb. 15. viku-gamall, adj. a week old. viku-lagning, f. the addition of a week, of the sumarauki, Rb. 564. viku-munr, m. a week's difference, Grett. 150. viku-stafr, m. a week-letter, an almanack term, Rb. 510. viku-stef, n. a week's term, week's notice, Eg. 274. 394, Grág. ii. 349. viku-stefna, u, f. a week's summons. Eg. 274, 294, v.l. viku-þing, n. a meeting that lasts a week, Grág. i. 99. vikna-mót, n. a 'week's meet,' the ending of one week and beginning of another, Rb. 94. vikna-tal, n. a tale or number of weeks, Rb. 38, 48, 568. VIKA, u, f. [a word quite different from the preceding, akin to vik and vík, the root word being víkja, q.v.] :-- a sea mile, knot, answering to a mod. geographical mile, and equal to a 'röst' on land (see röst, p. 508): the term seems to have been derived from vík, a small bay, denoting the distance from ness to ness, and so referring to a time when ships coasted along-shore; the word is still in almost exclusive use in Icel. The following instances may suffice :-- the distance from Reykjanes to Flatey in western Icel. is counted as three viknr (frá Reykjanesi til Flateyjar, þat eru þrjár vikur sjófar, Bs. i. 461); from Drangey in the north to the nearest point on the mainland as one vika (frá Revkjum er skemst til eyjarinnar ok er þat vika sjóvar ... þat var vika sjáfar sem skemst var til lands ór eyjunni, Grett. 144, 148); eyjar þær sem Ólafs-eyjar heita, þær liggja út á firðinum hálfa aðra viku undan Reykjanesi, 125; heyrði yfir til Skarfstaða hálfa viku sjóvar (viz. from Ljárskógar), 129; for the respective distances see the map of Icel.: so in Norway, vatnið var hálfrar viku breitt, Fms. viii. 32; sigla þeir fyrir þat torleiði sex vikur sævar, Fb. i. 186: in the Faroes, þangat var skemst ok var þat þó löng vika sjóvar, Fær. 173 (viz. from the Great Dimon to Suðrey): in Greenland, hann lagðisk eptir geldingi gömlum út í Hvalsey, ok flutti á baki sér, þá er hann vildi fagna Eireki frænda sínum, en ekki var sæfært skip heima, þat er löng hálf vika, Landn. 107: great distances at the open sea are counted by 'tylpt,' 'dozens, sc. of knots,' leaving out the word 'vika,' þá mun siglt vera tylpt fyrir sunnan Ísland, Landn. 25: a writer of the 14th century calculates the voyage round Iceland direct from headland to headland at 'fourteen dozens,' -- fjórtan tylptir umbergis at sigla réttleiðis fyrir hvert nes, Bs. ii. 5. viki-vaki, a, m. [this word, which hardly occurs in old writers, seems in the 15th century to have been adopted] :-- a weekly wake, popular festival meetings and entertainments on Sunday evenings, with song and dance; förum vér til vikivaka | værðir þar og hvíld að taka, Eggert; songs and ballads sung at such weekly wakes were called either vikivaka-kvæði or forn-kvæði, q.v. vikna, að, [víkja], to give way, to bend; reksaumr viknar í straumi, Edda (in a verse): of ranks in battle, gékk Ljótr svá fast fram at þeir viknuðu fyrir Skotarnir, Orkn. 28; freistum ef þeir vikni fyrir, Fms. viii. 68; veitum þeim þaðan áhlaup sem harðast, vænti ek at þeir vikni við, 356; ætlaði hann at Glámr skyldi vikna við, to bend, give way in wrestling, Grett. 114 A (for kikna). 2. to be moved to tears, compassion, or the like, freq. in mod. usage; viknar hann við það, já, hún verðr dýrari, Jón Þorl. vik-óttr, adj. [vik], bald on the forehead above the temples, Ld. 272; rauðbleikr á hár ok v. snemma, Eb. 30. VIKR, f., gen. vikrar, pumice-stone, from a volcano; vikr svá mikil, Bs. i. 803; vikrin sást reka hrönnum fyrir Vestfjörðum at varla máttu skip ganga fyrir, Ann. 1362; vikra(r) kast, a fall of pumice, 1390; stála vikr, 'steel-pumice,' a whet-stone, Haustl. vikra, að, to rub with pumice. VIL, n. pl., root vili, dat. viljum, the bowels; þau vil er fúnat hafa af sællífis krásum, 677. 9; ok er hann sundraði griðunginn knýtti hann tvá knúta á viljunum, Róm. 187 (a loose version of 'pallida taetris viscera tincta notis,' Lucan. Phars. i. 619, which, may be, the translator misread as 'cincta nodis'); takið ór mér svangann ok langan, ... takið ór mér svilin og vilin, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. (in a ditty). vil, n. [vilja], self-will, wilfulness, self-indulgence; in vil ok dul, wilfulness and conceit. Sól. 34; fyrir dul ok vil, Gkv. 2. 38; vil er mest ok dul flestum, Hallfred; dul vættir ok vil at linna muni erfiði ok víl, Skálda (Thorodd), with a play on 'vil' and 'víl,' which are diametrically opposed. 2. in the phrase, í vil e-m, at one's will, to one's liking, favour; at þeir (the dreams) sé í vil ráðnir, Ld. 126; konungr trúir því er þessi skræfa segir í vil honum, Al. 30; and freq. so in mod. usage, göra e-ð mér í vil, það er honum í vil, in his favour; cp. vil-hallr, vil-gali, vil-mæltr, vil-gi. II. in pr. names, Vil-hjálmr, Vil-mundr, Vil-borg, Landn., Edda. vil, n. [Lat. velum], a veil, of nuns; taka vilit af höfði sér, Mar.; hún er sárliga hrygg, látið vilið, sem fyrr segir, id.; taka vil, to take the veil, K.Á. 214. vil-björg, f, a doubtful GREEK, help desired or help in need (víl-björg), Gm. vild, f. [vili], will, liking, good-will; með vild ok samþykki allra höfðingja, Fms. xi. 97; tók ríki af vild (villd) alls lands-fólksins Haraldr Guðinason, x. 372; með vild, favourably, as one wills; endask með vild, to end well, MS. 4. 10; eptir várri vild, after our will, Fms. vi. 261; í fyrstu gékk honum með vildum, at first all went to his will, x. 414. 2. a favour; fyrir vildar sakar við lýðinn, Fms. x. 381; ok görði honum mart í vild (villd), Ó.H. 249; með vild ok vináttu, Str. 14, D.N. ii. 12: goodness, good quality, skulu þeir skipta at jafnaði millum sín eptir bónda vild, bæði boðburð ok stafkarla-færslu, N.G.L. i. 138. COMPDS: vildar-fólk, n. the chosen people, Clar. vildar-klæði, n. pl. the best clothes, state-robes, Stj. 599. vildar-lið, n. the best men, chosen men, picked troops, Fms. vii. 169, ix. 353, 392. vildar-maðr, m. the best man, a trusted, distinguished man, Fms. x. 293; konungr ok mart vildarmanna, vi. 279; féll mart vildarmanna, ix. 408. vildar-mær, f. a favourite maid, maid of honour, Mag. 30. vildi-, n. = vild; only in COMPDS: vildis-gripr, m. a fine animal, of a steed; það er mesti v. vildis-lýðr, m. the best men; höfðingjar ok v., Fas. iii. 432. vildis-maðr, m. = vildarmaðr, Sturl. i. 20. vildr, adj., compar. vildri and vildari, 'willed,' i.e. chosen, choice, good; vildir menn = vildar menn. Dropl. 25; vildri hestar, Karl. 334; hinn vildasta vápnhest minn (cp. Dan. vælig), MS. 4. 6; vildra sverð, a finer sword, 30, Karl. 332; með hinum vildastum klæðum, Str. 12; skikkju muni vildri, a cloak a good deal better, Fms. vii. (in a verse); gangvera þeim sem þú hefir vildastan til ..., vildasta yfirhöfn, Sks. 286; vildastan miklu, the very best man, Sighvat; ef ekki eru vildari föng á, if there is no better choice, Fær. 207, Bs. i. 66; kauss hann þann af sem honum þótti vildastr, Fms. ii. 165; honum var ekki vildara af ván, he could

706 VILGALI -- VILLA.

expect nothing better, Eg. 364; kvaðsk þat gjarna vilja ef Grími væri þat nokkoro vildara, ... vildra ok öruggra, better and safer, Magn. 468. vil-gali, a, m. flattery (= fagr-gali), Hom. (St.) vilgi, adv. (see -gi), very; vilgis oft, very often; enda er úsýnt at vit finnimk svá vilgis opt at mitt sé vænna, Mork. 50; vilgi mjök, very much; hann langaði til engra dægra, hann kvíddi ok engu vilgi mjök, Bs. i. 393; ef þú ættir vilgi mikils vald, Hbl. 25; vilgi víðr, very wide, immense, Hd. II. negative, not at all; hann vissi þat vilgi görla, Skv. 3. 13; vilgi tryggr, untrue, false, of Loki, Þd. 1. vil-hallr, adj. partial, leaning to, favouring; hitt grunar mik at liðsmenn yðrir muni vilhallt sagt hafa, given a partial, unfair report, Fb. ii. 124; hón sagði nökkut vilhallt sem henni var beini veittr, Glúm. 354; liðsmenn segja opt vilhallt ok segja þat er þeir vildi at væri, Karl. 383. VILI, m. (sounded vilji), gen. vilja; [Ulf. wilja = GREEK; Dan. villje] :-- will, a wish, desire; sigr-sæll er góðr vili, Bs. i. 746; göra e-t vilja hendi, to do with willing hand, purposely, Jb. 363 A. 2. good-will, liking, favour; nema hennar vili væri til, Nj. 24; ef þat er þinn vili, id.; þeir menn er vaka í kirkju til Guðs vilja, Hom. 34; mót þínum vilja, 625. 68; fá sinn vilja, Skálda; nú hefi ek minn vilja beðit, Fsm.; vili minn enn væri, Am. 83; at ossum vilja, 30; góðr-vili and góð-vili, good-will. II. in old poets, delight, joy, desire; glaðr, með góðan vilja, ok úhryggr, Stor. 24; at vilja gefin, happily married, Skv. 3. 54; vaðin at vilja, joy-bereft, Skv. 3. 55, Hðm. 4; vaki hann at vilja, may he wake with joy, Gs. 5; vön vilja, Skv. 3. 9; en hón vaknaði vilja firð, joy-bereft, 24. 2. carnal lust; unna vísum vilja frá, Hm. 98; cp. göra, fremja vilja sinn við konu, Stj. 121, Karl. 472; hafa konu vilja, Þiðr. 247. COMPDS: vilja-klæði, n. = vildar-klæði, Vm. 117. vilja-lauss, adj. joyless, joy-bereft, Vkv. 11 (29?); mér viljalaussi, Gkv. 2. 9: árna viljalauss á vegum, Gg. 7. vilja-leysi, n. unwillingness, Gþl. 338. vili-sess, m. the mind's seat, the breast or heart(?), Sdm. VILJA :-- the FORMS of this verb, α. the 1st pers. pres. indic, was originally dissyllabic, like the pres. subj., both in Goth. and Icel.; the only form used in the Saga-times (10th century) being prob. vilja; vilja'k hljóð, Eyvind (Edda i. 248; the v.l. 'vilra' and 'vilka' shew that the scribes did not know the old form); eiga vilja heldr, Alm. 7 (but ek vil in the following verse); segðú mér þat ek vilja vita, Skm. 3; vilja ek sofna, Vkv. 31; né ek þik vilja níta, 37; ek vilja'k, Hým. 9; vilja ek þat líta, Am, 58: in prose, enn þó vilja ek heldr einn staf ríta, Skálda (Thorodd): in law formulas, at ek vilja skilja við félaga minn, = Gr. GREEK; þat villag, Fms. vi. 205, v.l.: the monosyll. form is later, vil'k eigi ek, I will not, Gkv. 2. 27; accordingly the 'ek vil' in Alm. 8 should be restored to 'allt þatz ek vilja'k vita,' as is required by the preceding verse; so also in Vsp. 1 the true reading may be 'vilja ek' valfoður (see foot-note 5 in Bugge, l.c.) β. 2nd pers. pres. is monosyll. vill and vilt; þú vill, Vþm. 11, Hbl. 55, Gkv. 2. 8, 33; vill þú, Ls. 28: the older vellums have vill, the later vilt, ef þú vilt, Hm. 130, Ísl. ii. 214 (thrice), Nj. 41, 77, and so in mod. usage (ek vil, þú vilt, hann vili). γ. 3rd pers. vill, Skv. 1. 4, Hm. 63. δ. pret. vilda; part. viljat; pret. infin. vildu, Nj. 259, Ld. 216, Mork. 168. ε. forms with suffix; with pers. pron., 2nd pers. vil-du [Chaucer willow], wilt thou, Post. 134, 135, 231; but in mod. usage, viltu, and so Fb. i. 222, l. 36: with neg. suff., vilka ek, Am. 13; vilkat ek, I will not, Skv. i. 26; þú vill-at, thou willest not, Hm. 114; vildigak, I would not, Gkv. 2. 40; er ek vildigak, Helr. 13 (all the references to Bugge's edition). [Ulf. wiljan = GREEK; A.S. willan; Engl. will; Dan. ville; Swed. vilja; Lat. velle; Gr. GREEK.] B. USAGES. -- To will, wish: I. with infin., sá maðr hefir viljat villa leitina fyrir oss, Fms. i. 72; Guðrún kvaðsk vildu (pret. infin.) vita hvat þeir vildu at hafask, Ld. 216; hverjum vilt þú heldr gipta dóttur þína ... ef þú vilt eigi ... hverju þú vilt svara, Ísl. ii. 214; spurði ef hann vildi ríða, Gunnlaugr kvaðsk þat vilja, ... hví býðr þú mýr eigi þat er ek vil þiggja, 212, 213; Austmaðr kvezk vildu (said he would) fyrir hafa land, Nj. 259; hann létzk eigi þat vildu, Mork. 168; nú vil ek spyrja yðr, Nj. 35; hví vildo ljúga, Clem. 134; enda vildu trúa þá mundu miskunn fá, 135; hér vil ek bjóða fyrir góð boð, Nj. 77; sumir vilja skilja, 673. 51; Þorgeirr játaði því sem Kári vildi beitt hafa, Nj. 257. β. denoting futurity; maðr er andask vill, a person about to die, Hom. 155 (in a Norse vellum); in mod. Danish this usage has prevailed, but is hardly known in the old language, for in Icel. vilja always implies a notion of volition; hvárn þú vill (vilt, v.l.) hafa valit, Post. (Unger) 20. 2. with subj., þat vilda ek bróðir, at þú, Nj. 2; vildir þú at ek stæða upp, ... þá vildi (= vilda) ek, Fms. vi. 205; viltu at ek fara til eyjanna, Fb. i. 222. 3. with acc., vita skyldir þú hvat þú vildir, Ísl. ii. 214; eigi vil ek þessa, 215; þú vilt eigi þessa kosti, Nj. 77; hvat vilt þú hánum, what do you want him for? 41; hvað viltú mér? vilja hverjum manni gott, to will (wish) good to everybody, Fms. i. 21. 4. ellipt. an infin. being left out or understood; vildi Aðalráðr hann ekki þar, A. wished him not [to be] there, Fms. xi. 419; ek vilda ekki vistir hans hér í landi, Eg. 523; hón vildi hann feigan, wished him dead, Nj. 269; ok skýra þat hvat hverr þeirra vill lög um þat mál, what he thinks to be the law, Grág. (Kb.) i. 214; ek vil á fund Ólvis, I wish to go, Nj. 41; ef hann vildi upp ór gröfinni, Eg. 234; hvárt sem heldr vildi (viz. göra), Nj. 251; vildi alþýðan hann til konungs, Fms. ix. 8; út vilja vegar þínir til Íslands, Fb. i. 222. 5. impers., var siglt inn eptir firðinum svá sem vera vildi, as it would be, at random, Fms. ix. 22; sjaldan fór svá þá er vel vildi, seldom went it thus when the luck was fair, x. 408, Ld. 290 (of a bad omen); svá kann ok stundum at verða ef eigi vill vel, when matters go wrong, Sks. 323. 6. vilja e-m, to favour one; þat er ván at þér mundi sæmðin vilja, Karl. 230. 7. with prepp., vilja til, to happen; ef þat á til at vilja, Fas. i. 11. II. reflex., viljask e-t, to with for, Fr. 2. to bear good will to one;(þeir) viljask eigi við oss, they bear no good will towards us, Fas. ii. 337 (but rare). 3. part. viljandi, willing; göra e-t viljandi, Greg. 41, and passim. 4. past pret. neut. vilt, q.v. viljaðr, adj. (prop. a part.), willing, inclined; nú væra ek á þat viljaðr, at ..., I should like to ..., Sturl. i. 6l, 67; (á-viljaðr), Fb. i. 63; skal ek eigi verr v. (less eager, less ready), en hann, Fms. vii. 275; at allir mundi vel til viljaðir at styrkja hans ríki, viii. 104; engi skal vera v. betr enn ek (more eager than I) at vera úþarfr þeim búöndum, Ó.H. 209; augu jafnt viljuð til allrar umsjá, 655 xiii. A. 2. 2. intentioned, disposed; at drottning mundi miklu verr viljuð, Eg. 339; vera e-m vel viljaðr, well disposed, Ísl. ii. 325; yðr vel viljuð í því er ek mætta, Boll. 356; vitrastir ok bazt viljaðir, Sks. 640 B; mann yðr vel viljaðan, Lv. 7; ok mér bezt viljaða, Fms. vi. 5: e-m er (lítt) viljað til e-s, to like, like not, Stj. 169; svara því sem vér vitum at honum er vel viljat, to answer what we know to be most to his liking, 137; játta því nökkuru er þeim væri eigi vel viljað, not to their liking, Fms. ix. 445; þér eruð allir viljaðir til líkamans en eigi til sálarinnar, Barl. 5: in mod. usage obsolete except in the phrase vel viljaðr, well-wishing. vilja-ligr, adj. willing, N.G.L. ii. 365. viljan, f. = vild, Skáld H. i. 20, 37. viljandi, part. willing; göra e-t v.: = viljugr. viljanliga, adv. willingly, Fms. xi. 442, Skálda 208. viljanligr, adj. willing, Fms. ii. 33, K.Á. 74, Skálda 208. viljari, compar. viljastr, = vildari, vildastr, Sks. 286 B, Barl. 98; viljastr = vildastr, Barl. 12, 121, 126, 174; tvá menn þá sem viljastir eru (the two best men) á þeim fundi, N.G.L. i. 383. viljugr, adj. willing, ready, Sks. 348; v. til e-s, Fms. v. 144: to one's liking, honum var viljaðra en nokkurum öðrum gott at göra, Karl. 543; var mér ok viljugt at heyra ekki bréfit, Bs. i. 861; hvárt sem henni væri þat viljugt eða miðr, Fas. i. 17; þann veg sem honum væri viljugastr, Bs. i. 910. vilkit, adj. n. [this word is a GREEK, formed from vilgi, by turning the indecl. gi into a regular adjective form, analogous to what has taken place in einginn or öngr from einn-gi, margr or manngr from mann-gi] :-- not wished for, dismal; þótt vilkit sé, though it is dismal news, Skv. 1. 26. vil-kviðr, adj. speaking good of, singing one's praise, Ad. 1. VILLA, u, f. a going astray, losing the way: metaph. error, falsehood, villa ok fáfræði, Sks. 613 B; lögvilla (q.v.), hann snöri því í villu er hón hafði mælt, Nj. 161; Þorleifr spaki er með viti lagði þá villu, Fms. x. 379: eccl. false doctrine, heresy, Rb. 338; Djöfuls villa, 655. 56; villa Arii, the Arian heresy, Ann. 2. villu-andi, Stj. 240; villu-kenning, a false doctrine; villu-átrúnaðr, false belief, unbelief, 103; villu-efni, Fb. i. 409; villu-bönd skurðgoða, Fms. ii. 96; villu-boðorð, fortala, Anecd. 32, 70; villu-glapstigr, Stj. 49; villu-hellir, Barl. 154; villu-myrkr, Post.; villu-ráð, Anecd. 28; villu-draumr, a false dream, Barl. 108; villu-nótt, a night of error, Hom. 41; villu-þoka, Gþl. 45; villu-biskup, villu-páfi, a false bishop, a false pope, Fms. viii. 369, Ann. 415. 19; villu-prestr, a false priest, Anecd. 12; villu-spámaðr, a false prophet, Stj. 593. COMPDS: villu-dýr = villidýr, N.G.L. i. 317. villu-karl, m. = villumaðr, Barl. 102. villu-lauss, adj. free from error, orthodox, Barl. 99. villu-maðr, m., eccl. a heretic, Barl. 149, Stj. 21, Clem. 52; Maumets villumenn, Orkn. 364, N.T., Vídal. passim. villu-ráfandi, part. roving astray; v. sauðr. villu-samligr, adj. false, Anecd. 30, Sks. 528. villu-samr, adj. erroneous, false, Barl. 157. villu-stigr, m. a false path, Barl. 145, Anecd., Stj. 637, v.l. villu-trú, f. unbelief, Barl. 103. villu-vegr, m. a way of error, Fb. i. 117. villu-víg, n. an intended murder; e.g. vega mann til arfs, Gþl. 252. villa, t, to bewilder; ok er svá villt fyrir mér (there is such bewilderment before me) at ek veit eigi frá mér, Háv. 56. 2. to falsify, forge, counterfeit, as a law term; um fé þat er hann hafði markat, ok villt á heimildir, Lv. 48; hinn skal segja heimili sitt, en ef hann villir heimili sitt, N.G.L. i. 223; er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnburð þenna, Ó.H. 140; sá maðr hefir viljat villa leitina fyrir oss (cp. Dan. 'bringe en paa vildspor'), Fms. i. 72; hvárt sem þeir villa (give a false account of) faðerni eðr móðerni eða bæði, Grág. i. 357; ef hann leynir fé eðr villir heimildir, gives a false title, Jb. 336; hvar þess er aðrir taka arf enn erfingi réttr fyrir því at kyn var villt, Grág. i. 191; villir hann vísdóm allan, to belie, Fms. vii. (in a verse); draumar villa oss, ef ..., do our dreams belie us,

VILLATTA -- VINDHALS. 707

if ..., Gísl. (in a verse); villtar rúnir, falsified. Am. 9; rísta villt, to write falsely, mis-write, 12; allr lands-lýðr syrgði hann villtan, Hkr. i. 102 (Fms. x. 379). II. reflex. to go astray, miss the way; kenndi þá hvárr öðrum þat er þeir höfðu villzk, Bs. i. 288; hafði hann villzk ok snúisk frá guði, Fb. ii. 392; nú villask þeir þaðan á braut, Grág. ii. 312; þá er frá honum villtisk, 192: with gen., nú villtusk þeir vegar, lost the road, Fms. ii. 77; villisk er nú vegarins, Valla L. 217; villtusk hundarnir farsins, the hounds lost the track, Hom. 120. 2. metaph., þat verðr mörgum manni, at um myrkvan staf villisk, Eg. (in a verse); ef þeim villask váttar, Grág. ii. 209; villtusk allir spådómar, Rb. 381; ok er svá villt fyrir mér (I am so bewildered) at ek veit eigi frá mér, Háv. 56; þeim öllum villtisk sýn, at engi þeirra mátti finna hann, Fb. ii. 385; villtisk hann mér ok mátti ek eigi finna hann, Karl. 309; hón villtisk öll frá mér (she forsook me quite) ok lagði hón íllt fyrir sik, Clem. 137. villátta, u, f. = villiátt, a false direction, bewilderment; ef maðr gengr á villáttur á mörk ..., ganga á mörk ok villáttu, N.G.L. i. 393, 400. villi-, in COMPDS: villi-átt, f. a false direction, Sks. 1, 4, v.l. villi-bráð, f. [mid. H.G. wilt-prât; Germ. wild-pret, -braten] :-- venison, Stj. 80, 160, Fas. iii. 274; in western Icel. a kind of minced-meat is called villibráð (= kæfa, q.v.) villi-dýr, n. a wild beast, Sks. 50, Stj. 18, Barl. 81. villi-eldr, m. wild-fire, Edda 34. villi-fygli, n. a wild fowl, Karl. 472. villi-færr, adj. bewildering, difficult to find the way: þeim var villifært til bæjarins, Bjarn. 53. villi-gata, u, f. a wild path. villi-graðungr, m. a wild ox, Art. 78. villi-göltr, m. a wild boar, Stj. 80, Karl. 472. villi-ráða, adj. bewildered, confused, Róm. 226, Eg. 389. villi-sauðr, m. a wild sheep, Karl. 246. villi-skógr, m. a wild forest, Karl. 71. villi-ský, n. a bewildering cloud, Hom. 47. villi-stigr, m. a wild path, Barl. 50, Stj. 637, Sks. 1, 616, Fms. viii. 48, v.l. villi-svin, n. a wild boar, Fms. x. 88, Karl. 10. VILLR, adj. [Ulf. wilþeis = GREEK; A.S., Engl., and Germ. wild; O.H.G. wildi; Dan.-Swed. vild] :-- wild; hverfa af villum götum, from wild (false) paths, Sks. 4. 2. bewildered, erring, astray; þeir urðu villir á hvára hönd þeim sjór skyldi liggja, Landn. 215 (Hb.); þá ferr þú eigi villr, 625. 75; bera e-t villt upp, to report it wrong, Trist.; dag-villr, N.G.L. i. 400; villr á mörkum, Fms. iii. 56. 3. with gen., þá varð ek villr vega, Hm. 46; villr ertú vegarins, Fas. iii. (in a verse); en þeir villir fari sinna heimhama, Hm. 156; fara daga villt, to confuse the days, to take e.g. Thursday for Friday; also verða daga-viltr; so also átta viltr, confused as to the 'airts' or quarters of heaven, e.g. whether south or east. 4. neut., fara villt, to go astray, Fb. i. 131. vil-mál, n. = vilmæli, Skv. 3. 12. vil-mæli, n. a kind word, word of good will; bréf með vilmælum ok gjöfum, Stj. 676; hafa vilmæli við e-n, Háv. 50; nú var svá komit at Steinn heimti þessi vilmæli af Ragnildi, Ó.H. 114: völu vilmæli, Hm. 86. vil-mæltr, part.; vera e-m v., speaking well of a person, Róm. 298. vilnaðr, m. a joy, comfort; þat eina var veslum til vilnaðar, Al. 57. vilnan or vilnun, f. = vilnaðr; styrkrleik vilnunar, ... heilsu fyrir vilnun, Greg. 46; iðrask með vilnan, to repent with hope, Hom. 78; vera í góðri vilnun, in good cheer, Sks. 168 B; vænta sér engrar vilnunar, Al. 109: in mod. usage, favour; ör-vilnan, despair. vilnask, að, to hope for a thing, deem so and so of it, with gen.; vilnumk ek þess nú, at ..., would that, Vkv. 29; þó vilnumk ek hins, at ..., Fbr. 213; vilnaðisk hann jafnan Guðs miskunnar, en tortryggði aldri, Fms. v. 152; mun ek þess vilnask at hamingja mun fylgja, Fs. 23; vilnumk ek ok gleðjumk ek af Dróttins várs gæzku, 655 xxxiii. 3. 2. act. in mod. usage, to favour, make concession to one; vilna e-m til or vilna e-m í, to remit, a debt or duty. II. er honum mikit í því vilnað, it will do him good, 'tis a favour to him, Clem. 57; þau ein kaup höfðu þeir við áttzk, at þeim var eigi vilnað í, Ölk. ch. 1; ör-vilnask, to despair. vilpa, u, f. a cesspool, a word freq. in mod. usage, but not recorded in old writers. vil-reitni, f. = vilnaðr, Hom. (St.) vilt, n., part. from vilja, wished, desired; era sá vinr öðrum er vilt eitt segir, he is no friend who only speaks as one wills, Hm. vil-yrði, n. a favourable word, promise. vilza, u, f. matter out of a sore; vogr ok vilsa. vim or vím, n. giddiness, a swimming in the head, wavering, as if out of one's senses. vimarr, m. one who waves or brandishes (Lat. vibrator), Kormak. vimpill, m. [Old Engl. wimple], a 'wimple,' a kind of hood, veil, Edda ii. 494. vimul, f. = vimarr; in geir-vimul, name of a Valkyrja, Gm., Edda. Vimur, f., gen. Vimrar, [cp. Germ. wimmern], the name of a myth. river, Edda 60, Lex. Poët. VIN, f., gen. vinjar; [Ulf. winja = GREEK, John x. 9; A.S. wine = a pasture; O.H.G. wini; see Grimm's Gramm. ii. 55, 56] :-- a meadow; nú görir hann sér hús ok hagi (perh. haga) ok vini (a house, a pasture, and a 'vin') þá skal biskup eigi taka hann ór setu sinni, N.G.L. i. 9: this ancient word also remains as appellative in vinjar-spann and vinjar-toddi, the technical name for an old Norse tax payable by every household, Ó.H. (see spann and toddi). II. freq. in Norse local names, Björg-vin, Sand-vin, Leik-vin, Horn-vin, Hellu-vin, Enda-vin, Skerf-vin, Töð-vin, Skað-vin, Dal-vin, Döl-vin, Vað-vin or Vöð-vin: usually altered into -yn, Björg-yn (-ynjar), Þópt-yn, Bambl-yn, Töð-yn: or -in, Leir-in, Ullar-in: or -ini, Vöð-ini, Döl-ini, Sköð-ini, Bónd-ini: lastly into -en, Berg-en: so also Skand-in qs. Skand-vin, cp. Scandinavia qs. Scand-in-avia. In Icel. these names are unknown, -- shewing that as early as the time of settlement the word had fallen into disuse as an appellative, see Munch's Norg. Beskr. (pref. xii, xiii). vin, m. = vinr, q.v. vina, u, f. a female friend, Lat. amica; vinur ok kunn-konur, Greg. 33; trygg vina, Al. 92, Art. vinast, að, recipr. to fondle one another, i.e. to pair (sexually, Dan. parres), esp. of birds; fuglar vinast með sætum söng sízt verða þessum dægrin löng, Bb. 1. 18; mátti svo vinast hvort eitt par, 2. 29 (of fishes). vinátta, u, f. friendship, Nj. 81, Eg. 96, 170, Hrafn. 23, Stj. 171, Ó.H. 126; forn vinátta, Eb. 32, passim in old and mod. usage: vináttu boð, a friendly offer, Hkr. ii. 207; vináttu kærleikr, affection, Stj. 38; vinúttu bragð, a friendly turn, Nj. 228; vináttu góðvili, Stj.; vináttu heit, a promise of friendship, Fms. vii. 18; vináttu kveðja, a greeting of friendship, Sturl. ii. 108; vináttu mark, -merki, a token of friendship, Ó.H. 125, Fms. iv. 280; vináttu-mál, a message, intercourse of friendship, Nj. 18, Fms. i. 53, xi. 229, 249. vináttu-liga, adv. a friendly manner, Dipl. ii. 11. vináttu-samliga, adv. in friendly wise, Dipl. i. 3. vináttu-samligr, adj. friendly, amicable, H.E. i. 388, Bs. i. 712. vin-beina, n. = viðbeina, Bs. i. 367. VINDA, pres. vind, (vin'g = vind ek, Grett. in a verse, ving ek háls af kjúklingum); pret. vatt (Dan. vandt), vazt, vatt, pl. undu (vundu); subj. yndi; part. undinn: reflex., pres. vizt, and pret. vazt, see below: [Goth., A.S., and Hel. windan; Engl. wind; Germ. winden; Dan. vinde] :-- to wring, twist, Fas. ii. 525; vinda klæði, to wring (wet) clothes, Ld. 46; en er hann kom í eyna vatt hann klæði sín, Eg. 219; vóru allir vátir, settusk þeir niðr við eldinn ok tóku at vinda sik, Eb. 274; hann vatt þar ór skál fulla vatns, Stj. 392; hann tók til fjötursins ok vatt hann í sundr, Fms. xi. 289; hann vatt ljáinn í sundr milli handa sér, Fb. i. 522. 2. to wind; ok undu svá tréit allt at rótinni, Fms. v. 286; vinda vef, to wind the woof; vindum vef Darraðar, Darr.; vinda segl, to hoist sail; undu þeir segl sín, Orkn. 356, Fms. ii. 176; vindit þá upp akkeri yður, to wind up the anchor, weigh it, Fb. iii. 384; vindum af ræfrit af skálanum, Nj. 3. to twist; þær ór sandi síma undu, Hbl.; salr undinn orma hryggjum, Vsp.; Ulfarr vatt við skegginu, U. twisted his beard (Germ. 'sich den bart streichen'), of a person being flattered, Eb. 164; höfði vatt þá Gunnarr ok Högna til sagði, G. turned his head round and spoke to H., Akv. 6. 4. to put, thrust; Eyvindr vatt þá miklu horni í hönd Sveini, E. thrust a big horn (cup) into Sweyn's hand, Orkn. 248; hón vatt upp skriðljósi, hoisted up a lantern, Nj. 153; vili sá er ymsu vindr fram, that puts forth various things, 677. 8; greip á stafni, vatt með austri upp lög-fáki, he launched the boat with the water in her, Hým. 27. 5. to throw, hurl; svipti hón blæju af Sigurði, ok vatt (á) vengi, fyrir vífs knjám, and flung it on the ground, Gkv. 1; svá segja menn at Friðþjófr hafi undit elda-skíðu í næfrarnar, F. hurled a burning brand on the roof, Fas. ii. 87. II. reflex. to turn oneself, vindask við; þá undusk hestar af götu (they strayed from the road) ok vöfðusk í taumum, Mart. 131; vizk eigi þat (vinnz, v.l.), that will not go amiss, will not fail to pass, Ó.H. 208 (in a verse, cp. Fms. v. 6l, v.l. 4); nú mun ok endr undit þessari frásögn, to turn back in the narrative, Orkn. 202. 2. to make a quick movement, turn quickly; en er Helgi sá þat, þá vizt hann undan þeim, Fms. viii. 75, v.l.; Jökull vazk (vazt) við hart ok féll skíða-hlaðinn, Fs. 42; ok nú vizt (i.e. vizk) hann við hart, svá at spjótið gékk af skaptinu, Fas. i. 239; í því kemr Þorgerðr inn, ok vizt Helgi við fast ok fellr ofan af þilinu, Gísl. 47; ok er minnst er vánin vizt Gísli við ok hleypr upp á hamar, 70. 3. part. undinn, wound, twisted; undinna festa, twisted moorings, Edda (in a verse); ljós-undinna landa linns, the bright-twisted serpent-land, i.e. gold (A.S. wunden gold). vinda, u, f. a hank of yarn; vindur er hafa skal í vef, Fbr. 58. vindandi, f. [vend], a gramm. term, implying the use of the old letter 'vend' in spelling v-rungu, v-rangr, v-reiðr, see introduction to letter R; sem þá at v sé af tekit fþessu nafni 'vrungu,' því at Þýðerskir menn ok Danskir hafa v fyrir r í þessu nafni ok mörgum öðrum ok þat hyggjum vér fornt mál vera, en nú er þat kallat vindandin (vindandi in) forna í skáld-skap, því at þat er nú ekki haft í Norrænu-máli, Skálda 189 (in the treatise of Olave Hvíta-skáld). vinda-spíka, u, f. = vindáss, Fas. iii. 232, v.l. vind-auga, n. [from vindr, m.; A.S. wind-eâge; Engl. window; Dan. vind-ue] :-- 'wind's-eye,' a window, Grág. ii. 286, Sturl. i. 155. vind-áss, m. [Chaucer windas], a winding-pole, windlass, N.G.L. i. 335, Ó.H. 28, Nj. 115, Fas. iii. 232. vind-háls, m. the 'winding-neck,' the twisted ornamental work at a ship's prow and stern, Björn.

708 VINDI -- VINNA.

-vindi, n. a wind; in compds, blíð-vindi, þýð-vindi. vindill or vindull, m. a wisp. vindingr, m. windings, = spjörr, strips wound round the legs, instead of hose, Art. 4. Vindir and Vindr, m. pl. the Wends; Vinda-höfðingi, -herr, -skip, -snekkja, Fms. ii. 299, 308, v. 134, xi. 375. COMPDS: Vind-land, n. /be land of the Wends. Vind-lenzkr, adj. Wendish, Fms., passim; for Vindlendingr, Grett. 90, read Vínlendingr. Vind-verska, n, f. the Wendish language, Fms. vii. 192. Vind-verskr, adj. Wendish, Fms. i. 290. vindla, að, (sec vindill), to wind up; þú sitr yfir ull-laupi konu þinnar ok vindlar ull, er hón kembir, Bret. (1849) ch. 13, v.l. vindli, n. = vindill; stundum fauk hann sem vindli, Mork. 41. vindligr, adj. windy, Sks. 605 15; veðr var vindligt, Fms. ix. 353, v.l. VINDR, m. [Ulf. winds = GREEK; A.S., Engl., and Germ. wind; O.H.G. wint; Lat. ventus] :-- the wind, passim: the air, fram í loptið í vindinn, into the air, Fms. vi. 313; sem hann væði vind, 419; kasta e-u út í vind, Mar.; verpa orðum í vind, id.; láta e-t sem vind um eyrun þjóta (see eyra): allit., veðr ok vind, kvíða fyrir vind ok vatn, Fms. viii. 234; í vindi skal við höggva, Hm.; þokur miklar en vinda litla, Ld. 74; vindr hafði hlaupit milli, Bs. i. 336; blés mikinn vind á ljósit en þat sloknaði, Bárð. 180; gékk vindr ór filnum, Al. 144; austan-v., vestan-v., sunnan-v., norðan-v. (but út-synningr, land-nyrðingr, etc., of the 'middle-airts'). B. COMPDS: vind-auga, n., q.v. vind-belgr, m. wind-bellows, bellows, Edda. vind-blaka, u, f. a wind-flaw, a breeze, Sks. 234, Grett. 153 A. vind-blástr, m. a wind-blast, Barl. 133. vind-blær, m. a gentle air, Stj. 16, 78. vind-bylr and vinds-bylr, m. a gust of wind, Stj. 608, Th. 23. vind-egg, n. a wind-egg. vind-frosinn, part. wind-frozen, Sks. 230. vind-fullr, adj. windy, Fas. iii. 636: so also vinds-fullr, adj., Fas. ii. 150. vind-gangr, m., medic. flatulence. vind-gluggr, m. a window, of an opening in the clouds, Bárð. 170. vinds-gnýr, m. a squall of wind, Ld. 326. vind-gul or vind-gol, n. an air, wind, breeze, Fms. viii. 382. vind-heimr, m. 'wind-home,' Vsp.: a local name, Grett. vind-hjálmr, m. 'wind-helmet,' i.e. the sky; vindhjalms-brú, the 'wind-helm-bridge,' i.e. the rainbow, Hkv. 2. 47. vind-kaldr, adj. wind-cold, Hðm. 18. vind-ker, n. the 'wind-basin,' the vault of heaven. Ad. vind-lauss, adj. windless, calm, smooth, Ýt., Fms. vi. 262, vii. 68, Bs. ii. 224. Vind-lér (i.e. Vind-hler), m. the 'wind-listener,' i.e. the god Heimdal, Edda. vind-lítill, adj. calm, light of wind; veðr vindlítið, Eg. 370, Ld. 56, Fms. 353. Vind-lóni, a, m., myth. the Father of the Winter. vind-rúm, n. a passage of wind, Stj. 91. vind-stæði, n. the direction of the wind, Fas. i. 14, v.l. vind-svalr, adj. = vindkaldr, Fas. i. 78; the myth. name of the Father of Winter, Edda. vind-þrotinn, part. short of wind, Sks. 629 B. vind-þrútinn, part. 'wind-swoln' Sks. 230. vind-þurr, adj. 'wind-dry,' of wood, Vkv. 9. vind-æð, f. a 'wind-vein,' Al. 22: prop. an artery, according to vulgar belief that the arteries were ducts of air, and the veins of blood. See Liddell and Scott's Lex. s.v. GREEK. vind-öld, f. 'wind-age,' time of tempests, Vsp. vindr, m. a winding; austan við bergit er vindr upp út ganga, Symb. 56; hann hyggr at um steina nokkura þá er svá lágu sem vindr er görr, Róm. 309. vindr, adj., vind, neut. vint, [vinda, vatt], awry; telgja vint né skakkt, Krók. 42 C; or Jonathe flaug aldri vint né skeift, Stj. 495. vind-skeið, f. [from vindr, adj., or vindr, m.(?)], the 'wind-sheath,' barge-rafter, the edge-boards at a gable end, prob. so called from being twisted in the shape of dragons twisting their tails at the top, while their heads are at the eaves, N.G.L. i. 101, Fs. 62, Eg. 749. vind-skeiða, að, to furnish with vindskeiðar, D.N. i. 477. vindugr, adj. windy; vindga, contr., Hm. 139. vin-fastr, adj. steady as a friend, Nj. 30, Fs. 23. vin-fengi, n. friendship, Nj. 38, Ld. 246, Bs. i. 76, 657, passim. vin-festi, f. steadfastness in friendship, Bs. i. 80. vin-flaki, a, m. a rendering of Lat. vinea, Róm. 292, 309. vingan (vingun), f. friendliness, friendship (but less emphatic than vinátta), Karl. 17, Fms. v. 135, xi. 55, Fs. 15, 24, 144, Bær. 7: favour, hafa Guðs vingan, Grág. ii. 167; alþýðu vingan, popularity, Fms. i. 31; koma sínu máli í betri vingan við e-n, v. 136; vinganar-heit, -mál, -orð, -svipr, friendly assertions, words, looks, Bjarn. 51, Ld. 344, Fas. ii. 249, Fms. vi. 279. vingask, að, dep. to make friends; in vingask við e-n, to enter into friendship, friendly intercourse or relation with a person, Eg. 42, 175, Fms. viii. 214, x. 298; vingask til e-s, viii. 108. II. part. vingaðr, in friendly relations; vel vingaðr veð lenda menn, Hkr. ii. 48: well-liked, var hann svá vingaðr af mörgum manni, at ..., Fms. xi. 277; hann átti ok vel vingat við höfðingja innan-lands, vi. 397: friendly, well-disposed, iv. 87. vin-gáfa, u, f. = vingjöf, D.N. vin-gjarnliga, adv. friendly, kindly, Ld. 38, Fms. xi. 244. vin-gjarnligr, adj. friendly, kind, Fms. vii. 62, Sturl. ii. 8, Barl. 59. vin-gjöf, f. a friendly gift. Eg. 52, 278, Clem. 133: sendi hann konungi vingjafir, Fms. i. 53; gefa á maðr vingjafar at sér lifanda, Grág. i. 202; vingjafar þágu þér, enda veitið ér svá, 656 C. 12 (Matt. x. 8), and passim; cp. Hm. 40, and the old custom of exchanging gifts. vingl, n. disturbance, vacancy of mind. vingla, að, [vingull], to confound, disturb; vinglaðr, confused, out of one's mind. Vingnir, m. a mythic. pr. name, Edda, Örvar Odds S. vin-góðr, adj. = vingaðr; lét Hánef vera vingóðan mann (a popular man), Rd. 239. 2. neut. vingott in phrases as, með þeim var vingott, they were good friends, Eg. 514, Rd. 289, Nj. 135; eiga vingott við e-n, to be good friends with a person, Fms. ix. 219. Vin-gólf, n. [vin, f., or vinr, m.], the 'mansion of bliss,' a kind of Elysium or 'Sans-souci' of the Northern mythology; Óðinn ... hans óska-synir eru allir þeir er í val falla, þeim skipar hann Valhöll ok Vingólf, ok heita þeir þá Einherjar, Edda 13; Gimli eða Vingólf, þat var hörgr er gyðjurnar áttu ok var hann allfagr, þat hús kalla menu Vingólf, 9. vin-gretta, u, f. a law term, wrangling, contemptuously so called when (e.g.) two persons pull one another by the hair, but use no weapons, N.G.L. i. 70. vingsa, að, to swing round, with dat.; vingsa stafnum kringum sig. vingull, m. an oaf, simpleton, freq. in mod. usage; þú ert mesti vingull! and vinguls-ligr, adj. oafish. 2. a horse's pizzle, Fb. ii. 332. 3. botan. fesuca, Hjalt. Vingul-mörk, f. name of a county in Norway (referring to phallus worship?), Fms. vin-gæðask, d, = vingask, N.G.L. i. 137 (prob. only an error). vin-gæði, n. kindness, amiability, Róm. 175: friendship, Landn. 215, v.l. vin-hallr, adj. biassed, partial in one's friendship; eigi var hann v. í dómum, be was no respecter of persons in his judgment, Orkn. 160; vinhallr undir höfðingja, Bs. i. 142; at erki-biskup hafi nökkut v. verit í málinu, Fms. viii. 100, ix. 331, v.l. 2. = vinhollr, an affectionate friend, Þorst. Síðu H. 171: prob. only an error (hallr for hollr). vin-hollr, adj. [Dan. venne-huld], true, steadfast as a friend, affectionate as a friend, Orkn. 460, Fms. vii. 103, passim. 2. = vinhallr, Fms. ix. 331 (if not an error, as is vice versa the Þorst. Síðu H. 171). vinjar, gen., in vinjar-toddi, vinjar-spann; see vin, f. vin-kaup, n. the acquisition of a friend; honum þótti í þér mest vinkaup vera, Fms. v. 188. vin-kona, u, f. a female friend, Stj. 230, Ísl. ii. 260, 369. vin-lauss, adj. friendless, Rd. 308, Fsm. vin-leysi, n. friendlessness, lack of friends, Norske Saml. v. 159. vin-ligr, adj. friendly, Sks. 229, v.l. vin-margr, adj. having many friends, Sturl. ii. 236, iii. 180. vin-mál and vin-mæli, n. friendly words, greetings; Egill þakkaði konungi gjafar ok vinmæli, Eg. 312, Ó.H. 133 (vinmál, Fb. ii. 255, l.c.); hneigjask fyrir mínum vinmælum eðr ógnar-orðum, Fms. vii. 104; með fégjöfum ok vinmælum, i. 53; bar Karl fram vinmæli þeirra Leifs ok Gilla, Fær. 211; sendi hann þú menn austr á fund Haralds konungs með vinmálum, Orkn. 122; senda menn með vinmálum (vinmælum, v.l.) ok presentum, Stj. 503. vinn(?), in the phrase, göra e-t of vinn, to over-exert oneself, 677. 12 (a GREEK and doubtful). VINNA, pres. vinn, vinnr, older viðr, Gkv. 2. 30, Fms. vii. 239 (in a verse), Edda i. 492, Am. 45, Ad. 21, etc.; pret. vann, vannt (mod. vanst), vann; pl. unnu; subj. ynni; imperat. vinn; part. unninn (vunnu, vynni, vunninn): with suffixed pers. pron. vinn'k, Hm. 158; vann'k, Bkv. 2. 26: pres. reflex. vinnz, Grág. (Kb.) i. 3, 85, 86: pret. vannz, Stj. 131, and passim: with suffixed neg. vant-attu, thou workedest not, Hkv. 2. 20; plur. vinna-t, 2. 21; [Ulf. winnan = GREEK; A.S., O.H.G., and Hel. winnan; Engl. win; Dan. vinde; Swed. vinna.] A. To work, labour, of any household work, as also in a wider sense; fasta ok vinna til nóns, Dipl. ii. 14; hann var félauss ok vann til matar sér, worked for his food, 656 C. 24; þessi er svá röskliga vann, worked so well, Nj. 270; þat verðr hverr at vinna sem ætlað er, 10; vinna hvárt er vill, to do whichever he will, Grág. (Kb.) i. 99; eiga sem mest at vinna, to be very busy, Nj. 97; Ásmuudr vildi lítið vinna, would not work, Grett. 90; þrællinn vann allt þat er hann vildi ... at honum þætti þrællinn lítið vinna, Nj. 73; hvat er þér hentast at vinna(?), 54; vinna verk sín, to do one's work, Eg. 759; vinna e-m beinleika, beina, reiðu, to do one service, attend on him as a guest, Fs. 52, MS. 623. 52, 54: ellipt., vinna e-m, to wait upon, tend; bað hana vinna þeim hjónum, Ld. 34. 2. to work, till, cultivate; þeim manni er jörðina vinnr ok erviðar, Stj. 30; vinnit hana (the earth) ok plægit, 187. II. to work, perform; nú hefir þú þat unnit er þú munt eigi með feðr mínum lengr vera, Nj. 129; vinna e-m geig, bana, to work harm, death to, 253, Fbr. (in a verse), Korm. 116; v. e-m úsæmd, Fs. 32; vinna e-m bót, to

VINNA -- VINSTRI. 709

do good; er mörgum manni vann bót þeim er aðrar mein-vættir görðu mein, Landn. 211, Hkr. iii. 69; vinna bætr á e-u, to redress. Eg. 519; vinna e-m hefnd, to take revenge on: of feats, prowess, deeds, hvat vanntú meðan(?), Hbl.; keisari vann þar mikinn hernað, Fms. xi. 301; herja ok vinna margs kyns frægðar-verk, ... af stórverkjum þeim er hann vann, x. 231, 232. 2. to win, gain; vann hann aptr borgir ok kastala, Fms. x. 231; vita ef ek mega aptr vinna þat ríki er látið er, id.; hann viðr sér frama, Fas. ii. 472; vinna mikla sæmd, Fms. i. 96; vinna land, kastala = expugnare, i. 23, vii. 79, x. 414; vinna undir sik allan Noreg, i. 4, 87; vinna orrostu, to gain a battle, vii. 123; vinna sigr, to gain a victory, i. 85, x. 231, passim; er vunninn var Ormrinn langi, iii. 29. 3. to conquer, vanquish; er hann vann konung svá ágætan, Fas. i. 34; vinnr Sigmundr hann skjótt, Fær. 82; at Egill ynni flesta menn í leikum, Eg. 191. 4. to avail; veit ek eigi hvat þat vinnr, Fms. vii. 160; margir lögðu gott til ok vann þat ekki, Sturl. iii. 261; vinna e-m þörf, to suffice, be sufficient, do, Grág. i. 457, Orkn. 138; þörf vinnr hverjum presti at segja eina messu, H.E. i. 473; nægisk mér ok þörf vinnr, ef son minn Joseph lifir, Stj. 221; mætti þörf vinna lengi at ærnu lítið mjöl. Blas. 43; þá tók hann sótt þá er honum vann at fullu, Fms. xi. 2; galdrinn vann honum at fullu, i. 100. 5. special usages; vinna eið, særi ..., to take an oath, Grág., Nj., passim; þeir unnu honum land ok trúnað, swore homage to him, Fms. x. 401. 6. to make, followed by an adjective or participle; hann vann væltan hann, Post. 645. 68; hrútr, er hann mátti eigi heimtan vinna, Grág. i. 419; með sínum vælræðum vann hann yfir kominn Harald, Fms. x. 257; ef goðinn viðr eigi dóm fullan áðr sól komi á þingvöll þá er hann útlagr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 50; ef hann viðr dóminn fullan, 80; ef hann viðr eigi heimilt, ii. 142: esp. in poët, phrases, vinna e-n felldan, barðan, sáran, reiðan, hræddan, to make fallen, i.e. to fell, etc.; as also, vinna brotið = to break; vinna hefnt, to take revenge; vinna svarat e-u, to respond to, Lex. Poët.; Paulus vann þat sannat, at ..., Post. (Unger) 231. III. with dat. to withstand (ellipt. for vinna við ... ?); sköpum viðr manngi, Am. 45; vinnat skjöldungar sköpum, Hkv. 2. 21; ek vætr honum vinna kunna'k, Vkv. 39; munat sköpum vinna, Skv. 1. 53; Korm. 104 (in a verse). IV. to suffer, undergo; according to the Gothic this would be the original sense, but it only remains in such phrases as, vinna víl, vinna vás, Lex. Poët.; vinna eld, to suffer fire, Fms. viii. 9. V. with prepp.; vinna at, to 'win to' a thing, effect; þeir fá ekki at unnit, Fms. vii. 270; drekinn vinnr síðan at honum, does away with him, Stj.; vinna at sauðfé, svínum, to tend sheep, swine, Dropl. 16, Rm. 12; vinna at segli, to manage, attend to the sail, Grett. 94 B :-- vinna á, to make, effect; höfum vér mikit á unnit, Fms. xi. 264; þú munt mikit á vinna um þetta mál, Fas. i. 459: to do one bodily harm, kill, ef griðungr viðr á manni, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 188; ef fé viðr á fé, i. 192; maðr vinnr á manni, Nj. 100, Lv. 29; á-unnin verk, bodily injuries, Kb. i. 145; maðr á sín at hefna, ef vill, sá er á verðr unnit, 147 :-- vinna fyrir, ok var ekki fyrir unnit um sumarit, Þorf. Karl. 414; vinna fyrir sér; vinna fyrir mat sínum, to win one's food; hann vinnr ekki fyrir mat sínum, he wins not his bread (mat-vinnungr) :-- þat vinn ek til eingis at svíkja þá er mér trúa, Band. 31 new Ed.; vildi hann vinna þat til sættar með þeim bræðrum, Fms. iv. 17; hann hirti ekki hvat hann vann til ef hann fengi þat, x. 7; þat vil ek til vinna, Nj. 170; mun ek heldr þat til vinna at giptask Þorbirni, Ld. 70; vilja gjarna nökkut við hann til vinna, Fær. 25; það er ekki til vinnandi, it is not worth the trouble; fé því er ek vann til, earned, Eg. 519 :-- vinna við e-u, to withstand; sköpum viðr manngi, mátti hann eigi við sköpum vinna né sínu aldrlagi, Fas. i. 199 :-- vinna e-n yfir (Dan. overvinde), to overcome, Fms. iii. 156, Finnb. 266. B. Reflex., ekki unnusk þau mjök fyrir, they did little to support themselves, Ld. 146; láta fyrir vinnask, to forbear, desist from; þó skal enn eigi láta fyrir vinnask, Fms. vii. 116; Þorgeirr lét eigi fyrir vinnask um þetta mál, Rd. 296; lét prestrinn fyrir vinnask of umbræðuna þaðan frá, Bs. i. 341. 2. to last, suffice; alla þessa þrjá daga vannsk (vannz Ed.) þeirra vegr, Stj. 131; ríki Assyriorum vannsk (lasted) um þúsund ára, 140; Illugi elti hann meðan eyin vannsk, to the end of the island, Grett. 172 new Ed.; meðan dagrinn vannsk, as long as the day lasted, till evening, Fas. iii. 4; festrin vannsk eigi til jarðar, the rope was not long enough to touch the ground, Fms. ix. 3: to reach, smíðuðu stöpul þann er vinna(sk) skyldi til himins, Edda (pref.); þar sátu konur úti frá sem vannsk, as there was room, Fms. x. 16; skyldi drekka saman karlmaðr ok kona svá sem til ynnisk, Eg. 247; meðan Jólin ynnisk, Hkr. i. 138 (vynnisk, Fms. 1. 32, l.c.); Ketill bað Eyvind svá vítt nema land at þeim ynnisk báðum til vel, Rd. 231; ef eigi vinnsk til (fé) til hvárs-tveggja, Grág. i. 288; fé þat skulu þeir hafa sem vinnsk, ... ef fé vinnsk (vinnz Ed.) betr (Dan. slaae til), Grág. (Kb.) i. 85, 86; fé svá at vinnask mætti at ærnu þúsund manna, 623. 21; þess viðar er vinnask megi mál ok misseri, Hm. 59; ef hánum vinnsk (vinnz) eigi fróðleikr til þess, Grág. (Kb.) i. 209; vér trúum orku, afli ok sigr-sæli, ok vinnsk oss þat at gnógn, Ó.H. 202 (cp. 'vinna þörf' above); ek vinnumk eigi til þér at launa, I am unable to reward thee, Finnb. 238; ek vinnumk eigi at dýrka þitt nafn, Barl. 181. II. recipr., vinnask á, to wound one another; þar er menn vinnask á, Grág.; þau vinnask á þann áverka, er ..., Kb. ii. 40; vinnask á enum meirum sárum, K.Þ.K. 116. vinna, u, f. a work, labour, business; fá sér e-t til vinnu, Gþl. 483; taka vinnur af e-m, Fms. i. 33; vera at vinnu, to be at work, vi. 187; at-vinna, q.v. COMPDS: vinnu-afli, a, m. earnings, produce of labour, H.E. i. 396. vinnu-fólk, n. = vinnuhjún. vinnu-fullr, adj. having plenty of work, Stj. 25. vinnu-færr, adj. able for work, able-bodied, Gþl. 483, 531. vinnu-góðr, adj. doing good work, Fs. 31, Finnb. 296. vinnu-greifi, a, m. an overseer, Stj. 570. vinnu-hjún, n. pl. work-people, servants on a farm, Lv. 22, (mod. vinnu-fólk, as opp. to húsbændr.) vinnu-lítill, adj. doing little work, Grett. 69, 70, 120 A. vinnu-maðr, m. a labourer, man-servant on a farm, Fms. i. 33, Ld. 98, N.G.L. ii. 163, Stj. 562, MS. 134. 69, 70: in a town, N.G.L. iii. 15, 44. vinnandi, part. a doer, worker of; ér vinnendr ílsku. Greg. 24; v. eða fremjandi, Edda 68. vinnanligr, adj., in u-vinnanligr. vinnari, a, m. a worker, maker, Skálda 204. vinningr, m. a gain, profit, Stj. 225, Mag. 62, 66; á-vinningr. vinon, f. = vinan, friendship, Korm. (in a verse). VINR, m., gen. vinar; dat. vin, Hm. 41, 42 (seldom vini); pl. vinir, acc. vini, 24 (vinu, Hkr. i. 183, in a verse, cannot be an acc. from vinr). As in sonr (q.v.) the nominative r is freq. dropped, and vinr and vin are both in old and mod. writers and speech used promiscuously: [in A.S. wine; Dan. ven; Swed. vän; vinr is 'par excellence' a Scandinavian word, frændi being used only in the sense of a kinsman; vinr is akin to vin, f., referring to a lost root verb vinan, van, vunun, to which also belongs the verb una, q.v.; analogous to vin and vinr are the Lat. amicus and amoenus.] B. USAGES. -- A friend, prop. an 'agreeable man;' vin sínum skal maðr vinr vera, þeim ok þess vin, en óvinar síns skyli engi maðr, vinar vinr vera, Hm. 42; til ílls vinar, til góðs vinar, 33; með íllum vinum, 50; vápnum ok váðum skulu vinir gleðjask, 40; til góðs vinar liggja gagn-vegir þótt hann sé firr farinn, 33; ek vil vera vin þeirra, Nj. 5; Guðs vin, Blas. 49; hann var vinr Otkels, Nj. 73; hann gaf Frey vin sínum þann hest hálfan, Hrafn. 5; vinar míns, Ad. 16; tryggr vinr minn, 10; vinr þjóðans, 11; þinn vin fullkominn, Fær. 132; mesti vin beggja, Fms. i. 12; leyniligr vin, Bs. i. 760; segjanda er allt vin sínum, Eg.; era sá vinr öðrum er vilt eitt segir, Hm.; í þörf skal vinar neyta, a friend in need is a friend indeed, Fms. viii. 399; hverr á sér vin með úvinum, every man has a friend among foes, Fs. 96; en þá var sem mælt, at hverr á vin með óvimim, Ó.H. 62; missa (or sakna, Fas. ii. 179) vinar í stað, to 'miss a friend' = the bird is flown, Grett. 139; þegnar gripu þá í tómt þóttusk vinar missa, in a ditty; vera e-m í vinar húsi, t o 6 e one's friend; þat mun ek kjósa, at þú sér mér í vina húsi, Sturl. i. 96; göra vina skipti, to change friends, ii. 142; Freyr lítr eigi vinar augum til þín, Fms. ii. 74; Hrungnir sér eigi vinar augum til Þórs, Edda 5; ást-vinr, lang-vinr, alda-vinr, trygg-vinr, ú-vinr (or óvinr), qq.v.: in. the saying, vera vinr vina sinna, to be the friend of one's own friends, of one whose sympathies are narrow, with a notion of self-willed, fanciful friendship; e.g. hann er ekki allra vinr, en hann er vinr vina sinna; vinr em ek vinar míns, en geld ek þat er ílla er til mín gört, Nj. 128. COMPDS: vina-boð, n. a feast of friends, Nj. 2, Fs. 12, 54, Fb. ii. 185, 227, Sturl. iii. 105. vina-fundr, m. a meeting of friends. Glúm. 336; var með þeim engi vinafundr, Fms. x. 60. vina-styrkr, m. strength, backing of friends; með frændafla ok vinastyrk, Vall. 213 vina-vandr, adj. particular as to friends; an expressive word, in phrase, vinfastr ok vinavandr, to have few but chosen friends, Nj. 30. vina-veizla, u, f. friendly = vinabod, Sturl. iii. 105, 125, Fs. 132, v.l. vin-raun, f. a trial of friends or friendship; hörð mun v. verða, viz. to choose between two friends, Orkn. (in a verse): a proof of friendship, hann tók allvel við Þorkatli ok kvað slíkt v. mikla, Dropl. 23. vin-reið, f. a troop of friends, Ad. 19 (but the reading is doubtful). vin-ræði, n. friendliness = vinsemd, Fb. i. 163. vin-samliga, adv. in a friendly manner, Fms. viii. 129;, allt tal fór með þeim v., ii. 262: in mod. usage, often at the end of a letter. vin-samligr, adj. friendly, amicable, Róm. 302, Eb. 241; vinsamlig orð, ráð, Fms. vi. 278, Sól. 32. vin-samr, adj. 'friendsome,' friendly, Sks. 19, v.l. vin-semd, f. friendliness (less than vinátta), Fms. xi. 423. vin-semi, f. = vinsemd, O.H.L. vin-sending, f. a friendly message; mun hann sent hafa oss enga v., of a Urias message, = forsending (q.v.), Fas. ii. 79. vin-skapr, m. [Dan. venskab], friendship, Hm. 50. Fs. 160, Eg. 41, Fms. i. 284, x. 37; the saying, svá fyrnisk vinskapr sem fundir, Fb. i. 392 (mod., svo fyrnast ástir sem fundir), vin-slit, n. pl. a breach of friendship, Ísl. ii. 217. vin-spell = vinslit, a spoiling of friendship, Gkv. 1, 24. vinstr, f., pl. vinstrar, = the third stomach in ruminating animals; eina vinstr, vinstrina, freq. in mod. usage, but not recorded in old writers. VINSTRI, compar. [Dan. venstre; Swed. vänstre], the left; um vinstri hönd, Nj. 28, Fms. vi. 165; til vinstri handar, 439; hvárki til

710 VINSÆLASK -- VIRKI.

hægri handar né vinstri, Stj. 438; á vinstri hlið, Fms. ii. 330; vinstri hönd, vinstra auga, eyra, vinstri fótr, etc.; görask vinstri handar menn e-s, one's left-hand men, i.e. adversaries, Hom. 102; vinstra megin, Hrafn. 13. vin-sælask, d, to endear oneself, Str. 3. vin-sæld, f. a being beloved, popularity; kom svá við vinsæld hans, at ..., Fms. i. 32; um fram alla menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, Eb. 30; öfundsjúkr um vinsældir Magnúss, Orkn. 160; aflaðisk honum vinsæl(ð) mikil, Fms. x. 402, passim. vin-sæll, adj. [Dan. vensæl], compar. vinsælli, superl. -sælstr and -sælastr :-- blessed with friends, endeared, beloved by many, much liked; hann var vinsæll af öllum mönnum, Eg. 3; þú ert maðr vinsæll af bóndum, Nj. 17; Ketill var yngri sona biskups ok enn vinsælli, and the more popular, the most liked, Sturl. i. 226; var nú skipan á komin um lund hans, -- maðrinn var miklu vinsælli enn áðr (much more liked than before) ... Sámr var vinsaell af sínum þingmönnum, Hrafn. 24; hinn vinsælasti af öllum góðum mönnum, Fms. vi. 59; hinn vinsælasti af Væringjum, very popular with the Wærings, 144; manna vinsælastr ok góðgjarnastr, ii. 19; hann hefir verit einn hverr höfðingi vinsælstr í Noregi, vii. 4: of a deed, action, case, eigi mun vinsælt vera málit, Glúm. 380; mungátin eru misjafnt vinsæl, a saying, Ölk. 34. vin-tengdr, part. bound in friendship, Þjal. vin-traust, n. trust in a friend, Hm. 64. vinu-ligr, adj. [Dan. venlig], friendly; in ú-vinuligr. vin-vandr, adj. = vinavandr; fastúðigr ok v., Fms. viii. 447, v.l. vin-veittliga, adv. kindly, good-naturedly, Nj. 217. vin-veittligr, adj. friendly; þeygi v. hlutr, a thing not agreeable, Bjarn. 33. vin-veittr, adj., prop. given in a friendly spirit, friendly, agreeable, favourable, of things; göra þeim vinveittar samfarar, Skálda (Thorodd); byrrinn ekki vinveittr, Ld. 56; nú mun ek göra þér um vinveitt (shew thee a good turn of friendship, humour thee) ok ríða til þings með þér, Nj. 215; eigi er þá vinveitt gjöfin, Fms. vi. 238; Úlfi þótti ú-vinveitt skemtan konungs, unfriendly, spiteful, 347. 2. of a person, easy to please; úvandblætr ok vinveittr at veizlum, Bs. i. 394: in mod. usage, graceful, friendly, hann var mér mikið v. vinza, að, [Engl. winnow; from vindr], to winnow corn; ferr hón til iðju sinnar at vinza korn, Thom. 484. 2. mod. to pick out; vinsa úr það bezta, and the like. vinzari, a, m. [provinc. Dan. vindser; corrupt from bismer?], a steelyard; pundara rangan eða vinzara, N.G.L. i. 324. vin-þjófr, m. a 'friend-thief,' a false friend, Ad. vippa, u, f. [cp. Dan. vippe = Engl. whip], a nickname, Sturl. i. 118 C. vipr, f., pl. viprar(?), not vipur, for the r is radical, as is seen from the spelling in vellums and also from Norse vipre, Ivar Aasen :-- a toy; barna vipr, a child's toy; þat þótti allt sem barna vipr er aðrar konur görðu hjá því sem hón görði, Mirm. 140 (Ed. Kölbing); þykkir honum allt sem ungmennis-leikr eðr barna vipr þat sem hann hafði áðr numit hjá klerkdómi meistara Peri, Clar.; þótti allt barna vipr þat er aðrar konur höfðu í skarti hjá henni, Ld. 122 (vipur einar, Fms. ii. 21, l.c., should be viprar einar?). vipra, að, to draw the lips together; vipra varirnar, Björn. vipta or vifta, u, f., in Darr. perh. read 'vipt' er orpin, [vefa], the woof; þarmar ór mönnum fyrir viptu ok garn, Nj. 275. VIRÐA, pret. virði, mod. virti; [cp. verð; this word and its derivatives are in mod. Norse proncd. and spelt with y, vyrda; Swed. vörda] :-- to fix the worth of a thing, to tax, value; síðan vóru virð fé Hallgerðar, Nj. 24; búar skolu virða fúlgur ómagans tvennar, Grúg. i. 259; þar skolu fylgja einn eyrir ok tuttugu, ok virða til friðs, D.I. i. 199; þrjár merkr ok virt til vaðmála, 203; búar skolu virða skip þat til vöru eðr til brends silfrs, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 68; virða e-t til smœrs, D.N. ii. 93. II. metaph., þat kann engi virða nema Guð einn, Fms. vii. 144: with gen. of the price, virða enskis, Blas. 44; virða mikils, to rate highly, Eg. 167; konungr virði hann mikils, Fms. vi. 132; virða e-t lítils, O.H.L. 76; úvinir hans höfðu grun á ok virðu til utrúleika við konung, Fms. ix. 428; er þat ílla virðanda fyrir þér, it is to be ill-esteemed, blamed, ii. 53; mun þat vera vel virt fyrir þér, Karl. 99; svá virðu vinir jarls sem Þorkell mundi þá bræðr sízt spara til deilu, Orkn. 180; vita ok virða, Stj. 145; virða e-t með sjálfum sér, to bethink oneself of, consider, 132; hygg at ok virð meðr þér sjálfum, 142; virð með sjálfum þér hvat haun mun mega með síns herra fulltingi, Karl. 542. 2. with prepp.; virða at e-u, to give heed to a thing, consider it, Stj. 153; virða e-t fyrir sér, to count, consider; virða til, to pay heed to, regard; Rafn vildi eigi þat, þvíat hann kveðsk vilja virða til enn heilaga Jacobum postola, ok berjask eigi við Þorvald, i.e. Rafn said he would respect the holiness of St. James and not fight Th., Bs. i. 668; heldr skal hitt til virða, at hann vildi Kristni sinni í þyrma, Hom. 109; eg vil ekki virða mig til þess, not demean myself to that: virða um e-t = virða til, D.N. ii. 95: virða e-t við e-t, to value, count; virða við saur ok hégóma, Barl. 74: virð einskis við þá er þér göra í mein, take no account of it if they do thee wrong, Hom. (St.); virða sakar við annan, id.; Guð virði við hann (may God reward him) undir hvílíkan þunga hann á at standa, Bs. i. 821; biðju vér at þér takit vára dvöl eigi til þrjózku, virðandi vid oss um leiðar-lengd ok harða veðráttu, we beg you not to account it for disobedience in us, but consider the length of the way, and the severe weather, D.N. iii. 80: also of gratitude, eg virði það við hann, að ..., to regard past services. III. reflex., impers. to like; mér virðisk ekki skapferði hans, Ísl. ii. 217; virðisk þeim vel allt til konungs en eigi verr til dróttningar, Fb. ii. 120; hann virðisk þar hverjum manni vel, everybody liked him, Eg. 27, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 6l. 2. to deem, think; virðisk oss svá, sem minnkaðisk vár sæmd í því heldr enn yxi, Fms. x. 7; virðisk konunginum hann af bragðs-maðr, Bjarn. 4: very freq. in mod. usage, mér virðist, methinks. 3. to deign, vouchsafe; af hans ætt virðisk várr Drottinn Jesús at fæðask, Stj.; þú skapari minn virzk at miskunna mér, Barl. 92; þau miskunnar verk er hann virðisk at göra, 95; öll bréf þau er þeir virða sik (= virðask) við at taka, Róm. 248. virða, u, f., in ú-virða, disregard. virðar, m. pl. [from verð; cp. hirð, verðung], poët, king's men, men in the king's pay, a body-guard; the etymology implied in 'virðar' heita þeir menn er 'meta' mál manna, Edda 107, is scarcely true; heill skaltú, vísi, virða njóta, Hkv. 1. 54; vápn-söngr virða, Akv. 32; afkárr söngr virða, 38; efla víg með virðum, Skv. 1. 12. -virði, n. the worth of a thing; in compds, and-virði. virði-liga, adv. worthily, honourably, respectfully; kveðja e-n v., Ld. 32, passim: magnificently, skrýðask v., Fms. i. 147. virði-ligr, adj. worthy, worshipful; v. herra N.M., gracious lord, the title of a king, Gþl. 130, Bs. i. 755, Stj. 2. 2. venerable; hann spyrr þenna inn virðiliga mann, hverr hann sé, Fms. x. 245; fríðr sýnum mikill ok inn virðiligsti, stately, imposing, 380. 3. of things, fine, splendid; bústað góðan ok virðiligan, Eg. 197; göra virðuliga kirkju, Ld. 334; virdulig veizla, Fms. ii. 16, 103, xi. 4; virðiligt boð, 11; erfi gott ok virðiligt, 18; með góðum gjöfum ok virðiligum, 4; inn virðiligsti gripr, Eg. 180. virðing, f. a valuation, taxing; ef eigi er rétt at virðingu farit, Grág. i. 189; kveðja búa til skiptinga eða virðinga, ii. 342; þau þrjú hundruð er hón átti þar í, eptir góðra manna virðingu, Dipl. iv. 16; at lögligri virðingu, Nj. 103. II. metaph. worship, reputation, honour; konungr hét at auka virðing þeirra, Eg. 33, Fms. i. 20; göra e-m þá virðing, to do that honour to one, v. 309; vér skulum halda Páska-dag með allri virðing, K.Á. 154; með mikilli virðing, with great respect, 178; með allri sæmd ok virðing, Bs. i. 123. 2. opinion, esteem; at minni virðing, to my mind, opinion, Fms. vii. 261; í öllum löndum er sú virðing á, at ... . Bs. i. 131; var þat ok v. manna, at ..., Ó.H. 232. 3. plur. rank; völd, léni makt' ok virðingar, Hallgr. COMPDS: virðingar-fé, n. a thing of special value, Grág. i. 500; kirkja á þrjú hundruð í v., Vm. 9; Bjarni bauð úfrítt v., bæði fyrir vaðmál ok kúgildi, Dipl. iii. 13; tíu hundruð í v. ok sjau hundruð í flytjanda eyri, v. 12. virðingar-för, f. an honourable journey, Fms. vii. 99. virðingar-gjarn, adj. greedy of honour, ambitious, Valla L. 206: in mod. usage, vain, fond of flattery. virðingar-heimboð, n. an honourable invitation, Sturl. i. 40. virðingar-hlutr, m. an honourable share, great credit, Lv. 13. virðingar-kona, u, f. a worthy lady, Sturl. i. 19. virðingar-lauss, adj. without honour, rank, distinction, Hkr. ii. 90. virðingar-maðr, m. an appraiser, Grág. i. 208: a man of distinction, rank, Eg. 162, 466, Nj. 22, Fms. vi. 113; höfðingi ok v. mikill, Fs. 156; Helgi var v., Gullþ. 3. virðinga-mikill, adj. of mickle worth, worshipful, Ísl. ii. 9. virðingar-munr, m. disparity in rank, Fms. iv. 28, 260, vi. 359. virðingar-ráð, n. a respectable estate, condition, Þorf. Karl. 370: an honourable offer, Fms. vii. 26. virðingar-vænligr, adj. honourable, Fs. 44, Grett. 100 new Ed. virðingar-vænn, adj. honourable, Sturl. i. 105 C. virðir, m. a taxer, Edda, Lex. Poët. virði-samr, adj. vain-glorious, Þiðr. 96. virðr, m. = verðr (q.v.), a meal; in the allit. law phrase, at verði eðr at virði, neither at meal nor mess, Grág. ii. 92, cp. Hm. virðu-ligr and virðti-liga = virðiligr, virðiliga, qq.v., Stj., Fb., Barl., passim, and so in mod. usage. VIRGILL or virgull, m. [Goth. wurgils; the root is in Germ. erwürgen] :-- a halter; höggva virgulinn sundr, Hom. 117; virgilinn, Bs. i. 225, Pr. 414; var virgill dreginn á háls honum, Fms. vii. 13; virgul (acc.), Fb. ii. 330; hvárki gálgi né virgill, Hom. 118 (virgull, Fms. v. l.c.): poët., virgill handar = a bracelet, Edda; hryn-virgill brynju, a ring in chain-armour, Eg. (in a verse). virgil-nár, m. a corpse on a gallows, Hm.; cp. gálg-nár, Grág. VIRKI, n. = verk, Anecd. 8 new Ed.: esp. in compds, íll-virki, stór-v., þrek-v., mann-v., qq.v. II. a work (= wark in bulwark, Southwark, etc.), wall, stronghold, castle, Bs. i. 672, Landn. 69; hann lét göra kirkju á Agðanesi, ok þar virki ok höfn, Fms. vii. 100; virki þat er heitir Skarðaborg, the work that is called Scarborough, Korm. 24, Stj. 509, O.H.L. 10; virkis-armr, the wing of a castle, Nj. 247; virkis-dyrr, -garðr, -horn, -hurð, -veggr, -stokkr, Fms. iii. 148, Sturl. i. 31, Krók. 56, Bs. i. 672, Eb. 310, Gullþ. 10; virkis-maðr, a defender in a work, Eb. 310;

VIRKI -- VIT. 711

Suðr-virki, Southward in London, O.H.L. 2. in mod. usage the wooden frame of a saddle is called virki (söðul-virki). 3. a building; lögðu fjár-hluti til þessa helga virkis, O.H.L. 78; til kirkju virkisins, 86. virkis-búð, the name of one of the booths in the alþing, see búð. virki, a, m., gen. virkja, a worker, doer; in compds, íll-virki, spell-v. virkja, ð, = verkja, to pain; sárið virkti, the wound was painful, Art. 25. virkr, adj. working; in compds, stór-virkr, mikil-v., harð-v., góð-v., etc.; virkr dagr, a work-day, week-day, K.Á. 176, Rb. 78. 2. careful, painstaking; virkr at e-u, working at, busy at, fond of; hann var virkr at hestinum, Fs. 55; virkr at henni ok kærr, Sks. 131. 3. valued, dear; kærr var hann ok virkr konunginum, dear was he and valued by the king, O.H.L. 76; þeir menn vóru þeim goðum virkastir er mestar údáðir görðu, to those gods the men were dearest who did most evil, Hb. (1865) 23. virkt, f., older virkð, [verk = work], prop. work, but with the notion of special care, tender care; hann skalt þú varðveita með allri virkð, 623. 15; Ástríðr læknaði hann með mikilli virkð, Fms. x. 370; hann bað af þeim virkta vinum sínum ok frændum, he bespoke their kindness towards his friends and kinsmen, i.e. he recommended his friends and kinsmen to their special charge, Hkr. i. 160. 2. good wishes; Hrútr fór í Fjörðu vestr, ok bað henni virkta áðr, H. left for the Fjords, having bidden her a fond farewell, Nj. 14; Ásdís bað honum margra virkta, A. wished him all good wishes, Grett. 94; ok bað honum virkta við konunginn Svein áðr þeir skildi, recommended him to king Sweyn before they parted, Fms. xi. 64. 3. fondness, affection; konunginum var mikil virkt á honum, the king liked him much, Barl. 101; spurði hverja gripi Haraldr hefði þá er honum væri mest virkt á, which were dearest to him, Fms. vi. 178; hafa e-n í kærleik ok í virktum, to hold one in love and affection, x. 413; með virktum, id., Karl. 286; leggja á þá alla virkt, to cherish them in every way, Sturl. iii. 261; í kærleikum ok virkðum, Mork. II. hann lét göra skip af virktum, he had a ship built with care, i.e. had it well built, Fas. ii. 28; lít hér skepnu af virkt skapaða, Bær. 12. III. virkta vel, very well; verjask virkta vel, to make a gallant defence, Al. 47. COMPDS: virkða-hús, n. a private chamber, where one receives intimate friends, Clem. 130. virkta-lið, n. = virktamenn, Ísl. ii. 91. virkta-maðr, m. a chosen man, favourite man; virktamenn Sveins konungs, the king's best men, Fms. xi. 366; þeir kváðu hann vera virktamann, said he was a capital man, Ó.H. 152; þræli þeim er lengi hefir hennar virkðamaðr verit, Clem. 130. virkta-ráð, n. excellent advice, Sks. virkta-vinr, m. an intimate friend, Fs. 80, Sól. 13, Gísl. 35. virku-liga, adv. carefully, Al. 7. virtr, n. [A.S. wyrt; Engl. wort; Ivar Aasen vyrt or vurt; Swed. vört] :-- the sweet-wort, new beer, not yet fully fermented; virtr ok vín (ale and wine) is an allit. phrase; á víni ok virtri, Sdm. 8; and so in the Faroe lays, virtur og so vin, A.A. 322. VISINN, adj. [Dan. vissen; Engl. wizened], wizened, withered, also of a limb palsied; var visinn annarr fótrinn, Fms. vii. 239. 2. of grass, herbs; sjau öx mjök visin, Stj. 201. visitera, að, [Lat.], to visit, of a bishop or dean, Vm. 15. visiteran, f. a visitation, Vm. 49: mod. visitázia, u, f.; visitáziu-bók, a register. visk, f. a wisp, of hay or the like, freq. in mod. usage; cp. sef-visk, hálm-visk, qq.v. visna, að, to wither, of limbs; visnaða hönd, Bs. i. 123; höndin tók at skjálfa ok visnaði, 781, Stj. 184; morkna ok visna, 185, Karl. 341: esp. of grass, herbs, trees, Matth. xxi. 19, 20; visnað tré, Pass. 32. 19. visnan, f. a withering, palsy, medic.: al-visnan, hálf-visnun. VISS, adj. [Germ. gewiss]; viss and víss are two forms of the same word, the former of a more limited use, = certain, sure; thus Icel. say, það er vísast (it is most likely); but það er vissast, 'tis safest; er sú regla vissust, the safest rule, Rb. 262; see víss. vissa, u, f. certain knowledge, certainty; hafa vissu af e-u, to have a certainty, certain knowledge of, Stj. 12; hafa örugga vissu af hvar hann er, id.; þó at hann hefði eigi fulla vissa af hverr sá Guð var, Fms. ii. 47; hafa skynsemd eðr vissu af e-u, i. 138; útan alla vissu, Stj. 6; göra e-m vissu af e-u, to give notice of, Grett. 68 new Ed., Fas. iii. 118, Fb. iii. 316; þá kom sú vissa (certain news) norðan frá Hólum, at ..., Bs. i. 824; vita sína fulla vissu, to know for certain, Rétt. 30. 2. a surety, as a law term; setja vissu fyrir e-u, N.G.L. ii. 336, D.N. i. 480. vissu-liga, adv. certainly, verily, Stj. 147, Mar. vissu-ligr, adj. certain; v. ván, Stj. 4; v. máls-rödd, 81; v. sannleikr, 8; v. mark, 203. VIST, f. [from vera, i.e. vesa, preserving the radical s; cp. Germ. wesen, whence mod. Dan. væsen] :-- an abode, dwelling, domicile; the word is, both in olden and modern times, mostly used of the domicile of servants or labourers of any kind; vera í vist, fara úr vist; hann fór til vistar til Hlíðarenda, Nj. 40; nú em ek á vist með bróður mínum, Hrafn. 13; hann skal þá fara til vista sinna enna sömu, Grág. i. 91; hann var vistum með föður sínum, Nj. 39; hann var vistum með þeim bónda er Þorlákr hét, Magn. 524; Einarr leitar til vistar við Hrafnkel, Hrafn. 5; nú hafa vistir þínar verit hér nokkurar stundir, Fms. xi. 310; ek vildi ekki hér í landi hafa vistir hans, Eg. 533; er þar góð vist ok gleðilig, ... mun eigi vera hér vistin jafn-glöð sem í Noregi, Fs. 25; veita e-m vist, to lodge one, 13; fara ór griði ok hafa ekki vistar, to have no home, of a servant, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 181; vísa e-m ór vist, id.; hann ætlaði sér vist um vetrinn með Haraldi Gorms-syni, Fms. xi. 19; þú skal fara brott ok vera eigi vistum milli ..., Fs. 57; at hón skipti öllum vistum með þeim er til hennar vóru sendir, Edda 18; margar eru vistir í húsi föður míns, Greg. 69 (John xiv. 2); ef þau hafa vist tvau misseri eptir húsgang, Grág. i. 301; manna-vistir, see maðr C; brott-vist, þar-vist, hirð-vist. II. food, provisions, viands, often in plur.; önga vist þarf hann (he requires no food), vín er honum bæði drykkr ok matr, Edda 24; settu borð ok báru á vist fyrir þá, Fms. ii. 98; brott var sópat öllum vistum, Fs. 145; hvat hefir hann at fá þeim at vistum, Edda 23; vápn ok klæði ok vistir, Hrafn. 12, Eg. 76, Ísl. ii. 341; Hrapp þraut vistir í hafi, Nj. 128: vist ok drykk, meat and drink, Fms. i. 213, x. 270, Eg. 420; vistir ok drykk, Fms. i. 11. COMPDS: vistar-byrðingr, m. a store-ship, Fms. vi. 402, vii. 310, viii. 121. vista-fang, n. provisions, stores, Bs. i. 781, Fb. iii. 453, Brandkr. 62. vistar-far, n. a domicile, Fs. 64; ráðask að vistarfari til e-s staðar, Sturl. i. 75; hafa bústað né vistarfar, Eg. 737; vera þar at vistarfari, Ld. 34, Grág. i. 180. vista-fari, adj. changing one's abode; fara vistafari, Sturl. ii. 21, Fb. i. 256. vista-fátt, n. adj. running short of provisions, Fms. x. 133; lengi hafði vistafátt verit á skipinu, 655 xvii. 4. vistar-ferli, n. = vistarfar, Eg. 737, Grett. 125 A. vista-fæð, f. a running short of provisions, Róm. 307. vista-gjald, n. a contribution in food, Fms. ii. 216, viii. 323. vistar-görð, f. a sojourn, fare; eigi er hér vönduð vistargörð, Grett. 125 A. vistar-laun, n. pl. board-wages, Lv. 41. vista-lauss, adj. without provisions, Fms. i. 126, x. 249; but vistar-lauss, homeless, of a servant. vistar-maðr, m. a lodger, boarder, Vm. 120. vista-malr, m. a meat-bag, Grett. 93 A. vista-skortr, m. = vistafæð, Fs. 177, Fms. i. 128. vista-taka, u, f. a charge for boarding, N.G.L. ii. 41: foraging, Fms. x. 146. vistar-tekja, u, f. a sojourning, boarding, lodging, Fms. v. 314; bjóða e-m vistartekju, Glúm. 326. vistar-veizla, u, f. a boarding, housing a person, Fbr. 33, Fms. vi. 345. vistar-vera, u, f. a sojourn, Grett. 144: a mansion, John xiv. 2 (Vídalín). vista-þrot, n. = vistaskortr, N.G.L. ii. 44, v.l. vista, að, to lodge, board; lét hann setja upp skip sitt, ok vista lið, Eg. 320; hann vistar kaupmenn nær skipi, Korm. 190; vistaði annat lið sitt í Danmörk, Fms. xi. 19; ef menn vilja vista eðr ala fátæka, Jb. 185 B. 2. with dat.; ok vista þeim þar, N.G.L. i. 168. II. reflex. to take a fixed abode, lodgings, board; Austmenn vistuðusk, Ísl. ii. 192, Lv. 5, Fb. 152: to sojourn, hann vildi hér vistask um sumarit, Glúm. 324; í hvers biskups-dæmi sem þeir vilja vistask eðr vera, Norske Saml. v. 550. 2. in mod. usage esp. of servants in a household, see vist. vist-fang, n. stores, Orkn. 410: = vistafang. vist-fastr, adj. having a fixed abode, Grág. i. 52, D.I. i. 174. vist-lauss, adj. homeless, with no fixed domicile, a condition liable to a fjörbaugs-garðr, Grág. i. 279, Nj. 54; gefa húsrúm vistlausum, 625. 171. vist-liga, adv. = vissuliga, Fms. i. 185. VIT, n. [from vita; A.S. ge-wit; Engl. wit; Germ. witz; Dan. vid] :-- consciousness, sense; vera í viti sínu, to be in one's senses, to be conscious, of a wounded person, N.G.L. i. 306; ef hón mælir eigi í viti, 340; vitandi vits, Hm., Fb. ii. 76; ú-vit, insensibility; öng-vit, a swoon: inn fyrsti gaf önd ok líf, annarr vit ok hræring, þriði mál ok heyrn, Edda. 2. intelligence, cognisance (= vitorð); var þetta fyrst á fárra manna viti, Nj. 229; ok var þat á fárra manna viti, 258, Mar. 656 A. 18; þat er eigi var á allra manna viti, within all men's knowledge, Sturl. iii. 5; er þat eigi á váru viti, Stj. 216. 3. wit, understanding, reason; þá mælti Austmaðr at Sighvatr skyldi fyrst eta höfuðit af fiskinum, kvað þar vit hvers kvikendis í fólgit, Fms. iv. 89; ganga af vitinu, to go out of one's wits, go mad, Fas. i. 92, Karl. 468; hann var fyrir reiði sakir mjök svá af vitinu, Barl. 102; vit heitir speki, Edda 110; minni, vit, skilning, Skálda; engi er hans maki at viti, Nj. 36; ágætr fyrir vits sakir, Fms. ii. 44; spakr at viti, wise, i. 58; þar ferr vit eptir vænleik, Ld. 198; manna vænstr til vits, Fms. ix. 480; em ek svá viti borinn, Fær. 200; vel viti borinn, with a good understanding, Fb. ii. 109; mann-vit, ú-vit, verks-vit, hug-vit; the allit. phrase, með vitum (= vitnum) ok váttum, with wit and witness, N.G.L. i. 180; þat er mitt vit (my opinion), at ..., Sturl. i. 45. II. plur. in spec. usages, a place where a thing is kept or hoarded, a case (Dan. gjemmer); fannsk engi hlutr í vitum hans, Fms. ii. 57; hann varðveitti í vitum sínum annars manns fingr-gull, Bs. i. 197; þú hefir í vitum þínum lík barns, ... láta rannsaka vit sín, Clem. 134; ek ætla annat heldr at þú munir hafa hann í vitum þínum, Vápn. 9; rannsökum vit Simonar ok vitum hvat vér finnum þar, ... Simon vill eigi láta rannzaka vit sín, Clem. 134. 2. a dual(?), the nostrils,

712 VIT -- VITI.

including the mouth, i.e. the 'cases' of breath and life; blóð rann ákaft af munni hans ok vitum, Fas. iii. 437 (a paper MS.); hélt hann þeim (the hands) fyrir vitin á sér, ellegar hefði hann öndina misst í ógna hver, he held his hands before his nostrils and mouth, or he would have lost his breath in that dreadful cauldron, Stef. Ól.; rann mikill sjór af vitum hans = GREEK, Od. v. 456: hence later, esp. in eccl. usage, one's wits, the five senses; fimm líkams vitum várum, Greg. 23, MS. 625. 177; öllum vitum ens ytra manns ok ens iðra, Hom. 53; gæta fimm líkams vita várra, Hom. (St.); also skilningar-vit = 'wit-cases', i.e. the five senses. B. vit [vita A. IV], in the adverbial phrase, á vit e-m or e-s, 'towards a person,' calling on, visiting; koma e-m á vit e-s, to bring one towards, Ýt.; jarl sneri þá þangat á vit þeirra, turned towards them, Fms. ix. 310; Englands á vit, towards England, Ód.; for Magnúss jarl vestr um haf á vit ríkis síns, M. returned to his kingdom, Orkn. 158; nú kaupir hann skip, ok ætlar at fara útan á vit fjárins, Bjarn. 13; jarl átti festarmey þar á Englandi ok fór hann þess ráðs á vit, Ó.H. 192; ríða á vit sín, to look after one's own affairs, Ld. 150 (see ríða); lyfja þeim sitt ofbeldi, nema þeir riði skjótt á vit sín, Al. 10. vit, pers. pron. dual, we two; in mod. usage við, and so in old vellums, but mostly abbreviated v, UNCERTAIN passim; see ek C and Gramm. p. xxi. VITA, a verb whose present is in a preterite form, see Gramm. p. xxiii: pres. veit, veizt (veiztu), veit; plur. vitum, vituð, vitu, later and mod. vitið, vita; the latter form appears in vellums early in the 14th century, e.g. þér vitið, Fms. vi. 144, from the Hulda: pret. vissa, vissir, vissi (never visti, cp. Goth. wissa, mod. Dan. vidste): subj. pres. vita, pret. vissa; imperat. vit, vittú; part. vitaðr (vitinn, Hornklofi): with neg. suff. veit-at, knows not, Hm. 74; veit-k-a-ek, 'wot I not I,' Hkr. iii. 376; veizt-attu, Hbl. 4; vitum-a, we know not, Skv. 3. 18; vissi-t, knew not: [Ulf. witan = GREEK; A.S. and Hel. witan; Engl. wit; Germ. wissen; Dan. vide; Swed. vita; Lat. videre; Gr. GREEK.] A. To wit, have sense, be conscious; hneig hón aptr ok vissi ekki til manna, Bjarn. 68; varð hann svá feginn at varla vissi hann, Flóv.; faðirinn vissi ekki lengi, svá þótti honum mikit, Bs. i. 369; hann þóttisk nær ekki vita fyrir hræzlu, Fms. vii. 142; hann var enn eigi örendr en vissi þó ekki, Fb. ii. 453; ek var svá syfjaðr at ek vissa fátt frá mér, Gísl. 6l; hestr laust einn ungan mann í höfuðit, ok sprakk mjök, ok vissi ekki, Bs. i. 314, l.c.; tók hann einn þeirra ok varðisk með, þar til er sá vissi ekki til sín, Fms. vi. 110; hann tók augna-verk strangan, ok vissi hann löngum hvárki í þenna heim né annan, Bs. i. 317; hann vissi lengi ekki hingat, 336; ok vissi þá ekki til sín löngum, 335; hvárt skal hjóna færa annat fram þat sem heldr hefir fé til, nema annat þeirra viti eigi vel (unless he be not in the enjoyment of his full senses) en þegar er því batnar, Grág. i. 300: with gen., gráðigr halr nema geðs viti, Hm. 19 (see B. 3). 2. vita skyn á, to understand, know, Nj. 223, Grág. ii. 167, Fms. i. 186, xi. 323 (see skyn); vita ván e-s, to expect, Eg. 746, Fms. viii. 180, Nj. 75, Blas. 46. II. to wit, know; vituð ér enn eða hvat, Vsp.; þeir er vel mart vitu, Hm. 53: ek veit, 76; vita sik saklausan, to know oneself to be sackless. Eg. 49; síðan skaltú vita þitt eyrendi, Finnb. 258; ef þeir vitu þetta eigi, Nj. 231; skaltú ok þat vita, at ..., 88; lát sem þú vitir eigi, Ísl. ii. 250; þeir munu vitað hafa með Þráni, Nj. 136; ek veit allt með henni, El.; hitt veit ek eigi hvaðan þjófs-augu eru komin í ættir várar, Nj. 2; veit ek þann mann er þora man, 89; veizt þú hvat þér man verða at bana? -- Veit ek, segir Njáll, 85; veitat hinn er vætki veit, Hm. 74. 2. with prepp.; vita fram (fram-viss); vissi hann vel fram sem Vanir aðrir, Þkv. 15: vita fyrir, to foreknow (for-vitri); vita örlög sín fyrir, Hm. passim; mundi hann þat vita fyrir er hann vissi dauða sinn, Nj. 98: vita til e-s, to know of. Fms. x. 337; ekki vissu landsmenn til um ferð Þórólfs. Eg. 78. 3. with the particle 'at;' þóttisk Þorkell vita at Grímr var þar, Dropl. 34; hana vissi at skíða-hlaði var við dyrr þær, 29; eigi munda ek vita at blóðrefillinn kæmi við mik í gær líttað, Fms. xi. 144: veitka ek nema þú þykkisk nú minn lávarðr, Hkr. iii. 376. III. in exclamations; hvat veit ek hvárt menn munu aldri hætta lygi-sögum, Fb. i. 184; var þetta hans bani, sem vita mátti, i.e. of course, Stj. 541; hvat ek veit, hvárt ek mun, what know I! should I? ..., as an interjection, Nj. 85; veiztu, ef þú vin átt, farðú at finna opt, Hm. 43; veit þat trúa mín, upon my faith! Edda; veit menn, mod. viti menn! see maðr B. 3; hvar viti menn (whoever knew) slíku bellt við konungmann, Eg. 415; hvar viti áðr orta mærð með æðra hætti, Edda (Ht.) IV. to see, try; má ek vita at ek fá af henni nökkurn vísdóm, Stj. 491; ek mun ríða ok hitta Óspak, ok vita at hanni vili sættask, Band. 5; ok vita at vér næðim Sokka víkingi, Fms. ii. 5; sá skal vita, er á strenginum heldr, hvárt hann skelfr, Fb. ii. 129; vil ek fara ok vita, at ek mega bjarga honum, 623. 16; vittu ef þú hjálpir, see if than canst help, Og. 5; vit at þú náir sverði því, Dropl. 28; fara heim ok vita hvers víss yrði, Nj. 114; vér skulum hlaupa at fylkingu þeirra, ok vita at vér komimk svá í gegnum, Fær. 81; skal yðr þat heimilt, ok vita at þit þroskizk hér, 45; sendi Sirpa bónda sinn at vita sér um brún-gras, to fetch for her (cp. vitja), Finnb. 258; ókunnugr ertú mér, ok vil ek vita við skipverja hvat þeim sýnisk ráð, Fbr. 62 new Ed.; ok bað hana vita af hón kenndi höfuðit, Bjarn. 68. V. to look towards, of a place, = Lat. spectare ad, vergere in; in þat er vissi til norðr-ættar, Edda 22; sá armr er vissi at dikinu, Fms. vi. 406; ok lögðusk þaðan undir sem at veit bænum, viii. 377; bæði þat er aptr vissi ok fram, vii. 94; á þann bekk er vissi móti sólu, vi. 439; þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, viii. 115; rökðu þangat sporin sem klaufirnar höfðu vitað, Ó.H. 152; vissu þá grundvellir upp, en veggir í jörð niðr, Sks. 142 new Ed.; fætr vissu upp, Eg. 508; þar á eynni er vissi til Atleyjar, 222; þeir fundu vínvið allt þar sem holta vissi, they found the vine wherever there was woodland, Þorf. Karl. 420; en þróask, ef hann vissi til mikilleiks, if it shewed growth, Korm. 8; allt þat er honum þótti grjóts vita, þótti honum við gull glóa, Konr. 2. metaph. to come under that and that head, to respect, mean, have such and such bearing; sökin veit til lands-laga en ekki til Bjarkeyjar-réttar, this case comes under the country-law, and not under the town-law, Fms. vii. 130; eigi veit þannig við, that is not the case, Nj. 180; ef öðru-vísi veit við, Al. 106; seg mér et sanna, hversu við veit, how things stand, Fms. iii. 70; konungr svarar, at mál þat vissi allt annan veg við, Ó.H. 199; hvat veit hrygð þessi? Stj. 600; hvat veit óp þetta, what means this shouting? Fms. viii. 141; hvat vissi laga-frétt sú er Emundr spurði í gær ? Ó.H. 87; skipan er hér á vorðin, ok veit ek eigi hvat þat veit, I know not what it means, cannot understand it, Fs. 6; þat man eigi öngra tíðenda vita, i.e. that will mean something great, Nj. 83; gör sem ek býð þér, ok kann vera, at þór viti vel, do as I bid thee, and may be, it will be well with thee, 655 xiii. B. 4; ok rædda um þat at nú mundi vel vita, Ísl. ii. 354; hræzlu (gen.) þat vissi, it savoured of fear, Am. 97; ekki vita slík orð lítils, Sd. 151; hlæra þú af því at þér góðs viti, it is for no good that thou laughest, Bkv. 2. 31; er lítils góðs vissi, Barl. 20: þá gleði er viti til meins, Hom. (St.); þat er til hans veit, what respects him, Orkn. 314; þat er til heiðins siðar veit, N.G.L. i. 383. 3. vita á, to forebode; brakar í klaufum, vind mun á vita, Mar. 1057 (cp. á-vitull); það veit á regn, storm, ..., of weather marks. B. Recipr. to know of one another; þeir vissusk jafnan til í hafinu, Landn. 56; ok vitask þeir við mála-munda þann sín á miðli, to know mutually, Grág. i. 469; better, ok vitusk þeir þat við mála-munda þann, Kb. i. 131. 2. pass.; skyldi aldrei annat vitask, to be known, Fas. i. 22. 3. part.; vitandi né valdandi þessa verks, Fms. ix. 412; margs vitandi, Vsp. 20, Edda 11; vitandi vits, Hm. 17, Fms. v. 258 (cp. A l); vitandi mann-vits, Edda 9; viss vitandi, intentionally, knowingly, jb. 309 A; visir vitendr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 243, ii. 57; visar vitendr, Grág. i. 228. 4. the past pret.; á morgun skal okkur saga vituð verða, to be known, proved, 655 xiii. B. 1; þat mátti eigi vitað verða, 625. 83; ef þetta er satt, þá er þat vitað (clear, manifest) at hón hefir eigi mær verit, Fms. x. 294; þat er vitað (well known) at sjá. maðr er afbragð annarra manna, vi. 144; ok er þat vitað hver stóriðendi görðusk um hans mál, vii. 124; sá er þeim völlr of vitaðr, that field is marked out for them, Vþm. 18; valr vitinn Friggjar faðm-byggvi, allotted to Odin, Hornklofi. vita-fé, n. a law phrase, secure money, i.e. secured by a verdict or the like; þat er allt vitafé er váttar vitu, ok allt þat er dómr dæmir manni, etc., Gþl. 508; sækja sem vitafé. 306; þat er v. er fest er fyrir váttum, N.G.L. i. 221: mod. vita-skuld. vitand, vitend (mod. vitund), f. intelligence, consciousness, a being privy to, conscious of; var þat gört með yðvarri vitand ok ráði, Fms. vii. 305; í því ráði ok vitand hafði verit Hákon dúfa, ix. 452; þú Búi hefir hér vel verit í vetr, at várri vitnud, in our opinion, to our knowledge. Ísl. ii. 442; at minni vitund, Orkn. 254; at vér fám hvárki af þeim vitand né sýn, Fb. iii. 156; hin minnsta synd at vitan gör, a willing, conscious sin. Eluc. 675. 26; halda fyrir eins-eiði at sinni vitend (sic), N.G.L. ii. 68, 128; um sum íllvirki eigi tvímælis laust hvárt þér manit þurrt hafa um setið allar vitundir, Sturl. iii. 261; hyggr þú at hann muni at þér bera vitundina þá er hann skal sik undan sökum færa, Orkn. 454; með-vitund. II. a whit, bit; ekki vitund, not a whit, freq. in mod. usage, but only with the negative. vitandi, part. knowing, witting: göra e-t vitandi or ó-vitandi. vitan-liga, adv. wittingly: ekki mér vitanliga, not in my knowledge. vitan-ligr, adj. known; ekki mér vitanligt 'tis not known to me. vita-skuld, m. an acknowledged debt; at loknum öllum vita-várskuldum, debts contracted in the spring, Dipl. v. 18. 2. metaph. in mod. usage, a matter of course; það er vitaskuld! Vitaz-gjafi, a, m. (of a gen. vitaðr = surety), a 'sure giver,' the name of a field, the crop of which never failed; þat var akr er kallaðr var Vitazgjafi þvíat hann varð aldregi úfrær, ... eigi brásk hann Vitazgjafi enn, Glúm. 340, 343. vit-fátt, n. adj. short of wit; e-m verðr vitfátt, Fas. i. 104. vit-firring, f. 'wit-estrangement,' insanity, madness, Grág. i. 154, Fms. vi. 141, Bs. i. 371. viti, a, m. a signal; þat þótti eigi góðs viti, it boded nothing good, Fs. 20; ílls-viti, boding evil. 2. as a naut. term; hafa vita af landi, to stand so near land as to be aware of it, of the marks by which sailors note the proximity of land; hann sigldi fyrir sunnan Ísland ok hafði vita af, Ó.H. 75; allir settu augu sín aptr um skut, meðan þeir máttu nokkurn vita sjá til fóstr-jarðar sinnar, Al. 12. 3. a beacon kindled as a warning signal when a fleet or enemy was in sight or had arrived,

VITI -- VITSMUNIR. 713

see Hák. S. Góða ch. 21, and Orkn. ch. 71-74, N.G.L. i. 102; eld sé ek brenna fyrir austan borg ... þat mun viti kallaðr, Gs. 18; vita skyldi göra á hám fjöllum ... svá at hvern mætti sjá frá öðrum, sú var siðvenja, at vitar fóru austan eptir landi, Hkr. i. 147; skjóta upp vita, Fb. ii. 458; fleygja eldi í vitana, Fms. viii. 74, 188; lögðu þar í eld ok görðu þar vita, Eg. 222; brenna vita, Fær.; halda vita, gæta vita, kynda vita, slá eldi í vita, etc., Orkn. l.c.; veðr-viti, a vane, weather-cock. vita-karl, vita-vörðr, m. a beacon-watchman, Fms. viii. 73, 188, Gþl. 86, N.G.L. i. 102. viti, a, m. a leader; in odd-viti; ú-viti, an artless person, e.g. a child; íll-viti, an evil boder; ör-viti or ör-vita, insane. viti, n.(?), a moment, point of time(?); en hvert viti (every time) er maðr festir útlegðar-eið, þá skal ..., N.G.L. i. 161. vitja, að, [vit B], to call on, visit, with gen.; vitja frænda sinna, Fms. i. 184; at þeir mundi koma ok vitja Gizorar, pay G. a visit, attack him at home, Sturl. iii. 183, Fms. vii. 37; þóttusk þeir vita, hvar hans var at vitja, where he was to be found, 203: to come to look after a previous agreement or promise, vitja þessa mála, Fær. 255; hann er kominn at vitja heita þeirra, er ..., Fms. v. 43; vitja þeirra einka-mála, er ..., vi. 288; vitja ráðsins, Ísl. ii. 241; þeir vitja graðungsins (they went to fetch the bull = Germ. abholen), en selja Kormaki bauginn, Korm. 218; at vitja gjafar þeirrar er hann hafði þegit, Eg. 35; ver hér í nótt ok vitja heilla, of soothsaying, Korm. 206. 2. with prep.; at vitja eigi optarr út til Íslands, Fms. i. 275; Guð Drottinn vitjaði til Saram, the Lord God visited Sarah, Stj. (Gen. xxi. i). 3. eccl. to visit, of a bishop; þegar hann vitjar, D.N. iii. 10: vitja sjúkra, to visit the sick; hús-vitja, q.v. vitjan or vitjon, f. a visit, Fms. vii. 88; þú kennir eigi tíð vitjunar þinnar, Greg. 39, = þekkja ekki sinn vitjunar-tíma, N.T. 2. eccl. a visitation; lét hann Árna biskup taka af sér vitjun til þess er vera átti eptir nýjum lögum, Bs. i. 783, v.l.; hús-vitjan, q.v. vitka, að, to bewitch; in finn-vitka, q.v., and perh. in Hm. -- skylit þann vitka vár, 74. vitkask, að, to recover one's senses, Ver. 31, MS. 625. 72; œrir vitkask, Hom. (St.) 2. to recover from a swoon, Orkn. 212; hann féll í öngvit, en er hann vitkaðisk, Fms. vi. 230; ljósta hann í svíma ... Ögmundr vitkaðisk, ii. 69; endr-v. vitki, a, m. [A.S. witiga = a prophet; whence Engl. wizard, witch; O.H.G. wizago; of which word the mod. Germ. weissager is a corruption, as if from sagen] :-- prop. a wise man, but only used of a wizard; eru völur allar frá Víðólfi, vitkar allir frá Vilmeiði, Hdl. 32; vitka líki (in a warlock's shape) fórtu verþjóð yfir, Ls. 24. vit-lausa (mod. vitleysa), u, f. witlessness, nonsense, Nj. 214. vit-lauss, adj. witless; vitlaus hljóð, Skálda: witless, foolish, Fms. ix. 335, Barl. 127: mad, Boll. 350; v. snápr, Stj. 625, Bs. i. 371, Magn. 518, Eg. 217 (of a drunken person). vit-leysi, n. madness, Stj. 91, Fms. vii. 150. vit-leysingr, m. a witless, insane person, idiot, Fms. i. 292. vit-lítill, adj. small-witted, of little wit, Grág. ii. 112, Fms. ii. 154, Hrafn. 10: compar. vit-minni, Lv. 32. vit-lostinn, part. 'wit-struck,' insane, K.Á. 120. vit-maðr, m. a wit, a clever person, Bárð. 169. vit-menni, n. = vitmaðr, Lv. 32. vit-mikill, adj. of much wit, clever, Odd. 4. vitna, að, [Dan. vidne], to witness, attest, with acc.; vitna málit ok segja ..., Al. 125; vitna með lyrittar-eiði, Gþl. 435; vitnað kaup, N.G.L. i. 24; vitna e-t undir e-n, to call one as a witness, ii. 259, Nj. 35. 2. pass. to be proved by witness, Bs. i. 786. vitna, u, f. = vitni; bera vitnur, Mar. vitneskja, u, f. a sign, signal; reisa upp háfa stöng til vitneskju, Al. 88; kvað þat vera myndu góða vitneskju (a good sign) er svá hafði at borizk, Ó.H. 26. 2. intelligence, information; hafa vitneskju af e-u, to be aware of a fact. VITNI, n. [A.S. witnes; Engl. witness; Dan. vidne = testis] :-- witness, testimony (prop. vitni is the act, 'váttr' the person, but sometimes the terms are confounded, as witness is in Engl.); bera vitni, to bear witness; bera vitni með e-m, Eg. 61, Fms. vi. 194; sama vitni berr Galenus, Lækn.; bera e-m gótt vitni, Nj. 11; eins þeirra vitni skyldi hrinda tíu Norðmanna vitni, Ó.H. 227: an evidence, outward mark, var þar orpinn haugr til vitnis, 655 xiv. B. 2. 2. = váttr, a witness, of persons; nefna vitni, to call witnesses, Fms. vii. 142; nefna vitni at e-u, Grág. i. 211, 214; flutti hann fram vitni sín ok váttorð, Fms. vii. 142; kjósa með vitni, hvart ..., Grág. i. 210; eptir vitnum ok gögnum skal hvert mál dæma, N.G.L. i. 31; nú eru þau vitni er eigi skolu and-vitni í móti koma, þat er heimstefnu-vitni ..., 32; var þat vitnum bundit, Fms. vi. 149; ef maðr kallask lostinn, ok eru eigi vitni við, þá ..., if a man says that he has been beaten, there being no witnesses, N.G.L. i. 73; hann skal beiða hinn með vitnum at bregða af marki, Jb. 290: allit., þá lét hann ganga fram vitni sín ok vátta, Fms. vii. 141. COMPDS: vitnis-burðr, m. a bearing witness, giving evidence, K.Á. 50, Fms. x. 22: as a law term, Gþl. 475; gjalda samkvæði at v. þeim er hann hefir borit, Grág. i. 39; leita vitnisburða, Fms. vi. 194, passim. vitnis-búð, f. the 'booth of witness,' the Tabernacle, Stj. 310. vitnis-bærr, adj. able to bear witness; vera v. um mál, Gþl. 400; skal hann með engu móti v., H.E. ii. 67. vitnis-fastr, adj. 'proof-fast,' that can be proved, Fms. ii. 242. vitnis-fjall, n. = the mount of the Covenant, Hom. 107. vitnis-lauss, adj. unattested; vitnislausar sögur, Hkr. iii. 96. vitna-laust = vitnislaust, Sd. 140. vitnis-maðr, m. a witness, = váttr, 655 xxiii. 1, D.N. i. 51, Grág. i. 219, Jb. 406. vitnis-sannr, adj. convicted by evidence, Gþl. 393. vitnis-örk, f. the ark of the covenant, = sáttmáls-örk, Stj. 311, Eluc. vitnir, m. [vitt = charms], a poët, name of the wolf, no doubt from its being a charmed, bewitched animal (witches rode on wolves), Lex. Poët., Gm. 23, passim. vit-orð, n. [cp. Ulf. weit-wods = GREEK, weit-wodiþa and weit-wodei = GREEK, weit-wodian = GREEK; thus Icel. vitorð would be qs. vitoð] :-- private counsel, confidence; vera á fleiri manna vitorði, in the confidence of more men, Nj. 231; var þetta fyrst á fárra manna vitorði (viti, v.l.), 229; ekki var margra manna vitorð á hans ætterni, Fms. x. 391; ekki var þat í vitorði alþýðu, vi. 134; af nökkuru vitorði, Róm. 286; þat var á margra manna vitorði með hverjum skildaga ..., Ó.H. 95; vera í ráðum ok vitorðum með e-m um verk, Eg. 139; nema hann kalli þik til vitorðs með sér, unless he takes thee into his counsel, Sks. 361 B; fyrir útan vitorð e-s, without one's knowledge, 745: allit., fyrir útan vitorð eðr vilja þess er átti, Grág. ii. 348; fékk hann ekki skírt sik frá vitorðinu, he could not clear himself from the charge of cognisance, Róm. 287: in mod. usage, vera í vitorði með e-m, as a law term mostly in a bad sense. 2. a report; tók at vaxa vitorð of hann ok svá metorð ok yfirlæti, Fms. x. 391. vitorðs-maðr, m. a person cognisant (Dan. medvider), D.N. v. 61. VITR, vitr, vitrt, adj., the r is radical; compar. vitrari, superl. vitrastr :-- wise, of a person; vitr ok víðfrægr, Symb. 32; þú ert okkar vitrari, Fms. i. 59; vitr maðr ok réttorðr, Fb. i. 516; manna vitrastr, Nj. 2; kvenna vitrust ok vænust, Fms. vi. 119; þeir sem vitrari váru, 13; honum virðisk mærin vitr ok hæversk, 57; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, Anal. 160; þeir er vitrir hugðusk vera, Barl. 127; vitr kona ertú, Ragna, Orkn. 254; hvat þá varð vitri (dat. fem.), Am. 12; Sigurðr jarl var manna vitrastr, Fms. i. 13; hann var vitr maðr ok forspár um marga hluti, Eb. 42; jafnan vægir inn vitrari, Fms. vi. 220; fár er svá vitr at allt sjái sem er, a saying, Orkn. 304; stór-vitr, all-vitr, al-vitr, ú-vitr, spak-vitr, mis-vitr, slæg-vitr, qq.v. 2. = vitrligr, of a rare thing; vitr áhyggja, Eluc. 2. vitr, f. = vættr, a wight, Hkv. 1. 53. vitra, u, f. wit, wisdom, sagacity; talði þá hafa litla vitru sýnda í sínum ráðum, Fms. viii. 168; fyrir vitru sakir ok dirfðar, iv. 263; bæði sakir vitru ok framburðar, Orkn. 62 (in Lex. Run.); at vitra ormsins efldi einfaldleik dúfunnar, Greg. 20; af heilagri vitru, Clem. 143. vitra, að, to manifest, lay open, reveal; vitra mönnum úorðna hluti, Greg. 75, Magn. 538; Drottinn lýsir ok vitrar öll ráð hugskota, Hom. 84; Helgr andi vitraði þeim berliga, 656 C. 13; fyrir Gedeon vitraði Engill Guðs, Rb. 376; enn fimta dag at aptni þá var vitrat fyrir þeim at Guðs maðr myndi finnask, 623. 55. II. reflex. to reveal oneself, appear in a dream or vision, Al. 16; mikit er um fyrirburði slíka, er hann sjálfr vitrask okkr, Nj. 119; á næstu nótt vitraðisk inn helgi Martinus biskup Ólafi konungi í svefni, Fms. i. 280; þá vitrask Ólafr konungr konu hans í draumi ok mælti svá við hana, v. 210; sjá, þá vitraðist honum Engill Drottins í draumi, og sagði, Matth. i. 20. vitran and vitrun, f. a revelation; Guðlig vitran, Magn. 492. II. a vision, appearance in a dream, Mar.; eptir þessa vitran, Fms. v. 210; í vitran Þorvalds prests, Bs. i. 133, 302; vitranar-draumr, Post. 656 C, 6; vitranar-staðr, 655 x. 1. vitringr, m. a wise man, sage (like A.S. wita), Barl. 127; hann var höfðingi mikill ok vitringr, Ld. 24; hinn mesti vitringr, Fb. ii. 80; freq. in mod. usage, lög-vitringr. vitr-leikr (-leiki), m. wisdom; at þú ráðir drauminn ok lýsir svá yfir vitrleik þínum, Fms. xi. 6; svá bar v. hans af öllum mönnum, Edda (pref.); skörungr at lærdómi ok vitrleik, Bs. passim; snilld ok v., Fms. i. 141; vitrleiki Einars, Lv. 53: of a dog, cleverness, Fms. x. 254: ironic., vitringinum Eyjólfi, the wiseacre E., Nj. 235. vitrleiks-maðr, m. = vitringr, Gísl. 48. vitr-liga, adv. wisely, with wisdom, Fms. i. 203, Sks. 772, Fb. ii. 136, passim; ú-vitrliga. vitr-ligr, adj. [Old Engl. witterly], wise, of a thing or action; v. stjörn. Fms. vi. 30; v. ráð, ix. 442, xi. 28; vitrligar ráðagörðir, Ld. 238; snjallara ok vitrligra, Fms. i. 104: er þat vitrligra, vi. 8; vitrlig andsvör, Barl. 125, passim; ú-vitrligr. vitr-máll, adj. wise in speech, Clem. 128, Stj. 460. vit-samligr, adj. = vitrligr. vit-skertr, part. 'short of wit,' insane. vits-munir, m. pl. 'stores of wit,' sense, sagacity, cleverness; mun nú betra at hafa vitsmuni við, Nj. 76; lærdóm ok vitzmuni, Bs. i. 90; hefir hann komit á vitzmuni við mik, outwitted me, Lv. 48; með vitzmunum mínum ok hvatleika, Nj. 276; ok er hann var nökkurra

714 VITSTOLA -- VÍFLUR.

vetra gamall, óxu þó eigi mjök v. hans, Sd. 176; heill í sínum vitzmunum, in one's full senses, D.N. (phrase in wills); eigi er jafnkomit um vitzmuni með ykkr, Fb. ii. 43; freq. in mod. usage. 2. = vit, the five senses; allra vitsmuna, augna, heyrnar ..., Hom., St. (rare). vit-stola, adj. 'wit-stolen,' insane, Fas. iii. 300: freq. in mod. usage, = wild, frantic; cp. ham-stola. vit-stolinn, part. = vitstola, Fms. vi. 198, K.Á. 120, Stj. 153; vitstolnir menn ok vanaðir, N.G.L. ii. 300. VITT, n. [akin to vita], witchcraft, charms; engi maðr skal hafa í húsi sínu staf eðr stalla, vitt eðr blót, N.G.L. i. 383; engi maðr má trúa á vitt eðr blót, eor rót, 389; ok draptu á vitt (vætt Cod.) sem völur, Ls. 24; vitta-vættr, a bewitched wight, a wizard, witch, Ýt. vitta, ð, to bewitch, charm; vitti hón ganda, Vsp., cp. vitka. vitta-fullr, adj. full of charms; belgr vittafullr, a bag filled with charms, Kormak., cp. Þorf. Karl. 374 (see taufr). vittlingr, m. a witling, simpleton, Krók. 6 new Ed. vittugr, adj. skilled in witchcraft; nam hann vittugri valgaldr kveða, Vtkv. 4. vittull, m. a wittol, simpleton; in mann-vitull (q.v.), Ísl. ii. 340. vitugr, adj. [Engl. witty], clever; vitugr ok snjallr, Fms. viii. 390 (v.l.), Fagrsk. 14; svá vitugir, at þeir kunni at ráða fyrir orði ok eiði, Grág. ii. 46. vitu-ligr, adj., in ú-vituligr. vitund, f. conscience (see vitand). II. ekki vitund, not a whit. vit-vandr, adj. requiring cleverness, Konr. vixtr, part. [see vitka], bewitched; at hann myndi vixtr vera, ok eigi svá vitandi sem hann skyldi (sem hann myndi vixtr verða eða óvitandi, v.l.), Fagrsk. 32. viz, adv. far, widely; see víðr II. vizka, u, f., qs. vitska, [vit], wisdom, Fas. i. 392; sýnit vizku yðra, 623. 29; kraptr ok v., Barl. 99; gef honum vizku þíns helga anda, 100; skildi konungr þat af vizku sinni, at ..., Ó.H. 98; er þat eigi undarligt at gæfa fylgi vizku, 123, passim; vizku-bragð, a wise contrivance, Fær. 157; mikill er vizku-munr orðinn, Nj. 36; vizku-tré, the tree of knowledge, 671. 6: freq. in mod. usage, Jesu óx aldr og vizka og náð, N.T., Pass., Vídal.: ú-vizka, foolishness; sér-vizka, q.v. COMPDS: vizku-liga, adv. wisely, Barl. 98. vizku-ligr, adj. wise, Sturl. iii. 246, v.l. vizku-maðr, m. a wise man, Fms. vi. 204, x. 170. vizkr, adj. clever, sensible; vizkan (Cod. viþcan) mann, Fms. x. 405; kona knó ok vel vizk, Bs. i. 345. ví, ví, ví, interj. expressing the twittering of a young bird. VÍA, að. to twitter, of young birds in the nest; og víðka kokin vesallig, víandi láta mata sig, Bb. 2. 25. vía, u, f., mostly in plur. víur, the eggs of flies in blown meat, freq. in mod. usage. vía, að, to blow meat, lay eggs, of flies (Lat. verminare), also to swarm; prob. akin to úa, ýja (qq.v.), to swarm. víða, adv.; víðar, víðast, widely, far and wide, in many places; sá víða ratar, Hm.; fara víða, Eg. 41; víða um lönd, 32; hann skal svá víða vargr heita, sem ..., Grág. ii. 169; hann var víða blár, Fs. 141; víða ónumit land, 18; víða um heiminn, Anal. 39; um Agðir ok víðar, Eg. 32; um allt Hálogaland ok viðarr, Fas. ii. 161; sem víðast er veröld bygð, the farthest, Grág. ii. 169; víðast um veröldina, 'widest in the world,' cp. the wide world, Edda (pref.): with gen., víða veraldar, Stj. 43, 2. metaph., hann ló víða, lied in many cases, Nj. 270; þykkir mér víðast (in most instances, mostly) sakir hafa til verit, Orkn. 120; víðast hvar, in most cases or places; það er víðast hvar rétt, it is correct in most parts. víða, d, to widen; brant ísinn ok víddi vökna, Bs. i. 346; var brotinn íssinn ok vídd vökin, 319. víðátta, u, f. wideness, openness, of a district, Sks. 504; á víðáttu sléttra hafa, 506; víðátta jarðar, 549; víðáttu skáldskapr, loose, libellous poetry, Grág. ii. 150. vídd, f. width, wideness, extension; breidd, vídd, lengd, Fms. x. 272; svá vitt land at þat var mikil borgar-vidd, of the size of a large town, Fas. i. 289; víðr sem stakkgarðs-vídd, Bs. i. 669. víðerni, n. width, widening, extension; innan þess víðernis, H.E. i. 467; mátti þat varla standa fyrir víðerni Kristninnar, it could not hinder the widening of the Church, Mar. víðga, að, = víðka, Mar. VÍÐIR, m. [A.S. wiðig; Engl. withy; cp. Lat. vitis ], a willow, Edda (Gl.); þat er vex á víði, Pr. 474: in Icel. esp. willow-scrub, dwarf-willow, salix repens, fjalla-grávíðir = salix alpina glauca; bein-víðir, q.v.; loð-víðir or kotuns-víðir, the cotton-willow; haga-grávíðir, salix repens, Eggert Itin. ch. 267; used for thatching (cp. taug-reptr, Hm.), but esp. as fodder; many local names are derived from this plant: Víði-dalr, -nes, -hjalli, -ker (see kjarr), -skógr, Landn., Fs., map of Icel.: Víð-dælir, men from Víðidalr (whence the family name Vidalin, descended from Arngrim lærdi). COMPDS: víð-dælskr, adj. from Viði-dalr, Sturl. iii. 263. víði-hæll, m. a peg of willow; þeir hrukku fyrir sem viðihæll, as a willow-twig, Fms. iv. 250. víði-rif, n. the picking willow-twigs for fodder, Sturl. i. 195 C. víðir, m., poët. the wide sea, the main, Lex. Poët.; freq. also in mod. ballads, cp. Úlf. 2. 29. víðka (sounded víkka), að, to widen, Bb. 2. 25; dalrinn víðkar, Bárð. 173; víðkast, id., Stj. 163. VÍÐR, víð, vítt, adj., compar. víðari, superl. víðastr; [A.S. wid; Engl. wide; Germ. weit; Dan. vid] :-- wide, large, of extension; víðr ok rúmr sjór, Stj. 78; víðir skógar, Eg. 130; víð mörk, 57; víðan skjöld, Stj. 461; víða öxi, Sturl. i. 63; pallar svá víðir, at ..., Grág. i. 4, passim: allit. phrase, á víða vega, wide abroad, broadcast, Sdm. 46; víðs vegar, in all directions, being scattered about; flýja víðs vegar, Fms. ii. 217, vi. 87; dreifask víðs vegar, Eg. 530. 2. neut.; yfir Noregi svá vítt sem Haraldr inn Hárfagri hafði átt, Fms. v. 238; nú brennr víðara enn hann vildi, Grág. ii. 295; áin féll miklu víðara, Stj. 284; nema hann hafi hross lengr eða víðara, more widely, for a greater distance, Grág. i. 433; um allan Noreg ok enn miklu víðara, Hkr. i. 71; um allt Hálogaland ok þó víðara hvar, Fas. ii. 504; förum heldr víðara til, Fms. vi. 151; leggja eld í Hallvarðs-kirkju ok víðara (in more places) í bæinn, vii. 212. II. víðs, gen. used as adverb, mostly spelt viz, very far, full; enn er hann vildi tala hann þá var hann víðs fjarri, very far off, Edda i. 344 (Cod. Worm., vitz Cod. Reg.); viz ramligr, full strong, Merl. 2. 50; viz errilig, very fierce, Fms. vi. 169 (in a verse); viz mörg ekkja, full many a widow, Mork. (in a verse). B. COMPDS: víð-bláinn, m. the wide blue, poët, the heaven, Edda. víð-bygðr, part. wide-peopled, Lex. Poët. víð-faðmr, adj. wide-fathoming; víðfaðmara ríki, Fms. v. 344; víðfaðmi, nickname of an ancient conqueror (the Danish king Ivarr Víðfaðmi), Skjöld. S., Landn. víð-feðmir, m. wide-fathomed, name of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.) víð-fleygr, adj. wide-flying, Sks. 78, Róm. 331. víð-flögull, adj. id., Lex. Poët. víð-frægja, ð, to make wide-known, of praise, Bs. i. 329, Fms. i. 258; mun nafn þitt víðfrægjask um veröldina, Fms. i. 136. víð-frægr, adj. far-renowned, famous, Symb. 32, Fms. vi. 431; ágætari ok víðfrægri, Fb. ii. 118. víð-förli, f. a far-travelling, Bret. 30. víð-förull, adj. far-travelling, Fms. i. 100, Al. 11; as a nickname, inn víðförli, the far-traveller, Oddr, Þorvaldr, Eirikr, Hrani inn víðförli, Fms. i. 60, 274, Fb, i. 29 sqq. víð-gymnir, m. the wide-grappling, poët., Lex. Poët. víð-gyrðill, m. the wide girdle of the earth, i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët. víð-heimr, m. the wide world, the heavens, Edda (Gl.) víð-leikr (-leiki), m. width, extent, Stj. 67, 89, 163, 174, 348. víð-lenda, d, to extend a territory, Sks. 460. víð-lendi, n. broad lands, wideness of land, Stj. 618, Þiðr. 146, Hkr. ii. 171; mart er at segja af víðlendi ferðar Ólafs, the extent of his travels, Fms. x. 395: the wide, open, flat country, Eg. 294; víðlendis-ferð, O.H.L. ch. 8. víð-lendr, adj. having broad lands, of a king, Fms. i. 199, vi. 94, xi. 201, Al. 17, Stj. 610. víð-liga, adv. widely, H.E. i. 512. víð-ligr, adj. wide. víð-opnir, m. the 'wide open,' the hall of Hel, Edda ii. 494. víð-ræðr, adj.; verða víðrætt um e-t, to talk far and wide of a thing, Sd. 148. víð-ræss, adj. [rás], running far, far-roaming, of deer; dýr ólm ok víðræs, Art. 79; in Gkv. 2. 11, the true reading may be, á víðræsar varga leifar (an hypallage for víðræssa varga leifar), into the realm of the wide-roaming wolves, i.e. into the wild forest (see vargr, and leif I). víð-sýni, f. a wide outlook. víð-sýnn, adj. with wide prospect; menn vóru úti staddir á haugum nökkurum þar sem víðsýnt var, Fms. vi. 120; á víðsýna vegu, Mar. VÍF, n. [A.S. wîf, wîf-man = woman; Engl. wife; Germ. weib; supposed to have originally meant a weaver, from vefa, vífiðr] :-- a woman, but only in poetry; for in Icel. prose, old as well as modern, the word is quite obsolete, Rm. 22; er vaknaði víf ór svefni, Skv. 1. 16; þá varð hilmi hugr á vífi, Hkv. 2. 13; hafða ok þess vætki vífs, Hm. 102; víf en fögru, Fms. vii. 61 (in a verse); vant er stafs vífi, Am. 12; velskúfaðra vífa, Orkn. (in a verse); hamra víf, the wife of the rocks, a giantess; gjörninga víf, a witch; ósk-víf, a 'wish-wife,' chosen, wedded wife; geir-víf, spear-wife, = Bellona, Lex. Poët. vífandi, part., in the phrase, koma að vífandi, to arrive as of a sudden, or by chance. vífiðr, part. wound round; svell-vífiðr, wrapt in ice, Lex. Poët. vífi-lengjur, f. pl. = Lat. ambages; also vain pretexts, subterfuges. vífill. m. [A.S. wifel; Engl. weevil; Germ. webel], prop. a beetle; cp. tord-yfill qs. tord-vifill, this sense, however, is lost. 2. a pr. name, Landn.; whence in local names, Vífils-fell, -dalr, etc. vífinn, adj. given to women, = kvennsamr, Fagrsk. ch. 66, Konr. 14, Krók. ch. 11, Völs. R. 47. VÍFL, f. a cudgel, bat, used in washing; með víflinni, sem konur vóru vanar at hafa til þváttar, Rd. 297; kona fór með klæði til þváttar, hón hafði vífl í hendi, ok barði hann í hel með víflinni, Fms. v. 181; grið-kona hefir vífl í hendi, ok lýstr á helluna, viii. 243; vera sem vífl at brunni, to be like a bat at the well, i.e. to be in a surly, beating mood, Kormak. vífl, n. hesitation; also víl, víla. vífla, að, to stutter; það víflaðist fyrir honum, Björn. víflur, f. pl. waverings, stutterings, confusion; það kómu víflur á hann.

VÍFNI -- VÍGSLA. 715

vífni, f. the being vífinn, = kvennsemi, Merl. 2. 74. VÍG, n. [from vega B; Ulf. waihjo = GREEK], a fight, battle; this is the oldest sense of the word, prevalent in old poems and in compds; finnask at vígi, to meet for battle, Vþm. 17, 18; at vígum, Gm. 49; vígs ótrauðr, Skm. 24; varr við víg, Ls. 13; val þeir kjósa, ríða vígi frá, Vþm. 41; vápn til vígs at ljá, Fsm.; víga guð, víga Njörðr, víga Freyr, the god of battle; verja vígi brúar-sporðana, Fms. ii. 207; Heiðar-víg, the battle on the Heath, Heiðarv. S.; hvar sem hón (Freyja) ríðr til vígs, þá á hón hálfan val, Edda 16; verja þeim vígi þingvöllinn, Íb. 11; verja þeim vígi völlinn, Eb. 20; at vit myndim jafn-færir til vígs, Nj. 97; eiga víg saman, to have a fight together, Bret. 48; engi hestr mundi hafa við þeim í vígi, Nj. 89 (hesta-víg, a horse-fight]; Tanni ræðsk í móti Bárða, teksk þar víg afburða-fræknligt, Ísl. ii. 369; hann á víg móti Tý, Edda 42; vígs atvist, presence, abetting at a fight, Grág. ii. 138 (as a law term); hence is derived II. as a law term, homicide, any slaughter with a weapon, in open warfare and private feud; for the legal meaning, see the remarks s.v. morð, Grág., and the Sagas, passim. COMPDS: 1. with gen. plur.: víga-brandr, m. a 'war-brand,' a sword in the heavens, a kind of 'aurora' boding war. víga-far, n. 'warfare,' battle, slaughter; ófriðr ok v., Laudn. 270; göra margar úspektir um kvenna-far, ok vígaför, Orkn. 444. víga-ferðir = vígaferli, Js. 8: or víga-ferði, n., N.G.L. i. 19, Sks. 252 B, Gþl. 26. víga-ferli, n. pl. 'warfare,' war and slaughter of men; mun þetta upphaf vígaferla þinna, Nj. 85; hólmgöngum ok vígaferlum, Eg. 645; óeirðar-menn um kvenna-mál ok vígaferli, Lv. 3; újafnaðar ok vígaferla, Krók. 36. víga-guð, n. the god of battle, Edda (of Tý). víga-hugr, m. a 'war-mood,' a murderous mood, = víghugr. víga-maðr, m. a fighting man, one ever at war, one who kills many men, Nj. 22, Landn. 150, Eg. 770; hann lézk vera v. ok eiga úvært, Glúm. 360. 2. with gen. sing.: vígs-bætr, f. pl. compensation for manslaughter, Grág. ii. 95, Fms. iii. 56. vígs-gengi, n. the backing one, fighting side by side with one in battle; heita, veita e-m v., Ld. 222, Eb. 100, Lv. 95. víga-gjald, n. = vígsbætr, Sturl. ii. 168. vígs-maðr, m. a champion, Bs. i. 763. vígs-mál, n. a trial for manslaughter, Nj. 71, 100, Boll. 340. vígs-sök = vígsök, Fms. iii. 155. B. REAL COMPDS: víg-áss, m. a war-beam, for defence; þeir Brandr höfðu vígása í dyrum, Sturl. ii. 97. víg-bjartr, adj. 'war-bright,' glorious, Lex. Poët. víg-blær, m. 'War-breeze,' name of a war-steed, Hkv. 2. 34. víg-bætr, f. = vígsbætr, Grág. ii. 95. víg-bönd, n. pl. the gods of battle, Vsp. víg-dís, f. 'war-fairy,' name of one of the Valkyrja; a pr. name of a woman, Landn. víg-djarfr, adj. daring, gallant, stout-hearted, Hm., Al. 8. víg-drótt, f. warriors, Hm. 39. víg-dvalinn, m. name of a dwarf, Sól. víg-fimi, f. skill in arms, a feat of arms, Dropl. 24, Fær. 129, Fms. i. 97. víg-fimr, adj. skilled in feats of arms, Ld. 242, Sturl. i. 150. víg-fleki and víg-flaki, a, m. a 'war-board,' mantlet of boards, used in battle, = Lat. vinea (vígflaki, 655 xxv. 2), Sturl. ii. 54; færa út á borðit vígfleka ok verjask sem bezt, en vega lítt í mót, Fb. i. 542. víg-frekr, adj. 'war-eager,' Edda (in a verse). víg-frækn, adj. martial, Lex. Poët. víg-frömuðr, m. a partisan of war, Lex. Poët. víg-fúss, adj. eager for battle, Grett. (in a verse): a pr. name (cp. Gr. GREEK), Landn., Glúm. víg-glaðr, adj. rejoicing in war. Lex. Poët. vig-grimmr, adj. murderous in battle, Lex. Poët. víg-gyrðill, m. a 'war-girdle,' a shelter made in ships during battle, Fms. vi. 263, viii. 216, N.G.L. i. 335. víg-gyrðla, að, to put up the shelter before battle; skip búin ok víggyrðluð, Fms. viii. 132; v. skip sín, Orkn. 360, Sks. 397; on land, Sturl. i. 185. víg-harðr, adj. hardy in war, Lex. Poët. víg-hestr, m, a war-horse, Eb. 54. víg-hugr, m. a 'war-mood,' martial mood; ef þú verðr með víghug til nokkurs manns, Fms. xi. 429; þá var hann svá búinn er v. var á honum, Valla L. 208: a murderous mood, sér þú eigi at hann stendr með víghug yfir þér uppi? Fms. vi. 249; þann veg brá honum opt við síðan er v. var á honum, Glúm. 342. víg-kæni, f. a feat of arms, = vígfimi; vel lærðr til allrar v. á hesti, Sks. 402. víg-kænn, adj. = vígfimr, Fms. i. 257, x. 358. víg-kænska, u, f. = vígkæni, El. víg-leysi, n. defencelessness Stj. 213. víg-lið, n. war-folk, warriors, Hkv. 1. 25. víg-ligr, adj. martial, doughty, Am. 51, Ld. 80, 276, Fms. vii. 69, Bs. i. 559: v. á velli at sjá, of martial appearance, Eg. 475: lét hann it vígligasta, Grett. 118 A. víg-ljóss, adj. having daylight for fighting; en þá var þó svá kveldat, at eigi var vígljóst, ok leggja þeir skip sín í lægi, Fms. xi. 63. víg-lundr, m. 'war-grove,' poët, a warrior, and a pr. name, Vígl. víg-lystr, adj. = vígfúss, Lex. Poët. víg-lýsing, f. a law term, a declaration or confession of homicide committed, Gþl. 153 (lýsa II. 3. β). víg-maðr, m. a champion, Post. (Unger) 39. víg-mannliga, adv. martially, doughtily, Fms. vii. 225, Mag. 9. víg-mannligr, adj. martial. víg-móðr, adj. weary in battle, Fms. viii. 411, xi. 274, Ld. 222. víg-nest, n. pl. a 'war-knitting,' a coat of mail, Hkv. Hjörv. víg-ólfr, m. a 'war-wolf,' a pr. name, Sól.: Vígólfs-staðir, a local name in western Iceland. víg-rakkr, adj. gallant, Lex. Poët. víg-reiðr, adj. 'war-wroth,' in martial mood, Nj. 256. víg-reifr, adj. 'laetus bello,' warlike, Lex. Poët., víg-risinn, adj. gallant in war, Skv. 1. 13. víg-risni, f. prowess in arms, Ls. 2. Víg-ríðr, m. the name of the battle-field where the gods and the sons of Surt meet, Fm. víg-roð, n. and víg-roði, a, m. war-redness, a meteor or red light in the sky boding war; vígroði lýstr á skýin, O.H.L. 68; verpr vígroða á víkinga, Hkv. 2. 17, cp. Merl. 68. víg-skarða, að, to furnish with ramparts, Fms. x. 153. víg-skár, adj. harried, exposed to war; vígskátt ríki, Ad. víg-skerðr, part. furnished with vígskörð, Stj. 611 628, 641. víg-skóð, n. pl. weapons of war, murderous weapons, Lex. Poët. víg-skörð, n. pl. battlements, ramparts, Stj. 640, Sks. 416, 648, Fms. vi. 149. víg-slanga, u, f. a 'war-sling,' catapult, Fbr. 143, v.l. víg-slóði, a, m. the 'war-slot,' i.e. the section of law treating of battle and manslaughter, Grág., Íb. 17. víg-snarr and víg-snjallr, adj. martial, heroic. Lex. Poët. víg-sókn, f. a suit for manslaughter, Nj. 109. víg-spár, adj., in Vsp. 28 as epithet of a battle-field, prob. an error for vígskár, q.v. víg-spjöll, n. pl. 'war-spells,' war-news, Hkv. 2. 11, Gs. 18. víg-sök, f. prosecution for manslaughter; sækja vígsakar, Íb. 8, Grág. i. 104, Nj. 86, Ld. 258; vígsakar aðili, Grág. ii. 22. Eb. 195, Bs. i. 676; vígsaka bætr, Grág. i. 189. víg-tamr, adj. skilled in war, Lex. Poët. víg-tár, n. pl. 'war-tears,' i.e. blood; fella vígtár, to shed war-tears, to bleed, Sighvat. víg-teitr, adj. = vígglaðr. víg-tönn, f. a war-tooth, tusk, Vígl. 20, Fas. i. 214, iii. 231: an eye-tooth, N.G.L. i. 171. víg-vél, f. a war-trick, ruse, engine of war, Fms. i. 103; vápnum ok vígvélum, vi. 69, vii. 93; heiðingjar höfðu vagna járnvarða ok margháttaðar aðrar vígvélar, vi. 145; vinna borg með vígvélum, Stj. 512 (vígvælar). víg-völlr, m. a battle-field, Bret. 54, Eg. 491, Nj. 212, Ld. 224, Hkr. i. 159, Fms. xi. 372. víg-völr, m. a 'war-stick,' weapon, a collective term; með öxar-hamri, eða hvárngi vígvöl er maðr hefir, Grág. ii. 14, Pr. 415, Fms. viii. 249. víg-þeyr, m. a 'war-breeze,' i.e. battle. Lex. Poët. víg-þrot, n. 'war-abatement' end of the battle, Vþm. víg-þryma, u, f. a 'war-storm,' i.e. battle, Hkv. 1. 6. víg-æsa, að, (vígáss), to furnish with vígáss. víg-örr, adj. eager for war, Lex. Poët. vígi, n. a vantage-ground, stronghold; þar var svá mikill vígis-munr, at ekki ..., Fms. viii. 427; var hamarrinn víðr ofan ok vígi gott, ii. 93, Eb. 188, 238, Fs. 90; öruggt vígi, Gullþ. 52 (Ed.); þar er vígi nakkvat, Nj. 95; renna til vígis í Almanna-gjá, 228: metaph., engi vörn eðr vígi, Sks. 131. II. the bulwarks or gunwale of a ship, Edda (Gl.): þeir tóku þar frá (from the ships) vígin, Fms. ix. 44; hlóðu skipin til úfærs af lausa-viðum þeim er þeir tengðu útan við vígin, Bs. i. 392; kemr annat áfall, ... ofan drap flaugina ok af vígin bæði, 422. Vígi, a, m. a fighter, only used as the name of a hound, e.g. Vígi, the dog of king Olave Tryggvason, Fms. i-iii; and so in mod. usage. víging, f. a consecration, N.G.L. i. 345, 352. VÍGJA, ð, [Ulf. weihan, ga-weihan, = GREEK; Germ. weihen; Dan. vie; Swed. viga; cp. Ulf. weiha = GREEK, weihiþa = holiness, weis = GREEK; the adjective has been displaced by heilagr, q.v.; the vé (q.v.) is a different word] :-- to consecrate; in heathen sense, with the hammer of Thor, vígit okkr saman Várar-hendi, Þkv. 30; tók upp hamarinn Mjölni ok brá upp ok vígði hafr-stökurnar, Edda 28; konungr vígði þá (the dwarfs) útan steins með mála-saxi, Fas. i. 514, ii. 327, 338. II. in Christian sense; vér skulum vígja tvá elda, Nj. 162; vígja kirkju, K.Þ.K.; vígja prest, biskup, djákn, Bs. passim; vígja til konungs, to anoint as king, Ver. 25, Rb.; vígja konung til kórónu, Fms. x. 13; but this was unknown in the earlier times, king Magnus Erlingsson being the first Norse king who was consecrated by the church (A.D. 1164); in Denmark the custom was somewhat earlier: of wedlock, láta sik saman vígja við Ceceliu, Hkr. iii. 292; vígja saman hjón, Vm. 76. 2. pass.; vígjask til biskups, prests, nunnu, to be ordained, Jb. 17, Grág. i. 307, Bs. passim. vígr, adj. in fighting state, serviceable; allir vígir karlar, Fms. i. 209: skilled in arms, vígr vel, Nj. 2; vígr manna bezt, Fms. ii. 20, Eb. 32. II. neut. vígt, a law phrase, in self-defence; þar er vígt í gegn þeim frumhlaupum, Grág. ii. 9; sex em konur þær er maðr á vígt um, 60: mér þykkir eigi at þér vígt, svá gömlum manni, Fms. xi. 155; þeir drápu karla þá er vígt var at, they smote the men that might be slain, Hkr. i. 235 (referring to the rule in the old code of honour, that it was a disgrace to slay women and children, the aged and the helpless). vígsla, u, f. a consecration, ordination; messu-djákn at vígslu, Nj. 272; kom erkibiskup heim frá vígslu, Fms. ix. 423; taka vígslu af biskupi, Bs. i, Grág. passim; kirkju-vígsla, consecration of a church; biskups-vígsla, prests-vígsla, ordination of a bishop, priest; hjóna-vígsla, a wedding; konungs-vígsla, a coronation; vatns-vígsla, Bs., passim: vígslu-dagr, the day of consecration; vígslu-faðir, an ordaining father (of a bishop), cp. 'god-father,' Bs.; vígslu-görð, a performance of ordination. Fms. x. 11; vígslu-maðr, a man in holy orders, viii. 269; vígslu-gjöf, id., Ann. 1356; leggja vígslu-hendr yfir e-n, to lay hands on, of a bishop, Bs. i. 850; vígslu-hrútr, the sacrificial ram, Stj.; vígslu-eiðr, the coronation-oath, Fms. viii. 155; vígslu-gull, a coronation-ring, x. 15; vígslu-kaup, a consecration-fee, K.Á. 76; vígslu-klæði, -skrúð. the coro-

716 VÍK -- VÍKJA.

nation-robes, Fms. x. 16, viii. 193; vígslu-sverð, a coronation-sword, x. 15, 109; vígslu-taka, a receiving consecration, H.E. i. 255; vígslu-pallr, a degree of ordination, H.E., K.Á. VÍK, f., gen. víkr, pl. víkr, [from víkja; Dan. vig], prop. a small creek, inlet, bay; vík gékk upp fyrir austan nesit en upp at víkinni stóð borg mikil, Eg. 161; þeir námu víkr þær er við þá eru kenndar, Landn. 236; í vík eina ... hjá vík þeirri, 57; sá ek at í hverja vík vóru rekin brot af þessu tré, Fms. vii. 163; víkr ok fjörðu, Fbr. 14 new Ed.; tveim megin víkriunar, Fs. 143; margar víkr, 146; róa vik á e-n, to row one round, get the better of another; þætti mér mikit vaxa mín virðing, eðr þess höfðingja er á Hrafnkel gæti nökkura vík róit, Hrafn. 16 (metaph. from pulling in a race), Þjal. 48. II. freq. in local names, Vík, Víkr, Húsa-vík, Reykjar-vík, etc.: the name of Vík or Víkin was specially given to the present Skagerack and Christianiafjrord with the adjacent coasts; í Vík austr, í Víkinni, sigla inn, út Víkina, Fms. passim. The form -wick or -wich in British local names is partly of Norse, partly of Latin origin (vicus); all inland places of course belong to the latter class. COMPDS: víkr-barmr, m. a little bay; kómu í einn víkrbarm, Krók. 460. víkr-hvarf, n. a creek, Grett. 128 new Ed.; spelt víkhvarf, Fms. vii. 260. Vík-marr, m. the bay at Bergen. Fms. vii. Vík-dælskr, adj. from the county W., Fms. vii. víking, f. a freebooting voyage, piracy; see víkingr. In heathen days it was usual for young men of distinction, before settling down, to make a warlike expedition to foreign parts, this voyage was called 'víking,' and was part of a man's education like the grand tour in modern times; hence the saying in the old Saga, -- 'when I was young and on my voyage (víking), but now I am old and decrepit;' so a son begs his father to give him a 'langskip,' that he may set out on a 'víking,' cp. the scene of the young Egil and his mother Bera, and the reference Fms. i. 69; see B. The custom was common among Teutonic tribes, and is mentioned by Caesar B.G. vi. ch. 23 (latrocinia nullam habent infamiam, quae extra fines cujusque civitatis fiunt, sqq.), only there it is a foray on land; (cp. the mod. American filibustering.) B. REFERENCES illustrating this word: Leifr fór í hernað í vestr-víking, Landn. 32; Ólafr inn hvíti herjaði í vestr-víking ok vann Dyflinni, 108; Geirmundr heljar-skinn var herkonungr, hann herjaði í vestr-víking, 121; hann kom út síð landnáma-tíðar, hann hafði verit í vestr-víking ok haft ór vestr-víking þræla Írska, 133; Ánn varð missáttr við Harald konung inn hárfagra, hann fór því ór landi í vestr-víking, 140; Ingimundr var víkingr mikill ok herjaði í vestr-víking jafnan, 174; Ævarr fór til Íslands ór víkingu, ok synir hans, 185; Björn var á sumrum í vestr-víking en á vetrum með Öndótti, Eyvindr fór þá í vestr-víking, 204; þá var Þorsteinn son Ásgríms í víkingu, en Þorgeirr annarr son hans var tíu vetra, 292; hann var í víking á sumrum ok fékk sér fjár, Hkr. i. 171; Hjörleifr konungr féll í víkingu, Fas. ii. 35; leggjask í víking ok hernað, Fms. xi. 73; fara í víking, Eg. 260; Grímr, þeir vóru í vestr-víking, ok drápu í Suðreyjum Ásbjörn jarl skerja-blesa, ok tóku þar at herfangi Ólöfu konu hans, Grímr fór til Íslands, Landn. 314; þá er ek var ungr ok í víkingu ... en nú hálfu síðr at ek em gamall ok örvasi, Glúm. 337; ek vil senda yðr austr til Svíþjóðar á fund tins bezta vinar míns, er nú er kallaðr Hákon gamli, við vórum lengi báðir samt í víking, var með okkr inn kærasti félagskapr, ok áttum einn sjóð, Fms. i. 69; en er hann var á unga aldri, lá hann í víkingu ok hernaði, Eg. (begin.); Björn var farmaðr mikill, var stundum í víking en stundum í kaupferðum, 154; er mér þat nær skapi, sagði hann, at þú fáir mér langskip ok þar lið með, ok fara ek í víking (the words of a son to his father), 157: of an expedition in the East (in the Baltic), þeir fóru um sumarit í víking í Austrveg, fóru heim at hausti ok höfðu aflat fjár mikils ... skip þat höfðu þeir fengit um sumarit í víking, Eg. 170, 171; Björn var nú í víkingu at afla sér fjár ok frægðar, Bjarn. 13: the word occurs also on Swed. Runic stones, sá varð dauðr í vestr-vegum í víkingu, Baut. 962: þá lögðusk sumir menn út í víking ok á herskip, ok mörg endemi tóku menn þá til önnur þau er nú mundi ódæmi þykkja ef menn henti slíkt, Bs. i. 62 (referring to Iceland of A.D. 1056-1180): one of the last instances on record is Sturl. i. 152, -- hann hafði verit útan nokkura vctr ok verit í víkingu, referring to A.D. 1195: in the Orkneys, among the Norsemen, the viking-life lasted till the 13th century, if not longer. víkingligr, adj. like a viking, martial, Ld. 276. víkingr, m. a freebooter, rover, pirate, but in the Icel. Sagas used specially of the bands of Scandinavian warriors, who during the 9th and 10th centuries harried the British Isles and Normandy: the word is peculiarly Norse, for although it occurs in A.S. in the poem Byrnoth (six or seven times), it is there evidently to be regarded as a Norse word; and prob. so too in the poem 'Exodus,' in the words rondas bærun sæwicingas, over saltne mere; lastly, in 'Widsith,' as the name of a people, and Liðvicingas (= Liðungar? q.v.) The word 'víkingr' is thought to be derived from vík (a bay), from their haunting the bays, creeks, and fjords; -- or it means 'the men from the fjords,' the coincidence that the old Irish called the Norsemen 'Lochlannoch.' and Norway 'Lochlan,' is curious. B. A few selected references will illustrate the word :-- Naddoddr hét maðr, hann var víkingr mikill, Landn. 26; Flóki Vilgerðarson hét maðr, hann var v. mikill, 28; slógusk í Eyjarnar víkingar ok herjuðu ok ræntu víða, 41; Úlfr víkingr ok Ólafr bekkr fóru samskipa til Íslands, 202; en er þeir lágu til hafs kómu at þeim víkingar ok vildu ræna þá, en Gautr laust stafnbúann þeirra við hjálmun-veli, ok lögðu víkingar við þat frá, siðan var hann kallaðr Hjálmun-gautr, 223; Hrafn hafnar-lykkill var víkingr mikill, hann fór til Íslands ok nam land ..., 269; Ölvir barna-karl hét maðr ágætr í Noregi, hann var víkingr mikill, hann lét eigi henda börn á spjóta-oddum sem þá var víkingum títt, því var hann barna-karl kallaðr, 308; maðr hét Þorsteinn, gamall maðr ok sjónlítill, hann hafði verit rauða-víkingr (q.v.) í æsku sinni, Þorst. S.; Þorkell miðlangr, hann er rauðr víkingr ok í missætti við Hákon jarl, Fms. xi. 121; her-víkingr, a pirate, i. 225 (p. 259); víkings efni, víkinga höfðingi, konungr, Eg. 190, Fms. vi. 389, Fas. ii. 132; víkinga lið, Stj.; víkinga skip, skeið, snekkja, Hkr. i. 296, Korm. 236, Fms. i. 289; víkinga bæli, Eg. 251; víkinga rán, Fms. vi. 291; Bera kvað Egil vera víkings-efni ... þegar hann hefði aldr til ok honum væri fengin herskip, Eg. 190 (and the following verse -- þat mælti mín móðir, at mér skyldi kaupa fley ok fagrar árar, fara í hring með víkingum ...); af Gizori má göra þrjá menn, hann má vera víkinga höfðingi ..., þá má hann ok vera konungr ..., með þriðja hætti má hann vera biskup, ok er hann bezt til þess fallinn af þessum þremr, Fms. vi. 389: on Swed. Runic stones, sá var víkinga-vörðr með Gauti, Baut. 267; allir víkingar, Brocm. 197. Of old poems the Hkv. Hund. well illustrates the life and warfare of Vikings of the 9th and 10th centuries, where also the word itself occurs (verpr vígroða um víkinga); as also vinr víkinga, in the song in Hervar. S.; víkingr Dana, Helr. 11; the saying, víkingar fara ekki at lögum. 2. in after times the word fell into discredit, and is used, esp. in eccl. legends, as = robber, being applied by a misnomer even to highwaymen, Stj. passim; víkingsins Alexandri, Al. 98; Besso þeim vánda víkingi, 122; víkinga dráp, Grett. 100; þessum vansignaða víkingi, Stj. 463 (of Goliath), so in Grág. ii. 136; or even in the Landn., Þorbjörn bitra hét maðr, hann var v. ok íllmenni, 159. For the laws of the ancient Vikings, their discipline and manners, see esp. Hálfs S. ch. 10, Jómsvík. ch. 24 (Fms. xi), Flóam. S. ch. 2, Vd. ch. 2, Yngl. S. ch. 34, 41, Eg. ch. 48, Ó.T. (Hkr.) ch. 101, 102, Ó.H. ch. 21, the Orkn. S. (Sweyn Asleifson) ch. 115, Þorvalds S. Víðf. ch. 1 (Bs. i. 36, 37): records of their wars and voyages, the Landn. passim, the first chapters of Eg., Eb., Ld., Grett., Orkn., Hkr. i. passim. II. Víkingr, a pr. name, Landn. and several times on the Swed. Runic stones; cp. Súð-víkingr, a man from Súðavík, Bs. víkingskapr, m. piracy, Fms. i. 98, Fs. 13. VÍKJA, older vikva, MS. 325. 76; the spelling with y is curious; pres. vykr, Hom. (a very old vellum); pret. veyk, Ó.H. 174. l. 9, Mork. 171. l. 34; ykva, q.v., also occurs (vi = y); pres. vík; pret. veik, veikt, veik, pl. viku; subj. víki; imperat. vík (víktu); part. vikinn; a pret. vék (like sté, hné, from stíga, hníga) has prevailed in mod. usage (vék, lék, Úlf. 3. 34), but is hardly found in old writers: [Dan. vige; Swed. vika.] B. To move, turn; veik hann þaðan ok kom fyrir konung, Stj.; hann veik þá upp á hálsinn, Gullþ. 61 new Ed.; víkr hann út á borgar-vegginn, Fms. x. 238; Þórir veik aptr til Jómalans, Ó.H. 135; þeir viku aptr (returned) ok leita þeirra, Fms. ix. 54; hann veik heim, returned home, Ísl. ii. 202, v.l.; veik ek hjá (I passed by) allstaðar er spillvirkja bælin eru vön at vera, Fms. ii. 81; þeir viku þá í Eystri-dali, ix. 233; es maðrinn výkr (sic) eptir teygingu fjándans, Hom. 216 (Ed.); þat skyldi eptir öðru líkja eðr víkja, Fms. v. 319; margir höfðingjar viku mjök eptir honum (followed him) í áleitni við Harald, vii. 165; megu vér þar til víkja, we may call there, Grett. 5 new Ed.; víkja mörgum hlutum eptir þínum vilja, Fb. i. 320; Arnkell veik því af sér, A. declined, Eb. 122, Ld. 68; tók hann því seinliga ok veik nökkut til ráða bræðra sinna, Eb. 208; veik hann sér hjá dyrunum, Fs. 62; svá at sveinninn mætti hvergi víkja höfðinu, move with the head, i.e. turn, stir the head, Fms. ii. 272; engi maðr skal þér í móti víkja hendi né fæti, stir hand or foot against thee, Stj. 204; víkja hendinni, 581 (in mod. usage, víkja hvorki hendi né fæti, of a lazy person); hann veik honum frá sér, he pushed him off, Fms. ix. 243 (v.l.), Stj. 614; hann veik sér undan, turned aside, Bs. i. 861; vík (imperat.) hegat keri þínu, pass the beaker! Stj. 136; helgir feðr viku til bindendi níu-vikna-fóstu (dat.), 49. 2. metaph.; veik hann til samþykkis við bændr ræðu sinni, Fms. ii. 35; hón veik tali til kóngs-sonar, she turned her speech to the king's son, Pr. 431; var því vikit til atkvæða Marðar, Nj. 207; viku þeir til Haralds málinu, Fms. vii. 169; þessu veik hann til Snorra Goða, Eb. 84; ok forvitnask um þat er til hennar var vikit af þessum stórmælum, 625. 86; konungr tók vænliga á ok veik undir Gizur hvíta, Nj. 178, Fb. i. 273; veik hann á þat fyrir þeim, at ..., he hinted at, Ld. 26; Þormóðr víkr á nokkut í Þorgeirs-drápu á misþokka þeirra, Th. hints at, Fbr. 24 new Ed.; hón veik á við Önund, at hón vildi kvæna Ólaf frænda sinn, Grett. 87; víkja svá bækr til, at ..., the books indicate, Karl. 547; hélt Þorleifr á um málit en Arnkell veik

VÍKJANLIGR -- VÍSA. 717

af höndum, declined, Eb. 182. 3. to trend; þat ríki víkr til norðrættar, Fms. xi. 230. 4. to turn, veer, of a ship, better ykva; skútan renndi fram hart, ok varð þeim seint at víkja, Fms. vii. 202; ok (she) reist svá rúman krókinn at þeir fengu eigi at vikit, viii. 386; önnur skipin viku inn til hafna af leiðinni, ix. 310; lát víkja! víkja til, til at víkja, vi. 244, 262, l.c.; Þórðr veik frá ok ór læginu því skipi, vii. 113; viku þeir nú stöfnum, veered round, ix. 301; þá gátu þeir vikit jarls skipinu. viii. 386; þann hjálmun-völ, er hann hneigir ok víkr með hjörtum stór-höfðingja, Sks. 479 B: metaph., mátti Þórir eigi vikva skapi sínu til Magnúss, Fms. x. 411; þar veik annan veg, it took another turn, viii. 60; þat þóttusk menn skilja, at konungr viki meirr áleiðis með Gizuri the king was biassed towards G. þat allt er honum þótti svá mega, Sturl. iii. 91. II. impers. to turn, recede, trend; landi víkr, the land recedes, draws back, as one sails on, Orkn. (in a verse); þaðan víkr landi til landnorðrs, A.A. 289; feninu víkr at hálsinum upp, Eg. 582; svá veik viðr veginum, at þar var hraungata mikil, the road was thus shaped, Pr. 411; nú víkr sögunni vestr til Breiðafjarðar-dala, the story turns west to B., Nj. 2; en þar veik annan veg af, but it turned quite another way, Fms. viii. 60; nú veik svá við (it came to pass) at liðit fór yfir eina á mikla, 33. III. reflex. to turn oneself; víkjask aptr, to turn back, Fs. 37: to stir, hón sat ok veiksk eigi, she sate and stirred not, Landn. 152; vikjask eptir e-u, to turn after, imitate, Fs. 4; víkjask undan e-u, to evade, shun, decline, Ld. 18, 42, Fms. xi. 94; hann víksk skjótt við þetta mál, respond to it, 27; kveðr hann vel hafa vikizk við sína nauðsyn, 29, i. 208; flestir menn vikusk lítt undir af orðum þeirra, Bs. i. 5; Íslendingar höfðu þá vikizk undir hlýðni við Magnús konung, Fms. x. 157; hann veiksk við skjótt, started at once, Hrafn. 18. víkjanligr, adj. movable. vík-skart = víkskorit, indented with bays, Post. (Unger) 234. Vík-verjar, m. pl. the men from the county Wik in Norway, Fms. passim; Víkverja biskup, -konungr, etc., Landn. 313, Ann. 1209: Vík-verskr, adj., Fær. 34, Nj. 40, Eg. 72. VÍL, n. [A.S. wîl- in wîl-bec; cp. Lat. v&i-long;is], misery, wretchedness; erfiði ok víl, Skálda; við víl ok erfiði, Hbl. 58; lifa við víl ok erfiði, Blanda; víls ok vesaldar, Fms. iii. 95; þá er móðr er at morni komr, allt er víl sem var, Hm. 23; hafa víl at vinna, to have hard work to win, Kormak (in a verse). víla, að, (qs. vífla?), to hesitate, waver; víla e-ð fyrir sér. víl-mögr, m., pl. vílmegir, a son of toil, bondsman, Hm. 135, Skm. 35, Bm. 1 (Ó.H. 208), Edda (Gl.), but obsolete in prose. víl-siðr, m. = vílstigr; hungr ok þorsti, válað ok vílsiðr, Hom. (St.) víl-sinni, n. a 'walk of misery,' distress; v. ok nauð, Barl. 60; vás ok vílsinni, 63; vílsinni ok erfiði, 132; í vílsinni við sjálfan sik, in self-inflicted misery, Þiðr. 176; vinna vílsinn, to toil, Gísl. (in a verse); vílsinnis spá, a dismal prophecy, Gkv. 2. 3. víl-sinnr, m. a companion in distress; v. völu, Edda (in a verse). víl-stigr, m. a path of misery; margan vílstíg varð hann at ganga, Fms. viii. 48; sá var mér vílstigr of vitaðr, Hm. 99. víma, u, f. [cp. vim], giddiness, hesitation, (in Sturl. ii. 54 for vímur read vámur); öl-vima, giddiness from drink, Fél. x. vím-laukr, m. a kind of narcotic leek, Fas. i. 229. VÍN, n. [this word, though foreign, is common to all Teut. languages, and is one of the few words which at a very early date was borrowed from the Lat.; it is found in the oldest poems, and appears there as a naturalised word; Ulf. has wein = GREEK; A.S. and O.H.G. wîn; Germ. wein; Engl. wine; Dan. vin] :-- wine; at víni, Hðm. 21, Gísl. (in a verse); en við vín eitt vápn-göfigr, Óðinn æ lifir, Gm. 19; vín var í könnu, Rm. 29. Wine was in early times imported into Scandinavia from England; þeir kómu af Englandi með mikilli gæzku víns ok hunangs ok hveitis, Bs. i. 433, (in the Profectio ad Terram Sanctam, 146, for vim mellis, tritici, bonarumque vestium, read vini, mellis, etc.); or it was brought through Holstein from Germany, as in Fms. i. 111; Þýðerskir menn ætla héðan at flytja smjör ok skreið, en hér kemr í staðinn vín, in the speech of Sverrir, Fms. viii. 251; the story of Tyrkir the Southerner (German), Fb. i. 540, is curious :-- for wine made of berries (berja-vín), see Páls S. ch. 9, and Ann. 1203: cp. the saying, vín skal til vinar drekka, Sturl. iii. 305; eitt silfr-ker fullt af víni, id.: allit., vín ok virtr, Sdm. 2. poët., hræ-vín, hrafn-vín, vitnis-vín, = blood, Lex. Poët. B. COMPDS: vín-belgr, m. a wine-skin, Fms. v. 137. vín-ber, n. 'wine-berries,' grapes, Stj. 200, Fb. i. 540, Skálda, N.T.; vínberja köngull, Þorf. Karl. 412; vínbers-blóð, the blood of the grape, Stj. vín-berill, m. a wine-barrel, Stj. 366, Fb. ii. 24, Hým. 31. vín-byrli, a, m. a cup-bearer, Karl. 10. vín-dropi, a, m. a drop of wine, Hb. 544. 39. vín-drukkinn, part. drunken with wine, Bret. 96, Stj. 124, 428, Post. vín-drykkja, u, f. wine-drinking, Fms. viii. 248. vín-drykkr, m. a drink of wine, Fms. viii. 124. vín-fat, n. a wine-vat, Rétt. vín-fátt, n. adj. short of wine, Ann. 1326. vín-ferill, m., no doubt erroneous for vínberill, Hým. 31 (cp. Engl. barrel). vín-garðr, m. a vineyard, Stj. 63, 113, Fb. ii. 24, Edda (pref.), N.T. vín-gefn, f., poët, appellation for a woman, cp. Hebe, Lex. Poët. vín-guð, n. the wine-god (Bacchus), Al. 6. vín-görð, f. wine-making, Edda (in a verse). vín-hús, n. a wine-house, Mirm. vín-höfigr, adj. heavy with wine, of a goblet, Akv. 34. vín-ker, n. a wine-beaker, Bs. i. 798, v.l. vín-kjallari, a, m. a wine-cellar, D.N. ii. 513, Gd. 71. Vín-land, n. Wineland, the name given to the American continent discovered by the old Norsemen, Þorf. Karl., Fb. i. 538 sqq., Ann.; Vínlands ferð or -för, an expedition to Wineland, Þorf. Karl. 246, Fb. i. 541, 544. vín-lauss, adj. wineless, Ann. 1326. Vín-lenzkr, adj. a nickname of a traveller in Wineland (America); Þorhallr enn Vínlenzki (not Vindlenzki), Landn., Grett., cp. Þorf. Karl. S. vín-leysi, n. lack of wine, Norske Saml. v. 159. vín-óðr, adj. wine-mad, drunk, Stj. 428. vín-órar, f. pl. wine-ravings, Stj. 484. vín-pottr, m. a wine-pot, Fms. viii. 428. vín-svelgr, m. a drunkard. vín-tré, n. a 'wine-tree,' vine, Lat. vitis, Al. 165, Stj. 399, 403. vín-tunna, u, f. a wine-tun, wine-cask, Bs. i. 453, Stj. 429, 483. vín-viði, n. = vínviðr; vínviðis teinungr, Stj. 200. vín-viðr, m. wine-wood, the vine, Fb. i. 540 (in Wineland), Magn. 470, El. 15, Stj. 86, 200; vínviðar skógr, Karl. 326. vín-þrúga, u, f. = vínþröng, so in mod. usage. vín-þröng, f. a wine-press, Stj. 620, Magn. 486. vírr, m. [Engl. wire], a wire, thread of metal; draga vír, silfr-vír. víra-virki, n, 'wire-work' esp. of filigree, Pr. 434, Clar., D.N. ii. 147; kaleikr með víra-virkjum, Vm. 52. VÍSA, að; pret. vísti, Str. 66. l. 37; part. víst, 73. l. 20, 8l. l. 10: [Ulf. ga-weison = GREEK; O.H.G. wîsan; Germ. weisen; Dan. vise] :-- to shew, point the way for one, direct, indicate, etc.; ef maðr vísar at manni ólmum hundi, if a person sets a hound on a person, Grág. ii. 118; hann iðraðisk at hann vísti honum í brott, Str. 66; ef konungr vísar gestum at óvinum sínum, Sks. 258; vísa e-m til sætis, to shew one where to sit, Eg. 29; vísa e-m til lands-kostar, to shew him to the best of the land, 138; ok vísuðu honum til Kols, and shewed him the way to Kol, where he was to be found, Nj. 55; ok vísuðu honum til Valhallar, Hkr. i. 161; hefir þú heyrt hvat atburð oss hefir hingat víst (sic), Str. 81; sem honum vísar til skipan föður hans, Fms. x. 419; hverr honum hefir vísat at rekkju hjá dugandi konum, vii. 166; vísa e-m leið, Skv. 1. 24; vísa þú mér nú leiðina, Hbl. 55; vísa e-m til vegar, to shew one the road; munu vér ekki rasa í helina opna, þótt Hreiðarr vili oss þannig á vísa, Fms. viii. 437; vísar þú augum á oss þannig, thou aimest with thy eyes at us, starest at me, Hdl.; ef maðr vísar manni á foruð, Grág. ii. 17; þótti þeim þá á vísat um bústaðinn, Ld. 6; ef maðr vísar úmaga sínum eptir eldi, gives him directions to fetch his food, Gþl. 377; vísa e-m frá, to shew one the way out, send one away, reject an application, Fms. i. 157, Grett. 125; værir þú slíkr maðr sem hann, þá mundi þér eigi frá vísat, of a wooer, Ísl. ii. 214. 2. metaph., vísa á, to point at, indicate; ek hefir þannig helzt á vísat, Fms. ii. 260; á þat þykkir vísa meistari Johannes í bók þeirri er ..., Rb. 466; sem eðli ok aldr vísar til, Fms. x. 177; vísa ok svá til Enskar bækr, at ..., xi. 410; vísar svá til í sögu Bjarnar, Grett. 132 new Ed. (vísar svá at í sögu Bjarnar, Cod. A); ok vísar svá til, at konur ..., Fms. xi. 414; þat vísar, at ..., demonstrates, Rb. 382; sem þér vísit, at þér leggit nú hug á, H.E. i. 251. vísa, u; f. [Germ. weise; Dan. vise], a strophe, stanza; kveða vísu, Nj. 12; hann orti kvæði ok eru þessar vísur í, Fms. v. 108; vísu lengd, the length of a stanza, Edda (Ht.) i. 606, 656: referring to the repetition of verses as a means of measuring time (minutes), Fs. (Vd. ch. 26); lausa-vísa, a ditty; níð-vísa, söng-visa; höldar danza harla snart, þá heyrist vísan min, a ditty: as the names of shorter poems, as, Nesja-vísur, Austrfarar-vísur, by Sighvat; Vísna-bók, a book of lays. Unlike the old Greek epics, as well as the poems of the Saxon Beowulf, all ancient Northern poetry is in strophic lays. Four sets of alliteration make a verse (vísa), two a half strophe, vísu-helmingr, Edda (Ht.) i. 610, or half vísa, Grág. ii. 148; one set a quarter of a vísa (vísu-fjórðungr); each alliterative set being again divided into two halves, called vísu-orð, a word or sentence, Edda (Ht.) i. 596, cp. Hallfr. S. ch. 6 (Fs. 96, 97); thus 'fastorðr skyli fyrða | fengsæll vera þengill' is an alliterative set. &FINGER; The vellums give verses in unbroken lines, but in modern print each alliterative set is divided into two lines: this may do for metres of the drótt-kvæð kind, with two rhyming syllables in each vísu-orð; but in the brief kviðu-háttr (the metre of the Vsp.) each alliterative set should, for the sake of the flow of the verse, be printed in one line, thus, Hljóðs bið ek allar helgar kindir | meiri ok minni mögu Heimdalar; for a pause only follows between each pair of sets, but none between the sub-staves and the head-stave. This plan is that advocated by Jacob Grimm: the other, commonly followed in the Editions, chops the verse into -- hljóðs bið ek allar | helgar kindir | meiri ok minni | mögu Heimdalar. -vísa, -vís, -vísu, -vísi, and so in mod. usage; [Germ. weise; Engl. -wise = way or manner; see vísa]; only in the compd öðru-vís, otherwise, N.G.L. ii. 136, Stj. 213; en ef öðru-vís verðr, Fms. vii. 161 (öðru-vísu, v.l.); nakkvat oðru-vís, xi. 136, K.Á. 102; göra öðru-vís, 174; nú hefir öðru-vís orðit, Ld. 252; hann var aldri öðru-vís, Fs. 184: hafði hann nökkut öðru-vísa sagt, Ld. 58; nökkut öðru-vísa, Fms. v. 341;

718 VÍSAEYRIR -- VÆGÐ.

göra öðru-vísa enn hann býðr, Fas. iii, 125, Fb. iii. 282: öðru-vísu, Fms. vii. 161 (v.l.), Bret. 12 (v.l.), Fb. i. 111: öðru-vísi (which also is the current mod. form), Stj. 237 (but öðru-víss, v.l.) vísa-eyrir, m. = víseyrir, Ann. 1335, N.G.L. ii. 429. vísan, f. a pointing, direction; nú skulu þér fara eptir minni vísan, Fms. ii. 71, Fas. i. 6l; til-vísan, leiðar-v. vísa-ván, f. a thing sure to happen; at því ósætti es vísaván vas, at þær barsmíðir görðisk, er, Íb. 12, Mar. vís-bending, f. a signal, Fms. xi. 332; göra e-m v., to give a signal, Fs. 85, Stj. 357. vís-dómr, m. [Engl. wisdom], knowledge, intelligence; vitran ok v., foreboding, Stj. 30; þeir sögðu allir eitt af sínum vísdómi, Fms. i. 96; bera fullan vísdóm á e-t, to know for certain, iii. 6; bera sannan vísdóm á e-t, id., Fb. ii. 126; sögðu allir af sínum vísdómi, at ..., of a prophecy, i. 88, Stj. 491. 2. wisdom; vizka ok vísdómr, Stj. 35; bæði vísdóm ok heimsku, Karl. 477; vísdóms brunnr, Hom. 155. COMPDS: vísdóms-fullr, adj. full of wisdom, Stj. 524. vísdóms-kona, u, f. a wise woman, a sibyl, Stj. 363. vísdóms-maðr, m. a sage, Fms. i. 141. vísdóms-meistari, a, m. a master in wisdom, a magician, Stj. 492. vísendi (mod. vísindi), n. pl. knowledge, intelligence; af kvæðum Hallfreðar tökum vér helzt vísendi ok sannindi þat er sagt er frá Ólafi konungi, i.e. we draw information from H.'s poems, Hkr. i. 289; Saul bað hann segja sér hvárt hann skyldi sækja eptir Philisteis, en hann fékk þar um engin vísendi, Stj. 455; Sturla skáld Þórðarson sagði fyrir Íslendinga sögur ok hafði hann þar til vísindi af fróðum mönnum, Sturl. i. 107; hví muntú vilja taka af mér vísindi eðr sagnir, Orkn. 138; at hann megi af þeim dæmum marka ok taka vísendi, Sks. 497; hann (the well) er fullr af vísindum, Edda 10; svá er sagt í fornum vísindum (in old lore, old songs) at þaðan af vóru dægr greind ok ára-tal, 5; fara með vísendi ok spádóm, Orkn. 138; Óðinn hafði spádóm, ok af þeim vísindum fann hann, at ..., Edda (pref.), Post. 645. 89; fá vísenda-svör af e-m, Sks. 531 B; kómu engi vísindi af þeirra eyrendi, hvert orðit var, Fms. viii. 302; vita með vísendum at segja, to know for certain, Pr. 418. COMPDS: vísenda-bók, f. a learned book, pl. 403: mod. a scientific work. vísenda-kona, u, f. a wise woman, a sibyl; vísindakona ein sú er sagði fyrir örlög manna, Fms. iv. 46, Post. 645. 89, vísinda-maðr, m. a soothsayer, Orkn. 138, 140, Stj. 439, 491, Fas. i. 5: mod. a scholar, man of science. vísenda-tré, n. the tree of knowledge, Sks. 499. vísinda-vegr, m. the way of knowledge, Stj. 381. vísendr, part. pl. a law term, defined in N.G.L. i. 184; vegandi eða veganda sonr skal reiða bauga alla nema hann hafi vísendr til, the slayer and his son are bound to pay off all the parts of the weregild, unless he has vísendr, viz. living relations who are sure to pay each his share. vís-eyrir, m. 'safe money,' a king's revenue, answering to the revenue of modern times, including land-tax, payment of leiðangr, Rétt., Thom., D.N. passim, Ann. 1331; víseyris stefna, a meeting of tax-gatherers, D.N. vísi, a, m. a guide, leader, captain, = vísir (II), only in poets, Hdl., Hkv., Edda (Gl.) Lex. Poët.; skeiðar-vísi, a pilot, steersman, Baut. 816. vísi, f. knowledge, science; mostly in compds, ætt-vísi: of manners, in læ-vísi, dramb-vísi. vísi-fingr, m. the index-finger, fore-finger. vísir, m. an index, botan. a sprout; sýndisk mér vísirinn vaxa smám, of a grape, Stj. 200: the saying, mjór er mikils vísir, reminding one of the parable of the mustard seed in the N.T. II. = vísi, a leader, king, Lex. Poët. vís-liga, adv. for certain, Dan. visselig, Stj. 174; vita vísliga, 617, Fms. iii. 154; spyrja v. til e-s, i. 185; hann ætlaði v. undir sik at leggja eyjarnar, x. 35. vís-ligr, adj. certain, Fms. ii. 276; þykkir mér vísligra at fara aptr, Fb. ii. 282. VÍSS, adj., gen. pl. víssa, Skm. 17; dat. sing. f. víssi (like hvassa, laussa, laussi); [Ulf. weis, in hindar-weis, un-weis, fulla-weis; A.S. wîs; Engl. wise; O.H.G. wisi; Germ. weise; Dutch wijze; Dan.-Swed. vis] :-- certain; þótt ek vita vísan bana minn, Nj. 95; liðu svá sex ár at þetta varð ekki víst, was not known, Ísl. ii. 200; vísar eignir konungs (= vísaeyrir), Fms. vii. 20; úvísa-vargr, see p. 667; verða e-s víss, to ascertain, become aware of; þessa mun ek skjótt víss verða, Nj. 11; ek mun þessa brátt víss verða af konungi, Eg. 54; göra hann varan við svikræði, er hann varð víss, Fms. vi. 41; verða víss þessarrar ráða-görðar, Nj. 80; er Egill er víss orðinn þessara tíðenda, Eg. 406; er þeir vóru vísir orðnir alls ins sanna, 123; mun þessa aldri víst verða, Fb. i. 554: vís ván, þá er þó vís ván, at þeygi vili allir til eins færa ef máli skiptir allra helzt í lögum, Skálda (Thorodd); þá skjótumk ek yfir, sem vís ván er, as is to be expected, id. II. wise; vísa menn af ú-vísum, Stj. 191, v.l.; inn vísi sagna-maðr Josephus, 43; Ingjaldr var enn vísasti maðr í öllu, Fas. ii. 505, Rb. 466: allit., víssa Vana (gen. pl.), Skm. 17; með vísum Vönum, Vþm. 39, but in this sense 'vitr' (q.v.) is more used. III. neut. as adverb (Germ. ge-wiss); má slíkt víst útrúligt þykkja, Fms. x. 309; þar eru víst píslar-staðir, Sks. 154; vita e-t víst, to know for certain, Rb. 2; þat vil ek víst, surely I will, Nj. 41; þeir báðu hann drekka soðit, hann vill þat víst eigi, that he would by no means do, Fms. i. 35; víst eigi, certainly not, Sturl. i. 84 C; it vísasta, most certainly, Hom. 5; at vísu, certainly, surely; hann hefir þat at vísu í hug sér, Ld. 40; vill konungr nú at vísu láta undan bera, Fms. xi. 69: til víss, for certain; hann lézk kenna Bæring til víss, Bær. 16; er Æsirnir sá þat til víss, at þar var bergrisi kominn, Edda 26; þat vitum vér til víss, at ..., Fms. xi. 380; sjá fyrir víst, Stj. 213. IV. víss vitandi, intentionally, knowingly; in two words, göra víss vitandi, Stj. 39; enda varðar ok fjörbaugs-garð öllum þeim mönnum sem samskipa fénu fara útan vísir vitendr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 243; at hann hafi þá konu fastnat víss vitandi, ii. 35: in mod. usage, vís-vitandi, indecl., in one word. V. of mind or manners, in compds as bragð-víss, wily; dramb-víss, læ-víss, qq.v. vísundr, m. [O.H.G. wisunt; Gr. GREEK], the bison-ox, Nj. 160, Þiðr. 230, Fas. i. 201. 2. the name of a ship of St. Olave the king, from a bison's head on the stem, Ó.H., Sighvat. vís-vitandi, part. knowing; eg gerði það v., see víss IV. víta, t, [A.S. wîtan; Old Engl. wite], to fine, sconce, mulct; þar sem menn verða víttir á Gulaþingi, Gþl. 20; vera víttr (to be sconced) fyrir borðs tilgöngu, Fms. iii. 155; varð Halldórr víttr ..., settusk þeir í marhálm um daginn ok skyldu drekka vítin, H. was sconced ..., they sat him on the straw and were drinking the sconces, Fms. vi. 242; en ef eigi koma, þá eru þeir víttir, N.G.L. i. 4: so in the saying, sá er víttr sem ekki fylgir landsiðnum; hvert víti þeir höfðu fengit er við fénu höfðu tekit, Fms. vi. 277. VÍTI, n. [A.S. wîte; Old Engl. wite], a fine, sconce; sex marka víti, Grág. i. 319; skal þar gjaldask vítið, 451; Þorgils segir, at hón skal víti (punishment) fyrir taka, Fms. vii. 219; slíkt víti sem hann hafði á sér tekit, xi. 117; ef þú bregðr eigi af ... ella liggr þér á víti, iv. 27; er þat ráð at Hákon skapi þér víti fyrir, ok far þú í sveit hans, vii. 153; leiðar-víti, see leið; hel-víti, q.v.: the saying, láta sér annars víti at varnaði, Nj. 23 (Sól. 19); borða-víti, a table-sconce; en er kom at Jólum vóru víti upp sögð, but when Yule came the sconces were declared, Fms. vi. 242; (cp. the sconces in the Oxford Colleges). COMPDS: vítis-gjald, n. the paying a víti, Grág. i. 451. vítis-horn, n. a sconce-horn or cup, Fms. vi. 242; vítishorn þat er hirðmenn eru vanir at drekka af, Edda 32. víta-lauss, id., Sks. 798. víti-lauss, id.; ella er vítilaust, Grág. i. 6, 90. vítis-lauss, adj. 'witeless,' without punishment, Nj. 164; þat er ok vítislaust, at ..., Grág. i. 147; Guð lætr aldregi vítislaust undan ganga ofmetnaðar-menn, 655 iv. 2. víta-verðr, adj. finable, worthy of punishment, Hkr. iii. 203. VÍXL, n. [A.S. wrixl; cp. Germ. wechseln; Dan. væxel; cp. Lat. vices] :-- only in the adverbial phrase, á víxl, across, passing by one another; standa á víxl fótunum, to stand cross-legged, Sturl. ii. 158; aka vögnum á víxl, Fms. iv. 49; þeir riðusk á víxl, Fs. 159; þá er hestarnir runnusk á víxl, Mag. 8; hann lét leiða tvá yxn saman á víxl (saman á víxl, v.l.), two oxen with heads crossing one another, Eg. 181. víxla, að, [Germ. wechseln; A.S. wrixlian; Dan. væxle] :-- to cross, put across: part. víxlaðr, broken, of a horse; hann er víxlaðr. víxlingr, m. [Germ. wechsel-balg], a changeling, = skiptingr, q.v.; þú víxlingr (as abuse), Flóv. 37, Þiðr. 127. víxtr or víxltr, part. changed, idiotic, Fagrsk. VOÐ, voði, vog, vogr, volaðr, volgr, von, vondr, vopn, vor, vos, votr, and compds, see váð, váði, vág, vágr, válaðr, válgr, ván, vándr, vápn, vár, vás, vátr, pp. 683-686. voga, að, to dare, Bs. i. 868, Fas. i. 450, Grett. 157; see vága, p. 684. vogan, f. daring. vokins, adv. [akin to vákr = veykr], in faint hope; vera vokins um e-t, to doubt, almost despair of. voldugr, adj. powerful, Germ. ge-waltig; see völdugr. vos, n. a small suppurating pimple; perh. fem, is the better form; the word is freq. in mod. usage, and seems to occur in Harms. 44 (vos ok löstu, see Lex. Poët. s.v. vös). vrangr, vreiðr, vreka, etc., see introduction to letter R. vrungu, a pret. 3rd pers. plur. of a lost vringa, to wring, Skálda (in a verse of Egil); this is the only authentic written instance of vr. výlir, prob. a saying, in the extracts of the lost part of the Heiðarv. S.; výlir (víl er?) fjarri en verr sjaldan, Ísl. ii. 483 (somewhat corrupt). væ, interj. = vei; vesöl eru vér, ok væ er oss fyrir, Fagrsk. ch. 193. VÆÐA, d, [váð], to clothe; þótt hann sét væddr til vel, Hm. 60; her-væða (q.v.), to put on armour, Edda 41. 2. a naut. term; Fugley var á hægri hönd, Hjaltland þokan væddi, the fog clothed (shrouded) Shetland, Eggert. væði, n. = veð; væðislauss = veðlauss, D.N. i. 163. vægð, f. mercy, forbearance; biðja vægðar, Stj. 579, 582; vægð ok miskunn, 180, H.E. i. 237, 239; eiga öngrar vægðar ván, Edda 89; skipa málum til vægðar, Fms. x. 409; fyrir útan allar vægðir, Sks. 518 B; þat er til vægðar mætti komask þetta mál, Háv. 57, passim. vægðar-lauss, adj. merciless, exacting, Sks. 583, Fms. v. 162; úþyrmr ok vægðarlauss stormr, Bær. 5: neut. as adv., falla vægðarlaust, Sks. 582; heimta v., Orkn. 98, Thom. 425.

VÆGI -- VÆNTA. 719

vægi, n. weight, moment; vera lítils vægis, to be of small moment, Draum. 116; lítil-vægi, a trifle; of-vægi, immensity. vægi-liga, adv. forbearingly, leniently, Lv. 10, Fms. vii. 18, Earl. 73, Stj. 594, Sks. 42. vægi-ligr, adj. forbearing, lenient; v. dórnr, Sks. 587, 615, 660. væging, f. suppuration. væginn, adj. lenient, yielding, Fms. vi. 377, Sks. 682 B. VÆGJA, ð, [a derivative, akin to vega, vág, to weigh] :-- to give way; hafið vægði þeim, the sea gave way to them, Barl. 26; vægja göngunni, to yield the road, when two meet one another, Orkn. 374; ef menn sigla með landi í samfloti, þá skulu þeir v. er ytri sigla, N.G.L. ii. 282. 2. to yield; orð kvað hitt Högni, hugði lítt vœgja, Am. 38; leggjum niðr þessi þráyrði ok vægjum báðir, Barl. 125; jafnan vægir hinn vitrari, a saying, Fms. vi. 220; sjaldan vægir inn verri, Stj. 544; vægja fyrir e-m, to yield to one, Nj. 57, Ld. 234, Eg. 21, 187; vægja eptir e-m, id., Stj. 578; vægja undan, to give way before one; vægja undan úfriði úvina sinna, Mar. 3. to regard, comply with; væg frændsemi við bróður þinn, Sks. 752; hann vægði í því fésínkni riddara sinna, 699: to temper, bið ek Dróttinn at þú vægir nökkut reiði þinni, Sks. 589; Guð vægði reiði sinni, 590; vægja dómum, to temper judgment, judge leniently, 639; vægja orða atkvæðum, to forbear from words, Fms, vii. 20; hvervetna þar sem dómarinn vægir eptir mála-vöxtum, Gþl. 185. 4. to spare, with dat.; Þorkell bað jarl vægja bóndum, Orkn. 42; vægit föður mínum ok drepit hann eigi, Fms. ii. 158; very freq. in mod. usage, but rare in old writers, where the primitive sense of yielding prevails. II. reflex. to give way, yield; betra er at vægjask til góðs en bægjask til ílls, Bs. i. 729; bctra er að vægjask til virðingar, en bægjask til vandræða, Fms. vii. 25; vægjask til við e-n, Ó.H. 51; þjóna til konungs ok vægjask við hann, Fms. ix. 431; hann vildi þó vægjask þar við, Eg. 753. vægja, ð, [vágr], to suppurate; hendr hans hafði vægt ok fætr, Greg. 32; vaegði tá hans, Fms. vii. 219; blindan sauð, ok hafði vægt ór augun bæði, Bs. i. 196. væg-leiðinn, adj. = væginn; vera v. við e-n, Bs. i. 708. vægr, adj. balancing, of scales; þær skálar sýndusk honum svá vægar (the scales so nicely balanced), at ef eitt lítið hár væri þar lagt í, at þó mundu þær eptir láta, Sks. 643 B; of-vægr, over-weighing, overwhelming; of-vægr manna missir, Bs. i. 142; ofvægr herr, Ó.H. 242. 2. lenient, merciful; vægr, opp. to harðr, exacting, freq. in mod. usage. vægsl, n. = vægð, Barl. 116. vækka, u, f., see vekka. væl, n. a wailing; með væl ok veinan, Orkn. 78, passim. væla, d, to wail, Fbr. 212. vælindi, n. = vélindi, the gullet. væll, adj. = veill, Bs. i. 513, v.l. vælon, f. a wailing. VÆMA, u, f. [vámr], nausea; væmu-bragð, a nauseous taste. væma, ð, to feel nausea: impers., e-n væmir við e-m, Úlf. 1. væminn, adj. nauseous, of taste. VÆNA, d, [ván; Engl. to ween]: = vænta, to hope for, with gen.; vændi honum enn með því miskunnar ok eilifrar dýrðar, Fms. v. 218: væna e-m e-u, þess bið ek, at þú látir eigi gipta konu frá mér, því væni ek þér, I count on that from thee, Glúm. 358; þá var honum vænt af Augustus öllu Gyðinga-landi, all the Jews-land was promised him by A., Mar.; mun hér mörgum manni saklausum vænt gráti í þessi ferð, many will have cause to weep, Sturl. iii. 233, v.l. 2. to ween, think; í kveld væni ek, at ek heiti Úfeigr, Fms. vii. 31; væni ek ok, at ..., vi. 312. 3. væna e-n e-u, to charge one with a thing, Hom. 109; væna e-n lygi, Nj. 134; tortrygð ok lygi vænd, Sks. 77; ef maðr vænir hana hóri ok kallar hana hóru, N.G.L. i. 70; nema maðr sé vændr konu þeirri, 30; sú er Guðrúnu (acc.) grandi vætti, Gkv. 3. 10; biskup hafði vænt sira Þorsteini, at ..., given Th. to understand (cp. á-væningr), Ann. 1361. 4. impers., vænir mik nú, at ..., Fms. viii. 398. II. reflex., vænask e-s or e-n, to hope for; nú stendr maðr fé sitt í hendi öðrum manni, en hann vænisk heimildar-manni, N.G.L. i. 83; vænisk hann ok engra manna liðveizlu, Sturl. iii. 232. 2. ef maðr vænisk því (boasts of), at hann hafi legit með konu, Gþl. 203; nú vænisk sá maðr því, er drap, at hinum yrði á sýnt þar er eigi varð, Grág. ii. 15; nú vænisk hinn því, at hann hafi drepit hann, 19; venisk eigi góðr maðr því, þó vándr maðr vænisk góðum konum, Skálda (Thorodd). vænd, f. expectance (Germ. aussicht); ok í þær vændir komit, at þau mundi barn ala, Grág. i. 348; eiga e-t í vændum. to have in expectance. vændi, [from vándr]; in COMPDS: vændis-fólk, n. people one thinks ill of, bad, wicked people, Fms. xi. 252, v.l. vændis-kona, u, f. a harlot, Fms. vi. 241. vændis-maðr, m. a miscreant; þjóf ok vændis-mann, Fms. ix. 380 (v.l.), Karl. 71, Róm. 184, Þorst. Síðu H. 12. vængi, n. a cabin on board a ship, Edda (Gl.) i. 584. VÆNGR, m., pl. vængir; [A.S. winge; Engl. wing; Dan. vinge; the root word is vega] :-- a wing; báða vængi, Grág. ii. 170; breiða vængina út, Al. 21; þessa tvá vængi, 677. 3; enn af hans vængjum kveða vind koma, Vþm. 37; væng;i þeir skóku, Sól. 54; með vængjunum huldi hann landit allt, Fms. viii. 10: the phrase, heyra e-ð undir væng, to hear a thing 'under the wing,' i.e. to hear it by a side-wind, hear it whispered. II. metaph. the wing of a building, D.N. vi. 84; esp. of a church, ii. 412, 439: a side cloth on the altar, einn væng með strík, B.K. 83; vængir fjórir með dæmum, Pm. 122; vængja-hurð, a double door: a nickname, Orkn. COMPDS: væng-brotinn, part. broken-winged, Grett. 91 A. væng-knúi, a, m. the wing joint, Fas. iii. 212. vængja-þytr, m. the soaring of the wings. væni, n. = vænd, a prospect; þótti honum væni á, at ..., Fms. ix. 475; mikils ílls af væni, Edda 18. væning, f. a 'weening,' imputation; kvæðit var mjök kveðit, svá at hélt við væningar, of a love-song, Fms. v. 173. Vænir or Venir, m. Lake Wener, in Sweden, Fas. ii. 4, 6, Hkr. i. 41; á ísi vatns þess er Veni heitir, Edda 82. One is tempted to think that in the verse of Bragi (Edda begin.) the word 'vineyjar' may cover this local name; perh. 'Vaeneris (like mútaris, vartaris, see Gramm. p. xxvii, col. 1, ll. 21-25) víðri valrauf;' the 'wide spoil of the Wener' = the island of Zealand, for the legend can only have applied to Lake Wener, and not to Lake Malar. vænkask, að, to bid fair, look well, take a good turn; þykkir þeim vænkask um sinn hag. Fas. iii. 174; þykkir honum vænkask umb, Fms. xi. 135; ok vænkask nú mjök, Fs. 25; þótti mér nú ekki v. um, Pr. 412. væn-leikr (-leiki), m. fairness, beauty; v. ok atgörvi, Fms. xi. 8; fyrir vits sakir ok vænleiks; vænleik ok vitzku, vi. 57; v. ok kurteisi systranna, xi. 106; meirr mun þér getit vænleikr, Fb. i. 581; ágætis menn at vænleik, Ísl. ii. 336; vænleiks-maðr, a fine man. Fms. xi. 78; þá var þeim eintalat um Helgu, ok lofaði hann mjök vænleik hennar, Ísl. ii. 245; af burðar-maðr at vexti ok vænleika, Fb. ii. 136. væn-liga, adv. hopefully, promisingly; þetta mál sýnisk oss v. sett, Fms. xi. 243; taka v. á e-n, Nj. 178. væn-ligr, adj. hopeful, promising, fine; v. ok fríðr sýnum, ... son ok var hinn vænligasti, Fms. i. 151; engan vænligri mann, no finer man, Ld. 74; Eindriði kveðsk eigi séð hafa vænligra hest, Fms, vi. 99; enir vænligstu menn, Eg. 124: of things, kvað þat annarr úráð er öðrum þótti vænligt, Fms. iv. 369; vænligt ráð, xi. 34; nærðu þeir hana sem þeim þótti vænligast, vi. 143; felask þar sem okkr þykkir vænligast, Nj. 263; vænligt til sætta, Ísl. ii. 384; þótti þá vænligt uni þeirra vináttu, Fms. ix. 292; skýra þetta mál sem mér þykkir vænligast, Sks. 307. VÆNN, adj. [ván], promising, likely, to be expected; er vænst at liðnar sé mínar lífs-stundir, Fms. ii. 2; segir ella vera vandræða vænt, 11. 2. bidding fair, likely to succeed; eigi þykki mér þat vænt, þar er faðir þinn fékk eigi heimt, Nj. 31; eigi mundi í annat sinn vænna at fara at jarli, Fms. i. 54; þá mundi vænast at leita atfara við Gunnar, Nj. 107; hvar er oss vænst á brott at komask? Eg. 235; þá er þat vænst at vér görim félagskap, Fms. v. 253; leita sér hjálpar hverr þangat er vænst þykkir, i. 92; mun ek leggja til með þér þat er mér þykkir væust, Nj. 31; þótti þeim um hit vænsta (they were very glad), er þeir sá hann þar kominn, Fms. vi. 211; hér ferr vænt at, here it goes well, Nj. 232. 3. of persons, of qualities, hopeful, promising; Björn þótti vænn til höfðingja, Fms. i. 11; vænn til vits, vii. 279; manna vænstr til vits ok framkvæmðar, ix. 480; þeir eru oss vænstir til landvarnar, er svá er háttað, vi. 144; vænir til skila, Js. 2; er nú leitað hverir vænstir sé um sættir at leita, Ísl. ii. 384. 4. fair to behold, fine, beautiful, Lat. venustus; vænn í andliti, Fms. x. 420; vænn maðr ok liðmannligr, vii. 112; hann var inn vænsti maðr, 224; hón var kvenna vænst ok mest, i. 14, Eg. 2; væn kona ok kurteis, Nj. 1; kvenna vitrust ok vænust, Fms. vi. 119 (vænst, v.l.); Þorgerðr var væn kona, Eg. 598; hver þeirra vænust væri, Bret. 22: of things, fine, kross vænn með líkneskjum, Vm. 54: and so in mod. usage, vænn hestr, væn kýr, vænn sauðr, etc. 5. in mod. usage, fine, good, of moral qualities; hann er vænn maðr, hún er væn kona, a fine woman; hann er allra vænsti maðr, a most excellent man, and the like, whereas the old sense of 'handsome' is well nigh obsolete. VÆNTA, t, and vætta, the latter form being in old writers the most frequent, and in poets, e.g. in rhymes, vætti and hætta, sætt, hitta, and the like; [Dan. vænte] :-- to expect, hope for, with gen.; báðu hann engrar vináttu vænta, Hkr. ii. 217; væntum vér oss góðra viðtakna, Fms. xi. 282; af þér vættu vér miskunnar, 623. 34; ok vættir þú þaðan fulltings, Blas. 48; ok vættir þangat Pálnatóka, Fms. xi. 20: vætta, opp. to kvíða, vætta fagnaðar en kvíða við harmi, Skálda; vænta at ..., vænti ek, at þér muni vel fara, Nj. 154; vænti ek enn at koma muni betri dagar, Bs. i; dul vættir ok vil, at ..., Skálda; þeir vættu at hann mundi lifna, 623. 36; hón vætti (suspected) at Grímr mundi eptir þeim leita, Landn. 214, v.l.; vætti ek (I fear) at þú fáir ekki ríkit, Hkr. i. 195. 2. impers., væntir mik enn at honum fari vel, Nj. 64; vættir mik, 54; vættir mik at þar komi Halldórr fóstbróðir þinn, ... vættir mik, at menn sé forkunnar margir, Ísl. ii. 322; fár maðr vættir mik at frá því kunni at segja, Edda i. 140. 3. to believe; ekki vænti ek (I think not) at þit séð jafnir menn, Fms. vii. 168. 4. to hope; væntum í hans miskunn, Magn. 502; hverr vænti um aldr í þinni miskunn ok hneykðisk siðan, Th. 25.

720 VÆNTANLIGR -- VÆTTUGI.

væntan-ligr, adj. to be expected. vænting, f. hope, expectation, Stj. 487; hafa v. til e-s, Bs. i. 138; eptir-v., ör-v., despair. Væpnlingr, m. the name of a family descended from Vápni, Landn. væpntr, part. [vápn], armed; ungir menn vel væpntir, Stj. 205; væpntr til bardaga, 226, Thom. passim. vær, pron. we, = vér, q.v. væra, u, f. snugness, warmth; en þar var görð laug til þess ef nökkverr vildi sækja væru þangat, 623. 33; at þeir hefði né eina veru (i.e. væru) af eldinum, Eb. 100 new Ed. 2. rest, a shelter (= væri); ef hann á sér í vá veru, if he has but a shelter in a nook, Hm. 25. væru-gjarn, adj. fond of rest, warmth, and comfort; ganga munu vit til hvílu okkarrar, segir Njáll, ok leggjask niðr, hefi ek lengi væru-gjarn verit, Nj. 201. værð, f. rest, tranquillity; samfarar þeirra vóru eigi með værðum, not quiet, Sturl. i. 115, v.l.: freq. in mod. usage, of snugness, comfort, sofa með værð, to deep softly; ú-værð, unrest, restlessness. væri, n. abode, shelter; þeir áttu hvárki vist né væri í Víkinni, Fb. iii. 52; hvergi fékk hann vist né væri, Grett. 137 A; þeir skulu hér ekki eiga vist né væri, Fb. iii. 453; ú-væri, unrest, from itch. Væringi, a, m. [from várar], prop. a confederate, but only remaining as the name of the Warings or Northern warriors who served as body-guards to the emperors of Constantinople, for whom see esp. Har. S. Hard. ch. 3 sqq., Ó.H. ch. 267, Nj. ch. 82; Væringja-lið, the body of W., Nj. 121, Fms. vi. 135; Væringja-lög, the league, guild of the W.; ganga í V., Grett. 158 A; Væringja-seta, the guard of the W., Ld. 314, Symb. 27, Hrafn. 5; þar var mikill fjöldi Norðmanna er þeir kalla Væringja, Fms. vi. 135. 2. in Þiðr. S. = Scandinavians; Fritila er Væringjar kalla Friðsælu, Þiðr. 18; Velent er Væringjar kalla Völund, 82, 185; er Þýðeskir menn kalla alpandýr, en Væringjar fíl, 177; þann mikla dreka er Væringjar kalla Faðmi, 181 (Fáfni, Fas. i. 173). II. [væra, væri], poët. fold-væringi, 'earth-dweller,' i.e. the snake, Eg. (in a verse). vær-leikr, m. rest, tranquillity, peace; húskarl þungan ok þrjótlyndan, var þar hvárki at sjá til værleiks né til verknaðar, Bs. i. 341. VÆRR, adj., prop. 'peaceful, safe,' snug, comfortable, tranquil; samfarar þeirra vóru eigi værar, Sturl. i. 115 C (of a wedded pair); svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, | at varla sér hón af honum nær, so fond of her husband, that ..., Skálda (Thorodd); drekka í væru ranni, in the snug hall, Gm. 13; er þér nú værra, dost thou feel more at ease? (of pain), Gísl. 111; honum görðisk ekki mjök vært, Ld. 152. II. neut. vært, living with, putting up with, sojourning; eigi er ykkr saman vært, ye cannot live together, Fms. ii. 58. 2. putting up with; sú vist er honum væri vært við, that he could put up with, Grág. i. 191; nema búar beri þat, at barni væri eigi vært at fóstrinu, that the bairn could not live there, of a child put out, 276; hón stóð upp ok mælti, verit er nú meðan vært er, Eb. 280; því at þér mun fyrir hvárigum vært í Eyjum, ef þú görir honum nokkut, Orkn. 436; þér er ekki vel vært hér í landi fyrir Haraldi konungi, Fms. vi. 218. værur, f. pl. = úveri, scab; værur í höfði. væskill, m. a weakling, a 'reckling;' hann er mesti væskill, a word of contempt. væskils-ligr, adj. weakly, wretched. væsoðr, part. = væstr; sloðruðu þeir af heiðinni, ok urðu sem væsoðstir, Sturl. iii. 158; cp. eigi göra Húnar okkr vésaða, Fas. i. 502, but see vesask, p. 699, col. 2. væstr, part. [vás], worn out by wet or toil; þeir tóku land allmjök væstir, Grett. 116 A; væstir ok þrekaðir, Þorf. Karl. 390. VÆTA, u, f. wet, sleet, rain, Stj. 17; væta var á mikil um daginn, Ó.H. 107; vóru vætur miklar bæði nætr ok daga, Fms. x. 14; væta ok þoka, Eg. 128; sem væta má granda, K.Á. 176; má skíra í hverskyns vætu er ná má, N.G.L. i. 12; ausa saur eða vætu, Jb. 101; vætu-lopt, the atmosphere, Stj. 17; vætu sumar, a wet summer, Ann. 1211. væta, t, [vátr], to wet, make wet; ef maðr fellir lík í vatn svá djúpt at væta verðr höfuð sitt, N.G.L. i. 80; hann hefir vætt klæði mín, Fms. i. 264; at væta allan senn dúkinn, vi. 322; þeir vættu eitt tjald ok ætluðu at slökva eldinn, x. 53; hvárt vættisk dyrðillinn? 315. vætki, see vættki. vætna or vetna, in hvat-vetna, hvar-vetna, hót-vetna, qq.v. vætr, see vættr C. VÆTT, f. [A.S. wiht; Engl. weight; Germ. ge-wicht; Dan. vægt] :-- prop. weight; þat fé allt er at vættum skal kaupa, Grág. (Kb.) i. 238; göra aflaga um álnar eðr vættir, measure or weight, i. 463 A; reiða rangar vættir, 499, ii. 19; einir pundarar ok einar vættir, Gþl. 522; but II. mostly used of a definite weight, 1. in Norway = 1/24th of a 'skippund;' fjórar vættir ok tuttugu skolu göra skippnnd, þær sem hver þeirra standi halfa níundu mörk ok tuttugu ok átta ertogar, N.G.L. ii. 166, D.N. passim; sjau vættir malts ok sex aurar silfrs, ... tveggja vætta leigu ok eyrisból, D.N. ii. 17 and passim; Kolnisk vætt, D.N. 2. in Icel. = 80lbs.; þat er lögpundari er átta fjórðungar eru í vætt, Grág. i. 499; átta fjórðunga vætt, 362, 383; jarnketill nýr ok úeldr vegi hálfa vætt, 501; þrjár vættir ullar, ... þrjár vættir mjöls ... vætt fiska, smjörs ... vætt spiks, ... þrjá tigi vætta hvals, etc., Grág.; þetta á kirkja, tvær vættir skreiðar, vætt smjörs, vætt kjöts, byttu skyrs, Pm. 34; hafa til tíu vætta í skógi, ok svá timbr til at húsa, 104, and so in mod. usage. vætt or vétt, n. [from vega, because it moved on hinges], the lid of a chest or shrine (mod. lok); skrúða-kista vánd með lausu vætti, Pm. 124; skrín ... en yfir uppi vétt vaxit sem ræfr, eru á vettinu lamar á bak en hespur fyrir, Ó.H. 235; niðr í kistuna, skellt aptr vett ok settr láss fyrir, Pr. 412; hann tók upp vettit af hásætis-kistunni, Ó.T. 58; þér skuluð göra kistu ok skal ekki vætt yfir vera, Fb. iii. 300, Mag. 113. vætta, t, to weigh as in weighing anchor, lift; hand-vætta, q.v. vætta, t, = vænta, q.v. vætta, n., in ekki vættna, see vættr B. vætt-fangr, see vættvangr. VÆTTI, n. [váttr], witness, testimony; váttum er skylt at bera vætti þau öll er þeir hafa verit í nefndir, Grág. (Kb.) i. 58; nefndi vátta í þat vætti, at ..., Nj. 217, 234, Grág. i. 17; enda skolu þat allt verða vætti hér, er austr er vitni nefnd, i.e. the witnesses summoned in Norway are to be lawful evidence here (in Icel.), 214; færa fram vætti sín eða kviðu, 410; sök sækja eðr verja, eðr vætti bera, Þórð. 94; hann skyldi vinna eið at baugi, nefna vátta í þat vætti, at ..., id. COMPDS: vættis-burðr, m. a bearing witness, Grág. i. 39, Nj. 233. vættis-vætti, n., Grág. i. 90, 97. vættir, m. a weigher, holder, Lex. Poët.; vættir gulls ens vegna, Gísl. (in a verse); in compds, vætti-draugr, vætti-njörðr e-s, the wielder of a thing, Lex. Poët. vættki, spelt væt-ki, [vættr, and suffixed neg. -ki, qs. vættr-gi, see -gi], 'no whit,' nobody, nothing, naught; vegr er vætki tröðr, Hm. 120; en vættki huggar, naught comforts, Harms. 38; hinn er vætki veit, Hm. 74; hinn er vetki veit, 26; svá ek þóttumk vætki vita, methought I lay senseless, Sól. 42; vætki of sýti'k, I am naught concerned, Hallfred; sá er vætki laug, Ad. 11; telr sér vætkis vant, Hsm.; sá er vætki sparði fjör, who spared not life, Hallfred; vildir ávalt vægja, en vætki halda, Am. 99; hræðisk Guð en vætki annat, fears God, but naught else, Bs. i. (in a verse): dulði þess vætki, concealed it not, Am. 10; hafða ek þess v. vífs, I caught naught of her, missed her, Hm. 101. VÆTTR, f., dat. vætti, Grett. 176 new Ed., Hom. 129 (Ed.); used neut., Hom. 195, l. 4: [A.S. wiht; Engl. wight; Germ. böse-wicht] :-- a 'wight,' being; Brynhildar, armrar vættar, Gkv. 1. 22; vön sé sú vættr vers ok barna, 23; Brynhildar, armrar vættar, 22; þegi þú, rög vættr, Ls. 59, 61, 63; þá segi ek þér, vesöl vettr, Hom. 152; nú sá þér hverjar vættir er þess höfðu neytt, mýss ok ormar, Ó.H. 109. 2. esp. of supernatural beings; svá brenna mik nú bænir Ólafs konungs, sagði sú vættr, Ó.H. 188; Guð, hví metr þú þik þess, at sýna afl þitt við jamnústyrkt vætr sem ek em, Hom. 195; ertú maðr eða andi eðr önnur vættr, Art. 79; hollar vættir, Frigg ok Freyja ok fleiri goð, Og.; blóta heiðnar vættir, K.Þ.K.; hann hafði kastað trú sinni ok görðisk guðníðingr ok blótaði nú heiðnar vættir, Nj. 272; hann kvað íllar vættir því snemma stýrt hafa, Korm. 240; kann vera nokkur íll vættr hafi lagizk á féit, Fms. xi. 158; ú-vættr, an 'un-wight,' an evil wight; mein-vættr, q.v.; görninga-vættr, galdra-v., a sorceress; þeirri görninga vætti, Grett. 176; land-vættir, q.v.: vitta vettr, a 'witch wight,' a sorceress, Ýt. B. vætta or vetta, in the phrase, ekki vætta, no whit, naught; dat. engu vætta, gen. enskis vætta. Mr. Jón Thorkelsson, of Reykjavík, suggests that vætta is a nom. neut. (like auga), of which vætna (see hvat-vetna) is the gen. plur. (as augna from auga); ekki vætta (nobody) má forðask, Sks. 82; ok kemsk ekki vætta yfir, Art. 28; ok skorti (ekki) vætta um vetrinn, Fms. v. 313; höfðu þeir ekki vætta at sök, viii. 18; þeim var nú ok ást á öngu vetti (vetta?) nema á Guði einum, Hom. 129 (Ed., see foot-note); sem honum hefði enskis vetta verit at grandi, 125 (Ed.); svá mikit kafa-fjúk með frosti at engu vetta var út komanda, Fs. 54; öngu vætta vildi hann eira, Fms. xi. 90; ok öngu vætta vanat, Stj. 279; hann gefr sér ekki vætta (naught, not a whit) um hans úvitrleik, 22; hann var ekki vætta hræddr, not a whit afraid, 154; anza ekki vætta, to heed not, 81; nokkut vætta, aught, something, 164, 181, 280. C. vætr, as an adverb = naught, cp. Goth. ni-waiht or waiht-ni = GREEK, the negative particle né being dropped; hyggsk vætr hvatr fyrir, Ls. 15; át vætr Freyja, svaf vætr Freyja, Þkv.; vinna vætr, Vkv. 39; sér vætr fyrir því, Skv. 1. 39; leyfi ek vætr, I praise it not, Eg. (in a verse). 2. with gen., vætr manna, no man, Hbl. 22; vætr véla no fraud, Am. 5; vætr hjóna, none of the household, 94; ey-vit (q.v.), aught. vætt-rim or vett-rim, f. [vætt, n.], the 'lid-ridge,' i.e. the ridge which runs along the sword blade, leaving a hollow in the middle (in a scythe called smiðreim), Edda (Gl.); tók af oddinn af Hvítingi fyrir framan vettrimina, Korm. 88; sumar á vetrimum, Sdm. 6. vættugi or vettugi, nothing, naught; glysi þessu er vættugis er vert, Fms. vi. 263; vettugis vert, ii. 46; eyjar skika þann er vettugis er neytr. Fas. ii. 299, Fb. i. 523; varr at vettogi, Am. 38; var þeim vettugis vant, Vsp. 8; þeir verða stundum at vettogi ok annars þurfandi, they often come to naught and to destruction, Barl. 70; margr mundi vilja opt á einum degi at vettogi verða, wish to be annihilated, Hom. 69; sú festning dæmisk at vettugi, þótt hón á komi, N.G.L. i. 300; eigi er

VÆTTVANGR -- VÖLVA. 721

skírn þin betri enn vættugi, better than naught, Karl. 460; hafa at vettugi, Gþl. 254. vætt-vangr or vétt-vangr, later vett-fangr, changing v into f; vatfangr, Nj. 100, is simply an error; [from vangr = a field, spot; the former part, vett or vætt, is less clear, but prob. from váttr, vætti, = the place of witness or evidence, or from vega = locus actionis?] :-- a law term, the place of summons, locus actionis, where an act or deed, such as a battle, assault, manslaughter, has taken place, cp. Grág. i. 349, cited below; chiefly used of the summoning of witnesses; the vettvang was the space within a bow-shot (örskot) from the spot all around, see Grág. ii. 19 (Vígsl. ch. 14); ef maðr hefnir sín á öðrum vettvangi en til hans var hlaupit á, 91; á þeim vettvangi, 9; hvárt sem þeir eru á véttvangi eðr annars-staðar, 23; búa skal kveðja níu búa heiman frá vettvangi, i. 349 (in case of adultery); þá er næstir eru vetfangi, 461; á öðrum vettvangi, Kb. i. 158; skal kveðja heiman frá vettvangi, ii. 48; þat vórti þá lög, at vígsakar skyldi sækja á því þingi er næst var vettvangi, Jb. 8; kveðja um áljóts-ráð þau er á vettvangi eru ráðin, Giág.; á þeim vettvangi, Nj. 230; Helgi fékk bana á þeim vettvangi, or vættvangi, 218; vetfangi, 110; ef maðr er veginn á vetvangi, N.G.L. i. 163; hann kemr á vettfanginn, ok sér þar ný tiðendi, ok þó mikil, Ísl. ii. 371; Þórðr kom á vættfang, Sturl. ii. 92 C; sótti þá Saul fram af vætfanginum (from the battle-place) með ópi ok eggjan, Stj. 453 (1 Sam. xiv. 20); ríðr Sámr austr á heiðina ok at þar er vetfangit (sic) hafði verit, Hrafn. 28, and passim in the laws and Sagas. COMPDS: vettvangs-bjargir, f. pl. the aiding or abetting an assault, on the very spot, which was a fineable offence, Sturl. ii. 234 (Cod. C. vættfang); um fjör-ráð ok vetfangs-bjargir, i. 145. vettvangs-búi, a, m. a neighbour to the place of action, to be summoned as búi, Grág. ii. 17; vætt-fangsbúar, Nj. 100. vöðla, að, to twist up into a wisp; vöðla e-n saman. vöðull, m. = vaðall, in Vöðla-þing. VÖÐVI, a, m. [Germ. waden -- calf of the leg], a muscle; skal hann sár bótum bæta eyri þar sem vöðva skerr, N.G.L. i. 67; kykva-vöðvi, Hkr. i. 99, Þiðr. 187; hjó á lærit, svá at ór tók allan vöðvann, Grett. 136 A; þat er margra manna siðr at vinda vöðva klæðum ok kalla þat soðit, Fas. ii. 525, the word is very freq. in mod. usage; afl-vöðvi, the biceps-muscle; vöðva-sár, a flesh-wound, N.G.L. i. 172, Grág. i. 18; vöðva-skeina, a flesh-wound, Fbr. 212. vöflur, f. pl. stammering, confusion; það kómu vöflur á hann, he became confounded, from guilt. vög, f., pl. vagar, vagir, plur. vegr, Fms. viii. 430; vögur (as from vaga), see vagar. vöggr, m. [see vagga], apparently much the same as vöggu-barn, an infant in the cradle; a nickname, Landn. 314; a pr. name, Edda; litlu verðr Vöggr feginn, 'with little are babies fain,' 81 (a saying which originally may have meant that children are easily pleased); cp. lítil-þæg eru börnin. vöggu-, see vagga, a cradle. VÖGN, f. (also vagna, u, f.), pl. vagnir, a kind of whale, delphinus orca; plur. vagnir, Sks. (Gronl. Hist. M. iii. 291, v.l.), Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.; vögnu láð, the sea, Ód. COMPDS: vögn-bráð, f. the blubber of the whale, Fsm. vögn-hvalr or vögnu-hvalr, m. = vögn, described in Sks. 29 new Ed. VÖK, f., gen. vakar, n. pl. vakar and vakir, with art. vökna = vökina, Bs. i. 346; [Dan. vaage] :-- a hole, opening in ice; hann hratt hestinum í vök eina, Fms. i. 211; þeir riðu vakar nökkurar, x. 388; í vök þiðri, vii. 2; höggva vakir á ísinum, 272; stórar vakir. Sks. 178; ef menn finna hval í vökum, Grág. ii. 386; vakum, Sks. 175 B; ok fægja vökina eptir sér, Fms. viii. 416; í vökinni, vi. 337, Bs. i. 346; rekjald mikit í vök, Fs. 145; draga þeir skipit milli vakanna, 180; passim in mod. usage. vökna, að, to become wet; búa um svá at aldri mátti vökna. Fms. vii. 225; áðr hón vöknaði, ii. 280; ek fleygði mér á ána, vöknaða ek þá allr, Karl. 167; þat vöknar allt ok klöknar, 545; freq. in mod. usage, eg hefi vöknað í fætrnar, I have got wet in the feet. vökóttr, adj. full of holes, of ice, Fms. i. 210. vökr, adj. moist; vökvir eða vátir, Stj. 98; vökva jörð, a moist soil, Stj.; vera vökrar náttúru, MS. 732. 17. vöku-, see vaka. vökull, adj. [vaka], wakeful, vigilant. Art. 76, v.l. VÖKVA, að, to moisten, water; áin Nilus vökvar þat ok frjóvar meðr sinni döggvan, Stj. 77; vökva mun hann fót sinn í viðsmjörvi, 348; gróðrseti ok veykvi, fági ok prýði, 677. 10, freq. in mod. usage; vökva sig, to water oneself, to drink, slake one's thirst. 2. vökva sér blóð, to make blood flow. Fas. iii. 376; see vekja. vökva, u, f., gen. vöku, moisture, juice; vökva reyfisins, Stj. 397; vökva ok úhreinindi, MS. 677. 22; jarðligrar vöku, 415. 5; (sólin) slær ofan vöku sinni ... skýtr tunglit sinni vöku á hafit. 732. 1, 4; af hafsins vökum ok vætum, Stj. 18; kviðr tekr við veku sem sær við vötnum, Eluc. 19; en sumt féll á hellu ok þornaði, því at þat fékk enga vækku (sic), Hom. 67. COMPDS: vöku-mikill, adj. moist, juicy. Stj. 17. vöku-samr, adj. moist; vökusamt vátlendi, Stj. 201. vöku-skortr, m. a lack of moisture, Stj. 291. vökvan, f. a moistening, watering, Stj. 88, Rb. 478; in mod. usage, vökvan = beverage, of milk. vökvi, a, m. = vökva, a moisture, fluid, Barl. 18, 118, H.E. i. 480, Fas. ii. 378, Pr. 474; and so in mod. usage. völdugleikr, m. power, authority, Stj. 83 (v.l.), 298. 2. as a title; yðar v., your highness, Mar. völdugr, mod. völdugr; that völd- is the better form is shewn by the old form valdugr, Barl., as also by the derivation from vald; [Ulf. wulþags = GREEK; Germ. ge-waltig; see valda] :-- mighty, powerful; þrír völdugir konungar, Fms. i. 259; inn valdugasti, Barl. 102: vitr ok valdugr, 113; inn valdugi stjórnari, 106; eigi mundi hann vera svá voldugr, at ..., Orkn. 138; vollduga menn ok vel guðhrædda, Stj. 298; ins voldugasta manns, 185; voldugari, 163 (völdugari, v.l.); mjök voldugir ok mikils ráðandi, Fb. ii. 535, Luke i. 52. völdugskapr, m. authority, Stj. 83. völduliga, adv. proudly; láta v., Finnb. 300, v.l.; konungr reið nú v. at borginni, Fms. vii. 87; ríkmannliga ok v., 94. völduligr, spelt valduligr, adj. powerful, Barl. 187. VÖLLR, m., gen. vallar, dat. velli; pl. vellir, gen. valla, acc. völlu, mod. velli; [Icel. völlr and Germ. wald = wood seem to be the same word; the change in the sense from wood to field being much the same as in mörk] :-- a field; knáttu Vanir völlu sporna, Vsp. 28; vaxinn völlum hæri, 36; völlu algræna, Akv. 13; þar vóru víða vellir sléttir, Fms. vii. 56; þeir sátu úti at skemtan sinni á völlum nökkurum, vi. 141; þar var torfa ristin ór velli ... fastir í vellinum, Ld. 58; kasta sér niðr við vellinum, flat on the ground, Nj. 58; leggja e-n við velli, to lay one level with the ground, Fms. v. 236; or at velli, Nj. 117; hús min liggja við velli, lies on the ground, is demolished, Fms. iii. 144; hasla e-m völl, Eg. 273 (see hasla); lauss á velli, loose in the ranks, not steady, Eg. 293; fastr á velli, firm, steady. Fms. xi. 246; vígligr á velli at sjá, warlike to look at, Eg. 475; so, fríðr, mikill ... á velli, of fine, stout ... appearance; miklir at vallar-sýn. big in outward appearance, Nj. 66, v.l.; víg-völlr, a battle-field; þing-völlr, q.v.; þreskj-öldr. 2. a close or paddock; at úsánum ok úbreiddum völlum, unsown and unmanured fields, Jb. 193; reiða á völl, Grág.; slá átta stakka völl, Fb. i. 522; tún-völlr, Korm. II. freq. in local names, Völlr and Vellir, Rangár-vellir. COMPDS: vallar-garðr, m. a paddock-fence; réttsýni upp á fjall, ok yfir í vallar-garð fram á Skjaldar-stöðum, Dipl. v. 19. VÖLR, m., gen. valar, dat. veli; pl. velir, acc. völu; [Ulf. walus = GREEK, Luke ix. 3; whence valtr, velta, cp. also vala: the root word is Goth. walwian; Lat. volvere]:-- a round stick, staff, Bév. 9 b; bítað þeim vápn né (enn?) velir, Hm.; Gríðar völr, Edda; in many compds, snar-völr, rið-völr (q.v.), hjálmun-völr, stjórn-völr, a helm, tiller; vánar-völr, a beggar's staff; víg-völr, a weapon; torf-völr, q.v. 2. also of a blunt, oval edge; in egg-völr, q.v.; cp. the mod. phrase, það er völr fyrir egginni, when the edge is not thin and keen, but thick and blunt. völsa, að, [akin to völdugr], to make a great bustle, pride oneself; menn þegar eg stolta sé sem völsa mikið í veröldinni; en vita hvorki á né bé, Hallgr. Völsi, a. m. [evidently the same word as Gr. GREEK], the name of a heathen phallus-idol, as to which see the curious story in Fb. ii. 331-336 (called Völsa-þáttr). Völsungr, m. the name of an ancient myth. king, whence Völsungar, see Völsunga Saga, the Edda, Hkv.; Völsunga drekka, to drink of the Wolsungs, i.e. poison, Bragi; the word is thought to be from a Slavonic idol Wolos. Völsunga-kviða, u. f. the lay of the Wolsungs, Sæm. 112. völt or völtur, f. pl. [valtr, velta], a roller, a thing belonging to the fittings of a ship, Edda (Gl.) Völundr, m. [A.S. Wêland; Germ. Wieland; hence too comes Engl. gallant, from Teut. Fr. galant; prop. an appellative(?), like höfundr]:-- Wayland the Smith, Germ. Welant, a myth. hero common to all Teutonic people, Edda, Þiðr. 82, 185; the legends about him are contained in the old lay Völundar-kviða, Sæm. 88-94 (List of Authors A. II), and the Þiðr. S. ch. 57 sqq. 2. as appell. a master smith, a great artist, = GREEK; bækr þinar ofnar völundum, woven by Waylands, Hðm. 7 (cp. Gr. GREEK); Hrafn var völundr at hagleik, bæði at tré ok at járni, Bs. i. 640; Fróði konungr átti tvá smiði er völundar vóru at hagleik, Fms. i. 14; völundr rómu, the master of battle, i.e. Odin, ix. (in a verse); and so in mod. usage, hann er mesti Völundr, he is a great Völund, a great master, of a smith. Völundar-hús, n. 'Wayland's house,' a labyrinth, Stj. 85; en feti þó hvergi burt úr Völundar-húsi, Lil. 92; this myth. word is still in use in Icel. VÖLVA, u, f., also spelt völfa, gen. völu, pl. völur; völfu. or also völfur or voluur; gen. pl. does not occur; the nom. Vala is erroneous: [the etymology as well as the origin of this word is uncertain; but may not the Norse Völva and the Gr. GREEK be relations? the identity in sense at least is very striking; the Gr. word first occurs in Aristoph., and then in Plato; may it not have been adopted from some Scythian tribe, for a word like this, if Greek, could hardly fail to occur in Homer? in

722 VÖLUSPA -- VÖRR.

völva an initial s, we suppose, has been lost (qs. svölva); in the Greek the &i-short; would be an inserted vowel] :-- a prophetess, sibyl, wise woman; vöa, seiðkona, spákona (qq.v.) are synonymous. The ancient Sagas contain many remarkable records of the heathen wise-women or sibyls, who were held in honour and reverence; at the great feasts and sacrifices in the autumn, the völva (often a woman of rank) went with her troop of maidens through the country, where she, so to say, crowned the feast; she was seated on a high seat (seiðhjallr) in the hall, where she wrought her spells and sang her 'weird-songs' (varðlokur), after which the guests went past her one by one, and she told each his fate, or whatever else one wanted to know, e.g. the course of the coming winter and the like. The former part of the Völuspá is evidently conceived as the inspired song of a völva, seated on her high seat, and addressing Odin, while the gods listen to her words; and the latter part of the poem appears to be a kind of necromancy, or the raising of a dead völva, as also is the lay Vegtamskviða; sú kona var þar í bygð er Þorbjörg hét, ok var kölluð lítil völva, hón hafði áttar sér níu systr, ok vóru allar spákonur, en hón var ein þá á lífi, þat var háttr Þorbjargar um vetrum, at hón fór á veizlur ok buðu þeir menn henni mest heim er forvitni var á at vita forlög sín eða árferð, Þorf. Karl. Names of such wise women, Gróa völva, Edda; Heimlaug völva, Gullþ.; Heiðr völva, Landn. 173; Huldr völva, Yngl. S., Hkr. i. 21; to which add the 'Weleda' of Tacitus: class. passages are Þorf. S. ch. 3 (exceedingly interesting), Örvar-Odds S. ch. 3 (Fas. ii. 506), Vd. ch. 10: völu vél-spá, Vsp.; eru völfur allar frá Víðólfi, Hdl.; völva ok vís kona. Vtkv.; þá kom til völva sú er Gróa hét, Edda 58; var á því landi spákona sú er sagði fyrir örlög manna, ... þeir fara til móts við völunna, Fb. ii. 28; ek fór í skóg til þín í völvu líki, Fas. i. 135; þóttusk menn vita at þar mundi verst hafa völu-leiði, Ld. 328; þá reið Óðinn fyrir austan dyrr þar er hann vissi völu leiði, Vtkv.; úrsvöl Gýmis völva, of Rán the goddess, Edda (in a verse); at hás völva valdi því bölvi, Kormak; in a bad sense, völva and skollvis kona, Hkv. 1. 34; Tacitus (Germ. ch. 8, 46, and Hist. iv. 61, 65, v. 22, 24) speaks of these practices, as also does Plutarch, Caesar ch. 19, -- GREEK. COMPDS: Völu-spá, f. the song of the V., the name of an old lay, Edda; Völuspá in skamma = Hyndlu-ljóð, Edda i. 44. Völvu-staðir, Icel. local name, Gullþ. S. VÖMB, f., gen. vambar; [Ulf. wamba = GREEK; A.S. wamb; Engl. womb; Scot. wame; Germ. wamme, wanst; Lat. venter; Gr. GREEK] :-- a womb, belly, but mostly in a low sense, especially of beasts (the Engl. womb is in Icel. kviðr); þenja vömbina, to fill the belly. Fms. viii. 436: kýla vómb sína á miði ok mungáti, Fs. 4, Fas. i. 493; ok aum í vömb, Bjarn. (in a verse); sauðar-vömb, kýr-vömb, gor-vömb, Vambar-ljóð, the name of a lay, Maurer's Volksagen 317. COMPDS: Vambar-dalr, in. a local name, Bs. ii. Vambar-hólmr, m., Fms. vii. vömm, f., gen. vammar, pl. vammir, for the references see vamm, n. vöndla, að, to wind up into a vöndull; v. e-t upp, Þorst. Síðu H. 11. VÖNDR, m., gen. vandar, dat. vendi, pl. vendir, acc. vöndu, later and mod. vendi, Sks. 443 B; [from vinda, as svigi from sveigja; Ulf. wandus = GREEK, 2 Cor. xi. 25; Engl. wand; Dan. vaand] :-- a wand, switch; af korninu vex rót en vöndr af rótinni en af vendi aldin, Eluc. 14; Jacob tók græna vöndu, ... birkti hann suma vönduna ... mislita vönduna, Stj. 177, 178 (Genesis xxx); skjót at honnm vendi þessum, Edda 37; þá færi þit mér vóndu rétta ór skógi, 656 C. 42; smá-vendi (acc, pl.) af kvistum, Sks. 443 B; út mun ganga vöndr af kyni Jesse, 686 B. 13; tams vendi ek þik drep, Skm.; vatn hljóp ór hellunni er Moyses laust á vendi sínum, ... vöndr Arons, Ver. 22; hann sat ok telgdi vönd einn með knífi, Hom. 116; hreinsa hveiti með vendi (vinza), Stj. 397; reiða vönd ok staura til garðs, N.G.L. i. 241; mál-vöndr, a measuring-wand, yard; poët. ben-vöndr, a 'wound-wand;' hjalt-vöndr, a 'hilt-wand,' i.e. a sword; blóð-v., morð-v., slíðr-vöndr, fólk-vöndr, hríð-vöndr, hvít-vöndr, benja-, brynju-, hjaldrs-vöndr, id.; ríkis-vöndr, a sceptre, Lex. Poët.: a rod, for punishing, strýkja með vendi, ljósta mar vendi, Kormak; vöndr hrökk, Mork. (in a verse); cp. vand-styggr, vandar-högg. 2. a roller, on which tapestries were hung; tjöld um miklu-stofu, ábóta-stofu, conventu ok málstofu, ok hér méð vendir til allra, Vm. 109; mátum vér í skuldina, tvær bækr, vönd, pall-klæði, Dipl. iii. 13. 3. in the phrase, snúa vönd í hár e-m, a way of beheading a culprit, by twisting a stick in his hair and holding the head steady to receive the stroke (instead of laying it on the block), see Ó.H. 191, Jómsv. S. ch. 47, Fms. xi: cp. vand-bálkr, vand-draga, vand-laupr, vand-styggr. 4. metaph. a stripe, in cloth, Edda (Gl.) i. 584; segl stafat vendi, Eg. 68, Ó.H. 113, 124, 170 (see segl and stafað'r). COMPDS: vanda-hús, n. a wicker-house, Ó.H. 20, Edda ii. 200 (where vandar-hús). vandar-högg, n. a 'wand-stroke,' flogging, Bs. i. 871; in mod. usage a Law term for flogging as a punishment for theft or other such misdeeds; M.N. á að sæta ... vandar-hagga refsingu, a standing law phrase in mod. Icel. sentences. vandar-leggr, m. a wand-stick, Mar. 223. vandar-veif, n. a wand's waving; vera á vandarveifi, Ísl. ii. 317. vöndull, m., dat. vöndli, a wisp, of hay; gefa vöndul heys af kýrfóðri hverju, Bs. i. 137; tóku þeir vöndul heys fyrir hvern hest, Sturl. iii. 164; hafi vöndul fyrir hross, Jb. 430; á kirkja vöndul af sex sútum heys hverjum of alla sveit, Ám. 37. vönn, f., pl. vannir (or vön?); [prob. some corruption for vin, f., q.v.] :-- a hunting track; seldi ek þeim ... útan garðs ok innan vönn ok veiði-staði er til hefir legit, D.N. ii. 159; en ef hann görir aðrar van(n)ir yfir land manns þar sem íkorna-skogr er, bæti mörk silfrs ... ok landnám á ofan, N.G.L. ii. 143. vönsundr m. the wind, Edda (Gl.) vönuðr, m. a waner, diminisher; in vell-v., hodd-v., Lex. Poët, vörð, f., pl. varðir and verðr, [Engl. ward], prop. a woman under tutelage, a wife; only in the allit. phrase, vörðr and verr, wife and husband, a wedded pair; eigut þær varðir vera, these women have no husbands, Gsp.; mik veiztu verða (i.e. varða, gen. pl.) ver-gjarnasta, Þkv, 13; þótt varðir vers (wedded women) fái sér hós eða hvars, Ls. 33; at ek þatki vannk er vörð (vörðr Ed.) né ver vinna knátti, I had no intercourse of wife and husband with him, i.e. no hjúskapar-far, Gkv. 3. 3; þá er Var ok Syn verðr (acc. pl.) at nefna, then are V. and S. the fairies to be named, Edda (Gl.) VÖRDR, m., gen. varðar, dat. verði, pl. verðir, acc. vörðu (mod. verði); [varða; Ulf. wards, in daura-wards = GREEK, and wardia = GREEK, Matth. xxvii. 65; A.S. weard; Engl. ward, warden; Germ. wart] :-- a warden, warder, Lat. custos; vörðr goða, of Heimdal, Gm.; hann hafði fengit njósn hvar verðir þeirra vóru, Fms. viii. 354: myrkvastofu-vörðr. Post. 645. 89, Stj. 200; Heimdalr, hann er vörðr goða, Edda; vita-vörðr, hús-vörðr, dyra-vörðr, land-vörðr. qq.v. 2. a guard, watch and ward, Lat. custodia; ganga á vörðinn, Eg. 88; ef hundr er bundinn til varðar, Grág. ii. 119; halda vörð, i. 32 (varð-hald); hafa vörðu á e-m, of a prisoner, Fas. ii. 230; svá mikla vörð(u) hélt hann á þeim, iii. 529; gefa vörð móti e-u, to give ward, protect, Sks. 300 B; veita e-u vörð, to keep, take care of, Grág. ii. 409 (hence varð-veita, q.v.) vörð-sætr, adj. 'watch-sitting,' i.e. fit to be watchman, Gþl. 86. VÖRN, f., gen. varnar, pl. varnir, [from verja; Dan. værn] :-- a defence; til varnar, for the sake of defence, Sks. 397 B; með vörn, 226; þeir höfðu engan liðs-kost til varnar, Eg. 79; eigi mun þykkja of þunn-skipat til varnarinnar, ... sýna vaskliga vörn, Bs. i. 525, 526, 531; at þessi vörn hafi allfræg verit, 532, Gísl. 72, Nj. 117, passim. II. as a law phrase, defence, opp. to sókn, q.v.; sókn skal fara fyrr fram hvers máls en vörn, Grág. i. 59; sá skal þess kviðar kveðja, er vörn hefir fyrir hann, 41; mundi þat Njáll ætla, at ek myndi hafa nökkura vörn í málinu, Nj. 93: ek mun taka við vörn, 225; bjóða til varna, to call on the defendant to begin his pleading (the plaintiff having done), 36; ef sakir nökkurar görðisk af vörninni, því at þat er opt annars máls vörn er annars er sókn, 225; færa vörn fram fyrir mál, to act for the defendant, 223. 2. a point for the defence, exception; sér þú nökkura vörn í málum þessum, Nj. 231; Ásgrími tóksk svá til sem sjaldan var vant, at vörn var í máli hans (i.e. there was a flaw in his suit), en sú var vörnin at hann hafði nefnt fimm búa, þar sem hann átti níu at nefna, nú hafa þeir þetta til varna, 92, 93; verja mál með lögum, ef varnir verða til, 222; Þorgils gékk at dóminum, hann leitaði til varna í málinu, Grett. 64 new Ed. COMPDS: varnar-aðili, a, m. the defendant in a suit, opp. to sóknar-aðili (see aðili), Grág., Nj., passim. varnar-eiðr, -gögn, -kviðr, m. an oath, evidence, verdict for the defence, Grág. i. 55, 61, 78, Nj. 225. varnar-lauss, adj. defenceless, Al. 84. varnar-maðr, m. a defender, Fms. v. 273, xi. 32, Fb. iii. 445, N.G.L. i. 88, passim. vörnuðr, m. a warning; bjóða vörnuð, to bid one beware, Akv. 8, Sighvat. vörpuðr, m. a thrower, one who hurls, Lex. Poët. vörpu-ligr, adj. of stout, stalely appearance; v. ok mikilúðligr, Fms. xi. 78; konungr spurði hverr sá væri inn vörpuligi maðr, Ld. 312, Finnb. 308 (v.l.), Ó.H. 155, Þorst. Síðu II. 15. vörpu-mannligr, adj. id., Ísl. ii. 438, v.l. VÖRR, f., gen. varrar, pl. varrar, varrir; in rhymes rr, vörr er hvöss á harra, Sturl. (in a verse); sprarri varra, Hkr. i. (in a verse): the mod. form is vör, varar, dropping one r throughout: [Ulf. uses a diminutive, wairilo = GREEK; A.S. weleras = labia, a masc. formed by metathesis of r and l, qs. werelas; old Fris. were] :-- the lip, Lat. labium; varrar jarls vóru ókyrrar, Fms. viii. 98; vörr in neðri, the lower lip, Dropl. 25; vörr in efri, the upper lip; bíta á vörrinni, Nj. 68; hann beit varrarnar, ... rifja saman varrarnar, Edda 71; ef varrar eru eigi heilar, Skálda; skarð í vör (vörr), Sd. 175; hverjum vörrum skal ek hans blezaða fulltings biðja, Th. 6; varra-skrap, Sks. 438; varrar þínar, Stj. 644; báðar varrirnar, Bs. i. 360; varrarnar, Sks. 560. B. [Ivar Aasen vor; A.S. wær; Engl. weir], a fenced-in landing-place; á steini þeim er næstr var vörum (v&aolig;rons Cod.), Bs. i. 337; dró þat eptir skipinu í vörina, Fas. iii. 317; Vermundr kom nú til Grímseyjar, ok dró upp skip í varir Áskels, Rd. 250; varar fýsir skip, a saying, a ship longs for the vórr, Edda (Ht.); cp. njóti svá bauga, sem Bragi auga, vagna vara, may he enjoy wealth, as Bragi [enjoys] the eye, or the ship the haven, Höfuðl. (fine); sigla or vörum, to leave the harbour, Bs. i. 460; ok er staddr í vörum um kveldit þá er Hallr kom at landi, Ld.

VÖRR -- YFIR, 723

40: the word is freq. in mod. usage (at least in western Icel.), of a small inlet or creek where boats land, lenda í vörinni, fara ofan í vör, ýtta eg knör úr Arnar-vör hann Úlfar téði, Úlf. 6. 23: hence mod. vara-söngr = the prayer said by fishermen when launching, Bjorn. vara-seiði, n. small fry, small fish, from being caught in creeks near the shore. VÖRR, m., gen. varrar, dat. verri, pl. verrir, acc. vörru; [different from the preceding word] :-- a pull of the oar; er þeir höfðu fá vörru róit frá landi, Fms. viii. 217; í einum verri brýtr hann sundr báðar árarnar ok keipana, Þiðr. 313; slíta rœði ór verri, to pull the oar briskly, Fms. vi. (in a verse); halda sjau tigum ára til varra, to pull with seventy oars, Hkr. iii. 120 (in a verse); þeysa vörru (acc. pl.), to pull so as to splash, Hornklofi: in poetry a ship is called lung, málfeti varra, the steed pulled by oars, Lex. Poët.; varr-sími, the wake left by the oars; varr-nagli, q.v.; varrar eldr = gold; varrar skíð, poët. = the oar (the oar of Odin being the sword), Glúm, (in a verse). Vörsar, m. pl. the men from Vörs, a county in Norway, Landn. Vosse-vangen, Fms. viii. 51; Vígfúss hersir á Vörs, Glúm.: hence Vörsa-bær, later Ossa-bær, a local name in the south of Icel., Landn. Nj.: Vörsa-krákr, m. a nickname, Orkn.: Vörskr, adj. from Vörs Landn. 263. vöru-, in compds, see vara. vörun, f., see varnan; við-vörun. vörzlu-, in compds, see varzla. vötnun, f. = vatnan, q.v. VÖTTR, m., gen. vattar, dat. vetti, pl. vettir, acc. vöttu; contr. for vantr: [Fr. gant, whence Engl. gauntlet; Dan. vatner] :-- a glove; hafði maðr vöttu á höndum, Lv. 100; staf ok vöttum, Fms. iii. 176; hann dró þar á sik vöttu sína, Grett. 160 new Ed., and passim in mod. usage; the dimin. vetlingr has displaced the old word. 2. a pillow; vöttu dúns fulla, Hornklofi. II. a pr. name, Fas. 2. in local names, Vattar-nes, -tunga, -fjörðr, Landn., map of Icel.; Band-vettir, the name of horses, Gísl. VÖXTR, m., gen. vaxtar, dat. vexti, pl. vextir, acc. vöxtu, mod. vexti; [Ulf. wahstus = GREEK; Dan. væxt; from vaxa, q.v.]:-- 'waxing,' size, stature; mikil vexti, Bs. i. 646, Nj. 2; bergrísi at afli ok vexti, Eg. 22; menn litlir vexti, 25; vöxt ok afl, 29; göra klæði við vöxt e-s, 516: of size, öll skip sem vöxtr var at, Sturl. ii. 177; skip vel haffærandi at vexti, Fms. iv. 255; þat skip var gört eptir vexti Orms ins Skamma, vi. 308; þat vatn er vel mikit at vexti, Sks. 90; heimsins vöxt, 195; at mikilleik ok vexti, Ó.H. 235; lítils vaxtar, of small size, Mar. 2. growth, increase; or tungl hefir þrjár nætr vaxtar síns, Rb. 452; vera með vexti, to be increasing, Barl. 169; ganga í vöxt, to increase, Bs. i. 802; fara í vöxt, to increase, Fms. ix. 430; færa í vöxt, to exaggerate, vi. 14: increase, interest, heimta fulgurnar með vöxtum, Grág. i. 270; taka vöxtu á fé sínu, 180; taka fé til vaxta, 183; á-vöxtr, q.v. 3. way of growth, shape; ritinn með lykkju á's en með öllum vexti és, Skúlda; líkr e-m á vöxt ok viðbragð, Fms. vi. 12. 4. growth, produce; skóg með tupt ok vexti, crop, Vm. 114; á-vöxtr, q.v. II. metaph. standing, state, the circumstance of a case, esp. in plur.; eigi er svá við vöxt, it does not stand so, Fb. iii. 333; sjám hverir vextir á eru, ii. 313, v. 20; hann sagði honum alla vöxtu sem á vóru um þeirra eyrendi, Ld. 46, Karl. 391: the phrase, svá er mál með vexti, at ..., the case stands so, that ..., Lv. 43. vaxta-lauss, adj. without increate or interest, Grág. i. 251. vöxtu-ligr, adj. big, of great size, Fas. iii. 627. vözt, f., pl. vaztir (q.v.), the sing, being only used in Edda (Gl.) X X. (ex) commonly represents ks, gs (as in other languages), where both letters are radical, thus, ax, fax, lax, sax, öx, vax, vaxa, sex, uxi, vöxtr, fox, jaxl, öxl, qq.v.; but hugsa from hugr; lags from lag; loks from lok; oks (gen.) from ok (jugum); rakstr, bakstr, from raka, baka, etc. The vellums use x in other cases, e.g. sterxti = sterksti, the strongest, Clem. 146; tax (gen.) from tak, N.G.L. i. 47; dúx = dúks, Clem. 127, l. 8; lox = loks, 134; vitrleix = vitrleiks, 142; almattex = almáttigs, 133; víxla = vígsla, N.G.L. i. 9; fulltinx = fulltings, ÓH. 242; vaxcliga = vaskliga, Mork. 178; lyxc = lýksk, Íb. (fine); fexk = fékksk (from fá the verb), Bs. i. 351; ux = ups (q.v.), N.G.L. i. 368: or again, vegs = vex (the verb), Hm. 119; lags = lax (salmon), Sæm. 212, l. 20 (Bugge); dax = dags, N.G.L. i, 23; but on the whole the vellums distinguish gs, ks, and x, shewing the pronunciation in olden times to have been more distinct than it is now, when all three forms (gs, ks, x) represent the same sound, no matter whether the s be inflexive or not; thus in common modern spelling, both hugsa and huxa, dags and dax are used at random. In vellums x and r are very much alike: hence in the well-known passage in Vsp. the misreading of sarum (sordibus) for saxum (ensibus), in all Editions, until Prof, Bugge noticed the stroke underneath the line in Cod. Reg. Y-Ý Y is of later origin, and only found in derived words, being an 'umlaut' from u, (y from u, ý from ú); in the Runic alphabet it is placed at the end, and marked RUNE, see Skálda (ii. 72); it is there called ýr, a yew-tree, -- ýr er vetrgræast viða, 'ýr' is the 'winter-greenest' of trees, Runic poem. B. The independent sound of y, ý is now lost in Icel., being replaced respectively by the sounds i, í, whereas in mod. Dan., Swed. and Norse the old sound has been preserved; the old Icel. MSS., as well as the rhymes in old poems, distinguish both, except in a few instances, see Gramm. p. xxxv, col. 2 (η). The change from y to i seems to have begun about the time of the Reformation, but in the first printed books, e.g. the N. T. of 1540 and the Bible of 1584, the distinction is still well kept, the remembrance of the old form and etymology being then still alive. Later, the writing became very confused. Some transcribers of the 17th century, e.g. Ketil Jörundsson, a noted copier of old vellums, took the better course, never writing y at all, but i throughout; the same may be observed in the handwriting of some Icelanders down to the present day. In printed books of the 17th and 18th centuries the confusion is great, till of late an accurate spelling has been re-established, though even this fails in a few words; e.g. the ancients spell þrysvar, gymbr, qq.v.; the mod. þrisvar, gimbr. The poets of the last three centuries make i and y, ei and ey rhyme indifferently, according to the usage of the living tongue. II. an initial v is dropped before y, as in yndi, yrði, yrkja, etc. Y ybbask, að, dep.; y. við e-t, to worry, = abbask, q.v. ybbinn, adj. worrying. yðar, gen. pl. of you = Goth. izwara -- GREEK; til yðar, to you, Fms. x. 387, and passim. YDDA, d, [oddr], to shew the point on the other side, when a weapon is run through; gegnum skjöld ok brjóst svá at yddi um bakit, Eg. 380, Fms. viii. 332; laust undir kverkina, svá at yddi út um hnakkann, vii. 211; [róa] svá langt vestr sem yddir bænhuss-krossinn heima á Sævarlandi, to pull westwards till the point of the cross at home at S. is just seen, Dipl. iv. 9; það yddir á e-u, the point is seen, e.g. of a steeple or mountain seen at a distance. YÐR, dat. and acc. plur., and yðar, gen. (the original form iðr); Goth. ïzwis = GREEK and GREEK and ïzwara = GREEK] :-- you; biðja yðr (acc.), segja yðr (dat.); but koma til yðar, in endless instances; as also when addressing a person of rank, the plur. is used; vil ek gjarna veita yðr þat, Fms. x. 387, passim: or even sing. and plur. promiscuously. 2. hverr er sá af yðr Íslendingum, of you Icelanders, Fms, i. 32. yðvarr, possess. pron., from yður, n. yðvart, gen. yðvars, yðvarrar, yðvars; dat. yðrum, yðvarri, yðru; acc. yðvarn, yðra, yðvart; pl. yörir, yðrar, yður; gen. yðvarra; dat. yðrum; acc. yðra, yðrar, yður: the v is often dropped, thus, yðarr, yðarn, yðars, yðart: in mod. speech and partly in writing an indecl. yðar has been substituted: [Ulf. ïzwar = GREEK; A.S. eower; Engl. your; cp. provinc. Engl. yourn; Germ. euer; Dan. jer] :-- your; konungr yðarr ... yðarr kraptr, Fms. x. 17; yðarri brautferð, 289; yðarra manna, Al. 61; til þakka yðvarra. Eg. 63; höfðingja yðvars, Nj. 8; konungum yðrum, id.; yðvarr vegr, Eg. 423; fund yðvarn, 424; yður för, Nj. 90; yður tign, Fms. x. 367; yðvarri tign, vi. 72, x. 234; yðars ríkdóms, id.; yðvart ríki, með yðrum styrk, i. 87; eyrindi yðart, x. 218; konung yðarn, 11; yðarn Kristinndóm, Hom. 33; þræli yðrum, 623. 30; skipti yður, Eg. 424; yður salkynni, Skm. 2. hverr yðarr, who of you? Fms. ix. 330; tvá hesta skal hafa hverr yðarr, Nj. 32. 3. þá kallaði einn maðr, hví róa djöllar yðrir fyrir oss í alla nótt, ye devils (cp. þinn), Fms. ix. 50. yfingr, m. a kind of bird, = úfr(?), Edda (Gl.) YFIR, prep. with dat. and acc., also ellipt. or even as adv.; [in Goth. there are two forms, uf = Lat. sub, and ufar = Lat. super, which, as to the form, answer to Icel. 'of' and 'yfir;' but in reality 'of' is in the old vellums used indiscriminately, sometimes = um (q.v.), sometimes = yfir, see p. 462 and um (umb, of), p. 648 sqq.; 'of' as prep. is now obsolete, having been replaced, according to the sense, by um or yfir: Goth. ufar; A.S. ofer; Engl. over; O.H.G. ubar; Hel. ubar; Germ. über; Dan. over; Swed. öfver; Lat. super; Gr. GREEK] :-- over. A. WITH DAT. over, above; hvers manns alvæpni hékk yfir rúmi hans, Eg. 88; þriðja stendr yfir Niflheimi ... brenn eldr yfir Bifröst, Edda 10; yfir lokhvílu sinni, Nj. 183; spretta skörum yfir sér, Fas. ii. 187; tjalda yfir skipi sínu. Eg. 373; jörð gróin yfir viði eðr beinum, Grág. ii. 354; sitja yfir borðum, matborði, dagverði, drykkju ..., to sit at table over one's meat, drink; Nj. 6, 68, Eg. 63, 407, 577, passim; sitja yfir

724 YFIRAFLI -- YFIRHÖFN.

dómum yfir málum manna, to sit at, attend to cases, as judge, Ó.H. 86; Olafr konungr hafði jafnan með sér tólf ena spökustu menn, þeir sátu yfir dómum með honum ok réðu um vandamál, id.; sitja yfir e-m, to sit over one (a sick person), Fms. vii. 166, ix. 250; styrma yfir e-m, Ld. 40. II. metaph. usages; görask konungr bæði yfir Mörkinni ok Hálogalandi, Eg. 71; konungr yfir Englandi, 263; biskup yfir þeim fjórðungi, Grág. i. 326; hafa vald yfir e-u, Fms. i. 227, x. 48; vera höfðingi ok herra yfir e-u, id.; Þorgils er þá var yfir Skagafirði, 61; dómandi allra mála yfir þeim ríkjum, Fas. i. 513; hann setti bróður sinn yfir Víkinni, Fms. i. 29; sektir yfir e-m, H.E. i. 420; til gæzlu yfir e-m, custody over one, Edda 21; vaka yfir e-m, to wake or watch over, Fms. i. 9, iv. 299; vöku vér hér hverja nótt á Aski yfir fé váru, Eg. 375: þú vart trúr yfir litlu, eg mun setja þig yfir mikið, Matt. xxv. 23; vil ek eigi hafa flimtan hennar né fáryrði yfir mér, Nj. 50; sitja yfir hlut e-s, 89 (see sitja I. 2); ok liggi sú íllska lengr yfir þeim, threatening them, Fms. x. 265; búa yfir brögðum, Fas. i. 290; hefi ek sét marga dýrliga hluti yfir honum, 623. 55; mér sýnisk svá mikit yfir þér, at mér byðr þat eitt í skap at þú verðir meira stýrandi, Bs. i. 468; allir þeir er nokkurr þrifnaðr var yfir, leystu sik á þrem vetrum, Fms. iii. 18; opt hafa orðit þvílíkar jarteinir yfir heiðnum mönnum, vii. 195; láta vel ílla ... yfir e-u, Ld. 168, Hkr. i. 213, ii. 32 (see láta B. I. 2); láta hljótt yfir e-n, Nj. 232; þegja yfir e-u, Ld. 36; fögnuðr yfir e-u, joy over a thing, MS. 623. 23; aumhjartaðr yfir úförum hvers manns, Sks. 687; lýsa yfir e-u, to declare, Eb. 20, 250, Nj. 93, Ld. 164, 306, Fs. 13, 24, Eg. 141 new Ed., Gísl. 16, Ó.H. 101, 179, Bs. i. 95, 203, 268, 624, Fms. ii. 25, xi. 6, 25: hlyða e-m yfir, see hlýða. III. ellipt. or adverb, usages; eldr, ok katlar yfir, Eg. 238; ætlar hann at görask konungr yfir norðr þar, 71; yfir á Espihóli, Sturl. iii. 261. B. WITH ACC. over, above, denoting motion; limar hans dreifask yfir heim allan, Edda 10; drógu þeir netið yfir hann, ... hlaupa yfir netið ... hleypr hann yfir þinulinn, 40; þeir bundu yfir sik flaka af viði, Fms. ix. 421; Skaði tók eitr-orm ok festi yfir hann, Edda 40; hann tók yfir sik skikkjuna, 'took clothes over himself,' put on the mantle, Nj. 170; binda boð yfir miðjar dyrr, Gþl. 434; leggja e-t yfir altari þín, 655 xxiii; lauf ok limar tóku út yfir skipit, Ó.H. 36; hann felldi hvern yfir annan, Hkr. i. 151; cp. hverr um annan (um C. V); er aldr fór yfir hann, Ó.H. 123; sló miklum ótta yfir hirðmennina, struck great terror into the king's men, Fas. i. 68; skjóta skjóli yfir e-n, Ld. 40; setja menn yfir ríki sitt, Eg. 7; at konungr mundi annan höfðingja setja yfir Norðymbra-land, Fms. i. 24; lét hann taka Knút til konungs yfir ríki þat allt, 112; komask yfir e-t, to come by a thing, Bárð. 175; láta lítið yfir sik, Fms. vii. 29. 2. over, through, across; austr yfir Foldina, Fms. i. 52; hann gékk yfir mark þat, Eg. 490; fara yfir ás nokkurn, ... klif bratt yfir at fara, 576; ríða yfir fljótið, Nj. 82; hverr reiddi yfir Markar-fljót, 142; yfir skóginn, Fms. v. 249; ríðu vestr yfir Lómagnúpssand, Nj. 255; yfir hafit, Fms. vi. 21; er hann kom suðr yfir Fjalir, iii. 36; sigla norðr yfir Foldina, viii. 132; síðan fóru þeir yfir Norðrá, Eg. 134; fara at veizlum yfir ríki sitt, Fms. i. 157; skógr er almannavegr liggr yfir, Fs. 4. II. metaph. over, beyond; hafa vöxt yfir e-n, to have growth over or above another, be taller, Fas. ii. 234; hafa höfuð ok herðar yfir e-n; fram yfir aðra menn, beyond, above, i. 27; yfir þat fram, beyond that, above that, Vm. 19; fram yfir Páskaviku, Sturl. i. 121; fram yfir Jól, Boll. 344; yfir hálf-þrítugt, Fms. ix. 33. III. of direction, with another prep.; yfir á Hól, Hrafn. 9; þeir fúru yfir a Katanes, Fms. ix. 424; þeir sigldu yfir undir Kaupmannaeyjar, 421; upp yfir; fram yfir Grjótteigsá, Hrafn. 6. IV. ellipt. and adverb, usages; sá kvittr kom yfir, passed over, Eg. 164; lesa yfir, to read, Dipl. iii. 10, Fms. x. 1; kveld kemr yfir, draws on, Finnb. 230; skýflóki gengr yfir, Bárð. 169; um nóttina þann tíma er hringdi yfir, Fms. x. 29; at hann myndi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði, Hrafn. 7; hestrinn bar hann skjótt yfir ok víða, id.; undir at leiða eðr yfir at keyra, Gþl. 412; göra brú yfir, 411. 2. with verbs; bera, gnæfa, taka yfir, to surpass, passim; vofa yfir, to impend; búa yfir e-u, see búa; hylma ylir, to conceal; bætr yfir, to mend; verpa yfir, to calculate; drepa yfir e-t, to hush down; fara yfir, to pass over; líta, sjá yfir, to oversee, superintend; líða yfir, to pass over, also to faint; stíga yfir, to overcome; staupla yfir, sjást yfir, to overlook, neglect, etc., see the verbs. 3. var hann kátr yfir fram, exceedingly, Sturl. iii. 267; bjargit skútti yfir fram, Fms. vii. 81; sjá yfir upp, Edda 30. yfir-afli, n. a superior force, Sks. 198. yfirafl-ligr, adj. over-strong, very strong, Sks. 607. yfir-band, n. an 'over-band,' string to fasten the mouth of a bag, Grett. 107 A. yfir-bátr, m. an 'over-boat' but only used metaph. = a better man, as opp. to eptirbátr (q.v.), Fas. i. (in a verse). yfir-biskup, m. an over-bishop, high priest, Stj. 542, Ver. 106. yfir-bjóðandi, part. a ruler, Lil. 1. 52. yfir-boð, n. rule, command, authority, Fms. i. 220, iii. 45, iv. 226, x. 390, Stj. 167, Fas. iii. 98, D.N. i. 156, passim. yfir-boðari, a, m. = yfirboði, Sks. 612, v.l. yfir-boði, a, m. a superior, master, of one in authority, in plur. the authorities, Sks. 611, 612, K.Á. 224, Bs. i. 196, 233, Stj. 35, N.G.L., and passim. yfir-borð, n. the 'upper-board,' surface. yfir-bót, f. redress, Ver. 27, Sks. 584; and eccl. repentance: in the allit. phrase, iðran ok yfirbót; yfirbót syndar, göra Guði yfirbót fyrir syndir, Mar., Hom. (St.); ganga til yfirbóta. 2. plur. compensation; bjóða þeim yfirbætr, Ísl. ii. 327; Æsir buðu henni sætt ok yfirbætr, Edda 46; ef maðr görir til útlegðar í Kristnum rétti ok gengr hann til yfirbóta, N.G.L. i. 156; yfirbætr eru hvers beztar, a saying, Karl. 496. yfir-bragð, n. outward look, appearance, demeanour, bearing, Fms. i. 96; ásjá með blíðu ok björtu yfirbragði, 97; hans y. ok ásjóna, 216; með þungu yfirbragði, vii. 156; með miklu yfirbragði, of very imposing demeanour, 219; með áhyggju-yfirbragði, vi. 32; sköruligr í yfirbragði, Ld. 18, Bs. i. 76, Fas. iii. 666; allt var þetta fornt ok fémikit ok með miklu yfirbragði, magnificent, Fms. vi. 342; ýmislegt y. máls-greina, Skálda 193. 2. a surface, Rb. 468, 470. 3. a shew, pretence, outer appearance; görði hann þat y. fyrir alþýðu, at ..., Orkn. 410; svikliga ... með sáttgjarnligu yfirbragði, Fms. iii. 63; en göra hitt y. á, at sendimenn væri vel haldnir, Ó.H. 151; í yfirbragði til vinganar við þá, for appearance sake, Fms. x. 382; konungr görði á sér hrygðar-svip at yfirbragði, feigned mourning, 625. 96. COMPDS: yfirbragðs-lítill, -mikill, adj. poor, grand of look or appearance, Ísl. ii. 237, Sturl. iii. 123. yfir-breizl, n. a coverlet, Js. 78. yfir-breizla, u, f. id., Stj. 343, H.E. i. 501. yfir-buga, að, to overcome, out-do, Fas. i. 115. yfir-burðr, m. a deck-cargo, of a ship; nú hitta menn í storma, þá skal öllum y. fyrst kasta, N.G.L. ii. 278 (Jb. 390, 391). 2. excess; y. um þat er login segja, Fms. viii. 278. 3. mod., esp. in plur. superiority, superior strength or quality. II. yfir-burða, gen. pl. as adv. very; y. góðr, very good. yfir-bæriliga, adv. surpassingly, Karl. 542. yfir-bæriligr, adj. surpassing, Fms. x. 185, Fb. ii. 10. yfir-dómandi, a, m. an over-judge, chief justice, K.Á. 218. yfir-dómari, a, m. id., Sks. 476, 634, Gd. yfir-dómr, m. an 'over-judgment,' high court, Stj. 440, v.l.: a court of appeal, (mod.) yfir-drepskapr, m. [drepa yfir], dissimulation, Bs. i. 727, Mirm. 148. yfir-dróttning, f. a sovereign queen, of the Virgin Mary, Mar., Gd. yfir-dýna, u, f. an over-pillow, stuffed with down. yfir-dæmi, n. a jurisdiction, Stj. 440, Stat. 308. yfir-engill, m. an 'over-angel,' archangel, Barl. 28, Sturl. i. 211 C. yfir-faðir, m. an 'over-father,' patriarch, Hom. 139, Eluc. 53, Hom. (St.), Fas. iii. 671. yfir-ferð, f. a passage over or through a country, esp. as a law term, = veizla, q.v.; hafa land várt til yfirferðar, Fms. iv. 364; hann veitti Haraldi at veizlum ok y. Halland, vii. 180, xi. 343: of the poor, ætlaðisk hón til nokkurrar yfirferðar ok biðja sér matar, Bs. i, 198: a visitation, biskups y., N.G.L. i. 345, Bs. i. 84. yfirferðar-íllr, adj. ill to pass, Hrafn. 4. yfir-fljótanligr, adj. [Dan. overflödig], overflowing, abundant, (mod.) yfir-færiligr, adj. passable, Stj. 353. yfir-för, f. = yfirferð; banna e-m y., Orkn. 4; land fátækt ok íllt yfirfarar, Ó.H., K.Þ.K. 70. 2. a visitation; biskup skal hafa y. um sinn á tólf mánuðum, K.Þ.K. 60, Bs. i. 140. yfir-föt, n. pl. over-clothing, Bev. yfir-ganga, u. f. a transgression, Skálda 197: passing through, Hom. (St.) yfir-gangr, m. a passing through, Fms. x. 237. 2. overbearing conduct, tyranny, Fms. ii. 183, vi. 26, xi. 81, Gísl. 11, Lv. 1, passim; íllr y., an evil, plague, Fms. x. 385. COMPDS: yfirgangs-maðr, m. an overbearing man, Fas. i. 383. yfirgangs-samr (-semi, f.), adj. overbearing. yfir-gefa, gaf, [Germ. übergeben], to forsake, abandon, Fas. ii. 420 (a vellum of the 15th century), freq. in mod. usage. yfir-girnd, f. ambition, Fms. iii. 45, Sks. 453. yfir-gjarn, adj. ambitious, Sks. 437. yfir-gjarnligr, adj. ambitious, Sks. 531, Fagrsk. 11. yfir-gnæfa, ð, to reach above, surpass. yfir-Gyðingr, m. an 'over-Jew,' 'thorough Jew,' Pharisee, Mar., Post., Greg. (= Acts xxiii. 6, Luke xv. 1, 2, xviii. 10). yfir-heyra, ð, to hear, examine. yfir-heyrsla, u, f. a hearing, examination, a school term. yfir-hildingr, m. = yfirkonungr, Lex. Poët. yfir-hlaup, n. an 'over-leaping' skipping, Anal. 176. yfir-húð, f. = Lat. praeputium, the fore-skin. yfir-hús, n. an upper store (cp. Dan. höjen-loft), D.N. ii. 152. yfir-hylma, d, to hide, cloak; see hylma. yfir-hylming, f. a hiding, cloaking. yfir-höfðingi, a, m. an over-captain, great chief, Fms. v. 246. yfir-höfn, f. an over-coat, Eg. 23, Fms. i. 16, vii. 201, Ó.H. 70, Fs.

YFIRHÖKULL -- YLFINGAR. 725

140, Sks. 289. yfirhafnar-lauss, adj. without an over-cloak, Fms. ii. 29, ix. 47, Sks. 296. yfir-hökull, m. an over-mantle, a surplice, Ám. 15. yfir-klerkr, m. an over-clerk, one of the higher clergy, Bs. i. 768. yfir-klæði, n. an over-cloth, = yfirhöfn, Sturl. ii. 231, Stj. 424, 458, 595, Fms. vi. 186; yfirklæðin Unnar blá. | öll í hrukkur dregr, of the wind curling the waves, Sig. Breiðf. 2. a table-cloth. yfir-kominn, part. overcome, Fms. x. 221, Finnb. 330; y. af sárum ok mæði, exhausted, 288; geta yfirkomit e-n, Fms. ii. 75; fá e-n yfirkominn, xi. 96. yfir-konungr, m. an 'over-king,' supreme king; vera y. bræðra sinna, Fms. i. 8; y. á Írlandi, x. 415; y. flestra annarra at ríki ok auðæfum, vii. 95; y. í Noregi, Fb. ii. 37; þó var Knútr konungr y. allra þeirra, Fms. xi. 201; Julius Cæsar var fyrstr Romverja y. alls heims, Ver. 39, Rb. 398, 412. yfir-kussari, a, m. [for. word], an 'over-corsair,' corsair-chief, Fms. vii. 86. yfir-land, n. [Germ. überland], the 'overland,' land on the other side; þeir sneru yfir til Munka-bryggju nær yfirlandinu, Fms. viii. 264. yfir-lát, n. a being made much of, honour, favour; þeir höfðu minnst y. (they were least made of) þvíat þeir þóttu vera dragmálir ok tómlátir, Fas. i. 382, Fms. vii. 219; Þórr var í miðju hofi ok hafði mest yfirlát, x. 323, Hkr. i. 211, Eg. 256; hann hafði þar gott yfirlát, Fms. xi. 206; ek var minnstr fyrir mér um atgörvi ok y., Fas. i. 151. yfir-leðr, m. the upper-leather, of shoes, Fms. viii. 436. yfir-lega, u, f. a painstaking, taking much time and pains; eg get ekki lesið það nema með mestu yfirlegu. yfir-lestr, m. a reading through. yfir-lið, n. a swoon, fainting fit. yfir-ligr, adj. lying-above, Lat. supernus, Hom. yfir-lit, n. a survey. yfir-litr, m. look, personal appearance; y. hennar ok kurteisi, Nj. 17; hví ert þú þannig yfirlits sem þú sér at bana kominn, Fms. xi. 144; líkr föður sínum bæði yfirlits ok at skapferli, Eg. 3, Fas. i. 234; blá at yfirlit, iii. 307; brúðirnar falda sítt ok sá úgörla þeirra y., Fms. xi. 106; at líkams yfirliti, Pr. 440: plur., líkr feðr sínum at yfirlitum ok skaplyndi, Eg. 84, Fms. x. 226: hyggr vandliga at yfirlitum þeirra systra, xi. 106; Kormakr heyrir hvat þær tala til yfirlita hans, Korm. 18. yfir-læti, n. = yfirlát, Sks. 275, 463; Hrútr var með konungi um vetrinn í góðu y., Nj. 9, Eg. 170; hann hafði it mesta y. af konungi ok dróttningu, Fms. i. 96; veitti hann mér gott (lítið) y., ii. 123, vi. 345; metorð ok y., x. 392; með ríku y., MS. 4. 41. yfir-lög, n. pl. = yfirsókn; Þorvaldr vildi hafa v. Jörundar biskups, Bs. i. 813 (MS.) yfir-lögmaðr, m. an 'over-lawman,' see lögmaðr, Fms. iv. 156. yfir-maðr, m. an 'over-man,' superior, master; yfirmaðr Vatnsdæla, Fs. 26; y. héraðs. 4; Ólafr er betr til yfirmanns fallinn enn mínir synir, Ld. 84; at allan aldr síðan myndi Norðmenn vera yfirmenn Dana, Fms, vi. 233; hann skal verða yfirmaðr minn meðan hann lifir. Eg. 16: þá eigum vér þó at vera yfirmenn þeirra (be their betters) í öllum stöðum, Fms. ix. 509; minn yfirmann (nom. sic), Fas. i. 103. yfir-mannligr, adj. chieftain-like, Þiðr. 100. yfir-máta, adv. [Dan. overmaade], exceedingly, (mod.) yfir-meistari, a, m. an 'over-master,' head-master, cp. Germ. altmaster, Stj. 510, 537, Gd. 70. yfir-mikill, adj. 'over-mickle' enormous, Art. 12. yfir-port, n. an 'over-gate,' lintel, Stj. 415. yfir-ráð, n. rule, dominion. yfir-reið, f. a 'riding-over,' visitation, survey, H.E. i. 411, Bs. i. 879 (yfirferð, 816, l.c.) yfir-seta, u, f. a 'sitting-over,' sedulity; mæðask í vökum ok yfirsetu, 655 xii. 3, H.E. i. 585; ekki ætlaða ek at þat væri mín y. (my business) at dæma milli þeirra, Fms. ix. 334. 2. a holding back; y. á landskyld, D.N. vi. 320. 3. medic. midwifery; in yfirsetu-kona, u, f. a midwife, Stj. 189, as also in mod. usage. yfir-sjón, f. a survey; skoðan ok y., Dipl. iii. 4, Fms. v. 245, Sks. 359 B. 2. an oversight, blunder, passim in mod. usage. yfir-skikkja, u, f. an over-cloak, Karl. 89. yfir-skipan, f. 'over-rule,' authority; hafa vald ok y., Stat. 234. yfir-skript, f. a superscription, N.T. yfir-skyggja, ð, to overshadow, N.T. yfir-skyn, f. 'over-shine,' pretence, hypocrisy. yfir-sloppr, m. an outer-gown, Ám. 1; prestar skrýddir yfirsloppum, H.E. i. 473, Stat. passim. yfir-sókn, f. = yfirför, mostly as a law term, almost the same as veizla; Sveinn konungr gaf honum jarldóm ok Halland til yfirsóknar, Fms. vi. 295, Orkn. 66; lén ok yfirsókn, Fms. i. 87; ármenning, syslu, yfirsókn, Ó.H. 174, Fms. x. 196, passim. 2. a visitation, survey, K.Þ.K. 61, v.l.; yfirsóknar-maðr, a surveyor, eccl., H.E. i. 255, and in a secular sense, N.G.L. i. 18. yfir-staplan, f. [see stöpla], an 'over-spattering.' 2. metaph. rendering of Lat. 'praevaricatio,' Hom. 19; y. Guðs laga, Eluc. 28. yfir-sterkari, adj., compar. much stranger; verða y., to get the upper hand, Karl. 349, Bs. i. 804. yfir-stiginn, part. overcome, Rb. 412. yfir-stigning, f. an over-passing, transgression, Skálda 197. yfir-stígari, a, m. a conqueror, H.E. i. 7. yfir-stórmerki, n. pl. great wonders, Bs. i. 571. yfir-sýn, f. a look, appearance, Hkr. iii. 364: show = yfirbragð, Fms. ix. 433: a survey, inspection, meta þetta fé eptir y. þeirra manna sem biskup nefndi til, Dipl. i. 7; undir y. greinds Herra Pettars, v. 18; eptir boðskap ok y. erkibiskups, on the order and under the superintendance of, MS. 671. 17, H.E. i. 517. yfir-sýnd, f. = yfirsýn; meirr í móður-ætt sína yfirsýndar, Fms. ix. 531; ljótr yfirsýndar, Orkn. 66, v.l.; frá yfirsýndum manna ok búningi, Fas. iii. 666. yfir-sæng, f. = yfirdýna. yfir-söngr, m. a singing, service; yfirsöngvi, 625. 164: of a funeral service, mörg merki urðu at vatns-vígslum hans ok yfirsöngum, Bs. i. 431; er þat engi háttr sem hér hefir verit á Grænlandi síðan Kristni kom hér, at setja menn niðr í úvígða mold við litla yfirsöngva, Þorf. Karl. 398; þar munu vera kenni-menn at veita mér yfirsöngva, Eb. 262: of visitation of the sick (mod.): of excommunication, Bs. i. 853. yfir-tak, n. an overtaking, surpassing; yfirtaks mikill, surpassing great. 2. a transgression, Eluc. yfir-vald, n. 'over-rule,' power, rule; Sveinn jarl hafði y. í Noregi, the rule, the royal power, Grett. 97 A. 2. mod. person., the authorities, Pass. 26. 8, 28. 3, passim; vera yfirvaldinu undir-gefinn, yfirvöld og undir-gefnir; yfirvalds-dróttning, a sovereign queen, Art. yfir-varp, n. 'over-warp,' outward show, Vígl. 24; með yfirvarpi langs bæna-halds, Luke xx. 46; y. laga og réttinda. yfir-vega, að, [Dan. over-veje], to consider, (mod.) yfir-vesanligr, adj. = eccl. Lat. superstantialis, Hom. (St.) yfir-vinna, vann, [Dan. over-vinde], to vanquish, overcome, Edda (pref.) 146, passim in mod, usage. yfir-vættis, adv. [Dan. over-vættes], 'over-weighingly,' exceedingly; y. hatt, Stj. 17; y. bjartr, Mar.; y. þungi, frjóleiki, Stj. 14, 155, 211, Th. 12. YFRINN, adj., so written in the uncontractcd cases, but in the contracted cases the f is absorbed, ýrinn or œrinn, qq.v.; [yfir, of] :-- over-great, abundant, large; yfrin (ærin, v.l.) var þurft til, Fms. viii. 56, v.l.; yfrin nauðsyn, 137, ix. 35, Hkr. i. 279; yfrin gaótt, Fms. viii. 18; hafi þér aflat mikit, ok er þat sumt er yfrit er, overmuch, 230; eru ok yfrin efni til, 219; var þeim yfrinn hugr undan at róa, 378; eldsneyti yfrit, xi. 239; yfrit afl, Sks. 198; yfrit ár, 613. 2. neut. as adverb; yfrið margir, very many, Fms. xi. 273; yfrit marga, Sks. 683, 692; yfrit mikill, very great, Fms. viii. 137; yfrit lengi, very long, 420; yfrit djarfr, very bold, 432. ygla, ð, [ugla; rp. Engl. ugly], to frown; hann yglir brýnn, Sks. 228; hann yglir augu, 227; but ygla brúnum, 226; með reiðum augum ok ygldum brúnum, Karl. 136: reflex., konungrinn ygldisk á hann en sveinninn sá upp í móti honum. Ó.H. 63, Fas. iii. 178; Oddr var ygldr mjök, Fb. i. 254; hann var ygldr mjök ok spurði hvat komit væri, Fms. ii. 98. ygli-brún, f. a 'frowning brow;' ekki er mér um y. þá! Sturl. ii. 78. ykkarr, dual, pron. possess. contr. ykkrir, ykrar, ykrum, etc.; [Ulf. ïggqwar, i.e. ingkwar = GREEK; A.S. incer; O.H.G. inchar] :-- your; skilning ykkur biskups ok hans, Fms. i. 262; ferð ykkra, x. 202; skip ykkat, Fas. ii. 521; ykkur kváma, Fs. 84; kunnigt er mér um hag ykkarn, Nj. 17. 2. göri ek ekki þann mun ykkarn Magnúss konungs, at ek ..., Fms. vi. 215; hvárngan ykkarn Hákonar jarls mun hann spara, he will spare neither of you, neither Hacon nor thee, xi. 113; hvártveggja ykkat, Nj. 71; liggi til sinnar handar mér hvárr ykkarr, each of you, one on each side, Fms. i. 9. 3. in mod. usage, indecl. ykkar, and used instead of plural. YKKR, dat. and acc. dual, [Ulf. ïggqis = GREEK, and ykkar, gen. dual = Goth. ïggqara = GREEK] :-- you, passim in mod. usage, where the dual ykkr has replaced the plur. yðr, hann beiddi ykkr alla að koma. ykva, [see víkja], to veer, = víkja, q.v.; þá mælti Halldórr til þess manns er stýrði, 'lát ykva' (yqua Cod.) segir hann ... Halldórr mælti öðru sinni, 'lát ykva,' Mork. 48; þess get ek um þá Dani, at þeir ykvi þangat flotanum til ... stöðvask nú flotinn, þurfti víða til at ykva at taka menn, 58; (víkja, Fms. vi. l.c.); þeir gátu ykvið á jarls-skipinu, Fms. viii. 386, v.l.; skútan renndi langt fram, ok var seint at ykva, Frissb. 323; ykvið ér hvel-vögnum, Akv. 28. ylfa, ð, [úlfr], to bully; as a law phrase, ylfa e-n rangs máli or til rangs máls, to bully, worry a person into an unnecessary lawsuit(?); sá er ylfði hann til rangs máls, N.G.L. ii. 18; gjalda kostnað hálfu aukinn þeim er hann ylfði til rangs máls, 155 (yfði, v.l.); ilfdi, i. 183, l.c.: ylfði honum rangs máli, D.N. vi. 616. Ylfingar, m. pl. [A.S. Wylfingas], the name of an ancient mythical royal family, Hdl. 11, Hkv. 1. 5, 34, 48, Edda 105, Sæm. 109, where = Völsungar.

726 YLGJA -- YRKJA.

ylgja, n, f. [ólga], a swelling, rolling, as a naut. term; það er ylgja í sjónum, a heavy rolling; lítil bylgja þá lág er ylgja, Stef. Ól. ylgjask, ð, = yglast(?), [ygla], to frown, look fiercely; nú tekr veðrit at ylgjask í norðrit, ok dregr upp ský dökkt ok dimt, Fms. xi. 136. yl-góðr, adj. warm; see ylr. YLGR, f., gen. ylgjar, dat. acc. ylgi; pl. ylgjar: a she-wolf, Edda i. 478; ylgr gékk á ná, Jd.; kom þar ylgr ein, sjá en sama ylgr ... tungan gékk ór ylginni, Fas. i. 125, 126; ylgjar-barn, ylgjar-áttbogi, a wolf's brood, breed; ylgjar sultr, fyllr, tafn, Lex. Poët.; láta eigi ylgi (acc. sing.) fasta, Km.; ala blóði byrsta ylgi (acc. sing.), Edda (Ht.) 2. metaph., einaga ylgr, the nickname of a termagant, or shrew, Bjarn. (in a verse); er hann var grimmr sjálfr, en hann hafði þá konu fengit, er ek veit mesta ylgi á Norðrlönd komið hafa, þá var honum þess ván, at hann mundi úlf undir fæða en ekki héra, Mirm. 159 (Ed. Mr. Kölbing, 1872). ylja, að, to warm, heat; hón (the sun) yljar ok vermir, Barl. 133. yllir, m. [from ull = wool], the name of a beam in the upright loom; járn-varðr yllir, the iron-mounted beam, Darr. yllr, adj. [ull], woollen; svartir menn ok ílliligir ok hafa yllt hár á höfði, Þorf. Karl. 422 (thus emended for 'illt'). YLMASK, ð, [qs. ylfask or from ólmr?], to chafe, rage; gjarna vilda ek þér legðit eigi fjándskap til mín, eða yðarr kraptr ylmðisk eigi til várrar tignar, Fms. x. 289; þá ylmðisk (ulmþis Cod.) hann í móti, 420 (Ágrip, Mork. 228, l.c.); þá ylmðisk allr herr at móti þeim, Post. (Unger) 220; kalla þeir þetta allt hernað ok rán ... en hinir ylmðusk því meirr, Bs. i. 496 (ylmask, ad 'verða ólmari,' Sturl. ii. 8, l.c.) yl-næmr, adj. susceptible of warmth, Sks. 758, v. l. YLR, m., gen. yljar, dat. yl, pl. ylir, warmth, esp. vital warmth, blood-heat; heldr verðr reykrinn af ylinum en af frostinu ... heldr af yl en kulda ... nokkurn yl ... allan verma ok yl, Sks. 48 new Ed.; nökkurir ylir eða fógr sólskin, 44; en eigi fyrir ylja (gen. pl.) sakir, id.; svát af klæða-yl (dat.) mátti hann (king David) eigi heitr verða eðr varmr, Stj. 548; (klæð-yl, Sks. 165, v.l.); þegar í beinum ylr er, og ekki þínu dupti minnr, Sig. Breiðf.; sólar-ylr, the sun's warmth; kærleiks ylr, the warmth of love; also, hafa góðan yl til e-s, to feel warm affection towards; or, mér er yl-gott til hans; yljar-auðæfi, abundance of warmth, Sks. 40; bjarn-ylr (q.v.), 'bear-warmth.' yl-samligr, adj. warm, Sks. 48. yl-sending, f. a warm message; ylsending ástar, Bjarni. yl-varmr, adj. warm, Sks. 758. YMJA, [? A.S. woma], pres. ym, ymr, pret. umði: to whine, cry; hann grét sárliga ek umði, Hom. 116; svá bar hann prúðliga sóttina at engi maðr heyrði hann ymja, O.H.L. 39; þá umðu þeir er á heyrðu ok hlógu at, 75: to echo, resound, ymja mun í báðum eyrum þeim er á heyrir, Stj. 433; ymr it aldna tré, Vsp.; umðu ölskálir, Akv. 34; umðu oddlár, Hkm. 8; ymðu Úlfhéðnar, howled, Fagrsk. 8, v.l. 7; ymr þjóðar-böl, Bs., Rafns S. (in a verse): in mod. usage ymja is obsolete, but emja (q.v.) is in use. ymni, a, m. = hymni (q.v.), a hymn, Barl. 51, 181, Bs. i. 108, 382. ympra, að, = ymta, [Engl. whimper], in the phrase, að ympra á e-u, to utter faintly. ymr, m. a humming sound; varð ára ymr, Hkv. i. 27; ymr varð á bekkjum, Akv. 38; þar fylgði ymr mikill ok íll læti, whining and howling, Fms. vi. 150; þá verðr mikill ymr (humming sound) í herinum, Al. 125; með svá sætum són ok undarligum ym, a strange sound, Fb. ii. 26; mátti lengi heyra yminn niðri í jörðina, i. 417; þá heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gny, Edda 29. ymta, t, iterative verb, [Dan. ymte; from ymr], to mutter, Nj. 111. ymtr, m. a muttering, Fms. vi. 194, 332. YNDI, older ynði, n. [A.S. wyn; Germ. wonne; Dan. ynde; see una, unaðr] :-- a charm, delight; the primitive notion of an abode is still visible in such phrases as, nema yndi, prop. to take up one's abode, to stay in a place, be fond of it; Kolskeggr tók skírn í Danmörku, en nam þar þá eigi yndi, ok fór austr í Garða-ríki, Nj. 121; ef hann vildi þar stað-festast ok nema yndi, Fms. i. 103; hann festi ekki yndi á Vindlandi síðan, viz. (after her death) he could get no rest in Windland, 135; tók móðir hans sótt ok andaðisk, eptir þat festi Ásmundr eigi yndi í Noregi, Grett. 90; hann varð aldri glaðr, svá þótti honum mikit fráfall Ólafs konungs, ok hvárki nam hann yndi á Íslandi né í Noregi, he found no rest in Iceland or in Norway, Fms. iii. 26; lítið yndi hefi ek haft í konungdóminum, little ease, viii. 219; þeirra samfarar urðu ekki at yndi, their married life was not happy, Bs. i. 418; verðr eigi mér verr at ynði (ynþi MS.), Gkv. 2. 34. 2. in mod. usage, a charm, delight; yndi að heyra, yndi að sjá, a delight to hear, to behold. COMPDS: yndi-fall, n. a bereavement, Bs. i. 146, v.l. yndis-bót, f. an increase of bliss, Fb. ii. 14. yndls-hót, n. pl. marks of love and joy, Egert. yndis-staðr, m. a place of bliss, Ver. 2 (of Eden). yndi-liga, adv. charmingly; e-m hugnar e-t vel ok y., Str. 67. yndi-ligr (mod. yndis-ligr), adj. pleasurable, Str. 20. yngi-, in compds, the young: yngis-fólk, -maðr, a young man; -mey, a young damsel, etc. ynglingr, m., mod. unglingr, [Dan. yngling; Germ. jüngling], a young person, youth, Karl. 152. II. prob. from a different root, the pr. name of a mythical family, believed to be descended from Odin, to which the kings of Norway traced back their pedigree, Edda, Hdl., Hkr. i. 16, 24, Íb. (fine); Ynglinga tal, the pedigree of the. Ynglings, a poem, Hkr. i; see List of Authors: Ynglinga-saga, the Saga of the Y., see Hkr. (the name of this Saga is not found in old vellums; in Hkr. (pref.) it is called 'æfi Ynglinga;' cp. the Ingaevones of Tacitus). Yngvi, Ynguni (qs. Yngwini), Yngvarr, pr. names; cp. Yngvöldr, the name of a woman, Landn.; Yngva ætt, Yngva þjóð, the family, people of Y., i.e. the Swedish people, Ýt. Yngvi-Freyr, m. the lord Yngvi, the ancestor of the Ynglingar, Yngl. S., Eyvind. -ynja, see varg-ynja, ap-ynja, for-ynja. ynkr, m. a din; stóra heyrði ynki, Skíða R. 133; perh. a word made by the poet, to rhyme with 'dynki.' ynnask, t, to hope to have granted; ynnumk ekki annat gott, Lil. 2. ynni-liga, adv. lovingly; elska y., to love well. ynni-ligr, adj. [cp. Dan. yndig; from unna; 'ynniligr' and 'yndiligr' are not etymologically akin] :-- lovely, Th. 10; yndiligt ok ynniligt til at hlýða, Str.; ein prestkona ung ok ynnilig, Bs. i. 321; y. Guðs sonr, sjálfr Kristr, Niðrst. 1; fagrir ok ynniligir, fair and lovely, Stj. 495 (2 Sam. i. 23); elskulegr ok y., 172; heyr þú, enn ynniligsti, 623. 36; Guði ynnilig, acceptable to God, Hom. 17. 2. = yndisligr, lovely, of a place, Stj. 31, Al. 155; allskonar ynniligan ávöxt, Barl. 23. ynni-samligr, adj. = ynniligr, Barl. 159. YPPA, t and ð, [upp], 'to up,' lift up; with dat. to 'up with' a thing, út gékk hón síðin, ypðit lítt hurðum, Am. 47 (see remarks s. hníga III. 2. β); hann ypti merki sínu, Karl. 296; áðr Börs synir bjóðum of ypðu, lifted the earth above the waters (in the creation), Vsp. 4; yppa svipum, to 'up with one's face,' look up, Gm. 45; meðan Gillings gjöldum yppik, i.e. whilst I utter my song, Eyvind. II. metaph. to hold up, exalt, extol; yppa ráðum yðru kappi, Arnór; yppa hans lofi, Fms. x. 372, Al. 71; engi vegr er at yppa hér fyrir alþýðu úgæfu frænda várra, Ölk. 37; mann yptan ok sæmdan, a man lifted up and praised, Barl. 170. yppar-ligr, adj. [Dad. ypperlig], excellent, only a mod. word. yppi-mannliga, adv. like a great man, Mag. yppi-runnr, -þollr, m. a praiser, extoller, Lex. Poët. ypta, t, [formed from the pret. of yppa, q.v.], to lift a little; ypta hattinum, to lift the hat; ypta öxlum, to shrug the shoulders. yrða, t, [orð], in yrða á e-n, to speak to a person, perh. formed from the pret. 'orti,' see yrkja: in compd, full-yrða. to assure, say for certain. -yrði, n. words; in compds, fagr-yrði, íll-yrði. -yrðr, adj. worded, spoken, in compds. II. = urðr, Ýt. yrja, yr, urði, urinn, [a mod. verb formed from erja, arði, by the analogy of emja and ymja] :-- to rub, scrape, scratch, esp. used in pret. part.; jörðin er öll upp urin, það er allt upp urið, of barren soil, as if shaven; the word occurs in Run. Gramm. Ísland, of 1651. yrja, u, f., qs. ýrja, [úr = dew], a drizzling rain; sand-yrja, a quicksand, Safn i. 78; hence is again formed a verb yrja, það yrjar úr honum, it drizzles out of him, i.e. the sky; cp. ýra. Yrjar, f. pl. a local name in Norway, Fms., Munch's Norg. Beskr. yrki, n. [see verk], a work; the simple word occurs only in the passage, högum vér hálft yrkjum, Am. 61 (Bugge). 2. in compds: yrkis-efni, n. pl. the subject of a 'work,' as of a poem, song; eigi em ek jafngott skáld sem Þóðólfr ... ef ek em eigi við staddr yrkis-efnin, Fms. vi. 362; slikt eru yrkisefni, Jd. 11: in mod. usage also in sing., það er gott yrkisefni. YRKJA, ð and t, pret. orti, part. yrt and ort; [A.S. wyrcan, wrohte; Engl. work, wrought; Goth. waurkjan; O.H.G. wurchian; the initial w being dropped, see orka] :-- to work, but chiefly used in a special sense to till, cultivate; enn sá maðr er engit á, hann skal þat láta fyrst yrkja ... en ef hann yrkir eigi svá engit, ... ok vili hann þó yrt hafa, Grág. ii. 280; ok svá þeir er á mörkina ortu, Eg. 14; ok Drottinn Guð tók manninn og setti hann í þann aldin-garð Eden, að hann skyldi yrkja hann og varðveita, Gen. ii. 15; at hann geti ortar vel engjar fyrir þær sakir, Grág. ii. 335; yrkja jörðina eðr vinna, Stj. 29; yrkja holt né haga, N.G.L. i. 249; yrkja ræfrar ok börku til húsa-þaks, to work (i.e. to scrape) bark for thatching, 242. II. to make verses (cp. Gr. GREEK; Old Engl. maker = poet); hvárki á maðr at yrkja um mann lof né löst... ef maðr yrkir tvau orð enn annarr önnur tvau, ok ráða þeir báðir samt um, ok varðar skóggang hvárum-tveggja, ... yrkja níð eðr háðung um e-n, Grág. ii. 147-149; síðan orti Ölver mörg mansöngs-kvæði, Eg. 5; at þú vakir í nott ok yrkir lofkvæði um Eirik konung, ... hann orti drápu tvítuga, ... yrkja lof um e-n, þá orti Egill alla drápuna, ok hafði fest svá at hann mátti kveða um morguninn, 419; þessi vísa er góð ok vel ort, ok skaltú yrkja aðra vísu, ... þessi vísa var ílla ort ok skal ek kveða aðra betri, Fms. vi. 362, 416; hann var kærr konungi ok orti vel, he was a good poet, and wrought well, Orkn. 146, Fms. vii. 111; konungr mælti, ertú skáldit? -- Hann svarar, kann ek at yrkja, ii. 39; hann tók at yrkja þegar er hann var ungr, ok var maðr námgjarn, Eg. 685; yrkja kann ek vánu verr, Mkv.; hann er svá orðhagr at hann mun yrkja

727 YRKJA -- ÝMISS.

saman rúr-endana, Fbr. 82 new Ed.; and so in countless instances old and mod. 2. generally, /o male, cow/w e; þessi rit era ort al" alii /i;tar. Hoin. I; Guðs Sour í þeirri b. w tr ha:m sjalfr orti (the Lord's Prayer), 655 i. 2. III. spec, usages; hvárki eldr no jam orti á ^íi, neither fire nor iron woricJ on them, wrought their hurt, llkr. i. 11; en er þeir t'limlusk, ortu Ixvndr þ-. -gar ú til barda:.;a, the 'banders' (peasants') at mice set upon / hem, O. H. 110; Kn'kr iarl orti því ekki a at berjask við Filing, at hann var fr:vndsîórr ok lï;nuli:inrgr, vins;vll ok rikr, etirl E. made no at- tempt to jigh! Eriing. be-:nnse ..., 2~; yrki (irnpcrat.) a at Kyndilrncssu, ok ball oil alt at M:uiV:stu, begin at C^ndlemass and have all done a! Mid- Lcjit, Gþl. 106: en el" þ;'i skill á, liverr þeir sern fyrr orti á, began, caused to dilute, 455; hann SV. U-. KH' stirt ok stritt, Ja er menu ortu orða ii hann, u-bcu people s/oke to him, O. H. 6'j; en rx5u konungs svöruðu menu cr hann orti orða;l. whom be ca'dretsed, 1 78; hann var íiljóðr ok fuskiptinn en þo ki'itr við menu J ú er orða ortn ú hann, Fms. vi. 109; hann svaraði fáni orðuni þútt orua v. rri yrt á liann (Jv'* at orða yrti ii hann, v. l.), vii. 227; yrkli (sic) þ;'i ok lini'iðaði kynsincnn Spin, harangued and vexed (bt'in, Mj. 65. IV. reflex, to talte effect; þ;i lók at falla lið Kilin;;s, ok ]v;-gar er á orlisk ok uppiranga v:. r grc'dd, viz. U'ben /be day 2iT. s about dfcidcd, O. 11. 183; Inxrsu scin at [a V] oríisk, bo'. vever it so wen!, Fas. ii. 482; þar ir svá, cr;U ort, wben tbat reserve is ninth', Grug. i. 494. 2. recipr., siiVin fvlkiu þeir liði sinn, ok ortusk á Ju-gar, ok börðusk, fittttclied one another and came to Mows, lloni. 112: þeir ortusk ;i visur, exchanged, capped verges, Lv. 24; s;rttusk Jn-ir at kalia ok var [HI at engu haldit, ok orUisk J. cir uni siðan, tbry capped verse.; (satirical) about it, Slnrl. i. 150. yrkja, u, f. . -yiki, a work: in yrkju-nautr, in. a fellow-workman, N. G. L. i. 157. yrkt, adj. n. =-virkr, in the phrase, til þess er yrkt cr, till lucre is a li'or/. 'ing day (as opposed to a holiday'). N. G. I/, i. 39. -yrmi, n., in ill-vnni, a noxious reptile. yrmlingr, in. [onnr], a 'u'ornding,' little make, young snake, Km., Korm. 82, Fms. vi. 350, x. 325, Stj. 97. II. hence prob. is corrupted the mod. yrlingr, a fox's cub; tm'. -yilingr. yrmt, adj. n. unarming, like a brood of snakes or marmots: svú var ynnt fyrir ú landinn at" uins:'itum Hakonar, Mork. 92 (Fb. lii. 376); her er víða ynnt (warming with vermin'), ok æt!a ek lion muni h. if. í íóls;it vrmiins; nokkurn hiinn, Fb. iii. 355. yr-þjóð, f. -••• ver-J-júð, the hitman kind; live hann (nom.) yrþióð (acc.) auði gnegir, bow be bestows bounties on men, Ad.; allri yrbjóð, ... íjrnmr vaiði yrþjóðuni garð, velkkla. ys-heimr, m. the bustling world, pool., Glúm. (in a verse). ysja, u, f. the 'bustler.' noisy ow e, name of a bondwoman, Rm.: as a nickname, S'url. 2. poet, name ofjire, F. dda ii. 4. 86. YSS, in. ibe noife of a swarm, bustle of a crowd (whence the mod. os, f. = a crowd); þá göriiisk yss mikill ú þinginu, Eg. 350; síðan ski'. lu J, er fylkja hvaru-tveggja liðinn ... ok gcirit scin nicstan ysinn. Fms. viii. 434; þi'i vaið yss mikill í skalantnn, Háv. 31; her var yss á fólki, Skíða R. 130, Fas. iii. 532; hann s;i ys folksins, Matt. ix. 23. yssa, in yssii -- ussu, from assa (q. v.), Skald H. 2. 27. YSTA, t, [ostr], to curdle; ysîa mjólk, to curdle milk, in making cheese or 'skyr.' 2. impers., injolkina ystir, the milk curdles, or, 3. reflex., þat ystisk scrn mjolk, 1'r. 472. ystingr, in. curdled milk, curds. YTRI, compar. [Gtrni. aitsser; Engl. outer] , outer, utter: yztr, superl. outermost, uttermost; these words are now sounded arid in the Editions spelt with a short vowel, but ýtri, ýztr are prob. the true old forms; thus w y'tr, ytra rhyme in Fms. xi. 307, in a verse of the beginning of the í 2th century, (Aarb. for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 278); til [iverur innar ytri, Laiu'. n. 222; Rangá hiua ytri, Eg. 100; allt it cfra, opp. to it ytra, 58; hann nam kind allt it ytra, Landn. 253, Orkn. 6; ú yztu siðu heiinsins, Sks. 199; u hinu y/, !a s-kipinu, Fms. i. 158; y/. tu skipanna, outermost of the ships, vii. 256; róit á ntborða hinuni yztum, viii. 221; fkalt þi'i hafa váskr. fl y/. tan (of clothes), Nj. 32; hann hafði yzta htklu blá, Ld. 274; þorir vi'di sitja y/. tr virðinga manna, Nj. 50; cp. hin y/. tu sæti, hinn y/, ta sess, Luke xiv. 9; hin y/, tu mvrkr, N. T. II. metapb, ., ens ytra manns ok ens iðra, Hom. 53; auðxfi en ytri, Greg. 25; auðgask nice) ylrum gjiifum, outer, i. e. worldly, goods, Mar. yxn, in. pl., see uxi. yxna, u, f. a cow at beat; kyr yxna, ku yxna, Grág. i. 426, Stj. 250, and in mod. usage. yxni, n. oxen, Ísl. ii. 330, Sd. 158; see uxi (B): yxnis-fall, yxnis-húð, yxnis-niaðr, yxnis-hvarf, Ísl. ii. 71, Sd. 158. yzt, better ýzt, adv. superl. from út, q. v. yztr, superl., see ytri. Ý ý-bogi, [yr], a, ni. a yew-Iree bow, Gkv. 2. iS, Ilofuð!. -ýðgí, f. [-úðigrl, mind, tli:position; in compds, harð-yðgi, r, ruii!i-yðgi. ý-drótt, f. 'yew-men,' bowmen, Lex. Poi-t. ÝFA, ð, [litr, liiinn!, to open, rip up; yta sár, to open a mrc. rip iif n U'Otint!; hvi skulu vor J;:'i eigi fara ok via bctta inul. Fas. ii. 4^9. II. ri~i!c\. to be ri/ped up, also to be n/ff'cd; synda uudir yfast nn'nar, Pass. 30. 7; J-otti ii:0r sá bjiirninn er tyrir var yi'ask mjiik, to raise the bristles, Ísl. ii. 195. 2. mttaph., túk heldr at viask með þeiin frændum, t Z' ei r friendship became r/'J/lfd, troubled, Sturl. ii. So: y'fask við e-n, to 'brittle i/p a/,' to teate a person; cf hann vildi \pf. isk við Þorvald ok r. Tgði li. uin fyrir honum, Fms. i. 145; ylöisk mjiik hiigr bans við þat, vii. 2; Magmiss son bans yfðisk mink við Harald, 165; tuk\i þeir at y'fask við hann t-k viK!n ci^i sclia honum kviktr coa vistir, Landn. 246; v. rri butra at þer lu'aiiL trausti vina yðvavra hel;ír cn yfask viö þá, Fms. vi. 36. III. in N. G. L. ii. 10. 155 (Js. S). vt'di is v. 1. to ylfa. q. v. ýfinn, adj. n/J/'cd, bristling: metaph. wroth, angry, óðr ok yfinn, Fms. xi. 292. ýfis-orð, n. pl. irritating words, taunts, Valla L. 221. ýgis-hjálmr, in. = r. 'gis-hi;ilmr, a bdm rf terror (sec hjaimr 3), Ad. 4 (ygrs-hjii!mr CM. less correctly). ýgjask, ð. to grow vicious, of a bull; er hann (the bull) tók at ygjssk, Kb. iiS new Ed. (a-srjask v. I.) ýgligr, adj. terrible, aicfid, Fms. xi. (in a verse). ýgr, adj. yftrt- e; ygr, rcfr ok illr viðrcignar, Fms. xi. S; ygr ofkiigi, vii. 114 (in a verse); ygja menu, i. 179 (in a verse); griðung ygjan, a vicious bull, Grat;. ii. 122; mann-ý. T, q. v. ýja, pret. nði, this is prob. the oldi. -r form for via, q. v. [via may be a kindred word, vi -y] :-- to swarm; hvert vatn úði at' iiskum, Eg. 134 (v. l. '!, and in mod. usage. ÝKI, n. (mod. ýkjur, f. pl.), [auka III. j8], 'eking,' exaggeration; lygili;i;a sac;t eðr tclr slikt incð ykiuni, Al. 22. 2. a law term, ag- gravntion; þat er yki, cf ma&r st-g:r Ji. it fr;'i öðrum manni er ekki ma vera ok görir Jut til h. -iðungar lioiuim. Gr;'ur. ii. 147; engi skal yki göra urn annaii eðr Ijölmæli, N. G. L. i. 57. 3. með ykjum, /flÍK l ow sl y, Fas. iii. 332. ÝLA, d, [F. ng'. bowl; Germ, bei/len; Dan. hyl f], tn bowl, yelp, of do:^s, woives; luvlpa sina ... þeir via, Al. 31; rtpa ok ýla, F'b. ii. 25; vidu Jicir fern bundar côa vargar, Fms. vii. 192; túku þeir at yla at honum svá scin vargar, Sks. 112; svá sent hundar yla, Fas. ii. 311; ýla upp allir injr. k halt, f'orf. Karl. (of the Indians); djörlarnir tóku at via, Post. 645. Go; her er koniin Grvla, hón er að urra og yla, Snót. ýla, u, f. a bowl, Fn;s. i. 138. ýlu-strá, n. a scrannel-pipe, whistle made of straw. ýlda, u, f. [uldinii], decay, rofiennesf, stench, Fms. x. 379; daun ok yhiu, l-'b. iii. 447. ýlfra, að, to bowl pl. 'cor/fly. ýlfran, f. a howling, wailing. ýling, f. howling, Al. 31, Fb. i. 117. Ýlir, in. the name of one of the ancient months, answering to Decem- ber; Ylir kenir annan dag viku, Rb. iSl 2. 72; the word is prob. re- lated to Jól, q. v. Ýma, u, f. the name of a giantess, Fas. iii. 482; better íma, q. v. Ýmir, in. the name of the huge ginnf of the Northern cosmogony, Vsp., Edda; Ýmis-blóð, (be blood'of Y. = the s e rt; Ýmis-hauss, the sktdl of Y., i. e. the heaven; Yinis-hold, the flesh rf Y., i. e. the earth, FJdda (in a verse), Gin., VJnn.; Ymis-niojar, thegiants, id. ýmis-gjarn, adj. wayward, [cp. Dan. v(cgel-sindel~\, Ilsm. 10. 3. ýmis-leikr, m. fickleness, mutability, Stj. 53, 102, F'ms. ii. 228. ýmis-liga (ymiss-liga), adv. -- ymist, Stj. 189. ýmis-ligr (ymiss-ligr), adj. various, diverse, Edda (pref.) 147, Tr9, Skúlda 193, Fms. viii. i, Sks. 2, Bark 53, Stj. 3, 93, passim: in mod. ^ nindry, tala nin ymisligt. ÝMISS, a pronom. adj., esp. used in plur.; in Norwegian MSS. often spelt with i, iiniss, imser, etc.; imisir, N. G. L. ii. 391. [This word is a compd, the latter part being the adverb miss or mis, for wliicb sec p. 480; the prefixed svilable ý answers to Goth. niw- = iinqitam, TTOTÍ; O. lI. Cî. e. v, i o; Genn. yc; A. S. a; Engl. ay e; Hel. i o; Icel. Æ; see (irinun's Gramm. iii. 51]; hence the oldest form has a double s. v, being a. uncontracted, ýmissir, acc. ymissa, Stj.; yniissum, Orkn. (in a verse), Skv. 3, 39; this uncontracted form still remains in the nent. ymist. P. afterwards it was contracted and turned into a regular participial adjective (see. Gramm. p. xix); thus, ymsir, 3'insar, yniis, ymsa, or even dat. y'msum; acc. ymsa, y'msar, yniis; in the contracted forms the vowel is sometimes sounded short (ymsir). y. a radical neut. pl. ~vmsi, Edda 46. [Cp. Swed. ömse, ömsom, = alternately; oinfa -- to sbift. ~] B. THE USAGES: alternate -- Lut. vicissim; hann kvað ymissa (gen. pl.) vandncði mundu verða ef eigi réW. sk bætr á, Ib. 8; mega ormar þar ymsir meira ok ymsir par undan legijja, Merl. 2. 18 (of the two serpents); llákon jarl ok Gunnhildar-synir börðusk inn Norcg ok siukku ymsir or laudi, Fms. i. 89; fxrou ymsir aðra niðr, ii. 269; lu'ifðii ymsir sigr, Yngl. S. ch. 4; lagu ymsir undir, I?s. 42; ok leui þau yinsi eptir, ok skr. tkti hvart-tveggja við halt, and gave way in turn, Edda 46; J-au s;ilu í einu hás. Tii, Olafr ok drottning, Dixin talaði við J*au y'msi, Ü. addressed them both (the king and the queen) in

728 ÎR -- Z.

turn, Fms. x. 2, 6; ílaug hann á ýmsi lönd, Hkr. i. 24; herja á ýmsi lend, Fms. xi. 76, 89; hann falar til ýmissa vista, en ræðr enga, Lv. 57; þeir höfðu þar dvalizk í ýmsum höfnum, Eg. 93; hann seldi ymsum mönnum landnám sitt, Landn. 135; til ymsa ( = ýmissa) skalda, Þorst. Síðu 11. 172; með ýmsum píslum (v. 1. ýmissum), Post. (Unger) 33; Símon, ... hafði ýmsa m. inna álit, 656 C. 26. II. various; ganga þar ýmissar sagnir frá, Fms. ii. 105; fara ... til ýmissa landa, i. II, 77, Fb. i. 525; Orkn. 42; kvikenda líki ýmissa, fugla eða orma, Clern. 133; fann hann til þess ymissa hluti, Fms. ii. 295; í ýmissum stöðum, Stj. 113. III. with another pronom. adj.; einn ok ýiniss, one and another, etc.; um eina staði ok ymissa, Stj. 247; af einum ok ýmissim ágætum steinum, 204; unna einum nú ýmissum, Skv. 3. 39; komu siðan upp í einum ok ýmsum stöðum ok löndum, Stj.; margir ór ýmissum áttum, Orkn. (in a verse); af þeim báðum ok ýmissimi, Stj. 15; allir ok þú y'nisir, all and sundry, i.e. each in turn, Skv. 3. 41. IV. proverbs; ýmsir eiga högg í annars garð, a saying, of dealing mutual blows; verða ýmsir brögðum fegnir, Fms. ix. 494 (in a verse); ýmsar verðr sá er margar ferr, Eg. (a saying). V. neut. as adv.; ýmist hon hugði, Skv. 3. 14; er ýmist sagt hvárr Tarquinius cða son hans færi um nótt, Róm. 386; hann spurði, hví hafa munkar lága skúa ok rauðar hosur? -- þeir svöruðu, ýmist tíðisk nú, Fms. viii. 358; hann görði ýmist, hjó eða lagði, thrust and smote altcrnately, or, now he thrust, now he smote, Nj. 8; Bolli var ýmist í Tungu eða at Helgafelli, Ld. 300; ýmist augum lítandi aptr cða fram, Mar.; into smáhringum ýmist hvítum eða svörtum, Stj. 80; ýmist Skota eðr Bretzkar aldir, Orkn. 90 (in a verse); ymist út eða niðr, Nj. 104; kallaðr ýmist Dofrafóstri cða Lúfa, Fs. 16; hann rennir ýmist upp eða ofan, Fb. iii. 408; hann var ýmist at Borg eðr at Gilsbakka, Ísl. ii. 209. ýr or yr, prep. = ór (q.v.), a freq. spelling in vellums; slík duga bctr en springi yr, Skálda (Thorodd). ÝR, m., gen. ýs, acc. dat. ý; [A. S, eow and iw; Engl. yew; O. H. G. íwa; Germ. eibe] :-- the yew-tree; menn kalla ý einn við, Skálda 171; ýs angr, the yew's bale, i.e. fire, Ó.H. (in a verse). The 'yew' has, strange enough, been omitted from the list of trees in Edda ii. 482, 483. 2. the name of the Rune Y, see introduction. 3. metaph. [cp. Gr. GREEK = a yew and GREEK = a bow], a bow; yew-wood making good bows, hence the Old Engl. custom of planting yew-trees in church- yards to furnish bows for the parish; sveigja ý, to bend a bow, Hofuðl.; ýr dregsk, the bow is bent, Edda (lit.); ý bendum skutu, the shot from the bent bow, Hallgr.; ýs bifvangr, the bow's shivering mansion, i. e. the hand, Kormak: as also ý-setr and ý-stétt, the bow-seat -- the hand: ý-skelflr, the bow-shaker, i. e. an archer, Lex. Poët.: ý-glöð, f. the 'yew-glad,' poét, the shaft, Edda ii. 494: ý-bogi (q. v.), a yew-bow: ý-dróg, the bow-string, poët.: ý-drótt (q. v.), archers: Ý-dalir, in. pl. Yew-dales, the home of the god Ullr, the great archer, Gm. ýr, f. = úr, a drizzling rain: a pr. name of a woman, Landn. ýra, ð, [úr, n.], to drizzle; ýrðisk dögg á reifit, Stj. 397; það ýrir úr honum, it drizzles, rains: the phrase, ýra e-u úr sér, to dole out; or, það ýrir í e-t, to glitter, like drops of dew; ýranda full, a brimful beaker, Ad. 6: of the glittering particles in iron or other ore, ýrt járn, corned iron; in the saying, 'ýrt járn kvað kerling, átti kníf deigan. ýra, u, f. a squirt; Ílluga ýrur skella einatt framan í Svrini, a ditty, Espól. 1758. ýring, f. a drizzling, MS. II. 10; horna ýring, the rain of the horns, i. e. mead, Eg. (in a verse). ÝRINN, adj., contr. from yfrinn, q. v.; ýrinn yl, Sks. 17 new Ed.; mat ok mungat ýrit, N. G. L. i. 386; ýrinn saum, 198; þá mun ek ýrna fá aðra, Al. 51: skal smiða til krefja unz ýrnir eru, N. G. L. i. 101; hafa þeir ýrit at vinna, Fm. s. xi. 105. 2. as a verb, ýrit stinnt, Hkr. ii. 11 (cœrit, Ó.H. 20, 1. c.); see ærim. ÝSA, u, f. [Ivar Aasen hysa; but the long vowel is attested by the Icel. pronunciation, as also by the alliteration in Fms. vi, see below]: -- a haddock, Edda (Gl.); ófúsa dró ek ýsu, átta ek föng við löngu, Fms. vi. (in a verse); very freq. in mod. usage. ýskja, t, = æksja, to wish, Al. 33. ýskra, að, = öskra, eiskra, to groan from suppressed anger or fury. ÝTA, t, [üt; Dan. yde = to give], to push out, launch; ok er hann rétti hönd sína til var sem ýtt væri stokknum at honum, Mar.; sízt honum var ytt af hlunni, Fms. vi. (in a verse); þrælarnir skolu róa at veiði-fangi, en Þórarinn bryti skal yta ok vera síðan hjá Þóreyju, but Th. shall help them to launch, but then remain with Th., Fs. 144 (ýta þeim, 1 76, 1. c.); var þá ýtt skipinu, Sturl. iii. 56; freq. in mod. usage. 2. absol. to launch, start on a voyage; hvaðan ýttu þér (?), vér ýttum frá Gásum, Fms. vi. 360; vér ýttum af Noregi, Ld. 80. II. metaph., yta gulli. to give gold, Edda (in a verse). ýtar, m. pl., prop. 'mariners' (?), then men, poët., Edda (Gl.); ýta synir, the sons of men, Hm. 28, 68, 167; ýta kyn, mankind, Skálda (in a verse), Mkv. ýti-blakkr, m. a 'launching horse,' i. e. a ship, Rekst. 16. ýtir, m. [Dan. yder], a giver, poët., Lex. Poët. ýtri, ýtstr, see ytri, yztr. Z Z (zet). The ancient language had two sibilant sounds, s and z; of which the z never stands at the beginning of a word, but is merely an s assimilated to a preceding dental, in the combinations ld, nd, nn, ll, rð, gð, see Gramm. p. xxxvi, col. I. β: its use in ancient vellums is very extensive: 1. in genitives; trollz, íllz (íllr), allz (allr), holtz, Skm. 32; gullz, 22; ellz = elds, botz = botns, Gkv. 3. 9; vatz and vaz = vatns; keyptz, Hm. 107; mótz, Knútz or Knúz = Knúts; vitz (vit); orðz, sverðz, barðz, borðz, garðz, harðz, langbarz, Gkv. 2. 19; Hjörvarðz, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; morðz, bragðz, flagðz, Frissb. 107, l. 19; or also orz, Hm. 141, etc.; prestz, Christz, passim; tjallz, Edda ii. 314; landz or lanz, passim; fjallz, Edda ii-339; but tjalldz, 527; elldz, vindz, 317, 318; gandz, 525; brandz, 529; valldz, 338; sverðz, borðz, 331; but borz, 462, 1. 20; garz, 529; loptz, 341 (twice); but lopz, 317; netz, 327; gautz, 345; hugskozins, Post. 251. 2. in special forms; stendz, Grág. i. 501 (from standa); stennz, id., Ó. H. 143; bitzt from binda, Post. (Unger) 154; vizk, vizt, vatzk from vinda (II), q. v.; but vinnz from vinna, q. v.; biz = biðsk from biðja, Post. (Ungcr) 240: indeed bizt, bazt may be both from binda and biðja: bleiza and blezza (to bless), höllzti, qq. v.; beztr or baztr, the best; œztr = œðstr; þatz and þaz -- þat es, Sæm. passim; þatztu, Am. 87; hvártz = hvárt es, Grág. (Kb.) i. 161: even mz (or mzt) for the older mk, þóttumz, Gkv. 2. 37. 3. when the z is due to a t following it; in the reflex, -sk is the oldest form, whence -z/, -z, -zs t; andask, audazt, andaz, andazst: in the superl. zt, efztir, Frissb. 78, 1. 20; harðazta, l. 33; snarp- azta, l. 16; ríkaztr, 207, l. 18; fríðuzt, l. 34; hagazt, Vkv. 18; grimmaztan, Edda ii. 530; máttkaztr, 280; hvitaz, 267; but st is the usual form, thus, sárastr, grimmastr, hvassastr, Gh. 17: in Ázt-ríðr = Ást-ríðr, Ó. H. 198, l. 12. 4. in such words as veizla, gæzla, reizla, leizla, hræzla, gæzka, lýzka, œzka, æzli, vitzka or vizka, hirzla, varzla, hanzki, = veitsla, ... hirðsla, varðsla, handski, etc.: in reflex, neut. part., thus, hafa borizt, komizt, farizt, tekizt, fundizt, glazt, sagzt, spurzt, kallazt, dæmzt, átzt, ... (from bera ... eiga): in reflex. 2nd pers. pl. pres. and pret., e. g. þér segizt, þér sögðuzt, qs. segit-st, sögðut-st, so as to distinguish it from the 3rd pers., þeir sögðust, qs. sögðu-st. 5. Gitzurr or Gizurr, þjazi, Özurr; afraz-kollr, Ó. H. (pref.); huliz-hjálmr; Vitaz-gjafi, q. v.; but alaðs-festr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 88; viz, see víðr II: in foreign names, Jariz- leifr, Jariz-karr, Buriz-leifr, Gkv. 2. 19, Fms. vi. The etymology of words may often be decided by this; e. g. in beisl, a bridle, beiskr, bitter, the s of the vellums shews that neither word is derived from bíta; beiskr is in fact akin to Engl. beestings, Ulf. beist = GREEK, A. S. beost: geiska fullr, Hkv. 2. 35, is not from geit, but from geisa: laz or latz (p. 376, col. 1) is from Fr. lace, not= Icel. láss: misseri (q. v.) is no relation to miðr, etc.: at lesti, at last, being spelt with s, not z, is not related to latr, but derived from leistr = a cobbler's last, at lesti = Lat. in calce, see Mr. Sweet's Ed. of Gregory's Pastoral Care, p. 474: again, vaztir is akin to vatr = vatn: exceptional cases, -- vissi, pret; from vita, and sess, a seat. II. after a single dental (unless it be t) s, not z, is written; thus, gen. Guðs, boðs, brauðs, auðs, góðs, óðs, vaðs, liðs, öls, fals, háls, frjáls, víns, eins, etc., passim: z is quite exceptional, e. g. liðz, Frissb. 106, ll. 16, 33 (but liðs, Hbl. 33, Am. 43): so also after rn, rl, nl, rn, fn, gn, barns, Clem. 134; karls, Hkv. 2.2 ; jarls, Hm. 97; hrafns, segls, regns, tungls (regn, Edda ii. 340). The vellums are very irregular in the distinction of a single or double consonant, but the sibilant used shews the true form of the word; in 'Odz Colssonar,' Ö. H. (pref.) l. II, the z and s shew the names to be Oddr and Kolr, not Oðr, Kollr; in a vellum els would be gen. of él, e;lz of eldr; in grunz, Edda ii. 287; lunz, 317; hlunz, ranz, lanz, 333; elz, Post, (Unger) 234; golz, 225, l. 23; odz, Ó. H. (pref.), l. II; alz, etc., the z shews that though there is only one n, l, etc. written, they were actually sounded double, grunnz, hlunnz, rannz, landz, eldz, gollz, oddz, allz. 2. the s docs not change into z if the word is a compd; as, skáld-skapr, vind-svalr, út-suðr, passim; hirð-stjóri, Edda ii. 335, shewing that in ancient times the pronunciation was more distinct than at the present day; the z in orðztír (Edda ii. 344, orztír, 463) shews that the word is qs. orðz-tírr; yet we lind such forms as innzigli, Post. 238; guðzspjall, 239; ástzamliga, 243; handzceld, Barl.; randzaka. Post. 134, l. 29; but rannsaka, l. 14; nauzyn = nauðsyn, Skálda 167. 21; nauzun, Edda ii. 236; anzvara, annzkoti, = andsvara, andskoti, etc. III. about the 15th century (or earlier) the z sound began to disappear, and s took its place, being at present the only sibilant used in Icel. In later vellums the z is therefore cither little used or is misapplied, as in the ad- ditions by the third hand in the Flatey-book, or it is used to excess as in modern Dutch. In modern spelling, including Editions of Sagas, the z has been disused, except in the instances coming under the rule given in I. 4: yet with exception of ðs, for the moderns write leiðsla, hræðsla, beiðsla, náðst, old leizla, názt, except in reisla (i. e. reizla) from reiða; hirzla qs. hirdsla. 2. zz is sounded as ss, blessa, Gissur, Össur; so also vass, boss, = vatz, botz; even ris, gars, lans, sans, for orz, garz, lanz, sanz (gen. of orð, garðr, land, sandr).

Ê -- ÊAKNÆFitAll. 729

Þ Þ (þorn) was adopted from the Runic alphabet; its ancient name was þorn (thorn), -- þann staf er flcstir menu kalla þorn, Skálda (Thorodd) 168, cp. Edda ii. 365, -- and it is still so called in Icel.; the ancients also called it 'þurs' (giant), which was originally the name of a magical Rune, intended to cause love-madness, and in the Runic poem it is so called -- þurs velclr kvenna kviiiu; but in the poem Skin, 'þurs' means the magical Rune, -- 'burs' ríst ek þór ok þrjú stafi, ' ergi, " 'a'ði, ' ok ' úþola, ' Skm. 36. Thorodd proposed to call it ' pt'' (like dé, tt', bo), Skulda 168. In the Runic inscriptions it is marked p, seldom S; the letter is evidently derived from Gr. -Lat., being a A or D with the vertical stroke prolonged both ways. B. SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION, CHANGES. -- For the spelling of the ancient vellums see introduction to letter D (p. 93, col. 2). In Icel. there- is phonetically a double /b sound, as in English, but subject to a different rule; the hard / h, marked ] i, is only sounded as the initial letter of dis- tinct syllables; whereas the soft /h, marked 0, is only sounded as a medial or final; and thai the case was the same in olden limes, as early as the 12th century, is borne out by the statement of the second grammarian (Gramm. p. xv, col. l), who counts hard tb, or Ji, among the 'head- letters,' as he calls them, whereas the soft o he counts among the 'sub- leKers' (p. xv, col. 2, 11. 4-6). That the initial tb had only one sound in Icelandic is also borne out by the mod. Faroe dialect, which has the closest allinitv to the Icelandic; for here the initial þ has, in pronouns and particles as well as in nouns, changed into /. as in tins', in, tar. Hut in the rest of Scandinavia the case is different, for there (Dan., Swed., Norse) ti. e initial /• has been changed into (/ in all particles and pronouns, de, (hi, dtr, dein, den, dette, dig, deden, for-r/ i (ti is an exception); whilst, in all other words, it has been changed into /, as in tin j^, taalc, ire, etc., which points to a hard and sou th sound, used not as in Icelandic, but as in mo- di m English. According to the views of a gradual and successive 'lati'- verschiebun;;,' as set forth in Mr. Sweet's essay 'On the Old English \)' (Appendix 1. to Gregory's Pastoral Care, p. 496 sqq.), the Icelandic and the Faro'ic represent phonetically a later, the early Danish (old Scandinavian and English) an earlier stage in the development of this sound. It is curious to see how in the Faro'ic the sound has come round to Gr. -I. at. again; thus Earoic trir, hi, = Lat. ires, fit, in Dan. tree, but dii. II. in Icelandic a \\ord with initial^ forming the latter part of a compound, or even if spelt separate!)', is apt to be changed into fl as soon as it loses its full sound, and is pronounced rapidly as an infle. xive syllable, the latter part in questions becoming half enclitic, see introduction to letter D, p. 93, col. 2 (C. II). In vellums this is very frequent in the words al-dingi, Svi-ðióð, al-ðvoa (= alþingi...); so also á ðingi = a j'ingi, Js. 39; ô'rvar-ðingi, id.; Yaf- ðruðnir, Særn. (Buggc); hug-ðekkr, Ü. II. 16, etc.; the pr. names liall- dórr, Hall-d. '. ra point to a Hall-ðó;r, Hali-ðóra, = Ilall-þórr, Hall-bora; so also Stein-dórr = Stein-ðúrr -- Sîein-þórr, for a þ could only change into d through d; in Arnórr, qs. Arn-þórr, the p has been dropped (Arn-Jiorr, Arn-ðórr, Arn-órr V); lítt-at = liit-þat, hítt-ú-heldr = hitt-þó-hc!dr, flýtt- ier, male haste, already cited in Run. Gramm.; cp. also tlie change ol the pron. pi: into -tin, -iïti, -hi, -n, when snllixed. Quite different and ir. uch older is the dropp. 'ng of initial /i (i. e. f)) in the particles enn = aim = b;inn, . Engl. /bat, and in at -- þ:ït, Engl. that, Old Germ, daz: in the pronouns jx'-r, [iið, for or, ið, the/; conies from the termination of the preceding verb. Eor the rest see the introduction to letter D, to which v. e may add that ri single Icelandic veilum, the later handwriting in Arna-Magn. 645, now published in Post. (Unger) 216-236, is interesting for its uncertain use of þ and (); at the time it was written, the i) was still a newly adopted letter, and the transcriber uncertain as to its use, so that no conclusion may be drawn from this isolated case; these are the instances, -- upp ou, 216. 11. 19, 27, 219. 1. 39; skírþr ðegar, 217. 1. 9; upp ðegar, 220. 1. I; blezoþu öeim, 217. 1. 34; üf ðciin, 223. 1. 10; fyrir ðeim, 224. 11. 14, 18; boþer ðeim, 228. 1. 19; viþ ðú, 218. 1. 13, 235. 1. 5; þá ðaþan, 235. 1. í 7; af övi, 219. 1. 15, 232. 1. 21, 234. 1. 11, 235. 1. 13; ifer ðú, 222. 1. 31; firir ða tni, 232. 1. 34; frú ðér at þú (sic), 226. 1. 23; frá þér cf ðu (four lines below); ek biþ ðik, 227. 1. 17; viþ ðik, 236. 1. 7: after a comma, öá er rétt, 231. 1. 36; ðu laust, 233. I. 32: with nouns and verbs, of ðorp ok borgir, 217. 1. 35; ok öükkuþu, 224. 1. 25; firir ðys alþyöo, 227. 1. 12. III. the Icel. /i answers to Gr. -Lat. t, see e. g. the root tan (rfirca, tendo, tennis), compared to the Icel, þenja, þunnr; þrir -- Lat. tres; þrömr=;Gr. ríp/j. a, Lat. terminus; þefr, cp. Lat. tcpidiif, etc., see the special words. 2. again, Germ, d answers to Icel. Ji, ding, drei, denken; in a few words the laut-verschiebung is irregular, thus, Engl. ti^ ht, Icel. þétlr; þurfa = F. ngI. dare. Onlv a few words with initial p have been adopted in later times, such are, þenkja, þanki, þrykkja (= Germ. denken, ge-dankc, drücíei/); these words were borrowed about the time of the Reformation, probably from German, not Danish, i. e. from words with d; in these words the laut-verschiebung, strange to say, has been duly observed, as if by instinct, which would hardly have been the case had it been borrowed through the Danish t: but in trass -- Germ. dratzeii, mod. Genii. Irn'zcn, Icel. jiratla, tlie true form has not been restored; so also in mod. usage Icelanders are beginning to say lak, fak ( -- Dan. Ink -- /banks] , unmindful of their own þakk, þakka: t and ji are unsettled in tyrma and þyrma; tolla, see pola (11); tremill and þrcmill; þeisli and teista: /and þ interchange in Icel. bél, Engl. file; bel and Lat. pilns, þel and fjul, and in a few other words: s and ji in siist for bust. ÞAÐAN, adv., in Norse vellums often spelt þeðan, N. G. L. i. 23; þanan, Hb. (1865), 6, í 2, 14: [A. S. \onan; Dan. dedeit] :-- thence, from there; skamt þaðan, Nj. 9; koina þaðan, Vsp. 19, 20. Yþni. 14; þaðan af falla úr þær er sv;'v heita, Edda 24; frcgna e-t þaðan, Bs. i. 652; þaðan eiga votn oil vega, Gin. 26: without a strict notion of motion, biirðusk þeir þaðan um daginn, Nj. 43; þú skalt stela þaðan mat á tvá hesta, 74; bíöa baðan, to bide in a place, Hkv. I. 22, Ó. T. 6, MS. 623. 60; hann hafur þ. njósnir norðr í Noreg, ok irkk þ. þá eina spurn, Ó. H. 200; annat kann ek þi'-r þ. segja, Edda 24; ok vættir þn þ. fulltings, Blas. 48. 2. metaph., þaðan mátti skilja, thence it could be under- stood, Fms. xi. 420; þaðan af aldir alask, fbcnce, i. e. thereby, Vþm. 48; skulu vér þaðan at vera, i. e. ice will be on íbai side, Fms. x. 322; þaðan af veil ek, therefrom í know, i. 97; allan helming, eða þaðan af meira, full half and even more, Sks. 63; þaðan af sér Sverrir, at ..., Fms. viii. 14. 3. temp, thenceforth; þaðan cru tólf nætr til þorlúks-messu, K. |i. K. 106; þaðan af, þaðan fr;'i, since; gürðusk þaðan af mörg tíðendi, Edda 6, Fb. i. 40; þaðan frú ma'lti hann ekki hofugt orð, Bs. i. 341; intirr þaðan, more tbcnce -- later on, Akv.; þ. lengi, long nncc, Hausll. þaðra, adv. [Ulf. paprc-h -- ÍKtîdtv, nol = t/ftf], there, an older form = bar; saðr var öngr fyrir þaðra, Sighvat; þar nuinu vér skína sem sol, ok þadra inon Kristr svna oss alla dv'rð sína. Hom. (St.); kurum land þaðra, Am. 97; görisk svú brátt, at þaðra em konur í borginni, Fms. xi. 99; þeir herja þaðra um eyjar ok annes, Fær. 83; þótti hann þaðr. í í sveitum gildr bóndi, Finnb. 360: also in later poets for the sake of rhyme, slikt e. -u bn'igöin þaðra, Skíða R. 39, 152. þafðr, part, stumped, of cloth, Bragi; see V:efa, F. b. 70 new Ed. þaga, u, f. silence; in cndr-þaga, silence in return. þagall, mod. þöguil, adj. (fern, bögul), iilent, lim. 15. þagat, see þangat. þagga, að. In t-ilence; b^tra er fyrr þagat (from þegja) en ann. irr hafi ' Jjaggat, " SkaKia (Thorodd): the word is freq. in mod. usage, þagga iriðr Í e-m, to biifb one down, silence one. þag-mælska, u, f. a keeping silent. þag-mælskr, adj. silent, discreet, Ad. i, and freq. in mod. urajre. þagna, að, In become silent; konungr þa^nar við. Nj. 6; konungr þagnar hvort sinn er Jji'iiolfs er getio, Eg. 54; þá þa;;na þeir, Ld. 78, Fms. vi. 374 ! tptir þat þagnaði (['. acnaôe Cod.) barnit, Bs. i. 342; síðan es hann Jiagnaði, left speaking, íb. 7; hiinn sezt niðr ok Jj;;gnar, Skíða R. 145. þagnar-, í;en., see J'öii;n, silence. þagsi, adj.; the parent-word of the mod. Dan. tat'f (filenl) has hitherto not been found in the old Icel. literature; it should be jiai;si, but most if not all words of that form were obsolete as early as the í 2th and l ^th cen- turies, and have disappeared in mod. Icel., as liiigsi, staðsi, heitsi ...; we believe it is preserved in the corrupted 'þegn varð' in the transcript ol the lb., where we propose to read, svá at allir menu mvndi ' þ. 'igsi veröa' (- Dan. W ire tfiv. ^) meðan hann m:rlti at liigbergi, sothat all men U'niihl become titent wbiltt be sj tike on the Law-bill, ]b. 7. In an ancient veiluin a fj, with the upjicr end of the . s faint or blotted out, and an n or ij would he distinguished with difficulty; and as to::n let I. transcriber þi:'si was quite an unknown word, while '):cgn, ' ' þag'i' were ianiili. ii syllables, he would choose the latter; the vellum itself was lost soon alter the copy had been taken in A. I). 1651. In Rb. (ísl. i. 385) the word lias been paraplnased into 'jicgia;' see the Academy, vol. i, p. 278. ÞAK, n. [A. S. I'tf c; Engl. / hack, thatch; Scot, thak; Germ, dach; Dan. tag; see þekja] :-- thatch, roof, Eiala 2, Nj. 115, Gkv. ~i. 2, Fms. viii. 374; spán-þak, torf-þak, timbr-þak. 2. metaph. -- baug-þak, Gn'ig. ü. 174. þakin-næfrar, f. pl. = þakir. xfrar, Hm. 159. ÞAKKA, að, I'A. S. \ancjan; Engl. thank; O. H. G. danl-nn; Gcini. dntilen; Dan. takke~\ :-- to thank; þakka c-rn e-t; þ. þeim þetta starf, Sti. 496; konungr þakkaði honum kvrtðit, Ísl. ii. 230; goôum ek bat þakk. í er þér geiig. -k ilia, Am. 53; Rútr minntisk við hana ok þakkaði enni, Nj. 7; vi'-r viljuin þakka liingat-kvámu ollum Enskum rriönriunr, Fms. viii. 2^0; b;ni', !r þökkuðu vel þorkatli liðvei/. lu, Orkn.; bakka e-m fyrir e-î, Fms. v. 194, and passim. þakkan, f. a /banking. Bad. 36. þakk-látr, adj. thankful, grateful, Fms. viii. 253, passim in mod. usage. þakk-læti, n. thankfulness, thanks, Bs. i. 322, I'll. 25, Karl. 132, 203. þakk-næmr, adj. [Dan. tali-nemmdig] , thankful, grateful, Al. 36. þakk-samliga, adv. thankfully, gratefully. Eg. 106, 162, 198, Sks. 702, Al. 88; biôja ji., to I/eg bard, Fms. xi. 288. þakk-samligr, adj. thankful, grateful, Fms. vii. 0. 5, Stj. 496; iniirg Jiakksanili;' tíðindi, good news, Fms. viii. loo. þak-lauss, adj. thatchless, roofless, Art. 17. þak-næfrar, f. pl. bark used Jur thatching, N. G. L. ii. i ft. eb*

730 ÞAKRAÐR -- ÞARNASK.

þak-ráðr (þkk-rár?), a pr. name = Germ. Tancred, Vkv. þamb, n.; standa á þambi, with full belly, inflated or blown up, e.g. from drinking. þamba, að, [þömb], to drink in large draughts; þamba vatn, þamba blátt vatnið. þambar-, gen. from þömb, q.v. ÞANG, n. [North. E. tangle; Dan., Scot., and Shetl, tang], kelp or bladder-wrack, a kind of sea-weed; hann var fólginn í þangi, Gullþ. 72, and passim; kló-þang. bólu-þang, belgja-þang, þunna-þang, = fucus vesiculosus, Hjalt.; æti-þang, edible sea-weed: the word is very freq. in mod. usage. 2. poët., hlíðar-þang = trees, Ýt.; hlíð-þang, id., Alm.; þangs hús, láð, 'tangle-house,' = the sea. Lex. Poët. þangat, also (like hingat, hegat, p. 262) spelt þagat, Eg. 30, 38, 56, 123, Fms. iv. 159, 271, etc.; þigat, Stj. 35; or þegat, Barl. 82, Stj. 27; þengat, Al. 14. l. 9, N.G.L. i. 11; þingat, Fms. viii. 219, Hkr. iii. 238, Niðrst. 5 :-- thither, to that place, austr þangat, Ó.H. 67; skip er þeir höfðu þangat haft, Eg. 123; hann hleypr þangat, 297; þeir heyrðu þangat manna-mál, 234, Gísl. 15; norðr þagat, Eg. 30; hann bauð þagat fjölmenni, 38; fara þagat, 56; bátinn er þeir höfðu þagat haft, 123; sækja þangat, Hom. 94; ganga þangat, Fms. iv. 159: senda þagat menn sína, id. (þangat, Ó.H. 67, l.c.); liggja þangat undir, Stj. 367: metaph., nema þangat sé virt til elligar, Grág. i. 148. 466. 2. in the phrase, hingat ok þangat, hither and thither, to and fro; hegat ok þegat, Stj. 27, Barl. 82; hingat ok þingat, id., Fms. viii. 219, Hkr. iii. 238; higat ok þigat, Stj. 35. 3. temp., þangat til, 'thither-to,' till that time; iðna annat þangat til, Grág. i. 147; þangat til var rúm, Mar.; þangat til, at ..., until that ..., Fms. iii. 184. B. COMPDS: þangat-för (-ferð, Fb. i. 166), f. a journey thither, Íb. 9, Stj. 335, Bs. i. 448. þangat-kváma (-koma). u, f. a coming thither, arrival, Fms. x. 19, 220, Hom. 207, passim. Þang-brandr, the Norse rendering of the name of the Saxon missionary, but it should have been if properly given, Þakk-brandr (cp. Þak-ráðr), Fms., Ó.T. þang-floti, a, m. a 'tangle-float' drift of sea-weed, Krók. 52. þang-skurðr, m. a cutting of tang or sea-weed, for feeding cattle; sölva-nám eiga Gaulverjar ok þangskurð, Vm. 18. þanki, a, m. [a mod. word from Germ. ge-danke, whence Dan. tanke; appears about or shortly before the Reformation] :-- a thought; hjarta, þankar, hugr sinni, a hymn, freq. in mod. usage, the Bible, Pass., Vídal. þann-ig, þann-og, þann-ok, þinn-og, N.G.L. i. 12; þann-inn, Fb. iii. 258, Karl. 552, and in mod. usage; from þann and vegr, cp. hinnug, p. 264; hvern-ig, einn-ig, qq.v.: [þann and vegr] :-- that way, thither; þannug, Grág. i. 378; stunda þannug, Sks. 112 new Ed.; halda þannug, Hkr. iii. 381; ef konungr hefði þannog skjótari orðit, Al. 20; úfært þannok, 51; þeir höfðu þann veg farit kaupferð, Fms. iv. 352 (þangat, Ó.H. l.c.); snýr aptr þann veg sem hafnir eru, Fms. iv. 365; sá þar bæ ok fóru þannig, i. 69; þessi tíðindi vóru áðr komin þannig, viii. 233; hann fór sömu nótt þannug sem hann spurði at Jamtr vóru, 67; fara tvívegis þannig, Grág. ii. 367; at þennug horfi andlit sem hnakki skyldi, N.G.L. i. 12. II. metaph. this way, thus, adverbially; þannug búinn, Al. 16; hann grunar hvárt þanneg mun farit hafa, Ld. 58; Birkibeinar fóru jafnan þannin, Fms. viii. 350; þannin, at sættask fyrst, en ..., Rd. 227, Krók. 36; ok afla þannug þess er hann stundar ekki til, Al. 88; eða hví þannig er til skipt, Ísl. ii. 346; and freq. in mod. usage, in which sense I. is obsolete, 'þangað.' q.v., being used instead of it. þanns = þann es, Hm. 128, Hým. 39. ÞAR, adv. [Ulf. þar =GREEK, Matth. vi. 2O, Luke ix. 4; and þaruh, Matth. vi. 21; A.S. þar; Engl. there; O.H.G. darot; Germ. dort; Dan. der :-- there, at that place; vera, standa, sitja, lifa, ... þar, passim; þar var Rútr ... þar var fjölmenni mikit, Nj. 2; ok sett þar yfir altari, Fms. vi. 444; þar í Danmörk, xi. 19; þar innan hirðar, id.; koma þar, to be come there, arrive, Eg. 43; hen kom aldri vestr þar (westward thither) síðan, Nj. 14; skal þar kirkju göra sem biskup vill, K.Þ.K. 42; þar er, þar sem, there where, where? þá er þeim rétt at sitja þar er þeir þykkisk helzt mega lúka dómi sínum, Grág. i. 68; þar er sá maðr er í þingi, 151; beit af höndina þar er heitir úlfliðr, Edda 17, K.Þ.K. 42, N.G.L. i. 98, Fms. xi. 19, and passim (see er, sem): of time, nú kemr þar misserum, now the seasons come to that point, Fms. xi. 19. 2. metaph. usages; lýkr þar viðskiptum þeirra, Eg. 750; brutu þar skipit, 'þar' varð mann-björg, Nj. 282; lúku vér þar Brennu-Njáls sögu, id.; þar at eins er sá maðr arfgengr, er ..., Grág. i. 225; þar er, where, in case, when; þar er menn selja hross sín, 139; þar er maðr tekr sókn eða vörn, 141; þykkjumk vér þar til mikils færir, 655 xi. 3; þar er þeir mætti vel duga hvárir oðrum, 655 xxi. 3; lát sem þú þykkisk þar allt eiga er konungrinn er, make as though thou thoughtest that all thy hope was there where the king is, Fms. xi. 112; eru menn hér nú til vel fallnir þar sem vit Hallbjörn erum, Nj. 225; þar hefi ek sét marga dýrliga hluti yfir honum, 623. 55; þú görir þik góðan, þar sem þú ert þjófr ok morðingi, 'there that thou art.' i.e. thou who art! Nj. 74. II. with prep.; þar af, therefrom, thence, Ld. 82; vil ek þess biðja at Egill nái þar af lögum, Eg. 523; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, 546; kunna mun ek þar af at segja, Edda 17; hús stendr þar út við garðinn, ok rýkr þar af upp, Lv. 47: þar at, thereat, 623. 57: þar á, thereupon, Eg. 125: þar til, thereunto, until, till, Nj. 11, Fms. vi. 232: þar um, thereon, Ld. 164; ver eigi þar um hugsjúkr, Fms. vii. 104: þar undir, there underneath, vi. 411: þar yfir, there above, 444: þar við, therewith, by that, 396, viii. 56: þar næst, there next, Eg. 512: nefndi til þess skipstjórnar-menn, ek þar næst stafnbúa, 33: þar á, thereon, thereupon, Edda 37; þar á ofan, thereupon, i.e. moreover, Eg. 415; þar upp á, thereupon, Dipl. ii. 13: þar eptir, thereafter, Rd. 248; hugsaði, at þar eptir (accordingly) mundi fara hennar vit, Fms. vi. 71; þar út í frá, furthermore, vii. 157: þar fyrir, therefore. Eg. 419, Fms. vii. 176, passim: þar í, therein, Eg. 125: þar í mót, there against, in return, Grág. ii. 169: þar með, therewith, Fms. iv. 110, Ld. 52: heita á Guð ok þar með á hinn heilaga Ólaf konung, therewith, i.e. besides, Fms. vi. 145; seldi Árni Birni Ytri-Borg, ok þar með hálft Ásbjarnarnes, Dipl. v. 26: þar á milli, there between, Fms. xi. 85; ok eru menn alnir þar á milli, in the mean time, Grág. i. 117: þar or (Jþar ör Ed.), therefrom, thereout of, Fms. vi. 378. þarfa, að, [Germ. dürfen], to need, want; impers., e-m þarfar e-t; torf-skurð eptir því sem þeim þarfar, ... sem þarfar búi á Grund, Dipl. v. 14; þann kost er honum þarfaði, Fb. i. 211; sem honum þótti sér þarfa, 208. 2. reflex., alla hluti þá er honum þarfaðisk, Fms. ix. 501, v.l.; sem jörðunni þarfast, Dipl. v. 5, 14: kost sem honum vel þarfast, iii. 14. þarfa-gangr, m. 'need-going,' urine, excrement, Stj. 642, Fs. 180. þarfi, adj. needing; with gen., liðs þarfi, Fms. xi. 24; ef hann þykkisk hrepps-fundar þarfi, Grág. (Kb.) i. 173; máls þarfi, Skv. 1. 2. þarfindi, n. pl. things needful, useful things, H.E. ii. 72, Bs. i. 694; hve mörg þ. þeir mætti hafa af Noregi, Fms. vii. 101; honum til þarfinda, for his use, Finnb. 290; með öllum búnaði ok þarfindum, Stj. 574; ef lands-dróttinn leyfir manni nokkur þ. at vinna í mörku sinni, N.G.L. i. 244. þarfinda-hús, n. a hospital, D.N. iii. 78: a necessary, D.N. þarf-lausa, u, f. = þarfleysa. þarf-lausligr, adj. needless, H.E. i. 561. þarf-lauss, adj. needless; þarflaust eyrendi, Stj. 521; at þarflausu, needlessly, Hom. 13: in vain, 655 xiv. B. 2. þarf-látliga, adv. meekly, humbly; biðja þ. Stj. 155. 580, Mar. þarf-látr, adj. humble, thankful, Róm. 266, Hom. (St.) þarf-leysa, u, f. needlessness, Gþl. 163; láta þat mart eptir börnum er þ. er, Fb. ii. 13; reikar hugrinn jafnan á því er þ. er í, 655 xi. 3: gen. as adj., þarfleysu-forvitni, -tal, -glens, useless, mischievous, Ld. 170, Fb. i. 312, 400, Grett. 87 new Ed.; þarfleysu upphlaup, Bs. i. 756. þarf-leysi, n. = þarfleysa; þarfleysi ætla ok þat vera, Ísl. ii. 207. þarf-liga, adv. usefully. þarf-ligr, adj. useful, Gþl. 161, H.E. i. 504, Jb. 187 B, passim. þarfna and þarfnan, see þarna, þarnan. þarfnaðr, m. a need, want, H.E. i. 562 (note); older form þörfnuðr. ÞARFR, adj., fem. þörf, neut. þarft, sounded þart (for it rhymes with mart); [see þurfa] :-- useful; mæli þarft eða þegi, Hm. 19: vinna þat er þarft er, Grett. 94; þafr maðr, 92 A; hann var þeim þarfr í öllu því er hann mátti, Finnb. 216; er hann mér þó ekki þarfr, he brings no good to me, Fs. 134; ú-þarfr, useless, mischievous; all-þarfr. þarf-samliga, adv. gratefully; eigi var þ. þegit, Sól. 5. þarf-sæll, adj. useful, profitable, Fms. v. 344. þarf-sælligr, adj. useful, Fms. iii. 53, Jb. 187 C. ÞARI, a, m. [Dan. tarre; Shetl. tarri- in tarricrook, a fork to gather sea-weed with] :-- sea-weed, Lat. alga; þari and þang are almost synonymous; hann grefsk milli tveggja steina, ok berr á sik ofan þarann, Fbr. 103 new Ed., Grág. ii. 358; land eigandi á þara allan, 359; beltis-þari = fucus saccharius; Skíði datt er skyldi hann skjótt á þaranum ganga, Skíða R.; brenna þara, Frissb. 255. COMPDS: þara-belti, = fucus saccharius, Hjalt. þara-brúk, n. a heap of sea-weed, Landn. 44, Orkn. 420, Bs. i. 527 (in Arons S. in the foot-note it is fem.) þara-nytjar, f. pl. the use of sea-weed; kirkja á þ., Vm. 80. þar-kváma, u, f. a coming-there, arrival, Fms. i. 67, vi. 192, Sks. 289, Barl. þar-lands, gen. as adverb, there, in that land, Mork. (in a verse). þarlands-maðr, m. a native of that land, Pr. 120, 408. þar-lenzkr, adj. 'there-landish,' native, Fms. i. 192, Hkr. ii. 385, Stj. 86, 654. ÞARMR, m. [A.S. þearmas; provinc. Engl. (Lincolnshire) tharm; Germ. darm; Dan.-Swed. tarm] :-- the guts; legg við enda þarms, Pr. 472; enda-þarmr, the end-gut, colon, 473; ok rakti ór honum þarmana, Nj. 275, Fb. i. 530; þá tóku Æsir þarma hans ok bundu Loka með, Edda i. 184; smá-þarmar (q.v.), passim. þarna, adv. = þar with suffixed -na (q.v.), there; menn fara þarna, kvað hann, men go there, quoth he, Ísl. ii. 356; this form is very freq. in mod. usage. þarnan, f. (qs. þarfnan), a want, need; af þarnan þeirrar tillögu, N.G.L. ii. 62. þarnask, að, (qs. þarfnask), to want, lack, be without; svá at vit þarnimk eigi alla góða hluti, Fms. i. 263; þeir er þarnask sína jartein,

ÞARS -- ÞÁ. 731

Skálda 168; þarnask þess sem hann beiðisk, not to get it, K.Á. 230; en þau þarnast hitt er þarf, Fb. ii. 13; nú léði Guð honum ljóss þess er hann hafði lengi þarnast, Hom, 111.; sem hann þarnask ok hans heimamenn, K.Á. 78; alla bús-búhluti þá er þat bú má eigi þarnask, Grág. ii. 42; nær hann má í frelsi bera hött eða kveif, eða nær hann skal þarnask, when he shall wear it and when he shall want it, Sks. 434 B: impers., tjaldstað ok hrossa-beit sem þeim þarnast, Pm. 38. þars = þar es; see er, p. 131, col. 2, to which add, þars ek em nú til kominn, Fms. xi. 65; þars hann hafði beran skallann fyrir, 132; þars ek em þræll þinn, Hom. (St.) þar-seta, u, f. a 'there-sitting,' remaining there, sojourn, Gþl. 404. þar-vist, f. a sojourn (see vist), Nj. 26, Landn. 270, Fms. i. 289, x. 417, Stj. 180. þas-ramr, adj. a nickname, Fms. ix. 54. ÞAT, or mod. það, neut. of a demonstr. pron.; the nom. sing. is of a different root, sá, sú (p. 516); the other cases are, -- gen. þess, þeirar, þess; dat. þeim, þeiri, því and þí; acc. þann, þá, þat: plur. þeir, þær, þau; gen. þeirra; dat. þeim; acc. þá, þær, þau (mod. þaug): the mod. forms have rr in þeirrar, þeirri, þeirra; but for the olden time they are less correct, as may be seen from rhymes: [Goth. þata; Engl. that; Germ. dass, i.e. daz; Dan. det.] A. That, in the various cases, see Gramm. p. xxi; Óláfr tók því vel, ... kvaðsk hennar forsjá hlíta um þat mál, ... þat sama haust, ... þann dag svaf Unnr í lengra lagi, ... nefni ek til þess Björn ok Helga, ... eptir þat stóð Unnr upp ok kvaðsk ganga mundu þeirrar skemmu, sem hón var vön at sofa í, bað at þat skyldi hverr hafa at skemtan sem þá væri næst skapi, Ld. 14; því at þeir (they) urðu eigi á annat sáttir, þeir es (those who) fyrir norðan vóru, Íb. 9 (þeir is here repeated, first as personal then as demonstr. relat. pron.); land þat er kallat er Grænland, ... hann kvað menn þat mundu fýsa þangat farar, at landit ætti nafn gott, ... prest þann er hét Þangbrandr, id.; en þat vas til þess haft, ... í stað þann, ... lög þau es Kristninni skyldi fylgja, 11; þeir menn vóru er þess gátu, there were men that guested (= Lat. erant qui), Nj. 90; á þeiri stundu, Fms. xi. 360. 2. with the article; bæta þat skipit er minnr var brotið, Fms. ii. 128; yfir hafit þat it djúpa, Edda 28; þann inn mikla mann, Hkr. ii. 251. II. it (as that is used in provincial speech in England), in indefinite phrases, it is, it was, it came to pass; þat var siðr, at ..., Eg. 505; þat var einhverju sinni at, Nj. 2; en þat vas er hann tók byggja landit fjórtán vetrum eða fimtán fyrr, Jb. 9, and passim. III. denoting this, these, = þessi: sagði Egill at mjöðdrekku þá vill hann hafa at afnáms-fé, Eg. 240; sagði at sú var kona hans, er þar sat, ok svá at þau (they) áttu húsa-kot þau (those cottages), Ó.H. 152; this use is freq. on Runic stones, e.g. rúnar þær, kuml þaun (= þau), etc. 2. denoting such; segja menn at þau yrði æfi-lok Flosa, at ..., Nj. 282; hárit þat á höfði sem silki gult væri, the hair on his head was like yellow silk, Fms. x. 381; þeirrar einnar konu ætla ek at fá, at sú ræni þik hvárki fé né ráðum, Ld. 14: öllum þeim hlutum er þeim (pers.) líkaði, and passim. IV. in a diminutive sense, suffixed to the noun; stund þá, a little while, Fær. 169; jarl hafði tjaldat upp frá stund þá, see stund, Fms. xi. 85; brosa lítinn þann, Fb. ii. 78 (Fms. iv. 101); lítt þat and lítt-at, 'little that,' i.e. a little, see p. 394, col. 1; litla þá stund, 623. 10; glam þat varð af, a little tinkling wind, Fms. xi. 129; klumbu eina mikla eða hálf-róteldi þat, id. V. ellipt. þann; þykki mér þann (viz. kost) verða upp at taka, Nj. 222, Eg. 157 (see kostr, p. 353, col. 2): í þeiri (viz. hríð), in that nick of time, in that moment, Fms. x. 384, 414, Flóv. 33; ár rauð ungr í þeiri, Ód.; þann fyrsta (viz. tíma), Fms. vii. 201. B. The gen. þess in special usages, resembling A.S. þus, Engl. thus; this may be simply ellipt., 'vegar,' 'konar,' or the like being understood: 1. denoting mode, kind, manner, so that, thus that; hvat sér þú nú þess er þér þykkir með undarligu móti? Nj. 62; hvernog hann skyli þess berjask, in what way he should fight, so that, Al. 70; hvat er hann þess, at ek hlýða upp á hans tal, what kind of man that I should listen to his talk.? Stj. 263; hvat manni ertú þess, at ek muna láta þik fyrri yfir fara? Karl. 16; hvern veg þess megi vera, Hom. (St.); engi veg þess, Hom. 196 (Ed.); hve lýðrinn skyldi lifa þess es Guði mætti vel líka, Hom.; hugsar hann, hversu hann mætti honum haga þess at honum yrði sjálfum nokkur sæmd í, Mar.; hvern veg skal ek skiljask við konung þenna þess er yðr muni líka, Ó.H. 75; hugum leiddi hann, hversu hann mætti þess sitja í svá ágætu sæti, at hann vær eigi ..., Sks. 623; hversu bar þess til, how did it come to pass so? Stj. 166; hefi ek nokkut, bróðir. þess gört at þér mislíki, have I done aught that it should mislike thee? Gísl. 99; ekki var þess (nothing of the kind) í Máriu lífi er vándir menn hafa, Mar.; ef knökut er þess, at ér farit ósigr, Fb. i. 183; at öllum hlutum þess er hann hafði spurt, in all things so as (i.e. in so far as) he had heard, Þiðr. 158. 2. þess þó, yet so that, i.e. only short of that, with but one reservation; vilda ek helzt hafa atferð ok höfðingskap Hrólfs kraka, þess þó (yet so that), at ek hélda allri Kristni ok trú minni. Fms. v. 172; sem þér líkar, þess þó, at þú frelsir oss fyrir þína miskun, Stj. 404: dropping þó, en hann vægði í öllu fyrir þeim bræðrum, þess er hann minkaði sik í engu, so that, yet so that ..., Ld. 234; leita flestir at hafa hættu-minna, þess at þeir verði sik frýju, Sturl. iii. 68; alla þá hluti er ek má, þess er mér skyli eigi vera skömm at, all things that I may, yet so that it shall not be a shame to me, anything short of dishonour, Þiðr. 194; svá harða sótt sem þeir er hardast fengu, þess er eigi gékk önd ór honum, Fb. ii. 144. II. þess as a locative, there prob. ellipt., 'staðar' being understood; Einarr spurði Egil hvar hann hefði þess verit staddr at hann hafði mest reynt sik, Eg. 687; hvar kómu feðr okkrir þess, at faðir minn væri eptirbátr föður þíns, hvar nema alls hvergi? Ísl. ii. 236; hvar þess er (wheresoever) aðrir taka fyrst arf enn erfingi réttr, Grág. i. 191; ætlaða ek þá at ek munda hvergi þess koma, at ek munda þess gjalda, at ek væra of friðsamr, Orkn. 120; því at hann ætlaði at hann mundi þess víðar koma, at hann mundi njóta föður sins enn gjalda, Gísl. 73; hvar-vitna þess er maðr spyrr lögspurning, Grág. (Kb.) i. 41; hvar þess er heilagr dómr hans kom, Hom. (St.); þeir megu hvergi þess sendir vera, at ..., Hom. 182 (Ed.); hver-vetna þess er þingmenn verða víttir í Gula, N.G.L. i. 5. III. with a compar. the more, so much the more, cp. Germ. desto; heldr var hón þess at lítilátari, Hom. 169 (Ed.); þess meirr er hinn drekkr, þess meirr þyrstir hann, svá þess fleira es þú hafðir þess fleira girndisk þú, 190 (Ed.); til þess meiri staðfestu, Dipl. v. 22; þyrstir æ þess at meirr, Eg. 605; þess betr er þær eru görvar djúpari ok mjóri, Sks. 426. C. The dat. því, prop. fyrir því, and then dropping the prep., and using the remaining dat. adverbially :-- therefore; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti vera rausn mikil, Ld. 68: því and þí, therefore; ok því svá, at ..., Pr. 400; því ætla ek hann ... at ..., 325; því máttú varkynna mér, at mér þykkir féit gott, Gullþ. 7. II. því-at, 'for that,' because; tóksk eigi atreiðin, því-at búendr frestuðu, Ó.H. 215; því-at úvíst er at vita, Hm. 1; því-at úbrigðra vin fær maðr aldregi, 6; því-at hón á allan arf eptir mik, Nj. 3; því-at allir vóru görviligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því-at þat er ekki af manna völdum, Gullþ. 5; því-at ek em bróðir feðr þíns, 6. 2. dropping the 'at;' því ek hefi spurt, at ..., Fms. vi. 4; því Hákon var bróður-son hans, Sturl. i. 140. III. therefore; ok varð því ekki af ferðinni, Ísl. ii. 247: fyrir-því (Dan. fordi; Early Engl. forthy), therefore, Fms. i. 235. IV. því at eins, only on that condition, Fms. xi. 154: af því, therefore, passim. V. hví, why, in later vellums (the 15th century), and so in mod. usage; því riðu menn yðrir undan? Fms. iii. 183, Sd. 149. l. 9; því mun ek þó eigi vita mega at troll ráði fyrir, Gullþ. 5. D. For the personal pronoun, which in plur. has the same declension, see þeir, þær, þau, p. 732. þat-ki, 'that not', not even that! þatki þú hafir brækr þínar! Hbl.; þatki ek fá, mála minn falslausan! Mork. 83; at þatki sé, 677. 4; see -gi, p. 199, col. 2. þat-na, that there, see -na; postulinn segir, 'er þatna,' is that there? is it? 623. 19. þattá = þat þá, that then! hvattá? segir jarl, -- þattá! segir Ögmundr, at ..., Fms. xi. 118. þatz = þat es, that which, see er, p. 131, col. 2; allt þatz hann görir, 677. 6; þatz maðrinn af lifir, 3. þatztu = þat-es-þú, 'that which thou,' what thou, Am. 83. þauf, n. [akin to þóf, þæfa]: þaufast, að, dep. to grope or fumble. ÞAULAR, f. pl. [the etymology and exact sense of this word is not certain, perh. akin to þylja, referring to a lost strong pret. þaul, þulu] :-- a long-winded and complex thing; it is, however, only used in metaph. phrases; svá lízk mér sem mínir menn muni hafa mælt sik í þaular um þetta mál meirr enn þú, would have talked themselves into troubles, Fb. i. 348; rekum af oss tjöldin, róum út ór þessum þaular-vági, reisum viðu ok siglum norðr undan, let us row out of this winding creek, hoist sail and stand out northwards! Fms. viii. 130: the mod. phrase, læra, lesa í þaula = læra í belg, to learn, read by rote; as also, þaul-lesinn, adj.; hann er þaullesinn, one who has read a thing through and through, got through a weary task: þaul-reið, f. a riding steadily on like a log, plodding wearily on: þaul-sætinn, adj. sitting log-like without stirring. ÞAUSN, f. [cp. þysja, þeysa, þyss], a bustle, wild fray, mélée; margar þausnir ok þrætur, Róm. 290; nær var ek þausnum þeira, I was present at their fray, Sighvat; var nú eigi þausna-laust, there was no little bustle, Fas. iii. 229; þat má kalla þausnar-vers, þrjátigi at honum ganga, that may be called a hurly-burly song, Skiða R.: in mod. usage the word remains in þjösnast, að, to chafe, rage, rave wildly; and þjösna-legr, adj. coarse, raving: þjösna-skapr, m. coarseness, ravings. From this same root, we believe, comes the mod. Norse 'tausa,' Dan. tös, = a romping girl, (from þausa, u, f.?) þausna-lauss, adj. without tumult, quiet. Fas. iii. 229. þausnast, að, or þjösnast, to rush on heedlessly. þausnir, n. a romping fellow, a nickname, Ann. 1166. ÞÁ, adv. [Goth. þan and þanuh; A.S. þon, þanne; Engl. then; Germ. dann and denn; Dan. da; from the Germ. dan is formed the mod. Dan. so-dan, lige-dan, -- Germ. so-dann, als-dann; and hence again the mod. Dan. verb danne = to form, see Grimm's Dict. ii. 740] :-- then, at that time; var hón þá fjórtán vetra gömul, Nj. 50: þá sá ek, then I saw, Sks. 1; þá sæmi, 11. 2. with er, es, when; þá er hann hafði lýst, Nj. 87; þá er Jesus nálgaðist Jerusalem, Greg. 39; þá es hann lá á nástránum, 56; jafnan, þá

732 ÞÁ -- ÞEIMA.

er, Nj. 6: or 'er' is dropped, eitt sinn þá Sigurðr konungr fór fyrir land fram, Fms. vii. 165; þá hón vildi selja, Dipl. v. 21. II. then, thereupon, = Lat. deinde; innar frá sat Þráinn, þá Ölfr örgoði, þá Valgarðr, þá Mörðr, þá Sigfússynir, þá Grímr, þá Höskuldr, þá Hafr, þá Ingjaldr, of a row or rank of seats, Nj. 50; þá um víg Auðúlfs, þá um víg Skamkels, þá lýsti hann vígsök, ... þá lét hann bera lýsingar-vætti, þá ..., 87; þá skal grafa leysingja, því næst ..., N.G.L. i. 345, and passim 2. in phrases like, þá ræddi Höskuldr við Rút, Nj. 2; þá reiddisk Höskuldr, id.; Þorsteinn sýndi þá konungi hrossin, Fms. vi. 384; þá svarar Hákon gamli, x. 221, and passim. III. as the conclusion or apodosis of a sentence, then, so, accordingly, cp. Grág. ii. 362; með því at ..., þá vóru Kálfi grið gefin, Fms. vi. 19; en af því at ..., þá (then) þá (received) hann miskunn af konunginum, x. 391; en ef umboðsmaðr dylr ..., þá, Gþl. 375 (cp. ok A. II): following a sentence beginning with if, in case ..., then, ef þeir menn ..., þá eru þeir, Grág. i. 99; en ef nokkurir girnask ... þá. er eigi nauðsyn, Sks. 10; ... þá rannsaki, þá dæmi, þá auki, etc., 11; villu-dýr þau er fæðask á fjöllum ..., þá kunnu þau vel at skipta, 13 new Ed.; öll önnur kvikendi ..., þá fagna þessum tíma, id.; þeir menn er sekir eru ..., þá eru þeir, Grág. i. 99. IV. þá ok þá, 'then and then' at every moment; at þeir myndi fara norðr þá ok þá um vetrinn, Fms. vii. 268; nú ok þá, now and then, i.e. for ever; verðr lofaðr nú ok þá sá er manninn styrkir, 677. 7. þá, f. [from the verb þeyja; Engl. thaw; Germ. thau, in thou-wind; Dan. tö] :-- a thaw, esp. in the sense of thawed ground; þat er einn eykr má draga á þá á sléttum velli, Grág. ii. 362; þeir rekja spor sem hundar bæði á þá. ok á hjarni, Hkr. i. 111. þá-fjall, n. a 'thawed fell,' wet and slippery hill; henda hrein í þáfjalli, Hm. þága, u, f. [þiggja], a quittance, receipt; hvárki með gjöfum né þargum (sic), Anecd. 72 new Ed.: freq. in mod. usage, mín er þága, it is in my interest; or göra e-t í þágu e-s; þú skalt ekki göra það í mína þágu, thou shalt not do it for my sake. þá-gi, not then, Sighvat. þá-leiðis, adv. this way, thus, Stj. 1, 67. þám, m. [akin to þá, f.?], a thickness, mugginess, Björn: þámaðr, part. misty; þámað lopt, a misty sky: and þáma, að; það þámar af. þá-mikill, adj. much thawed(?); or does þá mikla stand for 'mikla þá' (see þat A. IV), Gísl. (in a verse). þá-na, interj. then! yes, then! er ek get þána, then I guess! Hbl. 58; þána is hardly a verb, although Egilsson (Lex. Poët.) explains it = þeyju = I think it will thaw. ÞÁTTR, m., gen. þáttar, dat. þætti, pl. þættir, þátta, acc. þáttu, mod. þætti; [Germ. docht; Dan. tot; cp. Lat. texo, textum] :-- a single strand of a rope; ok skar í sundr átta þáttuna í festinni, Bs. i. 599, ii. 111; sneru þær af afli örlög-þáttu, Hkv. 1. 3; öfundar-þáttr, Fms. xi. 442. II. metaph. a section; þá tvá þótto ástarinnar, Hom. (St.); lifið einir ér, þátta (gen. pl.) ættar minnar, Hðm. 4: esp. a section of law, segja upp lögþáttu alla ... skal svá görla þáttu alla upp segja, Grág. i. 2; í þessum þætti, ii. 345; í landabrigðis-þætti, id.; Kristinna laga þátt, K.Þ.K. 140: a short story, þenna þ&aolig-acute;tt niðrstigningar Kristr, Niðrst. 110; þáttr Eymundar, Fb. ii. 54; hér hefr upp þátt Styrbjarnar, 70; þáttr Orms Stórólfssunar, i. 521; Alfgeirs þáttr, Ísl. ii. 97, etc. þatta-tal, n. the number of sections in a code of laws, Rb. 4. ÞEFA, að, to smell, sniff; þefaði sem hann rekti spor sem hundar, Fær. 170; matr svá lítill at hón þefaði af, Bárð. 175: part., ílla þefaðr, ill-smelling, foul, Fms. x. 208; vel þefaðr, Pr. 473. þefan, f. a smelling, Stj. 93. þef-góðr, adj. sweet-smelling, Grett. 96. þef-íllr, adj. ill-smelling. þefja, pret. þafði, = þæfa, remains in the part. þafðr :-- to stir, thicken; hann hafði þá eigi þafðan sinn graut, he had not cooked his porridge thick;, Eb. 70 new Ed,; úri þafðr, 'wave-beaten,' of the sea-serpent, Bragi. þefja, að, to smell, older form for þefa; nasir skyldi þefja ok ilma, Anecd. 4: to emit a smell, mín fæzla þefjar betr hverjum ilm, Sks. 632: part. þefjaðr, vel þ., sweet-smelling, fragrant, 531 B. þefja, u, f. a smell, = þefr, Fms. vi. 164. þefjan, in ú-þefjan (q.v.), a stench. þefka, að, to smell, = þefja; nasar þefka daun, Anecd. 8. þef-lauss, adj. smell-less, without scent, vapid. ÞEFR, m. a smell; ok kenna þó eigi þef af reykinum, Barl. 49; íllr þefr, Bárð. 38 new Ed.; ú-þefr, q.v.; hefir þat þef mest í munninum, Stj, 293, and passim. ÞEGAR, adv., prop. a gen. of an obsolete noun; [Ulf. þeihs = GREEK and GREEK] :-- at once, forthwith; Höskuldr kallar á hana, farðú hingað til mín, segir hann. Hón gékk þegar til hans, Nj. 2; þegar á morgun, to-morrow presently, Ísl. ii. 147; hann var þá skírðr þegar, 645. 86; þá var hann þegar hvar fjarri ..., hann sofnaði þegar, Fms. iv. 337; Þórólfr bar merkit þegar eptir honum, following immediately after him, i.e. next after him, Eg. 297; þegar frá öxlum ofan, Sks. 167, passim: the phrase, þegar-leið-sem, straightway, forthwith, Fms. x. 386, Stj. 94, 101, 267, Barl. 157; see leið. II. þegar-er, as soon as; þeir eigu at göra orð erfingjum þegar er þeir koma hingat, ... þegar er þeir koma til, Grág. i. 215; en þegar er Arnljótr laust við geislinum, þá ..., Ó.H. 153. 2. ellipt., leaving the 'er' out, and without the notion of immediate time; þegar Skapti vissi þetta, gékk hann til búðar Snorra goða, Nj. 247; en þegar Gregorius kom upp á briggjurnar, þá hopuðu þeir, Fms. vii. 254. 3. hence in mod. usage þegar has become a conj. when; þegar eg hrasa hér, þegar mér ganga þrautir nær, and so passim, where the ancients said 'er.' þegars = þegar es, as soon as, Grág. i. 97, Am. 30. þegi, a, m. [þiggja], a receiver, keeper; in arf-þegi, far-þ., heið-þ., heim-þ., qq.v. ÞEGJA, pres. þegi; pret. þagði; subj. þegði; imperat. þegi, þegiðu; with neg. suff. þegj-attu, Vtkv.; part. þagat(þagt, Anecd. 10, Sks. 562 B); [Ulf. þahan = GREEK; Hel. þagjan; O.H.G. dagen; Dan. tie; Swed. tiga; Lat. t&a-short;ceo; cp. also þagga and þagna] :-- to be silent; Rútr þagði við, Nj. 2; þegi, be silent! Art. 22; þegi skjótt (imperat.), Ld. 220; sitja þegjandi, Fms. vii. 160; sá er æva þegir, whoever keeps silence, Hm.; mæli þarft eðr þegi (subj.) ... þá hefir hann betr ef hann þegir, ... fátt gat ek þegjandi þar, id., and passim. 2. with prep., þegja yfir e-u, to conceal; leyn þessum glæp ok þegi, yfir systir mín, Stj. 520; hafa þagat yfir fundinum, Fms. vi. 273; hvað hana hölzti lengi hafa þagat yfir svá góðri ætt, Ld. 36; mart þat er guðspjalla menninir hafa þagt yfir, Sks. l.c.; þegja af söngum, to leave of singing, Stj. 50. 3. with gen., þegi þú, Þórr, þeirra orða, keep silence from such words, Thor, i.e. do not say so! Thor, Þkv. 18: the law phrase, þegja sik í fjörbaugs-garð, Grág. i. 69. II. the saving, þungr er þegjanda róðr; þegjanda logn, a still calm, Sks. 52 new Ed. þegjandi, part. the silent, a nickname, Landn. (Orkn.) ÞEGN, m. [A.S. þegn; Engl. thegn, thane; O.H.G. degan; Hel. þegan; whence Germ. unter-than, Dan. under-dan(?); Gr. GREEK; the root word remains in Germ. ge-deiben, answering to Gr. GREEK; Germ. degen (a sword) is quite a different word, being a Romance word, qs. deger, akin to dagger, see Grimm's Dict. ii. 895, 896] :-- a thane, franklin, freeman, man; sá þegn er þenna gyrðil á, Post. 298; þegn kvaddi þegn, Fms. vii. (in a verse); gamall þegn, Stor. 9; ungr þegn, Hm. 159; ef mik særir þegn, 152; þegns dóttir, a man's daughter, Ó.H. (in a verse); Mörðr kvaddi oss kviðar þegna níu, us nine franklins, nine neighbours, Nj. 238; ek nefni þegn í fimmtardóm, Grág. i. 73; hann lézk eigi vita hverr þegn hann væri, he said he knew not what person he was, Fs. 100: (lítið er mér um þat, veit ek eigi hverr þegn þú ert, Fms. ii. 81); hvat þegna er sjá enn orðfæri maðr? Post. (Unger) 221; prúðr þegn, a brave yeoman, Eb. (in a verse); öndverðr þegn, a brave thane, a brave man, Rafn 193; vígligr þegn, Am. 51; þegiðu Þórir, þegn ertú úgegn, Fms. vi. (in a verse): allit., þegn ok þræll, thane and thrall, i.e. freeman and bondman, i.e. all men, Hkr. i. 270, N.G.L. i. 45, ii. 35; bú-þegn, a franklin; far-þegn, a traveller; ek ok mínir þegnar, I and my men, Fms. v. 138; Búa þegnar, x. 258; þegns hugr, þegns verk, = drengs hugr, drengs verk, Lex. Poët. 2. a husbandman, good man, with the notion of liberality; svá er sagt at hann sé ekki mikill þegu við adra menn af fé sínu, Ísl. ii. 344; veit ek þat sjálfr at í syni mínum var(at) ílls þegns efni vaxit, Stor. 11; auðigr maðr ok íllr þegn, a rich man, but a bad host, Hkr. i. 189 (íllr búþegu, Fms. l.c.); hittu þeir inn fjórða búanda, var sá beztr þegn þeirra, Fms. iv. 187. II. as a law term, a liegeman, subject; skaltú vera þegn hans, er þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, Fms. i. 15; játuðu skattgjöfum ok görðusk konungs þegnar, Hkr. i. 137; hann vill vera yðarr Dróttinn ef þér vilit vera hans þegnar, Ó.H. 126; en nú er þeir görvir þrælar konungs þegna hér í Noregi, Fms. vi. 38; lönd ok þegna, 92; svarið konungi land ok þegnar á Íslandi, Ann. 1281; Magnúss konungr bauð öllum sínum þegnum ok undir-mönnum á Íslandi, Bs. i. 684: tekr konungr fjóra tigu marka í þegngildi fyrir þá sem aðra þegna sína, Sks. 253; þér eigit góðan konung en hann þegna ílla, Fms. iv. 341; Krists þegn, himins þegnar, 'Christ's-thanes,' heaven's-thanes, Lex. Poët.; þegngildi, bæði þegn ok bætr, Gþl. 166; bæta fullar bætr ok svá þegn ef hann deyr af bjargleysi, 272, D.N. þegna, að, to serve as a þegn (II); ok þegnuðu honum, Stj. 568, v.l. þegn-gildi, n. the weregild for a þegn (II), Fms. iv. 313, v. 74, x. 112, Gþl. 21, 130, N.G.L. i. 121, 384, Sks. 253. 2. a tribute to be paid to the king by a þegn; þegngildi ok nefgildi, Ó.H. 141. þegn-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), = Germ. under-thanig, (mod.) þegn-skapr, m. an honour, = Germ. ehre, as a law phrase; in the law phrase, leggja e-t undir þ. sinn, to swear upon one's honour, Grág. i. 29, Nj. 150; þegnskapar lagning, and þegnskapar-lagningar-eiðr, an oath upon one's honour, Grág. i. 30, 321. 2. liberality, generosity; en er honum eyddisk fé fyrir þegnskapar sakir, Vapn. (begin.); hann var vel fjár-eigandi en lítill í þegnskap, Fbr. 35; fara til Svínafells ok reyna þegnskap Flosa (hospitality), Nj. 282. 3. the allegiance of a þegn (II). þegnskapar-maðr, m. a liberal, open-handed man, Grett. 106 A. þegn-skylda, u, f. the duty of a thane towards his liege-lord, allegiance; hollosta, þ., ok hlýðni við konung, Gþl. 67; alla þá er í hans þegn-skyldu eru, 62; játa e-m þegnskyldu, Fms. ix. 257; leggja krafir eða þegnskyldur (duties) á e-n, H.E. i. 465. þeima, dat., sing. and plur. to this, to them, see þessi; á þeima hlut,

ÞEIMS -- ÞELA. 733

Fms. vii. 102; á þeima bæ, ÓH. 106, Fms. viii. 210; með þeima atburð, 233; í þeima flokki, 325; með þeima eiðstaf, Gþl. 14; með þeima hætti, Fms. v. 336, x. 183, 402: plur., á þeima mánuðum, viii. 173; á þeima átta vetrum, 219; gangvegum þeima, Kormak; þeim mönnum, Sks. 60 new Ed. þeims = þeim es, Hm. 3, Fms. i. 100 (in a verse), vi. 38. ÞEIR, þær, þau. This is the plur. of the personal pron., answering to sing. hann, hón, þat; gen. þeira and mod. þeirra; dat. þeim; acc. þá, þær, þau; in mod. speech þau is sounded þaug, which form occurs as early as Run. Gramm. of 1651, and often rhymes in mod. poets with words ending in g, e.g. flaug, þaug, Bb. 2. 17: [the A.S. uses the forms hi, hira, him, hi, and so in early South. E., whereas the North. E. has thay, thair, thaim; South. E. and Chaucer hii, here, hem, Morris' Specimens, p. xv; Dan. de, deres, early Dan. deræ, dat. dem.] A. They, them, theirs (see Gramm. p. xxi); töluðu þeir mart, ríða þeir heim af þingi; þeir kómu í Fljótshlíð, Gunnarr tók vel við þeim; Njáll mælti til þeirra ..., slíkar fortölur hafði hann fyrir þeim, ... þeir spurðu þær tíðenda, báðu þær eigi leyna, þær sögðu svá vera skyldu; at þeim muni ílla sækjask at vinna oss, ... vér getum þá eigi með vápnum sótta, and so in endless instances. 2. a peculiarity of the Icel. is the constant use of the neut. plur. 'þau' as collective for a masc. and fem.; síðan gengu þau inn bæði (i.e. Njall and Bergthora), at hann skyldi breiða yfir þau húðina; börn þeirra Þjálfa ok Rösku, ok görðusk þau ... þá er þau höfðu gengit litla hríð, Edda 28; Ask ok Emblu ... önd þau né áttu óð þau né höfðu, Vsp.; and so also of things, e.g. þau páll og reka; þau hönd og fótr, and so on. B. Special usages; this pronoun is used collectively before the names of two or more persons, the neuter being used when the persons are of different sexes: 1. where more than one are expressly named; þau Ásgerðr ok Þorsteinn, they, Asgerd and Thorstein, Eg. 702; þeir Starkaðr ok Þórðr, ok Flosi, Nj. 282; börn þeirra Hildigunnar ok Kára, the children of H. and K., id.; synir þeirra Starkaðar ok Hallberu vóru þeir Þorgeirr ok Börkr ok Þorkell, 89; synir hans vóru þeir Kolr ok Óttarr ok Haukr, id.; bræðr Hallgerðar vóru þeir Þorleikr, faðir Bolla, ok Ólafr faðir Kjartans, ok Bárðr, they, Thorleik, Olave, and Bard, 2; faðir þeirra Þorkels föður Brands, ok Þorgils föður míns, Jb. 20 (restored by Maurer; the emendation in the Editions is an error; the passage is parallel to that given above from Nj.); Þórr ok þeir lagsmenn, Thor and they -- his followers, Edda 28. 2. ellipt., as it seems, where the one part is understood, and not named; in this case the neut. þau is used whenever the name understood is different in gender; þeim Oddi, to Odd and his men, Fms. vi. 379; þeir Vagn, W. and his men; þeir Pálnatóki, P. and his men, xi. 95; þeir Þóroddr, ... þeim Þóroddi, Hkr. ii. 251; frá skiptum þeirra Þórðar, the dealings of Thord (and Björn), Fms. iv. 110; þeir feðgar, they, father and son, Nj. 8; þau Ásgerðr, Asgerd and her son, Eg. 702; vinátta var með þeim frændum þeirra, i.e. between him and their kinsmen, Grett. 132; þeirra bræðra, Fms. xi. 160; þeir í Orkneyjum, Nj. 270; af þeim (those) fyrir austan árnar, 210. -- This use of the pronoun þeir, þær, þau is peculiar to the old Scandin. and Icel. tongue, and is not found in any other Teut. language. We take it to be a remnant from an ancient time when the article was still used detached and not suffixed, being, as in Homeric Greek, used half as a demonstrative pronoun; thus Iliad viii. 457, GREEK sounds quite Icel., þær Aþena og Hera; Icel. extend it also to the other cases, þeirra (gen.) Aþenu og Heru, þeim Aþenu og Heru; cp. also II. xiii. 496, 526; the usage of the neut., as above, seems peculiar to Icel. It is therefore an error to explain 'þeir Þóroddr,' etc., as if a copula 'ok' had been dropped between the pronoun and the pr. name, þeir 'ok' Þóroddr; it is in fact an elliptical abbreviated version of the usage in B. 1: similar is the use of hann and hón for the sing. (see hann B. II. p. 239, col. 1), and of Gr. GREEK as in Od. xxi. 181. C. For this pronoun as demonstrative, see þat, p. 731. þeirs = þeir es, Hm. 165 (heilir þeirs hlýddu), Þd. ÞEIST or þeisti, a, m. a bird, uria grylle or colymbus grylle L., the sea-pigeon, Edda (Gl.): mod. teisti-kofa, or also þeista, u, f., Fél. i. 19; mod. Norse teiste, Edda (Gl.), passim in mod. usage. ÞEKJA, pres. þek; pret. þakði and þakti; subj. þekði; part. þakiðr, þaktr, þakinn: [A.S. þeccan; Engl. theck and thatch; Scot, thack; Germ. decken, dach; O.H.G. dechan; Dan. tække] :-- to thatch; skjöldum er salr þakiðr, Gm. 9; þar er þakiðr kryplingr, Fms. v. 160; þekja sundit með skipum, Nj. 273; gulli þakðan sal, Vsp. 63; hann reið a brúna, hón er þökt lýsi-gulli, Edda 38; allt annat, þá er ísum þakt, Sks. 43 new Ed.; þakt reyr eðr hálmi, Fms. vi. 153; þakit gull-spöngum, Ver. 27. 2. [þak. baug-þak], taka fullan baug ok þakðan, en eigi þveiti, Grág. ii. 177. þekja, u, f. a thatch, roof, Nj. 115, Fms. vi. 153, Stj. 60, Sks. 138 new Ed. þekjull, m. a kind of thatched shed, D.N. i. 477, 502. þekki-liga, adv. with grace; veita þ., Bs.; þiggja þ. þær fórnir, 655 xxiii. 1. þekki-ligr, adj. [Dan. tækkelig], handsome, lovely, pleasant (Germ. anmuthig), Haustl.; þýðr ok þ., Bs. i. 76; göfugligr maðr ok þ. ok þó ógurligr, Ó.H. 23; manns-höfuð bjart ok þekkiligt, Fms. i. 228; með þekkiligu yfirbragði, x. 232; var líkit bjart ok þekkiligt, xi. 281; eigi þ., ill-favoured, vi. 143; ú-þekkiligr, id. þekking, f. knowledge. þekkinn, adj. = þekkiligr, rendering of Lat. 'delectabilis,' 655 xxvii. 11. 2. keen, acute; in glögg-þ. ÞEKKJA, ð, and later t; an older pret. þátti answers to Goth. þagkjan, þahta, and occurs in old poems in four instances, which see below: [Goth. þagkjan = GREEK; A.S. þencan, þôhte; Engl. think, pret. thought; Hel. þenkjan, pret. þahta; O.H.G. dankjan; Germ. denken, pret. dachte; whence mod. Dan. tænke; Swed. tänka; whence mod. Icel. þenkja. In the old Norse the sense of 'to think' is still undeveloped, and only appears in the borrowed mod. form þenkja; cp. þykkja.] A. To perceive, know: I. to perceive, espy, notice, of the senses; þóttuð mér, er ek þátta, Þorkcls liðar dvelja, when I espied them, O.H.L. (in a poem of A.D. 1012); þá er vígligan vögna vátt, sinn bana þátti, Haustl. (middle of the 10th century); þátti liggja á sléttri grundu sér fjarri, he espied (his sword) lying far off on the ground, Geisli (Cod. Holm., in a poem of A.D. 1154); þá er bani Fáfnis borg um þátti, when the slayer of F. espied (or visited) the burg, Og. 18; er harðhugaðr hamar um þekði, when he espied his hammer, Þkv.; er ek höll Hálfs háfa þekða'k, Gkv. 2. 13; ok er konungr þekkir at sveinninn er heill, Fb. iii. 366; þá þekði hann at tré flaut í lánni, he espied a tree floating in the surf, Mar. (pref. xl); heyra þeir vápna-brakit ok þekkja jóreykina, Al. 31; kann vera at þeir þekki eigi hvárt þar eru karlar eða konur, Ld. 276; mátt þú nú þat þ. (comprehend) er fyrr sagða ek þér, at ..., Sks. 476. This sense is now obsolete. II. to know; þóttisk hón þekkja barnit, Finnb. 214; engi maðr var sá innan-borðs at þetta land þekti, Fms. iii. 181; svá vóru þeir líkir at hvárngan mátti þekkja frá öðrum, Bev.; fá þekt þá hluti, Sks. 119 new Ed.; þekki ek þik görla, segir hann, Fas. ii. 239. This sense is not of very frequent occurrence in old writers, but more so in mod. usage, as it has almost displaced the old kenna, q.v. III. recipr. to know one another, Fas. iii. 535. B. Dep. [þökk], þekkjask, to comply with; en konungrinn þekðisk meirr með einvilja sínum en með vitra manna ráði, the king followed more his own will than good men's counsel, Fms. x. 418. 2. to be pleased; þá þektisk mér at leita hans ráða-görðar, I was pleased, I wished, Sks. 3; megi þér mitt líf þekkjask, may it please thee, Barl. 148. II. to accept of, consent to; bauð honum þar at vera, en hann þekðisk þat, Eg. 23; þeir þökkuðu Úlfi þetta boð sitt ok þektusk þetta boð gjarna, Fær. 46; ek mun fela yðr hér. -- þeir þekkjask þetta, Fms. i. 8; Eiríkr konungr þektisk þann kost, 22; þá eggjuðu höfðingjar aptr-hvarfs, en hann þekðisk eigi þat, he refused, would not, x. 413; ef þú vill mína umsjá þekkjask, vi. 104. 2. part., fám var þekkt í þeirra liði at fara seint, few of them liked to go slowly, Lv. 95. þekkr, adj. agreeable, pleasant, liked; þýðr ok þekkr við sína menn, Fms. x. 420. 2. pliable, tractable, obedient, of a child; hug-þekkr, Ó.H. 16; vera þekkr og hlýðinn; ú-þekkr, disobedient, refractory. þekt, f. a liking; engi þekt mun mér á þeim vera, Fs. 88; ok bauð þeim mikla þekt (a pleasant sensation) er þeir sá líkit, Bs. i. 208; óþekt, a dislike, nuisance: also the being refractory. þekta, t, [from þekkja], to know, with the notion to reprove, chide, cp. kenna A. II. 2; nema Þráinn hann þekti menn af orðum þessum, Nj. 141 (þekði, v.l.); þat fær engi gört, at þekta þik af því sem þú tekr upp, ... en nú til þess at þú þagnir, Bs. i. 567: in a good sense, to know; sá er hann heyrir fá orð varranna þektir (þekkir, v.l.) hann mörg orð hugrenningarinnar, Sks. 120 new Ed.; þá má hann vel þekta alla vegu, 121. ÞEL, n. [cp. A.S. and Engl. felt; Germ. filz; Lat. pilus, Gr. GREEK, þ =f, cp. Gr. GREEK = GREEK, Lat. ferus] :-- the nap on woollen stuffs; þel er á hnefa bundini eða hlutr feldar, Skálda (Thorodd): in mod. usage þel is the soft fine wool, as opp. to the tog or kemp, on Icel. mountain sheep; úr þeli þráð að spinna, a ditty. 2. metaph. the 'texture.' of the mind, disposition; þá varð Pilati þelið kalt, Pass. 19. 6; in the compds, hugar-þel, hjarta-þel, disposition of mind or heart; í þeli niðri, in one's heart's core; mér er vel við hann í þeli niðri, at the bottom of my heart I do like him; cp. Ivar Aasen 'dæ æ godt tæl í den karen,' there is good stuff in that fellow, metaphor from the texture; fagnaðar-lausir niðr í þel, Skáld H. 3. 4. 3. in náttar-þel, night-time. þel-góðr, adj. good in the þel, of wool; þelgóð ull: metaph., mér er þelgott til e-s, to be well-disposed to one. þél, n. fresh-curded milk. COMPDS: þéla-mysa, u, f.fresh whey-milk. þel-kerald, n. a cask with curded milk, Björn. ÞÉL, f., mod. þjöl, gen. þjalar, [A.S. feol; Engl. file; O.H.G. fihala; Germ. feihel and feile; Dan. fil; þ = f] :-- a file; þél er smíðar-tól, Skálda, Thorodd, Stj. 160, Mngn. 450, Þiðr. 79; þél harðari, Fms. vi. 84, Lex. Poët., and passim. þela, að, [Ivar Aasen tela], in part. þelaðr; refill ný-þelaðr, hangings new and thick (the nap not yet worn off), Dipl. v. 18 (see p. 460, col. 1).

734 ÞÉLA -- ÞESSLIGR.

þéla, að, to file, Þiðr. 79. Þela-mörk, f. the Mark of the Thilir (Þilir, q.v.), a county in Norway, Thelemarken, Fms. þel-högg, n. = þela-högg, B.K. 83. þeli, a, m. [akin to þel = nap], frozen ground; vetr svá góðr at engi kom þeli í jörð, Landn. (App.) 324; var þá allr þeli ór jörðu, ok svá blautlent at ..., Fms. ix. 511; snælaust á jörðu, var svað a þelanum, viii. 393; en ef jörðin væri fyrir útan allan verma eðr yl, þá væri hón öll í einum þela, Sks. 210; þíða þela ór brjósti e-m, Hom. 107. 2. metaph. obstruction in the chest, catarrh; hafa þela fyrir brjóstinu. COMPDS: þela-högg, n. an ice-hoe, Bs. i. 319 (freq. in church-inventories for grave-digging), Vm. 65, 70, 87, 117, 124. þela-lauss, adj. unfrozen, thawed, Fas. iii. 3. ÞELLA, u, f. [akin to þollr], a young pine, Norse telle, Lex. Poët., passim, esp. in circumlocutions of women; auðar-þella, hör-þella, mjaðar-þella, Lex. Poët. þelli, n. a collect. = þella, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: þelli-safl, a, m. the sap of young pine-trees, Fms. viii. 33. þelli-viðr, m. pine-wood, B.K. 55. þemba, ð, to blow up, inflate the bowels; þ. sig upp; upp-þembðr, puffed-up, inflated: -- to ride at a dull pace. þemba, u, f. flatulence; upp-þemba. þembingr, m. = þemba; or upp-þembingr; cp. þömb, þamba. þembinn, adj. inflated, blown up. þembi-þrjótr, m. a puffed-up rogue, charlatan, Orkn. (in a verse). þéna, t and að, later form for þjóna (q.v.), to serve; hann þénti hátíðis-dag, Nik. 73; þéatu, Fas. iii. 358, Th. 4. þénari, a, m. [Germ. diener; Dan. tjener], a servant, (mod. word.) þengill, m. [A.S. þengel, from þing], prop. captain of a þing(?), a king, prince, only in poets, Edda i. 516, Hkv. 1. 22, Skv. 1. 25; manna-þengill, the peace-maker of man, of Heimdal, Gm.; stól-þengill, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. a pr. name, Landn. þenja, u, f. a kind of axe, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms. xi. 369; cp. þynna. ÞENJA, pres. þen; pret. þanði, þandi; subj. þendi; part. þaniðr, þandr, þaninn: [A.S. þenjan; O.H.G. denjan; Germ. dehnen; Swed. tänja; Gr. GREEK; Lat. teneo, tendo] :-- to stretch, extend; hann tók hinnu þunna ok þanði of andlit sér, Clem. 129; þenja vömbina, to distend, fill the belly, Fms. viii. 436; þeir flógu af skinn ok þöndu um Klaufa, Sd. 154; þenja húð, Fas. i. 289; sem blaut húð væri þönd um smá-kvistu, Barl. 81; síðan lét hann þ. línu-streng miðil hæla tveggja, Blas. 46; þ. milli tveggja trjá, ... þ. e-n í stagli, Andr. 74, 76. II. reflex., ok þensk upp sem hvöss hljóðs-grein, Skálda 175. þenking, f. a thinking, (mod.); um-þenking, reflection. ÞENKJA, t; for the origin of this word see þekkja, which is the true old Norse form; [þenkja is a mod. word from Germ. denken, whence Dan. tænke] :-- to think; this word first appears at or shortly before the Reformation; hann kvað sér þenkjast, Skáld H. 7. 5; in the Osvalds S., since in the Bible, in hymns, Pass., Vídal.; skal eg þá þurfa að þenkja, hann þyrmi einum mér, Hallgr.: in Sturl. i. 83 (the Editions) and in Lv. 48 this word is due to a mod. interpolation. þensla, u, f. [þenja], expansion. þénusta, u, f., a later form for þjónusta (q.v.), a service, Th. 3, H.E. i. 561. þér, dat. from þú = Lat. tibi, see Gramm. p. xxi. II. plur. ye, later form for ér, see p. 132, col. 2: in addressing, you; gjörið þér svo vel, please! þéra, að, to address by þér (ye); cp. þúa. þerfi-ligr, adj. useful, convenient; er-at mér þerfiligt, it will not do for me, Grett. (in a verse). þerflask, að, = þermlask, Fms. v. 27 (in a verse). þermlask, að, [qs. þerflask, from þarfr, with m = f], to lack, miss, want; with gen., þá er maðr þermlask síns gripar, Grág. ii. 190; hluti þá er þat bú má þermlaz, 43 (þarnask, v.l.); láta e-n þ. handa ok fóta, Sighvat: with dat., allt mál þat er þermlask alþýðligu orðtaki, a phrase not in popular use, i.e. an obsolete phrase, Skálda 199: vvith acc., at engi hlutr þermliz þær báðar, Greg. 6. þerms-ligr, adj. meet, fit; bjóða þeim öllum heim til vistar, þat væri þermsligt, Ísl. ii. 387. þerna, u, f. a tern or sea-swallow, sterna hirundo, Grág. ii. 347, Edda (Gl.); spá-þerna, Hkr. i. (in a verse), and in mod. usage: in the local name þern-ey, near Reykjavík. II. a servant, [Dan. tærne; quite a different word, akin to þirr] :-- a maid-servant, Stj. 138, 172, 616, and so in mod. usage. þér-na, dat. = þér (see -na), Fms. vi. 422 (= tibi-met). ÞERRA, ð, in mod. usage að, [Ulf. ga-þairsan; Dan. törre; cp. Lat tergo; Gr. GREEK; see þurr] :-- to dry, to wipe; hann þó sik ok þerrði á hvítum dúk, and wiped himself on a white towel, Fs. 5; er þú þerrir Gram (the sword) á grasi, Fm. 25; hann þerrði blóðit af andlitinu, Fb. ii. 359; þerra sér um brá með hvítri hendi, Hallfred; þerra af sér sveita, Kormak; á þér munu þau þerra þat, they will wipe it out on thyself, of a blot, Ls. 4; griðkona þín þerrir fætr sína á leiði mínu, Fms. i. 254; þ. af oss synda-dust með iðranar-hendi, Hom. (St.); hón þó fætr hans í tarum ok þerrði hári sínu, Greg. 45; Guð mun þerra öll tár af þeirra augum, Rev. xxi. 4; þerra blóð ok sveita af e-m, Blas. 45; hón tók skikkjuna ok þerrði með blóðit allt, Nj. 171; af þerrar (= þerrir) klár öll þeirra tár, ástar koss margan gefr, Hallgr.; hann mælti við konu þá er honum þerrði, of bathing, Sturl. iii. 111. 2. to dry; þerra úti föt, K.Þ.K. 82; þerra hey, Grág. ii. 276; sólin hefir þerrt sanda þessa með sínum hita, Al. 50. Mod. usage distinguishes between þerra, to wipe, and þurka to dry. þerra, u, f. a towel, Hm. 4, Nj. 176, Sturl. iii. 111, Hkr. iii. 129. þerri-dagr, m. a dry day, Eb. 260. þerri-leysa, u, f. want of dryness, a wet season, Ann. 1312; þerrileysi-sumar, a wet summer, id. þerrir, m. dryness, of weather, dry weather, esp. such as is wanted in summer for drying hay; it is a household word in Icel.; eptir þat mun verða gott til þerra (gen. pl.) hinn næsta hálfan mánuð, Eb. 150; um kveldit görði þerri góðan ok þornaði heyit, 260; til þerris, for drying, Ld. 290; breiða klæði til þerris, Fms. iii. 184; ú-þerrir, wetness, a wet season; rifa-þerrir, a scorching dry day. þerra-leysi, n. a lack ofþerrir, Bs. i. 144. þerri-samr, adj. good for drying, of a season, Eb. 150; sumar ú-þerrisamt, a wet summer, 258. þerri-sumar, n. a dry summer, Sturl. ii. 81. þess, gen., see þat B. þess-háttar, gen. of that kind, Fms. i. 15, Edda 148. ÞESSI, fem. þessi, neut. þetta, a demonstr. pron. A. THE FORMS. -- The Icel., like other Teut. languages, except the Goth., has two demonstr. prons., one simple, sá sú þat, another emphatic or deictic, þessi, þetta (cp. Gr. GREEK and GREEK, Lat. hic and hicce); the latter is a compound word, the particle -si, sometimes changed into -sa, being suffixed to the cases of the simple pronoun; Dr. Egilsson, in Lex. Poët., first explained that this suffix was the imperative 'see,' Goth. sai; þessi, as well as the Engl. thi-s, the-se, tho-se, is therefore qs. the-see, that-see. The forms vary much: I. the earliest declension is with the suffixed particle, like -gi in ein-gi, q.v., indeclinable; it is mostly so on the Runic stones, where we find the following forms, -- dat. þeim-si (huic-ce), Rafn 178; acc. þann-si (hunc-ce), passim; þá-si (hanc-ce): plur. þeir-si (hi-ce); dat. þeim-si (his-ce); acc. þá-si (hos-ce); neut. plur. þau-si (haec-ce), passim: of this declension the vellums have only preserved the dat. sing. neut. því-sa, and the dat. masc. sing. and plur. þeim-a. On the Runic stones the acc. masc. sing. and plur., the acc. fem. plur., and the acc. neut. plur. are, so to say, standing phrases -- to raise 'this stone,' 'these stones,' or 'these kumbls' (neut. plur.), or to carve 'these Runes;' but the other cases can only be assumed from later forms; in the Runic inscriptions they are wanting, because there was no occasion for them; thus því-sa and þeima are freq. in old Icel. vellums, but are hardly met with in Runes. Even nom. sing. masc. and fem. sá-si (hic-ce) and sú-si (haec-ce) are said to occur in two or three Runic inscriptions. II. the whole word was next turned into a regular adjective with the inflexion at the end, just like margr from mann-gi, öngr from ein-gi, in which case the suffix became assimilated to the preceding pronoun, sometimes the inflexive s and sometimes the final letter of the pronoun prevailing; hence arose the forms as given in Gramm. p. xxi: α. the s prevailed in the forms þessi qs. þer-si; in þes-sa; in þessum qs. þeim-sum, þem-sum; rununi þimsum (hisce literis) occurs in Rafn 165, but is there erroneously explained; in þessu qs. því-su: acc. plur. þessa qs. þá-sa, þessar qs. þær-sar, þessi qs. þau-si. β. again, the final of the pronoun prevailed in þenna qs. þann-sa, þetta qs. þat-sa; so also in þeima, which stands for þeimnia, which again is an assimilation for þeim-sa or þeim-si. 2. the older form for gen. and dat. sing. fem., as also gen. plur., is bisyllabic (gen. þessa, dat. þessi, gen. plur. þessa); þessar messu, Hom. 41; þessar upp-rásar, Fms. i. 166: í þessi útlegð, 78; af þessi sótt, ix. 390; til þessa saka, Grág. i. 324, and passim; hence, later, þessarrar, þessarri, þessarra; thus, þessarrar, MS. 544. 151; þessarri, Sks. 672 B; þessarrar, 786 B, and so in mod. usage. III. a spec. form is þessor (q.v.), formed like nokkorr or engarr, but only used in nom. sing. fem. and nom. acc. neut. plur. (þessor bæn, þessor orð); it seems to be a Norse form: [A.S. þes, pl. þâs; Engl. this, these; Hel. þese; O.H.G. deser; Germ. dieser; Dan.-Swed. denne is formed from the old acc. þenna; pl. disse.] B. THE SENSE. -- This, pl. these. For the usages see the writers passim; it suffices to observe, that þessi is used both as adjective and as substantive; as adjective it may be placed before or after its noun (þessi kona or kona þessi): ellipt. usages are, í þessu, in this moment, Fms. ii. 60; í þessi (viz. hríð), in this nick of time, x. 415. For its usage with the article inn, see hinn, p. 263, col. 1 (II. 1); þessi inn skakk-borni, sveinn, Al. 29; þenna inn unga dreng, 656 C. 32, and passim. þess-konar, gen. of that kind, such, Hkr. i. 119, Ísl. ii. 391, Íb. 9, Sks. 97, Fms. x. 289. þess-liga, adv. 'thusly' on this wise, thus, Fb. i. 280. þess-ligr, adj. 'thus-like,' of such appearance, Lv. 59.

735 ÞESSLÍKR -- ÞILJA.

þess-líkr, adj. such-like, Fms. xi. 119. þess-na, gen. þess with the suffixed -na, q.v., Fas. ii. 147. þessor = þessi, q.v.; þessor sekt, Gþl. 194; eign þessor, 289; þessor bæn, Hom. 157; þessor tíðendi, Fms. ix. 317, 324; þessor mál, 378; þessor annsvör, x. 392 (twice); þessor orð, 402, Hom. 157; þessor dæmi, Sks. 475; þessor nömn, Hom. 27. þétta, að, to make thick or tight. þétti, a, m. thick curded milk. þétt-leiki, a, m. tightness, thickness. þétt-ligr, adj. tight; skipin eigi þéttlig, Fms. ix. 380. ÞÉTTR, adj. [Engl. tight, taut; Dan. tæt], tight, opp. to leaking; vátviðri en hús eigi þétt, Bs. i. 316; í skinnbrókum þéttum, water-tight, 330; ok lykr fast ok þétt, Þiðr. 70; skip þétt sem bytta, Krók. 25 new Ed.; ó-þéttr, lög-þéttr, water-tight, of a cask. 2. heavy, close;þétt svör, Ó.H. (in a verse); all-þétt, þéttan, acc. as adverb, closely, hard, Ísl. ii. (in a verse). þexla, u, f. [Ivar Aasen teksla and tængsel], an adze, mod. skar-öx; með smá-öxum eðr þexlum, A.A. 270 (from the Hb.): as a nickname, Landu. (App. 355). þey, þey, or better þei, þei, interj., contr. qs. þegi, þegi (imperat.), tush, tush; freq. in mod. usage. þey, n., also þeyja, u, f. [þegja], one's silent mood; in phrases such as, í þeyi niðri. or í þeyju sinni, or í kyrr-þey, quietly, silently. þey-bitra, u, f. a chilliness from thaw (Jón Guðmundsson). þeygi, qs. þó-gi, or þó-eigi, yet not, although not; því at álfröðull lýsir of alla daga, ok þeygi at mínum munum, Skm. 4; þeygi er sem þú þrjú bú góð eigir, Hbl. 6; of þeygi of sanna sök, Hm. 119; þeygi ek hana at heldr hefik, 95; fóra fælt þ., Am. 45; glúpnuðu ok grétu þeygi, 73; þeygi vel glýjuð, Vsp. 39; ef maðr færir meybarn fram, ok þeygi sinn ómaga, Grág. i. 281; cn þeygi verða þeir óhelgir fyrir áverkum er fyrir standa, ii. 14; veit hann þeygi hverjum hann sparir þat, 623. 21; ok kvað þat þeirra ráð, en þeygi vil ek sitja yðr frýju, Hkr. iii. 397; stendr sá meðal yðar, at ek væra þeygi verðr at leysa skóþveng hans, þótt ..., yet not ... although ..., Hom. (St.); svá es mælt of en íllu verk, at þeygi eru þess verk es viðr ... nema, yet not ... unless, id.; at þeygi nýtr þótt viljandi vinni, id.; at hann væri í friði en kæmisk þ. á braut, that he should be left at peace, yet not at large, Post. 231; þat man þeygi sjatna, Orkn. (in a verse); þeygi Guðrún gráta mátti, yet G. could not weep, Gkv. 1. 2, 4, 10, Skv. 3. 40, 66; enda er þá eigi örvænt at þeygi lesa ek vel, Skálda (Thorodd). ÞEYJA, this verb occurs only in the infinitive, except as a GREEK in pret. þá, Gh. 21; [A.S. þawan; Engl. thaw; in North and West Engl. proncd. thow; Germ. thauen; Dan. töe] :-- to thaw; nú er margháttað um veðrin, þótti mér élligt vera ok allkallt, en nú þykki mér sem þeyja muni. -- Þá mun ávalt þeyja ef þetta verðr at því, Vápn. 21 (the vellum). II. metaph. to cease; svá þá Guðrún sinna harma, thus Gudrun appeased her woes, Gh. 21; ek frá hungr varga þeyja, the hunger of wolves was appeased, Ó.H. (in a verse), where þeyja rhymes with ey, and cannot therefore stand for þegja = to be silent. ÞEYR, m., gen. þeys, Band. (in a verse); dat. þey; [Engl. thaw; Dan. tö] :-- a thaw; görði á þey með regni, Þórð. 11 new Ed.; göra þeir vindar um vetrum góðan þey (stóra þeyi ok miklar hlákur, v.l.), Sks. 49 new Ed.; þá var þeyr ok snælaust á jörðu, Fms. viii. 393; í bráða-þeyjum, Eg. 766; hlær ok inn bezti þeyr, Fms. ii. 228; þeyr hafði á verit, ok sá manns-sporin í snjónum, Fs. 41: poët. hjör-þeyr, örva-þeyr, egg-þeyr, geir-þeyr, víg-þeyr, Héðins þeyr, Göndlar þeyr, the storm of sword or spear, a war-storm, i.e. battle of Hedin and G. (a Valkyriur), Lex. Poët. POËT. COMPDS: þey-láð, þey-rann, n. = the heaven, sky, Lex. Poët. ÞEYSA, t, [answering þjósa, þaus may be suggested, but is lost, cp. þausnir and þysja, þyss] :-- to make to spirt out, gush forth; þeysti Egill upp ór sér spýju mikla, Eg. 553; þeysa vörru, to stir the water, in rowing, Hornklofi. II. to make rush forth, to storm, of warfare; þá þeysti hann lið sitt at þeim fram, Fms. viii. 376; þeysa allan her til borgarinnar, Stj.; þá þeysir hann herinn út af sínu ríki, Þiðr. 160; þeysa reiðina, to ride at a gallop, Róm. 287; Mauri þeysa áreiðina, of an attack of horsemen, 314; síðan þeysa þeir herinn allan upp með Rín, Karl. 390, Fms. vi. (in a verse); þeysa flota at e-m, Ht.: with dat., þeysa út óvígum her ór borginni, Þiðr. 28; þeir þeystu þá sem harðast at þeim, rushed on them, Fms. viii. 417, Barl. 53, Th. 78. 2. absol. þeysa, to ride furiously. III. reflex. to rush on; þeystisk of bekki, of a river, Am. 25; þá þeystisk eptir allr múgrinn, Fms. viii. 201; er eigi þeystisk allr senn þessi múgr á oss, 415. 2. = part., vera auð-þeystr, to be easy to stir, Stor.: fólk-þeysandi, gunn-þeysandi, a stormer, a warrior, Lex. Poët. þeysir, m. a rusher, stormer; in ör-þeysis, Lex. Poët. ÞEYTA, t, a causal to þjóta, þaut :-- to make sound, þeyta lúðr, to blow the trumpet, Stj. 392, Al. 35; þ. hornum, to blow the horn, Stj. 133; þeyta organ, to blow the organ, Konr.; þeyta röddina, to shout out, Fms. i. 302, 303, THom. 409, passim. 2. to gallop, to ride fast, Fas. i. 93, and in mod. usage. þeytari, a, m. a trumpeter; lúðr-þ. þeytir, m. = þeytari, Lex. Poët. þeyti-spjald, n. a top. þey-þunnr, adj. thin from thaw, of ice; svelli þeyþunnu, Hallgr. ÞIÐ and þit, dual, ye, passim; the older form is ið or it, see Gramm. p. xxi; see þit. þiðit, part. (remnant of a strong verb, þíða, þeið, þiðit), thawed, free from ice; vóru aldregi svá mikil úlögin at eigi var þiðit um skipin, O.H.L. 12. þiðna, að, [þíðr], to thaw, melt away; fyrr en ísa leysti ok sjár tæki at þiðna, Orkn. 108; af snjó þeim er eigi kann þ., Al. 155; íss eða snjór, nema þat þiðni svá at þar verði vatn af, K.Á. 6; þiðna ok hitna, Stj. 96; metaph., hjarta þiðnar, 362; þiðni sorgir, may the sorrows melt away, Gh. 20. Þiðrandi, a, m., prop. a he-partridge, = þiðurr(?), but only used as a nickname, and then as a pr. name, Landn.; Þiðranda-bani, the slayer of Th., a nickname, Njarð. þiðurr, m., pl. þiðrar; [mod. Norse tjur; Gr. GREEK] :-- a partridge. Lat. tetrao perdrix, Edda (Gl.); þiðra (gen. pl.), Gþl. 449: in poets, ben-þ., val-þ., a carrion-bird, Lex. Poët. ÞIGGJA, pres. þigg; pret. þá or þág, þátt, þáttu, Band. 37; pl. þágu; subj. þæi part. þeginn; imperat. þigg, þiggðú: with suff., þi'kk, qs. þigg'k, þik'k-ak, I receive not, Skm. 22; in mod. usage the pret. is weak, þáði, Pass. 16. 1: [Dan. tigge = to beg, tigger = a beggar] :-- to receive, accept of; fannka ek mildan mann eða svá matar-góðan, at ei væri þiggja þegit, Hm. 38; gefa e-m e-t at þiggja, Hdl. 2; örr ok fégjarn, ok þotti bæði gott at þiggja ok veita, Fms. iv. 109; við taka né þiggja, xi. 54; bauð ek þér at vera ok þáttu þat ok vart feginn, Band. 37; sælla er að gefa enn þiggja, N.T. 2. ellipt. (hús, gisting understood), þiggja, to take lodging, to receive hospitality for a night; þigg þú hér, Sigurðr, en þú Geitir tak við Grana! Skv. 1. 5. 3. with acc., þiggja e-t, or with prep., þiggja e-t at e-m or af e-m; þáttu at öðrum, thou wast the guest of others, Fas. i. 296 (in a verse); konungr þá Jóla-veizlu í Þrándheimi, Fms. i. 31; sinn vetr þá hvárr heimboð at öðrum fyrir vináttu sakir, Nj. 51; ef goði þiggr grið með þriðjungs-manni sínum, Grág. i. 160; marga góða gjöf hefi ek af þér þegit, Nj. 10; ok þág af þeim mikla sæmd, 281; þ. e-t at e-m, to receive at one's hands; lög þau er lýðir þágu at þeim nöfnum, Sighvat; at hann þá gjöf af vin sínum, Sks. 659; gestir ókunnir ok þágu mat at mér, Fms. x. 218; ok þá af honum jarls-nafn, 406; leyfi vil ek þ. af yðr, herra, ii. 79. 4. to accept a thing; baug ek þikkak, epli ellifu ek þigg aldregi, Skm.; þat þag hann, Nj. 46; þóttisk hann þá vita, at Óðinn myndi hafa þegit blótið, Fms. i. 131. 5. to get, Lat. impetrare; veiztu ef þiggjum þann lögvelli(?), Hým. 6; ef hann fjör þægi, Am. 59; þiggja fóstr, to receive care, to be fostered, Rekst. 2; hann getr þegit mönnum ár ok frið af Guði, Ó.H. (in a verse); þ. jóðs aðal, Ýt.; þ. hörð dæmi, to have a hard life, undergo hardships, Hkv. 2. 2; ok þá hann þar fyrir höfuð sitt, Eg. 419; hann beiddisk griða ... ok þá hvárt-tveggja, Fms. x. 408; þá er hann máttigr at þ. allt þat er hann vill, Magn. 432; þá vóru öll héröð í frið þegin, pacified, Fms. vi. 341; bið ek þik, haf þú mik undan þeginn, I pray thee, have me excused, Greg. 28 (Luke xiv; eg bið, afsaka mig!); ef þér vilit þessa menn undan þiggja, if ye will get these men relieved, Fms. x. 298, xi. 152; ok þágu þeir þá alla undan, they got them free, Nj. 163. II. pass., þásk (þaaz) hans bæn þegar, Stj. 272. þiggjandi, part. a receiver, Grág. ii. 169: a possessor, owner, Lex. Poët. þik, acc. of the pers. pron. = Lat. te; in later vellums and in mod. usage, þig, see Gramm. ÞIKKJA, see þykkja. þiklingr, m. a 'thickling' stout person, of a giant, Bragi (a GREEK.) þil-blakkr, m., poët, a deal-steed, i.e. a ship, Lex. Poët. þil-far, n. the deck of a ship, Fms. ix. 33, Fas. iii. 377, and in mod. usage. þil-fjöl, f. a deal-board, Fms. iii. 196. ÞILI, n., mod. þil, [A.S. þil; akin to fjöl, q.v.], a deal, wainscot, plank, partition; þau þili héldusk, Fbr. 82; þilinn öðrum þiljum, 44 new Ed.; þeir brutu upp þilit, Eg. 235; síðan hneig hón upp at þilinu ok mataðisk eigi, Lv. 38; Njáll var komin í rekkju, heyrði hann at öx kom við þilit, Nj. 68; í dyri-stafi eða þili, Bs. i. 508 (Sturl. ii. 49, l.c. þil); milli þilis ok hans, Fs. 7; hvárt viltú heldr liggja við stokk eðr þil(i), Sturl. ii. 207: bekk-þili, skjald-þili, vegg-þili. Þilir, m. pl. the name of a Norse people, the men of Þela-mörk (q.v.), a county in southern Norway (Thulenses ?), Fms. passim, Fas. i. 382. þili-viðr, m. the wainscot; vóru markaðar ágætar sögur á þiliviðinum ok svá á ræfrinu, Ld. 114. ÞILJA, pres. þil; pret. þilði; part. þiliðr, þilðr, þilinn: mod. þiljaði, þiljað: [A.S. þiljan] :-- to cover with deals, to board, plank; tóku frá vígin, háboruðu ok þildu á bitum, Fms. ix. 44; lét þ. skipin ok tjalda, iv. 236; hann þilði alla veggi hússins með þrennum þiljum, Stj. 562; fella innan kofann ok þilja sem vandlegast, Bs. i. 194: þilja allan garðinn af nýju, D.N. iv. 283; hann (the skáli) er þiliðr um endilangt, Fbr. 67 new Ed.; þilinn, 44, l.c.; gólf allt þilið með marmara-steini, Art. 6; þat grjót er höllin var þilin með, Karl. 60; þildir neðan vel, Sks. 88 new Ed.; tvitog-sessa tjölduð ok þiljuð, Hkr. ii. 294 (but better tjölduð ok þilið, Ó.H. 178, l.c.)

736 ÞILJA -- ÞINGA.

þilja, u, f. a deal, plank, planking, esp. on a ship; þilja Hrungnis ilja, Edda. (Ht.); en er hann kom fram um siglu, þá skautzt niðr þilja undir fótum honum, Fms. viii. 74; þiljo eða þópto, Grág. ii. 171; brjóta árar eða þiljur, 356; sess-þiljur, 'seat-deals,' the thwarts or benches in a boat or galley, Hornklofi. 2. pl. the deck; undir þiljur niðr, Ó.H. 225, Fms. vi. 446; þá var Þyri dróttning leidd upp undan þiljum, iii. 11; far þú undir þiljur niðr ok ligg eigi hér fyrir fótum mönnum, Orkn. 148; hann bjó á þiljum frammi, Eb. 196; valr lá þröngt á þiljum, Sighvat. þil-tré, n., better þvertré, Sturl. ii. 109. ÞIND, f., not þynd, as it is sometimes spelt by modern writers, the i is determined by the old rhyme vindr í sal þindar, Edda l.c.; [from þenja, prop. what is stretched out; Lat. tent-orium, although different in sense, seems really to be the same word] :-- the diaphragm; the word is very freq. in mod. usage, although not recorded in old writers except in this sole instance; salr þindar, the breast, Edda ii. 363 (in a verse), þindar-lauss, adj. without a diaphragm, one who is never out of breath in running, esp. used as an epithet of the fox. ÞING, n. [no Goth. þigg is recorded; A.S. and Hel. þing; Engl. thing; O.H.G., Germ., and Dutch ding; Dan.-Swed. ting] A. A thing, Lat. res. In the Icel. this sense of the word is almost unknown, although in full use in mod. Dan.-Swed. ting, where it may come from a later Germ. influence. II. in plur. articles, objects, things, esp. with the notion of costly articles: þeir rannsaka allan hans reiðing ok allan hans klæðnað ok þing, articles, Sturl. iii. 295; þau þing (articles, inventories) er hann keypti kirkjunni innan sik, Vm. 20; þessi þing gaf Herra Vilkin kirkjunni í Klofa, -- messu-klæði, kaleik, etc., 26. 2. valuables, jewels (esp. of a married lady), the law often speaks of the 'þing' and the 'heimanfylgja;' ef maðr fær konu at lands-lögum réttum ... þá skulu lúkask henni þing sín ok heimanfylgja, Gþl. 231; hann hafði ór undir-heimum þau þing at eigi munu slík í Noregi, Fms. iii. 178; siðan tók hón þing sín, 195; eptir samkvámu (marriage) þeirra þá veitti Sveinn konungr áhald þingum þeim er ját vóru ok skilat með systur hans, x. 394; maðr skal skilja þing með frændkonu sinni ok svá heiman-fylgju, N.G.L. ii; skal Ólafr lúka Geirlaugu þing sín, svá mikil sem hón fær löglig vitni til, D.N. i. 108; þinga-veð, a security for a lady's paraphernalia, D.N. passim. B. As a law phrase [see Þingvöllr]: I. an assembly, meeting, a general term for any public meeting, esp. for purposes of legislation, a parliament, including courts of law; in this sense þing is a standard word throughout all Scandinavian countries (cp. the Tyn-wald, or meeting-place of the Manx parliament): technical phrases, blása til þings, kveðja þings, stefna þing, setja þing, kenna þing (N.G.L. i. 63); helga þing, heyja þing, eiga þing; slíta þingi, segja þing laust, to dissolve a meeting, see the verbs: so also a þing 'er fast' when sitting, 'er laust' when dissolved (fastr I. γ, lauss II. 7); Dróttins-dag hinn fyrra í þingi, ríða af þingi, ríða á þing, til þings, vera um nótt af þingi, öndvert þing, ofanvert þing, Grág. i. 24, 25; nú eru þar þing (parliaments) tvau á einum þingvelli, ok skulu þeir þá fara um þau þing bæði (in local sense), 127; um várit tóku bændr af þingit ok vildu eigi hafa, Vápn. 22; hann hafði tekit af Vöðla-þing, skyldi þar eigi sóknar-þing heita, Sturl. i. 141: in countless instances in the Sagas and the Grág., esp. the Nj. passim, Íb. ch. 7, Gísl. 54-57, Glúm. ch. 24, 27, Eb. ch. 9, 10, 56, Lv. ch. 4, 15-17: other kinds of assemblies in Icel. were Leiðar-þing, also called Þriðja-þing, Grág. i. 148; or Leið, q.v.; hreppstjórnar-þing (see p. 284); manntals-þing; in Norway, bygða-þing, D.N. ii. 330; hús-þing, vápna-þing, refsi-þing, v. sub vocc. :-- eccl. a council, H.E. i. 457, Ann. 1274; þing í Nicea, 415. 14. 2. a parish (opp. to a benefice); in Iceland this word is still used of those parishes whose priest does not reside by the church, no manse being appointed as his fixed residence; such a parish is called þing or þinga-brauð (and he is called þinga-prestr, q.v.), as opp. to a 'beneficium,' Grág. i. 471, K.Þ.K. 30, 70, K.Á. passim; bóndi er skyldr at ala presti hest til allra nauðsynja í þingin, Vm. 73; tíundir af hverjum bónda í þingunum, 96, Bs. i. 330, H.E. ii. 48, 85, 128. 3. an interview, of lovers, H.E. i. 244; þat var talat at Þorbjörn væri í þingum við Þórdísi, Gísl. 5; nær þú á þingi mant nenna Njarðar syni, Skm. 38; man-þing, laun-þing. II. loc. a district, county, shire, a þing-community, like lög (sec p. 369, col. 2, B. II); a 'þing' was the political division of a country; hence the law phrase, vera í þingi með goða, to be in the district of such and such a godi, to be his liegeman, cp. þingfesti; or, segjask or þingi, see the Grág., Nj., and Sagas, passim; full goðorð ok forn þing, Grág. i. 15; í því þingi eðr um þau þing, 85. In later times Icel. was politically divided into twelve or thirteen counties. In old days every community or 'law' had its own assembly or parliament, whence the double sense of 'lög' as well as of 'þing.' C. HISTORICAL REMARKS. -- In Norway the later political division and constitution of the country dates from king Hacon the Good and his counsellors Thorleif the Wise and earl Sigurd. As king Harold Fairhair was the conqueror of Norway, so was his son Hacon her legislator as also the founder of her constitution, and of her political division into 'þings;' for this is the true meaning of the classical passage, -- hann (king Hacon) lasgði mikinn hug á laga-setning í Noregi, hann setti Gulaþings-lög ok Frostaþings-lög, ok Heiðsævis-lög fyrst at upphafi, en áðr höfðu sér hverir fylkis-menn lög, Ó.H. 9; in Hkr. l.c. the passage runs thus -- hann setti Gulaþings-lög með ráði Þorleifs spaka, ok hann setti Frostaþings-lög með ráði Sigurðar jarls ok annara Þrænda þeirra er vitrastir vóru, en Heiðsævis-lög hafði sett Hálfdan svarti, sem fyrr er ritað, Hkr. 349 new Ed.; the account in Eg. ch. 57, therefore, although no doubt true in substance, is, as is so often the case in the Sagas, an anachronism; for in the reign of Eric 'Bloodaxe,' there were only isolated fylkis-þing, and no Gula-þing. In later times St. Olave added a fourth þing, Borgar-þing, to the three old ones of king Hacon (those of Gula, Frosta, and Heiðsævi); and as he became a saint, he got the name of legislator in the popular tradition, the credit of it was taken from Hacon, the right man; yet Sighvat the poet speaks, in his Bersöglis-vísur, of the laws of king Hacon the foster-son of Athelstan. Distinction is therefore to be made between the ancient 'county' þing and the later 'united' þing, called lög-þing (Maurer's 'ding-bund'); also almennilegt þing or almanna-þing, D.N. ii. 265, iii. 277; fjórðunga þing, ii. 282; alþingi, alls-herjar-þing. The former in Norway was called fylkis-þing, or county þing; in Icel. vár-þing, héraðs-þing, fjórðungs-þing (cp. A.S. scîrgemot, a shiremote). Many of the old pre-Haconian fylkis-þing or shiremotes seem to have continued long afterwards, at least in name, although their importance was much reduced; such we believe were the Hauga-þing (the old fylkis-þing of the county Westfold), Fms. viii. 245, Fb. ii. 446, iii. 24; as also Þróndarness-þing, Arnarheims-þing, Kefleyjar-þing, Mork. 179. II. in Iceland the united þing or parliament was called Al-þingi; for its connection with the legislation of king Hacon, see Íb. ch. 2-5 (the chronology seems to be confused): again, the earlier Icel. spring þings (vár-þing), also called héraðs-þing (county þing) or fjórðunga-þing (quarter þing), answer to the Norse fylkis-þing; such were the Þórness-þing, Eb., Landn., Gísl., Sturl.; Kjalarness-þing, Landn. (App.); Þverár-þing, Íb.; also called Þingness-þing, Sturl. ii. 94; Húnavatns-þing, Vd.; Vöðla-þing, Lv., Band.; Skaptafells-þing, Nj.; Árness-þing, Flóam. S.; þingskála-þing, Nj.; Hegraness-þing, Glúm., Lv., Grett.; Múla-þing (two of that name), Jb. (begin.), cp. Grág. i. 127; Þorskafjarðar-þing, Gísl., Landn.; Þingeyjar-þing, Jb.; further, Krakalækjar-þing, Dropl. (vellum, see Ny Fél. xxi. 125); Sunnudals-þing, Vápn.; þing við Vallna-laug, Lv.; þing í Straumfirði, Eb.; Hvalseyrar-þing, Gísl.; or þing í Dýrafirði, Sturl.; Fjósatungu-þing, Lv. III. in Sweden the chief þings named were Uppsala-þing, Ó.H.; and Mora-þing (wrongly called Múla-þing, Ó.H. l.c., in all the numerous vellum MSS. of this Saga; the Icelandic chronicler or the transcriber probably had in mind the Icel. þing of that name). IV. in Denmark, Vebjarga-þing, Knytl. S.; Íseyrar-þing, Jómsv. S. V. in the Faroe Islands, the þing in Þórshöfn, Fær.: in Greenland, the þing in Garðar, Fbr. VI. freq. in Icel. local names, Þing-völlr, Þing-vellir (plur.) = Tingwall, in Shetland; Þing-nes, Þing-eyrar, Þing-ey, Þing-eyri (sing.); Þing-múli, Þing-skálar, etc., Landn., map of Icel.; Þing-holt (near Reykjavik). D. COMPDS: þings-afglöpun, f. contempt of court, a law phrase, Grág. i. 5, Nj. 150. þings-boð, n. a summons to a þing, N.G.L. i. 55. þinga-brauð, n. a parish-vicarage, see B. I. 2. þinga-deild, f. litigation at a þing, Íb. 8. þinga-dómr, m. a court at a þing, a public court, Grág. i. 127. þinga-kvöð, f. a summoning persons to an assembly, to perform public duties there; vanda skal búa í þingakvöð, Grág. i. 142. þinga-prestr, m. a vicar of a parish (B. I. 2), Sturl. i. 125, H.E. ii. 215. þinga-saga, u, f. = þingaþáttr, Mork. 174. þinga-tollr, m. a church-toll, H.E. ii. 509, D.I. 276. þinga-þáttr, m. (Hkr. l.c.), the name of the interesting record in Mork. 174. þinga, að, to hold a meeting; þinga um mál manna, Eg. 340; konungar tóku þar veizlur ok þinguðu við bændr, Fms. vi. 191; konungr ferr suðr með landi ok dvalðisk í hverju fylki ok þingaði við bændr, en á hverju þingi lét hann upp lesa Kristin lög, Ó.H. 46; Satan hefir þá þingat við djöfla helvítis ok mælt ..., Niðrst. 1; þat er siðr á Íslandi á haustum, at bændr þinga til fátækra manna (see hreppr), Fb. iii. 421. 2. metaph. to consult or parley about, consider; menn sögðu at þeir þinguðu öðrumegin árinnar, Fms. xi. 269; ekki veit ek hvat þeir þinga (what they are discussing), en þat hygg ek at þeir þræti um, hvárt Vésteinn hefði átt dætr einar, eða hefði hann átt son nokkurn, Gísl. 56; þeir þinguðu um hvat at skyldi göra, Fms. vi. 28; hví ætlar þú at Guðmundr þingi svá fast inn þetta, Lv. 51; var lengi þingat, ok at lyktum festu bændr í dóm Erlings, Fms. vii. 302. þingaðr, m., only poët., in heim-þingaðr, q.v. þinga-lið, n. = Þingamanna-lið; sá er vestr sat í Þinga-liði, Baut. 349. Þinga-menn, m. pl. the name of the house-carles or body-guard of king Canute and his successors in England; it was a hired corps of soldiers, like the Wærings in Constantinople, Fb. i. 203, 205, Ó.H. 21, 25, Fms. vi. (in a verse). Þingamanna-lið, n. id., Valla L. 222, Orkn. 84 old Ed., Fb. i. l.c. þingan, f. a debate, holding counsel, Bs. i. 350. þingat, adv. thither; see þangat. þing-á, f. = þinghá (q.v.), Fb. ii. 184, Fms. viii, 183, v.l. 4.

ÞINGBITR -- ÞINGMOT. 737

þing-bítr, m. a nickname, Fas. i. 314. þing-boð, n. [Swed. ting-kafle], an 'assembly-despatch,' in the shape of a stick, cross, or axe; þar fór um landit þ. nökkut, at allir menn skyldi til þings koma, Fms. i. 149; skera (upp) þ., Ó.H. 105, 121, 151, N.G.L. i. 63; stefna þing, ok hafa upp hafit þ. fyrir fimmt, Gþl. 451, Js. 41; kross eðr þ, skal eigi yngri maðr bera enn tólf vettra, N.G.L. i. 139. þing-borinn, part. presented at an assembly; hvalr banvænn af þingbornu skoti, Grág. ii. 371. þing-bók, f. a protocol, (mod.) þing-brekka, u, f. the 'parliament-brink,' a law term; at all old places where parliament was held there was a 'brink' or high place where the law was read, speeches made, or proclamations and declarations issued to the assembled people (the Tynwald in the Isle of Man is just such a spot), this place was called the 'thing-brink' (at the alþing it was called the Lögberg or 'Hill of laws'); lýsa í þingbrekku, ... stefna um í þingbrekku til dóms, Grág. (Kb.) i. 99; ganga í þingbrekku ok nefna vátta, 107 hann skal til segja þrjú vór í þingbrekku, svá at meiri hlutr þing-heyjanda heyri, ii. 158; Egill Skallagrímsson gekk í þingbrekku um daginn eptir ... þá stóð Egill upp ok mælti svá ..., Eg. 734; þá gengr Glúmr í þingbrekku ok nefnir vátta, Glúm. 387; at þinglausnum í þingbrekku stóð Þorsteinn upp ok mælti, Þorst. Síðu H. 174; leiða í brekku, to lead to the brink or hill of laws, i.e. to proclaim; ef þræli er frelsi gefit ok er hann eigi leiddr í lög eða brekku, Grág. i. 358. þing-býr, m. a house or town where a meeting is held, D.N. i. 486. þing-dagr, m. a 'meeting-day,' a day on which a þing is held, Gþl. 107; stefna e-m þingdag, to summon, Mar. þing-deila, u, f. a lawsuit in a public court, Hrafn. 12, Fb. i. 443. þing-deild, f. = þingdeila, Nj. 86, Ld. 298. þing-fastr, adj. belonging to a certain county (þing), Grág. i. 159. þing-ferð, f. a journey to a þing. Eg. 765. þing-festi, f. a law term, domicile in or allegiance to a 'þing-community. In the Icel. Commonwealth every franklin had to declare his allegiance to one of the priests, and to say of what community he was a member; yet the word was political rather than strictly geographical, for the 'þings,' like the 'godords,' were not strictly geographical divisions, Grág. i. 164: hence the phrase, spyrja at þingfesti e-s. to speer after a man's þingfesti, call on him to declare it, as also ganga við þ. e-s, to acknowledge one's þ. (of the priest), Grág. (Kb.) i. 3, 43, 132, Nj. 87; því at einu er rétt at hafa þingfesti í öðrum fjórðungi heldr enn er maðr býr, ef goða er þat lofat þeim at lögbergi at taka þriðjungs-mann útan-fjórðungs, Grág. i. 165, which last passage is evidently a 'novella.' þing-fólk, n. an assembly, = þingheimr, Hkr. i. 261. þing-færr, adj. able to go to the þing; þá var Gizurr biskup eigi þ., Sturl. i. 204 (Bs. i. 69); þ. hestr, Grág. i. 52; eiga þingfært, referring to outlaws (sekr maðr) who were not allowed to appear at a þing (cp. vargr í véum), Grág. ii. 78. þing-för, f. = þingferð, Grág. i. 46, ii. 34; um þingfarir, at the season of alþing, Grett. 136 A (um þing Ed.) COMPDS: þingfarar-balkr, m. the section of law referring to the parliament, Jb. 5, Gþl. þingfarar-fé, n. = þingfararkaup, Gþl. 11. þingfarar-kaup, n. a fee for travelling to the parliament, as a law term, being a tax levied from every franklin, out of which those were paid who had to go up to the parliament on public business, whether as jurors, judges, or otherwise; every 'þing-heyjandi' received his fee from this source, the amount being regulated by the distance from the place of the assembly, or by the number of day's-journeys each man had to travel, Grág. i. 24, cp. Jb. 52. A census was taken (about A.D. 1100) in Iceland of all the franklins who had to pay the þing-tax, which shewed that there were at that time 4,500 cottagers and proletarians not included, Íb. 17; a man who paid no such tax could neither sit as 'neighbour' or judge, Grág. i. 50; ef bóndi á fé minna, en hann eigi þingfarar-kaupi at gegna, ok ..., K.Þ.K. 4. For Norway see Gþl. Þingfarab. ch. 2. þing-ganga, u, f. = þingför, N.G.L. i. 62, Js. 39. þing-gengt, n. adj., in the phrase, eiga þ. = eiga þingfært, Js. 39. þing-haugr, m. a 'þing-how,' hill of laws, a Norse local name, D.N. v. 957, perh. = þingbrekka. þing-há, f. (also spelt þingá; see há) :-- a þing-district or community, originally a shire having a meeting or parliament of its own, the word is esp. freq. in Norway (in Icel. abbreviated into 'þing'), Hkr. i. 147; konungr fór í allar þinghár ok kristnaði þar allan lýð, Ó.H. 102; krafði leiðangrs um ena nörðstu þinghá, 198; hann fær ór þinghá sinni sjau tigi manna, Hrafn. 11; á Hálogalandi í enni nyrztu þinghá, Fms. viii. 183; herboð fór á sjau nóttum frá hinum synnzta vita í hina nörztu þ. á Hálogalandi, Fagrsk. 20, D.N. passim; þinghá thus chiefly refers to the old small þing-communities, almost synonymous to fylki. þinghá-maðr, m. = þingheyjandi, Grág. i. 51 (see há). þing-heimr, m. the assembly at a þing; lagði svá nær at allr þ. myndi berjask, Nj. 163, Eg. 765; ef þingheimrinn berðisk, Ísl. ii. 172, Fbr. 145, Al. 156. þing-helgi, f. the consecrated precincts or boundary of a public assembly; nú er sén ferð Tungu-Odds, ríðr Þórðr þá í móti honum, ok vill eigi at hann; nái þinghelginni, Ísl. ii. 172; at flokkr Hafliða væri kominn á Völluna efri ok ætlaði at bíða þar ok verja vígi alla þinghelgina, Sturl. i. 38. 2. the ceremony of hallowing an assembly at the first meeting (cp. helga þing); goði sá er þinghelgi á þar, hann skal þar þing helga enn fyrsta aptan, Grág. i. 100; goði sé búinn at ganga þá til þ., to proceed to the consecration of the þing, K.Þ.K. 96. þing-hestr, m. a horse used on a journey to the þing, Grág. i. 441. þing-heyjandi, part. a 'þing-performer,' the law term for any person who visits a þing, on a summons to perform any public duty: every priest had to appear with a certain retinue of franklins, in order that there should always be present a sufficient number of neighbours, judges, witnesses, etc.; in return for such duty the persons attending received a fee, and were exempted from paying the þing-tax (þingfararkaup), which was defrayed by the franklins who stayed at home, Grág. i. 24, 46, 116, (Kb.) ii. 158; a priest had a right, at the spring meeting, to call on the ninth part of his liege-franklins to follow him to the alþing, Grág. i. 116. 2. 'Ecclesiastes' is rendered by þingheyjandi, Greg;. 71. þing-hringr, m. the assembly standing in a circle, N.G.L. i. 80. þing-hús, n. a house in which a meeting is held, Fb. ii. 49 (where it is an error for hús-þing, Ó.H. 45, l.c.); the word is rare in old writers, because parliaments of old were held in the open air: the word is esp. used of the Jewish synagogue, Greg. 48, Mar.: also for the Roman praetorium or a judgment-hall, John xviii. 28; so also in mod. usage, cp. Jb. 21. þing-höttr, m. a nickname, Ann. Nord. Oldk. 171. þing-kallandi, part. a herald, 655 iv. 2. þing-kaup, n. = þingfarar-kaup, Grág. ii. 42. þing-kostr, m. = þingveizla, Eg. 733, v.l. þing-lag, n. the public standard of value, as fixed or proclaimed at a 'þing;' kyr ok ær at þinglagi því sem þar er í því héraði, K.Þ.K. 172 (cp. fjár-lag, verð-lag); þinglags-eyrir, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 246; þinglags-hestr, a horse of average value, D.I. i. 203, þing-lausnir, f. pl. the dissolution of a parliament; skal hann eigi fara af þingi fyrir þinglausnir, Grág. i. 25, Nj. 113; at þinglausnum, Þorst. Síðu H. 174; ok þegar at þinglausnum dró gékk hann í búðir, Lv. 56; þinglausna-dagr, the last day of the parliament, Grág. i. 6, Sturl. ii. 98 C. þing-logi, a, m. a law term, a 'meeting-belier,' one who breaks his engagement to attend a meeting or court when summoned (cp. A.S. wærloga = a truce-breaker): also used metaph., hann varð ok eigi þinglogi, he was no engagement-breaker, Fms. xi. 22, Sturl. i. 142 (in a verse); ok er at nefndum degi kom þá varð jarl eigi þ., 48; varða hrönnum höfn þingloga, i.e. the haven belied them not, they got safe into harbour, Hkv. 1. 29 (Bugge). þing-lok, n. pl. = þinglausnir, Eg. 353. þing-lýðr, m. [Germ. dingleute], = þingheimr, D.N. ii. 282. þing-maðr, m. a person present at an assembly, a member of parliament; þeir gengu til lögbergs ok aðrir þingmenn, Nj. 15; þingmenn ok dómarinn, Gþl. 172, Bs. i. 755 (the members of the alþing), and passim (see þingfesti); þingmanna dagleið, a day's journey for a man travelling to the parliament, Jb. 10. 2. a liegeman belonging to this or that þing-community; a franklin is said to be the 'þingmaðr' of such and such a priest (goði); þar sátu þingmenn Rúnólfs í hverju húsi, Bs. i. 20; hann var þ. Styrmis frá Ásgeirsá, Band, (begin.); ek spyr goða alla hverr sér kenni N.M. at þingmanni eða þriðjungs-manni, Grág. (Kb.) i. 40; þeir vóru þingmenn Þorgeirs goða, Lv. (begin.); Guðmundr (the priest) var því vanr, at ríða norðr um héruð á várin ok hitta þingmenn sína, ok ráða um héraðs-stjórn, 17; þingmenn Geitis, Vápn. 19; sendir Geitir orð þingmönnum sínum, 15, Eg. 724, passim; ef goði vill segja þingmann sinn brott or þingi við sik, Grág. i. 165, Nj. 261, Sturl. ii. 35, passim; see þingfesti. þingmanna-leið, f. a day's journey for a þingmaðr, see the remarks s.v. þingför and þingfarar-kaup; but used in Icel. as a general measure of distance, answering to about twenty Engl. miles; distances on land are still measured so in Icel., e.g. a mountain is a þingmanna-leið milli bygða, cp. Hrafn. 11; see the map of Icel., where one 'þingmanna-leið' (or Icel. mile) is put at five geographical miles. þing-mark, n. the boundary or precincts of a public assembly (= þing-helgi); þá eru þeir af þingi er þeir eru ór þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; goð: skal kveða á þingmörk hver eru, ok skal hann svá þing helga sem alþingi, ok skal hann kveða á hve þing heitir, 100; gefa nafn þinginu ok kveða á þingmörkin, 116; allar sakir sem í þingmarki görask skal lýsa í þingbrekku, ii. 96; með þessum orðum ok þingmörkum helguðu laugfeðgar hans alþingi, Landn. (App.) 2. the boundary of a district or jurisdiction; sá goði er þing á í enu sama þingmarki, Grág. i. 164; ef maðr tekr hjú ór öðru þingmarki, 460. þing-mál, n. a case presented at a public court, N.G.L. i. 90. Þing-Máríu-messa, u, f. the 'Þing-Mary's-mass,' = the 2nd July, from the alþing being held at that time, Icel. Almanack. Þingmenn, m. pl., or Þingmanna-lið, n. the Thingmen, the king's house-carles in England, Orkn. ch. 37, Hkr. ii. 15. þing-mót, n. a public meeting, MS. 656 B. 2.

738 ÞINGNEST -- ÞJARFR.

þing-nest, n. provisions on a journey to the þing, Eg. 733 B. þingótt, n. adj. an error for vingott, Rd. 289, v.l. þing-reið, f. = þingför, a riding to attend parliament, Grág. i. 491, Nj. 174, Ld. 236, Hrafn. 11, Landn. 330 (App.), passim. þing-reitt, n. adj., eiga þingreitt = eiga þingfært, Grág. ii. 17. þing-ríkr, adj. influential in the parliament, Sturl. ii. 126. þing-rof, n. the dissolution of a public meeting, N.G.L. i. 224. þing-skaun, f. a nickname, Fms. ix. 419. þing-skil, n. pl. a debate or business at a meeting; Þjaza þ., the speech or counsel of Th., i.e. gold, Bm. þing-skipan (þing-skapan, f. = þingsköp, Ann. 1271 A), f. the regulation of a þing, Eg. 725. þing-skot, n. an appeal to a þing; öll þau mál er hingat eru skotin at þingskotum réttum, Gþl. 18. þing-sköp, n. pl. the rules or regulations of a parliament; enda er rétt at lýsa annan dag viku ef menn vilja þat í þingsköpum hafa, Grág. i. 18; þat er ok rétt at þeir hafi þ. þau er þingheyendr verða á sáttir, 103. Eg. 725; hann skal ok upp segja þingsköp hvert sumar, ok aðra þáttu alla, Grág. i. 12. þingskapa-þáttr, m. the section of law referring to the þingsköp, Grág. (Kb.) i. 38 sqq. þing-sókn, f. = þinghá, Grág. i. 286, 461, Landn. 259, N.G.L. passim, þingsóknar-maðr, m. = þinghá-maðr, N.G.L. i. þing-staðr, m. a place where a parliament is held, Jb. 9, Fs. 110: as to a Runic stone erected in such a place, see Baut. 807. þing-stefna, n, f. a summons to a þing, Gþl. 24, Fs. 9; þingstefnu-vitni, -váttr, N.G.L. i. 32, 217, Gþl. 475. þing-stöð, f. = þingstaðr, Grág. i. 122, Eg. 741, Fær. 17, Glúm. 394, Ísl. ii. 193, Fms. xi. 85. þing-tak, n. the act of passing a law by public meeting (cp. vápna-tak, lófa-tak); lét hann í lögréttu þann sama Kristin-rétt lögleiða með réttu þingtaki, 671. 17, Rb. 62. þing-taka, að, to accept as law, of a public meeting, H.E. i. 422. þingu-nautr, m. a member of a community or þing; skyldu þingunautar eiga hvar saksóknir saman, Íb. 9, Grág. i. 84, 101, Fms. vii. 138. 2. a parishioner, Stat. 242, K.Þ.K. 170; men of the same bishopric, Dipl. ii. 14. þing-veizla, u, f. entertainment at an assembly (of the franklins by the priest), Eg. 733. þing-vika, u, f. the week during which the parliament sits, Grág. i. 245 (the alþingi lasted two weeks). þing-vist, f. a domicile in a þing-community, Grág. i. 19, Eg. 733; see þingfesti. þing-víti, n. a fine for not appearing when summoned, N.G.L. i. 56, Gþl. 21. þing-vært, n. adj., in the phrase, eiga þingvært, to be allowed to be present at a þing, of an outlaw, Grág. ii. 84. þing-völlr, m. [cp. the Manx Tynwald, Shetland Tingwall] :-- the 'parliament-field,' the place where a þing sat, it answers in sense to mod. 'parliament-house' but parliaments and courts of old time were held in the open air on a plain, hence the name; áðr sól er komin á þingvöll, Grág. i. 33; þá er næstir búa þingvellinum, 115, Fb. i. 191; þat er forn réttr, at únnaðr ór fylkjum öllum skolo göra vébönd hér á þingvelli, N.G.L. i. 127. II. a local name, Landn., Sturl. ÞINN, þín, þitt, possess. pron.; older and better þínn, þín, þítt, see minn: [Goth. þeins; Engl. thine; Germ. dein; Dan. din] :-- thine, thy; þínum drengskap, Nj. 16; dóttur þinnar, 23; þinnar íllsku, 82; föður þíns, 108; fá mér leppa tvá ór hári þínu, 116, and passim. B. There was also a different use of 'þinn' in the vocat., viz. in addressing a person generally in connexion with some word of abuse; þinn heljar-karl, thou hell-carle! Fb. i. 212; þitt íllmenni! Fs. 36; þinn skelmir! 166; also placed after the noun, even with the suffixed article, hefir þú svikit mik, hundrinn þinn! Ísl. ii. 176; mun fóli þinn nokkurum manni grið gefa? Ld. 220; dyðrillinn þinn, Fms. ii. 279; klifar þú nökkvat jafnan mannfýla þin! Nj. 85; hirð eigi þú þat, milki þinn, thou milksop! 182; alldjarfr er þjófrinn þinn, Fms. vii. 127; hvat vill skelmir þinn? Fs. 52; hvat mun þjófr þinn vita til þess? Eb. 106; lydda þin, Krók. 7: also freq. in mod. Dan., Norse, and Swed., e.g. Dan. din hund! din skjelm! dit afskum! &FINGER; In Norway, even in a sense of compassion, nú frys du í hel, ditt vesle ting! gakk heim-atter, din krok = thou, poor fellow! but more freq. as abuse, di sugga! ditt naut! ditt stygge fæ! or it is even there extended to the first person, eg, min arming, I, poor thing! me, vaarc stakarar = we, poor fellows! eg viste inkje bettra, min daare ! Ivar Aasen's Norse Gramm. p. 332. 2. in cases other than the vocative, but much more rarely; viltú nú þiggja grið ? þá svarar jarl, eigi af hundinum þínum, not from thee, thou dog! Fms. vi. 323; af fretkarli þínum, Fs. 160: acc., er ek sé þik, frænda skömm þína ..., er ek ól þinn úvita, Krók. 7 new Ed.; skulu vér færa þinn úvin til heljar, Fms. vi. 212. 3. in old writers even in plur., but very rarely; hví róa. djöflar yðrir (ye devils!), fyrir oss í alla nótt, Fms. ix. 50. -- We believe this 'þinn,' as a vocative, to be not the possess. pron. but a compounded form of the pers. pron. 'þú' and the article 'inn,' þinn being qs. þ'inn, literally thou the ... ! A strong, and almost conclusive, proof of this is that the uncontracted form actually occurs, and is used in exactly the same sense as the contracted 'þinn;' þú inn vándi slangi, thou the wicked scamp! Skíða R.; þú inn armi, thou the wretch! Ld. 326; þú inn mikli maðr, thou the great man! Eg. 488; vel, þú hinn góði þjón og trúlyndi, Matth. xxv. 21: the full phrase was accordingly altered in one of two ways; either the article was dropped, þú góði og t. þjón, 20, or pronoun and particle were both contracted into one word, as above. The phrase, we may presume, at first could only have been used in the vocative (þinn!); but the origin being soon lost sight of, it was gradually extended to other cases (hundinum þínum); and even, esp. in mod. usage, to the other possessive pronouns (djöflar yðrir). Bearing this in mind, it is easy to understand why this usage is peculiar to the Scandinavian tongue, for although the possessive pronoun 'þinn,' thine, etc., is common to all Teutonic languages, the article 'inn' is peculiar to the northern languages, and therefore a word compounded with it would be so also. Analogous are the phrases, sá inn, þat it, þau in, þann inn ... . see p. 263, col. 1 (A. II). For another view, see Grimm, Kleine Schr. iii. 256, and 271 sqq. þinnig, þinnog, adv. thither, = þannig, Sdm. 3, Hkv. 2. 48, Vtkv. 9. ÞINULL, m. telna, Ivar Aasen; akin to þenja], the edge-rope of a net; hann hljóp yfir net-þinolinn, ... hleypr hann yfir þinulinn, Edda 40; oddnets þinull, Edda (in a verse). þinurr, m. [tinar, Ivar Aasen], a kind of resinous fir-tree, of which bows and hoops were made, Edda ii. 483; mold-þinorr, the earth-tree, of the tree Ygdrasil, Vsp. (the reading 'Miðgarðs-orm,' in the paraphrase Edda 44, refers to a form 'mold-þinull' = earth-string, i.e. a serpent). 2. metaph. a bow, being made of the wood of this tree; Fiðrinn skaut bogann með bíldör, ok kom á þinorinn ok brast í sundr boginn, Ó.T. 59 (Fms. x. 362). þirfingr, m. [þjarfr], an'unleavened' fellow, a word of abuse, Edda i. 530. þirr = þerna (q.v.), Edda i. 532 (562), Rm. ÞISTILL, m. [A.S. þistel; Engl. thistle; Germ. distel; Dan.-Swed. tidsel, tistel] :-- a thistle; vertú sem þistill, Skm. 31; 'carduus,' þat köllu vér þistil, Stj. 635; þistla ok íllgresi, Sks. 549; þorna ok þistla, Eluc. 45; verða nökkut vínber saman lesin af þyrnum ellegar fíkjur af þistlum, Mattli. vii. 16; þyrna ok þistla skal hún bera þér, Gen. iii. 18: a local name, Þistils-fjörðr, Landn. ÞIT or þið, the older and true form is it or ið (q.v.), the þ being borrowed from the preceding verb, as in ér, þer; thus, in alliteration, ið munuð alla eiða vinna, Skv. 1. 31, and spelt so in vellums, e.g. Sæm. (Kb.); þá er it finnisk, Fms. xi. 21; er it tókuð þá, 623. 24; meguð ið sjálfir, Fms. xi. 21; skuluð ið, Ísl. ii. 339 (Heiðarv. S.): but usually þit or þið, e.g. Fms. i. 189 (eleven times in one page); cp. ykkr, ykkar, p. 725. þí = því, see þat C; and in compds, þí-líkr = þvílíkr. ÞÍÐA, d, bíða þíða rhyme together, Skáld H. 1. 2; originally a strong verb þíða, þeið, of which only remains the part. þiðinn, q.v.: to melt, thaw, of ice, snow; þíða snjó, Fms. iii. 180; Jökull kvazk eigi inn vilja at þiða á sér snjó, Fs. 55: síðan vóru eldar görvir ok þídd klæði, 52; hann færðisk at eldinum ok vildi þíða sik, id.; var eldr upp kveyktr ok þídd klæði þeirra, Fbr. 14 new Ed.; hann þíddi þann mikla þela, Hom. 107; þá tekr jörð at þíða frosnar grasrætr, Sks. 48; þíða (not þýða) allra hjörtu til ástar, Edda (pref.) 149. ÞÍÐR, þið, þítt, adj. not ice-bound, thawed; meðan áin er þíð, whilst the river is open, Grág. ii. 267; hvert þat er ísum þakt eða þítt, Sks. 182; á þíðum sjá, Fb. i. 489; í vök þíðri í Nið, Fms. vii. 2; thus written in the vellums l.c., not 'þyðri' as in the Ed. þí-líkr, adv. such, Stj., Bs.: = þvílíkr, q.v. þín-líkr, adj. 'thine-like,' like thee, Bjarn. 43 (MS. þuílíkt, Ed. þérlíkt). þíns-ligr = þínlíkr, like thee, Fms. v. 336; ó-þínsligr, unlike thee, unworthy of thee, Ísl. ii. 198. ÞÍSL, f. [O.H.G. dihsila; Germ. deichsel; old Swed. þistl; Lat. t&e-long;mo qs. tesmo(?); the inflexive l is a diminutive] :-- a cart-pole, remains only in the poët. compd sár-þisl, a 'wound-stick,' i.e. a sword, Ísl. ii. 389 (in a verse). ÞJAKA, að, a later form from þjökka, see below; þjaka and taka make a rhyme, Pass. 23. 12: [Ivar Aasen tjaaka] :-- prop. to thwack, thump, smite, hence to afflict: with acc., þóknist honum að þjaka, þitt hold örkumslum með, Pass. l.c.: with dat., þeir hafa bæði hrakt og hrjáð, hrundið og þjakað honum, Pass. 9. 7. 2. in the part. þjakaðr, worn, fainting, exhausted; móðr ok þjakaðr af umgangi þeirra, Fas. ii. 452; var hón þjökuð mjök, of one saved from drowning, Þórð. 62; hann var þjakaðr mjök af kulda, Bs. i. 331; þjakaðr af göngu ok erviði, Fb. iii. 366; var hann mjök þjakaðr, Bárð. 17 new Ed. þjalar-, see þél. þjapel, n. [a for. word, þ = z or c; mid. H.G. schappel; old Fr. chapel, whence Fr. chapeau] :-- a wreath, Al. 7O. þjappa, að, to knead with the feet; þ. moldinni saman; corrupt from þjaka(?). ÞJARFR, þjarf, þjarft, adj. [A.S. þeorf; old Fr. derve; Germ. derb] :-- unleavened, of bread; þjarft brauð ok akr-súrur, Hom. 82; súrt

ÞJARK -- ÞJÓÐVEGR, 739

brauð en eigi þjarft, 83. 2. fresh, of water, opp. to salt; bauð hann þjörfum vötnum fram at fljóta, Sks. 628 B. 3. metaph. insipid, flat, vile (cp. Dan. flau), of a person; kalla mann þjarfan, Edda i. 530; so also þirfingr. The change in the mod. Germ. derb = rude, harsh, is curious; in O.H.G. and in mid. H.G. the word, according to Grimm, Dict. s.v., was only used in its proper sense = azymos, as also in A.S. þjark, n. a wrangling, strife, contest. þjarka, u, f. a quarrel, Edda 110; þjörku-drjúgr, pugnacious, quarrelsome, Hom. (St.); göra þjörku, Am. 49. þjarka, að, to quarrel, wrangle; þ. um e-ð, to wrangle about a thing. þjarkan or þjörkun, f. a wrangling. þjarma, að, to handle roughly; þ. at e-m, Fas. iii. 203. Þjazi, a, m. the giant of that name, the father of Skaði, see the Edda, Hdl., Ls., Hbl. ÞJÁ, þjáði, þjáð, [for the root see þýr, þjóna], to constrain, enthral, enslave; hann var þjáðr til vinnu, he was worked as a bondsman, Fms. i. 78; son (acc.) Loðinn vildi hann (nom.) þjá undir þrældóm, 289; sveinarnir vóru þjáðir ok undu þeir ílla, Eg. 235; þat fólk var lengi síðan þjáð í Vindlandi, Fms. vii. 195; hann vildi selja oss í þrældóm, ok hét oss afarkostum ok lima-láti ef vér vildim eigi þjásk, iii. 158; lét Rögnvaldr þjásk en Úlfr eigi, i. 289; mörg er þjóð of þjáð, Hkm. 21. II. to chastise; hann þjáði sinn líkama í mörgum hlutum, Fb. ii. 431; pínast ok þjást, to feel great pain, Stj. 131. III. part. þjáðr, ör-þjáðr, sár-þjáðr. stricken, worn, smarting, of sickness, grief, or the like. Þjálfi, a, m. the name of the servant and follower of Thor, Edda; and also as a pr. name, Baut.; the word prop. means a delver, digger, Germ. delber, delben, = to delve, dig: the names Þjálfi and Röskva (q.v.) indicate that Thor was the friend of farmers and the god of agriculture. þjálgr, adj. [cp. Germ. delken = to knead], 'kneaded,' soft, manageable; esp. in the compd ó-þjálgr, refractory, unmanageable. þjáll, adj. = þjálgr; ó-þjáll, unhandy, unmanageable. þjálmi, a, m. a rare word, the sense of which is somewhat doubtful, a delve(?); Manar þjálmi, the delve of Mono, i.e. the sea; hregg-þjálmi, the delve of the gale, i.e. the sky; þangs-þ., the delve of the sea-weed, i.e. the sea, the surf, Lex. Poët.: in prose the word occurs once, -- hverja þjálma nær eðr firr Heinrekr egnir fyrir fætr Thome erkibiskupi, Thom. 361, where it seems to mean a caltrop or a pit-fall(?). þján, f. [þjá], bondage, servitude, Hkr. iii. 315; þján útlendra höfðingja, Ó.H. 189; selja í þján ok þrældóm, Stj. 639; þján ek þrælkan, Fms. xi. 253. 2. affliction = þjáning, Bb. 1. 23; á-þján, q.v. þjáning, f. affliction; leita Guðs í þinni þ., Karl. 542: freq. in mod. usage, also of severe pain, hann komst urn aptaninn í sælu-hús og þó með þjáningu, Espól. s. a. 1720; þjáninga-laust, -lítið, painless, in little pain. ÞJÓ, n. [A.S. þeôh; Engl. thigh], the thigh, but in usage generally the podex, in plur.; hann logar allr um þjóin, Mar.; þat skarðit sem er í milli þjóa þér, Ölk. 37; ef maðr höggr mann klámhögg um þjó þver, Grág. ii. 12; kláði hleypr um allan búkinn, einna mest um þjóin ... draga striga-dúk milli þjóanna á sér, Fb. i. 212; hælarnir liggja uppi við þjóin, of a cripple, Ó.H. 246, Mar.: sing., fótrinn með öllu þjóinu, Fb. i. 262; bar oxina niðr hjá þjói hestsins, Sturl. iii. 314. II. metaph. the crook at the end of a scythe, which is fixed in the handle. þjó-breiðr, adj. broad-thighed, Fms. vii. (in a verse). þjó-bugr, m. the bight of a scythe; ljórinn brotnaði í þjóbugnum. ÞJÓÐ, f., dat. þjóðu, so always in old writers, mod. þjóð; [Ulf. renders GREEK by þjuda; A.S. þeôd; Hel. þiôd; O.H.G. diot] :-- a people, a nation; þessar þjóðir er svá heita, Rusci, Polavi, Fms. i. 142; þú spenr allar þjóðir frá blótum, 623. 25; heiðnar þjóðir, heathen people, 625. 170, Post. 293, N.T.; öll Kristileg þjóð, N.G.L. ii. 22; Tyrkir, ok Blökumenn, ok mörg önnur íll þjóð, Fb. ii. 126; með mikinn her ok marga ílla þjóð, 127; með öllum þjóðinn, Stj. 67; vísaðu þeir mörgum þjóðum á réttan veg, Barl. 29; allar þjóðir þjóna yðru valdi, Róm. 117; af öllum þjóðum ok tungum, 119; hinn sjúki svaraði á þá tungu, sem hann hefði með þeirri þjóðu fæddr verit, Pr. 458; allar skepnur ... allar þjóðir, 461; þjóð veit ef þrír'ro, a saying, Hm, 6l; þjóð eru þrír tigir, thirty make a þjóð, Edda. 108; allri þjóðu, Ýt.; heldr er honum þægr í hverri þjóðu (among any people), sá er á hann trúir, Post. (Unger) 290; hann er lofaðr af allri þjóðu Gyðinga, id.; mikla þjóð, a mighty people, Stj. 116; suðr-þjóðir, the southerners, Akv.: Lat. turma is rendered by þjóð, Róm. 269; fira þjóð, a community of men, Lex. Poët.; þyrja þjóð yfir, Skm.: in compds, sal-þjóð, household, Vkv.; sigr-þjóð, Hkv.; al-þjóð, all people, Ad.; ver-þjóð or yr-þjóð, q.v. 2. like 'lög' and 'þing,' þjóð may assume a local sense, thus, Sví-þjóð = Sweden; Goð-þjóð = the Goth. Gut-þjuda, Gg. II. in olden times þjóð- in composition (like A.S. þeod) was intensive = great, powerful, very; but in quite modern times (the last 30-40 years) a whole crop of compds with þjóð- has been formed to express the sense of national; þjóð-réttr, þjóð-frelsi, þjóð-réttindi, þjóð-vili, þjóð-vinr, national rights, freedom, etc.; as also þjóð-ligr, national, popular, liberal; ó-þjóðligr, illiberal, unpopular; but all such phrases sound foreign, and are not vernacular. III, pr. 'names; Þjóð-arr; Þjóð-ólfr; Þjóð-rekr (= Germ. Diet-rich); Þjóð-hildr, Landn.; Þjóð-marr, Germ. Dit-mar, Sæm. B. Goth. þjuþ, = GREEK occurs only in a compounded form; ó-þjóð, bad people, Vellekla; óþjóða-lýðr, tramps and refuse, Dan. utyske; cp. Goth. unþjuþs = GREEK. In many compds it is difficult to say whether the primitive is þjuda or þjuþ; in words like þjóð-á, -drengr, -góðr, -glaðr, -hagi, -skáld, -skati, -mart, -niðr, -lygi, -vel, we prefer the latter. Þjóða, u, f. the county Thy or Thy-herred in Denmark, Fms. xii. þjóðann, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK by þjûdans; A.S. þeoden; Hel. thiudan; cp. Ulf. þjudinassus and þjudan-gardi = GREEK, þjudanôn = GREEK] :-- a king, the ruler of a þjóð (þjuda); the word is only used in poets. In the remotest times each tribe or shire had a special king or ruler (fylkir); then in later times they formed a league under one king; and þjóðann and þjóð-konungr (q.v.) seem to be the words denoting such a king, konungr being the general popular name; vinr þjóðans, Ad. 11; Gotna þ., Akv. 21; þjóðans sonr, 22: þjóðans rekkar, Gkv. 1. 18; þjóðans synir, Fms. iii. (in a verse). 2. in the old Hm. a good, a great man; þjóðans barn, Hm. 14; þjóðans kona, 149; þing ok þjóðans mál, 116. þjóð-á, f. a great river, chief river, Ver. 17 (Gen. ii. 10); þrjár þjóðár falla þorp yfir meyja Mögþrasis, Vþm. 49 (certainly not = þjóðir; the passage reminds one of Gen. ii. 10); þjóðár fnæstu eitri, Þd.; nú heita þat þjóðár er svá eru stórar, at ..., N.G.L. ii. 133; fyrr skolu allar þjóðár falla upp, en ..., proverbs of an impossibility (cp. GREEK), Kormak. þjóð-braut, f. a high road, Grág. ii. 264, Landn. 81, passim. þjóð-drengr, m. a good man, brave fellow, Flóv. 30. þjóðerni, n. nationality, a mod. word; cp. bróðerni, faðerni. þjóð-gata, u, f. = þjóðbraut, Ld. 66, Gþl. 82, 407, 408, Jb. 180. þjóð-glaðr, adj. very glad, Fas. ii. 80 (in a verse). þjóð-góðr, adj. very good, excellent, brave, Am. þjóð-hagi, a, m. a great artist, master-craftsman; hann er þjóðhag., or as adj., hann er þjóðhaga smiðr. þjóð-hagr, adj. masterly in skill or craft, Sturl. iii. 29. þjóð-hlið, n. a public gate, Jb. 262 A. þjóð-konungr, m. a great king, a sovereign. Ýt., Hðm. 4, Skv. 1. 1, 3. 33, 34, Fms. i. 3; af honum munu margir þ. fæðask, Stj. 115. þjóð-kunnr, adj. very famous, Skv. 3. 36. þjóð-land, n. [A.S. þeodland], an empire; keisari er æztr konunga, þar næst er konungr sá er ræðr fyrir þjóðlandi, ... ei má þá kalla þjóðkonunga er skatt-konungar eru, Edda 93; ertú þá meiri konungr enn þinn faðir, ef þú ræðr tveimr þjóðlöndum (i.e. Norway and Denmark), Fms. i. 88, Rb. 340; Knútr inn ríki tók skatt ok skuld af þeim þjóðlöndum er auðgust vóru á Norðrlöndum, Ó.H. 130. þjóð-leið, f. the high road, esp. on the sea; sigldu þeir þ. til Líðandisness, Eg. 8l; þat er komit af þ., 369; þar er sjá mátti útan af firði af þ., Ó.H. 46; á sjó með skipi skipuðu, hón skal fara þ. bæði nætr ok daga, Gþl. 83; er hann siglir þ. hit ytra, Fagrsk. 60: on land, Grág. ii. 331, Fms. xi. 413, Gþl. 83. þjóð-leiðr, adj. much hated, execrated; þegi þú, þjóðleið! Gkv. 1. 24. þjóð-lygi, f. a 'great lie,' Mag. 57: a calumny, slander, en þagmælskr um þjóðlygi, Ad. 1. þjóð-löð, f. a hearty welcome, Hm. 4. þjóð-mart, n. adj. very many. þjóð-menni, n. a brave man; þeir vóru allir þ., Bs. i. 55, v.l. þjóð-mærr, adj. glorious, Fsm. 36. þjóð-nýtr, adj. very excellent, Geisli. þjóð-ráð, n. an excellent plan, Eg. 765, Fms. xi. 263. þjóð-reyrir, m. the 'great rearer' of charms, of a dwarf, Hm. þjóð-skati, a, m. a great, lordly, princely man, Edda (Gl.); hjörleiks hvati, hann er þjóðskati (not blóðskati), Höfuðl. þjóð-skáld, n. a great poet; slik þjóðskáld sem um mik hafa ort. Fms. vi. 366; hevr þjóðskáldit! kvattú svá, gröm skömm, ekki eru þær hendingar jafnháfar, 386; þá muntú verða þ. ok yrkja lof um marga höfðingja, iii. 103, and so in mod. usage. þjóð-skjöldungr, m. = þjóðkonungr, Ó.H. (in a verse). þjóð-smiðr, m. a master-craftsman, great artist; Þórðr var umsýslumaðr mikill ok inn mesti þ., of a shipwright, Þórð. 10 new Ed.; hann var hinn mesti þ., Fb. ii. 73, and in mod. usage; cp. þjóðhagr. þjóð-stefna, u, f. a meeting of the whole people, a public meeting: in the allit. phrase, á þingi eða þjóðstefnu, Grág. ii. 170 (Ísl. ii. 380). þjóð-sterkr, adj. very strong, Edda (Ht.) þjóð-sýniliga, adv. in the sight of all people, openly; róa undan eyjunni þ., Glúm. 394; reið maðr at þeim þ., Ld. 376: openly, vehemently, blása þ., Sks. 52 new Ed., v.l. þjóð-sýniligr, adj. open, clear; mátti heyra mikinn lúðra-gang ok þ. ákall (clear, undisguised, vehement), Al. 12. þjóð-sögur, f. pl. popular stories, (mod.) þjóð-tröð, f. = þjóðleið, Leiðarv. 16. þjóð-vegr, m. = þjóðbraut, N.G.L. ii. 131, 132, Ó.H. 206, passim.

740 ÞJÓÐVEL -- ÞOKA.

þjóð-vel, adv. very well, excellently: skeima e-m þ., Bjaru. (in;i verse); Sæmuudi er mart þjóðvel gelit, Fs. 17. þjóð-vitnir, in. the great vjolf, Gin. 21 (cp. Jjjóð-úlfr, a pr. name). þjófa, að, /o c all a th z' e/, Karl. 378, v. 1. þjóf-ligr, adj. thievish, Al. 69, Fms. v. 322, F. is. in. 372. þjófnaðr, m. theft, Ld. 142; þjófnað:ir-in;il, Jb. 442. ÞJÓFR, m. (Goth. pjiebs; A. S. þ e-;/; Engl. th;V/; O. H. G. d/i//i; Germ. die 6; Dan. / y z/; Swed. tjvf: cp. Gotii. þjubj'i = \áOpa.; þauf and þóf (qq. v.) seem to be kindred words] :-- a thief; þjúfar ok illmenni, Nj. 32; vundr heii ek verit, en aldri hefi ek þjófr verit, 74; mætti honum sök á gefa, ef hann lóti fara sann-rcyndan þjóf, Fms. vii. 115; rangt synisk mer at svi'i inikill þjófr gaugi undan, ... mikit kapp Icgí;r þtí á nieð þjófnum, ok nuintú íllt at sök hafa, F'br. 86, 87; þú hefir verit þjóír ok morðingi, Nj. 74; þat er víkinga háttr at aHa fjár með ránnni eðr svörfum, en þat er þjúfa háttr at leyna eptir, Fb. i. 412; þjófa færsla, Gþl. 533; þjúta- gröf, fylgsni, a den of thieves, Greg. 39, Hom. 154, cp. Glúm. ch. 17, 18, Kb. 18; sauða-þjófr, a sheep-slealer; rummungs-þjófr, an inveterate thief (cp. hann stelr öllu sein steini er léttara). In ancient times thieves were particularly detested, and no mercy was shewn to them, theft being punished by hanging, see Fbr. 1. c. (cp. the late Engl. penalty of death for sheep-stealing); and minor theft by branding with hot iron on the cheek, N. G. L. ii. 168; or by chopping off feet and hands, cp. Sighvat's verse on St. Olave; cp. the saying, þjófa skal halt upp hengja, Hallgr.: ' thievish' and 'wicked' are synonymous, þjófs augu, a thief s eyes, an evil look, Nj. 2, Fms. iii. 195; þjófs hakan, a thief's chin, 192; þjófs-nefit brotnaði, the thief's nose broke, 189; þjófs tennr, Blomstrv. S. 27. CJMPDS: bjófa-bálkr, m. the section in the law about thefts, N. G. L., Jb. 71. þjóf-fólginn, part, thievishly hidden, N. G. L. i. 254. bjof-gefmn, ad), thievish. bjóf-laun, n. pl. thievish concealment of a thing, Gnig. 1. 416, Dropl. 14. bjófs-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), thievish. bjófs-nafn, n. a being called thief, Fms. iii. 140. bjófs-nautr, in. an accomplice (cp. Germ, diebs-genosse, Dan. heeler), such as a receiver of stolen goods, Grág. ii. 190; cf maðr ílytr þjóf yiïr óduldr, þá hefir hann fyrir-giirt húð sinni ok heiti þ., Gþl. 418: the saying, þjóírinn þrífst en þjóts-nautrinn aldri, the thief may thrive but the thief s accomplice never, i. e. he is even worse than the thief himself; ilia er þá ef ek em þjófsnautr, Nj- 75- bjóf-ráð, a. pl. an abetting a thief (Dan. hœleri), Grág. ii. 190, Jb. 417. bjóf-snara, u, f. a thief's halter, Bs. i. 225. bjof- stolinn, part, stolen, Grág. ii. 137, Gþl. 536. bjóf-sök, f. a case of theft, Glúm. 365, Grág. i. 84, ii. 190; aldregi fyrnisk leynd þjófsök, id. B. Altogether different is 'þjófr' in pr. names, Frið-þjófr, Her-þ., Ey-þ., Gunn-þ., which answers to A. S. þeow, i. e. a servant, = Icel. þý. þjófska, u, f. = þjófnaðr, Gþl. 137. þjóf-skapr, m. id., Grúg. i. 457, ii. 136, Rd. 285. þjó-knappr, m. the 'thigh-knobs,' buttocks, Korm. 120, Fms. ii. 6, Fs. 48, Fb. ii. 364, Fas. i. 93, Bs. i. (in a verse), Stj. 512. þjó-leggr, m. the thigh bone, Bs. i. 344, Grett. 176 new Ed. ÞJÓNA, að, [A. S. \enian; O. H. G. diunon; Germ, dienen; mod. Dan. tjene, Swed. tjäna, mod. Icel. þéna; the proper Dan. form would be tywe] :-- to serve; scttisk hann heima ok þjónaði ekki konungi, Eg. 83; þessi guðin er þú þjónar, serves, worships, Fms. i. 97; lif ok danði þjóna Dróttni, 623. 27; þjóna Guði, Stj. 375; þjóna til e-s, to serve, pay homage to, of allisnance; kvaðsk hann skyldr at þ. til konungs, Fms. ix. 431; engi vildi til þeirra þjóna upp frá því, xi. 334; þeir er til hans (i. e. Christ) þjóna, Mar.; þjóna til hans no annarra, Fms. iv. 23: þjúna undir e-n, to serve under one, Sturl. ii. 4: absol., Jb. 383. 2. to attend on as a servant, wait on, with dat., Stj. 441; lion þjónaði honum eigi verr enn bouda sinum, Nj. 62; let giira honum laug ok þjónaði honum sjálfr, Fms. vi. 303; þ. at konungs-borði, Fb. ii. 428; þ. fyrir boroi, Fms. vii. 84: in Icel. households chiefly used of inaid- iervants, cp. Ld. ch. n. 3. in eccl. sense, to perform service; þjúna kirkju (dat.), Bs. i. 179, Hom.; þ. kapellu, D. N. ii. 338. þjónan, f. a serving, service, attendance, Hkr. iii. 79, Stj. 424, 440 (v. L), Karl. 517, Mar.; þjónunar-maðr, a servant, Fas. i. 375. þjónari, a, m. a servant, Gd. 19 (Germ, diener). þjónkan, f. = þjúnan, Hkr. iii. 325, Fms. i. 137, vi. 94, Stj. 376, 424. þjónn, m. [A. S. J? e w], a servant, attendant, Hkr. iii. 365, Fms. x. 277, Gpl. 76, N. G. L. i. 70, Sks. passim, Greg. 50, MS. 623. 21. þjónusta, u, f., bjonasta, Hom. 134, [O. H. G. dionost; Hel. J/jonost; Germ, dienst; Dan. tjenes/e] :-- service, attendance, Nj. 268, F, g. 28, 112, Fms. vi. 36, passim. 2. in Icel. households a maidservant who assists a male servant is called the þjóausta of that man. II. divine ser- vice, esp. the mass, Ld. 334, Sturl. iii. 84; Guðs þjónusta, a holy service, esp. the viaticum, for the sick or dying, Sol. 60; þjónustu bann, a ban, interdict, H. E. i. 414; þjóiuistu buðkr, þjónustu-hús, -ker, a pyx for the eitcharist, Am. 29, 42, 52, 54, 59, 100, Dipl. v. 12, Stj. 564. COMPDS: bjonustu-bundiim, part, bound in service, allegiance, 0. H. 288, Fær. 138. bjómistu-embætti, n. divine service, church service, Fms. ii. 200. þjónustu-fólk, n. servant-folk, Stj. 282. bjónustu- fullr, adj. serviceable, attentive, faithful as a servant, Fms. viii. 235, Stj. 376, 466, Eg. 269, Hkr. iii. 97. þjónustu-gjöld, n. pl. wages for service, Fb. ii. 231. þjóiiustu-görð, f. a holy service, H. E. i. 237, Sturl. ii. 5, and so in mod. usage. bjónustu-kona, u, f. a female servant, Fms. i. 67, 231, Edda 148, Stj. 112. bjónustu-lauss, adj. without sacrament, of a sick person, N. G. L. i. 347, Fms. viii. 103: of a church, þá standi kirkjan þjónustulaus, let the church stand without services, K. A. 48. bjónustu-maðr, m. a man-servant, Edda 28, F, g. 236: a liegeman, Eg. 14. bjónustu-mjúkr, adj. officious, obliging, Fas. iii. 303. bjónustu-mær, f. a maid-servant, Fms. ix. 477, Stj. 423. bjónustu-samr, adj. ready to serve, ministering, Fms. vi. 136. þjónustu-semd, f. dutifulness, Str. bjónustu-skyldr, adj. in duty bound, Hkr. iii. 57. bjónustu-stúlka = bjónustumær. bjónustu-sveinn, m. a page, male servant, Eg. 237, Fms. iii. 28. bjónustu-tekja, u, f. a taking of the sacrament, Bs. i. 189, 441, Hom. 141. bjónustu-verk, n. performance of service, Greg. 37. þjónusta, að, to administer the sacrament to a sick or dying person. þjór-hlutr, m. the haunch of an ox, Haustl. þjóri, a, in. a nickname, F'ms. x. 156. ÞJÓRR, in. [Gr. ravpos; Dan. tyr; Swed. tjtir] , a bull, Hym. 14; prop, a young bull, urn þjór ..., mi er þjórr í yxna tali þar til er hann er linim vetra gainall, N. G. L. ii. 68; þá reis her upp rauðr uxi ..., þá reiss upp þjórr nokkurr, Vápn. 51: as a ship's beak, hann hafði þjórs-höfuð á statni, Landn. 300; whence the local names, ^jórs-á, Jyórsár-dalr; Jbjórs-dælir, m. pl. the men from Th., Landn. þjós, f. = fjos (q. v.), the carcase of a whale, Jb. 320. ÞJÓSTR, m. [cp. A. S. \ieosirn, ^ystru, = darkness; Germ, d u ster], anger, fury; þjóta af þjósti, with fury, of a river, Am.; þjósti keyrðr, Glum, (in a verse); þjóstr skyli lagið fyrir brjusti, Orkn. (in a verse); krýp ek til kross frá þjósti, Likn. 30; æ var þ. í brjósti, Bs. ii. (in a verse); hón svarar nieð mikluin þjósti, in great anger, excitement, Fb. i. 547; andvarpa af þjósti iniklum, Sks. 225; landsynningr blæss af þjósti, id. II. in pr. names, jpjóst-úlfr, the grim ivolf('!); jpjost- arr, Landn. þjóst-samliga, adv. chafingly, angrily, Sks. 226. þjóstugr, adj. chafing, angry. ÞJÓTA, pres. þy't; pret. þaut, þauzt, þaut, pl. þutu; subj. þyti; part, þotinn: [A. S. þeótan, cp. Ulf. þnt-ÍH, þut-haurn, = Gr. aá\iriyg; Dan. tude~\ :-- to emit a whistling sound, e. g. of the wind, surf, waves, leaves of trees; vindr þytr, Grág. ii. 170; sjiir, alda, brim þytr, Lex. Poët., Gm. 21; öxin þaut, 'the axe whistled, Fs. 62; öxar tvær þutu hátt á öxa-tré, Sturl. 1. 158; vindr kom á pa ok þaut í spjótunum, iii. 83; víða þaut jörðin af þeirra hljóðan, resounded, Stj. 434; þjótandi strengíeikr, of tunes, Sks. 632; þaut borgin af hljóðfærum, Konr.; í því er hann féll, þ;i þaut mjök ok glumdi, Stj. 46; nú heyra þeir at þaut í slöngu Búa, fsl. ii. 408; nú þy'tr undin, Fas. i. 204, cp. Fbr. ill new Ed.; jötuns háls-undir (the waves) þjóta, Stor. 3; þat þýtr fyrir regni, it whistles for rain, Stj. 594; á þýtr af þjósti, Am.; þjótandi fors, Gsp.; þjótanda haf, Sks. 54, 137 new Ed.; rciðar-þrumur þjóta, Art. 80; þjótandi kvern, of a mill, Fas. i. 493 (in a verse). 2. to howl, of a wolf; sein úlfar þyti, Karl. 140; þar heyrir þú varga þjóta, Gkv. 28 (Dan. ulvene tudé), cp. ulfa-þýtr; hölkn (monsters) þutu, Hym. II. to rush; þá þutu upp allir, Grett. 164 new Ed.; margir menu þutu upp ok kváðu liana njusnannann, Sturl. ii. 247, Th. 25. 2. with prep.; þjóta ú, to rush in; at skjotara mundi á þjóta = á dynja, to burst in, Fins, vii. 125; varði miki eigi at svá skjótt mundi á þjóta sein nú er, xi. 115. III. as intrsns. [Engl. to t oo t; Germ. tttte?i\, to blow a horn, trumpet, it only occurs in two instances; úðr hair hugiullr í horn um þaut, ere he blew the horn, Hðin. 17; sá er þýtr í truinbu, Fms. viii. 83 (in a verse). þjótandi, f. the name of an artery; á æði þeirri er þ. heitir, Bs. i. 644; see the remarks s. v. vind-æðr. þjóti, a, in. the thudder, whistler, a nickname, Landn. þjótr, in. the whistler, a name of the wind, Edda (Gl.) 2. a s hed todry clothes in. Þjótta, u, f. an island in Norway; whence Jyóttar-greppr, Jbjóttar- kjöptr, the name of a ship from that island, Ann. 1209. þjótta, u, f. stringy meat, Bjorn, (akin to þjós?) þjukkr, see þjokkr, þykkr. ÞJÖKKA, að, [þykkr, m.; cp. A. S. \accian; Chaucer to thack] , to thwack, thump, beat, chastise, -- þjaka, q. v.; þjökka skal hræsinn nið með hrísi, whack a self-willed son with the rod, Sighvat. (see hris.) þjökka, u, f. a nickname, Landn. 238. þjökkr, adj. thi c k, = þykkr, q. v. þjörku-, see þjarka. ÞOKA, u, (. [Dan. taage; can Engl. fog be the same word ? cp. þel] :-- a fog, mist; þoku dregr upp, Fb. i. 212; verði þoka ... þá kom þoka mikil móti þeiin, Nj. 20; leggr þoku yfir, Glúm. 368; hafa þeir þokur miklar en vinda litla, Ld. 74; var þoka yfir héraðinu ok vindr af hati, Ísl. ii. 307; væta mikil ok þoka, Eg. 128; or miðri þokunni, Stj. 306; sunnan- þoka, /o, 5- drifting from the south, Hrafn. 6; þoka ok myrkr, Fms. x. 339; þoku-fall, THom. 454; þoku mugga, a muggy mist; myrkviðris-þoka, a mirky, pitch-dark fog: the saying, mart byr í þokunui, Ísl. bjóðs. 2.

ÞOKUFULLH -- ÊORI. 741

a grey-coloured ewe is in Icel. called þoka. COMPDS: þoku-fullr, adj. misty, Stj. ii. þOku-land, n. a fog-land, Fms. xi. (in a verse). þoku-laust, n. adj. without fog, clear, Sturl. ii. 108. þoku-maðr, m. a ma n of the mist who shuns the light, i. e. a bad man, Skulda (in a verse). þoku-rnyrkr, n. a mirkyfog, Stj. 112, Fms. ii. 141. þoku- myrkvi, a, m. id., Fms. ii. 141. þoku-mystr, n. (an error for -my r kr, for mistr is spelt with i, not y?), fog-mist, Mar. 1051. þoku- samr, adj. foggy, Niðrst. 102. þoku-týsdagr, m. 'mist-Tuesday, i. e. the second Tuesday after Easter, D. N. passim. þoku-vísur, the name of a poem, the Lay of the Mist, Fb. i. 212. ÞOKA, að, to m ov e, with dat.; Hrútr þokaði nvi bíistað sínum, Ld 66; skal hann eiga öngan kost at þoka (viz. garði) optar, to change abode again, N. Q. L. i. 231: of a sitting person, en er bóndi sá bat, þokaði hann um manns-nim, Vígl. 25; draugrinn hafði þokat at Þor- steini um þrjár setur, Fb. i. 417; þeir er næstir sátu urðu at þoka undan, to give way, give place to one, Fms. v. 315; þú skalt þoka fyrir konu þessi, Nj. 52; þokar Hörðr fyrir Hróari, Ísl. ii. 42; þokaði eldrínn hvergi um fram, þat er hann var þá kominn, Hom. 122; þokum at skóginum, sagði hann, Eg. 288; fram þoki herr, let the men move forwards, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); þoka aptr, to move back, Rb. 108; þoka sundr, to move asunder, be separated, Fas. ii, (in a verse); húskarlinn kvað ve' þoka úleiðis um heilsu manna, it proceeded well, Vupn. 30; talði hón afleiðis þoka of kurteisi karlanna, it went backwards with the manhood of men, Bs. i. 340. 2. as a law term, to change, alter; eigi skal fornum samkvámu-málum þoka nema allir verði ásáttir þeir er í hrepp búa, Grág. i. 458; þat skal allt hafa sem stendr á skrá þeirri ... nema þokat só síðan, 7; þoka e-u ór setningu, to displace, Rb. 562; Páskahald skal eigi þoka af Sunnudegi, 686 C. 2. II. reflex, to be displaced; ok þokask þá nokkuð steina-sörvit, Ísl. ii. 348; honum varð ekki þokat, he could not be moved; lítt þokaðisk ú um mannfallit, it made little progress, Fas. ii. 328. ÞOKKA, að, [akin to þekkja, þykkja, qq. v.], to be so and so dis- posed, to think of, like; yrnsa vega þokka menn þat, sumir segja at..., men think variously of it, some say ..., Fms. i. 59; sé ek þat at kon- ungr þokkar ekki mitt mál, he like s it wo t, vi. 243. 2. hvárra liðs- menn þokkuðü með símnn hofðingja, sided with, took his part, Fms. vi. 220; þokkar húskarlinn heldr með Birni, en Jjorkeil með Jjórði, Bjarn. 42. II. reflex., e-m þokkask, to be liked; hann kemr sér í tal ok kunnleika við menn, ok þokkaðisk hann vel, he was well liked, Orkn. 262; biskup várr hefir oss því heitið, at vér skolum þá kennimenn hafa sem oss þokkask, þat er forn réttr, who are liked by us, whom we like, N. G. L. i. 416; vel þokkaðr af e-m, Fms. vii. 299; ilia þokkaðr, ill- liked; þær krásir verða svá hverjum þokkaðar sem hugr hans beiðir, 656 A. ii. 12. þokkaðr, adj., in á-þokka6r = áþekkr. þokki, a, m. o thought, but onlyused with thenotion of liking; lagði hvárt þeirra góðan þokka til annars, took a liking for one another, Ísl. ii. 205; Leifr lagði þokka á konu þá er þórgunna hot, þorf. Karl. 382; mer er þú vel í þokka, 7 like thee well, Fb. i. 529; e-m fellr e-ð vel í þokka, t o like well; konungi féllsk vel j þokka til jpormóðar, Fbr. 2. a co n- se n t, good-will; hann tók ríki með alþyðu þokka of síðir, Fms. x. 401; þeir blótuðu börnum sinum til djöfla þokka, Rb. 388; hverfa eptir þokka e-s, 645. 77. 3. mood, disposition; áhyggju-þokki, an anxious mood; reiði-þokki, a wrathful mood; fcgins-bokki, gladsome mood; hr. g-þokki, mind, disposition; ó-þokki, a loathing, dislike; skæðr þokki, an evil mood. II. = þykkja, with a notion of enmity; hann minnisk mi á þokka þann allan er görzk hafði milli þeirra bræðra, Fms. xi. 15. COMPDS: þokka-bot, f. reparation, redress, for a small offence, Gþl. 359, 521. þokka-góðr, adj. engaging, well-favoured, amiable. þokka- gæð, n. favour, grace, Hom. 143. þokka-kona, u, f. a mistress, para- mour, Fb. iii. 237. þokka-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), [Dan. tœkkelig'] , well-favoured, also clean,wire. Jjokka-maðr, m. a lover, Karl. 417. þokka-samr, adj. well-liked, popular, Fas. i. 315. þpkka-sæld, f. popularity., Landn. 47. þokka-sæll, adj. in good favour, well-beloved, Eg. 256, Fms. í lift, ix. 246, 0. H. 71. þokkr, adj. = þekkr; in er at mér þokkt þjóða sinni, Stor. þokkr, m. = þóttr, q. v.; í föstum þokk, in sw rly mood, Stor. þokku-ligr, adj. agreeable, Hom. (St.) þol, n. patience, endurance; hann hafði vi& gott þol ok mikit, Fær. 346; hann ba. ð Sturlu hafa þol við ok bíða, Sturl. ii. 131, Stj. 579, Fas. iii. 77; ó-þol, impatience. 2. of bodily endurance; þat er einskis manns þol, n o m an can bear that, Fms. iii. 190; þykki mér lítil þol (plúr.) í þeim mönnura sem drekka verða um nætr, Fas. i. 79. ÞOLA, pres. þoli, pret. þolði, subj. þylði (þølði); part, þolt, later form þolat; [Go\. h. þnlan = åvfxfo6ai, artftiv; A. S. þoljan; Old Engl. and Scot, thole.; O. H. G. doljan, dolon; Dan. taale; Germ, dulden; Lat. tulisse, tol-erare; Gr. rXa- in r\rjvai, etc.] :-- to be a r, endure, suffer; reyna hvert hann þyldi jam eðr eigi, whether he could bear it or not, Fms. vii. 250; hvárt þrændir þyldi atgörða-laust, ef..., vi. 38; ok þoli skor, Grág. ii. 188; at þau (the ships) þeyldi (i. e þøldi) mannfarminn, Fms. viii. 380, v. 1.; mannraunir er hann hafði þolat, vi. 19; hversu X? þoldi Skarphéðinn í brennunni ... vel fyrst en þó lauk svá at hann grot, Nj. 270; ef slíkt þolist, Ísl. ii. 406; eigi er þat þolanda (gerund.), it is intolerable, K. Á. 36; spyrr hversu lengi hann hafði þat áfelli þolt, Fms. x. 226; lengi höfu vúr þolt þeirra ofsa, 237; þau hafa mart hiigg þolt í dag, 360; hversu hart þeir hafa þolat, Fas. i. 339. 2. þola e-m e-t, to bear it at one's hand; kann vera at þú sé nokkurir svá röskvir at eigi þoli jarli allau úsóma, Fms. i. 208; munt þú skora mér á holm ok þola eigi log, Nj. 87; eigi fkal þat ok skal þola Snorra log, le. t us 'thole'' the law to Snorri, i. e. let us give him the benefit of the law, Eb. 100; undrumk ek at Guð þolir honum þá ofdirfð, Fms. vii. 261; þeir þol&u honum eigi réttindi, Ó. H. 190; mun konungr eigi þola þér lengr at þú gangir á hans n'ki, Fms. xi. 62; hugði hann at jarl mundi þola honum her, he had a mind th a t the earl should thole war at his band, he would wage war against the earl, 3; at hann mundi lúka honum skatt eðr tola her ella, Fas. i. 329. 3, þola ílla, þola hart, to suffer hardship, Stj. 247, Bs. i. 201; þola önd, to keep breath; hann rann hundrað skrefa meðan hann þoldi önd einu sinni, in one breath, Rb. 482: hence the mod. þola önu (i. e. önd) fyrir e-n, to feel a pang for one, feel anxiety, concern; see önd. II. to feel at rest, be still or quiet, stir not; kistan þoldi uppi sem fyrr eða nokkuru verr ..., Bs. i. 712; (one would say that the mod. tolla, to re s t, sit fast, was a corruption of this phrase, were it not that tolla occurs in the verse in Hallfr. S.); æðisk dyrit svá at þat þolir hvergi, s o that it has no rest, Lækn. 472; fylgði svá mikill verkr, at hann mátti hvergi kyrr þola, so great pain that be could nowhere remain quiet, Grett. 152; rekr Grettir hrossin, ok þolir Kingála eigi í haga, K. was restless, 25 new Ed.; hann þo'ir ekki við fyrir verkjum, he ha s norest for pains. þolandi, part, a sufferer, Skálda (= accusative). þolanligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), tolerable, H. E. i. 457; eigi rétt eðr þolanligt, to be tolerated, Bs. i. 281. þol-góðr, adj. enduring, persevering. þol-gæði, - n. patience. þolin-móðliga, adv. patiently, Fms. ix. 278, Rb. 382, MS. 623. 54, passim in mod. usage. þolin-móðr, adj. [Dan. taalmodig] , 'thole-moody,' patient, enduring, Stj. 158, Fb. ii. 261, Greg. 20, passim esp. in eccl. writers, N. T., Vidal. II. masc. the clench-nail by which the blade is fastened to the haft of a clasp-knife; þolinmóðr í knif, Edda ii. 494; þolin- móðrinn brotnaði. þolin-mæði, f. patience, long-suffering, Ld. 256, Fms. x. 217, Sks. 12, Mar. passim, N. T., Pass., Vidal. þolinn, adj. one who holds out longest, lasting, durable; skjöldr þjokkr ok þolinn, Karl. 97: enduring, þrekinn ok þolinn við vás ok erviði, Róm. 330, Fms. ii. 69: of one who never gets exhausted, never loses his breath, of a runner, horse, or the like, minn hestr er þolnari en þinn. þol-lauss, adj. impatient, having no endurance. þol-leysi, n. lack of endurance, unsteadiness, Grett. 118. ÞOLLR, m. [Ivar Aasen to ll; cp. þöll, þella], a fir-tree, esp. a young fir, see Ivar Aasen, Edda (Gl.); but in poets of trees in general; er und þolli stendr, Vsp. (of an ash); ask-þollr, an ash-tree, Lex. Poët.; álm- þollr, an elm-tree, id. 2. [A. S. Ipol; Engl. thole], a wooden peg, Hym. 13 (the peg on which the cauldron was hung): esp. the thole of a row-boat, the pin on which an oar works, úrar leika í þollum (Dan. to ld). II. freq. in poet, circumlocutions of a man: poet, cojnpds, hjálm-þollr, seim-þ., hring-þ., = a man, Lex. Poët. þol-raun, f. a trial, Bs. i. 45. þopta, see þópta. ÞORA, pres. þori, pret. þorði; subj. þyrði, older þørði; part, þorat (þort ?): with neg. and personal suff., þoriga ek, / dare not, Vkv.; [cp. Engl. dare; the Dan. lurde, =to dare, is formed from the pret.] :-- t o dare, have the courage to do a thing; with infin., þoriga ek at segja nema þér einum, Vkv.; bora mun ek þann arm verja, 0. H. (in a verse); þorði hann ekki at synja þeim gistingar, Fbr. 19; get ek at hann haft ekki þorat at koma á minn fund, 33;, en skal þessi eun gamli bora at sjá í mót vápnum, Ld. 280; ek þorða at leggja mik í hættu, Fs. 4; hann þorir at berjask, Gullþ. 50; þora man ek at heimta fé þetta, Nj. 31; var engi svá grimmr at þyrði á hann at ráða, Fms. ii. 174; þar hafði engi maðr þorat at nema fyrir landvættum, síðan Hjörleifr var drepinn, Landn. 272: leaving out the infin., ef þeir fá þann kvið at þeir mætti eigi ganga enda þorði þeir eigi, Grág. ii. 158. 2. with acc., sut only of the pronoun 'þat;' engi myndi þat þora, at segja honum ..., to one would dare that, to tell him ..., Hkr. (pref.): freq., and in mod. usage, eg þori það ekki, 7 d a re not th a t, dare not do it. þoran, f. daring, courage, Bs. i. 42, Al. 15; þoranar-raun, Ld. 92: neut., svá mikit þoran, Mar. 491. ÞORI, a, m. so the vellums with a single r; the mod. form is þorri, jut less correct, for the word is akin to þyrja, q. v. :-- the greater part, main part, of a crowd, multitude, assembly, or the like; allan þora. ^thus the vellum) landsins, the main part of the land, Fms. vii. 177; allr jori liðsins, Trist.; var þat mestr þori rmígsins, viii. 411 (þori, Fb. ii. 587, I. e.); mestr þori var á land rekinn fjárins, Finnb. 244; en mikul jori var þat er þær sögðu eins báðar, Landn., Hb. 320; lætr hann brott

742 ÞORN -- ÞÓF.

flytja mestan þora fjárins, Al. 28; mestr þori manna, Barl. 26, N.G.L. ii. 418; hann má oss þjóna at miklum þora. for a great deal, Norske Saml.; and so freq. in mod. usage, það er mestr þorri búinn, the most part ready, all but ready. ÞORN, m. [Ulf. þaurnus = GREEK; A.S. þorn; Engl. thorn; O.H.G. and Germ. dorn; Dan. torn] :-- a thorn; þorna ok þistla, Eluc. 45; með þornum, Greg. 31; þorn ok klungr, Stj. 38, 47, passim; hag-þorn, cp. þyrnir. II. metaph. a spike; með hvössum þornum, Sks. 419: esp. the tongue of a buckle, pin of a brooch, hón þóttisk taka þorn einn or serk sínum, Hkr. i; þorninn gekk í sundr í sverðfetlinum, Sturl. iii. 163; þorninn í belti þiuu, Pr. 431; poët., þorns þöll, þorna Freyja, Þ;rúðr ..., the fairy of the fibula, i.e. a lady, Lex. Poët., and in mod. usage; þorn-reið, þorn-grund, poët, = a lady, Lex. Poët. 2. the letter þorn (see Þ), Skálda 168, Edda ii. 365. þorna, að, to become dry, Glúm. 364, Eb. 260, Bs. i. 339, Ísl. ii. 131, 364, Greg. 58, Al. 95, Sks. 28, Bad. 78, Stj. 589. 2. metaph. in the rhyming phrase, morna ok þorna, to 'peak and pine,' Fas. ii. 235. 3. part. þornaðr, dried; dauðr ok þornaðr limr, Fms. i. 229. þorn-görð, f. = þornkrúna, Symb. 22, Hom. (St.) þorn-krúna, u, f. a crown of thorns, Ann. 1274. ÞORP, n. [Ulf. þaurp = GREEK, once in Nehem. v. 16; A.S. and Hel. þorp; Old Engl. thorp; O.H.G. and Germ. dorf; Lat. turba is taken to be the same word: this word, we think, was originally applied to the cottages of the poorer peasantry crowded together in a hamlet, instead of each house standing in its own enclosure, like the 'tún' or 'bær' or 'garðr' of the 'búandi,' hence þorpari = a churl (see below); the etymological sense being a crowd, throng, as seen in þyrpast, þyrping (qq.v.), as also in Lat. turba]: I. a hamlet, village, rarely of an isolated farm; fóru þau um kveldit í annat þorp skamt þaðan, ... Þorsteinn hét þar bóndi, Hkr. i. 189 (in East-Norway), Fms. x. 219; margir vóru búendr þar í þorpinu, Ó.H. 151; til Níðaróss, þar var þorp nokkut sett ok kaupstaðr, Fms. x. 294; um þorp ok um bæi (Scotland), Orkn. 78; in Edda 108, þorp ef þrír eru, ... 2. when used of foreign countries it means a thorp or village; borgir, kastalar, þorp, Fms. vii. 94; þorp ok tún, Sks. 631; Írar hlaupa saman í eitt þorp, Ld. 78; borg eða þorp, Stj. 96, 183; þar (in Frisland) varð brátt fyrir þeim þorp eitt ok bygðu þar margir bændr, Eg. 528: Lat. villa is rendered 'þorp,' Róm. 132, Hom. (St.), (= Matt. xxii. 5); þorpin stóðu á bryggjunum ok mikit fjölmenni í þeim þorpum (of London), O.H.L. ch. 10: metaph., þrætu-þorp, the abode of quarrel, i.e. the mouth, Fms. vi. (in a verse). 3. the word occurs twice in poets in the same sense as in the Goth., a land; hrörnar þöll sú er stendr þorpi á, hlýrat henni börkr né barr, Hm. 49 (here 'þorp' seems to mean a field, fenced place, or garden, as opp. to the 'wood'); þrjár þjóðár falla þorp yfir meyja Mögþrasis, three great rivers fall over the field of the Norns, Vþm. 49. II. very freq. as the second compd of Dan. local names, as -trup, or -rup dropping the t, Hos-trup, Kra-rup, Kolde-rup, Vins-trup, Sverd-rup; but in early Dan. -torp or -thorp, thus Bukke-thorp, Thume-thorp, Ny-thorp = mod. Dan. Nyrup, and in many names of places, see Dipl. Thorkel. passim; so also Engl. -thorp and Germ. -dorf: in Norway such local names are rare, in Iceland still more so, yet a Þorpar, f. pl., occurs in western Iceland, in Stranda-sýsla, called 'í Þorpum.' The reason is that in flat countries cottages lie closer together than in a mountainous country. þorpari. a, m. a cottier, peasant, boor, churl, clown, of the lower peasantry; búandkarl eða þ., Fms. ii. 48; þorparar ok verkmenn, opp. to ríkir búendr, Ó.H. 212; þorpari (opp. to hæverskr maðr), Sks. 276, 317; 'colonus' and 'miles gregarius' are rendered by þ., Róm. 132, 152; þorpara sonr, þorpara sveinn. a term of contempt, Fms. viii. 221, Fas. i. 150. 2. metaph. a villain, so in mod. usage. COMPDS: þorpara-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), boorish, clownish, Hkr. iii. 129, Al. 119. þorpara-skapr, m. clownishness, Sks. 276: mod. villainy. þorp-karl, m. = þorpari, a churl, Fms. x. 372, Þiðr. 231. þorpkarl-ligr, adj. churlish, Hkr. iii. 129. Þorri, a, m. [perh. from þverra þorrinn = the month of the waning or 'ebbing' winter] :-- the name of the fourth winter month, the first after mid-winter; of thirty days, beginning on a Friday and ending on a Saturday inclusively; in the old calendar Þorri is entered as beginning between the 9th and 16th of Jan., and the next month, Góe (q.v.), between the 8th and 15th of Feb., see H.E. i. 595; but in the new style, in Icel. Almanack, the first day of Thorri, 1873, is Friday, Jan. 24, and the last, Saturday, Feb. 22; mið-þorri, the middle of the month Th., Edda 103, Grág. ii. 306, Rb. 46, Landn. 324: the name of this month is still the common term in Icel., the names of Jan. and Feb. being almost unknown in Icelandic country life; Þorra-dægrin þykja löng | þegar hann blæs á norðan, a ditty, see Gói. For the mythical origin of this month, see Orkn. (begin.) and Fb. i. 21, 22. COMPDS: Þorra-blót, n. the great sacrifice when Thorri begins (in heathen times), Fas. i. 17. Þorra-kyrrur, f. pl. calm, frosty weather, said to prevail in this month. Þorra-mánuðr, m. the month Thorri, Fb. i. 22, Rb. 516. Þorra-þræll, m. the thrall of Th., i.e. the last day of Thorri, see Almanack, 1873, Feb. 22. ÞORSKR, m., proncd. þoskr, and spelt so, Edda ii. 623; [Dan. torsk] :-- a codfish, Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 359; passim in old and mod. usage, þorsk-höfuð, þorsk-lifr, þorsk-lýsi, a cod's head, liver, oil: þorska-bítr, m. nickname of a great fisher, Eb.: Þorska-fjörðr, m. a local name in western Icel., Landn.: Þorskfirðingar, m. pl. the men from Th.: Þorskfirðinga-saga, u, f., Landn., see Index. ÞORSTI, a, m. [Ulf. þaurstei = GREEK; A.S. þurst; Dan. törst; Germ. durst; Engl. thirst] :-- thirst, Fms. iii. 96, vi. 350; hungr ok þorsti, passim. þorst-lauss, adj. 'taintless,' having slaked one's thirst, Gsp. þorst-látr, adj. given to thirst, thirsty, Lækn. 471 (spelt þostlátr): of food, causing thirst, það or þostlátt. þot, n. [þjóta], a rush; upp-þot, a great uprising, a great stir; sitja í þot (better þrot = þraut) við e-n, Fas. iii. 177. ÞÓ, conj. [Goth. þau or þau-h = GREEK, ni-þau = GREEK; A.S. þeah; Engl. though; O.H.G. doh; Germ, doch; Dan. dog; the Icel. being a contracted form; this particle was originally pronominal, the h being a suffix; see Grimm's Gramm. iii. 176, 177.] A. Though, yet, but yet, nevertheless; hefir mér þó tvennt um sýnzt, ... en þó hefi ek í einum stað á stofnat, Nj. 3; þeir vóru síð búnir, ok sigldu þó á haf, 281; en þó vil ek mik eigi frá kjósa, Fms. vi. 10; ok fengit þó minna hlut, vii. 256; en ef eigi náir þeim, þá er þó rétt, at..., Grág. i. 207; svá þó (yet so) at biskup væri skaðlauss, Dipl. v. 2; en ef þeir setja lík niðr þó at hváru, nevertheless, N.G.L. i. 347; eigi var skegglauss Þorvaldr bóndi þinn, ok réttú þó honum bana, Nj. 52; ok vartú þó vetri ellri, Fms. vii. 119. II. connected with other particles: 1. er þó, 'as though,' considering that, yet after all, or the like; er þó hafði hann tekit við Birni, Eg. 166; er þér þreytið þetta mál þó svá mjök, Fms. vii. 169; er þó buðu þeir honum svá góða kosti, ix. 398; þú hrópar sonu Njáls ok sjálfan hann er þó er mest vert, Nj. 68: dropping the particle 'er,' þó hefir hann at sjálfvilja sínum farit þingat á fund yðvarn, Eg. 424; biðja vil ek henni friðar, þó hefir hón mitt traust sótt, Mork. 204; fari á land heiðit, þó vill hann eigi Kristinn vera, N.G.L. i. 341; eigi mun ek drepa þik, þó biðr þú miskunnar, Sks. 740. 2. ok þó, and even; en Símon læzk Guð vera, er hann er maðr ok þó íllr, S. says he is a god, being a man, and even a bad one. Post. 656 C. 28; mörgum mönnum ófróðum ok þó óvitrum, ill-informed and unwise to boot, Bs. i. 59; sagði þeim öngan frama at drepa fá menn ok þó áðr ílla leikna, Fms. ix. 47; væri þat mönnum skyldugt ok þó nauðsynligt, Sks. 45 B; rjúf aldri sætt ... ok þó sízt á þvi máíi, Nj. 85. B. þó-at, and contr. þótt, although, even though: I. separated, þo ... at, þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, it is still right ..., even though, even in case that ..., K.Þ.K. 134. II. þó at, although; heimsku mæla skaltu, þó at þú vel hvat vitir, thou speakest vain, 'although thou knowest all well,' Em. 3; hann rengði til augum, þó at úskygn væri, Fms. ii. 59; þeir máttu eigi vita hvárt hann var á lífi eðr eigi, þó at hann færi þaðan vetr-gamall, i. 185; at oss Íslendingum kippi á kyn, þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34: somewhat irregular is the usage in, munu vér því eigi várkynna öðrum, þó at hér skatyrðisk, we will not excuse others for using bad words, Ísl. ii. 384; eigi vanntú framarr en þú áttir, þó at þú hefndir föður þíns, thou didst not more than what was right when thou didst avenge thy father, Sd. 190. 2. dropping the 'at;' en Sverri studdi hvárki fé né frændr þó (at) hann kæmi ungr ok einmana ok öllum ókunnigr inn í landit (coming as he did young, etc.), Fms. viii. 3; eigi met ek þat til óvirðingar þó ek fóstra honum barn, vi. 5; þó þeir sé svá miök þrengðir at, although they be so oppressed that ..., Hom. 38; þó þú sért lítillar ættar, Fms. vi. 10; þó ek gefi yðr frjálsa, id. III. contracted þótt = þóat, although; with subj., þótt hón hafi ..., Grág. i. 228; varðar þat skóggang, þótt þat verði fjörbaugs-garð, ef þat færi eitt saman, ii. 10; halda máttú þessu sæti, þótt hón komi sjálf til, Nj. 6; þetta væri at vísu lög, þótt fáir kunni, 237: þó (yet still) hafa húsfreyjur verit góðar, þótt (although) eigi hafi staðit í mannráðum, 53 (repeating the particle þó); er ek hirði aldri þótt drepizk, 85; en létir hann eigi gjalda, þótt hann hefndi bróður síns, Eg. 174; at Eríkr konungr léti sér óþokka í, þótt Hákon konungr léti brenna Vermaland, that king H. had burned W., Fms. x. 27; engi maðr skal banna för fjörbaugs-manni, þótt fé eigi at þeim, Grág. i. 90: -- special usages, at hann væri at vísu mestr laga-maðr, þótt reyna þyrfti, even if that should be tried, Nj. 237; nær ætla ek þat lögum Íra, þótt þeir kalli fé þetta vágrek, Ld. 76. 2. as a Latinism with no verb following; gef þú mér þó at óverðugri, da mihi quamvis indignae, Stj.; dreifðum vér guðs úvini þótt með drápi ranglátra, Már. 3. ef tveir menn eigu bú saman ok hafa þeir öngan griðimann ok er þótt (nevertheless) réttr annarr þeirra í kvöð, Grág. ii. 44; better þó (but this is very rare); skorti þar eigi mjólk, þótt hann hefði vitað hvers við þurfti, as if he had known, Finnb. 234. 4. suffixing -tú (i.e. thou), although thou; ekki fer ek at, þóttú hafir svelt þik til fjár, Nj. 18; muntú þykkja röskr maðr, þóttú hafir ratað í stórvirki þetta, 257. þóat, see þó (B). ÞÓF, n. a beating or thickening of cloth; Bárðr minn á Jökli leggstu á

ÞÓFARI -- ÞRÁ 743

þófið mitt, Ísl. Þjóðs., and freq. in mod. usage. II. metaph. a wearisome, endless struggle; leiðisk mér þóf þetta, Nj. 92, Sturl. i. 101, Grett. 134; þar kemr enn þófinu, at ..., Fms. xi. 429, Grett. þófari, a, m. a stamper. þófi, a, m. felt; þeir skáru sér stakka ór þófum, Bs. i. 667, passim. 2. esp. of felt used as a saddle-cloth; þófa á tvá hesta, Vm. 177; slær við beisli, lætr þófa á bak hestinum, Hrafn. 7; hann léttir söðlinum upp af þófanum, Sturl. iii. 295. COMPDS: þófa-höttr, m. a felt hood, Fms. iv. 76, ix. 445, Nj. 179. þófa-stakkr, m. a felt cloak, Sturl., Bs. i. 667. þófna, að, to thicken, of cloth, etc. þóknan, f. a pleasure; vel-þóknan, good-will. þóknask, að, dep. [þykkja, þótti, cp. þokki], to be pleased; vita hversu Frey þóknisk til þin, Fms. ii. 74; Ólafi þóknaðisk vel tal þeirra, O. was well pleased with their talk, i. 220; þóknaðisk hvárt öðru vel, 102, N.G.L, ii. 421. ÞÓPTA, u, f., better þopta, for optar, þopta make a rhyme; now sounded þótta :-- a rowing bench, aptr stökk þjóð um þoptur, Hallfr.; þessi maðr var hárr á þoptu, Fms. ii. 180; mörk fyrir þoptu hverja, þat heita þoptu-gjöld, N.G.L. i. 103: allit., þóptu ok þilju, Grág., passim. þópti, a, m. a bench-fellow, Edda (Gl.) Þórðr, m., gen. Þórðar, a pr. name, see Þórr (B). Þór-duna, u, f. a mod. poët, word, from Dan. torden, the din of Thor, i.e. thunder, Bjarni. ÞÓRR, m., gen. Þórs, dat. and acc. Þór, but Þóri dat., Bragi; in Runic inscriptions spelt Þur; [A.S. þunor; Engl. thunder; North. E. thunner; Dutch donder; O.H.G. donar; Germ. donner; Hel. thunar; Dan. Tor, in tor-den; cp. Lat. t&o-short;no and tonitrus; the word Þór-r is therefore formed by absorption of the middle n, and contraction of an older dissyllabic Þonor into one syllable, and is a purely Scandinavian form; hence in A.S. charters or diplomas it is a sure sign of forgery when names compd with þur- appear in deeds pretending to be of a time earlier than the Danish invasion in the 9th century; although in later times they abound; the Engl. Thurs-day is a later form, in which the phonetic rule of the Scandin. tongue has been followed; perh. it is a North. E. form. There is a short essay by Jacob Grimm on the etymology of this word.] A. The god Thor, the god of thunder, keeper of the hammer, the ever-fighting slayer of trolls and destroyer of evil spirits, the friend of mankind, the defender of the earth, the heavens, and the gods, for without Thor and his hammer the earth would become the helpless prey of the giants. He was the consecrator, the hammer being the cross or holy sign of the ancient heathen, hence the expressive phrase on a heathen Danish Runic stone, Þurr vigi þassi runar, 'Thor, consecrate these Runes!' Rafn 193. Thor was the son of mother Earth; blunt, hot-tempered, without fraud or guile, of few words and ready stroke, -- such was Thor, the favourite deity of the ancients. The finest legends of the Edda, - and the best lays (the lays of Hymir, Thrym, and Harbard) refer to Thor, see the Edda passim, Eb. the first chapters -- hann varðveitti þar í eyinni Þórs-hof, ok var mikill vin Þórs, ... hann gékk til fréttar við Þór ástvin sinn ..., Eb.; Helgi var blandinn í trú, hann trúði á Krist, en hét á Þór til sjófara ok harðræða, Landn. 206. For a head of Thor carved on the high-seat pillars, see Eb., Fbr.: or on a talisman, Fs. 97. B. COMPDS OF PROPER NAMES. -- The name of Thor has always been thought to sound well, and is much used in pr. names; (hann átti) son er Steinn hét, þann svein gaf Þórólfr Þór vin símim ok kallaði Þorstein, Eb.; uncompd only in the form Þórir of a man, Þóra of a woman, but common in compds, where in mod. usage the vowel is sounded long before a vowel, and before b and d, elsewhere short, but in old times it was no doubt ó throughout; -- thus, as a prefix, Þór-álfr, Þórólfr, Þórarr, Þór-arinn, Þór-oddr, Þór-haddr, Þór-halli, Þór-hallr; but Þor-bergr, Þor-björn, Þor-brandr, Þor-finnr, Þor-gautr, Þor-geirr, Þor-gestr (Þórgestlingar, the family of Th., Eb.), Þor-grímr, Þor-gils, Þor-gnýr, Þor-kell (qs. Þorketill), Þor-lákr (sounded Þollákr, Bs. i. 356, l. 18, and so in mod. usage), Þor-leifr, Þor-leikr, Þor-ljótr, Þor-móðr, Þor-mundr (Dan. Runic stone), Þor-steinn (sounded Þosteinn, and often, spelt so in later vellums), Þor-valdr, Þor-varðr, Þór-viðr; of women, Þór-ey, Þór-arna, Þor-finna, Þor-gríma, Þor-gunna, Þór-halla, Þór-hildr, Þór-unn, Þór-dís, Þor-gerðr, Þor-björg, Þor-katla, Þór-ný, Þor-veig, Þór-vör. 2. as a suffix. -Þórr, -Þóra, -dórr, -dóra; Arn-órr, qs. Arn-þórr and Arn-óra, Stein-dórr, Hall-dórr and Hall-dóra, Berg-þórr and Berg-þóra, Ey-þórr and Ey-þóra, Haf-þórr. Of all these names, three demand special mention, viz. Þórðr, being a contr. qs. Þór-røðr (as Bárðr = Bár-röðr), the old uncontr. form occurs in poems of the 10th century, e.g. Þórröðr vinon óra, Korm. 132; so Sighvat calls his own father Þórröðr (dissyll.). yet he makes it rhyme as if contracted (Þorröðr er var forðum), so Þorðr skorðu, Bjarn. (in a verse): the other name is Þuríðr, a fem. name, a weakened form for Þóríðr, Íb. 363 (qs. Þór-ríðr, like Sig-ríðr); thirdly, Þyri, a fem. name, weakened from Þór-vé, or still older Þór-veig, mod. Dan. Thyra, see Landn. 309; Þurvi (Þiurvi), gen. Þurviar, on Runic stones. II. in local names, Þórs-mörk, Þórs-nes, Þórs-á, Landn., Eb.; whence Þórs-nes-ingar, the men from Th., Landn.; and Þórs-ness-lönd, -þing, Eb., Landn., Korm.: Þórsnesinga-goðord, Landn., Eb. . Sturl.: Þórs-engi, n., i.e. Þórs-vengi, = Thaasinge in Fünen, Denmark. C. COMPDS: Þórs-dagr, m. [A.S. Þunresdæg; O.H.G. Donares-tac, Toniris-tag; mid. Germ. Donres-tac; mod. Germ. Donners-tag; Dutch Donder-dag; Swed.-Dan. Tors-dag; in Engl. also contr. Thursday] :-- Thursday, dies Jovis, N.G.L. ii. 347, Rb. 572, Fms. ix. 317, passim; Helgi-Þórsdagr, Holy Thursday, Ascension Day, Js. 11, Fms. ix. 526, D.N.; Skíri-Þórsdagr, Dan. Skjertorsdag, Thursday in Passion-week, passim. Þórs-hani, a, m. a bird, cp. Óðins-hani. Þórs-hof, n. the temple of Jove, Clem., Al. þótt, although, see þó (B. III). ÞÓTTI, a, m. [Engl. thought], thought, mind; geð-þótti, hug-þótti, disposition. 2. haughtiness, anger; engi þótti né ofrkapp, Karl. 210, Mar.: and so in mod. usage, COMPDS: þóttaligr, adj. rude and haughty. þótta-fullr, adj. arrogant. þóttr, m. = þótti; í föstum þótt (= or þokk?), in a surly mood, Stor.; mæla sinn þótt, to tell one's mind, Fb. i. 50. þóttú, although thou, see þó (B. III. 4). þramlast, að, dep. = þermlast, D.N. i. 317. ÞRAMMA, að, to lumber along, walk heavily, like a bear, Fas. iii. 275, Hallfred (Fs. 105), Ísl. ii. 272 (in a verse). þramman or þrömmun, f. a lumbering along, Am. 17. þram-valr, m. [Germ. dram; Lat. trab-s, see Grimm, Dict. ii. 1332] :-- a 'beam-hawk,' i.e. a ship, poët., Leiðarv. 16. ÞRAP, m. = þrapt, [cp. Engl. to threap = to wrangle.] þrapt, n. a quarrel, Edda 110; cp. þrátta and þræta. þras, n. a quarrel, litigation; opt er þras á þingum, Hallgr.: an idle quarrelling; þetta er ljóta þrasið! leiðinda-þras, a tiresome wrangle. ÞRASA, pres. þrasi, [0.H.G. drason], to talk big, make a bold show; hví þrasir þú svá, Þórr? Ls. 59. 2. mod. to quarrel, wrangle. Þrasi, a, m. (= þrasir), a pr. name, Landn. þrasir, m. [cp. Ulf. þrasa-balþei = pugnacity, temerity], a sturdy fighter; in poët. compds, líf-þrasir (one who is hard to kill?), ör-þrasir, dólg-þrasir. þraska, að, to rummage, better þröska; þótti henni þraskað um híbýli sín, Grett. 141 C. þrauka, að, to hold on sturdily, stubbornly. ÞRAUT, f. a struggle, great exertion, labour, hard task; þú sel manninn fram, ok lát mik eigi þurfa þraut til, Ld. 44; leggit á mik nokkura yfirbót eða þraut, Fms. i. 119; svá mikla þraut at leiða mikit lið í orrostuna aptr, x. 371; þola þrautir, Al. 92, Sks. 23 new Ed.; göra þraut til e-s, to try hard: ok mun ek nú eigi optarr þraut til göra, Lv. 69: in legends (such as that of Hercules) the labour or 'task' to be performed is called þraut, Bret. 22, 24; nú mun ek göra sem fornir menn, at ek mun láta þik vinna til ráða-hags þessa þrautir nökkurar, Eb. 132; leggja þraut fyrir e-n; thus, e.g. the twelve labours of Hercules are 'þrautir.' II. with prepp.; í þraut, in or with a desperate struggle, in the end, finally; ódrjúgr í allar þrautir, opp. to 'í fyrstunni,' Fms. viii. 134; öruggr í allri þraut, i. 305; hann gékk undan þeim í þraut, Eb. 320; at vísa djöflum til þrautar við mik, Fms. i. 305; eigi munu vér sigrask á þeim til þrautar, Fær. 75; berjask til þrautar, to fight to the end, Fas. ii. 535. Hkr. iii. 90, Fms. vi. 256. þrautar-laust, n. adj. without a struggle, easily, Fms. ii. 268, vi. 160. þraut-góðr, adj. persevering, Rd. 308, Sks. 383, Fs. 161, 184. þraut-laust, n. adj.; var þat eigi þ., it was not without a struggle, Eb. 172, Fas. ii. 478. ÞRÁ, pres. þrái, pret. þráði, [Engl. throe], to feel throes, to long, pant after; þrár hann ok sýtir eptir þeim, Stj. 76; sýtandi ok þrándi eptir honum, 195; slá ekki slíku á þik, at þrá eptir einni konu, Ísl. ii. 250; þá skal ekki lengi þrá til þess er þó skal ekki tjá, Gísl. 99: with acc., Ketilríðar er Viglundr þráði, Bárð. 165. II. [þrá, n.], reflex. to persevere, be obstinate in a thing; en ef þeir þrásk á ok látask hvárigir fyrri hefja. N.G.L. i. 64; en alls þú þrásk á hóhn-göngu þessa, Karl. 90 (þrár svá mjök, v.l.) þrá, n. a throe, hard struggle, obstinacy; en ef menn vilja þrá sitt til leggja, ok vilja heldr vera í banni en lausn taka, H.E. i. 238; ef hann stendr í því með þrái, 232; ef þú staðfestisk í þinu þrái, Stj. 285; Rafn harðnaði í sínu þrái við biskup, Bs. i. 761. 2. the phrase, í þrá, in defiance of; görði þat hverr í þrá öðrum, in spite of, in defiance of one another, Sturl. ii. 12; honum þótti þat mann-skaði mikill, ok mjök gört í þrá sér, and in his despite, in order to thwart him, Ó.H. 94; ganga á þrá, to veer round and become contrary, of wind; því næst gékk veðr á þrá, ok rak þá inn aptr undir Niðarhólm, Fms. ii. 207. þrá, f. [þreyja], a throe, pang, longing; mikilliga þrá eðr helstríð, Stj. 38; böl er beggja þrá, Ls. 59; ljótar nornir skópu oss langa þrá, Skv. 3. 7; leggja þrár á e-t, to yearn after a thing, Flóv. 77; þrár hafðar er hefi til þins gamans, Fsm. 50; margr fær þrá fyrir litla stundar-fýsn, Mag.

744 ÞRÁÐR -- ÞRESKJÖLDR.

B. [A.S. þreâ or þreow, in lic-þrowere = a leper; cp. A.S. þrower, a martyr], rottenness, decay; in iík-þrá, 'body-decay,' leprosy. ÞRÁÐR, m., gen. þráðar, dat. þræði, pl. þræðir, þræðr, Sks. l.c., Pr. 411; acc. þráðu: [A.S. þræd; Engl. thread; Germ. draht; Dutch draad; Dan. traad: the root verb is in A.S. þrawan; O.H.G. drabjan; Engl. throw in throwster; Germ. drehen; Lat. torquere] :-- a thread, end; rauðr þráðr, Fms. v. 319; landit skalf sem á þræði léki, Fas. i. 424; var þráðr bundinn við sporðinn, Fms. vi. 296; öðrum þræði batt hann fyrir framan ..., Bs. i. 644; nál ok þræðr, Pr. 411; þráðrinn, Rb. 472; hör-þráðr, silki-þráðr, Bs. i. 644, O.H.L. 73; örlags-þráðuna, Al. 79; þráðar-endi, a thread's end; þráðar-spotti. 2. naut. term, the brails of a sail(?); nálar margar ok ærna þræðr eða sviptingar, Sks. 30 B; þráða-riða; eyrir við líksíma hvert, eyri fyrir þráða-riðu hverja, eyri fyrir hanka hvern, N.G.L. i. 101. þrái, a, m. staleness. II. obstinacy = þrá, n. Þráinn, m., dat. Þráni, a pr. name, Landn., Nj. þráliga, adv. obstinately, Fb. ii. 50, Fms. ii. 167, x. 277. 2. frequently, incessantly, Stj. 157, Fb. ii. 50. þráligr, adj. very frequent, Stj. 80. þrána, að, to become decomposed (þrár). Þrándr, m., Þránd-heimr, Drondheim, see Þróndr, Þróndheimr. ÞRÁR, þrá, þrátt, adj. stubborn, obstinate, mostly in a bad sense; þráir ok kappsamir, Ísl. ii. 368; miklu er hann ráðgari ok þrárri á þat sem hann vill fram fara, Fms. vi. 382; en þeir er þrástir vóru á sitt mál vildu berjask, viii. 411, freq. in mod. usage. 2. neut. þrátt as adv., frequently; hvat vit munum tala svá þrátt á kveldum, Fms. vi. 394, viii. 436; finnask þar þrátt rauðir gimsteinar, Stj. 72; þrátt-nefndr, often named, Jb. 446; þrátt ok iðugliga, D.N. i. 195. B. COMPDS, constantly: þrá-beiting, f. a beating-up to the wind, a naut. term; ef menn beita þrábeiting, Jb. 399. þrá-bænn, adj. begging hard, Stj. 206, Post. þrá-fylginn, adj. persevering, Fas. iii. 195. þrá-girni, f. a contentions spirit, obstinacy, Hým., Fb. iii. 246, Blas. 49, Fms. v. 239, Hkr. ii. 237. þrá-gjarn, adj. obstinate, Akv. 43. þrá-gjarnliga, adv. repeatedly, over and over again, Gkv. 2. 17, 31. þrá-halda, hélt, to hold fast, stick to, Fb. i. 228. þrá-haldr, adj. obstinate, stubborn, Fms. i. 305, Orkn. 34. þrá-kelkinn, adj. (-kelkni, f.), dogged, obstinate, pig-headed. þrá-látr, adj. stubborn, Stj. 449, Fb. ii. 261. þrá-leikr, m. perseverance in, Al. 119. þrá-liga (q.v.), adv. frequently. þrá-ligr (q.v.), adj. frequent, incessant, þrá-lífr, adj. tenacious of life, Ýt. þrá-lyndi, f. stubbornness, Fms. vii. 21, viii. 436, x. 292, 306, Glúm. 358, Fs. 36, 49, Bret. þrá-lyndr, adj. obstinate, stubborn, Finnb. 348, Fms. x. 177, 292, Fs. 166, Stj. 230. þrá-læti, n. = þrályndi, Karl. 540. þrá-mæli, n. a bandying of words, Am. 103. þrá-reip, n. tight, strong ropes, Sól. 77. þrá-rækiligr, adj. obstinate, Róm. 336. þrá-samliga, adv. very frequent, Ísl. ii. 363, Fms. x. 507. þrá-seta, u, f. sitting one out, Fms. viii. 441, Jb. 278. þrá-viðri, n. a constant adverse wind, Norske Saml. v. 159. þrá-yrði, n. = þrámæli, Barl. 125. C. Þrár, þrá, þrátt, decomposed, stale; þrátt kjöt, þrár fiskr, stale fish; lík-þrár, 'flesh-rotten,' leprous. þrátta, að, = þrætta, q.v.; [Germ. dratzen, whence later trotzen] :-- to quarrel, dispute; eg vil nú ekki þar um þrátta, Grönd. þráttan, f. a dispute, difference. ÞREF, n. a kind of upper floor where corn is stored (see þrefi); stofunni með kofum ok þrefinu sem þar er viðr fast, austasta búðinni undir stofunni, D.N. iv. 520; þrefit yfir forstofunni, i. 275, v. 342, vi. 84. 2. in the metaph. phrase, koma á þref, to come on the floor, to come in; kemr nú á þref um draumana þegar er lengir nóttina, when the night grew long, the (dismal) dreams came again, Gísl. 44. II. mod. a wrangle, dispute; mál-þref. þrefa, að, to wrangle, dispute; hvað ertu' að þrefa! Þre-falda, að, to triple, Alg., Sks. 675. þre-faldan, f. a making threefold, Alg. þrefaldliga, adv. trebly, Post. 645. 68. þrefaldr, adj. threefold, Ísl. ii. 104, Anecd. 30, Sks. 182, 449, 458. þref-búð, f. = þref, D.N. vi. 291. þrefi, a, m. [A.S. þraf; Engl. thrave = number of two dozen, Johnson] :-- a number of sheaves, a thrave, Edda ii. 491; cp. Dan. 'en trave korn;' in the phrase, raunlítið kemst opt á þrefa, small efforts soon make a shock, i.e. small matters soon grow into a quarrel, Mkv.; or is the metaphor from þref? cp. Gísl. 44 (above s.v. þref). ÞREIFA, að, [þrífa], to touch, feel with the hand; far þú hingat ok vil ek þ. um þik, Ísl. ii. 342, 343 (of a blind woman); fóstra Helga var því vön at þ. um menn áðr enn til vígs færi, Korm. 4; hann þreifaði þar niðr ok tók þar á sverðs-hjöltum, Ld. 204; myrkr þat at þ. má um, Eluc.; þ. í hönd e-m, to shake one's hands, Ísl. ii. 207; hann þreifaði um hendr þeim ok strauk um lófana, Fms. vi. 73. II. reflex., þreifast fyrir, to feel for oneself, to grope along, Fms. v. 95. þreifanligr, adj. tangible, Mar. ÞREK, n., in poets þrekr, m.; meiri varð þinn þrekr en þeira, ... sinn þrek, ... þú hefir vandan þik dýrum þrek, ... minna þrek (dat.), Ó.H. (in a verse, see Lex. Poët.); slíkan þrek, Jd. 11; jöfnum þrek, Fms. vi. 423; þann muntú þrek drýgja, Hbl.; eljun, þrekr, nenning, Edda 109; mikill þrekr ok afl, Sks. 159 new Ed. :-- pith, strength, courage, fortitude, eigi höfum vér þrek til at berjask við Þorstein, Korm. 236; um röskvan mann þann er vel væri at þreki búinn, Fms. vii. 227 (here it is evidently neut., for if masc. it would drop the i); ef þú hefir eigi þrek til, courage, Nj. 31; hafa þrek ok hugborð til e-s, Fms. vii. 143; hafa þrek við e-m, to be a match for, Fs. 125, Fbr. 111 new Ed. COMPDS: þrek-förlaðr, part. with failing courage, Jd. þrek-lauss, adj. pithless, Sd. 151, Fbr. 212. þrek-leysi, n. pithlessness, lack of fortitude, Ó.H. þrek-liga, adv. strongly, stoutly. Sks. 631. 633. þrek-ligr, adj. strong, stout of frame, Fms. ii. 84, vii. 19, 63, Ó.H. 139, Ld. 16, 120. þrek-lyndr, adj. strong-minded. þrek-maðr, m. a stout, strong man, Niðrst. 6. þrek-mikill, adj. strong, valiant, Fbr. 212 (in mod. usage of character). þrek-nenninn, adj. valiant, Hallfred. þrek-ramr, adj. strong, powerful, Geisli. þrek-samr, adj. bold, Geisli. þrek-stjarna, u, f. a star of might, Rb. 110. þrek-stórr = þrekmikill, Lex. Poët. þrek-virki, n. a deed of derring-do, Fær. 49, Nj. 183, Grett. 116. þrekaðr, part. worn, exhausted by over-exertion or from being tossed by wind, waves, fire, or the like, Fms. ii. 87, vi. 325; þeir vóru þrekaðir mjök af eldi, Orkn. 318, passim: in Stj. 387, for 'þreka,' read breka(?). þrekinn, adj. enduring; þrekinn við vás ok vökur, Róm. 330. 2. in mod. usage, stout of frame. þrekkóttr, adj. dirty, Fs. 158, Fms. v. 230. þrekkr, m. [Germ. dreck], filth, Lat. merda, Stj. 247, Mar., passim. þrekkugr, adj. = þrekkóttr, Fas. iii. 583. þremill, m., in swearing, hver þremillinn! see tramar, p. 639. þremjar, f. pl. a part of the sword, but unknown what, Edda (Gl.); the sword is called þremja linnr, vöndr, svell, = the snake, wand, ice, of the þ., etc., Lex. Poët. þrenning, f. a trinity, esp. in eccl. sense, the Trinity, Fms. i. 281, x. 171, Skálda, and in mod. usage, Vídal., Pass., etc. (Heilög Þrenning); Þrenningar-messa = Trinity-Sunday, Fms. ix. 372. ÞRENNR, adj. (also þrinnr), triple, threefold (see tvennr); þrennr búningr, Dipl. iii. 4; einn Guð í þrenningu, þrennan í einingu, Fms. i. 281: plur. in distrib. sense, munnlaugar þrennar, Dipl. iii. 4; þrennar tylptir í fjórðungi hverjum, Nj. 150, Eg. 341; með þrennum greinum, Stj. 37; þessa ómaga þrenna, Grág. i. 275; þetta eru þrenn verð, thrice the prize. Ld. 30, 146, Hkr. iii. 408; þrenn mann-gjöld, Nj.; þrennar sátir, Orkn. 48; þrennar níundir, Hkv. Hjörv.; þrenni, indecl. (cp. tvenni), Anecd. 58; fjör þrenni, three lives, Rekst. COMPDS: þrenns-konar and þrenns-slags, of three kinds. þrennis-kyns, id., Barl. 131. ÞREP, n. a ledge or shelf-like basis or footing, in a wall or pavement; skal hann (the wall) taka í öxl manni af þrepi, Grág. ii. 262; sjándi hvar fjándinn sitr á þrepi einu, Mar., and so in mod. usage: metaph., en þó var sem nökkut þrep kenndisk á leggnum, of a tumor, Bs. i. 376. þrep-skjöldr, a false form for þreskölddr, q.v. ÞRESKJA, t, þriskja and þryskva are less correct forms; [Ulf. þriskjan = GREEK; A.S. þerscan; Engl. thresh; O.H.G. drescan; Germ. dreschen; Swed. törska; Dan. tærska; Lat. tero; Gr. GREEK] :-- to thresh, D.N. vi. 196; þriskja (sic) korn, Fms. viii. 96 (þryskva, v.l.) þreskjöldr, m. [this word is derived from þreskja and völlr, and prop. means a threshing-floor, because in ancient times the floor at the entrance was used for threshing, but it then came to mean the block of wood or stone beneath the door, doorsill or threshold; and that in ancient times it was so, is borne out by phrases as, Gríma sat á þreskeldi, Fbr.; or, stíga yfir þresköldinn, Eb. l.c.; or, þresköldrinn var hár fyrir durunum, O.H.L. 85; see the references. The latter part of the compd, -öldr, is from a time when the older ld had not as yet become assimilated into ll. The word is declined like völlr; nom. þreskjöldr, or, dropping the j, þresköldr: acc. þreskjöld or þresköld, Bs. i. 44, Fms. v. 140, Fbr. 14, Korm. 10, Eb. 220, Fs. 68, Edda ii. 122, Hkr. iii. 116, N.G.L. i. 18, 431: dat. þreskeldi, Fms. ii. 149, Fbr. 98 new Ed., N.G.L. i. 18, 431; in rhymes eldhúss þreskeldi, Kormak: nom. plur. þreskeldir, Bs. i. 736; acc. þresköldu, Stj. 436 (spelt þrescavlldo): examples are wanting of gen. sing. and plur. 2. but as the etymology was forgotten, the forms soon got confused, e.g. the curious various readings to N.G.L. ii. 110, þreskilldi, þreskjalda, þreskalda, þreskalla, þreskaldi, þreskolli, þreskæli, all dat.: acc. sing. changing ö into e, þreskelld, Stj. 436 (Cod. A): dat. changing e into i, þreskildi (as if from skjöldr), H.E. i. 496, N.G.L. ii. l.c. The form þrepskjöldr, found in mod. Icel. books, is a bad attempt at an etymology, as if it were derived from þrep and skjöldr. The form tréskjöldrinn, O.H.L. 85. l. 21, is prob. merely a scribe's error, 3. at last came the mod. form þröskuldr, declined as a regular substantive (like Höskulldr), Sturl. iii. 33; [A.S. þerscwold or þerscold; Engl. threshold; Dan. tærskel; O.H.G. dirscuwili.] B. A threshold, passim, see above. 2. metaph. an isthmus or ridge flooded at high water, between the mainland and an island; þeir

745 ÞRETTAN -- ÞRÍFÆTTR.

réru inn til Arneyjar-sunds ...; var þar svá, til farit at þröskuldr lá á sundinu, en djúpt at tvá vega, var þar riðit at fjörum, en eigi flóðum, Sturl. iii. 33 (the ridges leading to the island Langey, in Skarðströnd in western Icel., are still locally called 'Þröskuldar'). II. metaph. as a gramm. term, a figure of speech, when one word ends and the next begins with the same consonant; þenna löst köllu vér þresk&aolig;lld, Skálda (Edda ii. 122; þræsk&aolig;lld, 412, l.c.) þrettán, thirteen, passim. þrettándi, the thirteenth, passim. 2. the thirteenth and last day of Yule, or the 6th day of Jan., is in Icel. called 'Þrettándi,' in Engl. Twelfth Night; see Icel. Almanack. þrettán-sessa, u, f. a thirteen-oared ship, N.G.L. i. 99, Fms. ix. 470. þrettugandi, -undi, the thirtieth, Rb. 1812. 49, MS. 732. 7. þré-vetr, adj. (in mod. usage also þré-vetra, indecl.), three winter's (i.e. years) old, Eg. 147, Hkr. iii. 188, Fms. i. 77, Ld. 56, Orkn. 278, Grág. i. 503, ii. 122, 258, Jb. 196. þreying, f. a patient waiting; göra sér e-ð til af-þreyingar, in order to kill the time. ÞREYJA, pres. þrey, þreyr, mod. þreyi, þreyir; pret. þreyði; [A.S. þrowjan; cp. the Engl. subst. throe] :-- to feel for, desire, yearn after; enn inn átta (viz. vetr) allan þáðu, Vkv.; löng er nótt ... hve um þreyja'k þrjár, Skm. 42; ek þrey um aldr, Fms. v. 231 (in a verse); ekki þreyr ek at þeim þegni, I long not for him, Fas. ii. 336; þreyja eptir einni konu, Ísl. ii. 250 (Cod. B, þrá Cod. A); ey þreyjandi, ever panting, Hdl. 46. 2. to wait patiently, endure; in which sense the word is still used, e.g. þrey, þol og líð, bið, vona og bíð, bölið fær góðan enda, Hallgr. þreyja, u, f: endurance, patience; eg hefi ekki þreyju til þess. þreyju-lauss, adj. impatient. þreynging, f. affliction; see þröngving, Fb. ii. 195. þreyngja, ð, to throng; see þröngva. ÞREYTA, t, fþraut], to prosecute a case stoutly, to strive, struggle, in a race, task, labour; þreyta leik, rás, kapp-sigling við e-n, to contend in a game, run a race with one, or the like, Edda 34, Fms. vi. 269, 360; þ. á drykkjuna, to contend in drinking, have a drinking-bout, Edda 34; þ. rás, to run a race, id.: þ. e-t með kappmælum, to dispute eagerly, Fms. i. 11; þreyttu þeir þetta með kappmælum þar til er hvárir-tveggju vápnuðusk, vi. 136; er þér þreytið þetta mál svá mjök, vii. 169; meirr þreytti Rútr þat með kappi en með lögum ... at þeir þreytti þat ekki með sér, Nj. 31; jarlarnir þreyttu þetta með sér, it came to high words between them, Hkr. i. 87; þ. lög inn e-t, to contend at law, Fms. vii. 132, 135; þeir þreyttu (tried bard) at komask í borgina, Edda; þreya heim, to strive to get home, K.Þ.K. 94; ef þú þreytir vel á jarðríki, if thou strivest well in this life, Mar.; þreyta hest sporum, to prick the horse with the spurs, Karl. 92. 2. hence in mod. usage, to wear out, exhaust; in old writers it seems not to occur in this sense, except as pass.; öflin þreyttusk, were exhausted, Bret. ch. 4: part., þótt hann sé mjök at þreyttr, sorely tried, Nj. 64. þreyta, u, f. wear and tear, exhaustion, freq. in mod. usage. þreytir, m. a contender, one who strives, Lex. Poët. þreytleikr, m. lassitude, Greg. 43, Stj. 490, v.l. þreyttr, part. [Dan. træt], exhausted, worn out, Fb. i. 483: very freq. in mod. usage, sár-þreyttr, dauð-þreyttr, ó-þreyttr, fresh, etc. ÞRIÐI, sounded þriðji, gen. dat. acc. þriðja; pl. þriðju: [A.S. þrydda; North. E. thrid] :-- the third, Nj. 32, Eg. 168, 220, 279, 537, and passim. COMPDS: þriðja-bræðri or -bræðra, adj., also used as a noun, fifth cousins (male), cp. annara-bræðra (see annarr), Grág. i. 285, ii. 172, 173, 188, 246, Bs. i. 10. Þriði-dagr (mod. Þriðju-dagr), m. the third day, i.e. Tuesday, Orkn. 322, K.Á. 182, Rb. 112 (see the remarks to dagr). þriðja-vaka, u, f. the 'third wake,' i.e. the 8th day of July, D.N. passim (see Fr.) II. Þriði is one of the names of Odin, Edda 3; Þriðja þing, = Valhalla or the Einherjar, Ýt. þriðjungr, m. the third part of a thing, Nj. 3, Eg. 57, 266, Fms. i. 70, N.G.L. i. 421, Grág. i. 156, passim. II. as a political division, the third part of a shire, A.S. Þrithing, low Lat. Trithinga, a Thriding (cp. the Yorkshire Ridings); in Icel. every þing (q.v.) was subdivided into three parts (i.e. there were three 'godords' in each þing); þriðjungs-maðr, an inmate or liegeman of such a 'riding,' Grág. i. 16; þriðjungs vist, domicile in a 'riding' (referring to the þingfesti, q.v.), 114: in Norway a church-division, fjórðungs menn eða þriðjungs, N.G.L. i. 133. COMPDS: þriðjungs-auki, a, m. an increase by a third, a law phrase, a joint property, where one partner (e.g. a wife) is entitled to a third part, N.G.L. i. 333. þriðjungar-fé, n. = þriðjungsauki; skyldi öll þessi kúgildi þriðjungar-fé vera, Dipl. i. 7; tíu kúgildi, þ., iii. 6; þá er Gísl skyldugr kirkju sex hundruð í þ., 7; gefandi Hamar ok Bakka ok tuttugu hundraða í þriðjungar-fé, iv. 8; tuttugu kúgildi þ., v. 5 (in all these instances of church donations, which were to increase by a third?). þriðjunga-félag, n. a joint-partnership, as marriage, in which the wife is entitled to a third part of the joint property, D.N. i. 108. þriðjungs-kona, u, f. a wife as partner in a þriðjunga-félag, D.N. v. 129. þriðjungs-penningr, m. a kind of coin, D.N. iv. 328. þriðjunga-skipti, n. a division into three parts. Edda 145, Fms. ix. 336. þriðjungs-tíund, f. a kind of tithe, D.N. v. 43. þriðjungs-þing, n. a meeting of a þriðjung (II), N.G.L. ii. 323. þriðungr = þriðjungr, Rb. 33, D.N. i. 108. ÞRIF, n. pl. [Engl. thrift], thriving condition, well-doing, prosperity; standa e-m fyrir þrifum, to stand in the way of one's well-doing, Fms. ii. 154; launa e-m þrif ok þroska, Al. 103; urðu þeir at öngum þrifum er honum hlýddu, Post. 656 C. 7; þurra aikvæmi mun litt at þrifum verða, Fb. i. 548; biðja annars heims þrifa, Hom. (St.); þar skulu nú þrif þín við liggja, Fms. viii. 385, v.l.; ó-þrif, unthrift, passim. 2. in mod. usage, cleanliness; ó-þrif, uncleanliness. COMPDS: þrifa-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), cleanly. þrifa-maðr, m. a thrifty, well-to-do person, Ísl. ii. 13. þrifa, að, = þrífa, to seize; lengi lifat, láti menn þat höndum þrifat, Bs. i. (in a verse); einn hest er hann fékk þrifaðan, Al. 81, 86. þrif-gjafari and þrif-gjafi, a, m. a giver of good things, a bounteous giver, Mar., Hom. (St.) þrif-gjöf, f. a gift of grace; þ. Guðs, Post. (Unger) 235. þrifinn, adj. 'thrifty,' Bs. i. 238, 240. 2. cleanly; ó-þrifinn, uncleanly, dirty. þrifla, að, [þrífa], to grasp at (= gripla), Barl. 70, 123. þrif-liga, adv. deftly; frækiliga ok þ., Stj. 233; eta þ., to eat briskly, Mag. 2. mod. cleanly; ó-þrifliga, uncleanly. þrifligleikr, m. a thriving condition; vænleikr ok þ., Stj. 225. þrifligr, adj. thrifty, well-to-do; maðr þ. í rauðum kyrtli, Grett. 67 new Ed., Fms. iii. 135, Fas. i. 314; þrifligra barn, Finnb. 214. 2. cleanly. þrif-mannligr, adj. = þrifligr, Mag. 88. þrifnaðr, m., older þrifnoðr, thrift, wealth, prosperity; engi maðr heldr sínum þrifnaði til allsendis, Fms. i. 295; urðu allir at minna þrifnaði en áðr, vii. 196; þar skal nú þrifnaðrinn þinn við liggja, viii. 385; ek hefi tekit hér þrifnað, Lv. 36; góðverk remma allan þrifnoð, MS. 673. 60; meiri verði þinn en þeirra þrifnoðr, Arnór. 2. mod. cleanliness; ó-þrifnaðr, uncleanliness. þrifnaðar-maðr, m. a well-to-do man, Fms. vi. 356: mod. a cleanly person. þrif-samliga, adv. profitably, Hom. 10. þrif-samligr, adj. wholesome, Hom. 9; þ. áminning, 656 C. 30. þrif-semi, f. a good estate, Hom. 66; augu mín sjá þ. þína, thy salvation, id. 2. thrift; em ek þó skjótt aflandi á verkum mínum ok þ., Njarð. 366. þrift, f. thrift; fari sá útlægr ok komi alldregi í þrift, Js. 25; koma e-m í þrift, Fb. i. 136; komask í þrift, Fms. vi. 115. þrifu-liga, adv. = þrifliga, Stj. þrima, u, f. = þryma(?), a peal of thunder, Lex. Poët. þrimarr and þrimir, m. [þremjar], a sword, poët., Edda (Gl.) þrimill, m., better þrymill, q.v. þrinnr = þrennr, like tvinnr for tvennr; sinn, þrinnum, Rekst. þriskja, t, to thresh, Fms. viii. 96; the mod. form is þreskja, q.v., Dan. tærske; but in Icel. the word is little used, and hardly known, except it be in metaph. phrases. þristr, m. the three in cards; cp. tvistr. þrisvar, adv. thrice; see þrysvar. ÞRÍFA, pres. þríf; pret. þreif, þreift, þreif; pl. þrifu; part. þrifinn :-- to clutch, grip, grasp, to take hold of suddenly or violently; hann þreif upp spjót, Nj. 8; hann þreif til hennar, Eg. 193; Hallfreðr þreif til hans ok keyrði undir sik, Fms. ii. 60; hann þreif til Þorsteins, Fs. (begin.); hann finnr barnit, þrífr upp síðan ok kastar í stakk sinn, Finnb. 214; hann þreif í feldinn stundar-fast, Grett. 114, 118; þrifu þeir þjóðgóðan, Am. 61; hann þreif um fótinn, Fms. viii. 368, v.l.; hann þrífr í tána, Hrafn. 15; þars vér á Þjaza þrifum, Ls. 51, 52, and passim. B. Prob. an altogether different word, arrd only used in the reflex. form, þrífask, þreifsk, þrifisk :-- to thrive; hann bað hann ílla fara ok aldri þrífask, Nj. 19; engi fylkis-konungr þreifsk í landinu né annat stórmenni, Ld. (begin.); þá þrífsk hann ekki til skriðsins, Stj. 98; í hans kyni mundi allar þjóðir arf taka ok þrífask, be saved, Post. (Unger) 305, and passim in old and mod. usage. ÞRÍR, þrjár, þrjú; gen. þriggja; dat. þrimr and þrim, later and mod. þremr, þrem; acc. þrjá, þrjár, þrjú: [Goth. þreis; A.S. þrî; Engl. three; O.H.G. drî; Germ. drei; Dan. tre; Lat.-Gr. tres, GREEK; etc.] :-- three, Nj. 16, 23, 81, Grág. i. 82, ii. 392, Landn. 126, K.Þ.K. 164, Fms. v. 8, vii. 235, and passim; brjóta í þrjú (cp. í tvau), to break into three (mod. í þrennt), Hom. 141, Ísl. ii. 337. B. COMPDS with þrí- = three-, thrice-: þrí-angaðr, adj. three-forked, Stj. 430, MS. 544. 15. þrí-boginn, part. thrice-bent, Bárð. 175. þrí-breiðr, adj. of triple breadth, of cloth, Rb. 120, D.N. i. 410. þrí-bryddr, part. with threefold mounting, Landn. 190. þrí-deila, u, f. the rule of three. þrí-deildr, part. divided into three parts, A.A. 283. þrí-deili, n. a third part(?), N.G.L. i. 356. þrí-delningr, m. a third part, B.K. 40. þrí-engdr, part. three-pronged, Stj. 430. þri-falda, að, to make threefold, Stj. 551. þrí-faldr, adj. threefold, = þrefaldr, Fb. i. 423. þrí-forn, adj. thrice-old, i.e. three years old; þrífornt smjör, Skíða R. 197. þrí-fættr, adj. three-legged, Vápn. 24; þrífættr piltr þrifinn ok vandstilltr, in a riddle of the distaff. þrí-

746 ÞRÍGILDR -- ÞRÓASK.

gilda, d, to pay threefold, Fms. x. 172, Gþl. 359. þrí-gildr, part. of threefold value. þrí-greindr, part. three-branched, Stj. 57, 67. þrí-hendr, adj. a metrical term, each line having three rhyming syllables, Edda i. 648. þrí-heilagr, adj. lasting three days, of feasts, e.g. halda Jól þríheilagt, to keep Christmas three days. þrí-húsaðr, part. consisting of three houses, Stj. 57. þrí-hyrndr, part. [A.S. þryhyrned], three-horned, triangular, Fms. iii. 180. þrí-hyrningr, m. a triangle, Pr. 477, 478: a local name of a mountain, Landn., Nj. þrí-höfðaðr, adj. three-headed, Niðrst. 6, Skm. 31. þrí-kvíslaðr, part. three-branched, Stj. ch. 135, Al. 168, Karl. 299. þrí-liða, u, f. the rule of three, mathem. þrí-menningr, m. a third cousin, Fb. i. 287, Nj. 235, Gþl. 247; in K.Á. 140 even of a woman. þrí-merkingr, m. a ring weighing three ounces, Grág. ii. 171. þrí-mútaðr, thrice-moulted, of a falcon, Karl. 10. þrí-nættr, adj. three nights old, Edda 58; þing þrínætt, lasting three nights (days), Js. 37. þrí-skafinn, part. thrice-polished, Fas. ii. 326. þrí-skeptr, part. wadmal of three strands, cp. tvískeptr, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 246. þrí-skeyta, u, f. a triangle, Rb. (1812) 25. þrí-skipta, t, to divide into three parts, Stj. 451, N.G.L. i. 389. þrí-strendingr, m. a kind of shell, Eggert Itin. ch. 901. þrí-taka, tók, to repeat thrice. þrí-tíðungr, m. a bull three years old, N.G.L. i. 31, 99, Gþl. 111. þrí-tugandi, -undi (mod. þrí-tugasti), [A.S. þryttigoða], the thirtieth. Fms. x. 194, Rb. (1812) 3. þrítug-nátti, of thirty nights (days), of a month, Jb., Rb. 10, 56. þrí-tugr and þrí-tögr, adj. aged thirty, Fms. iv. 2, Hom. 55; þrítögr, Íb. 15: having thirty oars, þrítugt skip, Fms. vii. 234, N.G.L. i. 104: measuring thirty (fathoms, ells), Fas. i. 159, Landn. 51, Rb. 12 (of thirty days). þrítugs-aldr, m. the age of thirty. þrítug-sessa, u, f. a thirty-oared ship, Nj. 42. þrítugs-morginn, m. the morning of the thirtieth day, N.G.L. i. 14. þrí-tugti, the thirtieth, D.N. iv. 343, 369. þrítög-náttr, adj. = þrítugnátti, of thirty nights, epithet of a month, Íb. 7. þrí-valdi, a, m. the name of a giant, Edda (in a verse). þrí-vegis, adv. thrice. þrí-vetr, adj. three winters old, = þrévetr, Eluc. 149, Stj. 111, O.H.L. ch. 77. þrí-vægr, adj. of triple weight, 732. 16. þrí-þættr, adj. three-twisted. þrí-æri, n. a period of three years, D.N. þrí-ærr, adj. three years old, Stj. 111. þrjá-tíu, thirty; mod. = þrír tigir. þrjá-tygti, the thirtieth, D.N. iii. 205. ÞRJÓTA, pres. þrýtr; pret. þraut; subj. þryti; part. þrotinn: the verb being impersonal, forms as þrauzt or pl. þrutu hardly occur: [A.S. â-þreôtan] :-- to fail one, come to an end, impers. with acc. of the person and thing, e-n þrýtr e-t, it fails one in a thing, one comes to an end of it; en er veizluna þrýtr, when it came to the end of the banquet, Ld. 16; er nú vænast at þrjóti okkra samvistu, Fær. 174; þar til er þraut dalinn, to the end of the dale, Nj. 35; inn á fjörðinn, þar til er þraut sker öll (acc.), till there was an end of all the skerries, Landn. 57; en er hann þraut eyrendit, when the breath failed him, Edda 32: the saying, seint þrýtr þann er verr hefir, the man with a bad case has a hundred excuses, Fms. viii. 412; þá er í ráði at rögn (acc.) um þrjóti, Hdl. 41; ey eða ei, þat er aldregi þrýir, Skálda. 2. to want, lack, be short of a thing, fail in it; Hrapp þraut vistir í hafi, Nj. 128; íllt er þat ef föður minn þrýtr drengskapinn, Lv. 11; þá er menn Magnúss konungs þraut grjót ok skotvápn, Fms. viii. 139; at eigi þrjóti oss at vætta miskunnar af Guði, that we do not fail, Hom. 97; ef hinn þrýtr er við tekr, Grág. i. 227; þat hann viðr er þrjóta mun flesta menn þótt fé eigi, Ad. 21; ef hann þrýtr at veraldar auðæfum, Greg. 30. 3. as a law term, to become a pauper; annat-tveggja, at hann andisk eða þrýtr hann (acc.) at fé, þá ..., Grág. i. 274; ef þess er ván at þau þrjóti þau misseri, 241. II. part. at an end, past, gone; ok er þrotin ván þótti þess at ..., past hope, forlorn, Eg. 719, Fms. vi. 152, Ó.T. 8; get ek at þrotin sé þín en mesta gæfa, Nj. 182; þrotinn at drykk, short of drink, Fms. ix. 41; en er allir voru þrotnir á at biðja hann til, were exhausted in begging him, Bs. i. 128; Trojumenn sá sik þrotna at vega sigr á Grikkjum, Bret.; hestrinn var þrotinn, quite exhausted, Fms. vi. 211; ok vóru þá þrotnir yxninir, Eb. 176. 2. bankrupt; ef hinn er þrotinn er fram færir úmagann, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 10. þrjótkast, að, to be refractory, B.K. 108. þrjót-lyndr, adj. refractory, Fms. ii. 154; þungr ok þ., Bs. i. 341. þrjótr, m. [þrjóta], prop. as a law term, a defaulter; nú hafa þeir þrjót af jörðu færðan, hefir hinn jörð er á, N.G.L. i. 90; hverr ok sem hann görisk þrjótr, ok er skoraðr til leiðangrs ok sóttr til ok vill eigi göra ok hleypsk undan sókn ..., Gþl. 92; en ef sýslu-maðr fyrir-nemsk at sækja þann þrjót er í sýslu hans er, N.G.L. iii. 133. 2. a bad debtor; fara til heimilis þess er skuld á at gjalda, ok virða honum þar fullrétti eptir laga-dómi af fé þrjóts, Gþl. 479. II. metaph. a knave; sem þrjótr brjóti myksleða, Kormak; jörmun-þ., a great knave, Haustl.; þembi-þ., a sulky knave; urðar þ., the knave of the rocks, i.e. a giant, Þd., Orkn. (in a verse): and passim in mod. usage, a scoundrel, það skal á þrjót þorna sem á þræl vöknar, let a knave wash a knave, a saying. III. [Germ. trotz], of a thing, as a law phrase, defiance; in the phrase, bjóða e-m þrjót, to bid defiance to one; nú byðr maðr þrjót þeim er skuld á at honum. ok vill eigi vinna fyrir honum, færi hann á þing, ok bjóði frændum at leysa hann ór skuld þeirri, N.G.L. i. 31; en ef hann býðr þrjót ok vill eigi af fara, 245; valin-kunnir menn kasti í hlut þrjóts úmerktum, ok lýsi þar hvat hverr hlaut, 43. þrjózka, u, f. [Germ. dratz and trotz; Dan. trods], refractoriness, sullen obstinacy; dirfð ok þrjózku (= Lat. pertinacia), Hom. 24; nú harðna þeir í þrjózku, K.Á. 54; með þrjózku ok þrályndi, Fms. vii. 21; en þeir sem þetta greiða eigi fyrir þrjózku sakir, Gþl. 21. COMPDS: þrjózku-fullr, adj. refractory. þrjózku-maðr, m. a refractory person, Hom. 108. þrjózkask, að, to rebel, be refractory, B.K. 108; þ. við e-t, to refuse to do a duty, strike work. þrjózkr, adj. [Germ. trotzig], refractory, D.N. iv. 239, Grett. 92. þrjúgr, m.(?), a nickname, Fas. i. 381; cp. Dan. Tryge. þroka, að, = þrauka, to tarry; þó einmana þrokum hér þeim hjá Grænlands sonum, Núm. 1. 9. Þroptr, m. [þrapt], a name of Odin, prop. a wrangler(?), Edda (Gl.) ÞROSKASK, að, dep. [prob. derived from þró-ask, or may it not be akin to [v]röskr, p. 508, þ = v?], to grow up to full age, live to be a man; synir Haralds þegar þeir þroskuðusk, Fms. i. 196; hann þroskaðisk heima, Gullþ., Gísl. 79, passim in mod. usage. 2. part. þroskaðr, grown up, adult; margbreytinn þegar hann var nökkut þroskaðr, Fb. i. 302; hann görisk hniginn á enn efra aldr, en synir hans eru nú þroskaðir, Ld. 68; var hann vel þ. bæði at viti ok afli, Fs. 130; bráð-þ., 126. þroski, a, m. maturity, full age, manhood; á ungum aldri ok fullkomnir at þroska, in the prime of life, Eg. 256, Fs. 12; þroski vex. 15; hann varð fyrr algörr at viti ok afli ok öllum þroska, en vetra-tali, Fms. i. 96, x. 177 sá var þroska-munr þeirra, þó at Sigmundr væri yngri, at ..., ii. 97; hann átti mart barna ok urðu flest lítt at þroska, Sturl. i. 60; Halli þótti Ingjaldr sitt ráð lítt vilja hefja til þroska, Ld. 38; em ek því fegnust ef þinn þ. mætti mestr verða, Ó.H. 33. COMPDS: þroska-maðr, m. a manly, vigorous person, Grett. 92 A, Ó.H. 139. þroska-mikill, adj. of mickle manhood, vigorous, Fms. ii. 81. þroska-samr, adj. id.; mart manna mun frá ykkr koma þroskasamt, bjart ok ágætt, Fb. i. 544. þroska-vænligr, adj. promising, Ld. 61. þroskr, adj. vigorous, mature, full-grown, cp. röskr; enum þroska Njarðar-syni, Skm. 38. þrosku-ligr, adj. vigorous, Fms. ii. 4, 108 (of young persons). ÞROT, n. [þrjóta], a lack, want; þar er ekki þrot átu, Sks. 176. 2. as a law term, the state of a pauper, destitution; þar skal þrot heita sem úmaginn er ..., Jb. 167; ef maðr vill seljask arfsali, ok eigi til þrota, but not so as to be destitute, Grág. i. 204; maðr á þess kost at seljask arfsali ... ef hann hefir eigi til þrots selt, 227; ef umagi er seldr til þrots, 268, Fs. 142; en ef þau verða at þrotum, þá eru þat grafgangs-menn, N.G.L. i. 33; nú sækir þrot bóanda í héraði, if he becomes a pauper, 52; nú ef þrot sækir þann mann sem jörð hefir selt til stemnu, 96; liggja í þroti, to be in a state of destitution, Greg. 28. 3. plur., in the phrase, at þrotum kominn, come to one's last gasp, worn out from sheer exhaustion; mátt-dregnir af matleysi ok kulda, ok mjök at þrotum komnir, Fms. ii. 98; at þrotum komnir af matleysi, viii. 441, Stj. 395, 414; og nær var æfi er að þrotum komin, og vér liggjum fyrir dauðans porti, Vídal.; þá er þat ríki komit at auðn ok þrotum, Sks. 347. COMPDS: þrota-bú, n. a bankrupt household. þrota-maðr, m. a bankrupt, a pauper, N.G.L. i. 52, Rd. 285. þrota, að, impers. there is lack or want of a thing; ef þik þrotar föng, Fb. iii. 403; ráðin þrotar fyrir honum, there is lack of counsel for him, he is at his wit's end, Al. 105; bæði þrotar Klæng biskup móð ok mátt, H.E. i. 239. þroti, a, m. [þrútinn], a swelling, tumour; tók ór sviða ok þrota ór Sárinu, Ld. 252; þ. mikill var kominn í kné honum, svá at bólgnaði, Fms. v. 223, Orkn. 12, Sks. 235 B, Greg. 33, passim. þrotna, að, to run short, dwindle away, come to an end; at þeirra kostr mundi brátt þrotna. Fms. viii. 436; veldi Gyðinga hefir þrotnað, Rb. 390; aldrei hans ríki þrotnar, Pass. 35. 5; deyja hér ok þrotna, Stj. 327; þ. ok þorna, 354. þrotnaðr, m. vanishing; koma til þurðar ok þrotnaðar, Stj. 376, v.l. þrotnan, f. = þrotnaðr, Stj. 376, Skálda; vera í þ., to be waning, Lv. 74; þrotnan jarðar, Rb. 366. þrot-ráði or -ráða, adj. destitute, pauper; í sveit Hrafns var maðr þ., ... við mörgum mönnum félausum tók hann þeim er þ. vóru, Bs. i. 643; nú berr kviðr at hann varð þar þ. í þeim fjórðungi, Grág. i. 272; er þeir verða þ., ... ef ómagar verða þrotráða, 240, 241. ÞRÓ, f., pl. þrær, i.e. þrœr, and þróar, [A.S. þrub; Engl. trough], a trough, watering trough, esp. of hollowed wood or stone: helti hón vatninn niðr í þær þrær sem þar vóru görvar, Stj. 136; í þeim þróm eðr bryðjum, 178; þær höfðu fyllt þær þróar er þær skyldi vatna í, 257; stein-þró (q.v.), a 'stone-chest,' a stone-coffin. ÞRÓASK, að, dep. to wax, increase, grow; ok mun sá þróask hafa í kviði hennar, Fms. vi. 351; æ dóttir búanda tók at þróask ok digrask, xi. 53; vér trúum þinn kvið hafa þróask af helgum Anda, Mar.: en þá es honum þótti sá staðr hafa vel at auðæfum þróask, Íb. 16; hann þróaðisk (grew up) langa hríð eptir sem eðli ok aldr vísar til, Fms. x.

ÞRÖNDHEIMR -- ÞRÆLL. 747

177; hildr þróask, waxes, Stor. 13; metnaðr honum þróask, pride waxes in him, Hm. 78; þróask ekki mér, grief waxes within me, Sighvat. Þrónd-heimr, m. the home of the Thronds (Þrændir), a county in North Norway, mod. Throndhjem, passim: in Icel. called Þrándheimr. þróndr, m. a castrated boar (majalis), Edda (Gl.) II. a pr. name, the Icel. form Þrándr being later and not correct, mod. Norse Thrond: so in the Icel. phrase, vera e-m Þrándr í Götu, to be a 'Gate-Thrond' to one, i.e. a stumbling-block in one's path, evidently from the story of Thrond of Gata in the Færey-Saga: in local names, Þróndar-nes, -staðir, Fms., Landn. þróttigr, adj. powerful, mighty, Fms. ii. 69, Fbr. 212; ósterkari ok ú-þróttkari, Hkr. i. 46. þrótt-lauss, adj. feeble, pithless, Fbr. 211. þrótt-leysi, n. a want of strength or fortitude, Fms. v. 325. þrótt-liga, adv. doughtily, Sks. 631. þrótt-lítill, adj. of little pith. þrótt-mikill, adj. doughty, strong, Fbr. 211. ÞRÓTTR, m., gen. þróttar, [from þró-ast, cp. ótti from ógn-; cp. A.S. þroht = labour] :-- strength, might, valour, fortitude; íll-menni ok þó engan þróttinn í, Fs. 51; svá var mikill þróttr hans, at hann hló meðan hann beið þessa kvöl, Fas. i. 219; ek vil biðja þik, at þú hafir þrótt við (fortitude, firmness) ok verði því meiri hefndin sem lengr er, Lv. 40; þverrðu þeir þrótt sinn at þriðjungi, Hðm. 16; sannlega er skekinn þróttr (courage) ór yðr, Grett. 112; mæla þróttar-orð, a word of fortitude; þróttar-steinn, the stone of courage, i.e. the heart, Þd. II. one of the names of Odin, whence freq. in circumlocutions of men, hjálm-Þróttr, gný-Þ., sæki-. Þ., = a warrior; Þróttar þing, the meeting of Odin, i.e. battle, Ýt., Lex. Poët. COMPDS: þróttar-djarfr, -mildr, -snjallr, -strangr, = valiant, Lex. Poët. þrótt-sinni, n. endurance, Fms. v. 326. þrótt-öfligr, adj. mighty, of Thor, Hým. ÞRUMA, u, f. [þrymja; Grimm thinks this word akin to Germ. donner, by metathesis of r, and change of n into m] :-- a clap of thunder; því næst sá hann eldingar ok heyrði þrumur stórar, Edda 58; þrumur ok eldingar, Stj. 287; reiði-þruma (q.v.), a clap of thunder. COMPDS: þrumu-steinn, m. a thunder-stone, in popular superstition. þrumu-veðr, þrumu-ský, n. a thunder-storm, thunder-cloud. þruma, u, f. [cp. Engl. thrum = end], poët. a land, prop. border-land, outskirts(?), Edda (Gl.) 2. the name of an island in Norway, Fas. iii. ÞRUMA, pres. þrumi; pret. þrumði, þrumað :-- to mope, tarry, stay behind, loiter: ó-mennis-hegri sá er yfir ölðrum þrumir, Hm. 12; kópir afglapi, þylsk hann um eða þrumir, mopes, 16; ok nái hann þurrfjallr þruma, 29. 2. of a place or thing, to stand or sit fast; þar Valhöll víð of þrumir, stands rooted, Gm. 8; grýtt grund þumir um honum, the stony earth lies heavy on him, of one buried, Orkn. (in a verse); seglum hennar er á þráreipum þruma, Sól. 77; þruma á bjargi, to sit unmoved on the rock, Fsm. 35; flaustr of þrumði í blóði, she rode in blood, of a ship, Höfuðl. þruma, að, to rattle; þótt lúðr þrumi, Hkv. 2. 3: freq. in mod. usage, það þrumar, það þrumaði, it thunders; þá þrumaði Seifr, Od. þrumr, m. a slow person, moper, Edda (Rask) 197, v.l. (for þumr): a nickname, Njarð. 364; cp. hann var þögull ok fálátr, því var hann kallaðr þrym-Ketill, Dropl, (major). þrunginn, part. oppressed, stifled, Fas. ii. 124; see þröngva. þrusk, n. a rummaging. þruska, að, to rummage. Þrúða, u, f. the pet name for Sig-þrúðr, etc. Þrúð-gelmir, m. the name of a giant, Vþm. þrúðigr, adj. [A.S. þrydge], doughty, an epithet of Thor; Þórr, þrúðigr Áss, Þkv. þrúð-móðigr, adj. heroic of mood, an epithet of a giant, Hbl. 19. þrúðna-þurs(?), m.; ek kenni þik hvar þú stendr þrúðna-þursinn, the doughty giant, or the charmed, bewitched giant, of Starkad with the charmed life, Fas. (Skjöld. S.) i. 373. þrúðnir, in Vaf-þrúðnir (q.v.), the doughty riddler, riddle-master. ÞRÚÐR, f., acc. and dat. Þrúði, the name of a goddess, the daughter of Thor and Sif, Edda, Lex. Poët.; also the name of a woman, Þrúðr; as also in compds, Her-þrúðr, Sig-þrúðr, Jar-þrúðr, Landn., Fms.; cp. the Germ. drude = a witch or evil fairy, Grimm's Dict. s.v. B. IN COMPDS; [the etymology may be illustrated from the Goth. þroþjan = GREEK, us-þroþjan = GREEK, us-þroþeins = GREEK; to this root belongs í-þrótt (q.v.), qs. ið-þrót; perh. also þróttr, q.v.; or is it akin to Germ. drude (for which see Grimm's Dict.)?]: used in some old poët. compd words referring to Thor: Þrúð-hamarr, m. the master hammer of Thor, Ls. 57: Þrúð-heimr, Þrúð-vangr, m. the name of the mythical abode of Thor, Gm. 4, Edda: þ;rúð-valdr, in þrúðvaldr goða, the heroic, doughty defender of the gods, i.e. Thor, Hbl. þrúga, að, [Dan. true], to press; þrúga þeim til at greiða tíundir, D.N. iv. 141; hvárt hann vildi meðganga ó-þrúgaðr, without compulsion, Bs. i. 820; það þvingar, þrúgar með, það slær og lemr, Pass. 12. 13: the word is not freq. in Icel., but remains in the Dan. þrúga, u, f. [Ivar Aasen tryga, truga], a snow-shoe, i.e. a large flat frame with something stretched over it, worn by men or horses lest they should sink in the snow, described in Xenoph. Anab. iv. ch. 5, at the end, and said to be still used in Canada. II. [Dan. drue; Germ. trauhe], a grape, also a wine-press, Pass. 4. 3. þrúgan, f. compulsion, Bs. i. 857. þrútinn, part. swoln, oppressed, Fær. 95, Nj. 219, Grett. 151 new Ed.; reiði-þrútinn, swoln by anger, Al. 78; þrútinn af ekka. þrútir, f. pl.(?), a doubtful GREEK; svá skal of haga-skipti et sama, þá er haga-garðr rétt felldr ef þrútir taka limu, N.G.L. i. 498. þrútna, að, [Dan. trudne], to swell; þ. af kulda, 623. 33; fótrinn þrútnaði mjök, Ísl. ii. 247, Fms. vi. 350, vii. 172, svella ok þ., ix. 276, Grág. ii. 283, Jb. 243; straumrinn þrútnaði, Stj. 354; reiði þrútnar, Al. 125; þrútnar móðr, Ld. 236; þrútnar at um e-t, Sturl. i. 103; þrútnaði þá með þeim, there was a swelling between them, they became enemies, iii. 269. þrútnan, f. a swelling, Barl. 130, Rb. (1812) 33; þ. hugar, Hom. 26. þrútu-ligr, adj. swoln in the face, Hkr. iii. 202. þrykkja, t, to print (see prenta); the word is modern, borrowed from the Germ. drücken about or shortly before the Reformation. þryma, u, f. = þrama, an alarm, noise, of battle, Lex. Poët. þrymill, m. a hard knot in the flesh, as from a blow; hann var eigi nema hrufur ok þrymlar einir milli hæls ok hnakka, Fas. iii. 642; varð tungan milli tannanna, svo þar varð í ber eða þrymill, Safn i. 107. þrymja, þrumði, = þruma, to sit fast, mope: pres. þrymr, Edda i. 404 (in a verse). þrymlóttr, adj. full of knots, in the flesh, Bs. i. 387. þrymr, m. an alarm, noise, freq. in Lex. Poët, of battle: also in poët. compds as, þrym-draugr, -kennir, -lundr, -njörðr, -regin, -rögnir, -svellir, -viðr, = a warrior (cp. Homeric GREEK). COMPDS: þrym-gjöll, f. an alarm-bell, Skálda (in a verse). Þrym-heimr, m. the seat of the giant Thiazi, Gm. 11. þrymr, adj. [A.S. þrym], glorious; this seems to be the sense in Skv. 2. 14; þrymr um öll lönd (frægr um öll lönd, v.l.); although the passage is somewhat imperfect, for the verb is wanting. þryngva, see þröngva. þryskva, ð, to thresh; see þreskja. þrysvar, adv., the best vellum with y, Nj. 193, 269, Grág. i. 460 A, ii. 401 B, Vsp. 22 (Bugge), N.G.L. i. 339, Bs. i. 355, Stj. 619, Eluc. 11, Greg. 48 (þrusvar), Grett. 160 A; in mod. usage and in a few later vellums with i, þrisvar :-- thrice; hvert mál (er) til skila fært ef þrisvar er reynt, Fms. v. 324; þrysvar varð allt forðum, Sturl. iii. 253, Grett. 160 (cp. Germ. alle guten dinge sind drei, Dan. alle gode gange ere tre): also double, þrysvar-sinnum, thrice, passim, see above. ÞRÝSTA, t, [Engl. thrust], to thrust, press; hann setti öxar-hyrnuna fyrir brjóst Þrándi ok kvazk mundu þ. svá at hann kenndi útæpiliga, Fær. 126; hann gékk at honum, þrýstandi sinni hendi á hans síðu, Mar.; þá tók Hrærekr konungr á öxl honum hendinni ok þrýsti, Ó.H. 73. 2. to compress, strain heavily; þröngva gröf ok alla vega þrýst at þér moldin, Barl. 41; steinninn þrýstir fast at, Mar.; ven fót þinn at þrýsta fast í-stöðum, to thrust the foot firmly into the stirrups, Sks. 372; með þrýstandum lærleggjum, legs firmly pressed, on horseback, id.: þ. eyrum sínum í jarðligar girndir, 673. 48; hann þrýsti knénu við steininn, Fms. v. 224. II. to force, compel; þrýsta þeim ok þröngva, Stj. 264; þá á biskup at þ. þeim til, K.Á. 72; hann setti lög ok gætti sjálfr, ok þrýsti öllum til at gæta, Hkr. i. 72; Börkr þrýstir at Eyjúlfi fast, B. thrust E. hard, Gísl. 42. þrýstiligr, adj. 'compact,' stout, robust, Sturl. ii. 212, Lv. 68. þrýsting, f. a pressure, Magn. 486: compulsion. þrýstinn, adj. = þrýstiligr; þrýstinn um bóga, of a fat sheep, a ditty, Maurer's Volks. þræða, d, [þráðr], to thread a needle; þ. nál. 2. metaph. to follow a path closely; þræða veginn, götuna, leiðina (= Lat. legere). þræla, að. to call a person a thrall or thief (abuse), Nj. 20. þræl-baugr, m. money paid as weregild for a thrall, Grág. ii. 185. þræl-borinn, . thrall-born, Fms. i. 196, Ó.H. 112. þræl-dómr, m. thraldom. Fms. i. 79, 289, vi. 347, Karl. 132, Stj. 639. þrælka, að, to enthral, Eg. 8, Fb. i. 49, Trist. 6: þrælkasí, to be enthralled, Stj. 282. þrælkan, f. thraldom, Fms. i. 77, v. 75, x. 224, xi. 253. ÞRÆLL, m. [A.S. þræl; Engl. thrall; Dan. træl; Swed. träl] :-- a thrall, serf, slave, Am. 43, 93, Grág. ii. 156, N.G.L. i. 73, 102, Ó.H. 28, Eg. 722, Eb. 158. As to the treatment of thralls by the ancients, see the interesting passage Ó.H. ch. 31 (Fms. iv. 70, 71), cp. Tacit. Germ. ch. 25; fór þat fjarri um svá stórættaðan mann at ek vilda at hann bæri þræls-nafn, Ld. 12; Skíði bar þræls-nafn, Sd. 148; þræla-fólk, thralls, Fms. v. 249; þræla-hús, -tala, i. 289, 292; þræls-efni, ii. 95; þræls-gjöld, weregild for a thrall, Eb., Nj. 57, Eg. 723; þræla-ættir, Fms. i. 289. II. metaph., the word became a term of abuse, þræll being used to denote a servile, mean fellow, and then a cruel, wicked wretch: as in the saying, íllt er at eiga þræl fyrir einka-vin, Grett.; lítið lagðisk

748 ÞRÆLMENNI -- ÞULA.

hér fyrir góðan dreng er þrælar skyldu at bana verða, Landn. 36; þræll fastr á fótum, referring to a thrall being 'glebae ascriptus,' Nj. 27; eigi má ek minna hafa fyrir hest minn en sjá þrælinn, the scoundrel, Grett. 113 (of a ghost); djarfr görisk þræls-jafninginn nú, Fms. vi. 104; hví vartú svá djarfr, þræls-sonrinn! vii. 225; sú kona er eigi þræla-ættar (of no mean extraction) er þú hefir tal átt við í Noregi, Ld. 188: and so in mod. usage, þú ert mesti þræll! with the notion of cruelty to man and beast, e.g. þræls-liga, adv. cruelly, wickedly; fara þ. með skepnur, to treat animals cruelly: þræls-ligr, adj. slavish; þ. ánauð, Stj.: cruel. þræl-menni, m. a servile fellow, rascal, cruel, bad man. þræl-verk, n. a 'thrall's-work,' work fit for a slave, Ver. 20. Þrændir, i.e. Þrœndir, m. pl. [A.S. Þrowendas, of the Widsith; mod. Norse Thrönder] :-- the Thronds, people in North Norway (Þróndheimr), Fms. passim; Þrœnda-herr, -lið, the host of Th., Fms. x. 399, Hkr. iii. 86. Þrœnda-lög, n. pl. the jurisdiction of the Thronds (the Frosta-þing), Hkr. i. 147. Þrænzkr (i.e. Þrœnzkr), adj. Throndish, passim: Þrænzkr and Sænzkan make a rhyme, Fms. iv. (in a verse). þræsla, u, f. [þrár], staleness. þræslu-lykt, f. a smell of staleness. þræsur, f. pl. quarrels, Björn. ÞRÆTA, t, or better þrætta, although it is now sounded with a single t; [but in Dan. trætte; cp. A.S. þreâtian, Engl. threaten, though different in sense; or is þrætta assimilated for þrapt, qs. þraptan, whence þrátta. þrætta(?); North. E. threap] :-- to wrangle, litigate; nú þræta menn um lögmál, to wrangle about the law, Grág. i. 7; þ- um e-t, Fms. vi. 137: to contradict, Ld. 44, Th. 78; þræta e-s, to deny a charge; hann þrætti þessa áburðar, Bs. i. 704, Ld. 34; eigi muntú þessa þurfa at þræta, Fb. i. 556; þ. móti e-m, to contradict, Barl. 148. 2. recipr., þrætask á, to bandy words, Stj. 559; þann jarðarteig sem vér höfum um þræzk, Dipl. iii. 12; þrætt mun verða í móli ef eigi vita vitni, Nj. 82. þræta, u, f., older and better þrætta, D.N. v. 57, B.K. 51, [Dan. trætte] :-- a quarrel, wrangling, litigation, Nj. 16, Fms. vi. 373, viii. 157, 338, Sks. 650, passim; þrætu-bók, a book of dialectics; þrætu hagi, a disputed pasture, Ann. 172. COMPDS: þrætu-dólgr, m. a quarrelsome litigant, Bs. ii. þrætu-gjarn, adj. fond of litigation. þrætu-mál, n. a litigation, Fms. vii. 219. þrætu-sterkr, adj. strong in dispute, Mar. þrætu-teigr = þrætuhagi, D.N. þrætinn, adj. litigious, contradictory, Hom. (St.) þrömmun, f. = þramman, Am. 17. þrömmungr, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.) ÞRÖMR, m., þramar, dat. þremi, acc. pl. þrömu, Edda (Ht.) i. 622; [Engl. thrum; Lat. term-inus. Gr. GREEK, seem to be kindred words] :-- the brim, edge, verge; þat (a vessel) var tólf álna þrama í milli. from edge to edge, in diameter, Stj. 564; faðir Móða fékk á þremi, he seized [the cauldron] by the brim, Hým. 34; lögg (the ledge), opp. to þrömr, Grág. i. 501; gils-þrömr, the verge of the chasm; hjá gils-þreminum, Ld. 218; þeir sncru upp af götunni á gils-þröminn, Dropl. 23; yfir gjár-bakkann ok bar út yfir annan veg þröminn, Pr. 411; við jarðar-þröm, at the earth's brim or skirts, 'terminus terrae,' Hdl. 34; við foldar þröm, the earth's brim; sævar þröm, the sea's brim, the shore; Hléseyjar þrömr, the beach of H. (an island), Lex. Poët.: in mod. usage fem., in the phrase, vera kominn á Heljar þröm (or þrömina), to be 'in extremis.' ÞRÖNG, f., pl. þröngvar, Stj. 446; [A.S. geþrong; Engl. throng] :-- a throng, crowd; vér viljum önga þröng hafa af yðr meðan vér ryðjum skipit, Ó.H. 115; einn byggi ek stöð steina ... er-at þröng á þiljum, Landn. (in a verse); reiðir þröngina ýmsa vega eptir vellinum, Vápn. 16; varð þröng mikil, Nj. 92; þat sumar var þröng mikil at dómum, Bs. i. 31; mann-þröng, q.v.; en ef fé tröðz í kvínni í sauri eðr í þröng, Grág. ii. 328. II. narrows, straits, Lat. angustias; sumir vórðusk í þröngunum ok vóru þar drepnir, Róm. 278. 2. metaph. straits, distress; alla þá þröng ok nauð er hann boldi, Barl. 195; láta Gyðinga vita í hverjar þröngvar þeir eru komnir, Stj. 446. 3. short breathing, a cough; þá setti at honum hósta ok þröng mikla, Fb. i. 285, 330. þröng-brjóstaðr, part. narrow-minded, Al. 151. þröng-býlt, n. adj. closely-inhabited, crowded. þröngð, f. = þröng; eptir þat slitu þeir þröngðinni, Vápn. 17. 2. distress; þröngð ok ánauð, Barl. 195, v.l.; þola margar þrængðir (sic), 203. 3. short breath and cough; setti at honum hósta ok þröngð, Fms. i. 282; hafði karl þröngð mikla ok hrækði mjök í skeggit, ii. 59. þröng-færr, adj. narrow to pass, Fagrsk. ch. 279. þrönging = þröngving, q.v. þröngja, see þröngva. þröng-leiki, a, m. narrowness, Fms. xi. 431. þröng-lendi, n. a narrow land, Al. 68, Stj. 618. þröng-lent, n. adj. narrow, close, of a land, Landn. 127, Al. 32, Gullþ. 1. þröng-meginn, adj. oppressed, Pr. 451. ÞRÖNGR, þröng, þröngt, adj., often spelt þraungr, or even þrængr, þreyng-; the v appears before a vowel; compar. þröngvari, superl. þröngvastr, or contracted þröngri, þröngstr, þreyngstr; [North. E. thrang; Dan. trang; cp. A.S. þrang; Engl. throng, only as subst.] :-- narrow, close, tight; skyrtu þröngva, Rm.; vefjar upplutr þröngr, tight, Ld. 244; þar sem vóru þröngastir vegir, Fms. ix. 366; skógrinn var mikill ok þröngr, Nj. 130, Fms. i. 111; þar sem helzt vóru kleifar ok skógar þröngvastir, ix. 359; íkorninn fór jafnan þar sem þröngstr (þreyngstr, Hkr. l.c.) var skógrinn, Ó.H. 85; í þröngva dal þeim, in that narrow dale, Al. 26; geilar þreyngar at ríða at bænum, Orkn. 450; sú á heitir nú Þjórsá, féll þá miklu þraungra ok var djápari en nú, Eg. 99; þröngt varðhald, a close watch, Eluc. 60; settr í hit þröngasta klaustr, H.E. i. 487; þröngvar nauðsynjur, Sks. 321; var honum svá þröngt (his enemies were so close on him) at hann hleypti inn í kirkju, Fms. ix. 485. 2. thronged, crowded; þröngt var á skipinu, Ld. 56; valr lá þröngt á þiljum, Sighvat; nú skulu vér ganga heim at bænum, ok ganga þraungt ok fara seint, Nj. 197. þröngsl, n. pl., mod. þrengsli; [Germ. drangsal; Dan. trængsel; cp. Ulf. þreihsl = GREEK, and þraihns = a heap] :-- narrows, straits; í þrengslum, fjalla-þrengsli. 2. metaph. straits, distress; munu þat virðask mikil þröngsl hverju landi, Sks. 323 B, Barl. 10, 32. þröngsla, u, f. = þröngsl, Stj. 495. ÞRÖNGVA, þryngva, þreyngva; the later and mod. form is þrengja. In old poets this verb is strong, pret. þröng, þrungu, þrungit; thus pres. þröngr or þryngr, Ó.H. 107 (in a verse); pret. þröng, þrungu, Edda (in a verse), Fms. ix. (in a verse); subj. þryngvi, Orkn. (in a verse), Edda (in a verse); part. þrunginn, Hm., Skm. 31, Rm. 4, Skv. 34; in prose the participle þrunginn remains only as adjective, else the verb is now weak throughout, þröngva, ð: [Engl. throng; Germ. drängen; Dan. trænge; cp. Ulf, þreihan = GREEK.] B. Prop. to make narrow, press, with dat. and acc., þröngva e-m, to press on one, and þ. e-n, to throng one; hann tók at þrøngva mik mjök, he took and pressed me hard, squeezed me, Fms. x. 331; eigi byrjar mér at þröngva fólkinu svá mikla þraut, 370; Jón hefir lengi þröngt kosti hans, Orkn. 216; ok marga vega þröngva hennar kosti, Fms. i. 225; en er Kilbungar sá at alla vega þröngði kosti þeirra (impers.), in all ways their means were straitened, ix. 408; þ. e-n undir, to keep under, subdue, i. 297; þröngðir af sköttum ok skyldum, Stj.; þröngvandi nauðsyn, pressing necessity (cp. Germ. dringende noth), Dipl. iii. 5; þá þröngði hann nauðsyn til meiri dirfðar, Sks. 465 B; þ. e-m til e-s, to force one to a thing, 664; úynði þrengir þeim í hina herfiligstu hluti, 655 xxvi. 1; þrœyngir honum ofrkapp til úspekðar, Sks. 663 B: impers., ok þröngvir öngan stað eðr minkar, and tightens or decreases in no way, Rb. 334; Laugardaginn eptir þröngði svá sóttarfari konungsins, Fms. x. 148; hann hafði þröngt undir sik (subdued) mestum hluta lands, Sturl. iii. 2; áðr hann þryngvi und sik jörðu, Edda (in a verse); sá er þryngvi und sik Eyjum vestan, Orkn. (in a verse); jöfrar þrungu saman hjaldri, Fms. ix. (in a verse); hann hefir þrungit und sik Noregi, Ó.H. (in a verse); þrøngr at viðris veðri (impers.), the war-storm draws nigh, id.; þröng at rym randa, Fms. i. (in a verse); þeir þrungu (pressed) hlýr-tungli í (hendr) mér, they thrust it into my hand, Edda (in a verse). 2. to rush, press onward; mildingr þröng at hildi, Arnór. II. reflex., loptið þröngvisk ok þykknar, the air waxes close and thickens, Stj. 2. to throng; þröngvisk ér um ungan gram, Sighvat; at eigi þröngðisk menn at hánum, 656 C. 2; þeir réðusk í móti ok þröngðusk at vaðinu, Lv. 82; ok nú þröngisk hvárr í móti öðrum, Al. 79; Þorkell bað þær skynda, ok þröngðisk at þeim ok mælti. Fs. 76; þeir skyldi fara varliga er þeir kæmi í búðina, þreyngvask eigi, Ó.H. 156. III. part. þrunginn, stuffed full, loaded, fraught with, close; hár þitt er hélu þrungit, Hkv. 2. 42; ekka þrungit (tár), id.; dynr var í garði dröslum of þrungit (thronged), Akv. 35; skeiðum var þrungit á vatn af hlunni, Fms. ii. (in a verse); eftir er ykkr þrungit þjóðkonunga, Hðm. 4; þistill er var þrunginn í önn ofanverða, be thou like a thistle stuffed into the roof, a curse, Skm. 31; hleifr þrunginn sáðum, a loaf full of bran, Rm. 4: metaph., þrunginn móði, swoln with anger, Vsp. 30; þrungin dægr, dismal days, Rm. 11; hví þegit ér svá þrungin goð, oppressed, sulky, sullen, Ls. 7. þröngvan, f. a constraint; án allri þ., Grett. 162 A. þröngvi, a, m. = þröng, hósta ok þrönga, Hkr. i. 260. þröngving, f. (þrönging, Magn. 478, H.E. i. 408), mod. þreynging, Fms. v. 307: þrenging, Bs. i. (Laur.) :-- straits, and metaph. distress, also oppression, compulsion, þröngving ok mæðu, Fms. v. 309. þröngvir, m. a presser, Lex. Poët. þrösk, n. [þreskja], a noise, beating, as if from threshing, Fas. i. 66. þröskuldr, m., see þreskjöldr, a threshold. ÞRÖSTR, m., þrastar, þresti, plur. þrestir, þröstu; [A.S. and Engl. thrush, throstle; Dan. trost; Germ. drossel; Lat. turdus] :-- a thrush (the bird), Edda (Gl.): skógar-þröstr. II. as a pr. name, Landn. þuðr, adj., see þunnr, thin. þukla, að, [cp. þjökka; the -la may be an inflex. dimin.] :-- to grope for, feel, touch, like a blind man; hann fór höndum um kverkr sveininum ok þuklaði sullinum (of a king's touch), Ó.H. 196; hann þuklaði á saxi ok vildi þá leggja á Bjarna, Þorst. St. 55; þuklar (þucklar) bróðir járnteininum at eldinum sem hógligast, Mar. 1056; var svá til þuklat (it was handled so) at hvárir-tveggju undu vel við, Fs. 76. ÞULA, n, f. [þylja], a rote, old name for a kind of harp, now used of

ÞULR -- ÞURFA. 749

strings of rhymes running on without strophic division (Dan. ramse), en þá er sú þula var úti, Fas. iii. 206; orta ek eina um jarl þulu, | verðr-at drápa með Dönum verri, Fb. iii. 426; ella mun það þykkja þula | þannig nær sem ek henda mula, Mkv.; Rígs-þula, name of a poem (Edda ii. 496); Þorgrims-þula, Edda i. 480; lesa í þulu og bulu, to read by rote: also used of rhymed or alliterative formulas. þulr, m., gen. þular, dat. þul, a sayer of saws, a wife-man, a sage (a bard?); this interesting word, the exact technical meaning of which is not known, occurs on a Danish Runic stone -- Hruhalds þular á Salhaugum, Thorsen 17: and in old poems, at hárum þul hlæ þú aldregi, opt er gott þat er gamlir kveða, Hm. 135; inn hára þul, Fm. 34; nú skal freista hvárr fleira viti, gestr eða inn gamli þulr, Vþm. 9. þular-stóll, m. 'the bard's-seat,' in which he sat when speaking; mál er at þylja þular-stóli at, Hm. 111; fimbul-þulr, the great wise man, 143; kross hangir fyrir brjósti þul (poet) þessum, Orkn. (in a verse). þuma, að; þuma e-t upp, to string fish. ÞUMALL, m., dat. þumli; [A.S. þûma; O.H.G. dûmo; Engl. thumb; Dutch duim; Swed. tumma; Dan. tomme] :-- the thumb, of a glove; í þumlinum. COMPDS: þumal-alin or -öln, f. a thumb-ell, Grág. i. 500, N.G.L. i. 246 (see alin). þumal-fingr, m. the thumb-finger, Grág. i. 497, K.Þ.K. 10, Fb. ii. 370, Fms. xi. 367, N.G.L. i. 339. þumal-tá, f. the 'thumb-toe,' the great toe, Nj. 245, Stj. 310. þumbaldi, a, m. a dull moper: þumbara-ligr, adj. moping: þumbast, að, to mope. þumli, a, m. a 'tom-thumb,' a nickname, Sturl. ii. 153. þumlungr, m. the thumb of a glove; hanzka-þ., Ls. 60, Edda 29. 2. an inch, Symb. 59, Grág. ii. 193 (Kb.); einn þ., tveir þ., freq. in mod. usage. þumur, f. pl. holes through which a string is drawn, in fish and blubber hung up to dry, Skýr. 590. Þund, f. the name of a river, the thundering(?), Gm. þundar-benda, u, f. a fictitious name, Glúm. 381. Þundr, m., gen. Þundar; [prob. akin to Engl. thunder?] :-- one of the names of Odin, Lex. Poët. þunga, að, to load, only in part.; af hverju þeir hefði mest þungað skip sitt, Fb. ii. 28; þunguð kona, a woman with child; Þórey var mjök þunguð, Th. was far advanced, Fs. 143; Elizabeth frændkona þín gengr þunguð að einum syni, Luke i. 36; en eptir þá daga varð hans húsfrú Elizabeth þunguð, 24. þungan, f. a burden, 655 xxxii. 4. þungi, a, m. a load, burden, heaviness; at honum yrði mikill þungi at honum, Ísl. ii. 357; með torveldum ok þunga, Fms. x. 368; er hann dró eigi eptir sér þesskonar þunga, encumbrance, Al. 83; léttu, Dróttinn, þunga þessa frosti, Mar.; lina þvílíkum þunga, Dipl. ii. 14; mikill þ. með snjóvi ok frosti hefir á legit ...; svá sem til þunga við yðr, as a burden to you, id. 2. a burden, impost, taxation; ok aðrir þungar (imposts, dues) skyldugir kirkjum, H.E. i. 507; verðr mér heldr at því þ. enn gagn, Stj. 528; þó fékk hón öngan létta á sínum þunga (tbroes), Mar.; Guð virði við hann undir hvílíkum þunga hann á at standa, Bs. i. 821; þér sem erviðið og þunga eruð þjáðir, N.T. 3. a load, cargo; kaupa þar þunga, malt, vín ok hveiti, Eg. 79; var þar enn til þunga hveiti ok hunang,, 469; þungi var fluttr til bæjar af öðrum löndum, Ó.H. 110; Þórir spurði hvat þunga Asbjörn hefði á skipinu, 115. 4. heaviness, drowsiness; þótt þunga eðr geispa slái á hann, Fms. vi. 199, Mar. COMPDS: þunga-fullr, adj. burdened, oppressed, Flor. 8. þunga-vara, u, f. (-varningr, -varnaðr, m.), heavy goods (iron, salt, and the like), Fb. iii. 342, N.G.L. iii. 122, Fms. vi. 375. þungleikr (-leiki), m. heaviness; þ. ok snerpi þessa frosts, 623. 34; sýna af sér þungleika ok erviði, Fms. x. 368; fyrir þungleiks sakir, heaviness, infirmity, Sks. 270; þungleika aldr, age of infirmity, Stj. 27. þungliga, adv. heavily, opp. to léttliga, mostly used metaph.; vera þ. haldinn, sorely oppressed, from illness, Eg. 565; e-m líkar e-t þ., Ld. 72; hann tók þessu þ., Nj. 49; hans mál mun þ. til lykta leiða, will have a heavy end, will come to grief at last, Fms. vi. 278; þungligar er til farit, herra, the case is heavier than that, my lord, vii. 104. þung-ligr, adj. heavy, difficult; eigi lízt mér þetta mál þungligt, Band. 7; þungligir ok harðir hlutir, Fms. x. 265, Gísl. 85. ÞUNGR, adj., þung, þungt; comp. þungari; superl. þungastr; in later and mod. usage þyngri, þyngstr; [Dan. tung, tyngre, tungest; Swed. tung] :-- heavy, weighty; þótti mér hann nokkurs til þungr, Ld. 128; hann var þ., á baki, Fms. vi. 210; skipt þungt undir árum, vii. 249; þat var þyngst undir árum, Eg. 354; hann var þyngstr undir árum, Fms. vi. 262; sem þungast er ok lægst liggr, Stj. 18; þótti þeim þungast, Bs. i. 536. II. metaph. heavy; mannfærðin var en þyngsta, Eg. 546; mér er fótr þungr, my foot is heavy, Ld. 150; þungt and varp, Bs. i. 821; honum vóru augu þung, heavy-eyed, Ölk. 34; þung verða gamalla manna föll, heavy is the fall of the old, a saying, Fms. iii. 189; þunga vökva, heavy humours, Lækn. 474: gramm., hver samstafa er annat-hvárt hvöss eða þung, Skálda 175; veðr var þungt, the weather was heavy, oppressive, Fb. ii. 453; vaða þunga strauma, Vsp.; þ. sjór, Fms. vi. 141 (in a verse): þungr (heavy, dull) ok þrjótlyndr, Bs. i. 341; latr ok þungr á sér, Al. 71 Fb. iii. 373; með þungu yfirbragði, Fms. vii. 156; með þungum hug, 165; hafa þungan hug á e-m, Ld. 254, Eg. 172, Fms. vi. 190, vii. 113; vera e-m þungr á skauti, Fb. ii. 130; þó kom þyngra eptir, Bs. i. 632; leggja þungt til e-s, Fb. ii. 176; vóru Eilífr ok Auðunn þungastir Laurentio, Bs. i. 819; hafa þau Ljótr ok Þórunn þung verit til vár, Fbr. 101 new Ed.; var Kjartan oss þá þ. í skiptum, Ld. 222; þó er biða þungara (heavier) miklu, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); hafa þungan hlut af e-n, Fms. vi. 9; fékk hann þungt af Hrafni, 105; skal hann því þungast af hafa (get the heaviest share), at honum hafa öll málin verst farit hér til, Nj. 210; henni féll þungt til fjár, her money affairs were heavy, 31; hann þótti þyngra mála-hlut eiga at flytja (the heavier, the worse case), Ísl. ii. 172; e-m veitir þyngra, to get the worst of it, Fms. i. 93; er þungt at heyra þyt smábarna, Bs. i. 40; mér. er þungt, segir Eyjólfr (I feel heavy, ill) ok má ek því eigi fara, Glúm. 328. B. COMPDS: þung-búinn, part. heavy, loaded, of the sky, the clouds. þung-býlt, n. adj.; e-m verðr þungbýlt, to be hardly dealt with in one's neighbourhood, Ld. 26. þung-bærr, adj. heavy to bear, Eg. 379, Ld. 130: mostly metaph. burdensome. Eg. 226, Hkr. ii. 63, and so in mod. usage. þung-eygr, adj. heavy-eyed, dim-eyed, Bjarn. 59. þung-færask, ð, to become heavy, infirm, Fas. i. 388. þung-færr, adj. heavy to move, Fms. ix. 289: infirm, Eg. 754, Fms. vii. 5, Fb. i. 47. þung-gengt, n. part., e-m verðr þunggengt, Fms. ix. 511. þung-húfaðr, adj. with heavy hull, of a ship, Ht. (R.) þung-lífr, adj. heavy in the body, Þórð. 55 new Ed. þung-lyndi, f. heaviness of mood, moodiness, melancholy. þung-lyndr, adj. heavy of mood, melancholy, Fas. iii. 520. þung-meginn, adj. oppressed, Pr. 451; þeir vóru fáir ok þungmegnir, Art. 23. þung-reiðr, adj. heavy to ride through, of snow, or the like, Fas. i. 64: neut. þungreitt, heavy to ride; görðisk þungreitt, Fas. i. 64. þung-rœrðr, part. heavy to rear(?); en síðan vóru honum öll sín ráð þungrœrð ok torsótt, Ó.H. 195 (þunghrærðr, Fms. iv. l.c. less right). þg-skilinn, part. heavy or hard to understand. þung-yrkr, adj. 'heavy-working,' i.e. hard, severe, Fs. 183. þunnildi, n. the thin edge of a cut-up codfish, þunnildis-nef, n. the sharp point of the þ. ÞUNNR, adj., poët. form, þuðr, þuðrar, þuðri; compar. þynnri, superl. þynnstr, but also þunnari, -astr; [A.S. þyn; Engl. thin; Germ. dänn; Dan. tynd; Swed. tunn; the root word is þenja; cp. Lat. tenuis, Gr. GREEK] :-- thin; þunnrar blæju, Eb. (in a verse); þú hefir haus þunnan en ek hefi öxi þunga, Eb. 294; þunn öx, or thin-edged axe, Fms. vi. 30; skel-þunnr, egg-þunnr, þunnar fylkingar, Ó.H. 204; þunnt hár, Fms. vii. 239: also of fluids, the air, and the like, þunnara lopt, Stj. 17; þunnt veðr ok hreint svá at hvergi sá ský á himni, Bs. i. 172; var þá góðr þerri-dagr ok veðr kyrrt ok þunnt svá at hvergi sá ský á himni, Eb. 94 new Ed., Fb. 14 new Ed.: of a liquor, þunn súpa, þunnr grautr: metaph. in the phrase, þegja þunnu hljóði, thin, i.e. dead, silence, Hm. 7. B. COMPDS: þunn-bygðr, part. thinly inhabited, Sks. 42. þunn-býlt, n. part. thinly peopled with farms, Eg. 229. þunn-eggjaðr, adj. thin-edged, Fms. vi. 29. þunn-geðr, adj. thin-minded, weak-minded, fickle, Skv. 3. 40. þunn-görr, part. thin-made, Arnór. þunn-hárr, adj. thin-haired, Fms. vii. 199. þunn-heyrðr, part. of thin-hearing, sharp-eared, Barl. 30. þunn-karr, m. a nickname, Landn. 296. þunn-leitr, adj. thin-faced, Bárð. 165, Bs. i. 797. þunn-meginn, adj. 'thin of main,' weak, feeble, Stj. 89; spelt 'þung-meginn,' Art. 23 (fáir ok þungmegnir), Pr. 451. þunn-skafinn, part. thin-filed, Barl. 15. þunn-skeggr, adj. thin-bearded, a nickname, Grett. þunn-skipaðr, part. thinly-manned, Fms. viii. 316, Eg. 362; þunnskipaðra á húsunum, Sturl. ii. 10. þunn-sleginn, part. thinly-beaten, thinly-mounted, Hkr. iii. 16. þunn-vangi, a, m., q.v. þunn-vaxinn, part. thinly-waxen, slight built, Geisli. þunn-vangi, a, m. [A.S. þun-wang; O.H.G. dune-wenge; Dan. tind-ing; Lat. temp-ora] :-- the 'thin cheek,' the temples, Edda 30, Stj. 388, Karl. 511. þunn-vengi, n. = þunnvangi, D.N. ii. 123. Þura, u, f. a pet name for Þuríðr. þura, u, f. a shaft(?); Jólf's smíði er efst þura, Edda (Gl.) þurða, u, f. = þurðr, Grág. i. 195. þurðr, m., gen. þurðar, [þverra], a decrease, waning; hvern þurð þú hefir drukkit á sænum, Edda 34; þóttisk hann sjá mikinn þurð á liði sínu, Fas. ii. 286; ekki fara í þurð draumarnir, Ld. 128 (vellum MS.); jafn-skjótir at vexti eða þurði, Sks. 53; stóð hans ríki með styrk miklum en öngum þurð, Ó.H. 69; til þurðar ríki þínu, Fb. iii. 321. ÞURFA, a verb whose present takes a preterite form, see Gramm. p. xxiii; pres. þarf, þarft, þarf; pret. þurfum, þurfut, þurfu (mod. þurfið, þurfa); subj. þyrfti; part. þurft: with neg. suff., þarft-attu, thou needest not, Kormak; þurfu-t, they need not, Lex. Poët.; [Goth. þaurban = GREEK; A.S. þurfan; Germ. durfen, etc.] B. To need, want: I. with infin.; ekki þarft þú at ganga í hús mín, Fms. x. 262: ok þarf eigi sá spyrja á þingi, Grág. i. 20; ok þarf hann þá eigi at taka þær, ii. 81; þat fé þarf eigi til tíundar at telja, K.Þ.K. 142; nú þyrftir þú at hafa svá mikinn við at þér nægði, Fs. 27; mikit mant þú þ. fram at leggja með honum, Nj. 3; vilja mundu

750 ÞURFAMAÐR -- ÞÚSTR.

goðin, at þenna Ás þyrfti eigi at nefna, Edda 17; engum manni þarf tysvar í vatn drepa, N.G.L. i. 340; ekki þurfti þá griða at biðja, it was no use begging, Eg. 298. II. with gen.; af þú þarft manna við, Ld. 218; hann þarf heilla ráða (gen.) ok tryggva návistarmenn (acc.), Fms. ix. 262; þarf hér mikils við, Nj. 94; ef nokkurs þarf við, Ld. 42; Gunnarr kvað einskis mundu við þurfa, Nj. 93; fanga þeirra er hann þóttisk þurfa, Fms. i. 11; verða þér at liði ef þú þyrftir, Ísl. ii. 327; afla þess er þurfti, Eg. 39; ef þess þurpti viðr, Barl. 58; þætti mér (þess) þurfa, at þú leystir þetta verk betr af hendi, Grett. 91. 2. with acc.; hversu marga munu vér menn þurfa, Nj. 93; ek veit görst at þurfi (sic) þér brýningina, Ld. 240; öll þau föng er hann þurfti, Eg. 69; ok þurfti föng mikil, 39; þat allt er þeir þurfu til Guðs þjónustu, K.Þ.K. 142; ekki var sá leikr er nokkurr þyrfti við hann at reyna, it was no use for anybody to try it with him, i.e. nobody was a match for him, Nj. 29; þarf hann minna svefn enn fugl, Edda 17. III. part. as subst.; sumir þeir er þurfendr voru, Bs. i. 431; þurfendr klæða ok matar, 623. 21; þeim öðrum sem þurfandis er, Stj. 152; vera þurfandi e-s, Barl. 35. þurfa-maðr, m. a poor man, needy person, K.Þ.K. 142, Bs. i. 834, D.I. i. 218, MS. 623. 20; saðr þ., Clem. 135; þurfamanna-tíund, the poor-rate, K.Þ.K. 162. þurfi or þurfa, adj. wanting, in need of; drykks of þurfi, Sól. 3; liðs þíns væra ek þá þurfi, Hbl.; laðar þurfi ek hefi lengi farit, Vþm. 8; miskunnar ertú þurfi, Fms. v. 153; hón sá at hann var beinleika þurfi, Bs. i. 535; annarra þurfi, 655 iii. 1; hann skal göra mönnum reiðu ef þurfa eru, N.G.L. i. 315 (þurfi, 417, l.c.) þurf-samr, adj. helping, Barl. 192. þurft and þyrft, f. need, want, necessity; þeim aurum er til hans þyrfta var keypt, Grág. i. 412; til þyrftar ómögum, for their maintenance, 85, 128; of þurft fram, Hom. (St.); kveðr hverr sinnar þurftar, everyone speaks his own needs, a saying; þurpt sína ok nauðsyn, Fms. vii. 101; fylgja lögum eða svá laudsins þurft, ix. 252; hann miskunnaði hverjum sem helzt beiddi þurft til, Post. 304; þeir skygnðu um alla þ. í kenningum sínum, Hom. 46; hjalpa náungi þínum í hans þ. ok nauðsyn, Stj. 54. 2. medic. one's needs; ganga þurfta sinna = örna sinna, N.G.L. i. 164; beiðast þurftar, id., Bs. i. 326, 644; lá steinn í hrörunum sá er stemdi þurftina, of stone in the bladder, 310; ganga innar þynnri þurftarinnar, the thin need, i.e. making water, 383. þurftar-liðr, m. 'genitalia,' Stj. 338. þurftugr, adj. [Germ. dürftig], needy, poor, indigent, Barl. 35, Hrafn. 16, Glúm. 360; þ. yðars fulltings, Bs. i. 479; hann kvazk þess mjök þ. vera, Rd. 294; þurftugastr, Vm. 146; auðsóttr ok góðr bæna þurptugum, Al. 4; gefa fæzlu, drykk ok klæði þurftugum, Mar.; gömlum manni ok þurftugum, Hrafn. 16. þurftu-ligr, adj. useful, profitable, Gþl. 174, Barl. 191, Fagrsk. 182. þurka, að, [Dan. tørkne], to dry, make dry, Eg. 204, Jb. 249, K.Þ.K. 83, Barl. 115, Pr. 474; hann tók dúkinn, ok þurkaði sér á miðjum, ... þar kemr enn ef Guð lofar, at vér þykkjum þess verðir at þ. oss á miðjum dúki, Fms. vi. 322; þeir slógu fyrst hey mikit, síðan þurkuðu þeir ok færðu í stórsæti, Eb. 150; þ. heyit ..., nema því heyi er Þórgunna þurkaði, 260. þurka, u, f. a towel, Sturl. iii. 111 C, and so in mod. usage; skó-þurka, a shoe-wiper. 2. drought, dryness, Stj. 591, Mar. þurku-samr, adj. dry, droughty, of a season; þ. sumar, Bs. i. 245. þurkan, f. a drying, Stj. 62, Fb. i. 545. þurkr, m. [Dan. tørke], drought, dry weather, freq. in mod. usage. þurka-samr, adj. dry (of a season), Rb. 572. ÞURR, þurr, þurt, adj., the double r is radical, the latter being originally an s; for þurr is an assimilated form of þurs; before a consonant only one r is sounded (thus þurt not þurrt, þurðr not þurrðr); [Ulf. þaursus = GREEK; O.H.G. durri; A.S. þyrr; Hel. þurri; Engl. dry; Germ. dürr; Dan. tör; Swed. torr; Lat. torr-idus] :-- dry; hrár viðr eða þurr, Grág. ii. 298; viðr inn vind-þurri, Vkv.; þurr matr, þurran mat, dry, i.e. vegetable food, K.Þ.K. 138; fasta við þurt, ... eta þurt, to fast on vegetable food, N.G.L.; þurr vóru öll eyja-sundin ok firðir, Fms. xi. 6; þurr jörð, Al. 77; fara þurrum fótum yfir ..., ganga þurrum fótum um mitt hafit, Stj. 286, 287; fékk hann þar þurrari leið ok lengri, Hrafn. 4; á þurru landi, on dry land, Al. 50. 2. neut., konungs-menn hlupu á valköstum þurt yfir ána, Fms. vi. 67; ef þá má eigi ganga þurt í hólminn, Grág. i. 18; fasta þurt, to dry-fast, i.e. to abstain from dry food, Ld. 200; ok eigi tvímælis-laust hvárt þér munit þurt hafa um setið allar vitundir, whether ye be clear of all cognisance, Sturl. iii. 261; á þurru, on dry land, Fas. i. 152; enda má ek þó eigi þurt af hálmi bera, at ek hafa ekki um talat, Fb. iii. 402. þurra-frost, n. a dry frost, Fær. 56 (and as a nickname); síðan görði þurra-frost ok færðir góðar, Valla L. 216. B. COMPDS: þurra-búð, f. a 'dry-booth,' a cottage with no milk or cattle; þurrabúðar-maðr (-fólk), a dry-house cottager, of fishermen, opp. to farming cottagers. þurr-fasta, u, f. a dry-fast, K.Á. 164, Bs. i. 874; þurrföstu-matr, K.Þ.K. 136. þurr-fasta, ð, to fast dry, on vegetable food, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) þurr-fjallr, adj. dry-skinned, Hm. þurr-fætis, adv. dry-foot, Hkr. iii. 155. þurr-leikr, m. dryness, Stj. 397. þurr-lendi, n. the dry land, Stj. 14. þurr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dry; veðr gott ok þurligt, Háv. 26 new Ed.: metaph. dry, surly, þurr-lyndi, n. dryness, surliness, Hkr. iii. 253. þurr-lyndr, adj. dry, surly. þurr-viðri, n. dry weather, Fms. x. 29. ÞURS (sounded þuss), m., this interesting word occurs in no other Teut. language; [Dan. tosse = a fool] :-- a giant, with a notion of surliness and stupidity; þursa líki þykki mér á þér vera, ertattu til brúðar borinn, Alm. 2; þurs (gen.) ráðbani, slayer of the giants, i.e. Thor, Hým. 19; með þursi þríhöfðuðum, Skm.; líkari eru þeir þursum at vexti ok sýn enn menskum mönnum, Eg. 110; þegja skal þurs ef hann sitr nökviðr við eld, Ísl. ii. 317 (see nökviðr); hann var kominn af þursum, Fas. i. 412; þursinn (the goblin) skautzt inn í bjargit, ii. 29; svá hefir Grettir sagt, at fyrir dalnum hafi ráðit blendingr, þurs einn, sá er Þórir hét, Grett. 137; vér skulum ginna þá sem þursa, Nj. 263; hrím-þurs, q.v. 2. a dull fellow, a dunce, Dan. tosse; so in the ditty, opt er sá í orðum nýtr, sem iðkar mentan kæra | en þursinn heimskr þegja hlýtr, sem þrjózkast við at læra, Hallgr. 3. the Rune Þ, Skm., Skálda 168. II. a nickname, Eg.; svarti-þ., a nickname. COMPDS: þursa-berg, n. 'giant-rock,' a kind of whetstone or hone, cp. the legend of Hrungnir. þursa-skegg, n., botan. giant's-beard, a kind of coral, corallina officinalis, as also the name of a sea-weed, fucus corneus, Maurer's Volksagen. þussa-sprengir, m. a nickname, Landn. þursi, a, m. a dunce, = þurs (2). þurs-ligr, adj. like a giant, Fas. iii. 240: of gaunt, demon-like appearance, mikill maðr ok sterkr, svartr ok þ., Þorf. Karls. ch. 7. þusa, að, = þysja, to rush. þusa, u, f. a spirt, spirting out. ÞUST, f. (sust, Fms. viii. 96, 436), a flail; sem verkmenn við þust, Fms. viii. 436; hefir hvárr þeirra þust (þusl Ed. wrongly) í hendi mikla, Gísl. 68 (lurk, 155, l.c.); sem þust korni eðr ofn rauðu gulli, Stj. 160; síðan tók hón þust ok barði korn af hálmi, 423. ÞÚ, gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik, a pers. pron.; also spelt ðú, see the introduction, p. 729; for þik, also freq. þek in Norse vellums, mod. þig, see Gramm. p. xxi: [Goth. þû, þeina, þus, þuk; A.S. þû; Engl. thou; Germ., Dan., and Swed. dû; Lat. tu; Gr. GREEK.] A. Thou, passim: I. after verbs, either separated, as skalt þú, munt þú, or more usually suffixed and changing into -ðu, -du, -tu, or -u, e.g. mun-du, skal-du, vil-du, later skal-tu, mun-tu, vil-tu; ver-tu, ves-tu, Post. 229; drep-ðu, 228; eig-ðu, seg-ðu, lát-tu, lít-tu, eig-du, mæl-þú, lát-þú, Gkv. 2. 23; lít-tu, 8; át-tu, 10; skal-tu, 30; hirða-ðu, 28; er-þú, Fms. vi. 226; var-t-at-tu, wast-not-thou? mon-t-at-u; segja-t-tu, say-not-thou, and so passim [cp. Old Engl. wiltow etc. = wilt thou]: as to quantity, the u is at present sounded sometimes long, vil-tú, eig-ðú, lát-tú, or more usually short, låt-tu, eig-ðu, etc., and in common running speech dropped as in Engl., e.g, bidd-'ann-a-koma, beg him to come; kond-inn, come in. II. suffixed to other words; heil-du, heal thou! Clem. 131; at-tú = at-þú, that thou, see 'at;' þót-tú = þó at-þú, though that thou, passim; þatz-tu = þat-es-þú. B. Plur. þér, or older ér, yðar, yðr, qq.v., passim. II. in addressing, you; ek vil beiðask, herra, at þér gefit mér orlof, Nj. 10; eru þér sjúkir Herra, Fms. vi. 226, Sturl. iii. 261, passim; or þú and þér are mixed in the same address, hvat ætli þér, herra, ... þvíat þér sögðuð oss, ... seg nú ef þat er ..., ok hafir þú af þínu tilstilli ..., at þú talir við hann ..., Fms. vi. 71. þúa, að, to 'thou,' to address a person by thou, = Fr. tutoyer; þúa og þéra, þúa e-n, þú mátt ekki þúa hann, þú verðr að þéra hann. ÞÚFA, u, f., gen. pl. þúfna; [provinc. Germ. daube; in the Tyrol the cairns and pyramids by the way-side are so called by the peasants, Schmeller; dobe = a paw, Alsace] :-- a mound; þúfu þá er griðkonan þerði fætr sína á, Fms. i. 254; settu þat á þúfur, hjá þúfunni, Fbr. 109, 110; Hjálmarr sat við þúfu eina ok var fölr sem nár, Fas. i. 426; opt veltir lítil þúfa miklu hlassi, a little mound may overset a big load (cart), Al. 132 (a saying); þar er þeir vóru staddir, vóru ber á einni þúfu, Fb. ii. 347: the phrases, fé-þúfa, see fé, p. 149, col. 1; bana-þúfa, hníga við bana-þúfu, to bite the dust; vera einum eingin heilla-þúfa, to be a stumbling-mound to one. þúfna-kollr, m. the top of a mound. þúfu-skítr, m. a nickname, Fms. viii. þúfu-titlingr, m. a 'mound-tit,' a sparrow. þús-hund, f. = þúsund, Barl. 53. þús-hundrað, n., prop. a crowd of hundreds = a thousand; sjau þús-hundrað manna, O.H.L. 66; þ. vetra, Fms. x. 400; sjau þúshundruð ára, Stj. 50; þúshundrat sjau tigir ok tvau ár, 103; tvau hundruð þúshund-raða, 285; þúshundruð vega, Str.; þúshundraðs-höfðingi, a captain of a thousand, Stj. 299; þúshundrað sinnum, a thousand times, Barl. 125. þústna, að, to chafe, quarrel, Orkn. 312. l. 8, Lex. Run. ÞÚSTR, m. [akin to þysja, þausnir?], a strong gust of wind, Magn. 486. 2. a chafing, anger; þó at nökkut væri þústr á með enum yngrum mönnum, Ld. 209; þótti honum mjök vaxa þústr milli manna, í héraðinu, 210; íllr þykki mér þústr sá er vár í milli er, Fb. i. 547; úlfúð ok þústr, Hom. (St.)

ÞÚSÚND -- ÞVÁL. 751

ÞÚSUND, f.; sérhverja þúsund, Stj. 298; á þúsund (dat.), Sks. 705; tvær, þrjár ... þúsundir, 623. 53: in mod. usage it is mostly neut. (influenced by Latin?), but also fem. It is spelt þús-hund, Barl. 53; þús-hundum, Fms. vi. 409 (v.l.), Geisli 49; another form þús-hundrað (q.v.) is freq., esp. in Stj., Barl.; this double form -hund and -hundrað answers to the equally double form of 'hundred,' see p. 292, and is a proof that þúsund is a compound word, the latter part of which is 'hund' or 'hundred;' the etymology of the former part 'þús' is less certain; it is, we believe, akin to þysja, þyss, þaus-nir (a lost strong verb þúsa, þaus, þusu); þúsund would thus literally mean a swarm of hundreds: [in Goth. the gender varies, þûsundi, pl. þusundjos = GREEK, or þusundja, neut.; A.S. þûsend; Engl. thousand; O.H.G. dusunta; Germ. tausend, qs. dausend; Swed. tusende and tusen; Dan. tusinde; Dutch tuysend: this word is also common to the Slavon. languages: again, the Lapp, duhat and Finn. tuhat are no doubt borrowed from the Slavon. or Scandin.; the Gr., Lat., and Sansk. use other words] -- a thousand. B. There is little doubt that with the ancient heathen Scandinavians (and perhaps all Teutons), before their contact with the civilised southern people, the notion of numbers was limited, and that their thousand was not a definite number, but a vague term, denoting a swarm, crowd, host (cp. the Gr. GREEK): in ancient lays it occurs thrice (Hkv., Em., Fas. i. 502), but indefinitely; hvat þrym er þar sem þúsund bifisk eðr mengi til mikit, what a din is there as if a thousand were shaking, or an over-mickle multitude, Em. 2; sjau þúsundir, Hkv. 1. 49, literally = seven thousands, but in fact meaning seven hosts of men. 2. the dat. pl. þúsundum is, like huudruðum, used adverbially = by thousands, in countless numbers, Fms. vi. 409 (in a verse), Geisli 49. 3. in the ancient popular literature, uninfluenced by southern writers, 'þúsund,' as a definite number, occurs, we think, not half-a-dozen times. As the multiple of ten duodecimal hundreds, ere the decimal hundred was adopted, 'þnsund' would mean twelve decimal hundreds; and such is its use in the Sverris Saga, Fms. viii. 40, where one vellum says 'tvær þúsundir,' whilst the others, by a more idiomatic phrase, call it 'twenty hundreds.' II. in ecclesiastical writers, and in annals influenced by the Latin and the like, it is frequent enough; tíu þúsundir, fjórtán þúsundir, Fms. i. 107, 108 (annalistic records); fimm þúsundir, xi. 386, Al. 111; tíu þúsundum, Sks. 705; tíu þúsundum sinna hundrað þúsunda, Hom.; þúsund þúsunda, a thousand of thousands, i.e. a million, (mod.); hundrað þúsundir rasta ok átta tigir þúsunda, ... hundrað þúsund mílna, Fb. i. 31 (in the legend of Eric the Far-traveller and Paradise, taken from some church-legend); fjórar þúsundir, Þiðr. 234: or of the years of the world, sex þúsundir vetra, Fs. 197; sjau þúsundir vetra, Landn. 34. C. REMARKS. -- The popular way of counting high numbers was not by thousands, but by tens (decades) and duodecimal hundreds as factors; thus ten ... twenty hundreds, and then going on three, four, five, six ... tens of hundreds (a 'ten of hundreds' being = 1200). The following references may illustrate this -- tíu hundruð, ellefu hundruð, tólf hundruð, þrettán hundruð, fimtán hundruð ..., Íb. 17, Ó.H. 119, 201, Fms. vii. 295, xi. 383, 385. From twenty and upwards -- tuttugu hundrað manna, twenty hundreds of men, Fms. vii. 324, viii. 40; hálfr þriðitugr hundraða skipa, two tens and a half hundreds of ships, i.e. twenty-five hundreds, Fas. i. 378; þrjá tigu hundraða manna, three tens of hundreds of men, Fms. viii. 311; var skorat manntal, hafði hann meirr enn þrjá tigu hundraða manna, vii. 204; þrír tigir hundraða, D. N. v. 18; user fjorir tigir hundraða manna, nearly four tens of hundreds of men, Fms. vii. 275; á fimta tigi hundraða, on the fifth ten of hundreds, i.e. from four to five tens of hundreds, viii. 321; sex tigir hundraða, six tens of hundreds, 311, xi. 390; sex tigu hundraða manna, Fb. ii. 518, D.I. i. 350, -- all odd amounts being neglected. The highest number recorded as actually reckoned in this way is 'six tens of hundreds' (fimtán tigir hundraða, fifteen tens of hundreds, Fms. viii. 321, v.l., is a scribe's error): it is probable that no reckoning exceeded twelve tens of hundreds. All high multiples were unintelligible to the ancients; the number of the Einherjar in Walhalla is in the old lay Gm. thus expressed, -- there are 'five hundred doors in Walhalla, and five tens beside (the 'five tens' are, by the way, merely added for alliteration's sake), and eight hundred Einherjar will walk out of each door when they go out to fight the Wolf' (on the Day of final Doom). There seems to have been some dim exaggerated notion of a definite thousand in an ancient lay, only preserved in a half alliterative prose paraphrase, Fas. i. 502, where a mythical host is given thus, -- there were thirty-three phalanxes, each of five 'thousand,' each thousand of thirteen hundreds, each hundred four times counted. The armies in the battle of Brawalla, the greatest of the mythical age, are given, not in numbers, but by the space the ranks occupied, Skjöld. S. ch. 8. This resembles the story in Ó.H. ch. 59, of the two young brothers, king's sons: when asked what they would like to have most of, the one said: 'Cows.' 'And how many?' 'As many,' said he, 'as could stand packed in a row round the lake (Mjösen in Norway) and drink.' 'But you?' they asked the other boy: 'House-carles' (soldiers), said he. 'And how many?' 'As many,' said he, 'as would in one meal eat up all my brother's cows.' Add also the tale of the King and the Giant, and the number of the giant's house-carles, Maurer's Volksagen 306. No less elementary was the rule for division and fractions, of which a remarkable instance is preserved in an ancient Icelandic deed, called Spákonu-arfr, published in D.I. i. 305. See also the words tigr, hundrað, skor, skora, and the remarks in Gramm. p. xix. The Homeric numeration, as set forth in Mr. Gladstone's Homeric Studies, vol. iii, p. 425 sqq., is highly interesting, and bears a striking resemblance to that of the ancient Scandinavians. We may notice that in Iceland land and property are still divided into hundreds (hundreds of ells = 120), see hundrað B; in this case a thousand is never used, but units and hundreds of hundreds as factors, thus, sex tögu hundraða, in Reykh. Máld, (a deed of the 12th century), and so still in mod. usage; a wealthy man of the 15th century is said to have bequeathed to his daughters in land, 'tólf hundruð hundraða ok ellefu-tíu og tvau hundruð betr, en í lausafé fimm hundruð hundraða,' i.e. twelve hundreds of hundreds and 'eleventy' and two hundreds, and in movables five hundreds of hundreds, Feðga-æfi 16 (by the learned Bogi Benidiktsson of Staðarfell in Iceland, A.D. 1771-1849); sjau hundruð hundraða og þrjátigi hundruð betr, 21; hann eptir-lét börnum sínum fjármuni upp á níu hundruð hundraða, 22, -- a proof that in very remote times, when this valuation of land first took place, 'thousand' was still unknown as a definite number. ÞVAG, n. [þvá], prop. 'wash,' but only used of, 2. urine, so called from stale urine being in ancient times, as at the present day in Icel., used as lye, instead of soap, for washing wool, wadmal, and the like: in mod. usage as a medic. term, hland being too coarse; þvag-stemma, obstruction of the urine; þvag-lát, þvag-flæði, = enuresis; þvag-lausnir = pyuria; þvag-tregða = dysuria; þvag-sviði = ardor urinae, Fél. x. 57, 58. þvaga, u, f. a dish-clout of knitted horse-hair, used by dairy-women to clean and wipe tubs. 2. a disorderly crowd or shoal. þvagla, að, to sound like washing water when stirred, to gurgle; áðr þeir kæmi í búrit skalf hann af kulda svá at þvaglaði (svaglaði, v.l.) í kerinu, Sturl. iii. 192. þvalr, þvöl, þvalt, adj. [þvagla, þvál], damp, steaming, as if coming fresh from the washing-tub, used of cloth, fresh-cut hay, or the like. þvara, u, f. a stick with a scraper at the end used to stir up a cauldron; Arnbjörn hélt á þvörunni ok laust með henni til Þorleifs ok kom á hálsinn, en með því at grautrinn var heitr brann Þorleifr á hálsinum, Eb. 198; varat af vöru sleikti um þvöru, Fs. 159 (183), proverbial of burning oneself by licking the scalding hot þvara, cp. Engl. 'to burn one's fingers.' ÞVARI, a, m. [þverr], a cross-stick; ef þér kæmit í þverst þvari, unless a bolt were thrown athwart thee, unless tbou be thwarted, Hkv. Hjörv. 18: in bryn-þvari, q.v.; ben-þvari, dólg-þvari, a 'wound-stick,' i.e. a weapon, Lex. Poët. 2. a nickname, Bjarn. 36. ÞVÁ (mod. þvó, þvo), pres. þvæ, þvær, þvær; plur. þvám, þváit, þvá: pret. þó (þvó), þótt, þó; plur. þógum, þógut, þógu: subj. þægi or þvægi; imperat. þvá (þvoðu); part. þveginn: the mod. pret. is weak, þvoði, Pass. 28. 7: [Ulf. þwahan = GREEK; A.S. þweân; Hel. þwahan; provinc. Germ. zwagen, Schmeller; Dan. tvætte; Swed. tvätla.] B. To wash, with acc.; and with dat. esp. in the phrase þvá sér, to wash oneself, or þvá líki, to wash a dead body; drótt þó sveita af döglings líki, Geisli; ek strauk hest hans ok þvó ek leir af honum, Fas. i. 331; þvá sinn hadd í ánni, Edda 75; láta þvá sár þeirra manna í þeirri laugu er honum var þvegit í sjálfum, O.H.L. 69; sumir þógu diska ok heltu því í höfuð honum, 623. 54; kona vermði vatn í katli til þess at þvá sár manna, Fbr. 110 new Ed.; Jórdán þvó Krist, ok er heilög, Hom. 55; þveginn í inni helgu skírn, 107; hann þvær af manni í skírninni allar syndir, Fms. i. 300; at eingin skeri hár mitt né þvái höfuð mitt önnur enn þú, Vígl. 76; þó hann æva hendr né höfuð kembði, Vsp.; hendr né þvær ..., Vtkv.; þú hefir, Vár gulls, þvegit manns-blóð af höndum, Helr.; hann setti mundlaug fyrir sik, ok þvó sik ok þerði á hvítum dúki, Fs. 5; hann gékk þegar ok þó ekki af sér tjöruna, Fms. vt. 195; þvá sér í því sama vatni er konungr þó sér í, viii. 13; þeir gengu til Öxarár at þvá sér, Ísl. ii. 259; kembðr ok þveginn skal kænna hverr, ok at morni mettr, Skv. 2. 25; þveginn ok mettr, Hm. 60; þeir þógu líkinu ok veittu alla þjónustu, Fms. x. 149; cp. laug skal göra hveim er liðinn er hendr þvá ok höfuð, kemba ok þerra ..., Sdm. 34; hann tók upp lík hans ok þó, bjó um síðan sem siðvenja var til, Eg. 300; þeir tóku klæði af líkinu ok þógu því, Fb. ii. 367 (þógu líkit, acc., Ó.H. l.c.) 2. of the sea, to wash; lögr þvær flaust, bylgja þvær stafni, hrönn þó hlýrum, marr þvær viðu, hrannir þógu herskipum höfuð (cp. höfuð-þváttr), Lex. Poët.; útsker verða af bárum þvegin, Mkv. II. reflex. to wash oneself; þvásk í vatni, Fs. 77 (þvóst Cod.); þósk konungr við trapizu í einni loptstofu, ok er hann var þveginn, Fms. viii. 13; þváisk ér ok verit hreinir, Hom. 11. 2. pass., þá mun brátt af þvásk (be washed off) öll sú sæmd er konunginum heyrir til, Fms. ix. 258, 3. part. ú-þveginn, the unwashed, as a nickname and a pr. name. þvál, n. [þvæla; Swed. tvål; A.S. þweal], a kind of soap for washing, Edda ii. 514, 634,

752 ÞVÁTTAPTAN -- ÞVERRA.

þvátt-aptan, m. 'washing-night' i.e. Saturday evening, Bs. i. 420, K.Þ.K. þváttari, a, m. a washer, Greg. 52. þvátt-á, f. 'the wash,' the wash-river, a local name; Hallr var skírðr Laugardaginn fyrir Páska, ok hjún hans öll, þar í ánni, hón er síðan kölluð Þ., Bs. i. 12. þvátt-dagr, m. washing-day, i.e. Saturday, Ld. 178, Grág. ii. 124, 399, Rb. 572. þvátt-kona, u, f. a washer-woman, O.H.L. 34. þvátt-nótt, f. washing-night, i.e. Saturday night, Bs. i. 464. þváttr (mod. þvottr), m., gen. þváttar, þvætti, þvátt, [Dan. tvæt] :-- a wash, the act of washing; vífl er konur vóru vanar at hafa til þváttar, Rd. 297; hvarf skyrta er konur höfðu gleymt í þvætti, Sturl. ii. 165; váð-meið ok er konum hægt til þváttar at hreinsa stór-föt, Glúm. 390; kona nokkur er fór með klæði til þváttar, Fms. v. 181. 2. washing, i.e. clothes in wash; ef þváttr er upp hengdr fyrir helgi, þá skal hanga kyrr, N.G.L. i. 381; kefla þvátt, to mangle; þar vartú at, es maðr kelfdi þvátt, Skálda (Thorodd), see kelfa. þvátt-steinn, m. a washing-stone, a rounded stone used in washing clothes, Bs. i. 64. þvátt-vífl, n., see vífl, Eb. 99 new Ed. (v.l. 5), Post. 231. ÞVEIT, f., or þveiti, n. [the root is found in A.S. þwîtan, pret. þwât = to chop; North. E. thwaite; Chaucer to thwite; cp. also Dutch duit, whence Engl. doit, Germ. deut, Dan. döit = a bit] :-- prop. a 'cut-off piece,' but occurs only in special usages: 1. a piece of land, paddock, parcel of land, it seems orig. to have been used of an outlying cottage with its paddock; þær jarðir allar, bú ok þveiti, all the estates, manor and 'thwaite,' where bú and þveiti are opp. to one another, D.N. ii. 81; séttungs þ., áttungs-þ., id.; öng-þveiti, a narrow lane, strait. 2. freq. in local names in Norway and Denmark, tvæt, Dan. tvæde (whence Dan. Tvæde as a pr. name); and in North. E. Orma-thwaite, Braith-thwaite, Lang-thwaite, and so on, names implying Danish colonisation: Þveit, Þveitar, f., Þveitin, n., Þveitini (qs. Þveit-vin), Þveitar-ruð, n., Þveitar-garðr, m., Þveitar-fjall, n., D.N. passim; in Icel. local names it never occurs, and is there quite an obsolete word. II. a unit of weight; þveiti mjöls, Boldt; þveitis-leiga, a rent amounting to a þ.; þveitis-ból, a farm of the value or the rent of a þ.; tveggja þveitna (thus a gen. pl. as if from þveita) toll, þveitis toll, D.N. iii. 465; hálf þveit smœrs, Boldt 114. III. [Dutch duit, etc.], a kind of small coin, a doit, a subdivision of an ounce (= a fraction, cut-off piece); in weregild the baugþak was counted thus, sex aurar ok þveiti átta ens fimta tigar, i.e. six ounces and forty-eight doits; hálf mörk ok þveiti tvau ens fjórða tegar, a half mark and thirty-two doits; þrír aurar ok þveiti tuttugu ok fjögur, three ounces and twenty-four doits; tveir aurar ok þveiti sextan, two ounces and sixteen doits, Grág. (Kb.) i. 193; ef maðr stelr minna enn þveiti þá skal heita hvinn, N.G.L. i. 253, cp. B.K. 8-11, 28, 29; þar eru þveiti tuttugu ok þrjú at höfuðbaugi, ... átta þveiti, ok þriðjungr ens fimta þveitis, ok hálft fjórða þveiti ok þriðjungr ens þriðja þveitis ok hálft annat þveiti, Grág. (Kb.) i. 202. ÞVEITA, t, in mod. usage þeita, dropping the v; the word is not to be spelt with y, for þeyta (to blow) and þveita (to hurl) are quite different words :-- to hurl, fling; hann þrífr fleininn, ok þveitir glóanda framan í augat á jötninum, Mar. 1056; drápu hann, þveitandi hvasseggjat grjót í hans höfuð, Post. (Cod. Scard.): the word is very freq. in mod. usage, síðan kipti hann staumum alblóðugum út úr auganu og þeitti (not þeytti) honum frá sér af hendi, Od. ix. 398 (exactly in the same connection as Mar. l.c.); þeita steini; hann þeitti honum kringum sig; cp. þeiti-spjald, n. a top (= hreyti-speldi). þveita, u, f. a kind of small axe, a hatchet, chopper, Edda (Gl.); beit hjálma-stoð þveita, Heiðarv. S. (in a verse). þveitr, m. = þviti, a sling-stone; þú rakt þeim íllan þveit (cp. ljósta e-n íllum steini), Fms. xi. 188 (in a verse). þvengja, að, to furnish with a thong; in þvengja skó. ÞVENG-R, m., gen. þvengjar, dat. þveng, pl. þvengir, þvengja, þvengjum; [Engl. thong; Dan. tvæng] :-- a thong, latcbet, esp. of shoes (skó-þvengr), Edda 71, Fas. i. 289; mjór sem þvengr, Skíða R.; þvengina í skónum, Mar.; kálfskinns-skúa loðna ok þar í þvengi langa ok á tinknappar miklir á endunum, Þorf. Karl. 374; klippa skinn tii þvengja, Hallgr.; hann svarar öugu ok gaf honum skúa ok dró ór þvengina, of the stingy earl Neríð, Fas. iii. 9; slitnaði skó-þvengr hans, Nj. 74; stökk í sundr skó-þvengr hans, 143, Odd. 116; Egill hafði skúfaða skó-þvengi sem þá var siðr til, ok hafði losnat annarr þvengrinn ... steig hann á þvengjar-skúfinn þann er dragnaði, Eb. 220; reyr-þvengr, frán-þ., eitr-þ., graf-þ., urð-þ., the reed-thong ..., i.e. a snake, Lex. Poët. þverast, að, dep. to move athwart, aside; þveraðisk Steinarr fram á bakkann, Eg. 748; hann þveraðisk við ok gékk ekki nær þeim, Fms. viii. 358. þver-leikr, m. crossness, Th. 14. þver-liga, adv. 'athwart,' flatly; synja þ., to deny flatly, Fms. vii. 186, Orkn. 216; neita þ., Fms. vi. 214; tók hann á engu þ., Orkn. 282; horfði allt þ. af beggja hendi, Bs. i. 786. ÞVERR, þver, þvert, adj., compar. þverari, þverast, but also þverstr; [Ulf. þwairhs = GREEK = GREEK; A.S. þweorh; Engl. a-thwart, and also queer; Germ. quer (kv=þv, like kvistr, kvísl, for tvistr, tvísl); Dan. tvær; cp. Engl. to thwart] :-- athwart, across, transverse, opp. to longways; tjalda um þveran skálann, Fms. i. 265; um þvert andlitið, Ó.H. 217; um þveran dal, Jb. 194; lá hvarr um þveran annan, in heaps, Fms. ix. 31; falla hvárr um þveran annan, pass.; járnspengr um þveran skjöld, Gþl. 105; þverrar handar hár, a hand's breadth, Sd. 147; þremr þverum fingrum minni, Bs. i. 376; svá langt at þvers fótar sé, Karl. 112; ferr þú lítt þverr á fæti at fjándskap við oss, Ölk. 36: um þvert, across; geng ek um þvert frá leiki, out of their way, Sighvat: storm mikinn ok veðr þvert, adverse winds, Eg. 405; veðr hörð ok þver, Fms. x. 150; veðr þver af suðri, Grett. 86 A; sem sá í þveru veðri beitir löngum, Bs. i. 750; beittu þá sem þverast austr fyrir landit, Eg. 161. II. metaph., taka e-n þvert, to take it athwart, to deny flatly, Eg. 524; ek vil þó eigi þvert taka (I will not insist on it) ef þér er lítið um, Nj. 26; var þat af þveru frá glíkendum, Bs. i. 347; setja þvert nei fyrir, to refuse, deny flatly, Ld. 196; hann kvaðsk ekki þverr vera í því at selja skipit, Nj. 259; biskup flutti ákafliga en Þórðr var inn þverasti, Sturl. iii. 17; var Þórgils þá svá þverr, at hann sagði svá, at ..., 229; hvárr-tveggi var inn þverasti ok hvárrgi vildi til láta við annan, Bs. i. 760: þvert á móti, as adverb, quite the contrary (Dan. tværtimod), 687. III. þvers, adv. across, athwart; nú er þar þvers á móti gört, Bs. i. 740; hann snýr þvers af leiðinni, Nj. 132; hann snýr þvers á braut í skóginn, Edda 30; vísaði hann ollurn þvers frá því sem þau vóru, Fms. i. 72; hljóp hann þá þvers á brott at fela sik, vi. 303; þá víkja þeir þvers út eptir firðinum, ix. 43; sneri þvers annan veg frá liðinu, vii. 56; höfðu þeir þvers farit frá því sem þeir skyldu, viii. 56; þvers í mót yðvarri hugsan, Fb. i. 513: superl. þverst, ef þér kœmið í þverst þvari (see þvari), Hkv. Hjörv. 18 (Bugge, not þverz). þvers-um, adv. across. B. COMPDS: þver-á, f. a 'thwart-water,' side-river, tributary river, N.G.L. i. 153: freq. as Icel. local name, Þverá, f., Þverár-hlíð, f., Landn. þver-bak, n. used adv. across a horse's back. þver-brestr, m. a cross chink, Komi. 58. þver-brot, n. a break across, a breach, Sturl. iii. 280. þver-fell, n. a cross-fell, lying athwart another: a local name in Icel. þver-feta, að, to go aslant, Fas. iii. 311. þver-fingr, m. a fingers breadth, Sturl. ii. 181. þver-fjörðr, m. a cross-fiord, a side-fiord, branching out of a large central bay, Landn. 131 (of the northern side of Broadfirth in Icel.) þver-garðr, m. a cross-dyke, across a river or the like, Gþl. 421, D.N. i. 616. þver-gyrðingr, m. a cross-girding put round a ship to strengthen her, Fas. iii. 257: in the metaph. phrase, það er komið í þvergyrðing með þeim, of sullen hostility. Þver-hlíðingr, m. a man from Thwerar-hlid, Ísl. ii. 359. þver-hníptr, prop. þver-gniptr, adj. precipitous, of a rock. þver-höggt, part. n. cut across, steep, abrupt, Fas. iii. 257. þver-hönd, f. a hand's breadth, Ld. 276. þver-knýta, t, to knit a cross knot, to deny flatly; hann þverknýtti at láta hérað fyrr en þat væri konungs vili, Sturl. iii. 244; hann þverknýtti þat at hann mundi lauss vera, 211; þá mun ek þetta eigi þverknýta, Konr. þver-kominn, part. in an awkward position, Ísl. ii. 317. þver-kyrfa, ð, to carve, cut clean across; búar eigu húsum at skipta at jamnaði, þeir eigu at þ. hús, skolot þeir at endlöngu deila hús, Grág. ii. 257 (Jb. 194). þver-lyndi, n. crooked-mindedness, the being wrong-headed, Gísl. 85, Pass. 37. 4. þver-lyndr, adj. crooked, wrong-headed, Valla L. 215. þver-móðska, u, f. obstinacy. þver-neita, t, to deny flatly, Grett. 105 B, Mar. þver-pallr, m. the cross daïs, the high-floor at the hall's end (see pallr), Fms. vi. 193, 440, Ld. 296, Eg. 549, 565, Grett. 103, 140 A, Sturl. i. 155, ii. 199. þver-sigling, f. cross-sailing, tacking. þver-skallast, að, to be doggedly obstinate, lit. setting the skull against, butting like a bull. þver-skeytingr, m. [skaut 2], a cross-wind, side-wind, Fms. vii. 94. þver-skipa, adv. athwart the ship, Fms. iv. 103. þver-skurðr, m. a cross-cut, Grett. 91. þver-slag, n. a cross-stroke, El. 17. þver-slá, f. a cross-bar. þver-stigr, m. a cross-path, side-path, Greg. 28. þver-stræti, n. a cross-street, Hkr. iii. 16. þver-syll, f. a cross-sill, Grett. 114 A. þver-sök, f. a 'cross-suit,' a law phrase; fyrsta, önnur, þriðja þ., in payment of weregild, N.G.L. i. 76, 82 (nú eru uppnáma-menn allir taldir, en nú skal þat skilja hvessu þversakir skolu fara). þver-taka, tók, to deny flatly, Edda 21. þver-tré, n. a cross-tree, Nj. 162, 202, Fms. x. 290, Sturl. ii. 109, Grett. 114, Hom. 96, 97, Dipl. iii. 8; í annan enda hússins var lopt uppi á þvertrjám, Ó.H. 153. þver-úð, f., q.v. þver-vegr, m. = þverstigr; en allir aðrir vegir er renna til bæja manna, þat heita þvervegir, Gþl. 413: á þverveginn, across, in diameter, Fas. iii. 372. þver-þili, n. a cross-deal, partition, Gþl. 346, Fs. 143, Grett. 114. Þver-æingr, m. a man from Þvera, the nickname of Einarr Th. (Landn., Glúm., Lv., Ó.H.) ÞVERRA, pres. þverr; pret. þvarr, pl. þurru; subj. þyrri; part. þorrinn; with neg. suff. þyrrit, Sighvat: mod. weak þverra, að, pres. þverrar, Lil. 58, but the word is little used: [þurr and þverra are kindred words] :-- prop. to be drained, ebb out, but only used II. metaph. to wane, grow less, decrease; nema blóð þyrri, Þd.; þóat skúrir þyrrit,

ÞVERRA -- ÞYKKJA. 753

Sighvat; sorg frá ek eigi þyrri, Skáld H. 1. 23; lízt honum nú sem minna hafi þorrit enn í enu fyrra sinni, Edda 32; honum þurru lausa-fé, Ld. 210; þverrandi, opp. to vaxandi, Fms. v. 343; hvárt sem síðan vex eða þverr, Gþl. 260, Sks. 52, 54; Hrappr hafði skaplyndi it sama, en orkan þvarr, þvíat elli sótti á hann, Ld. 54; eigi þverr enn heimskan fyrir þér, Fms. ii. 156; ef fé hans þverr tíu tigum, K.Þ.K. 146, Rb. 132; en er þurru hlaup in mestu, Hkr. iii. 395; ek eldumk, en þverr kraptrinn í vásinu, Orkn. 464; þurru mjök vinsældir Valdimars konungs, Fms. x. 160; óx jafnan styrkr Daviðs en þvarr í hverri máttr ok afli sveitunga Saul, Stj. 498; eigi þrotna ok eigi þverra, 590; af hennar sökum þvarr ófriðr við Kristna menn, Ver. 44. III. impers. with dat., þá þverr göngu hennar, of the sun, Rb. 100; sízt þvarr æfi (dat.) Magnúss, Fms. vi. (in a verse); mætti þverrar, Lil. 58. IV. part., en hlust er þorrin, my ear is dried up, Eg. (in a verse); sigri þorrinn, victory-bereft, Rekst. þverra, ð, a causal to the preceding, to make to decrease; þverðu þeir þrótt sinn at þriðjungi, Hðm. 16; hann mátti ekki at vinna at þverra ágæti krapta hans, Greg. 79; þverrir þat nökkuð verðleik hans í Guðs augliti, Bs. i. 169; Sighvatr vildi eigi þverra kost sinn norðr þar, Sturl. ii. 65, Lex. Poët. II. part. þverrandi, a diminisber, þverrir, m. a diminisber, Lex. Poët.; flug-þverrir, men-þ., seim-þ., veg-þ., epithets of a hero, id. þver-úð, f. (qs. þver-hygð), discord; tekr at görask nokkur þ. meðal N.M., Bs. i. 449; kom til þverúðar með þeim, Grett. 49 new Ed.; fór þá allt í þverúð með þeim, Kb. 114; at yrði ór höggnir allir þverúðar þreskeldir af beggja hendi, Bs. i. 736. 2. disobedience; sýna e-m þrjózku ok þverúð, Fas. ii. 151. ÞVEST or þvesti, n. [no doubt akin to Ulf. ga-þwastian = to make fast, þwastiþa = GREEK] :-- prop. the fast or firm parts, the lean of the flesh, as opp. to the fat, the lean of a whale's flesh, the flesh underneath the blubber of a whale, opp. to 'rengi' and 'spik;' at af teknu þvesti ok beinum, Vm. 107; þvest-slytti, blubber, Grett. (in a verse); the word is freq. in mod. usage. ÞVINGA, að, [O.H.G. dwingan; mid.H.G. twinge; Germ. zwingen; Dan. tvinge; þvinga and þungr (q.v.) are, we believe, kindred words] :-- to weigh down, oppress; þvingar móðrinn harði, a grief weighs me down, Skáld H. 7. 9; mig hefir þvingað manna lát, 5. 14; sárliga þvinguð, Mirm. (Ed.) 210. II. reflex., en vér þvingumz á sex dögum ok þrjátigi, Stj. 148; þenna mann þvingaðan mörgum hugrenningum, burdened with many concerns, Th. 2; móðurinnar kvið, svá sem hann er þvingaðr (loaded) ok fullr af burðinum, Stj. 80. This word is rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. usage since the Reformation. The metaph. sense, to compel, has been introduced through the Germ. word. þvingan, f. a weighing down, hardship, Magn. 502; as opp. to skemtan, Stj. 2; þótti þat þ. at halda svá margar hátíðir, 49; til þvingunar ok ófrelsis, Bs. i. 720; ganga undir nýjar þvinganir, N.G.L. iii. 249. þvinnill, m. the name of a sea-king (akin to þvengr?), Edda (Gl.); þvinnils dýr = a ship, Kristni S. (in a verse). þvis, interj. pish! hvis, þvis! af tjöldin, Bs. i. 420. þvita, u, f. = þveita, a kind of axe, Edda ii. 620. ÞVITI, a, m. [akin to þveita], a stone, prop. a sling-stone(?); tóku mikinn stein, sá heitir þviti, ok höfðu þann stein fytir festar-hælinn, Edda 20; en þviti heitir hæll er stendr í hválinum, Edda ii. 515; hramm-þ., the 'hand-stone,' i.e. a gem or a bracelet, Höfuðl.: the word is still known as poët., e.g. liggðu þvita hulinn hér, honum einginn bifi! a mod. Icel. epitaph on a dog buried beneath a stone. ÞVÍ, dat. from þat (q.v.), and as adverb, 'for-thy,' because, see þat C. því-gi, not therefore, see þat; ok var hann at þvígi (not therefore) varðveittr at eigi gengi hundar á hann, Greg. 24. II. þvígit, qs. því-gi-at, with compar.; þvígit skemri, not the shorter, Orkn. (in a verse); þvígit lengra, Skv. 3. 56; þvígit fleira, Og. 6; þvígit vænni kostr, Fbr. 103 new Ed. því-líkr, adj. 'such-like,' such; mundi engi eiga þvílíkan hest, Nj. 89; með þvílíkum hætti sem fyrr segir, Hkr. ii. 92; þvílíkum stundum, sem ..., Fms. x. 263; þá er hann þ. sem göngu-menn aðrir, Grág. i. 294; þílíkri líkamsins teiknan, Stj. 59; þvílíkast sem, most like as if, just as if ..., Stj. 354, Barl. 88; annat þvílíkt, Fb. iii. 345. því-sa, að, dat. = þessu, see þessi; á þvísa tré, Greg. 48; engi stóðsk þvísa fyrr, Bær. 19; á þvísa þingi, Harms. 32; þvísa landi, Íb. 14, Sighvat, Sks. 186; í þvísa ljósi, Grág. i. 28; næst þvísa = þessu næst, Gþl., Clem. 140. þvottr, see þváttr. þvæla, d, [þvál], to wash with lather or soap. þvæla, u, f. a heap of clothes in the wash. þvætta, t, [Dan. tvætte; an iterative from þvá], to wash; skírðr ok þvættr, Barl. 159. v.l.: in mod. usage mostly vulgar. 2. metaph. to talk wash, gabble; hvað ertu að þvætta. þvættari, a, m. a babbler, the Bible. þvætti, n., in úr-þvætti, the slops from wash, refuse. þvættingr, m. a wash: metaph. gabble, nonsense. þybbinn, adj. [þúfa], obstinate, dogged. þykki, n., in sundr-þykki, sam-þ. þykkildi, n. a lump, thickness. ÞYKKJA, pres. þykkir, pret. þótti, subj. þætti (i.e. þœtti), part. þótt: a middle form þykkjumk and þóttumk: the form with kk is the true old one, and is always so written in rhymes by old poets (with fékk, hykk, þekkir, etc.): in mod. usage one k has been lost, þykja, þykir, and so often in Editions, but erroneously; the ancients often sounded this word with i, þikkja, þikkir, but y is the older and better form: with neg. suff. þykkir-a, þótti-t, þóttisk-a-þú, Ls. 60; þykkj-at, Hkv. 2. 22; þikkir-a, Fms. vi. 447 (in a verse): [þykkja þótti and þekkja þátti are correlative verbs, one neut. the other transit.; so also Goth. þagkjan þahta = GREEK and þugkjan þauhta = GREEK; A.S. þencan þahte and þincan þuhte; Germ. denken dachte and dünken dünkte; a trace of the neut. sense remains in Engl. methinks, methought.] A. To be thought, seem: I. to be thought to be, seem to be, be esteemed, valued; ok hann mundi þá þykkja betr gengit hafa, en sitja við eldstó móður sinnar, Fs. 6; muntú þar göfugr þykkja á því landi ok verða kynsæll, Landn. 260; öngir þóttu (were thought) löglegir dómar nema hann væri í, ... hón þótti beztr kostr, Nj. 1; tíðindi þau er mörgum þótti mikil, 123; saka-staði þá er hann þótti á eiga, 166; þótti hvárum-tveggja þær ræður skemtiligar, Eg. 686; öllum þótti þeirra ferð in svívirðiligsta, Nj. 263; bætt vóru vígin sem vert þótti, 88; ek þótta ok þjóðans rekkum hverri hæri, I was thought by them to be, Gkv. 1. 19. II. with dat. it seems to one, one thinks, denoting thought, feeling, sentiment, also resentment, as may be seen from the references, (cp. Germ. mich dünkt; Engl. methinks); mikit þótti spökum mönnum undir því at menn ætti gott saman í útverjum, Ld. 38; Halli þótti Ingjaldr lítt vilja hefja sitt ráð til þroska, id.: vel þykki mér, hvergi þykki mér við hníta, Ísl. ii. 343; þér þótti eigi þess vert at við mik væri um talat, þykki mér þetta ráð eigi svá mikils-háttar, id.; vilda ek, at þér þætti eigi verr, that thou shouldest not think the worse, be displeased, Nj. 17; þótti sinn veg hvárum, they disagreed, Ld. 38; þeir ræddu at Guðrúnu þætti lítið dráp Bolla, they said that G. took little thought of Bolli's death, 246; þótti okkr gott (it seemed good to us) er þeim var ótti at ykkr, Nj. 252; allir menn mæltu at betra þætti hjá Skarphéðni dauðum en þeir ætluðu, 209; Finnr lét sér fjándskap í þykkja við konung, Fms. vi. 294; Gunnari þótti fýsilegt ... þótti þeim sér nú mundu lítið fyrir, Nj. 113; mér þykkir sem málum várum sé komit í únýtt efni, ef ..., 150; þan (tíðendi) megu mér mikil þykkja, ok eigi ólíklig, Fs. 9; vil ek sjá hverr slægr mér þykkir í þér vera, 11; mér þykkir þeir merkiligstir menn, 19; ekki þikki mér þetta sjór, Landn. 251; vel þykkir mér at þú farir brott, 260; eigi þikki mér sem vér munim í þessum dal búnað reisa, Fs. 25; þat þótti honum mest af bregða, 77; líkami Bergþóru þikki mér at líkendum ok þó vel, Nj. 208; nú þykkja þeim eigi tíðir í görandi, K.Þ.K. 154; nú þikkir presti eigi rétt at skírn farit, 14; þikki mér ráð, at þú farir at finna Gizur hvíta, Nj. 77; ek veit at þér þykkir mikit fyrir ferðum, id., Fms. i. 195; undr þótti mér, er bróðir þinn vildi eigt taka af þér þetta starf, Nj. 77; höfðu menn þat fyrir satt at þeim þætti mikit fyrir at skiljask, Ld. 190; hvárt þykkir þér undir því sem mest at vit sém sem vitrastir, Nj. 263; honum þykkir mikit undir at þeim færisk vel, Ísl. ii. 343; hann heilsar þeim ... þat ætlum vér at þér þykki lítið undir um vára heilsan, ... en þat vitum vér at oss þykkir eigi verr at þú værir eigi heil, Fbr. 62; hann segir sér mikit þykkja at láta eignir sínar, Eg. 539; þó þú látir þér einskis þ. vert um dráp Bárðar, 255; hann spurði hvat honum þótti, eða þykkir þér hér eigi gott, Nj. 126; hefir ek nökkut þat gört at þér þykki við mik at, Gísl. 16; allt þat er honum þykkir af við mik, Ó.H. 148; þótti honum mikit at um víg Kjartans, Ld. 226; sem mér þykkir meira fyrir en öðrum mönnum at vega menn, Nj. 85; ek hygg at honum muni nú minnst fyrir þ., Fms. xi. 113; er mér þykkir allítið fyrir at missa, ... þótti þeim sem Egill mundi eigi aptr koma, Eg. 223; þótti honum sér úvænt til undan-kvámu, 406; þeir er höfðu sér traust at mæla sem þótti, to speak as they thought, Fms. i. 22; þat þótti Þorkatli mest af bregða er í vatni skyldi þvásk, Fs. 77: with the notion of vision, dreams, or the like, þótti mér þeir sækja at öllu-megin ... en Hjört þótti mér þeir hafa undir, ... eptir þat þótti mér stökkva vargarnir, Nj. 95; þeim þótti hann vera kátr ok kveða í hauginum, 118; ok þótti honum hann vekja sik, 121; þá þótti mér undarliga við bregða, mér þótti hann þá kalla ..., 211; æpti hann svá mikit óp at mér þótti allt skjálfa í nándir, 212; hón þótti mér þat vel þekkjask, Ísl. ii. 194; ekki þótti henni blómit svá mikit á vera, 14; ok þótti mér ílla sæma ... þótti mér sjá skaði miklu meiri, etc., Ld. 126. 128. B. Reflex.; the forms þykkjumk and þóttumk, also spelt with mz: I. subject and object being the same person, I myself, he himself, or the like; to seem to oneself, to think oneself, of oneself, with oneself, or the like; hversu mikinn styrk fólkit þykkisk af honum hafa, Edda (pref.) 148; ok þóttumk ek ekki þess verðr frá henni, því at ek þykkjumk þat hafa lýst nökkurum sinnum, at mér hefir ekki hennar úvirðing betri þótt en sjálfs míns, Gísl. 35; svá þykkjumzt ek jafnan gört hafa, Fms. vi. 101; en ek þykkjumk þó mjök neyddr til hafa verit, Nj. 88: to seem to oneself, ok þóttisk-a þú þá Þórr vera, thou didst not seem to thyself to be Thor, daredst not call thyself Thor, Ls. 60; hét Grímr ferðinni þá er hann þættisk búinn, Eg. 108; til hvers þykkjask

754 ÞYKKJA -- ÞYNNING.

þessir menn færir, Hrafn. 17: with the notion of presumption or pride, ok þykkisk hann mjök fyrir öðrum, he thinks himself much above others, Ld. 38; þó þykkisk ér þjóðkonungar, Skv. 3. 35; hann þykkisk einn vita allt, Nj. 32: with the notion of appearance, not reality, þá þóttisk hann rista henni manrúnar, he deluded himself. Eg. 587: with the notion of vision, to dream that, Njáll mælti, undarliga sýnisk mér nú, ek þykkjumk sjá um alla stofuna (ok þykki mér sem undan sé gaflveggrinn), Nj. 197; þat dreymdi mik at ek þóttumk ríða fram hjá Knafahólum, þar þóttisk ek sjá varga marga, ... ok þóttumk ek þá eigi vita hvat mér hlífði ... en ek þóttumk verða svá reiðr, at ..., 95; hann þóttisk játa því, 121; ek þóttisk staddr at Lómagnúpi, Nj.; dreymt hefir mik í nótt ... þar þóttumk ek vera staddr er eigi þótti öllum einnog, ok þóttumk ek hafa sverðit ... en ek þóttumk kveða vísur tvær í svefninum, Ísl. ii. 352; þat dreymði mik at ek þóttisk heima vera at Borg, ... álpt eina væna ok fagra ok þóttisk ek eiga, ok þótti mér allgóð ..., 194; hón þóttisk sjá tré mikit í rekkju þeirra Grímkels, 14; úti þóttumk ek vera stödd við læk nokkurn, ... ek þóttumk vera stödd hjá vatni einu ... ok þóttumk ek eiga ok einkar vel sama, ... ek þóttumk eiga gullhring, ... er ek þóttumk þá bera hjá mér þann hug, ... þá þótumk ek sjá fleiri brestina á ... ek þóttumk hafa hjálm á höfði ... ek þóttumk eiga þá görsemi, Ld. 126, 128; hvat er þat drauma? ek þóttumk fyr dag rísa, etc., Em. (begin.) In the first person the ancients use the form þóttumk þykkjumk much more frequently than þykkist þóttisk, which is the mod. form. II. the subject being different, he or it seemed to me, a middle form, this use is rare, and only occurs in poetry; gott þóttumk þat, er ek þögn of gat, it seemed good to me, I was glad that I got a bearing, Höfuðl. 19; úlfar þóttumk öllum betri, ef þeir léti mik lífi týna, the wolves seemed all the better friends if they would let me lose my life, Gh. 11. þykkja, u, f. a thought, liking, sentiment, disposition; fann hann, at stórlangt var í millum þeirra þykkju, that their thoughts (likings) were wide apart, Eb. 24; fóru þykkjur þeirra saman, their sentiments went together, Grett. 113 new Ed.; þer munut ráða ... en ek mun ráða þykkju minni, Fbr. 15; var konungr mjök sér einn á þykkju (self-willed), þvi at hann vildi ..., Bs. i. 781; honum þótti mestu varða um yðra þykkju (goodwill), Fms. iii. 138. 2. denoting discord; hann hvað úvarligt at fara þannig einsliga við slíkan þykkju-drátt (discord) sem þeirra í milli var, Finnb. 284. 3. denoting dislike; þóttusk menn þat sjá, at hvárir-tveggi lögðu á mál þessi mikla þykkju, Sturl. iii. 272; þótti mörgum mönnum við of, ok lögðu þykkju á Þorgrím þar fyrir, Vígl. 18, and so in mod. usage; sundr-þ., ú-þykkja. COMPDS: þykkju-lauss, adj. good-tempered, thoughtless, careless, easy, Mag, 45. þykkju-mikill, adj. choleric of temper; Halldórr var þ. sem aðrir Íslendingar, ok þótti ílla er hann fékk eigi þat er hann beiddi, Fb. i. 167; þ. ok þungr, Grett. 92 A. þykkjask, t, dep.; þ. við e-t or e-n, to take offence at, get angry with; Þórir bað konung eigi þ. við vist þeirra bræðra, Eg. 254, v.l.; þá þykktisk sá við er betr gékk ok sló sinn pústr hvárn þeirra, Vígl. 17; and so in mod. usage, þú mátt ekki þykkjast við þó eg segi þér satt, thou must not take offence though I tell thee true. þykk-leikr (-leiki), m. thickness; hann vildi forvitnask um þykkleik haussins, Eg. 769; þar við mátti ekki jafnask at hæð né þykkleik nökkurs manns hár, Fms. x. 177; þykkleiki mannsins, Stj. 57. þykk-liga, adv. thickly. 2. frequently; en þá er þat varð eigi svá þjökkliga sem hann vildi, Bs. i. 431 (jafnliga, v.l.) II. proudly, sulkily; svara þykkliga, Fb. i. 209. þykk-mikill, adj. [þykkr, m.], threatening, sulky, of weather; var veðr þykk-mikit, Sturl. ii. 65. þykkna, að, to thicken or become stout; loptið þröngvisk ok þykknar af vætum, Stj. 17; þá tók veðrit at þ., Fb. ii. 210; þar til er þykknaði (of a fluid), A.A. 275. ÞYKKR, m. [cp. A.S. þaccian; Old Engl. (Chaucer) thack; Engl. thwack = to strike; see also þjökka and þjaka] :-- a thwack, thump, blow, a hurt; hann görði meyjunni þann þykk, at hón grét þegar, eu sveininn lék hann miklu harðara, Sd. 141; verðr nú við hann skapfátt ok veitir honum áverka svá næsta mikinn, at honum var þat gildr þykkr (a severe hurt) ok eigi banvænligr, Ísl. ii. 321 (Heiðarv. S.); þykkjar verðr, worthy of a thwack, Eg. (in a verse); fékk Gunnarr mikinn þykk af eins manns spjóti, Dropl. (major), cp. Njarð. 378. ÞYKKR, adj. [the older form in ancient vellums is þjokkr or þjökkr, or even, esp. in Norse vellums, þjukkr, whence is derived the mod. Swed. and Norweg. tjok or kjok, but Dan. tyk; a v follows kk before a vowel, but even there is often dropped; compar. þykkvari, þykkvastr, or contr. þykkri, þykkastr: A.S. þicc; Engl. thick; Germ. dick: on the other hand, Germ. dicht, Engl. tight answer to Icel. þóttr.] A. Thick, stout, in substance; skjöld víðan ok þykkvan, Eg. 285; þykk spöng, Fms. ii. 310; öx þykk ok hvöss, vi. 29; eirskjöld þykkan ok víðan, Stj. 461; þjukkar brynhosur ... þjukkr ok þolinn, Þiðr. 97; garðr svá þjukkr, N.G.L. ii. 122; hann hefir skó þjökkvan, Edda 17; víðr ok þjokkr, 58; garðr fimm feta þjokkr, Grág. ii. 262; þjukkan (þykkvan) skugga, Sks. 11 (new Ed. v.l. 7), 405 B; þykkum bylgjum, id.; fjogurra álna þykkvir, 40 new Ed.; húð góð ok þykk til reipa, 41; þjökkva leggi, Jd. 33; þykkr í andliti, Sturl. iii. 111: þykkara lopt, Stj. 17; veðr var þjökkt, Bs. i. 442; þykkt veðr ok regn, Eb. 204; veðr var þykkt ok drífa, Fms. v. 341; þykk þoka, viii. 83, v.l.; þjukkr mjörkvi, Sks. 47 new Ed. II. thick, thronged, of a number of objects, e.g. trees; í skoginum þar sem þjukkastr var, Barl. 9; í skóginn þar sem þykkvastr var, Fms. i. 72; þykkr skógr, 136, Ó.H. 36; skógr mikill ok þjokkr, Nj. 130, v.l.; þykkt hár, Eg. 305; þar var þykkost fylking, Mork. 113, v.l.: neut, svá stóðu þjökkt spjót á Aroni, Bs. i. 528; féilu Varbelgir þar svá þykkt, at ..., Fms. ix. 522; hann bað menn sína fylgjask vel ok standa þykkt, Eg. 288; hann hopaði aptr þar til er liðit stóð þykkra, 296 (þykkvast, v.l.); var þar þykkt fylkt en þynnst við díkit, Fms. vi. 406; ef þrír menn ganga þjukt ok eigi fleiri, Gþl. 108; ef þjukkara er gengit en nú er sagt, 109 (of the thickness of a rank of men); menn hljópu svá þykkt yfir hann, at hann mátti eigi upp standa ... meðan menn hljópu þykkast yfir hann, Fms. viii. 75; ok fylkja á skipinu allt á millum stafna ok svá þykkt, at allt var skarat skjöldum, Ld. 78; skipa skjöldum þjokkt við stafna, Mork. 180. III. in local names, Þykkvi-bær, -skógr, Landn. B. COMPDS: þykk-byrt, n. part., in the phrase, hafa þykkbyrt, to have thick, stout armour, Fms. vii. 264. þykk-býlt, n. part. thick-set, studded with hamlets, Orkn. 300. þykk-farit, n. part.; hón heilsar þeim ok kvað þá þ. göra, to make frequent visits, Eb. 94. þykk-leitr, adj. thick-faced, Ld. 276. þykk-röggvaðr, part. thick-furred, Lv. 41. þykk-settr, part. thick-set, thick-ranked, Mar. þykk-skipat, part. thickly-manned, Bs. i. 526. þykk-skýjaðr, part. thick-clouded, Sks. 227. þykk-varraðr, part. thick-lipped, Fms. ii. 20. þykk-vaxinn, part. thick-set, stout of growth; þjökk-vaxinn, Edda i. 258 (in a verse). þykkt and þjokkt, f. thickness; breidd, lengd, þykkt, hæð, MS. 544. 156; á þykktina, in the thickness, Fms. ix. 522; eigi meirr en fimm menn á þyktina, Fms. vii. 275 (þjokktina, Hkr. iii. 400), Eg. 277. þykkt, f. = þykkja, resentment, displeasure, Bs. i. 745. ÞYLJA, pres. þyl, þylr; pret. þulði or þuldi; subj. þylði; part. þulit; [þulr] :-- to say, read, chant, in one continuous tone, without either stopping, or any intonation; mál er at þylja þular-stóli at, of a sage saying his saws, Hm. 111; hygg vísi at hve ek þylja fat, ef ek þögn of gat, of a bard chanting his lay, Höfuðl. 3; þyl ek grunnstrauma Grimnis, Þd.; vel samir enn of eina ölselju mér þ., Jd. 3; þylja um sigr, to chant the victory, Fms. vi. (in a verse); þær þyt þulu (þulðu ?), they sang their songs, accompanied the whirling mill with their song, Gg. 3. 2. to chant or murmur in a low voice, as one saying charms, prayers, or the like; hann (Njáll) fór opt frá öðrum mönnum einn saman ok þuldi, Nj. 156; sat Geitir, faðir bónda á palli, ok þuldi í feld sinn, murmured into his cloak, Fb. i. 253; það er svo mart og það er svo mart þulið í feldinn gráa, | sem ei er bert og ekki vert eptir neinum að hváa, Grönd. 160; Þórir sat einn samt í öndugi ok þuldi í gaupnir sér, Fas. iii. 153; hann lá þar ok horfði í lopt, ok gapti bæði munni ok nösum, ok þujdi nökkut (of spells), Þorf. Karl. ch. 7; þulði uðr, the wave murmured, Skáld H. 4. 32. II. reflex., þyljask um, þylsk hann um eða þrumir, to murmur sulkily, Hm. 17. þyna, u, f. [akin to þön, þenja?], the withers(?); en er hann sá uxann, þá var hlaupin ofan bógrinn ok slitin þynan (wither-wrung? but of an ox), fýstu flestir at drepa skyldi, Bs. i. 370: or is þyna = the peritoneum, mod. líf-hinna? 2. a nickname; Þorbjörn þyna, Landn. þyngð, f. [þungr], heaviness, weight; freq. in mod. usage, tvær vættir að þyngð; eðlis-þyngð, specific gravity. II. metaph. illness, sickness; á mér liggr þyngð nokkur, Fms. xi. 68; Helga tók þá ok þ. ok lá þó eigi, Ísl. ii. 274. 2. troubles; síðan er vér mistum skipa várra er oss hefir öll þyngð af staðit, Fms. viii. 181. þynging, f. a burden, heaviness, H.E. i. 407. ÞYNGJA, ð and d, [þungr, Dan. tynge], to weigh down, burden, make heavy, Hom. 53; mun mér eigi þ. þetta erviði, it will not encumber me, Eluc. 3; augu þeirra þyngðusk (pass.) af tárum, 623. 60. 2. impers. he grows heavy, with dat. of manner; en sóttinni þyngði (the illness grew worse) eigi því síðr, ok andaðisk hann, Fms. x. 73; þá þyngdi honum mjök (it grew very heavy with him, i.e. he grew heavy from sleep), ok lagðisk hann niðr ok svaf, v. 222; þyngja tekr máli ok minni, Skáld H. 5. 16. II. reflex., tekr nú bardaginn at þyngjask, to grow heavy, adverse. Fas. i. 105; honum tók þá at þyngjask (he sank) sem á leið daginn, Fms. viii. 445. þyngjan. f. =þyngð, Mar., H.E. i. 408. þyngsl (mod. þyngsli), n. pl. (þyngslir, f. pl., Barl. 44), a burden; göra e-m þ., to be a burden to one, B.K.; vera e-m til þyngsla, id.; meðr banni eðr öðrum þyngslum, at ganga undir þeirra álögur, MS. 126. 178. 2. heavy affliction; mér þykkir íllt at menn hljóti svá mjök þ. af mér, Eb. 264; er öll þyngsl hafa af staðit, Fms. viii. 181, v.l. ÞYNNA, t, [þunnr], to make thin; þynna þoku frá augum e-m, Barl. 172, passim: impers., en sem þat kóf tekr at þynna, the fog begins to lift, Sks. 47, v.l. new Ed. II. reflex. to grow thin; þynntisk skipanin á borðunum, Fms. ii. 327, Orkn. 72. 2. þynntr, beaten thin. þynna, u, f., in half-þynna, a kind of axe, see p. 243. þynning, f. a nickname, = þyna(?), Landn. 117.

755 ÞYRFT -- ÞÝÐLÆTI.

þyrft, f. a need, want, see þurft. þyrill, m., dat. þyrli, [cp. Cumbrian thyrel, a porridge-stick] , a whisk with a fringe at the end, with which to whip milk; flauta-þyrill, a stick for whipping milk; hárið er eins og þyrill, hair rough like a þyrill. 2. the name of a farm and mountain-peak in Icel., from the whirling gusts of wind to which it is liable, Ísl. ii. (Harðar S.) ÞYRJA, pres. þyrr; pret. þurði; [see þori] :-- to sweep or rush along, only used in poetry; kilir þurðu norðan, Ó.H. (in a verse); flaust þurðu und segli, Fms. x. (in a verse); Rögnvalds kind þurði und randir, ... menn þurðut austan, Arnór; hrönn þurði at e-m, Þd. 12; láta mari þyrja fold fetum, to let the steed sweep over the fields, Akv. 13; mál kveð ek okkr fara úrig fjöll yfir, þyrja þjóð yfir, to sweep over the people, Skm. 10, of riding through the air. þyrkingr, m. [þurkr], a dryness in the mouth or throat. ÞYRLA, að, [þyrill: Engl. thrill, drill; A.S. þyrljan = to bore; Old Engl. thirl; Germ. drillen] :-- to whirl, as the wind does chaff or dry hay: vindr þyrlar heyinn í háfa lopt. ÞYRMA, ð, prop. a law phrase-, or a religious term, to deal reverently with, shew respect to; with dat., var þá eigi þyrmt eiðunum, Edda 26; ef maðr þyrmir eigi griðum, Grág. ii. 166 B; þyrma særum, Róm. 288; þyrma lögum, Sks. 78 new Ed.; þat er ráð annat at þyrma hátíð, to respect the holy-day, by not fighting on that day, Fms. v. 170, N.G.L. i. 10; ok vill hann eigi þyrma Frjádögum né Kristnum dómi várum, of breaking the fast, 11; þyrma Jóla-helgi. 142; skulu vér þyrma kirkjum, to respect the sanctuary of a church, of an asylum, K.Á. 30; þyrma rétti heilagrar Kirkju, 40; þyrma konu and þyrma við konu, to shew respect to a woman, so as not to violate her, N.G.L. i. 16; mun engi maðr öðrum þyrma, Vsp. 46; Baldrs barmi þyrmðit manna-dólgi, the brother of B. made no covenant with the foe of men, Haustl.; at þú eigi vel eiðum þyrmir, Skv. 1. 47; þyrmða ek sifjum, svörmuu eiðum, 3. 28; þyrma véum, Hkm. 18; görisk sifja-spell ok þyrma menn engum hleytum, Sks. 338. 2. to shew mercy to, spare; þyrma skal hann eggvers-foglum í því landi, Grág. ii. 347; þeir þyrmdu því öllu er þeim þótti fagrt, en drápu allt þat sem var afleitt, Stj. 456; þyrma e-m í örðum, Hom. (St.); þyrma óvinum sínum, Al. 14; þyrma mínum mönnum, 16, Fms. vii. 36; þyrma sér sjálfum, Karl. 363; þú þyrmðir eigi þínum eingetnum syni, of Abraham, Stj. 132. II. reflex. to refrain or forbear from; hann bað hann þyrmask við Magnús konung, forbear from violence with king M., Fms. vi. 172; tveir skolu þeir feðgar þyrmask við hina tvá, N.G.L. i. 34; hann skal við engi mann þyrmask, 228; guðsifjar eru sex er vér skolum þyrmask við, 16; þyrmask við hjúnskap, 376. 2. recipr., láta sem þér berizt, en þyrmisk þó sem skilt er, but forbear hurting one another, Fms. viii. 443. þyrmi-liga, adv. meekly, gently, forbearingly; hann keyrði hann niðr ok eigi þ., threw him down, and that not gently, Bjarn. 41; ú-þyrmiliga, Rd. þyrmir, m., in Ú-þyrmir, violator, see p. 668. þyrm-liga, adv. = þyrmiliga, Bs. i. 821. þyrm-samliga, adv. = þyrmliga, Fms. xi. 146. þyrmslir, f. pl.; þyrmsl, n. pl.; þyrmslur, f. pl. :-- any sacred or lawful obligation of respect or forbearance due to others: 1. as a law phrase, the obligation of a client or dependent towards his master; nú skal leysingi hafa þyrmslir við skap-dróttinn sinn, eigi skal hann í févélum né í fjörvélum við hann vera, né í dómum gegn honum ..., hverfa eigi odd né egg móti honum ..., bera eigi vitni á hönd honum ..., N.G.L. i. 34; svá skulu leysingja-kaup fara þeirra er eigi hafa keypt þyrmslar af sér, 234; þá er hann (viz. the client) ór þyrmslum við þann mann, 211. 2. any obligation, from relationship or the like; allar þær þyrmslur sem hirðmönnum byrjar at hafa innan-hirðar, N.G.L. ii. 440. 3. eccl., of forbidden degrees of relationship; geymi menn at þyrmslum sínum verði lýst áðr samgangr hjóna verðr í millum, H.E. i. 414; þær eru konur aðrar er enn eru í meirum þyrmslum við oss, ... ef vér vinnum líkams losta við þær, N.G.L. i. 15: veita þyrmslur úvígðum kirkjum, K.Á. 36; þat er mælt í lögum at eigi skal bera vápn í kirkju ... slík þyrmsl eru ok á bæna-húsum ..., 38. 4. medic. abstinence, fasting(?); þat görðisk eitt hvert sinn at konungr var í þyrmslum eptir blóðlát sitt, it happened once upon a time that the king was abstaining after blood-letting, Sks. 642. þyrmsla-maðr, m. a law phrase, a kind of client, a dependent ranking between a bondsman and a freeman, N.G.L. i. 158, 220. ÞYRNIR, m. [see þorn; Dan. tjörne] a thorn, Karl. 546; klungr ok þyrni, Stj., Fms. v. 159: þyrnar ok íllgresi. Post.; fjaðrar hans vóru sem þyrnar, Post. 645. 69; þyna og þistla, the Bible, Matth. vii. 16; hag-þyrnir. COMPDS: þyrni-fótr, m. thorn-foot, a nickname. Eg. þyrni-fullr, adj. full of thorns, Al. 52. þyrni-hjálmr, m. a thorn-helmet, a crown of thorns, Hom. 32. þyrni-kórona (-krúna, Karl. 545), u, f. a crown of thorns, Bs. i. 792, Mar., Pass. þyrni-tré, n. a thorn-bush, Karl. 545. ÞYRPAST, t, dep. [þorp], to crowd, throng; þyrptust menn at honum, Fms. ii. 160; lið þeirra nam stað ok þyrptist saman við þessa sýn, viii. 405; ef aðrir menn þ. at manni, Sks. 302; þyrptisk þangat mikill fjöldi drukkinna manna, Fagrsk. 2. þyrping, f. a crowd, throng, freq. in mod. usage; það er þ. á hlaðinu. þyrsklingr, m. [þorskr], a small codfish, Edda (Gl.), and passim. ÞYRSTA, t, [þorsti], to thirst, impers.; mig þyrstir, 'it thirsts me,' I thirst; þá þyrstir hann (acc.) eigi, Eluc. 24, Stj. 132; hana þyrsti at meirr, Fms. vi. 352; til gullsins þyrsti þik, drekk þú nú gullit, Rb. 410; Bárðr sagði at hann þyrsti mjók, Eg. 207; slikt görir at er sölin etr, þyrstir æ því meirr, 605; þar þyrstir jörðina, Al. 50; þá er mik þyrsti þá gáfu þér mér at drekka, Barl. 35. þyrstr (þystr), adj. thirsty, Vþm. 8, Ls. 6, Eg. 204; (Þórr) er mjök þ. tekr at drekka ok svelgr allstórum, Edda 32. 2. metaph., þyrstr til e-s, Mar.; þ. í líf e-s, Fas. i. 498, passim. þys-höll, f. a crowded hall, Akv. ÞYSJA, pres. þyss; pret. þusti; gustr, þustu, Sighvat; in mod. usage þusa and þusti: [an older form for þyrja? cp. þausnir] :-- to rush; þusti (þursti Ed.) þegar allr Grikkja-herr alvápnaðr ór herbúðunum í borgina, Fms. vi. 157; þá þysja Rómverjar þar at, Rom. 273; þustu þeir þá fram ór skóginum eptir þeim, Ó.H. 135; ok enn þustu at allir þeir er í öðrum stöðum höfðu setið, 68; þá þustu bændr at konungi ok báðu hann eta kjöt, Fms. i. 35; ok nú þyss sjá flokkr fram á leikvöllinn, Skálda 172. þys-mikill, adj. making a great noise, uproarious, Fms. x. 213. þyss, m., dat. þys, an uproar, tumult from a crowd; þyss eru þrettán, Edda 108; kominn er þyss í þessa þjóð, Gísl. (in a verse); en er morna tók hætti þysnum í bænum, Fms. vi. 16; þyss sjá eða kliðr, Gísl. 56; fyrir þys þann (riot) er þeir höfðu gört at Hákoni jarli, Fms. i. 220; þá görðisk þyss mikill í bænum, vii. 173; þyss ok vápna-brak, 260; í þessum þys var Hákon særðr bana-sári, 290; en hann mátti einskis víss verða fyrir alþýðu-þys, þvíat hverr kallaði fyrir munn öðrum, 655 xvi. B. 3; fyrir þys alþýðu, Post. 227; manna þys, Skálda 169; hví gegnir þyss sjá manna, 623. 55; rekum þurt þys vándra hugrenninga, Hom. 148; skósveinn Gunnildar hljóp fram í þysinn (þysinum, v.l.), Fms. i. 45: in Róm. 285, Lat. tumultus is rendered by þyss. ÞYTR, m. [þjóta], a noise, whistling sound, as of wind, leaves, Edda (Gl.); þær þyt þulu, of the whirling of a mill, Gs. 3: er þungt at heyra þyt smábarna, cries, wailings, Fms. i. 263; vinda gnýr eða vatna þytr, Skúlda; lúðra-þytr, q.v.; íllviðra-þytr. ÞÝ, n., qs. þivi, [Ulf. þjus = GREEK, þiwan = GREEK, þiwi = GREEK, þiwis = GREEK; A.S. þeow; Dan. ty, tyende; cp. þjó-na] :-- a serf, bondsman; þý hans eðr ambátt, Gísl. 132 (for þýr). 2. in mod. usage, metaph. vile, bad people; þýið með þrælum sínum, Pass. 11. 12. þý-borinn, part. born of a bondwoman; Ismael var þ., Post. 645. 62; hón er þ. at móðerni, Eg. 338; sunr þ., N.G.L. i. 48. ÞÝÐA, d, [O.H.G. djuten: Dutch duiden; Germ. deuten; Dan. tyde; the word is better derived from Goth. þjuda than from þjuþ = bonum] :-- prop. to associate, attach; þýða sér, to attach to oneself; hann ferr víða um lönd ok þýddi sér fólkit, Fms. iii. 272. II. to explain, interpret; þýða draum, to interpret a dream, Fms. viii. 12, passim: þýða bók, to comment on a book; björg ok steina þýddu þeir móti tönnum, Edda (pref.) 145. 2. to signify; hvat ætlar þú þenna draum þýða? Ld. 316; at hann (the dream) þýði annat enn ek göri ór honum. Fms. v. 341, x. 147, v.l.; 'communio' þýðir samneyti, Hom. 141; það þýðir svá, 655 xxiii. 1, Stj., Barl., Mar., passim. III. reflex., with acc. to attach oneself to, associate with; öllum þeim er þá þýðask ok í þeirra embætti bindask, Sks. 358; Haraldr var vinsæll af sínum mönnum, honum (hann?) þýddusk gamlir menn með speki-ráðum, Fms. x. 178; þýðask e-n með vináttu, to pay one homage and friendship, Eg. 20; at hann mundi fá virðing mikla af konungi ef þeir vildi hann þýðask, 17; Uni þýddisk Þórunni dóttur Leiðólfs, U. made love to Th., daughter of L., Landn. 246; hann settisk á húsit hjá álptinni ok vildi þýðask hana, Ísl. ii. 195, Fas. i. 18, Bs. i. 375; setið svá fylkingar yðrar, at þeir þýðisk eigi svá skjótt skóginn, sem þeim er títt til, Fms. vi. 62; skaltú þá fyrst þýðask ok göra þér at vinum, Sks. 284 B: hann þý;ddisk eigi leika né lausung, Bs. i. 90. 2. with prepp.; þýðask undir e-n, or til e-s, to attach oneself to, asiociate with, pay homage to, or the like; vildu þeir heldr þýðask undir hans konungdóm en undir Svía-konung, Hkr. i. 137, H.E. i. 459; hann var mikill höfðingi ok eigu vér með öngu móti at þýðask undir (submit to) nokkut forboð, ... þýddusk til hans margir höfðingjar af öðrum löndum (paid him homage), Fms. ix. 450; at eigi þýðisk flærðsamir guðir til várra ákalla, Sks. 308. 3. pass. (Latinism) to be interpreted; Lazairus þýðisk svá sem boginn, Greg. 23; hirðmaðr þýðisk svá sem hirzlu-maðr, Sks. 272; svá þýðisk nafn Kirkju sem þinghús, 784. þýða, u, f. attachment, love; þýða ok blíðlæti, Hom. 115; drag aldri þyðu eða samræði til hans úvina, Sks. 80 new Ed. þýðing, f. an interpretation; eptir réttri þýðingu, Stj. 200: a sense, meaning, önnur er þ. þinnar ræðu, Barl. 29. 2. an interpretation, translation, Anecd. 92; lesa lög ok áttvísi ok þýðingar helgar, Skálda. þýðleikr, m. attachment, affection; hón veik undan at hafa þýðleik né einn við þá, Clem. 129. þýðliga, adv. affectionately, meekly; eptir hirting, ... að sér þýðlega vefr, af þerrar klár öll þeirra tár, ástar-koss margan gefr, Hallgr.; þýðlega þess eg bið, Pass. 7. 17. þýðligr, adj. attached, affectionate, Fb. i. 443, Sturl. iii. 60. þýð-læti, n. = þýðleikr, 655 xxviii. 3.

756 ÞÝÐNI -- ÞÖRMSAMLIGA.

þýðni, f. = þýðing, signification, Mar. þýðr, adj. kind, meek, amiable; þyðr ok þekkr við sína menn, Fms. x. 420; þýðr ok þekkiligr, Bs. i. 76; fámæltr optast, ekki þýðr (not affable, harsh), Fms. vii. 102; þ. við alla vini sína ok alla góða menn, Bs. i. 128; Herrann beið þeirra hinn þýði, Pass. 6. 1. Þýðverska, u, f., or, dropping the v, Þýðerska, Þýverska, the Teutonic land, Germany; til annarra landa, Danmerkr ok Þýðersku (Þðerska ríkis, Þýðverska land, v.l.), Fms. ix. 487; landskjálpti inn mikli í Þýðersku, Ann. 1000 B; fór Sturla þá suðr í Þýðversku-land, Bs. i. 555; hann mælti Þýðesku, spoke in German, Greg. 75; raka jaðar-skegg á Þýðversku (Þýversku, v.l.), in German fashion, Sks. 66 new Ed. Þýðverskr, adj., but better Þýðerskr, often spelt Þyeskr; the v and r are due to a wrong notion as to its origin, as if it came from -verjar (= men) instead of the inflex. iskr, as is seen from the German form; [0.H.G. Diutisc; mid.H.G. Diutisch, Tiusch; low Lat. Theotiscus;; Hel. Thiudisk; mod. Germ. Teutsch, Deutsch; Engl. Dutch; these forms shew that v and r are in the Norse wrongly inserted; the old Icel. word was evidently borrowed from the Germ. through the trading people, perhaps in the 11th or 12th century; it does not therefore appear in a genuine Norse form, for then the inflexive iskr should have been assimilated to the preceding root word, so forming a monosyllable; the mod. form Þýzkr is in this respect correct; the root word is Goth. þiuda = þjóð, see Grimm's Dict. s.v. ii. 1043; in Ulf. þiuþisko = GREEK] :-- German; Þýðerskir menn (Þýðverskir, Þýverskir, Þýðskir, v.l.), Fms. viii. 248; Vindum ok Þýðeskum mönnum, x. 45, v.l.; Þýðerska menn, 47; en Þýðeskir menn segja, Fas. i. 332; Þýverskir, Fb. i. 355. l.c.; Þýveskr, Ann. 1342 C; svá segir í kvœðum Þýðærskum, Þiðr. 304; frá sögn Þýðærskra manna, 334; Þýðeskum kvæðum, 231, 330, 352; Þýðeskra manna sögur, 180; í Þýðersk tunga, 1, 302, 304. þýfð, f. [þjófr], theft, Grág. i. 401, 429. þýfðr, part. covered with mounds, uneven, rough, of a field, Fms. iii. 207; þýft tún, þýfðar engjar. þýfga, að, to impute theft to a person; þýfga e-n um e-t. ÞÝFI, n. [þjófr], stolen goods, Jb. 419 C; Viðris þýfi, Stor. 1; báðum þótti um þýfið vænt. Stef. Ól. þýfi-gjöld, n. pl. a fine for theft, Grág. 1. 457. þýfi, n. [þúfa], a field covered with mounds or hillocks, uneven ground; slá í þýfi, krappa-þýfi. þýfi-teigr, m. a rough paddock, Rm. 102. þýfska, u, f. theft, Gþl. 541: stolen goods, N.G.L. i. 83. þýft, f. = þýfð, Gþl. 538, 541. ÞÝR, f., gen. þýjar, dat. þýju, acc. þý; pl. þýjar; the r is a fem. inflexion, as in kýr, sýr; the root is þý, qs. þivi; see þý; [Goth. þjus and þiwi; cp. A.S. þeowian = to serve; Icel. þjó-na, qs. þjov-na, þjónn; as also Germ. dienen] :-- a bondwoman; þræll ok þýr, Rm.; þræl eða þý (allit.), man-servant and maid-servant, Fms. iv. 204; þýjar barn, þýjar sonr, a bairn, son of a bondwoman, Fas. i. 495, iii. 434; meðan þú á kvernum kysstir þýjar, Hkv. 1. 35; hvöss eru augu í Hagals þýju (dat.), 2. 2; þræla þrjá tigu, þýjar (acc. pl.) sjau góðar, Am. 93; þýjar ok salkonur, Skv. 3. 45; en um Svanhildi sátu þýjar (nom. pl.), waited on her, Gh. 15; meldr Fróða þýja (gen. pl.), Edda (in a verse). Þýzkr = Þýðverskr, only in late vellums; Þýzkan söðul, Fms. xi. 443. ÞÆFA, i.e. þœfa, ð, [þóf, hence the mod. Dan. töve], to beat, stamp cloth; þau klæði vóru þæfð með sand ok tjöru, Fas. i. 346; and in mod. usage, þæfa sokka, vetlinga, peisu; þæfa í tunnu, to stamp in a tub, a curious custom still used in Icel. of two men lying on their backs and treading a tub open at both ends, so as to pack the cloth tightly. 2. metaph. to do a thing in a slow or tedious manner; þæfði hón þá ofan til árinnar, she went lumbering down to the river, Grett. 140; nú bíðu vér búnir, ok þarf eigi at þæfa oss lengr í þessu, to keep us longer waiting, Sturl. i. 134; eigi mun ek þik lengi þæfa um liðs-beina, Lv. 105; förum heim, þæfum ekki Skíða, ok rannsökum bæinn, let us not belabour S. any longer, Sd. 168. II. reflex., skulum vér þæfask svá við, struggle and delay (cp. Dan. töve), Vápn. 16; ekki mun ek lengi þæfask til hvílunnar við þik, Gísl. 16. þæfa, u, f. a stamping. 2. metaph. a long tedious struggle, a quarrel, Bs. i. 159, Burl. 58, 65, 150, Fb. ii. 207: = þóf. þæfu-steinn, m. a stamping-stone: an Icel. local name. þæfni, f. = þæfa, Lv. 45: þæfð, f. id., Vápn. 16. þæfta, t, see þöfta. þægð, f. [þiggja, þágu], an acceptable thing, pleasure; leggja þægð ok fýsi til e-s, 655 xxvii. 11; mér er engin þægð í því, I do not want it, don't do it to oblige me; or göra e-m e-t til þægðar, to do a thing to please another. 2. tameness, pliability, obedience. þægiliga, adv. agreeably. þægiligr, adj. acceptable, agreeable, Edda 81, Nj. 227, Fms. viii. 229, Al. 17, K.Á. 76, passim. þægindi, n. pl. pleasure; göra e-m e-t til þæginda, Fms. ii. 41. ÞÆGJA, ð, [þiggja, þág], to make acceptable, to gratify a person; þægja e-m í, to give a small gratification to a person: pass., svá helgask ok þægjask öll góðverk í ást, become acceptable, Hom. 96. II. [perh. a different word, akin to þykkr = a thwack], to push roughly, shove; Þorsteinn hleypr upp, ok heldr Máfi, ok þægir honum í bekkinn, and pushes him roughly to the bench, Sturl. i. 13; cf nokkut væri konunginum eðr erkibiskupinum þægt í hans meðferðum, if they should take any exception to their pleadings, Bs. i. 771; ok er þá nokkut (nökkurum?) þægt í várri vörn, then some will get hard blows, Fbr. 54: þægja at e-m, to tease or offend; anzar drottning Úlfar görir þú að oss þægja, enginn bað þig orð til hnegja, íllr þræll þú máttir þegja, Úlf. 4. 45. þægr, adj. acceptable, agreeable; fórnir þægjar goðum várum, 623. 12; Guði þægr, acceptable to God, 655 x. 2, and passim. 2. gentle, obedient, willing, of a child; hann er þægr, þægt barn, and ó-þægr, refractory, unwilling. ÞÆRI, n. the lower part of a carcase, brisket; var þar ekki kjöt á bæ hennar nema eitt sauðar-þæri, Bs. i. 611: of a cut-up fish, þorskr álnar í öxar-þærum, Grág. ii. 380 (Jb. 327); eyxar-þærum flattr, (Kb.) 357, l.c. þöfta [þóf?], a GREEK, to throb, beat(?) like a pulse; sýndisk honum höndin heit, ok rauk af, ok þöftu æðarnar, the hand seemed to be warm and steamed, and the veins beat, Fas. iii. 395. ÞÖGN, f., gen. þagnar, [þegja], silence; sögn eða þögn haf þú þér sjálfr í hug, Sdm.; gott þóttumk þat er ek þögn of gat, silence, a hearing, Höfuðl.; slegit hefir þögn á þegna, Sighvat; þá sló þögn á höfðingjana ok mælti einginn, Fagrsk. 61; þagnar mark, Stj. 250; þagnar tími, a time of silence, Bs. i. 891, Stj. 158, and passim, þagnar-gildi, n.; in the phrase, láta e-ð liggja (vera) í þagnargildi, to leave a thing alone, not mention it. II. mythical, the name of a goddess, Edda (Gl.), Gísl. þögn-horfinn, part. 'silence-bereft,' i.e. noisy, an epithet of a mill, Gs. (GREEK); the passage is not quite clear, and an alliteration seems to be wanting. þögull, adj. silent, of silent habits, Hm. 6; hann var maðr þ., ríklundaðr ok úþýðr, Hkr. i. 28; hann var þögull, ekki nafn festisk við hann, Sæm. 96; hinn þögli áss, Edda 17; Viðars ins þögla, 60; horskr ok þögull, Hm.; sí-þögull, mute; see þagall. ÞÖKK, f., gen. þakkar, pl. þakkir; [Ulf. þagks = GREEK, Luke xvii. 9; A.S. þanc; Engl. thanks; Germ. dank; Dan. tak] :-- prop. pleasure, liking, akin to þekkr, þokki, cp. Lat. gratia and gratus with grates and Gr. GREEK with GREEK, göra e-t til þakka e-s, to one's liking, to please a person, Eg. 63; leggja e-t vel í þökk við en, 153: but usually, II. thanks; Hrappr bað hann hafa þökk fyrir, Nj. 128; Auðr tók þat með þokkum, Fms. i. 247; þökk ok aufusa, see p. 32; kunna e-m þökk fyrir e-t, to be thankful, Bjarn. 24: so the phrase, mér er mesta þökk á því, to be obliged; þökk er mér á þinni hérkvámu, Fas. iii. 259; hón kunni þess önga þökk, she owed no thanks for it, Bjarn. 24; fyrir útan hvers manns þökk, whether they like it or not, D.N. ii. 39; Guðs þökk, God's thanks, i.e. charity; göra tíund til Guðs þakka, Hom, (hence gustuk, q.v.); göra Guði þakkir, to thank God, Stj. 137, Fms. viii. 229, and passim. þakkar-görð, f. thanksgiving. III. the name of a giantess in the myth of Balder, who would not weep for his death, hence the saying, Þökk grætr þurrum tárum, Thank weeps dry tears, Edda 39; a mythical word, prob. from a different root. ÞÖLL, f., gen. þallar (= þollr), a young fir-tree; hrörnar þöll er stendr þorpi á, Hm., Edda (Gl.): freq. in circumlocutory descriptions of women, bauga-þóll, auð-þöll, men-þöll, Lex. Poët. ÞÖMB, f., gen. þambar, [cp. þamba, þembi-; akin to þenja(?); cp. Lat. tum-or, tum-idus] :-- the womb, guts, but with the notion of being blown-up; ok aum í vömb varð heldr til þörnb, Bjarn. (in a verse), where þömb seems to be a noun, not an adjective. 2. metaph. a bow-string, being made of guts, like harp-strings; hence þambar-skelfir or -skelmir, the 'string-shaker,' the soubriquet of the famous archer Einar, Fms.; Þambar-vellir, -dalr, local names, Korm. II. a nickname; Jósteinn þömb, Fms. ix. 260; Þórir Þömb, Grett. ÞÖN, f., gen. þanar, pl. þanir, [þenja], a scaffold or platform on stakes, on which nets and the like are stretched out for drying; þeir tóku gærur af þönum, Sturl. iii. 189; Loka lögvélar (i.e. the net) leika á þönum, Egilsson's rendering of the verse in Herodotus i. 62; the word is freq. þöngull, m., dat. þöngli, [þang], tangle, sea-weed, Fms. vi. 376; þönglar stórir lágu í fjörunni í leirinum, Sveinn greip upp einn þöngulinn, Orkn. 336, passim. 2. as a nickname, Landn. COMPDS: þöngla-bakki, a, m. a local name, map of Icel. þönguls-höfuð, n. a tangle-head, as opp. to the stalk, Ld. 324. ÞÖRF, f., gen. þarfar, pl. þarfir, [þurfa; Ulf. þarba = GREEK, þarbos þulan = GREEK; Dan. tarv] :-- need, necessity; e-m er þörf e-s, Hm. 149; ef görask þarfar þess, Skm.; enga þörf ætla ek mér á því, Fms. vi. 36; bíða langa þörf e-s, Bs. i. 862: the phrases, vinna þörf, to suffice, Al. 125, 129, Grág. i. 445, 457; þola þörf e-s (Goth. þarvos þulan), Hm.; þá er þörf verðr, when wanted, K.Þ.K. 14; þörfum meirr, more than needed, excessively, Ld. 206, Jd. 32; e-t kemr vel í þarfar, it comes to good use, in a case of need or emergency, Fms. viii. 290: business, N.G.L. i. 80. þörf-gi, adj. not needed, Skv. 3. 33, Hkv. Hjörv. 39. þörf-samliga, adv. forbearingly, Fms. xi. 116. þörm-samliga = þörfsamliga. Fms. xi. 146.

Æ -- ÆÐRI. 757

Æ (Œ) THIS is a double letter -- æ, compounded of á and e (a + e), being a kind of appendage to á, and œ, compounded of ó and e (o + e), being an appendage to ó. In the alphabet of Thorodd the former was marked ?, UNCERTAIN the latter &aolig;, as in vgn, UNCERTAIN f&aolig-acute;tr; later, the accent was dropped. The &aolig-acute; is also written ø, &aolig;, œ, or even o or eo, thus føti, f&aolig;ti, fœti, or eorri = œrri, whence in modern print æ, œ: most vellums write æ (a + e) and œ (o + e) respectively, which characters have been adopted in modern print. In Icel. the œ-sound was soon lost; only the earliest vellums distinguish the two sounds; then in later vellums g, UNCERTAIN &aolig; are used indiscriminately, the difference in sound being lost, the characters remaining, till at last the useless sign disappeared. Almost all the Icel. Sagas are preserved in vellums later than the time when the sounds had become confounded; the Cod. Reg. of the Grág. still keeps the distinction, owing probably to its excellent old originals; the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm. Edda uses both signs, but misplaces them, thus, Hm. 92 mgla, UNCERTAIN but f&aolig;r (pres. from fá), in the same verse. The confusion between æ and œ is purely Icelandic, for in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden the distinction has been preserved up to the present day, thus, Dan. brødre, Swed. brøder, døttre, fødder, høne, but sæde, nætter, læge, etc., Icel. bræðr, dætr, fætr, hæna, sæti, nætr, læknir, etc. The æ was sounded &e-long; (as Germ. ä, in nähe, or a lengthened Engl. a, perhaps more protracted), this sound was still heard down to the time of Arni Magnusson (end of the 17th century), see Gramm. p. xxxv, col. 2; it is now sounded like Engl. long i (time), but this sound was unknown to the ancients, except in the interjection aï (= æ see below) :-- we can only guess at the sound of œ; judging from the analogy of æ, it may have been like Germ. höhe, Fr. feu, only more protracted; in a diphthongal form (like æ into aï) it would be oï, and indeed the word œli in its modern form auli (i.e. oïli) may be a relic of this. 2. v cannot be sounded before œ, being a u-sound; thus we have œðr, œða, from vaða, óðr; but before æ, being an a-sound, it is both sounded and written. For the umlaut see Gramm. p. xxix. Æ, adv.; in vellums also spelt e, i.e. = g; UNCERTAIN e hverr, Blanda; þess Guðs er lifir ok e man lifa, Blanda: ea, ea standa mér augu of eld til Gunnildar, Ágrip (in a verse); freq. ey and ei, see ei, p. 117: [Goth. aiw in ni-aiw = never; A.S. â, âwa; Engl. aye] :-- for aye, ever; þat er ey eða 'æ' er aldregi þrýtr, Edda (Ups.) ii. 366; hans aldar mun æ vera at góðu getið, Hkm. 19; gott æ gömlum mönnum! Landn. (Hb.) 45; æ mon ek þora, Al. 2; at þeir komi þá æ til virðinga ok skiptinga, Grág. ii. 342; ef þú æ þegir, Hkv. Hjörv. 6; sýtir æ glöggr við gjöfum, Hm. 47; hygg ek at æ skyli má, Gm. 34; við vín eitt Óðinn æ lifir, 19; andspillis vanr þú skalt æ vera, Skm. 12. 2. with adj. or adv.; æ grænn, ever-green, Vsp. 19; æ góðr, ever-good, Eb. (in a verse); cp. ei-lífr, everlasting; æ hverr, [Scot. ever-ich] every man, Blanda; látum skútur várar fylgja æ hverju langskipi, every ship, i.e. each single, Fms. viii. 382; ok fór svá í vöxt, æ meðan (ever as long as) til vannsk, ix. 430; gékk hirðin sú er veginn ruddi, æ tveir jafn fram, two and two, x. 15; vóru menn greiddir til at taka þá æ sem þeir kæmi inn, 'ever as they came in,' i,e. one after another as they came (mod. jafnóðum og), Karl. 20; in Al. 41, hristir blóðuga e branda, read blóðuga e (i.e. æ) branda? aye shaking the bloody torches; æ jafnan, ever and aye, Sks. 193: æ ok æ, 'aye and aye,' ever and ever, Fms. vii. 270, Karl. 481, Mar., passim; æ æ kveða bandingja bifask, Fm. 7; æ síðan, for evermore, Nj. 16. 3. with compar.; var líf þeirra æ því veslara sem þat var lengra, Stj, 40; gljúfrin vóru æ því breiðari er ofarr var, became ever broader the higher it was up, Fms. viii. 51; lítið vindgol svá at merkit hóf æ (i.e. æ meir) frá stönginni, 382; æ sem fyrst, the soonest possible, Stj. 221; þú ert æ vístastr vera, the ever-wisest, i.e. by far the wisest, Vþm. 55; ok var Jómsvíkingum borit æ fullast, aye the fullest cup, i.e. the fullest cup was aye handed to them, Hkr. i. 231. 4. hvat er hér Atli æ Buðla son, 'whatever' i.e. whatever is then the matter with thee? Gkv. 3. 1. II. neg. never, for n'æ, Goth. ni-aiw; æ menn hann sjálfan um sjá, Vþm. 36. æ, interj. dolentis; the oldest form was ai (aï), q.v.; [Germ. au, au au; but also ai, so used by Goethe, ich sterbe ai! exactly as in old Icel., cp. Grimm's Dict. i. 199; cp. Gr. GREEK] :-- ah! hann braut rif sín ok lesti öxlina, ok kvað við, ai ai! crying ah ah! Þorf. Karl. 390, v.l.; göróttr er drykkr inn, ai! Sæm. 118 (certainly so, see p. 41, col. 1 at the bottom); æ þat er veinon, Skálda 171: there is a curious play on the words á, sounded &a-long; (ovem) and aï, -- 'hrútr' segir hann -- þó mun eigi of skipat til ánna (the ewes, gen. pl.) þeirra er þer nefndut í gær, jarls-menn, þá er þér fenguð áverka, Fms. xi. 149: at the present day the sound made by Icel. crying out from pain is written æ, sounded aï; whereas the Dan. is aü, as in Germ. æa, að, to say ah! to cry with pain; hón æar og hljóðar. ÆÐA, i.e. œða, d, [óðr], to rage; þá frá ek él it ílla æða, Jd. 31: mostly, II. reflex. æðask, to become frantic, furious; hestrinn æddisk, Fms. viii. 352, v.l.; þá æddisk hann ok sleit sundr reipin, Edda 26; þat (the horse) æðisk við, Sd. 177; þá æðisk svá dýrit, at ..., 655 xxx. 5; þá æddusk þeir af angri, Str.; þeir æddusk fyr einni konu, Sól. 11; þá æddisk hann ákafliga, Barl. 105; eigi æðumk ek né ærumz, Post. 263, . ÆÐI, i.e. œði, f. [óðr, adj.; Germ. wuth], a rage, fury; þá var hann gripinn af œði mikilli, 623. 12; œddisk hann ... ok í þeirri œði, Barl. 105; Rannveig spratt upp af æði mikilli ok mælti, Nj. 119; hvert sinn er skjót æði eðr reiði hljóp á hann, Fms. i. 15; snú heldr upp á mik æði þinni, Al. 42; reiði mín kveykir eld í œði sinni, Sks. 634; æði er úlund, Edda 110; ef reiði er eigi stillt, snýsk hón í œði, Hom. 2. madness, frenzy; ef menn sanna œði á hánum, þá bindi sá sem vill at úsekju, Gþl. 148, 150, K.Á. 214; þurs ríst ek þér, ergi, æði ok óþola, Skm. 36: the name of a spell-rune in Hdl. 46, read rannt at 'Óði' (Bugge's emendation). æði, i.e. œði, n. [óðr, m.], nature, disposition, mind, also manners, Lat. indoles; segðu þat, ef þitt œði dugir ok þú vitir, Vþm. 20; fremðar æði, Hallfred; grunlaust æði, Ad. 2; góðs æðis, of good manners, goodwill, kindness, Hm. 4; at hann er í æði sínu rétt sem aðrir menn, Nj. 13; var hann eigi í æði sem aðrir menn, Krók. ch. 7; læti heitir æði, Edda 110; hann hafði miök á sér kaupmanns æði, Fs. 24; hann var leikinn ok hafði ungmennis æði, Fms. vii. 291; þat er ekki við þitt æði, it does not suit thee, Ld. 298; þat er meirr við þitt æði, Grett. 143 A (hæfi, id.); hún var við hans a:ði, she was a match for him, Fas. i. 143; hand-æði, lát-æði. æði-, i.e. œði, in COMPDS: æði-fullr, adj. furious, Barl. 137. æði-regn, n. a furious rain-storm, Eb. (in a verse). æði-samliga, adv. furiously. æði-stormr, adj. a furious gale, Barl. 38, Art. 112. æði-straumr, m. a furious current, Art. 66. æði-veðr, n. a furious gale, Eg. 195, Ld. 286, Ó.H. 18. æði-verkr, m. a furious pain, Barl. 52, Bs. i. 340, Gullþ. 9. æði-vindr, m. a furious gale, Barl. 150. II. in mod. usage æði-, with adjectives = very; æði-sterkr, það er æði-heitt, very hot; æði-kaldr, bitterly cold; æði-mikið, very much. æði-kolla, u, f. an eider-duck, very freq. in mod. usage instead of the single æðr, q.v. æði-kollr, m. a nickname, Landn.; it prob. meant the eider-drake, cp. the preceding word. æðr, i.e. œðr, adj. [from vaða, óð], fordable; áin var ó-œð, Bs. i. 349; hón (the river Rhine) var eigi œð, ok engi var brú eða farkostr yfir, Karl. 41. ÆÐR, f., dat. and acc. æði, pl. æðar, æðir, Barl. 72; sannri lífs æð (dat.), 84; in mod. usage this word is a regular fem. nom. æð, dat. and acc. æð; thus also in old writers; hverja æð (acc.), Pass.; heit lífs-æð, 24. 12; but in plur. æðar, 48. 9, 10: [A.S. âdre; O.H.G. âdara; Germ. ader; Dan. aare; Swed. åder] :-- a vein; æðr sú er pulsus heitir, Al. 161; blóð hans var allt ór æðum runnit, Fas. i. 426; æði (dat.) rennandi ok keldu, Barl. 165; Hrafn tók henni æða-blóð í hendi, í æði þeirri er hann kallaði þjótandi, Bs. i. 644; æðarnar, Al. 23, 25; þær æðar, andblásnar æðar, Skálda 169. 2. metaph., allar æðar undir-djúps, 623. 33; æði (dat.) eðr brunni, Stj. 30; andalegri æði, id.; ein harðla fögr æðr eða brunnr, Stj.; upprennandi æðar (gen.), 15; með tilsogligum æðrum (i.e. æðum), Sks. 628 B: líf-æð, an artery; slag-æð, the pulse; hjart-æð, also vats-æð. æða-blóð, n. a blood-letting, Bs. i. 644. æðr, f., acc. and dat. æði, [Engl. eider; see dún], an eider-duck, Skálda (Gl.); gæs, andir né æðar, Grág. ii. 347; þú sátt val bera æði í hamra, Fas. i. 485 (Hb.); svá var mörg æðr í eyjunni, at varla mátti ganga fyrir eggjum, Þorf. Karl. 412. COMPDS: æðar-dún, m. eider-down, æðar-varp, n. the egg-laying and hatching of eider-ducks: in local names, Æð-ey, in north-western Icel.; whence Æðeyingr, m. a man from Æ., Sturl. ii. 142. æðra, u, f. [no doubt derived from æðr, f., which word originally meant nerves and veins] :-- fear, despondency, despair; verðit vel við ok mælit eigi æðru, Nj. 200; svá at þeir megi eigi á oss finna æðru, Ó.H. 214; þá kemr æðra í brjóst Þorkatli, Fbr. 37. æðru-orð, n. a word of fear; in the ancient code of honour a man was never to utter a word of despondency or fear, to do so was thought to be ill-omened; engi maðr skyldi þar æðru-orð mæla eðr kvíða, hvegi úvænt sem þeim hyrfði, Fms. xi. 76; enginn flýði ór sínu rúmi eðr mælti æðru-orð, i. 421; 'vér munum allir Óðin gista í kveld,' -- þatt eitt æðru-orð mælti Hjálmarr, 422; eigi man ek þá lög Jómsvíkinga ef ek kvíði við bana eða mæla ek æðru-orð, eitt sinn skal hverr deyja, Fms. xi. 148. æðrask, að, to falter for fear, lose heart; þó er þat dýr svá, at ek hefi nokkut helzt æðrask við at eiga, Fms. ii. 101; minnr æðraðisk hann at fara úr landi ok sækja eign sína en þú görir nú, 245; þú æðrask mikinn mann en gambrar yfir litlum, Glúm. 332; eigi skyldim vér nú æ. of mjök at leggja til bardaga við Ólaf konung, Fms. x. 346; ok varð þat drjúgara at þeir æðruðusk, viii. 376; en ef vér æðrumk nú nokkut, þá ..., Ó.H. 214; kalla ek þann ykkarn ekki at manni vera, er nokkut æðrask í því, at vér takim hann af lífdögum, ef hann ferr í hendr oss, 61. ÆÐRI, i.e. œðri, compar. higher, superl. œztr, highest (spelt eozt, Rb. 1812. 51; the mod. spelling is æðstr); it has no positive: [this word is the same as the Goth. auhuma, auhumists, h and þ being interchanged; the usages in the Icel. N.T., when compared with the Goth., shew the identity of the words beyond doubt, e.g. æðstu prestar, Matth. xxvi. 59;

758 ÆFA -- ÆJA.

sá æðsti prestr, 63; þeim æðstu prestum, xxvii. 3; þeir æðstu prestar, 6, 20: with which cp. ahumists gudja in Ulf.: þess árs æðsti prestr, John xviii. 15 (where Ulf. 'ahumists' weiha)] :-- higher, highest: I. in a local sense; uppi ok niðri leitaða ek æðra vegar up and down I sought for the higher road, Sól. 52; á bekk annan þann er æðri var, Ld. 294, -- in the old halls the two sets of benches were technically called the æðri, the higher, and the ú-æðri, th e lower; as also æðra öndvegi and ú-æðra öndvegi, the upper and lower high-seat, passim: þeir náðu uppgöngu ok urðu æðri, higher, Fms. x. 412; ef leysings leysingr verðr veginn, ok á inn æðri (the former, Germ. jener) þar sök ok bætr, Grág. ii. 71; in all other places used, 2. metaph. higher in rank or dignity; heilagir englar, aðrir eru öðrum œðri, ok öfundar engi annan, Greg. 37; œðri tign, Eluc. 12; œðri kraptr, Sks. 25; tólf hofgoðar vóru œztir, Hkr. i. 6; askr Ygdrasils hann er œztr viða, Gm. 44; biskupa allra er páfi œztr, 415. 5; þeim sveini er œztr væri, Heiðrekr segir, Haralds son vera œztan, Fas. i. 526; œztr ok mest virðr, Fms. i. 247; fyrstr eðr êdzstr (sic), Sti, 278, v.l.; hit œzta hof í Gautlandi, Fms. x. 252; inni æztu Guðs þjónustu, K.Á. 36; þar er œzt kirkja Benedikti, Symb. 25: the word is still in freq. use both in speech and in writing, see the references above from the Icel. N.T. æfa, ð, [Germ. üben; Dan. öve], to exercise, quite a mod. word: æfing, f. an exercise. æfa or æva, adv. abbreviated for æva-gi (= ever-not), like ei for ei-gi :-- never; eina ögr-stund, æva skyldi! Vkv. 39; Gísli kvað þá vísu, er æva skyldi, G. said a verse that he never should (= hvað aldrei skyldi verit hafa), Gísl. 33: freq. in poetry, Skm. 26; æva til snotr sé, Hm. 53; æva ekki, never, Akv. 39; þó hann æva hendr, Vsp. 38; sá er æva þegir, Hm. 28; er ek æva kennig, 164; hví hlær þú æva? Gkv. 3. 1; jörð fannsk æva, Vsp. 3; er hón æva grét, Akv. 38; hverr æva þegir? Gsp.; far þú nú æva, Gg. 15. æfa-gi or æva-gi, adv. never; knákat ek segja aptr ævagi, þú ert ölðr of heitt, Hým. 32; enn ósviðr maðr kann ævagi síns um máls maga, Hm. 20. æfar- or ævar-, a later form for afar, see p. 5, col. 2. bottom :-- very, exceedingly; in compds, ævar-ílla, very ill indeed. Fms. i. 150; æfar-íllt, Karl. 404, 529; ævar-vel, very well, Fms. xi. 249, Ísl. ii. 131, Fb. iii. 401; ævar-reiðr, very wroth, Mirm.; ævar-gamall, 'stone-old.' exceeding old; ævar-langt, Þiðr. 165. ÆFI, f., indecl. and without plur., gen. ævar, N.G.L. ii, is quite exceptional: [Ulf. aiws = GREEK; O.H.G. ewa; Gr. GREEK; Lat. aevum] :-- an age, era, and esp. a life-time; hann var konungr yfir Noregi langa æfi, a long time, Fms. i. 1; hann leitaði langa æfi við at drepa hann, Rb. 382; lengi æfi, for a long time, Rd. 291; hélzk þat allt um hans æfi, Eg. 268; þau tíðendi er görðusk um æfi Ólafs konungs ens helga, Ó.H. (pref.); Þorgnýr faðir minn var með Birni konungi langa æfi ... stóð um Bjarnar æfi (reign) hans ríki með miklum styrk, 68; á síðasta vetri konungs ævar, N.G.L. ii; á öndurði æfi e-s, Ver. 71; lauk svá hans æfi, Róm. 156; lengi ævi minnar, Fas. i. 542; inn fyrra hluta æfi sinnar, Fs. 3, Fær. 16; alla æfi síðan, Nj. 246; þá er upp leið á æfi Gyðinga ... þessa heims ævi, Rb. 392; segðu oss æfi vára ok langlífi, Landn. (Hb.) 77; vil ek at þú segir nökkut frá æfi þinni, Fb. i. 134; ennar fornu æfi, in the old era, Hom. 140; inni fornu æfi, Ver. 59; í inni nýju æfi, in the new era, id.; ef sú æfi stendr nökkura stund, Sks. 347; enginn veit sína æfi fyrr en öll er, a saying, Vídal. ii. 143: the allit. phrase, um aldr ok æfi, for ever and ever, N.G.L. i. 41, and in mod. usage; also, aldr ok um æfi, D.N. iii. 34, 35. 2. a life, story, = æfi-saga; æfi Noregs konunga, Orkn. 86, Fms. xi. 179, 206, 343, Ó.H. (pref.); at hans sögu er skrifuð æfi allra lögsögumanna á bók þessi, Íb. 16; fyrir útan ættar-tölu ok konunga-æfi, 1; ríta hefi ek látið frá upphafi æfi konunga þeirra er ..., Ó.H. (pref.) æfi-dagar, m. pl. life-days. æfi-langr, adj. life-long, = æfinligr. æfi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), for ever, = æfinligr, Stj. 115, 209, 431. æfi-lok, n. pl. life's end, death, Nj. 282, MS. 655 ii. 1, Skíða R. 203; Al. 36, Fms. v. 181. æfin-lengd, f. a life's course, Str. 65. æfin-liga, adv. for ever, Dan. evindeligen, Fms. i. 140, x. 13, Stj. 64, Gþl. 3, freq. in mod. usage. æfin-ligr, adj. (euenligr, Stj. 7), everlasting, Fms. x. 114, Stj. 46, 279; land ok þegna ok æfinligan skatt, Fms. x. 114; chiefly in a secular sense, eilífr being used in a spiritual and eccl. sense. 2. lasting for life; skal sú skyld vera æfinlig, ok svá eigi síðr eptir þinn dag, Fær. 25. æfinn or ævins, adj. [ = Goth. aiweins = GREEK], everlasting; prefixed in allit. phrases, um aldr ok ævins-daga, life-days, D.N. v. 533; til ævins skiptis, everlasting division, D.N.; aldr-sáttr ok æfin-sáttr. i. 200; aldar trygðar ok æfin-trygðar, Grág.; æfin-rúnar ok aldr-rúnar, life-runes, the mysteries of life, Rm.; æfin-lengd ok ellidómr, life's length and age, Stj. 65; cp. also æfinligr. æfin-rúnar, f. pl., see æfinn, Rm. 40. æfin-sáttr, adj. 'ever-agreed,' for everlasting peace, a technical law term in concluding a peace, D.N. i. 200. æfin-trygðir, f. pl. an everlasting truce. Grág.; similar to the preceding word. æfin-týr, n. . mod. form æfin-týri; in old writers it is also used masc., þann æfintýr, Fb. i. 207; einn æfintýr, ii. 136; þessi æ. sem nú var lesinn, Karl. 551: [a for. word, appearing about the end of the 13th century; from late Lat. adventura; Germ. abenteuer; Dan. eventyr; see Dietz] :-- an adventure; vita sitt eptir komanda æ., their future life, Stj. 7; þau tíðendi ok æ., 64; auðna ok æ., 202; sumir flýðu fyrir ljóðæsku eða nokkar æfintýr, adventurous exploits, Fas. iii. 3, Pr. 381, Fb. ii. 136. II. a tale; diktandi sér eitt ævintýr, Stj. 135; segja mín æfintýri, to tell my tales, Fas. iii. 389. 2. a romantic tale = Germ. mährchen; látum heldr leika tenn á litlum æfintýrum, Skiða R., cp. Fb. i. 207, and so in mod. usage; opp. to a historical story, e.g. the title of Ízlenzkar Þjóðsögur og Æfintýri, by Mr. JÓn Árnason. æfi-saga, u, f. a biography, Fms. i. 190, iii. 63, Fær. 63; í æfisögu Noregs konunga, Fms. xi. 211 (v.l.), freq. in mod. usage. æfr, i.e. œfr, adj. [afar, of], vehement, angry, chafing; æfr í skapi, Fms. i. 75; ýgr ok æfr, xi. 8; íllr ok æfr, Landn. 235, v.l.; hann görðisk íllr ok æfr við ellina, Eb. 52 new Ed., Fms. iii. 95; æfr ok ærr, iv. 142; æfr maðr (Ed. æfi-maðr), a violent man, Bret. æfrinn, adj., see ýfrinn. ægi-geisli, a, m. an awful glance, of the eye, Ad. œgi-liga, adv. terribly, threateningly, Róm. 325, Fms. x. 83 (in a verse). œgi-ligr, adj. terrible, awful, Lex. Poët. œgir, m. one who frightens, Lex. Poët., Fms. vi. (in a verse), Gm. 45, Hkv. 1. 54; this word is no relation to the following word. ÆGIR, m., thus, not œgir, as is shewn both by the spelling of vellums and by ancient rhymes, as ægir and frægr in a poem on king Canute: [ægir is an old mythical word, the root of which is not to be sought for in the Norse languages, for it is much older; it may be akin to the Gr. GREEK, both being derived from some Indo-European root; A.S. eagor, the sea; it still survives in provinc. Engl. for the sea-wave or Bore on rivers, 'have a care, there's the Eager coming,' Carlyle's Heroes, p. 198]:-- the sea, ocean, main; hver eru sævar heiti? -- heitir marr 'ægir,' etc., Edda 100; ægi lægja, to calm the sea, Rm. 40; eldr, veðr, ægi, jörðu, 625. 178; sér hón upp koma öðru sinni jörð ór ægi, Vsp.: gold is ægis bál, eldr, see Lex. Poët.: the word is a favourite with poets, ancient as well as modern, esp. in the ballads and rímur; in prose it only survives in a few phrases and compds, sól gengr í ægi, the sun sets in the sea (cp. ganga til viðar), Fms. ii. 302, v. 169; sól skundar í æginn, Al. 67. II. mythol. the giant Ægir, the husband of Ran (answering both to Okeanos and Poseidon of the Gr. legends), Edda: Ægis-dætr, the daughters of Æ. = the nine Okeanidae, Edda 101, Hkv. 1. 26; as to the banquet at Ægir, cp. esp. the poem Lokasenna and Hým.: Ægis-bróðir, the brother of Æ., i.e. Wind, Fire, or Sea. all three being the sons of the giant Fornjót: in local names, Ægi-síða, in the north of Icel., Landn. ægi-sandr, m. sea-sand; þótti komit eigi únægra enn ægi-sandr, Ver. 18; fjölgandi sem þann ægisand er eigi fær talt, Stj. 183; sem himinstjörnur eðr ægis-sand, 133: in mod. usage 'ægisandr' is the fine sand on the shore of the ocean. Ægis-dyrr, n. pl. 'Oceani ostia,' the name of a Dan. river, mod. contr. Eider, Fms. xi. 28, 31, Symb. 15. ægis-hjálmr, m. a helmet of terror; the word is explained under hjálmr (3), q.v. Ægisif, f. a Norse popular name for the GREEK in Constantinople, Rb., Symb., being an imitation of the word as spoken by the Greeks of the 11th century; the Norsemen on hearing the word from the mouth of the Greeks seem to have thought of their own heathen goddess Sif. ÆGJA, i.e. œgja, ð, [óg-], to scare, frighten, with dat.; sú mær ægði dýrinu með litlum dúki er hón hafði í hendi, Bs. i. 199; ægja e-m píslum, to threaten with tortures, Greg. 38; hón œgði mér af afbrýði, Gkv. 1. 10; þær œgðu mér járnlurki, Hbl. 39. 2. to make terrible, exaggerate; mjök hafa þessir ægðir verit í frásögnum, made more terrible than they are, overrated, Fas. ii. 206, 211; eigi hefði sú för ægt enum fyrrum frændum mínum, i. 450; ægir mér ekki þetta fégjald, Fms. xi. 285; þeir kváðu sér eigi ægja mundu at ráða at Birni, Bjarn. 47; er eigi þat at þér ægi við mik at berjask, Glúm. 332; ok væntir ek, sagði hann, at þá muni vel duga, en nú agir (sic) við svá, Fb. iii. 449. 3. the phrase, öllu ægir saman, to be mixed together pell-mell. œgr, adj. = ýgr (q.v.), terrible; lœkr, 'œgr,' Skálda 178, Lex. Poët.: vicious, Guð gaf ekki ægum uxa-horn, a saying, Vídal. ii. 83; cp. mannýgr. ÆJA, pres. ær; pret. áði; part. áit or átt; the mod. form is á, pres. ái, pret. áði, áð :-- to bait, rest; eigi skal maðr æja í engi manns, útlagr verðr hann of þat ef hann ær, Grág. ii. 233; en er hann kom skamt frá ánni, syfjaði hann mjök ok bað hann þá æja þar, Nj. 94; þeir aðu í Kerlingardal, 252; stigu þeir af hestum sínum ok ætluðu at æja, Fms. i. 273; hér munu vér af baki stíga ok æja, Lv. 20; þeir sá einn dag at tíu menn áðu í enginu, ... ílla þótti þeim gört at æja í engjum manna, ... áðir þú hestum þínum í engjum mínum, Fs. 51, 57; þótti þar mál at æja farar-skjótum sínum, Mar.; æja eykjum sínum í annars manns landi, Jb. 247; einn dag er Illugi áði hesti sínum, Fbr. 48 new Ed.; þeir kröfðu dagverðar ok æja hestum sínum, Eg. 564; þeir láta taka niðr

ÆLA -- ÆSTILIGR. 759

hesta síiia ok æja, Ísl. ii. 482; ok er þcir hoiðn útt (áit?)um stund, 349. æla, d, [álll, to belch; æîir vatn þsr er 'álar' falla, water lcLhcs, Skúlda (in a verse). 2. to throw up, vomi!; rr. la öllu upp. œli, a, m. (mod. auliX an idiot, limplcton; œii telsk bar er ('. lu úsnotran mann gotnar, Skúlda (in a verse); in inanr. -a;li, q. v.: ihc mod. form atili occurs in Skíð. í R. 185; þú ert mesti uuii ! íaila-le;;r. aula- skapr, correct thus in p. 24. col. 2. æligr, adj. [Swed. f/n/J, f ile, welched; sama;rlig mér klxöi, t' il t' clothes befit me, Fas. i. (in a verse);:elig er . MI tVirn, Hom. 191 (Kd.); Jieir cirapn ailt J;at sem var alleitt cða:r!ikt (ellkt, v. 1.), hnunt eou herll- ligt, Sti. 456; ni'. ':r þinni;cli^ri ambútt. 484. æli-ligr, adi. [ala, u\\, jit to be brought up, Kb. 116 new Kd. æ-lífr, adj. -- cilifr, q. v.: oc-iiflega, adv. -- cih'llira, dernc. llv. D. N. i. 8, N. G. L. ÆLL, i. e. cell, adj. [a!a, ''. 1 k/7i to be fed or harboured, of nn outlaw, Grág. i. 311, ii. 10; i'i-æil, ó-;cll, cf an outlaw tba! must not be fed. Gnig. passim. æmta, i. e. cemta, l, = vni'a, [Engl. n'ier] . to mut. 'er, iit'cr; iarl;rmii því íítt, Fms. ix. 289; kcriingiu remtir við itinar í Inisinu ... hv. it icrr bar nn segir hón, Ísl. ii. 342; þóíti hoimm hann f;'tr vii) verða ok;;T, i!a srr litt, to utter little, Siurl. iii. 317,; Jji'gðu allir. en (r hann si'r at ciH;i;in semti honcrn, Háv. 5 new Kd.; ok æmtir honum hvarki vd m' i. la, Finnb. 218. ÆPA, i. e. œpa, t or ð, [óp; l.:!f. wopjan; A. S. wcfan; Engl. w rr/". etc.], to cry, scream, shout; SkaMikcll;rpii upp, N'j. 82; bonda-miigriiin :cpti ok kallaði, at Jxir vildi hann til kohongs taka, Fms. i. 21; bi'i a-^i'. i þcir mik'. u h. crra ok kváðusk, Sks. 653 1Î; a'pa at i-m, Eg. iSy; a'pa her-up, sigr-op, 80, Fms. viii. I. fí, Sturl. iii. 178: t o er y, barnlð cfoi (i. e.:r. pôi) á kið frail), 13s. i. 342; últi hæra hvgg ek þik a-pa munu. cf Jiii hlv'tr af hamri högg, llbk 47. ÆR, f., gen. ær, dat. and acc. á; pl.;vr, gen. a, d. it.:im; with the article. :crin, . inni, ana, arnar, anna, ánum: older forms with changed vowtl occur in ancient vellums,, /), MIIÜ,, ó:mi, Bs. i. . 134. 11. 2, 12, 13; dat. iOuni, Grtig. ii. 305: [ A. S. eoive.; Kngk ewe; Lat. ovis; (jr. ôïs] :-- a e. uie; ein a-r, ærin, Grett. 137, Bs. i. 330, 334; Kr ok lamb, N. G. L. i. 59; sá cr, /nia á, Grág. i. 417, 418;;'i (acc.) biœsina, 427; liimb nndan (onm, (îrág. I. e.; cf dilk-ær cru, ii. 304; if J;eir selja ær til osts, 309, Fms. xi. 149; kyr ok a:r, Nj. 236; luifðu ærr. ar gengiî í brott, Fbr. 49; cp. á-sauðr, ú-högg, á-bristir. æra, ð, eira in Ld. 204, Fms. vii. 244. Sturl. i. 72, iii. 103, is evidently the same word, ei==cr, and dillcruit from c-ira. to spare: [from iir -- • an oar\: -- to r ow, full; sera undan e-m, æra veror með áruin undan di'ilga fundi, ^kálda (in a verse); ri\t er at ilyja ok undan at;rra, Post. (Unger) 242; see c:ra, p. 123. æra, ð, [, 'ir = a year] , to give n good crop, inipers.; því veldr ár at ærir akr (acc.) biimanna sjiakra, Skahla (in a verse). æra, u, f. [a borrowed word; A. S. tire; O. H. G. tra; mod. (ïerm. ehre; Dan. are\ :-- nn honour; the word, -ippcars iirst about the end ot the 13th century; Guði til aTii, N. G. L. ii. 469; lot" ok;rra, MS. 30:. 169; lot" ok dyrð, heiðr ok;era, Magn. 428; cn:;rar æru verðr. Fas. iii. 430; sæmd ok æra, î\Iar. 2. in mod. usage also ns a law phrase, a civil honour m privilege: in the Middle Ages a person could be sen- tenced to lose his 'æra,' a kind ot civil or social outlawry, cp. Gr. <lrif. ua; liann iiiisü æruna, var dæmdr ærulaus. COMPDS: eeru-fullr, adj. wtirthv, 732. 15. œru-lauss, adj., (îerni. (hrlos (see a'ra 2). æru-leysi, n. l oss of the æra; það er a;ru!e\ sis-sok. œru-ligr, adj. honourable, 732-13- æra, ð, to honour; sera ok sæma, Norske Saml. v. 133. ÆRA, i. e. cera, ð, [órarj, to madden; hvern tíma scin íllr aruli arði Saul, Sti. 4. 69; it ellra barn ma cera hit ccrra, Skálda 162: œrir huginn, Hom. 53, Al. 154. II. reflex, to run mad, run wild, Mart. 118, Fms. vii. 187; en Jx'r munduô. allir icr/k hafa, Landn. 180; ærask mi hestarnir báðir, Nj. 82: ærðr, Flóv. 22. ærðr, part, oared; in compels. œri, compar. the younger: œrstr, the youngest; see ungr B, p. 654. æri-liga, AAv. furioufly, madly, Fbr. 173, Gísl. 4(;. æri-ligr, adj. mad, Hom. 169. æringi, a, in. a merry-maker; harm er mesti æringi. ÆRINN, i. e. cerimi, adj. -- ^'rinn, yfrinn; sár þat er ærit mundi citt til bana, Eg. 107; a'. mir gestir. Fs. 15; œrna staðlausu staii, Hm. 28; œrnu fó, 68; vín a', rit, Rb. 572' þ"ttusk irændr mínir œrit hafa, have enough of it, Fms. xi. 91; ærinn storm, vi. 437; í ærnu tómi, viii. 88; serin þurft, 55; er pat ok:crit eitt, at ..., it i x quite sufficient, decisive, that ..., Grett. 182 new Kd.: til ærins, sufficiently, Róm. 302; ærit fagr, fair enough, Nj. 2;;rrit gott, 282: the saying, vera sér einn ærinn, to be self-sufficient, Mkv.; ok þ)'kkjnsk sér cinir;crnir, Fms. vi. 226; vita hvart harm v;rri ser ]ia einn ærinn, xi. 267; at xrnu, sufficiently, Blas. 43; er vinnask mætli at a'rnu þúsund manna, 623. ïl; ærna vel, very uell, Fas. iii. 416. ær-ligr, adi. bottat. ærr, i. e. cerr, adj. [orarj, mad, furious; rcr ok iirvitn, Hkv. 2. 32, Ls. 21, 2'); ] ra-llinn Irt stin l:ann ærr v:nri, Landn. 65: (i'rr maðr, a mad- man (ór;;-vcik), Grág. ii. 64; œrir vitkaík, Hom. (St.): allit., æfr ok :rrr, l''ms. iv. 142; ('iðr ok curr, vi. 33/. -ærr, adj. -oared; in compels. ærsl, n. pl. frenzy, mad nest; taka scrsl. to tale a mad fit, run mad, L;r. KÍn. Ii8; ink liann a'rsl ok di'i litlu síðarr, Ld. 54; hver ærsl eggja Jnk, konuu!:r. Al. 77: at hann giiríi þat eigi í ærslum, injlts of mad- iif. -. f, Sk -- . 707; hann mini henni svá með xrslum, at ríki sitt fyrir-lét hann, llkr. i. 102: stormr mikill niíð;rrslum, a violent gale. Fms. x. 135. ccrsla-fullr, adj. raging, railing, Sti. ærsla-lœti, n. pl. rai-ing.;. Fas. iii. 499. œrsla-sótí, f. madness, N. G. L. i. 383. ær-staða u. f. a sbccfi -- i'alk, 13. K. 81. ært, n. aiii. [ár =ri ye r;r], in the pb. rasc, vel;^rt, ilia ært, a good, bail yr. r or ica:(in; oss er sagt at hrr s-, - vel:rrt, O. II. 113; cf vel er a'rt, MS. ! 34. 70; þi'i var a-rt ilia í landi, Nj. JO. ærtog, evtog, fee iirtog. ÆS, f., pk:csar; [prob. a co:;tr. form; cp. A. S. efese; cp. efsa; Swed. rfsinz\ :-- the outer bordiT, edge, esp. of a shoe or skin; rifjaði hann sainan varrarnr. r ok s'. eit or;fsi!iium. Edda 71; froq. in mod. usage, but onlv of shoes, and in the phrase, r. pvria einn út í allar æsar, to ask one questions liio^t mini:!ely; or aiso, kunna, vita út í a-sar, to know all about a thing. ÆSA, i. e. ces-a, t, [this word might by way of contraction be akin to A. S. i'si. -a, eg. -a, = terror, a word otherwise unknown to the Scandin. tongue, were it not for the root-vowel æ instead of tc] :-- to s tirup, excite; vincir a-sir eld, Edda 13; cesii ok upp vakti hue; konungs sonar, liar!. 1:5: a'sa e-n fram, to egg on, Rd. 280: œsa uírið, In stir up war, Fms. x. .;, co: inipers. . ocsti storminn svá, at ... . 135. II. reflex. to be stirred, to tii'sl!, of wind, waves, and the like: votnin irstusk ákatliga, Sii. 58; ma þar ekki fara sîórskipum nema þú er vötnin œsask mest, U. H. 18; eldr nain at sesask. Fas. i. (in a verse); liestrinn æstisk (run wild) ok hijóp í brott, Fms. viii. 352; hjortrinn a;stisk mjok undan hv. nilunuin, Fas. iii. 274; hann œsîisk af harmi, Sks. 52 new Ed.: part., herir folk þetta tarit a'st ok rasanda, Fms. xi. 275; hans reiði cestisk, Bark 94; hugr hans œstisk með mikilli reiði, 143. æsi-, i. e. ccsi-, in compdi, violently, rrsi-mikill, Karl. 492; ccsi-livat- liar, 501: with nouns, æsi-frost, a sharp frost, Bs. i. 360; æsi-fó!ska, Fl(')V. 36; æsi-gnyr, Pr. 371; æsi-kakir, Lex. Poët. æsi-liga, adv. violently, furiously; a. 'silii'a reiðr, Fb. i. 252; falla votnin scsiliga, Û. II. 17; ríða;vsi!iga, Eb. 62; fara:e., Eg. 114; blæddi r-'., Bs. i. 306. æsi-ligr, adj. vehement, Bark 56; rrsiligr harmr. Mar.: æsiligt mcin, Bs. i. 116; sullr x., 345;:csilii; si'itt, 308, 318; xsiligr vatna-gani^r, Stj.; a'silig gerð, fermentation, Bs. i. 340. æsing, f., or æsingr, m. vehemence, fury; Joknll tók þá í annat sinn a'sin;; sinn cnn mikla, Fs. 48; mikil:csiug, Sti. 192; þar fvlgði aldri ;rsin'.;r lie van-sliili, BJ. i. loo; með svá mikknn:rsingi, at með. iu þess hútlar x. stúð á, /46. æsír, m. an inciter, stirrer, ringleader, Fms. viii. 57- ÆSKA, i. e. ceska, u, f., o. Tska, Barl. 199; a: r fka and /r^kuni make a rhyme, Fms. vii. (in a verse); spelt eoska, 645. no; [from oeri, compar. of ungr, (] . v. j :-- youth, childhood, Lat. juvcntns, Fms. vii. 220; hvárki œska né cili, 677. 3; veldr tlli mer enn ceska þér, Korm.: fru a-. sku til elli, Mar.; í . Tsku, Fms. i. 155, Grág. i. 278, 281, Sks. 26; i ii'sku ok bernsku, 596. tVrir ccsku sakir, (Jrág. i. 410. COMPDS: osskti- aldr, m. childhood. Fms. x.;;7i. Eg. 202. æsku-bragð, n. = æfku- mót. llkr. iii. 83. seskii-l'ullr, adj. youthful, Sks. 114. æslui- gleði, (. glee of childhood, Fms. ii. 267. æsku-maðr, m. a youth, Fms. ix. 8, x. 177, Sks. 43, 506, 75, 0. æsku-mót, \\. yontbfuliiess, Fms. xi. 422. æsku-skeið, n. /he frime of life. Grett. 82. æski-liga, adv. to one's wish, Art. 77, 88, Pr. ^06. æski-ligr, adj. [Dan. onskelig] . to be wished; feskiigr sonr, an adopted son, Fms. ii. 196,;:. 221: desirable, to one's wish, æ liyrr. ÆSKJA, i. e. œslcja, t, from ósk; [F. ngl. wish; Germ, wiin'chen; Dan. önsíe] '• -- to wish • meiri !aun en ver kunnim siálvir at ceskja oss, 0. H. 209: þess dîski ek þér, Clem. 147; þessa œskða ek, 655 xxviii; ceskja ser e-s, 677. 23; æsktu sér süks yfirboða, Bs. 1. 136: æskjandi lilutr (gerund.), Kluc. 49; þann sigr st-m ek a'skta, Ak 170; æskja e-m e-s, to wish for one, Stj. 235; monda ek eigi kiuun at oe?kja (o'yskja Cod.) nnnan veg minn mann, (). H. 59; ceskja ser eigi framarr, Fbr. 57. ÆSTA, t, [list], to ask or ask for, demand, request; æ. e-n e-s, æsta e-n taks, Oþl. 122, N. G. L. i. 47, passim; æsta rannsaks, Gþl. 540 (sec tak); a'. sta e-n vistar, to a:kfor harbour, Siijhvat; restanda þykkir e-m Jicss er vant er, a saying, one who asks for ivhat he ivatits, Sol. (cp. kveðr hveir sinnar þurftar); restu sér griôa, to ask for a truce, safe-con- duct, ]s. 39; svá scin Norðlcndingar æstu hann til, a s they asked him to do, at tbeir request, íb. 16; þeir æstu Goð gjafar við sik, Clem. 149; fern þeir hofðu a:st, íb. -n; svá sem páviun a-. sti, Hom. (St.) æstiligr, adj. desirable; væn kona ok æstilig, MS. 625. 94: nrni!i:. 'r ok;. . -. . 77.

760 ÆTA -- ÆTTGEIGR.

-æta, u, f. an eater; in mann-æta, a man-eater, cannibal; hrossa-kjöts-æta, a horse-flesh-eater. æti, n. [eta, át], an edible thing; in compds, hrá-æti. II. [A.S. âten], oats; bygg heitir með mönnum, en barr með goðum, kalla vöxt Vanir, æti jötnar, Alm. 33 (a GREEK.) COMPDS: æti-sveppr, æti-þang, etc., edible tang or sea-weed, Hjalt. æ-tíð, adv. at every tide, ever, Magn. 464, Sks. 304; the word is very freq. in mod. usage. ÆTLA, að, often spelt etla. but ætla, Ld. 32 (vellum); in mod. usage it is often sounded atla: [a derivative akin to Goth. ahjan = to mind, think, and aha = a mind, as also to Germ. achten, O.H.G. ahton; the Northern languages use none of these words, but only the derivative ætla; an old Germ. ahtilon would answer to Icel. ætla; Scot. ettle.] B. To think, mean, suppose; jarl ætlaði þat, at þær myndi blóta, Blas. 45; munu þeir ætla at vér hafim riðit austr, Nj. 206; forvitni er mér á, hvat þú ætlar mér í skapi búa, Lv. 16; hann ætlaði henni líf en sér dauða, he ettled (expected) life for her, but death for himself, Sturl. iii. 190 C; ekki er til þess at ætla, segir hann, at ek mona skipask við orð ein saman, Fms. xi. 38; ekki þarftú til þess at ætla at ek ganga við frændsemi þinni, 61; verði þér nú at ætla hvárt-tveggja, think of both things, Sks. 285; ef ek á svá mikit vald á þér sem ek ætla, Nj. 10. 2. to intend, purpose; hann kveðsk hafa ætlað ferð sína til Róms, Fms. vii. 155; ek ætla nú ferð mína í Cesaream, 655 xvii. 1; en þat sæti eptir hans dag ætlaði sér hverr sona hans, Fms. i. 7; verðr þat hverr at vinna er ætlað er, ... sem ætlað er fyrir, what is allotted him, Nj. 10, 259; ef Guð hefir svá fyrir ætlað, Fms. ix. 507; ætluðu menn Óspaki þat verk, suspected him to have done it, Band. 14; ætlar hann at görask konungr norðr þar, Eg. 71; menn ætluðu til liðs við Þórólf, 98; skautsk at ok ætlaði at höggva fót undan Kára, Nj. 262; ætla til upp-göngu, Fms. vii. 254; hann ætlaði út vindauga, Dropl. 17; ætla e-t fyrir, to purpose, intend a thing, Fms. xi. 256 (fyrir-ætlan); hann lézk þat fyrir sér ætla at ílla mundi hlýða, he was of opinion that ..., vii. 141; ek ætla ok at styrkja Gunnar at nokkuru, Nj. 41: hence with mere notion of futurity, eg ætla að fara, I think to go, I shall go: in queries, hvað ætli hann ætli sér, what do you think he is thinking of doing? hvað ætli hann ætli sér (sounded hvatl-ann-atli sér ? hvatl'-ann-atl'-a'-fara?); á fyrir-ætlaðri tíð, Eluc. 26. 3. to think, guess; en þó má hverr ætla hvílíka mannraun hann hafði, Bs. i. 139: to calculate, hann tók sér bústað, ok ætlaði þar landeign til, he destined a strip of land for that use, Eg. 735; bera í burt heyit, en ætla vel til alls fjár, they carry the trusses of hay away, but leave enough for the live slock on the farm, Ísl. ii. 140; þeir skolu ætla til heys en eigi til haga, svá sem þeir ætla réttast, Grág. ii. 340; ætla sér hóf, to keep within bounds, Fms. x. 349. II. reflex. to intend of oneself, purpose; hann ætlask at fara til Jómsborgar, Fms. xi. 88; þá ætlaðisk flokkrinn at brenna bæinn at hringom, x. 388; spurði Brynjólfr hvat hann setlaðisk fyrir, Eg. 156. &FINGER; In the verse of Sighvat (Fms. vi. 43) 'ætla' is, we believe, a corruption for 'Atla,' pr. name of a Norse Lagman in Gula, mentioned in Fms. x. 401 (Ágrip ch. 29), and in N.G.L. i. 104; but it is now hardly possible to restore the whole verse, which had already been corrupted in tradition, so that when the compiler of Magnús Saga quoted it, he did not make out the full sense of it. The true context has been pointed out by Maurer in Abhandl. der k. Bayer. Acad. der W. 1872. ætlan or ætlun, f. thought; eptir ætlan, deliberately, Sks. 119 new Ed.; er þat mikil ætlan (a great instinct) skynlaussar skepnu at sjá, 12 new Ed.; hogson ok ætlan, thought and reason, Mar. 2. design, plan; sú ætlan sem áðr var sett, Fms. ix. 507; tvískiptask í ætlaninni, x. 270; hafa ætlan á um ferðina, xi. 115; þessar ætlanir, iv. 79; þat er engi ætlan, it is no plan, impossible, Nj. 41; fyrir-ætlan, intention; á-ætlan, a calculation, ætlanar-verk, n. a task, ætni, f. gluttony, Sks. 540, Hom. 24. ætr, adj. [eta, át], eatable, Hkr. ii. 252, Grág. ii. 122, 192, Bárð. 176; ú-ætr, uneatable. ÆTT, f., like sætt (q.v.), the forms vary between átt and ætt; in old writers the latter form is by far the more common; in mod. usage they have been separated, átt meaning a quarter in a local sense, ætt a family: [ætt is akin to Ulf. aihts = GREEK; A.S. æhte = property; Early Engl. agte; Germ. acht = patrimony; the root verb is eiga, átti, like mega, máttr; from this original sense are derived both the senses, ætt = a family, and ætt or átt = Scot. 'airt,' 'regio caeli;' the etymology of átt from átta (eight), suggested at p. 47, col. 1, is too fanciful.] B. An airt, quarter of the heavens, in gen. dat. pl. átta, áttum; eptir þat sá sól, ok mátti þá deila ættir, Fb. i. 431; átta ættir, eina ætt, Sks. 54; af suðr-ætt, ... vestr-ætt, flugu brott í sömu ætt, ... ór þeim ættum sem þér þóttu ernirnir fljúga, Ísl. ii. 195, 196; þá drífr snær ór öllum áttum, Edda i. 186 (so also Ub. l.c., but ættum Cod. Worm. l.c.); í allar áttir, Edda i. 182 (ættir Ub. l.c.); norðr-ætt, suðr-ætt, vestr-ætt, austr-ætt, qq.v.; hann skyldi auka ríki sitt hálfu í hverja höfuð-átt, Hkr. i. 49; af öllum áttum, from all 'airts' of heaven, Edda 40, Hkr. i. 33; ór ýmissum áttum, Orkn. (in a verse), and so on; see átt, p. 47. II. prop. what is inborn, native, one's own, Lat. proprium; one's family, extraction, kindred, pedigree; áttir, Grág. i. 238, Haustl. 10; allt er þat ætt þín, Óttar heimski, Hdl.; telja, rekja ættir, to trace pedigrees, id.; jötna ætt, id.; órar ættir, Vþm.; komnir af ætt Hörða-Kára, Fms. i. 287; hitt veit ek eigi hvaðan þjófs-augu eru komin í ættir várar, Nj. 2; tvá menn er ættir eru frá komnar, Adam ok Evu, Edda (pref.); dýrra manna ættir, ... enginn stærisk af sinni ætt, Landn. 357; er þaðan komin mikil ætt, Eb. 123 new Ed.; hann er orðinn stórum kynsæll, því at til hans telja ættir flestir inir göfgustu menn á Íslandi, 126; Háleygja-ætt, Landn. 255; jarla-ættir, konunga-ættir, biskupa-ættir, etc., passim; ór ættum er ef lengra er rekit, out of the ætt, not genuine, spurious, Edda 124; e-t gengr í ætt, to be hereditary, of habits, character, diseases, or the like, Ó.H. 122; cp. úr-ætta. COMPDS: ættar-bálkr, m. = ættbálkr, D.N. ii. 226. ættar-bragð, n. a family trait, Fms. vi. 220, Ld. 82. ættar-bætir, m. the betterer of one's family, Konr., Clem. 142. ættar-ferð, f. origin, descent, Ísl. ii. 305. ættar-fylgja, u, f., see fylgja, Þórð. 31. ættar-færsla, u, f. = ættarferð, Stj. 431, v. l. ættar-gipt, f. the family luck, Fas. ii. 170. ættar-gripr, m. an heirloom, Fr. ættar-haugr, m. a family cairn, a family tomb; engi á at grafa í annars ættarhaug, N.G.L. i. 405 (cp. heimis-haugr, Hbl.) ættar-högg, n. a family-blow, calamity, loss, Þórð. 48. ættar-laukr, m. the 'leek of a family,' the best of one's family; see laukr. ættar-menn, m. pl. = ættmenn, Bs. i. 731. ættar-mót, n. a family likeness; var þar ættarmót með okkr Tryggva konungi, Fms. vi. 388; það er annað ættarmót ... við höfum báðir valtan fót, vitum ei nær við dettum, Hallgr. ættar-nafn, n. an hereditary title; nú vil ek beiða ættarnafns af yðr (viz. king's title), Fms. vi. 54: a family name, but not in the mod. Engl. sense, which was unknown to the ancients. ættar-réttr, m. an hereditary right, Fms. x. 390. ættar-skarð, n. a loss (by death) in a family, Jb. 24, Sks. 343. ættar-skjöldr, m. the shield, prop of a family, Stor. ættar-skömm, f. a family disgrace (of a person), Bárð. 181. ættar-spillir, m. a family spoiler, disgracer, laggard, Fms. ii. 47. ættar-stofn, m. a stem, Hkr. iii. 170. ættar-svipr, m. a family likeness, Art. 71, Fb. iii. 379. ættar-tal, n. a pedigree, Al. 29: the name of an historical work, Fagrsk. (begin.) ættar-tala, u, f. a genealogy, pedigree; fyrir útan ættar-tölu ok konunga-æfi, Íb. (pref.), Fms. ix. 255, 273, x. 13, D.N. iii. 122, passim in mod. usage. &FINGER; Genealogies (ættir, ættar-tölur, ætt-vísi) form the ground-work of the old Icel. historiography; the ancient Saga-men delighted in them, and had a marvellous memory for lineages; in the Sagas the pedigrees give the clue by which to trace the succession of events, and supply the want of chronology. Whole chapters in the best Sagas, esp. at the beginning of a work, are set apart for genealogies, thus. Nj. ch. 1, 19, 20, 25, 26, 46, 57, 96, 97, 114, 115, 155, as also 47, 57, 58, 106 (begin.), Eb. ch. 1, 7, 8, 12, 65, Ld. ch. 1, 31, 32, Eg. ch. 23, Gullþ. ch. 1, Dropl. S. ch. 1-3, Þorst. hv. ch. 1-3, Þorst. Saga St. (the end), Rafns S. (the end-chapter), Flóam. S. ch. 1 (and esp. the end-chapter), Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 1, Gísl. S. pp. 8, 9, Vapn. S. ch. 3, Ísl. i. 353-362 (Biskupa-ættir), Guðm. S. ch. 1, Árna b. S. ch. 1, Þórð. S. hr. new Ed. (at the end), Fagrsk. 144-148, Orkn. S. ch. 39, 59. In the Sturlunga S. the initial chapters (Sturl. i. 44-55, with which the work of Sturla begins) are devoted to the tracing the families of that time; so also Sturl. i. 202-206, iii. 96, 97. But the chief store-house for genealogical knowledge is the Landnáma, which contains about 5000 pr. names, of which perhaps a third are names of women. ættaðr, part. by birth; ættaðr vel, well-born, of good family, Nj. 224; góðar nornir ok vel ættaðar skapa góðan aldr, Edda 11; hón var ættuð ór Mostr, Fms. i. 14; ættaðr fyrir vestan haf, having one's family west beyond the sea, Grett. 84 A. ætt-barmr or ætt-baðmr, m. a lineage, stem, Lex. Poët. ætt-bálkr, m. lineage, family, Fas. i. 387: = frændbálkr. ætt-bogi, a, m. lineage, = áttbogi, Fms. i. 287, Bret. ætt-borinn, part. by birth, born; vel æ., well-born, of good family, Eg. 337, Fms. i. 14; þar æ. í Þrándheimi, a native of Th., ix. 231: legitimate, sonr æ., Js. 66; vera æ. til e-s, to be born to, entitled to by birth; æ. til lands þessa, a rightful heir of the land, Fms. vii. 18; æ. til konungdóms, 280. ætt-bætir, m. a betterer of one's family, Edda (in a verse). ætterni, n. family, descent, extraction; ætterni mitt ok mik sjálfan it sama, Fm. 4; telja æ. til e-s, to reckon one's pedigree from, Fms. x. 389; ekki var margra manna vitorð á hans æ. (origin), 391: þar var nokkvot æ. hans (family), id.; suðr í Fjörðum, þar er æ. hans allt, Eg. 50, Ó.H. 30. ætternis-stapi, a, m. a mythical name of a rock; for this legend see Gautr. S. ch. 1, 2, cp. Pliny's Hist. Nat. iv. ch. 12. ætt-fólk, n. relations, kinsmen, Stj. 190, passim. ætt-fróðr, adj. well-versed in pedigrees, Fms. viii. 235. ætt-fræði, f. the science of genealogies. ætt-fylgja, u, f. a family characteristic; see fylgja. ætt-færsla, u, f. adoption(?), Stj. 431. ætt-geigr, m. a family calamity or accident, Vápn. 5.

ÆTTGENGR -- Ö. 761

ætt-gengr, adj. . characteristic of one's family, inborn in the blood; e-m er e-t ættgengt, Eg. 226, Ó.H. 144, Sturl. i. 116. ætt-góðr, adj. of good family, Art. 97, Lex. Poët. ætt-gæði, n. goodness of origin, rank, high birth, Magn. 434. ætt-göfgi, f. nobleness of birth. ætt-göfugr, adj. of noble extraction, Lex. Poët., freq. ætt-hagi, a, m. = átthagi (p. 47), Fms. vii. 134, ix. 526, Þiðr. 149. ætt-hringr, m. lineage, pedigree, Landn. (App.) 356, 357. ættingi, a, m. a kinsman (= áttungr II), Str. 16, 48, Stj. 332, Karl. 318, freq. in mod. usage. ættingr, m. a quarter of the heaven, = átt (or ætt); af ættingi vestrs í ætting suðrs, 732. 4. ætt-jörð, f. a native county, O.H.L. 41, freq. in mod. usage; cp. áttjörð. ætt-kvísl, f. a line, branch of a family; í annari ættkvíslinni, Gþl. 237. ætt-land, n. one's native land, Fms. i. 82, vi. 21, xi. 437, Lex. Poët. ætt-leggr, m. a stem, lineage, Stj. 43; trygð ok skeytt undir mik ok minn ættlegg, my lineage, N.G.L. ii. 97. ætt-leiða, d, to lead into one's lineage, adopt, N.G.L. ii. 80 sqq., D.N. passim. ætt-leiðing, f. adoption, the rite is described in N.G.L. i. 31; ættleiðings sonr, an adopted son, Jb. 133. ætt-leiðingr, m. an adopted person, N.G.L. ii. 80. ætt-leifð, f. a patrimony, of land, estate (see leifð); þeir menn hafa setið yfir eignum várum ok ættleifð, Fms. i. 223, x. 280, Orkn.; á órar ættleifðir, our native land, Sturl. ii. 55 (in a verse), passim. ætt-lera, adj. = ættleri; lítils háttar ok ættlera, Fb. i. 472; sú þjóð mundi mjök vera æ. ok kunna ekki at berjask, Bret. 189. ætt-leri, a, m. a degenerate person, discredit to a family, Al. 2, Stj. 81; æ. ok skræfa, Fms. ii. 47; lítils háttar konungr ok mjök æ., 292. ætt-liðr, m. a link in a pedigree, Post. ætt-menn, m. pl. kinsmen, Stj. 64, 414, 496, 502, Fms. i. 6, Ó.H., and passim. ætt-nafn, n. a family name, i.e. a (Christian) name usual in a family; hví léztu sveininn Magnús heita? ekki er þat várt æ., Ó.H. 123. ætt-niðr, m. a descendant, Lex. Poët. ætt-rif, n. = ættleggr; vórt ættrif ... æ. þeirra Adams ok Evu, 655 xi. 1, 15; or ættrifi Arons, Hom. (St.) ætt-rækinn, adj. pious towards one's family. ætt-rækni, f. piety towards one's kindred. ætt-smár, adj. of low extraction, Fms. iv. 26, vii. 166, Eg. 23. ætt-stórr, adj. high-born, Nj. 192, Eg. 99, Fms. vii. 103, Ísl. ii. 5. ætt-stuðill, m. a 'family prop,' = áttstafr, Lex. Poët. ætt-stœri, n. greatness of extraction, Barl. 189. ættum-góðr, adj. = ættgóðr, Lex. Poët. ætt-víg, n. a law term, manslaughter committed within one's own family, the slaying one's own kinsman, Fms. x. 152, Orkn. 24, Ld. 258, Sighvat (Ó.H. in a verse). ætt-vísi, f. knowledge of genealogies, Fms. vii. 102, Bs. i. 91, Bárð. 164 (áttvísi, id., Skálda 161, 169). ætzka, u, f. [ætt], relationship, kinship; hann var nokkut í æzku við erkibiskup, Fms. ix. 390. ætzkaðr, part. native (cp. Lat. oriundus]; æzkaðr ór héraði því er heitir ..., Greg. 58, Post. (Unger) 227 (ætzkaðr); þaðan æ., Hom. 107; hón var æzkuð ór Mostr, Hkr. i. 118; peir er æzkaðir váru um Kjöl norðan, 137; hann var etzcaðr (sic) of Ögðum, Ó.H. 49, 50. æ-verandi, part. everlasting, Hom. 107. æ-verðligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), everlasting, D.N. ÆXA, i.e. œxa, [causal of vaxa, óx], to make to wax, cause to increase; œxa sköp, Am. 2; æxtu öldrykkju, 75; með fé þat eða þat er hann hefir af því œxt, Grág. i. 96; nú hefir þeim fleirum œxt verit féit eða gefit, 173; vér höfum mikinn auð œxtan á smíðum várum, Post. 223. œxl, n. (mod. æxli), an excrescence, medic.; hón hafði œxl mikit ... var hönd hans heil, en horfit æxlit, 655 xxii. B. 1; freq. in mod. usage. æxla = æxa, i.e. œxla (spelt eoxla, Rb. 104) :-- to make to increase; þat æxlti mjök úþokka þeirra, Ver. 16; æxla ríki sitt, Ing. 6; mínki heldr enn ægsli (sic) minn vöxt, Thom. 378; sem hér megu líkamligan eld œxla, Greg. 77; þeir æxltu (æxlztu) mikit rétt þeirra, Bs. i. 157; æxla göngu sína, Rb. 104. 2. to eke out, multiply, esp. to make to increase by breeding; hans atkvæði. má ekki æxla, Skálda 168; hann létzk mega æxla sér fé af bauginum, ef hann héldi, Edda 73; en ef þau æxla fé ór öreigð, Grág. i. 335; af aurum sínum æxla þeir hvern dag andlegt verkkaup, Greg. 32; Heliseus æxlaði fæðslu, Stj.; æxla ættir sínar, Sks. 12 new Ed.: and in mod. usage, æxla kyn sitt, to increase, multiply. 3. reflex. in the mod. phrase, það hefir æxlast svona, or, það hefir æxlast vel úr því, it has turned thus, of getting better from a hopeless state. æxling, f. an increase, Greg. 26; til æxlingar kvala sinna, Post. 209. ÆZLI, n. [áta, from eta, át; Dan. aadsel; cp. Germ. aas], carrion; örnu æzli fegna, Gkv. 2. 8; nú er örninn gamli floginn á æzlit, Eb. 188; þar sem nóg er æzlið, Fas. ii. 265 (Ed. ægslað, æxlið, v.l., erroneously). ö (ø) THIS letter properly consists of two vowels, different in sound and in origin; an a-vowel, an 'umlaut' of a, and nearly related to it; and a u-vowel, nearly related to the letters o, u, and y: in modern Danish these two ö-sounds are still distinguished in pronunciation, the one being open almost like Engl. i before r, as in fir, the other closed like eu in French feu: Rask and Petersen, the founders of the philology of the Danish tongue, were the first to give separate symbols for these two sounds; the first they marked ö, the second ø (börn, høre). The modern Icel. knows only one sound, answering to the Danish ö; but that it was not so in old days may be proved from the vellums and from the grammarians. Thorodd marks the two sounds respectively by &aolig; and ø. Most of the vellums are very loose in their spelling, marking at random o, &aolig;, au, (?), UNCERTAIN ø (oll, &aolig;ll, aull, arll UNCERTAIN): phonetically ø stands exactly in the same relation to œ, the umlaut of ó, as ö to &aolig-acute;, the umlaut of á, so that ø and ö are the short, œ and &aolig-acute; respectively the corresponding long vowels; ø and œ, ö and &aolig-acute; being two pairs of sounds, just as are o ó, u ú; cp. 'Goðrøði' and 'góð rœði,' Skálda, Thorodd: in very old vellums, e.g. the Rb. Cod. 1812, the ø is often marked eo, thus keomr = kømr, eoxn = øxn = yxn, geora = gjöra or gøra: in Norse vellums ø is often written œ, e.g. smœr = smjör, confounding the two sounds, ø and œ. A few good vellums keep the distinction in the main, not as Thorodd's alphabet does, but generally by writing ey for ø (this must not be confounded with the diphthong ey); among those vellums are the Cod. Reg. of Sæm. Edda, the Cod. Acad. of the Hkr. (now lost), the Cod. Fris., the (lost) vellum of Rafns S. (see Bs. i. pref. lxix), although none of them strictly follows the rule; only a few Editions (e.g. Prof. Unger's Edit, of the Hkr.) have tried to observe the distinction; most Editions print ö throughout. We shall now try to give a list of the chief words and forms which have the ø. The chief guide in doing this is twofold, the ey of the vellums and the change of ø into e or é, by which a triple form arises, ø, ey, and e, of which ø and ey, no doubt, are mere variations: I. the ø is either, 1. the umlaut of o; in the plurals, sønir seynir senir, hnøtr hnetr, støðr steðr (sonr, hnot, stoð): in the compar. and superl., nørðri neyrðri nerðri, nørztr neyrztr nerztr, øfri efri, øfstr efstr (from norðr, of): in the subj., þørði þerði, þølði þeylði (Fms. viii. 380), møndi (from þora, þola, monu or munu), bjøggi beyggi, hjøggi heyggi (from búa, bjoggu, höggva, hjoggu): the presents, kømr, trøðr treyðr treðr, søfr sefr (from koma, troða, sofa): the prets., frøri freyri freri, gnøri gneyri gneri, søri seri, sløri sleri, róri reyri reri, kjøri keyri keri, snøri sneyri sneri, grøri greyri greri (see Gramm. p. xxiii): the words øðli eyðli eðli, øðla (a lizard) eyðla eðla, høllzti heylzti hellzti: in -røðr (Goðrøðr, see Thorodd), -frøðr -freyðr -freðr (Hallfrøðr Hallfreyðr Hallfreðr), hnøri hneyri hneri, øxn eyxn exn, køri keri (a probe), kjør (a choice) keyr ker, kjøptr keyptr keptr kjaptr: ørendi eyrendi erendi: the prefix particle, ør- eyr- er-: the words kjøt ket, smjør smér, mjøl mél (prop. køt, smør, møl), gørsemar gersemar, ørr and eyrr, a scar, Fms. viii. 275, v.l.; hrør and hreyr, heyrum and hørum (p. 261, col. 2). 2. in the case of roots in -vi or -vj, where both v and j struggle for the umlaut, the result is an ø; in this case even a radical a changes into ø (this was for the first time observed by the late Danish scholar Lyngbye), thus, gørva geyrva gera (from garvian), gørr geyrr gerr (= ready), gørvi gervi, gørsemi gersemi, øx eyx ex (Goth. aqwisi), sørvi seyrvi. This is esp. freq. in those roots which have g or k for the middle consonant, in which cases the root vowel, either a or i, changes into ø; as in the verbs sløkva, søkkva, støkkva, hrøkkva, kløkkva, sløngva, høggva, hnøggva, þrøngva; in the adjectives, døkkr, nøkviðr, gløggr, hnøggr, snøggr; similarly with the orthography ey for ø, -- heygg (caedo), Am. 39; deyqva hramns, Skv. 2. 20; at kleycqvi Guðrun, Am. 58; klecqua, Akv. 24; hví er þér steyct ór landi, Hkv. Hjörv. 31; nú mun hón seyqvaz, Vsp. 62; seycstu nú gýgr (sink thou now!), Helr. 14; sleyngdi svá silfri, Am. 46; steyccr lúðr fyrir, Hkv. 2. 2; sýtir æ glæyggr við gjöfum, Hm. 48; gleyggr, Skv. 1. 7; gleggr, 291; neykðan (nudum), Am. 49; neycqviðr, Hm. 49; Beyggvir = böggvir, Ls. 45; røkvið and rekvið, Hkv. Hjörv. 35, Bugge (pref. ix); reykr = røkr, Fms. iv. 70: the word rekkja (a bed) is also spelt reykkja, and even rjukja, Art. (Ed. Kölbing) 64; vekka and vökvi. Phonetically connected with this change, but in a reverse order, is the change in the words nekkverr nökkurr nokkurr and eingi öngr öngvan, etc. In all the above instances the ey means ø, and is merely substituted for that sound, and is accordingly altogether different from the diphthong ey, see p. 114, col. 2, l. 15 sqq. 3. one may also assume an ø in the few instances where jö and jo, and jo and y interchange; in mjölk and mjolk (milk), mjok or mjök and mykill, þjökkr and þykkr, mjörkvi and myrkvi. This ø of the ancient tongue is the parent of the e in several modern words and forms, e.g. in the presents, sefr, kemr, treðr, heggr, sekkr, stekkr, hrekkr; in the preterites, greri, snéri, réri; the compar., efri, efstr, helztr; in gera, erindi, frerar, and freðinn: so also in the words két, mél, smér; and in inverse order, in nokkurr, in öngvir, öngvan, öngum, from einginn; cp. Dan. sen

762 ÖÐLAN -- ÖKKLA.

for sön. &FINGER; The close phonetic relation between ø and y is shewn by the fact that g or k before an ø was sounded as an aspirate, thus, gøra, køt, køri, sounded gjöra, kjöt, kjöri, and more lately spelt with a j, analogous to gjæta, kjær, = gæta, kær, for the j in these words is not radical. II. for the ö see Gramm. p. xxix, col. 2, and the introduction to letter A, p. 1. Runolf, in his Gramm. Island, of A.D. 1650, distinguishes between o longum (o) UNCERTAIN, o breve (o), and o brevissimum (ö). öðlan, f. a gaining, acquiring; öðlun góðra hluta, 656 B. 7. ÖÐLASK, dep. að, i.e. øðlask, spelt æðlask, Post. (Unger) 215; [öðli, óðal; Cumbrian to addle or eddle = to gain]:-- to win, gain as property, prop. of inheritance (óðal); þá öðlaðisk ok þá eiga gat, Rm. 42; ef þú vill öðlask ástir mínar, Þkv. 29; alls vér megum ríki öðlask með þeirra trausti, Fms. vi. 18; þar fyrir muntu öðlask eilífa sælu, Fb. i. 117; þeir skulu eigi öðlask himinríki, Barl. 42; very freq. in mod. usage, esp. in eccl. use, N.T., Vídal.; (in Eb. 7 new Ed., hann vildi eigi öðlask við frændr sína, the reading 'áhlýðask' is to be preferred); hann mun öðlask ríki þat er hann er til borinn, Fms. i. 77; ef vér megum öðlask þat barn, ii. 176; at hann öðlisk at taka eilíft líf, Hom. 5; biskup várn, hann skal oss þjónostu veita, en vér skolum hana svá öðrlask (sic), at vér skolum göra tíund alla ok fulla, N.G.L. i. 6; ok öðlask með því hálfa mörk silfrs konungi til handa, ii. 111: hann öðlaðisk fegrð ok grænleik Paradisar, Orkn. 172; ok öðlisk með því þá sekt er við liggr at lögum ok ekki framarr, N.G.L. ii. 254; í hverri er þessi orð öðlask at heyra, Sks. 173 new Ed. öðli, n. = óðal (q.v.), a patrimony, whence origin, extraction; ef ek öðli (øþli UNCERTAIN Cod.) ættak sem Ingunnar-Freyr eði svá sælligt setr, Ls. 43; segja til nafns sins ok alls öðlis (æþlis Cod.), to tell one's name and whereabouts, Hbl. 9: allit., ætt ok öðli, passim; Danskr at øðli, Danish by extraction, Hom.; cp. the forms orðla, orðlum, N.G.L.; for further references, see eðii (the later form); the old form remains in aldar-öðli, see óðal in the Addenda. öðlingr, m. [from óðal, öðli; the etymology in Edda 105 is erroneous] :-- prop. an allodial owner or possessor of ódal. but only used of a noble captain, prince; Valdimarr var þá sjautján vetra gamall, hann var œðlingr, ... öðlingr ok hafði ríki á Jótlandi, Fms. xi. 350; hann var öðlingr af Serklandi, Orkn. 368; the word is very freq. in poetry. 2. in mod. usage öðlingr is a person of a kind and gentle disposition; hann er mesti öðlingr, hann er öðlingr í skapi, and the like. öðru-, öðru-megin, on the other side; see annarr. öðru-víss, -vísi, adv. otherwise; see vísa. öðu-skel, f., see aða. öfga, að, to turn in inverse order; öfga vápni at manni. to turn the butt-end of a weapon to a man, N.G.L. i; allir stafir þessa nafns (i.e. ave from Eva = Eve) eru öfgaðir ... 'Eva' öfgast ok 'ave' er sagt, Mar. (of an anagram). 2. reflex. to be froward, angry; öfgast búendr göfgir, Sighvat. 3. in mod. usage, öfga e-t, to exaggerate, report falsely. öfgar, f. pl. an exaggeration, false report; það eru engar öfgar. öfig-hlýri, a, m. a kind of fish, = Dan. pigvar. öfig-mæli, n. = öfugyrði. ÖFIGR or öfugr, adj., afigr, N.G.L. i. 376; in old writers contracted, öfgu, öfgir, etc., but in mod. usage uncontractcd throughout: [from af- and vegr; Ulf. ibuks = GREEK; Swed. afvig; Dan. avet; Old Engl. awk (which survives in awk-ward), meaning left, -- Fr. gauche]:-- turning the wrong way, tail or back foremost; kálvar á beinum fram eða augu í huakka aptan, ok afgu líki öllu, N.G.L. i. 376; hljóp Gunnarr aptr yfir öfugr, Nj. 46: þat gékk öfugt um húsit ok annsælis, Eb. 268, Grett. 151; þat var bragð hans at hann gékk öfigr, Finnb. 246; öfigr féll hann aptr á bak, Skíða R.; hann stökkr út af vegginum öfugr, Fær. 112; skáru af fitjar ok bundu öfgar undir fætr sér, Ó.H. 152; Þórlaug drap við hendi öfgri, the back of the hand, Lv. 38; hjó hann öfgri hendi til Knúts konungs, Fms. xi. 367; þat er misvígi, ef maðr er viginn öfgum vápnum, with the butt-end of a weapon, N.G.L. i. 80: æfin hefir öfug verit, Fs. 8, v.l.; varð þat öfgu heilli, Róm. 181; mæla öfugt orð til e-s, Sturl. ii. 201; hvárigir lögðu öðrum öfugt orð, Grett. 113 new Ed.; öldr-mál öfug, Sdm. öfig-streymi, n. an eddy, cross current, used of the tide or current running against the wind or another current, and making rough water. öfig-uggi, a, m. a (fabulous) trout with inverted fins; such fish are by the vulgar believed to be found in mountain lakes, and to be poisonous, see Ísl. Þjóðs. öfig-yrði, n. a froward word, evil word. öflgask, að, [afl, öfligr], to get strong; þá öflgaðisk (waxed) ágirni til fjár, Edda (pref.); ö. í móti, ö. gegn e-m, Sýrir öflgask í móti mér, rise strong against me, Stj.; láta önga íllsku öflgask í gegn sínum rétt-trúuðum mönnum, Fms. ii. 238; engir sterkir borgar-veggir mega móti ö. tilkvámu Guðs postola, Karl. 131. ÖFLUGR, adj. (afligr, aflugr, Sks. 605, MS. 4. 72), compar. öflgari, öflgastr (mod. öflugri, öflugastr); uncontr. aflugum, aflugasti, MS. 4. 72, contr. öflgir, etc., but in mod. usage uncontr. throughout; [afl] :-- strong, powerful; mikill vexti ok öflugr, Nj. 152; öflgir ok ástkir Æsir, Vsp.; öflgur, Gs. 11; þó var Þjazi þeim öflgari. 9; öflugr ok ríkr, vaskr ok ö., Str.; öflug kenning, Hom. 17; öflgan hita, Sks. 11 new Ed.; leggja öflga hönd á e-n, a violent hand, Bs. i. 905; með öfigum tíri, with mighty glory, Lex. Poët. öflun, f. a gain, acquisition; see aflan, p. 7. öfri, i.e. øfri, compar., and øfstr, superl., are older forms for efri, efstr; see p. 116, col. 2. ÖFUND, f., also spelt afund; [Dan. avind; Swed. afund; prob. from af- and unna, and thus prop. meaning a disowning, a grudge] :-- a grudge, envy, ill-will, Sks. 609, Al. 153, Hom. 20, 52, 86; rægðr fyrir öfundar sakir, Ver. 52; sakir öfundar við Noregs konung, Fms. x. 9; gjalda e-m öfund, Ls. 12; öfundar-eyrir, öfundar-fé, money which is a cause of envy, in the proverb, afgjarnt verðr öfundar fé, Fas ii. 332; hann taldi þat sízt öfundar eyri, ok allir mundu honum þar bezt sæmdar unna, Fs. 12; e-m leikr, vex öfund á e-u, Fms. vi. 342, Fb. i. 91. 2. as a law term, malice, hatred; allt þat er manni verðr með öfund misþyrmt, Gþl. 187; öfundar blóð, blood shed in enmity. K.Á. 28; öfundar drep, -högg, a premeditated blow, with intention to harm, N.G.L. i. 68, Gþl. 209. 3. in compounded phrases; öfundar krókr, a malicious trick. Fas. ii. 355, Orkn. (in a verse); öfundar-bragð, id., Grett. 154 A: öfundar þáttr, Fms. xi. 442; öfundar skeyti, darts of envy, Stj, H.E. i. 470; öfundar verk, Sks. 448; öfundar-orð, words of envy, slander, Edda 11 (Gm. 32); öfundar-kennt, invidious, Magn. 438, Fms. ix. 445: öfundar-mál, slander, calumny, Eb. 264; öfundar-réttr, a right to damages for an outrage, Gþl. 397; öfundar-maðr, an ill-wisher, Ver. 31, Fms. ix. 262; öfundar-samr = öfundsamr; öfundar-bót = öfundar réttr, Gþl., 358, 397, Jb. 411; öfundar-engill, Mar.; öfundar-fullr, full of envy, Fms. vii. 132, Sks. 529; öfundar-lauss = öfundlauss, K.Á. 30; öfundar-laust blóð, blood not shed maliciously, N.G.L. i. 10, 11. öfunda, að, to envy, bear malice; with acc, ö. e-n, e-t, Fb. i. 91. Fms. xi. 427, Barl. 50, Nj. 47, Ld. 94, and so in mod. usage: with dat. (a Latinism invidere a-i), Stj., Hom.: impers., mik öfundar e-t, Barl. 116. öfund-fullr, m. full of envy, Hom. 113, Sks. 235. öfund-girni, f. envy. öfund-gjarn, adj. envious, spiteful, Ýt. öfund-kennt, part. envied, exposing one to ill-will, Fms. vi. 145. öfund-lauss, adj. unenvied, Grág. i. 452: gjöfin var eigi öfundlaus, Ó.H. 173: the saving, aumr er öfundlauss maðr, wretched indeed must the person be whom nobody envies. öfund-samr, adj. envious. 2. of a thing, causing envy, envied; ríki hans var mjök öfundsamt, Eb. 42; hann hafði fyrst heldr öfundsamt setr, 334, Sturl. ii. 66; en þat varð mjök öfundsamt af þeim mönnum, er ..., Fms. xi. 227; þetta verk varð honum mjök öfundsamt, 242. öfund-sjúkr, adj. envious, jealous, Fms. iii. 153, vi. 96, Sks. 437, Rom. 382. öfund-sýki, f. envy, Magn. 506, Barl. 42. öfusa, u, f. thanks, gratitude; see aufusa, p. 32, col. 2. öglir, m. [cp. Lat. aquila], poët, a kind of hawk: öglis barn, Haustl.; öglis land, -stétt, the falcon's land or seat, i.e. the hand, Eb. (in a verse); öglis landa eik, Ó.H. (in a verse). Ög-mundr, m. a pr. name. [Germ. Egmond, Egmont], Landn. Korm. ÖGN, f., gen. agnar, pl. agnar, agnir; [Ulf. ahana = GREEK, Luke iii. 17; A.S. egle; O.H.G. agana; Germ. agen; Dan. avne; Gr. GREEK]:-- chaff, husks; safna hveitinu í korn-hlöðu, en agnirnar brenna í eilífum eldi, Luke iii. 17; skilja korn frá ögnum, Eluc. 37; blanda agnar ok sáðir við brauð, ... gras ok agnar, ... sekki með heyi eðr ögnum, Sks. 73, 74, 89, new Ed. 2. metaph. an atom, small particle; leyf að eg dragi út ögnina af auga þínu ... að þú fáir út dregið ögnina af þíns bróðurs auga, Matth. vii. 4, 5; svo lítil ögn, a little grain; agnar-ögn, an atom. II. a pr. name of a woman, Fas., Yngl. S. (mythic.) ögr, m., or better, augr, m., mod. Norse auger, a kind of fish, a carp, also called karfi, Edda (Gl.) ÖGR, n. an inlet, a small bay or creek, Edda (Gl.); ögrin fógru með vötn ok lón, Eggert. 2. a local name in western Icel., Ögr, í Ögri, Ögrs-vatn, Fbr. ögra, að, to tease; in the phrase, ögra e-m með e-u, to tease a person with a thing. ögr-stund, f. [perh. from ögr, n.], a brief moment, such as is required for crossing a creek; cp. vika and the remarks on that word, a GREEK., Vkv. (fine). ögur, in Hbl., read kögur (q.v.), and see Addenda. Ög-valdr, m. a pr. name, whence Ögvalds-nes, a local name in Norway, Fms. xii. ÖKKLA, n., pl. ökklu, this (like hjarta, lunga, auga) is in good old vellums the constant form, whence mod. ökli, a, m.; [A.S. aucleow; Engl. ankle; Germ. enkel; Swed. ankel] :-- the ankle; öklu hans ok iljar, Post. (Unger) 24; gögnum fótlegginn við ökklat, Fms. ix. 528 (thus also Fb. iii. 158, l.c.); óðu þeir í ökla (= öklu), Fb. iii. 304; á legginn við ökklat, D.N. iv. 90; fótrinn fyrir ofan ökkla, Nj. 219; jafnhátt ökla, Fb. i. 524; auklun vóru af eiri, leggirnir af silfri, Al. 116; ökla-eldr, Fb. i. 416. ökla-liðr, m. an ankle-joint, Gullþ. 75.

ÖKKR -- ÖLKELDA. 763

ökkr, m. a lump, heavy clod, also a tumour, protuberance, Fél.; cp. ökvask. ökul-brækr (Ísl. ii. 417, Fas. iii. 41) and ökul-skúaðr (Fms. ix. 512); better, hökul-brækr, hökul-skúaðr, qq.v. Öku-Þórr, m., one of the names of Thor, Edda 14, 28, but not found in the poems themselves; the öku- is not to be derived from aka, but is rather of Finnish origin, Ukko being the thunder-god of the Chudic tribes. ökvask, að, to form a clod or lump; vegrinn blautr ok aukkast (thus the Cod.) leirinn við fætrna, the road was wet, and the loam stuck to the feet, Thom. 359. 2. here may be mentioned the mod. phrase, akka e-u saman, to carry or cart together, of heavy things like damp hay; að akka saman votu heyinu. ökvinn, adj. clodded, lumpy; ökkvinn hleifr, Rm. 4 (opp. to hleifa þunna, 28): hleifr þykkr ok ökvinn, þrunginn sáðum, Völsa-þ. ökvinn-kálfa, u, f. with the lumpy calves of the bondwoman, Rm. ökvisi, a, m., see aukvisi, p. 34, ÖL, n., dat. ölvi, gen. pl. ölva; [A.S. ealu; Engl. ale; Dan. öl] :-- ale; öl is the general name, used even by the ancients of any intoxicating drink, cp. such phrases as 'ale'-cups heavy with 'wine,' Am., and in ölvaðr; bjór (q.v.) is a Southern Teutonic word, whence the saying, öl heitir með mönnum en með Ásum bjórr, 'tis called ale among men, beer among the gods, Alm.; of-drykkja öls, ... öl alda sona, Hm. 11; öl var drukkit sumt var ólagat, 65; bergja ölvi, Ls. 9: sjálft barsk þar öl, Ls. (prose); því næst var öl inn borit, Eg. 551; er þetta öl var til handa borit, Bs. i. 197; bera öl um eld, Fagrsk. 150; the saying, öl er annarr maðr, Fms. ii. 33, xi. 112; ölit mælti með þeim, Fb. ii. 442: in plur., tveir vóru að hvölfa elfum ölva í iðra sá, Stef. Ól. At banquets women used to serve the cups, in Walhalla the Walkyrja, hence the poets have the compds, öl-gefn, öl-gefjon, öl-gerðr, öl-nanna, öl-saga, öl-selja, the goddess, fairy of the ale, i.e. a woman, Lex. Poët. II. a drinking-bout, banquet; hann hafði búit Ásum öl, Ls. (prose); mælis-öl, Fms. i. 31; at ölvi ok at áti, Ísl. ii. 380 (ölðri, Grág. l.c.); eigi eru öl öll at einu (a saying?), Skálda (Thorodd). B. COMPDS: öl-beinir, m. an ale-bearer, Lex. Poët. öl-bekkr, m. an ale-bench, drinking-bench; sitja á ölbekki, to sit drinking, Fms. vii. 227. öl-beri, a, m. an ale-bearer, Bragi. öl-búð, f. an ale-booth, Sturl. ii. 125. öl-bæki, n. an ale-cask, Landn. (in a verse). öl-drukkinn, part. drunk with ale, Eb. (in a verse). öl-drykkja, u, f. ale-drinking, Am., Eb. 184. öl-drykkjar, m. pl. drinking-mates, N.G.L. i. 68. öl-dúkr, m. an 'ale-napkin,' worn round the neck, N.G.L. i. 175. öl-eysill, m. an ale-ladle, Þiðr. 89. öl-færr, adj. able to take care of oneself; hestfærr ok ölfærr, Gþl. 269. öl-föng, n. pl. ale-stores, Bs. i. 78. öl-gögn, n. pl. drinking-vessels, Edda 68, Fms. vi. 342, 346. öl-görð, f. ale-making, brewing, Gþl. 6, 431, Sturl. iii. 147, Fas. ii. 25: ölgörðar-maðr, m. a brewer, Sturl. iii. 190. öl-hita, u, f. ale-brewing, before Yule and other great feasts, Landn. 214, 215. öl-horn, n. an ale-horn, Landn. 261. öl-hús, n. an ale-house: ölhús-maðr, m. a frequenter of an ale-house, N.G.L. i. 62, 68. öl-karmr, m. the ale 'frame,' the ale-horn, Landn. (in a verse). öl-kátr, adj. 'ale-cheery,' merry with ale, Gísl. (in a verse). öl-kelda, u, f., see below. öl-ker, n. an ale-cask, Gsp., Orkn. 248, Fas. iii. 132, Stj. 311. öl-kjóll, m. an 'ale-ship,' of the big cauldron, Hým. öl-knörr, m. = ölkjóll. Lex. Poët, öl-kona, u, f. an ale-maid, ale-seller, N.G.L. ii. 204. öl-krásir, f. pl. ale-dainties, spices, Akv. öl-læti, n. pl., read ölteiti, Ísl. ii. 232, v.l. öl-mál, n. pl. 'ale-talk,' table-talk, Ls. 1, Fms. xi. 19. öl-móðr, adj. ale-moody, dull with drink, Róm, 150, 244. öl-mæli, n. pl. = ölmál, Bjarn. 55. öl-óðr, adj. 'ale-mad,' drunk, Eg. 373, Fms. viii. 249. öl-reifr, adj. = ölkátr, Hm., Gh. öl-reyr, m. an ale-reed, i.e. ale-horn, Bjarn. öl-rúnar, f. pl., q.v., Sdm. öl-selja, u, f. a female cup-bearer, Eg. 210, Lex. Poët. öl-siðir, m. pl. manners, rules at a drinking-party, Fms. vii. 119. öl-skálar, f. pl. ale-cups, Am., Hðm. öl-stofa, u, f. an ale-room, drinking-hall, Orkn. 248. öl-tappr (öl-tappari), m. an ale-tapster, D.N. ii. 133. öl-teiti, f. cheer, merriment over drink; þat var haft at ölteiti, at menn kváðu vísur, Eg. 150, Ísl. ii. 232, Eb. 182, Band. 13, Fms. ii. 262. öl-teitr, adj. = ölkátr, Hratn. 25. öl-tól, n. pl. = ölgögn. Fb. iii. 354. öl-verk, n. 'ale-work,' brewing, Korm. (in a verse). öl-œrr, adj. = öloðr, Gísl. 30. öl-öð or öl-æði = Lat. vinolentia, a fancy heated by drink; Geitir segir, kynlegt er þat er fyrir mik bar. mér sýndist sem klæðit væri ..., roði svá mikill af klæðinu at mér þykkir bregða ..., ekki sé ek, segir (hann), ok mun þat vera ölöð í augum þér, Vápn. (Fél. 1861, p. 124). öl-bogi, see ölnbogi. ÖLD, f., gen. aldar, dat. öldu, and later öld, pl. aldir, alda, öldum; [akin to aldr; A.S. eld or yld; Old Engl. eld (cp. the adj. old); Germ. alt; Dan. old in heden-old = the heathen age] :-- a time, age; þessi eru nofn stundanna, 'öld' forðum, aldr, Edda 108; var öld hans góð landsfólkinu, Fms. vii. 174; vind-öld, varg-öld, skegg-öld, skálm-öld, Vsp.; róm-öld, war-age, Fms. vi. (in a verse); styrj-öld, veröld, qq.v.; en fyrsta öld var sú er alla dauða menn skyldi brenna, en síðan hófsk haugs-öld, Ó.H. (pref.); feðr várir ok allt forellri fyrst um brana-öld en nú um haugs-öld, Hkr. i. 141; ó-öld, a famine, Ann. 975: óaldar-vetr var mikill á Íslandi í heiðni, ... þá átu menn hrafna ok melrakka, Landn. (Hb.); nú er sú öld (such bad times) í Noregi at ek treysti eigi at halda ykkr hér heima með mér, Fms. ii. 4; hans aldar (his life, reign) mun æ vera at góðu getið, Hkm. 19. 2. in a computistic or chronological sense, a cycle, period; gamla öld. the old cycle = cyclus Paschalis; upphaf gömlu aldar, Ann. 1140 (cp. Talbyrding s.a.), also called Páska-öld; sólar-öld, the solar cycle; tungl-öld, the lunar cycle, also called nítján vetra öld. Ann., MS. 415. 9; sjau aldir veraldar þessar, the seven ages of the world, Ver. 7. 3. of allar aldir veralda, through all ages of the world, 686 B. 14; of öld alda, Eluc. 55; fyrir úendiligar aldir alda = secula seculorum, ... of aldir alda, 623. 29; and so in mod. eccl. usage, 'um aldir alda amen,' Vídal. passim; the phrase, ár var alda (gen. pl.), upon a time, in days of yore, Vsp. 3, Hkv. 1. 1. II. poët, men, people, Edda (Gl.); hálf er öld hvar, Hm. 52; ósnotr maðr er með aldir kemr, among men, 26; alda börn, Vsp. 20; alda sona, sons of men, Hm. 11; alda hverr. each of men, Fm. 10; ýtti örr hilmir aldir við tóku, Bm.; alda vinr, a friend of men; Norræn öld, Norse people. Lex. Poët.; Ensk öld, English people, id. COMPDS: aldar-eðli, n. a time of yore; see óðal in Addenda. alda-faðir, -föðr, m. the father of men, i.e. Odin, Vþm., Edda: a patriarch, Hom. (St.) aldar-far, n. = genius seculi, Merl. 1. 50; Aldarfars-bók = De Ratione Temporum, a work by Bede, Landn. (pref.) alda-gautr, m. a name of Odin = Aldafoður, Vtkv. aldar-háttr, m. a name of a poem by Hallgr. aldar-mál, n. = aldr-máli (q.v.), Fms. vii. 139. alda-mót, n. pl. the meeting of two cycles; tveim vetrum síðar varð alda-mót, two years after (i.e. two years after A.D. 1118) there was a change of cycles, so that the year 1121 is the first in a new lunar cycle, see Rb. s.a.: mod. the meeting of two centuries, síðustu aldamót, the last aldamót (i.e. the time about A.D. 1800). aldar-rof, n. the 'crack of doom,' the Last Day, Hkv. 2. 39. aldar-róg, n. a strife of men, Hm. alda-skipti, n. a change of time, Fms. viii. 99. aldar-tal, n. a 'tale of time,' an age; gamall at aldar tali, Edda (pref.) aldar-trygðir, f. pl. an everlasting truce, Grág. alda-vinr, m. an old friend, Fms. vi. 198, Bs. i. 426, passim in old and mod. usage. alda-þopti, a, m. = aldarvinr, Edda i. 536. öld = öldr, a banquet; sálu-öld, erfða-öld, a funeral, arvel. öld-ligr, adj. temporal; bornir &aolig-acute; öldligum föður, Hom. (St.) öldr, i.e. ölðr, n., öldrs, öldri, the ð being inflexive, = öl; öldra dögg, Eg. (in a verse). II. a drinking-party, banquet; því er ölðr bazt (baztr Cod.), Hm. 13; drekka eitt ölðr, one bout, Hým. 39; heitt ölðr, 32; jörð tekr við ölðri, Hm. 138; óminnis hegri sá er yfir ölðrum þrumir, 12; gera ölðr, vitnis ölðr, the 'wolf's ale,' i.e. blood, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: ölðr-hús, n. a banqueting-house, N.G.L. i. 32, 62, 68, 72, 207. ölðr-mál, n. pl. = ölmál, Sdm. 29. öldu-, see alda, a wave. öldungis, adv., see öllungis. öldungr, m. [Dan. olding; old Dan. aldung; cp. A.S. ealdorman] :-- an elder, alderman, cp. Lat. senator, Gr. GREEK; Narses öldungr, Ver. 52; öldungar í Rómaborg, 623. 13; at hjáveröndum öldungum, id.; ödungar Rómverja, Ver. 41; meistarar ok öldungar lýðsins, Stj. 323; Moses mælti við öldunga fólksins, 305; spurði hvat héti höfðingjar borgarinnar, sveinninn skrifaði sjau öldunga nöfn ins átta tigar, 396; 'senatus' þat má kallask öldunga-sveit á Norrænu, Al. 8, Róm. 258; skript-lærðum og öldungum, Matth. xxvii. 41; þeir æðstu prestar og öldungar, 20; þeim æðstu prestum og öldungum, öldungar lýðsins, 1, 3; þeir æðstu prestar, öldungar og allt ráðið, xxvi. 59, and passim, cp. Pass. 15. 1, 50. 1; cp. sem þá var konungum títt at hafa gamla spekinga til þtss at vita forn dæmi ok siðu forellra sinna, Fagrsk. 150. II. an old bull (cp. sumrungr, vetrungr, tíðungr), Edda (Gl.); tvá aura fyrir kú ok svá fyrir uxa þriðjung, en hálfan þriðja eyri fyrir öldung, N.G.L. ii. 44: gölt einn svá mikinn sem inn stærsti öldungr, Fas. i. 463; öldungs húð, the hide of an old bull, Grág. i. 505, Sd. 179. 2. metaph. a hero, champion (cp. Iliad ii. 480 sqq.); mikinn öldung höfum vér hér at velli lagt, ok hefir oss erfitt veitt, Nj. 117; hvat bar nú til, er öldungrinn vísaði þér nú frá sér? Grett. 125. öldur-maðr, m. [A.S. ealdorman], an alderman, a man of rank, Jd. 10; aldor-maðr, Pd. 13; the word occurs in these two passages only. öldur-mannligr, adj. aldermanlike, i.e. portly, venerable, Fms. vii. 63 (v.l.), Ísl. ii. 438, Fas. ii. 552. Ölfuss, n. a nickname, Landn. II. the name of a county in Icel., id. (mod. Olves), whence Olfusingar, m. pl. the men from O.; Ölfusinga kyn, the genealogy of the O., a historical or genealogical work, Landn.: Ölfus-á, the Olfus water: Ölfus-vatn = the mod. Thingvalla-vatn, Ísl. ii. (Harð. S.) ölgr, m., poët, an ox, Edda (Gl.) öl-hugi, a, m., see alhugi. öl-kelda, u, f. an 'ale-well,' the name of Icel. mineral wells, mentioned in Sks. 163; the chief well is that on Rauðamels-heiðr on the ridge of the mountains between Faxafjord and Breiðifjord in the west of Icel., cp. Eggert Itin.

764 ÖLLUMLENGRI -- ÖNDVEGI

Öllum-lengri, longest of all, local name of a fiord in the deserts of Greenland, A.A. 306; again discovered in 1870, and called Franz Joseph's fiord, see Maurer in Augsb. Allgem. Zeit. 29th Oct. 1870. 2. name of an island, Edda, Gl. (perh. by a mistake). öllungis, adv. (mod. öldungis, but in old poets made to rhyme with ll) :-- altogether, quite; öllungis eigi (cp. Lat. omnino non), not at all, Eluc. 13; öllungis kvittr, Dipl. iv. 11, B.K. 121; drýgja allyngis (sic) hans vilja, Hom. 69; öllyngis ei ok ei, 15; öllungis ílla, altogether ill, Ó.H. (in a verse); öllungis allar, quite all, Bjarn. (in a verse). Öl-móðr, m. a pr. name, Landn.: Ölmœðlingar, m. pl. the descendants of O., id. ölmusa, u, f., also almusa, Hom. passim; [A.S. ælmesse; Engl. alms; Germ. almosen; Dan. almisse; all from Gr. GREEK] :-- an alms, charity, Hom., Stj., K.Á., Bs.; of any charity, thus in the Icel. grammar-school, the allowances are still called ölmusa; ölmusu moli, Stj. 157; ölmusu-gjarn, ölmusu-góðr, charitable, Greg. 75, Bs. i. 332, 356: compds, ölmusu-gæði, charitableness, Hom., Bs.: ölmusu-görð, -gjöf, -gipt, alms-giving, Greg. 75, Grág. i. 163, Blas. 51, Stj., K.Á. 74, D.N. ii. 16: ölmusu-barn, an 'alms-bairn,' pauper child, Karl. 400: ölmusu-prestr, a priest pensioned off, 'emeritus,' Ám. 100: ölmusu-maðr, an almsman, bedesman, Ó.H., K.Á. 78: metaph. of an imbecile person; nenni ek víst eigi at ölmusur sparki í andlit mér, Fs. 31; ölmusur at vexti ok fráleik, 41; gefa mun enn ölmusu-lagi til Húsafells, i.e. even a bedesman would start in such weather as this, Bjarn. 54. öln, f. the fore-arm, and hence a cubit, an ell; for this word see alin, p. 13. öln-bogi, usually contracted ölbogi, and now sounded olbogi; albogi = alnbogi, Ld. 220; almbogi, read alnbogi, Edda 110; [öln and bogi; A.S. elboga; Germ. ellen-bogen; Engl. elbow] :-- the elbow; ölbogi, Fms. iv. 383, Ó.H. 176 (ölnboga, Fb. ii. 302, l.c.); hann stendr á knjánum ok ölbogunum, Fms. xi. 64; hann hallaðisk á ölnboga, Str.; upp við ölnboga, Fb. i. 543; höndina fyrir ofan ölnboga, 255; ölboga, 150; olboga, Al. 24, l. 1, passim: a nickname, Orkn. COMPDS: olboga-barn, n. an 'elbow-bairn,' opp. to a spoilt child. ölboga-bót, f. the elbow-joint, Al. 40. olboga-skot, n. elbowing; gefa e-m olbogaskot, to elbow. öln-liðr, also úlfliðr (q.v.), sounded unliðr, the 'ell-joint,' i.e. the wrist, see p. 668, col. 2, and Maurer's Volksagen, 192. ölr, adj. worse for ale, worse for drink; ölr ek varð, varð ek ofr-ölvi, Hm. 13; ölr ertú Loki, Ls. 47, Gm. 51; ölum stilli, Ýt.: allit., eigi veit hvaðan óðr eða ölr kemr at, a saying, Sturl. iii. 183. ölr, m. = elrir, [Norweg. or, older, elle; A.S. alr; Engl. alder; Lat. alnus] :-- a kind of tree, the alder-tree, Karl. 196; ölr vanga, poët, the hair, Edda ii. 500; öls blakkr, the wolf, Lex. Poët. öl-rún, f. a myth, word, cp. Germ. alruna, i.e. mandragora or mandrake, for which see Grimm's Mythol. II. a pr. name of the swan maiden in Vkv., where, however, the name may be Gaelic, from eala = a swan (Mr. Baring Gould's Curious Myths, 2nd Series, No. ix). ölsaðr, part. = ölvaðr, Edda (Ht.) ölstr, better jölstr, [Swed. jolster, ilster], an alder-bush, Gkv. 1. 29, where read jölstrum; see Appendix. öl-teiti, adj. = alteiti, in high spirits; glaðr sem ölteiti, Mar. 1047. öl-teiti, f., see öl B. ölun, f. = öln or alin, [Lat. ulnus], the fore-arm: in compds, ölun-grjót, the arm-stones, poët. = gems and gold. ölun, in. a kind of fish, the mackerel(?), Edda (Gl.): in poët, phrases, ölna-vangr, ölna skeið, -fold, -bekkr, = the sea; jarðar-ölun, the earth-fish, i.e. the snake, Lex. Poët.; ölun-grund, ölun-jörð, = the sea. id.; alna-vágr, mackerel-ponds; alna váð, a mackerel-net, D.N. ölúð, f. 'the whole mind,' sincerity, devotion; see alúð, p. 18. ölúðliga, adv. sincerely, devotedly, Bs. i. 337; mod. alúðliga. ölvaðr, part. worse for drink, Fms. xi. 424, passim. Öl-valdi, a, m. a pr. name, Skáldatal, Edda 47. öl-viðr, m. = ölr, an alder-tree, Edda (Gl.) Ölvir, m. a pr. name, Landn., Nj. 83. öl-værð, f. cordiality, hospitality; see al-værð. ölværliga, adv. cordially, hospitably, Ísl. ii. 348. ölöð, see öl B. ömbun, f. (i.e. öm-bun), in Norse vellums often spelt amban, in mod. usage, umbun; [this word is interesting as being undoubtedly in form and sense nearly related to ambátt; Goth. andbahts; A.S. ambeht; Germ. amt (see p. 19); accordingly the etymological sense would be wages, hire given to a servant] :-- a payment for service, wages; hinn seksk ok eigi á meðför hans gripar, ef sá hafði í ömbon þann á brott hafðan, of seizing an object in order to pay oneself with it, Grág. ii. 197; þeim skal gjalda makliga ömbun, ok mikit verka-kaup, Fms. i. 215; nú skulu þér taka ömbun verka yðvarra, skortir oss nú eigi föng til at gjalda yðr starf yðvart ok góðvilja, Ld. 12; ef þeir mætti af ömbun erviðis síns slökkva sinn sára hungr, if, from the wages for their work, they might appease their hunger, Fms. i. 222. 2. a reward; varir mik at hann þyngi mér, heldr en veita mér réttliga amban (avmbun, v.l.), Fms. vi. 342; en í eilífri ambun eru ávalt góðir sælir en íllir ávalt vesalir, Hom. 20; eptir verðleikum veitask ömbunir í himinríkis fagnaði, Stj. 378; ek bið óumbræðiligra ömbona á himni, Blas. 44; eilífrar ömbunar, 625. 78, and passim. ömbuna and ambana, mod. umbuna, að, to reward (e-m e-t); alla daga er ek lifi, á ek þér at ambana (ömbuna, v.l.), Fms. vi. 327; þú hefir ömbunat mér íllu gott, thou hast repaid me good by evil, i. 264; láti Guð oss fá þeim umbunat svá at þeir kenni, ix. 499 (ambanat, Fb. iii. 144, l.c.); þá skal Guð ambuna honum, en komi eigi fé fyrir, N.G.L. ii. 91; síðan skal erfingi umbuna honum fyrir starf sitt, Jb. 154; ömbunaði hann þar í móti þrjátigi pakka vaðmáls (paid in turn), Bs. i. 872; þeim skal ek kunna þökk ok ömbuna góðu, er ..., Fms. i. 296. ömbunari, a, m. a rewarder, Karl. 138. ömpull, m. [from Lat. ampulla], a jug, Pm. 93; see ampli. ömstr, m. a rick, stack, Edda. ii. 493. ömun, f. an obsol. poët, word, voice, sound; see óman or ómun; this word may be akin to önd, cp. Goth. ahma; it is spelt omvn, Skv. 1. 71 (Bugge); omun, Edda i. 544. ömun = aman, [ama], a teasing, vexation. ömurligr, adj. dreary, horrid; í hræðiligu dreka líki ok ömorligu, Niðrst. 1; cp. amra, p. 19. ÖND, f., gen. andar, pl. endr and andir, and so in mod. usage; [A.S. ened; Dutch eend; O.H.G. anut; Germ. ente; Dan. and, pl. ænder; Lat. anas, anatis; Gr. GREEK] :-- a duck, Edda (Gl.); flaug mikill fjöldi anda (gen. pl.) ... eina öndina, Art. 38; endr ok elptr, Karl. 477; vali, álptir, gæss ok andir, Grág. ii. 346, passim; brim-önd, töpp-önd. COMPDS: andar-egg, n. a duck's egg, Eg. 152. andar-fygli, n. ducks, Fb. i. 480. andar-steggi, a, m. a drake, Karl. 260. ÖND, f., gen. andar; spelt önn, Skm. l.c.; [and-, p. 19, col. 2] :-- a porch = and-dyri, prop. the place opposite the door; skynda út at andar, Bjarn. (in a verse); síðan gékk hann eptir gólfi ok útar í öndina, ok lét fyrir lokuna, Lv. 60; ok er þau kóma fram um dyrr, gékk hón í öndina gegnt úti-dyrum ok kembir þar Oddi syni sínum, Eb. 92; vertú sem þistill þrunginn í önn (= önd) ofan verða, Skm. 31; see þröngva. ÖND, f., gen. andar, dat. öndu, and abbreviated önd; pl. andir; [önd and andi (p. 20) are twin words, for the origin see anda, to which add the Scot. aind or aynd] :-- the breath; önd gaf Óðinn, Vsp.; en er barnit skaut upp öndu, Ó.H. 122; var þá niðri öndin (no sign of breathing), síðan skaut hón upp öndinni, began to draw breath, Bs. i. 378; tók hann önd í kafi (under water) svá at hann drakk eigi, 355; hann tók aldri til andar, ii. 225; draga öndina, to draw breath, ísl. ii. 413; Armóði var við andhlaupi (choking), en er hann fékk öndunni frá ser hrundit, Eg. 553; varpa mædiliga öndinni, to draw a deep breath, Orkn. 140; öndunni, Nj. 272; kona varp öndu, to draw a deep sigh, Bkv. 2. 29; meðan í önd hixti, Am. 39; hann rann ... skrefaði, meðan hann þolði önd einu sinni, in one breath, Rb. 482; hence the mod. phrase, þola önn (sic) fyrir e-t, to hold one's breath for anxiety; nú þrýtr öndin, the breath is stopped, Fas. i. 204. 2. breath, life; öndin blaktir á skari, blaktir önd í brjósti, the breath (life) flutters in the breast; ef maðr hrapar svá grepti, at kviðr berr at önd sé í brjósti, K.Þ.K. 26; skal hann heldr eta kjöt en fara öndu sinni fyrir matleysi ... svá skal hann eta, at hann ali önd sína við, 130; þá skal hann kjöt eta ok bjarga svá öndu sinni, N.G.L. i. 12; fugla, kvikenda ok hverrar lifandi andar, every living soul, Stj.; at eigi saurgisk andir yðrar, 317; andar gustr, a gush of breath, 17: týna öndu, to lose breath, die, Hkv. Hjörv. 37, Skv. 3. 58; fara öndu e-s, to put to death, Sdm. 25; krefi Guð hann andar sinnar, if God call him, Sks. 720, N.G.L. iii. 79; Guð krafði konung andar, Fms. xi. (in a verse); áðr Guð kveddi andar hans, D.N. iii. 165; þá menn er sjálfir spilla öndu sinni, to spill one's breath, commit suicide, N.G.L. i. 13. 3. eccl. the soul; aldri hafði önd mín tvá líkami, Fms. iv. 121; önd þjófs á krossi, Pr. 67; þau fálu Guði önd sína á hendi, Nj. 201; mín önd miklar Dróttinn og minn andi gladdist í Guði heilsu-gjafara mínum, Luke i. 46 (Vídal.); andar-dauði, spiritual death, Greg. 42; andar-dauðr, spiritually dead, 6l; andar-heilsa, hreinson, kraptr, hefnd, siðr, synd, þorsti, soul's health, cleansing, ... thirst, Hom. 4, 45, 73, Greg. 5, Mar., MS. 623. 19, Stj. 29; andar-sýn, soul's sight, a vision, Karl. 553, Bs. ii. 11; andar-gjöf, a spiritual gift, id.; andar-kraptr, 153; andar-sár, mental wounds, Bs. i. COMPDS: andar-dráttr, m. a drawing breath, Bs. i. 189, and freq. in mod. usage. andar-vana, adj. lifeless, breathless, = andvana. önd-fæzla, u, f. food for the soul, Hom. 14. önd-óttr, adj. [and-, p. 19, col. 2], looking full in the face, an epithet of the eye, fiery; öndótt augu, fiery eyes, Þkv.; öndóttr (not öndótts) inn-máni, Edda, in a verse (Húsd.) 2. a pr. name, Landn. Önduðr, m. a pr. name, Hornklofi; also of a giant, Edda (Gl.) öndurr, m., dat. öndri, pl. öndrar = andrar, snow-shoes: whence öndur-áss, m. the god of the öndurr, one of the names of the god Ullr, Edda i. 266: öndur-dís, f. one of the names of the giantess Skadi; both Ullr and Skadi being represented as great runners on snow-shoes, Edda (Ht.): öndur-goð = öndurdís, Haustl.: in poets, Áta öndurr, the sledge of the sea-king Áti, i.e. a ship; Eynefis öndurr, id., Bragi. önd-vegi and önd-ugi, n. [from and- (opposite) and vegr] :-- an

ÖNDUGISHÖLDR -- ÖR, 765

'opposite-seat,' high-seat, so called because two seats are placed opposite to one another; in ancient timbered halls the benches were placed longways, running along the walls of the halls (sec bekkr), with the two seats of honour in the middle facing one another; the northern bench facing the sun, was called öndvegi it æðra, the higher or first high-seat, the opposite or southern bench being it úæðra, the lower or second high-seat; the two high-seats were the most honoured places in the hall, and a chief guest used to be placed in the southern high-seat. In England the master and mistress sitting opposite one another at each end of the table may be a remnant of this old Scandinavian custom. The sides of the high-seat were ornamented with uprights (öndugis-súlur) carved with figures, such as a head of Thor or the like; these posts were regarded with religious reverence; many of the settlers of Iceland are said to have taken the high-seat posts with them, and when near Iceland to have thrown them over-board to drift ashore, and where they found them, there they took up their abode. When a man of rank died, the son, after all rites performed, solemnly seated himself in his father's seat, as a token of succession: in Vd. ch. 23, the sons sat not in the father's seat before they had avenged his death. B. References in illustration of this: Þorgerðr sat á tali við Þorstein bróður sinn í öndvegi, Ísl. ii. 200; var þeim Illuga ok sonum hans skipat í öndvegi, en þeim brúðguma á annat öndvegi gegnt Illuga, konur sátu a palli, 250; Guðmundr sat í öndvegi, en Þórir Helgason gagnvart honum, en konur sátu á palli, brúðr sat á miðjan pall, etc., Lv. 37; á hinn úæðra bekk gagnvert öndugi mínu (better, 'útar frá öndnginu,' v.l.), Nj. 129; þat var forn siðr í Noregi ok svá í Danmörk ok Svíþjóðu, at konungs hásæti var á miðjan langbekk í veizlustofum, sat þar dróttning til vinstri handar konungi, var þat kallat konungs öndvegi ..., annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall, etc., Fms. vi. 439; af öllum hirðmönnum virði konungr mest skáld sín, þeir skipuðu annat öndvegi, Eg. 24; konungr tekr blíðliga við Hjálmari, ok skipar í öndvegi gegnt sér, Fms. iii. 79; þér mun skipat á inn óæðra bekk gegnt öndugi Rúts, Nj. 32; reis hann þá upp or rekkju ok settisk í öndvegi, Eg. 644; eta at ölkrásim ok í öndugi at senda, Akv. 36; nú skal presti bjóða ok konu hans til erfis, sitja skal hann í andvegi ok kona hans í hjá honum, N.G.L. i. 404; hann gékk í höllina ok sá þar sitja í öndugi Baldr bróður sinn, Edda 38; jarl gékk inn í stofuna, var þar fjölmenni mikit, þar sat í öndugi maðr gamall ... jarl settisk öðrum-megin gagnvart Þorgný, Ó.H. 66; hann sá mann mikinn ok vegligan í öndvegi, Glúm. 336; ef maðr verðr dauðr, þá skal arfi í öndvegi setjask, Js. 75; heim skal búanda stemna ok til húss fara ... stemni hann honum inn til andvegis, N.G.L. i. 217, 219: the saying, eigi verðr öllum í öndvegi skipað, it is not for all to sit on the high-seat, cp. Horace's non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum. COMPDS: öndugis-höldr, m. (Fas. ii. 261), and öndugis-maðr, m. (Fagrsk., Eg. 575, Mag. 3), the man sitting in the öndvegi opposed to the lord of the house, the king's first man, Fagrsk. ch. 219, Fas. iii. 31; in Hom. (St.) 'architriclinus', John ii. 9, is rendered by öndvegis-maðr. öndvegis-súla, u, f. the high-seat post or upright, Landn. 34, 35, 96, 261, Korm. 6, Gísl. 140, cp. Landn. 301. öndvegis-sæti, n., Gþl. 252. önd-verða, u, f. the beginning; fyrir öndverðu heims þessa, Hom. 196. önd-verðliga, adv. early, at the outset. Fas. iii. 356. önd-verðr and önd-urðr, adj. standing face to face; öndurðr horfir þú við í dag -- Öndurðir skulu ernir klóask (a saying), Ó.H. 183 (and the verse of Sighvat). 2. fronting, in front of; í öndurða fylking, the front of the rank, Ó.H. 217; (öndverðr, Fms. v. 13, 79, l.c.); í öndurðri fylkingu, Mork. 208; í öndverðu höfði, Pr. 430; frá öndverðu til ofanverðs, from top to bottom, Hom. 118; ofanvert heldr enn öndvert þat merki, Rb. 102; öndurt fylki, Vellekla; Öndurt nes (mod. Öndurðar-nes), a local name, Landn. 87, 315; hann bjó á Öndurðri-Eyri (also a local name), 92, Eb. 8 new Ed. II. of time, in the earlier, former part of a period, opp. to ofanverðr; öndurt sumar, Sighvat; óttu alla ok öndurðan dag, Am. 50; öndverðar nætr ok ofanverðar, Bs. i. 431; öndvert ár, the spring-time, Fms. ix. (in a verse); öndverðan vetr, i. 21, Eb. 21 new Ed., Eg. 188; var kyrt öndvert þingit, Ld. 290, Nj. 63; goðar allir skolu koma til þings öndverðs, Grág. i. 100, 130; öndverðrar Kristni, in the early Christian age, Stj.; í öndorðri Kristni, Hom. 137; öndverða öld, öndurða æfi sína, Ver. 25; af öndverðu, from the outset, K.Á. 104: sagði frá öndverðu ok til ofanverðs, from beginning to end, Hom.; fyrir öndverðu, at the outset, Grág. i. 80, 323, 394, Finnb. 342. öngd, f. a strait; öngd ok þröngd, Barl. 102. 2. anguish; þar var hryggleikr með öngd ok angri, Barl. 162. öngleiki, a, m. a straitness, narrowness, Post. (Unger) 46. öngliga, adv. in straits; vera öngliga staddr, Str. 75. öngr, pron. adj. = eingi, none; see eingi, pp. 120, 121. ÖNGR, adj. [Goth. aggwus; A.S. enge (subst.); Germ. eng; Lat. ang-ustus; cp. Gr. GREEK, etc.] :-- narrow, strait; aka e-m í öngan krók, to drive one into a corner, Fms. vi. (in a verse, cp. aka ór öngum, see öngur); öngt ok þröngt, Skálda (in a verse); muntú í öngan ormgarð lagiðr, Skv. 3. 57; öngt garðs-hlið ok þröng gata er sú er leiðir til lífs, Barl. 45; halda e-n í öngri gæzlu, Str. 16; öngt í brjósti (cp. Germ. engbrustig), a nickname, Landn. öngull, m., dat. öngli, [A.S. angel; Engl. angle; Germ. angel; all from Lat. ang-ulus, being from the same root as ang-ustus, öngr, etc.]:-- an angle, hook, Hým. 21, Niðrst. 3, 4, Barl. 123, K.Þ.K., and passim. 2. a nickname, Orkn. II. a local name in North Norway and Angeln in Sleswik, whence the name of Eng-land (Engle-land) is derived. Önguls-ey, Anglesey in England, Orkn. öngur, f. pl. straits; aldri fyrr kom hann ór þvílíkum öngum, Karl. 196; hann þóttisk ór öngum aka, Bjarn. 52; ór löngum muns öngum, out of long anxiety of mind, anguish, Hallfred: so in the mod. phrase, vera í öngum sínum, to be depressed in mind. öngva and öngja or engja, d, to straiten, oppress; öngða í allskyns þrautum, Stj. 51; öngðr með úfriði, Str. 14; hón œngvir honum ok hann angrar, 25; takit þessa konu ok látið öngva henni, 34; öngdi þetta ok þröngdi svá mjök orku-efni hennar, Barl. 65; þeir munu svá öngva þér, Flóv. 43. 2. it remains in the phrase, engja sig, engjast, or engja sig sundr og saman, to writhe, like a worm; lagði fyrir brjóst honum svá hart, at hann öngvaði (sic) saman, Fas. iii. 253. öngving, f. = öngd; þína eymd ok öngving, Bs. i. 201. öng-vit, n. a swoon, fainting-fit, Bs. ii. 230; at hann féll í öngvit, en er hann vitkaðisk, Fms. vi. 230, Fbr. 20 new Ed.; ef maðr er lostinn í öngvit, Grág. ii. 16; ok er af henni hóf öngvit, Bjarn. 68 (óvit, Glúm. 368), freq. in mod. usage. öng-værr, adj. in anguish, distressed; ö. ok auðkumul, Bs. i. 323. öng-þveiti, n. [see þveiti], a 'narrow place,' strait; at þú komir aldri síðan í slíkt öngðveiti, Ó.H. 120; verðr hverr fyrir sér at sjá, er menn koma í slíkt öngþveiti, Ld. 264. ÖNN, f. an obsolete word, some part of a sword, the tip or the chape(?), Edda (Gl.); önnar (unnar Cod. wrongly) tunga, the tongue of the önn, i.e. the sword's blade, Landn. (in a verse); in Hkv. Hjörv. 9 the true reading, we believe, is 'önn' er í oddi for 'ógn;' hjalt, hugró, önn, egg, valböst all being parts of a sword. önn = önd, a porch, vestibule, Skm. 31. ÖNN, f., gen. annar, pl. annir: [one is tempted to trace this word to the Goth. aþn and ataþni = GREEK, a year; if so, the original sense would be a season, time, and work, business the derived; see annt, anna, amboð] :-- a working season; en þetta var of annir, the hay-making season, Bs. i. 339; ef maðr fiskir um annir, ok gengr í grið at vetri, Grág. i. 151; hálfan mánuð um annir, 152; á miðil anna skal löggarð göra, in the time between two working seasons, ii. 261; þat heitir anna í millum, Gþl. 410 (onne millom, Ivar Aasen), the time between two working seasons, e.g. between ploughing time and hay-making, or fencing and hay-making, or the like; vár-önn, the sowing season; löggarðs-önn or garð-önn, the fencing season; hey-önn, the hay season; garðlags-önn, Grág. ii. 261; tún-annir, q.v. 2. work, business; hann var í mikilli önn, very busy, Fms. iv. 119; önn ok erfiði, Gísl. 17; önga önn né starf skaltú hafa fyrir um búnað þinn ... skal ek þat annask, Ld. 86; hafa önn ok umhyggju fyrir e-u, id., Fms. i. 291; önn fékk jötni orðbæginn halr, Hým. 3; henni var mikil önn á um ferðir Arons, Bs. i. 539; bera önn fyrir e-u, to take care of, 686; skulu vér nú önn hafa at langvistir órar skili aldregi, Hom. (St.); ala önn fyrir e-u, to care for, provide for, maintain; vera önnum kafinn, to be overwhelmed with work; vera í önnum, to be busy; í óða-önn, and the like. &FINGER; In the phrase, þola önn fyrir e-n, önn seems to be = önd = breath; see önd and þola. önn-kostr, ann-kostr, also önd-kostr, m., in the phrase, fyrir önd-kost, intentionally, purposely, as a law phrase; hann sigldi skipi sínn á sker fyrir annkost, ok vildi brjóta (andkost, öndkost, v.l.), he ran the ship on shore purposely, Fms. viii. 367; er þó hafa ek fyrir önnkost svaacute; ritið, Skálda 164; ef menn troðask svá mjök at lögréttu fyrir önd-kost (wantonly) eðr göra þar hrang eðr háreysti, Grág. i. 5; spilla fé manna fyrir önnkost ok fyrir illgirni sakar, 131; göra skaða fyrir önd-kost, þá varðar skóggang, 416. önnungr, m. a labourer, Edda 107; þat er önnungs verk (household work, farm work) er maðr vinnr hvern dag þat er bóndi vill, K.Þ.K. 136. önugr, adj. [qs. öndugr, i.e. andvígr?] fretful, peevish; þú ert önugr, strákr! COMPDS: önug-legr, adj. cross, odd, wayward, Fél. x. 175. önug-lyndi, f. fretfulness, freq. in mod. usage, but not found in old writers. önug-lyndr, adj. cross. Önundr, m. (Anundr), qs. An-vindr, a pr. name, Landn. Önundar-brenna, Ann., Sturl. i. 197; hence Önundar-fjörðr, a local name; Önundar-firðingr, Sturl. iii. 58. ÖR, f., gen. örvar; dat. öru, Grág. ii. 19, and later ör; pl. örvar, örva, örum; also spelt with f, örfar, etc.: [A.S. aruwe; Engl. arrow; the word may be akin to örr, adj. = the swift] :-- an arrow; örina, annarri ör, ... ör liggr þar úti, ok er sú af þeirra örum, ... örunum, ... ör (acc.), Nj. 96, 115, Hkr. i. 241; örvar þrjár, ... örvunum (sic), Fas. i. 511, 541, and passim. 2. metaph. a summons to a meeting, by the sending out an arrow (like the Gaelic 'fiery cross'), both in war and peace, but originally as a war-token (her-ör); skera örvar upp, Js. 37; skera ör, 41; nema ör

766 ÖRVARBOÐ -- ÖRK.

eða maðr stefni honum þing, 42: also of a warrant (cp. Germ. steck-brief), summoning a person to appear; the law phrases are, leggja örvar á e-n, to lay an arrow upon, i.e. to summon by a warrant; fylgja örum, to follow the arrow, i.e. to answer a summons; sá skal örum fylgja er fyrstr var á lagðr, N.G.L. i. 60; örvar þrjár ... ein ör at dauðum manni, önnur at sárum ..., allir skulu þeir örvar bera en engi fella, ... sá skal örum fylgja er á eru lagðar ... nú ef örvar taka hann ok sækir eigi þing, þá berr hann á baki sök, 270. II. in poët, compds, ör-bragð, ör-drif, ör-veðr, = a shower of shafts; ör-sæti = a shield; ör-rjóðr, ör-slöngvir, = a warrior. B. COMPDS: örvar-boð, n. an 'arrow-summons,' 'arrow-message,' a message or summons by an arrow, Fms. i. 209. örva-drífa, u, f. an 'arrow-drift,' shower of arrows, Fms. viii. 222. örva-flug, n. a flight of arrows, Fms. iii. 32. örvar-húnn, m. the tip of an arrow, N.G.L. i. 59. örva-malr, m. a quiver, Fas. ii. 541, Al. 121; usually called örva-mælir, m., Fms. iii. 223. örvar-oddr, m. an arrow-point. Fms. vii. 142, Gþl. 460: a nickname = Odd the archer, Fas. ii. örvar-skapt, n. an arrow-shaft, Fas. iii. 331. örvar-skot = örskot, Grág. i. 123. örvar-skurðr, m. an 'arrow-cutting,' i.e. despatching an arrow-message, Fms. x. 412, Gþl. 81. örvar-þing, n. an assembly summoned by an arrow, an extraordinary meeting called together on an emergency, Ó.H. 139, Fms. ii. 104, Gþl. 152. ÖR- (i.e. ør-), a prefixed particle, altered from us-; the s remains in usall = vesall, see p. 699, col. 2; also spelt er-, er-vita, Hkv.; or eyr-, eyr-grynni, Ó.H. 106; evr-lygi, Eg. (in a verse): [Ulf. us-; O.H.G. ur-; when uncompounded, see ór, mod. úr, p. 472; as a prefix to nouns, ör- or ör-, for which see p. 469, col. 2. Indeed, there is a strong probability that the negative prefix ó- is a contraction, not of un-, but of or-, so that ó-bættr is from or-bættr, ó-verðr from or-verðr, by agglutination of r, whereby the vowel becomes long (as the O.H.G. prefix ar- in A.S. appears â-): this would account for the fact, that in the very oldest and best vellums there is hardly a single instance of ú- for ó-, and this is the sole modern form not only all over Iceland, but also in most popular idioms of Norway and Sweden; a farther proof is that in many words or-, the ancient form, is preserved in a few vellums, especially of the Norse laws, in such rare forms as ör-sekr, ör-bætiligr, ör-vænt, and ó-vænt, where the current form is ó-sekr, etc.; so also, ör-keypis and ó-keypis, ör-grynni and ó-grynni, ör-hóf and ó-hóf. Therefore or-, not un-, is, we believe, the phonetical parent of the later Scandinavian negative prefix ó-. The extensive use of ör- and the utter absence of ú- or un- may be explained by the supposition that, for the sake of uniformity, all words beginning with ör- and un- gradually took the same form; for though in ancient days ör- was more extensively used than it is at present, it can hardly have been the sole form in all words now beginning with ó-] :-- ör- is used as denoting a negative, as ör-grynni, a being bottomless; or lack or loss of, as ör-sekr, out of being sekr; ör-verðr. 2. special usages are, what is of yore, as in ör-lög (cp. Germ. ur-, as in ur-theil, Engl. or-deal), ör-nefni, ör-gelmir, ör-vasi. 3. in mod. usage ör- is prefixed to adjectives, = utterly, but only in instances denoting 'smallness,' or something negative, e.g. ör-grannr, ör-stuttr, ör-skammr, ör-grunnr, ör-mjör, ör-fátækr, ör-snauðr, ör-eyða, ör-taka, ör-reyta, qq.v. ör-birgð, f. = Lat. inopia, lack of means, destitution. ör-birgr, adj. destitute. ör-bjarga, adj. helpless, Bs. i. 873. ör-boð, n. = örvarboð, an arrow-summons, Hkr. i. 250. ör-boða, u, f. the name of a giantess, Hdl., Edda. ör-bætiligr, adj. [cp. orbotamal = óbótamal, Schlyter], irreparable, Stj. 8, l. 1; whence mod. ó-bætil. ÖRÐ, f., gen. arðar, [erja, arði], a crop, produce; örð sér (sows) Yrsu burðar, the crop of the son of Yrsa, i.e. gold, Edda (in a verse); þá á leiguliði einnar arðar mála, ... þá á leiguliði tvegeja mála atða, þá örð (not jörð) eina er lands-dróttinn andask á ok aðra næstu eptir, N.G.L. i. 233, Gþl. 329; þat eru þrjár arðir, 314; nú verðr maðr útlagr á jörðu manns. þá skal hann leigu hafa ef úreidd var, ok örð alla rótfasta, N.G.L. i. 40. COMPDS: arðar leiga, u, f. rent for one year's crop, Gpl. 330. arðar-máli, a, m. (and -mál, n.), a contract, agreement for one year, Gþl. 314, 329, 336. ör-deyða, u, f. utter death, a fishing term used when fish will not bite; komi þá enginn kolmúligr úr kafi, þá mun ördeyða á öllu Norðr-hafi, Ísl. Þjóðs. örðga, að, [örðigr], to raise, lift up, erect; Drottinn örðgar upp bundna, ok leysir fjötraða, 655 xiii. A. 3; konungr leit yfir lýðinn, örðgaði augum, lifting the eyes, with the notion of a fierce look, Fms. vii. 156 (aurgaði v.l., arþgaði, Mork. 190, l.c.); örðgask upp sem leo, to rise to one's feet like a lion, Stj. 337. ÖRÐIGR or örðugr, adj. [Lat. arduus, but not borrowed from that word] :-- erect, upright, rising on end, breasting; ríss hestrinn örðigr (rears) undir honum. Fms. xi. 280; selrinn ríss upp örðigr, Bs. i. 335; liggja örðigr við hægindit í sænginni, to lie leaning high against the pillow in the bed, Bs. ii. 320; reisa kistuna örðiga til hálfs, Pr. 413; Höskuldr sneri at Odda örðigum, H. turned breasting O. boldly, Lv. 82; Bersi ferr örðigr ok leggsk hart, B. rose to breast the waves bravely, of a swimmer, Korm. 116: of a ship cutting the waves, Edda (in a verse): of a steep brink, örðugt upp á-móti, hard to breast. II. metaph. difficult, arduous; en örðgu boðorð laginna, Greg. 9; hitt mun mér örðgara (örðigra, Fb. l.c.) þykkja, at lúta til Selþóris, Ó.H. 112: very freq. in mod. usage, það er örðugt. 2. harsh; sumt þykkir heldr örðigt í orðum konungs, Fms. vii. 221. 3. stalwart, brisk; örðigr ok sterkr, Mar.; orðigr ok allra manna bezt vígr, Fs. 129. 4. a nickname, Ása hin örðiga, Gullþ. örðig-skeggi or örðum-skeggi, a nickname (cp. bratt-skeggr), Landn., Nj. ör-drag, n. an arrow-shot, range, of distance; þrjú ördrög, Flóv. 40; látum milli ördrag eða lengra, Fms. viii. 382, Grág. ii. 19. örðug-leiki, a, m. a difficulty. ör-eiða, adj. the forsworn(?) a nickname, Sturl., Ann. ör-eigð, f. utter poverty, destitution, Fms. vi. 60, Hom. (St.); ef þau æxla fé ór öreigð, Grág. i. 335. ör-eigi and ör-eiga, adj. also used as a noun, want, destitution. 2. 'out of owning,' poor, destitute, Al. 5; ef sá maðr er ö. er þá kirkju á, N.G.L. i. 388; ef sá maðr andask er öreigi er, ok er engi maðr skyldr at gjalda skuldir hans, Grág. i. 408; öreigi ok féþurfi, Fms. ii. 80; ef þeir menn eru á skipinu er búa ómegðar-búi, ok sé menn öreiga, K.Þ.K. 90; tólf aura öreiga-mund, N.G.L. i. 27, 54, see mundr. ör-eign, f. = öreigð, Stj. 156, Hsm. 13. 3. ör-endi, n. an errand, message; see eyrendi. II. loss of breath; er hann þraut eyrendit ... sem honum vannsk til eyrendi, Edda 32; þá var þrotið ørendi hans, his breath was gone, of a person drowning under water, Bs. i. 335: see eyrendi 4. örend-laust, örend-reki, see eyrendlaust, eyrendreki. ör-endr, also spelt eyrendr, erendr, adj. = Lat. exanimis, 'out of breath' i.e. dead, having breathed one's last; hón hné í fang bonda sínum ok var þá eyrend. Ísl. ii. 275; steypir honum örendum til jarðar, Al. 38; þrælar konungs vildu draga klæði af Sigurði, var hann eigi eyrindr, Fms. vii. 298; Þorleifr var eigi eyrendr, Fb. i. 414; drepa hann, ok var hann erendr er þeir Hlenni kómu, Glúm. 370; feilr konungrinn þegar á jörð niðr örendr, Fms. xi. 64; fann þá báða örenda, Landn. 235; örendr af sárum, 287; kómu þá upp hjá honum menninir flestir allir örendir, Bs. i. 355; vóiu þeir þá fallnir en ekki erendir, Fbr. 6l, 62 new Ed. ör-eyða, u, f. to make desolate. ör-fátækr, adj. utterly poor, = öreigi, freq. in mod. usage. ör-ferð, f. doom, fate, = örlög; þeirra örnefni eða örferðir vitum vér eigi, Fms. x. 397 (Ágrip). örfi or örvi, f. [örr, adj.], liberality; ágætr af örfi sinni ok atgervi, Þórð. (1860) 95. ör-firi, n., or ör-fjara, u, f. an out-going, ebbing: Örfiris-ey is the pr. name for islands which, at low-water, are joined to the mainland by a reef which is covered at high-water; one such island is near Reykjavik; another at Skard in western Iceland, now called Öffirs-ey; so also Ör-fjara, u, f. = the island Orfir in the Orkneys, Orkn. 182. örfuni, a, m. [A.S. yrfa], a bull, head of cattle, Edda (Gl.) ör-fyrndr, part. quite worn out, dilapidated, H.E. i. 489. örga, að, = örðga (q.v.), Hkr. 687 new Ed.; hence prob. per metathesis the mod. ögra, q.v. ör-gáti, a, m. cheer, fare (see aurgáti), Fms. xi. 341, Mar. ör-gelmir, m. the name of an old giant (cp. Germ. ur-alt), Vþm., Edda. ör-glasir, m. a mythical name, Fsm. örglask, að, qs. örðglast, [örðigr], to rise to one's feet (= örðgast), Fms. iv. 58, Fas. ii. 331, iii. 574, Fb. i. 543, Karl. 191. ör-goði, a, m. a nickname, Landn. ör-grandari (urgrandari), m. the desolator, Runic stone. ör-grannr, adj. very slim; örgrant, quite small, minute; in the saying, örgranns eru vér lengst á leit, looking for a small thing takes the longest time, cp. Engl. proverbial phrase 'to look for a needle in a bottle of hay,' Mkv. ör-grimnir, m. the name of a giant, Edda. ör-grunnr, adj. quite shallow. ör-grynni, n. a countless multitude; örgrynni vista, Ó.H. 187; ö. fjár, Hom. 111 (ógrynni, Ó.H. 241, l.c.); ö. sauðfjár, Eg. 741; ö. liðs, O.H.L. 23, 49; eyrgrynni liðs, Ó.H. . 106. ör-hilpr, adj. helpless, Barl. 100. ör-hjarta, adj. out of heart, having lost heart, Hom. (St.), Fas. ii. (in a verse). ör-hjartaðr, part. = örhjarta, Fas. ii. (in a verse). ör-hóf, ör-hæfi, see öróf, öræfi; hann hefir örhóf manna, Mork. 173. ör-ísa, adj. free from ice, opp. to ice-bound. ÖRK, f., gen. arkar and erkr, pl. arkir; [A.S. earc, arc; Engl. and Dan. ark]:-- an ark, chest; örk ein mikil ok fornlig stóð í elda-húsinu, ... örkina, ... örkinni, Fær. 186, Eb. ch. 50; örku-fótr, Ó.H. 152; gengr Vígdís inn til erkr þeirrar er Þórðr átti, Ld. 48. 2. a sarcophagus,

ÖRKEYPIS -- ÖRREYTA. 767

Symb. 24. II. eccl. the Ark; gör þú mér örk af trjám, i.e. Noah's Ark, Stj. 306; örk Guðs, Sks. 753; usually Sáttmáls-örk, Stj., Ver., Barl., Rb., the Bible. arkar-fótr, m. the foot of a chest, Fms. iv. 355. ör-keypis, adv. gratuitously, = ókeypis, Rétt. 84. örkn, n. a kind of seal, [cp. Lat. orca, supposed to be the grampus]; sá hón örkn mikit liggja á steini, Bs. i. 335, Bjarn. (in a verse), Edda (Gl.): also called örkn-selr, m., Sks. 176, where it is described; perh. the mod. urta, urtu-selr, is corrupted from örkn. örkn-höfði, a nickname, Sturl. i. (in a verse). ör-kola, adj. out-burnt, extinguished, of coals burnt to ashes. 2. metaph., vetr görðisk því verri sem meirr leið á, ok verðr örkola fyrir mörgum, Ísl. ii. 134; hence the mod. phrase, vera úrkula vonar um e-ð, to be past hope. ör-kosta, u, f. penury, want, lack of choice; ok sinn dag dapran at deyja frá svínum allri örkostu er hann áðr hafði, Am. 58. ör-kostr, m. a resource, way out of a difficulty; hann skal gjalda sex aura ... ef hann á örkost til en ekki elligar, Grág. ii. 155; ek hefi slíkan örkost (mat, Bs. i, l.c.) ætlat til Jóla-vistar mönnum sem hér hefir lengi vant verit, Sturl. i. 216: so in the phrase, eiga einskis úrkostar, to have means for nothing, be destitute; ef hann á þess úrkosti, if he has means to do it. II. a 'want of choice,' lack; fundu þeir at Ægis örkost hvera, they found no cauldron by Æ., Hým. 1. ör-kuml (mod. örkumsl), n. [from kuml, q.v., and ör-, = Germ. ur]:-- a lasting scar, a blemish or wound that disfigures or maims one for ever; særðir til ölífis, sumir til örkumbla, 655 xi. 1; högg þú hestinn, ekki skal hann við örkuml lifa, Nj. 92; ef ekki er örkumbl gört at þeim, Grág. i. 261; þótt þeir fái örkumbl af eðr bana, 301; barn hvert skal ala er borit verðr, nema þat sé með þeim örkymlum (deformity) borit at þennog horfi andlit sem hnakki skyldi, N.G.L. i. 12; stóð höfuðit gneipt af bolnum, segir Þóroddr at Snorri vildi græða hann at örkumla-manni, make a maimed invalid of him, Eb. 244; Klæingr lifði við örkyml, Sturl. ii. 109 C; liggja úti iðrin, hann hirðir nú eigi um líf með örkumlum þessum, Ísl. ii. 365; fékk annarr bana af en annarr örkuml, Fms. viii. 38; hafa týnt sumir limunum, sumir bera annars-kyns örkuml allan aldr sinn, 251; ok fótrinn af berserknum, hann leysti sik af hólmi ok lifði við örkuml, Glúm. 333. örkumla-lauss, adj. unmaimed, unblemished, Fb. ii. 371, Nj. 246, Sturl. i. 86. ör-kumla, að, to maim; hann barði á tvær hendr ok örkumlaði menn, Lv. 103. 2. part. maimed, disfigured, disabled; hón kvaðsk eigi vilja eiga Bersa örkumlaðan, Korm. 134; ö. var aulinn stór, Skíða R.; vil ek eigi lengr berjask við þik örkumlaðan mann, Ísl. ii. 269. örla, að, qs. örðla; in the mod. phrase, það örlar á e-u, a thing rises or shews itself, esp. in a bad sense, of enmity, envy, or the like. ör-látligr, adj. = örlátr, bountiful. ör-látr, adj. [örr, adj.], open-handed, Nj. 147, Ld. 312, Bs. i. 619. ör-leikr, m. liberality; fyrir örleiks sakir ok allrar atgörfi, Gullþ. 4, Fms. ii. 242, iv. 370, xi. 203, Sks. 442. ör-lendask, d, to be exiled, Stj. 111; ok örlendz þar, and do emigrate thither, 162. ör-lendis, adv. abroad, Gþl. 148; sac erlendis. ör-lendr, see erlendr. ör-liga, adv. largely, abundantly, Fas. i. 213, Sks. 442, Stj. 348. ör-ligr, adj. bountiful; með örligri miskunn, 655 xxx. 11. ör-lygi, n. another form for örlög, [mid. H.G. urliugi; cp. Dutch orlog = war; whence again mod. Dan. orlog = warfare at sea] :-- fate, doom, generally conceived as coming in or by war; heyja eyrlygi, Eg. (in a verse); heyr undr mikit, heyr örlygi ('hear words of doom'), heyr mál mikit, heyr manns bana! Gísl. 15, (these alliterative words are evidently a fragment of an old lay, see Mr. Dasent's Transl. p. 30, l.c.) In Edda (Gl.) 'örlygi' is entered among the names of 'battles:' in a verse of Bragi, örlygis-draugr, a battle-worker, warrior; these are the only places in which we find the word, while in Dutch and Low Germ. it is common, but see örlög. Ör-lygr, m. a pr. name, see the preceding word, Landn.: whence Örlygs-staðir, a local name, Sturl. ör-lyndi, t. a bountiful mind; heyrð er bæn þín ok örlyndi, thy prayers and thine 'alms,' Post. 290 (Acts x. 4); eigi hefir þú enn tapat örlyndinni. Bs. i. 53. ör-lyndligr, adj. relating to charities; ö. boðorð, Hom. (St.) ör-lyndr, adj. charitable, bounteous, open-handed, Fms. i. 219, ii. 21, Nj. 16, Al. 5, passim. ör-læti, f. liberality, charitableness, Fms. ii. 118. ör-lög, n. pl. [from ör-, = Germ. ur-, and lög; see örlygi], the primal law, fate, weird, doom, = Gr. GREEK; þær lög lögðu ... örlög seggja, Vsp. 20; ek sé Baldri örlög fólgin, 36; örlög sín viti engi fyrir, Hm. 55; þvíat þú öll um sér örlög fyrir, Skv. 1. 28; aldar örlög hygg ek at hón öll viti, Ls. 21, 29; dæma örlög manna, Fas. iii. 32, Edda 8; Nornir ráða örlögum manna, 11; stýra örlögum, Al. 79, 141; urðu þau örlög Hákonar jarls, at Karkr jarl skar hann á háls, Nj. 156; Afríkar skulu nú fá örlög sín, Karl. 366; hann var manna vitrastr svá at hann sá fyrir örlög manna, Nj. 162; spyrja at örlögum sínum, Fs. 19; þat er örlögin höfðu fyrir skipat, Al. 19; drýgja örlög, to 'dree' one's weird, Vkv. 3; er þat líkast at liðin sé mín örlög, my worldly-worked life at an end, Fs. 84; örlög-símu, örlög-þættir, the 'weird-thrums,' threads of the Norns spun at one's birth, Skv. 2. 14, Hkv. 1. 3; örlaga bönd, Skald H. 3. 4. örlög-lauss, adj. 'weirdless,' one whose life is still a blank, Vsp. 17; örlaga-nornir, örlaga-dísir (in mod. poetry), the weird-sisters, the Parcae. II. exploits; segja frá örlögum sínum, Ls. 25. 2. war; cp. örlygi, and mod. Dan. orlog; lætr hann vaxa stór örlög við heiðnar Þjóðir, Ósv. S. 28, written at the end of the 15th century. ör-magna, adj. quite exhausted, powerless. ör-magnask, að, to be quite exhausted, faint from exhaustion. ör-malr, m. an arrow-case, quiver, Fas. ii. 506. ör-máligr, adj. hasty of speech, Glúm. 364. ör-mul, n. pl. (mod. örmull, m.), [ör- and mol, moli; old Swed. or-mylja = a digger, remover of mark-stones, Schlyter] :-- prop. atoms, particles, remnants; at eigi finnisk örmol þeirra, 623. 35; var hón svá vandliga niðr brotin, nema nokkur örmol megi finnask í á þeirri er fellr ..., Al. 93; brann upp allt Dana-virki, ok sá engi merki eptir né örmol, no trace nor remnants were seen, Fms. xi. 35; þeir sásk aldri síðan, ok engi örmul fundusk af Háreki, Nj. 279; segisk at enn megi finnask mörk ok örmul af örkinni, Stj. 59; ok sást engi örmul (örmull Cod.) síðan til þess, Ann. 1422. örmull, m., or sounded urmull, = ömul, q.v.; það er enginn örmull eptir af því, not a rag left. 2. urmull (prob. the same word), a swarm; þar er mesti urmull. ör-mæddr, part. utterly exhausted, Fél. iv. 232. ör-mælir, m. = örmalr, a quiver, Barl. 137. ÖRN, m., gen. arnar, dat. erni, pl. ernir, acc. örnu; in mod. usage the word has become fem. örn, arnar, örn, pl. nom. acc. arnir; örn is like björn, an enlarged form from ari, q.v.: [A.S. earn; Chaucer erne; Dan. örn] :-- an eagle; erninum, Bs. i. 350; örno ok hrafna, Grág. ii. 346, K.Þ.K. 136; snapir örn á aldinn mar, a saying, Hm. 62; seðja örnu, Hkv. 1. 35; gunni at heyja ok glaða örnu, id.; drúpir örn yfir, Gm.; er á asklimum ernir sitja, Hkv. 2. 48; falla forsar, flýgr örn yfir, Vsp. 58: mythical, örn gól árla, Hkv. Hjörv. 6 (an eagle telling the fate to a young hero): the eagle is the bird of the giants, jötunn í arnarham, Vþm., cp. the legend of giant Þjazi: arnar-flaug, f. eagle's flight, as an 'omen' boding battle; nú er arnar-flaug; of vangi, Edda (in a verse): arnar-leir, m., Gd. 2; see leir II. II. Örn, as a pr. name, and Örn-ólfr, Veðr-örn: of a woman, Arna. III. = blóð-örn, q.v.; rista örn á baki e-m, Hkr. i. 108, Fas. i. 292, Skv. 2. 26. COMPDS: arnar-hamr, -kló, -fjöðr, -vængr, m. an eagle's skin, ... wing, Edda 13, 46, Fas. iii. 653, Stj. arnar-hreiðr, n. an eyrie. arnar-ungi, m. a young eagle, Sturl. iii. 185. örna, gen. pl. business; see eyrendi β. ör-nefni, n. [ = Germ. ur-name], a local name, prop. an old name, Stj. 394, Brandkr. 61; svá sem örnefni eru við kennd, Fms. i. 241; þeir hendu þrælana fleiri þar sem síðan eru örnefni við kennd, Eg. 596; hét Örlygr á Patrek biskup til landtöku sér, at hann skyldi af hans nafni örnefni gefa þar sem hann tæki land, Landn. 43, freq. in mod. usage. 2. a pr. name of a person, but rarely; gat Ólafr digri með henni barn, en þeirra örnefni eðr örferðir vitu vér eigi, their names or doings, Fms. x. 397 (Ágrip). örn-fljótr, adj. eagle-swift, Rekst. örnir, m. eagle, the name of a giant, Lex. Poët. öron, m. a kind of fish, a mackerel(?), (= ölun); tunna öron, D.N. iii. 688. ör-orðr, adj. hasty of speech, frank, out-spoken, Eb. 104, Ó.H. 114, Finnb. 284, Bjarn. 34. ör-óf = örhóf, immensity; örófi vetra áðr væri jörð of sköpuð, Vþm.; öróf manna ok vápna, Mork. 139; ræna örófi fjár, Jomsv. S. ch. 33; öróf fjár, Fas. ii. 538, MS. 656 B. ÖRR, n., later or with a single r, and so in mod. usage; [Dan. ar, arret] :-- a scar; ok sá þó á örrit alla æfi, Bs. i. 330; hann þreifaði of örr sára Dróttins, Greg. 14; greri ær (sic) hvít á hvarmum báðum, Hom. 116; mun örr þat sjá á fæti mér meðan ek lifi, Fb. i. 401, Karl. 61; meðal herða honum var örr gróit í kross, Fms. viii. 275 (eyrr, v.l.; aurr, Fb. ii. 636, l.c.); hann hafði örr í andliti, Ld. 274. örra-beinn, adj. 'scar-leg,' a nickname, Fs. 128, Landn. ÖRR, adj., acc. örvan, pl. örvir; inn örvi; compar. örvari, örvastr: [root aru-; A.S. earu, Grein; Sansk. ar; Dan. ör, in the phrase 'ör i hoved' giddy in the head] :-- swift, ready; örr tilfara, allstaðar þar er þurfti hans tilkvámu, Bs. i. 128: neut., hann (the ice) rak svá ört, at ..., the ice drifted so fast, that ..., Bárð. 9 new Ed. 2. neut. quite; eigi ört hálfr fjórði tugr manna, not quite forty-five men, Ann. 1362. II. liberal, open-handed; miklu örvari af fé, passim; örr ok ölmusu-góðr, Bs. i. 81; örvastr konunga, Fms. xi. 203; allra manna örvastr, Eg. 517; mildr ok örr, 20; örr maðr ok stórmenni mikit, 38; örr ok gjöfull, 42; Einarr var örr maðr ok optast félítill, 691. örrek, n. a nickname, Landn. 193. ör-reyta, t, to strip utterly; aldrei má ö. dún úr hreiðrum, Fél. iv. 220.

768 ÖRRIÐI -- ÖSP.

örriði, mod. urriði, a, m. a salmon-trout; see aurriði. örróttr, adj. scarred, covered with scars, Fs. 128, Fas. ii. 471, Stj. 80. ör-sauði, adj. sheepless,, = sauðlauss, Grág. i. 426. ör-sekr, adj. 'sackless,' as a law term, = sykn, 'out of guilt,' free; en þeir örsekkir er upp halda árum sínum, N.G.L. i. 65; en ef hann kömr á alla staði þá er hann orsækkr (sic), 379, Gþl. 462; at orsekkju, N,G.L. i. 147 (last line); skal hafa eikju hverr er vill at orsekju, 243, ii. 44 (but osekkir two lines below), and so passim in the Norse laws. ör-skammi, adj. shameless, unblushing, Al. 87. ör-skammr, adj. quite short, quite brief; örskamma stund. ör-skemd, f. a great shame, disgrace, Stj. 54, H.E. i. 461; at eigi mætti hans ö. opinber verða, Post. (Unger) 55. ör-skipti, n. pl. eccentricity, strange affairs; hence örskipta-maðr, an eccentric, overbearing person, Lv. 27 (cp. the context); inir mestu örskipta menn, violent men, Eb. 110, Fb. i. 250; segja frá nokkurs-konar örskiptum frá kynslum eða undrum, to relate strange things, wonders and marvels, Þiðr. 4. ör-skot, n. = ördrag, an arrow-shot, of distance, Al. 13, Karl. 286; örskots-lengð, Grág. i. 91. örskots-helgr, f. a law phrase, an asylum or sanctuary within arrow-shot. Grág. passim; cp. esp. the interesting record Landn. 5, ch. 4 (287, 288); the örskotshelgr is in Grág. Vsl. ch. 51 set at two hundred (i.e. 240) fathoms. ör-skreiðr, adj. swift-sliding, of a ship, Fms. i. 100, iii. 43. ör-stiklandi, part. swift-stalking, rapid, Ó.H. (in a verse). ör-stuttr, adj. = örskammr. ör-taka, tók, to take utterly, take all, leaving nothing; en tjald ok kríu ætti við að halda ok ö. aldrei egg þeirra, Fél. iv. 214. ör-taka, adj. not grasping firmly; verða örtaka fyrir e-m, to lose the grasp, be overpowered by one, Fas. ii. 434. ör-tröð, n. an over-stocking of a pasture; ganga í örtröð, see tröð. örtug, also spelt ertog, ærtog, [the etymology of the first part of the word is not certain, but it is prob. a compd, qs. ör-togr, the latter part being togr = twenty, prob. so called because twenty 'penningar' made an ærtog; ör or ær may be the old name of a small coin, cp. mod. Swed. öre, a small coin worth less than an English farthing; the mod. Norse name 'ort,' = a fifth part of a dollar specie, is an abbreviation of örttog]:-- the name of an old coin or piece of money, amounting to a third part of an ounce (eyrir) = twenty penningar or pence, N.G.L., D.N. passim; skolu þeir báðir í ertogi (dat.), N.G.L. i. 185; see eyrir. ör-ugga, að; örugga sik, to cheer one's heart, take heart, Pr. 420, Stj. 154. ör-uggleikr, m. security, confidence, safety, Stj., Sks. 271, Eluc. 48; traust ok ö., 655 xix. i: fearlessness, Fbr. 20. ör-uggliga, adv. unfailingly, ivithout fear, boldly, Stj. 151; bað þá fylgjask vel ok ö., Fms. viii. 92, Anecd. 32. ör-uggr, adj. 'out of all concern,' out of danger, safe, secure, Greg. 24, Fms. vi. 152: fearless, undaunted, hugdjarfr sem inn öruggazti berserkr, i. 259; öruggr í framgöngu, vi. 421; verit öruggir ok óttalausir, Ó.H. 240; drengr góðr ok ö. í öllu, Nj. 30, passim. 2. resolved; þeir vöru öruggir í því at firrask Noreg sem mest, Eg. 159, Ld. 302: trusty, to be relied on, gefið eiguir þeim sem yðr eru öruggir, Fms. vii. 182, Th. 2. 3. of things, safe; engi örugg fylgsni, Fms. i. 136; öruggr íss, safe ice, ix. 371; öruggr skjöldr, Finnb. 328; ö. reiði á skipi, Sks. 29; örugga hvíld ok haga, MS. 544. 14; berjask með öruggum atgangi, Ísl. ii. 268; öruggt til lækninga, Sks. 32 new Ed., Magn. 468. örva, að, [örr, adj.], to exhort; örva ok tendra, Str. 8; the word is very freq. in mod. usage, upp-örva, to exhort, encourage; upp-örvan, exhortation, encouragement. Örvandill, m. the name of a giant, see the tale in Edda; the Gr. GREEK and the Norse Örvandil may be the same word, their etymology is to be sought for beyond both Greek and Norse; Örvandils tá, the toe of O., Edda (Örvan-tá, Ub. l.c.); see stjarna. örvar-, gen., see ör, f., B. ör-vasi and ör-vasa, adj. [from ör- and vesa = to be?], prop. decrepit, 'stone-old,' worn out; gamall ok örvasi, Glúm. 337, Stj. 225, 548; móður mjök gamla ok örvasa, Fms. i. 76; örvasa af elli, Fb. i. 77; á örvasa aldri, in one's old age, Fms. ii. 42, Sks. 162 new Ed; enn er Haraldr var orðinn örvasi, Hkr. i. 67; örvasar ok ómagar, N.G.L. i. 180. ör-váfaðr, part. a waver, shaker of spears and shafts. örvendr, adj., qs. örvhendr(?), [the former part is doubtful, the latter prob. from hönd; the mod. Dan. say keit-haanded] :-- left-handed; smá verða örvendra manna högg, Fb. ii. 212; þvíat örvendr maðr hjó, Fbr. 90 new Ed.; örvendi, the verse, l.c.; sár Þormóðar hafðisk ílla ok var jafnan örvendr síðan meðan hann lifði, 34 new Ed. ör-verðr, adj. unwordy; hróðrs örverðr, Ad. ör-verpi, n. decrepitude, (from verpa I. 4); in the saying, karli hverjum kemr at örverpi, Fms. iii. 96. 2. a 'reckling,' the last smallest egg in a nest, so also the last-born dwarf-child, is in Icel. called örverpi. ör-vilna, að, mod. sounded örvingla, [ör- and vil], to despair, with gen.; ö. sér e-s, flestir örvilnuðu sér lífs, they despaired of life, 656 C. 21: chiefly used, II. reflex. örvilnask, to despair, absol. or with gen.; örvilnisk engi sér líknar, Hom. 78; ö. hjálpar, 48; örvilnask undan-kvámu, 121; örvilnuðusk allir aðrir enn Páll postoli, at þeir myndi land taka, 655 xvii. 4, Al. 110; hann huggar aðra, at eigi örvilnisk þeir, Greg. 38; æ meðan hann örviinask eigi, Sks. 511. ör-vilnan (mod. örvinglan), f. despair. Fms. i. 138, Sks. 609, Stj. 51. ör-vita and ör-viti (er-vita, Hkv. l.c.), adj. out of one's senses, frantic; ærr ok ervita, Hkv. 2. 32; œrr ok örviti, Ls. 21; þá hljóp ek upp örviti, Fms. vii. 158, Mork. 191, l.c.; örvita hræðsla, mad fear, Mar. 1045; hón örvita, Greg. 12; banvænn ok nær örviti, sinking fast and well-nigh senseless, Fms. i. 86; dauðvána ok örviti, vi. 31. ör-vínan, n. vinegar; drykkiar-ker fullt örvínans, ... þá es Jesús hafði tekit örvínan, Hom. St. (John xix. 28 sqq.), now obsolete. ör-væna, u, f. anything beyond hope; mér er Sveins á engri stundu örvæna, no hour at which I may not expect Sweyn, Orkn. 412 (örvænt, v.l.); margir menn mæla, at eigi sé örvæna at ek koma þar, that it is not past hope, that ..., it may well be that ..., Ld. 204. ör-væni, n. expectation; vissi engi hans nátt stað, ok engi hans örvæni, nobody knew his whereabouts, Fagrsk. ch. 58. ör-vænliga, adv. feignedly; láta örvænliga, sem hann hafi aldri getið sinna eyrinda fyrir þér, to make believe, feign, Fas. iii. 83. ör-vænn, adj. beyond expectation, past hope; fyrir hann var einskis örvænt orðs né verka, anything could be expected from him, he was able to do anything. Ísl. ii. 326; þó er eigi örvænt ('tis not unlikely) at ek hafa ámæli af konu minni, Nj. 65; eigi er örvænt at skjótt steypi hans ríki, Fms. i. 207. ör-vænta, t, to despair, with gen., Ísl. ii. 160, Fms. x. 219, 352: enskis ílls örvænti ek fyrir yðr, there is no wicked thing that may not be expected from you, Ísl. ii. 160, freq. in mod. usage. 2. reflex., Fms. vi. 410, Fb. iii. 391. ör-væntan, f. despair, hopelessness, Mar. ör-vænting, f. despair. ör-vætta, t, = örvænta; örvætta sér sigrs, Fms. x. 352. örv-öndr = örvhendr, a nickname, Landn. 144. ör-þeysir, m. the swift furtherer, Þd. ör-þjáðr, part. utterly exhausted, worn out. Pass. Ör-þrasir, m. the sturdy, the stubborn(?), the name of an old giant, the father of the Norns, Vþm. ör-þrifráða, adj. without expedients, confounded; Vagn verðr eigi ö., hann ferr um endi-langa Danmörk, Fb. i. 172, O.H.L. 14. ör-æfi, n., qs. ör-hœfi, Mork. l.c.; in old writers used in sing.; [from its use in old writers it seems as if it were derived from ör- neg. and höfn, a haven] :-- an open, harbourless coastland, in old writers used almost exclusively in this sense; fyrir hafnleysis sakir ok öræfis, Landn. 276; ef skip er í öræfi komit, Jb. 381; hann lét göra þar virki ok höfn er áðr var öræfi, Fms. vii. 100; örhœli ok hafnleysur, Mork. l.c.; ok veita strandir þar í mörgum stöðum hafnir er fyrr var örœfi, Sks. 11 new Ed.; sandar, örœfi ok brim mikit fyrir útan, Hkr. i. 229. 2. a wilderness; komast um síðir ór öræfi þessu, of a mountain, Bs. i. 200: in mod. usage plur. a desert, wilderness. II. in local names, Öræfa-jökull or Öræfi, n. pl., is the local name of the open, unsheltered coastland of southern Iceland, the present Skaptafells-sýsla. öskr, n. [cp. askran, p. 25], a roaring, bellowing, of a bull, Fas. iii. 411. ÖSKRA, að, to bellow; öskra sem blótneyti, Fas. i. 425; uxi, hann öskraði ógurliga ok lét mjök ílliliga, Fb. i. 261: freq. in mod. usage, esp. of enraged cattle. 2. to scream, roar (from pain), Str. 32; cp. eiskra. öskran-ligr = öskrligr; ö. sýn, Bs. i. 256; öskranligt óp, Mar. 1054. öskr-liga, adv. horribly, hideously; hann (the bull) fór beljandi um völlinn ok lét öskrliga, Eb. 118 new Ed.; æpa ö., to yell hideously, Fb. i. 417, ii. 26. öskr-ligr, adj. hideous; belja öskrligri röddu, Bær. 19. ösku-, of ashes, see aska. COMPDS: ösku-dagr, m. Ash-Wednesday. ösku-gras, n., botan. = rhinanthus or cockscomb, Hjalt. ösku-poki, a, m. an 'ash-poke,' ash-bag. In Icel. on Ash-Wednesday, men and women, esp. the young, are all day long on the alert, being divided into two camps; the women trying to fasten small bags of ashes, by a hook or pin, on the men (hengja á þá ösku-poka), hooking the ash-bag on their backs or clothes, so as to make them carry it unawares; it a man carries it three steps or across a threshold without knowing it, the game is won. The men on their side fasten bags with small stones on the women. ösla, að, [akin to vaða-óð, qs. vaðsla or from usli = fire(?)], to wade, splash in water; hón öslar aptr til meginlands, Fas. ii. 182: very freq. in mod. usage, e.g. of children dabbling in water: in poets also of ships, skeiðir úðr undan bar ösluðu súða ljónin, Sig. Breiðf. ösnu-, see asna. ÖSP, f., gen. aspar, pl. aspir, [A.S. æsp; Dan. asp], an aspen-tree, Edda (Gl.); einstæð sem ösp í holti, Hom. 5; strange to say that the

ÖTUFÆRR -- ÖZURR. 769

word is never used in poetical circumlocutions. II. in local names, Espi-hóll. ötu-færr, adj. [at, n., p. 29], able to fight, of a horse, Rb. 298. ötull, adj. brisk, energetic; see atall: cp. mod. Norse atal = saucy, peevish. övirði, see auvirð, auvirðask, p. 36, övisli, see auvisli. ÖX, i.e. øx, f., gen. öxar, dat. and acc. öxi, pl. öxar, preserving the ö throughout; declined like heiðr, öx standing for öx-r; also spelt eyx and ex: in mod. usage declined like höfn, nom. öxi, gen. axar, dat. and acc. öx or öxi, pl. axir: [Goth. aqwisi; a word common to all Indo-European languages] :-- an axe. Am. 39, Nj. 19, 70, Sturl. i. 63, Eg. 180, 183, Ld. 112, K.Þ.K. 170, and passim: öxar-egg, f., -skapt, n. the edge, haft of an axe, Sturl. ii. 91, Fms. vi. 212, Fær. 111: öxar-hamarr, m. the back of an axe, Nj. 253, Grág. ii. 14, Fær. 221: öxarhamars-högg, n. a blow with the back of an axe, Fms. ix. 469, Gþl. 177, Orkn., Lv. 86: öxar-hyrna, u, f. the hooked beak of an axe, such as a bill, halberd, or Lochaber-axe, Fær, 111, Fms. ii. 82, Lv. 82: öxar-stafr, m. a nickname, Lv. 86: öxar-talga, u, f. masonry, Stj.: öxa-tré, n., Sturl. i. 158: öxar-þæri, n., Grág., see þæri. The axe, rather than the sword, was the favourite national weapon of the old Norsemen and Danes, cp. the Nj.; Hel was the axe of king Magnus, and for various names of axes, see Edda (Gl.); breið-öx, bol-öx, hand-öx, tapar-öx, skegg-öx, tálg-öx, skar-öx; the 'öx snaghyrnd' or snaga (see p. 573) is prob. the same as the Scottish Lochaber-axe, see Sir Walter Scott, Waveriey, i. ch. 17, used for climbing walls, and compare the feat related in Fær. l.c., Eb. 310. II. in local names, Öxar-á, f. the Axe water, in Icel., the origin of the name is told in Sturl. i. 202: Öxar-fjörðr, m. Axefirth, Landn.: Öxfirðingar, m. pl. the men from Axefirth, Nj. 219, 223: Öxarár-þing, n. the assembly at Öxará = alþingi, Jb. öxa, að, to cut, carve with an axe, of wood; öxa við, Fms. ii. 233. ÖXL, f., gen. axlar, pl. axlir; [Goth. amsa; A.S. eaxl; Engl. axle; Dan. axel; Germ. achsel; Fr. aisselle; all from Lat. axilla, Grimm's Dict. i. 163] :-- the shoulder-joint, so called from being the 'axis' on which the arm moves (the general word is herðar, q.v.): lerka at öxl, Fms. vi. 440; þeir þrifu í axlirnar ok toguðusk um, viii. 383; hendr blóðgar upp til axla, Þiðr.; féll hann ok lesti öxl sína, Þorf. Karl. 390, v.l.; dvergar á öxlum, Rm.; hann hafði öxi um öxl, across the shoulder, Ld. 276; á öxl, Gullþ. 64; engi maðr tók betr enn í öxl honum, Fms. v. 67; meðal axlar ok ölboga, Bs. i. 640; hann slær sverðinu á öxl Grimi ok klýfr hann í herðar niðr, Finnb. 288; sat Þorkell upp við öxl, Tb. sat half up leaning on his -arm, Vápn. 29; at þú of öxl skjótir því er per atalt þykkir, cp. to turn the cold shoulder to, Gg.; lita, sja um oxl, to look over one's shoulder at, look askance at, Orkn. (in a verse), Fbr. 38, 82 new Ed. 2. metaph. the shoulder of a mountain; en er þeir kómu inn fyrir öxlina ... undir öxlinni suðr frá Knerri, Eb. 76, 77 new Ed.; fjalls-öxl, Fas. i, 53. 3. as a local name, Öxl, Landn.: Skegg-öxl, a mountain in western Iceland. 4. the 'shoulder' of a knife, where blade and haft meet; var holdit hlaupit upp yfir knífs-axlirnar, Bs. i. 385. 5. öxull; hvel þat er veltr um úróar axlir, Sks. 76 new Ed. COMPDS: axlar-bein, n. the humerus or the scapula, Nj. 27, Korm. 220. axlar-byrðr, f. = axlbyrðr, Grett. axlar-liðr, m. the shoulder-joint, Þorf. Karl. 390. axla-bönd, n. pl. 'shoulder-straps,' braces (mod.): they were unknown to the ancients, who kept up their nether-garments by a rope or belt round the waist (brók-lindi, bróka-belti). öxn, i.e. øxn, pl. oxen; see uxi. öxull, m. an axle, Lat. axis; veltask sem hvel um öxul, Pr. 476; en öxull skal millim vera, Sks. 89 new Ed. öxul-tré, n. an axle-tree, Sks. 423. Özurr, m., early Dan. Atzerus, a pr. name, Landn., Dropl.; thus Özur was the name of the first Danish archbishop of Lund (Özurr erki-biskup, Bs. i).

770 ERRATA.

Page vii: Björn Halldórsson, the lexicographer, was born 1724, and died 1787. p. xviii, col. i, 1. 29, for 'nom. sing.' read 'gen. sing.' p. xix, 1. 22 from bottom, for 'acc. sing, tíma- na' read 'tima-nn' p. xxii, in the paradigm, dele ' vaktr vökt' p. xxiii, 1. 5 from bottom, for ' skyldi-t mundi-t' read 'skyldi-g-a mundi-g-a' p. xxv, col. 2, 1. 7 from bottom, for 'urerem' read 'arderem' p. xxxiv, col. i, 1. 2i from bottom, for 'leaky' read 'stretched' p. 5, col. I, VI. 2, for 'K. þ. K. 42' read 'K. þ. K. 142' afbrýði, for 'n.' read 'f.' af-siða, for 'Grúg. i. 138' read 'Grág. i. 338' arin-dómr, for 'Hom.' read 'Greg. IO' á-gauð for 'n.' read 'f.' ár-fljótr, for 'Fms. vii. 382' read 'Fms. viii., 382' árofi, 1. 7, for ' fara ' read ' færa' báðir, 1. i, for ' b;sði rarely (Norse); báði. ' read 'bæði; rarely báði' biblía, /o r ' Am. ' read ' Ann. ' bíta, I. 4, for ' best sail' read ' best sailer ' bolu, for ' bod y ' read ' bole' brauð, 1. 7, for ' hliîfvord' read ' hl/î/b rd' búð, p. 88, col. 2, 1. 6, for ' Rb. ' re a d ' Rd. ' dóttir, I. 6, for ' dat/ghtar, dogbtor, ' read 'danbtar, dohtor' drag, 1. I, for 'in drag' read 'ör-drag' drák, 1. 4, for ' kinnis' re a d ' ennis' edda, 1. 7 from bottom, for ' Edda' re a d ' Eddu' eld-sto, 1. 2, for ' Mork. 9' re a d ' Mork. 91' engi, n., 1. 3, for ' Konn. 4' re a d ' Korm. 40' erja, 1. 2, for 'a rar' read 'a r a re' eyrir, 1. 2, for ' aurum ' read ' aureus ' fá-staðar, /o r ' Fms. vii. 90' read ' Fms. vii. 70' forða, 1. 2, dele ' Orkn. 556' for-gildra, for ' að, to l a y, ' read ' u, f. laying a trap for] the word being a noun, freð-stertr, 1. -j, for ' gleiðar-má!' read ' gleiðar- niát' frelsi, /o r ' f. ' read ' n. ' (the word is neuter), fríða, að, better d (?) fyrva, /o r ' Grág. ii. 180' re a d ' Gnlg. ii. 187 ' gala, II, 1. 5, for 'á staðnum' re a d ' í staðinn' goði, B, 1. 4, for ' Jb. ch. 4' re a d ' Ib. ch. 4' gretta, ~/b r ' Fas. iii. 355 ' re a d ' Fb. i. 530' grúfa, dele ' to lie ' bis heimili, p. 250, col. 2, insert the word ' heimilis-maðr, m. an inmate;' to which word belong the references, -- ' Grág. i. 145, Fas. i. 380' (wrongly given under heimilis-kviðr). heldr, B. Ill, I. 3, for ' holzti nær oss! Eb. 133, ' read ' h. n. oss! 133, ' running on from the preceding reference, hestr, 1. 23, for ' Landn. 2, ch. 5, ' read ' Landn. 2, ch. 10' hvirfla, /o r ' Fb. iii. 522 ' read ' Fb. i. 522 ' höfn, 4, 11. 3, 4, the references ' Gnig. i. 504, ' etc., ought to be transposed and placed after the words ' sold in trade' jaur, towards the end, for ' Valv. 8. 126' read ' Art. 126' kópa, /o r ' Hom. 81' read ' Hm. 81' líka, adv., Str. 72; the word is here a verb, an not an adverb, and means to please; ' at lika konungi' = in order to please the king. loka, u, f., 1. 5, for ' Lv. 30' read ' Lv. 60' meyla, for ' mawila ' read ' mawilo ' mikill, C, 1. 2, for ' O. H. L. 23' read ' O. H. L. 33' mikilsti, /o r ' Hom. 66' read ' Hm. 66' mund-riði, 1. 3, for 'þrár' read 'þn'r' næfra-stúka, /o r 'Fms. ii. 287' read ' Fas. ii. 281' ryra, 1. 2, for ' rýnandi' read ' rýrandi' sá (the pronoun), A, 1. 4, for 'ájs sveinn' re a d ' sjá sveinn' sátt, 1. 3, dele ' [setja];' see sætt. skora (the verb), III, 1. 3, in the references, for 'viii. 416' re a d 'Orkn. 416;' and 1. 4, for ' skorat, 320, ' read ' skorat, Fms. viii. 320;' this and the following references refer to the Sverris Saga. snafðr, 1. 2, /o r ' aðr ' read ' eðr' spella, 1. 3, for ' úspellaðr mál' read ' úspellað mál' stauple, re a d ' staupla' stæra, 1. 5, for ' vegn ' re a d ' regn ' sundrung, 1. i, for ' Fms. vi. ' re a d ' Fms. viii. ' svelgr, 1. I, dele the word ' svelga' tak-setning, for ' bail-setting^ read 'bail-setting' tigr, p. 630, col. I, 1. 9, for ' Fb. 7' re a d' Ib. 7 ' tjá, p. 635, col. 2, 1. I, for ' tjáðr' re a d ' téðr' To the Classification of Works and Authors, pp. ix-xi, are noiv to le added New Texts published since 1869. To A. III. add, -- Skíða Bíma (a mock-heroic lay). Edited by Konrad Maurer. Miinchen, 1869. E. I. add, -- Codex Frisianus, or Frissbok. Edited by C. R. Unger. Christiania, 1871. Codex Eir-spennill (in Norske Oldskrift Selsk. Saml. xiii, xv, xviii). Edited by C. R. Unger. Christiania, 1870-1873. E. II. add, -- Thomas Saga Erkibiskups (Becket). Edited by C. R. Unger. Christiania, 1869. F. III. add, -- Mariu Saga (Virgin Mary). Edited by C. R. Unger. Christiania, 1871. Postula Sögur (Lives of the Apostles, including Clemens S.) By C. R. Unger, in the Press. G. II. add, -- Hiddara Sögur (including Parcevals, Ivents, Valvers S., Mirmäns S.) Edited by E. Kolbing. Strasburg, 1872, cited by the name of Art. During the printing of this Dictionary, sheets of these works have, by the kindness of the Editors, been forwarded to me, so that í have been able to refer to the printed pages long before they were published, as e. g. under kitla (p. 340) and matvælar. Prof. Unger has also communicated some highly interesting extracts from an old Norse version of ' Vitae Patrum ' (cited yitae Patrum, Unger), given in the Addenda (kaka, kaza, etc.), for which kindness í hereby tender him my hearty thanks: a few minor errors and corrections have been pointed out to me by Mr. Thorkelsson of Reykjavik. G. V.

771 ADDENDA.

aðal-vellir, m. pl. = óðalvellir, Rm. að-eins, adv. only, (mod.) Aðils, [A.S. Eâdgils], a pr. name, the name of the mythical Swed. king at Upsala, Edda 82; also on the Runic stones in the Isle of Man. af-drep, n. shelter, in a storm, Skýr. 318. af-erfa, ð, to disinherit, Art. 130. afmor, m. = amor, a Fr. word, amour, freq. in the Ballads (Rimur). aga = æja, Fb. iii. 449. aga, að, to chastise, Bible. akka, u, f. a shaft, Edda (Gl.) al-baztr, adj., superl. to al-góðr, best of all, Pd. aldor-maðr, m. [from the A.S. ealdorman], an alderman, Pd. ald-öðli, n. time immemorial, Vídal. ii. 181. al-efli, n. all one's might; af alefli, by might and main. alla-jafna, adv. = alltént, (mod.) all-tént, adv. always, a corruption of alltjamt = alltjafnt, all-even, quite even, mt also being changed into nt, as in kondu for komdu, or kunda from koma, (mod.) al-snjóa, adj. all covered with snow, all-snowy. al-stirndr, adj. star-bright, without a speck of cloud; a. himinn. Al-sviðr, m. the all-swift, name of the sun-horse, Gm.: of a constellation, Sdm. al-téligr, adj. very friendly, very civil, (mod.) al-vangr, m. a public field, Ísl. ii. (in a verse). al-vizka, u, f. all-wisdom. al-víss, adj. all-wise: the name of a dwarf, hence the name of a lay. al-þingis, adv., add, -- ok var nú eigi a. þausnalaust, Fas. iii. 229. ami, a, m. vexation, discomfort, Stef. Ól. Amlóði, a, m., the etymological remarks between the [ ] should be cancelled; no one knows the origin of this name: an etymology attempted by Prof. Säve of Upsala is, we believe, equally inadmissible. amorligr, adj. dismal, Landn. (in a verse). and-hrimnir, m. the cook's name in Walhall, Gm. and-keta, u, f. an obscene word, Völs. þ. (Fb. ii. 334). and-skjól, n. the vane on a chimney-pot, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 133. and-vari, a, m., add, -- ótti svá mikill ok andvari, Hom. (St.); cp. Pass., andvara öngan hefir umhyggju-lítill sést. angan-týr, n. a lover, Vsp.: a pr. name, A.S. Ongenþeow. angr, m., II. p. 21, col. 2, all these local names are better derived from vangr (q.v., p. 678). angr-boða, u, f. the name of a giantess, Hdl. angr-vaðill, m. the name of a sword, Eg. an-tigna, að, qs. aftigna, to disparage, with dat.; a. engum ílla allra sízt þó á bak, Hallgr. aptan-tími, a, m. eventide, Post. 25. aptr-á-bak, adv. backwards, Skíða R. aptr-skipan, f. a replacement, Thom. ar, a mote in a sun-beam; add, -- hvernig viltú þekkja syndina nema Guðs orð sýni þér hana ... arið eðr agnirnar í loptinu fáum vér ekki séð nema í sólar-geislanum? Vídal. i. 276. arin-kjóll, m. the 'hearth-keel,' a house, Yt. arin-nefja, u, f. eagle-nose, name of an ogress, Rm. arn-höfði, a, m. eagle-head, a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.) arn-kell, m. an eagle, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Eb., Landn. at-frétt, f. an asking, enquiry, Mkv. at-fundull, adj. fault-finding, Hom. (St.); hence mod. að-fyndni, f. criticism, and að-fyndinn, adj. at-fyndli, f. a fault-finding, Hom. (St.) athuga-semd, f. a notice, (mod.) atláts-samr, adj. pliant, condescending, Magn. at-skelking, f. a mocking, Vitae Patr. (Unger). at-sog, n., see útsog. auð-gjafi, a, m. a giver of wealth, Lex. Poët. auð-stafr, m. a wealthy man, Sdm. Auðunn, a pr. name, Landn. = A.S. Eâdwine, Engl. Edwin: in popular talk Auðunn is = Mr. Nobody, Gr. GREEK. aug-fagr, adj. fair-eyed, Lex. Poët. aur-konungr, m. an epithet of Hænir, Edda. aur-vangr, m. a loamy field, Vsp. Austri, a, m. the name of a dwarf, the Eastern, Edda, Vsp. Austr-konungr, m. a king of the East, Ýt. axl-limar, m. pl. 'shoulder-limbs,' arms, Kormak. á-bítr, m. (qs. árbítr), a breakfast, Safn i. 95. á-bristir, f. pl. corrupt for ábistir (see p. 481, col. 1), cp. Goth. beist, Engl. beestings; the á- is a gen. pl. from ær, a ewe: the word therefore prop. meant sheep's beestings, but came to be used as a general term; the word is a household word in Icel., but seems not to be found in ancient poets; Hallgr. Pét. speaks of heitar 'ábristur.' áfir, f. pl., sounded áir, butter-milk; cp. áfr, freq. in mod. usage. á-fjáðr, adj. eager, (mod.) áfr, dele the words 'prob. qs. áfr ystr.' áfram-hald, n. a continuation, (mod.) á-goggast, að, to be hooked, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 133. á-hrif, n. influence, (mod.) ái, l. 3, see æ, p. 757, col. 1. áka-víti, a, m. = aqua vitae, spirit, (mod.) Áli, a, m., the name of a myth. king, the same as A.S. Anila, Ýt. á-líta, leit, to consider, (mod.) áll, m., add, -- the pith of a tree; ok haft þar til álinn úr eikitrjám = GREEK, Od. xiv. 12 (Dr. Egilsson). álpask, að, qs. aplast, to walk like a hack-horse, then, to walk awkwardly; austr at Horni ok út á haf, álpuðu þeir frá landi, Skíða R. 54. álpun, f. an awkwardness, a playing idiotic pranks; þykkir eigi verða vinveitt at þeir haldizt á við álpun Hreiðars, Mork. 37. á-munr, adj., the explanation given in Lex. Poët, and p. 43 is to be cancelled; the word means like, equal, resembling; ámun ero augu ormi þeim enum frána, the eyes are like the flashing serpent's. Vkv. 16; ámunir ossum niðjum, like to our kinsmen, Hkv. 2. 9. This sense is clearly seen from an old Icel. hymn of the 17th century, -- nyti eg ei náðar þinnar ... yrði rás æfi minnar ámynt og skuggi rýr, but for thy grace the race of my life would be like a vain shadow, Hymn-book (1746, p. 448). á-orka, að, to effect, (mod.) ár, an oar: add, -- árar-blað, n. an oar-blade; ára-kló, f. 'oar-clutch,' poët, a ship, Edda (Gl.) á-reiðanligr, adj. trustworthy, (mod.) ár-flognir, m. the early flier, i.e. a hawk, Edda. á-ríðandi, part. important, (mod.) ást-blindr, adj. love-blind, Mkv. ást-fenginn, part. love-mad, Mar. átt, -- for a fuller account of this word see ætt, p. 760. átt-faldr, adj. eightfold. átt-strendr, adj. octagonal. Mar. 1055. á-ætlan, f. a calculation, (mod.) Baldrs-brá; add, -- the Icel. Baldrs-brá, if we remember rightly, resembles the Engl. 'ox-eye' or 'dog-daisy.' ball-riði, a, m. the great rider, bold rider, Ls. 37. ballti, a, m. the name of a bear, Lex. Poët. barka, að, to bark, tan. barn-gjarn, adj. eager for bairns, Gsp. bastarðr, m., cp. the remarks on bæsingr, p. 92, col. 1 at bottom, to which add, -- This word is, we believe, derived from báss, a 'boose' stall, Goth. bansts; its original sense would then be, one born in a stall or crib; hence as a law term, a bastard; hornungr from horn (a corner) is an analogous term, cp. Germ. winkel-kind, for in ancient Teut. laws and language the bastard or outcast was considered as being born in an out-of-the-way place. Both words, bastarðr and bæsingr (q.v.), are, we believe, one in sense and origin, bastarðr being the older form, bæsingr the later; from Goth. banst-s was formed bastarðr, qs. banstarðr; in Norway and Icel. bansts dropped the t and absorbed the n into the preceding vowel, and became bás-s; from this 'báss' was formed bæsingr, with ingr as inflexive syllable, and the vowel changed; whereas bastarðr, we suppose, dates from an early time before vowel-change had taken place.

772 ADDENDA.

Both words are law terms, the former Normannic (or Frankish), the latter Norse: both occur as the name of a sword, -- bæsingr in the mythical tale, Fb. ii, of St. Olave's sword, ere it was taken out of the cairn; bastarðr in Fms. vii. (12th century), perhaps a sword of Norman workmanship. Literally bastarðr means 'boose-hardy,' the hardy one of the stall, the bastard being the boy who got all kinds of rough usage, and so became hardy; we catch an echo of this in the words of the old lay -- kóðu 'harðan' mjök 'hornung' vera, Hðm. 12. bata, að, to better, John xvi. 7. baug-broti, a, m. a ring-breaker, Hkv. baug-set, n. the 'ring-seat,' i.e. the hand, Höfuðl. baug-variðr, part. ring-wearing, of a lady, Hkv. bauta-steinn, add the reference, -- Eg. 94. bautuðr, m. a stamping steed, Lex. Poët. bál-hvítr, adj. gleaming-white, of waves. bálkr (or better balkr, bölkr), as a law term, add references, -- enn fyrsti bölkr bókar þessarrar er um Kristindóms hald várt, N.G.L. i. 3; hér hefr kaupa-bolk, 20; landzleigu bolkr, 37; hér hefr upp erfða-bolk, 48; hér hefr upp þjófa bólk, 82; hér hefr upp útgerðar-bolk, 96; hefir hverr hlutr þá bolku í sér, 126; í hinum fyrra bælkinum, 424 (420, 421). Balkr as a law term is much older than any written code, and does not originally denote 'a section of a code,' but rather a 'body, collection of laws,' cp. frænd-balkr, ætt-balkr; but later it was a section of a written code, cp. Schlyter in the Glossary, s.v. balker. beddi, a, m. a little bed, (mod.) bein-línis, adv. in a straight line, directly, (mod.) beiskask, to grow bitter, Thom. beiskr, adj., add, -- for the etymology see p. 728, col. 2 (letter Z); the word originally, we believe, was opp. to þjarfr, q.v. beisl-lauss, adj. bridle-less, unbridled. Thom. belti, n., add, -- as a naut. term, Edda (Gl.) ben-logi, a, m. 'wound-flame,' a sword, Hkv. ber-harðr, adj. hardy as a bear, Akv. beytill, m. a bite, morsel, = bitlingr, Völsa þ. biða, u, f. a big chest; the phrase, þylja e-ð í belg eða biðu, Bs. ii. 425. bið-leika, að, to wait, Mork. 48, Ósv. S. 32, and in mod. usage. bifa, u, f. a sound, a voice, Edda (Gl.) binda, the verb, add, -- battú, Bret. 32; bitzt, Post. 154. birkinn, adj. [Ivar Aasen birkjen], dry like bark; brenna sem birkinn við, Gkv. 2. 12. birkja, u, f. [Ivar Aasen byrkja], the sap of a young birch, sap, got by boring a hole in the bark and sucking; þeir átu safa ok sugu birkju við, they chewed the sprouts and sucked birch sap with it, Fms. viii. 33. bitlingar, add, -- ganga at bitlingum, to go a-begging, N.G.L. ii. 244. bitull, m. a bit, of a bridle, Lex. Poët. bivivill, m. a stone, Edda ii. 494. Bjarmskr, adj. Permic (a Tchudic people), Hkr. i. (in a verse). bjástra, að, (bjástr, n.), to drudge, work hard, (mod.) bjáta, ad, to beat, knock; only in the metaph. phrase, það bjátar á, to strike against, of reverses, misfortune, (mod.) bjór-reifr, adj. merry with beer, tipsy, Ls. bjór-veig, f. a draught of beer, Hým. bjúg-hyrndr, adj. crook-horned, of cattle. bjúg-viðr, m. a crooked branch; bjúgviðr hausa, poët, the crooked branches of the head, i.e. the horns, Km. björn, m. a bear, add, -- winter is called 'the bear's night;' hence the saying, 'löng er bjarnar-nótt;' cp. langar eigu þeir bersi nætr, Mkv. blá-flekkóttr, adj. blue-flecked, Vöís. R. blá-hvítr, add, -- bláhvíta logn, a blue-white calm. blámi, a, m. a blue, livid tint, metaph. a blemish. bleðja, the verb, should be -- pret. bladdi; a part. 'bladdr' occurs, Post. 606. bleik-haddaðr, adj. light-haired, auburn, Gsp. blíð-látr, adj. mild, sweet, Mirm. bljótr, m. a sacrificer, worshipper, Eg. (in a verse); also blœtr. blóð-járna, að, to shoe a horse to the quick, (mod.) blóð-nasar, f. pl. a bleeding of the nose, (mod.) blóð-taka, u, f. a blood-letting, blóðtöku-maðr, m. a blood-letter. Blóðug-hadda, u, f. the bloody-haired, one of the names of the daughters of Ran, Edda. Blóðug-hófi, a, m. the name of a mythical steed, Edda; cp. the O.H.G. lay or charm, 'Phol ende Wodan,' etc. blóð-varta, u, f. a part of a sword, Edda (Gl.) blóta, the verb, add, -- in Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 34, 35, Unger's Edition has the old form blét, blótið, but Cod. Fris. l.c. the later mod. form. boð-angr, m. (qs. boð-vangr), prop. a 'bidding-place,' market-place; only in the phrase, hafa e-ð á boðangi, to hold out for sale. boðs-bréf, n. a list of subscriptions, (mod.) bog-fimi, f. archery. bogi, a, m., add, -- a spurt as from a fountain or a vein; þá stóð bogi úr kaleikinum, Bs. i. 321; blóð-bogi. bog-nauð, n. the 'bow-need,' i.e. the hand. Lex. Poët. Borgund, f. a local name, an island in Norway. Borgundar-hólmr, m., Dan. Bornholm, Knytl. S. borkn, m. a name of a wolf, Edda(Gl.), cp. Grims-borken in Norse legends. bossi, cp. the American word boss, of which their slang 'old-boss' is a corruption. bók-mentir, f. pl. science, letters, (mod.) bóla, u, f., add, -- bólu-grafinn, part. pock-marked: bólu-setja, to vaccinate: bólu-setning, f. vaccination. brag-löstr, m. a metrical fault, Sighvat. bragningr, m., poët, a hero, king. Lex. Poët. bramla, að, to brawl, make a noise, Skiða R. 74. bratt-lendi, n. a steep land. brauttu, adv. a shouting, = braut-þú, away thou! begone! Eirsp. 247. brá, ð, to intermit, give relief, of intense pain, grief, illness; only in the phrase, það bráir af. bráða-birgð, f. a provisional matter, Thom. 474. bráð-banvænligr, adj. deadly, absolutely mortal, Orkn. 120, v.l. brá-hvítr, adj. white-browed, epithet of a lady, Vkv. brek-samr, adj. wayward, Merl. brenn-heitr, adj. burning-hot, Mkv. brim-dúfa, u, f. anas torquala multicolor. brim-rúnar, f. pl. wave-runes, charms, Sdm. brim-önd, f. a kind of duck, a 'surf-duck.' bris-heitr, adj. fire-hot, see the following word. brísingr, m. [cp. Fr. braise], fire, poët., -- an interesting mvthol. word, now unknown in Icel., except in the adj. brís-heitr, fire-hot, used in the same connection as fun-heitr, q.v. In Norway brising is any beacon or bale-fire, e.g. Jonsoko-brising = the fire kindled on the 24th of June, (in the Alps called Johannis-feuer.) In olden times the necklace of Freyja was called Brísinga-men, n. the flame-necklace; it was said to be hidden in the deep sea; Loki and Heimdal fought at the rock Singa-stone for this necklace; this ancient legend was represented on the roof of the hall at Hjarðarholt, and treated in the poem Húsdrápa, Ld., Edda. brúnka, u, f. a brown mare. bryn-þing, n. a fray of arms, Sdm. brysti, n. = brjóst, Stef. Ól. brý, n. a witch, Edda ii. 494. bröndóttr, adj. brindled, of a cow; see brandkrossóttr. buði, a, m. a fire, a GREEK, Edda. (Gl.) bug-stafr, m. a crooked staff, Band. (MS.) bukka, að, to knock; hver bukkar mín hús, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 508. buldra, að, to emit a murmuring sound: buldran, f., N.T. bupp, n. the short bark of a dog (from the sound); ormrinn rak upp bupp þá ball honum höggið núna, Skíða R. 163. bussu-ligr, adj. (see búza), stout, portly, Skýr. 447. búð, f., in β. add, -- Mýramanna-búð, Band. (MS.) 2. in the compds í-búð, sam-búð, etc., 'búð' is a different word, being simply formed from the verb búa, and of late formation, prob. merely a rendering of Lat. habitatio; whilst búð, a booth, is not related to búa. búða, að, to pitch a booth, Safn i. 89. bú-færr, adj. able to set up a house. búr-drífa, u, f. the 'larder-drift,' a popular legend that in the new year's night at a certain hour there falls a drift sweet as honey, filling all larders and covering all the ground; but, unless caught at the moment, it vanishes ere morning. The tale is told in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 571, and in a lay of Eggert Ólafsson (Búrdrífan á Nýjársnótt). búsmala-reið, f. a kind of rural bacchanalia of the shepherds on St. Thorlac's Day (21st of July), H.E. i. 300 (note). bústinn, adj. stout, thick, fat, Skýr. 446. bú-sæld, f. wealth, abundance in a household, Bb. bygði, n. a cabin(?), some part of a ship, Edda (Gl.) bæn-heyrsla, u, f. the hearing one's prayers, eccl., N.T., Vídal. böðull, add, -- A.S. bydel, Engl. bedel, O.H.G. putil, Germ. büttel. böl-fenginn, adj. bent on evil, ill-willed, Band. (MS.) börlask, að(?); baurluðumk ek hér fyrir, Clem. 129 (Unger). dag-dómar, m. pl. 'day-dooms' gossip, (mod.), Vídal. dag-megir, m. pl. the sons of the day, i.e. men(?), Am. dags-verk, n. day-work, a tax or duty, Thork. Dipl. i. 11. danga, að, [dengja], to bang, thrash, Skíða R. 136. dauð-staddr, part. at the last gasp, Thom. 419. dauð-veikr, adj. deadly sick. -dái, a, m., botan., see akr-dái. dáindi, n. = dásemd, a work of grace, a wonder; göra ótallig tákn ok dáindi, ... undarlig d. (miracles) gerði várr Dróttinn. Vitae Patruni (Unger). dánar-, to dánar-fé add at the end, -- 'dane-fee,' i.e. hereditas illorum qui nullum post se heredem relinquunt, Thork. Dipl. i. 3; cp. early Swed. Dana-arver, Schlyter. dáti, a, m. [abbrev. from soldat], a soldier, (mod.) deyðing, f. a deadening, Vídal., N.T. deyfi, n. deafness, Bs. ii. 369.

ADDENDA. 773

deypa, ð, [cp. Goth. daupjan; Engl. dip; Germ. taufen; Dan. döbe], to dip in water, baptize, N.G.L. i; an obsolete word. dirokkr, m. a drudge (Dan. drog), a word of abuse, Edda (Gl.) dirrindi, onomatopoetic. the lark's note, see p. xxxii, col. 1, bottom. dísa-blót, add, -- þar var veizla búin at vetr-nóttum ok gört disablót, Glúm. 336. In early Swed. laws occur disa-þing, a general assembly, held in February, and disa-þings dagher = the day when the d. sat; disn-þings fridher = the peace, sanctity of the d., Schlyter. díviki, a, m. the bung of a cask, Egilsson's Poems, 68. djarf-yrtr, part. = djarfmæltr. djúp-hugaðr, part. deep-minded, Skálda (in a verse), Post. 53. dofin-leikr, m. torpor. Pass. 9. 10. dormr, m. a dormitory in a convent, Safn i. 82. dreifa, the verb, at the end add, -- vera dreifðr við e-ð, to be mixed up with a thing, (mod.) drengr, l. 6, add, -- ás-drengr, stýris-drengr. drit-ligr, adj. dirty, Sks. 112 new Ed. drit-menni, n. a dirty person, Fas. ii. (in a verse). drit-róði, a, m. [see ráði], a dirty hog, Edda (Gl.) dróttning, a mistress, add, -- Clem. 129 (Unger). drusla, u, f. a coarse, vulgar, common ditty, (mod.) drykk-langr, add, -- Skíða R. 65. dræsa, u, f. = drusla. dröttr, m., dat. dretti, [draga], a scamp; ellegar skal ek, inn digri dröttr, dubba þik svá svíði, Skíða R. 60. dular-gríma, u, f. a domino, hiding-mask, Post. 123. dumb-rauðr, adj. dark-red. dusti, a, m. = dust, Post. 22. dutlungar, m. pl. whimsies, dutlunga-samr, adj. whimsical, (mod.) dúnka, að, to make a dull sound, Fél. xiv. 78. dúnkr, m. = dykr, a dull sound. 2. the name of a farm in western Iceland. dúsa, að, add, -- hví samir hitt at dúsa hirðmanni geðstirðum. Fms. vii. (in a verse); flestir urðu at dúsa, Skíða R. 173: so in mod. usage, láttú hann dúsa, let him alone. dyrr, n., ll. 7, 8, add, -- önnur dyrr, Clem. 143 (Unger). Dýri, a, m. [A.S. Deôr; cp. Deôra-by = Derby]. a pr. name, Landn.: in local names, Dýra-fjörðr, in western Iceland, Landn., Gísl. dýrindi, n. pl. costly things; dýrindis vefnaðr, a costly stuff. dæsur, f. pl. groanings; með stunum og dæsum. Dökk-álfar, n. pl. the Dark elves, as opp. to Ljósálfar, Edda 12, answering to the huldu-folk of mod. legends. dökkr, adj., l. 1, add, -- Germ. dunkel, A.S. deark, Engl. dark, may be identical, rk = nk. egg, f., p. 116, col. 2, bottom, O.H.G. ecka, Germ. ecke, is the same word, although altered in sense; the word is therefore not 'lost in Germ.' ein-göngu, adv. only, exclusively, (mod.) ein-hugi, adj. with one mind, resolute, Fb. iii. 418. einungis, adv., like öllungis, solely, only, (mod.) ein-vera, u, f. a being alone, solitude. eira, ð, p. 123, col. 2, observe, -- the references 'eira undan e-m -- þá enn fyrst, iii. 103,' belong to a different verb, viz. eira, being qs. æra, from ár, = to row, see that word on p. 759. eitr-dreki, a, m. a venomous dragon, Sól. ei-vist, f. an everlasting abode, Hom. (St.) ekkí, adv. no, in a slow hesitating way, freq. in mod. talk, and is mentioned as early as Run. Gramm. Ísl.; nei, ekkí, well no, not quite so! ekkja, u, f. a widow, add -- this word (as well as ekkill = Swed. enkling) is no relation to ekki = sobbing, but is derived from einn, one, and an inflexive -ka, like in stúlka, see Gramm. p. xxxii. col. 2. Ekkja originally meant a single woman, a damsel, and is thus used by the ancient poets, e.g. vara sem unga ekkju í öndugi kyssa, Km.; út munu ekkjur líta allsnúðula prúðar, Sighvat; 'ekkja' and 'ung kona' are synonymous, Ísl. ii. (Gunnl.) in a verse; ekkjan stendr ok undrask áraburð, Lex. Poët. It then came to mean a widow (a single, lone woman, having lost her husband). Ekkja is a word peculiar to all Scandin. languages, old and modern; although, as we believe, it superseded a still older 'widuwo' (cp. the Goth., Germ., and Engl.); this change took place at so early a time that no traces are found of that word anywhere in Scandin. speech or writing (cp. Swed. en-ka, Dan. en-ke). ellefu-tíu, 'eleventy' (i.e. one hundred and ten), like seventy, eighty, etc., freq. in reckoning by duodecimal hundreds, Feðga-æfi 16. Elli-sif, f. a popular version of Elizabeth, cp. Scot. Elspeth, Fms. vi. (of a Russian princess). en, disjunctive conj., p. 127, col. 2, in l. 2, observe, -- Dan. men is not related to en, but is contr. from 'meðan,' q.v. We now believe the particle en (better enn) to be the same as the Germ. und, Engl. and, the Icel. nn being an assimilation of the Southern nd. endim-ligr, adj. abominable, Clem. 129. endr-beiða, d, to beg again, Thom. 462, Post. endr-vitkast, að, to recover one's senses, Vídal. eng, f., add in the compds, -- engja-rós, botan. = comarum palustre, marsh cinque-foil, Hjalt. Engils-nes, n. the ness of Achaia,'? the Peloponnesus; Achaia-landi, þat köllu vér Engilsnes, Post. 252, v.l. 4, cp. Orkn. eptir-á, adv. afterwards, Safn i. 35. ergja, u, f. a squabble; opt eru ergjur meðal granna, Hallgr. erma, ð, [armr], to commiserate, Post. 69. eyða, u, f. [auðr], a gap, lacuna, in a book, (mod.) eyðla, u, f. [early Swed. oydla; cp. Dan. ögle, 'der er ögler i mosen'] :-- a lizard, also a toad, ÓH.: hence eðl-vina, adj. the friend of lizards and toads, epithet of a witch, Hdl.; cp. the charm in Macbeth. eyma, ð, [aumr], to commiserate, Post. 69. ey-negldr, part. studded with islands, poët, epithet of the sea, Lex. Poët. eyrir, m., l. 2, for 'aurum' read 'aureus.' eyr-uggi, a, m. the breast-fin, of a fish. eyxn = öxn, see uxi. falan and fölun, f. a demand for sale; leggja f. á e-ð. fall-stykki, n. a big gun, (mod.) fals-leikr, m. a falsehood, Post. 98. far, n., IV. 2, add, -- þá skrifaða ek þessa (bók) of et sama far, on the same subject, Íb. (pref.) far-leysi, n. miscarriage, opp. to farsæld, Art. 4. far-vísi(?), a happy voyage; uggir mik at ferð þín sé farleysi en eigi farvísi, Art. 4. fáni, a, m., -- the sense given under 'metaph.' belongs no doubt to a different word, borrowed in the 15th century from the Engl. fawn; thus fánast uppá e-n = Engl. to fawn upon. fát, n. a fumbling, add, -- mæðisk nú brátt, svá at hann leggsk til fáta, vesall karl, so that he is quite confounded. Mar. 1056. fá-tæklingr, m. a poor person, a pauper. fé, B, -- fé-kátliga, adv., Thom. 403: fé-örk, f. a money-chest, 224. fei, fei, fy, fy! Jón Þorl. i. 350. fell, n. [cp. Lat. pellis, A.S. fell, etc.], skin; occurs only in such compds as bók-fell. bjarn-fell; cp. ber-fjall and fjallaðr. ferð, f., add, -- ferða-hugr, það er kominn á mig ferðahugr, of the restless feeling of one about to start on a journey. fer-dagaðr, adj. four days old. Post. 640 (John xi, 17). fergja, ð, [farg], to press, lay under pressure: so also fergja, u, f. a pile or heap; fann-fergja, heaps of snow. ferri, compar. = firri, farther off, Kormak. fipla, að, add, -- fiplanda í loptið upp, rendering of Lat. 'inanes auras sectantem,' Vitae Patrum (Unger). firi, n. an ebbing; see ör-firi. fiskja, ð, -- karl fiskti þá ýsu, en áðr hafði hann fiskt löngu. Frissb. 255. fíldr, part. fleeced, a sheep is said to be vel fíldr, ílla fíldr; cp. Lat. pilus, Engl. filt, as also þel. fjalla-fæla, u, f. a bird, 'mount-shunner,' the sand-piper, Fjölnir viii. fjári, a, m. a swearing, hverr fjárinn! fjárans karlinn! qs. fé-árr(?), a goblin, over hidden treasures. fjúk-saga, u, f. a floating rumour, Bret. fjögur-tán, fjogurtándi, older form, = fjórtan. fjörugr, adj. full of life, sprightly, (mod.) flagari, prep. a flayer, knacker; cp. Ivar Aasen flagar. flak, n. a wreck, in skips-flak. flaksa, að, to hang loose. flangrast, að, to fawn, of a dog; f. uppá e-n, (mod.) flas, n. = face; in the phrase, reka það framan í flasið á e-m, to throw it rudely in one's face; or það kom rétt framan í flasið á honum! (mod.) flaumr, Norse flom, read flaum, see Ivar Aasen. fleyðri, f., something belonging to a ship-shed; liggja við þrír aurar við staf hvern, ok svá fyrir staflæju hverja, ok svá fyvir fleyðri hverja, a plank in the floor(?), N.G.L. i. 101. flika, u, f. a rag, = flík, Thom. 471. flíka, að. in flíka e-n, to have to spare; þó hefði ei fé að flíka, Húst. flot-kyndill, m. a tallow-candle, Art. 114. flóð, n., add, -- it is used fem. in Hb. (1865) 14, 39. flúrur, f. pl. = flúð; hált er helzt á flúrum, Hallgr. flœja, ð, to fly; see flýja. flökt, n. a fluttering. folaðr, part. foaled; in ný-folaðr, O.H.L. forátta and forurtir, f., add, -- Ulf. fra-waurhts = GREEK. for-dráttr, m. what is drawn before, a veil, Thom. 455. for-hrumr, adj. quite tottering, Thom. 478. for-kundliga, adv. = forkunnliga, Clem. 127. for-leiki, a, m. insolence, Mar. 275. for-ligr, adj. vehement, insolent, Thom. for-litning, f. = fyrirlitning, Thom. 408. forn-yrði, n. an archaism, add reference, -- Lil. 98 (hulin foryrðin). forráðs-kona, u, f. a female manager, Hom. (St.) for-ræði, n. treason, add, -- Mar. 468. for-skot, n. a notice or allowance of time, Thom. 494.

774 ADDENDA.

for-spá, ð, to prophesy, Thom. 488. for-sprakki, a, m. [A.S. fore-spreca], a ringleader, spokesman. forsugr, adj. coarse and abusive. for-verendr, m. pl. predecessors, Thom. 424. for-þykkja, u, f. a dislike, Thom. 420. fólk-vitr or -vittr, f. the wight or fairy of battle, of a Valkyria, Hkv. frakki, a, m. bad, rotten hay; íllt er saman að akka örgum sínu frakka, Hallgr. framan-af, adv. at the outset; vetrinn var kaldr framan af, = öndverðr. fram-langt, adj. n. along, forwards. Hem. (MS.) fregn-víss, read fregviacute;ss, see Art. 4. (Ed.) freyja, u, f. a lady; freyja mín es vanheil, Clem. 135. frið-gjafi, a, m. a peace-giver, Fb. iii. 386. frið-sama, að, to pacify; friðsama heilaga kirkju, Hom. (St.) frænu-skammr, adj. short-edged, = bitskammr, f. er inn deigi lé, a saying, Mkv. fugl-heillir, f. pl. augury, Post. (Unger). fuglheilla-maðr, m. = Lat. augur, id. fulki, a, m. a bird, fulica, = Fr. le foulque, Engl. the coot, Edda (Gl.) furtr, m. a gruff boor, furtsligr, adj. gruffly, furta-skapr, m. fúa, u, f. = fóa, a fox; brögðótt reyndist gemlu fúa, Mkv. 18. fúinn, adj. rotten. Mar. 378. fúk-yrði, n. pl. foul language, (mod.) fúl-már, m. the 'foul-mew' or fulmar, a sea-bird, Hallfred; cp. Bewick. fúnan, f. decomposition, Post. 23. fyð-riskill, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.) fyrir-menni, n. a person of rank, Bs. ii. 524. fyrir-vaf, n., for 'weft' read 'warp.' fækja, ð, = feykja, Hom. för, f., in the compds add, -- fara-hagr, m. travels, Clem. 142. gafl-kæna, u, f. a yawl, Safn i. 112, Stef. Ól. gagn-stæðr, adj. reverse, contrary. gagn-tak, n. straps on a truss-saddle, (mod.) gams, n. busks(?), in the phrase, snapa gams, to get nothing, Jón Þorl. i. 343, (mod.) ganti, a, m. [Dan. gante], a coxcomb, (mod.) ganta-skapr, n., Vídal. geð-ferði, n. temper, disposition. geð-mannligr, adj. fine-looking, portly, Safn i. 63. gegða, u, f. a loose woman, Edda (Lauf.) get, n. = geta, a guess, Fms. vi. 383 (and Mork. l.c.) getta, u, f. = genta, a girl; Geirhildr getta, gott er öl þetta, Fas. ii. (in a verse); norræn getta, Egilsson's Poems, 115 (and, 'getta er sama og genta'). gey, n. barking, elsewhere gauð, (mod.) gígja, að, to fiddle (Germ. geigen), Str. 82. gjögta, að, to jolt, rattle, of a thing badly fitted; það gjögtar til og frá. glaupsa, að, to talk glibly; heimilt á ek at g. af því, Mkv. 3. gláma, u, f. a bald, barren tract, a gab, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 491. glens, add, -- glens-öl, n.; dauðinn er glensöl sjaldan saup, sagði skenktú nú mér í staup, Jón Þorl. glerungr, m. a glassy sheeting of ice, frozen after thawing, (mod.) glipja, u, f. a thin texture; vefjar-glipja, Jón Þorl. i. 324. glipjulegr, adj. thin, of a texture, (mod.) gljúpr, adj., see glúpr. glæta, u, f. a glittering spot; vatns-glæta, a speck or pool of water; ljós-glæta, a gleam of light. gnurra, að, to gnarr, grate, as a door moving on the hinges. gnötran, f. a rattling, Eluc. góð-fýsi, f. piety, devotion: góð-fúss, adj. devoted, Thom. góð-siðugr, adj. well-mannered, Thom. 23. góð-vikinn, adj. bounteous, kind, Hugvekju S. 28. 4. gólf, n., add the phrase, -- kona liggr á gólfi, to be in childbirth. góm-sætr, -tamr, adj. sweet, tickling to the palate, dainty. greiðka, að, to speed, quicken; g. sporið. grína, d, to 'grin,' but only in the special sense, to stare into, putting one's face close to a thing; grína ofan í bókina. grópa-samlega, adv. [hence the mod. grobba, to vaunt, and grobbinn = boasting] :-- boastingly; þótti gaman at reyna fráleik hans, svá g. sem hann sjálfr tók á, Mork. 40. grund-vallan, f. a foundation, ground-work, Bs. i. 889. grunn-sakka, u, f. a lead, plumb, (mod.) grön, f., add the phrase, -- fíla (or fýla) grön, to pout with the lips. guð-reskja, u, f. blasphemy, Post. (Unger) 122, v.l. gull, add, -- sá grét ekki fyrir gull sem ekki átti, Vídal. i. 284. gyðja, u, f., add, -- Þorlaug gyðja, Landn. 64. gæi-maðr, m. a gude-man or good-man, franklin, perh. derived from gó- in góligr, Edda i. 536 (a GREEK.); it is evidently the same as Engl. yeoman, gæi-brúðr, f. a good-wife, also a GREEK. in a verse, Eb. haf, n., p. 228, add, -- haf-gall, n. sea-amber, Björn. haf-leiði, n. a sea-way, Post. (Unger) 4. haf-rekinn, part. sea-tossed, Mar. 1054. haf-rekr, m. sea-drifted. Heine havreki or Heine the sea-drifted is the name of the hero of a Faroe legend, told by Schlyter in Antiqu. Tidskrift, 1849-1851. The legend makes him the father of the arch-pirate Magnus Heineson, a historical person, whose exploits are told in Debes' book; this Magnus, we may presume, served as a model to Scott's Pirate (that Scott knew of Debes is scon from note K to the Pirate). The Faroe legend bears a striking likeness to the Anglo-Norman Haveloc the Dane; both name and story may have a common origin, 'Haveloc' being a corrupted French form, with r changed into l for the sake of euphony, haf-rót, n. a violent swell of the sea. haganligr, adj. fit, meet, comfortable, (mod.) hag-sýni, n. a practised eye, (mod.) hag-sæld, f. wealth, well-being, (mod.) hag-tækr, adj. practical, Fb. i. 433. hala, að, to haul, Mar. 1054 (Dan. hale). halli, a, m. [Ivar Aasen hall; cp. the Norse Fredriks-'hald'], a sloping, brink, declivity, Hem.; freq. in mod. usage: metaph. a drawback, loss of right. hamall, a nickname, and then a pr. name, Landn.; cp. A.S. homola = a fool, one whose head is close-shaven. hamótt, hömótt, f., mod. humótt; [from höm, a haunch(?), it is therefore not derived from húm] :-- only in the phrase, fara í humótt eptir e-m, to follow in one's wake; hleypr hann fram í veginn þar sem vagna-menninir fóru undan, ok hér eptir í hamóttina (haumóttina, v.l.), Clar. (vellum): mod., ganga í humótt á eptir, to slink behind. hand-draga, dróg, to pull, Thom. harð-brysti, n. hard-heartedness, Thom. 486. harð-stjóri, a, m. a tyrant: harð-stjórn, f. tyranny, (mod.) harpa, að(?), to play on a harp, Str., a GREEK. há-band, n. a string round the leg. há-leistr, m. [from leistr (q.v.) and hár = a bough], a short sock reaching only to the ankles. hálf-skák, f. a triangular kerchief, a square one cut in two, Ísl. i. 7. Hár-barðr, m. Gray-beard, a myth. name, Edda (Gl.): Prof. Bergmann, in his 'Graubarts-lied,' has conclusively shewn that the 'Hárbarðr' of the lay (Hárbarðs-ljóð) is not Odin, but Loki. há-vaði, a, m. a roaring water, a rapid, i.e. something less than a cascade; móða féll með miklum hávaða, Fas. ii. 230; þá spennti fram í hávaðana, Safn i. 80. heggr, m., add, -- Engl. hedge, Germ. hecken, from this tree being used for hedging. heið-gulr, adj. yellow, jaundiced, (mod.) heit-rof, n. a breach of promise. Thom. 498. hifneskr, adj. = himneskr, Post. 481, 510. híalin, n. a gossamer(?), Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 539. híðazk, dep. [híð], to be in its lair, of a wild beast; hann hafði híðz í þessu fjalli, ... far nú ok hiðzt þar er þér líkar, Vitae Patrum (Unger). híma, ð, to saunter; add, -- hímir ok hangir ... hvat hímir þú ... hékk hann af ok hímdi ... með himanda hug, Vitae Patrum (Unger). híra, to loiter; add, -- hinir hírðu við ... ek hírumk hér hjá í yðvarri þjónustu, Vitae Patrum (Unger). Hjaðningar, add, -- A.S. Heodeningas, Hetelinge or Hegelinge of the old German epos, Kudrun (Bartsch's Edition). Hjarrandi, a, m. a mythical name, the Demodokus or Orpheus of the old Teut, legends, Edda 89: A.S. Heorrenda; in old Germ. poems called Horant. Hjarranda-ljóð, n. pl. the lay or tune of H., a charmed tune on the harp, Fas. iii. 223 (Bósa S.): a mod. metre in the Ballads (Rímur) is, if we remember right, still in Iceland called Hjarranda-lag, the tune of H. (see Bartsch's Ed. of Kudrun, pp. i. x, xvii, and the sixth Aventiure of Kudrun, inscribed 'wie suoze Horant sanc' = how sweet H. sang). hjart-tegn -- jartegn, Thom. hjá-lega, u, f., read 'hjá-legr, n.' hlaupa, the verb, add, -- subj. hlæpi, Ó.H. 118; læpizk, O.H.L. 82; but hlypi, Hom. 158, Ó.T. 68, l. 24. hlersi, adj., mod. hlessa, q.v.; sló á hann ótta miklum svá sem hann yrði hlersi (hleyrsi, v.l.), Post. (Unger) 121. hleyti, add, -- hleytis-madr, a rendering of Lat. vicarius, Post. 36. hljóð-semd, f. silence, Post. 74. hlýð-skylldi (hluþscylldi) = lýðskyldi, Fms. x. (Ágrip) 398, 399. hnauss, m., add, -- the old true form is knauss, whence Dan. knös. hneri, a, m., add, -- Gr. GREEK. hnita, að, [see neit], to gleam white like flour, Pál Vídal. (in a ditty). hnjósa, add, -- Skíða R. 189: metaph., hnýss hann við prestrinn, he sneezed against, i.e. remonstrated, Bs. i. 181; mönnum mátti náliga hnjósa (= hrjósa) hugr við, Vitae Patrum (Unger). hnjóta, hnaut, to stumble; hestrinn hnaut þá á fram, Bs. ii. 449 (16th century); no doubt corrupt for hnjósa. hnósi, a, m. [nosi, p. 457]; en á meðan önnur var að koma í lag hnósanum sem þær ætluðu að láta í vögguna, of an ungainly changeling swathed and put into the cradle, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 48. hnyssa, t, [hnoss], to wrap up, prop. to board; vilda ek, at þú græfir mik þá er ek em dauðr ok hnysstir svá um mik ... nógliga skal ek at þér

ADDENDA. 775

hnyssa ( = Lat. te induam), ... þá er heilagr faðir hafði að honum hnysst öllum-megin, Vitae Patrum (Unger); in mod. usage Icel. say, hnyssa að e-m, to wrap a person up and make him snug, e.g. of a person in bed. holta-þórr, m. a name of the fox, Maurer's Volksagen. horfin-heilla, perh. better n., cp. Eirsp. 141 (Ed. 1870), where horfin-heilla occurs as acc. hoson, interj. oho! 623. 16, MS. 4. 1. hoza, að, = mod. hossa, q.v. [Fr. hausser?] :-- to exalt; þeir veita oss niðran ... en hinir er oss hoza, veita oss aptrkast, but those who exalt us give us a check, Vitae Patrum (Unger). hozan, f. [cp. hossa], exaltation, vanity; hníga til hozanar eða hégóma-dýrðar, ... til hozsanar (hozanar, v.l.) eða hégómligrar hræsni, Vitae Patrum (Unger). hófa, að, to feast, fare sumptuously, Skíða R. 112. hóg-lyndi, add, -- fem in Mar. 351, 914. hramsa, að, to clutch. hreði, a, m. I. is to go out, see hröði below. hreinn, m., observe, -- this word is spec. Scandin., not Finnish, see Dr. W. Thomsen, p. 46 (Germ. Ed.) hreppr, m., observe, -- Konrad Maurer has communicated to me his opinion that the ancient heathen had organised rules and laws for the maintenance or vagrancy of the poor, which the Christian bishops afterwards amended and expanded. If so, it is hardly to be doubted that the division into Rapes existed even in heathen times; and indeed it would have been recorded by Ari in the Íb. had it been made in the time of the first bishops. The word itself and the autumn meetings for the poor are mentioned in Sagas referring to the heathen age, e.g. Fms. ii. 225. The men of the 12th century looked on these meetings as a time-honoured institution, as is proved by the reference Fb. iii. 421 (only lately noticed, and given in full s.v. þinga); cp. also Bolla þ. (Ld. 350). These meetings are still held in Iceland. hreykja, t, [hraukr], to puff up; h. sér, þeir sem hreykjast heldr hátt hrapa fyrri vonum, Grönd. hrygg-bjúgr, adj. crook-backed, Mar. 1040. hryssa, u, f. a mare; the word occurs in the Vitae Patrum (Unger). hræsa = ræsa, Post. 288. hröði, f. [from hraðr], a hurry, precipitation, Eluc. hrökkva, the verb, -- for 'h. við, to give way,' read 'h. við, to face, stand at bay;' þetta einvígi er engi hafði þort við að h., Art. 19. hug-gæði, add -- fem. in Bs. i. 561, ii. 76. hug-næmt, n. adj., Thom. 386. hugr, -- 'hugar-válaðr, m.' read 'hugar-válað, n.' See válað. húm, observe, -- for humótt, see hamótt. hús-heigull, m. a kind of spider, = dordingull, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 548. hvesta, u, f. = þvesti (q.v.), Vm. 79. hvima, add, -- Mork: 108. hvískr, n. a whispering, Post. 609. hylja, the verb, add, -- n. part. hult, N.G.L. i. 256; hull ok óhult, covered and not covered; hence the mod. ó-húltr, used as adj., = safe, prop. not hidden, not skimmed over, metaphor perh. from holes in ice or crevasses. hæfir, m. a heifer(?), Ýt. hækinn, adj. [Ivar Aasen hæken; Dan. higen], greedy, voracious, Merl., Bret. (1849) 44. hæti, n. = hot, a whit; ekki einu hæti betr. höfuð, -- the words in line 6 to 7, etc., are true in substance, yet the spelling hofuð does at least occur once in Cod. Reg. Sæm., viz. Hbl. 15 (Bugge); haufuð is certainly the true old form. To höfuð-hlutr, p. 307, col. 2, add, -- in mod. usage, höfða-hlutr (in the dual), opp. to fótahlutr, and so spelt in Eg. 398; so also Icelanders say höfða-lag, the head-piece of a bedstead, also the pillow; eg fann það undir höfðalaginu: cp. the phrase, at höfðum Þorsteins, at the heads of Thorstein's bed (here in plur. used of a single person); a similar usage of plur. or dual instead of sing. in A.S. is marked in a note to Mr. Sweet's Gregory's Pastoral Care. hörmeitiðr, m. a GREEK. in Hým. end; may not this word contain a variation or corruption of some month's name, occurring under various forms in A.S. and Germ., and of which the Scandin. form is not known, such as Horemaent = November or December, Hornunc = February, Hartmonat = January (Dr. Karl Weinhold), -- months of great festivals and sacrifices? For an attempt at interpretation of the passage, see véar, p. 687, col. 1, at bottom. iping, f.(?); þeir festu þá upp í framstafninum eitt lítið segl svá sem væri iping nokkur, Post. 273. í-grunda, að, to ponder over, ruminate, (mod.) í-leppr, m. a sock to wear in shoes, = leppr, (mod.) ísugr, adj. icy; ísugar bárur, Jd. í-vera, u, f. indwelling, habitation; íveru-hús, a lodging-house, (mod.) jafn-lengd, p. 321, add, -- jafnlengðar-skrá = an obituary, D.I. i. 256. jafn-lyndi, add -- fem. in Mar. 848. jur-jór = jaur, yes, is quoted in Run. Gramm. júr = jaur. yes; júr kvað hann, ifast ekki um, Art. 68, cp. Skálda (Thorodd) 163. jögun, f. a harping on the same quarrel. jökull, add, -- jökul-hljóð, n. sounds heard in glaciers, Eggert Itin. 770: jökul-sprunga, u, f. a crevasse. jölstr, m. [Swed. jolster], salix pentandra, a kind of willow, Gkv. 1. 19 (Bugge 419). jötun-uxi, add, -- medic, a cancer; hann fékk mein í fótinn, var þat kallað j. eðr átumein, Bs. ii. 269. kaða, u, f. a hen(?), Edda ii. 488. kaf, n., add the phrase, -- enda, hætta í miðju kafi, to end or break off abruptly (in mediis rebus), metaphor from swimming. kaf-ferð, f. submersion, Thom. 495. kaka, u, f. a cake; add a reference from an ancient vellum, -- eitt köku-korn, a little cake, Vitae Patrum (Unger). kakki, a, m. a basin; in vatn-kakki, Korm. kaldi, a, m. a cold, chilly breeze. kalna, að, = kólna, (mod.) kamers, n. a chamber, room, privy, (mod.) kangs, n. = kangin-yrði, (mod.) kast, n., add, -- a fit; hósta-kast, a fit of coughing; renna stór köst, to take a long run by fits and starts, Hem. káza, u, f., mod. kássa (see p. 335, col. 1); the word is found in Vitae Patrum (Unger), kazu af mjölvi, being a rendering of 'pultem ex farinâ.' keip-réttr, adj. bolt upright; standa keipréttr, (mod.) keldu-svín, for 'hedge-hog' read 'rallus aquaticus,' the name of a bird, the water-rail. kenna, the verb, add, -- to tell, make known (cp. the Goth. use); kennit mér nafn konungs, tell me the king's name, Hkv. Hjörv.: konungar 'ro fimm, kenni ek þér nöfn þeirra, ek emk inn sétti sjálfr, Em.; kenna e-m brautir, to tell one the way, as a guide, Hðm., Hbl. ker-koppr, m. a small basin, Thom. 518. kjalar-fugl, m. a kind of bird, a quail(?), Edda (Gl.) kjarna-mjolk, f. [Dan. kjerne-melk], 'churn-milk,' butter-milk, Thom. 447. kjarr, m. a kind of bird, a curlew(?), Edda (Gl.) kjós, f., add reference, -- Post. 308. kjöt-mangari, a, m. a meat-monger, 1 Cor. x. 25 (whence Kjöbmagergade, in Copenhagen). kland and klanda; -- the derivation from the Gr. is erroneous, the word being an old Scandin. law term; old Swed. kland = an action, and klanda (with acc.) = to bring an action for or about a thing, see Schlyter. In Icel. the original sense has been lost. klessa, u, f., add reference, -- Skáld H.R. klof-vega, in the phrase, ríða k., to ride astride; opp. to ein-vega, like women on a side-saddle, (mod.) knauss, m. a square clod of turf, Lat. caespes; cp. Dan. knös; the mod. Icel. form is hnauss, q.v. knetta, t, to grumble; engi knettir um annars mein, Mkv. knjúkr, m. a crag, knoll; the mod. form is hnjúkr. II. as a pr. name, Landn.; spelt knykr, D.I. i. 399. kol-fella, d, (and kol-fellir, m.), to lose utterly, of a man who loses all his live stock from cold or hunger; hann kolfeldi, he lost his all; það varð kolfellir: it may be a metaph. from cutting wood for charcoal; or perhaps a remnant of an ancient Scandin. law term, preserved in early Swed., viz. kull-svarf = the death of mother and child in childbirth, and kjöl-svarf = of husband, wife, and child, all perishing at sea, see Schlyter. cp. Ld. ch. 18. koll-vátr, adj. wet-haired, i.e. drowned, esp. in a ditty. koma, the verb, D, at the end add, -- vera kominn upp á e-n, to depend upon one for help; vera upp á aðra kominn, (mod.) konr, add, -- konar (generis), Skálda (Thorodd) ii. 40. korn, add, -- eitt köku-korn; see kaka. kreppingr, m. a bird, the creeper(?), Edda (Gl.) kríari, a, m. a crier, = Lat. praeco, Mar. (pref. p. xvii). kross, in the remarks on cross-worship add, -- Þorkell er svá baðsk fyrir at krossi, gott ey gömlum manni, gott ey ungum manni, Landn. 45. krumla, u, f. = krumma. krýja or krúa, ð, hence the mod. Icel. grúa (það úir og grúir), changing k into g; [Norse krye; cp. Engl. crowd] :-- to swarm; það úði og krúði, Egilsson's Poems, 25. krækil-blinda, u, f. 'crook-blind,' blind man's buff: a game also called skolla-leikr, Mar. 1056. kveisa, u, f., add, -- kveisu-flug, n. a shooting pain, Mkv. kvenn-, the compds, p. 362, col. 2, observe -- the ancients prob. said kven- with a single n; 'kven' is still sounded in Kven-grjót, a local name in western Icel., being the only remnant of the old form. kviðja, the verb, add, -- reflex., kviðisk þessa verks, forbear to do it, Krók. 6 new Ed. kvika, u, f. obstructions of the ducts in the nose, which used to be

776 ADDENDA.

thought to be quick (i. e. live) worms; Vespasianus hafði kvikur í niisuin, en þat mein kalla þeir ' vespas, " því v;ir haun kallaðr vespasianus, V. had ' worms in the nose, ' which disease they call vespas, therefore he was called V. (sic), Post. (linger) 155. kvisa, u, i. a kind of bird, Edcia ii. 488. kvistr, in., add, -- kvikr kvistr, live stock; hann a eigi meir í kvikum kvisti en eina kú, Mar. 1049. kyrfa, o, to carve, Grúg. ii. 257 í CP- kurfur. kyrra, u, f. calmness, calm, Mar. 1195. kögðir, m. a kind of stone, Edda (GI.) ii. 424. kögurr, m., as to the reference Hbl. 13, add, -- the vellum has tOgur, but the emendation into kogur is received by Editors; and is made certain by ' kögur-svcinn' in the same verse; but the sense and origin of kügurr in this place have been missed by the interpreters. It is indeed a well- known Tent. word. A. S. cncur, (). H. G. chochar. Germ, kocher, Dutch koker; the Dan. kngger is prob. borrowed t'rom the Germ., as is the Icel. kotlur from Luther's Bible; once on a time it was also a Scandin. word, which was since displaced by the compounded orva-malr or or-malr, q. v.; this passage being the only place where it occurs in an uncuinpounded torm, but it remains in kögur-sveinn, a quiver-boy, who carried the hunter s quiver (t); and in kögur-barn, Norse kogge-barn. Prof. Berg- maim has, with his usual insight in Eddie matters, divined the sense when he says, p. ! 23, ' üher den Sund /u schwiiiunen und dabei seinen teurigen Donner-und blit/-keil... . iin Wasser y. u net/. en und ab/. ukiihlen. ' The fact is", Thor is here represented carrying a quiver full of thunder-bolts on his back, and so the poet makes the mighty thunder-god stop at the Sound, embarrassed, and begging to be ferried over, as he could not wade over from fear of wetting his quiver and quenching the tire, for he must ' keep his powder drv:' although in Gin. and ]xl. Thor is not much afraid of the water. Whether kiigurr, a quilt, be any relation to kiigurr, a quiver, we cannot tell, prob. not; if so, this word should be placed under a separate head. kör-leginn, adj. -- kiirla-gr, Post. 40. körugr, adj. [kar], slimy, (mod. '') laga-setning, f. legislation (p. 370, col. i); this word requires expla- nation, -- in old writers it means the constitution, the fundamental laws or political constitution of a commonwealth; as Ari, the historian, says, ' frá Islands bygð, frá landiiiims-miinnum ok lagasetning, ' of the settle- ment of Iceland, of her settlers and her political constitution, Ib. (pref.); where lagasetning refers to the institution of the alþing, and the other events related in Ib. ch. 2 and 3; so also, ritaði lianii (viz. Ari) inest i upphati sinnar bókar um Islands by^b (the settlement] , ok hurasetning (constitution), Hkr. (pref.), referring to the constitutional laws of Ulfljot recorded in ch. 2 of the Icelander Book; lagasetning here exactly answers to what Konrad Maurer, by a mod. term, calls ' die entste- hung des Isliindiscb. es staates. ' So also of the laws of king Hakon the Good (cp. the remarks s. v. ping), lagasetning Hákonar konungs, ... harm (the king) var niaðr stórvitr, ok lagði mikinn hug á lagasetning, hann ' setti' Ciulaþings-lög ..., Hkr. i. 135 (cp. Fms. i. 31): again, in O. H. 227 it answers to the mod. word legislation (of the laws of Sweyn, the son of Alfifa), and so Orkn. 24. It is to be borne in mind that ' log' has a double sense, viz. law in a strict sense, and in a local-political sense = a 'law-community, ' le^allv constituted state, nearly answering to Gr. TTÓÅIS. lang-viðri, n., add, -- langviörum skal evða grund, Mkv. 24; cp. Island eyðist at" langviðrum ok lagaleysi. 'ísl. þjóðs. i. 438. laus-lyndi, add -- fern, in Fas. ii. 124. laus-mæli, add -- the sing, occurs in Kb. iii. 185. laus-yrði, add, -- fern, in Pr. 133, Fbr. 64 new F, d. laut, f., add, -- this word occurs in Landn. 197 (Hjaltdsela-laut). lán, n., add, -- ekki er l:'ui lengr en léð er, Vídal., a saying. leddii, u, f. a lead, plumb, a fisher's term in western Iceland. leið-angr, m. a lew; add, -- may not this word be qs. leiðvangr -- the field of the Leet, where a Leet was held? if so, it would throw light on the origin of this meeting in very remote times as being a muster- meeting or levy of the king's service: afterwards lciðangr might have come to mean the levy itself. It is indeed difficult to explain this word in any other way, esp. the latter part -angr, which usually denotes a place. leiðanligr, adj. ductile, manageable, Post. leiði-þirr, m. a air. \ej., Haustl.; wrongly explained by Egilsson, it is evidently the A. S. lad-\eow = a leader, guide. leikni, f. playfulness, curiosity; go'ra e-6 til leiknis, Ísl. f)'|óðs. i. 615. léttis-maðr = leytismaðr (or hleytismaðr), a vicar, Post. 34. liðr, observe, -- the passage in Hin., svá at hón lyki þik liðum, is per- haps illustrated by Chaucer's ' locen in every lith, ' Nonue's Priest's Tale; embraces of witches being believed to rob a man of his manhood. limpa, u, f. limpness, weakness, Fél. xv; það er limpa í mér, (mod.) lík-brá, f. = valbrá (q. v.), Fél. lím-stokkinn, part, out of joint, þiðr. 16. Ljósa-vatn, n. the light-water, a local name: Ljósvetningar, m. pl. the men ofL., Landn. ljós-ker, n., prop, a ' light-vessel, ' a lamp (not lantern'), cp. Mar. 679, 1036, 1037, THom. 483. ljúga, the verb, add, -- pret. pl. logo, Post. 231; later lugu. loða, the verb, the Clem. 24 (~Post. Uuger 631, read, -- fundu þeír, at hann loddi 'saman' ílærð einni; the passage is therefore quite plain. logn-alda, u, f. rolling in a calm, of a ship. lok, n., add, -- the word remains in Engl. hem-lock. Loki, the name of the terrible fire-demon, half god, half giant, the friend and companion of the gods, and yet their most fearful foe. We have a new suggestion to make as to the origin of this name. The old Northern Loki and the old Italic Volcanus are, we believe, identical; as thus, -- the old Teutonic form of Loki. we suppose, was IVloka, whence, by dropping the w before /, according to the rules of the Scandinavian tongue, Loki. A complete analogy is presented in Lat. voltus, vidtus, A. S. wli/s, but Icel. lit (in and-lit, a face); and, in point of the character of the two demons, the resemblance is no less striking, as we have on the one hand Vulcanus with Etna for his workshop (cp. the mod. vol- cano), and on the other hand the Northern legends of the fettered tire- giant, Loki, by whose struggles the earthquakes are caused. Of all the personages of the Northern heathen religion, the three, Oðinn, fjórr, and Loki, were by far the most prominent; but not even the name of Loki is preserved in the records of any other Teutonic people. Can the words of Caesar B. G. vi, x. xi, Solem ' Vulcanum' et Lunam. refer to our LokiV probably not, although in Caesar's time the form would have been IVloIean in acc., a form which a Roman ear might well have identified with their own Vulcanus. The old derivation from loka, to shut, is inadmissible in the present state of philological science: a Wudan trom vaða, or Loki from loka, is no better than a 'Juno a juvaiuio, ' or a ' Neptunus a nando. ' May not Loki (Wloka) be a relation to the Sansk. vrika, Slav, vlnkn, Lith. vilkas, Icel. vargr, nlf'r, meaning a de- stroyer, a wolf? it is very significant that in the Norse mythology Loki is the father of the world-destroying monsters, -- the wolf Fcnrir, the World-serpent, and the ogress liel; and, ii the etymology suggested be true, he was himself originally represented as a wolf. lopt-hæna, u, f. a female pr. name, Landn.; prop, a kind of duck, cp. skfilp-lisena (in the Addenda). lókr, add, -- that it originally was a law term, a receiver of stolen goods, is seen from Chaucer (Coke's Tale, 51), 'there is no thief without a louk. ' lund-lag, n. temper. lund-lagt, part. n. minded, disposed, e-m er e-t I., Post. 481, 633. lyf-steinn, in the vellum of Korm. S. (A. M. 232) it is always spelt with y (not liisteinn), thus Unger, who has himself consulted the vellum. lykt, f. [Dan. Ivgte] , a lantern, Bs. ii. 257. lýð-skyldi, add -- fern, in Fms. x. 339 (sjá hlýðskyldi); but hlýð- skyldis, 398. lýsa, the verb, II. 3. 7, lýsa e-u yfir, better is Ivsa yfir e-u. læri-sveinn, this word is a translation of A. S. leorning-criiht, a word used in Ælfric's English at the time when Christianity was transported from England to Norway and Iceland; at a still earlier time the English rendered 'discipulus' by l þegn' (Gregory's Pastoral Care). löð, f. a lathe, add -- the old form was prob. lauð, with a diphthong; the mod. form is loð, gen. laðar. mal, n. the purring of a cat, Snot 132. man, a bondman, add, -- mans-folk, captive-folk, prisoners; in Orkn. 368 (Fb. ii. 486, 1. 8), þeir seldu þeim silfr ok ' annat ft;' is corrupted for ' maus-tolk, ' as is seen from the words of the Danish translation of 1615 -- ' ok solde dennem fangerne. " mann-bikkja, u, f. a ' man-bitch, ' a term of abuse. Post. 151. manngi, add, -- þrætta ek við manngi, Post. 230. mann-tjón, for the gender see tjón. man-vélar, f, pl. love-tricks, Hbl. 20. mat, n. a n estimate; the truer form is mat (like dráp, num. gat, At, from drepa ...); the word was originally a Norse law term, and is not found in the Grug., but was, at the union with Norway, adoptetl in Icel., where it soon lost its long vowel; it is actually spelt maat (j. e. mat) in 1). N. ii. 225 (maats menu = ta x ation); eptir sex manna nii'tti, jb.; eptir góðra manni niati, Vm.; eptir ináti. id. (Mr. Jijn Thorkelsson). mat-fiskr, m. fish for food. Post. mál-friðr should be -- a temporary peace; mod. stuiu'. ar-friðr. mási, a, m. a nickname, Fms., add -- prop, the name ot a bird; in Faroe maasi is a sea-mew; val-maasi, Uisla/ids-maasi ( -- -an Icelandic meiu), fiski-maasi, see Mr. H. C. Miiller's Færoernes Fugle-fauna (1863). meðan, add, -- hence Dan. men = but, contracted from meden. megin-byri, n. a fair wind, Post. 233. mel-fluga, u, f. a moth in clothes, (mod.) mest-megnis, adv. for the most part, (mod.) met, n. sing. -- mii\., an estimate, D. N. ii. 31; log-m., Mar. (pref. p. xxxv). meta, the verb, at the beginning, observe, -- the subj. mæti occurs in Vols. S. 85 (Bugge's Ed.) mey-nunna, u, f. a nun, = virgo monacha, Vitae Patrum (Unger). , mið-seyrni, n., sounded misseyrni, the gut used in shoe-making.

ADDENDA. 777

mikill, add the saying, -- mikið skal til mikils vinna, Vidal. ii. 64. mikla, að, add, -- hann kvaðsk eigi mundu mikla tillögu við hann ór því er hann hafði til unnit, Band. (MS., begin.); the printed text is corrupt. mis-dægrt, n. adj.; in the phrase, honum verðr aldri misdægrt, of a person who is never ill for a single day. mis-gáningr, m. an inadvertency. mis-grip, n. a ' mis-grip, ' mistake; in the phrase, taka e-t í misgripurn, to take a thing by the wrong end, make a mistake, (mod.) mis-klíð, f. discord. mjalli, a, in. [injöll], whiteness; esp. in the phrase, vera ekki n;eð ölluin mjalla, to be not 'in one's whole whiteness, ' i. e. to be not in one's senses, to be in s ane. móða, u, f. II, add, -- at" allri móðu bitra munugða, Post. 555. mót, a meeting; dele the word ' móts-minni, ' which is only a false reading oi m tor ni, see njuts-ininni below. mun-hugð = munuð (q. v.), Post. (Unger) 117. munu, the verb, add, -- muni in exclamations of wonder, contempt; hvat moni hvelpr sá ráða griðum ? Mork. So; hvat muni ot" vinna orum ústum, what should overcome our love? i. e. come what may, it is proof against all, Korm. (in a verse). mystr - myrkr (?), Mar. 103 i. mýgja, the verb, add, -- an older pret. mugði or mögði; hence, m; mögðu nienn ölteiti, nor did the people quell their cheer, i. e. they were in high spirits, þd. (and not as explained in Lex. Poët.); at hann mygði (subj.) allri inekt Gyðinga, that be quelled all the might of the Jews, Post. (Unger) 104. mýr-dæla, u, f. ' mire-dale, ' a miry, boggy holloiu, llallgr. mœrr, f. -- my'rr, a moor, bog; æpa kann í nicorum troskr, Mkv. mögðir, m. a kind of stone, Edda ii. 494. mösni, a, m. the name of a bear, Edda (Gl.) -na, add, -- satt-na, Bs. i. 469, v. 1. nagl-hald, n. a nail's hold, Bs. ii. 503. naumr, add, -- naum grið, Bs. ii. 508 (, 17th century); vera naunit við kominn, to be pressed for time. nár, B, add, -- ná-bönd, n. pl. the cords by which the shroud is bound round the body, Mar. nef-lauss, adj. [nefí], ' kinless, '' orphaned, desolate; sagt er frá live neflauss narir, Mkv. nekkverr, add, -- Mr. Uppstriim, and since Bugge, derive this word from ne-veit-hverr. instead of Grimm's ne-hverr, cp. A. S. nátbwœt -- ne- wiit-bwa. 't = Icel. nakkvat; this would better account for the double k, but otherwise it has no influence on the inflexive changes of the word. B. nekkverr. In B. IV. 3, nokkor should be put under a separate head as loc. adverb, = A-o mewhere, anywhere, qs. ne-hvar or ne- veit-hvar. nema, the verb, add, -- a pret. nurndi in mod. usage, formed from the part, numinn, as if from a verb nymja; örvaðist geð á allan halt er eg iiunuli sjónum j föður-landið heldr hátt haíît upp úr sjónum, Eggcrt. Nes-konungr, a pr. name, Baut. 402. nett-leikr, m. neatness, (mod.) njótr, m., add, -- njóts-minni, n. [still in Norway called nj'os-minne, Ivar Aasen, in the new Edition of his Diet., of a cup drunk by customers after striking a bargain"] :-- a kind of ' earnest-cup;' sendi hann honum eina skál iuila mjaðar, ok bað hann drekka njotsminni (motsininni is an error), her nieð, segir konungr, vil ek gefa þér, Sveinn, jarlsnafu, etc., Fms. vi. 52: the suggestion at the end of the article is therefore true. Noregr, add, -- ' Nurviag' on the Jellinge stone. nótt, f., C, add, -- nætr-göltr, n. a roving about by night. ný-lýsi, n., to the passage Orkn. 420 add, -- According to the Saga and an entry in the old Annals the day in question was the evening of the 21st of Dec. 1154, old style; and from information given by Mr. Main (the Radclitl'e Observer, Oxford), a full moon fell on this very day in that year, old style. This quite settles the question as to the true old sense of ny and nylysi. The chronology of Torfæus in the old Ed. of Orkn. S. is altogether wrong. nýting, f. a term of husbandry; góð, ill nyting, of getting in the hay or crop, Esp. 1761. næðingr in. a chilly blast, = gnæðingr, (mod.) nær-fellt, n. adj. as adv. nearly, almost, (mod.) nökkor, adv., qs. ne-hvar or ne-veit-hvar, somewhere, very freq. in old writers, somewhere, anywhere; to this word belong the references under nekkverr, B. IV. 3, p. 452; to which add, -- her nökkur, Kb. i. 73; nökkur lands eða lagar, Al. 107. In mod. usage this word has become obsolete and is replaced by einhvers-staðar; the explanation given under nekkverr, B. IV. 3, must be altered accordingly, and the words ' somewhat, may be' struck out. nökkvi, a, m.; in the phrase, þungr sem 'nökkvi, ' or nökkva-þungr, of things like hay soaked with water or the like. This word can hardly be related to nökkvi, a boat; we think it is qs. n-ökkvi, cp. ökkr and ökvast, ' þungr sem einn ökvi' rapidly pronounced sem 'nökvi, the n being taken from the preceding word, as in njóli (jóll, p. 326, col. 2). obbeldi = ofbeldi, THom. 405. ofan, adv.; instead of 'in þiðr. S. often spelt oman/ read 'the mod. Faroe dialect has oman. ' of-glæpr, in. a crime, Art. 20. of-sinni, a, m. a follower; allir inir æztu Aðils ofsiimar, Bin.; Sathan og hans ofsinnum, Vidal. ii. 25. of-stærð, f. = oistæri, THom. 411. of-vægi, n. an enormity, an enormous weight. opt, add, -- with the notion of ever; úrliga verða skyli maðr opt fa, Hm.; so opt, ósjaldan, Vsp. orð, n., add the phrase, -- fá sér e-ð til orðn, to notice, to resent; eg vii ekki fá múr það til orða, Vidal. ii. 4l: among compds, add, -- orð-fyndni, f. facetiousness: orð-heppinn, adj. hitting: orð-hof, n. /he word-sanc- tuary, i. e. the mouth, Stor.: orð-lagðr, part, famous: orð-lengja, d, t o dilate upon; eg vil ekki o. betta, I will cut it short: orð-reyrr, m. the word-reed, i. e. the tongue, Sighvat: orð-ræmðr, part, notorious: orð- stafir, m. pl. 'word-staves' phrases, Am. 9: orð-svif, n. pl. rumours, Post. 92. ostr, -- the etymology of ostr, qs. jostr, is confirmed by the borrowed Finnish juusto, see Dr. W. Thomsen, p. 66. óðal, instead of B. 11. 3, read, -- In the old Norse there is a compel alda-óðal, a property of ages or held for ages or generations, Lat. fundus avi/us, an ancient allodial inheritance; ok ef eigi er leyst innan þriggja vetra, þá verðr sú jörð honum at alda úðali, and if it be not released within three years, then the estate becomes his allodial property, D. N. i. 129; til æfmlegrar eignar ok alda óðals, for ever- lasting possession and allodial tenure, iii. 88: then this phraíe be- came metaphorical, in the phrase, at alda öðli, to everlasting possession, i. e. for ever; Jóann prestr skal vera bar meðan hann vill ok: fylgja þvi at alda eyðli, i. 266; hverr verðr þykki at taka þann úinaga at alda öðli, to maintain him (the poor man) for ever, Grág. i. 264: or of past time, frá alda öðli, from time immemorial; varla hefir þvílíkt heyrzt frá aklöðli, Vidal. ii. 181; whence the mod. Dan. /ra ' arilds' lid (by corrupt pronunciation -- fra ' aid-odds' tid, Id being changed into r). We be- lieve the mid. Lat. all-odium to be derived from this compel, by way of assimilation; the old Teut. form would be alþ-odal (Goth, alp -- -aevum] , whence all-odal, allodium, property held in absolute possession, opposed to such as is held in fee or subject to certain conditions. The remarks under óðal, 1. 7, ' from this word, etc,, ' should be modified accordingly. óð-gjörð, f. verse-making, panegyric, eulogy, Post. 510. ó-elja, u, f. restlessness, Ísl. jþjóös. ó-grynni = *irgrynni, q. v. ó-lekja, u, f. curded milk with the whey, whilst in the tub; when the whey has been strained oil it it called skyr. (mod.) ólga, add, -- ólgu-sjór, a rolling swell of sea. ólm-leikr, m. fury. Post. 114. órar, add, -- óra-maðr, in. a madman, frantic, Post. 192. ó-viðkomandi, part, not belonging to, (mod.) pat, n. a n aimless gesticulation; handa-pat, Ísl. þjóðs. i. 7. pési, a, in. a 'piece, ' a stnall tract, (mod.) piltungr, m. a little boy, -- piltr, Grett. 143 A, Krók. pjatla, u, f. [Dan. pjali] , a small piece of cloth cut-ojf, (mod.) presta-firrur, f. pl. a priest's rambles; ekki nema p. og hlutsenii, Vida!. pústra, ð, to buffet, þryml. rak, n. a wick, add reference, -- Mar. 673. rauðka, u, f. a red mare, (mod.) raul, n. a doleful humming, (mod.) ráði, a, m. a boar, add. -- as a curse on a Runic stone, ráði tekr þúr runsi rúnum þimsum, may the boar take them who confound these Runes! Rafn 165; cp. the phrases, verða at rata, see rati (for verða at ráða ?), and verða at gjalti = to rwn mad, see göltr. refr, m., add, -- er Sigvaldi átti, refr, 6\ that fox, Fms. xi. 106. regn-bloti, a, ni. rain and SHOW, sleet, Ann. 1362. reiða, the verb, add, -- reiða sig á e-t, to rely on, (mod.) reiðar-slag, n. a thunderbolt, stroke of lightning, Vidal. i. 336- reiði-bolur, f. pl. a fit of anger (?); þá mælti Sigurðr koBiingr í reiði- boluni, Mork. 183; vinnr hón af honum riddarann í reiðibolu(m), Mirm. 187. rellinn, adj. wayward, of a baby, Ísl. Jjjóðs. i. 42. rembing, f. a puffing, Groiul. 69. rexni, a, m. (i. e. ræxni), Post. 464; see ræksni. reyni-stóð, f. a rowan-grove, Jónas. riga, að, [from the Latin?], to irrigate, Post. 637 (v. 1., air. \ty.) ringr, in. [cp. Engl. to ring, of the voice], a s h oc k, a quivering, con- vulsive motion; taka harða ringi, of a ship, (mod.) rívan-skinna, u, f. a bird, a ruff or reeve, tringa pugnax, Edda (Gl.) róg-sterkr, adj. ' strife-strong, ' martial, Runic stone. Róm-verska, u, f. the Roman tongue, Latin, Ingv. 16. rugling, f. a confounding. runsa, að, to confound, add the reference given s. v. ráði above, wrongly explained in Rafn 165.

778 ADDENDA.

rúða, u, f. a pane of glass, (mod.) rælast, dep., in svá maelir Heilagr Andi fyrir munn Davíð konungs, hégómliga ' ræliz' margr maðrinn, Post. (Unger) 425, should, we believe, be ' ræsiz, ' i. e. hræsiz, to vaunt, puff oneself up, see Ps. xxxix. 6. rödd, f., add, -- acc. roddo, as if from radda, Mork. 128. rökkr, m. = rokkr, a jerkin, THom. 457. rökn, f. theh a nd, Edda (Gl.), a air. \ty., a Slavon. word, Russ. ruka. röst, a mile, add, -- by Captain Gerhard Munthe's military map of Norway of A. D. 1827, the distance from Christiania to Eidsvold is about eight geographical miles. Saga, add the reference to B. 2, -- hálf-sögð er saga hver er aðrir einir segja, i. e. ' audiatur et altera pars, ' Bs. i. 582, (mod., það er ekki nema hálfsügð saga ef einn segir. .) sak-vernd, f. = sakvorn, THom. 452. salt, add the phrase, -- vega salt, to balance against one another. sam-fenginn, part, begrimed; eta upp reint eðr samfengit, Post. 42. sam-fæddr, part. = samborinn, Art. 121. sam-hleypi, n. a conspiracy, THom. 426. sam-kváma, after Fms. ii. 225 add, -- ('of the poor'). sam-lið, n. n party, THom. 435. sam-netjaðr, part, caught in the same net, THom. 407. sam-skipti, n. dealings, intercourse, (mod.) sam-snæða, d, = samneyta, Post. 46. sam-stilla, t, to tune together, of chords. sam-sveit, f. a communion, THom. 490. sand-flúðir, f. pl., see flúð. sand-yrja, u, f. a quicksand, Safn i. 78. sannr, adj. soo^ h, add, -- Lat. -sons, -sontis, is the same word; the old Norse law term, sannr at sök, or u-sannr, eigi sannr at sök, exactly answers to the Lat. law term ' in-sons;' thus Lat. injnriae insons is literally ren- dered in Icel. by ' u-sannr at sok. ' satt-na = satt, true, Bs. i. 469, v. 1. sár = sá, demonstr. pron., is of frequent occurrence on Runic stones, e. g. sar eigi flo, be flew not; sár vann Nurviag at kristnu, be won Norway to Christianity; this 'sár' is simply a nominative case formed like öngr, margr, from einngi, manngi. sér-í-lagi, adv. especially, in particular, (mod.) sessa, u, f., add, -- gen. sessna, N. G. L. i. 104. sextug-faldr, adj. sixty-fold, N. T. seyða, ð, to seethe, cook; helftina steikja hyggst eg mér half skaltu verða í potti seydd, Jón þorl. seyra, the verb, add -- the reflex, seyrast, to become festeped, acid, foul; sem etur í andliti ... svá ferr allskonar íllska, þess lengr sem hún seyrist i hug ok hjarta. þess grimmari verðr hón, Magu. hew Ed. seyra, u, f., add, -- sopa-seyra, a sip of the dregs, Jón þorl. signa, /o s i n k, add, -- Post. 5. singr, n., add, -- Bencdikt kom og braut sitt far, búðar-vos han nátti þar og sultar singr, ... ekkert hann að land! bar nema frosnarfingr, a ditty, Grönd. si-sisill, m. a kind of s to n e, Edda ii. 494. si-sona, interj. see so ! thus! in colloquial Icel. síða, the verb, add from a Runic inscription, -- síðis(k) sá mannr es þausi kumbl upp briuti, cursed be the man who breaks this cairn ! Rafn 205. síð-kast, n. the last throw, of dice; in the phrase, uppa á siðknstið, at the last moment. sí-fellt, n. adj. continuously, (mod.) sínk-gírni, f. covetousness, Post. 640. sjá, the verb, 1. 3, add, -- pl. so, Clem. sjá, the pronoun, see sá, sú. This word or form might have been put under a separate head, it is often used in a pointedly demonstr. sense, like Jjcssi; see the references s. v. sá. sjónhverfis-hringr, m. = sjondeildar-hringr, Vidal. i. 206. sjór, B, add, -- -sjó-blíða, u, f. a sea-calm, Post. 48: sjó-volk, n. a (ofsing about, fatigue on the sea. skakk-ylgðr, part, threatening, of the waves, Egilsson's Poems. skalli, a, m., add, -- skalli, kom þú á morgin, Post. 250. skapt-hár, observe, -- we suspect that in the phrase ' skapthá sol, ' of the sun just after sunrise, is concealed another sense; it is not ' spear-high, ' but akin to A. S. sccafl-mond = half a foot, or six inches, meaning the moment when the sun has got just half a foot above the hills; the definition given by the ancients themselves in K. þ. K. 96 is artificial and can hardly be etyrnologically true; the word was perhaps borrowed from the A. S., and so the old Icelanders themselves did not quite understand it; cp. the phrase, ganga skapta-rnuninn, to walk just, half a pace, Lv. 35 (see skapt I. 2. at the end). skata, u, f., add the saying, -- þegir barnið incðan það étr skötu-fótinn. skálp-hæna, u, f., add, -- the scaup-duck, anas marila, see Bewick. skefjur, f. pl. scrapes, rough handling; (ungar) svú, styrknaðir at þeir megi skefjur þola, Post. 636. skin, n., -- in proviuc. Germ, the moon is called schein, Grimm's Diet. skinn, n., add the naut. phrase, -- leið eigi lengi áðr skinna-köst fúru að koma á sjúinu, till the sea began to be huhed, of gusts or squalls of wind lashing the sea before a gale; the metaphor is from the game of skinn- leikr, Ísl. Jjjóðs. ii. 129. skjall-hvítr, adj. w hite as skiall, q. v. skjarr-sýnn, adj. quick-eyed. Post. 636, v. 1. skjár, m., observe, -- skjár is prop, the bladder stretched on frames and used for glass, as still used in Norway, thus skjaa-lykta -- a lantern of bladder, opp. to a glass-lantern; in Icel. the word has since come to mean the window or opening; whilst the bladder itself is called likna- belgr. skjól-stæðingr, m. a client, (mod.) skol-brúnn, the best Engl. rendering would be olive, of complexion. skonnorta, u, f. a schooner, (mod.) skrúð-grænn, adj. bright-green, of the grass in the early spring. skukka, II, add, -- skukkum ok hrukkum, THom. 355. skukkóttr, adj. wrinkled, infolds, THom. 355. skulka, að, to mock, = skelka, Post. 119, v. 1. skúr, a shower, add, :-- Runolf, a native of northern Icel., in Gramm. Island., has it masc.; so in later times the poet B. Gröndal, a native of Myvatn, sol og myrka skúra (acc. pl.), in a ditty of 1790. skvak or skvakk, n. a gurgling sound; hafs-skak, Egilsson's Poems. skýrsla, u, f. a report, written report, (mod.) slapparðr, m. a name of the fox, Edda (Gl.) slatta, the verb, add the reference, -- Skald H. 6. I. slyndru-laust, n. adj., as adv. ' slotMessly, ' deftly, Ísl. þjóðs. i. 437. smiðr, add the saying, -- smiðir hafa spánu versta, smiths have the worst spoons (speaking of ornamental spoons), i. e. smiths keep the worst for their own use. smótti, a, m. a loop or hole, = sinatt; in tjald-smótti, from smjnga. snaga, u, f., it was a kind of Lochaber-axe, see Scott's Waverly, ch. 16. snar-kringla, u, f. a top; snnast einsog s., (mod.) snar-sýnn, adj. keen-eyed, Post. 636. snák-ligr, adj. snaky, snake-like, Post. 57-2. snudda, u, f. a small scrap or rag, e. g. of paper or the like; bref-s. snæ-ljós, n. the snow-light; no flvja undan mannsins valdi uridir Guðs reiði það er að hlaupa undan snaíljósinu til að verða fyrir reiðar-slagiuu, Vidal. i. 336. sólar-sinnis, add, -- the Scot, deasil, Scott's Waverley, ch. 24. spjað, n. part., from spoa. Pass. 14. 17. spjall-virki, a, m. = spillvirki, Grúg. spjót, n., add, -- A. S. spreô/; spjót being qs. sprjót, akin to sproti (?). spor, to the phrase, at vorinu spori, add, -- 'fole-hot, ' Chaucer. spranga, nð, add, -- þá skal bera til sy'nis þat klókasta smáþing sem hvers hjákona hefir sprangat, THom. 301. stef-settr, part, furnished with stef (burden), Post. 511. stein-grár, adj. stone-gray, iron-gray, of a horse, (mod.) stela, the verb, II, add, -- eg stalst fil bess, to do a thing by stealth, of a very busy person who has to steal the time to get a thing done, (mod.) stig-vel, n. a stirrup, Thoni. 420. stíman, n. a hard tussel, Post. 584. stjarna, at the end, I, -- the names in the old lay Sdm. 15 and beginning of 16 are, we believe, astronomical, -- the ' Ear of Arvak, ' the ' Hoof of Alsvinn ' (the Sun Horses), the ' V* heel under the Chariot of Rungnir, ' the; ' Teeth (or Reins) of Sleipnir, ' the ' Sledge Harness, ' the ' Bear's Paw, ' the ' Tongue of Bragi/ the ' Wolf's Claws, ' the ' Eagle's Nose, ' and perhaps others. giy The Cod. Reg. I. e. reads 'Rungnis, " the Vol. S. ' Rögnis, ' i. e. O din, for Hrungnir the giant would here be out of question, see Bugge's foot-note to i. e. straum-mikill, adj. running with great current, Orkn. (Lex. Run.) strúpi, a, m., better form than strjúpi (q. v.), mjólk hljóp ór strúp- anum, Post. (Unger) 213. stund, f., add, -- stunda-klukka, u, f. a n eight-day clock, (mod.) stökkull, m., for 'sprinkling' read ' a b ni sh used for sprinkling holy water, ' an ' aspersoir. ' súrr, m. a so?/r drink, add reference, -- Vitae Patrum (Unger). svartr, adi., B, svart-höfði, add, -- the'black-cap 'or pewit gull, Bewick; whence used as a pr. name. sverfa, the verb, add the phrase, -- sultr sverfr að, hunger pressed hart!. svíkja, the verb, add, -- hann siku (i. e. sviku) Blaku-menn fcútfaru, ... Guð svíki þá er hann sviku, Baut. (Broom. 1/9). Svölðr, f. a local name of a current (not an island) near Hiddense (Hóðins-eyX west of Rügen; prob. a rendering of a Wendish name, the Swelchie, whirlpool (?); fyrir Svölðar minni, before the mouth of S.; and ' fyrir Svölð, ' Edda 83, also Knytl. S. ch. 120, 122; see the conclusive essay on the place and date of this battle by Mr. Jörgensen, in Aarb. for Nord. Oldk. og Hist. 1869; to which add, that ' Héðins-ey' actually occurs, although disguised, in Hallfred's poems, composed immediately after the battle, viz. ' á víðu sundi Hóðins-eyjar' for ' Héðins-meyjar' of the MSS.; and breiðan bekk Ht-ðins ' rekka' of the same poem (Fs. 218, 219, verses 12, 15, being a local name, not a kenning). sylfr = silfr, cp. Dan. sölv, Post. 569. sækja, add, -- subj. sætti, þkv. 14.

ADDENDA. 779

tá, n. a walk, add, -- uppi í hellunni sem liggr á táinu, D. N. vi. 339 (Fr.) j tigjund (spelt tighiund) = tiund, a tithe, N. G. L. i. 401. tignaðr, m. = tign, glory, Post. 621. tigr, add the saying, -- opt verðr örgum eins fátt á tug, Skaufhala-balk. til-gerð, f. affectation; tilgerðar-tullr, -samr, affected, (mod.) til-viljan, f. a mere chance. tjalda, the verb, add -- að tjalda til einnar nætr, to pitch the tent for a single night, of shifty, changeable human things which stand to-day and to-morrow are swept away, a common saying in Icel. (even as in Arabic, see Mr. Littró's Inaugural Address to the French Academy); and, það verðr að tjalda því sem til er, o ne must use the hangings one has, i. e. i ~ * 00* one mi:st make the best of it. In the former case the metaphor is taken from the pitching a tent, in the latter from the dressing the hall (or church) on iestive occasions. tolla, the verb, -- for a suggestion as to its origin see þola II; we now believe this to be the real origin of the word. tólf-faldr, adj. twelvefold, Post. 513. tón-laust, n. adj. without intonation, THom. 455. troll-volkaðr, part, witch-ridden, = trollriða. trúar-játning, add, -- when used with the article it means specially the Apostles' Creed; læra Trúar-jútninguna og Faðir-Vor. tví-, add, -- tvímælis-maðr, m. a law term, one who contradicts himself. um-vending, f. a turning inside out, THom. 414. um-þreifing, f. a touch, Post. 415. undir-göng, n. pl. an under-way, tunnel. undir-orpning, f. a subterfuge, Post. 551. undir-skál, f. an ' under-cup, ' saucer, Dan. tinder-bop, (mod.) unna, the verb, 1. 3, add, -- unt, loved, Post. (Unger) 416, 1. 30. upp-á-móti, adv. up-hill; opp. to ofan-í-móti. upp-diska, að, to di s h up, THom. 417. upp-í-lopt, adv. turning the face upwards, (mod.); opp. to á grúfu. ú-kvæði, 11. pl. (p. 662, col. 2), = Lat. ne-fas; eru þat ókvæði að hngsa, að ..., Vídal. i. 320. út-brjótr, m. an outburst, THom. vaðall, m. = vaðill, a wading; eptir vaðal í frosti, after wading in frost, Bs. i. 387. vatn-þrunginn, adj. dropsical, THom. 500. veiklast, að, to grow weak or faint. veiz = viz, see víðr; veiz eptir skyldu, quite in order, THom. 393. ver-búðir, f. pl. sheds or booths in which fishermen live, Eggert Itin. ver-gangr = verðgangr, Boll. 350. vetr-grænn, adj. ' winter-green, ' ever-green (cp. Dan. vintergrunt), Rkv. qs. vinda, the verb, 1. I, -- ' vingi in the ditty of Grett. is, we believe, t ' vring, " from the obsolete vringa, =lo wring, from which vrungii, (j. v. vind-högg, n. a stroke in the wind or a stroke aslant; in the phrase, hann lær ekki viiidhöggin, of a steady worker who never loses a minute. vindóttr, adj. bay-coloured, of a horse. vín-sýra, u, f. vinegar, Post. 580. vísa, u, f., add, -- hann orti kvæði bat er hann kallaði Jóns-vísur, þvíat verki sá er eigi stefsettr, en þó kvæði svú langt, at þat hefir fjóra tigi eyrenda ok sjau umffam, Post. 511. ýlun, f. howling, Post. 426. þinku-leysi, n. thoughtlessness, stupidity; þrysvar hann drakk i þinku-leysi, Egilsson's Poems. þíða, u, i. a thaw, mild weather; á jporranuni vuru her svo miklar þiður, að grasið for að spretta kringum bæi, en það fékk fljótan enda á Góunni, a letter from western Icel. of March II, 18/3; cp. valt er' Jjorra þíð-vindi, ' Hallgr. þokkr, m. a mood, add, -- væri betr at ek þegða þokks, þat hefir hverr er verðr er loks, / h a d better not speak jny mind, Mkv. þrá-rækr, adj. persevering, Post. (Unger) 434. þrymr, in., add, -- in the old lay, Em. 2, for hvat þrymr þar, we read, hvat þrym (dat.) er þar, what din is there? The lost vellum, we sup- pose, had ' hvat þrym' þar, ' where ' might be the inflexive -r, but was meant to be the personal verb ' cr, ' often written in this abbreviated form above the line; pruma or þrymja, -- tonare, is never found in old prose writers or pouts; the conclusive reason is that the true idiomatic construction in this case is 'hvat' with a dative, and not with a verb (cp. hvat er þat hlym hlymja, Skm.) þunn-vembi, n. [vömb], the abdomen, Hem. (MS.) þursa-stafr, m. . see burs, -- the notion of the magical Rune is pre- served in the phrase, rista e-m þursa-staf, to libel a person in a coarse, brutal manner; það var riiesta ofdirfð af ótilkjörnu flóni, | að ristu þenna þursa staf þorláks-syni Jóni, Grönd. þustr, m. [Lat. fustis] , a flail; með hürðum þust, Post. 562. þvengr, m., add the following curious reference, -- Hjörleifr konungr var upp festr í konungs hull með skó-þvcngjum sinuni sjálfs milluni clda tveggja ... Á meðan vakti Hildr ok jús mungáti í eldana, ok kvað ' Hjorleifî þat verra, ' lion ieysti hann svú at hmi hjó með sverði skó- þvengina (thus, we believe, to be emended for 'ok kvað Hjtirleif þar vera/ etc., of the vellum), king //. was hung up in the king's hall by bis shoe-thongs between two fires ... In the meantime H. kept awake, and poured ale into the fires, saying that this ivas worse (tnore tantalizing) for him; she then released him by cutting the thongs with a sword, Fas. ii. 34. þver-höfði, a, m. a wrong-headed person.